AAic
UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL.
SHELF
D.A.
Digitized by the Internet Archive
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t
4
AN ILLUSTRATED
DICTIONARY OF MEDICINE
BIOLOGY
AND ALLIED SCIENCES
GOULD
/
FOR INDEX OF SPECIAL TABLES AND
IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS, CLASSIFYING LARGE
NUMBERS OF FACTS. SEE PAGE XVI.
AN ILLUSTRATED DICTIONARY
OF MEDICINE BIOLOGY AND
ALLIED SCIENCES
INCLUDING THE
PRONUNCIATION, ACCENTUATION, DERIVATION, AND DEFINITION
OF THE TERMS USED IN
MEDICINE, ANATOMY, SURGERY, OBSTETRICS, GYNECOLOGY, THERAPEUTICS, MATERIA MEDICA,
PATHOLOGY, DERMATOLOGY, PEDIATRICS, OPHTHALMOLOGY, OTOLOGY, LARYN-
GOLOGY, PHYSIOLOGY, NEUROLOGY, HISTOLOGY, TOXICOLOGY, DIETETICS,
LEGAL MEDICINE, PSYCHOLOGY, CLIMATOLOGY, ETC., ETC.
AND THE
VARIOUS SCIENCES CLOSELY RELATED TO MEDICINE
BACTERIOLOGY, PARASITOLOGY, MICROSCOPY, BOTANY, ZOOLOGY, DENTISTRY, PHARMACY,
CHEMISTRY, HYGIENE, ELECTRICITY, VETERINARY MEDICINE, ETC. .
BY
GEORGE M. GOULD, A.M., M.D.
AUTHOR OF "THE STUDENT'S MEDICAL DICTIONARY," "12,000 MEDICAL WORDS PRONOUNCED AND
DEFINED," "THE MEANING AND THE METHOD OF LIFE;" EDITOR OF "THE MEDICAL
NEWS;" PRESIDENT, 1893-1894, AMERICAN ACADEMY OF MEDICINE; ONE
OF THE OPHTHALMOLOGISTS OF THE PHILADELPHIA HOSPITAL
BASED UPON RECENT SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE
LONDON
BAILLIERE, TINDALL & COX
20 AND 21 KING WILLIAM STREET, STRAND
1894
Copyright, 1894, by p. Blakiston, Son & Co.
»
WM. F. FELL & CO.,
ELECTROTYPERS AND PRINTERS,
1220-24 SANSOM STREET.
PHILADELPHIA.
PREFACE.
In this work I have conscientiously endeavored to give the greatest possible amount of
lexicographic and encyclopedic knowledge within the limits of a single volume, condensed
as much as is consistent with clearness, and so arranged as to furnish the student and worker
with concise, accurate, and useful definitions.
I have tried to satisfy the following specific desiderata: —
1. The inclusion of the many thousands of new words and terms that have been introduced
into medicine during the last few years, marked as they have been by unparalleled scientific
activity and progress. To this end an almost countless number of volumes and periodicals
have been systematically gleaned by myself and a tireless corps of friends and assistants. Not
to have met this important and pressing need would have made this volume a work of mere
inexcusable compilation and copying from the many word-books already published, instead of a
fresh gathering from the living literature of the day.
2. To give the most compact epitomization of the works of older and authoritative
lexicographers, including all such obsolete or obsolescent terms as may be met with in the
medical encyclopedias or handbooks likely to be used by a modern student.
3. To include all the more commonly-used terms of biology — a thing highly desirable ;
a. Because of the modern recognition of the great truth that general biologic science is the foun-
dation of genuine and progressive medical science ; b. Because the best schools of medicine
are more and more urging or making obligatory the preliminary biologic course of study ;
and c. Because, so far as I know, no satisfactory lexicon of biology exists in English.
4. Keeping the size and purpose of the book well in view, to give it an encyclopedic
character — not only by supplying the usual pronunciation, derivation, and definition of
words, but also by showing their logical relations, their bearings, and their practical importance
for the worker in literary or clinical medicine. This aim will explain a number of peculiar
features, as for instance, the large number of tables, whereby at a glance one may catch the
correlations of a single fact with many others, and thus at once classify and crystallize his
comprehension of them. It seems deserving of mention that in modern literature there is not to
be found as complete and digested a resume of surgical operations, of bacteriology, of parasit-
ology, of tests, and of many other subjects, as is here furnished.
5. When advisable, to give a pictorial illustration that would tell what words could not
make clear. Hence, those who find the work helpful in this respect will thank the publishers for
the generous supply of illustrations, a large number being new engravings from original drawings
made expressly for this work. Conservatism in this respect, however difficult, has been the rule,
because pictures, for example of surgical instruments, are plenteous and to be had for the asking,
and because illustrations that are useless, or that do not illustrate, might possibly have made the
book superficially more attractive, but would certainly have given ground for just criticism.
Besides the large number of original illustrations first presented in this volume, many have been
taken or adapted from the well-known and authoritative works of Sappey, Landois, Ziegler,
Piersol, Stirling, Woodhead, Holden, Tyson, Fullerton, and others.
Ti ^ PREFACE.
6. As regards orthography, to do what Professor Whitney, in the preface to his great work,
The Century Dictionary, says is the duty of the dictionary-maker : —
" The language is struggling toward a more consistent and phonetic spelling,
and it is proper in disputed and doubtful cases to cast the influence of the dic-
tionary in favor of this movement, both by its own usage in the body of the text,
and at the head of articles by the order of forms, or by the selection of the form
under which the word shall be treated. ' '
More than this I have not attempted to do, and not to have done this much would have
been distinctly wrong. The lexicographer may not impose or command, but in the interest of
true and prudent progress he may suggest and advise. Both spellings are noted of words in
dispute, and one is of course at liberty to accept that which he thinks best. Those who prefer to
follow the older practice have against them all the best philologists, such authorities as Professor
Whitney, Professor Skeat, the editors of the Standard, and of other great Dictionaries. Gradual,
careful phonetic progress is a duty we all owe to our profession.
I have usually recommended that in medicine the diphthongs cb and (b be supplanted by e ;
such usage is already well established as regards many words, and the suggestion is in strict
harmony with etymology and the spirit of the language. We do not spell such words as
gangrane, cether, a'conomy, ceternal, pcenalty, 7nedicBval, solcecism, priniceval, as here written,
and the redundant diphthong should not be retained in diarrhoea, hemorrhage, oedema, coeliotomy,
pediatric, etc. Why is the change right in one instance and wrong in the other?
In the spelling of certain chemic words, the advice of The American Association for the
Advancement of Science has, as a rule, been followed, and seems to be in the line of cautious
and wise progress. The unanimous acceptance and practice of all these recommendations by
the American Medical Editors' Association constitute a gratifying proof of progressiveness
and freedom from irrational prejudice.
7. To indicate the best pronunciation of words by the simplest and most easily understood
phonetic method. The plan I have used is simple and little liable to mistaking. The sylla-
bification has no significance except to show the pronunciation, and in this the natural English
common usage and power of letters are followed. Thus, in all but a few instances, the use of
diacritic marks and vexatious signs or symbols is avoided. When a vowel stands alone or
at the end of a syllable it has its natural long sound : a, as in male ; e, as in niete ; i, as in
itiite ; 0, as in mole ; u, as in mule ; when preceding, or between, consonants, the vowels have
their natural short sounds, unless occasionally the use of the diacritic mark gives them the
long sound, as at {ate), os (ose), It {ite). In a few instances the sign, " has been used
over a, as in marriage, to distinguish the sound from that of a, as in harm. When a has the
sound of ah, it has generally been written ah. In such words as cystotomy, acidity, and the like,
the pronunciation of the final vowel-sound is indicated by e, as being the simplest representa-
tion of the common sound not otherwise easily expressed phonetically. When s has the sound
of z it is indicated by z. The pronunciation of some foreign words has been approximated by
devices- readily comprehended.
It is impossible to adequately express my deep sense of gratitude to those who have aided
me in the preparation and proof-reading of this volume. Dr. C. W. Green, the experienced
philologist, also Dr. W. A. N. Dorland, Professor Charles S. Dolley, Dr. A. A. Eshner, and
Professor Burt G. Wilder, have been most self-sacrificing, and to their scientific zeal, literary
experience, and tireless good-will those who find the book useful will be indebted. To Dr.
Dolley, the well-known biologist, belongs unstinted praise for the preparation of the definitions
of biologic terms, the table of Bacteria, and that of Parasites, as well as for a number of
PREFACE.
vii
original drawings. Intelligence, learning, and never-failing conscientiousness have been given
almost every line of the work by Drs. Borland and Eshner. The same is true of the work of
Dr. David Riesman.
It seems almost wrong to mention in a second order the names of Professor S. H. Gage,
Professor Henry Leffmann, Dr. A. C. Wood, Dr. Alfred Stengel, Professor A. P. Brubaker, Dr.
J. Chalmers Da Costa, Dr. A. H. Cleveland, Mr. Ryland W. Green, Dr. J. Hendrie Lloyd,
Mr. Pierre A. Fish, Dr. D. Bevan, Dr. Emma Billstein, Dr. S. McClintock Hamill, Dr. A. H.
Stewart, and others.
Every author well knows, or perhaps regrets that he does not know, the blessing of a
publisher and of a printer who take pride in their work above and beyond the question of
dollars and cents. Such a publisher and such a printer I have had.
The acceptability of the smaller dictionaries I have offered the profession (something like
twenty-five thousand copies having been distributed) leads me to hope that the present more
complete work will find a wider range of usefulness.
GEORGE M. GOULD.
Philadelphia, April, i8g4.
ABBREVIATIONS.
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN GENERAL MEDICINE.
aa
A. c
Abdom. . . .
Abs.feb. . . .
Abstr
Ad
Ad lib
Admov. . .
Ad pond. om.
Adv
Aggred. feb. .
Al
Alt. dieb. . . .
Alt. hor. . .
Alv. adstrict.
Alv. deject.
Anat
Aq
Aq. astr.
Aq. bull. . . .
Aq. com. . . .
Aq. dest. . . .
Aq. ferv. . . .
Aq. font. . . .
Aq mar. . . .
Aq. pur. . . .
As. . . . ' . .
At. wt
Av
B
Ba
B. A., or B S.
Bals
Be
Bi
Bib
Biol
B. i. d
B. M
Bol
B. P
Br
Bull
B. V
ana
Ante cibum ....
Abdomen . . .
Absente febre . . .
Abstractum . . , .
Adde
Ad libitum . . . .
Admoveatur . . .
Ad pondus omnium
Adversum . . . .
Aggredieute febre .
Aluminum . . . .
Alterius diebus . .
Alterius horis . . .
Alvo adstricta . .
Alvi dejectiones . .
Aqua
Aqua astricta . .
Aqua bullieiis
Aqua communis
Aqua destillata .
Aqua fervens . .
Aqua fontana . .
Aqua marina . .
Aqua pura . . .
Balneum arense
Balsamum . .
Bibe
Bis in die ....
Balneum maris .
Bolus
C. .
Ca. .
Cap.
c.c.
Cd.
Ce. .
Cel.
Cent.
Cg.
Cm.
cm. .
C. m.
Bulliat
Balneum vaporis
Congius, Centi-
grade
Capiat
Cras mane .
C. n. . . .
Co
Cochl. . . .
Cochl. ampl.
" infant,
mag.
" med.
" parv.
Col
Colat. . . .
Colet. . . .
Color. . . .
Comp. . .
Cong. . . .
Cons
Contin. . . .
Cont. rem. .
Coq
Cort
f Cras mane su-
"( mendus
Cras nocte . .
Cochleare
amplum
infantis
magnum
medium
parvum
Cola
Colatus . . . .
Coletur . . .
Coloretur . . .
Compositus . .
, Congius . . .
. Conserva . . .
. Continuatur
f Continuetur
■ 1 remedium
. Coque . . . .
. Cortex . . . .
Of each.
Before meals.
The belly.
When fever is absent.
Abstract.
Add.
At pleasure, as desired.
Let it be applied.
To the weight of the whole.
Against.
While fever is coming on.
Aluminum.
Every other day.
Every other hour.
The bowels being confined.
The intestinal evacuations.
Anatomy.
Water.
Ice.
Boiling water.
Common water.
Distilled water.
Hot water.
Spring water.
Ocean water.
Pure water.
Arsenic.
Atomic weight.
Avoirdupois.
Boron, Bowels.
Barium.
Sand bath.
Balsam.
Beryllium.
Bismuth.
Drink.
Biology.
Twice daily.
Sea-water bath.
A large pill.
Boiling-point.
Bromin.
Let it boil.
Vapor hath.
( Carbon ; Cubic; A gallon ;
( Centigrade.
Calcin m.
Let him take.
Cubic centimeter.
Cadmium.
Cerium.
Celsius.
Centigrade.
Centigram.
To-morrow morning.
Centimeter.
/To he taken to-morrow
I morning.
To-morrow night.
Cobalt
Spoonful.
A tablespoonful.
A teaspoonfiil.
A tablespoonful.
A dessertspoonful.
A teaspoon ful.
Strain.
Strained.
Let it be strained.
Let it be colored.
Compound.
A gallon.
Keep.
Let it be continued.
/ Let the medicine be con-
I tinned.
Boil
Bark.
Crast Crastinus
Crys
Cs
Cu Cuprum
Cuj Cujus
C, V Cras vespere . . .
Cyath Cyathus
D Dosis ; Da . . . .
Decub. . . . Decubitus . . . .
De d. in d. . . De die in diem . .
Deg
De R
Destil Destilla
Det Detur
Dieb. alt. . .'. Diebus alterius . .
" tert. . . " tertius . .
Dil Dilue
Dilut Dilutus
Dim Dimidius
Dist Distilla
Div Divide
D. in p. aeq. . Divide in partes .
aequales . . . .
Donee alv. j Donee alvus
sol. fuerit, 1 soluta fuerit
D. P Directione propria
E
Eb
E. -j
Ejusd Ejusdem . . . .
Elec Electuarium . .. .
Emb
Enem
Er : . . .
Exhib Exhibeatur . . . .
Ext Extractum . . . .
F
Far
Fe Ferrum
Feb. dur. . . . Febre durante . .
F. , Ft Fac, Fiat
Filt Filtra
Fid Fluidus
Flor Flores
F. m Fiat mistura . . .
Fol Foliae
F. p Fiat potio
F. pil Fiat pilulse . . . .
F. s. a Fiat secundum
artem
Galv
Gl . . .
Gm
Gr Granum
Gtt Guttae
Guttat Guttatim
H
For to-morrow.
Crystal.
Cesium.
Copper.
Of which.
To-morrow evening.
A glassful.
A (lose ; Give.
Lying down.
From day to day.
Degree; degeneration.
Reaction of degeneration.
Distil.
Let it be given.
On alternate days.
Every third day.
Let it be dissolved.
Dilute.
One-half.
Distil.
Divide.
Divide into equal parts.
(Until the bowels are
1 opened.
With a proper direction.
Erbium.
Erbium.
Elbow-jerk.
Of the same.
An electuary; Electricity.
Embryology.
Enema.
Erbium
i^et it be given.
Extract.
Fahrenheit; Fluorin.
Faradic.
Iron.
The fever continuing.
Make.
Filter.
Fluid.
Flowers.
Make a mi.xture.
Leaves.
Make a potion.
Make pills.
Prepare skilfully.
Galvanic.
Glucinum.
Gram.
Grain.
Drops.
By drops.
Hg
. Hydrargyrum .
. Mercury.
HI
Hectoliter.
Hm
. Hectometer.
Hor. decub.
. Hora decubitus
. At bed-time.
H. s
. Hora somni . . .
. At bed-time.
I
. lodum
. lodin.
In
. Indium.
In d In die
Inf Infunde
Inj Injectio
Ir
K Kalium
K.-j
KI
Km
L
Li
Liq
M Meridies; Misce
Mac Macera ....
Mass. pil. . . Massa pilularum
Daily.
, Pour in.
An injection.
Iridium.
. Potassium.
Knee-jerk.
Kiloliter.
, Kilometer.
. Liter.
, Lithium.
. Liquor.
Noon : Mix.
Macerate.
, Pill-mass.
X
ABBREVIATIONS
M. ft Mistura fiat . . . . Let a mixture be made.
Mg Magnesium ; Milligram.
Ml Milliliter.
Mm Millimeter.
Mod. pre-
script. . . . Modo prsescripto . In the manner directed.
Mol. wt Molecular weight.
Mor. sol. . . . More solito .... In the usual way.
Muc Mucilago Mucilage.
Myg Myriagram.
Myl Myrialiter.
Mym Myriameter.
N Nitrogen.
Na Natrium Sodium.
Ni Nickel.
No Numero Number.
Noct Nocte By night.
0 0ctarius A pint.
Ol Oleum Oil.
01. oliv. . . . Oleum olivae . . . Olive-oil.
Ol.-res Oleoresina .... Oleoresiii.
O. m Omni mane .... Every morning.
Omn. bih. . . Omni bihora . . . Every two hours
Omn. hor. . . Omni hora .... Every hour.
Omn. noct. . . Omni nocte .... Every night.
Os Osmium.
Ov Ovum An egg.
Oz Uncia Ounce.
P Phosphorus, Pulse.
Part. aeq. . . . Partes sequales . Equal parts.
Pb Plumbum
P. c Post cibum .
P. C Pondus civile
Pd.
Lead.
. After meals.
, Avoirdupois weight.
Palladium.
Phar Pharmacopeia.
Pil Pilula Pill.
Pocul Poculum A cup.
Pond Pondere . . . . By weight.
Pot Potio Potion ; potassa.
Ppt Preparata Precipitate ; Prepared.
P. rat. setat . Pro rata aetatis . .In proportion to age.
P. r. n Pro re nata .... When required.
Pt Pint.
Pulv Pulvis Powder.
Q. d Quater in die . . Four times a day.
Q. I Quantum libet . . According as required.
Q. p Quantum placeat .
Q. s " sufficit .
Qt
Q. V Quantum vis . . .
R
J)t Recipe
Rad Radix
Rb
R. D
Rect Rectificatus ....
Rep Repetatur ....
S Semis
S Signa
S. a Secundum artem
Sb Stibium
Scr Scrupulum . . . .
Sig Signetur
Sig. n. pr. . . Signa nomine
proprio
Sing Singulorum ....
Si non val. . . Si non valeat . . .
Si op. sit ... Si opus sit . . . .
Solv Solve
Sp., or Spir. . Spiritus
Sp.gr
Ss Semi, semissis . .
St Stet
Su. ..... Sumet
S. V Spiritus vini . . .
S. V. r Spiritus vini
rectificatus . . .
S. V. t Spiritus vini tenuis
Syr Syrupus
T
T. d Ter in die
Tr., Tinct. . . Tinctura
Ung Unguentum . . . .
Ur
Vesic Vesicatorum . . .
Wt
V. s. b Venesectio brachii
TT| Minimum
5 Drachma ....
3 Scrupulum . . . .
S Uncia
At will.
A sufficient quantity.
Quart.
As much as you wish.
Reaumur's thermometer,
Respiration.
Take.
Root.
Rubidium.
Reaction of degeneration.
Rectified.
Let it be repeated.
Half ; Sulphur.
Label.
According to art.
Antimony.
Scruple.
Let it be labeled.
Label with common name.
Of each.
If it does not answer.
If requisite.
Dissolve.
Spirit.
Specific gravity.
One-half.
Let it stand.
Let him take.
Alcoholic spirit.
Rectified spirit of wine.
Dilute alcohol, proof-spirit.
Syrup.
Temperature.
Three times a day.
Tincture.
Ointment.
Urine.
A blister.
Weight.
Bleeding from the arm.
Minim.
Dram.
Scruple. ■■
Ounce.
ABBREVIATIONS THAT SHOULD ONLY BE USED UNDER HEADINGS, OR WITH A
CONTEXT, RENDERING THE MEANING OBVIOUS.-£7.vrr/.
JVames of Diseases.
Bctasis Bronchiectasis.
Brhea Bronchorrhea.
Btis Bronchitis.
G K Granular Kidney.
G. P General Paralysis.
Phth., or (f)9, ore/). Phthisis.
Pna Pneumonia.
P'^" Pneumothorax.
Rhc F Rheumatic Fever.
Rhsm Rheumatism.
Set F Scarlet Fever.
Syph., or <jv<b. . . Syphilis.
Names of Regions ov Organs.
Clavr Clavicular.
L C. F Infraclavicular Fossa.
InfrasC .... Infrascapular.
Interscr Interscapular.
Mamy Mammary.
S. C. F Supraclavicular Fossa.
Sp. C Spinal Cord.
S. S. F Supraspinous fossa.
V. C. or V. B. . . Vocal Bands.
Names of Signs and Symptoms.
C/ Cough.
Cephgia Cephalalgia.
Hge Hemorrhage.
Ngia Neuralgia.
N. S Night-sweats.
Spm Sputum.
T Tongue.
Vg Vomiting
Vt Vomit.
In Physical Examination, Etc.
H. C Humid Crepitations.
R. S Respiratory Sound.
V. F Vocal Fremitus.
V. S Voice-sounds.
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN OPHTHALMOLOGY.
Acc Accommodation.
Ah Hypeiopic Astigmatism.
Am Myopic Astigmatism.
As Astigmatism.
Ax Axis.
B. D Base (of prism) down.
B.I •' " " in.
B. O " " " out.
B. U " " " up.
cm Centimeter.
Cyl Cylinder, Cylindric Lens.
D Diopter.
E. . . Emmetropia, Emmetropic.
F Formula.
H Hyperopia, Hyperopic, Horizontal.
L, E Left Eye.
M Myopia, Myopic.
mm Millimeter.
CD Oculus dextra— Right Eye.
O. S Oculus sinistra — Left Eye.
P. p Punctum proximum. Near Point.
P. r Punctum remotum. Far Point
R. E Risjht Eye.
Sph Spheric, Spheric Lens.
Sym Svmmetric.
V Vision, Visual Acuity, Vertical.
-f , — , = Plus, Minus, Equal to.
00 Infinity, 2o ft. distance.
3 Combined with.
° Degree.
ABBREVIATIONS
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN OTOLOGY.
a Applied to or in contact with Auricle.
A. C Air-conduction.
A. D Auris dextra — Right Ear.
A. S Auris sinistra — Left Ear.
B. C Bone-conduction.
c Contact.
d Dentes — applied to Teeth.
F Tuning-fork.
gl. Glabella— applied to Forehead.
It Hearing Power.
L Left Ear
m Applied to Mastoid.
Meat. Aud. Ext. ;
M. E External Auditory Meatus.
Meat. Aud. Int ;
M.I Internal Auditory Meatys.
Men. dis Meniere's disease.
M. flac Membrana flaccida ; Shrapnell's membrane.
M. T. ; Mt Membrana tympani.
Myring Myringitis.
O Complete Lack of Perception of Sound.
ot. ext. ac Otitis externa acuta.
ot. ext. chron. . . Otitis externa chronica.
ot. ext. diff. . . . Otitis externa diffusa.
ot. med. sup. ac. . Otitis media suppurativa acuta.
ot. med. sup.
chron. Otitis media suppurativa chronica.
Pol Politzer's.
Pol. Ac Politzer's Acoumeter.
R Right Ear.
S Susurrus— a Whisper.
t Applied to Temple.
Tymp Tympanum.
Jib Ubique — when applied at all points.
V Voice.
V Applied to Vertex.
vib Vibration.
z Applied to Zygoma
' Foot.
" Inches.
"oo Heard, but not Understood.
-fR Rinne's Test Positive.
— R Rinne's Test Negative.
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN ELECTROTHERAPEUTICS.
A., or An Anode.
Amp Ampere.
A. C Anodal Closing.
A. C. C Anodal Closure Contraction.
A. C. O Anodal Closin"- Odor.
A. C. P Anodal Closing Picture.
A. C. S Anodal Closing Sound.
A. D. Anodal Duration.
A. D. C Anodal Duration Contraction.
A. M Ampere-meter.
A. O Anodal Opening.
A. O. C Anodal Opening Contraction.
A. O. O Anodal Opening Odor.
A. O. P Anodal Opening Picture.
A. O. S Anodal Opening Sound.
B. . Magnetic Induction.
B. A. U. . . . . British Association Unit.
C Centigrade; Current; Cathode.
C. C Cathodal Closure.
C. C. C Cathodal Closure Contraction.
C. C C." Various Degrees of Contraction.
C. C. T Cathodal Closing Tetanus.
C. G. S. Units. . . Centimeter-gram-second Units.
CO Cathodal Opening.
C. O. C Cathodal Opening Contraction.
C. S Current-strength.
D Duration ; Density.
De. R Reaction of Degeneration.
E Earth ; Electromotive Force.
E. M. D. P. ... Electromotive Difference of Potential.
E. M. F Electromotive Force.
F. M Field Magnet.
H Horizontal Intensity of the Earth's Mag-
netism ; One Unit of Self-induction.
H Intensity of Magnetic Force.
I Intensity of Magnetism.
J ... Joule.
K Electrostatic Capacity.
K Kathode.
Kl Klang (sound).
K. C Kathodal Closing.
K. C. C Kathodal Closing Contraction.
K. C. T Kathodal Closing Tetanus.
K. D Kathodal Duration (or Period of Closure of
Circuit).
K. D. C Kathodal Duration Contraction.
K. D. T Kathodal Duration Tetanus.
K. W Kilo-watt.
L, Inductance (CoefiScient of) ; Length.
M Strength of Pole.
Ma Milliampere.
Mfd Microfarad.
N North Pole.
O Opening of Circuit.
P. D Potential Difference.
Q Electric Quantity.
R Ohmic Resistance.
S South Pole.
T Time.
Te Tetanic Contraction.
U Unit.
V Volume ; Velocity.
V Volt.
V. A Voltaic Alternative.
V. M Volt-meter.
W "Work; Weight ; Watt.
Z Contraction (Zuckung).
Z. Z.' Z." Increasing Strengths of Contraction.
K Magnetic Susceptibility.
/x Magnetic Permeability.
u) Ohm.
p Specific Resistance.
n Megohm (one-millionth part of an ohm).
H!h Battery.
+ Anode or Positive Pole.
— Kathode or Negative Pole.
> . Greater than, as K > A.
< Less than.
PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES USED IN CHEMISTRY.
Am- indicates the group NHj.
Azo-, diazo-, and hydrazo- indicate compounds in which nitro-
gen atoms are linked in various ways.
Di- is applied as a prefix to signify two.
Im- indicates the group NH.
Ket- indicates the molecule CO in certain structural re-
lations.
Men- is employed as a prefix to signify one.
Nitro- indicates the group NOj.
Pent- is applied as a prefix to signify Jive.
per- denotes in a rather vague sense an indefinitely large
amount of the body to which it is prefixed, or to which
it is referred.
Sesqui- indicates the proportion of two to three.
Sub- is employed in a rather vague sense to indicate defi-
ciency of the body to which it is prefixed.
Tetr- is applied as a prefix to signify four.
Thio- indicates sulphur, especially replacing oxygen.
Tri- (sometimes " ter-') is applied as a prefix to signify three.
-at indicates aldehydic structure.
-an is applied to a class of bodies related to the starch and
sugar group,
-ane indicates a saturated hydrocarbon.
•ase indicates an enzyme, or non-organized ferment, e.g., dias-
tase. This termination is at present restricted gener-
ally to enzymes of vegetable origin, but it should also be
used with animal enzymes — which, however, usually end
in " in." It would thus be better to say pepsase and
trypsase, rather than pepsin and trypsin.
-ate. A suffix to nouns in chemistry signifying any salt formed
by an acid acting on a base ; e. g., sulphate, phosphate.
-ic denotes the higher of two valencies assumed by an element,
and incidentally in many cases a larger amount of oxy-
gen.
-in is of no precise significance, and is mostly applied to bodies
the structure of which is not yet known.
-yl, -ene, -enyl, and -ine indicate hydrocarbons. According
to the American system of orthography, the only case in
which " ine" is used is as a termination for a series of
hydrocarbons, beginning with Ethine, CoHo. English
writers and some American chemists use it to signify basic
properties, regarding -IK as the proper term for non-basic
bodies. They thus distinguish between salicin, which
forms no salts with acids, and morphin (which under such
system is spelled " morphine"), which does. It must be
noted that such methods are not in accordance with the
tendency of modern chemic nomenclature, which seeks
to express structure, not properties. The organic bases
xii
ABBREVIATIONS
or alkaloids are not all of the same type, and when
their structure is elucidated systematic names will be
found for them. Until then there is no particular gain
in indicating them as a group,
-id is similar to " in."
-ol indicates alcoholic structure, i. e., presence of the group
HO (hydroxyl), e. g., alcohol, glycerol, phenol.
-one is applied to bodies related to the starches and sugars.
It is, however, not used with this significance in " pep-
tone," which word is not formed according to any estab-
lished system.
-ose indicates a carbohydrate, e. g., glucose, although it is
also occasionally applied to the results of digestion of
proteids, e. g., albumose.
-ous denotes the lower of two degrees of valency assumed
by an element and incidentally indicates, in many cases.
a small amount of oxygen.
The word sulphonic indicates the group HSOs.
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN HYGIENE AND SANITARY LAW.
Advt.
A. O. .
a. p.
B. H.
B. L. .
C. A. .
C. C.
C. G S.
C. O.
C. P. .
C. P. .
c. p. .
C. Q. S.
C. S. .
C. S.J.
D. I. D.
D. O.
D. P.
d. p. . .
e. c.
F. M. D.
G. O. . .
I. . . .
I. A. . .
I. D. . .
I. P. . .
I. S. . .
J. P. . .
L. A. . .
L. B. . .
L. C. C.
L. E. . .
L. G. B.
L. S. A.
M. A. B.
M. A. M.
. Advertisement. M. M. .
. Aliatement Order. M. O.
. Ashpit. M. Q. H.
. Board of Health. N. O. .
. By-Law or By-Laws. O. ...
. Confirming Authority. O. C. . .
, County Council. O. R. . .
. Court of General Sessions. p. . . .
. Closing Order. P. A.
. Contributorv Place. P. C.
. Cattle-plague. P. L E.
. Cesspits. P. O. . .
. Court of Quarter Sessions. Prov. O.
. Commissioners of Sewers. P. P. . .
. Court of Summary Jurisdiction. P. S. A.
. Dangerous Infectious Disease. P. S. C. .
. Demolition Order. Q. S. . .
. Daily Penalty; < not exceeding; > not R. A. . .
less than. R. D.
. Dnngpit. Rg. . • ■
. Earth-closet. R. P. C.
. Foot and Mouth Disease. R. S. A.
. General Order. R. S. D.
. Inspector. S. A. . .
. Infected Area. s. c. . .
. Infectious Disease. S. L . .
. Infected Place. S. O.
. Improvement Scheme. S. S. . .
. Justice of the Peace. U. A.
. Local Authority. U. D.
. Local Board. U. H. H.
. London County Council. U. S. A.
. Local Enquiry. U. S. D.
. Local Government Board. V. L . .
. Local Sanitary Authority. vv. c.
. Metropolitan Asylums' Boards. W. Co. .
. Metropolitan Asylums' Managers. W. W.
. Medical Man.
. Medical Officer.
. Medical Officer of Health.
. Nuisance Order.
. Owner ; Occupier.
. Order in Council.
. Official Representatioti.
. Privy.
. Public Analyst.
. Privy Council.
. Private Improvement Expenses
. Prevention Order.
. Provisional Order.
. Pleuro-Pneumonia.
. Port Sanitary Authority.
. Petty Sessional Court.
. Quarter Sessions.
. Rural Authority.
. Rural District.
. Regulations.
. Rivers-pollution Commission.
. Rural Sanitary Authority.
. Rural Sanitary District.
. Sanitary Authority.
. Sanitary Convenience.
. Sanitary Inspector.
. Special Order.
. Secretary of State.
. Urban Authority; Unhealthy Area
. Urban District.
. Unfit for Human Habitation.
. Urban Sanitary Authority.
. Urban Sanitary District.
. Veterinary Inspector.
. Water-closet.
. Water Companv.
. Water Works. '
ABBREVIATIONS USED FOR ACTS OF PARLIAMENT.
A. A
C. B. A.
C. D. (A.) A.
C. L. H. A.
D. C. M. O. .
F. W. A.
H. W. C. A.
I. D. (N.) A.
I. D. (P.) A.
L. C. fC.) A.
L. G. A. . .
Alkali Acts, i86^, 1874 (Consolidated), 1881. M. L. M. A.
Canal Boats Acts, 1877--84. M. W. C. A.
Contagious Diseases (Animal) Act, 1878. P. H. A. . .
Common Lodging Houses Act, iBst, etc. P. H. (A.) A.
Dairv, Cowshed, and Milk Shop Order, P. H. (L) A.
1885-6. P. H. (L.) A.
Factories and Workshop Act, 1S78. P. H. (S.) A.
, Housing of Working Classes Act, 1S90. P. H. (W.) A,
Infectious Diseases (Notification) Act, 1889. P. W. L. A.
(Prevention) Act, 1890. R. P. A. . .
Land Clauses (Consolidation) Acts, 1845. S. F. D. A. .
Local Government Act, 1888. S.J. A. . . .
Metropolis Local Management Act, 1855.
" Water Companies Act, 1871.
Public Health (England) Act, 1875.
(Amendt.j "
1S90.
(Ireland) "
1878.
(London) "
1891.
(Scotland) "
1867.
(Water)
1878.
Public Works Loans Act, 1879.
Rivers Pollution Art, 1876
Sale of Food and Drugs Act, 1875.
Summary Jurisdiction Act.
SIGNS ABBREVIATIONS, ETC., USED IN DESCRIPTIVE ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY.
0 Feet.
. . Inches.
" Lines; each one-twelfth of an inch, or about
two millimeters.
! A mark of affirmation or authentication.
? A mark of doubt.
- Figures or words separated by a short dash
indicate the extremes of variation, as
5-10" lonsj. few-many flowered ; e.^
varying from 5 to 10 lines in length, and
with few to many flowers.
c.c Cubic centimeter.
cm. Centimeter.
mm Millimeter.
^ The Micron, Micromillimeter, or unit of
Microscopic Measurement. For conven-
ience of reference, the following table of
2-5399
>1
Tnchrs.
V-
Inchps.
Inch as.
I. .
. . .oooo;^g
6
rnnnff • • •
2
. . .000079,
. . .000118
7-
1
3-
8.
. . .00031 s
4- ■
. . 0001 s7
9
. . .0003S4
T^n ■ •
5. •
10
. . . .000394
One Meter
■ 2,S3-9972
• 39-370432 in.
X Used to express magnification, thus X loco
indicates a magnification of 1000 diame-
ters. The impro]ier fraction '-''i"' indi-
cates the same thing, but is rarely used.
® An annual Herb.
(D A biennial Herb.
li A perennial Herb.
& An Undershrub, deciduous.
b An Undershrub, evergreen.
J> A Shrub, deciduous.
5 A Shrub, evergreen.
A Tree, deciduous.
^ A Tree, evergreen.
Ij : ... An herbaceous Vine, annual or biennial.
1^ A woody Vine, deciduous.
1j A woody Vine, evergreen.
U/ A trailing Herb, annual or biennial.
Uj A trailing Herb, perennial.
JJJ An aquatic plant.
5 Flowers perfect.
ABBREVIATIONS
xiii
(j* A male animal, or a plant or flower bear-
ing only stamens or antheridia.
$ A female animal or a plant or flower
bearing only pistils or archegonia.
Q A young animal of undetermined sex, thus
,^0, young male, or 9yg for young female,
but 07«J^ {juvenis, young).
0 A monocarpic plant.
0= Cotyledons accumbent.
01 Cotyledons incumbent.
J A plant introduced and naturalized.
f A plant cultivated for ornament.
X A plant cultivated for use.
8 Monecious.
$ Diecious
5 § PolygaiTius.
o Wanting or none.
00 Numerous or indefinite; more than twenty
when applied to stamfens.
<T The microsecond represents .001 second or
the unit of time in experiments or psycho-
physic reactions.
Authors^ names are abbreviatedin the follo7tiing Manner : —
Ait., Aiton. Bech., Bechstein. Cham., Chamisso. Dum.,
Dumeril, etc.
Nupt, signifies in ornithology, breeding plumage,
hornot, means a bird of the year.
-aceae, a suffix used in botany to designate a family, the name
chosen being one of the principal genera. Ex., Rosa, Ros-
acecE, Ranunculus, RannnculacecE. Cf., iceiz, idece, inecz,
-ana, preferably used as a suflSx to the name of a species
around which others naturally cluster, in the naming of
subsections or groups of species; e.g.. the group of
species of Helix related to H. pomatia may be indicated
by the term Pomatiayia.
-ensis, a termination given to the names of species only when
derived from the name of their habitat; e.g., TeEuia
madagascariensis. Daphne chinensis, Draccena brasili-
ensis.
Eu-, employed as a prefix in forming the names of genera, sub-
genera, or sections of genera before a Greek derivative.
Excl. gen., exclusit genus.
Excl. sps., exclusit species.
Excl. var., exclusit varietas, when following an onym, indi-
cates that the group has undergone revision, and the
name does not cover the original ground to the extent
indicated.
-ia, -ius, -ica, -icus, -ina, -inus, -ita, -itus, terminations
used in making specific names which are derived from
the name of a river or other body of water, a province,
a country, or a kingdom ; e. g., arabiciis.
-iceae, -ideae, -ineae, suffixes used in botany to designate a
family when the name taken ends in Latin -ix or -is
(genitive ids, idis, iscis) ; e. g., SalicinecE from Salix,
Berberidece from Berberis, Tamariscinecs from Tamarix.
-eae, as a rule, these suffi.xes, together with ece, are employed
to designate botanic sub-families, tribes, and sub-tribes;
e. g.. Rose IE from Rosa.
-idae, -inae, the suffixes added to the name of the earliest
known or most characteristic genus, to designate zoologic
families or sub-families; e. g., Slri.t-, Strigis, Sl'rigida;,
Bucerotis, BucerotidcE.
-ites, -itis, frequently employed to designate fossil organisms
analogous to the living form whose generic name is the
radical to which ites is appended. They are rarely used
with specific names
Mutatis char., mutatis cliaracteris, when following a specific
name sigiufies a change in the diagnostic characters of a
species.
-astrum, -oidea or -oides, -oidalis, -oideum, -opsis, termina-
tions employed m forming generic, sub-generic, or
specific names after a Greek derivative. Bourguinat
suggests that astrum be reserved to be appended to the
name of a genus to indicate its typical sub-division.
Opsis and oides should be reserved for sub-divisions of a
genus which resemble another genus, by adding them to
the name of that other genus when it is of Greek origin.
-oides is preferably reserved for specific names of Greek or
barbarous (never Latin) origin
(a) When the radical of the specific name is the name of a
genus which it resembles, e. g., Salix myrtilloides,
Bupleurum ranunculoides, Malva abutiloides. Thuja
cupressoides.
(b) When the radical is the name of another species which
the new one resembles. Helix carascaloides, a species
like H. carascalensis.
(c) When the radical of the specific name is a Greek word
signifying an animal, organ, part, object, as Potentilla
arachnoidea, Prenanthes deltoidea. Jungertnannia zoop-
sis, icthyoides, rhomboidale , pterigoideus, paraboloides,
dendroideus. ,
Only one apparent exception to the compounding of Greek
and Latin has been consecrated by usage ; viz. : ovoides
from ovum and ei6o! ; this has arisen from the absence of
euphony in the correct form, ooides (lioi/, and ei6o;).
pro-parte, for a part, when following a specific name indi-
cates that since its first application the group has been
revised.
Pseudo-, a prefix employed in forming specific names before
a Greek derivative,
-pteris, a termination frequently employed in the generic
names of ferns, for the purpose of recalling the affinities
of the genus.
sp. (i) In zoology, abbreviation of species, written when the
specific name is not known or is wanting, or if placed
after the name of the authority, as Crania craniolaris,
Linne sp., indicates that Linn^ is only to be credited
with the specific name.
(2) In botany, species or specimen.
Sub-, a prefix employed in forming specific names before a
Latin derivative It may also be used in designating a
new species before the name of another with which the
first was in intimate relation. It is also used in the sense
of nearly, less, somewhat, slightly. It has, moreover, a
few legitimate Latin compounds which may be used for
specific names ; e. g., subterrane?ts , subalpinus-a-nm, sub-
currens, snbcutaneus, snbdimidialus, subjectus, sub-
mersus, subrotundus, substrains.
Sub-sp., subspecies.
gen., genus.
var., variety, placed before the name of a plant or animal
indicates that it is a hybrid of doubtful origin.
SUNDRY ABBREVIATIONS.
Adj Adjective.
Adv Adverb.
Am American.
Arab Arabic.
A. S Anglo-Saxon.
Bot Botany, Botanic.
B. Ph British Pharmacopeia.
Celt Celtic.
Cf. Confer, see.
Chem Chemistry, Chemic.
CoUoq Colloquial.
Comp Compounded, Compound.
Dim Diminutive.
e..e: {Exempli gratia). For example.
Elec Electricity.
Eng English.
Etym Etymology, Etymologic.
/■ Feminine.
Fr French.
Geog Geography, Geographic.
Geol Geology, Geologic.
Geom Geometry, Geometric.
Ger German.
G. Ph German Pharmacopeia.
Gr Greek.
Heb Hebrew.
Ichth Ichthvology.
i-e., (id est ), that is.
It Italian.
L., or Lat Latin.
Masc Masculine.
Math Mathematics.
Med Medicine, Medical.
N. F National Formulary.
Nat. Hist Natural History.
Nag Negative.
Obs Obsolete.
Ophth 0|ihthalmoIogy, Ophthalmologic.
Path Pathology, Pathologic.
Phil Philosophy, Philosophic
Phys Phvsiologv, Phvsiologic.
pl Pliiral.
priv Privative.
Pron Pronounced, Pronunciation.
q. V (Quod vide) which see.
Sax Saxon.
Sing Singular.
Sp Spanish.
Surg Surgery, Surgical.
Unof. Unofficial.
U. S. Ph. .... United States Pharmacopeia.
V Verb.
V. i Intransitive verb.
vide See.
V. t Transitive verb.
Zool Zoology, Zoologic.
xiv ABBREVIATIONS
PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES USED IN MEDICAL TERMS.
PREFIXES.
A-, an-, called alpha privative (Gr. a, av, or a>i), the equiva-
lent of our prefix, «?^-, or in-, denotes an absence or want
of the thing or quality expressed by the principal ; e. g.,
adynamia, anaerobic, aphasia, apraxia, apyrexia,
astigmatism, atony, etc. a is used betore consonants,
an before vowels, and, rarely, am before bl or br. (To
be distinguished from a>ia.)
Ad- (ad), to, at, toward, as, adduction, adhesion. The d is
often changed in the compound to correspond to the next
letter, as accretion, appendix.
Al- (Arab.) article the ; e. g., alchemy, the secret art ; alcohol,
the very subtle.
Amphi- (or amph-) (a/xcfii), upon both sides, in two ways, as in
amphiarthrosis , amphibia, etc.
Ana- (oii-a). Up, through, again; e.g., anabolism, anasarca,
anatomy, etc.
Anti- (or ant-) (a.v^L). Against, opposed to, opposite of ; as
antaphrodisiac, antibrachium, antipyretic, antiseptic, etc.
Ape- (oin-o). Off, away, upon ; e. g., aponeurosis, apoplexy, etc.
Auto- (auTo?). Self; as autopepsia, autopsy.
Bary- Oapus). Heavy, difficult ; as barymezia, baryphonia, etc.
Bi-, bin- (bis). Twice, twofold ; e. g., bicuspid, bivalent, binoc-
ular, binaural.
Bio- (^to^). Life, e.g., bioplasm, biology, biolysis.
Brach- {^paxf^v). Arm, pertaining to the arm ; as brachialgia,
bracliioncus.
Broncho- Opovx"?)- Pertaining to the trachea ; as bronchor-
I'liagia, bro)ichotomy.
Cardi-, cardio- (/tcfp6ia). Pertaining to the heart, as cardio-
gram, cardialgia.
Celio-, ccelio- ((coiAia). Pertaining to the belly, as celiotomy,
cccliac.
Chiro- (xeip). The hand. Chiragra, chiropodist.
Co-, con-. Together, along with ; e. g., coitus, congenital.
Dacryo- (Sd/cpuoi ). A tear, pertaining to a tear ; as dacryoid,
dacryo-cystitis.
Dactyl- (Sa/cTuAo;). A finger ; pertaining to the fingers ; as
dactylitis, dactylion, dactylate.
Dermo-, dermato- (Sepjja). The skin ; pertaining to the skin ;
e g., dcrmotomy, dermatolysis.
Di- (615). Twice, double ; as dimorphism, digastric.
Dia- {Bid). Through. Examples: diabetes, diagnosis, dia-
phragm, diarrhea, etc.
Dyn- (Sufa/iis). Force, power ; dynamogeny, dynantograph.
Dys- (Sue). Difficult, defective, painful; e.g., dysentery, dysp-
nea, dysuria.
Eg-, ex-, ecto- («, e^, e/crds). Out, outside, away from ; as
in ecchymoses, ecdemic, eclampsia, exostosis, exanthema,
ectropion, ectoderm.
En-, em- (iv, i^x.). In, within ; as in embryo, embolism, en-
demic, etc.
Endo-, ento- (ei'Tos). Within, internal; e. g., endarteritis,
endoscope, entoblast, entoptic.
Entero- (eVrepo;'). The intestine ; as in enterocele, enter-
ostomy, etc.
Epi- (e/ixi). Upon, over, above; e. g., epiblast, epicranium,
epistaxis, epidemic, etc.
Extra- (/.a/,). Outside; e. g., extravasation, extroversion.
Galact- (vdAa). Milk ; asgalactocele, galactozemia,galacturia.
Gastro- (yao-r^p). The stomach ; relation to the stomach ;
e.g., gastrocele, gastrocnemius, gastroenterostomy, etc.
Genio- (yeveiof). Pertaining to the chin ; e. g., geniohyoglos-
sus, geniohyoid.
Glosso- (yAwo-o-at. Pertaining to the tongue. See glossology ,
glossoplegia, glossophvtia.
Haema-, haemato- or hemo- (Si^aa). The blood ; pertaining to
the blood. S^^e. hrmatrmesis. hematoma, hemorrhage, etc
Hemi- (rjni-Tjuio-ii?). Half; as in hemiachromatopsia, hemi-
crania, hemiplegia.
Hepat- (ijirap). The liver ; pertaining to the liver. See hepat-
eniphraxis, hepatization, hepatopostema.
Hetera- (eVeiros). Different; opposite; e.g., heteroinfection,
heterologou heteropathy.
Hydro-, hydr- (iiScop). Water ', resembling or relating to water,
dropsy, etc. ; as in hydremia, hydragogne, hydrate,
hydrocephalus, etc.
Hyper- (wTrep). Excess; exaggerated abnormality in amount,
size, quality, etc. See hyperesthesia., hypermetropia,
hyperpyrexia, hypertrophv, and others.
Hypno- (vTri-o;). Sleep. See hypnopathy, hypnotism .
Hypo- (v-no). Diminution as to degree, amount, size, quality,
etc., or that located under or beneath ; e. g., hyposthenia,
hypoblast, hypochondriac, hypodermatic, hypoglossal.
Hystera-, hystero- {vcrrtpa). The uterus or womb ; relation
to the uterus; e. g., hysterectomy, hystero- epilepsy ,
hysteropexia, etc.
Ileo- (fleum). Pertaining to the ileum ; e.g., ileo-colitis, ileo-
typhus.
Ilio- ( Iliuni). Pertaining to the ilium ; e. g., ilio femoral, ilio-
lumbar.
Im-, in- (/«J. Privative, negative; as imperforate, incarcer-
ation, insane, incontinence.
In- (er). In, within, upon, by; as incubation, infarction, in-
flammation, inoculation, etc.
Infra- {Infra). Beneath, below ; e.g., inframaxillary, in-
frascapular.
Inter- {Inter). Between. See intercellular, intercostal, inter-
trigo, and others.
Intra- (Intra). Within, inside of, as intra-articular, intra-
uterine.
Iso- (laos). Equal, like; e.g., isometric, isothermal, isopathy.
Kata-, kath- (/card). Down, through ; as kalabolism, katatonia,
kathode.
Leuko- (Aei/Ko;). Whiteness; e.g., leukemia, leukocyte,
leukomain, leukorrhea.
Lith-, litho- (Ai9o5). Pertaining to stone, calculus, or lithic
acid. See lithemia, lithiasis, lithotripsy, etc.
Macro- (p.a«:pos). Largeness, hypertrophy ; as in macroglossia,
niaci'omelia.
Mai- {Alalus). Bad ; as malfortnation, malpractice, malaria.
Melano- (p.eAa?). Blackness, pigmentation ; e. g .^melancholia,
tne Ian o-sai coma.
Meso- (netros). The middle ; e.g., mesoblast, mesocolon, etc.
Meta- (fieToi). With, after; e. g., metabolism, metatarsus.
Micro- ((iixpos). Smallness ; e. g., micrococcus, microglossia,
microscope.
Men-, mono- (jidi'os). Singleness. For example, 7nonamin,
monomania, monorchis.
Morpho- {ti.op<t>ri). Shape, form ; e.g., morphography, morphol-
ogy, morphometry.
Multi- {multus). Number, many ; e. g., multilocular, multi-
parous.
Myelo- (mv«Aos). Referring to the brain or spinal cord ; as
myeloid, myelitis.
Myo- (ni)s). Pertaining to a muscle or to muscularity. See
myocarditis, tnyoma, myopathy.
Neo- (I'eo?). New, recent, young; as neogala, neo-membrayie,
neoplasm.
Nephr- (>'e(i)po?). Pertaining to the kidney; e. g., nephra-
postasis, nephria, nephritis.
Neuro- (reiipoi'). Relating to a nerve or to neurology. In the ori-
ginal Greek the word meant a cord or tendon, — neurosis,
the stringing of the bow. It is now applied only to
nerve-structure; as, e. g., neuralgia, neurasthenia,
neurilemma, neuroglia.
Ob- {Ob). In front of, against, denoting hindrance or ob-
struction; e. g., obstruent, obturator, occlusion, op-
ponens.
Odonto- (66oii?). Of the teeth ; as odontology, odontalgia.
Oligo- (6A170S). Fewness or lack of, as oligocythemia.
Ophthalmo- {o<jy9aKp.6^). Pertaining to the eye, as ophthal-
mia, ophthalmoplegia.
Ortho- (op9o9). Straight, upright, correct. See orthoscope,
orthopedia, orthopraxis.
Osteo- (6<7T6oi'). Referring to bone. See osteoblast , osteomyel-
itis, osteoplastic.
Oto- (oSe). Pertaining to the ear, as otorrhea, otophone.
Oxy- (iiff?). Denoting the presence of oxygen, or acidity; as
o xygen , oxyh em oglobin .
Pan-, Pant- (iris, na.v). All, every, universal ; as pancreas,
pangenesis , pantomorphic.
Para- (Trapd). Through, near, by, by the side of, abnormality.
Examples: paracentesis, paresthesia, parenchyma, par-
otid.
Peri- (jrepi). About, around. See, e. g., pericardium, peri-
meter, perilrmph, periosteum.
Pod- (ttoi;;). Pertaining to the foot, as podalgia, podedema.
Poly-, pol- (ttoAiIs). Many, much ; e.g., poly coria, polygalac-
tia, polyuria.
Prae-, pre- (/';-<z'). Before; e. g., pre^cordia, prepuce.
Pro- (iTpo). Before, down ; as in process, procidentia, prolapse,
proptosis.
Proc-, procto- (rrpw/cTds). The anus, pertaining to the anus;
^. g- > proctitis, proctoplegia.
Pseudo- (i/^ei/Srj;). False, spurious ; as in pseudarthrosis,pseudo-
cyesis.
Pyo- (n-uoi'). Pertaining to pus or purulency ; e. g., pyogenic,
pyosalpinx .
Py-, pyro- firCp). Concerning fire or heat, or inflammation ;
e. g., pvrogejious, pyrexia.
Retro- (Retro). Backward, behind; e. g., retroflex, retro-
version.
Rhin-, Rhino- (pis). Pertaining to the nose, as rhinoplasty,
rhinitis.
Semi- (.Semis). Half, partly, almost, as semicapium, semi-
lunar.
ABBREVIATIONS
XV
Sphyg- (<T<t>vytJi6i). Pertaining to the pulse, as sphygmometer,
sphygmutechny.
Sub- (Siib). Beneath, under; and also partially or deficiency
of, as subclavian, subluxation.
(Super). Above, upon ; excess of; e. g., supercilium,
superfecundation .
Supra- (Supra). Above, upon, superior to, as supraorbital,
supraspinatus.
Sym-, syn- (o-ui-). Witli, together, same. See, e. g., symbleph-
aron, symphysis, synalgia, synchondrosis.
Zoo- (^uov). Animal. See zoology, zoochemia.
SUFFIXES.
-ago (agere). Gives the idea of activity, presentation, etc.; as
lumbago.
-agogue (ayeiv, to bear off, carry away). Signifies an agent
stimulating the function of excretion or secretion of the
product. Thus, emmenagogue , hvdragogue, sialagogue.
-agra {dypa, an attack, seizure). Denotes an acute attack of
pain in the part, as arthragra, podagra.
-algia (diAyos, pain). Pain in a part, expressed by the chief
word; e.g., cephalalgia, gastralgia.
-atresia (arpTjeria). Imperforate, as in proctatresia.
-cele (x^Ai)). A tumor, hernia, or protrusion. See cystocele,
hydrocele, meningocele.
-cele, coele (xotAia). A cavity, ventricle ; e. g., mesocele.
-ectomy (eKTefii/ei;/). Excision, exsection; as in oophorectomy,
nephrectomy , splenectomy.
-emia, (aino, blood). Denotes a condition of the blood, or an
ingredient in the same, expressed by preceding word ;
e.g., hydremia, lithemia, pyemia, uremia.
-etin (pnriVi)) Used in the names of certain resins, as abietin.
-fuge (fugare, to expel). Driving out, an expeller, as vermi-
fuge, febrifuge, etc.
-graph, graphy yyfii.(^eiv. to write). An instrument ; a treatise
or description ; e.g., sphygmograph, demography.
-ia, often contracted to -y, denotes the quality of the root-word
as an abstract noun, as akromegalia, akromegaly.
-idae (-iStjs). The suffix to the name of a genus forming the
name of a family ; bovidcE, equidce.
-igo. A variation of -ago ; e. g., prurigo, vertigo.
-is, -sis. Present the abstract idea of activity of the root-word.
-ism (-la-fios). Implies the doctrine, practice, or theory of the
principal word ; Darwinism, tribadism.
-ite (-iTTjs). Of the nature of In anatomy, denoting a constit-
uent part of an organ ; as sergite, sternite. In chemistry,
any salt of an -ous acid ; as sulphite, phosphite.
-itis (-1x19). Originally the feminine ending of Greek substan-
tives and denotes an especial activity of the root-word.
By habit and general use it is now limited to inflam-
matory activity ; as gastritis, otitis, etc.
-logy (Aoyos, discourse). A treatise upon ; as bacteriology,
dermatology , pathology.
-lysis (Auo-is, a loosening). A separation into constituent parts,
or the setting free of some part ; as hydrolysis, analysis.
-malacia (jidAaKo;, soft). Abnormal softness; as in osteo-
malacia.
-mania (/xai/ia, madness). The chief word denotes the principal
symptom of the mental affection; e. g., erotomania,
kleptomania, etc.
-meter (iieTpov,a. measure). An instrument for measuring;
e. g., aerometer, urinometer.
-odynia ' oSui'rj, excessive pain). The principal word denotes
the seat of great pain, as coccygodynia.
-oid (elSo?, form). Similar in shape, etc.; as in choroid, cuboid,
sphenoid, xiphoid.
-oma (ia^a.). A tumor, e.g., glioma, sarcoma.
-opia (u!»|/). Pertaining to the eye or vision ; as in atnblyopia,
myopia, etc.
-orium, -torium, -sorium (r^pioi'). Designate places, tools,
etc.; as tentoriitjn. auditorium, etc.
-osis, -osus, derived from Greek words in -610, and usually
denote fulness, redundancy, excess.
-pathy (TToiflos). A condition of disease, and also a method of
cure ; as adenopathy, psychopathy, homeopathy, hydro-
pathy.
-phobia (<^o3o5, fear). Morbid or exaggerated fear or dread,
as agoraphobia, photophobia.
-plasty (TrAacro'eii', to form). Surgical plastic operation upon
a part ; e.g., blepharoplasty, rhinoplasty.
-rhagia (pr\yvvtx.i, to burst forth). A hemorrhage or excessive
discharge; e. g., blennorrhagia, metrorrhagia.
-rhaphy (t>a<t>ri, a suture). A stitching or suturing of a part ; as
enterorrhaphy , pe^-ineorrhaphy .
-rhea (petit', to flow). An excessive discharge or excretion ; as
blennorrhea, diarrhea, leukorrhea.
-scope (cTKOTreii', to look). An instrument for making an exam-
ination ; as laryngoscope, microscope.
-scopy (o-KOTreeiv). An examination ; as ophthalmoscopy.
-stomy (CTTojia, mouth). A suffix seen in the names of those
surgical operations in which an artificial opening or pas-
sage is formed, as enterostomy.
-tas, -ty. Derived originally from the Greek -t))s, denote ab-
stract quality or idea, as immunity, acidity.
-tio, -atio, -tion. A suffix of verbal roots denoting an action
or function as taking place — an occurrence. The n was
added to the original -tio by Roman and French in-
fluence.
-tomy (TeVi/etj", to cut). Incision ; e.g., laparototny, tenotomy.
-ulus, -ula, -ulum, -ola, -ion, -ellus, -illus, -leus. Diminu-
tives.
-uria (ovpttiv, to urinate). Abnormalities of the urine or of
urination ; as albuminuria, polyuria.
A. A. S Fellow of the American Academy.
A.B Bachelor of Arts.
A. M Master of Arts.
B. A Bachelor of Arts.
B. M Bachelor of Medicine.
D. D. S Doctor of Dental Surgery.
F. B. S Fellow of the Botanical Society.
F. B. S. E Fellow of the Botanical Society of Edin-
burgh.
F- C. S Fellow of the Chemical Society
F. E. S Fellow of the Entomological Society.
F- H. S Fellow of the Horticultural Societv.
F. L. S Fellow of the Linnsean Societv.
F. R. C. P Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians.
F. R. C. P. E. . . . Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians
of Edinburgh.
F. R. C. S. I. . Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons
of Ireland.
F. R. C. S. L. , . . Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons
of London.
F. R. S Fellow of the Royal Society.
F. R. S. E Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
F. R. S. L Fellow of the Royal Society of London.
F. Z. S Fellow of the Zoological Society.
LL. B Bachelor of Laws.
LL. D Doctor of Laws.
M. A Master of Arts.
M. D Doctor of Medicine.
M. N. A. S Member of the National Academy of
Sciences.
M. P. S Member of the Pharmaceutical Society.
M. R. C. C Member of the Royal College of Chemistry.
M. R. C. S Member of the Royal College of Surgeons.
M.R.C.V.S. . . Member of the Royal College of Veterinary
Surgeons.
Ph. B Bachelor of Philosophy.
Ph. D Doctor of Philosophy.
V. S Veterinary Surgeon.
MATHEMATIC MEMORANDA.
To reduce grams to grains, multiply by 15.432. To reduce grains to grams, multiply by 0.0648. To reduce kilograms to pounds,
multiply by 2.2046. To reduce ounces to grams, multiply bv 28.349. To reduce inches to meters, multiply by 0.0254. To reduce
inches to centimeters, multiply by 2. =;40. To reduce centimeters to inches, multiply by 0.3937. To reduce pmts to cubic
centimeters, multiply by 567.936. To reduce liters to gallons, multiply by 0.22. To reduce gallons to liters, multiply by
4.548. I grain = 0.064799 gram, r gram = 15.43235 grains, i millimeter = o 03937 inch, i liter = 1.76077 pints, i minim
= 0.91 grain of water, i line = }„_ inch, i n = one-thousandth of a millimeter, i micron, or i micromilhmeter, or 0.001 mm,
I oz. (Avoirdupois) = 28.34954 grams, i 02. (.Troy) = 31.10349 grams, i cc. of water at 4° C. = i gram. 30 in. (barome-
ter) = 761.986 millimeters.
INDEX OF TABLES
AND IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS, WHEREIN LARGE NUMBERS OF FACTS ARE
BROUGHT TOGETHER AND CLASSIFIED.
PAGE
PAGE
768
• 779
28
Motor Points {Illustrated),
• 784
Mulatto,
■ 789
• . 57
• 792
• • 79
Muscles {Illustrated),
• 795
848
83
Nerves {Illustrated), •
. . 117
878
Oils, .
889
Bacteria {Illustrated)
• ■ 157
188
892
Baths
■ 940
. . 198
973
. 978
• • 235
• ■ 253
Phthisis, . ,
• 1075
. 1085
1 109
280
. 1115
. . 285
1121
• 316
■ 1133
Convolutions of Cerebrum [Illustrated'), . .
• ■ 323
• 1136
■ • 337
1161
• • 369
1 167
• • 380
. 1175
• • 395
1181
• • 398
1210
• 1235
• ■ 444
1248
• • 450
• 1253
• • 465
• 1255
• • 467
• 1323
466
■ 1329
- ■ 473
• 1335
• - 479
T -nfi
. 482
• 1343
• 483
Spinal Cord, Localization in {Illustrated), . .
• 1346
• • 502
■ 1354
Stains, P'luids for Fixing and Hardening, etc.,
• 1367
• ■ 540
. 1408
. . 561
. . S8i
• 1437
. . 615
1468
■ . • 645
646
■ I5I3
. ■ 655
■ 1532
663
• 1539
. . 674
678
. 1576
• • 679
■ 1577
688
1580
■ • 705
• 1592
• • 741
Wave-lengths, and Frequencies of Light, . .
. I6I2
. I6I3
xvi
AN ILLUSTRATED DICTIONARY
OF
Medicine, Biology, and Allied Sciences.
A [a, dv, or cifi, without] . The Greek letter alplia, called
alpha privative, equivalent to the prefix iin or in. It
denotes absence or want of the thing or quality expressed
by the root of the word, a- is used before consonant,
and an- before vowel sounds; am- is sometimes used
before or -be. Also, the symbol of Anode.
Aa [dva, of each]. An abbreviation, written aa, used
in prescriptions to denote repetition of the same quan-
tity for each item.
aaa. Abbreviation for Ainalgain.
Aasmus [a-as' -//ms) [aaafiog, a breathing out]. Asthma.
Ab \_a/>, from]. A. Latin prefix signifying y;w«.
Abaca [ab^-ak-ah, Sp. pron. ah-va/i-kah'). Manilla
hemp. See Hemp. Also Mitsa textilis, the plant
which produces it.
Abactinal (ab-ak'-titt-al) \_ab, away ; actinal, the oral
surface of a radiate animal]. In biology, aboral.
Agassiz's term for the surface of radiates opposite to
that having the mouth.
Abactio [ab-ak' -ske-o) \_abigere, to drive away]. An
abortion, or labor, artificially induced.
Abactus Venter {ab-ak'-tiis ven'-ter) \_abigere, to drive
out; venter, the belly]. An abortion procured by artifi-
cial means.
Abadie's Sign. See Signs and Symptoms, Table of.
Abalienated (ab-aF -yen-a-ted') [abaliena/us, alienated,
estranged]. I. Deranged, or insane. 2. Gangrenous,
or so severely injured as to require amputation or extir-
pation.
Abalienation {ab-al-yett-a' -s/mn) \_abalienatio; ab, away;
a/ienare, to transfer] . Decay, especially mental decay,
insanity.
Abanet. See Abnet.
Abaptista [ah-bap-tis' -taJi). Same as Abaptiston.
Abaptiston (ah-bap-tis' -ton") [d priv. ; paiTTicrog, im-
mersed]. A trephine so shaped that penetration of the
brain is impossible.
Abarthrosis [ab-ar-thro'-sis) \ab, from ; arthrosis, a
joint]. Same as Diarthrosis, or Abarticulation.
Abarticular {ab-ar-tik' -u-lar) \^ab, from; articulits,
joint]. Not connected with or situated near a joint.
Abarticulation {ab ar-tik-u-la' -s/iun) [ab, from; articti-
latio, joint]. I. Same as Diarthrosis, a term more
frequently used ; sometimes also a synonym of Synar-
throsis. 2. A luxation ; the dislocation of a joint.
Abasia [ah-ba'-ze-ah) [a priv.; lidaig, a. step]. Motor
incoordination in walking See Astasia.
Abasic [ah-bd'-sii). Pertainuig to, or affected with,
abasia.
Abatement (a-bdt'-ment) [ab, from; battiere, to strike].
Mitigation or decrease in severity of pain, or of any
untoward symptom or condition.
2
Abattoir [ah-bat-~var') [Ir.]. A slaughter-house or
estahlisliment for the killing and dressing of animals.
Abaxial [ab-ak'-se-al) \_ab, from; a.ris, an axle]. Not
situated in the line of the axis. In botany, indicating
that the embryo is not in the axis of the seed.
Abaxile [ab-ak' -sil). See Abaxial.
Abbe Condenser. Illuminator, Abbe. A. Illumi-
nator. See Illuminator.
Abbe's Apochromatic Lenses. .See Apochromatic
Lens. A. Catgut Rings, rings composed of eight
or ten turns of heavy catgut in the shape of an oval,
with inside diameter of two inches, for use in intesti-
nal anastomosis.
Abbreviate, or Abbreviated (ab-bre'-ve-a-ted) \_ab,
from; /^/fjvrtn', to shorten]. Shortened, cut short.
Abbreviations {ab-bre-ve-a'-shunz). 'Aee. List of Abbre-
viations in introductory matter.
Abdomen {ab' -do-men or ab-do'-meti) \_abdere, to hide].
The large inferior cavity of the trunk, extending from
the pelvic cavity to the diaphragm, and bounded in
front and at the sides by the lower ribs and abdominal
muscles, and behind l)y the vertebral column, the psoas
and quadratus lumhorum muscles. It is artificially
divided into nine regions by two circular lines, the upper
parallel with the cartilages of the ninth ribs, the lower
with the iliac crests, and by two lines from the cartilages
of the eighth rib to the center of Poupart's ligament.
The regions thus formed are, above, the right hypochon-
driac, the epigastric, and the left hypochondriac ;
secondly, the right lumbar, umbilical, and left lumbar;
and below, the right inguinal, the hypogastric and the
left inguinal. A., Pendulous, a relaxed and pendu-
lous condition of the abdominal walls.
KhdiOmmsX^ab-dofu' -in-al) [abdere, to hide]. Pertain-
ing to or connected with the abdomen. A. Aneurysm.
See Aneurysm. A. Aorta. See Artery. A. Apo-
neurosis. See Aponeurosis. A. Brain, the solar
plexus. A. Compress, a form of local pack, made
by forming folds of a coarse linen towel of sufficient
breadth to reach from the ensiform cartilage to the
pubis ; one of the folds is then wrung out of cold
water, applied, and the remainder is rolled around the
body so as to retain it in position. A. Ganglia. See
Ganglia. A. Gestation. See Pregnancy, Extra-
uterine. A. Hysteria, an hysterical condition simulat-
ing peritonitis, in which the abdomen becomes extremely
painful to the touch, swollen, and distended with gas,
attended with temporaiy rise of temperature. A. Line,
the linea alba. A. Muscles, the i;iternal and external
obliques, the transversalis, rectus, pyramidalis, and quad-
ratus lumboinim. See Muscles, Table of. A. Pore, a
name applied to the openings connecting the peritoneal
ABDOMINO-ANTERIOR
18
ABIES
cavity of a few fishes with the urino-genital cloaca,
and employed in the outward transportation of the
generative products. A. Press. See Prelum Abdo-
Abdominal Regions.
tninale. A. Reflex. See Reflexes, Table of. A. Re-
gions. See Abdomen. A. Respiration, R. carried
on chiefly by the diaphragm and abdominal muscles.
A. Ribs, transverse ossifications (dermal?) of the
abdominal wall of crocodiles and certain other reptiles.
A. Ring, External, a triangular opening in the fibers
of the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle trans-
mitting the spermatic cord of the male and the round
ligament of the female. A. Ring, Internal, an oval
aperture in the fascia transversalis that transmits the
spermatic cord of the male and the round ligament of
the female. A. Scutella, the broad, belly scales of
serpents, so far as the anus. A. Section. See Celi-
otomy. A. Segments, the more or less evident trans-
verse divisions or somites of the abdomen in arthropods.
A. Typhus, Enteric Fever. A. Vertebrae, those
vertebrae in fishes, that give off ribs or processes arching
the visceral cavity.
Abdomino-anterior {ab-dorn' -in-o-aji-te' -re-or'). Hav-
ing the belly forward (used of the fetus in utero).
Abdomino-genital {ab-dom' -iu-o-jen' -it-aT). Relating
to the abdomen and the genitalia. A. Nerve, Inferior,
the ilio-inguinal nerve. A. Nerve, Superior, the ilio-
hypogastric nerve.
Abdomino - hysterectomy [ab-do7n' -in-o-his-ler-ek' -
to-»ie). Removal of the uterus through an abdominal
incision.
Abdomino - hysterotomy i^ab-dom' -in-o-liis-ter-ot' -o-
iiie). Hysterotomy through an abdominal incision.
Abdomino-posterior (ab-dom' -in-o-pds-te' -re-or). Hav-
ing the belly toward the mother's back (used of the
fetus in utero).
Abdomino-scrotal (ab-dom' -in-o-skfo'-tal). Relating
to the abdomen and the scrotum. A. Muscle, the
cremaster muscle.
Abdomino-thoracic [ab-dom' -iu-o-tho-ras' -ik). Re-
lating to the abdomen and thorax.
Abdomino - uterotomy (ab-dom' -in-o-u-ler-ot' -o-me').
See Abdomiiio-hvsteyotomv.
Abdomino-vesical (ab-dom' -in-o-ves'-ik-al). Relating
to the abdomen and the urinary bladder. A. Pouch, a
fold of the peritoneum in which are comprised the
urachal fossse.
Abdominoscopy (ab-dom-in-os' ■ko-pe') [abdomen ;
GKoTc^iv, to examine]. Examination of the abdomen
for diagnostic purposes, by inspection, palpation, meas-
urement, percussion, elc.
Abdominous (ab-dom' -in-us) \_abdere, to hide].. Hav-
ing a large abdomen.
Abduce (ab-dus') \_ab, away ; diicere, to lead]. To draw
away, as by an abductor muscle.
Abducens (ab-du'-senz) [L., "leading away"]. A
term applied to certain muscles, or their nerves, that
draw the related part from the median line of the body.
Also, the sixth pair of nerves supplying the external
recti of the eye. A. oculi. See Muscles, Table of.
Abducent (ab-du'-se>il). See Abducens.
Abduct (ab-dukf) \_ab, from ; ducere, to draw]. To draw,
or cause to move, away from the median line, whether
of the body or of a limb.
Abduction (ab-dul-'-s/iun) [ab, {\om; ducere, \.o lead],
I . The withdrawal of a part from the axis of the body,
or of a limb. 2. The recession or separation from each
other of the parts of a fractured bone. 3. A. of the
Eyes, the power of the external recti, measured by
the maximum ability to preserve singleness of the
image with prisms placed bases toward the nose. It is
commonly from 6° to 8°. See, also Adduction.
Abductor (ab-duk'-tor). Same as Abducens, q. v. A.
Auris. See Muscles, Table of.
Abelmoschus (a-bel-mos' -kus) [Ar., ' habb-el-7nisl;, a
grain of musk]. A genus of malvaceous plants. A.
esculentus furnishes the esculent known as gumbo, or
okra. A. mosc/iatus affords Ambrette, q. v., or musk-
seed, formerly used in medicine. Unof.
Abepithymia (ab-ep-e-thi' -me-ali) \ab, from ; 'fKSvfua,
longing]. I. A perverted longing, or desire. 2. Pa-
ralysis of the solar plexus (the diaphragm formerly was
regarded as the seat of the soul [Wy//df], and of the
desires).
Abernethy's Operation. SeeOperations, Table of. A.
Sarcoma, a form of spindle-celled vascular sar-
coma.
Aberrant (ab-e>-'-ant) \_ab, from; errare,Xo wander].
Deviating from the normal or regular type, in appear-
ance, structure, course, etc., e.g., the aberrant duct of
the testis or liver, aberrant arteries, etr.
Aberration (ab-er-a'-sliuti) \_a/i, from; errare,\.o wander].
Deviation from the normal; mental derangement; fetal
malformation ; vicarious menstraation ; escape of the
fluids of the body by any unnatural channel. In optics,
any imperfection of focalization or refraction of a lens.
A., Chromatic, the dispersion arising from unequal
refraction of light of different parts of the spectrum. The
violet rays being more refrangible than the red rays, are
brought to a focus nearer the lens, and the image is sur-
rounded by a halo of colors. A., Mental, a degree of
paranoia that may or may not amount to insanity. A.,
Spherical, the excess of refraction of the peripheral
part of a convex lens over the central area, producing an
imperfect focus and a blurred image.
Abesamum {ab-cs'-am-u>ii) [L.]. Wheel-grease; fat
charged with iron ; formerly used as a remedy.
Abevacuation (ab-e-vak-u-a' -shun') \ab, from; evacua-
tion~\. I. A morbid evacuation ; an excessive or deficient
discharge. 2. The passage of matter from one organ
or cavity into another; metastasis.
Abeyance (ab-a'-ans) [O. Fr., for "open-mouthed ex-
pectation"]. A suspension of activity, or of function ;
a state of suspended animation, or action.
Abi (ah'-be). .See Lucu/na.
Abiaba (ali-bc ah'-bali). See Lucuma.
Abicum (ab'-ilc-iim) [L.]. The thyroid cartilage. (Obs.,
or rare.)
Ahies (a' -be-cz) [L]. A genus of coniferous plants, includ-
ing the fir, hemlock, and spruce. A. balsamea. Silver
P'ir, Balsam Fir, or Balm of Gilead, a tree of the nat.
ABIETENE
19
ABORTICIDE
ord. Conifera, from which is derived the Terebinthina
Canadensis. A. canadensis , Hemlock Spruce. Bark
of the Canadian Fir-tree. Used as an astringent in
various local and internal conditions. Yields Fix Cana-
densis. A. excelsa, Norway Spruce. Yields Fix
Burgundica. A. pectinata, the European Silver Fir.
Its buds are resinous, balsamic, and sudorific. Unof.
A. Preparations, Extractum Abietis Canadensis
Liquidum (B. P.). Dose VTLxv-lx. Glycerinum Abietis
(B.P.). Dosegj-ij' Geddes's Fluid-Extract of Hem-
lock Bark. Dose Tr\^v-x.
Abietene [a-bi'-et-en), C^Hjj. A hydrocarbon, obtained
from the Finns sabiniana, a Californian nut pine. It is
an aromatic, volatile liquid, agreeing in composition with
normal heptane. It is extensively used as a popular
remedy ; called, also, Erasene. Unof.
Abietic (ab-i-et'-ik), Abietinic [ab-i-et-in'-ik) [^Abies'].
Pertaining to the genus Abies, as Abietic Acid, C^H^^Oj
or CjgHggOj, discovcrcd by Maly in the resin of Abies
excelsa and Larix europea.
Abietin (a-bi'-e(-in) [Abies'^. A resinous principle ob-
tained from the turpentine of various species of pine
and tir. A. Anhydrid, C^HgjO^, the main con-
stituent of Resin, q. v.
Abietis Resina [a-bi'-et-is res-i'-nak). The resin of
the fir or pine.
Abietite [ab' -i-et-it), CgHgO.j. A sugar resembling
mannite, found by Rochleder in the needles of the
European Silver Fir, Abies pectinata.
Abiogenesis [ab-i-o-jen' -es-is) \a priv.; /?i(5f, life, and
genesis\ The (theoretical) production of living by
non-living matter. The older term was Spontaneous
Generation. Other synonyms of the word are Generatio
cequivoca, Generatio primaria, Archigenesis, Arche-
biosis, etc. The theory has been supported by Pouchet,
Haeckel, Huxley, Bastian, and others. Those opposed
to the doctrine are called panspermists or heterogenists.
The dispute is one of the most fundamental in biology.
Abiological {ah-bi-o-loj'-ik-al^ \!i priv.; /3(0f, life;
Xbyo^, treatise]. Not pertaining to biology.
Abirritant {ab-ir' -it-ant) \ab, from ; irritare, to irritate].
I. Tending to diminish irritation; soothing. 2. Re-
lating to diminished sensitiveness. 3. A remedy or
agent that allays irritation.
Abirritation (ab-ir-it-a'-skim) [ab, from; irritare, to
irritate]. Diminished tissue-irritability; atony or as-
thenia.
Abirritative (ab-ir'-it-a-tiii) \_ab, from; irritare, to irri-
tate]. Due to, or characterized by, atony.
Abitus [ab'-it-us) \_ab, from, away; ire, to go]. In
comparative anatomy, any one of the narrow canals
leading from a ciliated chamber to the excurrent
canal, as in the higher forms of sponges.
Abjoint [ab-joini') \_abjntigere, to separate]. In biology,
to separate by means of a joint or septum.
Abjunction {ab-jnngk' -shitn)[i,ee. Abjoint\. In biology,
the separation by means of a joint or septum, as of
spores from a growing hypha in some fungi.
Ablactation [ab-lak-ta' -shun') \ab, from ; lactare, to
give suck]. The end of the suckling period. The
weaning of a child.
Ablastemic [a/i-b!as-tem'-ik) [a priv. ; p?idaT7jfm, a
shoot]. In biology, non-germinal ; in no way related
to germination.
Ablastous {ah-blas' -tits') [a/JAaffrof, not budding, ster-
ile]. In biology, producing no germs or buds.
Pi.h\2X\or\ (ab-la' -shun) removal] . Removal of
a part of the body, as a tumor, by amputation, exci-
sion, etc.
Ablatio retinae {ab-la' -she-o ret-in' -e). Detachment
of the retina.
Ablator [ab-la'-tor) [L., " remover "] . A cutting in-
strument used in the removal of parts (a name chiefly
used in veterinary surgery) .
Ablepharia {aJi-blef-ar' -e-ali) [li priv.; /3/'if0apoi', the eye-
lid]. The condition of the absence of the eyelids.
Ablepharon [ah-blef -ar-on) [a priv. ; [iA>L0apov, the
eyelid]. Congenital absence of the eyelids.
Ablepharous [ah-b/ef'-ar-us) [d priv. ; pXiijiapop, the
eyelid]. Having no eyelids.
Ablepsia (ah-blep'-se-ah) [_al3'Aeipla, without sight].
I. Blindness. 2. Dulness of perception.
Ablepsy {ah-blep' -se). See Ablepsia.
Abloom {a-blooin'). In biology, the state of being in
blossom.
Abluent [ab'-lu-ent) \abluere, to wash away]. Deter-
gent. That which cleanses or washes away.
Ablution {ab-lti' -shun) \_abluere, to wash away]. Wash-
ing or cleansing the body. Separation of chemical
impurities by washing.
Pi.hmoxX.a.\ {ab-i?ior'-ta!) \_ab, irom; mors , dt2A\i\. Pass-
ing from dead or dying to living muscular fiber (used
of electric currents).
Abnerval (^ab-ner' -val) \_ab, from; 7icrvus, a sinew].
Passing from a nerve (used of electric currents in mus-
cular fiber).
Abnet {ab'-net) [Hebr., a girdle]. A girdle, or girdle-
shaped bandage.
Abneural [ab-nii'-?-al) [r?/', from ; vevpov,ntrve~\. Per-
taining to a part remote from the neural or dorsal
aspect ; ventral.
Abnormal {ab-nor' -mal) \_ab, away from; norma, a
law]. Not normal ; not conformable with nature or
with the general rule. A. Pigmentation, any excess,
deficiency, or uncommon distribution of the natural pig-
ment cells in the rete mucosum. Sometimes caused arti-
ficially either by mechanical means, such as tattooing,
or by the reduction and deposition under the epidermis
of metallic salts administered as medicine, such as nitrate
of silver.
Abnormalism (ab-nor'-mal-iz/n) \_ab, away from ; nor-
ma, a law]. I. Abnormality. 2. An alanormal thing or
structure.
Abnormality (j-ib-nor-maF -it-e) \_ab, away from ; norma,
a law] . The quality of being abnormal ; a deformity
or malformation.
Abnormity [ab-nor'-mit-e). .Same as Ahtormality .
Aboiement \ah-bwah-mong') [Fr.]. Barking; the in-
voluntary utterance of barking sounds.
Abolition {ab-o-lish' -mi) \_abolitio'\. Destruction; cessa-
tion; suspension, as of a physiological function.
Pi.homa.sum(ab-o-ma' -sunt) \_ab,a.vi3.y; w/aj// w, paunch] .
In biology, the reed or proper digestive stomach of
ruminating mammals. It is pyriform, lined by smooth
mucous membrane, which secretes gastric juice. Also
called "fourth," or "true," stomach; dried, it is
called rennet and used for coagulating milk.
Aborad [ab-o'-rad) [a/;, away from; era, the mouth].
Away from the mouth ; in an abnormal situation or
direction.
Aboral (ab-o'-ral) [ab, away from; ora, the mouth].
Opposite to, or remote from, the mouth.
Aborally [ab-o' -ral-e) \ab, away from; (va, the mouth] .
In an aboral situation, direction, or manner.
Aborigines (ab-or-ij'-in-ez) \_ab, from; origo [origin],
origin, beginning]. Primitive, autochthonous, native,
indigenous.
Abort [ab-ort') [abortare, to miscarry]. I. To mis-
carry; to expel the fetus before it is viable. 2. To
prevent the full development, as of a disease. 3. To
come short of full development. 4. An abortion ; an
aborted fetus.
Aborticide (ab-or' -tis-ld) [abortus, a miscarriage ; cte-
dere, to kill], I. The killing of the unborn fetus.
ABORTICIDIUM
20
ABSCESS
2. The means of killing the fetus. 3. Causing the
destruction of a fetus.
Aborticidium (ab-or-tis-id' -e-uni) \_abortiis, a miscar-
riage ; ctedere , io VAV^. Means of killing a fetus.
Abortient {(ib-or' -shcnt) [L. abojiiens, miscarrying].
Abortive ; abortifacient.
Abortifacient [ab-or-te-fa' -shcnt') \_abortus ; facere, to
make]. I. Causing abortion. 2. A drug or agent
inducing the expulsion of the fetus. Ergot, rue,
cotton-root, and digitalis, are examples. They act by
causing uterine contractions. See Oxytocic and Ecbolic.
Abortion (ab-or' -shun) \_abortus, a miscarriage]. The
premature expulsion of the ovum before the child is
viable, that is, occurring any time before the end of the
sixth month. It may be produced by various general
diseases, as syphilis, the acute fevers, nephritis, most
exhausting diseases ; by traumatism, reflex influences,
emotional disturbances ; by the action of various poisons,
as ergot, cantharides, rue, and savin ; by diseased con-
ditions of the uterus and displacements of that organ ; or
by diseases of the fetus, its membranes, or the placenta.
The most important symptoms are hemorrhage and
pain, with final expulsion of the uterine contents. In
the first two months of pregnancy the ovum is usually
expelled entire ; later the membranes and placenta are
retained after the fetus comes away, and must be re-
moved subsequently. By some authors expulsion of
the ovum during the first three months is abortion ;
from this time to viability it is termed immature de-
livery, or miscarriage, and from the period of viability
to that of maturity, premature delivery. A., Arti-
ficial, that produced intentionally. A., Criminal,
when not demanded for therapeutic reasons. A.,
Embryonic, up to the fourth month. A., Exter-
nal Causes of, those acting from without, as vio-
lence, pressure, injections, etc. A., Fetal, taking
place subsequent to the fourth month. A., Habitual,
repeated A. in successive pregnancies. A., Incom-
plete, when the membranes or placenta are retained.
A., Inevitable, when the embryo or fetus is dead,
or when there is an extensive detachment or rupture of
the ovum. A., Internal Causes of, those due to
abnormal conditions or diseases of the mother. A.,
Missed, the death of the fetus and not followed within
two weeks by its expulsion. A., Ovular, that occur-
ring during the first three weeks after conception. A.,
Paternal and Maternal Causes of, those due to
diseases of the father or of the mother respectively. A.,
Spontaneous, that not induced by artificial means.
Abortionist {ab-or' -shtm-ist) \aborttis, a miscarriage].
One who criminally produces abortions ; especially
one who follows the business of producing abortions.
Abortive {ab-or' -tiv) \_abortits, a miscarriage]. Pre-
maturely born ; coming to an untimely end ; incom-
pletely developed ; cutting short the course of a dis-
ease; abortifacient. A. Epilepsy. See Epilepsy.
Abortus [ab-or' -tHs) [L.]. An aborted fetus ; the fruit
of an abortion.
Aboulia (ah-boo'-le-ah). See Abulia.
Aboulomania [ah-boo-lo-?na'-ne-ah) . See Abiilomania .
Ab ovo [ab o'-vo) [L.]. In biology, from the egg;
from the beginning.
Abrachia {ah-bra' -ke-ah) \ji priv. ; fipaxiuv, arm].
The condition of an armless monster. In biology,
without anterior limbs.
Abrachiocephalia {ah-bra-ke-o-scf-a' -le-ah) \Ji priv. ;
Ppaxli'iv , 3.m ; /«ipa/?;, head]. Absence of head and
arms from a fetus.
Abrachius {ah-bra' -ke-tis). A monster without arms.
.See Abrachia.
Abrade [a-brad') \ahradere , to rub off]. To remove
by friction or chafing ; to roughen by friction.
Abranchia {ah-brang'-ke-ali) [a priv.; fipayxLa, gills].
In biology, a name given to several different groups
of animals that have no gills.
Abrasio [ab-ra'-zc-o) [L.]. An abrasion. A. corneae,
operative removal of the epithelium of the cornea
because of diseased conditions.
Abrasion (ab-ra'-zhun) \_abrasio : ab, 'pr'iw.; radere,\.o
rub] . Excoriation of the cutaneous or mucous surface
by mechanical means. In dentistry, the wearing away
of the dentine and enamel, or the cutting edges of
the teeth, whether by mechanical or chemical means.
Abrasor (ab-ra'-zor) [L. "abrader"]. A surgeon's
rasp or xyster; any file or instrument used in the
surgical or dental abrasion of a surface ; also, a rasp
used in pharmacy.
Abric Acid [a'-brik as' -id). See Acid.
Abrin I. The chemical ferment or poisonous
principle of jequirity, erroneously supposed to be due
to a specific microbe. See Bacillus of jequirity oph-
thalmia in Table of Bacteria. 2. A vegetable albu-
minoid employed in the study of immunity.
Abroma {ah-bro' -mah) [a priv.; ^pwfioq, a stink]. A
genus of sterculiaceous trees. A. augusta, of S. Asia,
affords a milky juice, esteemed in dysmenorrhea. Unof.
Abrotanum (ab-rof -an-um) [a/Jporouoi', an aromatic
plant]. The plant called Southern Wood, Artemisia
abrotanum. See Artemisia.
Abrupt (ab-rtipf ) ^abruptus, broken off]. In biology,
terminating suddenly ; truncated.
Abruption [ab-rup'-shun) \_abruptio, from ab, and rum-
pere, to break]. I. A rupture or tearing asunder.
2. A transverse fracture.
Abrus (a'-brus) [d/3p(5f, pretty]. Jequirity; Indian
Licorice. The seeds oi A . precatorius, or Wild Licor-
ice. Properties are thought to be due to the presence
of certain ferments. Non-sterilized infusions applied
to the conjunctiva or to any mucous surface induce
violent purulent inflammation with growth of false mem-
brane. It is used in producing artificial conjunctivitis.
A. Infusum : semina iij, aqua dest. §ss. Macerate
and add aq. 5SS. All unofficial. Abri Liquor,
strength 12 per cent.; dilute with 3 to 5 times its
bulk of water and apply 2 drops daily. Abri Pasta,
I in 4 ; used with caution in affections of the skin.
Abscess [ab'-ses) \_abscessus, a departure or separation
— of the matter]. A pus-formation within some
cavity of the body, the result of localized inflammation.
According to location, abscesses are named Dorsal,
Iliac, Mammary, Ischio-rectal, Peri-typhlitic, Retro-
pharyngeal, Urethral, etc. A., Alveolar, abscess in the
gum or alveolus. A., Atheromatous. See Endarter-
itis, Chronic. A. of Brain, due to local injury, or
to suppurative inflammation near or distant, such,
especially, as diseases of the ear. The symptoms are
those of pressure, impaired function of the part affected,
meningitis, headache, optic neuritis, etc. A., Bursal,
abscess in the bursK, the most frequent being in the
bursae patellse, commonly called Housemaid^ s Knee.
A., Canalicular, mammary abscess that communicates
with a milk duct. A., Caseous, one that contains
cheesy materials. A., Chronic, or Cold Abscess, one
of slow and apparently non-inflammatory development,
usually about a bone, joint, or gland. A., Cold. See
A., Chronic. A., Congestive, the pus appears at a
point distant from where it is fonned. A., Constitu-
tional, due to some systemic disorder. A., Critical,
occurring at some critical period of an acute disease.
A., Embolic, formed in the clot of an embolism. A.,
Fecal, one developing in the rectum or large intestine.
A., Gangrenous, one attended with death of adjacent
parts. A., Lacunar, one in the lacunre of the urethra.
A., Metastatic. See Pyemia. A., Miliary. See
ABSCESSION
21
ABSTRACTION
Pyemia. A., Milk, or A., Mammary, one in the
female breast. A., Multiple. See Pyemia. A.,
Ossifluent. See Ossi/liwiU. A., Perforating, one
perforating the cornea, the lung, or other containing
wall. A., Phlegmonous, an acute A. A., Point-
ing of, the point where the abscess tends to break
through its e.xternal confining wall. A., Psoas, one
arising from disease of the lumbar, or lower dorsal
vertebra, the pus descending in the sheath of the psoas
muscle, and usually pointing beneath Poupart's liga-
ment. A., Pyemic. See Pyemia. A., Residual,
about the products of some old result of inflammation.
A., Root, the root of Polemoniitm Replans. Alterative,
astringent and expectorant. Dose of fld. ex. 5 ss-ij.
Unof. A., Shirt Stud, retro-mammary abscess concur-
rent with a subintegumentary abscess, the two sacs
communicating by means of a sinus. A., Stercora-
ceous. See Fecal A. A., Symptomatic, one
indicative of some other affection. A., Thecal, in the
sheaths of tendons. A., Tropical, acute hepatitis
terminating in suppuration and abscess formation. A.,
Tubercular. Same as Cold.
Abscession (<7i5-j-fj/i^-««) [rt(^^a'jx/f, -departure]. I. An
abscess; a critical discharge. 2. Metastasis.
Abscissae {ab-sis'-ie) \ab, away; scindere, to cut].
The transverse lines cutting vertical ones at right
angles, to show by a diagram the relations of two
series of facts, as, e. g., the number of pulse-beats, or
the temperature record in given periods of time.
Abscission (nh-sish'-ii7i] \_ab, from; scindere., to cut].
Removal of a part, as the prepuce, or a fractured bone,
by cutting. Applied particularly to a surgical opera-
tion upon a staphylomatous cornea, in which the
bulging portion is excised, the parts brought together
so that the posterior and chief part of the globe forms
a "stump" for an artificial eye. In biology, a term
applied to that mode of detachment of .spores in fungi
which consists in the disorganization of the zone con-
necting the spores with the hypha.
Absconsio iab-skon' -se-o) \_abscondei-e, to hide]. A
sinus or cavity whether normal or pathological.
Absence (of mind) [ab'-sens) [absentia, absence].
Inattention to surroundings; in marked instances it
may be a result of central lesions. It is often seen in
epileptics and melancholiacs.
Absentia epileptica (ab-sen'-she-ah ep-il-cp'-tik-ali).
Brief losses of consciousness occurring in the mild
form of epilepsy.
Absinthe {ab'-sinth or ab-saiii'). See Absintliium.
Absinthin {ah-sin' -thiii) \_absint/iiiaii'\. A bitter and
crystalline principle obtainable from wormwood. See
Ahsinthiuiii.
Absinthism {cib-sinth'-izrii). A disease similar to alco-
holism, the result of the excessive use of absinthe. It
is characterized by general muscular debility and men-
tal disturbances, which may proceed to convulsions,
acute mania, general softening of the brain, or general
paralysis.
Absinthium [ab-sinth'-e-uni) [L.], Wormwood. The
le.ives and tops of Arte?tiisia absinthium. Contains a
volatile oil and an intensely bitter principle, ^i^j-z'w//^///,
C^qHc^jO^, which is a narcotic poison. A. increases
cardiac action, produces tremor and epileptiform con-
vulsions. Dose gr. xx-xl, in infusion. Used as a
stomachic tonijc. Absinthe, a French liquor, is an
alcoholic solution of the oil exhibited with oils of
anise, marjoram, and other aromatic oils.
Absinthol (ab-sinth'-ol), Ci„H,^0. The principal con-
stituent of oil of wormwood ; it is isomeric with ordin-
ary camphor.
Absolute Alcohol {ab'-so-lut al'-ko-hol) . See Alcohol.
Absorb (absorb') [aiJ, from ; jwi5<?n', to suck up]. In
physiology, to suck up or imbibe, as the imbibition
performed by the lacteals in the body.
Absorbent (ab-sor' -bent ) \abso7-bere, to suck in]. In
physiology, an organ or part that absorbs, withdraws,
or takes up. A term applied to the Lacteals and
Lymphatics, q. v. In materia medica, a drug or medi-
cine that produces absorption or exudation of
diseased tissue. In surgery, a substance that
mechanically takes up excreted matter, as A. Cotton,
A. Sponge, etc. A. Glands. See Lymphatics. A.
System, the lacteals and lymphatics, with their
associated glands.
Absorptiometer (ab-sorp-te-om'-et-er') [absorption;
metcr'\ . A device for measuring the thickness of the
layer of liquid that is taken up between two glass
plates by capillary attraction. Used in conjunction
with a spectro-photometer, it serves as a hematoscope.
Absorption (ab-sorp' -shiui) [absorbere , to suck in].
The permeation or imbibition of one body by another.
The process whereby nourishment, medicines, morbid
products of tissue metamorphosis, etc., are taken up by
the lymphatic and venous systems. In ophthalmology
the process by which the lens is disintegrated and
carried oft after the capsule has been ruptured. A.
Lines or Bands, the lines of the spectrum, called
Fraunhofer's lines; they are dark lines caused by the
aiTestation or absorption of the ethereal waves of
certain lengths and rapidities, mainly by vapors of the
sun's atmosphere. A. of Composition, or External
Absorption, the taking up of material by the .skin or
mucous surfaces. A., Cutaneous, absorption by the
skin. A., Disjunctive, the removal of living tissue
around a necrosed mass, and its consequent separation
from its surroundings. A., Interstitial, the removal
by the absorbent system of effete matters. A. Method,
to determine whether or not hematuria is due to lesion of
the bladder. It is based on the fact that the undenuded
surface of the bladder will not absorb foreign sub-
stances. Fifteen grains of potassium iodid are injected
into the bladder, and fifteen minutes later the saliva is
examined for iodin. If found, it is an indication of
an unhealthy state of the bladder. A., Progressive,
atrophy of a part due to pressure. A., Pulmonary,
the taking up of oxygen, or of vapors (as of ether),
by the lungs. A., Venous, absorption by the veins.
Absorptive [ab-sorp'-tiii) [absorbere, to suck in].
Having the power or function of absorbing.
Absorptivity {ab-sorp-tiv' -i-te") \absorbere, to suck in].
The power or quality of being absorbent.
Abstemiousness [ab-ste' -me-ns-Jtes) [abs, from ; teme-
tum, wine]. Abstinence from wine. Temperance
or moderation in matters of diet.
P^h^\.&r\X\QT\ [ab-sten' -shun'] [abstentio, retention]. An
act of abstinence, or of abstaining ; retention; consti-
pation.
Abstergent (ab-ster'-Jent) \_abs, from; tergere, to
cleanse]. Cleansing, detergent. See Detergent.
Abstersive (ab-ster' -siv') [abstersivus^. Abstergent.
Abstinence [ab' -stin-ens) [abs, from ; tenere, to hold or
keep]. Privation or self-denial in regard to food,
liquors, etc. See Fasting.
Abstract (ab' -strakf) [abstrahere, to draw away; Ab-
stract urn ; gen., Abstracti : pi., Abstracta'\. In phar-
macy, a solid preparation in which two parts of the drug
are represented by one part of the abstract (which is
compounded with milk-sugar). Abstracts are double
the strength of the fluid extracts. They are per-
manent, but should be kept in a cool place. There
are eleven official abstracts.
Abstraction (ab-strak' -shuti) \abstractio. a drawing
away]. Blood-letting. Also, attention to one idea
to the exclusion of others. Generalization or classi-
ABSTRACTITIOUS
22
ACANTHOPELVIS
fication of the qualities common to the individuals of
a group. In pharmacy, the process of distillation.
Abstractitious [ah-s/raA'-fis/i'-us) \abslrahere , to draw
away]. Susceptible of being abstracted without
change from another substance ; derived or derivable
by abstraction.
Abstractum {ab-strak' -turn) \_pL, Abstrcicia']. An
abstract. See Abstract.
Abstriction (ab-strik' -shu>i) \ab, from ; stringei-e, to
bind]. Spore-formation in lower cryptogams charac-
terized by decided constriction of the walls at the place
of division.
Absus (ab'-sns) [L.]. The plant Cassia absus of India
and Egypt. Its seeds are locally employed in the
treatment of ophthalmia, and are regarded as depura-
tive. Unof.
Abterminal [ah-tci-' -miii-al^ [a/;, from; terjiihins, end].
Passing from tendinous into muscular tissue (used of
electric currents).
Abulia (ah-bu'-lc-ah) \ji priv. ; (iov'/Jj, will]. Loss or
defect of will power.
Abulic (ah-bu'-lik). Characterized by or affected with
abulia ; of defective will-power.
Abulomania {ah-bu-lo-ma' -ne-ah") [d priv. ; Povli],
will ; jiavia, madness]. A disease of the mind charac-
terized by imperfect or lost will-power.
Abumbrella {ab-nm-brcl' -ah) \_ab, from; ninbretia, the
disc of acalephs]. In biology, a term applied to
the surface of the velum, it being turned away from
the disc, in medusas. Opposite o{ Adtimbrella.
A.h\i\.a. [ak-boo'-ta/i) [L.]. A genus of menispermaceous
plants. A. ainara, affords false pareira brava, and
A. rufescens is the so-called white pareira brava.
Both are S. American. Unof.
Abutilon (a-bii' -til-ori) [L.]. A genus of malvaceous
plants. A. avicenncs, common in the U. S. (velvet-
leaf Indian mallow); is demulcent, and is a safe remedy
for diarrhea. Unof.
Abvacuation (ab-vak-u-a' -shiiii) . Same as Abevacua-
tion , q. V.
Abysmal [ah-biz'-mal) \_ab_vssiis, aby-sm]. Fathom-
less. Pertaining to great depths in the ocean. See
.1 b vssal.
Abyssal [a/i-bis'-a!) [a/3t)(T(T0f, without bottom]. In
biology, refers to plants and animals inhabiting the
depths of the ocean between loo and looo fathoms.
A. Theory of Light, an hypothesis assuming the im-
portance of phosphorescence and of luminous organs in
fishes and other animals in depths of the ocean where
no sunlight penetrates.
Ac&zia. (ah-ka'-s/ie-a/i) [L. ; Gr., d/ca/c/a]. I. A large
genus of legimiinous trees, shrubs, and herbs, many of
them Australian or African. Many of the species are
medicinal, and some are poisonous. The bark is usually
very astringent. Gum arable is produced by various
species, mostly either African or Asiatic. 2. A.
anthelmintica. See Mussanin. A. catechu.
See Catechu. A. Icbbek, A. nilotica, A. vera,
and A. verek, are among the species that furnish
gum arabic. 3. Gum Arabic. A nearly white trans-
parent gum exuding from several species of acacia.
Soluble in water. Used in manufacture of mucilage.
Contains Arabin, Cj,,H.,.,0]j, identical in composition
with cane sugar. A. Mucilage, acacia 34, water 100
parts; incompatible with alcoholic tinctures. A.
Syrup, mucilage 25, syr\ip. simp. 75. Used in vari-
ous mixtures as a demulcent and to suspend insoluble
powders.
Acajou [ak-a-zhoo'). See Cashew.
Acaleph (ak'-al-cf) [iiKalijcjiri, a nettle, a sea nettle].
In biology, one of the acalepha;, or sea nettles ; a
medusa, a sea-blubber.
Acalephoid {ak-at-cf-oid) [(kaA//^//, a nettle, a sea
nettle]. Resembling an acaleph.
Acalycal [ah-kal'-ik-al) [d priv. ; Kokvi,, calyx]. In
biology, used to describe stamens inserted upon the
receptacle, not adherent to the calyx.
Acalycine {ah-kal' -is-in) [d priv. ; /coAif, calyx]. In
biology, lacking a calyx, acalycinous.
Acalyculate {ah-kal-ik' -ii-lat) [a priv.; calycidtis, a
calycle]. In biology, having no calycle, or accessory
calyx.
Acalypha (ijli-kal' -if-ah) \liKalv(^l]q, unveiled]. A
genus of euphorbiaceous plants. A., Ext., Liq.
Dose TT\_ x-_:5j. A. fruticosa, of India, is useful in
dyspepsia and diarrhea, and is tonic and alterant. A.
hispida has similar uses. A. indica, a euphorbia-
ceous plant, common in India. The leaves are expec-
torant, emetic, laxative. A. Succus. Dose for an
infant gj. Unof. A. virgitiica, of North America,
is diuretic and expectorant.
h.zaxmX\it.%\z.[ak-am-ath-e'-ze-ali) \_aKajia6ijaiq\. Same
as AkatamatJicsia.
Acamathesis [ak-am-ath-c'-sis) \aK.ajia.(\ricL(\. Same as
Akataiiiatliesia .
Acampsia (a/i-kamp'-se-ah) [d priv. ; mfiTTTeiv, to
bend]. Inflexibility of a limb.
Acanaceous [ak-an-a'-se-tcs) [ciKavoc. a prickly shrub].
In biology, beset with prickles, as the edges of some
leaves.
Acantha (ak-an' -thali) [a/cai'fo, a thorn]. In botany,
a thorn or prickle ; in zoology, a spine or fin ray ; in
anatomy, a vertebral process.
Acanthaesthesia (ak-atith-cs-the'-ze-ah). See Akan-
thestliesia.
Acanthia lectularia {ak-an' -thc-ah lek-chu-la' -rc-ah)
[L.]. The common bedbug.
Acanthial {ak-an' -the-al) {jiKavdiov, a little thorn].
Pertaining to the acanthion.
Acanthichthyosis {ak-anth-ik-the-o' -sis) [d/cdrftoi', a
little thorn ; IxS'i'C- a fish]. IcJitliyosis spinosa, q. v.
Acanthion {ak-an' -the-on) \aK.avQiov, a little thorn].
See Cranipmctrical Points.
Acanthocarpous [ak-anth-o-kar'-pus) [anavOa, a thorn ;
Kap~6(, fruit]. In biology, spiny-fruited.
Acanthocephala {ak-an-iho-sef'-al-ah) [d/iai'fc, spine ;
/ff^a/l?/, head] . An order of parasitic wonns, character-
ized by a thorny armature of the head and proboscis.
They are generally grouped in one genus, Echinor-
rhynchvs. They infest pigs, birds, and fishes, and in
their larval stage live in crustaceans.
Acanthocephalous {ak-antli-o-sef -al-tis) \hKav6a, a
spine; Kripa'/I/, head]. In biology, spiny-headed.
Acanthocladous {a k-antli-ok' -lad-us) \h.Kavda, a spine ;
/v7n(5of, a branch]. In biology, possessing spiny
branches.
Acanthoid {ak-an'-thoid) [aicavBa, a spine]. Resem-
bling a spine, or spicula; spinous.
Acanthological {ak-aiith-o-lpf -ik-al) \aKavda, a spine;
7i6yeiv, to .speak]. In biolog)', pertaining to the knowl-
edge of spines.
Acantholysis {iik-an-thol' -is-is) [ ciKavOa, prickle ; ^.vaig,
a loosening, a wasting]. Any skin disease in which
there is an atrophy of the prickle-layer. A. Bullosa.
See Epidcrjuoh'sis.
Acanthoma {ak-anth-o'-mah) \_uKavfia, a spine: //.,
Acant/'io'mata']. A localized excessive growth in any
part of the prickle-cell layer of the skin.
Acanthomastic (ak-anth-o-iiias' -tik) \aKav()a, a spine ;
fiaarix'O, mastic]. A gum produced by Atractyhs
gumtnifera, a plant of the Mediterranean region;
valued in the Oriental countries. Unof.
Acanthopelvis {ak-anth-o-pci' -vis) \iiM.vtia, thom ;
TTi'/i'f, pelvis]. Same as Acanthopelys.
ACANTHOPELYS
23
ACCENTUATION
Acanthopelys {ak-aiith-op' -el-is) \aiiavda^ thorn ; Trth}^,
pelvis] . A pelvis that is encroached upon by exostoses.
Acanthophorous (ak-atilh-off' -or-iis) \aKavha, a spine ;
(pepeiv, to bear]. In biology, bearing or producing
spines or thorns.
Acanthopod (ak-anth' -o-pod'] [dmvf^a, a spine; -ko'vc,
foot]. In biology, an animal with spiny feet, or
spine-like claws.
Acanthopterous (ak-cinth-op' -tcr-us) \amv(ia, a spine ;
rrrepov, a wing]. In biology, having spiny wings or
fins.
Acanthosis (ak-an/A-o'-s/'s) [amvOa, thorn']. Any skin
disease marked by abnormalities in the prickle-cell
layer. A. Nigricans, a general pigmentation of
the skin, with papillary, mole-like growths; a rare
condition.
Acanthus [ak-anth' -iis) \_aKai>OoQ, a spine]. A genus
of European herbs. A. mollis and A. spinosa were
formerly much esteemed as vulnerary, antidysenteric
and antihectic remedies ; they are demulcent and
mucilaginous. Unof.
Acapsular [ah-kap '-sti-lar) [a priv. ; capsiila, a small
box or capsule]. In biology, destitute of a capsule.
Acardia (iih-kay'-de-ah) [d priv,; napdia, heart]. A
monstrosity without heart, developed simultaneously
with a normal fetus.
Acardiac (ah-kar'-de-ak) [d priv. ; icapdia, heart]. I.
Having no heart. 2. A fetus with no heart. See
Acardiacus.
Acardiacus (ah-kar-di'-ak-iis) [dpriv.; Kapt5/«, heart].
See Acardiac. A synonym, employed mainly by the
German writers, for omphalosite. The term was
adopted because of the frequent absence of the heart
in this condition. A. Acormus. See Asomata. A.
Anceps. Same as Paracephalus, q. v.
Acardiohemia, or Acardiohaemia (ah-kar-de-o-hc'-
me-ali) [d priv.; KapSla, heart; ai/^a, blood]. Lack
of blood in the heart.
Acardionervia [ah-kar-de-o-ner' -ve-ah) [dpriv.; Kap&la,
heart; w^-rz^zw, a sinew] . Diminished nervous action
or nerve-stimulus in the heart.
Acardiotrophia [ah-kar-de-o-tro' -fc-ah) [dpriv.; Kapdia,
heart; rpop?/, nutrition]. Atrophy of the heart.
Acarian (ah-ka'-re-an) [dKopz/f, small, tiny]. Of or
pertaining to the acarids or mites.
Acariasis (ak-ar-V -as-is) [d priv. ; utipEiv, to cut]. See
Mange.
Acaricidal (ak-ar-is-i' -dal) \jxKapriq, small, tiny ; ccedere,
to kill]. Destructive of acarids, or mites.
Acaricide [ak-ar'-is-jd) [drapz/f, small, tiny ; ccedere, to
kill]. An agent that destroys acarids.
Acarid, Acaridan [ak'-ar-id, ak-ar' -id-an) [^ciKapr/c,
small, tiny]. Fertaining to A cants.
Acarina [ak-ar-i' -nali) [L.] . An order of insects (mites)
with stout bodies, having the unjointed abdomen con-
solidated with the head and thorax, with biting, suck-
ing, or puncturing mouth-organs, breathing mostly by
means of tracheae.
Acarinosis [ak-ar-in-o'-sis) \_acariis, a mite]. Any
disease, as the itch, produced by a mite, or acarid.
Acarodermatitis (ak-ar-o-der-mat-i' -tis) \acayni, a
mite ; dermatitis] . Dermatitis dependent upon or
caused by acari, or mites.
Acaroid [ak'-ar-oid) \_Acariis, a mite]. Mite-like. A.
Gum, Botany Bay Gum; Resina lutea. An aromatic
resin used in Australia as a remedy for gastric troubles,
intestinal catarrhs, diarrheas, etc. Dose grs. viij-xvj,
in alcoholic solution. Unof. A. Resin, Black Boy
Gum. The resin of various species of Xaiithorrkca ,
q. V. Benzoic acid is prepared from it, and it is said
to have the properties of storax, and balsam of
Peru.
Acarotoxic [ak-ar-o-toks' -ik) \_acar2is, a mite ; to^ikov,
a poison]. Poisonous, or destructive, to acari.
Acarpae (a-kar'-pe) [a priv.; KupTrdf, fruit]. A name
]iroposed for a group of skin diseases in which there
are no papules, tubercles, or elevated points.
Acarpous \ak-a)-' -pus) [d priv. ; Knp-6(;, fruit]. Hav-
ing no elevations ; not nodular. In biology, producing
no fruit ; sterile, barren.
Acarus [ak' -ar-us) [d priv. ; Kcipetv, to cut (because so
small) : //., Acari]. The mite, or tick, a parasite of
man and animals. A. aiitumnalis the harvest-bug,
now called Leptns autiimnalis . A. folliculorum. See
Steatozooii . A. scabiei. See Scabies.
Acatalepsy [ak-kaf -al-ep-se) [d priv. ; narakafipaveiv,
to understand] . I . Uncertainty in diagnosis. 2. Mental
impainnent ; dementia.
Acataleptic [ah-kat-al-cp' -tik) [d priv. ; KaraXafifidveiv,
to understand] . Uncertain ; doubtful (used of a
prognosis or a diagnosis of a disease).
Acatamathesia (ah-kat-am-ath-e'-ze-ah) [d priv. ;
naTafiaHijaLC, understanding]. I. Inability to under-
stand conversation, due to mental disorder. 2. A
morbid blunting of the perceptions ; as in psychical
deafness, or psychical blindness.
Acataphasia {ah-kat-af-a'-ze-ah) [dpriv.; /card, after;
(pdoig, utterance]. A disorder in the syntactical
arrangement of uttered speech, due to some central
lesion.
Acataposis [ak-kat-ap' -o-sis) [d priv. ; mrd, down ;
~6aig, a drinking, a swallowing]. A difficulty in swal-
lowing; dysphagia.
Acatastasia [ali-kat-as-ta' -ze-ah) \hKaTaoTa&id\. Ab-
sence of regularity, or of fixed character, in the course
of a disease, or in the nature of an excretion.
Acatastatic {ah-kat-as-taf -ik). Marked or character-
ized by acatastasia; irregular; not of definite type.
Acatharsia {ah-kath-ar' -sc-ah) \_aKa6apala, uncleansed
state]. Impurity; foulness; need of purgation, or
cleansing.
Acaudal {ah-ka7v'-dal) [d priv. ; cauda, a tail].
Acaudate, ecaudate, tailless, anurous.
Acaudate (ak-kaiu^-ddt). So-me as Acaudal.
Acaules {ah-ka7u' -lez) [d priv. ; caulis, a stem].
Plants which, as in the case of lichens, algse, etc., lack
a stalk, or have it but very indistinctly developed.
Acaulescence (ak-ka-a-les' -ens) [d priv. ; caulis,
a stalk]. In biology, plants wherein the growth of
the main stem is arrested. Also Acaidosia.
Acaulescent (ah-kam-les' -ent) [d priv. ; caulis, a
stalk]. In botany, stemless.
Acaulosia [ah-kaia-lo' -se-a/i) [d priv. ; caulis, a stalk],
.'^ee Acaulescence.
Accelerans Nerve [ak-seF-er-ans) [L.]. A nerve from
the accelerans center in the medulla to the heart, inter-
mediating acceleration of its rhythm.
Acceleration [ak-sel-er-a' -shun) \_acceleratio]. Quick-
ening, as of the pulse, or of the respiratory function.
In biology, the term applied to change of structure
during growth brought about by the addition of parts,
either by " homotopy " or by " heterotopy."
Accelerative Epilepsy (ak-sel' -er-a-tiv ep' -il-ep-se).
See Epilepsy.
Accelersiior Vrinx (ak-sel'-er-a-tor u-ri^-ne) [L. ]. A
muscle of the penis whose function is to expel the last
drops in urination, to expel the semen, and to assist
erection. The sphincter vaginae is its analogue in the
female. See Mtiscles, Table of.
Accentuation [ak-sen-tu-a' -shun) \_accetttuare]. A
tenn applied to the heart .sounds, generally the second,
when they are louder, because of an increased blood-
tension in the vessels, giving rise to a forcible elastic
recoil of the latter with abrupt closure of the valves.
s
ACCESS 2
Access [tri^-SL's) [«C('d'j'j«j', an approach] . I. An attack
of a disease. 2. The return of a tit, or paroxysm.
3. Cohabitation.
Accessiflexor (ak-ses-e-JIeks' -or) \_accessits and flexor^
An accessory flexor muscle.
Accession [ak-ses/i' -uii) \_afiessio ; ad, to; ccdere, to
go]. The assault, beginning, or onset of a disease, or
of a stage of the same ; applied especially to a recur-
rence of periodical disease.
Accessive [ak-ses' -iv) \_aciessio\. Marked or charac-
terized by sharp and sudden accessions or paroxysms.
Accessorium [ak-ses-so' -rc-ttni) [L.]. An accessory
part ; an adjunct, or appendage.
Accessory (ak' -ses-o-re, or ak-ses' -o-re) \accessorins'\.
A term applied to certain glands, muscles, ducts,
nerves, arteries, etc., that are often inconstant, but
always auxiliary in function, course, cic, to the prin-
cipal. Certain small muscles, as the lumbricales, are
regarded as accessory to more important muscles. In
biology, something additional ; as an accessory bud,
fruit, or plume. A. Buds, in botany, buds that are
developed by the side of, or above, the normal axillary
bud. A. Fruits, in botany, those fruits a considerable
portion of whose substance is distinct from the seed-
vessel and formed of the accrescent and succulent
calyx, or torus, or receptacle, bracts, etc. A. Gland
of Rosenmiiller. See Gland. A. Gland of the
Pancreas, Britiiiie)-s Glands, q. v. A. of the
Parotid, the Socia Parotidis, q. v. A. Valves, in
zoology, small additional valves which occur in certain
forms, as the accessory valves placed near the umbones
of the genus Pholas among the Molltisi a.
Accident [ak' -se-dc-nt) \_accedere, to occur]. I. In '
legal medicine, an event occurring to an individual
without his expectation, and without the possibility of
his preventing it at the moment of its occurrence. 2.
An intercurrent or complicating symptom or event,
not to be looked for in the regular progression of an
attack of disease.
Accidental (ak-se-dent'-al) \acridentalis'\. I. Due to,
or caused by, an accident. 2. Intercurrent; having
no essential connection with other conditions or symp-
toms. A. Hemorrhage. See Iloiiorr/iage.
Accidentalism (ak-se-denf -al-ism) \_accidentalis'\. That
theory of medicine that ignores pathology and eti-
ology, and attends only to the symptoms or accidental
features of disease.
Accidentalist [ak-se-denl'-al-ist) \_accidentalis\. One
who advocates or follows accidentalism.
Accipiter [ak-sip'-it-c?-) [L., a "hawk"]. A facial
bandage with tails radiating like the claws of a
hawk.
Acclimate (ak-kli'-mdt) \ad, to; cliiiia, a climate].
To accustom to a new or untried climate.
Acclimatation {ak-kli-mat-a' -shun) , or
Acclimation [ak-Hni-a'-shini). See Acclimatization .
Kzz\vm.3X\z3X\o'n.{ak-kli-mat-iz-a'-shitn) [<?(/, to; clima, .
climate]. The process of becoming accustomed to
the climate, soil, water, etc., of a country to which a
plant, animal, person, or a people has removed.
Acclimatize (ak-kli'-iiiat-iz) \_ad,t.o; climate].
See Acclimate.
Acclivis {ak-kli'-2iis) [L., "sloping"]. The Obliqittis
intern us muscle of the abdomen.
Accommodation (ak-om-o-da' -slum) \accominodare,
to adjust]. Adaptation or adjustment. Adaptation
of the fetus to the uterus and birth-canal. A.,
Absolute, the accommodation of either eye sepa-
rately. A., Anomalies of, departures from the
normal in the action of the mechanism of accommo-
dation. A., Histological, the occurrence of changes
in the morphology and function of cells following
ACCUMBENT
changed conditions. A., Negative, the eye passive
or at rest. A. of the Eye, that function of the
ciliary muscle and lens whereby objects at different
distances are clearly seen. It depends upon the inhe-
rent elasticity of the lens, which when the ciliary
muscle of an emmetropic eye is at rest is adapted to
the proper focalization of parallel rays of light, or of
such rays as proceed from an infinite distance, or from
the horizon of the observer. Objects nearer, to be
clearly seen, require a greater refracting power on the
part of the eye because the rays from such objects are
more divergent. This additional refracting power is
gained by an increased antero-posterior diameter of
the lens, L, [illustration annexed) brought about by
the contraction of the ciliary muscle, AI, which occa-
sions a loosening of the suspensory ligament and a
thickening of the lens by its own elasticity. A., Paraly-
sis of, paralysis of the ciliary muscle. A., Phos-
phenes, the peripheral light streak seen in the dark
after the act of accommodation. A., Range of, the
distance between the Piinctiim proximtim , or nearest
of distinct vision, and the Punctimi remotissiiniiDi, or
the most distant point. A. Theory, a theory that
ascribes the production of myopia to a distention of
the posterior portion of the sclera from the increased
intra-ocular pressure dependent upon frequently re-
peated accommodation of the eyes.
Accompaniment (of the C3.\.3xa.ci)[a-ki/in' -pa7t-e-ment).
An old name for secondary or recurrent capsular
cataract ; opacity of the capsule following an opera-
tion for cataract.
Accouchee (ak-koo-shay) [Fr., a, to; coiicke, a bed].
A woman delivered of a child.
Accouchement [ak-koosk-?/nv!>f) [^ad, to; coiiche, bed].
The French term for labor, or delivery of a child.
The act of childbirth. A. Force, rapid and forcible
delivery with the hand during severe hemon-hage.
Accoucheur [ak-koo-shiir) [Fr.]. A man-midwife.
Accoucheuse [ak-koo-shnz) [Fr.]. A midwife.
Accrementitial (ak-re-men-tisld -al) \accrescere, to in-
crease]. In biology, of or pertaining to the process
of accrementition.
Accrementition (ak-re-men-tisld-un) \_ad, to; cresccre,
to grow]. A growth in which increase takes place
by interstitial development from blastema, and also by
reproduction of cells by fission. The production or
development of a new individual by the separation of
a part of the parent ; gemmation.
Accrescent [ak-res' -ent) \accrescere, to grow]. In
biology, refers to those parts connected with the flower
which increase in size after flowering, as frequently
occurs with the calyx, involucre, etc.
Accrete (ak-ret) \accretus ; accrescere, to increase,
grow]. In biology, grown together.
Accretion [ak-re' -shun) [ad, to ; crescere, to increase].
A term denoting the manner by which crystalline and
certain organic forms increase their material substance.
Also, the adherence of parts that are normally sepa-
rate.
Accumbent {ak-um' -bent) \_ad, to ; cumbere, to lie
down]. In biology, lying against a thing. Cotyledons
ACCUMULATOR
25
ACESCENCE
are accumbent when the edges of their applied faces
lie against the radicle.
Accumulator (ak-u' -mu-la-toi-) \accumnlare, to heap
up]. An apparatus to store electricity.
A. C. E. Mixture. An anesthetic mixture composed
of alcohol I part, chloroform 2 parts, ether 3 parts.
See Anestlietic.
Acedia (ah-se' -de-ali) \(iKij6'La\. A certain form of
melancholia.
Acelius [ah-se' -le-us) [d priv. ; Koilia, the belly].
Without a belly; applied to those extremely emaciated.
Acelomatous [ah-sel-o' -inat-us) [d priv. ; iwi'Awfia, a
hollow]. In biology, destitute of a perivisceral
cavity or coelum.
Ac&lomi [ah-se' -lo-mi) [d priv.; A/a-, the belly]. In
biology, worms destitute of a perivisceral cavity, as
tapeworms.
Acelomous [ah-se' -lo-mus). See Acelomafous.
Acelous (ah-se' -Ills') [dpriv. ; /coi/lof, hollow]. Without
intestines ; anenterous.
Acenaphthene [as-cn-af -theii) \_aceticits ; naphtha-
lene], Cj.,H,Q. A hydrocarbon that occurs in coal tar,
and separates on cooling from the fraction boiling at
260-280° C. It crystallizes from hot alcohol in long
needles melting at 95° C. and boiling at 277° C.
Acentric [aJi-sen' -trik) [dpriv.; /ct'vrpoi', center]. Not
centric ; not originating in, or pertaining to, a nerve-
center ; peripheric.
Aceognosia [as-e-og-no' -se-ah) [d/iof, a remedy ; yvwai^,
knowledge]. A knowledge of remedies.
Aceology [as-e-ol' -o-Je) [d/cof, aKeoQ, a remedy ; Adyof, a
discourse]. Therapeutics; medical and surgical treat-
ment of disease ; acology.
Acephalan [ah-sef -al-aii) [d/t£0a/lof, headless]. An
acephal, one of the acephala, or pertaining to such.
A lamellibranchiate mollusc.
Acephalemia, or Acephalhemia [ah-sef-al-e'-ine-ah) [d
priv.; K£(pa'Ar/, head; aifia, blood]. Deficiency of
blood in the head.
Acephalia {ah-se/-a'-/e-ah) [d priv.; KecpaXi/, head].
In teratology, the absence of the head.
Acephalism [ah-scf -al-izui) [d priv.; /cec^a/!/), head].
See Acephalia.
Acephalobrachia (ah-se f-al-o-bra'-ke-ah') [d priv. ;
K.e<j)a'Xr], head; ftpaxiui', arm]. In teratology, absence
of the head and arms.
Acephalobrachius [ah-sef-al-o-bra' -ke-us^ [d ; Ke^a7Jj ;
(ipaxii^vl- A monster with neither head nor arms.
Acephalocardia (ah-sef-al-o-kar' -de-ah) [d priv. ;
0aA?/, head ; iMpSia, heart]. Absence of the head
and heart.
Acephalocardius (ah-sef-al-o-kar' -de-US') [d ; KZ^aki] ;
Kap&'La\. A monster with neither head nor heart.
Acephalochiria (ah-sef-al-o-ki' -re-ali) [d priv. ; Ki^akiu
head; X^'Oi hand]. Absence of the head and
hands.
Acephalochirus (ah-sef -al-o-ki' -rus) [See Acephalo-
chiria'\. A monster with neither head nor hands.
Acephalocyst (a//-j-(y''-(7/-i7-5M/) [dpriv.; KcdiaA//, head ;
K/'iffr/f, a bladder] . The bladder- worm. A headless,
sterile hydatid, found in the liver and other organs.
A. racemosa, the hydatid mole of the uterus.
Acephalogaster (ah-sef-al-o-gas' -ter) [d«:e0aAdf, head-
less ; yacTf/p, belly] . A monster with neither head
nor stomach.
Acephalogasteria [ah-sef-al-o-gas-te' -re-ali) . Absence
of the head and stomach. See Acephalogaster.
Acephalophoran [ah-sef-al-off' -o-ratt) [d priv.; KE<pa7.fj,
head; (j>epeiv, to bear]. In biology, a member of
DeBlainville's group of molluscs, Acephalophora .
Acephalopodia [ah-sef-al-o-po' -de-ali) [d priv. ; KE(pa.Ali,
head ; ttovq, foot]. Absence of the head and feet.
Acephalopodius (ah-sef-al-o-po' -de-us). A monster
with neither head nor feet. See Acephalopodia.
Acephalorrhachia (ah-sef al-o-ra' -ke-ah) [d priv. ;
K£if)a'Aii, head ; 'pax'Q, .spine] . Absence of the head
and vertebral column.
Acephalostomia [ah-sef-al-o-sto'--me-ah) [d priv. ;
KKpaAi/, head; aru/ia, mouth]. Absence of the head,
with a mouth-like opening on the superior aspect.
Acephalostomus [ah-sef al-os' -to-iims) [d priv.; Ke(j>aAr/ ;
(Trd//ri] . A monster with no head, but with a mouth-
like aperture. See Acephalostomia.
Acephalothoracia (ah-sef al-o-tho-ra' -se-ah) [d priv. ;
Keipa/.i/, head ; f (j/jaf , chest] . Absence of the head
and thorax.
Acephalothorus (ah-sefal-o-tho'-rus) . A monster
without head or thorax. See Acephalotlioracia .
Acephalous (;?//-5^''-a/-2«) [d/ce^s^zAdf, headless]. Head-
less.
Acephalus (ah-scf '-al-iis) [dpriv.; /ce^a/l^, head], I.
A species of omphalositic monsters characterized by
complete absence of the head and usually of the upper
extremities. It is the commonest condition among the
omphalosites. 2. A variety of the above species
marked by the highest form of development. The
head is absent, but there is at least one superior
extremity, and the thorax is generally fairly well-
developed.
Acer (a'-ser). A genus of sapindaceous trees and
shrubs; the maples. A. sacchariiiuin, the Sugar
Maple of North America, affords a large commercial
supply of sugar. A. rubriim, the Red Maple, has an
astringent inner bark. A. peitnsylvanicuin , Striped
Maple, is said to be antemetic and alterative. Unof.
Aceras (as'-er-as) [d priv.; idpa^, horn, spur]. A
genus of orchids. A. antliropophora (green-man,
man-orchid) has sudorific leaves, and the bulbs are
used as salep. Unof.
Acerates (tf-t-^r-rt'-Z^s) [dpriv.; /cfpaf , horn] . A genus
of asclepiadaceous plants, regarded by some as a sec-
tion of the genus Gomphocarpiis. A. deciimbens , of
New Mexico, is said to cure snake bites. A. longi-
folia, of the U. S., is diaphoretic. Unof.
Aceratophorous (ah-se-ra-tof -o-riis) [d priv. ; Kepag,
horn; (jit peiv, to bear]. In biology, hornless, muley.
Cf. Accrous.
Aceratosis [ah-ser-at-o' -sis) [d priv.; Ki-pag, horn].
Deficiency or imperfection of corneous tissue.
Acerb (a-serb') \_acerbits, bitter]. Having a bitter,
astringent and pungent taste ; as certain drugs.
Acerbity (a-serb' -if- c) \_acerhitas , sharpness, sourness].
Acidity combined with astringency.
Aceric (as-er'-ik) \_acer, a maple tree]. Pertaining to,
or found in the maple ; as aceric acid.
Aceride (as' -cr-ld) [d priv.; cera, wax]. An oint-
ment or plaster containing no wax.
Acerose (as'-er-ds) \_acns (acer), chaff]. In botany,
chaffy ; needle-shaped, as pine needles.
Acerotous (ah-ser' -o-tiis) [d priv.; io/p6^, wax]. Con-
taining no wax ; said of ointments and plasters.
Acerous (as'-er-zis) [d priv. ; Kspag, a horn]. In
biology, having undeveloped, minute, or no horns or
antennn; ; aceratophorous.
Acervate [as-er' -vat) \_acervatiis, p.p. of acervare, to
heap upon]. In biology, growing in heaps or clusters.
Acervuline [as-er' -vii-lin) [rt(r;-7'«//«, a heap] . Agmi-
nated, or aggregated; as certain mucous glands.
Acervulus, or Acervulus cerebri [as-er' -vii-liis ser'-
e-bri ) . Concretionary matter near the base of the pineal
gland, consisting of alkaline phosphates and carbonates,
with amyloid matter; brain-sand.
Acescence (as-es'-eiis) [_acescere, to grow sour]. I.
The process of becoming sour ; the quality of being
ACESCENCY
26
ACETYLENE
somewhat sour. 2. A disease of wines, whereby they
become sour owing to the agency of iiiycode7-ma aceti.
Acescency (as-es' -en-se). See Acescence.
Acescent [as-es'-ent ) \acescere, to become sour] . Some-
what acid or tart ; acidulous.
Aceta [as-e'-tah). Plural of Acctiim, q. z>.
Acetable {as-et'-a-bl) \acetum, vinegar]. An old
name for the acetabulum.
Acetabular [as-it-ab' -ii-Un-) \_aietitm, vinegar]. Per-
taining to the acetabulum.
Acetabuliferous {as-et-ab-ii-lif'-er-us) \_acetabiiluiii , a
sucker; /tvvc, to bear] . Having suckers, as the arms
of cuttle-fishes and squids.
Acetabuliform (as-ct-ab' -tt-le-form) \_act'tabulifoi-mif\ .
Having the form of the acetabulum, or of a shallow
cup ; cotyloid, or glenoid.
Acetabulum {as-ct-ab' -ii-hini) \_acetablL\ a small cup,
or measure]. In biology, any cup-shaped cavity or
organ. The articulating cavity of the head of the
femur, or the leg of an insect ; one of the suckers on
the arms of cephalopods, or on the scolex of a tape-
worm; the receptacle of certain fungi and lichens.
Acetal (as'-et-al) \_acetHm, vinegar], C^Hj^Oj. Ethi-
dene diethylate, a colorless, mobile liquid, with an
ethereal odor, produced by the imperfect oxidation of
alcohol under the influence of platinum black. Spar-
ingly soluble in water ; boils at 104° C. ; sp. gr. at 20°
is 0.8304. Its action is that of a soporific. Dose ^j.
Acetaldehyd [as-et-al'-de-Jfid ) . The normal aldehyd ;
ethaldehyd. See Aldehyd.
Acetals [as'-et-alz) [ac-etuin, vinegar]. Products of
the combination of aldehyds with the alcohols at
100° C.
Acetamid [as-et'-aiii-id), QH..NO. A white crystal-
line solid produced by distilling ammonium acetate, or
by heating ethyl acetate with strong aqueous ammonia.
It combines with both acids and metals to form
unstable compounds.
Acetanilid {as-et-an'-il-id), CgH^NO. A white, crys-
talline solid. Produced by boiling anilin and glacial
acetic acid together for several hours ; the crystalline
mass is then distilled. It melts at 114° and boils at
295°. It is soluble in hot water, alcohol and ether.
Under the name antifebriii it is prescribed as an anti-
pyretic. Dose gr. iij-xv.
Acetarium ias-et-a' -re-uni) [i^^cii., Aie/arii : pi.., Ace/a-
ria']. A pickle or salad. A. Scorbuticum, a pickle
containing leaves of scurvy-grass or other anti-scor-
butic plants; used in the treatment of scorbutic cases.
Unof.
Acetary (as'-et-a-re) \_airefuiii, vinegar]. An obsolete
or rare name for a sour pulpy substance found in pears
and some other fruits ; often enclosed within a congeries
of calculous granules.
Acetate {as'-ct-at) \_accticm, vinegar]. Any salt of
acetic acid. A. of Lead, plunibi acetas. 'ite. Plumbum .
Acetic (as-c'-lik) \_acceum, vinegar]. Pertaining to
arr'/«/// or vinegar ; sour. Acid, Acetic . A. Fer-
mentation, the development of acetic acid by the
activity of the Mycoderma aceti.
Acetin (as'-et-in) \_acetum, vinegar]. A chemical com-
pound formed Ijy the union of glycerin and acetic acid.
Acetolatum, (as-ef-o-la' -turn) [gen., Acetolati : pL, Ace-
tolata']. Distilled vinegar, variously aromatized or
medicated.
Acetolature {as-et-ol' -at-ur) \_acetolaturum']. Any
acetous tincture, or medicated vinegar.
Acetometer [as-ef-om'-et-er) \_acetum, vineguT ; jihpov,
measure]. An instrument used in the quantitive de-
termination of acetic acid.
Acetometry {as-et-om' -et-re') \_acetttm, vinegar ; fihpnv,
measure]. The quantitive estimation of the amount
of acetic acid in vinegar. Usually made by an aceto-
meter.
Acetone [as'-et-dn) [^rc^/z^w/, vinegar] , C.jH,.0. Dime-
thyl Ketone. A colorless, mobile liquid, of peculiar
odor and burning taste; present in crude wood-.spirit ;
it occurs in small quantities in the blood and in
normal urine, and in considerable quantities in the
urine of diabetics. Like methyl alcohol it is miscible
in all proportions with ether, alcohol, and water. It
is an excellent solvent for resins, gums, camphor, fats,
and gun-cotton.
Acetones [as' -et-onz) . A class of compounds that may
be regarded as consisting of two alcoholic radicals
united by the group CO, or as aldehyds in which hy-
drogen of the group COH has been replaced by an
alcoholic radical.
Acetonemia {as-et-o-ne' -mc-ali) \acelone : aijia, blood.]
The presence of acetone in the blood. It may re-
sult from a number of diseases, but is characteristic of
chronic diabetes, and is associated with dyspnea, sub-
normal temperature, lowered pulse-rate, etc. The
patient finally falls into coma. The treatment consists
in increasing the secretions and by removing the
causes of the diseases.
Acetonuria {as-et-bn-u' -re-ah) \acctone : ojipov, urine].
The presence of acetone in the urine.
Acetophenone (as-ct-o-fe' -non'), CgH5(C0) (CH^) .
" Hypnone ; " a hypnotic and antiseptic. VS'ithout
satisfactory action. Dose TT^iv-xv. It results from the
action of zinc methyl upon benzoyl chlorid. Crystal-
lizes in large plates, melts at 20.5°, and boils at 202°.
Acetosella (as-ef-o-sel'-ak). See Oxalis acetosella.
Acetous (as-e'-tus.) \_acetum, vinegar]. Like or resem-
bling vinegar ; pertaining to, or charged with vinegar
or acetic acid.
Acetoxim {as-et-oks'-im), (CH3).^C.N.OH. A com-
pound formed by the action of hydroxylamin upon
acetone ; readily soluble in water, alcohol and ether ;
fuses at 60°, boils at 135°.
Acetoxims (as-et-oks' -imz). See Aldoxitns.
Acetphenetidin [as-et-fe-net' -id-in). See Phenacetin.
Acetum, [as-e'-tum] Aceta: pi., Aceti']. [L.].
Vinegar. An impure, dilute acetic acid produced by
acetous fermentation of wine, cider, or other fruit-juice.
See Fertnentation. In pharmacy, a solution of the active
principles of certain drugs in dilute acetic acid. There
are four official aceta, each of which contains the solu-
ble principles of ten per cent, of its weight, viz., of
lobelia, opium, sanguinaria, and squill ; the acetum of
cantharides is official in Great Britain. A. aromat-
icum (N. F.) ["aromatic vinegar"], a mixture of
alcohol, water and acetic acid, aromatized with the
oils of rosemary, lavender, juniper, peppermint, cassia,
lemon and cloves. A. britannicum, an aromatic
vinegar consisting of glacial acetic acid 600.0, cam-
phor 60.0, oil of cloves 2.0, oil of cinnamon l.o, oil
of lavender 0.5.
Acetyl {as'-et-il) [acettini, vinegar], (C.^Hp). A uni-
valent radical supposed to exist in acetic acid and
its derivatives. Aldehyd may be regarded as the
hydrid and acetic acid as the hydrate, of acetyl. A.
Peroxid, (C.,H.p)./>,, a thick liquid, insoluble in
water, but readily dissolved by ether and alcohol.
It is a powerful oxidizing agent. It is decomposed
in sunlight and explodes violently when heated.
Acetylene {as-et'-il-en) \acetum, vinegar], C^H^. A
colorless gas, with a characteristic and very unpleas-
ant odor, burning with a luminous, smoky flame.
Illuminating gas contains a small amount of it.
Formed by the imperfect combustion of illuminating
gas and other hydrocarbons. acetyletie series oi
hydrocarbons has the general formula, Cn tim—i.
ACHE
27
ACHROODEXTRIN
Ache (a/6) [A. S., acan, to adie]. Any continuous or
throbbing pain.
Ache (atcli) [Er.]. An old, or local name for common
parsley. See Apiuni.
Acheilia [ah-ki' -le-ah) [a priv. ; ;t;e«/'.of, a lip]. The
congenital absence of lips.
Acheilous [ah-ki' -Ins) [a priv.; ;^;EtZof, a lip]. Born
without lips ; affected with acheilia.
Acheiria (ah-ki' -re-ah) priv.; a hand] . The
congenital absence of hands.
Acheirous (ah-ki' -rus) \a priv.; x^'Pi^ hand]. Af-
fected with acheiria; born without hands.
Acheirus (ah-ki' -rus). An acheirous person, or fetus ;
one who was born without hands. .
Achene (a-klii'). Same as Acheniitm.
Achenium (^?/i-/v'-«(?-//;«) [d priv. ; ^a/m;', gape : //. ,
Achcnia'\. In biology, a small, dry, one-seeded, in-
dehiscent fruit.
Achenocarp, or Achsenocarp (ah-kc' -iw-karp) [a priv. ;
Xaiveiv,X.oga.'pe.; Kaprrof, fruit] . In biology, any dry fruit,
not opening spontaneously when ripe. See Acheniiim.
Achenodium (ak-eii-o' -de-um) [L.]. A cremocarp or
double achenium, as produced by some umbelliferous
plants. See Achi'iiium.
Achetous, or Achaetous (ah-ke' -tiis) [d priv. ; ;tatr;7,
hair]. In biology, lacking sette, cha:t£e, or bristles.
Achilia (ah-ki' -le-ah). See Acheilia.
Achillea (ak-il-e'-ah) \_Achilles, its reputed discoverer].
Milfoil, Yarrow. The \\erh A. millefolium. Properties
due to a bitter, aromatic, astringent, tonic extractive,
achillein, and a volatile oil. It has long been used as
a vulnerary, and has been highly recommended for
intermittents, and in low, exanthematous fevers. Dose
Jj-Oj infusion ad lib.; of the extractive, ^j-iij ;
of the volatile oil , gtt. v-xv. Unof To the genus
Achillea belong various other unofficial medicinal
plants, as A. moschata, of the Alps, used in preparing
cordials and a diaphoretic medicine, and A. ptarmica ,
or sneezewort, a strong sialagogue.
Achillein (ak-il'-e-iii) \_acJiilleinum \ gen., Ackilleini~\.
An extractive from ^^-/^///i'rt: millifolium. 'Ae.^ Achillea.
Achilles Tendon (ak-il'-ez ten'-don). See Tendon.
Achillodynia [ak-il-o-din' -e-ah) \_Achilles ; o(Yvvr], pain].
Pain referred to the insertion of the tendo-Achillis,
sometimes with apparent swelling of the tendon and
of the OS calcis.
Achilous (ah-ki' -his). See Acheilous.
Achiote (a-che-o'-te). See Annotto.
Achiria (ah-ki' -re-ah). See Acheiria.
Achirous (ah-ki' -rus). See Acheirous.
Achirus (ah-ki' -rus). See Acheirtis.
Achlamydeous (ak-lam-id'-e-us) [d priv.; x^'^f^^'^i ^
cloak). In biology, flowers lacking calyx, corolla, or
perianth.
Achlorophyllous (ah-klo-ro-fil' -us) [d priv.; ;|'/lwpo?,
green; (^I'/i^Lov, leaf ]. In biology, without chlorophyll,
or leaf-green.
Achloropsia (ah-klo-rop' -se-ali) [d priv.; X'^^pof, green ;
oi/j(f, vision]. Green-blindness.
Kz\\\ys, (ak' -lis) \h.xki%, gloom, mist]. Cloudiness of
the cornea.
Achne (ak'-ne) [d^-w/, anything shaved off ] . I. Lint, or
charpie ; floss. 2. Mucus upon the eye.
Pi.z\io\\2^(ali-ko' -le-ah) [d priv.; ;j;o/l7, bile] . Non-secre-
tion or non-excretion of bile.
Acholic (ah-kol-'ik) [d ; x^'^^l^- Affected with acholia.
Acholous (ak' -o-lus) [d priv.; ^oA^, bile]. Pertaining
to or affected with acholia.
Achondroplasia (ah-kon-dro-pla' -^e-ah) [d priv.; x^v-
i^poq, cartilage; ir'kaooEiv, to form]. Lacli of devel-
opment in a cartilaginous structure ; the ab.sorption of
cartilage during its transformation into bone.
Achondroplasy (ah-kon' -dro-pla-se) [d priv. ; ■^-dvdpof,
cartilage; 7rAd(7ff£n\ to form]. Lack of the normal
development of cartilage. Parrot's term for a form of
fetal rickets in which the limbs are short, the curves of
the bones exaggerated, and there is an absence of the
proliferating zone of cartilage at the junction of the
epiphyses. The children are generally still-born.
This condition is very much like a fetal cretinism.
Achor (a'-kor) [d;i;£jp, chaff, scurf, or dandruff: pi.,
Achores (a-kor' -ez)'\. Crusta lactea. A small pustule,
followed by a scab, upon the heads of infants.
Achordal (ah-kor'-dal) [d priv. ; x^P'^^f cord]. Not
derived from the notochord.
Achorion (a-ko'-re-o7t) [dim. of d^^p, chaff]. A
genus including several species of fungous (or fungoid)
organisms (possibly modified forms of Pe7ticillium
glaucum) , found in the skin, especially the hair fol-
licles. A. keratoplmgus , the form causing Onycho-
mycosis, q. V. A. lebertii, the parasite of Tinea
tonsurans. A. schdnleinii, the species occurring in
ringworm or Tinea favosa.
Achroa (ah-kro' -ak) . See Achroia.
Achroia (ah-kroi' -ah) [d priv.; ;(;po(d, color]. Same
as A chroma, q. v.
Achroicythemia (ah-kroi-si-the' -me-ah). Same as
Achroiocy/hemia . See also Oligochromemia .
Achroiocythemia (ah-kroi-o-si-lhe' -me-ah) , or Achroe-
ocythaemia (ah-kre-o-si-the' -me-ah) \h.xpo"K, color-
less; KVToq, cell; ai/iia, blood]. A deficiency of
hemoglobin in the red blood corpuscles; also, the
diseased state that is associated with such deficiency.
Achroleucous (ah-kro-lu'-kus) [_axpoog, pale; levKoc,
white]. Yellowish-white, dull cream color.
Achroma (ah-kro' -nurh) [d priv.; XP'^I'"-^ color]. Ab-
sence of color. Pallor. Paleness, from whatsoever
cause. A. Congenital. See Albinism. A. Cutis.
See Leucoderma.
Achromasia (ah-kro-ma'-ze-ah). See Achroma.
Achromatic (ah-kro-maf -ik) [d priv.; xP^I"^j color].
Pertaining to achroma; without color. A. Lens, one
the dispersing power of which is exactly neutralized
by another lens having the same curvature but of
unequal refractive index. See also Aberration and
Objective. A. Triplet. See Microscope.
Achromatin (ah-kro' -mat-in) [d priv.; ;i-p(j/<a, color].
The substance in the nucleus of a cell prior to division.
So called because not readily stained by coloring
agents. See Cell Body.
Achromatism (ah-kro' -mat-izm) [d priv.; xP'-'H-'^t
color]. Absence of chromatic aberration.
Achromatopsia ((z//-/v-o-/«ff/-o/''-^£'-(7/;) [d priv.; xp'-'l^o.y
color; 6i/'/f, eyesight]. Color-blindness; Daltonism;
dyschromatopsia.
Achromatosis (ah-kro-mat-o' -sis) [d priv. ; ;(;pM/./a,
color]. Any disease characterized by deficiency of
pigmentation in the integumentary tissues.
Achromatous (ah-kro' -mat-us) [d priv.; xp'-'/^'^j color].
Deficient in color.
Achromia (ah-kro' -me-ah) [d priv. ; xP'^t^c-> color].
Albinism ; achroma.
Achromodermia (ah-kro-mo-der' -me-ah) [d priv. ;
XP<jpLa, color ; lUppa, skin] . An albinotic, or color-
less state of the skin.
Achromophilous (ah-kro-mof -il-us) [d priv.; xP'''/^'^r
color ; (j)i'Xnv, to love] . Not readily stained ; not
chromophilous.
A.da'!omot\ichia.(ah-kro-mo-trik'-e-ah) [d priv.; xp(^P-<^,
color ; Hpii:, hair]. Absence of pigment from the hair.
Achromous (ali-kro' -mus) [d priv.; ;i;ptj^a, color].
Pale, colorless ; having no color.
Achroodextrin (ah-kro-o-deks' -trin) [n;(-poof, colorless ;
dexter, right]. A reducing dextrin formed by the action
ACHY LI A
28
ACID
of the diastatic ferment of saliva upon starch or gly-
cogen. It is a modification of dextrin that may be
precipitated by alcohol, and is not altered by ptyalin,
nor colored by iodin.
Achylia [ah-ki' -le-ali) \ji priv.; x'^Aof, juice]. Absence
or deficiency of juice, or of chyle.
Achylosis (ah-l'i-lo' -sis) [a priv.; ;(v?l6^, juice]. De-
ficient chylification.
Achylous (c?//-/?"/'-/?/.!) [(i priv.; ;f-j;/'iOf, juice]. Without
chyle ; deficient in chyle or juice.
Achymosis (ah-ki-mo'-sis) [d priv. ; X'^l^o^' chyme].
Deficient chymification.
Achyranthes {ak-l'i-ran' -tkez) \_axvpov, chaff" ; avffo^,
a flower]. A genus of amyrantaceous plants. A.
calea, of Mexico, is febrifugal. A. repens, of Europe
and the United States, is diuretic. Unof
Acicula [as-ik' -u-laJi) [dim. of acus, a needle]. In
biology, a spine, bristle, or prickle; the bristle-like
flower of a grass.
Acicular [as-ik' -n-lar') \acjts^ a needle]. Needle-like.
Aciculum (as-ik' -ii-luiii) [dim. of acus, a needle :
//. , Aciciila\. In biology, one of the slender sharp
bristles in the rudimentary limbs of some worms.
Aciculus {as-ik' -ii-lus) \ains, a needle]. In biology,
a stout bristle or. prickle.
Acid (as' -id ) \acere, to be sour] . A name loosely
applied to any substance having a sour taste. A com-
pound of an electro-negative element with one or more
atoms of hydrogen which can be replaced by electro-
positive or basic atoms. Acids vary in their termina-
tions according to the quantity of oxygen or other
electro-negative constituent. Those having the maxi-
mum of oxygen end in -ic ; those of a lower degree
in -ous. Where there are more than two combinations
the preposition hyper- is prefixed to the highest, and
hypo- to the lowest. Acids that end in -ic, as sul-
phur/;: acid, form salts terminating in -ate ; those end-
ing in -ous form salts terminating in -iie. Physiologic-
ally, acids in concentrated form act as caustics ; diluted
and in medicinal doses they check acid-producing and
increase alkaline secretions. A., Abietic. tieeAl>ie/ic.
A., Abric (C,2H.,^N.,0), a crystallizable acid, said to
exist in jequirity. A., Aceric, found in the juice of
Acer cainpestre, the common English maple. A.,
Acetic, an acid solution composed of 36 parts of
absolute acetic acid (C.,H^O.^), and 64 parts water.
Has strong acid properties. Miscible with water and
alcohol. A., Acetic, Glacial, the absolute acid in
crystalline form. An escharotic. A., Acetic, Dilute,
contains six per cent, of absolute acid. Dose 5j-ij.
An impure form obtained by the destructive distilla-
tion of wood is known as wood vinegar, or pyrolig-
neous acid. A., Acetic, Test. See Tests, Table of.
A., Aconitic (C^HgOg), occurs in different plants, as
Aconitum napelhts, sugarcane, and beet-roots. It may
be obtained by heating citric acid alone or with concen-
trated HCl. It crystallizes in small plates, that
dissolve readily in alcohol, ether and water, and meit
at l86°-7°. An acid found in aconite. A., Adibasic.
See A., Suberic. A., Adipic (CgHj/),), obtained
by oxidizing fats with nitric acid. Crystallizes in
shining leaflets, or prisms ; soluble in thirteen parts of
cold water; melts at 148°. It is dibasic and diatomic.
A., Agaricic (Cj^Hj^O^ -\- HjO), a resin acid obtained
from the fungus Polyporus ojficinatis, growing on
larch trees. The acid has been recommended for the
checking of night-sweats. It also checks the other
excretions and diminishes thirst. It is mildly cathartic.
Unof. A., Alanthic (Cjr.H.^^O^), Imilic acid, found
in Pnula Iielciiiuiii . Occurs in needle-like crystals.
A., Aldepalmitic (CjgH.jgO.,), the chief component of
the butter of the cow. A., Alginic. See Algin. A.,
Alloxanic (C,H,,Np^), a crystalline acid, obtained
by treating alloxan with alkalies. A., Alpha-oxy-
naphthoic (CjjHgOj), a fragrant crystalline acid, de-
rived from alpha-naphthol. It is strongly antiseptic
and deodorant ; useful in wound-dressing ; but appears
to be toxic when taken by the stomach. Unof. A.,
Alphatolinic. See A., Phenyl-acctic. A., Amalic
(C„(CH.,).jN^07), \aiiak6c, weak], tetramethylalloxan-
tin, formed by the action of HN().j, or chlorine water,
upon thein, or, better, by the reduction of dimethyl
alloxan with H2S. Consists of colorless, sparingly
soluble crystals, that impart a red color to the skin.
A., Amido-acetic. See Glvcin. A., Amido-
benzoic (C-H-NO2), occasionally found in the urine.
A., Amido-succinamic, same as Asparagin. A.,
Angelic (C-HgO.^), a crystalline monobasic acid.
Exists free along with valeric and acetic acids in the
roots of Ajige/ica archangelica, and as butyl and amyl
esters in Roman oil of cumin. Crystallizes in shining
prisms, melts at 45°, and boils at 185°. It has a peculiar
smell and taste. A., Anisic (CgHgO.,), obtained by
oxidizing anisol and anethol with HNO3, and from
aniseed by the action of oxidizing substances. Crys-
tallizes from hot water in long needles, from alcohol in
rhombic prisms; melts at 185°, boils at 280°. It is
antiseptic and antirheumatic. A., Anthranilic (Cj-
HjNO.^), prepared by oxidizing indigo by boiling it
with manganese dioxid and sodium hydroxid. It
sublimes in long needles, is readily soluble in hot
water and alcohol, and melts at 144°. A., Anthro-
pocholic {Cii:,H.,g04) \nvi^)iAi\iiq, man; x^^^l^ bile],
an acid said to be obtainable from human bile. Its
existence is doubtful. A., Anticylic, a white fragrant
powder with pleasant acid taste, readily soluble in
water, alcohol, and glycerin, used as an antipyretic.
Dose gr. j^j. A., Aposorbic (CjHgO-), produced
on oxidizing sorbin with UNO.,. It crystallizes in
small leaflets that melt with decomposition at 110°.
Easily soluble in water. A., Arabic. See Arabitt.
A., Arabonic (C^HjuOg), tetraoxyvaleric acid, ob-
tained by the action of bromin water or HNO3 upon
arabinose. A., Aromatic, a name applied to certain
organic acids occurring in the balsams, resins, and
other odoriferous principles. Also, in pharmacy, a
dilute mineral acid reinforced by aromatic substances
in order to modify their flavor. A., Arsenious, and
Arsenic, See Arsenic. A., Aspartic (CjH,N(J4),
occurs in the vinasse obtained from the beet root,
and is procured from albuminous bodies in various
reactions. It is prepared by boiling asparagin with
alkalies and acids. It crystallizes in rhombic prisms,
or leaflets, and dissolves with difficulty in water. A.,
Atrolactinic (C,|Hj|,03), obtained from acetophenone
by means of prussic acid and Hj.SO^ or dilute HCl.
Dissolves very readily in water ; crystallizes with one-
half H.,0 in needles or plates; melts at 91°. A.,
Atropic (C,|Hg0.2), results from atropin, tropic acid,
and atrolactinic acid when they are heated with con-
centrated HCl. Crystallizes from hot water in mono-
clinic plates ; is sparingly soluble in cold water, easily
in ether and benzene; melts at 106°. A., Auric
(Au((.)H),,), gold trihydroxid. A.Bath. See ^^7///.
A., Behenolic (C.jHj^O,^), derived from the
bromids of erucic and brassidic acids. Melts at
57.5°. A., Benzoic (C^HgO.J, occurs free in some
resins, chiefly in gum benzoin, and in coal tar. It crystal-
lizes in white, shining needles, or leaflets, melts at 120°,
and distils at 250°. It volatilizes readily, and its vapor
possesses a peculiar odor that produces coughing.
A., Boric. See Boron. A., Brassidic {^i-jS^^-^^-ii-,
isomeric with erucic acid ; produced by the action of
nitric acid on erucic acid ; melts at 56°. A., Brenz
ACID
29
ACID
catechin sulphuric (CgH^(HO)2.0.S02), has been
found in human urine, mainly after the ingestion of
salicin, hydroquinon, etc. A., Butyric (C^H^Oj)
\Jmlvriiiit , butter], an acid having a viscid appearance
and rancid smell. It is obtained commercially by the
fennentation of a mixture of sugar and butter or cheese
in the presence of an alkaline carbonate, but occurs in
various plants, in cod-liver oil, in the juice of meats, and
in the perspiration. Combined with glycerin as glyceryl
butyrate, it is essentially butter. The ether derived from
butyric acid is the natural flavor of the pineapple. A.,
Caffeic (C^HgO^), obtained when the tannin of coffee
is boiled with potassium hydroxid ; crystallizes in yel-
low prisms, and is very readily soluble in hot water
and alcohol. A., Campholic (Cj^Hj^O,), produced
on distilling camphor over heated soda-lime, or with
alcoholic potash; it melts at 95°, and is a white, vola-
tile solid, insoluble in cold water. A., Camphoric
(CjqHjjO^), a dibasic acid, obtained by boiling camphor
with HNO,; crystallizes from hot water in colorless
leaflets; melts at 178°, and decomposes into water
and its anhydrid, CgH,^(C0)20. Used in night-
sweats of phthisis. Dose gr. x-xxx. A., Cam-
phoronic (CgHjjOj ^ H.^O), produced by the further
oxidation of camphoric acid ; it occurs in the mother
liquor. Loses its water of crystallization at 100-120°
and melts at 135°. It forms colorless microscopic
needles that are volatile and readily soluble in water.
A., Capric (C„HjgCO. OH), occurs in small cjuantity, as
a glycerid in cow's butter. Crystallizes in fine needles,
melting at 30° C. , very insoluble in boiling water.
A., Caproic (CgHj,,0.,), the si.xth in the series of
fatty acids ; a clear, mobile oil, colorless, inflammable,
and with a very acid and penetrating taste. Prepared
from butter, cocoanut oil, and various other sources.
A., Caprylic (C^Hj^CCOH), an acid combined
with glycerin, forming a glycerid existing in various
animal fats ; liquid at ordinary temperatures. A.,
Carbamic (H,N.CO.OH), an acid not known in the
free state ; its ammonium salt is contained in com-
mercial ammonium carbonate. The esters of carbamic
acid are called urethanes. A., Carbazotic. See A.,
Picric. A., Carbolic (CuH^OH), procured from coal
tar by fractional distillation. It has a very peculiar and
characteristic odor, a burning taste, is poisonous, and
has preservative properties. The sp. gr. at 0° is
1 .084 ; it crystallizes in colorless rhombic needles that
melt at 42.2°, boiling at 180°, and it is not decomposed
upon distillation. At ordinary temperatures it dissolves
in water with difficulty (l : 15), but is soluble in
alcohol, ether, glacial acetic acid, and glycerin in all
proportions. Upon exposure to light and air it deli-
quesces and acquires a pinkish color. It is used in the
manufacture of many of the artificial coloring matters,
<'. g. , picric acid, used as a yellow dye. Large quan-
tities of various qualities of carbolic acid are consumed
annually for antiseptic purposes, both for domestic use
and in surgery. It is a powerful antiseptic and ger-
micide, and a violent poison. Internally it is use-
ful in nausea and phthisis. Dose gr. ^-j. A., Carb.,
Aqua, contains 10 drachms of the glycerit to I pint
of water. Dose gj-gss. A., Carb., Garga-
risma grs. ij-^j, for fetid sore throat. A., Carb.,
Glycerit, contains acid I , glycerin 4 parts. A., Carb.,
Liquefactum, (B. P.). Dose n\,j-ij. A., Carb.,
Solutions, vary from I to 5 per cent, in water. A.,
Carb., Suppos. cum Sapone (B. P.), each contain-
ing i of carbolic acid. A., Carb., Unguent, con-
tains acid lo, ointment 90 parts. A., Carbol., Injectio
Hypoderm., 2-5 per cent., for anthrax, and erysipelas.
A., Carbonic (COj), carbon dioxid ; a product of
combustion ; a colorless, transparent, odorless gas.
heavier than air ; incapable of sustaining respiration.
It is eliminated by the lungs, and when retained in
the system gives rise to cyanosis. A., Carminic
(Cj^Hj^O,,,), coloring matter found in the buds of cer-
tain plants, and especially in cochineal, an insect
inhabiting different varieties of cactus. It is an
amorphous pui-ple-red mass, very readily soluble in
water and alcohol. Yields red salts with the alkalies.
A., Cathartinic, an active principle from several
species of Cassia. It occurs in brown hygroscopic
scales. Used as a laxative in doses of gr. iv-vj.
A., Cerebrinic (CjijHjjjNO.,), an acid found in the
brain and belonging to the group called cerebrinacides.
A., Cerotic (CjjHj^O.^) ['c?;por(>f, waxy], a fatty acid,
existing in the free state in beeswax, and combined
with ceryl as an ether in Chinese wax. It crystallizes
from alcohol in delicate needles, melting at 78°. A.,
Chelidonic (C^H^O^), occurs together with malic
acid in Chelidonimii majiis. Crystallizes in silky
needles with one molecule of water, and melts at 220°.
A., Chloracetic \_chlorin and acetic^, an acid, called
also Alonockloracetic acid, produced by the substitution
of chlorin for the hydrogen of the radicle in acetic
acid. It is sometimes used as a caustic. A., Chloric
(HC10.|), an acid known only in its compounds and
its aqueous solution. Some of its compounds, the
chlorates, are of great service in medicine. A., Cho-
lalic. See A., Cholic. A., Cholic (C^^H^.p^),
Cholalic Acid, from glycocholic and taurocholic acids ;
crystallizes from hot water in small anhydrous prisms,
sparingly soluble in water, and melting at 195°. A.,
Choloidinic, derived from Cholalic Acid, and proba-
bly a mixture of this with dyslysin ; all three decomposi-
tion products of bile acids. A., Chromic, strictly
the compound HjCrO^ ; chromium trioxid combined
with water; it forms salts called chromates. In
most books the chromium trioxid, CrOj, is called by
this name. It is a crystalline solid, and is a useful
escharotic for the destruction of syphilitic warts and
similar growths. A solution of I : 40 is used as an
antiseptic wash for putrid sores and wounds. A.,
Chrysanisic (C^HjNjO,;), an acid forming golden-
yellow crystals, used in the preparation of certain
anilin dyes. It melts at 259° and sublimes. A.,
Chrysenic (Cj7Hj.^03), produced when chrysene is
fused with caustic alkali. Forms silver- white leaflets
and melts at 186°. A., Chrysophanic (CjjHjoO^),
Rheinic Acid, exists in the lichen, Parmelia parietina,
in senna leaves, and in the rhubarb root. Crystallizes
in golden yellow needles or prisms, melting at 162°.
%&fi Chrysaroliin. A..,Cinchoninic (C^H^N (CO.^H)),
produced by oxidizing cinchonin with potassium per-
manganate, or HNO3. Crystallizes in needles, con-
taining 2H2O, in thick prisms, or plates, with 2H2O ;
melts at 254°. A., Cinnamic (CgHgO.,), occurs in
Peru and Tolu balsams, in storax, and in some benzoin
resins. Crystallizes from hot water in fine needles,
from alcohol in thick prisms ; is odorless, melts at 133° ;
soluble in hot water and in alcohol. It has been
used in tuberculosis, both internally and externally.
Dose tT\,j-x, hypodermatically. A., Citric (CgHgO,),
occurs free in lemons, black currants, bilberry, beets,
and in various acid fruits. It crystallizes with one
molecule of water in large rhombic prisms, which melt
at 100°, are colorless, inodorous, and extremely sharp
in taste. It is used as a discharge in calico-printing.
It is refrigerant, antiseptic, and diuretic. A., Comanic
(C^H^Oj), obtained from chelidonic acid by the loss of
carbon dioxid. It dissolves with difficulty in water ;
melts at 250°. A., Comenic (C^H^O-), is produced by
heating meconic acid to 120-200°. It is rather inso-
luble in water and crystallizes in hard, warty masses.
ACID
30
ACID
A., Coumalic (CgH^04), identical with comanic
acid. Produced when malic acid is heated together
with concentrated H.^SO^ ; dissolves with difficulty in
cold water and melts with decomposition at 206°. A.,
Coumaric (CgH^O.^), an acid derived from coumarin
and intimately related to salicylic acid, being converted
into the latter by fusion with potassium hydrate. A.,
Coumarilic (CgHgOj), a monobasic acid obtained
from coumarin dibromid ; crystallizes from hot water
in delicate needles, melting at 190° ; moderately solu-
ble in water and extremely soluble in alcohol. A.,
Cfenic [/cp^w;, a spring], an acid found in certain
spring waters and also in vegetable mould and in
ochreous deposits. A., Cresolsulphuric (C7H,O.S-
Oj.OH), exists in the urine in small traces; also found
in the urine of herbivorous animals. A., Cresylic.
See Cresol. A., Croconic (C^HjOj), is produced
by the alkaline oxidation of most of the hexa-
substituted benzene-derivatives ; crystallizes in sul-
phur-yellow leaflets, readily soluble in water and
alcohol ; has an acid taste and reaction. A.,
Cumic (CjqH].,0.,), is produced by the oxidation of
cuminic alcohol with dilute HNO3. Very soluble in
water and alcohol, crystallizes in colorless needles or
leaflets, melts at 116°, and boils at about 290°. A.,
Cyanic (CONH), obtained by heating polymeric
cyanuric acid. It is a mobile, volatile liquid, only
stable below 0° ; reacts strongly acid ; has an odor like
that of glacial acetic acid ; vesicates the skin ; dissolves
in alcohols. A., Cyanuric. See A., Tricyanic.
A., Damalic (Cj.^H.^.^O,), [(5d//a/l(f, heifer], has been
obtained from the urine of cows and horses, and from
human urine. A., Damaluric (C^Hj^O.^) \_6diiaAt^,
heifer; ovpov, urine], an oily compound, derivable
from the urine of cattle and of mankind. A., Desox-
alic (CjHgOg), is seen in large, shining crystals, that
melt at 85°. A., Diacetic (C^H^O,), an acid present
in the urine in some diseased conditions, e. g., aceton-
uria. With a solution of ferric chorid it gives a Bur-
gundy-red color. A., Durylic (C||,Hj.,0.^), obtained
by the oxidation of durene ; crystallizes in hard prisms
and melts at 115°. A., Elaidic (CjgH.^^Oj), a fatty acid,
produced by the action of nitrous acid on oleic acid.
Isomeric with the latter. Consists of brilliant leaflets,
melting at 44-45°. A., Ellagic (Cj^H/Jg), occurs
in the bezoar stones (an intestinal calculus of the
Persian goat). Occurs in the form of a powder con-
taining I molecule of water of crystallization. Insoluble
in water ; light pale yellow in color; tasteless. A.,
Enanthylic, or CEnanthylic [oivadii, wine flower,
a plant (o/cof , wine ; nvdoc, flower); vA>/, principle],
a complex ether formed by the action of nitric acid on
fatty substances, especially castor oil. A., Erucic
{C.2^iii.fi2)< present as glycerid in rape-see4 oil and
in the fatty oil of mustard. Prepared by saponifying
rape-seed oil with lead oxid. Crystallizes from alcohol
in long needles that melt at 33-34°- A., Euchroic
(Cj.^H4N.20g), an amid of mellitic acid, produced by
dry distillation of the ammonium salt. It crystallizes in
large prisms and is sparingly soluble in water. A.,
Eugenic. See Engenol. A., Euxanthinic (Cj(,H,g-
Ojj), Porrisic Acid, occurs as a magnesium salt in
so-called purree, a yellow coloring matter from India
and China. Crystallizes from alcohol in yellow prisms
with HjO. A., Everninic (C|,IIi|j04), produced on
boiling evernic acid { Cj^HjgOj ) (from Everiiia
priiiiaslri, a lichen fonnerly much used in dyeing and
for making a hair powder), with baryta. It melts at
157°. A., Ferulic (CmHidO^), corresponds to vanillin.
It is found in asafetida. from which it may be obtained
by precipitation with lead acetate. It is very soluble
in hot water, crystallizes in shining needles or prisms,
and melts at 169°. A., Filicic, the main ingredient
of Male Fcr}i. It is a white crystalline powder
with slight taste and odor, insoluble in water. A.,
Fluoric (HF), gaseous and soluble in water, a strong
escharotic. The dilute acid, I : 200, is used as an
internal remedy in goiter. Dose TTLxx-xxx. A.,
Formic (CH.^02), an acid obtained from a fluid
emitted by ants when irritated ; also found in stinging
nettles, in shoots of the pine, and in various animal
secretions. Prepared by heating oxalic acid and gly-
cerin. It is a colorless, mobile fluid, with a pungent
odor, and vesicates the skin if dropped upon it. It
boils at 99° and at 0° has a sp. gr. of 1. 223. A.,
Galactonic. See A. , Lactonic. A., Gallic (CjHg-
O5), occurs free in gall nuts, in tea, in the fruit of
Casalpinia coriaria,msxigoei, and various other plants.
Obtained from ordinary tannic acid by boiling it with
dilute acids. Crystallizes in fine, silky needles, con-
taining one molecule of water. Dissolves slowly in
water and readily in alcohol and ether ; has a famtly
acid, astringent taste ; melts near 220°. Astringent
and disinfectant ; useful in night sweats, diabetes, and
chronic diarrhea. A., Gallic, Unguent, benzoated
lard 90, gallic acid 10. A. , Pyi-ogallic (unofficial),
obtained from gallic acid by heating the latter. Recom-
mended locally in phagedenic chancres as an antisep-
tic and disinfectant in 1-2^ per cent, solutions. Dose,
internally, gr. j-ij. A., Gluconic (CjHjjOj), is
formed by the oxidation of dextrose, cane sugar,
dextrin, starch, and maltose with chlorin or bromin
water. Most readily obtained from glucose. It is
dextro-rotatory, but does not reduce Fehling's solution.
It melts at 200°. A., Glutaric (C^HgO^), normal
pyrotartaric acid. Crystallizes in large monoclinic
plates, melts at 97°, and distils at 303°, at 14° soluble
in 1.2 part of water. A., Glycocholic (CjgH^^NOgj),
a monobasic acid found in bile ; sparingly soluble in
water ; crystallizes in minute needles, melting at 133°.
A., Glycollic (C^H^O-j), Oxyacetic Acid, produced
by the action of nascent hydrogen upon oxalic acid.
It is a thick syrup that gradually crystallizes on stand-
ing over sulphuric acid ; the crystals melt at 80° and
deliquesce in the air. It dissolves easily in water, in
alcohol, and in ether. A., Glycoluric (C3HgN203),
Hydantuic A cid, prepared by heating urea with glycocoll
to 120°. It is a monobasic acid; very soluble in hot
water and in alcohol. Crystallizes in large, rhombic
prisms. A., Glycuronic (CgHj^O-), obtained by
decomposing euxanthic acid on boiling with dilute
H2SO4. It is a syrup that decomposes readily into the
lactone, CgHgO^, on warming. It is levo-rotatory.
This acid has been found in urine ; it probably does
not exist in normal urine ; but it appears after
taking certain drugs, as benzol, indol, nitro-benzol,
and the quinin derivatives. A., Glyoxylic (C.^H.^O;;),
obtained by oxidizing glycol, alcohol, and atdehyd.
It is a thick liquid, readily soluble in water. Crystal-
lizes in rhombic prisms by long standing over sulphuric
acid. A., Guanido-Acetic. See Gfycocya/iiiii.
A., Gynocardic (Cj^H.^/^), derived from the seeds
of the Cynocardia odorata. It occurs as a yellowish
oily substance melting at 30° C. (86° F.), with a dis-
tinct odor and acid taste. Used as an antisyphilitic
and antirheumatic. Dose gr. ^-iij. Used externally
as a liniment (I to 10 or 20). A., Haloids
{as'-id hal'-oidz), derivatives that arise in the
replacement of the hydroxyl of acids by halogens.
They are liquids of sharp odor, fuming in the air
and undergoing transformation into acids and halo-
gen hydrids. They are heavier than water. They
decompose at ordinary temperatures, fonning acids.
A., Hemipinic (C,„HmOg), formed by oxidizing
ACID
31
ACID
narcotin with dilute HNO;,. Melts at 182°. A.,
Hesperetinic (Cj^Hj^O^), obtained from the gluco-
side hesperidin. Melts at 228°. A., Hippuric (C^H^-
NO3) [iTTTTOf , horse ; ovpov, urine] , Benzoyl Glycocoll,
occurs in considerable amount in the urine of herbi-
vorous animals, sometimes in that of man. Crystallizes
in rhombic prisms, and dissolves readily in hot water
and alcohol. It melts at 187°. Its salts (hippurates
of lime, lithium, and sodium) are regarded as good
solvents of the urates, and are recommended in gout,
rheumatism, and calculous diseases. Dose grs. iv-
xvj. Unof. A., Hircic, a peculiar-smelling acid
contained in 'goat's milk. A., Homogentisin, an
acid separated by Baumann from highly- colored urine,
believed to be formed by the action of bacteria on
the tyrosin normally found in pancreatic digestion.
A., Homophthalic (C<,HgO^), obtained by fusing
gamboge with caustic potash. Crystallizes from
hot water in stout prisms, melting at I75°- ^-i
Hydantoic. See A., Glycoluric. A., Hydriodic
(HI), Acidiim Hydriodicuni; a gaseous acid. Its
solution and a syrup prepared from it are used as alter-
atives, with the general effects of iodin. Unof. A.,
Hydrobromic (HBr) ; the dilute acid, which is the
chief form used, consists of 10 per cent, acid and 90
per cent, water. A good solvent for quinin. Useful
in hysteria, congestive headaches, and neuralgia. Is
recommended as a substitute for potassium and sodium
bromids. Dose TtLxx-gij. A., Hydrocaffeic (C^-
HjijO^), obtained from caffeic acid by the action of
sodium amalgam. A., Hydrochloric, Muriatic Add
(HCl), a liquid consisting of 32 per cent, of HCl gas
in 68 per cent, of water. Colorless, pungent, and in-
tensely acid. Valuable as an aid to digestion. A.,
Hydrochloric, Dilute, a ten per cent, solution of ab-
solute acid in water. Dose ITLiij-x. A., Hydrocin-
namic (CgH5.(CH.^),,C0.2H), Phenyl-propionic Acid,
obtained by the action of sodium amalgam upon
cinnamic acid. Very soluble in hot water and alcohol ;
crystallizes in needles, melts at 47°, and distils at 280°.
A., Hydrocyanic, Dilute (HCN), Prnssic Acid, a
liquid consisting of two per cent, of the acid with 98
per cent, of water and alcohol. Generally prepared
by the action of H^SO^ on potassium ferrocyanid.
It is a mobile liquid, of a sp. gr. of .697 at 18° ;
becomes crystalline at — 15°; boils at -(-26.5°; pos-
sesses an odor like that of bitter almonds ; is extremely
poisonous ; a feeble acid. Prussic acid is found in the
bitter almond, the leaves of the peach, and in the
cherry laurel, from the leaves of which it is distilled.
It is the most violent poison known, death from com-
plete asphyxia being almost instantaneous. Valuable
for its sedative and antispasmodic effects in vomiting,
whooping-cough, and spasmodic affections. Dose
TT\,j-v. The following preparations are employed :
Aqua Latirocerasi , water distilled from the leaves of
the cherry laurel. Dose n\^v-xxx, with caution.
Scheele's Dilute Hydrocyanic Acid, is a 4 or 5 per cent,
solution; dangerous. Amygdala Aniara , d\\ oi\3\X.X.^x
almond ; used in cosmetics. A., Hydrocyanic, Vapor,
1\x-xv of dilute acid in -T^] of water, warmed and
the vapor inhaled to relieve irritable coughs. A.,
Hydrofluoric (HF), an aqueous solution of hydro-
fluoric gas, administered in dilute form as an inhalation
in phthisis and goiter. See Fluorijt. A., Hydro-
sulphuric (H._,S), an acid which, both in its pure and
gaseous form and in its watery solution, is much used
as a chemical reagent. The gas has been employed
by inhalation and by rectal injection in cases of tuber-
culosis. (See Bergeron's Method.) Called also Hydro-
gen Sulfid and Sulfydric Acid. A., Hydrurilic
(CgHgNjOg) , obtained by decomposing the copper salt
with HCl. Occurs in little prisms. A., Hyperosmic.
See A., Osmic. A., Hypochlorous (HCIO), an
unstable compound, important as a disinfecting and
bleaching agent. Some of its salts, the hypochlorites,
have a limited use in medicine. A., Hypophos-
phorous (H^PO.^), its salts (hypophosphites), also the
dilute acid, and a syrup prepared with it, are used as
remedial agents. (See Calcii Hypophosphis , Ferri
Hypophosphis, Sodii Hypophosphis, Potassii Hypophos-
phis). A., Igasuric, an acid occurring in St. Igna-
tius Bean and certain other plants containing strychnia.
It occurs in small, hard crystals with an acid, astrin-
gent taste. A., Indoxylic (CiHjNOj), produced
from its ethyl ester by fusion with caustic soda at
180°. Appears as a white crystalline mass, melting
at 123°. A., Iodic (HIO^), a monobasic acid. Its
solution (two per cent.) has been recommended as
an alterative subcutaneous injection. A., Isopropyl
Succinic. See A. Pimelic. A., Isosaccharic (C^-
H]„Og), an acid very soluble in water and alcohol,
forming rhombic crystals, and melting at 185°. Its
solution is dextro-rotatory. A., Kephalo-phosphoric,
a brain-acid differing from ordinary phosphoric acid
in that three molecules of its hydroxyl are replaced
by one molecule each of kepalyl, stearyl, and gly-
ceryl. A., Lactic (HC3H5O3), a liquid containing
25 per cent, of absolute acid in 75 per cent, of
water. Produced in the fermentation of milk. Gen-
erally found impure from subsequent fennentation ,
except when freshly made. Useful in aiding digestion,
in diabetes, and as a solvent of false membrane in
diphtheria. Dosegss-^ss. A., Lactic, Dil., (B. P.).
Dose _:5ss-ij. A., Lactonic {CgH-^fi.,), Galactonic
Acid, produced from milk-sugar, galactose, and gum
arable by the action of bromin water. It crystallizes,
on standing over HjSO^, in small needles. A., Leu-
conic (C5O5 -|- 4H2O) , an acid produced by oxidiz-
ing croconic acid with HNO.j or chlorin. Very
soluble in water; occurs in small, colorless needles.
A., Levulinic(C5Hg03), obtained from levulose, cellu-
lose, cane-sugar, etc. Isomeric with methyl aceto-
acetic acid; dissolves readily in water, alcohol, and
ether; crystallizes in scales that melt at 33.5°; boils
with slight decomposition at 239°. A., Linoleic
(CjgH.^gO.^), occurs as glycerid in drying oils, such as
linseed oil, hemp oil, poppy oil, and nut oil. Pre-
pared by saponifying linseed oil with potash. It
is a yellowish oil that has asp. gr. of 0.921. A.,
Maizenic, an acid derived from the stigmata (silk)
of Indian corn ; said to be a good diuretic. Unof.
A., Malic (C^HgOj), a bibasic acid, occurring free or in
the form of salts in many plant juices, in unripe apples,
in grapes, and in mountain-ash berries. It forms de-
liquescent crystals, that dissolve readily in alcohol,
slightly in ether, and melt at 100° ; it has a pleasant
acid taste. A., Malonic (CjH^Oj), occurs in the
deposit found in the vacuum pans employed in the beet-
sugar manufacture ; obtained by the oxidation of malic
acid with chromic acid ; crystallizes in large tables
or laminae ; easily soluble in water, alcohol, and
ether ; melts at 132° ; at higher temperatures it decom-
poses into acetic acid and carbon dioxid. A., Man-
delic (CeH5.CH(OH).CO.,H), is formed from ben-
zaldehyd by the action of prussic acid and HCl.
Obtained naturally from amygdalin ; is levo-rotatory,
and forms brilliant crystals, melting at 132.8°. A.,
Mannitic (CgHj^O-), obtained by the action of plati-
num black upon aqueous mannitol. It is a very solu-
ble, gummy mass, and reduces Fehling's solution. A.,
Mannonic (C|.H|,^0,) , produced by oxidizing man-
nose with bromin water. A., Meconic (CjH^O,),
a tribasic acid, occurring in opium in union with mor-
ACID
32
ACID
phin. Crystallizes with 3H._,0 in white laminK,
readily soluble in hot water and alcohol. Ferric salts
color the acid solutions dark red. A., Melilotic
(CgH^(CH.2).2.0H.C02H), occurs free and in com-
bination with coumarin in the yellow melilot. Crys-
tallizes in long needles, dissolves easily in hot water,
and melts at 8l°. A., Mellitic (C^jH^O,.^), occurs in
mellite or honey-stone, which is found in some lignite
beds. Honey-stone is an aluminium salt of mellitic
acid, CjjAl.^O,.! -|- l8H.,0, and affords large quadratic
pyramids of a bright yellow color. Mellitic acid crys-
tallizes in fine , silky needles , readily soluble in water and
alcohol ; has a sour, bitter taste. A., Mellophanic
(CgH.,(CO.^H)^), formed by the oxidation of isodurene.
Very soluble in cold water and crystallizes in small
prisms. Melts at 240°. A., Mesidic. See A.
Uvitic. A., Mesitylenic (CgHj^Oj), obtained by
gradually oxidizing mesitylene with dilute HNO.,.
Crystallizes from alcohol in large prisms, from water
in needles. Melts at 166° and sublimes very readily.
A., Metaphosphoric (HPO^), a glassy solid, not
volatile by heat. It is freely soluble in cold water,
and is converted by boiling into orthophosphoric
acid. Used as a test for albumin in the urine. A.,
Metasaccharic (CgH]|,Og), produced by oxidizing
arabinose carboxylic acid with HNO.j. Melts at 68"
when air-dried. A., Mucic (C„H(gOg) , is obtained in
the oxidation of dulcitol, milk-sugar, galactose, galac-
tonic acid and nearly all the gum varieties. A white
crystalline powder, almost insoluble in cold water and
alcohol. It melts at 210° with decomposition. A.,
Muriatic. Sue. A. , Ilydroc/ilnric. A., Myronic [/^ifipoj',
unguent] (Cj(,H],|NS.,0]|,) , an acid that occurs as a
potassium salt in the seeds of black mustard. Crystallizes
from water in bright needles. A., Nitric (HNO3), a
liquid consisting of 69.4 per cent, absolute acid in 30.6
per cent, of water. The pure acid is colorless, fum-
ing, and highly caustic. A very powerful escharotic,
used in cauterization of chancres and phagedenic
ulcers. A., Nit., Dilute, contains ten percent, abso-
lute acid. Dose n\^iij-xv, well diluted. A., Nitro-
hydrochloric. Aqua Regin, a golden yellow, fuming
mixture of four parts nitric and 15 of hydrochloric acid.
A ready solvent of gold. Valuable in affections of the
liver. Dose Tt\,v-xx, very dilute. A., Noropianic
(CgH|.0-), is obtained from opianic acid by heating
with hydriodic acid. Readily soluble in water ; melt-
ing at 171°. A., Oleic (Cij(H.,^0.,) , a constituent
acid present in many fats and oils. Obtained in the
manufacture of stearin candles. Soluble in alcohol,
benzol, and the essential oils; insoluble in water.
Saponifies when heated with alkaline bases. Used in
making the oleates. It is a colorless oil that crystal-
lizes on cooling. Melts at + 14°. Odorless in a pure
condition, but becomes rancid on exposure to the air.
A., Opianic (Cj|,H,|,Oj), dimethyl ether of noropianic
acid. Crystallizes from hot water in fine prisms, melt-
ing at'I50°. A., Orsellinic (CgH^O^), is found in
different lichens of the genera Roccclla and Lc-
canora. Consists of easily soluble prisms, melting at
176°. A., Ortho-oxybenzoic. See A. SaHcylic.
A., Orthophosphoric (HjPO^), ordinary phosphoric
acid, as distinguished from metaphosphoric and pyro-
phosphoric acids. A., Osmic (0.sO.,), the oxide of
osmium, one of the rarer elements ; it occurs as yellow
crystals, acrid, burning, yielding an intensely irritating
vapor ; it has been recommended for hypodermatic use
in sciatica, strumous glands, and cancer. A., Osmic,
Liq.,one per cent. Dose n\iv-vj,hypodermatically for
sciatica, neuralgia, cA-. Po/assluiii Osmatc (K.iOsO^-l-
2H.,0), given in epilepsy. Dose gr. -^-f. A., Oxalic
(C2H.^O^), a colorless crystalline solid obtained by
treating sawdust with caustic soda and potash. It oc-
curs in many plants chiefly as potassium oxalate; with
two parts of water, it crystallizes in fine, transparent
monoclinic prisms that at 20° effloresce in dry air and
fall in a white powder. It is soluble in nine parts of
water at moderate temperature and quite easily in al-
cohol. In ^ gr. doses a depressant to respiratory
centers. In large doses a violent poison. Unof. A.,
Oxamic (C.^02(NH,^0H)) , a monobasic acid occurring
as a crystalline powder that dissolves with difficulty in
cold water and melts at 1 73°. A., Oxyacetic. Seev4.
Glycollic. A., Oxycitric (C,.HgOj,), is produced by
boiling chlorcitric acid with alkalies or water. A. , Oxy-
uvitic (C^HgOj), is produced by the action of chloro-
form upon sodium aceto-acetic ester. Crystallizes from
hot water in fine needles, and melts with decomposition
at about 290°. A., Palmitic (Cij-H^jO.,), an acid exist-
ing as a glycerin ether in palm-oil and 'in most of the
solid fats. It forms fine, white needles, or pearly crys-
talline scales. A., Palmitolic (C,pH,80.^), an acid
that is isomeric with linoleic acid; melts at 42°. A.,
Palmitoxylic (Cj^H^gO^) , a monobasic acid, produced
from palmitolic acid on heating with fuming HNO3.
Melts at 67°. A., Paracresotic (CgHgO.,), a pre-
paration from paracresylol. It is employed usually in
the form of its .sodium salt, CgH.Na(J.,, which is a safe
and reliable antipyretic. It is especially of service in
the rheumatism of children. Dose, to children, gr. ij-
iij ; to adults up to gij. Unof. A., Paralactic. See^.,
Sarcolactii . A., Paratartaric. iiea A ., Racemic. A.,
Pelargonic (CdHj^Oj), a complex ether that imparts
the specific flavor to geranium and certain other
aromatic oils. A., Perosmic. Same as A., Osmic.
A., Phenylacetic {Cf\l^.C}i.^.C(\n ) , Ai/>/ia/oiuic
Acid, obtained from benzyl cyanid when boiled with
alkalies. Crystallizes in shining leaflets, resembling
those of benzoic acid; melts at 76.5°, and boils at
262°. It is prescribed in coughs and tuberculosis; is
stimulant and antihectic. Dose of alcoholic solution
gtt. x-xx. Unof. A., Phenyl-propionic. See A.,
Hydrocijinamic. A., Phenyl Sulphate, a solution of
three grammes of phenol in 20 c.c. of strong sulphuric
acid. Used for the detection of nitrates in water.
A., Phosphoric (H3PO4), Orthophosphoric Acid, con-
tains 50 per cent, each of acid and water. Of value in
strumous affections, and thought to be serviceable in
dissolving phosphatic deposits. Has none of the effects
derived from free phosphorus or the hypophosphites.
A., Phosphoric, Dilute, contains ten per cent, of
absolute acid. Dose TTLv-xxx. See Sodium, Paias-
siu/ii. Calcium, etc. A., Phosphorous (H.,PO.j), a
compound of hydrogen with phosphorus and hydro-
gen with phosphorus anhydrid. Its salts are
called phosphites. A., Phthalic (C^H^OJ, the or-
tho-dicarbo-xylic acid of benzene, obtained by oxidiz-
ing naphthalene with HNO.,. It crystallizes in short
prisms or in leaflets readily soluble in hot water, alco-
hol, and ether. It melts at above 200°. 'fttt Fh/halate.
A., Picric (C,;H.,(NO,,).|OH), obtained by the nitration
of phenol. It crystallizes from hot water and alcohol
in yellow leaflets or prisms which possess a very bitter
taste. Readily soluble in hot water, its solution im-
parting a beautiful yellow color to silk and wool. It
melts at 122.5° ; ^ saturated solution is of some value
as a wash in erysipelas. An excellent test for albumin
and sugar in urine. Dose gr. v-xv. A., Pimelic
(C^Hc^O^), Isflpropyl Succinic Acid, melts at 114°. A.,
Piperic (C,.,H„|0,), a monobasic acid, consisting of
shining prisms ; almost insoluble in water, and crystal-
lizes from alcohol in long needles, melting at 217°. It
is produced from piperin by boiling with alcoholic
potash. A., Porrisic. .'^ee A., Euxanthiuic . A.,
ACID
33
ACID
Prehnitic (Cj^HgOj,), results from oxidizing prehnitol
with potassium permanganate. Very soluble in water,
and crystallizes in warty masses that melt at 238°. A.,
Propargylic. See A., Propiolic. A., Propiolic.
(C3H2O2), Propargylic Acid, a liquid with an odor re-
sembling that of glacial acetic acid ; when cool, it
solidifies to silky needles, that melt at + 6° ; dissolves
readily in water, alcohol, and ether; boils with de-
composition at 144°. A., Protocatechuic (C^HgO^),
obtained from many benzene derivatives as well as
from various resins (benzoin, asafetida, myrrh) on
fusion with potassium hydroxid. Crystallizes with
one molecule of water in shining needles or leaflets,
and dissolves readily in hot water, alcohol, and ether.
A., Prussic. See A., Hydrocyanic. A., Purpuric
(CgHjNjOg), an acid not known in the free state,
since as soon as it is liberated from its salts by mineral
acids it immediately decomposes into alloxan and
uramil. Produced by the action of HNO, upon uric
acid. A., Pyrogallic (CpH,;0.,), pyrogallol, fonned
by heating gallic acid with water to 210° It forms
white leaflets or needles, melts at 115°, and sublimes
when carefully heated. Readily soluble in water, less
so in alcohol and ether. It is useful in the treatment
of certain skin diseases, but is poisonous, and must be
used with caution. A., Pyroligneous, the crude
acid obtained in the destructive distillation of wood.
It is a clear liquid of reddish-brown color and strong
acid taste, with a peculiar penetrating odor described as
empyreumatic, due largely to the furfurol it contains.
It possesses a sp. gr. of from 1. 018 to 1. 030, and
contains from four to seven per cent, of real acetic
acid. A., Pyromellitic (Cj^HgOg), is produced by
oxidizing durene and durylic acid with potassium per-
manganate. Crystallizes in prisms, readily soluble in
hot water and alcohol, melts at 264°. A., Pyrophos-
phoric, the dihydric phosphate (2H.2O. PjOj), one of
the forms of the so-called phosphoric acid. It differs
from the ordinary (trihydric or orthophosphoric) acid,
and also from the monohydric, or metaphosphoric,
acid, in its reactions. It is also poisonous, which they
are not. Its iron salt is used in medicine. The pure
acid is a soft, glassy mass. A., Pyrotartaric (CjHg-
O^), is obtained by heating tartaric acid in a close
vessel ; consists of small, rhombic prisms, readily solu-
ble in water, in alcohol, and in ether; it melts at 112°.
A., Pyruvic (CjH^O.j), a monobasic acid forming
crystalline compounds with the acid alkaline sulphites.
A., Quillaic, an acid existing in commercial sa-
ponin. Injected into the tissues it is said to be ex-
tremely poisonous, though not when taken by the
mouth. Unof. A., Quinaldinic (CgH„N(CO.^H) ),
crystallizes from hot water in needles containing
2H2O ; effloresces in the air; melts at 156°. Prepared
by oxidizing a-methyl-quinolin with chromic acid in
sulphuric acid solution. A., Quinic (C-H,,^05), is
present in the cinchona barks, coffee beans, bilberry,
and other plants. Obtained as a secondary product in
the preparation of quinin. Consists of rhombic
prisms, easily soluble in water ; melting at 162°. A.,
Quininic (C„H5(O.CH3)N(C0.2H) ), obtained byoxi-
dizing quinin and quinidin with chromic acid in sul-
phuric acid solution. Crystallizes in long, yellow
prisms ; dissolves in alcohol with a blue fluorescence,
and melts at 280°. A., Racemic (CjHgOg), Para-
tartaric Acid, differing from common tartaric acid,
not in chemical but in physical properties. A.,
Rheinic. See A., Chrysophanic. A., Rhodanic
(C.jHgSjON), obtained by the action of CNS(NHJ
upon chloracetic acid. Consists of yellow prisms, or
plates, that melt at 169° with decomposition. A.,
Ricinoleic (CjgHg^O^), is present in castor oil in the
3
form of a glycerid. It is a colorless oil that solidifies
in the cold to a hard, white mass, melting at 16-17°.
A., Rosolic {C.,uH,g0.j), a phenol compound, derived
from rosanilin ; valued as a dye and as a staining
agent. See Stains. A., Rufigallic (C,jHgOg + 2H2-
O), a derivative of anthracene; obtained by heating
gallic acid with four parts of H2SO4 to 140°. Consists
of reddish-brown crystals, losing water at 120°, and
subliming in red needles. A., Saccharic. I. Acidum
saccharicum (CgH[|,Og), a dibasic acid; a deliquescent,
gummy mass, readily soluble in alcohol. It turns
brown at 100° and decomposes. Prepared by the
action of HNO, on sugar and various other carbohy-
drates. 2. (CgHjjOg), Tetraoxycaproic Acid, a mono-
basic acid readily changeable, when free, into its
lactone, saccharin. Not known in its free state. A.,
Saccharonic (CjHjuO;), formed by oxidizing sac-
charin by HNO3. Very soluble in water; forms large
crystals. A., Salicylic (C-HgO^), Ortko-oxybetizoic
Acid, occurs in a free condition in the buds of Spircea
Ulmaria, in the oil of wintergreen, and in other varie-
ties of gaultheria. It consists of four-sided prisms and
crystallizes readily from hot water in long needles.
Is soluble in water, and very soluble in chloroform ;
melts at I55°-I56°. Is a powerful antiseptic ; also used
in the treatment of acute articular rheumatism and my-
algia. A., Santoninic (CjjH.^qO^) , an acid into which
santonin is changed under the influence of the alkalies.
A., Sarcolactic (C^HgO.,), occurs in muscles, to
which it gives their acid reaction, and in blood, espe-
cially after the muscles have been in a state of contract-
ing activity. It is also found in urine in phosphorus
poisoning. A. Sclerotinic. An acid found in ergot,
of which it is one of the active principles. Given, hypo-
dermically it has acted as an ecbolic. See Sclcrotis.
A., Sorbic (CgHgO^), occurs together with malic acid
in the juice of unripe mountain-ash berries. An oil that
does not solidify until it has been heated with potash ;
almost insoluble in cold water, but crystallizes from
alcohol in long needles, melting at 134.5°, distilling
at 228° without decomposition. A., Sozolic. See
Ascptol. A., Sphingostearic, an acid closely re-
sembling stearic acid, derivable from sphingomyelin.
A., Stearic (CjgH.5g0.2), associated with palmitic and
oleic acids as a mixed ether, in solid animal fats,
the tallows ; crystallizes from alcohol in brilliant leaf-
lets, melting at 62.2° C. A., Stearoleic (CjgH.,202),
obtained from oleic and elaidic acids. Melts at 48°. A.,
Stearoxylic (CjgH.,204), produced by warming stearo-
leic acid. Melts at 86°. A., Suberic (CgHj^OJ,
a dibasic acid obtained by boiling corks or fatty oils
with HNO.j. Melts at 140° C. P'orms small granular
crystals very soluble in boiling water, in alcohol, and
in ether. It fuses at about 300° F., and sublimes
in acicular crystals. A., Succinic (CfViypi^), an
acid prepared by the distillation of amber, and arti-
ficially in many other ways ; occurs in certain hydatid
cysts of the liver ; diuretic, stimulant, and antispasmo-
dic. Unof. A., Sulfydric. See A., HvdrosulpJmric.
A., Sulphanilic (CgH^(NH,) .SO3H)', obtained by
heating anilin (I part) with fuming H^SO^ (2 parts) to
180° until SOj appears. Crystallizes in rhombic plates
with one molecule of water, which effloresce in the
air. A., Sulphichthyolic, an acid that appears
to be the principal component of commercial ichthyol.
Its sodium, ammonium, lithium, and zinc salts have
been highly praised as efficacious in cystitis, nephritis,,
and diabetes. Dose grs. iss in pill or capsule. A.,,
Sulphocarbolic (CgH^HSO,), phenyl bisulphate,
formed by the union of carbolic and sulphuric acids.
Its salts, the sulpho-carbolates, are used in medicine
as intestinal antiseptics, etc. See Ascptol. A.,
ACID
34
ACIDIFICATION
Sulphonic. See Asep/ol. A., Sulphoricineolic, an
acid prepared from castor oil acted upon by sulphuric
acid. It is a thick syrup, that has the power of
dissolving and emulsifying many substances ; recom-
mended for pharmaceutical uses. A., Sulphuric
(H.^SOj), Oil of Vitriol, a heavy, oily, corrosive acid,
consisting of not less than 96 per cent, sulphuric
anhydrid and four per cent, of water. Of value in
lead poisoning. Sometimes used as a caustic. A.,
Sulph., Aromatic, contains 20 per cent, acid, diluted
with alcohol and flavored with cinnamon and ginger.
Dose TTLv-xv. A., Sulph., Dilute, contains ten per
cent, strong acid to 90 of water. Dose TT^x-xv, well
diluted. A., Sulphurous (H.^SOj), a colorless acid
containing about 3 per cent, of sulphurous anhy-
drid in 96^ per cent, of water. The gas (SO.^)
is a very valuable disinfectant. The acid is used as
a spray or lotion in diphtheria, stomatitis, and as a
wash for indolent and syphilitic ulcers. The various
hyposulphites are mainly valuable in that they de-
compose and give oft sulphur dioxid. Dose ITLv-
2j- See, also, Sodium, Potassium, and Alagnesiuin .
A., Tannic (Cj^Hj^Og), Tannin, an astringent acid
obtained from nutgalls, occurring in yellowish, scaly
crystals. Soluble in water and alcohol. Internally it
is an antidote in poisoning by alkaloids and tartar
emetic, and in hemorrhoids and catarrh of mucous
membrane. Useful mainly as an astringent lotion in
many skin diseases. Dose gr. j-xx. A., Tan.,
Glycerit, one part tannin in four of glycerin. A.,
Tan., Suppositories, one part of tannin to five of
butter of cacao. A., Tan., Troches, each contain
gr. of tannic acid. A., Tan., Unguent, a
ten per cent, ointment of the acid incorporated
with benzoated lard. A., Tartaric (Ci^Hi„0<,) , an
astringent acid, chiefly employed in refrigerant drinks
and in baking powders ; 20 grains neutralize 27 of
potassium dicarbonate, 22 of sodium dicarbonate, and
15 K ammonium carbonate. Dose gr. x-xxx.
Widely distributed in the vegetable world, and occurs
principally in the juice of the grape, from which it
deposits after fermentation in the form of acid potas-
sium tartrate (argol). It results on oxidizing sac-
charic acid and milk sugar with HNO.j. It crystallizes
in large monoclinic prisms, which dissolve readily in
water and alcohol, but not in ether. It melts at 167°-
170°. Its salts are the tartrates. A., Tartronic (Cj-
H^Oj) , occurs in large prisms that are easily soluble
in water, alcohol, and ether. It melts at 184° C.
Produced from glycerol by oxidation with potassium
permanganate. A., Taurocholic (C,,^HjjNOS,),
occurs in bile ; verj' soluble in water and alcohol ;
crystallizes in fine needles. A., Teracrylic (C^Hjj-
Oj), obtained by the distillation of terpentic acid. It
is an oily liquid, with an odor resembling that of val-
eric acid, and boiling at 208° without decomposition.
A., Terebic (Q.^Yi^ff)^, a monobasic acid formed
when turpentine oil is oxidized with HN(.)3. Spar-
ingly soluble in cold water, crystallizes in shining
prisms, and melts at 175°. A., Tetraoxycaproic.
See A., Saccharic. A., Tetraoxyvaleric. See
A., Arabonic. A., Thebolactic (C-jH^O.,), a crys-
talline principle obtained from opium. A., Tide
{as'-id-tici). See.TzV,-. A., Trichloracetic (HC.^-
CljO.j), an acid formed from acetic acid, three atoms
of the hydrogen of which is (in the new acid) replaced
by chlorin. It is considered one of the best reagents
for the detection of albumin in the urine, and is a
valuable caustic, especially for rhinopharyngological
purposes. A., Trichlorlactic (CjITjOjCl.,) , made
by heating chloralcyanhydrin with concentrated HCl.
It is a crystalline mass that melts at from 105° to 1 10°.
Soluble in water, in alcohol, and in ether. A.,
Tricyanic (C.^NjO-jH.,), Cyaniiric Acid, obtained
from tricyanogenchlorid by boiling the latter with
water and alkalies. It crystallizes from aqueous solu-
tion with two molecules of water in large rhombic
prisms ; soluble in 40 parts of cold water ; easily solu-
ble in hot water and in alcohol. A., Trimesic (C^,-
HgOg) , formed when mesitylenic and uvitic acids are
oxidized with a chromic acid mixture. Crystallizes in
short prisms, readily soluble in hot water and alcohol,
melts about 300°, and sublimes near 240°. A., Tropic
(CuH5.C,^H3(OH).CO.,H), obtained by digesting the
alkaloids, atropin, and belladonna with baryta water.
Slowly soluble in water; crystallizes in needles or
plates, and melts at 117°. A., Umbellic (CgH^O^),
obtained by digesting umbelliferon with caustic potash,
and then precipitating with acids. It is a yellow
powder, decomposing at about 240°. A., Undecolic
(CjjHjgOj), obtained from the bromid of undecylenic
acid. It fuses at 59.5°. A., Uric (C^H^N^.^), an
acid found in the urine of man and the carnivora —
rarely in the herbivora — abundantly in the excrement
of birds, reptiles, and molluscs. Crystallizes in small,
white, rhombic crystals, insoluble in alcohol and ether,
soluble in 1900 parts of boiling water, and in hydro-
chloric acid. Exists usually in combination with the
metals of the alkaline group. Separated from urine
by adding ten per cent, of hydrochloric acid and allow-
ing the crystals to settle for 48 hours, when they may
be separated and weighed. Haycraft's method is a
more exact but extended process. A., Uric, Murexid,
Test for. See Murexid. A., Uroleucic (C^Hj^-
O5) [«;-«>-, lciicin'\, a stellate, crystalline acid found in
the urine in alkaptonuria. A., Uvitic (C^HgO^),
Mesidic Acid, obtained by oxidizing mesitylene with
dilute HNO.J. Crystallizes from hot water in needles,
melting at 287°. A., Valeric (CjHujO.^), formed by
oxidizing normal amyl alcohol. Similar to butyric acid,
but is more sparingly soluble in water; boils at 186° ;
sp. gr. at 0° is 0.9568. It congeals in the cold and melts
at 20°. A mobile liquid with caustic acid taste and
the pungent smell of old cheese. Its salts have been
somewhat used in medicine. A., Veratric (CgH,„0^),
occurs with veratrin in the sabadilla seeds ; crystallizes
from hot water in short, white, transparent needles,
melting at 179.5° C. ; soluble in water and alcohol.
A., Vulpic (C'lgHj^O,), occurs in the lichen Cetraria
vulpina, from which it may be extracted by chloroform
or lime water. Sparingly soluble in water and ether,
crystallizes from alcohol in yellow prisms, melting at
1 10° and subliming. A., Xanthic (C.^Hj.O.CS.SH),
a heavy, oily liquid, not soluble in water, with a pene-
trating smell and a sharp, astringent taste, many of
whose salts have a yellow color. A., Xylic (CgH^-
(CH,,)2.C02H), produced by the oxidation of pseudo-
cumene. Crystallizes from alcohol in long prisms ;
dissolves with difficulty in water ; melts at I26°C., and
sublimes readily. A., Xylidic (C„HgO^), obtained
by oxidizing xylic acid with dilute ilNO,, ; separates
from boiling water in flocculent masses ; melts at 282°.
Acida (as' -id-all) [L.]. Plural of Acidum, q. v.
Acid- Albumin {as'-id al'-bii-tniii). A derived albu-
min. A proteid having been acted upon or dissolved
in the stronger acids, and yielding an acid reaction.
Acidiferous (as-id-if'-er-us) \aciduin, acid ; fcrre, to
bear]. Containing an acid; producing acidity.
Acidifiable {as-id' -if-i-a-ld) \acidnin,&c\d.; fieri, to be-
come]. Capable of becoming an acid, or of becoming
sour.
Acidification [as-id-if-ik-a' -shun) \_acidum , acid •,facere,
to make] . Conversion into an acid ; the process of
becoming sour.
ACIDIMETER
35
ACIDS
Acidimeter [as-id-im' -et-er^ \_aciduin, acid ; /urpov, a
measure]. An instrument for performing acidimetry.
Acidimetry (as-id-im' -et-re) [a<7(/«w , acid ; /utrpoi', a
measure] . Determination of the free acid in a solu-
tion by an acidimeter, or by cliemical reactions.
Acidity (as-id' -it-e) [_acidii/n, acid]. Tlie quality of
being acid ; sourness ; excess of acid.
Acidology (as-id-ol' -o-je) [a/c/f, a bandage, a point;
Aoyof, a treatise]. The science of surgical appliances.
Acidometry {as-id-oin' -et-re). See Acidwietiy.
Acidopeirastic (as-id-o-pi-ras' -tik) [a/f f, a point ;
7:upaZ.zn>, to test]. See Akidopeirastic.
Acidosteophyte {as-id-os' -ie-o-f it) [d«:/f, a point ; osteo-
phyte]. A sharp, or needle-shaped, osteophyte.
Ac'ids, Aromat^ic. Acids derived by -replacing hydro-
gen in the benzenes by carboxyls. They are crystalline
solids that generally sublime undecomposed. Most of
them dissolve with difficulty in water. A., Diazo.
See Diazo Acids. A., Dibasic, acids containing two
carboxyl groups. They are solids, crystallizable, and
generally volatile without decomposition. They are
mostly soluble in water and have a strong acid reaction.
See Table. A., Fatty, a class of monobasic acids,
formed by the oxidation of the primary alcohols. The
more complex fatty acids are found in all oleaginous
compounds, where they exist combined with glycerin,
forming fats. The fatty acids have a general formula
CnH.,„02. See Table. A., Monobasic, products of
the replacement by oxygen of the two hydrogen atoms
attached to the carbon-carrying OH. These acids
enter into combination with a univalent basic radical
to form a neutral salt, or a salt containing one equiva-
lent of a base. A., Organic, acids characterized by
the carboxyl group CO. OH.
TABLE OF DIBASIC ACIDS OF THE FATTY COMPOUNDS.
I. FIRST SERIES. CnH2n-2 04.
Name.
Formula.
Physical
Condition.
Melting
Point.
{Centigrade .)
Solubility.
C2H2O4
Solid.
101°
Slowly in water. Easily in alcohol.
C3H4O4
Solid.
132°
Easily in water, alcohol, ether.
C4H6O4
Solid.
180°
Slowly in water and alcohol.
C5H8O4
Solid.
112°
Readily in water, alcohol, ether.
Adipic
C6H10O4
Solid.
148°
Slowly in water.
C7H12O4
Solid.
102-104°
/~« TT /-\
C8Hl4*J4
Solid.
140°
Slowly in water. Readily in alco-
hol, ether.
Lepargylic (Azelaic)
C9H16O4
Solid.
106°
Slowly in water.
Solid.
127*^
C11H20O4
■ Solid.
ioS°
Almost insoluble in water.
C17H32O4
Solid.
132°
C19H36O4
Solid.
121°
2. SECOND SF
:rtes. unsai
C4H4O4
rURATED DICAR
Solid.
BOXYLIC ACI
DS. CnH2n-4 04.
Almost insoluble in water.
C4H4O4
Solid.
130°
Readily soluble in water.
CsHoOi
Solid.
220°
C5H6O4
Solid.
80°
C5H6O4
Solid.
161°
Slowly soluble in water.
C5H6O4
Solid.
202°
Slowly soluble in water.
C6H8O4
Solid.
103°
C6H8O4
Solid.
C13H8O4
Solid.
195°
Slowly soluble in water.
C6H8O4
Only exists in the
salts.
AUyl Succinic,
C7H10O4
Solid.
94°
Carbocaprolactonic,
C7H10O4
Solid.
69°
Teraconic ...
C7HJ0O4
Solid.
162°
C8H12O4
ACIDS 36 ACIDS
TABLE OF DIBASIC ACIDS OF THE FATTY COMVOV'NBS.—Cofiimued.
3. THIRD SERIES. CDH2D-6O4.
Name.
Formula.
Physical
Condition.
Melting
Point.
{Centigrade )
Solubility.
C4H2O4
Solid.
175°
C4H.2O4
Solid.
145-146°
Muconic,
Solid.
260°
Diallyl Malonic
Solid.
133°
Diacetylene Dicarboxylic, . . .
C6H0O4
Solid.
Readily soluble in water, alcohol,
ether.
Tetra-acetylene Dicarboxylic, . .
C10H2O4
4. KETOI
C3H2O5
Solid.
VE DICARBOXYL
Solid.
IC ACIDS.
115°
C4H4O5
Acetone Dicarboxylic,
C5H60,5
Solid.
130°
Readily soluble in water and ether.
Aceto-succinic, ......
CsHgOs
Solid.
244-245°
CtHioOs
5. DIKETC
CeHgOg
)NE-DICARBOXYI
Solid.
..IC ACIDS.
77°
Oxal-levulinic,
CjHgOe
Liquid.
6. URIC ACir
Parabanic Acid {Oxalyl Urea), . .
) GROUP (CAF
C3H2N2O3
Solid.
iBAMIDES OF TI
Solid.
78°
DICARBO>
:YLIC ACIDS).
Soluble in water and ether.
Solid.
Slowly soluble in water.
Barbituric Acid (Malonyl Urea), .
C4H4N203
Solid.
Dialuric Acid (Tartronyl Urea), .
C4H4N204
Solid.
Alloxan {Mesoxalyl Urea), ....
C4H2N204
Solid.
Readily soluble in vS-ater.
C5H4N403
Solid.
Insoluble in alcohol and ether.
Slowly soluble in water.
C5H5N50
Solid.
Insoluble in water, alcohol, ether.
Theobromin,
C7H8N402
Solid.
290°
Slowly soluble in hot water and
alcohol.
C8H,oN402
Solid.
225°
Slightly soluble in cold water and
alcohol.
TABLE OF FATTY ACIDS.
FIRST SERIES. CnH2n02. FIRST SERIES.— Cow/waffrf.
Name.
Formula.
Physical
Condition.
Melting
Point.
{Centigrade.)
Boiling
Point.
{Centigrade.)
Specific
Gravity.
Name.
Formula.
Physical
Condition.
Melting
Point.
{Centigrade.)
Boiling
Point.
{Centigrade.)
Specific
Gravity.
Formic, . . .
CH2O2
Liquid.
99°
1.223
Valerianic, . .
C5H10O2
Liquid.
—20°
186°
0.9568
Acetic, ....
C2H402
Liquid.
118°
I. 0514
Caproic, . . .
C6H12O2
Liquid.
— 2°
205°
0.928
Propionic, . .
C3H„02
Liquid.
140°
0.992
Enanthylic, .
C7H14O2
Liquid.
—10.5°
223°
Butyric, . . .
C4He02
Liquid,
163°
0.9587
Caprylic, . . .
CsHieOo
Liquid.
16.5°
236-5°
ACIDULATED 37
TABLE OF FATTY ACIDS.
FIRST SERIES.— Co«^;>"<(?rf.
ACIPENSER
-Co7ttinued.
SECOND S^^YES— Continued.
Name.
Formula.
Physical
Condition.
Melting
Point.
{Centigrade.)
Boiling
Point.
1 ( Centigrade^
Specific
Gravity.
Name.
Formula.
Physical
Condition.
Melting
Point.
{Centigrade)
Boiling
Point.
{Centigrade .)
Specific
Gravity.
Pelargonic, .
C9H18O2
•
LiQuida
12°
253.5
y I (Jtci cuic, .
C6H10O2
Liquid
Capric, . . . ; C10H.20O2
Solid.
7T
268°
Teracrylic, . .
C7H12O2
Liquid.
208°
Undecylic, . .
C11H22O2
Solid.
20.
212°
Nonylenic, . .
C9H16O2
Liquid.
Laurie, . . .
C12H24O2
Solid.
269°
— ^—
Decylenic, . .
C10H18O2
Solid.
+ 10°
Tridecylic,
C13H26O2
Solid.
40.5°
235°
Campholic,
C10H18O2
Solid.
95°
Myristic, . . .
C14H28O2
Solid.
54°
Undecylenic, .
CnH2o02
24-5°
275°
Pentadecatoic,
C15H30O2
Solid.
51°
257°
Cymitiic, . . .
C15H28O2
Palmitic, . . .
C16H32O2
Solid.
62°
Hypogasic, . .
CioHsoOo
Solid.
33°
Margaric, . .
C,7H3.;02
Solid.
60°
Oleic
C18H34O2
Liquid.
+ 14°
Stearic, . . .
C18H3602
Solid.
62.2"
Elai'dic, . . .
C18H34O2
Solid.
44-45°
Nondecylic, .
C19H3302
Solid.
65-5°
Doeglic, . . .
C19H36O2
Aracliidic, . .
C20H40O2
Solid.
75°
Erucic, . . .
C22H42O2
Solid.
33-34°
MeduUic, . .
C21H4202
Solid.
72°
Brassidic, . .
C22H42O2
Solid.
56°
Behenic, . . .
C22H4402
Solid.
73°
THIRD SERIES. PROPIOLIC ACIDS. CnHin-lOa.
Lignoceric, .
C24H4g02
Solid.
80.5°
Hyenic, . . .
C25H50O2
Solid.
77°
Propiolic, . .
C3H2O2
Liquid.
+ 6°
144°
Cerotic, . . .
C27H54O2
Solid.
79°
Tetrolic, . . .
C4H4O2
Solid.
76°
203°
Melissic, . . .
C30H60O2
Solid.
88°
Sorbic, ....
CeHgOa
Liquid.
134-5°
228°
Theobromic, . [ C64H128O2
Solid.
72°
Diallylacetic,
C8Hl202
Liquid.
221°
Undecolic, . .
CllH,802
59-5°
SECOND SERIES. OLEIC ACIDS. CnH2n-2 02.
Palmitolic, . .
C10H28O2
Solid.
42°
Acrylic, . . .
C3H4O2
Liquid.
+ 7°
139-5°
Stearoleic, . .
C18H32O2
Solid.
48^
Crotonic, . . .
CjHeOa
Solid.
72°
182°
Linoleic, . . .
C18H32O2
Liquid.
0.921
Angelic, . . .
CsHjOa
Solid.
45°
185°
Behenolic, . .
C22H40O2
Solid.
57-5°
Acidulated [as-id^-u-ia-fed) \_acidnlare, to make sour].
Somewhat sour or acid ; sourish.
Acidulous (as-id'-ii-liis) \_addulare, to make sour].
Sourish ; subacid ; moderately sour.
AciAum. [as' -id-iim) [L. ]. See Acid.
Acidurgia [as-id-ur' -je-aJi) . .See Aciurgia.
Acies {a'-she-ez) [L., sharpness, edge, steel]. I.
Sharpness; keenness. 2. A sharp or cutting instru-
ment. 3. Iron or steel as a medicine.
Acinaceous [as-in-a' -she-tis) \acinus, a berry or grape-
stone]. Possessing or made of kernels, small seeds,
or drupelets, as a grape or raspberry.
Acinacifolious {as-iti-as-if-o' -le-tis) [acmaces, a simi-
tar; yo/2«7«, a leaf]. In biology, having simitar-shaped
leaves.
Acinaciform {as-in-as' -e-foriii) \_an'izaces, a simitar ;
formis, shape]. In biology, a leaf, pod, or other
object, having one straight, thick edge, and one thin
and convex ; simitar-shaped.
Acinarious {as-in-a' -re-tis) \_aciniis, the grape]. In
biology, having the surface covered with grape-like
vesicles, as in certain algre.
Acinesia [as-itt-e' -ze-ah) [a priv. ; Kivriaiq, motion].
Motor paralysis. A loss of motion in any or all parts
of the body ; abstinence from motion. Also, the in-
terval between consecutive throbs of the heart. See
also Diastole.
Acinesis {as-in-e' -sis) . Same as Akinesia.
Acinetan (as-in-e' -fa?i) [a«:/i'//rof, motionless]. An in-
fusorian having suctorial, tubular processes instead of
cilia ; one of the Acinet(Z.
Acinetatrophia [as-in-et-at-ro' -fe-ah^ \_aci7iL'sis ; atro-
phia'\. ^ Atrophy due to lack of exercise.
Acinetic (as-in-et' -ik) [a«-(i'7/rof, motionless]. Relating
to, or affected with, acinesia.
Acinetiform [as-in-et' -e-forni). In biology, an acine-
tan-like infusorian.
Acini (as'-in-i) [L.]. Plural oi Acinus, q. v.
Aciniform [as-in' -e-form) \_acinus, a grape]. Grape-
like.
Acinus [as'-in-iis) \_acii?Hs, a grape : Aciiii'\. Any
one of the smallest lobules of a conglomerate gland ;
a saccule of a compound racemose gland ; a lobule of
the liver, etc.
Acipenser [as-e-pen'-ser) [^atcKi-r/aioc, the sturgeon]. A
genus of fishes. A. huso. .See L hthyocolla.
ACIPENSERID
38
ACONITUM
Acipenserid (as-e-pen' -ser-id^ [^aKKi-Krjaiog, the stur-
geon]. A member of the faxaWy Acipcnseridii:. A
sturgeon.
Acipenseroid [as-e-pcn' -sci--oid) [a/':/c(7r//(7(of , the stur-
geon]. In biology, resembling the sturgeon.
Aciurgia (as-e-er' -je-ah),ox Aciurgy (in' -c-er-ji:') [(i/v'/c,
point; epyeiv, to work]. Operative surgery.
Ack'ermann's An'gles. See Angle.
Aclastic (ak-las' -tik) \jx priv. ; nAaiw, to break] . Not
refracting.
Acleitocardia {aJi-kli-to-kar' -de-ah) \a priv. ; Kkekiv,\.o
close ; Kapdia, the heart] . Imperfect closure of the
foramen ovale, a fetal opening between the auricles of
the heart, which prevents perfect aeration of the blood.
It is thought to be connected with the disease variously
known as cyanopathy, " Blue Disease," " Blue Jaun-
dice," eU.
Acmastic (ak- mas' -tik) \aKixacTLK.6Q, in full bloom].
Having no acme, or culminating point (said of fevers) ;
continuous.
Acme {ak'-me) [nK////, a point]. The critical stage of a
disease ; the crisis. The highest point or degree of
anything.
Acmon (ak'-mo)i) [d/c/iui', an anvil]. The incus.
Acne ((7/("'-;/f) [a;fy//, a point]. Acne vulgaris ; Vwrus;
a very common, usually chronic, inflammatory disease
of the sebaceous glands, occurring mostly about the
face, chest, and back. The lesions may be papular,
pustular, or tubercular. It occurs usually between the
ages of puberty and twenty-four years, is usually worse
in winter, and is associated with menstrual and gastro-
intestinal troubles. The individual lesions consist of
minute pink, acuminate papules or pimples, in the
center of which is a black-topped comedo {A. punctata,
A. papulosa). A. adenoid. See Lupus, Dissemin-
ated Follicular. A. adolescentium. Synonym
of A. vulgaris. A. albida. Synonym of Milium.
A. artificialis, that form that disappears when the
cause is removed. A. atrophica. Synonym of A.
varioliformis. A. cachecticorum, a form occurring
only in starved or debilitated persons after long, wast-
ing diseases, as phthisis. It consists of flat, livid,
acneiform papules and pustules without comedones,
resulting in deep pigmented scars. They are situated
chiefly on the trunk and lower extremities. A.
ciliaris, acne at the edges of the eyelids. A. dis-
seminata. Synonym of A. vulgaris. A. erythe-
matosa. Synonym of A. rosacea. A. frontalis.
Synonym of A. varioliformis. A. generalis, acne
that has become general over the surface of the body.
A. hypertrophica, stage of A. rosacea in which
there is a permanent, intensely red, non-inflammatory,
nodulated thickening of the tips and sides of the nose,
expanding it, both laterally and longitudinally. A.
indurata, a variety of A. vulgaris, characterized by
chronic, livid indurations, the result of extensive peri-
follicular infiltration. Especially seen in strumous
subjects. A. keloid. See Dermatitis papillomatosa
capillitii. A. keratosa, a rare form of acne in which
a horny plug takes the place of the comedone, and by
its presence excites inflammation. A. mentagra.
See Sycosis. A. necrotica. Synonym of A. vario-
liformis. A. papulosa. See Acne. A. picealis,
Tar Acne; a form of dermatitis that involves chiefly
the extensor surfaces of the limbs, common in fiber-
dressers who work with paraffin and in persons
otherwise brought in contact with tar or its vapor.
A. punctata, a variety of A. vulgaris. See Acne.
A. pustulosa, a variety of A. vulgaris, characterized
by dermic abscesses. A. rodens. Synonym of A.
varioliformis. A. rosacea. Rosacea ; Telangiectasis
faciei ; Ncevus araneus ; Brandy Nose ; IVkisky Nose ;
Spider Nevus ; Spider Cancer. A chronic, hyperemic,
or inflammatory affection of the skin, situated usually
upon the face, especially the nose, cheeks, forehead,
and chin. It starts as a redness, which later becomes
penuanent and is then associated with the develop-
ment of papules, pustules, and varicose vessels. In
the latest stages there is an excessive formation of new
tissue. Its causes are some reflex irritation of the
stomach, bowels, or sexual apparatus. Common in
drunkards. A. scrofulosa, a variety of A. cachecti-
corum, that occurs in strumous children. A. sebacea.
Synonym of Seborrhea. A. simplex, a variety
of A. vulgaris. A. sycosiformis. Same as Sycosis
non-parasitica. A. tarsi, an inflammatory affec-
tion of the large sebaceous glands of the eyelashes
(Meibomian glands). A. varioliformis, a rather
rare disease, situated chiefly about the forehead, at the
junction with the hairy scalp, and extending into the
hair. It is especially abundant on the temples, and
may spread over the face and body. It is a disease of
adult life, but may occur before the age of twenty
years. The pustules appear in groups, and each has a
hard, central, necrotic scab, which presses into the
skin, and when separated leaves a deep pit, at first
dark red, but eventually becoming white. It is a very
chronic disease, appearing in successive crops. Its
etiology is unknown. A. vulgaris. See Acne.
Acnemia (ak-ne' -me-ah) [« priv. ; nvi/fiij, leg]. De-
ficiency in the calf of the leg.
Acnitis \ak-ni' -tis) \axvv, a point ; ;rif, inflammation].
.See Ilvdrosadenitis phlegmonosa.
Acoe-. See Ace-.
Acoelius {ah-se'-le-us). See Acelius.
Acolasia [ak-o-la'-ze-ah) [iiKolaaia, intemperance]. Un-
restrained self-indulgence ; lust ; intemperance.
AQ,o\a.sX.ic (ak-o-las' -tik) [d/iO/*.ac7ia, intemperance] . Due
to, or characterized by, acolasia.
P^co\ogy (a k-ol'-o-j e) [d/<of, remedy ; Adyof, a discourse].
Aceology.
Acolous [ah-ko'-lus) [d priv. ; kci'Aov, limb]. Having
no limbs.
Acomia (ah-ko' -me-ah) [d priv. ; KOfii], hair]. Baldness.
A deficiency of hair arising from any cause.
Acomous (ah-ko' -mus) [dpriv. ; /«5//r/, hair]. Hairless,
bald.
Acondylose {ak-kon' -dil-ds). See Acondyloiis.
Acondylous (ah-kon' -dil-us) [d priv. ; condyle\ Hav-
ing no condyles ; having no joints.
Aconine [ak' -o-nin) \aK0VLT0v\, C25H3gNOii. A de-
composition product of aconitin.
Aconite (ak'-o-nit). ^te Aconitum.
Aconitia [ak-o-nish'-e-ah). Aconitin, or aconitina ; a
very poisonous alkaloid, the active principle of aconite.
Aconitic Acid (ak-o-nit'-ik). See Acid.
Aconiti folia (ak-o-ni-tl fo'-le-ah) [L.]. Aconite
leaves. '6t& Aconitu?a. A. radix [ak-o-ni-ti ra'-dix) ,
aconite root. See Aconitum.
Aconitina {ak-on-it-i' -nah). Same as Aconitia. See
Aconitum.
Aconitum [ak-o-ni'-tum] [L. ]. The root oi Aconitum
napellus. Possesses a bitter, pungent taste. Produces
numbness and persistent tingling in the tongue and
lips. It is very poisonous. Exerts great depression of
the heart, respiration, circulation, and nerves. It is
antipyretic, diaphoretic, and diuretic. The active prin-
ciple is Aconitin. Highly beneficial in fevers, acute
throat affections, and inflammation of the respiratory
organs. Dose gr. ss-ij. A. Abstractum, has double
the strength of the powdered drug, or its fluid extract.
Dose gr. ^-j. A. Extractum. Dose gr. Ye-yi- A.
Ext. Fid., has a strength of one drop to the grain
of powdered drug. Dose n\,>^-ij- A. Liniment
ACONURESIS
39
ACRINIA
(B. P.), aconite root, camphor, and rectified spirit.
A. Tinct., contains, aconite 40, tartaric acid 0.4, alco-
hol 100 parts. Dose ni^-iv. The following are
unofficial: Aconitina (CjjH^jNO,.^) (aconitin), an
amorphous solid. Dose gr. 2iio~^o- ^- T^''"-*") ^
plant of the Himalayas, used internally for pneumonia
and pleurisy ; e.xternally for neuralgia. Dose of the
tincture (I in 10) n\^j-v. A. Injectio Hypodermica,
one grain in ^ ounce. Dose TTLj-iv. A. Napellina,
Dose gr. i-f. St. facob's Oil, a weak aconite lini-
ment. A. Oleatum, a two per cent, solution of aco-
nitin in oleic acid. A. Ung. (B. P.), eight grains to
the ounce.
Aconuresis iah-kon-u-rc'-sis) [a priv. ; conari, to
strive; oi;/3;?(T/f, urination]. Involuntary discharge of
urine.
Acopa (ak'-o-pali). Plural of Acopon, q. v.
Acopia [ah-ko'-pL'-ah) [aKOT/'a]. Freedom from weari-
ness.
Aco'pic. {ah- k op'- ik) [see Acopia'\. Refreshing; restora-
tive ; restful.
Acopon [ak'-o-pon) [a priv. ; kowoq, fatigue]. A re-
storative, or cordial medicine or application.
Acoprosis (ah-kop-ro'-sis) [a priv.; KOTrpof, excrement].
Deficient formation of feces.
Acor (r?'-,^o;-)[L.]. Acrimony: acidity, as of the stomach.
Acorea (ah-ko-re' -ah) [a priv. ; /cd/D?y, pupil]. Absence
of the pupil.
Acoretin [ak-o-re'-tin) \acorus \ prfrivri, resin]. A
resinous principle obtained from Acorus calamus.
Acoria [ah-ko' -re-ah) [d priv. ; Kopog, satisfaction]. A
greedy or insatiable appetite.
Acorin [ak'-o-i-in) [d priv. ; /cdpv, the pupil] . A bitter
glucoside obtained from Acorus calamus, or sweet flag.
Acormous {ah-kor' -nius) [d priv. ; /cop/idf, the trunk of
a tree]. Trunkless ; of the nature of an acormus.
Acormus {ah-kor' -mus) [d priv. ; Kopfid^, the trunk]. A
monster without a trunk or body.
Acorn [L.]. The fruit or nut of the oak. See
Camata and Cainatiiia.
Acorn-cups {a'-koni-kups). The capsules in which
acorns are seated. See Valonia.
Acorus [ak' -o-rus) [d priv.; nop!], the pupil]. See
Calamus.
Acosmia (ah-koz' -nie-ah) [d priv. ; xoo/iog, order]. I.
Poor health. 2. An irregularity in the course of a
disease.
Acotyledon {ah-kot-il-e' -doii) [d priv. ; K0T\)}\i]6i)v , a
hollow vessel]. In botany, a plant producing an em-
bryo without seed-leaves or cotyledons.
Acotyledonous [ah-kot-il-e'-do-uus) [d priv. ; koti'/j]6(1)i'
a hollow vessel] . Destitute of embryo or embryonic
leaves, or cotyledons.
Acouchi (ah-koo'-che). See Acuchi.
Acoumeter, or Acouometer {ah-koo'-met-er, a-koo-
om'-et-er) \_aKo'vsLv, to hear; fierpov, a measure]. An
instrument for measuring the acuteness of hearing.
Acoum&tTy (ah-koo'-/;ie/-re) [d/fowa', to hear; fihpov,a.
measure]. The measurement or testing of the acute-
ness of the hearing.
Acouophonia (ah-koo-o-fo' -ne-ali) \_aKo'viLv, to hear ;
(^(jv^, sound]. Auscultatory percussion.
Acouoxylon (ah-koo-oks' -il-oii) [dKoyf/c, to hear ; E.'o'kov,
wood]. A wooden (pine) stethoscope.
Acousimeter [ah-koo-si?n'-e(-er) \_aKovaig, a hearing;
fisTpoii, a measure.] See Acoumeter.
Acousma [ith-koos' - or ko7uz'-mah) \_aKovapa, thing
heard: //., Acousmafa'\. An auditory hallucination ;
a condition in which imaginary sounds are noticed
by the patient, and are believed by him to be real.
Acoustic (ah-koos' -tik ox -koivz' -iik) [dKowr/zitif]. Relat-
ing to the ear or sense of hearing. A. Duct, the ex-
ternal meatus of the ear. A. Nerve, the portio mollis
of the seventh pair. See A^erves. A. Tetanus, the
rapidity of the induction shocks in a frog's nerve-
muscle preparation, as measured by the pitch of a
vibrating rod. A. Tubercle, a rounded elevation on
either side of the floor of the fourth ventricle.
Acoustics {ah-koos' -tiks or a-kows'-tiks) [d^•0D(T-^^df].
The science of sound.
Acquetta ( ak-ioet' -tah ) [ Ital. ]. Same as Aqua
iofana.
Acquired Movements {ak-ivi' -erd moov'-mentz).
Those brought under the influence of the will only after
conscious and attentive effort and practice, in distinction
from reacquired movements, those reinstated in their
former proficiency after injury to the motor regions of
the brain.
Acraepalous (ah-krep' -al-us). See Acrepalous.
Acramphibryous [ak-ram-fib' -ri-us) \aiipoq, at the
end; auipJ, on both sides; /ip/'ov, blossom]. In biology,
pertaining to plants that produce lateral as well as ter-
tiiinal buds.
Acrania {ah-kra' -ne-ali) [d priv.; Kpaviov, skull]. The
condition of a monster with partial or complete absence
of the cranium.
Acranial (ah-kra' -ne-al) [d priv.; Kpaviov, skull].
Having no cranium.
Acrasia {ali-kra' -ze-ah) [d priv.; Kpaai^, moderation].
I. Intemperance; lack of self-control. 2. Acratia.
Acraspedote [ah-kras' -pe-dot ) [d priv. ; KpduTrxSoi', a
hem or border]. In biology, pertaining to Gegen-
baur's group of medusse, Acraspeda ; having a disk
without velum or marginal fold.
Acratia [ah-kra'-she-ali) [d«:pdr«a : d priv.; KparoQ,
force]. Impotence, loss of power.
Acraturesis [ah-krat-u-re' -sis) [aKpa-eia, lack of
strength; oupw/f, micturition]. Inability to micturate,
from atony of the bladder.
Acrecbolic [ak-rek-bol' ->k)\JiKpo<;, at the apex ; eK{i6\n>v,
to throw out]. In biology, capable of protrusion by an
outward movement of the tip ; the introverted and
eversible proboscis of certain worms and molluscs.
Acrembolic {ak-rem-bol' -ik) [d/cpoc, at the apex ;
£/il3dA.Aeiv, to throw in, insert] . In biology, introver-
sion by an inward movement of the tip, as the everted
proboscis of certain worms and molluscs.
Acrepalous, or Acraepalous (ah-krep' -al-us) [d priv.;
Kpaindlj], debauch]. Correcting the nausea that
follows excess in drinking, or in eating.
Acrid (ak'-rid) [_acer, acris, sharp]. Pungent, irritat-
ing ; producing an irritation, as of the tongue, fauces,
or stomach.
Acridian [ak-rid' -i-an) [dim. of d/tp/f , a locust]. Per-
taining to the acridia or grasshoppers.
Acridin (ak' -rid-in) \acer, acrid], Cj^HgN. A sub-
stance produced by heating anilin and salicylic alde-
hyd to 260° with ZnCl^. Very soluble in alcohol and
ether. It occurs in crude anthracene and dissolves in
dilute acids with a beautiful green fluorescence. It
readily sublimes in colorless leaflets; melts at 110°;
and has a very pungent odor.
Acridins {ak' -rid-inz) \_acer, acrid]. Substances ob-
tained when diphenylamin is heated to 300° with
fatty acids. They are feeble bases ; their salts are de-
composed by boiling water.
Acridophagus {ak-rid-of -a-gus) [d/ip/'f, a locust ;
(payelv, eat]. The eater of locusts.
Acrimony {ak' -rim-o-ne) \_acrimonia'\ . Irritating
quality, pungency, corrosiveness : an acrid quality or
state.
Acrinia {ah-krin' -e-ah) [d priv; Kpiveti>, to separate].
Diminution or suppression of a secretion or excre-
tion.
ACRINYL
40
ACROMIO-DELTOIDEUS
Acrinyl [ak-rin'-il] \_aiei\ acrid], C^HjO. One of the
univalent radicles. A. Sulphocyanate, C^H^O.SCN,
an acrid and vesicating substance found in white mus-
tard, corresponding to the essential oil of the black
mustard.
Acrisia [ah-kris' -e-ali) [d priv. ; t-risis\. The absence of
a crisis from a disease ; an unfavorable crisis or turn in
the course of an attack of disease.
Acritical [ah-krif'-ik-al) [a priv.; Kpiaic:, a crisis].
Having no crisis ; not relating to a crisis.
Acritochromacy (ali-krit-o-kro' -mas-e) \aKpiTO<;, undis-
tinguished ; xP'-'y-'^i color]. Color-blindness, achro-
matopsia.
Acroaesthesia (ak-ro-es-the'-ze-ah). Acroesthesia.
Acroanesthesia (ak-ro-a7i-es-the' -ze-ali) \hKpov. ex-
tremity; ai>aLali?/oia, want of feeling]. Anesthesia of
the extremities.
Acroarthritis {ak-ro-arth-ri' -tis) [a/c/ioi', extremity;
a/)^'/)oii, a joint ; (r/f, inflammation] . Inflammation of
the joints of a limb.
Acroasphyxia [ak-ro-as-fiks' -e-alt) [a/c/jov, extremity ; a
priv.; (7(/)('f(f, pulse] . Asphyxia of the extremities, the
so-called phenomena of Raynaud.
Acrobryous (ak-rob' -re-us) [d/vpof, apex ; fSpvov, a
flower]. In biology, growing only at the apex.
Acrobystia {ak-;-o-bis' -te-ah) [d/cpo/iuCTria, the foreskin].
The prepuce.
Acrobystiolith (ak-j-o-bis' -te-o-lith) {aKpo^varia,' the
prepuce; /'./'ftif, a stone]. A preputial calculus.
Acrobystitis (ak-ro-bis-ii' -tis) [_aKpoj!ivaTia, the foreskin;
irit;, inflammation]. Posthitis.
Acrocarpous {ak-ro-kar' -pus) [d/c/jof, at the apex ;
KapivQi;, fruit]. In biology, fruiting at the tips, as
mosses.
Acrocephalia [ak-ro-sef-a' -le-ah) \aKpov, a point ;
Ketba'/Jj. the head]. A deformity of the head in which
the vertical diameter is increased and the top is more
or less pointed.
Acrocephalic [ak-ro-sef-al'-ik) [aKpov, a point ; Kemah'/,
the head]. Characterized lay acrocephalia; having
the top of the head unusually high.
Acrocephaline [ak-ro-sef -a-lin) [dh-poi', point; nF.^aXi],
head]. In biology, resembling birds of the genus
Acrocephnhts, the large-billed reed warblers.
Acrocephalous (ak-ro-sef -al-ies)\_aKpoi>, a point ; K.e(pa?J/,
the head]. Characterized by or affected with acroce-
phalia.
Acrocephaly {ak-ro-sef -al-e) [d/c/oov, a point ; Keipali],
the head]. Same as Acrocephalia.
Acrocheir [ak'-ro-kir) \_aKpov, point; x^'P'> hand].
The ends of the fingers considered together ; the fore-
arm and hand.
Acrochordon [ak-ro-koj-' -don) \hK.poxnp^iiv, literally
the end of a catgut cord] . A pedunculated or pen-
sile wart. Synonym of MoUuscmn fibrosum.
Acrocinesis [ak-ro-sin-e'-sis) [d/cpof, extreme ; KivT/aii;,
movement]. Excessive motility; abnormal freedom
of movement, as seen in certain cases of hysteria.
Acrocinetic {ak-ro-sin-d' -ik) [nh'/jof, extreme ; Kim/aig,
movement]. Characterized by acrocinesis.
Acrocyst (ak' -ro-sist) [d^pof, apex; Kvaric, pouch].
In biology, a sort of broad sac at the top of the gonan-
gium in certain hydroids.
Acrodermatitis iak-ro-der-mat-i' -tis) \(iK.pov, extremity ;
t^tp/ja, skin ; irir, inflammation]. Inflammation of the
skin of an extremity.
Acrodont {ak' -ro-dont) [dftyjof , apex or edge ; orforf ,
tooth]. In biology, one of or pertaining to those
lizards with teeth attached to the edge of the jaw,
without alveoli.
Acrodynia [ak-ro-diii' -e-ali) [d/c/jor, an extremity; oi!/')';/,
pain]. Epidemic erythema ; a disease closely allied
to pellagra. It is characterized by gastro-intestinal
symptoms, redness of the conjunctivse, edema of the
face, formication, pricking pains in the palm and soles,
hyperesthesia followed by anesthesia of these parts,
and an erythematous eruption preceded by bullae,
chiefly on the hands and feet, but spreading over the
limbs and trunk. This is followed by exfoliation and
dark brown or black pigmentation, greatest in the
warm regions of the body. Wasting of the limbs,
with edema, cramps, pareses, and spasms may be pres-
ent, and death may follow in the old or feeble. Prob-
ably due to some defect in food.
Acroesthesia, or Acroaesthesia {ak-ro-es-the'-ze-ah)
[d/c/aof, extreme ; alaBijaig, sensation]. Exaggerated
sensitiveness, or sensibility. Sense of pain in the ex-
tremities.
Acrogen {ak' -ro-jeri) [d/tpof, apex; yevr/(;, produced].
In biology, a member of a division of the Cryptogams
which grow by terminal buds, as ferns and mosses.
Acrogenic {ak-ro-jcn' -ik) [d/cpof, apex ; yevi/g, pro-
duced]. In biology, partaking of the character of an
acrogen.
Acrogenous {ak-rof -cii-its) [d/cpof, at the apex ; ysvijg,
produced]. In biology, growth by increase at the
summit, as ferns, mosses, and certain zoophytes.
Acrogynous {ak-roj' -in-us) [d/cpof, at the tip ; yvvij,
female] . In biology, having the archegonia formed
from or near the apical cell, as certain of the Hepat-
ica.
Acrolein [ak-ro' -le-in) [af^r, sharp; oil] , CjH^O.
Acrylic Aldehyd. A highly volatile liquid derived
from the decomposition or the destructive distillation
of glycerin. See Acrylaldehyd.
Acrolenion {ak-ro-len' -e-on) [d/cpor, point ; iiXkvq,
elbow]. Same as Olecranon.
Acromania {ak-ro-ma' -ne-ah) [d/c/jof, extreme ; /lavia,
madness]. Incurable or extreme insanity.
Acromastitis {ak-ro-mas-ti' -tis) \airoiiiastiuin ; itis,
inflammation]. Inflammation of the nipple.
Acromastium {ak-ro-mas' -te-uiii) \impov, a point ;
fiaoToi;, breast]. The nipple.
Acromatin of Flemming. See Paralinin.
Acromegalia {ak-ro-meg-a' -le-ah), or Akromegaly
[ak-ro- meg' -al-e) [d/<pof ; ^eyd/l//, large]. A disease
characterized by abnormally great development of the
extremities, and of the features of the face, in-
cluding the bony as well as the soft parts. The
disease is of long duration, twenty years or more, the
patient finally dying of exhaustion. The etiology is
unknown, although Virchow believes heredity to have
an important share in its causation.
Acromial [ak-ro' -me-al) [dxpnf, extremity; (L//of, the
shoulder]. Relating to the acromion.
Acromicria [ak-ro-mik' -re-ah) [d/c/wf, extremity ;
jUKpoq, small]. Abnormal smallness of the extremi-
ties. A condition in which there is a reduction in the
size of the nose, ears, and face, as well as hands and
feet.
Acromio-clavicular {ak-ro' -me-o-kla-vik' -u-lar) [d/cpof,
extremity; w/^nr, the shoulder; c/aww, a key]. Re-
lating to the acromion and the clavicle.
Acromio-coracoid {ak-ro' -ine-o-ko' -rak-oid). See
Acroniio-coracoideiis.
Acromio-coracoideus {ak-ro' -me-o-ko-rak-oid-e' -us)
[d/fpof, extremity; w/'^f) ''^^ shoulder; K6pa§,a. crow].
A triangular ligament lying between the acromion and
the coracoid process.
Acromio-deltoideus [ak-ro' -iiie-o-del-toid-e' -us) [d(cpof,
extremity; the shoulder; (W/.-oti&riq, deltoid].
In comparative anatomy, a muscle having as its origin
the acromion, and the deltoid ridge of the humerus
as its insertion.
ACROMIO-HUMERAL
41
ACTINOLOGY
Acromio-humeral {ak-ro' -me-o-hii' -mer-al) [a/c/wf, ex-
tremity ; (Ii/itif, the shoulder ; IiHmerns'\. Relating to
the acromion and the humerus. A. Muscle, the del-
toid.
Acromion [ak-ro' -me-oii) [a/c/joy, a summit; w/iof, the
shoulder] . The triangular-shaped process at the sum-
mit of the scapula, that forms the attachment of the
deltoid muscle.
Acromio-thoracic [ak-ro' -i?ie-o-iho-ra' -sik) [^ciKpu/itov,
shoulder; Hdi/ja^, thorax]. In anatomy, relating to the
shoulder and thorax, as the acromio-thoracic artery.
Acromio-trapezius [ak-ro' -iiic-o-tra-pe' -zc-tis) \juipCi-
fiiov, shoulder; trapezini)i~\. In anatomy, a part of the
trapezius muscle.
Acromphalon [ak-rom' -fal-oij) \aKpov, a point ; hfiifa-
Atif, the navel]. See AcroDiphalui .
Acromphalus [ak-ro /n'-fal- us) \_aiipov, extremity ; on(pa-
Aof. the navel]. I. The center of the umbilicus to
which the cord is attached. 2. The first stage of um-
bilical hernia, marked by a pouting of the navel.
Acromyodian [ak-ro-me-o' -de-an) \h,iipov, extremity ;
//iif, muscle; ai(5//, song]. In biology, having the
syringeal muscles attached to the ends of the upper
bronchial rings, as in certain singing birds, the Acro-
inyodi.
Acromyodic [a-kro-me-od' -ik). ^axat as, Acromyodian.
Acromyodous [ak-ro-mi' -o-dns) . Same as Acromyodian.
Acronarcotic [ak-ro-nar-kof -ik) \acer, sharp ; vapnovv,
to benumb]. Both acrid and narcotic.
Acroneurosis [ak-ro-nu-ro' -sis) \_aK.pov, an extremity ;
vti'^oi', a nerve]. Any neurosis manifesting itself in
the extremities.
Acronyx [ak'-ro-nix) [^UKpov, an extremity; ovv^, a
nail]. The ingrowing of the nail.
Acroparalysis [ak-ro-par-al' -is-is) [a/cpov, an extreme ;
■Kapa, by ; Xvelv, to loose]. Paralysis of the extremities.
Acroparesthesia, or Acroparaesthesia [ak-ro-par-es-
tlte' -ze-aJi) \hK.pov, extremity ; rrapa, around ; aiaOi/oig,
sensation]. I. Abnormal, or perverted sensation in
the extremities. 2. Extreme or confirmed paresthesia.
Acropathology [ak-ro-path-oF -o-je) [ anpov, an ex-
tremity; Trd^iof, disease ; Aoyof, treatise] . The pathol-
ogy of the extremities.
Acropathy [ak-rop' -a-the) \aiipov, an extremity ; ■KoQoq,
suffering]. Any disea.se of the extremities.
Acropetal [ak-rop' -et-al ) [anpov, the top ; petere, to seek] .
In biology, developing from the base or center, up-
ward and outward, as many leaves, lateral shoots, or
flower clusters.
Acrophobia [ak-ro-fo' -be-ah) [a/cpci^, a height ; </)o/?of,
fear]. Morbid dread of being at a great height.
Acropodium [ak-ro-po' -de-in/i) [uKpoQ, at the top ; ttoS 'kw,
dim. of TTo/'f [no6), foot]. In zoology, the entire
upper surface of the foot.
Acroposthia [ak-ro-pos' -the-ali) [dK/jof, extreme ; izoadtj,
foreskin]. The distal part of the prepuce.
Acroposthitis [ak-ro-pos-thi' -tis) [ahYJOf, extreme ; ~6aBij,
foreskin]. Posthitis.
Acrorrheuma [ak-ro-ru' -mah) \aK.pov, an extremity;
pevi-ia, a flux]. Rheumatism of the extremities.
Acrosarcum [ak-ro-sar'-ktim) [a/c/jof, at the end ; aap^
[rsapK), flesh]. In biology, a berry fruit produced by an
ovary with an adnate calyx, e. g., a currant or cran-
berry.
Acroscleriasis [ak-ro-skle-ri' -as-is) \h.Kpov, extremity ;
OKh/pog, hard]. Sclerotic changes in the extremities.
Acroscopic [ak-ro-skop'-ik) [a/cpof, apex ; aKOKelv,
view]. In biology, looking toward the top.
Acrosphacelus [ak-ro-sfas'-el-ns) {anpov, extremity ;
c<pdKs2.0Q, dead]. Gangrene of an extremity.
Acrospire [ak'-ro-spir) [a/fpof, at the top; antlpa, a
coil, spire]. In biology, the first sprout of a grain.
Acrospore (ak'-ro-spor) [a/c/jof , at the end ; CTrnpa,
seed]. In biology, the spore of one of those fungi
that fruit at the summit of simple erect hyphae. See
J^croJiospora.
Acrospores [ak'-ro-sporz) [a«pof, topmost; anopa, a
seed]. See Conidia.
Acrosporous [ak-ros' -po-rus) [a/tyjof, topmost ; crropd,
a seed]. Same as Acrospore.
Acrotarsial [ak-ro-tar'-se-al) [aKpof, extremity; Tapau^,
tarsus]. In biology, pertaining to the instep.
Acrotarsium [ak-ro-tar' -se-iitn) [d/tpi^f, top ; rapaoc,
tarsus]. The instep.
Acroteria [ak-ro-te' -re-aJi) [dKpnr//p(a]. The extremi-
ties.
Acrothymion, or Acrothymum [ak-ro-thi' -me-on)
[('(/>7;f)i;, summit; (ivfio^, thyme]. A rugose wart with
a broad top.
Acrotic [ak-ro/' -ik) [d/cpof, extreme, outmost]. Relat-
ing to the glands of the skin; affecting the surface.
Acrotica [ak-rot' -ik-ah) [d/cpof, extreme] . Acrotic
diseases.
Acrotism [ah' -krot-iz7ii) [a priv. ; KpoTor, striking].
Any defective beating of the pulse ; failure of the
pulse.
Acrotismus [ah-krot-iz' -tmis) [d priv. ; Kpuroc, strik-
ing]. See Acrotisi?i.
Acrylaldehyd [ak-ril-al' -de-hid)\acer, sharp; aldehyd'\,
C.jH^O. Acrolein, the aldehyd of the allyl series ;
obtained' by distilling glycerin to which strong phos-
phoric acid has been added, or by the dry distillation
of fatty bodies ; a colorless, mobile liquid, boiling at
52°, possessing a sp. gr. of 0.8410 at 20°. It has a
pungent odor and attacks the mucous membranes in
a violent manner. It occasions an odor of burning
fat. It is soluble in 2-3 parts of water.
Actea, or Actaea [ak-te'-ah) [d/cr?/, the elder]. A genus
of ranunculaceous plants having active medicinal qual-
ities. A. alba, the white cohosh, has much the same
qualities as A. spicata. A. cimicifuga is more im-
portant. See Cimicifuga. A. racemosa. See Cimi-
cifuga. A. rubra, red cohosh, and A. spicata, are
purgative and emetic.
Actinal [ak' -tin-al) [d/iWf, a ray]. In biology, per-
taining to the oral pole, surface, or aspect of a radiate
animal.
Pi.z\.\'s\^ [ak' -tin) [d/ir;(,', a ray]. In biology, a spicular
ray, in sponges.
Actinenchyma [ak-tin-en'-kim-ah) [dhT/f , ray ; iyx^f-"-i
infusion]. In biology, a tissue of stellate cells.
Actinic [d/iWf, a ray]. Referring to those
wave-lengths of the spectrum corresponding to the
violet and ultra-violet parts of the same that produce
chemical changes in the haloid salts of silver, and
are therefore valuable in photography.
Actiniochrome [ak-tin' -e-o-krom) [d/<r(f , a ray ; ^ifpu.uu,
color] . A red pigment obtained from certain Actinias.
Actinism [ak' -tin-izm) [dxr/f, a ray]. The chemical
quality of light, or of the sun's rays.
Actinohematin [ak-tin-o-heni' -a-tin) \aKTi.v, ray; aZ/za,
blood]. In biology, a respiratory pigment found by
MacMunn in Actinice.
Actinoid [ak'-tin-oid ) [d«:7/f , ray ; fMof, form]. In
zoology, radiate, as a star fish.
AciinoXogOMs [ak-lin-ol'-o-gus] [dAT/V, a ray ; Xdjof, a
word]. In biology, exhibiting actinology.
Actinologue [ak-tin'-o-log) [dK7/f,a ray ; Aoyog, a word].
In biology, a part possessing actinologous homology.
Actinology [ak-tin-ol'-o-je) [d/oWf, a ray ; Adyof, a word].
In biology, that kind of homological relation that
exists between the successive segments, regions, or
divisions of a part or organ, in that they radiate or
spring from it.
ACTINOMERE
42
ACUPUNCTURE
Actinomere [ak-tin'-o-nier) [a/cr/f, ray; fiepoQ, a part].
In zoology, one of the radiating partitions characteristic
of the Actinozoa.
Actinomeric (ak-tiJi-o-mer'-ik) [li/ir/f, a ray ; fiepoc, a
part]. In biology, radiately divided.
Actinomorphic {ak-tin-o-iiiorf'-ik) [f(Kr/f , a ray ;
//'YJO'/, form]. Same as Actinomorphous.
Actinomorphous [ak-tin-o-morf -t(s) [a«:-/f, ray;
fiop<j)!/, form]. Regularly radiated, as flowers divis-
ible into similar portions in two or more vertical
planes.
Actinomyces {ak-tin-om' -is-ez) [fisr/f , a ray ; iivurjc,
mushroom]. A genus of parasitic fungoid organisms.
One species, A. bovis, causes the disease actinomyco-
sis. Called also the Hay Fungus.
Actinomycoma [ak-tin-o-?!ii-ko' -mak) [a«:r/f , a ray ;
/i/'/iz/f, a fungus : pL, Actinoniycomata^ A tumor such
as is characteristic of actinomycosis.
Actinomycosis [ijk-tiii-o-tiii-co' -sis) [a/cr/f , a ray ; fivKr)^,
a fungus]. A parasitical, infectious, inoculable disease
hrst observed in cattle, and also occurring in man,
and characterized by the manifestations of chronic
inflammation, with or without suppuration, often re-
sulting in the formation of granulation tumors. The
disease is due to the presence of a characteristic micro-
parasite, the 1-ay fungus, Actinomyces bovis, which is
composed of fine mycelial threads and club-shaped
bodies. The most frequent and most curable form
is when the abscesses form about the jaws and teeth.
The best mode of staining the threads is by Gram's
method. To stain the clubs as found in man is diffi-
cult ; the best results have been obtained with orange
rubin or eosin. The only treatment of the disease
is removal of the infected tissue. When the parasite
has found a nidus in the lungs or digestive tract, all
treatment is so far useless. The disease is often called
lumpy-jaw and holdfast.
Actinomycotic (ak-tin-o-vii-kot' -ik) [a/cWf, ray ; /JVK?/g,
fungus] . Pertaining to or affected with actinomy-
cosis.
Actinophore [ak-tin' -o-for) [aKr/f, a ray ; <pepetv, to
bear]. In biology, one of the peripheral elements
affording support to the true fin rays in typical fishes
and selachians.
Actinophorous [ak-tin-off' -o-rus^ [a/cr/'f , ray ; i^'epeiv,
to bear]. In biology, bearing ray-like spines.
Actinosoma {ak-tin-o-so' -mali) [d/cr/f, ray ; C7u//a,
body] . In biology, the entire body of a simple or
composite actinozoan.
Actinospora chartarum {ak-tin-o-spo' -rah char-ta'-
ruiii) \_Iikt'iv, ray; auiia, body; charta, paper]. A
parasitic fungus developing on paper and books.
Actinost (ak' -tin-ost) [u/cr/f , ray ; oarfov, a bone] . In
ichthyology, one of the bones supporting the pectoral
and ventral fins in true fishes.
Actinosteophyte {ak-tin-os' -te-o-flt) [««r/f, a ray;
osteophyte^. An osteophyte of radiated form.
Actinostome (ak-tin' -o-stdin) [d/cr/f, ray ; cro/m,
mouth]. In biology, the mouth of an actinozoan.
Actinotrichium {ak-tin-o-trik' -e-um) [d/cr/f , ray ; Qp'ix,
a hair]. In biology, a fiber in the fiin-fold of an em-
bryo fish, the forerunner of the adult fin-ray.
Actinotrocha [ak-tin-of -ro-kali) [d/cr/f, ray ; rpox'j,
ring]. The larva of certain gephyrean worms, char-
acterized by rings of cilia about the mouth and
anus.
Actinozoa [ak-tin-o-zo'-ah) [d/cr/f, ray ; fuoi', an ani-
mal]. A division of celenterates including the sea-
anemones, coral-polyps, etc., having rayed tentacles
about the mouth, and a digestive sac connected
to the body wall by radial dissepiments called mesen-
teries.
Actinula {ak-tin' -u-lali) [dim. of d/cr/f, ray: //.,
Actinuhe'\. In biology, the oval generative zodid of a
gymnoblastic hydroid, developing without interme-
diate metamorphosis into a hydroid of the adult form.
Action (/?/''-5///i'«) [rt^i'n-, to do, or perform] . In physi-
ology, a term used to denote the function of an organ.
A., Reflex, an involuntary movement of an organ or
part of the body resulting from an impression carried
by a sensory or afferent nerve to a subordinate center,
and then sent back by an efferent nerve to some point
at or near the source of irritation.
Active (ak'-tiz') \_agere, to do, or perform] . In medicine,
a term applied to treatment the reverse of passive, that
is, where the pathological conditions are acted upon
directly rather than partly controlled. Also, in a
growing condition ; opposed to dormant. A. Insuffi-
ciency of Muscles. See Insufficiency . A. Spots,
the cortical centers of the brain, especially those that
control definite muscular movements.
Activity {ak-tiv' -it-e) [_age?-e, to do or perform] . Capa-
city for acting ; sensibility ; vitality; potency ; energy.
Actual [ak' -chtt-al) \_age?-e, to do]. Real, effective ;
not potential. A. Cautery. See Cautery.
Actuation [ak-chu-a' -shun) \jngere,\a do, or perform] .
That mental function that is exercised between the im-
pulse of volition and its actualization or perform-
ance.
Acuchi {ah-koo'-che). The resin or balsam obtained
from Icica heterophylla, a tree of tropical America. It
is almost identical with elemi. Unof.
Acufilopressure (ak-u-fi' -lo-pres-ur) \_acus, needle ;
filum, a thread ; pressu)-e'\ . A combination of acupres-
sure and ligation.
Acuity [ak-u'-it-e) \acuitas ; acuere, to sharpen].
Acuteness or clearness of visual power in the percep-
tion of small or distant objects.
Aculeate [ak-u'-le-at) \_aculeus, a sting, prickle]. In
botany, armed with prickles, i.e. , aculii ; as the rose and
brier. In biology, having a sting.
Aculeiform (ak-u-le' -if-orm) \_aculeus, prickle ; forma,
shape]. Resembling a prickle.
Aculeolate [ak-u' -le-o-ldt) \_acicleolus, a little prickle].
In biology, beset with small prickles.
Aculeus [ak-u' -le-us) [dim.of mv/.f, aneedle : pi .,Aculei'\.
In biology, a prickle or pointed excrescence of the bark,
as in the rose or raspberry ; the modified ovipositor or
sting of a hymenopterous insect.
Acumeter [ak-oo' -inet-er) \am'vtLv, to hear ; fiii-pov, a
measure]. Instrument for testing hearing.
Acuminate [ak-u'-min-dt) \_acuminatus, pointed,
acute]. Taper-pointed or sharp-pointed.
Acuminose, or Acuminous [ak-u' -miti-ds, or -us)
[acumen, point]. In biology, same as Acuminate.
Acuminulate [ak-n-min'-ic-ldt) [dim. of acumen, a
point]. Slightly taper-pointed.
Acupression [ak-u-presh'-un) \_act(s,3L n&ed.\t; pre mere,
to press]. Acupressure.
Acupressure [ak' -u-presh-ur) \jicus, a needle ; preinere,
to press] . An operation to stop hemorrhage or aneu-
rysm by the compression of a needle inserted into the
tissues upon either side, either above or below the
vessel. There are a variety of methods of performing
acupressure.
Acupuncturation [ak-u-pungk-chu-ra' -shun) \_acus, a
needle; a puncture]. Acupuncture.
Acupuncturator {ak-it-pungk'-chu-ra-tor) \_acus, a
needle; /;z;/i7z/ra, a puncture]. An instrument used
in performing acupuncture.
Acupuncture [ak'-u-punk-chfir] \_acus, a needle ; pzm-
gere, to prick]. Puncture of the skin or tissue by one
or more needles for the relief of pain, the exit of fluid,
the coagulation of blood in an aneurysm, etc.
ACUS
43
ADELOPNEUMONA
Acus {a'-kus) [L.]. A needle. A. Ad Cataractam, a
cataract needle. A. Cannulata, a trocar to be used
with a cannula. A. Electrica, a needle for use with
electricity. A. Exploratoria, an exploring needle. A.
Interpunctoria, a needle for eye-operations. A. In-
vaginata,a sheathed needle. A. Sutoria, a needle
for stitching wounds.
Acute (ak-iit) [juiittiis, sharp]. Merely sharp-pointed
or ending in a point less than a right angle. Some-
times used in the sense of forming a sharp angle. Used
of disease having a rapid and severe onset, progress,
and termination. When applied to pain, sound, vision,
etc., means sharp, keen.
Acutenaculum {ak-ii-teii-ak' -ii-lum) \aciis, a needle ;
tenaculum: pi., Acutenaciila\. A needle-holder.
Acuteness (ak-ilt' -nes) \_acutus, sharp]. The quality
of being acute, rapid, or sharp. Referring to vision,
used as a synonym of keenness or acuity.
Acutifoliate [ak-u-te-fo' -le-dt) \_aciitiis, ■saax\>; foliatus,
leaved]. In biology, bearing sharp-pointed leaves.
Acutilobate (ak-ii-te-lo' -bat) \aciitiis, sharp ; lobatus,
lobate]. In biology, possessing acute lobes, as a
leaf.
Acutorsion (ak-u-tor' -shun) \_acus, a needle ; torsion^ .
The twisting of an artery with a needle as a means of
controlling hemorrhage.
Pk.zy acciohX&'psia. [ah-si-an-o-blep'-se-ah) [apriv.; Kvavoc,
blue; /3A£"!/)i(z, sight]. Same as Acya/iops/'a.
Acyanopsia (ak-si-an-op' -se-ali) [a priv.; Kuavoc, blue ;
6i/)(f. sight]. Inability to distinguish blue colors.
Acyclic (ilk-si k' -lik) [a priv ; KvuMKog, circular]. In
botany, not whorled.
Acyesis [ah-si-e'-sis) [a priv.; nvrjCLg, pregnancy].
I. Sterility of the female. 2. Non -pregnancy.
Acyetic [ak-si-et'-ik) [a priv.; Kvrjai^, pregnancy].
Relating to acyesis.
Acyprinoid iah-sip' -rin-oid) [n priv.; cyprinoid'^. In
biology, a region in the fauna of which the Cypri-
nid(C and Labyrinthici are wanting.
Acystia (ah-sis' -te-ali) [a priv.; Kvarig, bladder]. Ab-
sence of the bladder.
Acystinervia [ah-sis-tin-er' -ve-ali) [a priv. ; kvctk;,
bladder; ncrvus, a nerve]. Paralysis or lack of nerve
stimulus in the bladder.
Ad \ad, to]. A Latin prefix of words and terms, signi-
fying to, toward, at, etc. Ad deliquiiitn. to fainting.
Ad libitum, at pleasure, or according to discretion.
Ad, or Add. A contraction of Adde, or Additur,
meaning, add, or let there be added ; used in prescrip-
tion writing.
Pt.dLaiCrya. [ah-dak^ -re-ah) [apriv.; dd/cpjjoi', tear]. Ab-
sence or deficiency of the secretion of tears.
Adactyl [ah-dak' -til) [(i priv.; (5d/crii/lof, digit]. I.
Without fingers or without toes. 2. A monstrosity
that has an absence of digits.
Adactylia (ah-dak-til' -e-ah) \a priv. ; 6aKTV%oq, a fin-
ger]. Absence of the digits.
Adactylism [ah-dak' -til-izm) [d priv. ; (Jd/crD/'ujf, a
finger]. The absence of the digits.
Adactylous (ah-dak' -fil-tis) [d priv.; ^aKTvKoq, a fin-
ger]. Without fingers or toes. In biology, without
claws.
Adaemonia {ad-e-mo' -ne-ah'). See Ademonia.
Adamantin (ad-am-an' -tin) [d(5d/iaf, from d priv.;
(Sa//dff;j;, to overpower]. Pertaining to adamant. A.
Cement, a substance used for filling teeth, consisting
of finely powdered silex or pumice stone mixed with
an amalgam of mercury and silver. See Amalgam.
A. Substance, the enamel of the teeth.
Adambulacral (ad-aiu-bii-la'-kral) \ad, against; aiii-
bulacrzim']. In biology, adjoining the ambulacra, as
certain ossicles in echinoderms.
Adamita (ail-am-i' -tali) [L.]. A white vesical calculus.
Adam's Apple (ad'-ainz ap'-pl). See Pomum Adami.
A. Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Adansonia digitata ( ad-aii-so' -ne-ah dij-it-a' -tah ) .
The Baobab tree, a native of Africa. The bark is used
in the form of an infusion, 3] to Oj, as a remedy for
intermittent fever. Unof.
Adansonin (ad-an'-so-nin). A febrifugal alkaloid
from the leaves and bark of Adansonia Dii^itata.
Unof.
Adaptation (ad-ap-ta' -shoii) \_adaptare , to adjust]. In
biology, favorable organic modifications suiting a plant
or animal to its environment. A. of the Retina,
the faculty possessed by the retina of accommodating
the power of vision to a diminished amount of light, as
in a darkened room.
Adarce (ad-ar' -se) [dfWp/c/;, a salty efflorescence]. A
salty alkaline concretion found in salt-marshes in Asia
Minor. It is detergent and has been much used in
leprosy and skin diseases. Unof.
Adarticulation (ad-ar-tik-u-la' -shun) \ad, to ; articula-
tio, a jointing]. See Arthrodia.
Addephagia (ad-e-fa' -je-ah) [L.]. See Bulimia.
Adder's-tongue (ad' -erz-tung). The leaves of Ophio-
glossum vulgatum , a common perennial herb ; muci-
laginous, and used in the preparation of salves. Unof.
A. -wort (ad' -erz-wert) . See Bistort.
Add'ison's Disease. Melasma suprarenale, dermato-
melasma-supra-renale, or cutis aerea (" bronzed skin "),
a disease of the supra-renal capsules, first described by
Dr. Addison, and characterized by tubercular infiltra-
tion of the capsules, discoloration of the skin, progres-
sive anemia, and asthenia, ending in death from exhaus-
tion. See Diseases, Table of. A. Keloid. See
Keloid and Morphea.
Additamentum (ad-it-am-en'-tHm)\\^.'\. Any appen-
dix, as an epiphysis. A. Coli, the appendix vermi-
formis.
Adducens (ad-du' -senz) [L.]. An adductor, a term
applied to certain muscles. A. Oculi, the internal
rectus muscle of the eye.
Adducent (ad-du' -sent) \_adducens\ Performing ad-
duction.
Adduction (ad-duk' -shun) \adductio ; addiicere, to
bring toward]. Any movement whereby a part is
brought toward another or toward the median line of
the body. A. of the Eyes, the power of the internal
recti measured by the maximum ability to preserve
singleness of the image with prisms placed bases to-
ward the temples. It varies from 30° to 50°. See
also Abduction.
Adductive (ad-duk' -ti-') \_adducens'\. Same as Addu-
cent.
Adductor [ad-duk' -tor) \cidducere, to bring forward].
Any muscle effecting adduction.
Adelarthrosomatous {ad-el-ar-thro - so' - mat -us) [d
priv.; (i?/Aof, manifest; d/j^ypoj^, joint ; aioija, body]. In
biology, indistinctly segmented, or articulated.
Adelaster (ad-el-as' -ter) [drb/Aof, not manifest; iiari/p,
star] . In biology, a cultivated plant that for the
time being cannot be referred to its proper genus.
Adelocodonic (ad'-el-o-ko-don'-ik) [d'5///of, not mani-
fest; Ku6uv, a bell]. In biology, lacking a disc or
umbrella ; said of a gonophore.
Adelomorphous (ad-el-o-mor' -fis) \hSrfko^,no\. evident ;
fiopfi], form]. Not delomorphous ; not clearly defined ;
not having a determinate form (a term applied to
certain cells in the gastric glands.)
Adelopneumona (ad-el-op-nu' -mo-nah) [dtS^y/too, not
manifest; Trvivjiuv, lung]. In biology, the Pulmoni-
fera among gasteropods, the pulmonary cavity being
hidden by the mantle.
ADELOPOD
44
ADENO-MYOMA
Adelopod, Adelopode {a-de' -lo-pod, -pod) [ac5;?/i,of , not
manifest ; Trorf, foot] . In biology, an animal with con-
cealed or inconspicuous feet.
Adelphia (ad-el' -fe-ah) [adeXt/xic, brotherhood]. In
biology, a group of stamens united by their filaments.
Adelphous [ad-el' -fus) [oJEA^rff , brotherhood] . Having
stamens with more or less coalescent filaments.
Pi.A&moTixa^ (ad-e-mo' -ne-ah) [dpriv.; (S/z/zofm, trouble,
distress]. Mental distress.
Ademosyne (ad-e-mos' -in-e') \a,6riuo(5vvri , trouble, dis-
tress]. Depression of spirits ; home-sickness.
Aden [a' -den) \_iM/v, an acorn, a gland]. A gland; a
bubo. A. Fever. See Dengue. A. Ulcer. See
Phagedena tropica.
Adenalgia {ad-en-al' -je-ah) [dtJ^j;, gland ; dAyof, pain].
Glandular pain.
Adenectopia [ad-en-ek-to' -pe-ah) \a&riv, gland ; cktotto^,
away from a place]. A condition in which the gland
does not occupy its proper position.
Adenemphraxis [ad-en-em-fraks' -is) [d(5//t', gland ;
efifpa^ii;, a stoppage]. Glandular olsstruction.
Adenia [ad-e' -ne-ah) \a6>tv, gland]. Enlargement of
the glands; Lymphadenoma , q. v.
Adenic [ad-en' -ik) \a&riv, gland]. Relating to or of
the nature of a gland.
Adeniform [ad-en' -e-foi-m) [dd/yi', gland ; foi'iiia, resem-
blance]. Of the shape of a gland ; glandlike.
Adenin [ad'-en-in) [dciz/i', a gland — first discovered in
pancreatic glands], C-HjNj. A leucomaine discov-
ered in 1885 by Kossel ; the simplest member of the
uric acid group of leucomaines. A relation exists
between hydrocyanic acid and all the members of this
group, and the base, adenin, seems to be formed by
polymerization of hydrocyanic acid. It occurs, with
other bases, as a decomposition product of nuclein, and
may be obtained from all animal and vegetable tissues
rich in nucleated cells. It crystallizes in leaflets with
pearly luster. It exists largely in the liver and urine
of leucocythemic patients, as a result of the breaking
up of the nucleated white blood corpuscles. It appears
to be necessary to the formation and building up of
organic matter, playing an important part, together
with guanin, in the physiological function of the cell
nucleus. Nuclein, the parent of adenin and guanin,
has been credited with a direct relation to the repro-
ductive powers of the cell. Adenin is not poisonous.
Its physiological action is not definitely known.
Adenitis [ad-en-i' -lis) [df5//i), gland ; inflammation] .
Inflammation of a gland. See Bubo and Lymphadeni-
tis.
Adenization [ad-en-i-za' -shun) \ji&iiv, a. gland]. Ade-
noid degeneration.
Adeno- [ad-e' -710) [dJ^i', gland]. A prefix used to de-
note relation to glands.
Adenoblast (f7(r'''-<'«-o-/Va.f/) [<i(5//v, a gland; /S/lacrri^c, a
germ]. Any functionally active gland-cell ; a cell that
assists in the glandular action.
Adeno-carcinoma [ad-e)i-o-kar-sin-o' -mah) [d(5?/i',
gland ; KapKivoi;, a cancer] . Adenoma blended with
carcinomatous elements.
Adenocarcinomatous ( ad - en-o-kar - sin - 0'- mat- us )
\af\iiv\ KapKivnc'\. Of the nature of adeno-carcinoma.
Adenocele [ad'-en-o-sel, or ad-en-o-se'-le) \_a(Si/v, gland ;
Ki/Xt/, a tumor]. See Adenoma.
Adenochirapsology [ad-en-o-ki-rap-sol' -o-je) \aN]V,
gland; ;\'f /'p, hand ; aTrrfO', to touch; /^dyof, treatise].
The obsolete doctrine of the healing of scrofula by the
touch of a king's hand.
Adeno-chondroma ( ad-en-o-kon-dro' -tnah ) [ a^ijv,
gland; ;i^(ii'f5pof, cartilage : pi., Adeno-chondromata~\.
A tumor consisting of both glandular and cartilaginous
tissue.
Adeno-cystoma [ad-en-o-sis-to' -mah) [d(5;/v, gland;
KvcTiq, bladder; otna, tumor]. A cystic adenoma.
Adenodiastasis [ad-en-o-di-as' -tas-is) \a6iiv, gland ;
Sidaraai^, separation]. I. Displacement of a gland.
2. Abnormal separation of a gland into distinct parts.
Adenodiastatic [ad-en-o-di-as-taf -ik) {ji&ijv, gland ;
fS;dcr-«(7/f, separation]. Relating to or marked by
adenodiastasis.
Adenodynia [ad-en-o-din' -e-ah) \_a6iiv, gland ; bSrvi/,
pain]. See Adenalgia.
Adeno-fibroma [ad-en-o-fi-bro' -mah) [drf^v, gland ;
fibra, a fiber]. A combination of adenoma and
fibroma.
Adenofibromatous [ad-en-o-fi-bro' -mat-US') [d(57/v,
gland; fibra, a fiber]. Of the nature of adeno-
fibroma.
Adenogenesis [ad-en-o-jen'-es-is) [drSz/i', a gland ; yivt-
(Tif , a creation]. The development of a gland.
Adenography [ad-en-og' -ra-fe) \aiMi\\ a gland ; ypd(l)eiv,
to write]. A treatise on the glandular system.
Adenoid (ff(/'-t7/-t>;V/) [dfiz/f, gland ; fw^of, resemblance].
Resembling a gland. A. Acne. See Lupus, Dissemi-
nated L-'ollicular . A. Body, the prostate gland. A.
Disease. Synonjta o{ Hodgkins^s Disease. A. Tis-
sue. See. Animal Tissue. A. Tumor. See Adenoma.
A. Vegetations, a term applied to an hypertrophy of
the adenoid tissue that normally exists in the naso-
pharynx. This hypertrophy is associated with the fol-
lowing characteristic symptoms : Vacant expression of
the child, open mouth, noisy breathing, more or less
impairment of the hearing, a hacking cough, a pecu-
liar muffling of the voice, and an enlargement of the
tonsils. The vegetations exert an injurious influence
on the physical development of the children so affected.
The most important predisposing cause is youth ; they
are met with in all classes of life and in all climates.
Treatment consists in the early and complete removal
of the growths.
Adenoidal [ad-en-oid'-al) \_a6iiv, a gland ; ehhg, an ap-
pearance]. Somewhat resembling a gland.
Adenologaditis [ad-en-o-log-ad-i'-tis) [hSi/v, a gland ;
/l-oydfJff, whites of the eyes; iti^, inflammation]. I.
Ophthalmia neonatorum. 2. Inflammation of the
glands and conjunctiva of the eyes.
Adenology [ad-en-ol' -o-je) [d(5/;i', gland; Pidyof, a dis-
course]. The science of the glandular system.
Adeno-lymphocele [ad-en-o-limf -o-s'el) [dfS?/i', gland;
lympha, lymph; «:?//.;/, tumor]. Dilatation of the
lymph-vessels and enlargement of the lymphatic
glands.
Adenoma [ad-en-o'-mah) \JiiM/v, gland; oi?m, tumor:
//. , Adenonmta'\ . A tumor that has sprung from a gland
or is constructed after the type of a secreting gland.
A. destruens, a destructive form of adenoma, in-
volving the stomach walls. A. sebaceum, neoplastic
papules on the face, of congenital origin but of later
development. The disease occupies the position of
acne rosacea, i. e., the middle two-thirds. The lesions
are roundish, convex papules, from a millet to a hemp-
seed in size, of a bright crimson color, but may be
quite colorless and slighdy translucent. They do
not pale on pressure. They are usually associated
with intellectual inferiority, a large proportion of the
patients being imbeciles or chronic epileptics.
Adenomalacia [ad-en-o-mal-a' -shc-ah) [d(5^/^', a gland;
Ha^fiKia, softening]. Abnormal softness of a gland.
Adenomesenteritis [ad-cn-o-mes-eii-ter-i' -lis) [d(!//v, a
gland; /naoQ, middle; evTepov, intestine; mc, inflam-
mation]. Inflammation of the mesenteric glands.
Adeno-myoma [ad-en-o-mi-o' -mah) [dfiz/f, a gland ;
/ii'f, a muscle; oma, tumor: //. , Adeno-myomata'\.
A tumor composed of glandular and muscular tissues.
ADENO-MYXOMA
45
ADIPOCERE
Adeno-myxoma [ad-en-o-niiks-o' -t)iak) [aSr/v, a gland ;
fi'v^a, mucous ; oi?ia, tumor : //. , Adeno-myxomata^ A
growth having the characters of adenoma and myxoma.
Adenoncosis {ad-en-on-ko' -sis) [(id;/ 1", a gland ; oynojatg,
swelling]. The enlargement of a gland.
Adenoncus [ad-en-ong'-kus) [adrjv, gland; oyfw^, a
mass] . A glandular tumor.
Ad'eno-ner''vous Fe'ver. Synonjon of Plague.
Adeno-neurotic {ad-en-o-iiu-rot' -ik) [adrjv, a gland ;
vevpov, nerve]. Pertaining to the glands and nerves.
A. Fever, the plague.
Adenopathy (ad-en-op' -a-the) [arfz/v, gland ; TrdSoc, dis-
ease]. Any disease of a gland or of the glands.
Adenopharyngitis ( ad-en-o-far-in-ji' -tis ) [ adijv, a
gland; (Jiipuyf , the throat; inflammation]. In-
flammation of the tonsils and pharynx.
Adenophlegmon (ad-en-o-fleg' -mon) \a.&riv, a gland ;
cfXiyyiovri, inflammation]. Suppurative inflammation
of a lymphatic gland.
Adenophore {ad-en' -o-for) [adz/v, a gland ; <pepeiv, to
bear]. In biology, the pedicle or stalk supporting a
nectar gland.
Adenophorous {ad-en-off' -o-rus) \a6r]v, a gland ; <pep£iv,
to bear]. Glandular, or gland-bearing.
Adenophthalmia (ad-en-off-thal' -me-ah) \a&r]v, gland;
'o<^i)aKjioq, the eye] . Inflammation of the Meibomian
glands.
Adenophthalmitis (ad-en-off-thal-mi'-tis). Same as
Adenophthalmia.
Adenophyllous {ad-en-off' -il-us) [aSijv, a gland ; (phX^MV,
a leaf]. In biology, with leaves which bear glands.
Adenophyma iad-en-o-fi' -mali) \a6rjv, gland ; (^vyua,
growth] . A swelling of a gland or ganglion ; a
bubo.
Adenopodous [ad-en-op' -o-dus) [iiSr/v, gland; ~orf,
foot]. In biology, bearing glands on the footstalk or
petiole.
Adeno-sarcoma (ad-en-o-sar-ko' -maK) \a&riv, a gland ;
crd/jf, flesh; owrt, a tumor: pi. , Adeno-sarcomata'\. A
tumor with the characters of adenoma and sarcoma.
Adeno-scirrhus ( ad-en-o-skij-' -us ) [ a&iiv, gland ;
aKippog^. Adenoma with scirrhous or carcinomatous
elements.
Adenosclerosis (ad-en-o-skle-ro' -sis') \_adriv, a gland ;
aiOnjpo^, hard]. A hardening of a gland, with or
without swelling.
Adenose (ad'-en-ds) [ad'//', gland]. Glandular;
abounding in glands ; gland-like.
Adenosis [ad-en-o' -sis) [ad'/i', a gland]. I. Any glandu-
lar disease. 2. Any chronic glandular disorder.
Adenotomy (ad-en-of -o-me) [ad'/i', a gland ; tout), a
cutting]. The anatomy of the glands; dissection or
incision of a gland.
Adenous [ad' -en-us) [ad^v, gland]. See Adenose.
Adenyl [ad'-en-il) \_adr]v, a gland], C5H^N^. A radicle
contained in adenin.
Adephagia {ad-e-fa' -je-ah) \a&r)ibnyia., gluttonous]. A
gluttonous appetite ; bulimia.
Adephagous [ad-ef -ag-ns) \a6rii^ayia\. Gluttonous.
Adeps {ad'-eps) [L., gen., Adipis\ Lard. The fat
obtained from the abdomen of the hog. Composed of
38 per cent, stearin and margarin, and 62 per cent,
olein. Forms 70 per cent, of ceratum and 80 of un-
guentum, q. v. A. anserinus, goose grease. A.
benzoinatus, contains two per cent, of benzoin. A.
ovillus, mutton suet. Adipis, Oleum, a fixed oil
expressed from lard. A., Preparatus (B. P.), puri-
fied fat of the hog. Ung. Simp., contains white wax,
benzoated lard, and almond oil. A. suillus, hog's
lard ; adeps.
Adepsin (ad-ep'-sin) \_adeps, lard]. A petrolatum
much like vaselin.
Adermia (ah-dei-' -me-ah) [a priv. ; (Up/ia, skin]. Ab-
sence or defect of the skin.
Adermonervia [ah-de7--mo-ner' -ve-ah) [ri priv. ; 6kpiia,
skin ; nervus, a nerve] . Loss or lack of nerve-stimulus
in the skin.
Adermotrophia [ah-der-mo-tj-o' -fe-ah) [a priv. ; 6tpiia,
skin; rpo(/);/, nutrition]. Atrophy of the skin.
Adesmia [ah-des' -me-ah). See AdesDty.
Adesmosis [ah-des-mo' -sis) [a priv.; dfdudf, a band].
Atrophy of the cutaneous connective tissue.
Adesmy (ah-des' -me) [udfff/zor, unfettered] . In botany,
the separation of parts normally entire or united.
Adglutinate (ad-glu'-tin-dt). Same as Agglutinate.
Adhatoda Vasica [ad-hat'-o-dah vas'-ik-ah). Mala-
bar nut; leaves of A . justicia , z. \.xe.e. of the order of
Acanthacese, growing in India. Expectorant and
anti-spasmodic. Dose of the fld. ext. 3 /4-j-
Adherence [ad-he' -rens) \adhcerere, to adhere]. See
Adhesion.
Adherent (ad-he' -rent) \adharere, to adhere] . In
botany, adnate ; the union of unlike structures.
Adhesion (aa'-,^i"'-z/«««) [aa'//(rr<»;r,tostickto]. Abnor-
mal union of two surfaces as a result of abrasion,
inflammation, etc. A., Primary, called also Healing
by first Intention and by Immediate Union, a method
of healing of wounds by the production of lymph,
followed by the vascularization and cicatrization of the
exudate. A., Secondary, or Healing by Second
Intention, or by Granulation, is that mode of healing
attended by the production of pus and the formation
of granulations. A., Plaster. See Emplastrum .
Adhesive [ad-he' -siv) \_adhierere, to adhere]. Sticky,
tenacious. A. Inflammation, inflammation accom-
panied by plastic exudation, and tending to the union
of apposed surfaces. It may be reparative in its effect,
as in wounds, or it may be injurious in its results,
as in some cases of pleurisy. A. Plaster. See Resin
and Emplastrum.
Adiantum [ad-e-an'-tum) [d priv. ; dmvrdf, wettable].
A genus of ferns ; the maiden-hair. A. capillus-
veneris and A. pedatum, of N. America, are service-
able in coughs. The demulcent and anti-hectic
remedv, capillaire, is prepared from the former.
Unof. '
Adiaphoresis [ah-di-af-o-re' -sis) [d priv. ; SiacpopEvetv,.
to perspire]. Deficient sweat.
Adiaphoretic (ah-di-af-o-ref -ik) [d priv. ; Siacpopeveiif,
to perspire]. Reducing the sweat ; anidrotic.
Adiaphorous (ad-i-af -or-us) \a6ia(^opoq, indifferent].
Neutral ; inert ; doing neither harm nor good.
Adiapneustia [ah-de-ap-nus' -te-ah) [d priv. ; 6ia-vtv-
areeiv, to perspire]. A stoppage of perspiration.
Adiathesia (ah-di-ath-e' -se-ah) [d priv. ; didtieoK;. con-
dition]. A condition or particular disease that is.
not congenital.
Adiathesic (ah-di-ath-e' -sik) [d priv. ; Hiddeaic:, con-
dition]. Not connected with any diathesis.
Adiathetic (ah-di-ath-et'-ik) [d priv. ; dtddeatc, condi-
tion]. Adiathesic.
Adicity (ad-is' -it-e). In chemistry, combining capacity,,
according as an element or a compound is a monad,
dyad, etc. Same as Valency.
Adinin (ad' -in-in). See Adenin.
Adipate (ad'-ip-dt) \adeps, fat]. Any salt of adipic
acid.
Adipic (ad-ip'-ik) \adeps, lard]. Of or belonging to
fat. A. Acid. See Acid.
Adipoceration (ad-ip-os-er-a'-shun) [_adeps, iaX; cera,
wax]. The formation of adipocere.
Adipocere (ad'-ip-o-ser) \_adeps, fat ; ca-a, wax]. A wax-
like substance formed by the exposure of fleshy tissue
to moisture, with the exclusion of air, 2. e., in the
ADIPOGENOUS
46
ADVANCEMENT
earth or under water. It consists of the fatty acids in
combination with the alkaline earths and ammonium.
Human bodies in moist burial places often undergo
this change.
Adipogenous {ad-ip-of -en-us) \_adeps, fat ; gignere, to
produce]. That which produces fat and adipose tissue.
P^A\.'povs\SL{ad-ip-o' -iiiali)\_adeps ^izX; uwiz, a tumor : pL,
Adipoinala\ A fatty tumor ; lipoma.
Adipomatous [ad-ip-o' -)iiat-iis) \_adLps, fat ; oma, a
tumor]. Of the nature of adipoma.
Adipose [ad'-ip-os] \_adLps , {0.1]. Eatty. A. Fin, the
fleshy, rayless, dorsal fin of some fishes. A. Tissue,
fat cells united by connective tissue ; distributed ex-
tensively through the body. It is composed of triolein,
tripalmitin, and tristearin, and is liquid during life or
at the temperature of the living body.
Adiposis {ad-ip'-o-sis) \_adtps, fat; o^/^, state]. Cor-
pulence ; fatty degeneration ; fatty infiltration. A.
hepatica, fatty degeneration or infiltration of the
liver.
Adipositas [ad-ip-os'-it-as) [L.]. Fatness; corpulency.
AAi^osiXy (ad-!p-os'-it-e). Fatness; corpulency.
Adipsia {ali-dip' -se-aJi) [d priv. ; (5('i/ia, thirst]. Absence
of thirst.
Adipsic (ah-dip'-sik) [d priv. ; diipa, thirst]. Pertain-
ing to adipsia ; quenching thirst.
Adipsous (ah-dip'-siis) [a priv. ; diipa, thirst]. Quench-
ing thirst.
Aditus (ad'-ii-iis) \_ad, to ; ii'e, to go]. In anatomy, an
entrance, as to any one of the radial canals of a sponge.
A. laryngis, the entrance to the larynx.
Ad'jective Col'oring Mat''ter. See Figments, Colors,
and Dye-stuff's.
Adjuster {ad-Jus' -ter) [Fr. , adjuster, to adjust]. lie
who or that which adjusts. A device formerly used
for the forcible reduction of dislocations.
Adjust'ing CoKlar. See Collar.
Adjust'ment, Coarse. Commonly, the rack and
pinion for raising or lowering the tube of a microscope
a considerable distance without lateral deviation.
A., Fine, the micrometer screw generally at the top of
the column of a microscope for raising or lowering the
tube slowly through a short distance.
.Adjuvant [rt^/^V^vz/r, to assist]. A medicine
that assists the action of another to which it is added.
Admortal {ad-inor' -tal) \_ad,\.o; mors, mortis,
Moving from living muscular tissue toward that which
is dead or dying, as electric currents.
Adnascent ((Z^;'-««.t'-('«/) \_ad,Xa\ ?zajr?', to grow]. In
biology, growing upon or attached to something.
Adnata (ad-iia'-tah) [ad, to; nasci, to be born, to
grow]. I. The tuniea adnata ; the conjunctiva; more
correctly, a tendinous expansion of the muscles of the
eye ; it lies between the sclerotic and the conjunctiva.
2. One of the coats of the testicle. In zoology,
appendages of the skin, as scales, hair, feathers.
Adnate (ad'-nat) \adnatus, grown to]. In biology,
congenitally attached or united.
Adnation (ad-iia' -shun) \_adnatus, grown to]. The
state of being adnate.
Adnerval (ad-ner'-2>al) \^ad, to; nervus, a nerve].
Moving toward a nerve ; said of electric currents in
muscular fiber.
Adneural (ad-nu'-ral) \_ad, to; ve'vpov, a nerve]. A
_term used to describe a nervous affection in which the
disease is at the very point of the symptoms exclusively,
as in the fonn of an adventitious de])osit.
Adnexa (ad-neks' -ali) \_ad, to; nectere, to joint: //.].
Adjunct parts, as the adnexa of the uterus. A. bulbi,
the appendages of the bulb of the eye.
Adolescence [ad-o-les'-ens) [adolescere, to grow].
Youth, or the period between puberty and maturity,
usually reckoned as extending in males from about 1410
25 years, and in females from 12 to 21 years.
Adonidin (ad-on'-id-in) \_Adottis'\. A glucosid derived
from Adonis vernalis, a plant indigenous in Europe
and Asia. Recommended in cardiac dropsy. Dose
gr. i/g-X- "Unof.
Adonis aestivalis [ad-o'-nis es-tiv-a' -lis). A plant
much used in Italy as a cardiac tonic. Similar pro-
perties possessed by A. -I'ernalis. Dose of fld. ext.
tTLj-ij. A. Tinctura, dose TTLx-xxx.
Adoral (ad-o'-ra!) \_ad, near to ; os, the mouth].
Situated near the mouth.
Adosculation [ad-os-ku-la'-s/iun) \_ad,io; osrulari, to
kiss]. Impregnation by external contact without intro-
mission.
Adpressed, or Appressed (ad-presd' or ap-resd') \_ad-
pressHS~\. Brought into contact with but not united.
Adradial [ad-ra'-de-al) \_ad, near to; radizts, a ray].
Near a ray, as the third series of tentacles in certain
hydrozoons. Cf. Interradial, Perradial.
Adradii [ad-ra'-de-i) \^ad, near to; radiits, a ray].
Special organs lying between the perradii and inter-
radii of medusas.
Adrectal [ad-rek'-tal) [aj/, near by ; rectus, straight].
In biology, near the rectum, as certain glands.
Adrenal {ad-re'-nal) \_ad, near to; ren, the kidney]. In
biology, adjacent to the kidney.
Adrenals (ad-rc' -nalz) [ad, near to ; re?i, the kidney].
The supra-renal capsules.
A''drian's Mix''ture. A hemostatic mixture containing
chloride of iron 25 parts, chloride of sodium 15 parts,
and water 60 parts.
Adrostral {ad-ros' -tral) \ad, to, at; rorfrz^w, beak].
In biology, belonging to or placed near the beak or
snout.
Adrue [ad-ru' -e). Anti-emetic root. The root of Cy-
perus articulatus. Strongly recommended to check
black vomit of yellow fever; anthelmintic, aromatic,
stomachic. Dose of the fld. ext. gtt. xx-xxx. Unof.
Adscendent (ad-sen' -dent). See Ascending.
Adstriction [ad-strik'-sliun) \_adstrictis, a binding],
liigation ; astringent action ; constipation.
Adsurgent, or Assurgent [ad-ser' -pent, as-ser' -jent)
\_ad, to ; surgere, to rise]. Same as Ascending.
Adterminal [ad-ter' -iiiin-al) [ad, near to; terminus,
the end]. Moving toward the insertion of a muscle;
said of electric currents in muscular fiber.
Adul Oil. An oil used in India for treating rheumatism.
Adult [ad-ult') [adolesce?-e , adultus, to grow]. Mature ;
of full legal age. One of mature age. A. Sporadic
Cretinism. See Myxedema.
Adulteration (ad-ul-ter-a'-s/iun) \adulterare, to cor-
rupt]. The admixture of inferior, impure, inert, or
less valuable ingredients to an article for gain, decep-
tion, or concealment. Medicines, wines, foods, etc.,
are largely adulterated.
Adumbrella [ad-um-hrel' -ah). In biology, the upper
surface of the velum in the medusae, the opposite of
exumbrella or Abumhrella.
Adumbrellar [ad-um-brel' -ar). In biology, pertaining
to the upper or outer surface of the velum in the
medusx ; opposed to abumbrellar.
Aduncous [ad-ung' -kus) [ad, to ; uncus, a hook, barb].
In biology, hooked, as the bill of a parrot or hawk.
Adust [ad-ust') [<Z(/z<,f/z«, burned up]. Hot and dry;
parched.
Adustion ((Z^Z-z/j'-r/zz/zz) [;7</z«/z/j-, burned up]. I. The
quality of being adust. 2. Cauterization.
Advancement (ad-Tans'-ment) [M. E. , avancement].
An operation to remedy strabismus, generally in con-
junction with tenotomy, whereby the opposite tendon
from the over-acting one, having been cut, is brought
ADVENTITIA
47
^ROCOMIA SCLEROCARPA
forward, so that, growing fast in a more advanced
position, it shall have more power to act upon the
globe of the eye. A., Capsular, an operation similar
to that on the tendon upon Tenon's capsule. It
must be distinguished from advancement by the fact
that the tendon itself is not divided.
Adventitia [ad-ven-fish'-e-a/i) \_advenfifhis , foreign].
The external covering or coat of the blood-vessels.
Adventitious (ad-ven-tish'-ns) \_adve/ititius, foreign].
Accidental, foreign, acquired, as opposed to natural
or hereditary ; occurring out of the ordinary or normal
place or abode.
Adventive (ad-ven'-tiv). In biology, an incompletely
naturalized exotic.
Adverse [nd'-vers) \_adversiis, opposite]: In biology,
turned or directed toward the axis.
Adversifoliate (ad-ver-se-jV de-at) \_advenus, opposite;
folium, leaf]. See AdversifoHous.
Adversifolious [ad-ver-se-fo' de-iis) [fidve/sus, opposite ;
foliwn, leaf]. In biology, having opposite leaves.
Adynamia (cih-din-a' -ine-ali) [d priv. ; power].
Deficiency or loss of vital or muscular power.
Adynamic [ah-din-am' -ik) [d priv. ; 6'vvafiL(;, power].
Pertaining to or characterized by adynamia. A.
Fever. Synonym for Typhus Fever, q. v.
/E-. See £-.
.fficidioform (e-sid'-e-o-forni) [aktn, a wheal ; forma,
form]. See JEcidiostage.
iEcidiomycetes (e-sid-e-o-mi-se' -tez) [ni/c/a, a wheal ;
f-ivKr/r, a fungus]. /Ecidium fungi, including many of
the rusts, blights, and mildews,
.^cidiospore {e-sid' -e-o-spor) \_aiKta, a wheal ; CTropa,
seed, spore]. In biology, a fungal spore developed by
abstriction in a member of the genus .'Ecidiu7n.
.fficidiostage (e-sid' -e-o-staj) [ai/c/'a, a wheal; M. E. ,
stage]. The first stage in the reproduction of uredine
fungi. Same as ^'Ecidioform.
.fficidium [e-sid' -e-uin) [al/c/a, a wheal; di»i. , idiov^.
The cup-shaped organ producing the secidiospores in
the uredine fungi,
.ffidoeagra [e-de-a'-grak). See Edeagra.
.ffidcEatrophia (e-de-at-ro' -fe-ali). See Edeatrophia.
.ffidoeauxe [e-de-atiks'-e). See Edeauxe.
.ffidoeitus [e-de-i'-tis). See Edeitis.
.ffidoeodynia [e-de-o-din'-e-ah). See Edeodynia.
.ffidoeogargalismus (e-de-o-gar-gai-iz'-mz^s). See Edeo-
gargalismus.
.ffidoeography [e-de-og'-ra-fe). See Edeography.
.ffidoeology [e-de-ol'-o-je). See Edeology.
.ffidcEomania (e-de-o-ma' -ne-aK). See Edeomaiiia.
.ffidoeomycodermitis [e-de-o-mi-ko-der-mi'-tis). See
Edeomycoderm it is.
.^dceopsy [e-de' -op-se). See Edeopsy.
./Edceoptosis (e-de-op-to'-sis). See Edeoptosis.
..^dcEOSCopy (e-de-os' -ko-pe). See Edeoscopy.
.ffidoeotomy (e-de-of o-ine). See Edeotomy.
iEgagropila (e-gag-rop' -il-ah). Plural of Aigagropiius.
.ffigagropilus (e-gag-rop' -il-us) \_aiyaypoq, a wild goat ;
TTt/lof, felt]. An intestinal concretion formed of hair,
found in animals and occasionally in man. A bezoar.
.rEgllops (e'-jil-ops). See Egilops.
.ffigithognathous (e-jith-og' -na-thus') \alySo<;, the
hedge-sparrow; yi'dffof, jaw]. Characterized by having
an anteriorly truncated vomer in union with the ali-
nasal wall and turbinals, as in passerine birds.
.ffigobronchophony (c-go-brong-koff'-o-ne). See Ego-
bronchophonv.
.ffigonia (e-go' -ne-ah) [L.]. A minor or slight egophony.
./Egophony (e-goff' -o-ne). See Egophony.
2&gypX.\aL xAzQia. {e-jip'-she-ah zil'-ser-ah) [L.]. Egyp-
tian ulcers ; a form of ulceration of the tonsils and
fauces.
.ffiipathia (ah-ip-ath' -e-ah) ^deiTraSeia, from aei, always;
TTofof, a suffering]. Constant and incurable suffering.
jEluropodous (e-ht-rop' -o-dus) [ajAonpof, cat ; t^o'vq,
foot]. Cat-footed.
.ffiluropsis (e!-u-rop'-sis) [ai/i.tjpof, cat ; 6i/'(f, appear-
ance]. Obliquity of the eye or of the palpebral
fissure.
.ffiquabiliter justo major, or minor Pelvis (e-kzva-
bil'-it-er). See Pelvis.
.Equator Oculi [e-kwa'-tor ok'-zi-li). See Equator.
.Equilibrium (e-kwil'-ib' -re-uiii). See Equilibrium.
Aer (a' -cr). See Air.
Aerated (a'-er-a-ted) [d^/j. the atmosphere]. Impreg-
nated or charged with carbon dioxid or air.
Aeration (a-er-a' -shun) [d//p, air]. The process of
supplying or charging with air or with some gas,
such as carbon dioxid ; the state of being supplied
with air or gas.
Aerenchyma (a-er-en'-kii?i-ah) [d//p, air; tyxi''-^! to
pour]. In biology, cork-like plant tissue.
Aerendocardia (a-er-eii-do-kar' -de-ah) [d//p, air ; tvi\ov,
within; /capdia, heart]. The existence of air within
the heart.
Aerenterectasia (a-er-ezi-ter-ek-ta' -se-ah) \jiiip, air;
tv-apov, intestine; inTaaiq, distention]. Flatulence;
distention of the abdomen by gas within the intes-
tines.
Aerhemoctonia (a-er-hem-ok-to' -ne-ali) [d?/p, air ; auia,
blood; KToi'of, killing]. Death by the entrance of air
into the veins.
Aerhemotoxia (a-er-hem-o-toks'-e-ali) [d/yp, air; aljxa,
blood; rof(/idv, poison]. Aerhemoctonia.
Aerial (a-e'-re-al). Pertaining to the air. A. Fistula.
See Fistula.
Aeriferous {a-er-if'-e7--2is) \aiip, air; ferre, to bear].
Conveying air, as the trachea and its branches.
Aerification (a-er-if-ik-a' -shun) [afjp, air; facere, to
make]. l. The process of charging with air; the
state of being charged with air. 2. Emphysema.
Aerifluxus (a-er-if-luks' -us) [d//p, air; jfiuxus, flow].
Any abnormal escape of air, as by belching, flatulence,
etc.
Aeriperitonia [a-er-ip-er-it-o-ne'-ah) [d?/p, air; irfp/,
around; r£jw;v, to stretch]. Peritoneal tympanites.
Aerobe (a'-er-ob) \_arip, air; P'log, life]. One of the
aerobia. .See Aerobic.
Aerobia (a-er-o' -be-ah) [d;/p, air; /S/of, life]. Plural
of Aerobe. Organisms that require air or free oxygen
for the maintenance of life. A., Facultative, organ-
isms normally or usually anaerobic, but under certain
circumstances acquiring aerobic power.
Aerobic (a-er-db'-ik) [d?/p, air; |8/of, life]. Requiring
oxygen (air) in order to live. A term applied to those
bacteria requiring free oxygen. Those that do not
grow in its presence are called anaerobic. Between
these extremes there are forms that are able to grow
without oxygen under favorable conditions, though
they make use of it when present ; others that may
grow in its presence, though flourishing best in its
absence ; these are called respectively facultative
aerobes or facultative anaerobes, in distinction
from those first mentioned, which are called obliga-
tory aerobes or anaerobes.
Aerobiosis (a-er-o-bi-o'-sis) [d^p, air; |8/'of, life]. Life
that requires the presence of air, or free oxygen.
Aerobiotic (n-er-o-bi-of -ik) SJilip, air ; [Siij-ikoi;, pertain-
ing to life]. Thriving only in the presence of free
oxygen.
.ffirocomia sclerocarpa [e-ro-ko' -me-ah skle-ro-kar' -
pah). A South American plant, very popular as a
remedy in leucorrhea, diarrhea, and albuminuria. It
is astringent. Unof.
AEROCONISCOPE
48
ESTIVATION
Aeroconiscope [a-er-o-koii' -is-kd/') [al/p, air ; K6vig,
dust ; OKonav, to inspect]. A device for collecting
dust from the air for microscopical observation.
Aerocyst [a'-cr-o-sis/) [ai/p, a\r; Kvarig, bladder]. In
biology, the air-bladder of sea-weeds.
Aerodermectasia (a-er-o-der-mek-ta' -se-ah') air;
dijijia, skin; eKraaic, distention]. Surgical emphy-
sema ; distention of the subcutaneous connective tis-
sue by air.
Aeroenterectasia lya-e7--o-en-ier-ek-ia' -se-aJi) \aiip, air ;
(VTepov, intestine ; eKractg, dilatation]. Distention of
the bowels with gas.
Aerognosy [a-er-og' -no-se) [(i'/p, air ; yvuaic, knowl-
edge]. See Aerology.
Aerography (a-er-og' -ra-fe) \_(ir/p, air ; ypd<j>t], a writing].
The description of the air and its qualities.
Aerohydropathy {a-er-o-hi-drop' -a-the) [(i'/jo, air ; iiJup,
water; Trfiflor, disease]. Pneumatic treatment of dis-
ease, combined with hydropathy.
Aerohydrous {a-er-o-hi' -dnis) \a>ip, air; vt^up, water].
Containing air and water, as certain minerals.
Aerology (rt-cr-o/'-f-yt') [fi'/p, air; Aoyof, treatise]. The
science of the air and its qualities.
Aerometer {a-er-oin' -et-c>-) [<i'//j, air; ^frpoi', a measure].
An instrument for ascertaining the density of gases.
Aerometry [a-er-om' -et-i-e) [a?/p,air; //frpoi', a measure].
The science of measuring the density of gases.
Aerophobia [a-er-o-fo'-be-aJi) [(i'/p, air; </K5/3of, fear].
Dread of a current of air ; a symptom of hydrophobia
and hysteria.
Aerophoby (a'-cr-o-fo-bc) \Jif/p, air; <p6(in^, fear]. See
Aeropliohia.
Aerophone (a'-er-o-fdi?) [aijp. air; (jiuvi], sound]. An
instrument for increasing the amplitude of sound-
waves.
Aerophore {a' -er-o-for) [arjp, air ; (pnpe'iv, to carry]. I.
A device for the inflation of the lungs of a still-born
child with air. 2. A breathing apparatus to be used
by firemen and others, to prevent the inhalation of
noxious gases.
Aerophyte {a-er-o-fit) [«'/p, air; <^[>tov, plant]. An air-
plant.
Aeropinic {a-er-o-pin'-ik) [(i//p, air; Tr/jif/i', to drink].
Affected with the habit of wind-sucking. Applied to
a horse that habitually bites his crib or manger and
swallows air.
Aeroplethysmograph {a-er-o-pleth-iz' -mo-graf) \jiiip,
air; wXfjdo^, fulness; y paix ii\ io write]. An appara-
tus for registering graphically the expired air ; the
latter raises a very light and carefully equipoised box
placed over water, and this moves a writing-style.
Aeropneumonectasia (a-er-op-nn-mo-nek-ta' -se-ah^
\iuip, air; -vel'iiuv, the lung; turaaiQ, distention].
Emphysema of the lungs.
Aerorrhachia (a-er-o-ra' -ke-ah) [a';p, air; paxic, the
spine]. An accumulation of air or gas in the spinal
canal.
Pi'&TOSCQ'psy (a-er-o-skfp'-st'] [az/p, air ; (T/cfi/'/f, a view-
ing]. In zoology, the power of perceiving atmos-
pheric changes.
Aeroscope ((j'-t'r-f-j'/f'o/) [(i'/p, air; fr/i-oTrriv, to observe].
An instrument for the examination of air-dust. Also,
an instrument for estimating the purity of the air.
Aeroscopy {a-er-os' -ko-pe) \_arip, air ; (jKOTrelv, to
observe]. The investigation of atijiospheric condi-
tions.
Aerosis ia-er-o'-sis) [(dpeaOai, to htcomt air]. Gas for-
mation within the body.
Aerotherapeutics [a-e-ro-ther-a-pu' -tiks) [a//p, air ;
fte/jnireiietv, to serve]. Pneumatotherapeutics ; a mode
of treating disease by varying the pressure or the com-
position of the air breathed.
Aerotherapy {a-er-o-ther' -a-pe) [a^p, air ; OepaTzehetv, to
serve]. .See Aerotherapeutics.
Aerothorax {a-er-o-tho' -i-aks) [a?;p, air ; dcopa^, the
chest]. See P)ieiimothorax.
Aerotonometer (a-er-o-to-iioni'-ef-er) [al/p, air ; roi'of,
tension ; pf-poi', measure]. An instrument for estimating
the tension of gases in the blood.
Aerotropism [a-er-of -ro-pizjii) [a^p, air ; Tptireiv, to
turn]. In biology, the deflection of roots from the
normal direction of growth by the action of gases.
Aerourethroscopy (a-er-o-ii-reth' -ro-sko-pe) [n^/p, air ;
o'vpi/Hpa, urethra; okotteiv, to examine]. Urethroscopy
conjoined with inflation of the urethra with air.
Aerozoa (a-cr-o-zo'-ak) [ai/p, air; fwop, animal]. Same
as Aerobia.
Aerteriversion (a-er-ter-iv-er' -shtni) [a?)p, air ; Ttjpieiv,
to hold ; vertere, to turn]. A method of arresting
hemorrhage by everting the cut end of an artery, in-
vaginating the vessel in itself and fixing the parts by a
needle.
Aerteriverter (a-er-ter-iv-e?-' -ter) [af/p, air ; Tr/peeiv, to
hold ; vertere, to turn]. An instrument used in per-
forating aerteriversion.
.ffiruginous (e-ru' -jin-us). See Eruginous.
iErugo (e-ru' -go) [L. , gen. Ai.ruginis\. I. Rust of a
metal. 2. Subacetate of copper. IE,. Ferri, the
subcarbonate of iron. IE.. Plumbi, lead carbonate,
or subcarbonate.
.ffirumna [e-rum' -nah) [L.]. Mental distress, or
mental and physical distress combined.
.ffis {ez) [L.]. Copper or brass. See Copper.
./Eschrolalia (es-kro-la'-le-ah). See Eschrolalia
.ffischromythesis {es-kro-mi-the' -sis). See Eschroiny-
thesis.
.^sculin lyCs' -ku-lin). See Escidin.
.^sculus hippocastanum (es'-ku-lus kip-o-kas' -ta-
nnin) [L. ]. Horse-chestnut. The fruit of the com-
mon " buckeye," or horse-chestnut. Recommended
in hemorrhoids. Dose gr. iij. Unof.
.^states (es-ta'-tez) [L. ,/>/.]. Freckles, or sunburn.
See Eplielis and Lentigo.
.ffisthacyte (es'-tka-slt) [alaOrjci^, feeling; k'vtoq, a
cell]. In biology, one of the sense-cells of sponges,
discovered by Stewart.
.^sthematology (es-tlie-mat-ol' -o-je). See Esthema-
tology.
.^sthesia {cs-the' -ze-ali). See Esthesia.
yEsthesin \cs' -the-sin). See Esthesin.
.^sthesiogen [es-the' -se-o-jen). See Esthesiogen.
.ffisthesiography (es-the-se-og' -ra-fe). .See Esthesiog-
raph V.
.ffisthesiology {es-tJie-se-oF -o-je). See Eslhesiology.
iEsthesiomania [es-the-se-o-ma' -ne-aJi). See Esthesio-
inania.
.ffisthesiometer [es-the-se-om'-et-er). See Esthesio?n-
eter.
.^sthesiometry {es-the-se-om'-et-re). See Esthesiom-
etry.
jEsthesioneurosis [es-the-se-o-nu-ro' -sis). See Esthc-
sionetirosis .
.ffisthesis (es-t/ie'-sis). See Esthesis.
jEsthesodic (es-the-sod'-ik). See Esthesodic.
^Esthete {es'-thet) \_a\ot^riT()(:. perceived by the senses].
In biology, one of the sense-organs of the Chitonida
described by Moseley.
iEsthetica {es-thef -ik-ali) laiaftt/nic, perception by the
senses]. Diseases characterized by impairment or
abolition of any of the senses.
iEsthophysiology (es-tho-fiz-e-ol'-o-je). See Estho-
p/ivsiotogv.
iEstival (es'-tiv-al). See Estival.
iEstivation [es-tiv-a' -shun). See Estivation.
^STUARIUM
49
AGALAXY
^stuarium {es-tu-a' -re-iiiit). See Estuarium.
^stuation (es-ht-a'-shun). See Estuation.
IE.%X\!l^ [es' -his) [L.]. Heat; especially a flushing, or
sudden glow of heat. volaticus, wildfire rash ;
strophulus.
IS.\z.^ {e'-tas) [L.]. Age; a period of life. See
.ffithalium {e-tha' -le-um) [a«fe/lof, smoke, soot (refer-
ring to the spores)]. In biology, a placentoid com-
pound Plasmodium formed by certain mycetozoa, e. g. ,
the flowers of tan.
iEther {e'-ther). See Ether.
.ffitherism (e' -ther-izni). See Etherism.
.ffithiopification {e-the-op-if-ik-a'-shiin). See Ethiopi-
jication.
.^thiopiosis {e-the-op-e-o' -sis). See Ethiopiosis.
.ffithiops {e' -the-ops) [aW/oi/), an Ethiopian]. An old
term for any black mineral powder' used in medicine.
iE. antimonialis, a black triturate of mercury,
antimony, and sulphur, made after several distinct
formula. IS., martialis, black iron deutoxid. IE,.
mineralis, black amorphous triturate of mercury with
sulphur, in various proportions.
.ffithusa {e-thu' -sail). See Ethusa.
.^thusin [e-thii' -sin). Ste Efkushi.
.Etiology {e-te-oV -o-je). See Etiology.
Afebrile [ak-fe'-bril) [ (i priv. ; febrilis, feverish].
Without fever.
Afetal [ak-fe'-tat) [d priv. ; fetus, an offspring]. With-
out a fetus.
Affection {af-ek' -shun) [afficei-e, to aff"ect]. A syno-
nym of disease.
Pi.fi&c\.ivs {af-ek' -till) [c?^;;;?;-^, to aff'ect]. Exciting emo-
tion. A. Faculties, the emotions and propensities —
especially those peculiar to man. A. Insanity, emo-
tional or impulsive insanity.
Affectus {afek'-tus) [L.]. A disordered condition.
A. animi, an affection of the mind ; mental disorder.
A. suffocatorius. Synonym of Diphtheria.
Afferent [af -er-eiit) \_affereiis, carrying to]. Carrying
toward the center. Of nerves : conveying impulses
toward the central nervous system; sensory, centri-
petal. Of blood-vessels : those, as arteries, conveying
blood to the tissue, sometimes also to the gills. Of
lymphatics : those conveying lymph to a lymphatic
gland. Compare Efferent.
Afferentia, or Vasa afferentia {va'-sah af-er-en'-she-
ali) [E.]. I. The lymphatic vessels. 2. Any vessels
carrying blood or lymph to an organ.
Affiliation {af-il-e-a' -shun) \ad, to; filiits, son]. In
medical jurisprudence, the act of imputing or affixing
the paternity of a child in order to provide for its
maintenance.
Affinity (af-in'-it-e) \affnis, akin to]. Relationship.
A synonym of Attraction. A., Chemical, the force
exerted at inappreciable distances, and between definite
and invariable weights of two or more combining sub-
stances, whereby bodies of dissimilar nature unite to
form new compounds. Contradistinguished from co-
hesion, which is an attraction between molecules. A.,
Elective, the preference of one substance for another
rather than for a third or fourth. Affinity is spoken of
as compound, developed, disposing, divellent, intermedi-
ate, (juiescent, reciprocal, or synthetic, according to the
part it plays, or is conceived to play, in any chemical
process.
Affium {af -e-utii) \_hx?i}o., Afiun'\. The Asiatic name
for opium.
Afflate (af-lat') \_afflatus, blown upon]. Sudden in its
attack ; overwhelming.
Afflatus {af-la'-tus) [L., "a blowing upon"]. I. A
draft or blast of air. 2. A sudden attack. 3. A sup-
posed inspiration or divine influence.
4
Affluence [af -lu-ens) \affluentia, from affluere, to flow
to]. A determination or influx, as of blood to a
part.
Affluent [af -lu-ent) \_affiuens, flowing to]. Producing
a congestion ; determinant ; flowing in or upon.
Afflux {af'-lux) \ciffluere, afflu.xus, to flow toward].
The flow of the blood or other liquid to a particular
part.
Affluxion i^afluk' -shun) \_affluere, affluxus, to flow
toward]. .See Afflux.
Affusion ( af-u' -zhun ) [ affusio, affundere, to pour
upon]. Pouring water upon a substance to cleanse it,
or upon the body in fevers to reduce temperature and
calm nervous symptoms.
A-form Chronoscope. See Chronoscope.
African [af -rik-an) \_Africa, Latin name of the country].
Pertaining to Africa. A. Arrow-poison. See Stro-
phanthus. A. Date-mark. See Furunculus orien-
talis. A. Fever. Synonym of Dengue. A. Gum,
gum arable. 'Ae.e. Acacia. A. Lethargy, or Nelavan,
a "sleeping sickness" affecting negroes of the West
African coast. Increasing somnolence is the character-
istic symptom. It is very fatal. Death after emaciation
follows in from three to six months. Post-mortem
examination has revealed hyperemia of the arachnoid,
and it is asserted that this " sleeping sickness " is only
one of the symptoms of Filariasis, q. v. No treatment
avails. A. Pepper, Chillies ; the intensely biting fruit
of Capsicum fastigiatmn. See Capsicum.
After [af'-ter) [A. S., after, back]. I. The anus. The
buttocks. 2. Next in succession. A. Action, the
negative variation in an electrical current continuing
for a short time in a tetanized muscle. A. Birth, the
popular designation of the placenta, cord, and mem-
branes, sometimes called the secttndines. A. Brain.
See Hindbrain and Metencephalon. A. Care, the care
or nursing of convalescents ; specifically, the treatment
of patients discharged as cured from lunatic asylums.
A. Cataract, Cataracta Secundaria ; an opacity of the
media of the eye after operation for cataract due to
opacification of the capsule or to non-absorption of the
remains of the lens-substance. A. Damp, a poisonous
mixture of gases, such as carbon monoxid and
carbon dioxid, found in coal mines after an explosion
of inflammable gases. A. Hearing, a neurotic con-
dition in which sounds are heard after the wave-motion
that produces them has ceased. A. Images, con-
tinued retinal impressions after the stimulus of the
light or image has ceased to act. A positive after-
image is a simple prolongation of the sensation ; a
negative after-image is the appearance of the image in
complementary colors. After-sensations may be also
experienced with other senses. A. Milk, the strip-
pings ; the last milk taken from the teat at any one
milking. It is peculiarly rich in butter, as compared
with the fore-milk. A. Pains. See Fains. A. Per-
ception, the perception of a sensation after the stimulus
has passed away. A. Sensation, a sensation lasting
longer than the stimulus producing it. A. Taste, a
gustatory sensation produced some time after the stimu-
lus has been removed. A. Treatment. See A. Care.
Afterings {af -ter-ingz) [A. S., cefter, after]. See
After-milk.
■ Agacement des Dents [Fr.]. The unpleasant sensa-
tion of teeth " set on edge" from contact of acids.
Agalactia (ah-gal-ak' -te-ah) [d priv.; yaAa, milk].
Failure or insufficiency of the mother's milk after
childbirth.
Agalactous {ah-gal-ak' -tus) [d priv. ; yd\a, milk],
I. Without milk. 2. Not suckled ; not nourished with
milk.
Agalaxy {ah-gaF -ak-se). See Agalactia.
AGALLOCHA
50
AGGLOMERATE
Agallocha ( ag-aU -o-kalt ) \aya7CKoxov, the lignum
aloes]. The milky juice of Exccecaria agallochtun, a
small tree of India. The juice is very acrid, and
when brought in contact with the skin blisters it. Used
locally for the cure of leprosy. Unof.
Agallochum [ag-aF -o-kum) \_aya7iAoxov, the lignum
aloes]. Same as AgallocJia , or the wood of the tree
that produces it ; eagle-wood, or aloes- wood.
Agalorrhea, or Agalorrhoea (ah-gal-o-re' -ali) \h priv. ;
ya/.a, milk; piiiv, to flow]. A cessation of the flow
of milk.
Agamic [ah-gai/i'-ik) [<i priv.; }(3/Y0f, marriage]. I.
In biology, not sexual ; not pertainmg to the sexual
relation ; asexual reproduction ; parthenogenesis.
Agamogenesis {ah-ga?>i-o-ji't!' -es-is) [a priv. ; ya/ioc;,
marriage; yfyfuff, generation] . Reproduction without
fecundation, as, i'. , by gemmation. See Partheno-
genesis.
Agamogenetic (ah-gatn-o-jen-ef -ik) \a priv. ; ydiiog,
marriage; ;tiw/f, generation]. Pertaining to
genesis.
Agamospore (ah-gam'-o-spor) [(ipriv. ; ydiUOf, marriage ;
. ciropa , offspring] . In biology, an asexually produced
spore.
Aganactesis {ag-an-ak-te' -sis^ \hyavaKrriaiz, physical
pain]. Irritation ; physical pain or uneasy sensation.
Aganoblepharon (ag-an-o-blef -ar-on) [ayai'ofSAi(j)apog,
mild-eyed]. Adhesion of the eyelids to each other.
Agar-agar {a'-gar-a'-gar^ [Ceylon]. A kind of glue
made from certain sea-weeds, such as Gracilaria
lichenoides and Gigartitia speciosa, used in medicine
to make suppositories, and in bacteriological studies to
make a solution in which microorganisms are bred or
kept. See Gelose.
Agaric {ag-ar' -ili) \_ayapiKt)v, a fungus employed as
tinder by the Agari of Sarmatia] . A fungus of the
genus Agaricus, e.g., the mushroom and toadstool.
See Agaricus.
Agaricic Acid [ag-ar-is' -ik as' -id). See Acid, Agaricic.
Agaricin (ag-ar'-is-in) [itt Agaric'\, Cj^H^oOj -j- HjO.
A white crystalline substance, the active principle of
Agaricus albiis. It has proved useful in the night
sweats of phthisis where atropia has failed. Dose gr.
2V -tV- U"°f-
Agaricus (ag-ar'-ik-us) [see Aganc']. A genus of
the family of Agaricini or Mushrooms. A. albus.
Purging Agaric, unof., a fungus parasite upon the
European Larch ; it contains an alkaloid, agaricin, and
agaric acid. It is used as a drastic purgative, and is
valuable in night sweats. Dose gr. xxx-gj as a pur-
gative ; gr. XV in night sweats. A., Ext., Alcohol.
Dose gr. iij-vj. A., Ext., Liq. Dose n\,iij-xx. A.,
Tinct. Dose TTLxx-gj. The edible species, A.
campcstris , is characterized by a brownish color,
that does not change when cut, and an agreeable taste.
A. chiriirgoruDi, Surgeon's Agaric, a parasitic fungus
formerly used for Moxa, q. v. Soaked in solution
of potassium nitrate it forms spunk. A. mus-
carins. Fly Agaric, a poisonous mushroom, containing
an alkaloid, Aitiscarin, q.v., a powerful cardiac depres-
sant. Dose of the alkaloid gr. ^-ij. Muscarin
Nitrate, used hypodermatically. Dose gr. jj— f .
Agaster (ah-gas' -ter) [a priv.; yaarijp, the stomach].
An animal without a stomach.
Agastric (ah-gas' -tri/c) \_a priv. ; yaarrjp, the stomach].
Having no intestinal canal, as the tape-worms.
Agastronervia (ah-gas-tro-ncr' -ve-ah) [a priv. ; yaarijp,
the stomach; nervus, a nerve or sinew]. See Agas-
. tronettria.
Agastroneuria {ah-gas-tro-nu'-re-ah) [a priv. ; ynarr/p,
the stomach; vevpov, a nerve]. Deficiency in the
nerve-stimulus sent to the stomach.
Agathin {ag'-ath-in) \hyaduq, good], CbH^(OH).CH.-
N.N (CH.jj.CgHj. Salicyl-rt////tf-methyl-phenyl-hydra-
zone, obtained by the interaction of salicylic aldehyd,
and «;^//a'-methyl phenyl-hydrazin. It is a greenish-
white, crystalline substance, without odor or taste,
insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol and ether, and
melts at 74° C. Used as an anti-neuralgic in doses
of eight grains, two or three times daily. Its action is
cumulative. Unof.
Agave [a-ga'-iv) [dyaw/, noble]. A large genus of
amaryllidaceous plants, natives of North America. A.
ainericana , American Aloe, the leaves of a plant
growing in North America. It is diuretic and anti-
syphilitic. Dose of the fld. ext. gss-j. The fresh
juice is also similarly employed. The fennented
juice, called pulque, is a moderately stimulant drink,
very popular in Mexico. Unof
Age ( aj) [M. E., age'\. The length of time a being has
existed ; also, a certain stage in life. The period of
life is divided into a succession of ages, as follows :
I. Infancy, from birth to the appearance of the tem-
porary teeth. 2. Childhood, from the cutting of the
first permanent teeth to puberty. 3. ] 'outh, from puberty
to the attainment of the full stature, that is, 18 or 19
for girls, 21 to 22 for boys. 4. Maturity, covers the
interval from youth to the climacteric. 5. Old-age, or
period of dechne. Other divisions may be made, as,
e.g., those of embryonic life, of immaturity, of ma-
turity, of sterility, etc.
Agenesia [ah-jen-e'-se-ah) [li priv.; ytveui^, generation].
A term somewhat loosely used to designate abnormal
or imperfect development. Also impotence and ster-
ility. In botany, the asexual development of the
flower.
Agenesis (ah-jen' -es-is) [a priv. ; ytveaic:, generation].
I. Impotence; barrenness. 2. Incomplete and defect-
ive development.
Agenosomus (ah-jen-o-so' -inus) \h priv. ; ytvvav, to
beget ; aufia, body]. A variety of single autositic
monsters, of the species Cclosoiiui in which th^re is a
lateral or median eventration occupying principally the
lower portion of the abdomen, while the genital and
urinary organs are either absent or very rudimentary.
Agens [a'-jenz) [L.]. An agent. A. Morbi. See
Morbi.
Agent [a'-jent) \_agei-e, to act, to do]. A substance or
force that by its action eff^ects changes in the human
body.
Agenus {aj'-en-us) [n priv.; y/rof, offspring]. Cellu-
lar plants.
Agenya (ah-jen' -e-ali) [d priv.; yivvg, chin] . Congenital
absence of the chin.
Agerasia [aj-er-a' -se-ah) \ayripaa'ia, eternal youth].
Vigorous old age ; age without its wonted feebleness
and decay.
Ageusia [ah-gu' -se-ah or ah-jii' -se-ah) [d priv.; ycvai^,
taste]. Abolition of the sense of taste.
Ageustia (ah-giis'-te-iili) priv.; yfixr/f, taste]. Same
as Ageusia.
Agger (aj'-er) [L.]. In anatomy, a pile or mound. A.
nasi, an anterior prolongation and elevation of the
mucous membrane covering the middle turbinated
bone ; its direction is almost parallel with the dorsal
ridge of the nose, running forward and downward till
it reaches very nearly to the anterior aperture of the
nostril. A. valvulae venae [//., Ag'geres valvula'-
ruiii I'ena' riiin'^, the eminence of a venous valve;
a projection within the lumen of a vein at the junction
of a valve.
Agglomerate (ag-lom'-er-at) \_aggloinerare, to wind into
a ball]. CIrouped or clustered; massed. Crowded
into a dense cluster. A. Glands. See Gland.
AGGLUTINANT
51
AGRIORIGANUM
Agglutinant [ag-hi' -tin-ant) \_agglutinafe, to paste to].
Promotive of repair by adhesion ; favorable to agglu-
tination.
Agglutinate [ag-tu'-tin-at) [aggtiitinare, to paste to].
In biology, to glue together; to unite by adhesion.
Agglutination (ag-lu-ti)i-a' -shtt^i) \aggliitinare, to glue
upon or to]. A joining together; applied to the
healing of wounds ; it is called immediate , if by the
first intention ; t/tediate, if through the intermediation
of some natural plastic material.
Agglutinative {ag-lu' -tin-a-tiv) \aggtutinare, to glue
upon or to]. I. Favoring agglutination; adhesive.
2. Any substance with adhesive properties, fitted to
retain the edges of wounds in apposition. Such are
caoutchouc, collodion, ^-Zf.
Aggravation (ag-ra-va' -shun) \_aggravare, to make
worse]. Increase in severity, as of a disease, symp-
tom, or pain.
Aggregate {ag' -re-gat) \_ad, to ; gregai-e, to collect
into a flock]. Grouped into a mass. A. Glands.
See Gland.
Aggregation [ag-re-ga' -shun) \ad, to ; gregare, to col-
lect into a flock]. I. The massing of materials
together. 2. A congeries or collection of bodies,
mostly of such as are similar to each other.
Agitation [aj-it-a' -shun) \_agitare, to excite, arouse].
I . Fatiguing restlessness with violent motion ; mental
disturbance. 2. A stirring or shaking, as in phar-
macy.
Aglet, Aiglet {ag'-let, dg'-let) [M. E.]. In biology, a
drooping anther or catkin.
Aglia (ag'-le-ah) [L.]. A speck or spot upon the
cornea or on the white of the eye.
Aglobulia [ah-glo-bu' -le-ah) [a priv.; globulus, a glo-
bule]. A decrease in the quantity of red blood
corpuscles, with corresponding increase of serum.
Aglobulism [ah-glob'-u-lizm) [li priv. ; globulus, a
globule]. Aglobulia; oligocythemia.
Aglobulous (ah-glob' -u-lm) [a priv.; globulus, a glo-
bule]. Characterized by aglobulia.
Aglossia [ah-glos' -e-ah) [a priv. ; y7.C)aaa,\hQ tongue].
Congenital absence of the tongue.
Aglossostoma (ah-glos-os' -to-?nak) \_h priv. ; yXiicaa,
the tongue ; (7T0|Ua, the mouth]. A fetal monster in
which there is a mouth without a tongue.
Aglossus (ah-glos' -us) [dy/lajcrCTof, without a tongue].
A person without a tongue.
Aglutition [ah-glu-tish' -un) [a priv. ; glutire, to swal-
low]. Difficulty in swallowing ; inability to swallow.
Agmatology (ag-mat-ol' -o-je) [ay/ior, a fracture; Aoyof,
discourse] . The science or study of fractures.
Agmen (ag'-men) \agmen, a multitude]. In biology,
a taxonomic group between a class and an order.
Agminate (fl^g-'-w/w-a/) [ao-^^w, a multitude]. Aggre-
gated, clustered. A. Glands. See Gland, Peyer's.
Agnail {ag'-nal) [A. S., angn<rgl\ i. Hangnail. 2. A
whitlow. 3. A corn on the toe or foot.
Agnathia («f-«fl''-//^<?-rt/i) [a priv. ; j-wWof, a jaw]. Ab-
sence or defective development of the jaws.
Agnathus (ag' -na-thus) [d priv. ; yvoBoq, a jaw]. A
monster with no lower jaw.
Agnea, or Agnoea (ag-ne' -ah) \hyvoia, want of percep-
tion]. A condition in which the patient does not
recognize things or persons.
Agnew's Operations. See Operations, Table of.
Agnew's Rectal Chemise. An appliance for con-
trolling hemorrhage from the rectum. It consists of
a gum catheter to the end of which are attached three
square pieces of mosquito-netting. These are moist-
ened with a solution of the persulphate of iron, and
the whole introduced into the rectum, where it acts
as a plug.
Agnin [ag'-nin) \agnus, a lamb]. A fatty substance
derivable from sheep's wool, unmixed with water ; it
is harder, darker, and less agreeable in color and odor
than lanolin. See Lanolin and Suint.
Agnina Membrana [ag-ni'-uah ineiii-bra'ttah) [L.].
"The lamb-like, or woolly, membrane," — the amnion.
Agnus castus {ag'-nus kas'-tus) [L.]. The chaste
tree, I'itex agnus castus ; its leaves and seeds were
formerly used as a preservative of chastity, and its
homeopathic preparations are still exhibited as ana-
phrodisiacs.
-ago''ga, -agogue [dywyoi;, one who leads]. A suffix,
denoting agents that drive out other substances, as em-
menagogues, lithagogues, etc.
Agomphiasis (ah-goin-Ji' -as-is) [d priv. ; yofi^ioq, a
tooth]. Same as Agoinphosis.
Agomphious [ah-gom'-fe-us) [ayofKjuog, toothless].
Without teeth.
Agomphosis [ah-gom-fo'-sis) [dpriv. ; yo/zcjizof , a tooth].
I. Absence of the teeth. 2. A loosening or looseness
of the teeth.
Agonia [ag-o'-ne-ah) [ciyuvia, a contest or struggle].
I. Distress of mind ; extreme anguish. 2. The death
struggle, [ayovo^, barren]. Barrenness; sterility;
impotence. A. Bark. See Agoriada.
Agoniadin (ag-on-i' -ad-in) [dyovof, barren] , CjoHj^Og.
A glucosid found in Agonia bark, and used as an anti-
periodic.
Agonous [ag' -o-nus) [dyowf, unfruitful]. Barren; im-
potent.
Agony (ag'-o-ne) [dyuw'a, a contest or struggle]. Vio-
lent pain ; extreme anguish ; the death-struggle.
Agoraphobia {ag-o-ra-fo' -be-ah) [dyopd, a market-place,
assembly; (pd^oc, fear]. I. A morbid fear of open
places or spaces ; kenophobia. 2. Dread of assem-
blies ; morbid dislike of crowds or of associating with
others.
Agoriada [ag-o-re-ah' -dak) [Sp.]. The Brazilian tree,
Plumieria lancifolia, and its febrifuge bark.
Agoriadin (ag-o-ri' -ad-in) [Sp.], Cj|,H,^Og. A glu-
cosid, probably the active principle of Agoriada.
-agra \hypa, a seizure]. A Greek word added as a
suffix to various roots to denote seizure, severe pain ;
as podagra, etc.
Agrammatism (ah-gram' -at-izvi) [d priv. ; ypaufia, a
word]. A phenomenon of aphasia, consisting in the
inability to form words grammatically, or the suppres-
sion of certain words of a phrase. See Aphasia.
Agraphia [ah-graf -e-ah) [d priv. ; ypd^eiv, to write].
Inability to express ideas by writing. In some cases
not a single letter can be formed ; in others, words,
and a number of words, without meaning, can be
written. .See Aphasia. A., Musical, pathological
loss of the ability to write musical notes.
Agraphy [ag' -ra-fe) [d priv.; ypdipeLv, to write]. Same
as Agraphia.
Agrestial [ag-res' -te-al) \agrestis, rural]. In biology,
growing wild in the fields.
Agria [ag'-re-ah) [dypwf, wild]. A pustular eruption ;
malignant pustule ; herpes.
Agrielcosis [ag-re-el-ko'-sis ) \aypLoi;, wild ; i'AKtiai^,
ulceration]. A malignant or uncontrollable ulcera-
tion.
Agrimony [ag'-rim-o-ne) [ay pot;, a field ; fiovn^, alone].
The root of Agrimonia eupatoria. A mild astringent.
Dose of fld. ext. ^ss-ij. Unof.
Agriopsoria [ag-re-op-so' -i-e-ah ) \aypio<;, wild ; ipG>pa,
itch]. An incurable or severe attack, or variety, of
itch.
Agrioriganum [ag-re-o-rig' -an-wn) [aypiog, wild ;
bpiyavov, origarium]. Wild Marjoram, Origanum
vulgare.
AGRIOTHYMIA
52
AIR
Agriothymia [ag-ye-o-//il?!i' -c-ak ) [aAp;of, wild ; Bvjiog,
mind, will]. Maniacal fury; it is variously divided
or classed as ambitious, hydrophobic, religious, etc.
Agrippa (^ah-grip' -ah) [L.]. A person born with the
feet foremost.
Agromania (ag-ro-ma' -ne-ali) \jiypbc^, a field ; fiavia,
madness]. A mania for living in the country.
Agrostography (ag-ros-tog' -ra-fe) \aypu(sric,, conch-
grass ; ypdijxtv, to write]. See Agrostology.
Agrostology {ag-ros-tol' -o-je) [ayputrrff , conch-grass ;
Afyfii', to speak of]. The botany of grasses.
Agrypnetic \ah-grip-nct' -ik) [(ipriv.; viri'itq, sleep]. I.
Sleepless ; wakeful. 2. Preventing sleep ; agrypnotic.
Agrypnia {ah-grip'-ne-ah) \a.ypio<;, restless; vnvoc.,
sleep]. Loss of sleep, sleeplessness, Insomnia, q. v.
Agrypnocoma (ah-grip-no-ko' -iiiaJi) \aypv-Kvo^, sleep-
less ; Kui-ia, coma]. Coma vigil ; wakeful lethargy,
with low-muttering delirium.
Agrypnotic {ah- grip-not' -ik) [d priv. ; vt:v(k, sleep].
I. Preventing sleep ; causing wakefulness. 2. A
medicine that prevents sleep.
Aguardiente iah-gnar-de-en' -to) [Sp.]. Ardent spirits ;
brandy or rum.
Ague (a' -gu)\_acutiis, sharp, acute ; Fr. , aig2r\. Malarial
or intermittent fever, characterized by paroxysms, or
stages, of chill, fever, and sweating at regularly recur-
ring times, and followed by an interval or intermission
whose length determines the epithets, quotidian, ter-
tian, etc. In some cases there is a double paroxysm,
and hence called double quotidian, double tertian, r/r.
The duration of each paroxysm varies from two to
twelve hours. The most frequent and important com-
plication of intermittent fever is pneumonia, the con-
solidation occurring very suddenly. In the blood of
many malarial patients a minute hematozoan, the
kematoinonas malaria, has been found. They are
seen in the red corpuscles, are hyaline, and include
pigment granules. They gradually increase in size,
fill the cell, a process of segmentation occurs, the
cell wall breaks down, and the segments, each contain-
ing a pigment granule, are set free. These are oval
and possess one to three flagella. These bodies dis-
appear under the use of quinin. A. Aden. See
Dengue. A., Brass-founders', a disease common
among brass-founders, characterized by symptom>s
somewhat resembling an imperfect attack of inter-
mittent fever, the recurrence of the paroxyms, however,
being irregular. The direct cause is generally thought
to be the inhalation of the fumes of deflagrating zinc or
"spelter." A., Brow, intermittent neuralgia of the
brow. A. Cake, chronic enlargement of the spleen
in diseases of malarial origin. A., Catenating, ague
associated with other diseases. A. Drop, i^ee Fowler^ s
Solution. A., Dumb, latent ague ; masked ague ;
ague with no well-marked chill, and with at most only
partial or slight periodicity. A., Latent, see A.,
Dumb. A., Leaping, a term for the dancing mania.
A., Masked. See A. Dumb. A. Tree, common
Sassafras. A. Weed. I. See Grindelia. 2. The
Eupatorium perfoliatum , or thorough- wort.
Agynary [aj' -in-a-rc) [d priv.; yvvij, female]. In
biology, having no pistil, as a double flower.
Agynous {aj'-in iis)\a priv. ; yi'iv), female]. In biology,
destitute of female reproductive organs.
Ahypnia {ah-hip' -ne-ah) [d priv. ; vixvoq, sleep].
Sleeplessness.
Ahypnosis (ah-hip-no' -sis) \jivnvia, sleeplessness].
Entire absence of the capacity to sleep, most marked
in insanity.
Aichmophobia [dk-7]io-fo' -be-ali) \alxuVi a spear point ;
(pof-iteiv, to fear]. An extravagant dread of sharp or
pointed instruments.
Aid-Forceps {ad' -for-seps) [Fr., aide; forceps']. A
device for making safe and effective traction upon the
obstetrical forceps by means of a fillet or tape and a
dynamometer.
Aidoio- {a-doi' -0). .See Edeo-.
Aidoiomania {a-doi-o-tna' -ne-ah) . 'i^e: Edeomania.
Aiglet {ag'-let). See Agiet.
Aigret, Aigrette {a'-gret, a-gret'). In biology, same as
Egret.
Ailanthus {a-lan' -thus) [Malacca, Ailanto, " tree of
heaven"]. The bark of A. glandulosa, commonly
known as Tree of Heaven. Properties due to an
oleoresin and a volatile oil. A nauseant and drastic
purgative, constituting an excellent anthelmintic against
tape-worm. A., Ext. Fid. Dose tl\,x-3j. A., Tinct.
Dose Tr^x- 3 ij .
Ailing {al'-ing) [M. E. , eyle\ Indisposed; out of
health ; not well.
Ailment {al'-ment) [M. E. , fj'/c] . A disease ; sickness;
complaint ; usually used in reference to chronic dis-
orders.
Aimorrhea {am-or-e'-ah) [<«//«, blood ; pola, a flowing].
A bleeding, or hemorrhage.
Ainhum {in-yoon') [negro word, meaning to saw~\. A
disease in Guinea and Hindostan, peculiar to negroes,
in which the little toes are slowly and spontaneously
amputated at about the digito-plantar fold. The process
is very slow, does not affect other toes or parts, is un-
accompanied by any constitutional symptoms, and its
cause is unknown. It sometimes attacks the great toe.
Called also Dactylolysis spontanea.
Air [d//p from ativ, to blow, or breathe]. The chief
part of the atmosphere. Atmospheric air consists
of a mixture of 77 parts by weight, or 79.19 by vol-
ume, of nitrogen, and 23 parts by weight, or 20.81 by
volume, of oxygen, with 3.7 to 6.2 parts by volume of
CO.^ in 10,000 parts. 100 cubic inches weigh 30,935
grains. The pressure of the air at sea-level is about
I4|4f pounds upon the square inch. A., Alkaline,
free or volatile ammonia. A., Azotic, nitrogen. A.
Bag. See A. Cushion. A. Bath, therapeutic ex-
posure to air that may be heated, condensed, or
variously medicated. See Bath. A. -bed, an air-
tight, rubber, inflated mattress employed in conditions
requiring long confinement to bed. A. -bladder. See
A.-vesicle. A. Bubbles, in microscopy, are prepared
by heating a drop of thin mucilage. They are useful
as a test for central light. In oblique light the bright
spot will appear on the side away from the mirror.
A. -cell, an air-sac ; an air-vesicle of the pneumonic
tissue. A., Complemental, is that that can still
be inhaled after an ordinary inspiration. A. Con-
duction, a method of testing the hearing-power by
means of a watch held at varying distances from the
ear, or by the employment of a number of tuning
forks of varying pitch. See Bone Conduction. A.-
cure, the therapeutic employment of air. A. -cush-
ion. A cushion filled with air ; usually made of soft
india-rubber. A., Dephlogisticated, an old name
for Oxygen. A. -douche. The inflation of the
middle ear with air. A. -duct. See Duct. A.-
embolism, free air in the blood-vessels during life,
or the obstruction due to it. A., Expired, that
driven from the lungs in expiration. A., Facti-
tious, carbon dioxid. A., Fixed, an old name for
carbon dioxid (carbonic acid). A. Hunger. See
Diabetes mcllitus. A., Inspired, that taken into the
lungs on inspiration. A., Mephitic, carbon dioxid.
A. -meter. See Anemometer. A. Passages, the
nares, mouth, larynx, trachea, and bronchial tubes.
A., Phlogisticated, nitrogen. A. -pump, an appar-
atus for exhausting or compressing air. A., Reserve
AJOWAN
53
ALBICATION
or Supplemental, that that can still be exhaled after
an ordinary expiration. A., Residual, that remain-
ing in the lungs after the most complete expiration
possible. A. -sac. See Air-vesicle. A. -space, a
space in tissue filled with air or other gases arising
from the separation, rupture, or absorption of cells.
A., Stationary, that remaining in the lungs during
normal respiration. A., Supplemental. See A.,
Reserve. A. -tester, an instrument for testing the
impurity of the air. A., Tidal, that taken in and
given out at each respiration. A. -vesicle, any small
air-space, especially the expanded terminal portion of
a minute or ultimate bronchial vessel. A., Vital, an
old name for Oxygen. See Atnwspliere:
Ajowan [aj'-oo-aii) [E. Ind.]. Bishop's Weed. The
fruit of Ainmi coptiium. Carminative and antiseptic.
It has been recommended in colic, diarrhea, etc. Dose
of the fid. ext. Ti:\^x-xxx.
Akamathesia, Akamathesis. See Akatamathesia.
Akanthesthesia (a-kan-thes-the' -ze-ah) \aK.av^a, a
thorn; aLoOi/ai^, sensation]. A form of paresthesia
or perverted sensation in which there is a feeling as
of a sharp point.
Akanthion [a-kan' -the-o>i). See Accinthioji.
Akatamathesia (ah-kat-am-ath-e' -ze-ah) [a priv. ; /cara-
fidOijaii;, understanding]. Inability to understand.
Akataphasia [a-kat-af-a' -se-ali). See Acataphasia.
Akazga (a-kaz' -gah) [African]. A poisonous plant of
West Africa, probably a Strychnos. Also its bark,
and an amorphous extractive derived from it. It is
one of the African ordeal poisons and contains
akazgin.
Akazgin {a-kaz' -gin) [African]. An alkaloid from
akazga ; its effects are much like those of strychnia.
Akene (ak' -en). See Achenium.
Akido-galvano-cautery {ak-id-o-gal-van-o-karv'-tc-re)
[a/c/f, needle; Galvani; Kamrjpiov, a branding-iron].
Galvanic cauterization by the needle electrode.
Akidopeirastic [ak-id-o-pi-ras' -tik) [anij, qk/c, needle ;
TreipaariKo^, proving]. Relating to the exploratory
puncture of a diseased area by means of a stout needle.
Akinesia {ah-kin-e' -se-ah). See Acinesia.
Akinesis (ah-kin-e' -sis) [d priv. ; KivTjaig, quiescence].
Abseace or imperfection of movement. Applied to the
heart's diastole and to immotility of the iris ; also to any
lack of motility, especially when due to some central or
cerebral cause. A. Algera, an affection manifested
by voluntary abstinence from movement on account of
the pain of movement, without any apparent cause of
pain.
Aknemia (ak-ne'-me ah). See Acnemia.
Akology (ak-o/'-o-je). See Aceology.
Akral {ak'-ral) [d/ipof, extreme]. See Cephalic.
Akrokinesis [ak-ro-kin-e' -sis). See Acrocinesis.
Akromegaly {ak-ro-meg' -a-le). See Acromegalia.
Akromikria (ak-ro-mik' -re-ah). See Acromicria.
Akroposthitis {ak-ro-pos-thi' -tis). See Acroposthitis.
Akyanopsia (ah-ki-an-op' -se-ah). See A cy anopsia.
Al. The Arabic definite article, the, prefixed to many
words to designate preeminence, etc., as alkali, alco-
hol. In chemical nomenclature it is used as a suffix
to denote similarity to or derivation from an aldehyd,
as chloral, butyral, etc.
Ala [a'-lah) [L., a wing: //. , Alce\. A name of
various wing-shaped parts or appendages. In biology,
the side petal of a papilionaceous corolla. A. Auris,
the pinn^ of the ear. A. Cinerea, a triangular space
of gray matter in the fourth ventricle of the brain,
probably giving origin to the pneumogastric nerves.
A. Majores, I. The greater wings of the sphenoid. See
Alisphenoid'. 2. The external labia pudendi. A.
Minores. I. The lesser wings of the sphenoid. 2.
The labia minora pudendi. A. Nasi, the lateral car-
tilage of the nose. A. Pontis. See Ponticithis. A.
Pulmonum, the lobes of the lung. A. of Sacrum,
the flat triangular surface of bone extending outward
from the base of the sacrum, supporting the psoas
magnus muscle. A. Vespertilionis, the broad liga-
ment of the uterus. A. Vulvae, the labia of the
pudendum. Applied also to the armpits, parts of the
sphenoid, vomer, etc.
Alalia [al-a' -le-ah) [d priv. ; laXia, talk]. I. Impaired
or lost articulation from paralysis of the muscles of
speech or from local laryngeal disease. 2. Aphasia
due to a psychic disorder.
Alalia [al-a'-lik) [d priv. ; "kaXia, talk]. Characterized
by or pertaining to alalia.
Alanin {a/'-an-in) [L., aldehyde'], CjH^NO.^. Lac-
tamic acid. An organic base obtained by heating
aldehyd ammonia with hydrocyanic acid in the pres-
ence of an excess of HCl ; it occurs in aggregated hard
nodules with a sweetish taste ; soluble in five parts of
cold water ; with more difficulty in alcohol ; insoluble
in ether. When heated, it commences to char at
about 237° ; it melts at 255° and then sublimes.
Alaninate {al-an'-in-at) [L. , aldehyde^. A salt of
alanin. A. of Mercury, a crystalline, soluble com-
pound of mercury and alanin ; antisyphilitic. Dose
gr. 3V to Unof.
Alan''son's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Alant Camphor. See Helenin.
Alantin (al-an'-tiii) [Ger. , alant, elecampane]. Same
as Imdin.
Alantol (al-an'-tol) [Ger. , a/a«/', elecampane ; oleum,
oil], Q.^^.^.fi. Inulol. An aromatic liquid obtained
from elecampane ; used like creosote for phthisis.
Alar (a'-lar) \_ala, wing]. Winglike. In biology,
situated in the forks of a stem. A. Ligaments,
lateral synovial folds of the ligament of the knee-joint.
A. Odontoid Ligaments, lateral ligaments of the
odontoid process. Alares musculi, the pterygoid
muscles. Alares venae, superficial veins at the bend
of the arm. Alaria ossa, lateral processes of the
sphenoid bone.
Alaris {al-a'-ris) \_ala, wing]. Wing-shaped. See Alar.
Alary {a'-lar-e) [_ala, a wing]. In biology, pertaining
to wings ; wing-shaped.
Alate (a'-lat) \ala, a wing]. In biology, winged or
having winglike borders or expansions ; aliferous ;
aligerous.
Alate-pinnate (a' -lat-pin' -at) [«/«, awing; pinna, 2i
feather]. In biology, a pinnate leaf having a winged
petiole.
Alba (al'-bah) [L. , "white"]. The white fibrous
tissue of the brain and nerves.
Albadara (al-bad-a' -rah) [Arabic]. An old name for
the basal joint of the great toe.
Alban {al'-ban) \albus, white], C,|,HjgO. A white
resin that may be extracted from gutta percha.
Albedo (al-be'-do) [L., "whiteness"]. Whiteness.
A. retinae, retinal edema. A. unguis, or unguium,
the lunula of the nail ; the white semilunar place
at the root of a finger nail.
Albescent (al-bes'-ent) \albescere, to become white].
Whitish ; moderately white.
Albicans [al'-be-kanz) \_albicare, to grow white].
White ; whitish. Used as the name of either of the
corpora albicantia at the base of the brain.
Albicant (al'-be-kant) [^albicare, to he white]. See Al-
bescent.
Albicantia [al-be-kan'-she-ah) [L.]. Plural of Albi-
cans. See Corpora.
Albication {al-be-ka' -shun) \albicare, to be white]. In
biology, a growing white.
ALBICOMUS
54
ALBUMINOSE
Albicomus {al-he-ko' -unis) \albus, white ; coma, hair].
Having white hair.
Albiduria (al-bid-u' -rc-ah) \_albidus, white ; ovpov,
urine]. White urine.
Albiflorous (al-bif-lo'-rus) \albus, white ; flos, a flower].
In biology, bearing white flowers.
Albinism [al'-bin-izni) Albinismus {al-bin-iz' -miis)
[albus, white]. Congenital Achronia ; Congenital
Leucoderma. That condition of the skin in which
there is a congenital absence of pigment unaccom-
panied by textural changes in the skin, and involving
its entire surface, including the pilary filaments and the
choroid coats and irides of the eyes. Usually asso-
ciated with nystagmus, photophobia, and astigmatism.
Albino [al-bi'-no) [Sp.]. A person affected with al-
binism. Also an animal or plant differing from the
normally colored members of its kind by being white
or colorless.
Albinotic {al-bin-ot'-ik) [Sp.]. Affected with albinism.
Albinuria (al-bin-ii' -ve-ah) \_albus, white ; ohpelv, to mic-
turate]. I. Chyluria; whiteness of the urine. 2. Al-
buminuria.
Albizzia (al-bitz' -e-ali) [Ital., Albizzi, a Tuscan proper
name]. A genus of leguminous plants. A. anthel-
vtinthica. See Moussena.
Albolene {al'-bo-len) [^albus, white; oleum, oil]. A
hydrocarbon oil, colorless, tasteless, odorless, and not
affected by exposure to air or strong acids. It is a
form of lanolin, and is used as an application to in-
flamed surfaces and for spraying the respiratory pas-
sages.
Albuginea {al-bu-jin'-e-ah) \_albus, white]. White, or
whitish. A. oculi, the sclerotic coat of the eye.
A. ovarii, and testis, the tunica albuginea of the
ovary and testicle. The spleen, the epididymis, the
penis, and the kidneys have each an investment or
capsule called albuginea or tunica albuginea.
Albugineous [al-bu-jift'-e-us) \_a/bus,wh.\te'\. I. Whit-
ish. 2. Resembling the white of an egg.
Mihvigiintis [al-bu-;in-i'-tis) \_albus,viti\\.e.; (r/f, inflam-
mation]. Inflammation of a tunica albuginea.
Albugo (al-bu'-go) [L.]. I. A white spot, as upon the
cornea. 2. A whitish, scaly eruption. 3. The white
of an egg.
Albumen {aF-bu-men or al-bu' -meji) \albus, white].
The white of an egg. See Albumin.
Albumenoid {al-bu' -men-aid). See Albuminoid.
Albumenuria [al-bu-?nen-ii'-r-e-ali\. See: Albuminuria.
Albumimeter \al-bu-mim' -et-er) \ albus, white ; fihpov,
measure]. An instrument for determining
the quantitive estimation of albumin in
urine, or in any compound or mixture.
Albumin [al'-bu-min or al-bu'-miti) \albus,
white]. A proteid substance, the chief
constituent of the body. Its molecule is
highly complex and varies widely within
certain limits in different organs and condi-
tions. It contains the following percent-
ages : Carbon 51. 5 to 54.5 ; hydrogen 6.9
to 7.3 ; nitrogen 15. 2 to 17.0; oxygen 20.9
1023.5; sulphur 0.3 to 2.0 Its approxi-
mate formula is C-2Hjj2N]gO.,2S. Albumen,
white of egg, often called albumin, is
largely composed of it. Other varieties are
called after their sources or characteristic
reactions, as acid-albumin, alkali-albumin,
muscle-, serum-, ovum-, vegetable-albu-
min, ^/c. Normal albumin is the type of a
group of proteids known as albumins. For album ime-
the various tests for albumin, see Table of ter.
Tests, under Test. See also, Proteids and
Native Albumins. A., of Bence-Jones, a variety
found in pseudo-albuminuria. It does not give a
precipitate with an excess of HNO., except on stand-
ing, when a coagulum forms that will be redissolved
on heating. A., Blood. See Seriitn-alhumin. A.,
Caseiform, that variety not coagulated by heat, but
precipitated by acids. A., Circulating, that found
in the fluids of the body. A. Crystals. See Crystal-
loids. A., Derived, a modification of albumin result-
ing from the action of certain chemicals. A., Egg-.
See Egg-albumin. A., Muscle-, a variety found in
muscle-juice. A., Native, any albumin occurring
normally in the organism. A., Organic, that form-
ing an integral part of the tissue. A., Serum-. See
Serum-albumin. A., Test Solution of, a filtered
solution of the white of an egg in 100 c.c. of dis-
tilled water. A., Vegetable, that form that is found
in various vegetable juices.
Albuminate [al-bu' -min-at) [<r//^«j, white] . The com-
pound of albumin and certain bases, as albuminate of
iron, or of iron and potassium, etc.
Albuminaturia [al-bu-min-at-u' -re-ah) \albus, white ;
ovpov, urine]. The abnormal presence of albuminates
in the urine.
Albuminiferous {al-bti-min-if -er-us) \albuviin ; ferre ,
to bear]. See Albujniniparous.
AlhuminimeteT[al-bu-mi>2-i/n'-et-er) . See Albumimeter.
Albuminin [al-bu' -min-in) \_albumin'\. The non-ni-
trogenous substance of the cells that enclose the white
of birds' eggs.
Albuminiparous [al-bu-min-ip' -ar-us) \_albumin ; pa-
rere, to produce]. Yielding albumin.
Albuminogenous [al-bti-min-oj'-en-us) \_albumin ;
yevi/i;, producing]. Producing albumin.
A.\h\JLm\no\a. [al-bu' -;nin-oid) [albumin; Etrfof, form].
1. Resembling albumin. Applied to certain com-
pounds having many of the characteristics of albumin.
2. Any nitrogenous principle of the class of which
normal albumin may be regarded as the type. A.
Disease, also spoken of as lardaceous, waxy, or
amyloid degeneration. A form of degeneration usu-
ally affecting simultaneously a number of the viscera,
and occurring secondarily to some preexisting disease.
Those viscera most usually the seat of the change are,
in the order of frequency, the spleen, liver, kidneys,
intestine and lymph glands. The tissues around the
capillary vessels are first affected ; from these centers
it spreads till the whole organ or section presents a
pale, glistening, waxy, or bacon-like appearance. This
is due to the infiltration of a peculiar proteid substance,
lardacein, which, with iodin, gives a deep mahogany
brown color, the characteristic test for the disease.
The preexisting trouble is either some chronic suppura-
tion, as in bone or joint disease, or some wasting dis-
ease like pulmonary tuberculosis, syphilis, etc. The
only way in which the disease may be arrested is by
thorough removal of the cause.
Albuminoids [al-bu' -min-oidz) \_albumin'\. Substances,
resembling true proteids in their origin and composi-
tion. They are amorphous non-crystalline colloids,
occurring as organized constituents of the tissues, and
also in fluid form. Mucin, Nuclein, Keratin, Fibroin,
Spongin, Elastin, Gelatin, Chondrin, etc., are the
principal members of the group.
Albuminometer [al-bu-min-om' -et-er) . See Albumi-
meter.
Albuminone [al-bu' -min-6n) [^albumin']. A principle
derivable from certain albuminoids ; it is not coagula-
ble by heat, and is soluble in alcohol.
Albuminorrhea [al-bu-min-or-e' -ali) \albumin ; pota,.
a flow]. Copious abnormal discharge of albumins.
Albuminose [al-bu'-min-ds) [_albumin'j. I. A product
of the digestion of fibrin or any albuminoid in very
ALBUMINOSIS
55
ALCOHOL
dilute hydrochloric acid ; acid albumin. 2. Albumose,
or the product of the digestion of albumin by the gas-
tric juice.
Albuminosis (al-hu-mui-o' -sis) \_albiiinin'\ . Abnormal
increase of the albuminous elements in the blood, or
the condition that results from such increase.
Albuminous (al-bu' -min-us) \_albuiiiin~\. Containing,
or of the nature of an albumin.
Albumin- Peptone [al-tm' -min-pep' -ton). Same as
Albuminose [2d def.).
Albumins (al-hii' -ininz). See Albumin.
Albuminuria (al-bu-inin-u' -re-ah) [albumin ; ovpov,
urine]. The presence in the urine of albumin, a mix-
ture of serum-albumin and serum-globulin in various
proportions. True albuminuria must be distinguished
from the presence of albumin due to an admixture
with the urine of blood, pus, or other albuminous
fluid. However, even under these circumstances it
must be remembered that true albuminuria may be
coexistent. Albumin in the urine may result from a
number of causes, c. mechanical interference with
the renal circulation; from congestion, lesions, and
organic diseases of the kidneys themselves ; from toxic
substances in the blood, such as lead, in which case
there is a granular form of nephritis ; from changes in
the blood due to various diseases, as anemia, purpura,
scurvy, and sepsis ; in pyrexia ; in certain nervous
disorders, such as tetanus, delirium tremens, apoplexy,
Graves's disease, and epilepsy ; in various functional
disorders, as dyspepsia, high living, great exertion,
eU., and during pregnancy. The etiology of albumin-
uria is still undetermined, but it is now recognized that
it will be produced by any condition that interferes with
the nutrition of the glomeruli or renal epithelium.
A. of Adolescence. See A., Cyclic. A., Adven-
titious. See^., Pseudo-. A., Cardiac, that due to
chronic valvular disease. A., Cyclic, a condition also
known as physiological, simple, functional, or tran-
sient albuminuria, or the albuminuria of adolescence,
in which a small quantity of albumin appears in the
urine, especially of the young, at stated times of the
day; hence the term "cyclic." The nature of this
phenomenon is not positively known, but it is probably
the result of some changes in the renal circulation.
A., Dietetic, that due to the ingestion of certain forms
of food, especially eggs, cheese, and pastry. A.,
Dyscrasic. See A., Hematogenous. A., False, a
mixture of albumin with the urine during its transit
through the urinary passages, where it may be derived
from blood, pus, or special secretions that contain al-
bumin. A., Febrile, that due to fever, or associated
with acute infectious diseases, slight changes occurring
in the glomeruli without organic lesion. A., Func-
tional. See A., Cyclic. A., Gouty, albumin in the
urine of elderly people, who secrete a rather dense
urine containing an excess of urea. A., Hematogen-
ous, that resulting from some abnormal blood-condi-
tion, and not due to nephritis. A., Hepatic, that
form associated with marked disturbance of the hepatic
function, as shown by slight jaundice and vague dys-
peptic attacks. A., Intrinsic. See A., True. A.,
Mixed, the presence of a true- and pseudo-albumin-
uria. A., Morbid, that due to any pathological con-
dition. A., Nephrogenous, that due to renal disease.
A., Neurotic, that due to nervous disorders. A.,
Paroxysmal. See A., Cyclic. A., Physiological,
the presence of albumin in normal urine, without ap-
preciable coexisting renal lesion or diseased condition
of the system. A., Pseudo-, A., Adventitious : albu-
minuria dependent upon the presence of such fluids as
blood, pus, lymph, spermatic fluid, or the contents of
an abscess-cavity, in the urine. A., Simple. See
A., Cyclic. A., Temporary, that lasting but for a
short time. A., Tests of. See Table of Tests, under
7'est. A., Transient. See A., Cyclic. A., True,
A., Intrinsic ; that due to the excretion of a portion
of the albuminous constituents of the blood with the
water and salts of the urine.
Albuminuric ( al-bu-min-u' -rik ) [ albumin ; ol'pov,
urine]. Associated with, of the nature of, or affected
by, albuminuria. A. Retinitis. See Retinitis.
Albuminurorrhea (al-bu-min-u-ror-re' -ah) \_albumin ;
of'poi', urine ; /)o(a, a flowing] . 'Ae.& Albuminuria.
Albumose {al'-bu-mos) \albuinin'\. Any albuminoid
substance ranking among the first products of the
splitting up of proteids by enzymes, and intermediate
between the food-albumins and the typical peptones.
According to KUhne there are at least two albumoses,
antialbumose and ke/nialbumose. The latter, after the
precipitation and filtering off of the para-peptones, e.g.,
in the peptic digestion of fibrin, yields the following :
I. Protalbumose, soluble in hot and cold water and
precipitable by NaCl in excess. 2. Dcuteroalbumose ,
soluble in water, not precipitated by NaCl in excess,
unless an acid be added at the same time. 3. Hetero-
albumose, insoluble in hot or cold water, soluble in
dilute or more concentrated solutions of NaCl, and
precipitable from these by excess of the salt. 4. Dys-
albuinose, same as heteroalbumose, except that it is
insoluble in salt solutions.
Albumosuria (al-bu-mos-u' -re-ah) \_albumose ; ovpov,
urine]. The abnormal presence of an albumose in
the urine.
Alburnum {al-ber' -mini) [L. ," sap-wood "]. In bi-
ology, young wood, sap-wood.
Alcahest [al' -ka-hest) [Uncertain derivation]. An old
name for the supposed universal solvent, and for a
medicine curative of all congestions. A. of Glauber,
a crude potassium carbonate derived from the burning
of potassium nitrate with hot coals.
Alcali [al'-ka-li). 'Hee Alkali.
Alcaptone (al-kap' -ton). See Alkaptone.
Alcaptonuria (al-kap-tdn-u' -re-ah). ^te. Alkaptonuria.
Alchemist [al' -ke>n-ist) [Origin doubtful]. One who
practices alchemy.
Alchemy [al' -kem-e) [Arab., of doubtful derivation].
The supposed art of the transmutation of metals (into
gold) and of finding a remedy for all diseases. Mod-
ern chemistry is the development of this chimerical
medieval dream.
AKcock's Canal. See Canal.
Alcohol [al'-ko-hol) [Arab., al, the; kohol, a stain, or
finely powdered]. Ethyl alcohol, C^HgO. A liquid
obtained by the distillation of fermented grain or
starchy substance. It is used in pharmacy as a sol-
vent for resins, and as a base for all tinctures. Com-
mercial alcohol contains 91 per cent, of absolute
alcohol, with 9 per cent, of water. It is inflammable,
colorless, and possesses a pungent odor and burning
taste. Sometimes it is used externally as a stimulant
lotion. Internally, it is a powerful cerebral excitant ;
in large doses a depressant, narcotic poison, producing
muscular incoordination, delirium, and coma. It is a
food within the limits of .^j-.^j per day ; its contin-
ued use is apt to result in epilepsy, amblyopia, and
insanity. In the form of wine, whisky, or brandy,
it is valuable in diphtheria, adynamic fevers, and
poisoning by cardiac depressants. A., Absolute,
spirit containing no water. A., Amyl, CjHj.jO, com-
monly known as Potato .Spirit and " Fusel OiT'' ;
a transparent, colorless liquid. A., Anhydrous, one
free from water. A., Aromatic, an alcohol contain-
ing phenyl. A., Benzyl, C.Hi,0, obtained from ben-
zaldehyd by the action of sodium amalgam. It is a
ALCOHOLATE
56
ALCOHOLS
colorless liquid, with a faint aromatic odor ; boils at
206°; its sp. gr. at 0° is 1. 062. It dissolves with
difficulty in water, but readily in alcohol and ether.
A., Dilute, composed of equal parts each of alcohol
and water. A., EthyL See Alcohol. A. of Fer-
mentation, possesses a disagreeable odor; boils at
129-130°; occurs in fusel oil; consists mainly of in-
active isobutyl carbinol. A., Methyl, CH^O, com-
monly known as " Wood Spirit.'' A., Phenic. See
Acid Carbolic.
Alcoholate [ul'-ko-hol-at) [Arab., al, the; kohol, a
stain, or finely powdered]. I. A chemical compound,
as a salt, into which an alcohol enters as a definite con-
stituent. 2. A preparation made with alcohol.
Alcoholature {al-ko-hol' -at-chur) [Fr. alcoolatnre\.
An alcoholic tincture, especially one prepared with
fresh plants.
Alcoholetum {al-ko-Iwl-e' -tutu) [L.] An alcoholature.
Alcoholic [al-ko-hol' -ik) [Arab., al, the ; kohol, a stain,
or finely powdered]. I. Pertaining to, containing, or
producing alcohol. 2. One addicted to the use of
spirituous drinks. A. Radicals, the name applied to
the univalent radicals, CnH-in -1- 1.
Alcoholica {al-ko-hol' -ik-ah) [Arab. , al, the ; kohol, a
stain]. In pharmacy, alcoholic preparations.
Alcoholimeter [al-ko-hol-im' -et-er). See Alcoholo-
meter.
Alcoholimetry (al-ko-hol-im' -et-re). See Alcoholome-
try.
Alcoholism [al' -ko-hol-izm) [Arab., al, the; kohol, a.
stain, or finely powdered]. The morbid results of
excessive or prolonged use of alcoholic liquors. The
term acute A. has been used as a synonym for ine-
briety. The chronic form is associated with severe
lesions or disturbances of the digestive, respiratory,
and nervous systems.
Alcoholismus [al-ko-hol-iz' -7ims). Syn. of Alcoholism.
Alcoholization [al-ko-hol-iz-a' -shwi) [Arab. , al, the ;
kohol, a. stain, or finely powdered]. The art or pro-
cess of alcoholizing ; the state of being alcoholized ;
the product of the process of alcoholizing.
Alcoholize (al'-ko-hol-iz) [Arab. , al, the ; kohol, a
stain, or finely powdered]. I. To impregnate with
or blend with alcohol. 2. To convert into an alco-
hol. 3. To reduce to a very subtle powder.
Alcoholometer [al-ko-hol-ovi' -et-er^ [alcohol ; iiirpov,
a measure]. A hydrometer or other instrument used
in determining the percentage of alcohol in any liquid.
Alcoholometry [al-ko-hol-o/ii'-et-re) {alcohol; iiirpov,
a measure]. The determination of the proportion of
alcohol present in any liquid.
Alcoholophilia [al-ko-hol-o-fil' -e-aK) [alcohol ; (pi^teiv,
to love]. The appetite for strong drink; a craving
for intoxicants.
Alcohols [al' -ko-holz) [Arab., a/, the; kohol, a stain,
or finely powdered]. A series of neutral compounds
resembling bases exhibiting gradations corresponding
to their increase in molecular weight. They are de-
rived from the normal hydrocarbons by replacing hy-
drogen with the group OH. The lower alcohols are
mobile liquids, readily dissolving in water and pos-
sessing the characteristic alcohol odor; the intermedi-
ate members are more oily, and dissolve with difficulty
in water ; while the higher are crystalline solids with-
out odor or taste. The alcohols resemble the fats.
Their boiling-points increase gradually (with similar
structure) in proportion to the increase of their mo-
lecular weights. See Table. A., Diatomic, those
formed by replacing two atoms of hydrogen in a
hydrocarbon by two molecules of hydroxyl. A.,
Dibasic. See A., Diatomic. A., Dihydric. See
Glycols, and Table of Alcohols. A., Divalent. See
Glycols. A., Hexahydric, alcohols containing six
hydroxyl groups attached to six different carbon atoms.
They approach the sugars very closely in their proper-
ties, having a very sweet taste, but differ from them in
TABLE OF THE ALCOHOLS.
I. OF THE FATTY COMPOUNDS.
Series i. — Alcohols, CdH2ii-|-i.OH,
Name.
Formula.
Physical
Condition.
Boiling
Point.
(Centigrade.)
Specific
Gravity.
Methyl ( Wood Spir-
it),
CH4O
Liquid.
66°
0.796 at 20°
Ethyl
CzHeO
Liquid.
78-3°
0.78945 at 20°
0.80625 °°
CsHgO
Liquid,
97.4O
0.8044 at 20°
Butyl,
C4H1QO
Liquid.
116.8°
0.8099 20°
C5H12O
Liquid.
137°
0.8168 at 20°
Hexyl
C6H14O
Liquid.
157°
0.819 3t 23°
Heptyl (EnanthyT),
C7H16O
Liquid.
175°
Octyl
CgHigO
Liquid.
190-192°
0.830 at 16°
C9H20O
C10H22O
Solid.
43-5°
Undecatyl, ....
Solid.
Dodecatyl, ....
C10H26O
Solid.
119°
Tridecatyl, ....
CiaHsgO
Solid.
Tetradecatyl, . .
C14H30O
Solid.
167°
Pentadecatyl, . . .
Solid.
Hexadecyl {Cetyl),
C16H34O
Solid.
Heptadecyl,
C17H36O
Solid.
Octodecyl
CisHasO
Solid.
210°
Ceryl (Cerotin), . .
C27H66O
Solid.
C30H62O
Solid.
Series 2. — Unsaturated Alcohols, CnH-2n— i.OH.
C2H4O
Does
not ex-
ist in
the free
state.
Allyl
CsHsO
Liquid.
96-97°
0.8540 at 20°
Crotyl,
C4H8O
Liquid.
117-120°
Series 3,— Unsaturated Alcohols,
lene Series.
CnH'in—
3.OH. Acety
Propargyl
C3H4O ! Liquid. 114-115°
0.9715 at 20°
The only known alcoliol of this series.
2. OF THE AROMATIC OR BENZENE SERIES.
Series i —Primary Alcohols.
CjHsO
Liquid.
206°
1 .062 at 0°
Tolyl,
CsHioO
Liquid.
212°
1.033 at 20°
Phenyl Propyl, . .
C9H12O
Liquid.
23.5°
C10H14O
Liquid.
246°
ALCOOMETER
57
ALDEHYDS
TABLE OF THE ALCOHOLS.— Confimeed.
Series 2. — Divalent (Dihvdric) Alcohols.
Name.
Formula.
Physical
1 Condition.
Boiling
Point.
(Centigrade.)
Specific
Gravity.
Benzylene-Glycol,
C7H8O2
Does
not ex-
ist in
the free
state.
ToUyleneiPhthalyr)
C8H10O2
Styrolene, ....
CsHioOa
Solid.
Benzoyl Carbinol,
CsHjOo
Solid.
Series 3.
Oxy-benzyl, . . .
— Oxv- or
Phenoi
Solid.
. Alcoh
OLS.
C3H10O2
Solid.
259°
Piperonyl, ....
CgHgOs
Solid.
Vanillin
Solid.
Phenyl Glycerol, .
C9H12O3
Solid.
Mesicerin
C9H12O3
Liquid.
that they do not reduce an alkaline copper solution
and are not fermented by yeast. Moderate oxidation
converts them into glucoses, CgHjjOg. They are ob-
tained from the latter by the action of sodium amal-
gam. A., Monatomic. See A., Alonovaktit. A.,
Monohydric. See A. , ]\Iono7<alent. A., Monova-
lent (yMonohydric) , products of the replacement of one
atom of hydrogen of the hydrocarbons by the hydroxyl
group HO. A., Normal, primary alcohols in which
the replacing group possesses normal structure. A.,
Primary, products of the replacement of one hydro-
gen atom in carbinol by alkyls. A., Secondary,
products of the replacement of two hydrogen atoms in
carbinol by alkyls. A., Tertiary, products of the
replacement of all of the three hydrogen atoms of car-
binol by alkyls. A., Triatomic, those fonned by
replacing three atoms of hydrogen in a hydrocarbon
by three molecules of hydroxyl. A., Unsaturated,
those derived from the unsaturated alkylens in the same
manner as the normal alcohols are obtained from their
hydrocarbons. In addition to the general character
of alcohols, they are also capable of directly binding
two additional affinities. See Table.
Alcoometer (al-ko-om' -et-er'). See Alcoholometer.
Alcornin [al-kor' -niri) [Sp.]. A peculiarly fatty, crys-
tallizable substance, supposed to be the active principle
of alcornoque. «
Alcornoque [al-kor-no' -kwa) [Sp.]. I. Cork, or the
cork-oak. 2. The Alchornea latifolia, a euphorbia-
ceous tree of tropical America. Its bark is bitter and
tonic, and has been used as a remedy in phthisis.
Unof.
Aldane {al'-dan) [See Aldehyd\ A chemical com-
pound formed by uniting two or more molecules of an
aldehyd and removing the aqueous elements.
Aldehyd {al'-de-hid) [«/, the first syllable of alcohol ;
dehyd, from dekyd?'atus'\ , C^H^O. Alcohol deprived
of two atoms of hydrogen, or acetic aldehyd. It is a
colorless, limpid liquid, with a characteristic odor.
When exposed to the air or to oxygen it is converted
into acetic acid. It boils at 208°, and has a sp. gr.
of 0.8009 at 0°. It is miscible in all proportions
with water, ether, and alcohol. Internally it pro-
duces intoxication, anesthesia, and asphyxia. The
vapor is used in catarrhal congestions and ozena. A.,
Anisic, CgHgO.^, results on oxidizing various essential
oils (anise, fennel, etc,) with dilute HNO^. A color-
less oil of sp. gr. 1. 123 at 15°, and boiling at
248°. A., Benzoic, C,HgO, the oil of bitter almonds.
A., Cinnamic, C^HgO, the chief ingredient of the
essential oil of cinnamon and cassia. It is a colorless,
aromatic oil, that sinks in water and boils at 247°.
A., Formic, is asserted to have extreme value as a
microbicide and antiseptic, even its fumes and its solu-
tion of one part in 20,000 being destructive to various
pathogenic germs. A., Protocatechuic, CgH.j(OH)-
(OH).CHO, the parent substance of vanillin and
piperonal, prepared from pyrocatechin by the action
of chloroform. It dissolves readily in water, forms
brilliant crystals, and melts at 150°. A., Salicylic,
CgHj(OH) .CHO, occurs in the volatile oils of the
different varieties of Spircea. It is an oil with an
aromatic odor, boiling at 196°, with a sp. gr. at 15°
of 1.172 ; easily soluble in water, and colors the skin
an intense yellow.
Aldehydene (a/-(/d"-/^/''-</(f«) \aldehyd'\, CjHj. A chemf-
cal radicle derived from ethylene.
Aldehyds [al' -de-hidz) [See Aldehyd'\. A class of
compounds intermediate between alcohols and acids,
derived from their corresponding primary alcohols by
the oxidation and removal of two atoms of hydrogen,
and converted into acids by the addition of an atom of
TABLE OF THE ALDEHYDS.
A. OF THE FATTY COMPOUNDS.
I. Aldehyds of the Paraffin Series, CnH2nO.
Name.
Formula.
Physical
Condition.
Melting
Point.
(Centigrade)
Boiling
Point.
(Centigrade).
Specific
Gravity.
Methyl
(Formic), . .
CH.2O
Gas
Acetaldehyd, .
C2H4O
Liquid
20,8°
0.8009
at a'^
Propionic, . .
C3H6O
Liquid
49^
0.8066
at 20°
Butyraldehyd,
C4H8O
Liquid
75°
0.8170
at 20°
C5H10O
Liquid
102°
Caproyl, . . .
C6H12O
Liquid
128°
Enanthylic, . .
CtHhO
Liquid
153-1.54°
Decatoic
(Capric), . .
C10H20O
Solid
106°
(15 ram.)
Dodecatylic
(Laurie), . .
C12H24O
Solid
44-5°
142°
(22 mm.)
Tetradecatylic
(Myrisitalde-
hyd)
ChH.jsO
Solid
52-5°
168°
(22 mm.)
Hexdecatylic
(Palmitic), .
C1CH32O
Solid
58.5°
192°
(22 mm.)
Octdecatylic
(Stearaldehyd),
CisHssO
Solid
63. S°
192°
(22 mm.)
ALDEPALMITIC ACID
58
ALEZE
TABLE OF THE ALDEUYDS.— Continued.
2. Unsaturated Aldehyds, CaHin—tO.
Name.
Formula.
Physical
Condition
Melting
Point.
(Centigrade.)
Boiling
Point.
( Centigrade ^)
Specific
Gravity.
Acrylaldehyd,
C3H4O
Liquid
52°
0 8410
at 20"
Crotonaldehyd,
C4H6O
Liquid
104-105°
I 033
ato°
B. OF THE AROMATIC OR BENZENE SERIES.
I. Monovalent Aldehyds.
Benzaldehyd, .
C7H6O
Liquid
179°
1.050
at 15°
Toluic, ....
CsHgO
Liquid
206°
Phenyl-propyl,
CgHioO
Liquid
Cumic, ....
Phthalaldehyd,
C10HI2O
2. Dl
CgHeO
Liquid
\LDEHYr
Liquid
s.
235°
0.973
at 13°
Phenyl-lactic, .
Salicylic, . . .
C9H10O2
3. Oxv
C7H6O2
-ALDEHV
Liquid
ds.
196°
1. 172
at 15°
Anisic, ....
CgHgOg
Liquid
248°
1. 123
at 15°
Protocatechuic,
C7H6O3
Solid
150°
Vanillin, . . .
CgHgOa
Solid
80-81°
oxygen. They contain the group COH. They ex-
hibit in their properties a gradation similar to that of
the alcohols. The lower members are volatile liquids,
soluble in water, and have a peculiar odor, but the
higher are solids, insoluble in water, and cannot be
distilled without decomposition. See Table.
Aldepalmitic Acid (al-de-pal-mW -ik as'-id). See
Acid., Aldepalmitic.
Alder [al'-der'). See Alnus.
Al'derman's Nerve. See ArnoWs Nerve, in Nerve
Table.
Aldin {aF -din') [see Aldcliyd'\. An amorphous basic
chemical substance, formed from an ammonia com-
pound of aldehyd. Several aldins are known.
A\Ao\ (aF-dol) \%ee Aldehvdl, C^HgO.^. A colorless,
odorless liquid, obtained by the action of dilute HCl
on crotonaldehyd and acetaldehyd. It is miscible with
water, and at 0° has a sp. gr. of 1 .120 ; upon standing,
it changes to a sticky mass that cannot be poured.
Aldoses (al'-do-sez) [see Aldehyd\ The aldehyd al-
cohols, containing the atomic group CH(OH).CHO.
Aldoxim, or Aldoxime [al-doks'-im) [See Aldehyd^.
Products of the combination of aldehyds or ketones
and free hydroxylamin. They are usually liquid
bodies that boil without decomposition.
Ale (<?/) [A. S.,frt/z£/]. An alcoholic beverage brewed
from malt and hops. It contains from three to seven
per cent, of alcohol. See Malt Liquors.
Aleatico [al-e-a' -tik-o) [It.]. An excellent sweet red
wine, prepared in Tuscany, and esteemed one of the
best and most delicate stimulants of its class.
Alecithal (ah les'-ith-al) [a priv. ; AiKlffog, yolk]. A
term applied to certain ova having the food-yolk absent,
or present only in very small quantity.
Alegar (a'-le-gar^ [A. S., ealw ; egar, sour]. Vinegar
made of ale.
Alembic [al-em'-bik) [Arab., al, the; afzpi^,a. cup].
A vessel used for distillation.
Alembroth (al-ein' -broth) [Origin unknown]. An old
name for a compound of the chlorid of ammonium and
mercury. Its solution has been used of late as an an-
tiseptic.
Alepidote iah-lep' -e-dot) [d priv.; AeTr/f, a scale].
Without scales, as certain fishes.
Aleppo Boil, Button, Evil, Pustule, or Ulcer. See
Furunculus orientalis.
Aletrin (al' -et-rin). See Aletris.
Aletris (al' -et-ris) . Star Grass, Unicorn Root, Star-
wort, Colic Root. The root of A. farinosa. Tonic,,
diuretic, and anthelmintic. Formerly a popular do-
mestic remedy in colic, dropsy, and chronic rheuma-
tism. Dose of fid. ext. TTLx-xxx ; of tincture (l in
8 proof spirit) ^i-ij; of aletrin, the extractive, gr,
X-iv. A. Cordial. Dose zj three times daily.
Unof.
Aleukemia (ah-lu-ke' -Jiie-ali) [d priv.; Afn/cdf, white ;
aS/io, blood]. Deficiency in the proportion of white,
cells in the blood.
Aleurometer (al-u-rom' -et-cr^ \h\evpiw , flour ; fjcTfiov,
a measure]. An instrument used for the examination
of crude gluten as to its power of distending under the
influence of heat, as a means of judging of the value
of a flour for bread-making. A similar instrument,
termed an aleuroscope, has also been invented.
Aleuronat (al-u'-ro-nat) \_akcvpov, flour]. A vegetable
albumin used as a substitute for bread in cases of dia-
betes.
Aleurone (al-u'-rott) \h.'k(vpnv, fine flour]. Proteid
matter in the form of small rounded particles, found in
seeds.
Aleuroscope (al-u'-ro-skdp) [d/le u/aov, flour; aKonEiv,\.(y
view]. See Aleurometer.
Alexander-Adam's Operation. See Operations,
Table of.
Alexanderism (al-eks-att'-der-izm) [Alexander']. The
insanity of conquest ; agriothymia ambitiosa.
Alexander's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
PAe.y.^ie.'dz (al-eks-e-ter' -ik) [d/lff;?r?/p, defender]. Good
against poison, venom, or infection.
Alexia (al-eks' -e-aJi) [d priv.; 'Kk^L(;, word]. Word-
blindness. A form of aphasia and a special type of
psychical blindness, in which the patient is unable to
recognize ordinary written or printed characters. A.,
Musical, musical blindness ; pathological loss of the
ability to read music.
Alexifer (al-eks' -if-er) ^akk^Eiv, to repel ; (papfxaKov, a
poison]. A remedy or object that serves as an amulet
or antidote against poison.
Alexin (al-eks' -ii2)*\_a'kE^i^, help]. I. Any defensive
proteid; any phylaxin or sozin. 2. An antibacterial
substance found by Hankin in the blood of certain
animals and giving immunity to certain toxins. 3.
A synonym for Tuberculocidin.
Alexipharmac, or Alexipharmic {al-eks-e-far' -inak , or
-mik) [dAfff/v, to repel; ipapfiaiwv, a poison]. A
medicine neutralizing a poison.
Alexipharmacon (al-eks-e-far' -mak-on) [aAi^eiv, to re-
pel; ^d/u/ia/iof, a poison] . Any alexipharmac medicine.
Alexipyretic (al-eks-e-pi-ref -ik) [aAe^ew, to ward off;
TTi'pfrof, a fever]. A febrifuge.
Alexiteric (al-eks-e-ter'-ik). See Alexeteric .
Aleze (ah-lez) \Yx.,alezc\. A cloth to protect the bed
from ijecoming soiled by excreta, etc.
ALFONSIN
59
ALIMENTIVITY.
Alfonsin [al-fon' -sin) [from Alfonso Ferri, a sixteenth
century surgeon]. An old form of bullet extractor.
Algae (al'-je) \ali:;a, a seaweed]. A group of acotyle-
donous plants, of simple vegetable construction, living
mostly in the water.
Algaroth (al' -s^a}--oth) [It., Ali^arotti, the Veronese
physician]. Oxychlorid of antimony.
Algedo {al-je' -do) \(xX.yrti)C)V , pain]. Severe pain in the
generative organs and extending to the urinary organs,
sometimes arising from a sudden stoppage of gonor-
rhea.
Algefacient (al-je-fa' -shent) \ijlgere, to be cool ; facere,
to make]. Cooling.
Algeinuresis {al-jin-u-re' -sis) \a'kyuv, to feel pain ;
o'vpi]aiq, urination]. Painful urination.
Algera, or Algeros {al-je' -rah, or -ros) \akyTjp6q, pain-
ful]. Painful ; characterized by pain.
Algesia (a/-y>'-3d'-«//) [uAyy/wf, pain]. Pain; suffering.
Algesichronometer [al-je-ze-kro-nom' -el-er) \ahyi}aic,,
pain; ;i;f;oi'()f , time ; /aeTpov, a. measure]. An instru-
ment used to note the lapse of time before a nerve
center responds to a painful stimulus.
Algesimeter [al-jcs-im' -et-er) \h'kyr)Ciiq, pain ; ^krpov,
a measure]. An instrument for determining the
acuteness of the sense of pain.
Algesis [al-je' -sis). See Algesia.
Algesthesis, or Algaesthesis {al-jes-the' -sis) [a/lyof,
pain; alaftrjaK;, feeling]. The perception of pain;
any painful disease.
Algetic (al-jet'-ik) [a/lytiv, to have pain]. Pertaining
to, or producing, pain.
-algia [al'-je-ah] [aAyof, pain]. A suffix denoting
pain, as odontalgia, neuralgia, etc.
Algid (al'-jid) \algidns, cold]. Cold, chilly. A.
Fever, a pernicious intermittent fever, with great
coldness of the surface of the body. A. Cholera,
Asiatic cholera.
Algin {al'-jin) \_alga, a seaweed]. Alginic acid; a
gummy substance derivable from seaweeds and form-
ing a good substitute for gum arabic.
Algology {al-gol-d-ji) \alga, a seaweed; Aiyew, speak].
That department of botany treating of algae, phy-
cology.
Algometer [al-gotn' -et-er) [a^yof, pain ; /uerpov, a
measure]. An instnmient for testing the sensibility
of a part to pain.
Algometry \al-gom' -et-re) ^iikyoq, pain ; jiirpov, a
measure]. The testing of pain.
Algophobia [al-go-fo' -be-ah) \hXyoz, pain; ^^;3of,
dread]. Unreasonable or morbid dread of pain.
Algophobic (al-go-fo' -bik) [a^yof, pain ; ^o/3of, dread].
Characterized by algophobia.
Algophobist [al-go-fo' -bist) [nilyof , pain ; (^d/3of, dread].
One who morbidly dreads pain.
Algor [al'-gor) [L.]. A sense of chilliness or coldness.
A. Progressivtis. Syn. of Scleroderma Neonatorum.
Algos [al'-gos) [d/lyof, pain]. Pain; a painful disease,
or attack. •
Algosis [al-go'-sis) \_alga, seaweed]. The causation
of disease by certain plants, as algae.
Algospasm [al' -go-spazm) [_akyog, pain ; cnaafidg,
spasm]. Painful spasm or cramp.
Al'ibert's Ke'loid. See Keloid and Diseases, Table of.
Alibility [al-ib-il' -c-te) \alibilis, nutritive]. Availabil-
ity of a nutritious substance for absorption and assimi-
lation.
Alible [al'-i-bl) [^/Zi^/Z/j-, nutritive] . Nutritive; absorb-
able and assimilable.
Alicant [al'-ik-ant) [from Alicante, in Spain]. A
strong, sweet, and dark-colored Spanish wine.
Alices [al'-is-ez) [L.]. Red spots preceding the pustu-
lation in smallpox.
Alienation [al-yen-a' -shun) \_alienafio ; alienare, to
withdraw]. Mental derangement, insanity.
Alienist [al'-yen-ist) \_alienare, to withdraw]. One who
treats mental diseases ; a specialist in the treatment of
insanity.
Aliethmoid [al-e-eth' -moid) \_ala, a wing; i]^^i6i;, a
strainer]. In birds, the wing of the ethmoidal por-
tion of the orbito-nasal cartilage.
Aliferous [al-if -er-zis) \_ala, a wing; ferre, to bear].
Winged ; alate ; aligerous.
Aliform («/'-//"-(?;-;«) [«/«, wing ; yorwa, shape]. Wing-
shaped. A. Process, the wing of the sphenoid.
See Alisphenoid. Aliformes musculi [al-if-o?-' -niez
mus'-ku-li). The aliform or wing-shaped muscles;
the pterygoid muscles.
Aligerous [al-ij' -er-tis) [<?/(?, wing ; gerere, to bear].
Having wings ; alate ; aliferous.
Aliment [al'-im-ent) \_alimentum, from alimentare , to
nourish]. Nourishment, food. A substance that,
acted upon by the digestive and assimilative organs,
yields the sources and repairs the losses of heat, force,
or the tissues of the body.
Alimentary [al-im-en' -ta-re) \alimentum , from alimen-
tare, to nourish]. Nourisliing. A. Bolus, the food
after mastication and just prior to swallowing. A.
Canal, Duct, System, or Tube, the digestive tube
from the lips to the anus, with its accessory glands.
Alimentation [al-im-en-ta' -shun) \_aliinentare, to nour-
ish]. The process of the reception and conversion of
food into material fit for nourishment. A., Rectal,
the nourishing of a patient by the administration of
small quantities of concentrated food through the rec-
tum. There are many formula: for these nutritious
enemata, the most important of which are the fol-
lowing: I. Leube^s Pancrcatic-meat Emulsion. —
" For rectal alimentation : chop five ounces of finely-
scraped meat still finer, add to it one and a-half
ounces of finely-chopped pancreas, free from fat, and
then three ounces of lukewarm water ; stir to the con-
sistence of a thick pulp. Give at one time, care being
taken to wash out the rectum with water about an hour
before." 2. Mayef s Formula . — -" Fresh ox-pancreas
150 to 200 grams ; lean meat 400 to 500 grams.
Bruise the pancreas in a mortar with water at a tem-
perature of 37° C, and strain through a cloth. Chop
the meat and mix thoroughly with the strained fluid,
after separating all the fat and tendinous portions.
Add the yolk of one egg, let stand for two hours, and
administer at the same temperature, after having
cleansed the rectum with an injection of oil. This
quantity is sufficient for 24 hours' nourishment, and
should be administered in two doses." 3. Rennie'' s
Formula. — " Add to a bowl of good beef-tea one-half
pound of lean, raw beefsteak pulled into shreds. At
99° F. add one drachm of fresh pepsin and one-half
drachm of dilute HCl. Place the mixture before the
fire and let it remain for four hours, stirring frequently.
The heat must not be too great, or the artificial diges-
tive process will be stopped altogether. It is better to
have the mixture too cold than too hot. If alcohol is
to be given it should be added at the last moment.
Eggs may also be added, but should be previously
well beaten." 4. Peaslee' s Formula. — " Crush or
grind a pound of beef-muscle fine ; then add one pint
of cold water; allow it to macerate 40 minutes, and
then gradually raise it. to the boiling point ; allow it to
boil for two minutes — no more — and then strain."
5. Flinfs Mixture. — "Milk gij, whisky _^ .ss, to
which add half an egg."
Alimentivity [al-im-en-tiv' -i-te) \_ali?iientare, to nour-
ish]. The instinct that impels the animal organism to
take food or nourishment.
ALI NASAL
60
ALLANTOID
Alinasal (a!-iii-a' -sai) [^ala, a wing; nasus, the nose].
Pertaining to the (ila nasi, or wing of the nose.
PAiped [a/' -ip-ed ) [a/a, a wing; /f?^, a foot]. Charac-
terized by having the fingers or toes connected by a
membrane, for purposes of flight.
Aliptic {al-ip' -tile) [a/l£i7rr(K0f]. I. Relating to inunc-
tion. 2. Gymnastic ; pertaining to physical culture.
Alisma {al-iz' -mak) [a'Aiajj-a, plantain]. A genus of
endogenous plants. A. plantago, or water plantain,
has pungent, acrid qualities, and is used as a diuretic
and stimulant. Unof.
Alismin [al-iz' -min) [aliofia, plantain]. An extractive
or precipitate, obtained from the tincture of Alisma
plantago.
Alisphenoid [al-is-fe'-noid) \_ala, a wing; (j(p7jv, a
wedge; fWof, form]. I. Pertaining to the greater
wing of the sphenoid bone. 2. That bone which in
adult life forms the main portion of the greater wing
of the sphenoid.
Alizarin (al-iz-a' -rin) [Arab., a/, the ; a(arah,X.o ex-
tract] , Cj^HgO^. The red coloring principle occur-
ing in the madder plant, Rubia tinctorium , and in
anthracene, a coal-tar product. It occurs in red pris-
matic crystals, readily soluble in ether and alcohol.
The alizarins form a group of the anthracene colors.
See Conspectus of Pigments under Pigment. A. Blue,
a crystalline blue coloring matter formed by heating
nitroalizarin in combination with H.^SO^ and glycerin.
A. Red, a pale flesh-color used in dyeing.
Alkahest (al'-ka-hest). Same as Alcahest.
Alkalescence [al-ka-les' -ens) [Arab., al-qalt, soda-
ash]. Slight or commencing alkalinity; alkaline
quality or tendency.
Alkalescent {al-ka-les' -ent) [Arab., al-qalt, soda-ash].
Somewhat alkaline ; mildly alkaline.
Alkali [al'-ka-li) [Arab., al-qali, soda-ash]. The
term includes the hydrated oxids of the alkali metals ;
these are electro-positive, are strong bases, uniting
with acids to form salts, turn red litmus blue, and
saponify fats. A., Caustic (usually potash), when so
concentrated as to possess caustic properties ; potash
and soda are called fixed alkalies, because perma-
nently solid ; soda is called a mineral, potash a vege-
table, and ammonia a volatile alkali.
Alkali-albumin (al' -ka-li-al-hii' -min). A derived al-
bumin ; a proteid having been acted upon by dilute
alkalies and yielding an alkaline reaction.
Alkaligenous [al-ka-lij' -m-us) [alkali ; yevr/g, produ-
cing]. Affording or producing an alkali.
Alkalimeter [al-ka-lim' -et-er) [alkali ; iihpov, a mea-
sure]. An instrument for estimating the alkali in a
substance.
Alkalimetry (al-ka-lim' -ef-re) [alkali ; /ue-pov, a mea-
sure]. The measurement of the amount of an alkali
in a substance.
Alkaline [alkali']. Having the qualities of
or pertaining to an alkali. A. Bath. See Bath.
A. Copper Test. See Tests, Table of. A. Tide.
See Tide.
Alkalinity (al-ka-lin' -it-e) [alkali]. The quality of
being alkaline.
Alkalinuria [al-ka-lin-u' -re-ah) [alkali; ovpov, urine].
Alkalinity of the urine.
Alkalization [al-ka-li-za' -shun) [alkali]. The act of
rendering a thing alkaline ; the state or quality of
being rendered alkaline.
Alkaloid {al' -ka-loid) [alkali ; fMof, likeness]. Resem-
bling an alkali.
Alkaloidal [al-ka-loid' -al) [alkali; eZrSof, likeness].
Having the qualities of an alkaloid.
Alkaloids (al'-ka-loidz) [alkali; fMof, likeness]. All
nitrogenous vegetable compounds of basic and alka-
line character, or their derivatives, from which bases
may be isolated. They are chief constituents of the
active principles of the vegetable drugs employed as
medicines or poisons. Those alkaloids containing no
oxygen are generally liquid and volatile ; such are
nicotin and conein. The others are solid, crystalliza-
ble, and non-volatile. A., Putrefactive. See Pto-
maines.
Alkaluretic [al-ka-lu-i-et'-ik) [alkali; ovpov, urine].
Causing or tending to cause a flow of alkaline urine.
Alkanet [al'-kan-et) [Sp. , dim. of alcana, henna].
The root of the herb, Alkanna (Anehusa) tinctoria,
yielding a red dye that is used in staining wood, color-
ing adulterated wines, and in pharmacy to give a red
color to salves, etc.
Alkan'na Red. See Alkannin.
Alkannin [al' -kan-ijz) [Sp. , dim. of alcana, henna].
Alkanna red ; a valuable coloring ■ matter obtained
from alkanet. It is a dark, brownish-red, resinous
mass, or powder, insoluble in water, but soluble in
alcohol and ether, neutral in reaction.
Alkapton [al-kap' -ton). A yellowish resinous body occa-
sionally found in urine, which on exposure to air
acquires a brownish tint. It does not ferment and
does not reduce bismuth like glucose, though it throws
down a somewhat brownish mass. It is highly soluble
in water, but only sparingly in ether.
Alkaptonuria [al-kap-ton-u' -re-ah) [alkapton ; ovpov,
urine]. The presence of alkapton in the urine. It
has been found in cases of pulmonary tuberculosis, and
in other instances in which there are no local lesions
or general disease. It is without clinical significance.
Alkarsin [al-kar' -sin) [alcohol; arsenic]. Cadet's
Fuming Liquid ; an extremely poisonous liquid con-
taining cacodyl. It is of a brown color, and on
exposure to the air ignites spontaneously.
Alkophyr [al' -ko-fir). Briicke's name for a variety of
peptone soluble in alcohol.
Alkoxid [al-koks'-id) [alcohol; oxid]. A chemical
compound formed by the union of an alcohol with a
metallic base.
Alkylogens [al-kil' -o-jenz). See Esters, Haloid.
Alkyls [al'-kilz) [alkali]. The name applied to the
univalent alcohol radicals, CnH2B -)- 1 ; methyl, ethyl,
etc. , are alkyls.
Alkyl-sulphids (ff/'-z^zV-W-y/iA). Thio-ethers. Sulphur
analogues of the ethers. They are colorless liquids,
mostly insoluble in water and possessing a disagreeable
odor resembling that of garlic.
Allagostemonous [al-ag-o-ste'-mon-us) [iikXayi],
change; ariijiDV, a thread or stamen]. In botany,
the alternate insertion of the stamens on the receptacle
and corolla.
AUamanda [al-am-an'-dah) [Allamand, a Swiss
scientist]. A genus of apocynaceous climbing shrubs
of tropical America. A. cathartica is diaphoretic,
emetic, cathartic, and refrigerant. Unof.
Allantiasis [al-an-ti' -as-is) [iiTkaq, a sausage].
Sausage poisoning, due to putrefactive changes in
imperfectly cured sausages, or in those made from
bad materials.
Allantoic [al-an-to'-ik) [(17^0^, a sausage ; fMof, resem-
blance]. Pertaining to the allantois. A. Parasite,
a form of autosite in which the weaker fetus forms
anastomoses with the allantoic or placental circulation
of the stronger, thus becoming directly dependent for
its nutrition upon the circulation of the latter. It is
characterized by a partial or complete disappearance
of the heart of the parasite.
Allantoid [al-an'-toid) [iYa'Xck;, sausage; eUoc, resem-
blance]. I. Resembling or like a sausage. 2. Rela-
ting to the allantois.
ALLANTOIDIAN
61
ALLOPHEMY
Allantoidian [iil-an-toid' -c-mi) [aAAaf , a sausage ; firiof,
resemblance]. Any animal which in its fetal condi-
tion possesses an allantois.
Allantoin [al-an'-to-in) [ti/fAof, a sausage , f«Sof , resem-
blance], C^H|;N^O.j. A crystalline substance occurring
in traces in normal urine, and prepared from uric acid
by oxidation processes. Also the characteristic con-
stituent of the allantoic fluid, and likewise found in
fetal urine and amniotic fluid. It crystallizes in small,
shining, colorless, he.xagonal prisms, soluble readily
in hot water. It reduces Fehling's solution on pro-
longed boiling.
Allantois (al-an' -to-is) [alAac, a sausage; ASot, resem-
blance]. One of the fetal appendages or membranes,
derived from the mesoblastic and hypoblastic layers.
Its function is to convey the blood-vessels to the
chorion. The lower part finally becomes the bladder,
the rest, the urachus.
Allantotoxicon {al-an-to-toks' -ik-o)t) [a?./laf , a sausage ;
to^ik6v, a poison]. A name applied to a poisonous
substance, probably a ptomaine, that develops during
the putrefactive fermentation of sausage, especially
that made of blood and liver.
Allarton's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Allassotonic [al-as-o-ton' -ik) \a'A\aaaiiv , to vary ; rovoq,
tension]. In biology, a term applied to the transient
movements produced by stimulation, in mature plant
organs ; opposite of Auxotonic.
Allen's Closet. See Sewage, Disposal of. A. Tests.
See Tests, Table of.
Allenthesis (al-en'-the-sis) [a/lAof , other ; evdeaic,
insertion]. The presence or the introduction of
foreign bodies into the organism.
Allentheton {al-en' -the-ton) [aWof, other; evdeaic,
insertion]. A foreign body present in the organism.
AUeorgan, or Alloeorgan [al-e-or^-gan) [aA/io/of, of
another sort ; hpyavov, orgm]. ^w\e. a.s Alloplast.
Alleosis, or AUceosis [al-e-o'-sis) [iiAAoiuaLQ, change].
1. Change; alterative effect; recovery from illness.
2. Mental disorder.
Alleotic, or AUceotic (al-e-ot' -ik) [aA/io/cjcrtf, change].
Alterative.
Allepigamic (i7:/-c/-?'j--(7;«''-?7') [a/ Aoc, other ; £7ri,upon;
yafJiKOQ, relating to marriage]. In biology, a term
applied by Poulton to the colored foreign objects dis-
played by certain animals during courtship, as by the
bower birds.
Allesthesia (al-es-the' -se-ali] [dAAof , other ; aladrjoic,
feeling]. Same as Allochiria.
Allevation {al-e-va' -shun) [«</, to ; levare , \.o\\h vcp\.
1. The relief of pain. 2. The raising or lifting of
a patient from the bed or from the reclining posture.
Alleviation (al-e-ve-a' -shun) \_alleviatus ; ad, to ; levare,
lift up]. The relief or palliation of pain.
AUeviative (al-e' -ve-a-tiv) \crllevare, to lighten]. I.
Tending to mitigate or relieve pain. 2. A remedy for
the relief of pain.
Alleviator [al-e' -ve-a-tor) [allevare, to lighten]. A
device for raising or lifting a sick person from the bed.
Allax [al'-eks) [L,]. Same as Hallux.
Allheal [mul-hel') [A. '&.,all; halan, to heal]. The
officinal v2Xm3.x\, Valeriana officinalis ; also the plant
Stachys palustris.
Alliaceous {al-e-a' -shus) \allium, garlic]. Resembling
garlic or pertaining to the same.
Alligator-forceps {aU -e-ga-tor-for' -seps). A surgeons'
toothed forceps, one of the jaws of which works with
a double lever.
Alligator Pear (al' -e-ga-tor par). The seeds of Persea
gratissima, or Avocado Pear. A Mexican remedy
for intercostal neuralgia, and internally, an anthelmintic
( ?). Dose, internally, of the fld. ext. n\y.\x-^'].
Allingham's Operations. See Operations, Table of.
Allingham's Rectal Plug. An appliance for controll-
ing hemorrhage from the rectum.
Allis's Inhaler. See Anesthetic.
Allis's Sign. See Signs ami Symptoms, Table of.
Alliteration [al-it-er-a' -shun) \ad, to; litera, letter].
A form of dysphrasia in which the patient arranges his
words according to the sound.
Allium {al'-e-utn) [L.]. Garlic. The bulb of A.
sativum. Contains a pungent volatile oil (allyl sui-
phid), that is found also in the leek and the onion.
The tubers are used both as a food and as a condiment,
and are stimulants to digestion. A. cepa, the common
onion, and A. porrum, the leek, have similar qualities.
A. Syr., contains, garlic 15, sugar 60, dil. acetic acid
40 parts. Dose 3j-.^iv.
AUochetia [al-o-ke' -te-ah). Same as Allochezia.
AUochezia (al-o-ke' -ze-aK) [aAAof , other ; ;ffCf to
desire to go to stool]. I. The passage of feces from
the body through an abnormal opening. 2. The
passing of non-fecal matter from the bowels.
Allochiria [al-o-ki' -re-ah) [aAAof, other; x^'P^ hand].
An infrequent tabetic symptom, in which, if one ex-
tremity be pricked, the patient locates the sensation in
the corresponding member of the other side.
Allochroic (al-lo-kro' -ik) [dA/lof, another; ^pa)|Ua,
color]. Of changeable or diversified color.
AUochromasia (al-o-kro-tna'-zeah) [aXAag, other;
Xpo)/ia, color]. Color-blindness.
Allochromatic (al-o-kro-maf -ik) \_alCkoq, other; xP"f^'^>
color]. Of a changeable color.
Allocinetic (al-o-sin-et' -ik). See Allokinetic.
Allocryptic [al-o-krip'-tik) \_aXkoQ, other ; KpvKrdf,
hidden]. In biology, a term applied by Poulton to
mimetic coloration in animals produced by covering
themselves with foreign objects.
AUceosis {al-e-o'-sis). See Alleosis.
Alloeotic {al-e-ot' -ik). See Alleotic.
Allogamy (al-og'-am-e) [d/l/lof, other; yafio^, marriage].
In biology, cross fertilization.
Alloisomerism [al-o-i-som' -er-izm) [d? Aor, other ;
'lanfieprj^ , having equal parts]. The application of the
same structural formula to many different compounds ;
a variety of isomerism.
Allokinetic [al-o-kin-et'-ik) [dX/lof , other ; kIviioiq,
motion]. Moved or set in motion by external impres-
sions or forces ; not autokinetic.
AUolalia {al-o-la' -le-ali) [dAAof, other; /la/lf<v, to speak].
Any perversion of the faculty of speech.
Allolalic (al-o-lal'-ik) [dA/lof, other; 'AaT^x'iv , to speak].
Affected with allolalia.
Allomerism [al-om' -er-izm) \aKXoq, other; fiipog,
shape]. In chemistry, the property of retaining a con-
stant crystalline form while the chemical constituents
present, or their proportions, vary.
Allomorphism [al-o-morf ' -izm) [d/iAof , other ; //op^/),
shape]. The property possessed by certain substances
of assuming a different form while remaining un-
changed in constitution.
Allopathy ((7/-o/'-(7-/'//(') [d/lAof, other ; 7rd^?of, affection].
According to Hahnemann, the inventor of the term,
that method of the treatment of disease consisting in
the use of medicines the action of which upon the
body in health produces morbid phenomena different
from those of the disease treated. Opposed to homeo-
pathy. It need hardly be said that modern scientific
medicine is based upon no such theory, or definition,
as that supplied by homeopathy. See Regular.
Allophasis {al-off' -as-is) [dAAof, other; <paat^, speech].
Incoherency of speech ; delirium.
AWo'pln.&my (al-off' -e-me) [aWor, other; 0///;/, to speak].
See Heterophemy.
ALLOPLAST
62
ALOCHIA
Alloplast (a!' -o-plast) [a/i,?.of, other ; T/l.acrrof , form,
mold]. In biology, a plastid composed of several
tissues ; the opposite of homoplast.
Allorrhythmia \al-or-ith' -me-ah) \Jik'Xoq, other ; Imdjid^,
rhythm]. Variation in interval of the pulse. See
J'ii/si\ Pulsus, and Caj-diac Kliytlim.
AUosematic {al-o-sein' -at-ik) [a/lAof , other ; c^/ya, a
sign, mark, or significant character]. Applied to
coloration which enables an animal to associate itself
with some large or dangerous animal.
AUosteatodes [al-o-ste-at-o'-dez) \ak'koz, other ; areaT-
o)ih/(;, fat-like]. Marked by perversion or morbidity
of the sebaceous secretion.
Allotoxin {al-o-ioks' -in) [aXAof, other ; to^ikov, poison].
Any substance, produced by tissue metamorphosis
within the organism, that tends to shield the body by
destroying microbes or toxins that are inimical to it.
Allotriodontia (aZ-ot-re-o-dott'-she-ak) \_a}CX6TpioQ,
strange ; oAirf, tooth]. I. The transplanting of teeth
from one person to another. 2. The existence of
teeth in abnormal situations, as in tumors.
Allotrioecrisis {al-ot-re-o-ek' -ru-is) [_a.AUrpio(, strange ;
(KKpwiQ, excretion]. The discharge or elimination of
foreign matters with the excretions.
Allotriogeusia {al-ot-re-o-gu' -se-ah). Same as A //otri-
ogciisfia.
AUotriogeustia (al-ot-re-o-gus' -te-aJi) [a/lA(5rp/of ,
strange ; yevaiq, taste]. Perversion of the sense of
taste ; abnormality of the appetite.
Allotriolithiasis [al-ot-re-o-litli-i' -as-is) \aXX,6TpL0Q,
strange; "kWoq, a stone]. The formation or existence
of a calculus of unusual material, or composed entirely
or in part of a foreign body.
Allotriophagy (al-ot-re-off' -a-je) \a7.'}'.6Tpio(;, strange ;
cpayeiv, to eat]. Depraved or unnatural appetite.
Allotriotexis fyal-ot-re-o-teks' -is) ^IxWoTpioq, strange ;
Tff/r, birth]. I. Abnormality in delivery. 2. The
birth or delivery of a monstrosity.
Allotriuria [al-ot-re-u' -re-ah) \a7\Xl)TpLo^, strange ;
iwpnv, urine]. Abnormality of the urine.
Allotrope (al' -o-trop) [ty^/lof, different; rpoTr//, a change].
One of the forms in which an element capable of
assuming different forms may appear.
Allotrophic {al-o-trof -ik) [(i?i,Aof, other ; rpo(/i//, nour-
ishment]. Having perverted or modified characters
as a nutrient.
AUotropism (al-ot'-ro-pizni) \hXkoq, other; rpoTrnc,
method]. I. The term expresses the fact of certain
elements existing in two or more conditions with
differences of physical properties. Thus carbon illus-
trates allotropism by existing in the forms of charcoal,
plumbago, and the diamond. .See Isomeric. 2.
Appearance in an unusual or abnormal form.
Allotropy (al-ot'-ro-pc). Allotropism.
AUotrylic [al-o-tril'-ik) \ak'K6Tpio(;, foreign; u/l;?, prin-
ciple]. Due to the presence of a foreign principle or
material ; enthetic. A. Affections, morbid states
caused by the lodgment of foreign substances in the
organism. The foreign substance may be animate or
inanimate, organic or inorganic.
Alloxan [al-oks'-an) \_a//anfoin ; oxa/ic~\, QH.^NjO^.
The ureid of mesoxalic acid ; it is produced by the
careful oxidation of uric acid, or alloxantin with nitric
acid or chlorin and bromin. It appears in long,
shining, rhombic prisms, easily soluble in water, with
a very acid reaction, and possessing a disagreeable
taste. The solution placed on the skin slowly stains
it a purple red. It occurs in the intestinal mucus in
cases of diarrhea.
Alloxanic Acid {al-oks-an' -ik). See Acid.
Alloxantin {a!-oks-an'-tin) [allantoin ; oxalic'\, C^^\i^-
N^jO, + sH.^O. A substance obtained by reducing
alloxan with SnCl,,, zinc and HCl, or HjS in the cold.
It occurs in small, hard, colorless prisms that turn red
in air containing ammonia. Its solution has an acid
reaction.
Alloy [al-oi') [from the French word aloi, a contraction
of a la loi\ I. A compound of two or more metals by
fusion. See Cold Plate and Gold Solder. 2. The least
valuable of two or more metals that are fused together.
Allozooid (al-o-zo' -oid) [a/lAof, other; Cwof'tJ'/?, like an
animal]. In zoology, a zooid differing from the
organism producing it.
Allspice [at(jl'-spis). See Pimenta, and Florida All-
spice.
Allure (al-iir'). Synonym of Influenza.
Allyl {al'-il) [h~Ari, matter], C3H5. A non-saturated
univalent alcohol-radical of the oils obtained from
alliaceous plants. It does not exist in the free state.
A. Alcohol, C3H5HO, a colorless inflammable liquid,
with pungent odor, boiling at 97° C. A. Aldehyd,
C.,H^O, a syn. of Acrolein. A. Cyanid. See
Sinamin. A. Mustard Oil, CS.N.C.^Hj, Allyl thio-
carbimid. The principal constituent of ordinary mus-
tard oil. It is a liquid not readily dissolved by
water; boils at 150.7°; at 10°, it has a sp. gr. of
1.017 > has a pungent odor and vesicates the skin.
A. sulphid, (C.jHj)2S, the essential oil of garlic.
A. thiocarbimid. See A. Mustard Oil. A.
tribromid, C^HjEr^, a colorless liquid used as an
antispasmodic. Dose, five drops. Unof.
Allylamin (al-il' -am-lti) [fcA?/, matter; ammonia'],
l>iY{.j,{C^\l}). Ammonia in which a hydrogen atom is
replaced by allyl. It is a sharply caustic mobile liquid.
AUylin {al-il'-in) [i'Aj?, matter], CgHi./J.j. Monoallyl
ether, produced by heating glycerol with oxalic acid.
It is a thick liquid, boiling at 225-240°.
Almeciga (al-ma' -thig-ali) [Sp.]. See Elemi.
Almen and Nylander's Test. See Tests, Table of.
Almen's Tests. See Tests, Table of.
Almond [am' -und) [M. E., almonde\ See Amyg-
dala. A. Bread, a variety of bread made from almond
flour, for use by diabetics. It is made as follows :
Take of blanched sweet almonds a quarter of a
pound. Beat them as fine as possible in a stone
mortar, remove the sugar by putting in a linen bag and
steeping for a quarter of an hour in boiling water
acidulated with vinegar ; mix this paste thoroughly
with three ounces of butter and two eggs. Add the
yolks of three eggs and a little salt, and stir well for
some time. Whip up the whites of three eggs and
stir in. Put the dough thus obtained into greased
moulds and dry by a slow fire. A. of the Ear, the
tonsil. A. Mixture. See Amygdahe Mistura. A.
Oil, oleum amygdalre, the fixed oil obtained from
both the sweet and the bitter almond. It is odorless,
agreeable to the taste, and of a yellow color; sp. gr.
.919 at 15° C. It is used in phannacy and medicine
and in soap-making. A. Oil, Bitter, Oleum amyg-
dala amarre. See Amygdala. A. Paste, a magma
ofbitter almonds, alcohol, white of egg and rose-water,
used to soften the .skin and prevent the hands and lips
from chapping. A. of the Throat, the tonsil.
Alnuin (al'-mc-in) [Celtic, al, near; Ian, a river-bank].
A precipitate from the tincture of Alnus rubra. Said
to be alterative and resolvent. Dose gr. ii-x. Unof.
Alnus (al'-nus) [Celtic, al, near; Ian, 2. river-bank].
Alder Bark. The bark of the American Alder. A.
serrulata ,cor\\.2Lms tannic acid. The decoction of bark
and leaves is astringent, and used as a gargle and as a
lotion for wounds and ulcers. Dose of powdered bark
gr. X.
Alochia {ah-lo'-ke-ah) [a priv.; \6xia, the lochia].
Absence of the lochia.
ALOE
63
ALSACE GUM
Aloe (aF-o) \h'kbr), the aloe]. The inspissated juice of
several species of aloe, of which the A. socotrina, A.
barbadL'Hsis , and A. capensis are most commonly used.
Its properties are due to a glucosid, ahnn, CjjHjgOj. A
tonic astringent, useful in amenorrhea, chronic consti-
pation, and atonic dyspepsia. It is also an emmen-
agogue and anthelmintic. Dose gr. j-v. A. amer-
icana. See Agave. A. Decoct., Comp. (B.P. ).
Dose gr. ss-ij. A. Enema (B.P. ), aloes, carbonate
of potassium ; mucilage of starch. A. et Asafcetida,
Pil., aloes and asafetida aa gr. I >/^. A. et Canellae,
Pulv., contains powdered bark of Canella alba. Dose
gr. v-xx. A. et Ferri, Pil., contains gr. j each of
aloes, ferrous sulphate, and aromatic powder, incor-
porated with confection of roses. A.- et Mastich,
Pil., " Lady Webster's" pill, contains each aloes gr.
ij, mastich and red rose gr. ss. A. et Myrrh, Pil.,
contains each aloes gr. ij, myrrh, gr. j, aromatic pow-
der gr. ss, mixed with syrup. A. et Myrrh, Tinct.,
aloes lo, myrrh lo, alcohol lOO parts. Dose '7^ ss- 3 ij.
A. Ext. Aquosum, prepared by mixing I with 10 parts
boiling water, straining and evaporating. Dose gr.
ss-v. A. Pil., aloes and soap aa gr. ij. A. Puri-
ficata, the common drug purified by solution in alcohol
and evaporation. Dose gr. j-v. A. Socotrin, Pil.
(B. P.), contains socotrin, aloes, hard soap, oil of nut-
meg and confection of roses. Dose gr. v-x. A.
Tinct., consists of aloes 10, glycyrrhiza 10, dil. alcohol
100 parts. Dose gss-^ij. A. Vin., has aloes 6,
cardamon I, ginger I, str. white wine 100 parts.
Dose Sj-^iv.
Aloedary (al' -o-ed-a-re) ^akor^&apiov , aloedarium], A
compound aloetic purgative medicine.
Aloeretin {al-o-e-re' -tiii) \a'K6ri, aloes; pijrivi], resin].
A brown resin contained in aloes.
Aloes [al'-oz). See Aloe. A. Caballine \_cabalhis,
a horse]. Coarse aloes, used in veterinary medi-
cine. A. Hepatic, dark liver-colored aloes, mostly
Socotrine or Barbadian. A. Lign. See Agallo-
chum.
Aloes-wood [aF-oz-wood). See Agallochum, and
Aqidlaria.
Aloetic (al-o-et'-ik) [aAo;?, the aloe]. Containing or
pertaining to aloes.
Aloetin [al-o-e' -tin) [aWorj, the aloe; pJirivr/, resin]. I.
Aloeretin. 2. A yellow crystalline principle obtain-
able from aloes ; aloeretic acid.
Alogia (ah-lo'-je-afi) \a priv. ; Myoq, word, reason].
1. Inability to speak, due to some psychical defect.
2. Stupid or senseless behavior.
Alogotrophy (a/-i9-_^'-6>^'-;'o-/(') \akoyoq, strange, absurd;
rpnibri, nutrition]. Irregular and perverted nutrition,
leading to deformity.
Aloin (al'-o-in) \aMri, the aloe]. A bitter principle
found in aloes. It forms fine needles, possesses a
very bitter taste, and acts as a strong purgative. Sev-
eral glucosids of this name are described ; as Bar-
baloin, Nataloin, Zanaloin, Socaloin, q. v.
Alonette's Operation. See Operatiofis, Table of.
Alonsenel [al-on-sen-el') [Fr.]. A variety of the Co7v-
auia mexicana, a tall, rosaceous shrub of Mexico and
the Rocky Mountain region. It is also called Cowan
Plant and Cliff-rose. It is locally valued as a styptic
and astringent. Unof.
Alopecia [al-o-pe' -se-ah') [akuTrrj^, a fox]. Baldness ;
Calvities ; a term employed to designate the forms of
baldness occurring in any disease as a symptom of
the latter, or occurring as a purely local affection of
the follicles in which the pilary filaments are lodged.
It may be universal or partial, congenital or acquired,
physiological or pathological, symmetrical or asym-
metrical. It follows a large number of systemic
affections. A. adnata. See A., Congenital. A.
areata ; Area celsi ; Tinea decalvans ; Porrigo de-
calvans ; Alopecia circumscripta ; that condition in
which suddenly or slowly one or several, usually
asymmetrically distributed, patches of baldness appear
upon the hairy regions of the body, more often upon
the scalp and parts covered by the beard. Tlie patches
vary in size from a pin-head to an involvement of the
entire surface from the coalescing of many patches.
The disease may be produced by traumatism of the
liead, nervous shock, neurasthenia, ringworm of the
scalp and syphilis. A. circumscripta. See-.-^. are-
ata. A., Congenital, a rare form, seldom complete,
due to absence of hair-bulbs. A. furfuracea ; Alo-
pecia pityroides capillitii ; Pityriasis capitis ; Seborrhea
capillitii ; Pityriasis simplex ; Dandi-uff ; a form of
baldness associated with a disorder of the scalp
marked by hyperemia, itching, and exfoliation of
dry or fatty scales from its surface. It may be
acute or chronic, and produce a dryness, brittleness,
and lack of luster in the hair. A. localis ; A.
neuritica ; that form occurring in one or more patches
at the site of an injury, or in the course of a recog-
nizable nerve. A. neuritica. See A. localis. A.
neurotica, a name given to baldness of tropho-
neurotic origin. A. orbicularis. Same as A', cii--
cumscripta. A. pityroides capillitii. See A.
furfuracea. A. pitjaoides universalis, a rapid
and general denudation of hair occurring in debilitated
states, preceded by abundant desquamation of fatty
scales. The skin is rather firmer and stiffer than
normal. A. senilis ; Senile Calvities ; that occur-
ring in old age from atrophy and sclerosis of the scalp.
A. simplex, the idiopathic premature baldness of
young adults. Most common in males. Often asso-
ciated with premature grayness. A. syphilitica,
that due to syphilis. A. universalis, that in
which there is a general falling out of the hairs of
the body.
Alopecist (al-o-pe' -sist') [aJloTrz/f , a fox]. One who
makes a specialty of the treatment of baldness.
Alopecoid [al-o-pe' -koid ) [a/luTrr/f, a fox; £(Jof , form].
Resembling a fox ; vulpine.
Alouchi [al-oo'-chi). See Acuchi.
Alouette's Amputation. See Operations, Table of.
Aloxanthin [al-oks-an'-thin) , CjjHjpOg. A yellow
substance obtained from barbaloin and socaloin by the
action of bichromate of potassium.
Alpestrine (al-pcs'-trin) \_alpestris, alpine]. Peculiar
to mountain districts, as alpestrine diseases.
Alpha [al'-fak) [a\(f)a, the first letter of the alphabet].
The Greek letter a, used in combination with many
chemical terms to indicate the first of a series. A.
Angle. See ,4ngle. A. -dextrin. Same as Ery-
thro-dextrin. A. Kava Resin. See Le-vinin. A.-
naphthol. See Naphthol. A.-naphthol Test. See
Tests, Table of . A.-oxynaphthoic Acid, 'satt Acid,
Alpha-oxynaphthoic.
Alphenic [al-fen'-ik) [Fr. , Alphenic']. White barley
sugar.
Alphonsin [al-fon'-sin'). See Alfonsin.
Alphos [al'-fos) [aXtfiof , vitiligo]. I. An old name for
leprosy. 2. Psoriasis. 3. A term vaguely applied to
various skin diseases. See Psoriasis.
Alphosis [al-fo'-sis) [d/l^df, vitiligo]. Albinism; leu-
coderma.
Alpinia (al-pin'-e-ah) \_Alpinus, Italian botanist of the
sixteenth century]. A genus of zingiberaceous trop-
ical plants. A. officinarum, A. chinetisis , and other
species furnish Galangal, q.v. Still other species are
medicinal. Unof.
Alsace Gum [al-sds' gum). See Dextrin.
ALSTONIDIN
64
ALUSIA
Alstonidin {al-sion' -id-iii) \_Alston, a Scotch botanist].
An amorphous substance contained in a variety of Dita
bark.
Alstonin {al' -sto-nhi) \_Ahton, a Scotch botanist]. I.
An amorphous substance contained in a variety of
Dita bark. 2. A crystalline alkaloid, C.^jH.^qNjO^,
obtained from Alstonia Constricta.
Alter {awl'-ter) [L. ," other "]. To castrate, or spay.
Alterant (awF -ter-ant). Same as Alterative.
Alteration [mvl-fer-a' -shun) \alterare, to make other].
A change, as of form. A. Theory. See Difference
Theory.
Alterative (a-cil'-ter-a-tiv) \alter, another]. A medi-
cine that alters the processes of nutrition and excre-
tion, restoring, in some unknown way, and without
sensible evacuation, the normal functions of an organ
or of the system. It seems to be a necessary or con-
venient term covering our ignorance of the modus
operandi of certain medicines, as mercury, iodin, etc.
A., Compound, a domestic remedy consisting of bam-
boo, brier-root, stillingia, burdock-root, and poke-root,
aa fid. e.xt. ^iij, prickly-ash bark fid. ext. ^^j.
Recommended by Sims in scrofulous affections. Dose
Alternate (awl' -ter-nat) \_alternare, to do by turns]. In
botany, applied to that form of leaf-arrangement in
which only one leaf occurs at a node. A. Genera-
tion. See Alternation of Generatiofis.
Alternating (a7vl'-ter-nat-ing) \alternare, to do by
turns]. Occurring successively. A. Insanity, a
form of insanity in which there are regular cycles of
exaltation and depression.
Alternation (awl-ter-na' -shuji) \_alternare, to do by
turns]. Repeated transition from one state to another.
A. of Generations. I. In biology, a generative
cycle in which the young do not resemble the parent,
but like forms are separated by one or more unlike
generations. 2. That form of reproduction in which
some of the members of the cycle can produce new
beings non-sexually, while in the final stage reproduc-
tion is always sexual. Tenia or tapeworm, is an
example. The segments. Proglottides, are herma-
phrodite, and are evacuated with the feces. From the
egg, fertilized after it is shed, is developed the embryo,
that is swallowed by another animal, in whose tissues
it forms an encysted stage [Cysticerciis , Ccenurus, or
Echinococcus). To undergo further development the
cysticercus must find another host, where it forms new
segments.
Althaus's Oil. A modification of Lang's Oil. It is
made as follows : Metallic mercury I part, pure lano-
lin 4 parts, 2 per cent, carbolic oil 5 parts. It forms
a homogeneous gray cream that has no tendency to
decomposition. It is used in the treatment of syphilis
in injections of tT\^v at a dose.
Althea or Althaea (al-the'-ah) [L.]. Marsh-mallow.
The peeled root of A. officinalis, a plant of the mal-
low family. It consists of about one-third of vege-
table mucus and starch, together with the alkaloids
Asparagin and Althein (latterly regarded as identical).
Its decoction is employed as a mucilaginous drink.
A. syrupi contains four per cent, althea. Dose in-
definite. Asparagin possesses sedative and diuretic
properties, and is useful in ascites and gout. Dose
gr. ij-iij.
Althein [al-the'-in). See Althea.
Alticomous (al-tik' -o-mus') \altiis, high ; coma, head
of hair, foliage]. In biology, leafy at or near the
.summit only.
Altitude {at' -te-tiid) \altitudo, height]. The height, as
of an individual. In climatology, the elevation of
a place above the sea-level. A. -staff, a device em-
ployed for measuring the exact height of recruits. It
consists of a rigid upright with a vertex-bar moving
without play at right angles to the upright.
Altricious {al-trish' -us) \altrix, a nurse]. Requiring
a long nursing ; hence, slow of development (the re-
verse of precocious).
PiXwi^hi [al-oo'-chi). See Aeuchi.
Aludel {al'-u-del) [Arab., al, the; uthal, utensil]. In
chemistry, a pear-shaped glass or earthen vessel used
in sublimation.
Alum {al'-tun) \alumen, alum]. Any one of a class
of double sulphates formed by the union of one of
the sulphates of certain non-alkaline metals with a
sulphate of some alkaline metal. The standard (or
common commercial) alum, the official A lumen, U.
S. P., is the aluminium-potassium sulphate, Al^-
(SO^), 4- KjSO^ -(- 24H.P. It is a powerful astrin-
gent and styptic in medicine, and is extensively used
in the arts. It is employed by bakers to whiten their
bread, but the effect upon the system is probably in-
jurious. Ordinary A. Ammoniae is the same as the
above, except that the potassium is replaced by am-
monium. It is official in Great Britain, and is exten-
sively used on account of its cheapness. What is
known as conceittrated or patent alum, is the normal
aluminium sulphate [ahuninii sulphas) which is not a
true alum. A. Ammonio-ferric [Ferri et Aminonii
sulphas), U. S. P., is strongly styptic, and is useful in
leucorrhea. Dose gr. v-x. A. Potassio-ferric is
extremely similar to the A. ammonio-ferric. (For A.
Rubidium, see Rubidium). A. Sodae, double sul-
phate of sodium and aluminium, is too soluble for
ordinary uses. The other alums are very numerous,
but they are of little interest to the physician. A.
Whey, a preparation obtained by boiling "2, ij of alum
in a pint of milk, and straining. It is used as an astrin-
gent and internal hemostatic, in wineglassful doses.
Alumen {al-u' -?tien) [^h.,gen., Aluminis^. See Alum.
A. exsiccatum, burnt or dehydrated alum.
Alumina (al-u' -min-ah) [L.]. Sesquioxid of alumin-
ium ; the principal ingredient of clay, and of many
stones, earths and minerals.
Aluminate (al-u' -min-at) \a,lumina'\. A basic salt of
alumina.
Aluminated Copper. See Lapis divinus.
Aluminiferous (al-u-min-if -er-zis) \alumen, alum ;
ferre, to fonn]. Yielding alum.
Aluminium (al-u-min' -e-um) [L.]. Al = 27. Quan-
tivalence 11, iv. A silver white metal distinguished
by its low sp. gr. , about 2.6. A. hydrate, Al2(H0)i;,
a tasteless white powder, feebly astringent. Dose gr.
iij-xx. A. and Potassium sulphate, K,2A1.2(SOj)j
(Alum, (]. v.), a valuable astringent used in catarrh,
leucorrhea, gonorrhea. Dose gr. x-xx. In teaspoon-
ful doses, an emetic. A. sulphate, A1.2(SOJ.,, an
antiseptic and astringent used as a lotion in 5 per cent,
solution. A. acetate, unof. ; a disinfectant. A.
acetotartrate, unof. ; a disinfectant.
Aluminosis (al-u-min-o' -sis) \aluminium\ A pul-
monary disease common among workers in aluminium ;
the dust collects within the lung tissue.
Alumnol (alum' -not) \aluminium\ An astringent
and antiseptic " sulphur combination of aluminium."
Useful in gonorrhea, endometritis, ear, nose and skin
diseases, etc. Used in the main externally. Unof
Alum Root. The root of Heuchera americana. Prop
erties due to gallic and tannic acids. It is very astrin-
gent. Dose of the fld. ext. gtt. x-xx. Also the root
of Geranium maculatum, a mild and safe astringent.
See Geranium. Unof.
Alusia (al-u'-ze-ah) \_(iAveiv, to wander]. Hallucina-
tion ; morbid state of mind.
ALUTACEOUS
65
AMAUROSIS
Alutaceous {al-u-ta' -shc-tis) \aluta, soft leather]. In
botany, of a pale brown color, like untanned leather.
Alvearium {al-vc-a' -re-uiii) [L.]. The external audi-
tory canal or meatus.
Alveloz (al-vel-oth') [Sp.]. An extractive from Eu-
phorbia icterodoxa^ having diuretic properties. It is
highly recommended as a topical application in can-
cer. Unof.
Alveolar (al-ve' -o-lar^ [alveolus, a small hollow]. Per-
taining to the alveoli or sockets of the teeth. A. Ab-
scess, a gum-boil. A. Arch, the alveolar surface of
the jaw. A. Artery, a branch of the internal maxil-
lary. A. Border, the face margin of the jaws. A.
Cancer. See Cancer. A. Index, in craniometry,
the gnathic index ; the ratio of the distance between
the basion and alveolar point, to the distance be-
tween the basion and the nasal point, multiplied by
ICO. (Sometimes the basilar index is called the alve-
olar index.) See Index and Craniometrical Points.
A. Point. See Craniometrical Points. A. Process,
the border of the superior maxilla in which the alveoli
are placed. A. Sarcoma. See Sarcoma.
Alveolarium ial-ve-o-la' -re-tim) [alveus, a bee-hive],
A name sometimes applied to the external meatus of
the ear. It is so called because the wax of the ear
gathers in that place.
Alveolate [al-ve' -o-ldt, or aF-ve-o-lat ) \_alveolatus , hol-
lowed out like a little tray]. In biology, pitted, honey-
combed.
Alveoli [al-ve' -0- 1 i). Genitive and plural oi Alveolus.
Alveolitis [al-ve-o-li' -tis) [alveolus, a hollow ; LTig, in-
flammation]. Inflammation of the alveolus of a tooth.
Alveolo-condylean {al-ve' ~o-lo-kon-dil' -e-an) [alveo-
lus, a. hoWow ; Koiirfr^/lof, a knuckle]. In craniometry,
pertaining to the alveolus and condyle. A. Plane.
See Plane.
Alveo'o-dental [al-ve' -o-lo-de7t'-fal) [alveolus, a hol-
low ; dens, dentis, a tooth]. Pertaining to the teeth
and their sockets.
Alveolo-labialis [al-ve'-o-lo-lab-e-a'-lis) [alveolus, a
hollow; labiu?n, th&W'p]. The buccinator muscle.
Alveolo-subnasal [al-ve' -o-lo-sub-na' -sal) [alveolus, a
hollow; under; nasus, nose]. In biology, per-
taining to the alveolar and subnasal points of the skull.
A. Prognathism. See Prognathism.
Alveolus [al-ve' -o-lus) [L. ; pi. , Alveoli']. The bony
socket of a tooth. A. of Glands, the ultimate sacs
of a racemose gland. A. of the Lungs, are the air
cells. A. of the Stomach, or the alevolar structures,
are depressions, like honeycomb cells, found in the
stomach, intestines and esophagus.
Alvergnat's Pump. An instrument used in estimating
the gaseous constituents of the blood.
Alveus [al'-ve-us) [alveus, a trough]. A trough,
tube, or canal ; applied to ducts and vessels of the
body. A. communis, the utricle of the ear. A.
hippocampi, a certain structure in the cerebral hem-
isphere investing the convexity of the hippocampus
major.
Alviduca [al-ve-du'-ka) [alvtis, the belly; ducere to
lead]. Laxative or cathartic medicines.
Alvifluxus [al-ve-fluks' -us) [alvus, the belly ; Jluxus,
a flow]. A free alvine discharge; a diarrhea. A.
Torminosus. A synonym of Dysentery.
A\w'me [al'-vin or -vln) [alvinus ; alvtis ,ht\\y'\. Per-
taining to the belly. A. Concretion, an intestinal
calculus. A. Dejections, the feces. A. Discharges,
the feces. A. Obstruction. ^ynonYOi-oi Constipation.
Alvus [al'-vus] [L.]. The belly, or its contained
viscera.
Alymphia [ah-litnf'-e-ak) [a priv. ; lympha, clear
water]. A deficiency of lymph.
5
Alysm, or Alysmus [al'-izm, or al-iz'-mus) [aAvafi6^,
a wandering]. Disquietude; restlessness; mental
disquiet ; sadness ; anxiety.
Amadelphous [am-ad-el' -fus) [ann, together ; a(SE/l,^dc,
brother]. In zoology, gregarious.
Am&diOW. [am' -a-doo) [Vx. , amadouer, Xo o.oa.y.']. Ger-
man tinder or touchwood ; Boletus igniarius, 3^ fungus
found on old tree-trunks, used to stanch local hem-
orrhage, as a dressing of wounds, etc.
Amalgam [am-al' -gam) [fid'Aayfia, a soft mass]. A
combination of mercury with any other metal. See
Copper .Amalgam. A. Carrier and Plugger, an
instriiment designed for carrying and introducing amal-
gam into the cavity of a tooth. A. Manipulator, an
instrument used by dentists for preparing amalgam
fillings.
Amalgamation [am-al-gam-a' -shmi) [fiaXayfj-a, a soft
mass]. In metallurgy, the process of combining
mercury with some other metal, as practiced in sepa-
rating silver and gold from some other ores.
Amalic Acid [am-al' -ik). See Acid.
Amandin [am-an'-din) [Fr. , amande, almond]. A
proteid contained in sweet almonds.
Amandine [am-an'-din) [Fr. , amande, almond]. A
kind of cold cream or almond paste.
Amanitin [am-an' -it-in) [a//ai'2ra<, a kind of fungus].
I. A principle identical with cholin, obtained from
the fly agaric. 2. A poisonous glucosid obtainable from
various species of agaric.
Amara (<7/«-a'-rff) [amarus,\M.\.&c\. Bitters.
Amaranthus spinosa [am-ar-an' -thus spi-no'-sah)
[L. ]. The fresh root of the shrub is used in India as a
specific in gonorrhea. An emollient and diuretic.
Dose indefinite. Unof.
AmaiXm. [am -a' -r in) [ffwar/^, bitter] , CjiHjgN,. Tri-
phenyl dihydroglyoxalin, results from boiling hydro-
benzamid with caustic potash. It crystallizes from
alcohol and ether in prisms, melting at 113°. It
exerts a poisonous effect on animals.
Amarone [am-ar-on') [atnarus, bitter], C,gHjjN. A
crystalline substance produced by the dry distillation
of hydrobenzamid and other substances.
Amarthritis [am-ar-thri' -tis) [a/ia, together ; apdpov, a
joint; /r(f, inflammation]. Arthritis affecting many,
or several joints at once.
Amasesis [ah-mas-e' -sis) [a priv. ; iidajjOK;, chewing].
Inability to chew the food.
Amassette [am-as-et') [Fr.]. A kind of spatula, often
of horn, used in color-grinding and in pharmacy.
Amasthenic [am-as-then' -ik) [ayLa, together; (j^ti'of,
strength]. Uniting the chemical ray of light in a
focus, as a lens.
Amastia [ah-mas'-te-ah) [a priv. ; fiaardg, breast].
The condition of being without mammae or nipples.
Amativeness [am' -at-iv-nes) [amare, to love]. The
sexual passion.
Amatory [am'-at-o-re) [amator, a lover]. Pertaining
to love. A. Fever, love-sickness ; chlorosis. A.
Muscles, the oblique muscles of the eye, used in
ogling.
Amaurosis [am-a7ii-ro' -sis) [huavp6eiv, to darken]. A
term that, from its vagueness, is happily becoming
disused, signifying partial or total loss of vision.
When partial, the word amblyopia is now used;
when complete, blindness. The word is still some-
times used^ to express blindness when the cause is
unknown or doubtful. A. Albuminuric, that due to
renal disease. A. Cerebral, that due to atrophy of
the optic nerve. A. Congenital, that form existing
from birth. A. Diabetic, that associated with dia-
betes. A. Hysterical, that associated with hysteria,
usually in the female. A. Reflex, that resulting from
AMAUROTIC
66
AMEBOID
a reflex action upon the optic nerve following some
remote source of irritation. A. Saburral, sudden
temporary blindness occurring in an attack of acute
gastritis. A. Uremic, that due to an acute attack, or
an exacerbation of a chronic form of nephritis.
Amaurotic {am-iuo-rot' -ik) \_afiavpotLv , to darken]. Re-
lating to, or affected with amaurosis. A. Cats-eye, a
light -reflex through the pupil in suppurative choroiditis.
Amaxophobia [am-aks-o-fo' -bc-ak) [a//afa, a car ;
(pojiog, fear]. Morbid dread of being in, or riding
upon, a car or wagon.
Amazia [ah-ma' -ze-ah) [d priv. ; iiaZ,d^, the breast].
Congenital absence of the mammary gland. See
Amastia.
Amber {am' -her'). See Succmum.
Ambergris [ain'-l>er-gris) [amber; Fr. ^m, gray]. A
substance excreted by the sperm whale, Physeter
niacrocephalus. It is not known whether it is a
pathological product or not. It exhales a fragrant,
musky odor when warmed, and is used in adynamic
fevers, chronic catarrh, and nervous diseases. Dose,
gr. j-iij. Unof. See Ambreiii.
Ambidexter (am-be-deks' -ter) \ambo, both ; dexter, the
right hand]. An ambidextrous person.
Ambidextrous {ain-be-deks' -trus) \_ambo, both ; dexter,
the right hand]. Able to use both hands equally
well.
Ambigenous [am-bij' -eji-its)\_ambi ,\>o\}a ; genus, born'\.
In biology, having a perianth with parts resembling
sepals and petals.
Ambiparous (am-bip' -ar-us) \ambi, on both sides ;
parere, to produce]. In biology, producing both
kinds ; as a bud that produces both leaves and flower.
Ambloma [ain-blo'-ina/i) [^aujiXufia, wn. abortion: //. ,
Amblomata\ An amblosis or abortion : an aborted
fetus.
Amblosis (am-blo'-sis) [a,«/3/lu(T(f , an abortion]. An
abortion.
Amblothridium [am-blo-thrid' -e-mn) [_afi[Sl(jOplSiov, an
aborted fetus: //. , Amblothridia\ I. An aborted
fetus. 2. An abortifacient drug or agent.
Amblotic (am-blof -ik) \a\i\Jki)TiKoq. See Ai)iblosis\.
Abortifacient.
Amblyaphia (am-ble-a' -fe-aJi) \niL^'kuq, dull; a^ri,
touch]. Dulness of the sense of touch.
Amblyocarpous [am-ble-o-kar' -pus) [d/z/S/lif, blunt,
dulled; /ca/jTrtif, fruit]. In botany, possessing abortive
seeds.
Amblyopia (a7n-ble-o' -pe-ah)\afipi'kh(;, dulled; wi/i, eye].
Subnormal acuteness of vision, due neither to dioptric
abnonnalism nor to visible organic lesion. It may be
congenital ; from the use of tobacco [A. nicotittica), or
alcohol, or other toxic influences ; from traumatism ; or
it maybe hysterical. Nyctalopia or day-blindness, and
hemeralopia or night-blindness, are other forms ; it
may arise from entoptic phenomena, such as muscce
Tolitantes, micropsia, megalopsia, !neta?Horphopsia , etc.
It may take the form of contracted fields of vision, of
color-blindness, or anesthesia of the retina. A. ex-
anopsia, amblyopia from disuse, or from non-use:
argamblyopia is a preferable term. A. post-marital,
A. due to sexual excess, called Burns'' s Amaurosis.
Amblyopiatrics [am-ble-o-pe-at'-riks] [a?nblyopia ; laTpi-
Kiir, belonging to medicine]. The therapeutics of
amblvopia.
Ambolic [am-boU -ik) [ii/ilioAl], a putting off]. Causing
aljortion ; abortifacient.
Ambon (am'-bon) \Jiiijio)v, the lip of a cup]. The fibro-
cartilaginous ring that surrounds a socket in which the
head of a large bone is received, such as the acetabu-
lum, or the glenoid cavity.
Ambos (am' -bos) [Ger. ]. The incus, or anvil bone.
Ambosexous (am-bo-seks'-us)\_ambo, both ; sexus, sex].
Hermaphroditic.
Amboyna Button [am-boi'-nah but'-un). See Fram-
besia.
Ambra Grisea [am'-brah gris'-e-ah). Synonym of
Ambergris.
Ambrein {ai?t' -bre-in)[Fr. , Ambre'\. A substance much
resembling cholesterin ; it is obtained from ambergris
by digestion in hot alcohol.
Ambrette {am-bret') [Fr]. The seed of Abelmoschus
tnoschafus, q. v. ; musk-seed. Used in perfumery,
and formerly prescribed as a substitute for musk.
Unof.
Ambrosia [am-bro' -zhe-ah) \au^poaia, the food of the
gods]. A genus of coarse composite-flowered herbs.
A. artemisiirfolia , common hog- weed of North
America; is stimulant, tonic, antiperiodic, and astrin-
gent. A. trifida, of the United States, has similar
properties. The pollen of these plants is by some
regarded as a cause of hay-fever. Unof.
Ambulacral [am-bu-la' -kral) \a7)ibulacrum, a walk,
alley]. In biology, related to an ambulacrum.
Ambulacrum (am-bu-la' -krum) \ambulacruin, a walk,
alley: //. , Ambulacra~\. In biology, one of the radi-
ating series of perforations in the shell of an echino-
derm.
Ambulance [am' -bti-lans) \_ambulare , to walk about].
In Europe the term is applied to the surgical staff and
arrangements of an army in service. In the United
States the word is restricted to a vehicle for the trans-
ference of the sick or wounded from one place to an-
other.
Ambulatory [am' -bu-lat-o-re) \_ambulare, to walk
about]. Relating to walking. A. Blister, a blister
that changes its location. A. Clinic, a clinic for
patients that can walk. A. Erysipelas, erysipelas that
shifts from place to place. A. Tumor, a pseudo-tumor.
A. Typhoid, walking typhoid ; enteric fever in which
the patient does not, or will not take to his bed.
Ambulo [am'-bu-lo] \_ambulare , to walk about]. A
pseudo-tumor of the abdomen ; a painful and shifting
abdominal distention due to flatulence.
Ambury (am' -ber-e). See Anbury.
Ambustion (am-hus' -chun) [anibustio, a burn]. A bum
or scald.
Ameba or Amoeba (am-e'-bah) [aiioipfi, a change]. A
colorless, single-celled, jelly-like protoplasmic organism
found in sea and fresh waters, constantly undergoing
changes of form, and nourishing itself by surrounding
objects. The white corpuscles of the blood perform
ameboid movements, i.e., changes of form, consisting
of protrusions and withdrawals of substance. A.
buccalis and A. dentalis (perhaps identical species)
have been found upon human teeth. A. coli, ameba
of dysentery. A. uro-genifalis, has been observed
in urine and in vaginal secretions.
Ameban (atn-e'-ban) [_aiiot(ii/, a change]. I. Of the
nature of or pertaining to an ameba. 2. Any organism
that maybe classed as an ameba.
Amebic (am-e'-bik) {ixfioipri, a change]. Pertaining to
or characterized by amebse.
Amebicidal (am-e-bis-i'-dal). See Amebicide.
Amebicide (am-e'-bis-id) [q//o(/5//, a change; cedere, to
kill]. I. Destructive of amebii:. 2. A remedy that
destroys amebre.
Amebodont (am-e'-bo-dont) [d//oi/3;), change ; bUovr.n
tooth]. In biology, pertaining to molar teeth in which
the ridges or crests are alternate ; the opposite of
antiodont.
Amehoid (am-e'-boid) [d//o/,'3v, a change]. Resembling
an ameba in fonn or in changes ; used of white blood-
cells, etc.
AMEL
67
AMIDO-ACID
Amel (am'-el) [Anglo-French, amal, enamel]. An
old name for Enamel.
Amelectic [am-el-i-k'-tik). Affected with ameleia ;
apathetic.
Ameleia [am-cl-i' -ah) [afitMia., indifference]. Morbid
apathy ; indifference.
Amelia [ah-me' -le-ah) [a priv. ; j^d'hoQ, a limb]. Ab-
sence of the limbs from arrested development, or
atrophy.
Amelification [am-el-if-ik-a' -shun) [M. E. , ainetl ;
facere, to make]. The formation of the enamel of
the teeth by means of the enamel cells — ameloblasts.
Amelioration (am-el-vo-ya' -shtcn) \_ad, to; melior,
better]. Improvement or amendment, -as in symp-
toms.
Ameliorative (am-el' -yo-ra-tiv) \ad, to ; wtV/or, better].
Tending to produce an amendment of symptoms.
Ameloblast [ani-el'-o-blast) [Anglo-French, amal,
enamel; pXaarog, a germ]. In biology, an enamel-
cell, one of the cylinder cells covering the papilla
of the enamel organ, and forming a beautifully regular
epithelial layer that produces the enamel, the Mem-
brana ailainantina of Raschkow.
Amelus (am' -el-iis) [a priv.; fik'Aog, a limb]. A mon-
strosity without limbs.
Amendment (am-emf-menf) [M. E., amendement].
Improvement or recovery of health, more or less
complete.
Amenia (ah-me' -ne-ali). See Amenorrhea.
Amenomania [am-en-o-ma' -ne-ali) [iimanies, agree-
able; juavia, madness]. A mild form of mania in
■ which the symptoms are manifested under the form of
gayety, fondness of dress, exaggeration of social con-
dition, eU. ; a cheerful, or joyous delirium ; a morbid
elevation of the spirits.
Amenorrhea [ah-men-o-re' -ah) [ri priv. ; fiiji', month ;
pkiw, to flow]. Absence, irregularity, or suppression
of menstruation when it should normally be present.
The secretion may be retained, the result of congenital
or acquired atresia of some part of the lower genital
tract ; or it may not take place in consequence of an
imperfect development of the ovaries or uterus ; or it
may be suppressed because of some form of constitu-
tional disease, especially anemia. Primitive, is a
term applied to those cases in which the catamenia
have not appeared at the proper time, and Secondary,
to those in which the discharge has been arrested after
it has existed during the reproductive period of life.
Amenorrhea! (ah-men-o-re' -al) [a priv. ; ///yv, month ;
pkELv, to flow]. Pertaining to amenorrhea.
Ament (a'-menf) \_ab, from; mens, mentis, the mind].
A person affected with amentia ; an idiot.
Ament or Amentum (am'-ent, am-ent' -iiin) \_amentiim,
a strap or thong]. In biology, a scaly spike or catkin.
Amentaceous (am-en-ta' -she-us) \_amentitm, a strap or
thong]. In biology, related in some way to an ament.
Amentia [ah-men' -she-ah) [a priv. ; wz^zj-, mind]. De-
fective intellect ; a vague term synonymous with
idiocy or imbecility.
Amentum (am-ent' -um). See Ament.
Pt.rn&v\.\.y (all-men' -te)\a^x\v. ■, wtvzi-, mind]. Amentia.
American (am-er'-ik-an) [America^ Peculiar, or be-
longing, to America. A. Aloe. See Agave amer-
icana. A. Catarrh, a synonym for chronic post-
nasal catarrh. A. Centaury, the herb Sabbatia
angular is, employed as a substitute for gentian. A.
Columbo, the root of Frasera earolinensis. Tonic,
aperient ; in large doses, purgative. Dose of the fld.
ext. ttl^xx-^j. /'rai-frzVz, a concentrated extract. Dose
gr. j-iij. Unof. A. Hellebore. See Veratrum
viride. A. Ipecac. See Cillenia. A. Ivy, the
twigs and bark of Ampelopsis qiiinquefolia. Alterative,
tonic, astringent, and expectorant. Dose of the fld.
ext. Tt\_xxx-5j. Ampelopsin, the concentrated ext.
Dose gr. ij-iv. Unof. A. Saffron. See Carthamus.
A. Senna. See Senna. A. Spikenard, the rhizome
of Aralia racemosa. Aromatic, diuretic and altera-
tive. Used in rheumatism, dropsy, and scrofulous
affections. Dose of the decoction indefinite. Unof.
A. Swiss Food, a variety of infant milk food with
the following composition: Water 5.68, fat 6.81,
grape-sugar and milk-sugar 5.78, cane-sugar 36.43,
starch 30.85, soluble carbohydrates 45.35, albuminoids
10.54, ash 1. 21. A. Valerian. See Cypripeditim.
A. Wormseed. See Chenopodiitm.
Amertume (am-ar-tfim') [Fr.]. A disease of wine,
characterized by bitterness, and caused by a specific
bacillus.
Ametabolic (ah-met-ab-ol' -ik) \a priv. ; iierajioAoc:,
changeable]. Not due to, or causing, or undergoing,
metabolism.
Ametria (ah-mef -re-ah) [a priv. ; fJ-'/rpa, womb].
Absence of the uterus.
Ametrometer (ah-met-rom' -et-er) [a priv. ; fihpov, a
measure; oi/^tf, sight]. An instrument for measuring
ametropia.
Ametropia (ak-met-ro' -pe-ah) [a priv. ; fterpov, a
measure; oiptg, sight]. Ametropia exists when an
imperfect image is formed upon the retina, due to
defective refractive power of the media, or to abnor-
malities of form of the eye. In myopia the antero-
posterior diameter is too great, or the power of the
refractive media is too great ; hypermetropia (or hyper-
opia) is the exact reverse of the last ; astigmatism is
due to imperfect curvature of the cornea, or of the
retina, or to inequality of refracting power in different
parts of the lens ; presbyopia is due to inelasticity of the
lens, producing insufficient accommodation ; aphakia,
or absence of the lens, produces both insufficient re-
fracting power and loss of accommodation.
Ametropic (ah-met-rop' -ik) [dpriv. ; iihpov, a measure ;
oi/)(f, sight]. Affected with or pertaining to ame-
tropia.
Amianthium (am-e-an' -the-tati) \apavToq, unspotted ;
avQoq, flower]. A genus of liliaceous or melantha-
ceous plants. A. mtiscic toxieum (" fly poison "), a
handsome flowering plant of the United States ; has
properties not unlike those of veratrum. Unof.
Amiantus (am-e-an' -tus), or Amianthus (am-e-an'-
thits). See Asbestos.
Amic (am'-ik) [ammonia']. Pertaining to an amin, or
having the nature of an amin.
Amici Prism (ain-e'-che prizm). See Prism.
Amicrobic (ah-mi-kro'-bik) [a priv. ; mierobion,
microbe]. Not due to, or associated with, microbes.
Amid (am'-id) \_ammonia'\. A chemical compound
produced by the substitution of an acid radical for one
or more of the hydrogen atoms of ammonia. The
amids are primary, secondary, or tertiary, according
as one, two, or three hydrogen atoms have been
so replaced. They are white crystalline solids, often
capable of combining with both acids and bases. A.
Bases. See Amins, Primary.
Amidin (am'-id-in) [Fr. , ainidon, starch]. Starch
altered by heat into a horny , transparent mass ; soluble
starch ; that part of starch which is soluble in water.
Amidins (am' -id-inz) \_ammonia'\. Mono-acid bases
produced from the nitrites by heating with ammonium
chlorid. In the free condition they are quite unstable.
They contain the group C.NH.NH,^.
Amido-acetic Acid (am' -id-o-as-e' -fik as' -id). See
Glvcocoll and Gly. in.
Amido-acid (am'-id-o-as'-id) [^aiinnonia ; acetum,
vinegar]. An acid containing the amido-group, NH,.
AMIDOGEN
68
AMMONIUM
Amidogen [am-id' -o-Jen) \_ainid ; yevvav, to produce].
The hypothetical radical, NH,^, regarded as an essen-
tial part of all amids. See A>nid.
Amido-glycerol {am' -id-o-glis' -cr-ol). See Serin.
Amido-kephalin (am' -id-o-kef -al-in) \_amid : Kt(jia}\!],
the head]. One of the modifications of kephalin
found in the brain tissue. The name is sometimes ex-
tended to other similar principles, the amidokephalins.
Amido-Hpotide (am' -id-o-lip' -o-ttd). Any one of a
very peculiar group of nitrogenous fats said to exist in
the brain.
Amidomyelin {am'-id-o-mi'el-in) \_amid ; fiveTiog,
marrow], C^^H^jNjPO]^. A dipolar alkaloid or basic
principle, derivable from brain tissue. It gives name
to a group of similar bodies, the amidomyelins.
Amidoplast (ain'-id-o-plast) \JifivKov, starch; Tr/tdcrcfo',
to form]. In biology, a name proposed by Errera for
leukoplastids. Proteid granules whose functions it is
to form starch grains.
Amido-succinamic Acid {am'-id-o-suk-sin-am'-ik
as' -id). Same as Asparagin.
Amidoxim, or Amidoxime (am-id-oks'-im). See
Oxamidin.
Amidulin (am-id' -ii-Hii) [Fr. , amidon, starch]. Sol-
uble starch ; prepared by the action of HjSO^ on starch,
thus removing the starch-cellulose.
Amimia (ah-mim' -e-ali) [d priv. ; filfJ-o^, a mimic]. An
aphasic symptom consisting in loss of the power of
imitation or of pantomime speech. A. Musical, patho-
logical loss of the power of playing musical instruments.
Amin (am'-i>i) \_ammonia'\. The Amins are chemi-
cal compounds produced by the substitution of a basic
atom or radical for one or more of the hydrogen atoms
of anmionia ; or basic derivatives of carbon, contain-
ing nitrogen and viewed as ammonia derivatives. In
deportment they bear some similarity to ammonia.
The lower members are gases with ammoniacal odor
and are readily soluble in water ; they differ from am-
monia in their combustibility. The highest members
are liquids soluble in water, only the highest are spar-
ingly soluble. They are called Alonamins, Diamins,
Triamins, etc. , according to the number of amidogen
molecules, NH,^, substituted for H. A. Colors. Same
as Anilin Colors, q. v. A. Primary, an amin in
which one hydrogen atom is replaced by a monovalent
alkyl. A. Secondary, an amin in which two hydrogen
atoms are replaced by monovalent alkyls. A. Ter-
tiary, an amin in which three hydrogen atoms are
replaced by monovalent alkyls.
Aminol (a/n' -in-ol) \amin~\. A gaseous substance
derived from the methylamin of herring-brine mixed
with milk of lime. This gas is cheap and powerfully
disinfectant, and it has been used in the purification of
sewage.
Amins Process. See Seiverage, Disposal of.
Amitosis {ali-mit-o'-sis) [a priv. ; mitosis, indirect cell-
division, karyokinesis ; fi'noq, a thread; osis\ Cell
multiplication by direct division, or simple cleavage,
the nucleus usually assuming art hour-glass shape and
dividing before the protoplasm. The opposite of
mitosis.
Amitotic (ah-mit-ot'-ik) [a priv. ; ///rof, thread]. Of
the nature of, or characterized by, amitosis. A. Cell
Division, direct nuclear subdivision, as distinguished
from karyokinesis.
Amixia (ali-miks'-c-ah) [a priv. ; fi'i^iQ, mixing]. In
biology, the formation of a new species without the
mingling of two individuals or their germs ; asexual
reproduction, parthenogenesis.
Amma (am'-ak) \_a/ifia, a tie: //., Ammata']. A truss
or girdle for hernia.
Ammelid [am' -el-id) \_Ammonia : melamid'\,Q..^^ ^-
Oj. A substance produced by boiling melamin with
alkalies or acids ; it is a white powder that forms salts
with both acids and bases.
Ammelin (am'-el-in) \_Amiiwnia ; Jiwlam'], C.jHjNjO.
A white powder, insoluble in water, soluble in alkalies
and mineral acids. Produced by boiling melamin with
alkalies and acids.
f^TCimtttr (am' -et-er) \_ampere ; //t rpov, a measure]. A
fomi of galvanometer in which the value of the cur-
rent is measured directly in amperes.
Ammi {am'-i) [_afi/u, an African plant]. A genus of
umbelliferous herbs bearing aromatic seeds or fruits.
The seeds of several species are locally used in medi-
cine. Unof. A. copticum. See Ajowan.
Ammism (am'-iz7ii) [d|U/iOf, sand]. Ammotheraphy ;
psammism.
Ammonemia, (am-o-ne' -me-aJi). See Ammoniemia.
Ammonia {a?n-o'-t!e-ah) [L.]. A volatile alkali, NH.^.
See Ammonium. A. Carmin. See Stains, Table of.
Ammoniac (am-o' -ne-ak). See Ammo7iiacum.
Ammoniacal (am-o-ni' -ak-al) [ammonia'\. Containing
or relating to ammonia.
Ammoniacum {am-o-ni' -ak-um) [^a/ifiuvtaKdg, belong-
ing to ammonia ; gen. , Ammoniaci'\. Ammoniac. A
gum obtained from a Persian plant, Dorema Ammo-
niacum. A stimulating expectorant and laxative,
resembling asafetida. Employed in chronic bronchial
affections. Dose gr. x-xxx. A. cum Hydrargyro
Emplastrum, ammoniac 72, mercury 18 per cent.,
with sulphur, acetic acid, and oil, q. s. A. Emplas-
trum, 100 parts of ammoniac, digested with 140 parts
of acetic acid, diluted, strained, and evaporated. A.
Mistura, a four per cent, emulsion in water. Dose
.^ss-j.
Ammoniameter [ammonia ; jihpov,
a measure]. An instrument for testing the strength
of ammonia solutions.
Ammoniated (am-o-nc-a' -ted) [ammonia']. Combined
with ammonia. A. Copper Test. See 'Pests, Taile of.
Ammoniemia, or Ammoniaemia (am-o-ne-e' -me-ah)
\ammo7iia ; dy/o, blood]. The theoretical decomposi-
tion of urea in the blood, yielding ammonium car-
bonate.
Ammoniorrhea [ammonia; pdv, to
flow]. The passage of ammoniacal urine.
Ammonium (am-o'-ne-um) [from the name of Jupiter
Ammon, because first discovered near his temple in
Libya; gen., Ammonii']. A hypothetical alkaline
base, having the composition NH^. Exists only in
combination. It occurs most commonly in the fqrm of
ammonia gas, NH.„ which, dissolved in water, is the
water of ammonia of commerce. Inhalation of the gas
causes suffocation and edema of glottis. The salts
first stimulate and then paralyze the motor nerves. It
is useful as a stimulant, as an antagonist in cardiac de-
pression, and locally in bites and stings of venomous
reptiles and insects. Ammonia Aqua, water of am-
monia, a solution containing ten per cent, of the gas
in water. Dose n\^v-3ss, well diluted. A. Aqua
Fortior, contains 28 per cent, of the gas in solution.
A. Aromatic Spt., spirit of ammonia, with am. carb. ,
am. aq., ol. lemon, lavender and pimenta, alcohol and
water. Dose ^ ss-ij. Ammonii acetas liq..
Spirit of Minder'erus, dilute acetic acid neutralized
with ammonia. Dose ^)-^]- A. benzoas,
NH^C7H50.^. Dose gr. v-xv. A. Bicarbonas.
Dose gr. ij-x. A. bromid, NH^Br. Dose gr. x-^ss.
A. cai-bonas, NH,HCO,,.NH^NH,,CO.^, a mixture of
carbonate and dicarbonate. Dose gr. v-x. A.
chlorid, NH^Cl, sal ammoniac. Dose gr. j-xx. A.
chloridi trochisci, each lozenge contains gr. ij of the
salt. A. fluorid, used in hypertrophy of the spleen.
AMMON'S FISSURE
69
AMPHIARTHROSIS
Dose gr. ^^j-^. A. glycyrrhizas. Unof. An ex-
pectorant. A. iodid, NH^I. Dose gr. A. lin-
iment, am. aq. 30, cottonseed oil 70 per cent. A.
Spt., a ten per cent, solution of aqua ammonia in
alcohol. Dose n\_x-3j, diluted. A. molybdenate
Test. See Tests, Table of. The following salts and
their preparations are official : A. nitras, NH^NO.,,
used only in preparing nitrous oxide. A. phosphas,
(NH^).^HP04. Dose gr. v-xx. A. picras, C^TI,-
(NH^)(N0.2)30, a salt in yellow needles, of bitter
taste ; like other picrates it is explosive, and must be
handled with care. It is antipyretic and antiperiodic,
and tends to correct gastric disturbances. Dose gr. v
in 24 hours ; best given in wafers, each' one contain-
ing half a grain. A. sulphas, (NH^),^S04, used
only in the preparation of other ammonium salts. A.
valerianas, NH^C^HgOj. Dose gr. j-v. RaspaiV s
Eau Scdatif (Unof.), am. aq. 5ij, sodium chlorid
_^ij, spt. vini camph. giij, aq. J xxxij. For local
use.
Amnion's Fissure. See Fissure. A. Horn. See
Hippocamp. A. Operation. See Operations, Table
of. A. Posterior Scleral Protuberance, a variety
of posterior ectasia of the sclera of the eye.
Ammophilous [ani-off'' -il-its) [a/2uof , sand ; (p'lXog,
loving]. In biology, inhabiting sandy places.
Ammotherapy {am-o-ther' -a-pe) [a/^//of , sand ; Qtpa-
TTcvtiv, to heal]. The use of sand-baths in the treat-
ment of disease.
Amnemonic (am-ne-mon' -ik) [a priv. ; fivTjjiovLKog,
relating to the memory]. Accompanied by or result-
ing in impairment of the memory.
Amnemosyne (am-ne-mos'-en-e) [n priv.; nvefioavvr],
memory]. Forgetfulness.
Amnesia {ani-ne' -se-ali) [auvijala, forgetfulness]. De-
fect of memory. Loss of the memory for words. A.
Acustica, word-deafness. A. Periodic. See Double
Consciousness.
Amnesic (am-ne'-sik). Relating to amnesia.
Amnestia (am-nes'-te-a/i) [afivrjaria, forgetfulness].
Amnesia.
Amnestic (am-nes' -tik) [_anvT/aTia, forgetfulness]. I.
Amnesic. 2. Causing amnestia.
Amnia {am' -ne-ah ) \Jiixvlov, a young lamb]. Plural
of Amnion, q. v.
Amniac (am'-ne-ak) \hiiviov, a young lamb]. Am-
nionic.
Amnio-chorial (ain-7te-o-ko' -7-e-al) [a/ivlov • ^optov, a
membrane]. Pertaining to both amnion and chorion.
Amnioclepsis {am-ne-o-klep' -sis^ \aiiviov, amnion ;
KKtTTTuv, to Steal away]. The slow and unnoticed es-
cape of the liquor amnii.
Amnion [a?n' -ne-on) \_aiiviov, a young lamb]. The in-
nermost of the fetal membranes ; it is continuous
with the fetal epidermis at the umbilicus, forming a
complete sheath for the umbilical cord and a sac or
bag in which the fetus is enclosed. It contains one or
two pints of liquor amnii. It is a double non-vascular
membrane, the inner layer or sac derived from the
epiblast, the outer from the mesoblast. The cavity of
the inner folds is called the true amnion, that of the
outer, the false. A., Dropsy of, excessive secretion
of liquor amnii.
Amnionic (am-ne-on' -ili) \_a/tviov, a young Iamb]. Re-
lating to the amnion.
Amniorrhea, (am-ne-o-re' -ah) \hfivioq, amniotic liquor ;
pkiiv, to flow]. The discharge of the liquor amnii.
Amniota {am-ne-o' -tah) [a/iv/ov, a young lamb]. Ani-
mals with an amnion and allantois, comprising mam-
mals, birds, and reptiles.' Those without an amnion
are called Anamnia.
Amniotic [am-ne-ot'-ik) \_aiiViov, a young lamb]. Re-
lating to the amnion, as the A. Fluid. A. Fluid.
Same as Liquor a??inii.
Amniotis (am-ne-o' -tis'^ \_(inv'iov, a young lamb]. See
Amiiiotitis.
Amniotitis (am-ne-o-ti' -tis) \_auvtov, a young lamb ;
iTit;, inflammation]. Inflammation of the amnion.
Amniotome (am' -ne-o-tom) \ap.v'iov, a young lamb;
TOfiri, a cut]. An instrument for puncturing the fetal
membranes.
Amnitis (am->ti' -tis). Same as Amniotitis.
Amoeba (am-e' -bali). See Ameba.
Amoeboid (am-e'-boid). See Ameboid.
Amoebodont (am-e' -bo-dont). See Ainebodont.
Amoenomania (am-e-no-ma' -7ie-ah). 'ie.t A?nenomania.
Amomum (avi-o' -muni) [a/jw/xoi', an Eastern spice
plant]. A genus of scitaminaceous plants to which
the cardamom (A. cardamomum) and Grains of
Paradise (A. i^i-anum paradisi) belong.
Amorphia (ah-mor' -fe-ah) [d priv. ; jj.op(pii, fonn].
Shapeless condition.
Amorphinism (ah-mor' -fin-iz?n) [d priv. ; Morpheus,
the god of sleep]. The condition resulting from the
withdrawal of morphine from one habituated to the
drug.
Amorphism (ah-mor' -fizm) [« priv. ; pop^ij, a form].
The state or quality of being amorphous or without
shape ; specifically, absence of crystallization ; want
of crystalline structure.
Amorphous (ah-mor' -fus) [d priv. ; puptpi/, a form].
Formless, shapeless, non-crystallized. A. Quinin,
quinoidin, its salts being non-crystallizable.
Amorphus (ah-mor' -fus) [d priv. ; pop(pij, a form].
An acardiacus without head or extremities. See also
Anideus. A. Globulus. See Anideus.
Amotio (am-o' -she-o) [L.]. A detachment. A. Re-
tinae. See Ablatio Ketince.
Ampac (am'-pak) \_E. Fidian"]. An East Indian
rutaceous tree of the genus Xanthoxylum or Ampacus.
Its leaves are used in medicating baths, and its
odoriferous resin is a stimulant. Unof.
Ampelopsin (am-pel-op'-sin). 'ite. American Ivy.
Ampelopsis (am-pel-op'-sis). See American Ivy.
Ampelotherapy (am-pel-o-ther' -a-pe) [d,u7rf>of , a grape-
vine ; 6i;paTTeveiv, to heal]. The Grape-cure, q. v.
Amperage (o?n'-pdr-ahj) [Fr. ]. The number of am-
peres passing in a given circuit.
Ampere (om-pdr') [a French physicist], ^te Electrical
Units. A.'s Laws relate to the forces between con-
ductors carrying electric currents. Avogadrd' s lazti,
that equal volumes of a gas when under the same
conditions contain the same number of molecules, is
also called Ampere's Law. In honor of Ampere, the
unit of measurement of an electric current is called an
Ampere.
Amperemeter (am' -par-me-ter) [Ampere; fih pov, io
measure]. An instrument for estimating the current
of an electric circuit in amperes.
Ampere's Law. See Zart'.
Amphanthium (amf-an'-fhe-tim) [apipi, about ; avfto^,
a flower]. See Clinanthium.
Amphemerina (am-fe-mer' -in-ah) [_ap(j>?ipeptv6^, daily].
A hectic or intermittent fever that recurs daily.
Amphi- (am'-fe) [a/-i(t>l, around]. A prefix signifying
about, on both sides, around; etc. , as amphiarthrosis,
amphibia, etc.
Amphiarthrosis (am-fe-ar-thro' -sis) \ap<pi, around ;
apHpov, a joint]. A form of mixed articulation in
which the surfaces of the bones are connected by
broad discs of fibro-cartilage, or else they are covered
with fibro-cartilage and connected by external liga-
ments. It is distinguished by limited flexion in every
direction, as, e.g: , between the vertebras.
AMPMIASTER
70
AMPHORA
Amphiastkk in an
Ovarian Egg.
Amphiaster {ani'-fe-as-ti-r) [(i/'^" >
around; aoTi/p, a star]. In
biology, the figure formed in
both direct and indirect cell-divi-
sion, by the achromatin threads
and chromatin granules united to
form the so-called nuclear spin-
dle, together with the threads
of cell-protoplasm radiating from
a rounded clear space at each
end of the spindle knovifn as
the stars or suns.
Amphibia (am-Jib'-e-ah) \aji^i, both; /?/oc, life]. A
class of the I'ertebra/a, living during their life both
in the water and upon the land, as the frog, newt, etc.
Amphibious [ain-Jih' -e-ns) {_afi(j)i, both; fitog, life].
Living both on land and water.
Amphiblastic [ain-fc-blas' -tik) [a/z^t, on both sides;
{i/aaruc, a germ]. In biology, pertaining to that
form of complete segmentation that gives rise to an
amphiblastula.
Amphiblastula (n/n-
fe-blas' -tu-lah) \afi-
<pl, on both sides ;
dim. of P'laa-ug, a
germ]. In biolo-
gy, the mulberry-
mass or morula-
stage in the de-
velopment of a holo-
blastic egg. It fol-
lows the stage
known as amphi-
morula.
Amphiblestritis(^7»?-
fe-bles-tri' -tis) [(i//-
(jtifiXrjOTpnv, a net ;
irig, inflammation].
Inflammation of the
retina.
Amphiblestroid {am-fe-bles' -troid)
net ; ei&og, form]. Net-like. A.
retina.
Amphibolia {am-fe-bo' -le-aJi) \_a/u(pi}SoHa, uncertainty].
The vacillating period of a fever or disease.
Amphibolic {am-fe-boF -ik) [(7/;0//?o/\of, uncertain]. Un-
certain ; doubtful. A qualification applied by Wunder-
lich to a period in the febrile process occurring between
the fastigium and the defervescence, and marked by
irregular exacerbations and remissions.
Amphibranchia (am-fe-bi-ang' -kc-ah^ \_n/j<l>!, around ;
jipnyxic-, the gills]. The tonsils, pharynx, and naso-
pharynx.
Amphicarpic (aiii-fr-kar' -pik). Same as Amphicaf-
poiis.
Amphicarpous (atn-fe-kar'-pus) \_a/i(pi, on both sides,
around; /fap7r(5f, fruit]. In biology, producing fruit of
two kinds, either as regards form or season of ripening.
Amphicelous [atn-fe-se' -his) l^a/iij)'!, at both ends ; koi'Aoc,
hollow]. In biology, biconcave, as the center of the
vertebrae of fishes.
Amphicrania {am-fe-kra' -ne-ah) [n/'^*', both ; Kpav'iov,
the skull]. Headache affecting both sides of the head.
Amphicreatin {aju-fe-kre' -at-in) [_a/i(j>!, around ; Kptag,
flesh], C„H,,|N-04. One of the muscle-leucomaines.
It crystallizes in brilliant oblique prisms of a yellowish-
white color. It is tasteless and faintly basic. It
resembles creatin in its properties.
Amphicreatinin {atn-fe-kre-af -in-iii) l_afi(fii, around ;
Kpfag, flesh], C3H,„N-04. A member of the creatinin
group of leucomaines said to have toxic qualities. It
is derived from muscle.
Amphiblastula.
a, Granular cells which will form the
epiblast. d. Ciliated cells which
become invaginated to form the
hypoblast. (After Balfour.)
[afi<p'i(ilriaTpnv, a
Membrane, the
Amphid {nm'-fid) \a\i(^i, both]. In chemistry, a name
given to a salt of an acid containing oxygen ; that is,
a name given to salts other than haloid.
Amphideum {^am-Jid' -e-nni) \aii<j)ifita, a ring : pL,Am-
phidi a\ The margin or edge of the os uteri.
Amphidiarthrosis {am-fe-di-ar-lhro' -sis) [_a/i(t)i, both ;
ihiipHpioair, articulation]. The articulation of the
lower jaw, as it partakes of the nature both of
ginglymus and arthrodia.
Amphidisc, Amphidisk (ai/d -fi-disk) [aficj)!, at both
ends; dioKug, a round plate]. In biology, a sponge-
spicule consisting of an axil terminated by two toothed
discs.
Amphigenous (am-fij' -en-us) [a^^/, both ; >fvof, kind].
In biology, growing indifferently on both sides, as
certain parasitic fungi.
Amphigony (atn-fig'-o-ne) \_afi<p'i, on both sides ; y6vog^
offspring]. The sexual process in its broadest sense ;
gamogenesis.
Amphimixis (ain-fi-miks'-is) \_a/i<l>i, on both sides;
fii^ig, mixing]. In biology, the mingling of two
individuals or their germs ; sexual reproduction.
Amphimonerula (am-fe-jno-ner' -zt-lah) [_a/i(j>i, on both
sides; fiovi/pr/g, single]. In biology, the monerula
or cytode-stage of an unequally segmenting, holo-
blastic egg.
Amphimorula (am-fe-7nor' -u-laJi) \amphi, on both
sides; a mulberry]. In biology, the morula,
or globular mass of cleavage cells resulting from
unequal segmentation, the cells of the hemispheres
being unlike in size.
Amphioxus (am-fe-oks'-tcs) [a//^(, both ; ofi'f, sharp].
A genus of fishes tapering at both ends, as the lancelot.
Amphipyrenin (am-fe-pi-re'-nin) [q/^0(, around ; izvpi/v,
mass]. The nuclear membrane of a cell.
Amphismela (cini-Jis-me' -lah) [a/'i^', both ; fiijAi], a
probe]. A double-edged surgical knife.
Amphisphalsis (ani-fc-sfal' -sis) [^ri/uipla<l>a?\.(jig, a throw-
ing or turning round]. Circumduction, as of a limb
in reducing a luxation.
Amphistoma (atii-Jis'-to-mah) [a/^^/, double; GTOfia,
mouth]. A genus of trematode worms, named from
the mouth-like apparatus at either end. One species,
A. /io!?iinis, has been found in the large intestine of
man, in the tropical regions. See Parasites, Table of.
Amphistylic {am-fe-sti' -lik) \_afiil)l, on both sides ;
CTvTioc, a pillar]. In biology, having styles or
supports on both sides, as the mandibular arches of
sharks.
Amphithect (and -fe-thekt^ [_o-/'J-<t>' , on both sides ; Or/KTog,
sharpened]. In biology, having unequal angles or
surfaces.
Amphitoky (ain-fit' -o-kc) \_aft<pl, both ; t6ko(;, produc-
ing]. The production of both male and female forms
in parthenogenesis.
AmphitTopous {a//!-ft^-ro-pus) [d^(;(i/, around ; rpemiv,
to turn]. I. In biology, having the funiculus attached
to the ovule midway between the chalaza and micro-
pyle. 2. Having a C-shaped embryo.
Amphodiplopia (am-fo-dip-lo' -pe-ah) [a//<^6), both ;
d?T^(iof, double ; wi/', eye]. Double vision affecting
each of the eyes.
Ampho-peptone (am-fo-pep' -ton). See Peptones.
Amphophile (aiid-fo-fll) [a/z^u, both ; 0(?ic/i', to love].
Readily stainable alike with acid and basic dyes (a
qualification applied to certain histological and patho-
logical elements).
Amphophilous (am-fof -il-us) [^a/u(j)(i>, both ; ^iKelv, to
love]. Staining with either alkaline or acid dyes.
Amphora [a)}d -fo-rah) \hjj<^i, on both sides ; (jyopevc, a
bearer]. In biology, the lower portion of a seed
capsule, or pyxidium.
AMPHORIC
71
AMPUTATION
Amphoric {am-for' -ik) [aiii/^/iora, a two-handled
vessel]. Like the sound produced by blowing across
the mouth of a bottle. A. Breathing, breath sounds
with an amphoric or musical quality heard in dis-
eased conditions of the lung, as in phthisis with
cavity-formation. A. Resonance, in auscultation, a
metallic sound like that of blowing into a bottle,
caused by the reverberation of sound in a cavity of
the lung. A. Respiration. .See A. Breathing.
Amphoricity {am-for-is' -i-le) [amphora, a two-handled
vessel]. The quality of being amphoric; the giving
forth of amphoric sounds.
Amphoriloquy {am-for-iV -o-kwe) \amphora, a bottle ;
loqui, to speak]. The production of amphoric sounds
in speaking.
Amphorophony (ani-for-of -o-ne) [a/jcjiopfi'c, a jug ;
our//, a sound]. An amphoric resonance or sound.
Amphoteric [lun-fo-ter' -ik) \_a/i(l>6Tepoc, both of two].
Having the power of altering the color of both red
and blue test paper, as milk. Neither acid nor alka-
line ; applied to such substances as glucose, gums, t'/r.
Amplectant [am-plek' -tanl) [ainplecii, embrace]. In
biology, embracing ; winding about, as a tendril or
petiole.
Amplexation [ain-pleks-a' -shicii) \_amplexatio, an em-
brace]. The treatment of a fractured clavicle by an
apparatus that fixes the shoulder and covers a part of
the chest and neck.
Amplexicaudate {am-plex-e-kaw' -dat^ \amplexatio , an
embrace; caiida, a tail]. In biology, having the en-
tire tail included in the interfemoral membrane.
Amplexicaul [(impleks' -e-kawl) [amplexus, embracing;
caulis, a stem]. In biology, clasping or embracing the
stem, as a leaf.
Amplexifoliate {atnpleks-e-fo'-le-af) [amplexics, em-
bracing; folium, leaf]. In biology, plants, the
leaves of which embrace the stem.
Ampliation [am- ple-a' -shuri) \_ampliare, to increase].
Dilatation or distention of a part or cavity.
Amplification [am-plif-ik-a' -shim) \_amplificari\ to en-
large]. I. Increase of the visual area, in microscopy.
2. Enlargement, as of a diseased organ.
Amplifier (am' -ple-fi-er) \_amplificare , to enlarge]. An
apparatus sometimes used in microscopy for increasing
the magnification. It consists of a diverging lens or
combination placed between the objective and the
ocular, and giving to the image-forming rays from the
objective an increased divergence. A., Tolles's,
an accessory used in magnification and first made
effective by a manufacturer named Tolles.
Amplitude (am' -ple-tiid) \aniplitiido, the extent of a
thing]. The range or extent, as of vibrations and
undulations, the pulse, etc.
Ampulla (am-pul'-ah) [L. , A Roman wine jug].
The trumpet-mouthed or dilated extremity of a canal,
. as of the lachrymal canal, the receptaculum chyli,
the Fallopian tubes, mammary ducts, semicircular
canals, vas deferens, etc. Chemically, the term denotes
a large-bellied bottle. A. of Bryant, the apparent
distention of an artery immediately above a ligature,
due to the contraction of the vessel above the ampulla
where it is not completely filled with clot. A. Chyli,
the receptaculum chyli. A., Lieberkiihn's, the cecal
terminus of one .of the lacteals in the villi of the intes-
tines. A.of Rectum,theportionabovetheperineal flex-
ure. A. of Vater, the site of entrance of the common
bile-duct and pancreatic duct into the duodenum.
Ampullula (am-pul' -u-lali) [dim. of ampulla, a Roman
wine jug]. A small ampulla, as in the lymphatic or
lacteal vessels.
Amputation (am-pu-ta' -shuii) [ampzifare, to cut away].
The removal of a limb or part of the body by the
knife, ligature, or other means, or as a result of gan-
grene, constriction {e.g., of the cord, in the fetus), or
the disease, ainhum. For special amputations see
Operations, Table of. A., Accidental, the separation
of a limb by some form of accident. A., Bloodless,
one in which there is but slight loss of blood, on ac-
count of the circulation being controlled by mechanical
means. A., Central, one in which the scar is situated
at or near the center of the stump. A., Circular,
that performed by making a single flap, by circular
sweeps of a long knife, through skin and muscles, in
a direction vertical to the plane of the limb. A., Cir-
cular Skin Flap, a modification of the circular, in
which the skin flap is dissected up, and the muscles
divided at a higher level. A., Coat-sleeve, a modi-
fication of the circular, in which the cutaneous flap is
made very long, the end being closed by being gath-
ered together by means of a tape. A.. Congenital,
amputation of fetal portions due to constriction by
amniotic bands of lymph. A. in the Contiguity,
amputation at a joint. A. in the Continuity, ampu-
tation of a limb elsewhere than at a joint. A., Con-
secutive, an amputation during the period of suppura-
tion or later. A., Cutaneous, one in which the flaps
are composed exclusively of the integuments. A.,
Diclastic, one in which the bone is broken with an
osteoclast, and the soft tissues divided by means of an
ecraseur. Its object is to avoid hemorrhage and puru-
lent infection. A., Double Flap, one in which two
flaps are formed from the soft tissues. A., Dry. See
A., Bloodless. A., Eccentric, one in which the scar
is situated away from the center of the stump. A.,
Elliptical, one that may be performed by a single
sweep, as in the circular method ; the wound, however,
having an elliptical outline, on account of the oblique
direction of the incision. A. of Expediency, one
performed for cosmetic effect. A., Flap, one in which
one or more flaps are made from the soft tissues, the
division being made obliquely. A., Flapless, one in
which, on account of destruction of the soft parts,
flaps cannot be formed, the wound healing by granu-
lation. A., Galvano-caustic, one in which the soft
parts are divided with the galvano-cautery, followed
by division of the bone by the saw. A., Immediate,
one done within twelve hours after the injury, during
the period of shock. A., Intermediary or Inter-
mediate, one performed during the period of reaction,
and before suppuration. A., Intrauterine. See^.,
Congenital. A., Major, amputation of the extremi-
ties above the wrist or ankle joints. A., Mediate.
See A., Infermediarv. A., Minor, amputation of the
extremities below the wrist or ankle joints. A.,
Mixed, a combination of the circular and flap methods.
A., Multiple, amputation of two or more members
at the same time. A., Musculo-cutaneous, one in
which the flaps consist of skin and muscle. A., Mus-
culo-tegumentary. See A., Musculo-cutaneoiis.
A., Natural. See A., Congenital. A., Oblique.
See^., Oval. A., Osteoplastic, one in which there
is section and apposition of portions of bone, in addi-
tion to the amputation. A., Oval, a modification of
the elliptical, in which the incision consists of two
reversed spirals, instead of the one oblique. A., Par-
tial, I. One in which but a portion of the extremity
is removed. 2. An incomplete congenital amputation.
A., Pathological, one done for tumor or other diseased
condition. A., Primary, one done after the period
of shock and before the occurrence of inflammation.
A., Racket, a variety of the oval amputation, in which
there is a single longitudinal incision continuous below
with a spiral incision on either side of the limb. A.,
Secondary, one performed during the period of sup-
AMPUTATURA
72
AMYLOGENIC
puration. A., Spontaneous. See ,-/., Coiigetiital.
Also occurs in the disease, ainhum. A., Subperios-
teal, one in the continuity, the cut end of the bone
being covered by periosteal ilaps. A., Surgical, a
formal amputation in contradistinction to accidental or
congenital A. A., Synchronous. See A., Multiple.
A. by Transfixion, one done by thrusting a long
knife completely through a limb, and cutting the flaps
from within out. A., Traumatic, one performed on
account of injury.
Amputatura [aiii-pu-tat-u' -rali) [L.; pL, Amptctaturic^.
An amputation ; loss of a member.
Amuck \a-mitk') [Malay]. In a state of murderous
frenzy; in Oriental regions persons, mostly hashish
eaters, often attack and kill those whom they meet
while in a state of wild fury. In some cases the infuri-
ated persons take this method of seeking death, for
they are shot down at sight.
Amurca ((7;«-z/;-'-/;v?//) [L. ; a}i6pyr[\. The marc or lees
of olive oil ; formerly used in the treatment of sores.
Amusia (ak-mu' -se-ah) \a priv. ; iiiusa, /uovaa, muse].
Pathological loss or subnormal ability to produce or
comprehend music or musical sounds, an abnoniiality
as regards music analogous to aphasia as regards the
faculty of speech. Motor A., the music is understood,
but there is loss of the power of singing or of other-
wise reproducing music. Paramusia, faulty and im-
perfect reproduction of music. Sensory A., musical
deafness, or the loss of the power of comprehension
of musical sounds. See also Alexia, Musical;
As^j-aphia , Musical ; and A /ni///ia. Musical.
Amussat's Operations. See Operations, Table of.
Amyelencephalia {iih-mi-el-en-sef-a' -le-ali) [a priv. ;
fivt'/ov, marrow; K£(f>a'Ari, the head]. Congenital ab-
sence of both brain and spinal cord.
Amyelencephalus [ah-mi-el-en-sef -al-us') [a priv. ;
/;iif/or, marrow ; /cf(^a///, the head]. A fetal monster
having neither brain nor spinal cord.
Amyelia {ah-mi-e' -le-ah) [a priv.; fivelor^, marrow].
The congenital absence of the spinal cord.
Amyelinic (ah-mi-el-in' -ik) [a priv. ; /iwAof, marrow].
Having no myelin ; applied to certain nerve fibers,
especially those seen in neuromata.
Amyelonervia i^aJi-mi-el-o-ner' -ve-alt). See Aiiiyeloneu-
riit.
Amyeloneuria [ah-tni-el-o-nu' -rc-ali) [« priv. ; iivfii.oq,
marrow; I'f ij/joi', a nerve]. Paresis of the spinal cord.
Amyelotrophy [ali-mi-el-of -ro-fe) [a priv. ; /uif/of,
marrow; rpo^?/, nourishment]. Atrophy of the spinal
cord.
Amyelus (ah-^mi' -cl-us) [(i priv. ; fjve'/Mc, marrow]. A
fetal monstrosity with partial or complete absence of
the spinal cord.
Amyencephalus (ak-mi-eu-se/^-al-us). i^ee Amyeleu-
cephalns.
Amygdala {am-ig'-dal-a/t) [L. : gen., AmygdaLcl. I.
Almond. The seeds of ^. cmara and A.dulcis, con-
taining the principle Emulsin or Synaptase. The
former cont.a.\ns Awygclalin. The e.xpressed oil of the
sweet almond is a demulcent useful in skin affections ;
in doses of 3j-ij it is a mild laxative. That of A.
f7;«rtr« is used in cosmetics. 2. The tonsil. A. Amara,
Aq., a I : looo solution of the oil in water. Dose
indefinite. A. Amara, Ol., a volatile oil, bitter
to the taste. Contains 3-14 per cent, of hydrocyanic
acid. Dose niy^-j. A. Expressum Ol., oil of
sweet almonds. A. Mistura, oil of sweet almonds 6
per cent., sugar, water, and acacia q. s. Dose
Jss. A., Pulv. Comp. (B. P.), containing sweet
. almonds, refined sugar, and gum acacia. Used to
make Mistura A. A. Syr., contains oil of bitter
almonds 3, sweet almonds 10, syrup 87 per cent.
Amygdalae {am-ig' -dal-e) [L.,//.]. The tonsils.
Amygdalin {am-ig' -dal-in) \_Aniygdala'\, C.^jH.^^NOij-
+ 3H2O. A substance that occurs in bitter almonds,
and in various plants, as well as in the leaves of the
cherry laurel. It forms white, shining leaflets, of a
bitter taste, readily soluble in water and hot alcohol.
Amygdaline [am-ig' -dal-i>i) [a/zujJa/l;/, almond]. I.
Almond-like. 2. The fissure ectad of, or collocated
with the amygdaloid tubercle. See Fissure.
Amygdalitis [am-ig-dal-i' -tis) [yLfiVj 6dAy , almond; iri^,
inflammation]. Tonsillitis.
Amygdaloid (ain-ig ' -dal-oid) \a.jivy^ii7ji , almond ; fMof,
form]. Like a tonsil, or almond. A. Fossa, the
depression for the lodgment of the tonsil. A. Tu-
bercle, a projection of gray or cortical matter at the
end of the descending cornu of the lateral ventricle
of the brain. It is attached to the temporal lobe, and
appears to be nearly isolated by white substance.
Amygdalolith [am-ig-dal' -o-lith) \^aixvySakr}, an al-
mond; 'Aidog, a stone]. A concretion or calculus
found in the tonsils.
Amygdaloncus (am-ig-dal-ong' -kits) [a/znyrfd/l;/, al-
mond ; 6; Kor, a mass]. Any tumor or swelling of the
tonsil.
Amygdalopathy [ani-ig-dal-op' -a-f/ie) \_afivy6a7,)i, an
almond ; iraOoq, a disease]. Any disease of the ton-
sils.
Amygdalotome (am-ig' -dal-o-tom) \_afivYfiaki) , an al-
mond; Tefivsiv, to cut]. An instrument used in cut-
ting the tonsils.
Amygdalotomy [am-ig-dal-ot' -o-me) [a/zuyJa/?/, a ton-
sil; Ti:uv£iv, to cut]. Tonsillotomy; partial or com-
plete abscission of a tonsil.
Amykos (ak-mi' -kos) [d priv. ; fjimot;, a. fungus]. An
antiseptic fluid composed of boric acid, glycerin and
infusion of cloves. Of reputed service in gonorrhea,
dental caries, and catarrhs. Unof.
Amyl (am'-il) \_aijLv~Aoi' , fine starch]. The hypothetical
radical C^Hjj of amyl alcohol, the fifth term of the
series of alcohol radicals, C„H.^n^,. A. Alcohol.
See Amylic Alcohol. A. Hydrate. See Amylic
Alcohol. A. Nitrite, nitrite of amyl, C^Hj^NO^, a
clear, yellowish liquid, ethereal, aromatic, volatile ; pro-
duces vascular dilatation and great cardiac activity,
and hence is useful in angina pectoris, respiratory neu-
roses, etc. Dose, internally, ITL dissolved in alco-
hol ; by inhalation, TTL ij-v. A. Valerianate. See
Apple Oil.
Amylaceous {am-il-a' -se-us) \amylum, starch]. Con-
taining starch ; starch-like. See Corpora amylacea.
Amylene [am'-il -en) [afivAov, starch], C^H,,,. A
transparent, liquid hydrocarbon, having anesthetic
properties, but dangerous to use. See Anesthetic. A.
Hydrate, CjH,,/), a tertiary alcohol having hypnotic
effects, and antagonistic to strychnin. I.)ose tl^ xxx-
V,]. Unof. ,
Arnylic [am-il'-ik) [^auv'/,nv, starch]. Pertaining to
Amyl. A. Alcohol, Fusel Oil, Potato Starch Alco-
hol, Amyl Hydrate. An alcohol having the compo-
sition CjH,,/^, occurring in the continued distillation
of fermented grain. The pure substance has consid-
erable value as a hypnotic. In large doses it sup-
presses tactile sensibility and produces motor paraly-
sis. It is employed with advantage in mental disorders.
It was formerly much used to adulterate whisky.
Dose 15-75. Unof.
Amylo-dextrin [am-il-o-deks'-trin). Same as Ery-
tJiro-dextrin. See Soluble Starch.
Amylogen {am-il'-o-jen) \_afivkov, starch ; yevi/q, pro-
duce]. .Soluble starch.
Amylogenic (am-il-o-jen'-ik) [a/xykov, starch ; yevr/i;,
produce]. Starch-producing.
AMYLOID
73
ANACROASIA
Amyloid (am' -il-oid) [a/zuPiov, starch; fi(5of, form].
Starch-like. A. Bodies, pathological products re-
sembling starch grains found in the membranes of the
brain and other nervous tissues, the prostate, etc. A.
Degeneration, waxy, fatty, or lardaceous degenera-
tion ; a disease occurring in most of the organs of the
body, and indicative of impaired nutritive function. It
is a nitrogenous, not starchy body, of uncertain compo-
sition. For staining see Jodin, Methyl Violet, Saf ra-
tlin. Rose Bengale, in Table of Stains. A. Kidney.
See Briglif s Disease.
Amylolysis (am-il-ol' -is-is') \h.iivkQv, starch ; /liV/f ,
solution]. The digestion of starch, or its conversion
into sugar.
PLVayXoXyViQ, {ain-il-o-lit' -ik) [a//yAoi', starch ; ^I'trif, so-
lution]. Pertaining to or effecting the digestion of
starch. Pertaining to ferments, like the saliva and
pancreatic juice, that convert starch into sugar.
Amylometer (am-il-oin' -et-ei-) [a/zw/ioy, starch ; ukxpov,
a measure]. An apparatus for estimating the amount
of starch in a solution.
Amyloplast (am' -il-o-plast) \ajxv\ov, starch; ■K'KaodEiv,
to form]. A leucoplast ; a starch-forming protoplasmic
granule.
Amylopsin (am-il-op' -siii) \hfiv'kov, starch ; o-^iq, ap-
pearance]. A ferment said to exist in pancreatin. See
Ferments.
Amylose (am' -il-os) [afivlov, starch]. Any one of
a certain group of the carbohydrates, comprising starch,
glycogen, dextrin, inulin, gum, cellulose, and tunicin.
Amylum (am'-il-tan) [L. , gen. Amyli'], CgHjpOj.
Starch. The internal cells of Triticum vtdgaris,
common wheat, all other cereals, and many tubers,
piths, and roots, such as potato, cassava, etc.; it con-
stitutes nearly the whole of arrow-root, tapioca, and
sago. It is converted into glucose by boiling with
mineral acids. It is one of the most valuable nutrients
known, but inert medicinally. A. glyceritum, a jelly
for external application. Starch lo, glycerin 90 per
cent. A. mucilago (B. P.), used in making enemata.
A. iodatum, contains starch 95, iodin 5 per cent.,
triturated with distilled water and dried. Dose g j-
ss. See Table of Carbohydrates under Carbohydrate.
A.Tnyoca.r&.\ai (ani-i-o-kar' -de-ah) [a priv. ; /^i)f, muscle ;
Kap6ia, the heart]. Lack of muscular power in the
heart's contractions.
Amyosthenia (am-i-o-sthe' -ne-ah) [a priv. ; jivq, mus-
cle ; oHivo^, force]. Deficient muscular power with-
out obvious disease or lesion.
Amyosthenic (am-i-o-sthen' -ik) [a priv. ; fiv^, muscle;
oHh'og, force]. Pertaining to amyosthenia. Also, a
medicine or agent depressing muscular action.
AmyotTophicL (am-i-o-tro'-fe-ah) [a priv. ; //iif, muscle ;
Tpoiplj, nourishment]. Atrophy of a muscle.
Amyotrophic (am-i-o-trof'-ik) [a priv. ; fiv<;, muscle ;
TiJO0^, nourishment]. Dependent on or relating to
muscular atrophy. A. Paralysis, that which is due
to muscular atrophy.
Amyotrophy (am-i-ot'-ro-fe). See Amyotrophia.
Amyous (am'-i-iis'l [a priv.; (ivq, muscle]. Weak;
deficient in muscle or muscular strength.
Amyrin (tim'-e-rin) \_amyris'], Q^H^^O. A resinous
principle derived from Mexican Elemi. Amyris ele-
mifera, L.
Amyris (am'-e-ris) [L.]. A genus of tropical trees
and shrubs producing fragrant resins and gums, such
as Elemi, etc.
Amyxia (ah-miks'-e-ah) [(i priv. ; //I'fa, mucous]. De-
ficiency in the normal secretion of mucus.
Ana (an'-ah) [avd, so much each]. A Greek preposi-
tion signifying through, up, again, etc. In prescrip-
tions contracted to aa, meaning of each.
Anabamous (an-ab'-am-2is) [ai'ii, upward ; pdveiv,
to go]. In biology, climbing, as certain fishes (Ana-
bas scandcns).
Anabasis [an-ab'-as-is) [^iimifiaivetv, to go up]. The
increasing stage of a fever or other acute disease ; the
stage preceding the climax.
Anabatic (an-ab-at'-ik) ^ava/SaTiKLig, ascending]. In-
creasing ; growing more intense ; as the anabatic
stage of a fever.
Anabiosis (an-ab-i-o'-sis) [_di'aPi6£n', to come to life
again]. The phenomenon of a restoration of vitality
possessed by certain organisms after apparent death,
or even after heating to 140° C.
Anabiotic (an-ab-i-of -ik) \_apnfiweiv, to come to life
again]. I. Relating to anabiosis. 2. Restoring the
strength or activity.
Anabole (an-ab'-o-le) \_aval3a?Aeiv , to throw up]. A
throwing up ; what is thrown up ; vomit ; vomiting ;
expectoration ; regurgitation.
Anabolergy (an-ab-ol' -er-je) l_ava(SaXAeiv, to throw up ;
tpyov, work]. The force expended or work per-
formed in anabolism, or in anabolic processes.
Anabolic (an-ab-ol' -ik) [ara/jd/tXta', to throw or build
up]. Pertaining to or characterized by anabolism.
Anabolin (an-ab' -o-lin) \h.va\iaXkeiv , to throw or build
up]. Any substance formed during the anabolic
process.
Anabolism (an-ab' -o-lizm) \ai<a{ia}:\Kiv, to throw or
build up]. Synthetic or constructive metabolism.
Activity and repair of function. Opposed to Cata-
bolism. The process by which simpler elements are
built up into more complex. See Aletabolism.
Anabrosis (aJt-ab-ro'-sis) [_ai'dftp(jai(;, an eating up].
Corrosion, or superficial ulceration.
Anabrotic (an-ab-rot' -ik) \avd^pu>aLC,, an eating up].
Pertaining to anabrosis ; corrosive.
Anacamptic (an-ak-amp' -tik) \avaKau'KTeiv , to bend
back]. Reflected, as sound or light; pertaining to
or causing a reflection.
Anacanthous (an-ak-an' -thus) \livaKaVilo(; , spineless].
Without spines.
Anacardium yan-ak-ar'-de-um) [am, up; napdla, the
heart, from its heart-shaped seeds]. I. A genus
of tropical trees. A. occidentale yields cashew
gum and the cashew nut. 2. The oil of the pericarp
of the cashew nut, known as cardol, and used as an
escharotic. Of reputed value in leprosy. A. Tinct.,
I to ID of rectified spirit. Dose, n\ij-x. A. Ung.,
one part of the tar to eight of lard or vaselin.
Used as a blistering ointment.
Anacatadidymous (an-ak-al-ad-id'-im-tts) \ava, up;
Kara, down; 6l(h'fio(;, a twin]. Divided above and
below, but jointed centrally into one ; said of certain
twin monsters.
Anacatadidymus (an-ak-at-ad-id'-im-us) [ai'ti, up ;
/ca-u,down; and (^iSvuog, a twin]. An anacatadidy-
mous monstrosity.
Anacatharsis (an-ak-ath-ar'-sis) [avn, up; Kaffapaii;,
purgation]. Expectoration; vomiting.
Anacathartic (an-ak-ath-ar'-tik) [ard, up; KdHnpair,
purgation]. Causing anacatharsis.
Anaclasis (an-ak' -las-is) [('im/cAamf , a breaking off", or
back]. I. Reflection or refraction of light or sound.
2. A fracture ; forcible flexion of a sdff^ joint.
Anaclastic (an-ak-las'-tik) l^ai'an'/ aair , a breaking off,
or back]. Pertaining to refraction, or to anaclasis.
Anaclisis (an-ak' -lis-is) [di'ttK/lfcrif, a reclining]. Decu-
bitus ; the reclining attitude.
Anacroasia (an-ak-ro-a' -ze-ah') [ai'priv.; d/cpdaazf, hear-
ing]. Inability to understand words that are heard,
while the same words if read by the patient are under-
stood.
ANACROTIC
74
ANALOGUE
/ A
/
/
\
N
Anacrotic Radial Pulsk-
tkacings
a, a, the anacrotic parts.
Anacrotic [an-ak-ro/' -ik) \_ai> priv. ; aK/«in(T(f, hearing].
Relating to or characterized by anacrotisni.
Anacrotism [an-a/;' -ro-tizm) [avanpoTieiv, to lift up and
strike together]. A
peculiarity of the
pulse-curve, when a
series of closely-placed
elastic vibrations occur
in the upper part of the
line of ascent, so that
the apex appears den-
tate and forms an angle
with the line of de-
scent. It takes place
in dilatation and hy-
pertrophy of the left ventricle, when extensibility of the
arterial wall is diminished, in great diminution in the
velocity of the blood-stream, after ligature of an artery,
etc.
Anacusia [an-ak-ii'-se-ali) \_av priv. ; aKo'veiv, to hear].
Complete deafness ; abolition of the sense of hearing.
Anadenia ((ZM-rtiZ-^'-w^-rt/;) [(ii' priv. ; d(J//!', gland]. In-
sufficiency of glandular function. Chronic want of
gastric secretion.
Anadicrotic {an-ah-di-krof -ik) [dvd, upward; rf/r,
twice; KpoTog, a stroke]. Characterized by anadi-
crotism.
Anadicrotism i^an-ah-di' -krot-izni) \ava, upward ; <Mc ,
twice ; KpbToq, a stroke]. Dicrotism of the pulse-
wave occurring in the upward stroke.
Anadidymous (an-ad-id' -im-ns) [dm, up; (5/(Sd/zoc, a
twin]. Cleft upward into two, while single below —
said of certain joined twins.
Anadidymus {an-ad-id' -iin-us) [dvd, up ; 6i6v/in(, a
twin]. An anadidymous monster.
Anadiplosis [an-ah-dip-lo' -sis) [ara, up, back ; A/.TrTioeiv,
to douljle]. The reduplication or redoubling of a fever-
paroxysm.
Anadiplotic {an-ak-dip-lof'-ik) [di'd,up; 6LK7.6etv , to
double]. Characterized by anadiplosis.
Anadipsia [an-ah-dip' -se-ali) \b.va, intensive ; diip<i,
thirst]. Intense thirst.
Anadipsic [an-ah-dip' -sil;) \hva, intensive; rfii/)a,
thirst]. Causing or relating to great thirst.
Anadosis (an-nd' -o-sis) [ai'd'W/f, distributing]. Vomit-
ing ; upward determination of blood.
Anadrom (aii-nd' -rom) [drn,up; rfpa/^f/i', to run]. In
biology, a fish that ascends rivers to spawn.
Anadromous (an-ad' -ro-mns) \ava^pofio<: , running up].
Ascending; moving upward. Said of pains, etc.
Anaematopoiesis {an-e-mat-o-poi-e' -sis). See Ane-
a?natopoiesis.
Anaematosis {an-e-tnnt-o'-sis). See Anema/osis.
Anaemia {a}t-e' -nie-ah). See Anemia.
Anaemotrophy {an-e-vtot^ -ro-fe). See Anemotrophy.
Anaerobia [an-a-er-o' -be-ah) [dv priv. ; d?;/),air; /?''of,
life]. Microorgani.sms having the power of living
without either air or free oxygen. A., Facultative, ap-
plied to organisms normally or usually living in the
presence of oxygen, but under certain circumstances
becoming anaerobic.
Anaerobic (an-a-e-ro' -hik)\hv Ytrw . ; d^/),air; ^/of , life].
A term used of microorgani.sms, that live in the ab-
sence of free oxygen or air. See Aerobic.
Anaerobiosis {an-a-er-o-bi-o'-sis) [di' priv. ; d^p, air;
/8/of, life]. Life sustained in the absence of free oxy-
gen ; the power of living where there is no free
oxygen.
Anaerobiotic (an-a-er-o-hi-ot' -ik). Same as Anaerobi-
ous.
Anaerobious {an-n-e-ro^ -be-us) [av priv.; d7p,air; /?'0f,
life]. In biology, capaljle of existing without free
oxygen by a power of obtaining oxygen from organic-
substances.
Anaerophyte [drpriv.; d///i,air; (pvruv,
a plant]. In biology, a plant capable of living with-
out a direct supply of oxygen.
Anaeroplastic [an-a-er-o-plas ' -tik) [dr., priv.; d^p,
air; Tr/idacrt^i', to shape]. Pertaining to anaeroplasty.
Anaeroplasty {an-a' -er-o-plas-tc) \av priv. ; d//p, air;
TT'/.aoanv, to shape]. The treatment of wounds by im-
mersion in warm water, so as to exclude the air.
Anaesthesia (an-es-the'-ze-ah). See Anesthesia.
Anaesthetic (an-es-thet'-ik). See Anesthetic.
Anaetiological {an-e-ie-o-lof -ik-al ) . See Aftetiological.
Anagallis {an-ai^-aF -is) [L.]. A genus of plants. A,
Arvensis, Pimpernel. An herb having some local
reputation as a remedy for rheumatism and as a pre-
ventive of hydrophobia. Dose of the fluid extract "2,].
Anagennesis (an-aj-en-e' -sis) ^(ivayevv7/(jig, regenera-
tion]. Reparation or reproduction of tissues.
Anagnostakis's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Anagraph [an' -a-graf) ^avaypa(l>i/ , a writing out]. A.
physician's prescription or recipe.
Anagyrin (an-a/'-i' -rin) \_Anagyris, from di'd, back-
ward; yi'/ioc, a circle], Cj^Hj^N.^O.^. An alkaloid
from the seeds of Anagyris ftxtida, L. , a leguminous
shrub of Southern Europe. Its hydrochlorate is poi-
sonous, slowing the respiration, and interfering with
the heart's action. Unof.
Anakroasia (an-ak-ro-a' -ze-ah). See Anacroasia.
Anakusis (an-a k-n' -sis). See Anacusia.
Anal (a'-nal) [^a/ius, the fundament]. Pertaining ta
the anus.
Analepsia [an-al-ep' -se-ah). See Analepsis.
Analepsis (an-al-ep' -sis) \avakrji\)iq, a taking up.] Re-
covery of strength after disease.
Analepsy (ati' -al-ep-se). See Analepsis.
Analeptic [an-al-ep' -tik) \ava\7fKTLid)(;, restorative]. I.
Restorative. 2. Any agent restoring strength after ill-
ness, as nourishing foods and tonics.
Analgen (an-al' -jen) \av priv. ; d/}Of, pain], C.^^H,,-
N^O^. A white, tasteless, crystalline powder, almost
insoluble in water, soluble with difficulty in cold
alcohol, but more readily in hot alcohol and dilute
acids. It melts at 406.4° F. It is employed as an
analgesic, antineuralgic, and antipyretic, in doses of
from seven and a half to thirty grains. Unof.
Analgesia (an-al-je' -ze-ah) [d priv. ; d/)Of, pain]. In-
sensibility to or absence of pain.
Analgesic (an-al-je' -sik) \hv priv. ; aXyoq, pain]. I.
Anodyne; relieving pain. 2. Affected with analgesia.
3. A remedy that relieves pain either by depressant
action on the nerve centers or by impairing the con-
ductivity of nerve fibers.
Analgesin (an-al-je' -sin). See Antipyrin.
Analgia (an-al' -je-ah) \Jiv priv. ; d/yof, pain]. Paral-
ysis of the sense of pain ; absence of pain.
Analgia [df priv.; dXyoo, pain]. Analgesic.
Analogism (an-al' -o-jism) \ava'/ oyiaiib^, reasoning;
di'd, through ; 76yo<;, ratio]. Diagnosis by analogy
or by reasoning.
Analogous ((?;?-^?/'-fi-j;^«j)[di'd/lo}'or, conformable]. Con-
forming to, proportionate, answering to. See, also.
Analogue. A. Tissues, morbid tissues similar to
the elementary and normal tissues of the body.
Analogue (an'-al-og) [dvdAoyof, conformable]. Apart
or organ having the same function as another, but
with a difference of structure. The correlative term,
honiologue, denotes identity of structure with differ-
ence of function. The wing of the butterfly and that
of the bird are analogous, but the wing of a bird
and the arm of a man are homologous. A., Non-
homologous, are parts that have a similarity of
ANALYSIS
75
ANAPNEOMETER
function without any similarity as to relative posi-
tion, i'-^-, the legs of a lizard and those of a lobster.
A., Homologous, is used of parts that are similar
both as to function and relative position, , the
wings of a bat and of a bird.
Analysis (an-aF -is-is) [ava'Aveiv, to unloose]. The
resolution of compound bodies into simpler, or con-
stituent parts. A., Densimetric, analysis of a subject
by means of determining the specific gravity of the
solution and thus estimating the amount of dissolved
matter. A., Gasometric, the determination of the
constituents of gaseous compounds, especially the
determination of the amount of oxygen in samples of
atmospheric air. A., Gravimetric, the quantitative
determination by weight of the elements of a body.
A., Organic, the determination of the elements of
matter formed under the influence of life. The
analysis of animal and vegetable tissues. A., Proxi-
mate, the determination of the simpler compound
elements into which a substance may be resolved.
A., Qualitative, the determination of the nature and
number of elements that compose a body. A., Quan-
titative, the determination of the proportionate parts
of the various elements of a compound. A., Spectral,
the determination of the composition of a body by means
of the spectroscope. A., Ultimate, the resolution of
a compound, not into its simpler constituents, but its
ultimate elements. A., Volumetric, the quantitative
determination of a constituent by ascertaining the
volume of a liquid required to complete a given re-
action.
Analyzer [an' -al-i-zer) \hvakhELv, to unloose]. In
microscopy, the Nicol prism placed at some level
above the object which receives and exhibits the
properties of light after polarization.
Anamirtin (iin-am-er' -tin) \_Anaiinrta , a genus of
plants], Cj^H.^gO.^. A glycerid derived from Cocculus
indicus, the berry-like fruit of Metiisperviian coccu-
lus, L.
Anamnesia [an-a??t-ne'-ze-ak). See Anamnesis.
Anamnesis [an-ani-ne'-sis) \avafivrjai(;, a recalling to
mind]. I. The faculty of memory ; recollection. 2.
That which is recollected : information gained re-
garding the past history of a case from the patient or
from his friends or from other persons.
Anamnestic (an-am-ncs' -tik) \_avafiviicii^, a recalling
to mind]. I. Recalling to mind ; remembering. 2.
Restorative of the memory.
Anamnia [an-ai?i' -ne-ak). See Aiiiniota.
Anamnionic [an-am-tte-on' -ik). Same sls Anamniofic.
Anamniotic {<Tn-am-ne-ot' -ik) \hv priv. ; rtftvlov, am-
nion]. In biology, without an amnion, as fishes.
Anamorphism (an-a7n-orf'-izni). Same as Anamor-
phosis.
Anamorphosis [an-am-orf-o' -sis) \_rivnfi6p(t>G)Gir ; ava,
again; fwp(j)6eiv, to form]. Distortion or anomaly of
development. In biology, gradual change of form in
successive members of a group.
Anamorphosy [an-ani-or' -fo-sc). See Anamorphosis.
Anam Ulcer. A form of phagedena such as is common
in hot countries. It begins with an inflammation
starting from a small abrasion of the skin, generally
on the foot and leg, with sloughing of the inflamed
skin, producing a sharp-cut ulcer that spreads
slowly, preceded by an area of inflammation. Its
course is remarkably slow, and its resistance to treat-
ment obstinate. S5q3hili<; and anemia are predisposing
factors.
Anandria [an-an' -dre-nh) \_nv priv. ; avrip, man].
Lack of virility ; male impotence.
Anandrous (an-an' -driis) \av priv. ; aviip, a male].
In biology, without stamens.
Anantherous (an-an' -thcr-us) \liv priv. ; anthera,
anther]. In biology, without anthers.
Ananthous (an-an' -thus) [ai' priv. ; apHo<;, a flower].
In biology, destitute of flowers.
Anantochasmus (a>i-an-to-kaz' -mus) [ai'oi'r//f, steep j
Xao^ia, a chasm]. Lissauer's term for a skull in
which there is a forward inclination of the line con-
necting the basion and staphylion.
Anantocoryphus (an-aji-to-kor' -if-iis) \_iivdvT?ic;, steep ;
Kopvtjji/, the crown]. Lissauer's term for a skull in
which the angle formed between the radius fixus and
the line connecting the bregma and lambda is between
52° and 41°.
Anantopyl (an-ant'-o-pi/) \_avai'Tr/c, steep, up-hill ;
TTvTi)/, an entrance]. A term applied by Lissauer to
skulls in which the foramen magnum looks slightly
forward when referred to the radius tixus as a hori-
zontal.
Ananturaniscus (an-an-tu-ran-is' -kus) \avavrii<;, steeps
dvpai'iax'ii', canopy, vault]. Lissauer's term for a
skull in which there is a forward inclination of the
line joining the alveolar point and the posterior border
of the incisive foramen.
Ananturanus (an-an-tu-ra' -nus) \hvavTt]c, steep;
bvpavoi;, the vault]. Lissauer's term for a skull in
which the radius fixus being horizontal, there is a
forward-looking of the palate.
Anapeiratic (an-ap-i-raf -ik) l_avaTTnpaaHai, to do
again]. Due to frequent repetition; a general term
for such afl^ections as writers' and telegraphers' cramp,
or paralysis.
Anaphalantiasis (an-af-al-an-ti' -as-is) [dvd, up ;,
(j>d?.avOoi; , bald in front]. The falling out of the eye-
brows.
Anaphases (an-af-a' sez) [ai'd,up; <pdai(;, a phase]. In
biology, the phenomena of karyokinesis immediately
•preceding the formation of the daughter stars, and up
to the formation of the resting daughter nuclei. .See
Metaphases.
Anaphia (att-a'-fe-ak) [or priv; a^i/, touch]. Defect in
the sense of touch.
Anaphrodisia (aji-af-ro-diz' -e-ah) \av priv. ; 'k^podiTrj,
Venus]. Absence or impairment of sexual appetite.
Pk.na.^'hroAmia.c (an-af-ro-diz' -I'-ak) [di'priv.; ' k(ppoSiTri ,
Venus]. I. Relating to, aftected by, or causing
anaphrodisia. 2. An agent that allays the sexual
desire.
Anaphroditic (an-af-ro-dit' -ik) \av priv. ; A(j>po6hrj,
Venus]. Asexually produced.
Anaphroditous (an-af-rod' -it-us) \hv priv. ; A.(j>pn6LTTi,
Venus]. Having no sexual impulses or appetite.
Anaplase (an'-ap-ldz) \ava,\x\^\ Tz'kdaaeiv, to build].
The stage of growth and development ; the period
before full maturity.
Anaplast (an' -ap-last) \_avaTr7iaaaeiv, to shape]. See
Leiicoplast.
Anaplastic (a>2-ap-!as'-tik) [civaTr'/daaciv, to build up].
1. Relating to anaplasty ; restoring a lost or defective
part. 2. An agent that facilitates repair by restoring or
increasing the plastic elements of the blood.
Anaplasty (an'-ap-las-te) \(ivaiT'Aa<ja(iv , to build up].
Operation for the renewal or restoration of lost
parts, commonly called a plastic operation ; plastic
surgery.
Anaplerosis (an-ap-le-ro'-sis) \avd, up; ir/rjpdeiv, to
fill]. The restoration or repair of a wound, sore, or
lesion in which there has been a loss of substance.
Anaplerotic (an-ap-le-rot' -ik) [nra, up; tt Ar/pocn', to
fill]. I. Promotive of repair, favoring granulation.
2. A remedy or application that promotes repair.
Anapneometer (an-ap-ne-om' -et-er) [dvan-i'o?/, respira-
tion ; |Ufrpoi', a measure]. An anapnograph.
ANAPNOGRAPH
76
ANAZOTURIA
Anapnograph (an-ap'-no-graf ) [oraTri'o^, respiration ;
jpa<peiv, to write]. An apparatus registering the move-
ments of inspiration and expiration, together with the
quantity of air inhaled.
Anapnoic (^an-ap-no' -ik^ [oi'ii, against; a-Kvoin, want
of breath]. Favoring respiration ; reheving dyspnea.
Anapnometer (an-ap-noin' -et-fr) \avaTTvor/ , respiration ;
fit-jiov, a measure]. An anapneometer.
Anapophysis [an-ap-off' -is-is) [(ii'd, back ; (nr6<j>vc!i(; ,
an offshoot]. An accessory process of a lumbar or
posterior dorsal vertebra, corresponding to the inferior
tubercle of the transverse process of a typical dorsal
vertebra.
Anarcotin iah-nar' -ko-tin^ [d priv. ; vapKuriKoq, nar-
cotic]. Narcotin, so called from its lack of narcotic
power.
Anargyrus [an-a?-' -jir-iis) [di' priv. ; apyvpog, silver :
pi., Ana/'gynl^. An old name for a practitioner who
treated the sick gratuitously.
Anarrhea, or AnarrhcEa [di'd, up; po/«,
flow]. Afflux to an upper part, as of blood to the head.
Anarrhexis [an-ar-eks'-is) [ava, up; fracture].
Surgical refracture of a bone.
Anarthria (^an-ar' -thre-ah') \av priv. ; apHpov, articula-
tion]. I. Partial aphasia from partial destruction of the
paths of the motor tracts of speech, and characterized
by defective articulation. 2. Without joints.
Anarthrous (an-ar' -thrus) \_av priv.; apHpuv, a joint].
Jointless. So corpulent that no joints are visible.
Anasarca {an-ah-sar' -kali) [dvd, through; ffdpf, the
flesh]. An accumulation of serum in the areolar tis-
sues of the body. If associated with effusion of fluid
into serous cavities it is ca.\\ed genc-ra/ dropsy. If the
affection is local, it is called edema. This local form
is generally the result of some mechanical obstruction
to the flow of blood in the part.
Anasarcous {an-ah-sar' -kits) [dm, through ; crd/jf , the
flesh]. Affected with anasarca.
Anaspadias (an-as-pa'-de-as) [ava, up; airaeiv, to
draw]. An urethral opening upon the Upper surface
of the penis.
Anastaltic (an-as-tal' -tik^ [a.vaaTa?TtK6^, checking,
putting back, or up ; oreA/lf/r', to send]. I. .Strongly
astringent. 2. Centripetal ; afferent ; used of nerve-
currents.
Anastasis (an-as' -fas-is) [di'doradif, a setting up]. Re-
covery ; convalescence ; a state of improving health,
vigor, or development.
Anastate [aii'-as-fat) [civaaraToq, caused to rise]. Any
substance that appears in or is characteristic of an
anabolic process.
Anastatic (a>i-as-/at'-ik) [avaoTaroc, caused to rise].
Tending to recovery ; restorative.
Anastole [an-as' -lo-le) \avaaTo\ii , retracted]. Retrac-
tion ; shrinking away, as of the lips of a wound.
Anastom (an' -as-torn) \hva, above; crdp-a, mouth].
Any mouthless organism ; specifically, a member of
the genus Anastoma, among the Gasteropods or Orthop-
tera, or Anactomus among the Salmonidfe.
Anastomosis {an-as-to-nio' -sis) \avaaTop.6tiv , to bring
to a mouth]. The intercommunication of vessels.
Aiiastoiiiotii arteries of the thigh, etc., branches of the
brachial, femoral, etc., whereby the collateral circula-
tion is established after ligature for aneurysm, etc.
The term has been inaccurately used of the junction
of the nerve-filaments. A., Crucial, an arterial an-
astomosis in the upper part of the thigh, formed by the
anastomotic branch of the sciatic, the first perforating,
the internal circumflex, and the transverse branch of
the external circumflex. A., Intestinal, an opera-
tion consisting in establishing a communication be-
tween the intestine above and that below the obstruc-
tion, in cases of intestinal obstruction. In this way
the impermeable portion of the bowel is excluded
from the fecal circulation.
Anastomotic [aii-as-to-niof -ik) [avaaropoetv, to bring
to a mouth]. Pertaining to anastomosis.
Anatherapeusis {an-ath-er-ap-u' -sis) \jiva, forward;
6epaTT£'vai<;, medical treatment]. Treatment by in-
creasing doses.
Anathrepsis {an-ath-rep' -sis) \avaBptT\)i^, a fresh
growth]. A renewal of lost flesh after recovery.
Anathreptic (an-ath-rep' -tik) [avdOpEiptg, a fresh
growth]. Restorative of lost flesh; nutritive.
Anatomical (an-at-om' -ik-al) [iivaTOfi'ia, anatomy].
Pertaining to anatomy. A. Tubercle. See Ver-
ruca necrogenica.
Anatomism (an-at' -om-izin) [draro/z/n, anatomy]. The
theory that anatomical conditions determine all the
phenomena of life, health, and disease.
Anatomist (an-at' -otn-ist) [dmroiu/a, anatomy]. One
who is expert in anatomy. A.'s Snuff-box, the tri-
angular space between the tendons of the extensor of
the metacarpal bone of the thumb and the extensor of
the first phalanx on the back of the hand.
Anatomy (an-af -o-me) [di'd,up, apart; rf //I'En', to cut]'.
The dissection of organic bodies in order to study their
structure, the situations and uses of their organs, etc.
A., Applied, anatomy as concerned in the diagnosis and
management of pathological conditions. A., Compar-
ative, the investigation and comparison of the anatomy
of different orders of animals or of plants, one with an-
other. A., Descriptive, a study of the separate and
individual portions of the body, apart from their rela-
tionship to surrounding parts. A., Gross, anatomy
of the macroscopic tissues. A., Homological, the
study of the correlations of the several parts of the
body. A., Minute, that studied under the micro-
scope. A., Morbid or Pathological, a study of
diseased structures. A., Physiognomical, the study
of expressions depicted upon the exterior of the body,
especially upon the face. A., Regional, a study of
limited parts or regions of the body, the divisions of
which are collectively or peculiarly affected by disease,
injury, operations, etc. A., Surgical, the application
of anatomy to surgery. A., Topographical, the
anatomy of a. single portion or part of the body. A.,
Transcendental, the study of the general design of
the body, and of the particular design of the organs.
A., Veterinary, the anatomy of domestic animals.
Anatripsis (an-at-rip'-sis) [avdrpifK;, a rubbing]. Rub-
bing ; the removal of a part or growth by scraping or
rubbing; inunction. Also an upward or centripetal
movement in massage.
Anatripsology (an -at- rip-so/' -o-Je) [avarpi^u^, a rub-
bing; /oyoc, science]. The science of friction as a
remedial agent.
Anatriptic (an-at-rip'-tik) [avarpifig, a rubbing]. A
medicine to be applied by rubbing.
Anatropal (an-af -ro-pal) [avarpeTretv, to turn upside
down]. See Anatropous.
Anatropous (an-af -ro-piis) [dra, up ; rpfTrf/K, to turn].
In biology, inverted. Applied to the ovule when com-
pletely inverted, so that the hilum and micropyle are
brought close together.
Anaudia (««-(77(''-^z'<'-(7//) [di' priv.; ni'J?/, voice]. Loss
of voice ; dumbness ; inability to articulate.
AnAnoniA (an-aks-o' -ne-ah) [dvpriv.; n^ui', axle, axis].
In biology, organic forms wholly irregular or varying,
and without axes.
Anazoturia (an-az-ot-u'-re-ali) [di^priv. ; azotiim,T\\X.xo-
gen ; nvpnp, urine]. A name applied to that form of
chronic diuresis in which urea is deficient or absent
from the urine.
ANBURY
77
ANDROPOGON
Anbury [an'-ber-e) [E. dialect]. A soft tumor or
pendulous wart, chiefly on horses and cattle.
Ancecerite {an-se'-ser-it) [ayKy, bent; nepag, a horn].
In biology, a curved process attached to the peduncle
of the second pair of antenna; in certain Crustacea.
Ancestral germ-plasms. Weismann's Ahnettplas-
/iien.^'' See Id.
Anchieta [an-clw-a' -tali) [Anchietea, a Brazilian botan-
ist]. A genus of violaceous plants. A. salutaris,
vegetable mercury. The root of a violaceous plant
growing in Brazil, highly recommended as a purga-
tive, and as an alterative in syphilitic affections ; it is
possibly identical with Manaca, q. v.
Anchilops (ang' -kil-ops). See Anchylops'.
Anchorage [ang'-kor-dj) [M. E., aitkren, an anchor].
The fixation of a floating or displaced viscus, whether
by a natural process or by surgical means.
Anchusa (ang- kii' -sail) \axov(5a, alkanet]. A genus
of boraginaceous herbs. See Alkanet.
Anchusin [ang'-ku-sin) \_axovaa, alkanet], CgjH^gOg.
The red coloring matter characteristic of alkanet-root.
See Alkanei.
A.r\zhy\o%,\os,sia. [ang-kil-o-glos'-e-ah). See Tongue-tie.
Anchylops [ang' -kil-ops) [_6,yx^-, near; uTp, the eye].
Abscess at inner angle of eye, prior to rupture.
Anchylosis (ang-kil-o'-sis). See Ankylosis.
Anchylostomiasis (ang-kil-o-sto-mi'-as-is). See £>oc/i-
miasis.
Anchylostomum [ang-kil-os' -to-mtmi) \jxyK.\)\oq, crook-
ed ; OTo^n, mouth]. A genus of slender nematoid
worms inhabiting the human intestines. Dochinius
(Anckvlostoma) duodenalis . Leuck. See Pat'asites,
Animal, Table of.
Ancipital (an-sip'-it-al) [aneeps, double]. In biology,
two-edged.
Ancome [an' -kuvi) [E. dialect]. An inflammation or
swelling that comes on suddenly.
Ancon [ang'-kon) [aynuv, the elbow]. Originally the
olecranon process ; applied to the elbow generally.
Anconad [ang' -ko-nad) \ayKwv, the elbow]. Toward
the olecranon, or elbow.
Anconagra [ang-kon-a' -grali) [ay/cuy, the elbow ; aypa,
a seizure]. Arthritic pain at the elbow.
Anconal [ang'-kon-al) [ayKuv, the elbow]. Pertain-
ing to the elbow.
Anconeal [ang-ko' -ne-al). Same as Anconal.
Anconen [ang'-kon-en) [ayKuv, the elbow]. Belonging
to the ancon in itself.
Anconeus [ang-ko-ne'-us") [ayKuv, the elbow]. A
small muscle, an extensor of the forearm, inserted
into the olecranon and upper third of the forearm. It
arises from the external condyle of the humerus. See
Muscles, Table of.
Anconoid [ang' -kon-oid) [ay/ccjv, the elbow]. Re-
sembling the elbow.
Ancora [ang'-ko-rali) [L., an anchor]. In biology,
an anchor-shaped Synapta spicule.
Ancyloblepharon [an-sil-o-blef'-ar-on). See Ankylo-
blepharon.
Ancyloglossum [an-sil-o-glos'-wn). See Tongtie-tie.
Ancylomele [an-sil-o-nie'-le). See Ankylomele.
Ancyroid [an' -sir-oid) \_ayKvpa, anchor; eldog, form].
Shaped like an anchor.
Andersch's Ganglion. See Ganglia, Table of.
Anderson's Antipruritic Powder. A powder used in
eczema. It consists of powdered starch, 3 vj ; oxid
of zinc, 3 iss ; powdered camphor, g ss.
Anderson's [McCalT) Ointment. Anointment consist-
ing of powdered bismuth oxid gj, oleic acid f^j,
white wax ^iij, vaselin ^ix. These are heated
together and when nearly cool a little oil of rose is
added. It is an excellent soothing ointment for the skin.
Anderson's Pill. The compound gamboge pill.
Andira [an-di'-rah) [L.]. A genus of tropical legumi-
nous trees. A. araroba, affords the Goa Powder (see
Araroba). Several species yield active medicines,
chiefly of local repute. A. inermis (Cabbage -tree).
A. anthelmintica, of Brazil, and A. retusa, of Guiana,
have barks efficacious against worms.
Andranatomy [an-dran-af -o-nie) \h.viip, a man ;
avajojiia, anatomy]. Human anatomy; the anatomy
or dissection of the male human subject.
Andrecium, or Androecium [an-dre' -se-uni) \hvrip, a
man ; okof , a house]. In biology, a term applied to
the stamens as a whole.
Androclinium [an-dro-klin'-e-um). See Clinandriian.
Andro-diecious [an-dfo-di-e' -she-us) [^avr/p, male ;
two; okof, a house]. In biology, flowers stami-
nate on one plant, perfect on another.
Androgalactozemia [an-dro-gal-ak-to-ze' -me-ali) '[avi/p,
man; yaXa, milk; ^'//"'tt, loss]. The presence of
milk in the male mammae.
Androgonidium [an-dro-gon-id' -e-uni). See Andro-
spore.
Androgyna [an-droj' -in-ali) \avrjp, man; ymij,
woman]. An hermaphrodite; a female in whom the
genital organs are similar to those of the male.
Androgyneity [an-droj-in-e' -it-e) \liviip, man; yvvrj,
woman]. Hermaphroditism.
Androgynism [an-droj' -in-izm) [avijp, man ; yvvi/,
woman]. Hermaphroditism.
Androgynous [a7i-droj'-iii-us) [hvr/p, man; yvvi/,
woman]. Hermaphrodite. In biology, having male
and female flowers in the same inflorescence.
Androgynus [an-droj' -in-us') \aviip, man; yvvii,
woman]. An hermaphrodite. A male with genital
organs similar to those of the female.
Androgyny [an-droj' -in-e'). .See Androgynism.
Andrology [an-drol'-o-Je) [avi/p, man; Aoyog, science].
1. The science of man, especially of the male sex.
2. The science of the diseases of the male genito-
urinary organs.
Andromania [an-dro-ma' -ne-aJi) \_avr/p, a man ; fiavia,
madness]. Nymphomania, q. v.
Andromeda [an-drom' -e-dak) \^ AvSpofxi^rj, a mytholo-
gical character]. A genus of ericaceous shrubs hav-
ing poisonous or narcotic properties. The leaves of
A. mariana and A. nitida, of North America, and
of A. polyfolia of both continents, are useful in the
external treatment of old ulcers, a decoction being ap-
plied hot to the sore. Unof.
Andromonoecious [an-dro-mo-ne' -she-us) \_avijp, male ;
fi6vo(;, single; oIkoq, house]. In biology, of or per-
taining to a plant that bears staminate and perfect, but
no pistillate flowers.
Andromorphous [an-dro-mor' -fits') \livlip, man ; //op0;),
form]. .Shaped like a man.
Androphobia [an-dro-fo' -be-ah) '[avr/p, man ; (pofSoc,
dread]. Fear or dislike of man.
Androphonomania [an-dro-fo-no-ma' -ne-ah) \av6po-
(j>6i'or, man-killing ; fiavia, madness]. Homicidal in-
sanity.
Androphore [an' -dro-for') \avr)p, man ; tpipeii', to bear].
In biology, a stalk supporting an andrecium, a stami-
neal column, or a body supporting an antheridium. In
biology, a generative bud of a hydrozoan producing
male elements only.
Andropogon [an-dro-po'-gon] {av-r/p, man ; Truyuv,
beard]. A genus of coarse grasses of many species.
A. 7iardiis affords oil of citronella ; A. citratiis, lemon-
grass oil ; A. schananthiis, oil of rusa, etc. These
oils are employed in perfumery, and are said to be use-
ful in rheumatism. The oil-bearing andropogons are
chiefly S. Asiatic. Unof.
ANDROSPORANGIUM
78
ANENCEPHALOTROPHIA
Androsporangium {an-dro-spo-ran' -je-um) [ai'^p,man;
<T7ro/)(3, a spore; ay^nov, a vessel]. In biology a
sporangium producing androspores.
Androspore [aii'-dro-spdr) [avr/p, a man ; aTrifmi.;, seed].
In biology, the peculiar swarmspore of the (Kdcigoniccc
which develops to a "dwarf male " and gives rise to
antherozoids.
Androtomous {an-drot' -o-tnics) [aw//j a man ; Tejive'iv, to
cut]. In biology, characterized by congenital division
of the stamens into several parts.
Androtomy {aii-dyof -o-me). See Andranatomy.
Andrum (an' -dntin) [Guzerali andntiii ; awSpo/;?/].
A form of elephantiasis Arabum characterized by
edema of the scrotum.
Aneccrisia (an-ek-ris' -e-ah) \_av priv. ; e/c, out ; Kpiaiq,
separation]. The suppression or deficiency of any
excretion.
Anechinoplacid (nn-ek-i-no-p/as' -id) \_av priv. ; f ^'Wf,
a hedgehog; TrAaf, a plate]. In biology, having the
madreporic plate destitute of spines ; the opposite of
Ecltiiioplacid.
Anectasia (an-ek-ta' -se-ah). See Aitectasis.
Anectasis (an-ek' -tas-is) [^av priv. ; cKTaait;, extension].
Deficient size of an organ or part.
Aneilema [an-i-le'-niah) \ava, up; eiAeE^v, to roll].
Flatulence ; air or wind in the bowels ; colic.
Anelectric {an-el-ek' -trik) \av priv. ; ^/Ae/crpoi', amber].
Readily giving up electricity.
Anelectrode {a)i-el-ek' -trod) [(ivd, upward ; ffAEKTpov,
amber ; odof, a path]. The positive pole of a gal-
vanic battery.
Anelectrotonic (an-el-ck-tro-ion' -ik) \av priv. ; ?;/l£«-
r/;<)i-, electricity ; rdfOf, tension]. Relating to anelec-
trotonus. A. Zone. See Zone.
Anelectrotonos [an-el-ek-trof -o-nos) \av priv. ; ifX^K-
r/)ni>, electricity ; rdfof, tension]. Anodal electrotonus.
Anelectrotonus [an-el-ek-trot' -o-nus) \av priv ; yken-
rpoi', electricity ; rdi'of, tension]. In electrotherapy,
the decreased functional activity that occurs in a nerve
in the neighborhood of the anode. See Electrotonus
and CateleetrotoiiHS.
Anel's Operation. See Operations, Table of. A.
Probe, or Sound, a fine probe used in operations
upon the lachrymal passages." A. Syringe, a syringe
used in injecting fluids into the lachrymal passages.
Anelytrous {an-eF -it-nis) \a.v priv. ; i'kvTpov, shard].
In biology, with membranous wings, and no elytra.
Anematopoiesis [an-e-mat-o-poi-e' -sis) \_av priv. ;
aifia, Ijlood; Troh/aig, a making]. Deficient formation
of blood.
Anematosis, or Anaematosis {an-e-mat-o' -sis) [nmlpn-
rof, bloodless]. I. General, or idiopathic anemia ; the
morbid state or process that leads to anemia ; that
diathesis that is associated with an anemic tendency.
2. Anemia dependent on want of development of the
red corpuscles of the blood.
Anemia {an-e'-,ne-ah) \_av priv. ; ai/xa, blood]. Defi-
ciency of blood, or deficiency of the relative number
of its red corpuscles, the latter being the most gener-
ally understood meaning and use of the term. It
may be (general or local. Ischemia is a form of
local anemia, and is the result of mechanical inter-
ference with the circulation of the affected part,
either from vaso-motor spasm, thrombosis, embolism,
or the action of styptics. The cause of general ane-
mia is often obscure, or it may be due either to
an insufficient food-supply and excessive drain or
blood-waste, or from repeated hemorrhages or exhaust-
ing discharges. The action of certain poisons, as
mercury and lead, will also produce a form of anemia.
Prolonged anemia will give rise to fatty degeneration
of the organs and tissues. Idiopathic, pernicious, es-
sential, progressive , malignant, etc., are terms denoting
a type resisting all treatment and .steadily progressing
to a fatal termination. A., Idiopathic, advances to a
fatal issue, and is associated with febrile symptoms ;
its causation is not evident ; it is called also Primary
Anemia. A., Local. See Hyperemia , Ischemia, and
Anemia. A. lymphatica. Synonym of Hodgkin' s
Disease. See Lvmphadenoma. A., Primary. See
A. Idiopathic. A., Secondary, or Symptomatic,
follows some ascertainable lesion or injury, or from
some other disease. A., Symptomatic. See A.,
Secondary.
Anemiate, or Anaemiate (an-e' -me-at) [dv priv ; ai//a,
blood]. Affected with anemia.
Anemiated, or Anaemiated [an-e'-me-a-ted). See
Anemic.
Anemied, or Anaemied [an-e' -mid) [av priv. ; aifia,
blood]. Anemic.
Anemic, or Anasmic (an-e' -mik) \_(iv priv. ; aifia,
blood]. Pertaining to anemia. A. Murmur, a
blood murmur, or soft murmur heard at the base of
the heart over the great vessels. A. Necrosis, a ne-
crosis or death of scattered patches of the heart mus-
cle, due to a want of nourishment. It arises from
atheroma occluding the cardiac arteries and their
branches.
Anemometer (an-e-mom' -et-er) \avEiioq, wind ; phpnv,
a measure]. An instrument for measuring the velocity
of the wind.
Anemometry (an-e-mom' -et-re) [dve^uof , wind ; fierpov,
a measure]. The art of measuring the velocity and
direction of the wind, principally by means of the
anemometer.
Anemone (an-efn' -o-ne) [hvefiuvT], wind flower]. An
important genus of ranunculaceous herbs, most of
which have active medicinal and poisonous qualities,
and some of which are used in medicine. See Pulsa-
tilla.
Anemonin (an-em' -o-nin) l^ave/nuvij, wind-flower], €,5-
H,,/3g. The active principle of the Anemone. It is
given in bronchitis, asthma, and convulsive cough.
Dose gr. ]4-}i twice daily.
Pi.n&caono\(an-em'-o?i-ol) [di'f/iww/, wind-flower; oleufn,
oil ] . The volatile oil extracted from anemone ; it is
a powerful vesicant.
Anemophilous (an-em-off' -il-us) [dve/io?, wind ; ^I't.oq,
loving]. Depending for cross-fertilization upon the
agency of the wind, as certain flowers.
Anemosis, or Anaemosis (an-em-o' -sis) \hv priv. ;
atpa, blood]. Defective supply of blood; anemia
dependent on want of red blood corpuscles. See An-
ematosis.
Anemotrophy, or Anaemotrophy (an-em-ot' -ro-fc) \Jiv
priv. ; a//ia, blood; rpo^ii, nourishment]. A deficiency
of blood nourishment ; an impoverished state of the
blood.
Anencephalia (an-en-sef-a' -le-ah) \hv priv. ; eyKecpa/iog ,
brain]. Congenital absence of the brain.
Anencephalic (an-en-sef-al' -ik) [ni' priv. ; h/iie<l>aln^,
brain] . Pertaining to or characterized by anencephalia.
Anencephalohemia (ati-en-sef-al-o-he'-me-ah ) [av
priv.; f} Kf'*a? Of, brain ; aJ/ia, blood]. Insufficiency
of blood in the brain.
Anencephaloid [an-en-sef -al-oid) \hv priv. ; eyKefak-
oij, brain]. Pertaining to anencephalia.
Anencephaloneuria (an-en-sef-al-on-u' -re-ah) \_av
priv.; ()7if(^a/o(;, brain ; rfiipor, a nerve]. Imperfect
nerve-action of the brain.
Anencephalotrophia, or Anencephalotrophy (an-e?i-
sef-al-o-tro' -fe-ah or -lot'-ro-fe) \!iv priv.; tyKt^pa/.og,
brain; Tpn(fii/, nutrition]. Atrophy, or lack of nutri-
tion of the brain.
ANENCEPHALUS
79
ANESTHETIC
Anencephalus (an-cn-sef -al-us) \av priv. ; ey Ke(t>a?^og ,
brain]. I. A species of single autositic monsters in
which there is neither a trace of the brain nor a rudi-
mentary representative of it. 2. According to Saint-
Hilaire, a variety of the above species in which there
is extensive laying open of the spinal canal with ab-
sence of the spinal cord.
Anencephaly {cin-cn-sff -al-e). See Anencephalia.
Anenergesia (an-en-cr-je' -ze-ali^. 'ie^ Anenergia.
Anenergia {an-en-er'-je-ah') \hv priv. ; kvepyeta, en-
ergy]. Lack of vigor or power.
Anenteremia [an-en-ter-e' -me-ah ) \_av priv. ; efrepov,
an intestine ; a'l/ia, blood]. Bloodless condition of
the bowels.
Anenteroneuria {an-en-tt'r-o-nii' -re-ah)' \liv priv.;
evTEpov, an intestine; vevpov, a nerve]. Intestinal
atony.
Anenterotrophia [an-en-ter-o-tro' -fe-ah) \!n> priv.;
ivTepov, an intestine ; rpofi'/, nourishment]. Defective
intestinal nutrition.
Anenterous (iin-en' -ter-us) \av priv. ; evrepov, intes-
tine]. In biology, having no intestine, as a tapeworm
or a tluke.
Anepia [an-ep'-e-ah') [awTr^/^-, speechless]. Inability
to speak.
Anepiploic [an-ep-ip-lo' -ik) \av priv. ; kirinAoov, the
caul]. Having no epiploon.
Anepithymia [nn-ep-e-thim' -e-ah') \av priv. ; k-KtOv/iia,
desire]. Loss of any natural appetite.
Anerethisia {an-er-eth-iz'-e-ah^ \av priv.; epedli^eiv, to
excite]. Imperfect irritability, as of a muscle or nerve.
Anergia [att-er' -je-aJi) [av priv. ; epyov, work]. Slug-
gishness ; inactivity.
Anergic {an-er' -jik) \_av priv. ; epyov, work]. Char-
acterized by sluggishness ; as anergic dementia. A.
Stupor. See Insanity, Stuporous.
Aneroid (an' -er-oid) [a priv.; vr/p6^, wet; euhi;,
form]. Dispensing with a fluid, as quicksilver. A.
Barometer. See Barometer.
Anerythroblepsia (an-er-it!i-ro-blep' -se-ah'). Same as
A neryth r opsin .
Anerythroblepsy (an-er' -ith-ro-blep-se^. Same as An-
erytliropsia.
Anerythropsia {an-er-ith-rop' -se-aJi) \av priv. ; kpv-
6p6g, red; bipLQ, sight]. Subnormal color perception
of red. See Blindness.
Anesis {an'-es-is) \_avtGL(;, remission]. An abatement
or relaxation in the severity of symptoms.
Anesthesia, or Anaesthesia (an-es-the' -ze-ah ) \avaLCi-
Oi/aia, want of feeling]. A condition of insensibility
or loss of feeling due to pathological conditions of the
centers, conducting paths of the nerves, or the peri-
pheral terminations of the same, or to artificial pro-
duction by means of anesthetics. A., Bulbar or
Central, due to central disease. A., Crossed, anes-
thesia on one side of the organi.sm, due to a central
lesion of the other side. A., Doll's Head, a form of
anesthesia extending over the head, neck, and upper
part of the chest. A. dolorosa, severe pain experi-
€nced after the occurrence of complete motor and
sensory paralysis, a symptom observed in certain
diseases of the spinal cord. A., Local, of a limited
part of the body. A., Muscular, loss of the mnscular
sense. A., Peripheral, depending upon conditions
of the end-organs of the nerves. A., Surgical, by
means of anesthetics for the purpose of preventing
pain, producing relaxation of muscles, or for diagnos-
tic purposes.
Anesthesimeter (an-es-thes-im' -et-er^ [^avaiuOr/aia, want
of feeling ; fierpnv, a measure]. An instrument to
measure the amount of an anesthetic administered in a
given time.
Anesthetic, or Anaesthetic [an-es-thef -ik) \Jw priv. ;
alaHdi'taHai, to feel]. A substance that produces in-
sensibility to feeling or to acute pain, diminished mus-
cular action, and other phenomena. Anesthetics may
be general, local, partial and complete. A., General ;
the following are the substances that have been used
for general anesthesia: Amylene, CgHj^, a mobile
liquid, thin, colorless, translucent ; action rapid, pro-
ducing partial anesthesia. It is used in Germany
under the. name of Rental ; it is best administered by
means of Junker's inhaler, which modifies its unplea-
sant odor ; it should not be brought near a flame.
Carbon Tetrachlorid, not so irritating to the
organs of respiration, but far more dangerous than
chloroform. Chloral Hydrate, action indirect
and incomplete. Rarely, if ever, now used. Chloro-
form, by inhalation. Largely employed in general
surgery. It seems to have a selective action upon the
nervous system, and also exercises a direct influence
upon the muscular tissues of the heart. It paralyzes
the vaso-motor system, and death results from cardiac
paralysis. Chloroform should always be administered
freely mixed with air. The Method of definite
mixtures, however, as recommended by Clover, and
Bert, while admirable in theory, is not entirely practi-
cal. The Lister Method, also known as the Scoteh or
Open Method of administering chloroform, consists in
pouring a small amount of the anesthetic upon a com-
mon towel arranged in a square of six folds, and hold-
ing this as near to the face as can be borne without
inconvenience. Various inhalers have been devised
for the administration of chloroform, the best of which
are Chwer'' s, which consists of a large bag capable of
containing a given volume of air, into which the vapor
of a given quantity of chloroform is allowed to enter,
the mixture being so arranged that the tension of
chloroform vapor in the air is maintained below 4.5
per cent; Junker' s,i& modified \>y Dudley Buxton,
which consists in the inhalation of air containing the
chloroform vapor, the latter being taken up by pump-
ing the air through a bottle containing half an ounce
of the anesthetic ; Krohtie and Sesemann have modi-
fied the foregoing by doing away with the intermit-
tent, jerky delivery of the vapor and by adding to the
face-piece an expiration-valve guarded by a stifi^
feather, which, rising in expiration and falling in in-
spiration, registers the force and strength of respira-
tion {Feather respiration register) ; apparatus
is a modification of Sno-v' s, substituting a gutta-percha
covering for the cold-water jacket of Snow ; Snow'' s
inhaler consists of a metallic cylindrical vessel, con-
taining two coils of blotting paper, permitting free
circulation of air, and surrounded by another cylinder
containing water, the latter being for the purpose of
equalizing the temperature. Sv7icope resulting from
chlorofonn administration should be treated by lower-
ing the head, artificial respiration, inhalation of nitrite
of amyl, electrical stimulation, and possibly acupunc-
ture of the heart. Ethene Chlorid, formerly called
ethylene chlorid, Dutch liquid, chloric ether, closely re-
sembles chloroform, but is less of a cardiac depres-
sant. It is considered safer than chloroform. Death
results from paralysis of the respiratory centers.
Ether, by inhalation, is probably the safest known
agent for the production of prolonged narcosis. Its
action is directed largely to the nervous system, which
becomes profoundly affected. It frequently causes
spasmodic action and suspension of respiratory action.
Death results from paralysis of respiration. It may
be administered alone or in combination with nitrous
oxid gas, in which case the patient is more rapidly
narcotized. A variety of inhalers have been devised
ANESTHETIC
80
ANESTHETIC
for its administration, as follows : Allis' s is probably
the best form of open inhaler. It consists of a metal
frame, so arranged that a flannel bandage can be
stretched across and the whole surrounded with a
leather case, which acts as a face-piece. Clover' s port-
able ether inhaler consists of a dome-shaped receptacle
pierced by a central shaft connecting with a rubber
bag into which the patient breathes. Moving with the
face-piece is a metal indicator to register the amount
of ether admitted. A water chamber surrounds the
ether vessel to regulate the temperature. The Cone is
much used in America. A towel is folded into the
shape of a cone, a sponge is placed at the apex, and
the ether poured upon this. Hetuitt' s apparatus may
be used for giving gas and ether. In his inhaler the
inspiratory and expiratory valves are placed in a little
chamber near the face-piece ; a free draught of air is
permitted. Ornisby's itihaler consists of a leather
face-piece, crowned with a cone-shaped wire cage
covered with leather and joined to a soft leather bag,
covered by a loose net to prevent excessive expansion.
The wire cage contains a sponge on which the ether
is poured. Kendle adds to a cone containing a flan-
nel cap a mask for the face. Rectal etherization may
be resorted to in operations about the face and throat.
The ether vapor is introduced into the bowel, the pro-
cess taking longer for complete anesthetization than
by the usual method. Ethidene Chlorid is similar
in its action to chloroform. Patients take a longer
time to recover consciousness than when chloroform
is used, but they experience fewer after-effects, and re-
cover rapidly. Anesthetization occurs in three to five
minutes. Hydrobromic Ether {bromid of ethyl)
produces unconsciousness and anesthesia in one
minute, and complete muscular relaxation in two or
three minutes. The heart's action is somewhat
weakened. Return to consciousness after withdrawal
of the ether is very prompt. Its use may be followed
by vomiting. According to some observers, death re-
sults from cardiac failure, while others beheve it kills
by direct action upon the respiratory center. It is best
administered by an Allis inhaler, and is of most service
in minor surgery for short operations. Nitrous Oxid,
by inhalation, is much used by dentists for extraction
of teeth. The symptoms resemble those of asphyxia,
hence it is more important to watch the respiration
than the pulse. It may be employed in minor surgical
operations. There are but few after-effects, those
most often observed being headache and malaise.
Berf s method of administering nitrous oxid consists
in giving it in conjunction with oxygen under pres-
sure ; by this method the administration may be pro-
longed indefinitely. Clover^ s Gas and Ether Inhaler
is intended for the administration of a mixture of
these anesthetics ; it is so arranged that gas can be
given alone, or in combination with the ether.
Buxton'' s apparatus is used for the administration of
gas only, and possesses a special contrivance to filter
the air. Fontaine'' s chamber is an apparatus devised
to keep the patient under an atmospheric pressure
equal to 26 inches mercury, so that the vapor inhaled
would be 50 per cent, gas and 50 per cent, air, and
asphyxia thus be prevented. The employment of
supplemental bags has been advocated by Braine. The
patient breathes into these bags, the gas supply being
turned off and the expiratory valve closed. It is
claimed that this method produces a more prolonged
period of unconsciousness. Various accessory instru-
ments are needed in the use of gas, such as gags,
mouth openers, and mouth props, spoons, etc. A.,
Local, an anesthetic that, locally applied, produces
absence of sensation in the organ or tissue so treated.
Alcohol, locally, removes sensation to pain, while
tactile sense persists. Cool the alcohol to about Io°'
below the freezing point, by placing it in ice and salt,
and place the part to be numbed in it. Blsulphid
OF Carbon, by .spray or irrigation, has a disgusting
odor, and is a powerful poison. Carbolic Acid,
painted over the skin — its action, however, is caustic.
Chlorethyl, in vapor form, is useful in minor and
dental surgery. Chlorid of Methyl, CH.^Cl, al- .
lowing the liquid chlorid to drop on the skin or mucous
membrane. Unless kept carefully under control the
vitality of the tissues may be affected. Cocain is
used in subcutaneous injections, by painting over mu-
cous surfaces, or by instillation into the eye. As a
paint a 20 per cent solution is used, weaker prepara-
tions being of little value over cutaneous surfaces ;
several coats are necessary. A 10 per cent, solution
should be used on mucous surfaces ; for the eye a 4
per cent, solution will answer, and this solution is
strong enough when cocain is employed as a spray.
Hypodermatically, n\ij-v of a 10 to 20 per cent,
solution are usually injected, and this may be repeated
two or three times during the operation. Drumin is
oxalate of lime prepared from a euphorbiaceous plant.
It was formerly suggested as a local anesthetic, but has
been found not to possess anesthetic properties.
Ether, in spray, is recommended by Dr. B. W.
Richardson. The anesthesia thus produced is con-
fined to the skin, and is very transient. It may pro-
duce a slough from excessive freezing. P'aradic
Current.s were formerly used by dentists, but are of
no value. Rhigolene, in spray, its use being similar
to that of ether. A. Mixtures contain combinations
of substances for producing anesthesia. The follow-
ing are the most important : A. C. E. Mixture: —
alcohol, sp. gr. .838, I part; chloroform, sp. gr. 1.497,
2 parts; ether, sp. gr. .735, 3 parts. Billroth's:
— chloroform 3 parts, alcohol and ether each I
part. It is best administered by the open method.
Linhart's : — alcohol l, chloroform 4. It is admin-
istered similarly to chloroform. Martindale's : —
a volumetric mixture, the ingredients of which evap-
orate almost uniformly ; it consists of absolute alcohol,
sp- gr. -795, one volume; chloroform, sp. gr. 1.498,
two volumes ; pure ether, sp. gr. .720, three volumes.
Medico-Chirurgical Society of London : — ether
3, chloroform 2, alcohol I. Methylene, or Bi-
chlorid of Methylene, a mixture of methylic
alcohol 30 per cent. , and chloroform 70 per cent. The
so-called Liquid of Regnauld'^ consisted of 80 per
cent, chloroform, 20 per cent, methylic alcohol.
Methylene is not much used, several deaths from car-
diac paralysis having occurred from its employment.
Nussbaum's, ether 3, chloroform I, alcohol I.
Richardson's: — alcohol 2, chloroform 2, ether 3.
Sanford's : — the so-called " Chloramyl " is a mix-
ture of chloroform and amyl nitrate in the proportion of
two drachms of the nitrate to the pound of chloro-
form. It is a dangerous mixture, both drugs depress-
ing the heart. Vienna General Hospital : — ether
9, chloroform 30, alcohol 9. Vienna Mixture: —
ether 3, chloroform I. Von Mering's: — chloroform
one volume, dimethylacetal two volumes. It is said
to produce no failure of respiration or heart, and no
lowering of the blood pressure. Wachsmuth's : —
one-fifth part of oil of turpentine is added to the
chloroform. It is said to prevent any danger of heart-
failure.
Various methods have been suggested by means of
which the influence of the anesthetic maybe prolonged
or its dangers and sequelae largely averted. The follow-
ing are the most important : — Dastre-Morat's ; con-
ANESTHETICISM
81
ANGEIO-
sists in the injection of I or 1.5 c.c. of the following
mixture: — morph. hydrochlor. 10 centigrm. , atropin.
sulph. 5 milligrra. , aq. destill. 10 grms. The atropin
is said to lessen the after-sickness and abrogate saliva-
tion and bronchial secretion. Forne's: — the prelimi-
nary administration of chloral before using chloroform,
2 to 5 grams an hour before. Kappeler's: — a com-
bination of chloral hydrate and ether, 40 grains of the
former. The duration of anesthesia is prolonged and
the recovery retarded, but the after-effects are more
marked. Nussbaum's : — injection of ^ to ^ grain of
morphin previous to the administration of chloroform.
Less of the anesthetic is needed, while the stupor is
prolonged; vomiting is increased. ObaI-INSKI's: —
hypodermatic injection of cocain, 2 to 5 centigrams
of a three per cent, solution during chloroform anes-
thetization. Trelat's: — administration of 2 to
grams of chloral hydrate, and 10 to 20 grams of
syrup of morphin in 60 grams of water, repeating the
dose in 15 minutes, and following by chloroform anes-
thesia.
Attempts have repeatedly been made to estimate
the comparative safety of the various anesthetics used
for the production of general anesthesia. In 1879 the
" Glasgow Committee " of the British Medical As-
sociation concluded in favor of ether, declaring that
chlorofonn lowered the blood tension and depressed
the action of the heart. In 1889 the Hyderabad
Commission arrived at the conclusion that chloroform
produced an arrest of respiration before there was a
stoppage of the heart. 'It is thought, however, that
the climate — that of India — may have had some effect
in producing this result, since in temperate climates
the heart usually fails before there is a depression of
respiration.
Anestheticism (an-es-thet' -is-izni) [^avaiaOr/Toc, insensi-
ble]. The quality of being anesthetic.
Anesthetization [an-es-thet-iz-a' -shiin) \_ 'avaiadriTO(:, in-
sensible]. The process of rendering insensible.
Anesthetize [an-es^ -thet-lz) \_ava!ad;/Toc:, insensible].
To put under the influence of an anesthetic.
Anesthetizer [an' -es-thet-i-zer^ [am/afz/rof, insensible].
( )ne who administers an anesthetic.
Anethol [an' -eth-ol) [avd, up; aiOeiv, to burn; oleum,
oil], CjgHj.^O. The methyl ether of anol ; it occurs in
ethereal oils, from which it separates in the cold in the
form of white, shining scales, melting at 21° and boiling
at 232°. It is the chief constitutent of the essential oils
of anise and fennel. It is employed in preparing the
Elixir anethi, N. F. , being more fragrant and agree-
able than the anise oil.
Anethum [an-e'-tkuni) [di7/(?oi', anise : gen., Anethi^
Dill ; the dried fruit of Peucedantiin gt-aveolens, indig-
enous to Southern Europe. Aromatic, carminative,
and stimulant. A. Aqua (B. P.). Dose^i-ij. A.
Oleum (B. P.). Dose tr^ i-iv.
Anetic [an-et'-ik) \_ave-iK<j<:, relaxing]. Soothing;
calmative ; anodyne.
Anetiological [an-c-te-o-loj' -ik-al) \liv priv. ; a'nia,
cauje ; /dyof, word]. Having no known cause ; dys-
teleological.
Anetus [an'-et-iis) [dperdr, loosened]. Any inter-
mittent fever.
Aneuria [an-ii' -re-aJi) [d priv. ; vtvpov, a nerve or
fiber]. Lack of nervous power or stimulus.
Aneuric [an-ti'-rik ) [ d priv. ; vevpoi', a nerve or
fiber]. Characterized by aneuria; impairing the
nervous activity.
Aneurysm [an'-u-riz/n) \_avehpvaua, a widening]. A
tumor consisting of a dilated artery, or communicat-
ing with an artery. In the early stages there is an
expansile pulsation of the tumor generally associated
6
with a systolic murmur or bruit. In the later stages
the laminated coagulum increases, so that pulsation
may be absent, and pressure of the growing aneurysm
upon the adjacent organs may give rise to secondary
troubles, as pain, dyspnea, dysphagia, paralysis, or
spasm. Inequality in the pupils follows from pressure
on the sympathetic in thoracic aneurysm. Aneu-
rysm may be caused by rupture, wounding, disease, or
weakness of the arterial walls, or by increased blood
pressure following over-exertion. Embolism also may
be a cause ; gout and alcoholism act as predisposing
causes. Cardiac dilataiion is sometimes spoken of as
aneurysm of the heart. A., Abdominal, one of
the abdominal aorta. A. by Anastomosis, a dila-
tation of a large number of vessels — small arteries,
veins, and capillaries — the whole forming a pulsating
tumor under the skin. This form of aneurysm is es-
pecially seen upon the scalp. A., Arterio-venous,
the formation of an abnormal communication between
an artery and a vein. If the communication is direct
it is termed aneurysmal varix, hvL\. when there is an
intervening sac it is called a varicose aneurysm. A.,
Berard's, a varicose aneurysm with the sac in the
tissues immediately around the vein. A., Cirsoid, a
tortuous lengthening and dilatation of a part of an
artery. A., Compound, one in which one or several
of the coats of the artery are ruptured and the others
merely dilated. A. .Consecutive, or Diffused, follows
rupture of all the arterial coats with infiltration of sur-
rounding tissues. A., Dissecting, when the blood
forces its way between the media and adventitia. A.,
Ectatic, an expansion of a portion of an artery due
to yielding of all the coats. It is merely a dilatation
of the vessel. A., Endogenous, one formed by
disease of the vessel walls. A., Exogenous, one due
to traumatism. A., False, or Spurious, one in
which there has occurred a rupture of all the coats,
and the effused blood is retained by the surrounding
tissues. A., Fusiform, a spindle-shaped dilatation
of the artery. A., Medical, an internal aneurysm ;
/. e. , one situated within the thoracic or abdominal
cavity. A., Mixed. See A., Compound. A., Sac-
culated, a sac-like dilatation of an artery communi-
cating with the main arterial trunk by an opening that
may be relatively large or small. A., Park's, a variety
of arterio-venous aneurysm in which the arterial dila-
tation communicates with two contiguous veins. A.,
Pott's. Same as Aneurysmal J'arix. A., Rod-
rigues's, a varicose aneurysm in which the sac is im-
mediately contiguous to the artery. A., Spurious.
See A. , False. A., Verminous, one containing hema-
tozoa.
Aneurysmal [an-u-riz'-mal] [civevpvajxa, a widening].
Of the nature of or pertaining to an aneurysm. A.
Varix. See Aneurysm.
Aneurysmatic [an-u-riz-??iat' -ik) [avebpvap.a, a widen-
ing]. Affected with or of the nature of aneurysm.
Aneuthanasia [aii-u-than-a' -ze-ali) [d priv. ; evHai'aaia,
an easy death]. A painful or difficult death.
Anfract [an' -fraki) \_anf>-actus , a winding]. An anfrac-
tuosity or sinuosity ; an anfractuous organ or stnicture.
Anfractuose [an-frak' -tu-bs) \_anfractus , a winding].
In biology, bent back and forth, winding, as certain
stamens, or the brain fissures.
Anfractuosity [an-frak-tu-os' -it-e') [anfractus, a bend-
ing round] . Any one of the furrows or sulci between
the cerebral convolutions.
Anfractuous [an-frak' -tu-us) \_anfractus, a bending
round]. Characterized by windings and turnings;
sinuous.
Angeiectasis [an-je-ek'-tas-is). See Angiectasis.
Angeio- [an'-je-o). See Angio-.
ANGELIC ACID
82
ANGIOMETER
Angelic Acid {an-jcl'-ik as' -id). See Acid.
Angelica {an-jel' -ik-ali) [L.]. The seeds and root of
Arihaiii^elica offici>ialis and other species. An aro-
matic stimulant and emmenagogue. Dose of the fid.
ext. : Seeds y\ v-x ; root 3 ss-j. Unof.
Angel's Wing {an'-jck wing). A deformity of the
scapula in which it turns forward and then backward,
giving the shoulder a peculiar dorsal bulge, as in a
scoliotic chest.
Anger's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Angiectasis [an-Je-ek' -tas-is) \_ayyElov, a blood-vessel ;
iKTaair, dilatation]. Abnormal dilatation of a vessel,
as in aneurysm, etc. ; enlargement of capillaries.
Angiectopia {an-je-ek-to' -pe-ah ) \ayyuov, a vessel ;
kKTonn^, displaced]. Displacement or abnormal posi-
tion of a vessel.
Angielcus, or Angeielcus {an-je-el' -kus) \_ayyi:lov, a
vessel; i'kmq, an ulcer]. An ulcer in the walls of a
vessel.
Angiemphraxis [an-je-em-fi-aks' -is) \ayytlov, a vessel ;
ifjJbixi^K;, obstruction]. Obstruction of a vessel, or of
vessels.
Angiitis, or Angeiitis {an-/e-i'-tis) [ayydov, a vessel ;
irir, inflammation]. Inflammation of a lymph vessel
or blood vessel.
Angina [an' -jin-aJi or an-ji' -nah) [angere, to stran-
gle]. A sense of choking or suffocation, a symptom
of inflammatory affections of the pharynx. It is
synonymous with Cynanche. A. acuta or simplex,
simple sore-throat. A. externa. Synonym of
Mumps. A., Hogskin. Synonym of Diphtheria.
A. laryngea. Synonym of Laryngitis. A. lin-
gualis. Same as Glossitis. A., Ludwig's, acute
suppurative inflammation of the connective tissue sur-
rounding the submaxillary gland. A. membranacea.
Synonym of Croup. A. parotidea, the mumps, or
Parotitis, q. v. A. pectoris, a paroxysmal neurosis
with intense pain and oppression about the heart. It
usually occurs in the male after forty years of age, and
is generally associated with diseased conditions of the
heart and aorta. There is a sense of impending
. death, and frequently there is a fatal termination. A.
pectoris-vasomotoria, a term given by Nothnagel
and Landois to an angina associated with vaso-motor
disturbances, coldness of the surface, etc., but never
resulting fatally. A., Pseudo-, is a neurosis occurring
in young anemic females, characterized by a less grave
set of symptoms and never resulting fatally. A.
simplex. ':^ee A. aczita. Pi.. ions\\\&ns, Quinsy, (j. 7'.
A. trachealis, the Croup, q. v. A. ulcero-mem-
branous. See Tonsillitis, herpetic.
Anginoid (an'-;in-oid) [angere, to strangle]. Re-
sembling angina.
Angioasthenia {an-/e-o-as-the' -ne-ak") \_ayyEiov, a vessel ;
iiiyHti'na, weakness]. Atony of the blood-vessels.
Angiocarditis [an-Je-o-kar-di'-tis) [^ayyeiov, a blood-
vessel ; mpfi'ia, the heart ; itic, inflammation]. An
inflammation of the heart and blood-vessels (hypothet-
ical).
Angiocarpous (an'-je-o-kar-ptis) \_ayyelov, a vessel;
Kaf)Tr6r, fruit]. In biology, having the fruit invested
with a distinct covering or husk ; having a closed
apothecium ; having the hymenium inclosed by the
sporocarp.
Angiochalasis, or Angeiochalasis [an-je-o-kal'-as-is)
[i'!}-}f/(;j', a vessel; x"^"'^"^^ relaxation]. Dilatation
or relaxation of the blood-vessels.
Angiocholitis [an-jc-o-ko-li' -tis) \ayyuov, a vessel ;
/CO/,/;, bile; irir, inflammation]. Inflammation of the
biliary ducts.
Angioderma pigmenotosum [an-je-o-der' -tnah pig-
men-to' -siini). See Atrophoderma.
Angiodiastasis [a n-Je-o-di-as' -tas-is) [ayyfiov, a vessel;
fS(rt(Tra(j;f a separation], I. Displacement or dilatation
of a vessel. 2. Retraction of the severed ends of a
blood-vessel.
Angioembolus (an-je-o-em' -bo-lus) SJiyyEiov, a vessel;
f/i/?(Uof, anything thrown in]. A plug (as of clotted
blood) in a vessel.
Angiogeftesis {an-je-o-jen' -es-is). See Angiogeny.
Angiogeny {an-je-og' -en-c) \h.yyuov, a vessel ; yEvva-
tiv, to produce]. The development of the vessels.
Angioglioma [an-je-o-gli-o' -mah ) \ayytLov, a vessel ;
y'kia, glue; hfia, a tumor: Angiogliomata\ A
gliomatous vascular tumor of the spinal cord.
Angiograph {an' -je-o-graf) \ayy2l0v, a vessel ; ypiifeiv,
to write]. A form of sphygmograph invented by Lan-
dois.
Angiography (an-je-og' -ra-fe) [ayyfinv, a vessel ;
ypcKpr/, a writing]. A description of the vessels;
angiology.
Angiohemothrombus (an-je-o-hem-o-throm' -bus) \ay-
ye'mv, a vessel ; aifia, blood; Opd/uPoc;, thrombus]. A
clot in a blood-vessel.
Angiohydrology (an-je-o-hi-drol' -o-je") [dyyetov, a ves-
sel; i'Au/;, water; /(^jof, science]. The science of
the lymphatic vessels, their contents, etc.
Angiokeratoma [an-je-o-ker-at-o' -mah ) [ayyelov, a ves-
sel; K.£pag, horn; 6/j.a, tumor]. Lymphangiectasis ;
Telangiectic warts ; a very rare disease of the ex-
tremities characterized by warty-looking growths that
develop on dilated vessels in persons with chilblain,
etc. park spots the size of pins' points or pins'
heads, evidently vascular, develop as an attack of
chilblains is subsiding. The disease is peculiar to
childhood, and especially occurs in females.
Angioleucitis [an-je-o-lti-si' -tis) \_ayyfiov, a vessel ;
/fiwof, white ; /r/f, inflammation]. Inflammation of
the lymphatic vessels.
Angioiithic [an-je-o-lith' -ik) [ri; jtZoi', a vessel; Xlftog,
a stone]. Literally, a qualification applied to avascu-
lar and crystalline formation. Practically applied to
neoplasms in which crystalline or mineral deposits take
place, with hyaline degeneration of the coats of the
vessels.
Angiology {an-je-ol' -o-je) \hyytiov, a vessel ; Afiyof ,
science]. The science of the blood-vessels and lym-
phatics.
Angiolymphitis (an-je-o-limf-i' -tis) ^a-<'yetny, a vessel ;
lympha , lymph; iriq, inflammation]. Same as An-
gioleucitis.
Angiolymphoma [an-je-o-limf-o'-mah ) \_ayyelov, a ves-
sel; Ivmpha, water; b/ia, tumor: //. , Ajigiolympho-
}uata'\. A tumor formed of lymphatic vessels.
Angioma [an-je-o' -tnah ) \Jiyyeiov, a vessel ; bpa, a
tumor: //. , Angiomata^. A tumor formed of blood-
vessels. Called also Erectile or Vascular Tumor.
A., Cavernous, with communicating alveolar spaces.
See Varix, Cirsoid. Capillary and venous angiomata
are called A^evi, or Mothers' Marks. A., Cystic.
Synonym of Lymphangioma eircumscriptu>n. A., In-
fective. See A. serpiginosum. A. pigmentosum
atrophicum. See Xeroderma pigmentosum. A.
serpiginosum, infective angioma ; nevus lupus ;
a very rare disease of the skin in which minute vascu-
lar points are formed in rings or other groups, that
spread at the borders, while fresh points are continu-
ally developing beyond them. The points look like
grains of cayenne pepper. It occurs usually in girls,
but its etiology and pathology are unknown.
Angiomalacia [an-jc-o-mal-a' -sc-ah ) \aY)'Einv, a ves-
sel; iia/aKia,a. softening]. Softening of the blood-
vessels,
Angiometer [an-Je-om'-et-er). See Sphygmograph.
ANGIOMONOSPERMOUS
83
ANGLE
Angiomonospermous (an-je-o-mon-o-sper' -nnis) [ay-
yeiov, a vessel ; fjoror, alone; OKep/m, seed]. In bi-
ology, producing seeds within a closed ovary.
Angiomyoma, or Angimyoma [an-je-o-mi-o' -mah or
a}i-je-iin-o' -mail ) \ayyfiov, a vessel ; p>q, a muscle ;
6/;a, a tumor: pi. , Angiomyomata\. A vascular and
erectile muscular tumor.
Angioneoplasm {an- je-o-ne' -o-plazm) . See Angioneo-
plasina .
Angioneoplasma [an-je-o-ne-o-pla-J -viah ) \ayyuov, a
vessel; wof, new; Tz'Xdafia, moulded substance: //. ,
Angioneoplasmata\. A neoplasm made up of blood-
vessels or lymph-vessels.
Angioneurosin {an-je-o-nn'-ro-sin). Synonym of
Nitroglvceri)i.
Angioneurosis {an-je-o-nu-ro'-sis) [ayyftov, a vessel ;
vevfwi', a nerve]. A neurosis of the blood-vessels; a
disturbance of the vaso-motor system, — a symptom of
many diseases.
Angio-neurotic (an-je-o-nu-rot' -ik) \h.yyfLov, a vessel ;
i>evpov, a nerve]. Pertaining to angioneurosis. A.
Edema, a swelling, with associated symptoms, proba-
bly due to vaso motor lesion.
Angionoma {aii-je-oii' -o-iiiaJi) [ayyEW, a vessel ;i'o//7},
ulcer]. Ulceration of a vessel.
Angioparalysis [an-je-o-par-al' -is-is) \hyye'iov, a vessel;
napa'/.vtuv, to disable on one side]. Vaso-motor paralysis.
Angioparalytic {an-je-o-par-al-it' -ik) \h.yyilov, a vessel ;
Trapa/.veiv, to disable on one side]. Relating to or
characterized by angioparalysis.
Angioparesis (an-je-o-par' -es-is) \hyyEiov, a vessel;
irdpeoK;, a letting go]. Paresis or partial paralysis of
the vaso-motor apparatus.
Angiopathy {an-je-op' -a-the) \hyyEiov, a vessel ; irddoc;,
disease]. Any disease of the vascular system.
Angioplania [an-je-o-pla' -ne-ali) \aY)-tLov, a vessel ;
tt'/Avi], a wandering]. Irregularity or abnormality in
the course of a vessel.
Angioplastic (an-je-o-plas' -tik). See Vasifactive.
Angiorrhagia or Angeiorrhagia [an-je-or-a' -je-ah)
[(i} )f;of, a vessel ; p//yvyra(, break]. Bleeding from a
vessel.
Angiorrhea [an-je-or-e' -aJi) \ayyuov, a. vessel ; peiv, to
flow]. An oozing of blood.
Angiorrhexis (an-je-o-reks' -is) \ayyeLov, a vessel ;
pryf(f, a bursting]. Rupture of a blood-vessel.
Angiosarcoma {an-je-o-sar-ko' -niali) \jiyyuav, a vessel;
C7dpf, flesh; oua, a tumor : pL, Angiosarcomata^ A
vascular sarcoma.
Angiosarcomatous (an-je-o-sar-ko' -mat-ics) \hyyEiov,
a vessel ; odp^, flesh; 6//a, a tumor]. Of the nature
of or affected with angiosarcoma.
Angioscope {an' -je-o-skop) \_ayyuov, a vessel ; aKOireiv,
to inspect]. An instrument for examining the capillary
vessels.
Angiosialitis ian-je-o-si-al-i' -tis) \h.Yytlov, a vessel ;
d/a/' 01', saliva ; (r/f, inflammation]. Inflammation of
the duct of a salivary gland.
Angiosis (an-je-o' -sis) \ayyi'~iov, a vessel]. Any disease
of blood-vessels or lymphatics.
Angiospasm [an' -je-o-spazt>i) \jiyyeiov, a vessel ;
onaauog, a spasm]. A convulsive neurosis of the
blood-vessels ; a vaso-motor spasm.
Angiospastic ian-je-o-spas' -tik) \ayytLov, a vessel ;
a-aa/i6(:, spasm]. Characterized by or of the nature
of angiospasm.
Angiosperm (an' -je-o-sperm) [ayyfHjv, a vessel ; o'Ktpp.a,
seed]. In biology, a plant the seeds of which are pro-
duced within a closed vessel.
Angiosporous [an-je-os' -po-riis) \_ayyeiov, a vessel ;
(TTTopof, a seed]. In biology, producing spores or asci
within a hollow receptacle, said of fungi.
Angiostegnosis {an-je-o-steg-no' -sis) \_ayye'ioi<, a vessel ;
rjT£-jvo>atc, stoppage]. Stoppage or constriction of a
vessel.
Angiostegnotic [an-je-o-steg-nof -ik) \ayyf:'iov , a vessel ;
art) i'wi7/i;, stoppage]. Relating to angiostegnosis ; as-
tringent ; causing contraction of blood-vessels.
Angiostenosis [an-je-o-stc-no' -sis) \ayynov, a vessel ;
a-ividair, a straitening]. Constriction or narrowing of
a vessel.
Angiostomatous (an-je-o-sto' -inat-iis) \ayytlm>, a ves-
sel; (jTOfia, mouth]. In biology, having the mouth
or opening narrow or not dilatable.
Angiostrophe [an-je-os' -tro-fe) \ayyelov, a vessel ;
arpotpi/, twist]. Torsion of a vessel, as for the control
of hemorrhage.
Angiotasis (ati-je-ot'-as-is) \_ayyelov, a vessel ; tciok;,
tension]. The tension of the vessels.
Angiotatic [an-je-ot-af -ik) \ayytiov, a vessel ; rdffif,
tension]. Relating to angiotasis.
Angiotelectasia [an-je-o-tel-ek-ta' -ze-ah) \ayytlov, a ves-
sel; Ti'/.of, end; (Kraaig, dilatation]. Dilatation of
capillary vessels.
Angiotomy [an-je-of -o-me) \ayyuov, a vessel ; rd/i?/, a
cutting]. The incision or dissection of a vessel.
Angle [ang'-gi) or Angulus [ang'-gii-his) \_anguhis,
an angle]. The degree of divergence of two lines
that meet each other ; the space between two such
lines. A. a., that one of Lissauer's angles between
the radius fixus and a line joining the alveolar and
subnasal points. A. of Aberration. See A. of De-
7'iafion. A., Ackermann's, certain angles, character-
istic of kyphosis, which mark the base of the skull in
cases of encephalocele and hydrocephalus ; for ex-
ample, the occipito-sphenoidal angle is abnormally
sharp. A., Acromial, that formed between the head
of the humerus and the clavicle. A., Alpha. I. In
optics, that formed by the intersection of the visual
line and optic axis. 2. In craniometry, that one of
Lissauer's angles between the radius fixus and a line
joining the hormion and subnasal point. A., Al-
veolar, that formed between a line passing through a
spot beneath the nasal spine and the most prominent
point of the lower edge of the alveolar process of the
superior maxilla and the cephalic horizontal line.
A., Alveolo-condylar. See A., Orbiio-alveolo-con-
dylar. A., Anterior (of Ilium). See E_xternal [of
ilitim). A., Anterior (of Scapula). See A., Cer-
vical [of Scapula). A., Anterior Parietal. See
A., Parietal [of Quatrefages). A., Antero-external
(of Ischium), in veterinary anatomy, the posterior
extremity of the supracotyloid crest. A., Antero-
internal (of Ischium), in veterinary anatomy, the
portion of the ischium that helps to close the obtu-
rator foramen inwardly. A. of Aperture, in optics,
that included between two lines joining the oppo-
site points of the periphery of a lens and the focus.
A.. Auricular, in craniometry, those cephalic angles
having their apices at Broca's auricular point. A.,
Auriculo-cranial, in craniometry, the auricular angles
whose sides pass through the cranium. A., Auficulo-
facial, in craniometry, those auricular angles whose
sides pass through the face. A., Auriculo-frontal.
See A. , Frontal. A., Auriculo-occipital, in cranio-
metry, the combined sub-occipital and supra-occipital
angles. A., Auriculo-parietal. See A., Parietal
[of Broca). A. b., that one of Lissauer's angles in-
cluded between the radius fixus and a line joining the
bregma and nasion. A., Barclay's. See A., Orifa-
cial. ' A., Basifacial, in craniometry, that between
the basi-cranial ard basifacial axes. A., Basilar, in
craniometry, that between the naso-basilar and basi-
alveolar lines. A., Beta, that one of Lissauer's angles
ANGLE
84
ANGLE
included between the radius fixus and a line joining
the hormion and bregma. A., Bi-orbital, in optics,
that formed by the intersection of the axes of the
orbits. A., Broca's. See A. , Facial, A. , Occipital,
and A. , Parietal. A. c, that one of Lissauer's angles
included between the radius fixus and a line joining
the lambda and opisthion. A., Camper's. See
Facial, and A., Maxillary. A., Carpal, in biology,
the bend of the wing. A., Cephalic, in craniom-
etry, a general term for the cranial and facial angles.
A., Cerebellar. See A., Suboccipital. A., Cerebral.
I. In craniometry, that foniied by the frontal, Broca's
parietal, and the supra-occipital angles. 2. See A.
of Segond. A., Cervical (of Scapula), in veterin-
ary anatomy, the point of union of the anterior and
superior borders of the scapula. A., Chi, that one
of Lissauer's angles included between two lines run-
ning from the hormion to the basion and staphylion.
A., Cloquet's. See A. , Facial. A., Condylar, that
between the planes of the basilar groove and the occi-
pital foramen. A., Co-orbital, in craniometry, that
formed by the crossing of the anatomical plane of the
head by the bi-orbital plane. A., Coracoscapular,
in biology, that between the axes of the coracoid
and scapula. A., Coronofacial (of Gratiolet), in
craniometry, the angle that the facial line of Cam-
per forms with the plane passing through the coronal
suture. A., Costal. See A., Subcostal. A., Coty-
loid, in veterinary anatomy, the portion of the ilium
included between the cotyloid foramen and the supra-
cotyloid crest. A., Cotyloidean. See A. , Antero-
external [of Ischiuni). A., Cranial, in craniometry,
angles corresponding to the auricular angles, but having
their apices at the anterior border of the occipital fora-
men. A., Craniofacial (of Ecker). See A., Mcfa-
facial. A., Craniofacial (of Huxley), in craniometry,
that formed at the middle of the anterior border of
the jugum sphenoidale by lines drawn from the basion
and nasal spine. A., Critical, that made by a beam
of light passing from a rarer to a denser medium, with
the perpendicular, without being entirely reflected.
A. of Cuvier. See A., Facial. A. of Daubenton.
See A., Occipital. A., Deschamps's. See ,4., Inio-
facial. A. of Deviation. l. In botany, that formed
by a leaf, branch, or root with the axis upon which
it is borne. 2. In magnetism, the angle traversed
by the needle when disturbed by some magnetic force.
3. In optics, that formed by a refracted ray and the pro-
longation of the incident ray. A. of Divergence, in
botany, that formed between succeeding organs in the
same spiral or whorl. A., Dorsal (of Scapula), in
veterinary anatomy, the junction of the superior and
posterior borders of the scapula. A. of Durer. .See
A., Facial. A., Ecker's. See A. , Sphenoitlal and A. ,
Craniofacial. A. of Elevation, in optics, that made
by the visual plane with its primary position when moved
upward or downward. A., Ephippial (Welcker's).
See A., Sphenoidal. A., Ethmocranial. See A.,
Olfactory. A., External (of Ilium), in veterinary
anatomy, the anterior superior spine of the ilium.
A., External (of Mulder), in craniometry, that pro-
duced by the junction of Camper's line and a line
joining the basi-occipital bone and the nasion. A.,
External (of Pubes), in veterinary anatomy, the por-
tion of the pubic bone constituting the chief part of
the cotyloid cavity. A. of the Eye. See Cantlius.
A. f., that one of Lissauer's angles included between
the radius fixus and a line joining the inion and opis-
thion. A., Facial (of Broca). See A., Ophryo-
spinal Facial. A., Facial (of Camper), in cranio-
metry, that between the facial line of Camper and the
line drawn through the auricular and subnasal points.
A., Facial (of Cloquet), in craniometry, that be-
tween the line drawn through the ophryon and the
alveolar point and the auricular-alveolar line. A.,
Facial (of Cuvier). See A., Facial (of Geoffroy
St. Hilaire). A., Facial (of Diirer), in crani-
ometry, that formed by a line tangent to the brow and
the lobule of the nose and a line joining the lobe of the
ear and the lower part of the nasal septum. A.,
Facial (of Jacquart), in craniometry, that between
the line joining the subnasal point and the glabella and
the line joining the subnasal and auricular points.
A., Facial (of Segond). See A. of Segond. A.,
Facial (of Geoffroy St. Hilaire), in craniometry,
that between the facial line of Camper and the line
joining the auricular point and the edge of the incisors.
A., Facial (of Topinard.) See A., Ophryo-spinal
Facial. A., Facial (of Virchow and Holder), in
craniometry, that formed by the union of a line joining
the naso-frontal suture and the most prominent point
of the lower edge of the superior alveolar processes,
and a line joining the superior border of the external
auditory meatus and the lower border of the orbit.
A., Fick's, in craniometry, one formed by the inter-
section of the basilar groove, and a line joining the
symphysis menti and the basion. A., Frontal, in
craniometry, one formed by lines joining the auricular
point and the ophryon and bregma. In ornithology,
that formed between the forehead and the upper mar-
gin of the beak. A., Frontal (of Lissauer), that
one included between lines joining the metopion and
the bregma and nasion. A., Fronto-glabellar, the
degree of inclination of the forehead. A., Gamma,
in optics, that formed at the center of rotation of the
eyes by the optic and visual axes. A. , Genal, in
biology, the posterior angle of the movable gena of
trilobites. A., Gratiolet's. See A. , Coronofacial.
A., Humeral (of the Scapula), in veterinary anat-
omy, a name given to the head of the shoulder blade.
A., Huxley's. See A. , Craniofacial. A. i., that one
of Lissauer's angles included between the radius fixus
and a line joining the posterior border of the incisor
foramen and the alveolar point. A., Ilio-ischial,
that between the ischium and the cotylo-sacral rib of
the ilium. A., Ilio-pubic, in veterinary anatomy,
that existing between the ilium and pubes. A., Ilio-
vertebral, that existing between the iliac bones and
the spinal column. A. of Incidence, in optics, the
angle at which a ray of light strikes a denser medium
and undergoes reflection or refraction. A. of Incli-
nation (of Pelvic Canal), in obstetrics, that formed
by the anterior wall of the pelvis with the conjugate
diameter. A. of Inclination (of Pelvis), in obstet-
rics, that formed by the pelvis with the general line
of the trunk, or that formed by the plane of the infe-
rior strait with the horizon. A., Inferior (of Scapu-
la). See A., Hume7-al. A. of Inflexion, in veter-
inary anatomy, that formed by the quarter of the hoof
of a soliped with the commencement of the bar. A.,
Inio-facial, in craniometry, Deschamps's modifica-
tion of Camper's line. It is the angle included be-
tween the two lines extending from the inion to the
glabella and from the inion to the symphysis of the
chin. A., Internal (of Ilium), in veterinary anat-
omy, the posterior superior spine of the ilium. A.,
Internal (of Pubes), in veterinary anatomy, the
name for the angle of the pubes. A., Internal (of
Walther), in craniometry, that included between a
line joining the glabella and the nasion and another
from the occipital protuberance to the crista galli. A.,
Interradial, in biology, that formed in the star-fish
by the coming together of the lateral walls of two
adjacent ambulacra! grooves. A. of the Ischio-pubic
ANGLE
85
ANGLE
Arch, that formed by the junction of the ischio-pubic
rami. A. of Jacquart. See A. , Facial. A. of
Jaw, the junction of the lower border of the ramus of
the mandible with its posterior border. A. of Land-
zert, that formed by the plane of the basilar groove
and the horizontal line of the jugum sphenoidale.
A. of Lavater, in craniometry, that contained be-
tween a line joining the point of the nose and the
outer angle of the eye, and a line running from the
same point to the angle of the mouth. According to
Lavater, the greater the angle the more intelligent the
individual. A., Limiting. See A., Critical. A.
of the Lips, those formed by the union qf the lips at
either extremity of the mouth. A., Lissauer's, in
craniometry, a number of angles in the median plane
of the skull included between lines radiating from a
fixed line connecting the inion and hormion [radius
_fixus.) See also A., Frontal, and A. , Parietal. A.,
Louis's, that between the manubrium and gladiolus
of the sternum due to retraction in the upper part of
the thorax. A. of Ludovici. See A. , Louis' s. A.,
Ludwig's. See A., Louis's. A., Lumbo-iliac, in
veterinary anatomy, that formed by the junction of the
sacrum and ilia. A.m., that one of Lissauer's angles
included between the radius fixus and a line joining
the opisthion and the basion. A., Maxillary (of
Camper), in craniometry, that included between two
lines extending from the point of contact of the upper
and lower central incisor teeth, one to the ophryon and
the other to the most prominent point of the lower jaw.
A., Metafacial (of Serres), that which the pterygoid
processes form with the base of the skull. A., Meter-,
in optics, the degree of convergence of the eyes
when centered on an object one meter distant from
each. A. of the Mouth. See A. of the Lips. A.,
Mu, that one of Lissauer's angles included between
the radius fixus and a line joining the hormion and
basion. A., Mulder's. See A. , External. A. n.,
that one of Lissauer's angles included between the
radius fixus and a line joining the nasion and alveolar
point. A. n'., that one of Lissauer's angles included
between the radius fixus and a line joining the nasion
and subnasal point. A., Nasal (of Ranke), in
craniometry, that included between the horizontal
plane of the skull and a line passing through the mid-
dle of the alveolar border beneath the nasal spine and
the center of the naso-frontal suture. A., Nasal (of
Welcker), in craniometry, that included between the
naso-basilar and naso-subnasal lines. A., Naso-
basal (of Welcker). See A. , Nasal. A., Naso-
malar, in craniometry, that formed by two lines
converging from the outer margins of the orbits to the
base of the nose. A. of the Neck. See A. of the Nucha.
A. of the Neck of the Femur, that formed between
the neck and shaft of the femur. A., Negative, the
name given to Quatrefages' parietal angle when it is
inversed. A. of the Nose, that between the nose
and the cheek. A., Nu, that one of Lissauer's angles
included between the radius fixus and a line joining
the hormion and nasion. A. of the Nucha, that formed
by the junction of the nucha with the neck. A. o.,
that one of Lissauer's angles included between the
radius fixus and a line joining the lambda and bregma.
A. of Obliquity of Femur, that formed by the shaft
of the femur and a vertical line. A., Occipital, in
craniometry, that formed by the intersection of the
basicranial axis and the plane of the occipital foramen.
A., Occipital (of Broca), in craniometry, that be-
tween the lines joining the opisthion and the basion
and nasal points. A., Occipital (of Daubenton),
in craniometry, the angle that Daubenton's line makes
with the line joining the basion and opisthion. A.,
Occipital, Second, in craniometry, that formed by
two lines joining the oiiisthion and the nasion and
nasal spine. A., Olfactory, in craniometry, that
formed by the intersection of the plane of the cribri-
form plate of the ethmoid and the basicranial axis.
A., Omega, that one of Lissauer's angles between
the radius fixus and a line joining the hormion and
lambda. A., Ophryo-alveolo-auricular. See A.,
Facial (of Cloquet). A., Ophryo-spinal-facial, in
craniometry, that included between two lines from
the nasal spine to the ophryon and auricular point.
A., Optic, that included between lines joining the
extremities of an object and the nodal point. The
smallest is about 30 seconds. A., Orbito-alveolo-
condylar, in craniometry, that included between the
horizontal visual and alveolo-condylar planes. A.,
Orbito-basilar, in craniometry, that included between
Barclay's basifacial plane and the plane of the orbital
axes. A., Orbito-facial. See A. , Orbito-iuaxillary.
A., Orbito-maxillary, in craniometry, that included
between the two lines joining the auricular point and
the glabella and alveolar border. A., Orbito-occi-
pital, in craniometry, that included between the plane
of the occipital foramen and the bi-orbital plane.
A., Orifacial (of Barclay), i. That included be-
tween Camper's line and the plane of mastication.
2. That included between the median antero-posterior
line of the palatine arch and the median antero-poste-
rior line of the plane of the lower border of the in-
ferior maxilla. A. p., that one of Lissauer's angles
included between the radius fixus and a line joining
the staphylion and alveolar point. A., Palatine, in
craniometry, that included between Camper's line and
a line on the plane of the alveolar arch. A., Parietal
(of Broca), in craniometry, that included between
two lines joining the auricular point and the bregma
and lambda. A., Parietal (of Lissauer), that in-
cluded between lines drawn from the bregma and
lambda to the most prominent point of the parietal
bone. A., Parietal (of Quatrefages), in craniome-
try, that formed by the lines drawn through the ex-
tremities of the transverse maximum or bizygomatic
diameter and the maximum transverse frontal diameter
(called positive when it opens downward, iiegative
when it opens upward). A., Parietal, Posterior, in
craniometry, that included between two lines tangent to
the parietal eminence and the most prominent points
of the zygomatic arch. A., Pi, that one of Lissauer's
angles included between the radius fixus and a line
joining the hormion and alveolar point. A. of Polari-
zation, in optics, the angle of reflection at which light
is most completely polarized. A., Positive. See A.,
Parietal {of Quatrefages). A., Posterior (of Ilium).
See A., Cotyloid. A., Posterior (of Pubes), in vet-
erinary anatomy, that portion of the pubes that
helps to close in the obturator foramen internally. A.,
Posterior (of Scapula). See^., Dorsal {of Scap-
ttla). A., Postero-external (of Ischium), in vet-
erinary anatomy, the tuberosity of the ischium. A.,
Postero-internal (of Ischium), in veterinary
anatomy, the ischiadic arch. A., Premax-
illary. See A., Basifacial. A., Prepubic, that
formed by the male urethra in front of the pubes,
the penis being in a flaccid state. A. of Prognath-
ism, in craniometry, the angle indicating the degree
of forward projection of the face. A., Psi. I. That
one of Lissauer's angles included between the radius
fixus and a line joining the hormion and opisthion.
2. In optics, that between the optic axis and line
of fixation. A. of the Pubes, that formed by the
junction of the pubic bones at the symphysis. A.,
Pyramidal. See A. , Positive. A. of Quatrefages.
ANGLE
86
ANGUSTICOLLIS
See A., Parietal. A. of Ranke. See A., Nasal.
A. of Reflection, in optics, that which a reflected
ray of light makes with a line drawn perpendicular
to the point of incidence. A. of Refraction, in optics,
that which exists between a refracted ray of light
and a line drawn perpendicular to the point of inci-
dence. A. of Rib, aline on the external surface of the
shaft of the vertebral extremity of the rib, to which is at-
tached the tendon of the sacro-lumbalis muscle. A. s.,
that one of Lissauer's angles included between the
radius fixus and a line joining the basion and staphy-
lion. A., Sacro- vertebral, that which the sacrum
forms with the last lumbar vertebra. A. of Segond,
in craniometry, angles formed between lines drawn
from the basion to the various other craniometrical
points. The Facial angle of Segond is that be-
tween the line passing through the basion and mental
points and the line passing through the basion and
ophryon. The Cerebral angle of vSegond is that
between the line passing through the basion and oph-
ryon, and the line passing through the basion and
opisthion. A. of Serres. See A., Aletafacial. A.
Sigma, that one of Lissauer's angles included be-
tween the radius fixus and a line drawn from the hor-
mion to the staphylion. A., Sincipital. See A. , Ex-
ternal [of Mulder). A. Spal. See A. Summi
Palaii. A., Sphenoidal, in craniometry, that included
between two lines joining the nasion and the basion
with the center of the transverse groove of the optic
commissure, at the point where the sloping anterior
surface of the sella turcica passes over into the hori-
zontal surface of the olivary eminence. A., Squint-
ing, that indicating the degree of divergence of the
affected eye in strabismus. A., Sterno-clavicular,
that existing between the clavicle and the sternum.
A. of St. Hilaire (Geoffroy). See A., Facial. A.,
Subcostal, that formed by the outward inclination
of the false ribs with the middle line of the body.
A., Suboccipital, in craniometry, that included
between two lines joining Broca's auricular point
with the posterior border of the occipital foramen
and the external occipital protuberance. A., Sub-
pubic, that formed at the pubic arch. A., Summi
Occipitis, Lissauer's angle included between lines
connecting the most prominent point of the occipital
squama and the lambda and inion. A., Summi
Palati, Lissauer's angle included between lines drawn
from the staphylion and alveolar point to the highest
point of the arch of the palate. A., Supra-occipital,
in craniometry, that formed by two lines joining
Broca's auricular point with the lambda and the exter-
nal occipital protuberance. A., Symphysian, that
which the profile of the symphysis of the lower jaw
makes with the plane of the inferior border of the
lower jaw. A., Tentorial, in craniometry, that in-
cluded between the plane of the tentorium and the
basicranial axis. A. of Topinard. See A., Facial.
A. of Torsion, the amount of twisting in the shaft of
a bone. A., Total Cranial, in craniometry, that
measuring the cranial cavity between lines drawn
from the auricular point to the ophryon and opisthion.
A. of the Uterus, that at the cornua of the uterus,
where the oviducts enter. A., Venosus, that formed
between the right and left brachio-cephalic veins.
A., Vertebro-iliac. See A., llio-vertehral. A.,
Vestibular, that formed in the vestibule by the junc-
tion of its posterior and middle walls. A. of Virchow
and Holder. 'Aee A. , Facial. A., Visual. See ^. ,
Optic. A. of Vogt, in craniometry, that included
between lines joining the nasion and the basion and
alveolar point. A., Walther's. See A., Internal.
A., Welcker's. See A. , Ephippial, A. , Nasal, and
A. , Nasobasal. A., Xiphoid, in anatomy, that formed
by the sides of the xiphoid notch. A. y., that one
of Lissauer's angles included between the radius fixus
and a line joining the lambda and inion.
Angleberry [ang' -gl-ber-e) [M. E., angle; bery\
Butchers' name for bovine tuberculosis. See Grapes.
Anglesey Leg [ang'-gl-se leg) [so called after the
Marquis of Anglesey]. An artificial limb formed
from a solid piece of wood hollowed out to receive the
stump and provided with a steel joint at the knee.
The ankle joint was made of wood, to which modon
was communicated by strong cat-gut strings posteriorly
and a spiral spring anteriorly.
Anglicus sudor [ang'-lik-us sii'-dor) [L.]. English
sweating fever. A contagious malignant fever, also
known as Ephemera maligna, characterized by black
or dark-colored sweat.
Anglo-Swiss Food, an artificial infant food with the
following composition : Water, 6.54 ; fat, 2.72 ; grape-
sugar and milk-sugar, 23.29; cane-sugar, 21.40 ;
starch, 34.55 ; soluble carbohydrates, 46.43 ; albumin-
oids, 10.26; ash, 1. 20.
Angophrasia (ang-go-fi-a' -ze-ali) \_ayxeiv, to choke ;
(pfjdaic:, utterance]. A speech-defect consisting of a
choking, drawling, and agitated utterance, with repeti-
tions and nasal sounds, occurring in paralytic dementia.
Angor {a>!g'-gor) \_angpr, a strangling]. Synonymous
with Anf;ina. Applied by some to epigastric pain.
Angry [ang'-gre] [M. Y,., angej-icli'\. Characterized by
acute inflammation and pain, as an angry sore.
Angstrom's Law. See Lazo.
Anguilulidae {ang-gniil' -it-lid-e) \_angnilla, an eel]. The
small nematoid worms that live in vinegar and sour
paste.
Anguilliform (ang-gzml' -if-orm') \_angiiilla, an eel ;
forma, form]. In biology, having the characters or
foiTTi of an eel.
Anguillula [ang-gwiV -u-lah) [dim. of angtiilla, an
eel]. A genus of parasitic round worms. A. Ster-
coralis. See Thread-worms and Parasites, Animal,
Table of.
Anguine (atig' -gumi) \_angiiis, a snake]. In biology,
snake-like.
Anguish [atig' -g-visli) [(7;?n-?«/'/<7, narrowness, distress].
Extreme bodily or mental distress.
Angular [aug' -gii-lar) [^angithes, an angle]. Pertaining
to an angle. A. Artery and Vein, the teiTninal
branches of the facial artery and vein. A. Gyrus, or
Convolution, the pli cotirbe, a convolution of the
brain. A. Movement, the movement between two
bones that may take place forward and backward,
or inward and outward. A. Processes, the external
and internal extremities of the orbital arch of the
frontal bone.
Angularis scapulae Muscle {ang-gn-la' -ris skap' -t(-le').
The In'ator aiiguli scapuhr. See Muscles, Table of.
Anguliferous [ang-gu-lif -er-tis) [anguliis, an angle ;
fcrre, to bear]. In biology, having the last whorl
angled or cornered.
Angulinerved [ang' -gu-lin-ervd) \angiibts, an angle ;
nervum, a nerve]. In biology, said of leaves in
which the veins or nerves diverge from the midrib ;
pinnately nerved.
Angulo-dentate (ang' -gn-lo-den' -tat') \angulus, an
angle; </<v//«/z/.v, toothed]. With angular teeth.
Angulus [ang'-gii-lus) [L.]. See Angle.
Angustate (a ng-gus' -tat) \angustare, to straiten ; to
narrow]. Narrow.
Angustia (rt';?;,''-^^./-/^-^?//) [L.]. Constriction; abnor-
mal narrowness ; distress.
Angusticollis (ang-gus-te-koF -is) \_angnstns, narrow ;
collum, a neck]. In biology, with a slender neck.
ANGUSTIDENTATE
87
ANIMALCULE
Angustidentate {ang-gus-te-den' -tat) \_angusttts, nar-
row; ctcns, a tooth]. In biology, with slender teeth.
Angustifoliate (ang-gus-tc-fo' -le-at) [angustus, narrow ;
foliatns, leaved]. In biology, with narrow leaves.
Angustirostrate (ang-giis-te-ros' -irdt) [angustus, nar-
row; rostrum, beak]. In biology, having a narrow or
compressed beak.
Angustiseptate [ang-gus-te-sep' -tat) \_angustus, narrow ;
septum, a partition]. In biology, having a narrow
septum.
Angustura [ang-gus-tu'-rah) [Sp. , Angostura, a S. A.
town]. Cusparia Bark. The bark of Galipca cus-
paria. A stimulant tonic and febrifuge used in malig-
nant bilious fever, intermittent fever, and dysentery.
In large doses emetic. Dose of fid. ext. TTLx-xxx; of
the bark gr. x-xl. Unof. Infus. Cuspariae (B. P.).
Dose 5 i-ij.
Angusturin [ang-gus' -tu-rin) [Sp. , Angostura, a S. A.
town]. Synonym of Brucin, q. v.
Anhaloin [an-hal' -o-in) \_Anhaloniuni\. An intensely
poisonous alkaloid, derived from the fruit of A nha Io-
nium [MamiHaria) lewinii, a cactus. It produces
collapse, followed by tetanus. Unof.
Anhalonium lewinii [an-Iia-lo' -ne-ttm le-win' -e-i)
[L.]. The cactus of this name is a native of Mexico.
Its active principle is intensely poisonous and resembles
strychnin in action. Dose of the extract gtt. j.
Unof.
Anhaphia {an-ha'-fe-ah). See Anaphia.
Anhela (an-he' -lah) \_anhelatio, asthma]. A difficulty in
breathing. A. amphemerina, A. asinina, A.
canina, A. clamosa, A. clangosa, A. delassans,
A. perennis, A. puerilis, A. spasmodica, A.
strangulans, A. suffocans, A. tussiculosa, syno-
nyms of Pertussis.
Kx\\i€)LaX\o^(an-he-la'-sJimi) r^, to pant]. Short-
ness of breath ; dyspnea.
Anhematosis {aji-heui-at-o' -sis) \hv priv. ; aliiaTotiv, to
make bloody]. Defective formation of the blood.
Anhidrosis [an-hid-ro' -sis) [av priv. ; Idpug, sweat].
Absence or deficiency of svi^eat excretion.
Anhidrotic (an-hid-rof -ik) \hv priv. ; Ifipu^, sweat].
I. Tending to check sweating. 2. An agent that
checks sweating.
Anhistous (an-his' -tus) \av priv. ; WToq, a web].
Structureless ; not organized ; plasmic.
^vCs\yAxt,rs\\a.{an-hi-drc' -ine-ali) [rip priv.; i'tSoip, water ;
ai/id, blood]. The opposite of hydremia; an abnor-
mal decrease in the relative proportion of the water to
that of the salts of the blood.
Anhydrid (an-hi' -drid) [ar priv. ; t'rfup, water]. One
of a class of chemic compounds that may be regarded
as made up of one or more molecules of water in
which the whole of the hydrogen is replaced by nega-
tive or acid radicals (that may themselves contain
hydrogen).
Anhydro-ecgonin (an-hi' -dro-ek' -go-7tin) \hv priv. ;
w5w/7, water; kn, out of; yovoc, born]. A basic sub-
stance in the cocain and ecgonin series, but more
remote from cocain than ecgonin.
A n h y d r o-glycochloral (an-hi' -dro-gli-ko-klo' -ral ) .
See CIdoralose.
Anhydromyelia (an-hi-dro-mi-e' -Ic-ah) \av priv. ;
('(Sup, water; jivctdv, marrow]. A deficiency of the
fluid that normally fills the spinal cavity.
Anhydrous (an-hi'-drus) [(ir priv. ; v6(jp, water]. In
chemistry, a term used to denote the absence of
hydroxyl or of constitutional water.
Anhysteria (an-his-tc' -re-ah) \!lv priv. ; vartpa, the
womb]. Absence of the uterus.
Anideus (an-id' -e-us) \_av priv. ; afiog, form]. The
lowest form of omphalosite, in which the parasitic
fetus is reduced to a shapeless mass of flesh covered
with skin.
Anidous (an-i'-dus) [or priv. ; elSor, form]. Form-
less, from general arrest of development ; used of
fetal monsters.
Anidrosis (an-id-ro' -sis). .See Anhidrosis.
Anidrotic (an-id-rot'-ik). See Anhidrotic.
Anile (an'-il) \anilis, an old woman]. Imbecile.
Anilid (an'-il-id) [Arab., al, the; ml, dark blue].
Compounds formed by the action of acid chlorids or
acid anhydrids upon the anilins. They are very stable
derivatives.
Anilin (an'-il-in) [Arab., al, the; iiil, dark blue],
CgH,N. Amidobenzene ; formed in the dry distillation
of bituminous coal, bones, indigo, isatin, and other
nitrogenous substances. It is made by reducing nitro-
benzene. It is a colorless liquid with a faint peculiar
odor, boiling at 183° ; its sp. gr. at 0° is 1. 036. When
■ perfectly pure it solidifies on cooling, and melts at — 8°.
It is slightly soluble in water, but dissolves readily in
alcohol and ether. Combined with chlorin, the
chlorates, and hypochlorites, the various anilin dyes
are produced. It is a powerful narcotic poison. It is
used in chorea and epilepsy with benefit in one-half
grain doses. Unof. A. Black, Cj^HjjN.^, one of the
indulins formed by the oxidation of anilin by means
of potassium chlorate in the presence of copper or
vanadium salts. It is a dark-green amorphous pow-
der, insoluble in the ordinary reagents, and is used in
calico printing as a black color. See Conspectus of
Pigments, under Pigment. A. Colors. See Con-
spectus of Pigments, under Pigment. A. Red. See
Fuchsin. A. Sulphate, [C^HjNH.^] SO^IT^, used as
a test for lignin. See Stains, Table of. A. Violet.
See Tyrolin.
Anilinophile (an-il-in'-o-fil) [anilin; i)i(/ite(i.', to love].
Readily stained with anilin.
Anilism (an'-il-izm) [anilin']. An acute or chronic
disease produced in workmen in anilin factories by the
poisonous fumes.
Anility (an-il'-it-c) [anilis, an old woman]. The state
of being imbecile or childish.
Anima (an'-i/n-ah) [animus, spirit]. The soul ; the
vital principle ; formerly, the active principle of a drug
or medicine.
Animal (an' -ivi-al) [anima, the .spirit, brea'th, or life].
An organic being having life and power of motion.
Pertaining to the same. The animal kingdom is com-
posed of the Vertebrata, Mollusca, Articulata, and
Radiata. A. Black. See Conspectus of Pigments,
under Pigment. A. Charcoal, bone-black, ivory-
black, etc., is the product of calcining bones in close
vessels. A. Chemistry, that concerning itself with
the composition of animal bodies. A. Electricity,
electricity generated in the body. A. Function, any
physiological action or process. A. Gum, C^.^H.,„0-i„-{-
2H.fi. A substance prepared from mucin by Landwehr,
and .so named on account of its resemblance to the
gum of commerce. It occurs in many tissues of the
body, is soluble in water, and in alkaline solution
readily dissolves cupric oxid, the solution not being
reduced on boiling. It yields no coloration with
iodin, and is very feebly dextrorotatory. A. Heat,
the normal temperature of the body, about 98.5° F.
A. Kingdom, a name for all animals considereci col-
lectively. A. Magnetism, mesmerism, hypnotism,
etc. A. Oil. See DippeF s Oil. A. Starch. See
Glycogen. A. Tissue. See Tissue.
Animalcule (an-im-al' -kill ) [animalciilum, dim. of
animal, a minute animal: //., Animalcula~\. An
organism so small as to require the microscope for its
examination.
ANIMALCULISM
88
ANKYLOBLEPHARON
Animalculism [an-im-al' -ku-liziii) \_animaliiiluin, a
little animal]. See Spermism and Incaseineiit.
Animalculist (an-im-al' -kn-lisf) [anwialcuhiiii , a little
animal]. Incasement.
Animalization [an-itn-al-iz-a'-shuii) [^am'/zia/is, ani-
mate]. The process of assimilating food to the tis-
sues of the body.
Animation [an-ini-o' -shiDi) \_a>iiijiare, to have life or
existence]. To be possessed of life. Formerly used
to denote the effect of the vital principle by which the
fetus acquires the power of continuing its existence.
A., Suspended, a condition marked by interrupted
respiration and consciousness ; caused by strangulation,
the inhalation of carbon dioxid or other gases, etc.
Anime [an' -iin-e) [Fr. , ajiiiiie, origin doubtful]. A
name of various resins, especially that of I/yineuica
coiirbaril, a tree of tropical yVmerica ; sometimes used
in pilaster, etc. Unof See Copal.
Animism (an' -itn-izm) \anima, soul]. Stahl's theory
of life and disease, namely, that the soul is the source
of both normal and pathologic activities.
Anion {an'-e-on) [dm, up; 'liiv, going]. In electroly-
sis, an electro-negative element. See Ion.
Anions [an'-e-onz] \aviuv, going up]. The atoms that
collect around either pole when a compound is decom-
posed by electricity.
Aniridia ian-ir-id' -e-ali) \av priv. ; tpif, the rainbow].
Absence or defect of the iris.
Anisandrous [an-is-an' -drus) [di'ijof, unequal ; hvin),
male]. Same as Anisosteinenous.
Anisanthous [an-is-an' -thus) [dwcrof, unequal ; avdoc^,
flower]. In biology, varying as to the fonn of the
perianth.
Anischuria [an-is-ku' -re-ali) \av priv.; taxovpla, re-
tention of urineL Enuresis or incontinence of urine.
Anise {an' -is). See Anisinji.
Anisic [an-is'-ik) \_anisiiin, anise]. Pertaining or be-
longing to anise. A. Acid. See Acid. A. Aldehyd.
See Aldehyd.
Anisin (an'-is-in) \_anisuin, anise], C.^H.^^N.^O.,. An
artificial crystalline alkaloid, a derivative of anise.
Anisobryous (ait-is-oh'-re-us) [^aviaog, unequal ; jSpvov,
growth]. Same as Monocotyledonous.
Anisocoria [an-is-o-ko'-re-ah) \_aviaoc, unequal ; Kopl/,
pupil]. Inequality in the diameter of the pupils.
Anisodont [an-i' -so-dont) [di'icrof, unequal ; ocSot'f,
tooth]. In biology, having irregular teeth of unequal
length.
Anisognathous (an-is-og' -na-fhus) [dwcrof , unequal ;
y}>nHo(;, jaw]. In biology, having the two jaws
unlike as to the molar teeth.
Anisogynous {an-is-o/'-in-ns) \_aiiiaor, unequal ; yvvi/, a
female]. In biology, with fewer carpels than sepals.
Anisol [an'-is-ol) \anisiiin, anise], CjH^O. Methyl
phenyl ether, produced by heating phenol with potas-
sium and methyl iodid or potassium methyl sulphate
in alcoholic solution. It is an ethereal-smelling
liquid, boiling at 152°; its sp. gr. at 15° is 0.991.
Anisomelous (an-is-om'-el-tis) [aivcof , unequal ; jjt'Aoq,
a limb]. With limbs of unequal length.
Anisomerous {an-is-om' -er-iis) [iiviaoi;, unequal ; j-iipor^,
part]. In biology, having the parts or organs unequal
in successive series, as parts of the flowers in different
whorls, or ridges, or successive molar teeth.
Anisometropia [an-is-o-ine-tro'-pe-ah) \av priv. ; lanr,
equal; //f'-/)oi', a measure; wr/), the eye]. A difler-
ence in the refraction of the two eyes.
Anisometropic [an-is-o-me-trop' -ik) \nv priv. ; /cror,
equal; fierpov, a measure; wi/', the eye]. Affected
with anisometropia.
Anisopetalous [an-is-o-pef -al-ns) \h.viaoq, unequal ;
TrtTa/ov^ leaf]. In biology, with unequal petals.
Anisophyllous((?«-w-(7^'-?y-;«) [divcrof , unequal; (p'o?i?iOv,
leaf]. In biology, applied to the leaves of a pair of
whorls when they are unequal.
Anisopia {an-is-o' -pe-ali) [awcof, unequal; wi/i, eye].
Inequality of visual power in the two eyes.
Anisopleural {an-is-o-plu'-ral) [avLaor, unequal;
TT/.evpa, the side]. In biology, bilaterally asym-
metric.
Anisopogonous (an-is-o-pog' -o-ntis^ [di'((Tor, unequal ;
-wyuv, beard]. In biology, applied to feathers the
vanes of which are asymmetric.
Anisopterous {an-is-op' -ter-iis) [aivcror, unequal;
TTTepov, a wing]. In biology, with asymmetric or
unequal wings.
Anisospore [an-i'-so-spor) \^hviaor, unequal ; airopa, a
spore]. In biology, one of the two varieties of spores
produced by colonial species of Radiolarians.
Anisostemenous (an-is-o-ste7ti' -en-us) [hviaoc;, un-
equal; ori/puD, a thread]. In biology, applied to
plants the stamens of which are not of the same num-
ber as the petals.
Anisosthenic [an-is-o-sthen' -ik) \avicoq, unequal ;
aOh'0(;, strength]. Not of equal power; used of pairs
of muscles, etc.
Anisostomous (an-is-os' -torn-US') \hvLaoq, unequal ;
CTOjia, mouth]. With an irregular mouth or orifice.
Anisotropic (an-is-o-trop'-ik) [ariacx;, unequal;
TpoKor, turning]. Not possessing the same properties
in all directions with respect to light. In biology,
varying in irritability in difterent parts or organs.
Anisotropous (an-is-ot' -ro-pzts) [atv(Tof,unequal; Tptrreiv,
to turn]. Not isotropous ; not having the same re-
fracting power in all directions. A term applied to
doubly refracting bodies.
Anisum [a/t'-is-uin) [L. ; gen., Anisi'\. Anise. The
fruit of Anisum piinpinclla. Its properties are due
to a volatile oil. It is slightly stimulant to the heart
action. It is useful chiefly to liquefy bronchial secre-
tions, and is therefore a favorite ingredient in cough
mixtures. Dose gr. x-xx. A. Aqua, oil of anise I,
water 500 parts. Dose indefinite. A. Essentia
(B. P.). Dose TTLx-xx. A. Oleum, an ingredient in
tinct. opii camph. Dose, TTLj-v. A. Spt., a ten per
cent, solution of the oil in alcohol. Dose, ,^i-ij.
Anisyl {an'-is-il) \auisuni, anise], QII^O.^. A hypo-
thetic radicle supposed to be found in anise and its
derivatives.
Anitrogenous (aJi-ni-troj' -en-its) \!i priv. ; nitrum,
niter; yfw/f, producing]. Non-nitrogenous.
Anixyus (ah-niks' -e-us) [d priv. ; i^hq, the loins]. In
biology, without hips and thighs.
Ankle {ang'-kl) [M. E. , ancle\ The joint between
the tibia and fibula above and on the sides, and the
astragalus below. It is a ginglymus joint, with three
ligaments, the anterior, internal, and external.
A. -bone, the astragalus. A. Clonus, the succession of
a number of rhythmic muscular contractions in the
calf of the leg, when the limb is extended and the foot
flexed suddenly by a pressure upon the sole. It is a
symptom of various diseases of the myelon, such as
meningo-myelitis. See Reflexes, Table of. A. -jerk.
See A. Clonus. A. -joint." See Ankle. In biology,
the tarsal joint. A. Reflex. See A. Clonus.
Anklet (angk'-let) [M. E., ancle']. A leathern band to
jiass around and support the ankle.
Ankuroid [ang'-ku-roid). See Ankyroid.
Ankylenteron [ang-kil-en' -ter-on) [«)'/«'■/ 7, a coil;
ivrepov, an intestine]. An adhesion Isetween intesti-
nal coils.
Ankyloblepharon [ang-kil-o-blef -ar-on) \!:iyK'r7.)], a
thong or loop; pyuijmpov, the eyelid]. The adhesion
of the ciliary edges of the eyelids.
ANKYLOCHEILIA
89
ANODIC
Ankylocheilia iang-kil-o-ki' -le-ah) [a/h.//.?/, loop ;
Xi f lip]. Adhesion of the lips.
Ankylocolpos (ang-kil-o-kol' -pos) \a.yKv'Ar), a noose ;
Ku'/.~og, the vagina]. Atresia or closure of the vagina
or vulva.
Ankylocore iang-kil-ok' -o-re) \ayKvkr), a noose ; /idp//,
the pupil]. Obliteration of the pupil by closure and
adhesion.
Ankylodontia [ang-kil-o-don' -she-aJi) \ayKv'M}, a loop ;
btSovi;, a tooth]. Irregularity in the position of the
teeth.
Ankyloglossia {ang-kil-o-glos' -e-ah) [dj-Ki'/j-/, a noose ;
yAidoaa, the tongue]. Tongue-tie.
Ankyloglossotome {aug-kil-o-glos' -o-tom) [ay/ci'AT?, a
noose ; y'luaoa, the tongue ; ro/z//, a cut]. An instru-
ment used in treating tongue-tie.
Ankylomele [ang-kil-o-me' -le) [hyuvAonrjATi ; ayKv'Aog,
bent; fiif/ti, a probe]. A curved probe.
Ankylomerism (ang-kil-om' -er-izm) [a)Ki'/./;, a tie;
UEpoc;, a part]. Abnormal adherence of parts to each
other.
Ankylopodia (a«^-/^//-f-/o'-(/£'-a//) [a^/ci'/,;?, a loop ; 'noiig,
a foot]. Ankylosis of the ankle-joint.
Ankyloproctia \ang-kil-o-prok' -te-aJi) [ay/ci/a/, a loop ;
TTpuiiTdg, the anus]. Atresia of the anus.
Ankylorrhinia (ang-kil-o-rin' -e-ah) [ay/ty/.of, a loop ;
piq, the nose]. Marked adhesion between the walls
of a nostril.
Ankylose [ang' -kil-os) [ay/ciJAof, bent]. To be, or to
become, consolidated or firmly united, as two bones ;
used commonly of pathologic, but sometimes of nor-
mal, union.
Ankylosis (ang-kil-o'-sis) [ay/iv/.of , a stiff joint] . Union
of the bones forming a joint, resulting in a stiff joint.
A., False, or Spurious, is due to the rigidity of sur-
rounding parts. A., True, or Bony, when the con-
necting material is bone. A., Ligamentous, when
the medium is fibrous.
Ankylostoma [ang-kil-os' -to-mah) , or Ankylostomum
[ang-kil-os' -to-mum) [dy/cy/of , crooked ; arofia, a
mouth]. A genus of nematoid worms, one species of
which, A. duodenale , is found in the human intestine.
This is now referred to the genus Dochmins. See
A n kylostom iasis .
Ankylostomiasis (ang-kil-os-to-mi' -as-is) [dyKi'/.of,
crooked; arofia, a mouth]. A peculiar anemia
produced by the parasite Ankylostoma duodenale
i^Z)ock>iiius diiodenalis. Leuck), sucking, the blood
from the walls of the duodenum. It is especially
prevalent among brickmakers and other workmen in
Europe. It is called also Dochmiasis, Brickmakers'
Anemia, Tunnel Anemia, Miners' Cachexia, Egyp-
tian Chlorosis, Tropical Chlorosis, etc. Male fern
and thymol expel the worm.
Ankylotia [a)2g-kil-o' -s/ie-ah) [ayKv/.rj, a noose ; ovg,
ear] . Union of the walls of the meatus auditorius.
Ankylotome (ang-kW -o-tom) [a}xi''/?/, a loop ; rd//?/, a
cut]. I. A knife for operating on tongue-tie. 2. Any
curved knife.
Ankyrism [ang' -kir-izm) \_ayKvpio^a, a hooking].
Articulation or suture by one bone hooking upon
another.
Ankyroid {ar^' -kb--oid) \ayKvpa, a hook]. Hook-
shaped. A. Cavity, in the brain, the posterior
cornu of the lateral ventricle. A. Process, the
coracoid process.
Anlage (an'-lag-e) [Ger., "a laying out"]. In bi-
ology, a term adopted from the German to indicate
(l) a primary constituent of the germ or organism ; (2)
a constitutional predisposition.
Annandale's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Annatto [an-at'-o). See Annotto.
Anneal (an-el') [Saxon, annelan, to heat]. To heat
and cool slowly, as gold or other metals.
Annealing [an-el' -ing) [Saxon, annelan, to heat].
The process of applying heat to a metal for the
purpose of removing brittleness and increasing its
ductility and malleability.
Annectent (an-ek'-tent ) {iid, to; nectere, to bind].
In biology, linking or binding together.
Annelism [an' -el-izni) \_anelliis,d.\m. of a ring].
In biology, possessing a ringed structure.
Annidalin (an-id' -al-in). See Aristol.
Annotin (an'-o-tin) [annotinus, of last year]. In
biology, one year old.
Annotinous [an-ot' -in-us) [annotinus, of last year].
In biology, having distinct yearly growths.
Annotto (an-ot'-o) [native American]. Annatto,
arnotto. A coloring matter obtained from the pel-
licles of the seeds of Jiixa orellana. L. Used to color
plasters. Also employed as an artificial color for
butter. See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Annual (an'-u-al) [annus, a year]. Yearly. In
biology, plants that mature and die in one year.
Annuens (att' -u-enz) [annuere, to nod]. The rectus
capitis anticus minor muscle. See Muscles, Table of.
Annuent [an' -u-oit ) [annuere, to nod]. Serving to
bend the head forward ; as annuent muscles.
Annular (an'-u-lar) [annulus, a ring]. Ring-like. A
number of ligaments of the joints are called annular,
as those of the ankle, wrist, etc. A. Cartilage, the cri-
coid cartilage. A. Finger, the ring finger. A. Mus-
cle of M tiller, the circular fibers of the ciliary muscle.
A. Process, or Protuberance, the pons varolii. A.
Reflex (of macula), a ring-like reflection sometimes
seen with the ophthalmoscope surrounding the macula.
Pi.Tm.w\\sm (att'-u-lizni) [annulus, a.x\ng\. The state or
quality of being ringed, as shown in certain worms.
Annulose (an' -u-lds) [annulus, a ring]. In biology,
possessing rings.
Annulus (an'-u-lus) [annulus, a. nngl- A ring-shaped
or circular opening. A circular or rounded margin.
In biology, an encircling band, as those about the cap-
sules of mosses ; the spore-cases of ferns, the mantle.
Cf. Molluscs, etc. A. abdominalis, the external and
internal abdominal rings. A. abdominis, the inguinal
ring. A. ciliaris, the boundary between the iris and
choroid. A. fibrosus, the external part, of the inter-
vertebral discs. A. membrani tympani, an incom-
plete bony ring that forms the fetal auditory process of
the temporal bone. A. osseus, the tympanic plate.
A. ovalis, the rounded or oval margin of the Foramen
ovalis. A. subgenitalis, a firm, cartilaginous-like,
subgenital ring, the supporting plate of the subum-
brella in medusx. A. tracheae, any tracheal ring.
A. umbilicus, the umbilical ring. A. of Vieus-
sens. Same as A. ovalis.
Anocarpous{an-o-kar'-pus) [dru, upward; \a/)-df, fruit].
In biology, bearing fruit on the upper side of the frond.
Anocathartic [an-o-kath-ar' -tik) [drw, upward; Kail-
apTLKoq, purging]. Emetic.
Ano-coccygeal [a-no-kok-sij' -e-al ) [amis, the funda-
ment ; KOKKv^, the coccyx]. Pertaining to the anus
and the coccyx. A. Ligament, connects the tip of
the coccyx with the external sphincter ani muscle.
Anodal [an'-o-dal) [drd, up; dddr, a way]. Relating to
an anode ; electrically positive. A. Diffusion. Same
as Cataplioresis. A. Opening Contraction. See
Co)!traction.
Anode (an'-dd) [ava, up; dddf, a way]. The positive
pole of a galvanic battery.
Anodic (an-od' -ik) [iiva, upward; dddf, way]. In biol-
ogy, applied to the upper edges of leaves arranged in
ascending spirals.
ANODONTIA
Anodontia (a>i-o-don' -slic-ah^ \av priv. ; bSovg, tooth].
Absence of the teeth.
Anodyne (an'-o-dtn) [av priv. ; hdiwi/, pain]. A med-
icine that gives relief from pain. From their tendency
to produce sleep they are called hyp7iotics. A., Hoff-
man's. See Ether.
Anodynia [an-o-din' -e-a/i) [iiv priv. ; u6iv?/, pain].
Absence of pain.
Anoea [an-e' -a/i). See Anoia.
Anoesia [an-o-e' -ze-ah) \_avoricia, a want of sense].
Want of understanding.
Anogenic {att~o-jcn' -ik) [di'o, upward; yevi/c, produced].
In biology, of ascending or inward growth.
Anoia [aii-oi'-ah) [civoia, idiocy]. Synonym of Idiocy.
Anol (iiii'-ol) [see Aiuiho/'\, C|,H[gO. A substance
obtained from anethol by heating it with caustic alkali
to 200-230° It consists of brilliant leaflets, melting
at 92°.
Anomalifiorous (an-om-al-if-lo' -rus) \anomahis, irreg-
ular; flos, flower]. In biology, bearing irregular
flowers.
Anomaliped {an-om' -al-ip-cd^ \_anoinahis, irregular;
pes, foot]. In biology, characterized by having one
of the phalanges of the middle toe joined to the inner
toe, and three to the outer toe, as in syndactylous
birds, the kingfisher, etc.
Anomalocephalous {nn-oin-al-o-sef'-al-iis) [di'u//n?iOf,
strange; ii£<j>aAii, the head]. Having a deformed
head.
Anomalocephalus -(an-om-al-o-sef -al-iis) [dx'w/ia/of,
strange ; ne^a'/i/, the head]. One who has a deformed
head.
Anomalogonatous {an-om-al-o-gon' -at-iis) [di'w//n/lof ,
strange; yoviniov, hip-joint]. In biology, said of
birds (Passeres) having no ambiens muscle.
Anomalous {an-ojii' -al-us) \avLfia7.oq, not ordinary].
Irregular; characterized by deviation from the com-
mon or normal order.
Anomalus {an-om' -al-tts) [avw/za/of, not ordinary].
A muscle or muscular slip sometimes occurring be-
neath the levator labii superioris alsque nasi.
Anomaly {an-om' -al-e) \_avu>fja/ja, irregularity]. A
marked deviation from the normal or typical structure
or occurrence.
Anomobranchiate [ati-o-mo-brang' -ke-at)[avofioc, irreg-
ular ; fifiayx^'^t gihs]. In biology, characterized by
having anomalous gills.
Anomo-carpous [an-o-mo-kar' -pus) [ai'o/iof, irregular ;
KapiToc;, fruit]. In biology, producing anomalous
or irregular fruits.
Anomocephalus (ati-o-mo-sef'-al-us) [« priv.; v6fioc,
law; Kf(;)a/'//, head]. Set Anomaloeephalus.
Anomophyllous {an-o-mof -il-iis') [d priv.; v6fio(;, a
law; <ph?Mv, a leaf]. In biology, with irregularly-
arranged leaves.
Anomphalous (an-07n' -fal-us) \av priv. ; bu(bal6<;,
navel]. Having no navel, a condition that may
result from disease or from a surgical operation.
Anomural {an-o-mid ral) \hvofioc, irregular; ovpa,
tail]. In biology, characterized by having a small,
irregular tail.
Anonychia {n>i-o-iiik' -e-a}i) \liv priv.; hvv^, nail].
Absence or defect of the nails.
Anonym {a)i' -o-niiii) [flrwriy/of, nameless]. In biology,
an insignificant or unscientifically formed name.
Anonyma (an-on' -iin-ah) \Ilv priv.; bvv/ia, name].
The innominate artery.
Anonymous (/77t-fln' -ini-iis) [di' priv.; ovv/m, a name].
Nameless. A. Bone. See huiominatitm.
Anobpsia (aii-o-op' -sc-ali) [dr<j, upward; 6i/'/f, vision].
Strabismus in which the eye is turned upward.
Anophthalma (an-off-thal' -mah). See Anophthalmia,
90 ANOSTOMUS
Anophthalmia {im-off-thal' -ttie-ah') \h.v priv.; b(j)6aA/u6g,
eye]. Congenital absence of the eyes. A. cyclo-
pica, a congenital malformation in which the eye-
socket is very ill-developed and the orbit rudimentary
or altogether absent.
Anophthalmos [aii-pff-thal ' -nius) \av priv.; b^daXfibq,
eye]. I. Congenital absence of the eyes. 2. A person
born without eyes.
Anopia [an-o' -pe-ah) \_av priv.; ui/), the eye]. Ab-
sence or rudimentary development of the eye.
Anopluriform (an-o-phi' -t-if-orm) [avoir Ao(;, unarmed ;
ovpii, tail; fortiia, form]. Resembling or related to
a louse.
Anopsia (aii-op' -se-ah) \liv priv.; oi/xf, vision]. See
Amblyopia.
Anopsy (an' -op-se). Same as Atiopsia.
Anopylus [an-o-pi' -his) [avo, forward; ■kvXt], a gate].
Lissauer's term for a skull in which there is a strong
forward inclination of the foramen magnum.
Anorchia (an-07-'-ke-ah ). Stt Anorchism.
Anorchism (an' -or-kiztn) [di^ priv. ; opxi^, the testicle].
Absence of the testicles.
Anorchous (an-or'-kiis) \av priv. ; bpxi(;, the testicle].
Without testicles.
Anorchus {aji-or' -kus) [d priv.; 6p;i;«f, the testicle] . A
person in whom the testicles are absent or not de-
scended.
Anorectic, Anorectous {ati-o-7-ek' -tik, aii-o-rek'-tus)
[di' priv. ; opffjf, appetite]. Without an appetite.
Anorexia [a7!-o-?-ek' -se-ah) [av priv. ; bpe^ic, appetite].
Absence or diminution of appetite, occurring in gastric
diseases, fevers, and many chronic aflections. A.,
Hysteric. See Apepsia, Hystei-ic. A. nervosa, an
hysteric affection occurring chiefly in young neurotic
females. It is characterized by extreme emaciation
and a great aversion to food.
Anorganic (a7!-07--ga72' -ik) [dpriv. ; bpyavov, an organ].
Not containing organs, as the epidermis.
Anorhin {a7z' -07--i7i) [avu, upward; p/f, the nose]. A
teiTn applied by Lissauer to skulls in which the sub-
nasal point lies above the 7-adius fi.xiis taken as a
horizontal.
Anorophos (an-o' -ro-fos) [a priv. ; bpo<pog, a roof].
Not having the skull-cap.
Anorthopia (an-o7--iho'-pe-ali) [drpriv. ; bpOoc, straight;
bij'ic, vision]. I. A defect in vision in which straight
lines do not seem straight, and parallelism or symmetry
is not properly perceived. 2. Squinting ; obliquity of
vision.
Anorthosis (an-07--tho' -sis) [di^priv. ; bpffucK;, a making
straight]. Absence or defect of erectility.
Anosia (a/z-o' -se-ah) [a priv. ; vbaog, disease]. W'ith-
out disease ; normal health.
Anosmia [an-oz'-z/ie-ah] [av priv. ; bafjij, smell].
Partial or complete loss of the sense of smell, due
either to local disease or disease of the olfactory
nerves or bulb. It is associated with impairment or
loss of the sense of taste.
Anosphrasia (an-os-fi-a' -ze-ah) [av priv. ; bo(^paaia,
smell]. Defect or absence of the sense of smell.
Anosphresia {a/i-os-f7-e' -se-ah). See A/iosph7-esis.
Anosphresis (a72-os-/7-e' -sis) [av priv. ; ba(pp?/ai(;, odor].
Same as Anosph7-asia. ^
Anosphresy [azi-os' -//-e-se). See A770sphresia.
Anospinal (a-7io-spi'-nal) the fundament ; spina,
the backbone]. Relating to the anus and the spinal
cord. A. Center is situated in the lumbar portion of
the spinal cord ; it controls the anal sphincters.
Anostomus (a7i-o-sto' -iinis) [avu, upward ; aropa,
mouth]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which the
alveolar point is elevated above the radius fixiis, the
latter being horizontal.
ANOSTOSIS
91
ANTEPECTUS
Anostosis ((7«-(?^-/o'-5w) [(^i' priv. ; bcrtor, hone']. De-
fective development of bone.
Anotus [an-o' -fits) [av priv. ; ovc, the ear]. An earless
monstrosity.
Anovesical [a-iio-i'cs' -iA-a/ ) \_aiins, the fundament ;
vesica, the bladder]. Pertaining conjointly to the
anus and urinary bladder.
Anoxyemia {an-oks-c-e'-iiie-ak) [avpriv.; oxygt-n ; aifja,
blood]. An abnormal condition due to the breathing
of an insufficient amount of oxygen ; mountain sick-
ness ; balloon sickness.
Ansa [an'-sa/i) [L. , a " handle :"//., Ansa-']. A loop
or curved structure suggesting by its form the handle
of a vessel ; a loop in a nerve, intestine, or vessel, or
in a surgeon's thread. A. capitis, the zygomatic
arch. A., Haller's, the loop formed by the nerve
joining the facia! and glosso-pharyngeal nerves. A.,
Henle's. See Hcnle's Loop. A. hypoglossi, a
loop formed at the middle of the neck by the junction
of the descendens noni nerve with branches of the
second and third cervical nerves. A. of Reil, the
name given to that portion of the brain just ventrad of
the thalamus. A. sacralis, a loop joining the gan-
glion Impar (G. Walteri) with the sympathetic trunks
of the two sides. A. of Vieussens, a loop extend-
ing from the third cervical ganglion and surrounding
the subclavian artery. A. of Wrisberg, the nerve
joining the right great splanchnic and right pneumo-
gastric nerves.
Anserine {an'-ser-in) \_anserimts ; anser, a goose].
Resembling a goose. A. Disease, an emaciation of
the hands, rendering the tendons unduly prominent,
and suggesting the appearance of a goose's foot. A.
Skin. See Cutis anserina.
Anstie's Test. See Tests, Table of.
Ansulate [iin'-sii-ldt) [ansiiia, a little handle]. The
coiled and bent-over extremity of a stem or tendril.
Ant-, Anti- [ant- or au'-tc) \civTi, against]. Prefixes
to compound words signifying opposed to, against,
counteracting, etc.
Antacid [ant-as'-id) [(rw/?', against ; acidus, a.c\A'\. A
substance counteracting or neutralizing acidity ; an
alkali.
Antacrid (ant-ak' -rid) \anii, against; acer, sharp].
Correcting acridity in the secretions. A. Tincture.
See Gitaiac Mixture, Fenner^ s.
Antadiform [ant-ad' -if-orui) \_anti, opposite; ad,
toward; foniia, form]. In biology, having the dor-
sal and ventral contours inversely similar, as in certain
fishes.
Antagonism [an-tag' -o-nizni) \avrayi^vil,taQai, to strug-
gle against]. Opposed activity, as of two sets of
muscles or of two remedial agents.
Antagonist [an-tag' -o-nist) \avTayoviOTi]q, counteract-
ing]. A term applied to a drug that neutralizes the
therapeutic effects of another. In anatomy, a muscle
that acts in opposition to another. Applied also to
diseases that seem to exclude each other. See Drug.
A., Associated, a name given to that muscle of a
healthy eye that turns the globe in the same direction
as the affected muscle of the opposite eye would, if
normal, turn the eye to which it belongs.
Antagonistic (an-tag-o-nis'-tik) \ai<TayovLari/c, counter-
acting]. Opposing. A. Drugs, Table of. See
Drug.
Antalgic [ant-aF -jik) [arr/, against; a/.) or, pain]. I.
Relieving pain. 2. A remedy relieving pain.
Antalkaline [ant-aU -kal-in or -en). An agent neutral-
izing alkalies, as acids.
Antambulacral [ant-am-bu-la' -kral) {avr't, against;
ambulacrum, a walk]. In biology, located opposite
or away from the ambulacra.
Antaphrodisiac [ant-af-ro-diz' -e-ak) \av-i, against ;
aijiixidiata, sexual desire]. I. Lessening the venereal
desires. 2. An agent that lessens the venereal im-
pulse ; an anaphrodisiac.
Antapoplectic [ant-ap-o-plek' -tik) \avri, against ;
(i-oTT/ i/^ia, apoplexy]. Efficient in preventing or
treating apoplexy.
Antarthritic [ant-ar-thrit' -ik) \jivri, against; a/jftpiriKog,
gouty]. I. Relieving the gout. 2. A medicine for
tlie rehef of gout.
Antasthenic [ant-as-tken' -ilc) [oit/, against ; (laHeveia,
weakness]. Tending to correct debility and restore
the strength.
Antasthmatic [ant-az-mat'-ik) \Jii'ti , against; acH/ja,
short breath]. I. Relieving the asthma. 2. A
medicine serving for the relief of asthma.
Antatrophic [ant-at-rof -ik) \_avTi, against ; arpoipia,
wasting]. I. Preventing atrophy. 2. A drug that
will prevent wasting or atrophy.
Antebrachium [an-te-bra' -ke-uin) \ante, before ;
brack ill ni, the arm]. The forearm.
Antechamber [an' -te-chdm-ber) \_ante, before; ME.,
chamber, a room]. In biology, the space between
the guard-cells of a stoma.
Antecoxal [an-te-koks'-al) \_ante, before; coxa, the
hip joint]. In biology, located anterior to a coxa.
Antecurvature [an-te-ker' -vat-chfir) [ante, forward;
ciirvatus, bent]. A forward curvature.
Antedisplacement [an-te-dis-plds' -ment) [ante, for-
ward; O. F., desplacer, to put out of place]. For-
ward displacement of a part or organ.
Antedonin [an-te-don' -i)i) [Antedon, a crinoid, from
civ&!j6cji', the Greek medlar]. A pigment obtained
from Coniatida rosacea, a crinoid echinoderm.
Anteflexion [a7i-te-Jlek' -shun) [ante, before ; Jiectere,
to bend]. A bending forward. A. of Uterus, a
condition in which the fundus sinks between the
cervix and the neck of the bladder.
Antefurca [an-te-fer'-kah) [ante, before; furca, a
fork]. In biology, a Y-shaped chitinous prop affixed
to the under surface of the thorax of insects and
projecting into the thoracic cavity. Cf. Aledifurca
and Postfurca.
Antegrade [ati'-te-grad) [antegredi, to precede].
Anabolic ; not retrograde or catabolic.
Antehelix [an-te-he'-liks). See Anthclix.'
Antelocation [an-te-lo-ka'-shun) [ante, heiore:; locus,
a place]. The forward displacement of an organ or
viscus.
Antembasis [ant-em' -bas-is) [avTijijiaaLq, interlocking].
The setting or locking of bones.
Antemetic [ant-e-ttiet'-ik). See Antiemetic.
Ante mortem [an'-te mo7-'-tem) [L.]. Before death.
Antenarial [an-te-na'-re-al) before ; the
nostrils]. Situated in front of the nostrils.
Antenna [an-ten' -ah) [iivTdveiv, to stretch out]. In
biology, one of the paired, articulated, sensory appen-
dages of the head of an arthropod. One of a pair of
long additions to the male flower in certain orchids.
Antennaria [an-ten-a' -re-ali). See Everlasting.
Anteocular [an-te-ok' -u-lar) [ante, before ; oculus, the
eye]. In biology, situated in advance of the eyes.
Anteoperculum [an-te-o-per' -ku-lum') [ante, before ;
operculum, a lid]. In biology, the Preoperculum , q.v.
Anteorbital [an-te-or'-bit-al] [ante, before; orbita, the
track of a wheel]. In comparative anatomy, placed
in advance of the eyes.
Ante partum [an'-te par'-tum) [L.]. Before delivery.
Antepectoral [an-te-pek' -tor-al) [ante, before; pectus,
the breast]. Placed in front of the chest.
Antepectus (an-te-pek' -tus) [ante, before ; pectus, the
breast]. In biology, the sternal region of the prothorax.
ANTEPHIALTIC
92
ANTHRACENE
Antephialtic [ant-ef-e-al'-fik) [(ivt'i, against ; efia'ATrj^,
nightmare]. Preventive of nightmare.
Antepileptic {ant-ep-il-ep' -tik) [auri, against ; eni'A.7]ipi<;,
epilepsy]. Reheving epilepsy.
Anteprostatic (an-te-pros-taf -ik') \ante, before ; npna-
TciTiii;, one who stands before]. Situated before the
prostate. A. Glands, certain small accessory glands
sometimes found between Cowper's gland and the
prostate.
Anterethic [an-ter-eth' -ik) \hv-'i, against ; ipediofidq,
irritation]. Soothing; allaying irritation.
Anterior \an-te' -re-or) \_a7iterius, forward]. Situated
ventrad or hemad of a corresponding organ, the latter
being designated as posterioi- (or posterius). A. Po-
liomyelitis, inflammation in the anterior horns of the
spinal cord, giving rise to a characteristic paralysis ;
common in children. A. Rotation, the forward turn-
ing of the presenting part in labor.
Antero- [an'-te-7-o-)[anterioi','bt{ort'\. A prefix signify-
ing position in front.
Anterograde [an'-te-ro-grad) [anterior, before; gredi,
to go]. Proceeding from before ; moving back.
Antero-inferior (tui' -te-ro-i)i-fe' -re-or') \_anterior, for-
ward ; inferior, lower]. Situated in front and below.
Antero-lateral {^an' -te-ro-lat' -er-a! ) [anterior, before ;
lattcs, a side]. In front and to or on one side ; from
the front to one side.
Antero-parietal (an'-te-ro-par-i'-et-al) [anterior, be-
fore; paries, d^^aXV]. Anterior and also parietal. A
Area, the anterior part of the parietal area of the
cranium. A. Gyrus, or Convolution, the ascending
frontal convolution of the brain.
Antero-posterior [an' -te-ro-pos-te' -re-or) [anterior, for-
ward ; /[(^/t'r/or, backward]. From before backward.
A. Plane. See Median plane.
Antero-superior (a)i' -te-ro-su-pe' -re-or') [anterior, for-
ward; superior, upper]. In front and above.
Anterotic {ant-e-rof -ik) [avri, against ; IpuTinog, per-
taining to love]. Anaphrodisiac.
Ante-uterine {an-te-u'-ter-in) [ante, before ; uterus,
the womb]. In front of the womb.
Anteversion {an-te-ver' -slum) [ante, before ; vertere,
to turn]. A turning forward. A. of Uterus, the
fundus is bent toward the symphysis pubis, the cervix
toward the sacrum.
Anthela [an' -the-lah) [avdrjXri, the downy plume of
the reed]. In biology, an open paniculate cyme.
Anthelicine (an-thel' -is-in) [avQk'kii,, the inner curva-
ture of the ear]. Pertaining to the anthelix.
Anthelix {anf -he-liks or an' -the-liks) [avOt'Ki^, the inner
curvature of the ear]. The ridge surrounding the
concha of the external ear posteriorly.
Anthelmintic {an-thel-inin' -tik) [avTi, against ; ekjuvi;,
a worm]. I. Efficacious against worms. 2. A ver-
micide. An agent either killing or rendering power-
less intestinal parasites ; a vermifuge expels worms.
Anthemis {an' -them-is) [avdejxiq, a flower]. Camo-
mile. The flower-heads of A. nobilis, with properties
due to a volatile oil, a camphor, and a bitter principle.
Useful in coughs and spasmodic infantile complaints.
An excellent stomachic tonic. Infusion of ^iv to Oj,
given in doses of .^j-ij. No official preparations.
A., Extract (B. P.), dose gr. ij-x. A., Infus.
(B. P.), dose gj-iv. A. Ol., the volatile oil of
camomile. Dose tTLij-x, in sugar.
Anthemoptyic [ant-hem-op' -te-ik) [hvTi, against; aijia,
blood; -KTvaiq, a spitting]. Checking pulmonary
hemorrhage.
Anthemorrhagic (ant-Jietn-or-aj' -ik) [hvr'i, against ;
aifia, blood ; payia, a bursting]. Checking or tending
to prevent hemorrhage.
Anther (an'-ther) [ciMtipdt;, in full bloom]. In biology,
the male sexual organ in plants ; the summit and essen-
tial part of the stamen. It contains the pollen or
fecundating substance of the flower.
Antheridia (im-ther-id' -e-ah). Plural of Antheridi-
tun, q. V.
Antheridium (an-ther-id' -e-iiin) [anthera , zxViWftx ; Gr.
dim., /(3(oi']. The male or fertilizing organ of higher
cryptogams ; the organ that produces antherozoids.
h.r\^t.rozo\di(an' -ther-o-zo-id) [anthera, anther; zooides,
zooid]. In biology, one of the motile fertilizing
bodies of higher cryptogams, analogous to the sper-
matozoid of animals. The male reproductive cell of
cryptogams.
Anthesis (an-the'-sis) [av67/cri^, the full bloom of a
flower]. The act of flowering ; florescence.
Anthocarpous (an-t/io-kar'-pus) [avHoc;, flower; Kapndc:,
fruit]. In biology, applied to collective or accessory
fruits characterized by thickened floral envelopes.
Anthoclinium {aji-tho-klin' -e-iim) [di'Wof, flower; K'Aivij,
a bed]. See Clinanthium.
Anthocyanin (an-tho-si' -an-in) [avOoq, flower ; Kvavog,
blue]. The soluble pigment of blue flowers.
Anthodium (an-t/io'-de-itm) [avOo^, a flower ; clSng,
form]. In biology, the so-called "flower" of the
Composita-, really a capitulum or head of flowers.
Anthogenesis {an-tko-Jen'-es-is) [avOoQ, a flower;
■yeveaic;, production]. In biology, a phase of alterna-
tion of generations exhibited by certain hemipterous
insects, plant lice, etc.
Antholeucin {an-tho-lu' -sin) [ai'f^of, a flower ; 7<.evK6<;,
white]. The soluble pigment of white flowers.
Antholysis [an-tkol'-is-is) [avOui;, a flower ; / vai^, a
breaking up]. In biology, that retrograde metamor-
phosis in which the normal character or location of
the parts of a flower is altered.
Anthony's Fire, St. A popular name for Erysipelas.
Anthophilous (an-thoff' -il-us) [avdoq, a flower; ip'ikoq,
loving]. In biology, fond of flowers, as a bee.
Anthophore [an'-tho-fd?-) [avOog, a flower; <j)tptiv, to
bear]. In biology, the stalk that bears the corolla,
stamens, and pistil in certain flowers, formed by the
elongation of the internode between the calyx and
corolla.
Anthotaxis {an-tho-taks' -is) [orfof, a flower; rdfff,
order]. The arrangement of flowers in flower-clusters.
Anthoxanthin, Anthoxanthine \an-tho-zan' -thin)
[avdoq, flower; i,avd6c,, yellow]. In biology, the yel-
lowish pigments of fruits and flowers.
Anthozooid [an-tho-zo' -oid) [avdoq, a flower; Cyov, an
animal ; f'^iof, likeness]. A single zooid of the flower-
like animals, Aetinozoa ; e. g., a coral polyp.
Anthracemia {an-thras-e' -me-ah) [avfipa^, a coal ;
oi//a, blood]. Wool-sorter's disease ; splenic fever of
animals ; the presence in the blood of Bacillus
anthracis, the microbe of true anthrax or malignant
pustule.
Anthracene [an' -tlira-sen) [avftpa^, a coal], Cj^Hj,,.
A hydrocarbon formed from many carbon compounds
when they are exposed to a high heat ; also from
coal-tar. It crystallizes in colorless, monoclinic
tables, showing a beautiful blue fluorescence ; dis-
solves with difficulty in alcohol and ether, but easily
in hot benzene ; melts at 213°. It is the base from
which artificial alizarin is prepared. A. Colors. See
Pigments, Conspectus of. A. Oil, the fraction of coal-
tar distilling from 270° C. and over. It consists of
that portion of the tar that is made up of bodies
possessing the highest boiling points, and is distin-
guished from the heavy oil fraction by a separation,
on cooling, of solid matters. In it has been found
naphthalene, methyl-naphthalene, anthracene, phen-
anthrene, methyl-anthracene, pyrene, carbazol, etc.
ANTHRACIA
93
ANTHYPOCHONDRIAC
Anthracia (an-thra' -se-aJi) [ni'f^/jaf, a coal]. A name
for diseases characterized by the formation of carbun-
cles. A. pestis, the plague. A. rubula. Synonym
of Frainbesia.
Anthracic (an-thras' -ik) [_avdpa^, a coal]. Pertaining
to or of the nature of anthrax.
Anthracite (iin' -thras-it) \aMpa^, a coal]. A variety
of mineral coal containing but little hydrogen, and
therefore burning almost without flame.
Anthracnosis (an-thrak-no'-sis) [avOpa^, a coal ; voaoc,
disease]. Black rot, a fungus disease of vines, caused
by the Plioina uvicola, or Sphacelotna a?npeliitm.
Anthracoid [an' -thrak-oid) [ai'f^pof, coal ; u&0(;, form].
Resembling anthrax.
Anthracometer (ijii-thmk-om' -et-er) \hvQpa^, coal ;
fiETpov, a measure]. An instrument for estimating
the amount of carbon dioxid in the air.
Anthracometry {an-thrak-oin' -et-re) \avdpai,, carbon ;
fierpov, a measure]. The determination of the amount
of carbon dioxid in air.
Anthraconecrosis {an-thrak-o-ne-kro' -sis) \avdpa^,
coal ; veKpusau;, death] . The necrotic transformation
of a tissue' into a black mass, as in dry gangrene.
Anthracosis [an-thrak-o' -sis) \hv(lpa£,, carbon ; voaoq,
disease]. A chronic interstitial pneumonitis with pig-
mentation of the lung, in coal-miners.
Anthracotyphus ian-thrak-o-ti' -fits') [_avdpa^, a coal ;
Tv<po^, smoke, stupor]. Synonym of the Plague.
Anthrakokali [an-thrak-o' -kal-e) \avdpa^, coal; Ar. ,
qali, soda ash]. An alkaline powder made by heating
powdered mineral coal with a strong solution of
caustic potash, with or without sulphur. It is used
internally and externally in skin diseases, rheumatism,
etc. Unof.
Anthranilic Acid (an-thran-il' -ik). See Acid.
Anthranol (an' -tlu-an-ol) [^ai>Opa^, coal; oieum, oil],
Cj^HjdO. a body isomeric with anthrol. It is pro-
duced by the careful reduction of anthraquinone with
tin and acetic acid. It crystallizes from alcohol in
shining needles, melting with decomposition at 165°.
Anthraquinone (an-th7-a-kwin-6)i') \avdpa^, coal; Sp.,
qitina, bark], Cj^HgO.,. Produced by oxidizing an-
thracene with HNO.J. It sublimes in yellow needles,
melting at 277°, soluble in hot benzene and HNO,.
Anthrarobin (an-thra-ro' -bin) [ai'^^paf, coal ; aroha,
E. Ind. name for the bark of a leguminous tree].
A derivative of alizarin, similar to chrysarobin. A
yellowish-white powder, insoluble in water, but solu-
ble in alcohol and dilute alkaline solutions. Useful
in psoriasis. Unof.
Anthrax [an' -thraks) [ai'ffpaf, a coal or carbuncle]. I.
A carbuncle; a painful, dark-colored tumor of the
cellular tissue, ending in mortification of the part and
the discharge of a fetid, bloody pus. The benignant
anthrax has no fatal consequences. 2. The true or
malignant anthrax, called also malignant pustule, is
caused by the infection from animals suffering from
splenic apoplexy, and is due to a specific bacillus,
which, from a single center, may extend over the body
and invade the intestinal tract, producing in this way,
or by direct infection of diseased meat, the i^itestinal
type of the disease. See Bacillus (anthrax'). 3. The
disease called black-leg, or quarter-evil (of sheep,
cattle, etc.), is associated with what is c?\\e.d. symptom-
atic anthrax. It is due to the microorganism called
Bacillus cliauvcei, (Arloing, Cornevin and Thomas).
A. Fever. Synonym of ^«//;;-<7,r. A., Internal. See
Pustula maligna. A., Symptomatic, 'iee Black-leg.
Anthrol {an'-throl) [avftlpaf, a coal], Cj^Hj^O. A
body obtained from anthracene-sulphonic acid. It crys-
tallizes in leaflets, dissolving with a yellow color in the
alkalies, and in H.^SO^ with a blue color when heated.
Anthrophobia (an-thro-fo' -be-ah). See Anthropophobia.
Anthropiatrics (an-thro-pe-at' -riks) [avHpu-or, man ;
laTptK//, the art of medicine]. Ordinary human (non-
veterinary) medicine.
Anthropohiology {an-thro-po-bi-ol'-o-Je)\_avf)po>-oc, man ;
iVoc, life; /ojof, word]. The science of the life-
history of man.
Anthropocholic Acid (an-thro-po-kol ' -ik). See Acid.
Anthropogenesis {an-thro-po-;en' -es-is)[avBpuKo^, man ;
yiveaic, generation]. The development of man, as a
race [phvlogenesis) and as an individual [ontogenesis).
Anthropogenous [an-thro-poj' -en-us) [arWpuTrof, man ;
y(.wa^Lv, to produce]. Pertaining to Anthropoge-
nesis.
Anthropogeny [an-thro-poj' -en-e) [_arftpb)-or, man ;
yevvaeLv, to produce]. The study or science of the
descent of man.
Anthropoglot [an' -thro-po-glot) [ai'flpwTrof, man; yXua-
oa, the tongue]. Human-tongued, as a parrot.
Anthropography [an-thro-pog' -ra-fe) [di'W/jwToc, man ;
ypaipeiv, to write]. A treatise upon the human struc-
ture or organism.
Anthropoid (an' -thro-poid) [di'(?pw7rof, a man; eltSof,
form]. Man-like, as an ape, or as all primates above
the lemuroids.
Anthropology [an-thro-pol '-o-je)\av6pa-Kog, man ; Xoyoc,
discourse]. The science of the nature, physical and
psychological, of man and of mankind.
Anthropometalism [an-thro-po-met'-al-izm) [_avdpo>TTog,
man; M. E. , ?«t'/a/]. Hypnotism or the like condition,
induced by looking at a metallic disc.
Anthropometer [an-thro-pom'-et-er) \_av0p(,i-o(;, man ;
fikrpon, a measure]. An instrument used in anthro-
pometry.
Anthropometry [an-thro-poni' -et-re) \avOpu-oc, man ;
fiirpov, a measure]. The determination of the meas-
urement, weight, strength, and proportions of the
human body.
Anthropomorphic [an-thro-po-inor' -fik) \JivQpu>no^,
man; popipi/, form]. Man-like.
Anthroponosography [an-thro-po-no-sog' -ra-fe) \av()pu-
■Ko^, man; wtrof, sickness; ypa<^tiv, to write]. A
description of the diseases of mankind.
Anthropophagy [an-thro-poff' -a-je) \_avdpu-Koc, man ;
ipayelv, to devour]. I. Cannibalism. 2. Sexual per-
version leading to rape, mutilation, and cannibalism.
Anthropophobia [an-thro-po-fo' -be-ah) [arW/Kj-of, man ;
rpdpor, fear]. A symptom of mental disease consist-
ing in fear of society.
Anthropophysiography [an-thro-po-fiz-e-og' -ra-fe) \hv-
OpuTToc, man; ipvaic, nature; ypd(pen', to write]. The
science or description of the natural characters of the
human species.
Anthroposomatology [an-thro-po-so-mat-ol' -o-je) \av-
OpuTTo^-, man; aupa, body; /'-dj'of, science]. The
sum of what is known regarding the human body.
Anthropotomy [an-thro-pot' -o-me) \_hriipu-:ioc, man ;
Topii, section]. Human anatomy, or dissection of the
human body.
Anthropotoxin [an-thro-po' -toks-in) \iivOpu-oq, man;
Ta^iK6v, poison]. The toxic substance excreted by the
lungs of human beings.
Anthropurgic [an-thro-per' -Jik) [avdpuTroc, man ;
epyov, work]. Acted upon or influenced by man.
Anthydropic [ant-hi-drop' -ik) [dr-/, against ; v&up,
water]. Effective against dropsy.
Anthypnotic [ant-hip-not'-ik) \_avTi, against ; vnvoQ,
sleep]. I. Preventive of sleep. 2. An agent that
tends to induce wakefulness.
Anthypochondriac [ant-kip-o-kon'-dir-ak) \_avTi,
against ; viroxovSpiiiKoi;, affected in the hypochond-
rium]. Efficient in overcoming hypochondriasis.
ANTHYSTERIC
94
ANTIDOTAL
Anthysteric [ant-liis-ti'r' -ik) [air/, against ; varipa, the
womb]. Overcoming hysteria.
Anti- [an'-t,;-) (sometimes contracted to ant-) [arr/,
against]. A prefix of compound words signifying
counteraction, opposition, etc.
Antiaditis (a)i-ti-ad-i' -tis) [airfdf, a swollen tonsil ;
iTic^, inflammation]. Tonsillitis.
Antiadoncus (an-ti-ad-ong' -kiis) [lirr/df, a swollen
tonsil; oy/cof, a heap]. Any tumor or swelling of the
tonsils.
Antiae (an'-ti-c) \antiac, the hair growing on the fore-
head]. In biology, the frontal points or feathers
growing forward on the base of the upper mandible.
Antialbumate [an-tc-al' -bu-mat) [ai^r/, against ; albu-
men, white of egg]. Parapeptone ; a product of
hydrochloric-acid digestion on albumin. The pancre-
atic ferment changes it into antipeptone. When
treated with acids it is converted into the substance
called by Kiihne antialbumid , which is identical with
the heiniprotein of Schiitzenberger and the dyspeptone
of Meissner, (/. v.
Antialbumid [an-te-aU -bu-mid). See Antialbumate.
Anti-albumin (an-te-al-bii' -mui) \avri, against ; albu-
men, white of egg]. An alleged product of the
action of dilute hydrochloric acid upon albumin ; it is
probably one of the preformed substances existing in
the proteid molecule. The other has been called
hemi-albninin. Gastric juice first converts them into
anti-albumose and heiui-albumose , and these finally
into anti-peptone and hemi-peptone.
Anti-albumose (an-te-al-bu'-mos) [aiT/, against ;
albumen, white of egg]. One of the albumoses pro-
duced l)y the action of pancreatic juice on albumin.
It resembles syntonin or acid albumin, and is con-
vertible into antipeptone.
Antiaphrodisiac [nn-te-af-ro-dis' -e-ak). See Anaphro-
disiae.
Antiar {ati'-te-a>-). See Antiarin.
Antiarin [an' -te-ar-in) [Javanese, antiar or antschar'\,
Cj^H.^ijOj -f- 2H2O. The active principle of Antiaris
toxiearia or Upas antiar, the Javanese poison-tree.
It is used as an arrow poison, and is intensely
poisonous. It is a cardiac depressant. Dose gr. -j-^jj.
Antiarthritic (an-te-ar-thrif -ik) [drr/, against; apdplTL^,
the gout]. A remedy against gout.
Antiasthmatic (an-te-az-mat' -ik) [air/, against ; aoOfja,
short breath]. Relieving or preventing asthma.
Antibacterial (an-te-bak-te'-re^al) [civt'i, against ;
[SaKTr/pla, a staff, stick]. Opposed to the germ theory
of disease.
Antibacteric [an-te-bak-te' -rik) [di'n, against ; jianrripia,
a stall, stick]. Destructive to bacteria.
Antibechic (an-te-bek'-ik) \_av-'i , against ; a cough].
I. Alleviating or curing cough. 2. A remedy for
cough or hoarseness.
Antibilious (an-te-bil'-yus) [diJr/, against ; biliosus, full
of bile]. Effective against bilious disorders.
Antibiotic [an-te-bi-of -ik) [jivri, against; /':(/of, life].
I. Tending to destroy life. 2. Antagonistic to a
belief in life.
Antiblenorrhagic (an-te-blen-or-aj' -ik) \hv-i, against ;
(S/.ivvor, mucus; pip/v'rfiai, to burst]. Efficient in
preventing gonorrhea.
Antibrachial [ai'W, against; (ipax'Lwv,
the arm]. Pertaining to the forearm.
Antibrachium (an-te-bra'-ke-uin) \av-'i, against ;
/i^ja^-/6jr, the arm]. The forearm ; antebrachium.
Antibromic {an-te-bro'-iiiik) [avri, against ; ppuuur, a
stench]. I. Deodorant. 2. A drug that destroys
offensive smells. A deodorizer.
Anticachectic [an-te-kak-ek'-tik) [riir/, against ; naKir^,
bad; tf/r, habit]. Eftective in destroying cachexia.
Anticalcareous (an-te-kal-ka'-re-us) [avri, against ;
ealx, lime]. In veterinary medicine, preventing
glanders.
Anticalculous (an-te-kal'-ku-lns) [diT/, against; cal-
culus, a pebble]. Good against calculus; antilithic.
Anticarcinomatous (an-te-kar-sin-o' -luat-us) \avT'i,
against; Kap/ivi^u/ia, cancer]. Preventing carcinoma.
Anticardium (an-te-kar' -de-um) \avTi, over against ;
napdia, the heart]. The scrobiculus cordis, or pit of
the stomach ; the infrasternal depression.
Anticarious {an-te-ka'-re-us) \tiv-i, against; caries,
decay]. Preventing decay, as of the teeth.
Anticatarrhal [an-te-kat-ar'-al) [nir/, against ; mrdp-
poo<;, a flowing down]. Counteracting catarrh.
Anticausotic [an-te-kaui-sot' -ik) [ai'r/, against ; Kahaor,
heat]. Counteracting fever.
Anticaustic [an-te-kazvs'-tik) [avri, against ; KavariKot;,
caustic]. Arresting the action of a caustic agent.
Antichirotetanus {an-te-ki-ro-tef -an-us) [hvTixeip, the
thumb; rtrajjof, spasm]., ^zme as Antii/iirotonus.
Antichirotonous (an-te-ki-rot'-o-nus) [dtTi;t;E(/), the
thumb ; rovog, convulsive tension]. Affected with or
manifesting antichirotonus.
Antichirotonus [an-te-ki-rot'-o-nus) \_dvTixeip, thumb ;
rdi'of, tension]. Forcible and steady inflection of the
thumb, seen in or before some attacks of epilepsy.
Antichlorotic [an-te-klo-rot' -ik) [diTi, against ; x^'-'^'
p()TTj(;, greenness]. Counteracting chlorosis.
Anticholeric [an-te-kol-er' -ic) \av~'i , against ; X'^'^'-^P^'^
cholera]. Good against cholera.
Anticholerin (an-te-kol' -er-in) \avr'i, against; j^-o/tyjn,
cholera]. A product isolated by Klebs from cultures
of cholera-bacilli, and thought to be bactericidal,
curative, and immunifying.
Anticipating (an-tis' -ip-a-ting) [anticipare, to take
before]. Applied to the occurrence of periodical phe-
nomena in disease or health, before their customary
time, as in intermittent fever or the catamenia.
Anticlinal (ati-te-kli'-nal) \_a.vTi, against; K't.iveiv, to
slope]. Sloping in opposite directions. A. Vertebra,
in man, the tenth thoracic vertebra, where the thoracic
vertebrx' begin to assume the characters of the lumbar.
Anticnemion (an-tik-ne' -me-on) [(irr/, against ; Kvijixi},
leg]. The shin or front of the leg.
Anticolic {an-te-kol' -ik) \av-i, against; Ku'/UKtj, colic].
Efficacious against colic.
Anticontagious [an-te-kon-ta'-jus) [avri, against; con-
tagiosus, contagious]. Counteracting contagion.
Anticonvulsive [an-te-kon-vul' -siv) [ai'"', against; con-
vulsus, convulsed]. Effective against convulsions.
Anticopometer [an-tc-ko-poin'-et-er) [ni'r//coT/;, reson-
ance; //fT/301', a measure]. A pleximeter.
Anticous [an-ti'-kus) [anticus, that which is in front].
In biology, turned toward the center of the flower, as
introrse anthers.
Anticritical [an-fe-krit'-ik-al) [avTi, against ; Kpiair, a
crisis]. Preventing the crisis of a disease.
Anticryptic {an-te-krip'-tic) \_avTi, against; Kpb-reir,
to hide, to keep secret]. In biology, applied to such
mimetic colors as enable animals to approach their
prey, as in the frog, Ceralophrys cornuta.
Amicus [an-ti'-kus) [anticus, that in front]. Anterior,
in front of
Antidiarrheal [an-te-di-ar-e'-al) [dir/, against ; Siappeir,
a flowing through]. Preventing or overcoming diarrhea.
Antidigestive [an-te-di-jes'-tiv) \_av-i, against ; digestio,
digestion]. Preventing the proper digestion of the
food.
Antidinic [an-te-din'-ik) \nvTi, against; (((I'of , a whiri].
Curing or preventing vertigo.
Antidotal (an-te-do'-tal) [avri, against; (VnSovai, to
give]. Of the nature of an antidote.
ANTIDOTE
95
ANTIMONIUM
Antidote {an'-te-iio/) [av-i, against; rJ/ffom;, to give].
An agent preventing or counteracting the action of a
poison. The official A., Arsenical, of the German
Pharmacopeia is prepared by dissolving loo parts of
the hydrated sulphate of iron in 250 parts of water,
to which add (without heat) 15 parts of burnt mag-
nesia and 250 parts of water. A., Chemical,
changes the chemical nature of the poison so that it
becomes insoluble or harmless. A., Mechanical,
prevents absorption by holding the poison in mechani-
cal suspension or by coating the stomach. A.,
Physiological, supplies its own peculiar and neutraliz-
ing effect upon the system. A., Universal, a
mixture of one part of dissolved iron sulphate in two
parts of magnesia water. See Drug.
Antidotum [ini-tid' -o-tuiii). See Antidote.
Antidromy [an-tid'-ro-ine) \avT'i, against; Spa/ieiv, to
run]. In biology, having a spiral arrangement the
opposite of that of contiguous parts. Cf. Heterodroiny.
Antidynamic (an-te-di-nain' -ik) \avTi, against ; 6'vvafnq,
force]. Weakening; depressing.
Antidyscratic [an-tc-dis-krat^-ik) [Jivt'i, against ; fSuff-
Kpaaia,hnA temperament]. Tending to overcome, as a
dyscrasia.
Antidysenteric {aii-te-dis-en-ter' -ik) [atr/, against ;
SvaevTEpla, dysentery]. I. Serviceable against dys-
entery. 2. A remedy for dysentery.
Antidysuric (an-te-dis-ti' -rik) [airi, against ; tSvmvpia,
difficult micturition]. Relieving dysury.
Antiemetic [an-te-e-inet'-ik) \avri, against ; kf/ertKog,
causing vomit]. Preventing emesis ; relieving nausea.
A. Root. See Adriie.
Antifat {an' -te-fat). See Fitcus vesicidosus.
Antifebrile {an-te-feb'-i-il) [avri , against; febris, a
fever]. An agent reducing a fever ; a febrifuge.
Antifebrin {an-te-feb'-rin") [air/, against ; febris, a
fever], C^Hj.QH.jC^.NH. Phenyl-acetamid acetanil-
id. A white, crystalline powder insoluble in water,
freely soluble in alcohol. An antipyretic more power-
ful than quinin. Its effects are manifest in one hour,
passing away in 3-10 hours. It is efficacious in fevers
characterized by high temperature, and also is a valu-
able analgesic and antispasmodic. Dose gr. iv-xv.
Unof. A., Bromated. See Antisepsin.
Antiferment (an-te-fer' -inent) [air/, against ; fermen-
tum, leaven]. An agent that prevents fermentation.
Antigalactagogue {an-tc-gal-ak' -ta-gog) \avTi, against ;
yaka, milk ; ayoyof, leading]. Same as Ailligalactic.
Antigalactic {att-te-gal-ak' -tik) [avTi, against ; ydAa,
milk]. I. Lessening the secretion of milk. 2. A
drug that lessens the secretion of milk.
Antigeny [an-tij' -en-e) \avTL, against; yivog, race].
In biology, existing in two distinct sexual forms.
Antiguggler {an-te-gug'-lei-') \jivTi, against; gtirgle\.
A tube inserted into the mouth of a bottle to prevent
the splashing or gurgling of liquid that is poured out.
Antihectic (an-te-hek' -tik) [dir/, against ; enriKog, con-
sumptive]. A remedy preventing or overcoming a
hectic condition.
Antihelix [an-tc-he' -lik). See Anthelix.
Antiherpetic (an-te-her-pet' -ik) [di/W, against ; £p7r?/f,
herpes]. Preventing herpes.
Antihidrotic {an-te-hi-drof -ik) \(ivr'i, against ; «5p<Jf ,
sweat]. I. Diminishing the excretion of sweat. 2. An
agent lessening the secretion of sweat.
Antihydropic {an-te-hi-drop' -ik). See Anthydropic.
Antihydropin {an-te-hi' -dro-pin) \hvTi , against ; v6wp,
water]. A crystalline principle obtainable from the
common cockroach, Blatta (Periplanetd) orientalisy
said to be a good diuretic. Formerly used in dropsy.
Anti-icteric {an-te-ik-ter'-ik) \av-i, against ; iKvepof;,
jaundice]. Serviceable against jaundice.
Antikamnia [an-te-kam' -nc-ali) [di'-/, against ; Kciiiveiv,
to suffer pain]. A proprietary remedy said to be com-
posed of sodium bicarbonate, antifebrin, and caffein.
Used as a nervin in doses of gr. v-x. Unof.
Antikol {an' -tik-ol). A proprietary antipyretic mixture
said to contain acetanilid, soda bicarbonate and tar-
taric acid.
Antilemic.or Antilcemic {an-te-k' -mik), or Antiloimic
(an-te-loi' -niik) \_avTi, against; 'Aoi/mq, the plague].
Efficacious against the plague or other pestilence.
Antilepsis (an-til-ep'-sis) \avT'ikriT\)ir^ , a receiving in re-
turn]. The treatment of disease by the application of
the remedy to a healthy part ; revulsive treatment.
Antileptic {an-til-ep'-tik) [^avriXr/fig , a receiving in
return]. Revulsive.
Antilithic {an-te-lith' -ik) [drri , against ; XiQoq, a stone].
I. Efficacious against calculus. 2. An agent pre-
venting the deposit of urinary calculi or sediment.
Antilobium (aii-te-lo' -be-uni) [dir/, against ; 'Kofior^, the
lobe of the ear]. The tragus or part of the ear oppo-
site the lobe.
Antilcemic. See Antilemic.
Antiluetic (an-te-lu-et'-ik) [avri, against ; iues, the
plague; syphilis]. Efficacious against syphilis.
Antilyssic {czn-te-iis'-ik) [jivri, against; /wccro, rabies].
I. Tending to cure rabies. 2. A remedy for rabies.
Antilytic [an-te-lif -ik) [dir/, against ; 'Aueiv, to loosen].
Antiparalytic.
Antimaniacal (an-te-i/ia-ni'-ak-at) [_apTi, against ;
iiavia, madness]. Overcoming insanity.
Antimephitic {an-te-mef-it' -ik) \avr'i, against ; mephitis,
a pestilential exhalation]. Efficacious against foul
exhalations or their effects.
Antimere (an'-te-iner) \av-'i, against ; fiipoq, a part].
Any one of the segments of the body that are
bounded by planes typically at right angles to the
long axis of the body.
Antimiasmatic [an-te-mi-as-jnaf -ik) [avTi, against ;
fi'iaafia, exhalation]. Preventive of malaria.
Antimicrophyte (an-te-mik' -ro-fit) \avr'L, against ;
jUKpoi;, small ; (j)VT6v, plant]. A germicide.
Antimonial [an-fe-mo'-ne-al) \antiiiwnittm , antimony].
Containing antimony.
Antimonic [an-te-nion' -ik) \antiinoniujti, antimony].
A term applied to those compounds of antimony
that correspond to its higher oxid.
Antimonii (an-te-ino' -iie-i).G&m.\\ve. o{ Antimonitim ,q .v .
Antimonious (lut-te-mo' -ne-tis) \_antiinoniitm, anti-
mony]. A term noting those compounds of antimony
that correspond to its lower oxid.
Antimonium (^an-te-mo' -ne-uni) [L., gen., Antimonii'\.
Sb = 122 ; quantivalence I, III, v. A non-metal,
having a metallic luster. Only the combinations are
used in medicine. Antimonial salts are cardiac de-
pressants and promote rapid excretion of waste pro-
ducts of the body ; in large doses they produce vomit-
ing and purging, with symptoms similar to those of
cholera. They are valuable in inflammatory ailments
of the respiratory organs, puerperal peritonitis and
muscular rheumatism. A. chlorid., SbClj, the "but-
ter" of antimony; a strong caustic. Unof A.
Comp., Pil., Plummer's pills, contain calomel and
antimony sulphuratum, aa gr. ss. A. oxid., Sb.^0.,;
soluble in hydrochloric and tartaric acids. Dose gr.
j-ij. A. oxychlorid., the "powder of algaroth " ;
now little used. Unof. A. et Potass, tartras,
(A. tartaratum) (B. P.), 2KSbOQHp„.H.p, tartrate
of antimony and potassium, "tartar emetic." Dose
gr. Y^i;-^. A. pulvis, powder of antimony, James'
powder, consists of antimonious oxid 33, and calcium
phosphate, 67 parts. A prompt diaphoretic. Dose
gr. iij-viij. In larger doses, emetic and cathartic.
ANTIMYCOTIC
96
ANTIPYRIN
A. sulphid, SbjS.j, black sulphid of antimony. Dose
gr. X~j- sulphuratum, the sulphid with a small
but indefinite amount of the oxid. Dose gr. j-v.
A. sulph. purificatum. Dose gr. }4~}- Syr.
Scillae Comp., Cox's hive mixture, hive syrup. Each
contains gr. }^ of tartar emetic. Dose TrLv-_:^j
cautiously. A. tartarato, Ung. (B. P.), one part
of tartar emetic to five of simple ointment. A.
vinum, wine of antimony, boiling water 60, tartar
emetic 4, stronger white wine 1000 parts. A good
expectorant. Dose tl\,v-xv.
Antimycotic {an-te-mi-kof -ik) \avTi, against ; fivKrj(;,
a fungus]. Destructive of fungal microorganisms.
Antinarcotic [an-te-nar-kot' -ik) [ai'T"', against ; vapnu-
ai^, a benumbing]. Preventing narcosis.
Antinephritic (an-te-nef-rit' -ik) \avTi, against ; veopoc,,
the kidney; inq, inflammation]. Preventing or cura-
tive of renal disease.
Antinervin (an-te-ner' -viti) \hvT'i, against ; nervus, a
tendon or nerve]. Salbromalid, a mixture of brom-
acetanilid and salicylanilid ; used for the relief of
neuralgia. Unof.
Antineuralgic [mi-fi'-mi-fal'-jik) [avri, against ; vevpov,
a nerve; a'/.yoc, pain]. Overcoming neuralgia.
Antineurotic [an-te-nu-7-ot' -ik) \avT'i, against ; vevpov,
a nerve]. A remedy of service in nervous diseases.
Antiniad [an-tin'-e-ad) [air/, against ; \v\ov, the nape
of the neck]. Toward the antinion ; glabellad.
Antinial [an-thi'-e-al) [avri, against; iviov, the nape
of the neck]. Pertaining to the antinion.
Antinien {an-tin' -e-en) [cut/, against : 'iviov, the nape
of the neck]. Belonging to the antinion in itself.
Antinion [aii-tiii'-c-on) [avri, against ; lv'iov, the nape
of the neck]. See Cranioinetrical Points.
Antiodont {an'-te-o-dont') [air/, opposite to; bdovc,
tooth]. A form of dentition in which the crown ridges
of the molar teeth are opposite, instead of alternate as
in amebodont dentition.
Antiodontalgic {an-te-o-don-taF -jik') \avT'i ^ against ;
ofSopr, tooth ; aXyoc, pain]. Curative of toothache.
Antiorgastic [aji-te-or-gas'-tik) [avri, against; bpyaa/iuc,
swelling, excitement]. Anaphrodisiac.
Antiopelmous {an-te-o-pel' -iniis) [(ii^rjof, set against ;
■KtAfia, the sole]. In biology, characterized by having
the Jlexor perforans supply the third toe only and the
flexor hallucis the first, second and fourth toes. Cf.
Sympehnoiis , Heteropclmous.
Antiparasitic [an-te-par-as-it' -ik) [diT/, against ; napa-
aiTO^, a parasite]. I. Destroying parasites. 2. An
agent destroying or preventing increase of parasites.
Insecticide.
Antiparastatitis [an-te-par-as-tat-i' -tis) \_avTi , over
against; rrapaaTcirr/g, a testicle]. Inflammation of
Cowper's glands.
Antipathetic {an-te-path-et' -ik) [(iiT/, against ; TrnOoc,
feeling, /. e., antipathy or constitutional aversion].
In biology, applied to plants not easily grafted.
Antipathic {an-te-patli' -ik) \_av-i, against ; irnHoc, dis-
ease]. A synonym of allopathic, both terms alike
being rejected by the advocates of rational medi-
cine.
Antipathy (an-tip' -a-thc) \_avT\ , against; Trdflor, affec-
tion]. Aversion ; an opposing property or quality.
Antipeduncular {an-tc-pe-diiiig' -kti-lar) [dcr/, against;
pednnculiis, a little foot]. In biology, placed opposite
a peduncle.
Anti-peptone [an-te-pep' -tdii) [drr/, against ; wf-Teiv,
to cook, digest]. A variety of peptone formed in the
pancreatic digestion, and incapable of further peptonic
change.
Antiperiodic [an-te-pe-re-od' -ik) [dir/, against ; nepMoc,
a paroxysm]. I. Efficacious against periodic attacks
of disease. 2. A remedy against periodic disease,
especially intermittent fever. Quinin is the best
known. A. Tincture. See Warburg's Tincture.
Antiperistalsis {an-te-per-is-tal' -sis) \h.vrl, against ;
TTepi, around ; aTa/toic, compression]. Reversed
peristalsis ; inverted or upward peristaltic action.
Antiperistaltic (au-te-per-is-tal' -tik) [ovt'i, against ;
m-pt, around; ard'Aaig, compression]. Relating to
antiperistalsis.
Antipestilential (an-te-pes-til-cn' -shal ) [dpr/, against ;
pestilentia, the plague]. Counteracting the influence
of the plague.
Antipetalous {an-te-pet' -al-tis) \avTi , against ; Triralov,
a leaf]. In biology, inserted opposite to, instead of
alternate with, the petals.
Antipharmic (an-te-far' -7nik). See Alexipkarmac.
Antiphlogistic (an-te-flo-jis' -tik) l_a.vTi, against ;
(ployuaig, inflammatory heat]. I. Counteracting or
directed against fever. 2. An agent subduing or
reducing inflammation or fever. A. Treatment,
consists in bloodletting, the application of cold,
administration of antipyretics, etc.
Antiphysic {an-te-fiz'-ik) \avTi, against; ^icra, wind].
Carminative ; overcoming flatulence.
Antiplastic {an-te-plas' -tik) [dir;, against ; Tr?irt(7(Tfn',
to form]. I. Unfavorable to granulation or the heal-
ing process. 2. An agent impoverishing the blood.
Antipleuritic [an-te-plii-rit' -ik) \avTi, against ; n'/.evpiTig,
pleurisy]. Overcoming pleurisy.
Antipneumonic {an-te-nu-mo7i' -ik) \avTi, against ;
■Kvevfiovia, pneumonia]. Of value in treating pneu-
monia.
Antipneumotoxin ian-te-nu-mo-toks' -in). See Pneti-
motoxin.
Antipodagric ian-te-po-dag' -rik') [dvr/, against ; Trodd-
ypa, gout in the feet]. Efficacious against gout.
Antipodal Cells (an-tip' -o-dal) [dvrf, opposite ; Trdnf,
foot]. A term applied to a group of four cells formed
in the lower end of the embryo-sac opposite to the
cells constituting the egg-apparatus.
Antipoison [an'-te-poi-zn) \_avT'i, against; "iAY.., poi-
soun, a potion]. A counter poison.
Antipraxia [an-te-praks' -e-ah) [drW, against ; Trpaaaetv,
to do]. Antagonism of functions or of symptoms.
Antiprostate (an-te-pros' -tat). See Anteprostate.
Antipruritic (an-te-przi-rif -ik) [avri, against ; pruritus,
itching]. I. Relieving the sensation of itching. 2.
A drug that relieves the sensation of itching.
Antipsoric (an-tip-so' -rik) [di'r/, against ; fupa, the
itch]. Effective against the itch.
Antiputrefactive [an-te-pii-tre-fak' -tiv). See Antiseptic.
Antipyic [an-te-pi'-ik) [diT/, against; ttvov, pus].
Checking or restraining suppuration.
Antipyresis (an-te-pi-re' -sis) \av-'i, against ; Trvptaaeiv,
to be feverish]. The employment of antipyretics in
fever.
Antipyretic [au-te-pi-ret'-ik) \avTt, against ; Trvperbq,
fever]. I. Cooling; lowering the temperature. 2.
An agent reducing the temperature of fever ; any
antifebrile medicine, or febrifuge. Most such also
reduce the normal bodily temperature slightly. They
act either by preventing oxidation processes, or en-
couraging the radiation of heat.
Antipyrin (an-te-pi' -rin) [dvr/, against ; Trvperoc, fever],
C2„H,rN^O.^. Phenazonum. Dimethyl-oxy-chinicin. An
alkaloidal product of the destructive distillation of
coal-tar. It may be produced by heating acetoacetic
ester with methyl-phenyl hydrazin. It is a grayish or
reddish-white crystalline powder, slightly bitter, solu-
ble in water, alcohol, and chloroform, and crystallizes
from ether in shining leaflets, melting at 113°. Adult
dose gr. v-xv every hour for two or three hours. It
ANTIPYROTIC
97
ANTITRAGUS
reduces the temperature three to five degrees in fevers,
causes sweating, at times vomiting, but no serious
result. Antipyrin is incompatible with nitrous com-
pounds. It is a powerful antipyretic, a local anesthe-
tic, and a general analgesic. It is efficient in hyper-
pyrexia from any cause, and in rheumatism. Injectio
antipyrin hypodermica, gr. j in TTLij. Dose TTLviij-xxx.
Antipyrotic \an-te-pi-rot' -ik) \a.v-i, against ; ttv^moic,,
a burning]. I. Efficacious against burns. 2. An
agent curative of burns.
Antirabic (iin-te-rah' -ik) \a,vT'i, against ; rabies, mad-
ness]. Effective against rabies ; antagonistic to rabies.
Antirhachitic {an-te-rak-it' -ik) \avT'i, against ; pax'S,
the spine]. Serviceable against rickets.
Antirheumatic (an-te-ru-mat'-ik) \avTi, against; ptv-
fiariKOi;, of or pertaining to a flux]. Relieving or
curing rheumatism.
Antirrhinum (an-te-ri' -num) [L.]. A genus of scro-
phulariaceous plants. A. linaria. Called also Zz'warz'a
vulgaris. Toad-flax, Ramsted, Butter-and-Eggs ; a
herbaceous plant of Europe and North America ;
diuretic, cathartic, and irritant ; used as a poultice and
fomentation. Unof.
Antiscolic [an-te-skol' -ik) \avri, against ; CKidktiS,, a
worm]. Vermifuge. See Anthelmintic .
Antiscorbutic [an-te-skor-bii' -tik) \_avTi, against ; scor-
butus, scurvy]. I. Effective against scurvy. 2. A
remedy for or preventive of scurvy ; such are mainly
vegetable acids.
Antisecosis (an-te-sek-o' -sis) \jivTi , against ; or/Koeiv, to
weigh, balance]. I. A restoration to health, strength,
etc. 2. Regulation of the food.
Antisepalous {an-te-sep' -al-us) \avT'i, against ; Fr. ,
sepale\ In biology, placed opposite the sepals.
Antisepsin [an-te-sep' -sin) [air/, against ; ai/'>ln(:, putre-
faction], CgH^BrNHCjH.jO. Asepsin ; bromated
antifebrin ; soluble in alcohol and ether. Recom-
mended for use as an antipyretic and analgesic but is
dangerous as a febrifuge. It has antiseptic properties.
Dose gr. j, four times daily.
Antisepsis (an-te-sep'-sis) [^afri, against ; ar/ipic;, putre-
faction]. Exclusion of the germs that cause putrefac-
tion ; the totality of measures taken to prevent septic
poisoning.
Antiseptic [an-te-sep' -tic) \avTi, against ; ai/iptc, putre-
faction]. I. Having power to prevent or destroy
putrefaction, or, what is the same thing, the bacteria
upon which putrefaction depends. 2. A remedy or
agent that prevents a septic process. The principal
in use are corrosive sublimate, creolin, carbolic acid,
iodoform, thymol, salicylic acid, boric acid, etc. A.
Gauze, open cotton cloth charged with carbolic acid,
resin, and paraffin. A. Ligature, catgut or other
material rendered aseptic by soaking in antiseptic
solutions. The antiseptic treatment of wounds
looks to thorough asepsis and antisepsis as regards
the wound, the instruments, the operator's hands, the
dressings, etc. See, also, Listerian Method.
Antisepticism [an-te-sep' -tis-izin) [clvt'i, against ; ai/\pi^,
putrefaction]. The theory or systematic employment
of antiseptic methods.
Antisepticize [an-te-sep' -tis-lz) \hvTL, against; c^Vfi
putrefaction] . To render antiseptic ; to treat with
antiseptics.
Antiseptin [an-te-sep' -tin) \avTi , against ; (ji/'il'K, putre-
faction]. Zinc boro-thymate iodid. Consists of 85
parts zinc sulphate, 2.5 parts each of zinc iodid and
thymol, and ten parts boric acid. An antiseptic.
Unof.
Antiseption [an-te-sep' -shun) \avri, against ; ai/ipig,
putrefaction]. Same as Antisepsis.
Antiseptol [an-te-sep' -to/) [airi, against ; ar/Ti)ir, putre-
7
faction]. Cinchonin iodosulphate. An odorless and
fairly effective substitute for iodoform.
Antisialagogue [an-te-si-al' -a-gog) \avT'i, against ;
claAov, spittle; aywyog, leading]. I. Acting against
ptyalism. 2. A remedy or a medicine that is effective
against salivation.
Antisialic [an-te-si-al' -ih) [avr/, against ; aiaXov, saliva].
1. Checking the flow of saliva. 2. An agent that checks
the secretion of saliva.
Antispadix [an-te-spa' -diks) \avTL, against ; aixa^i^,
a palm branch]. In biology, a group of four tentacles
on the right side of the male Nautilus, the spadix, an
organ analogous to the hectocolylised arm, being on
the left side.
Antispasis [an-tis' -pas-is) [avri, against ; OKativ, to
draw]. Revulsion ; revulsive treatment.
Antispasmodic [an-te-spas-mod' -ik) \avTL, against ;
anaafjoc;, a spasm]. I. Tending to relieve spasm. 2.
An agent allaying or relieving convulsions or spas-
modic pains, as the narcotics, the nitrites, etc.
Antispasiic (an-te-spas'-tik) [ai'W, against ; aTraariKuc,
drawing]. I. Revulsive ; counter-irritant. 2. Anti-
spasmodic. 3. A revulsive agent. 4. That which
counteracts spasm. An antispasmodic.
Antisplenetic [an-te-splen-et' -ik) [aim, against ; splen,
the spleen]. Remedial in diseases of the spleen.
Antistasis [an-tis' -tas-is) [dir/, against ; OTaaiQ, a
standing]. Opposition ; opposing effect.
Antistrumatic [an-te-stru-maf -ik). Same as Anti-
strwnous.
Antistrumous [an-te-stru' -mus) [dvri, against ; struma,
a scrofulous tumor]. Effective against struma or
scrofula.
Antisudorific [an-te-su-dor-if -ik) [dvr/, against ; sudor,
sweat; facere, to make]. Checking the excretion
of sweat.
Antisyphilitic [an-te-sif -il-it' -ik) [dir/, against ; Syphi-
lus, a Latin proper name]. I. Effective against
syphilis. 2. A remedy directed against, or used for
the relief of, syphilis. ' Usually an alterative.
Antithenar [an-tith' -en-ar) \avTi, against; Oevap, the
hollow of the hand or foot]. I. Opposite to the thenar.
2. A muscle that extends the thumb, or opposes it
to the hand : an antithenar muscle. A. Eminence,
the border of the palm of the hand from, the base
of the little finger to the wrist. A. Muscles, of the
toe and of the thumb : the abductor poUicis pedis, and
the flexor brevis pollicis manus ; also, the first dorsal
interosseous muscle. See Muscles, Table of.
Antithermic [an-te-thcr'-mik) [dir/, against; Okpfiri,
heat]. Cooling; antipyretic.
Antithermin [an-te-ther' -min) \hvTL, against ; Oipiirj,
heat], CjjHj^O.^Nj. Phenylhydrazin-levulinic acid, a
coal-tar derivative used in four to eight grain doses as
an antipyretic, analgesic, and antiseptic. It is apt to
give rise to gastralgia. Unof.
Antitoxic [an-te-toks'-ik) [avTt, against ; to^ikov,
poison]. Antidotal; counteracting poisons.
Antitoxin [an-te-toks' -in) [di'-j, against; toxin, a toxic
ptomaine; -of /kov, poison]. A substance formed in
the body of animals, either naturally or in consequence
of inoculation vi'ith some pathogenic bacteria, that
neutralizes the toxic products of these organisms.
Antitragic [an-tit-raj'-ik) [avTi , opposite to ; rpayoi;,
the tragus]. Pertaining to the antitragus.
Antitragicus [an-tit-raj' -ik-us) [di^ri, opposite to ;
rpdyog, the tragus]. Pertaining to the antitragus. A.
Muscle, a mere rudiment in man; it arises from the
antitragus, and extends to the cauda of the helix.
Antitragus [an-tit' -ra.;-ns) [dy-/, opposite to; Tpdyo(;,
the tragus]. An eminence of the external ear opposite
the tragus.
ANTITROCHANTER
98
AORTIC
Antitrochanter (an-te-tro-kan' -tcr) opposite to ;
riM>xarT//i), the head of the hip bone]. An articulating
surface on the ilium for the great trochanter.
Antitrope (an' -te-trop) [ai'r/, against ; r/ifTrfif, to turn].
Any organ set over against another to form a symmet-
ric pair. Thus, the right eye is an antitrope to the left.
Antitropic {a ii -te-trop' -ik) [avTi, against ; rpt-rreiv, to
turn]. Similar but turned in an opposite direction
(opposed to Syiitropic).
Antituberculotic (^an-te-tu-bi'r-ku-lot'-ik) [n it/, against ;
titberculuiit, a tubercle]. Good against tuberculosis.
Antitype (a7i'-tc-tlp) [avri, against, coiTesponding to ;
rvTzog, a type]. In biology, same as Antitrope.
Antivaccinationist [an-fe-vak-siti-a'-skun-ist) [avri,
against; vaccinus, of a cow.]. One who opposes
vaccination.
Antivaccinist [an-te-vak' -sin-ist). Same as Antivacci-
nationist.
Antivenereal [an-te-iien-e' -re-al) \avTi, against ; vene-
reus, pertaining to Venus, or to sexual intercourse].
Antisyphilitic ; anaphrodisiac.
Antivivisectionist [an-te-viv-is-ek'-skun-ist) ["i'"',
against; vivits, living; sectio, a cutting.] One who
opposes the practice of vivisection.
Antizootic (an-te-zo-o'-tik) [avri, against ; C,uov, ani-
mal]. A substance poisonous or injurious to animals.
Antizymic [an-te-zim'-ik). Same as Antizymotic.
Antizytnotic [an-te-zi-mof -ik) [avri, against ; (v/uo>oir,
fermentation]. I. Preventing or checking fermentation.
2. An agent preventing the process of fermentation ;
an antiferment.
AntUa (ant'-/e-a/i) [fu'a,up ; rAaeiv, to lift]. A syringe
or pump. In biology, the flat spiral, suctorial tube or
proboscis of lepidopterous insects. A. lactea, apump
for drawing milk from the breast. A. mammaria,
same as A. lactea.
Antodontalgic (an-to-don-tal' -jik). See Antiodontalgic.
Antophthalmic {ant-off-thal' -mik) \hvT'i, against;
b^dalfiia, ophthalmia]. Preventive or curative of
ophthalmia.
Antorgastic (ant-or-gas'-fik). See Antiorgastic .
Antozenic (ant-o-ze'-iii/c) [avri, against; bC,aiva, a fetid
nasal polypus]. Curative of ozena.
Antozone [ant-o-zon' ) [airi, against ; ofEtK, to smell].
An imaginary allotropic modification of oxygen, now
known to be only hydrogen peroxid.
Antozostomatic (ant-o-zos-to-niat' -ik) [avri , against ;
oi^oaTUjuoi; , having a foul breath]. Corrective of a foul
breath.
AntTa {an'-tm/i). Pima] of Antrn///, </. t. A. Gastra/ia,
four broad perradial niches or pouches in the gastric
cavity of scyphomedusce. A. Rhopalavia, niches formed
on the umbrella margin of most Discomedusa; for the
reception of sense-clubs or rhophalia.
Antracele (an'-ti-as-el) \antrniii, a cavity; Ktj'kr), a
tumor]. Dropsy of the antrum ; an accumulation of
fluid in the maxillary sinus.
Antral {an'-tral) \_anti-uin, a cave]. Relating to an
antrum.
Antrectomy {an-trek' -to-me) \hvTpov, antrum ; 'tKToyLi],
excision]. Surgical removal of the walls of the
antrum.
Antritis [an-tri' -tis) [aiT/wi', a cave ; itis, inflammation].
Inflammation of any of the cavities of the body,
especially the .4. higluuorianiiiu.
Antrophore {an' -tro-for) [aiT/jor, a cavity ; i^ipctv, to
bear]. A soluble, medicated bougie.
Antrorse (an-trOrs' ) [^ante, before; versus, turned].
In biology, directed upward or forward.
Antro-tympanic {an-tro-liin-pan' -ik) [oiTpoi', a cave ;
Tl'fiTvai'Di', a drum]. Relating to the cavity of the
tympanum as well as to the tympanic antrum.
Antrum (an'-tni/ii) [L.]. A physiological cavity or
hollow place, especially in a bone. A. ethmoidale,
the ethmoidal sinuses. A. highmorianum, Antrum
of Highmore, a cavity in the superior maxillary bone.
A. highmori testis. See Mediastinum testis. A. of
Malacarne. 'Ae.e Tarimis, Space of. A., Mastoidal,
the hollow space beneath the roof of the mastoid
process. A., Maxillary, 'see A. highiiwrianuiii. A.
pyloricum willisii, the cavity of the pylorus.
Antwerp Blue. Same as Mineral Blue. A. Brown.
See Conspectus of Pigments, under Pigmetit.
Antyllus-Kuhnt's Operation, ^reoperations , Table of .
Antyllus's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Anuresis [an-u-re'-sis) [av priv. ; ovfiov, urine].
Anuria.
Anuretic {an-u-ret' -ik) \av priv. ; ovpnv, urine]. Per-
taining to or affected with anuria.
Ay\.MryaL\an-u' -re-ah)\av priv. ; oj^poi', urine]. Absence,
deficiency, or retention of the urine.
Anuric [an-u' -rik) priv. ; ovpov, urine]. Pertain-
ing to anuria.
Anurous (an-n' -riis) [hv priv. ; o'vpa, a tail]. In
biology, without a tail.
Anus {a' -mis) \_atnis, the fundament]. The extremity
of the rectum ; the lower opening of the alimentary
canal. A., Artificial, an artificial opening, the natural
for any reason being closed. A., Fissure of, rupture
of the skin at the side, due to passage of hardened
feces. A., Fistula of, a sinus, or fistulous ulcer
opening from the rectum into the connective tissue
about the rectum, or discharging externally. A., Im-
perforate, absence of the anus, the natural opening
being closed by areolar tissue or a membranous septum.
A., Prolapse of, protrusion of the rectum or its
mucous membrane. A., Pruritus of, persistent itch-
ing of the anal orifice.
Anvil (an'-vil). See Incus.
Anxietas (ang-zi'-et-as). See Anxiety.
Anxiety (ang-zi'-et-e) [^anxius, a.nxioui']. Restlessness,
agitation, and general malaise, or distress, often
attended with precordial pain, and a noticeable appear-
ance of apprehension or worry visible in the features.
Anydremia or Anydrsemia {an-id-re' -me-ah) \!iv
priv. ; Wup, water; alixa, blood]. A deficiency of
water in the blood.
Anypnia (an-ip' -ne-ali) \Jiv priv. ; inrvoc, sleep].
.Sleeplessness.
A. O. C. Anodic opening contraction.
Aochlesia {ah-ok-le' -ze-ah) [a priv. ; 6\/i/aig, disturb-
ance]. Rest ; tranquillity ; catalepsy.
Aorta (a-ort'-ah) [iidpTt/, aorta]. The great arterial
vessel arising from the left ventricle and ending with
its bifurcation into the two common iliacs at the fourth
lumbar vertebra. The arch, extending from the
heart to the third dorsal vertebra, is divided into an
ascending, a transverse, and a descending part. The
thoracic portion extends to the diaphragm ; the abdom-
inal, to the bifurcation. The diseases of the aorta
are acute aortitis, due to traumatism, thrombosis, etc. ;
and the chronic form, or atheroma of the aorta ; fatty
degeneration ; stenosis ; aneurysm. See Artery.
Aortal [a-ort'-al) [oo/jr//, the aorta]. Relating to the
aorta.
Aortarctia {a-ort-ark' -she-ah) {iioprii, aorta ; arctare, to
constrict]. A constriction or stenosis of the aorta.
Aortectasia (a-ort-ek-ta'-ze-ah) [aoff-//, aorta ; f/c, out ;
rn<jic, a stretching]. Aortic dilatation.
Aorteurysma [a-ort-u-riz' -mah) [nop-//, aorta ; ehpvrj/io,
a widening: //. , Aorteurysmata']. Aortic aneurysm
or dilatation.
Aortic [a-ort'-ik) \!v)pTij, the aorta]. Pertaining to the
aorta. A. Arch. )r<te Aorta. A. Foramen. See/?.
AORTITIS
99
APHASIA
Opening of Diaphragm. A. Murmur. See Murmur.
A. Opening of Diaphragm, the lowest and most
posterior of the three large apertures connected with
this muscle. It is situated in the middle line, imme-
diately in front of the bodies of the vertebra, and is
behind the diaphragm, not in it. A. Opening of
Heart, a small circular aperture in front and to the
right side of the auriculo-ventricular opening, from
which it is separated by one of the seginents of the
mitral valve. A. Plexus, the plexus of sympathetic
nerves, situated on the front and sides of the aorta,
between the origins of the superior and inferior
mesenteric arteries. A. Sinus, a deep _ depression
between each valve and the cylinder of the aorta.
Aortitis (a-ort-i'-tis) [aspr//, the aorta ; iTt^, inflamma-
tion]. Inflammation of the aorta.
Aortomalacia, or Aortomalaxia {a-ort-o-mal-a' -se-ah,
or -aks'-e-ah) [aopr//, aorta ; ^uaAaK/'a, softening]. Soft-
ening of the aorta.
Aortostenosis (a-ort-o-sten-o' -sis) \aof>-r/, aorta ; artvoi;,
narrow]. Stenosis or narrowing of the aorta.
Aosmic (a-oz' -mik) [d priv. ; bayiri, smell]. Having no
odor.
Apagma [ap-ag' -maJi) \a.-K6, from ; ayv'vjiai, to break :
pi. , Apagmata]. I. Separation, as of a fractured bone.
2. The part separated.
Apandria (ap-an' -dre-aJi) [utto, from; a,vi)(), a man].
Morbid dislike of the male sex.
Apanthropia [ap-an-thro' -pe-ah). See Apanthropy.
Apanthropy (ap-att' -thro-pe) [d-d, from ; avOptorro^,
man]. Aversion to society; morbid desire for .soli-
tude.
Aparthrosis {ap-ar-thi-o'-sis') [d/rd, from; apdpov, a
joint]. I. Dislocation; luxation of a joint. 2. In
anatomy, diarthrosis.
Apastia {ap-as' -te-ali) [nTraor/a, fasting]. Abstinence
from food, as a symptom of mental disorder.
Apathetic [ap-ath-et' -ik) [d priv. ; Trdfef, feeling].
Affected with apathy ; listless ; without emotion.
Apathy (ap' -ath-e) [d priv. ; wnfto^, feeling]. Insensi-
bility ; want of passion or feeling.
Apatropin [ap-af -ro-piri) [dTrd, from ; arpoTVog, un-
changeable], Cj^H.^^NO.^. A compound derivable
from atropin by the action of nitric acid. It is said to
produce peculiar convulsions.
Ape (dp) [ME., ape^. A man-like monkey. A. fis-
sures, those fissures of the human brain that are also
found in apes. See Fissure. A. -hand, wasting of
the thumb-muscles, as seen in some cases of progres-
sive muscular atrophy.
Apella [ap-el'-lah) [d priv. ; -irkXka, skin]. A circum-
cised person ; one with a short prepuce.
Apellous [dpriv. ; 7r£/J.a, skin]. Skinless;
havhig no skin.
Apepsia {ah-pep' -se-ah) [d priv ; irc-KTeiv, to digest] .
Cessation or absence of the digestive function. A.,
Hysteric, an hysterical condition with deficient nerve
power, and impaired function of the stomach, and
very possibly of the abdominal glands. Also called
Hysteric anorexia. A. nervosa. See Anorexia
nervosa .
Apeptic (ah-pep'-tik) [d priv. ; ■Kk-K-tiv, to digest] .
Affected with apepsia.
Aperient (a^-^'-zY-fV?/) [(T/t';-?';^, to open] . I. Laxative;
deobstruent ; mildly purgative. 2. A mild purgative ;
a laxative, or aperitive.
Aperinous {ali-per' -in-us) [d priv. ; ~ripiv, the scrotum].
I. Having no scrotum. 2. Castrated.
Aperispermic [ali-per-is-per' -mik) [d priv. ; ■Kepi, around;
anepfia, seed]. See F.xalbuminons.
Aperistalsis {ah-per-is-taV -sis) [d, without ; TTEp/',
around; o-rd/tdtf, constriction]. Absence or cessation
of the movements of the intestine, due to lack of stimu-
lus to Auerbach's plexus.
Aperitive [ap-er' -it-iv) \aperire, to open]. Aperient.
Apertor (ap-er'-tor) [L., an opener or beginner] . In
anatomy, anything that opens. A. Oculi, the levator
palpebroe muscle.
Aperture [ap' -er-chur) \_apertiira , an opening]. An
opening. A., Angular, in the microscope, the angle
formed between a luminous point placed in focus and
the most divergent rays that are capable of passing
through the entire system of an objective. A. antri,
the aperture of the umbrella cavity in medusae. A.,
Numerical, the capacity of an objective for admit-
ting rays from the object and transmitting them to the
image. A common measure is obtained as proposed
by Abbe, by taking the product of the half angle into
the refractive index of the medium employed. It is
usually expressed n. a. = n sin u., n the index of
refraction and ii the semi-angle of the aperture. A. of
Objective, the capacity for receiving and transmit-
ting rays.
Apetalous {ah-pef -al-iis) [d priv.; -rrtraP^oi', a leaf ].
In biology, without corolla or petals.
Apex (a'-peks) \_apex, the extreme end of a thing]. The
summit or top of anything ; the point or extremity of
a cone. A. Beat, the impulse of the heart felt in the
fifth intercostal space about 3 V2 inches from the middle
of the sternum. A. Murmur, a murmur heard over
the apex of the heart. Apices of the Lungs, the
upper extremities of the lungs behind the border of the
first rib.
Aphacia [ak-fa'-se-ah). Same as Aphakia.
Aphacic {ah-fa' -sik) [d priv. ; (pahdf, the crystalline
lens]. Relating to or affected with aphacia.
Aphaeresis {af-er' -es-is) . See Apheresis.
Aphagia (ah-fa' -je-ah) [d priv. ; ^ayeiv, to eat]. Inabil-
ity to eat or to swallow.
Aphakia [ah-fa' -ke-ah) [d priv. ; (pandg, a lentil, the
crystalline lens]. The condition of an eye without the
lens, whether the result of congenital defect, luxation,
traumatism, or cataract operation.
Aphakic [ah-fa' -kik) [d priv. ; (panoc, the lens]. Having
no lens, as the eye after the removal of a cataract.
Aphalangiasis [ah-fa-lan-je' -as-is) [d priv. ; (pd'Aay^, a
line of battle; phalanx]. The loss or absence of
fingers and toes, as in leprosy. Cf. Ainhum.
Apharyngeal [ah-far-in' -je-al)\a,'^xvi .; fapv'/i,^, throat].
In biology, without a pharynx.
Aphasia [ali-fa' -ze-aJi) [d priv. ; (panic, speech]. Partial
or complete loss of the power of expression or of com-
prehension of the conventional signs of language, from
no lesion of the peripheral organs or nerves, but from
lesions of the cortical centers concerned. Aphasia
may be either motor or sensory. Motor or Ataxic
Aphasia consists in a loss of speech owing to inability
to execute the various movements of the mouth
necessary to speech, the muscles being not paralyzed
but not coordinated, owing to disease of the cortical
center. It is usually associated with agraphia, "aphasia
of the hand,'' inability to write, and right-sided hemi-
plegia. Some aphasics can write, but are unable to
articulate words or sentences ; this variety is variously
named aphemia, alalia, or anarthria, according as
the impairment of speech is more or less marked.
Charcot supposes the center for articulate language
divided into four sub- centers, a visual center for words,
an auditory center for words, a motor center of articu-
late language, and a motor center of written language.
Lesions of one or more of these centers produce the
characteristic forms of aphasia, all of which have
clinical exemplifications. Sensory Aphasia, or
Amnesia is the loss of memory for words, and may
APHASIAC
100
APIOLIN
exist alone or in association with the motor aphasia.
Amnesia appears clinically in three distinct forms ; I.
Simple loss of memory of words. 2. IVord-deafncss, or
inability to understand spoken words ( there is usually
some paraphasia connected with this form). 3. Word-
bliiidncss, or inability to understand written or printed
words. Paraphasia, a form of aphasia in which there
is inability to connect ideas with the proper words to
express the ideas. Agrammatism, a phenomenon of
aphasia consisting in the inability to form words gram-
matically, or the suppression of certain words of a
phrase. Ataxaphasia, inability to arrange words
synthetically into sentences. Bradyphasia, abnormal
slowness of speech, from pathological cause. Tumul-
tus sermonis, a stuttering manner of reading, from
pathological cause. A., Conduction, such as is due
not to any central lesion, but to defect in some commis-
sural connection between centers. A., Gibberish,
aphasia in which the patient can utter many words,
but uses them in such a way that they express no
meaning
Aphasiac [ah-fa'-ze-ak] [a priv. ; (pdaig, speech]. One
who is aphasic.
Aphasic {ah-fa' -zik) [a priv. ; cpaaig, speech]. Relat-
ing to, or affected with aphasia.
Aphelexia (af-cl-eks' -e-ah^. An incorrect form of the
word Aphelxia, q. v.
Apheliotropism (af-el-e-ot' -ro-pizm) [otto, from ; i/TitoQ,
the sun ; rpoKog, a turn]. In biology, turning away
from the sunlight ; negative heliotropism.
Aphelotic (af-el-of -ik) \_h<^t:'AKen\ to draw away].
Absent-minded ; lost in reverie.
Aphelxia {af-elks' -e-ah) \a(^tkK(a', to draw away].
Absence of mind ; inattention to external impres-
sions.
Aphemia [ah-fe'-me-ali) [a priv. ; ^ii)iri, voice]. Motor
aphasia ; inability to articulate words or sentences,
from focal and not from peripheral disease of the
organs of speech {Alalia). This term is variously
used ; sometimes it is equivalent to aphasia ; some-
times it means loss of voice, from local causes ; some-
times hysterical or wilful refraining from speech.
See Aphasia.
A'ph&m\z[ah-fem'-ik)\_a-pn-v. ; 07///??, voice] . Relating
to or affected with aphemia.
Aphephobia (af-e-fo'-be-ah) {a^i], touch; (jiSpog, fear].
Hyperesthetic dread of contact with other persons.
Apheresis, or Aphseresis (af-er' -es-is) away ;
cipfZi^, to take] . Removal; amputation; abstraction,
as of blood.
Apheter [af'-ef-er) [atf)Er;)p, one who lets go or sends
away]. A supposed impulse-carrying, or trigger-
material, probably a catastate, which communicates to
the inogen the nerve impulse that causes its destruc-
tion, and the consequent muscular contraction. In a
larger sense, any trigger-material that takes part in
any functional process may be called an apheter.
Aphidein (af-id-e'-ijt) \aphis, a plant louse]. A re-
spiratory pigment obtained from the aphis.
Aphilanthropy (ah-fil-an'-fhro-pc) [a priv. ; (ptTieh', to
love ; avUpunoc, man]. Absence of social feeling ; a
frequent sign of approaching melancholia.
Aphonia (ah-fo'-ne-ah) [a priv.; <^uvii, voice]. I.
Dumbness, due to some peripheral lesion. 2. Hysteri-
cal, or paralytic absence of the power of speech. 3.
Voicelessness.
Aphonic (ah-fon'-ih) [a priv. ; ^ur//, voice]. Speech-
less ; dumb ; voiceless.
Aphoresis {ah-far-e'-sis) [a priv. ; (jtoprjaic, bearing (by
error for Apheresis)']. 1. Separation or aljlation of a
part, either by excision or amputation. 2. Lack of
the power of endurance, as of pain.
Aphoria {ah- fo' -re- ah) [a priv. ; (pipeiv, to bear].
Sterility ; unfruitfulness.
Aphrasia {ah-fra' -ze-ah) [a priv. ; (ppdt^Eiv, to utter].
Absence of the power to utter connected phrases.
ApiiTodisia. {a/-!-o-diz^-e-ah) [d^pofS/ffm, venery] . Sex-
ual desire, especially when morbid, or immoderate ;
sexual congress.
Aphrodisiac {af-ro-diz' -e-ak) [^aippoSiaia, venery]. I.
Stimulating the sexual appetite ; erotic. 2. An agent
stimulating the sexual passion.
Aphtha {af'-thah) [a^fc, an eruption]. An eruption;
an ulcer.
Aphthae {af'-tJie) [_a(j>Ha, an eruption]. Also called
ApJttlious stomatitis. Small white ulcers, spots or
vesicles of the mouth, chiefly occurring in children
under three years of age, and generally associated with
some febrile affection. It must not be confounded with
thrush, in which disease the spots are smaller and are
due to the presence of the parasitic fungus characteris-
tic of that disease. A., Bednar's, two symmetri-
cally placed ulcers seen on the hard palate of certain
cachectic infants near the velum, one on either side of
the mesial line. The prognosis is exceedingly grave.
A., Cachectic, aphtha; appearing beneath the tongue,
_ and associated with grave constitutional symptoms ;
Riga's disease.
Aphthaphyte {af -thah-fit). See Aphthophyte.
Aphthenxia {ajf-thengks' -e-ah) [a priv. ; ^f?f;f/f, utter-
ance]. A form of aphasia with impaired expression of
articulate sounds.
Aphthoid (ff/'-Z/^i^^V/) [apfc, an eruption]. Like or re-
sembling aphtha;.
Aphthongia {af-thong' -ge-ah) [a priv. ; (pdSyjoc, a
sound] . A peculiar form of aphasia due to spasm of
the muscles supplied by the hypoglossal nerve.
Aphthophyte {af'-tho-fit) [^aijiOa, aphtha; (pvTov, plant].
The Oidium albicans, or Saccliaromyccs albicans, a
yeast-fungus often seen on the mucous membrane of the
mouths of infants ; regarded by some as the cause of
true aphthse. See Sprue.
Aphthous {af'-thiis) [a(pHa, an eruption] . Pertaining to
or affected with aphtha; or thrush.
Aphyllon {ah-Jil' -on) [a priv.; (pv'A'Aor, a leaf.]. A
genus of orobanchaceous plants. A. uniflorum, a
plant, the naked broom-rape or cancer-root of North
America. It is astrmgent, and has been employed as
a cure for cancer. Unof.
Aphyllous {ah-fil'-us) [a priv.; (PvAAnv, a leaf]. In
biology, naturally leafless.
Apical {a'-pik-al) \^apex, the top]. Pertaining to the
apex. A. Cell, in biology, the cell at the apex of
every branch, leaf or other organ, and from the divi-
sion of which all succeeding cells are formed.
Apices {a'-pis-ez) [L.]. Plural of Ape.x. Summits.
Apiculus {ap-ik'-ii-lus) [apic, a point]. In biology, a
short abrupt point formed by the mid-rib of a leaf pro-
jecting beyond the blade.
Apinoid {ap'-in-oid) [ii priv. ; wivog, dirt ; (JfSor, form].
Clean ; not foul. A. Cancer, schirrhus ; so called
from its cleanly section.
Apiol {ap'-e-ol) \_apinin, parsley ; oleum, oil], Ci^H,^-
0^. A poisonous principle occurring in parsley seeds ;
it crystallizes in long white needles, with a slight
parsley odor; melts at 30° C. (86° F.), and boils at
294° C (572° F.). It is used in dysmenorrhea and in
genito-spinal atony. It acts upon the reflex and vaso-
motor centers. It is also called parsley-camphor.
Dose TT\,iij-x. In doses of t1\,xxx it is narcotic. Unof.
Apiolin (ap'-e-o-lin) parsley ; oleum, oW]. A
pseudo-apiic alcohol, the active principle of Apium
petroseliniim, and a reliable emmenagogue. Dose
rr^ iij in capsule, night and morning.
APIOS
101
APOGAMY
Apios [ap'-e-os) [dmof, a pear]. A genus of plants.
A. tuberosa, a twining papilionaceous plant of North
America, bearing tubers which when cooked are edible.
It is called x'^round-niit, wild-beaii, Indian potato, etc.
Said to be alterative. Unof.
Apis (a'-pis) [L.,abee]. A genus of hymenopterous
insects. A. mellifica, the honey-bee ; in homeopathy
the poison of the honey-bee's sting, or a preparation
thereof.
Apium (a'pe-uin) [L.]. A genus of umbelliferous
plants. A. graveolens. See Celery. A. petroseli-
num, is the common garden parsley ; aperient, diuretic,
somewhat antiperiodic ; useful in dysmenorrhea. Dose
of the fid. e.\t (of the root) gtt. -s-v-^].
Apjohn's Formula. A formula for determining the
dew-point by means of the elastic tension.
Aplacental [aliplas-en' -tal) \h priv.; placenta, a cake].
Destitute of placenta.
Aplanatic {ah-plan-at'-ik) \_a priv. ; ■nJx.avaeLv , to
wander]. Not wandering; rectilinear. A. Lens, a
lens corrected for all aberration of light and color. A
rectilinear lens. See Objective.
Aplanogamete (ah-plan-o-gam' -el-e) [a priv. ; 7r/ldfof ,
roaming ; yafieT>], a wife]. In biology, the non-motile
conjugating cell in certain green algse, i. e. Conjugatce.
See Planoga/nate.
Aplanospore {ah-plan'-o-spdr). Same m Aplanoga-
mete.
Aplasia (jihpla' -se-ali) [d priv. ; Tr/ldcfffw, to form], A
type of incomplete structure by reason of the non-for-
mation of a necessary cell-group during the develop-
mental stage. Called also j^'/()/Azj-/a. A., Laminar.
Synonym of Facial Hemiatrophy .
Aplastic (ah-plas' -tik) [d priv. ; TrMnaeip, to form].
I. Structureless, formless. 2. Not characterized by
plasticity : preventive of plastic process within the
organism. A. Lymph, one of the products of inflam-
mation or disease. A non-fibrinous material incapable
of coagulation or organization.
Apleuria (ahplu' -re-ah) [d priv. ; 7r/lej;pu, a rib]. Con-
genital absence of the ribs.
Aplotomia (ap-lo-tom' -e-ah), or Aplotomy {ap-lot'-o-
ine^. See Haplotomy.
Aplysiopurpurin [ap-liz-e-oper' -pu-rin) [aTr^vaia, filth-
iness ; rrnpibvpa, a purple dye]. A reddish pigment
derived from the Aplysiida.
Apnea (^ap-ne' -alt) [d priv. ; TTvhiv, to breathe]. For-
merly used as synonymous with asphyxia, meaning
breathlessness ; difficult respiration ; partial or com-
plete suspension of breathing. It is employed now
only in the physiological sense, to denote the
condition in which the blood is too highly oxygen-
ized. The presence of an over-abundance of oxy-
gen prevents stimulation of the medullary respira-
tory center, and respiration is arrested in conse-
quence. A. infantum. Synonym of Laryngismus
stridulus. A. neonatorum, apnea of the new-
born child, caused by difficult labor, pressure upon
the cord, etc.
Apneumatic {ap-mt-tnat' -ik) [d priv. ; 7ri;fwfa, breath] .
I. Collapsed ; uninflated, not inflatable : said of parts
of the lung. 2. Carried on with the exclusion of air,
as an apneumatic operation or process.
Apneumatosis (a/i-;z?rw(7/'-o'-^/j-) [dpriv. ; ■KvEvjia-uoit;,
inflation]. Collapse of the air cells of some parts of
the lung caused by blocking of the bronchial tubules,
and resulting in a condition of non-inflation whereby
the lung tissue is reduced to a condition similar to that
of atelectasis, or congenital apneumatosis.
Apneumia [ap-nu'-me-alt] [d priv. ; TTvevfiuv, lung].
Congenital absence of the lungs
P^pn^UTnon&rviaii^ap-iiu-mo-ner'-ve-ak) [d priv.; TTvs'vjj.uv,
lung ; nervus, a nerve]. Deficient nerve stimulus in
the lung.
Apneumoneuria [ap-nu-ino-nn' -re-alt). Same as Ap-
ncumonervia.
Apneustia (^ap-nils' -te-ah)\li priv. ; Kvteiv, to breathe].
Apnea ; breathlessness.
Apnosa [ap-ne^ -a A). See Apnea.
Apo- (ap^-o) \_an6, from]. A prefix denoting from,
a-oay, separation.
Apoa<ionitin [ap-o-ak-on' -it-in) [oTrd, from ; aconituin,
aconite], C.jjH^jNOj]. An alkaloid prepared from
aconitin by dehydration.
Apoatropin {ap-o-at' -ro-pin) [drrd, from ; arpimoq, un-
changeable], Cj,H2iN0.2. An alkaloid obtained by
the action of HNOj on atropin.
Apoblast {ap' -o-blast) [oTrd, away; ^'kuoTot,, a germ].
In biology the unimpregnated ovum; an outcast cell.
See Outcast Cell.
Apoblema {ap-o-ble' -mah) \a-K6lVii}}ia ; (ino, away;
jidXXtiv, to throw]. The product of abortion.
Apobole [ap-ob'-o-le) [anopoAij , a throwing away].
Expulsion ; abortion.
Apocarpous {ap-o-kar' -pits') [oTrd, from ; napnoc, fruit].
In biology, composed of separate or easily separable
carpels.
Apocarteresis {ap-o-kar-ter-e' -sis) [_aTroKapTtpr/aic, lack
of fortitude] . Suicide by starvation.
Apocatastasis [ap-o-kat-as' -tas-is) ^jx'KOKaTaaTaai.q, res-
toration]. The subsidence of an abscess or tumor.
Apocatharsis [ap-o-kath-ar' -sis) [aTrd, away ; KaOapaic,
purgation]. Purgation; abevacuation.
Apocathartic {ap-o-kath-ar' -tik). Same as Cathartic.
Apocenosis (ap-o-sen' -o-sis) [dTro/cefOfiv, to drain]. An
increased flow or evacuation of blood or other humors.
Apocenotic [ap-o-sen-of -ik) [d/ro/if wf/i', to drain].
Producing apocenosis.
Apochromatic [ap-o-kro-mat'-ik) [d^d, away; ;j'pw/^a,
color]. Without color. A Lens, a lens for micro-
scopic and optical purposes, with high correction of
spherical and chromatic aberrations, and better " defini-
tion." A. Objective. See Objecti^'e.
Apocodein {ap-o-ko' -de-in) [d/rd, from ; Kufieia. the
head], CjgHj^NOj. An alkaloid prepared from codein
by dehydration. It is emetic and expectorant, with
other qualities much like those of codein, and is
recommended in chronic bronchitis. Unof.
Apocope [ap-ok' -o-pe) [d-d, from; kott?/, a cutting].
Amputation or abscission; an operation or a wound
that results in loss of substance.
Apocrustic (ap-o-knis' -tik) \rnroKpovew, to beat off].
Repellent; defensive; astringent.
Apocynin [ap-os' -in-in) \_apocvnon, dogbane]. The
precipitate from a tincture of Apocynum cannahinum ;
tonic, alterative, and evacuant. Dose gr. Unof.
Apocynum {ap-os' -in-um) \_apocynon, dogbane]. Can-
adian Hemp. The root of A. cannabinum. Proper-
ties due to an alkaloid, apocynin. A good expectorant.
In full doses an emetic and cathartic. Valuable in
dropsy. Dose gr. v-xx ; of the alkaloid, gr. /{.-yi.
A. Ext., Liq. Dose ri\,v-xx. A., Tinct. Dose
t1^v-xl. Should not be confounded with Cannabis
indica. Unof. Another American species, A. an-
drosaemifolium, has similar properties. Unof
Apodemialgia {ap-o-de-me-al' -je-ah)\a'Ko&riiLia,]o\\xney ;
aXysiv, to grieve]. A morbid dislike of home-life with
a desire for wandering.
Apodia (ah-po' -de-all) [d priv. ; -ovq, a foot]. Absence
of feet.
Apo'dous {ap'-o-diis) [dpriv.; Troyf, afoot]. Footless;
characterized by apodia.
Apogamy [ap-og'-am-e) [d-d, away from ; }dfio(, mar-
riage]. In biology, l. Asexual reproduction where
APOGEOTROPISM
102
APOPLEXY
the opposite usually occurs. 2. The total and normal
absence of sexual reproductive power.
Apogeotropism [ap-o-ji'-ot' -ro-piziii) [anoyaioc;, from
the earth ; rpo-^hof, turning]. In biology, tending to
turn upward or away from the ground.
Apohyal [ap-o-hi' -al) \_a7r6, from ; voeidi/r, shaped like
the letter upsilon]. Relating to the anterior (styloid)
cornua of the hyoid bone.
Apokenosis (iip-o-ken' -o-sis\ . See Apocenosis.
Apokenotic {np-o-ken-ot'-ik). See Apocenotic. ,
Apolar {ali-po' -lar) [a priv. ; ■Ko'koq, the end of an axis].
Having no pole. A. Cells, nerve cells without pro-
cesses.
Apolepsis («/-(7-/^''-«,f) [d7rdA;?il'(?, a leaving off ] . Sup-
pression or retention of a secretion or excretion ;
cessation of a function.
Apolexis [ap-o-L'ks'-is) \an67a]^i<; , a declining]. The
decline of life ; the stage of catabolism or decay.
Apollinaris Water (ap-ol-in-a'-ris). A German alka-
line mineral water, highly charged with carbonic acid,
largely used for gout, rheumatism, etc., but possessing
little medicinal value. See Mineral Water.
Apomorphia, or Pi^^orno^phr!\[t^p-o- inor' -fe-ah., or -mor'-
fin) [aTTo, from ; Morpheus, the god of sleep], CjjHj.-
OjN, = morphia — H^O. An artificial alkaloid, derived
from morphin. The hvdrochlorate is the salt used,
and is a grayish crystalline powder. It is a systemic
emetic acting directly upon the vomiting center, and
is the quickest, most certain and least irritating of all
emetics. Unof. Dose gr. 2V~To hypodermatically, or
gr. by the mouth. An expectorant in small
doses. A. injectio hypodermica (B. P.). Dose as
an expectorant by the mouth, gr. ss ; as an emetic, by
the mouth, gr. ; hypodermatically, gr. j. Syrupus
apomorph. hydrochloratis. Dose ^ss-j.
Apomyelin [ap-o-ini' -el-iti) [otto, from ; five'A6c, mar-
row]. A peculiar phosphatized principle reported to
exist in the brain tissue and containing no glycerol.
Apomyttosis (ap-o-mit-o' -sis) [a7ro//!'(7c7c«i, to blow the
nose]. Any disease marked by stertor ; a sneezing.
Apone [ap-oii') \¥r. : a priv. ; ■novoq, pain]. An ano-
dyne ; especially the concentrated tincture of capsi-
cum ; used externally for the relief of pain, and inter-
nally in small doses, diluted, for hemorrhoids, dyspep-
sia, and mania. Dose gtt. iij-x. Unof.
Aponeurography i^ap-o-mi-ro:;' -ra-fe") \a.-KC)VE\'pu)aic,
aponeurosis; y/jdi/i;/, a writing] . A description of the
fascire, or aponeuroses.
Aponeurology (ap-o-nii-ro/'-o-/e) \_aTrov£vpuni<;, apon-
eurosis; A-iyog, an account]. The science of the
fascire or aponeuroses.
Aponeurosis [ap-on-ii-ro'-sis) [d7rd,from; iJciipov, a ten-
don]. A fibrinous membranous expansion of a tendon
giving attachment to muscles or serving to enclose
and bind down muscles. Remarkable for their size or
importance are the infra-spinotis, enclosing the infra-
spinous muscle; that of the arm, of the deltoid muscle,
of the external oblique or abdominal, of the forearm,
of the leg, of the transversalis , of the head, etc., etc.'
A. of Occipito-frontalis, the tendinous aponeur-
osis that separates the two slips of the occipito-frontalis
muscle. A. of Soft Palate, a thin but finii fibrous
layer, attached above to the hard palate, and becom-
ing thinner toward the free margin of the velum. A.
of Subscapular, a thin membrane attached to the
entire circumference of the subscapular fossa, and
affording attachment by its inner surface to some of
the fibers of the subscapularis muscle. A., Supra-
spinous, a thick and dense membranous layer that
completes the osseo-fibrous case in which the supra-
spinatus muscle is contained, affording attachment by
its inner surface to some of the fibers of the muscle.
A., Vertebral, a thin aponeurotic lamina extending
along the whole length of the back part of the thoracic
region, serving to bind down the erector spinae, and
separating it from those muscles that connect the spine
to the upper extremity.
Aponeurositis (ap-o)i-u-ro-si' -tis)\ji~ovt'vp(j)^iq, an apon-
eurosis ; iTLq, inflammation]. Inflammation of an
aponeurosis.
Aponeurotic (ap-on-u-rot' -ik) \!i—ovc'vpuoic^, aponeuro-
sis]. Pertaining to or of the nature of an aponeurosis.
Aponeurotome (ap-on-u' -ro-tdni) [dTroi'f/'/owff^f, apon-
eurosis; rojxi^, a. cut]. An instrument for dividing
fasciae.
Aponeurotomy (ap-o)i-u-rot' -o-ine') \h.'KovsvpL>aiq , apon-
eurosis ; rd//7/, a cut]. The incision, dissection, or
anatomy of the fascia; ; fasciotomy.
Aponipsis (iip-o-nip'-sis) [_anoviijHg , a washing]. A
washing ; especially an internal washing, anciently
performed by copious draughts of milk whey.
Apopetalous [ap-o-pet' -al-iis) [aTrd, away from ; Trtrn'/ov,
leaf]. In biology, same as Polypetalous .
Apophlegmatic (ap-o- fleg-mat ' -ik) [otto, away;
(pAeyfia, phlegm]. Promoting the expulsion of mucus
from the air passages.
Apophyllous {ap-o-fiF -us) [aTrd, from ; <pv'/Aov, a leaf].
In biology, having distinct calyx or perianth leaves.
Apophysar {ap-off' -is-ar). See Apophysary .
Apophysary (ap-off ' -is-a-re) \_a-n:oi^vtn> , to put forth].
Pertaining to or of the nature of an apophysis.
Apophyseal, Apophysial [ap-o-fiz'-e-al). Same as
A pophysary.
Apophysis {ap-off '-is-is) [fiTrd, from; <phaiq, growth'].
In biology, a process, outgrowth, or swelling of some
part or organ, as of a bone, the internal process of the
mandible of a crustacean, or some part of a plant, e. g.
the seta of certain mosses. A. lenticularis, the
orbicular process of the temporal bone. A. raviana,
the processus gracilis of the malleus.
Apoplectic {ap-o-plek' -tik) \cnio'KAES,ia, apoplexy].
Pertaining to or affected with apoplexy. A. Equiva-
lents, a name given to the premonitory symptoms
of apoplexy, indicating that the brain is subject to
alterations in the blood pressure, a condition that may
lead to serious consequences if the arterial walls are
diseased.
Apoplectiform [ap-o-plek'-tif-or/n] [inrnnle^ia, apo-
plexy ; forma, form]. Sudden, like apoplexy.
Apoplectigenous \ap-o-plek-tij'-en-us) [dTOTr^tf/a,
apoplexy; yfi'i'dfn', to produce]. Producing apoplexy
or cerebral hemorrhage.
Apoplectoid {ap-o-plek' -toid). Same as Apoplectiform.
Apoplexia {ap-o-pleks'-e-ah) [L.]. Apoplexy. A.
splenitis. Synonym of Anthrax.
Apoplexy {ap' -o-pleks-e) [d7ro7r?i??f/a, a striking down].
The symptom-complex resulting from cerebral hemor-
rhage, afl'usion, or from the plugging of a cerebral
vessel. Modern writers mostly describe the post-
mortem appearances by other terms, as cerebral hemor-
rhage, effusion, thrombosis, etc. The chief symptom
is sudden loss of motion, sensation and consciousness,
the patient falling and lying as if dead. There is
frequently a conjugate deviation of the eyes and a
rotation of the head a-ivay from the paralyzed side,
and toward the side on which the cerebral lesion exists.
Death may result instantaneously, or shortly, or the pa-
tient may recover consciousness and then be found to be
suftering from paralysis of one-half of the body {Hemi-
plegia, q.v.). The bursting of a vessel in the lungs,
liver, etc., is sometimes called apoplexy of the lungs,
liver, etc. A., Capillary, from rupture and effusion
of capillaries. A., Ingravescent, a term applied
to a form of apoplexy in which there is a slowly pro-
/
APOPSVCIIIA
103
APPENDICITIS
gressive loss of consciousness due to a gradual leakage
of blood from a ruptured vessel. A., Pulmonary,
escape of blood into the pulmonary parenchyma, with
laceration of its substance. A., Simple, the name
given to those cases of death from coma in which no
cerebral lesion is found. A., Spinal. See Hematoinyc-
lia. A., Splenic. Synonym of .^«//;;-(7jr.
Apopsychia \ap-op-sik' -e-ali) [aTro, away ; ^'nx'/, spirit].
Syncope; fainting; a faint.
Apoptosis {ap-op-to' -sis) [a7rd,away ; Trrwa/r, a falling].
,\ falling off, as of a crust, or of the hair ; loosening
of a scab or crust.
Aporetin ((7/-<?-/-<?'-/?'«) [otto, from; p;?Wi.7/, a resin]. A
resinous substance found in rhubarb.
Aporrhinosis [ap-or-in-o'-sis) [qtto, from ; pic, nose].
.\ discharge from the nostril.
Aporrhipsis (ap-iir-ip'-s/s) [li-d, away from; piTtTsir, to
throw]. The throwing off of the clothes or the bed-
clothes; a symptom seen in some cases of insanity and
in delirium.
Aposcythisis [ap-o-silh'-is-is') [cnzoaKvdL^eLV , to scalp in
the Scythian manner]. The surgical or traumatic re-
moval of the scalp.
Aposematic (ap-o-sctn'-af-ik) [aTro, away from ; (?////«, a
sign]. Applied to such colors as are used by ani-
mals as signals or warnings of some dangerous or
unpleasant quality, in repelling enemies.
Aposepalous [ap-t>-sep^-a/-/is). See Polysepalous.
Aposepsis [ap-o-sep' -sis) \_a-6ar/^iQ, putrefaction ; see
Sepsis']. Complete putrefaction.
Aposia. (a/i-po'-ze-a/i) [apriv.; Trdmr, a drinking]. Ab-
sence of thirst ; adipsia.
Apositia {ap-o-sil'-e-ah) [otto, from; oiror, food].
Aversion to or loathing of food.
Apositic (ap-o-sif -ik) [uTrd, from ; ffi roc, food]. Im-
pairing the appetite ; affected with apositia.
Aposorbic Acid {ap-o-soi'' -hik). See Acid.
Aposphacelisis {ap-o-sfas-eV -is-is) [cnzoamKk/.iaic , a
dying of gangrene] . Mortification ; gangrene due to
constriction.
Apospory [ap-os' -po-re) [oTro, away from ; anopo^, seed] .
In biology, reproduction without the intervention of
spores in cases where sporogenesis ordinarily occurs.
Apostasis (ap-os' -tas-is) \aTT6ciTaai(; , a standing away
from]. I. An abscess. 2. The end or the crisis of an
attack of disease ; termination by crisis. 3. An exfolia-
tion. In biology, the separation of organs by unusual
elongation of internodes.
Apostatic {(ip-os-tat' -ik) \a-Koaraai(:, a standing away
from]. Relating to or of the nature of an apostasis.
Apostaxis [ctp-o-staks' -is) \a~6, from ; crrdt/f, a
dropping]. A discharge of fluid hydrops; epistaxis.
Apostem [ap' -o-stein), or Apostema {ap-o-ste'-mah)
[d7rd(7r?///a, an abscess]. An abscess.
Apostematic (ap-os-tein-at' -ik) [aTToaTiiim, an abscess].
Relating to or of the nature of an abscess.
Apostemation [ap-os-tem-a'-s/iicn) \_apostematio, abscess
formation]. The formation of an apostem or abscess.
Apostematoid {ap-os-tem' -at-oid)\_o-^6aTripLa, an abscess;
£((5o", form]. Resembling an apostem or abscess.
Aposthia (ah-pos' -thc-ah) [n priv ; -oaf//, penis, pre-
puce]. Absence of the penis or of the prepuce.
Apostoli's Method. The use of strong electrolytic or
chemical galvano-caustic currents in the treatment of
diseases of the female generative organs, especially
uterine fibroids.
Apostrophe (ap-os' -tro-fe) [n— d, away ; arpsoeii', to
turn]. The arrangement of chlorophyll bodies along
the side walls of the cells as a result of excess or
deficiency of light. Cf. Epistrophe and Dystrophc.
Apostume {ap' -os-ttim) [iiTroarr/fia, an abscess]. An
abscess.
Aposyringosis (ap-o-sir-in-go'-sis) [otto, from; a'rpiy^,
pipe]. The formation of or change into a fistula.
Apotelesm {ap-of' -cl-czm) [inroTtAsafia, result.] The
termination of a disease.
Apotheca (ap-o-tlie' -kali) \_cnro6rjK7], a store, shop]. A
store or shop where medicines are sold.
Apothecaries' Weight. A system of weights and
measures used in compounding medicines. The Troy
pound of 5760 grains is the standard. It is subdivided
into 12 ounces. The ounce is subdivided into eight
drachms, the drachm into three scruples, and the
scruple into 20 grains. For fluid measure the quart of
32 fluid ounces is subdivided into pints, the pint into
16 fluid ounces, the ounce into eight fluid drachms,
and the fluid drachm into 60 minims. The following
abbreviations are used : —
JT|, minim.
gtt., gulta, a drop.
3, scrupulus, a scruple
(20 grains)
3, dyachina, a draclim
(60 grains).
S, uncia, an ounce (480
grains),
lb, libra, a pound.
O yOctarius, a pint,
gr., gyanum, a grain,
ss., semissis, one-half.
See Weights and Measures.
Apothecary [ap-oth' -e-ka-re) \_airoOiiKri , a storehouse].
A druggist. One who prepares and sells drugs, fills
prescriptions, etc. In Great Britain the apothecary is
also a physician, filling his own prescriptions. In the
United States it frequently happens that an authorized
practitioner is also an apothecary, but without the
degree of M. D. the practice of medicine is illegal.
Apothecium (ap-o-the' -se-tiiii) \_aTToOi/Kij , a storehouse].
In biology, the saucer-shaped fruiting organ, or asco-
carp, of lichens and certain ascomycetous fungi. Cf.
Disrocarp, Peritlieciitiii .
Apothem, or Apothema (ap' -o-thein or ap-oth' -em-ah)
[oTrd, from; (ff/za, a deposit]. A brown powder
formed by the open-air evaporation of a vegetable in-
fusion or decoction.
Apothesis (ap-oth' -e<:-is) \a-n:60eaic, a putting back].
The reduction of a fracture or luxation.
Apotheter [ap-oth' -et-er) . A navel-string repositor de-
vised bv Braun, consisting of a staff with a sling
attached in which the prolapsed funis is placed and
carried up into the uterine cavity.
Apothymia (ap-o-thi' -ine-ah) l_cnTodv/j.ioc, distasteful,
disagreeable]. An aversion.
Apotrepsis (ap-o-trep'-sis) [^(inorpeiptg, a turning away] .
The resolution of an abscess.
Apozem, or Apozema (ap'-o-zem, or ap-oz' -em-ah)
[n7rd,away; fts/i', to boil]. A decoction, especially
one to which medicines are admixed.
Apparatus (ap-ar-a'-tns) \_apparaliis, prepared]. The
instruments used in any science, art, or surgical opera-
tion. Anatomically the word is used to designate col-
lectively the organs effecting any specified work or
action. A. ligamentosus colli, the occipito-axoid lig-
ament, a broad band at the front surface of the spinal
canal that covers the odontoid process.
Apparent (ap-a' -reiit)\_apparere,\.0 2L-^\)^2:c'\. Seeming;
apipearing to be like. A. Death. See Death.
Apparition (ap-ar-ish'-nn) \_apparitio, an appearance].
.\ visual delusion or hallucination.
Apparitor (ap-ar'-it-or) [L., a helper]. A small coiled
tube worn at the ear to assist the hearing.
Appendage (ap-eii'-ddj) [(?//(:'«(Z?;r, to weigh ; hang] .
That which is attached to an organ as a part of it.
See Appendix. A., Auricular, the projecting part of
the cardiac auricle. A., Epiploic. See Appendix.
A., Ovarian, the parovarium.
Appendicitis (ap-en-dis-i'-tis) [(?/'/<'«rt'«'^^, to hang upon
or to; inflammation]. Inflammation of the ap-
pendix vermiformis ; ecphyaditis.
APPENDICULAR
104
APTVALISM
Appendicular (ap-en-dik' -u-lar) \_appendicula, a small
appendix]. Pertaining to tlie appendix vermiformis.
A. Gland, a biramose gland attaclied to the sper-
matheca of queen bees.
Appendix [ap-en'-diks) \_appendere , to hang upon or to :
pi. , Appendices'^. What is accessory to or dependent
upon another. An appendage, A. auricularis, the
auricular appendage, a process of the auricles of the
heart. A. caeci vermiformis, a worm-shaped pro-
cess of the cecum. A. cerebri, the pituitary body.
A., Ensiform. .See Xiphoid. A. epiploicae, pouch-
like, fatty projections of the peritoneum of the large
intestine. A., Xiphoid. See Xiphoid.
Apperception ( ap-er-sep' -shun ) [ appercipere, to
receive] . The conscious reception or perception of a
sensory impression ; the power of receiving and appre-
ciating sensory impressions.
Appert's Process. The preservation (" canning") of
meat, fruits, and vegetables by exclusion of air and
germs ; effected l>y hermetically sealing the substances
in tin cans after heating the contents to llo° or more.
Appetence [up' -e-iens) \_appetentia, appetite]. An
appetite, or desire ; the attraction of a living tissue for
those materials that are appropriate for its nutrition.
Appetency (ap'-e-ten-se). l. See Appetence. 2. In
biology, the doctrine propounded by Lamarck, in
which it is maintained that new organs can be pro-
duced in animals by the simple assertion of the will
called into action by new wants, and that the organs
thus acquired can be transmitted by generation.
Appetite [ap'-e-tlt) \_appeiere, to desire]. The desire
for food ; also any natural desire ; lust. A., Perverted,
that for unnatural and undigestible things, frequent in
disease and pregnancy. Anorexia., loss of appetite ;
Bulimia., insatiable appetite ; Hunger, the strong
desire and need of food.
Appetizer (rt/'-c-Zz-z^";-) [(///^tor, to desire] . A medi-
cine, or dose, taken to stimulate the appetite.
Applanate (ap' -lan-at) \ad, to; planus, flat]. In
biology, horizontally flattened.
Applanatio {ap-ian-a' -she-o) [L.]- A flattening. A.
corneae, flattening of the entire surface of the cornea
from disease.
Applanation [ap-lan-a' -shun) \_applanatio , a flattening].
A flattening, as of the cornea.
Apple {ap'-l) [AS., ivppel, an apple]. The fruit of the
tree, Pyrus malus. A., Adam's. See Poinuin adaini.
A. -brandy, an alcoholic spirit distilled from cider;
cider-brandy. A. Extract. See Extractuin ferri
pomatum. A. -eye, a synonym of Exophthalmos.
A. of the Eye, the pupil ; also, the eyeball. A. -jack.
See A. -brandy. A. -oil, amyl valerianate; prepared
from isoamyl-isovaleric ester.
Application {ap-lik-a' -shun) [applicatio, an application].
The act of applying anything, as a plaster, leech, band-
age, lotion, pad, or compress ; the thing so applied.
A. Colors. See Figments, Colors, and Dyestuffs.
Applicative [ap'-lik-a-tiv). See Conduplicate.
Applicator [ap'-lik-a-tor) [L.]. An instrument used
in making applications; especially, one used in uterine
or urethral surgery.
Applier (ap-li'-cr) \_applicare, to apply]. A dental in-
strument for making applications to teeth.
Appolito's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Appolito's Suture. See Suture.
Apposition {ap-o-zish' -un) \_appouere, to apply to] , The
act of fitting together; the state of being fitted to-
gether. A. Theory, a theory concerning the growtli
of the cell- wall, as held l)y Schmitz, Strasburger, etc.,
viz., that stratified and other cell-walls of plants grow
in thickness by the deposition of new particles upon
the inner face of the cell. Growth in surface is the re-
sult of a simple stretching of the wall by the pressure
of the contents.
Approach (ap-roch') \M.Y,.,approche']. A drawing near.
A. Grafting, to inarch.
Appropriation (^ap-ro-pre-a' -shun) \jippropriatio , a set-
ting apart]. Assimilation of nutriment.
Approximal (ap-roks' -im-al ) \_ad, to ; proximus, next] .
That which is next to ; contiguous. In dentistry, per-
taining to contiguous surfaces, as approximal fillings.
Appun's Apparatus. A device for determining the
overtones of a vowel by means of reeds.
Apraxia {ali-praks' -e-ah) [d priv. ; Trpaaaeiv, to do].
Soul-blindness ; mind-blindness ; object-blindness ; an
affection in which the memory for the uses of things
is lost, as well as the understanding for the signs by
which the things are expressed.
Aprication {ap-re-ka' -shun) \_apricatio, a basking in the
sun]. The sun-bath ; sun-stroke.
Aproctia iah-prok-te'-ali) [d priv.; TtpuKTO^, anus].
Imperforation of the anus.
Pi.'^xoQ.X.o^x^ iyah-prok-to' -sis) [d priv.; Tr/jwKrdf, anus].
See Aproctia.
Aproctous {ah-prok'-tus) [d priv, ; TrpunTog, the anus] .
Having imperforation of the anus.
Apron (a' -prun) [yiY.., aperii\. I. In surgery, a pro-
tection or covering for the body in surgical opera-
tions. 2. The omentum. A., Hbttentot, artificially
elongated labia minora; velainen vulvtc. A. of
Succor, a canvas appliance borne by two men, and
used for the transportation of wounded persons.
Aprosexia (ap-ro-seks' -e-ah) [d priv. ; irpoakx'n-v, to
give heed]. A mental disturbance consisting in in-
ability to fix the attention upon a subject. An inability
to think clearly and to readily comprehend what is read
or heard, sometimes observed in the course of chronic
catarrh of the nose or of the nose and pharynx.
Aprosopa (ap-!-os' -o-pah). See Aprosopia
Aprosopia [ap-rp-so'-pe-ah) [d priv. ; ■npoouirov, the
face] . A form of fetal monstrosity with partial or
complete absence of face.
Aprosopous (ap-ros' -o-pus) [d priv. ; npoauKov, the
face]. Exhibiting aprosopia.
Aprosopus (ap-ros' -o-pus) [d priv. ; T/jd(7w/TOi', the face].
An aprosopous fetus.
Apselaphesia [ap-sel-af-e' -ze-ah) [d priv. ; ili)/?M^)/air,
touch]. Paralysis of the tactile sense.
Apsithyria, or ApsiihuTea.{ap-sith-i'-re-ah, or -u' -re-ah)
[li priv,; to whisper], A term suggested
by .Solis-Cohen for hysterical aphonia, in which the
patient not only loses the voice, but is unable even to
whisper. It is generally accompanied by double
paralysis of the vocal cords, but there is no paralysis of
the tongue, lips, or expiratory muscles. Charcot
especially advocates hypnotism in the treatment of the
condition.
Apsychia [ap-sik'-e-ah) [d priv, ; i/'i'A'/A spirit]. Un-
consciousness ; a faint or swoon.
Apta viro (ap'-tah vi'-ro) [L. : //., Aptcc viris]. A
young girl who by mechanical means has been rendered
available for prostitution.
Apterium (ap-te' -re-um) [d priv. ; TXEpov, a feather].
In biology, a nonnally naked tract on a bird's skin.
Apterous (ap'-ter-us) [d priv. ; Trrf/jdy, a wing, a
feather]. In biology, destitute of wings or membran-
ous expansions.
Aptitude {ap'-te-tud) \_aptitudo, fitness]. Fitness, ten-
dency. The natural proneness of an organism toward
certain functions or pathological conditions,
Aptyalia (ap-ti-a' -le-ah) [dpriv, ; izrva'Anv, saliva]. See
Aptvalisin .
Aptyalism (ap-ti'-al-izm) [d priv.; TrrvaAi^eiv, to spit].
Deficiency or absence of saliva.
APTYSTIA
105
ARACHNIDIUM
Aptystia (ap-tn' -te-ah) \a priv. ; Trrveiv, to spit]. See
Apulosis [ap-u-io'-sis) [airovT^uai^ ; oh'Aeiv, to cicatrize].
Cicatrization, or a cicatrix.
Apulotic (ap-ti-lof -ik) [a7rov?MTtic6g, healing] . Pro-
moting cicatrization, or apulosis.
Apus (a'-piis) [a priv., and 7ro('jf, foot]. I. A monstro-
sity consisting in absence of the lower limbs, or feet.
2. An apodous fetus.
Apyonin [ah-pi' -on-in) [d priv.; -kvov, pus]. A
remedy introduced as a substitute for pyoktanin in
ophthalmic practice. It is said to be identical with
yellow pyoktanin. Unof.
Apyretic (n/i-pi-ret'-ik) ■\_a priv. ; mpETog, fever].
Without fever or pyrexia.
A'pyr&'&iA [ah-pi-reks' -e-ak) [dpriv. ; TvvpeKTo^, feverish].
The non-febrile stage of an intermittent fever ; intennis-
sion or absence of fever.
Apyrexial {ah-pi-reks'-e-al) [d/ri'ipe/crof, without fever].
Pertaining to, of the nature of, or characterized by,
apyrexia.
Apyrexy [ah' -pi-reks-e). 'S>ee Apyrexia.
Aqua [a'-kwaJi) [L. : gen. and //., Aquce, a' -kive\
Water. An oxid of hydrogen having the composition
HjO. It is a solid below 32°, a liquid between 32°
and 212°, vaporizes at 212° at the sea level (bar. 760
mm.), giving off vapor of tension equal to that of the
air. It covers four-fifths of the surface of the earth, but
is never pure in nature, containing from a trace of
soluble matter, in rain water, to 26 per cent, of soluble
mineral salts, in the Dead Sea. Water is an essential
constituent of all animal and vegetable tissues. In the
human body it forms two per cent, of the enamel
of the teeth, 77 per cent, of the ligaments, 78 per
cent, of the blood, and 93 per cent, of the urine.
Externally, water has a stimulating effect upon the
skin, either by direct or reactionary means. Cold
water when continued too long may lower the general
temperature of the body so as to produce serious depres-
sion of the circulation and muscular power. When pro-
perly used it is a valuable antipyretic. Hot water and
vapor increase circulation and produce diaphoresis.
Its too long-continued use debilitates. Internally,
water is a diuretic. It is the most useful of all the sol-
vents in pharmacy. The following are the official pre-
parations and forms : A. bulliens, boiling water. A.
communis, common water. A. destillata, distilled
water. A. fervens, hot water. A. fluvialis, river-
water. A. fontana, well- or spring-water. A.
marina, sea- water. A. pluvialis, rain-water. See
also Mineral Water. Aqua in pharmacy also
designates various medicated waters : as A. ammonias,
water of ammonia ; A. anethi, dill water; A. chlori,
chlorin water ; A. rosae, rose water. There are 23
aquiB (waters) of this class described in the U. S. P.
A. fortis. See Acid, Nitric. A. regia. See A. Nitro-
hydrochloric. A. tofana, a celebrated secret poison,
prepared in the 17th century at Palermo by a woman
named Toffana. It was probably arsenical . A. Vitae,
Brandy or Spirit, q. v. In anatomy, A. labyrinthi,
the clear fluid existing in the labyrinths of the ear.
Aquae capsulitis, serous iritis.
Aquaeductus [ak-we-duk' -tus). See Aqueduct.
Aquamalarial Fever (a-kwa-inal-a' -re-al). Synonym
of Malarial Fei'er. See Fever.
Aquapuncture [ak-wah-pungk' -chur') \aqua, water;
punctura,3. puncture]. Counter-irritation by means
of a very fine jet of water impinging upon the skin ;
useful in neuralgia and other nerve disorders.
Aquatic ia-kwat' -ik) \aqua, water]. Pertaining to
water. A. Cancer. Synonym of Cancrwn oris.
Aqueduct, or Aqueductus {ak'-we-dukt, or ak-we-
duk' -tus) \_aqua,vfaXer ; ductus, a leading]. Used of
ducts or canals in various parts of the body. A.
cerebri, the infundibulum. A. cochleae, aqueduct of
the cochlea. A. of Cotunnius, the aqueduct of the
vestibule, extending from the utricle to the posterior
wall of the pyramid in the brain. A. Fallopii, the
canal of the portio dura in the petrous portion of the
temporal bone. A. Sylvii, the aqueduct of Sylvius
from the third to the fourth ventricle, the iter a tertio
ad quartum ventriculiim. A. vestibuli, aqueduct of
the vestibule of the ear.
Aqueous (a' -kwe-us) \aqua, water]. Referring to
water ; watery. A. Chamber of the Eye, the
space between the cornea and the lens ; the iris
divides it into an anterior and a posterior chamber.
A. Extract, a solid preparation of a drug made by
evaporation of its aqueous .solution. A. Humor, the
fluid filling the anterior chamber of the eye.
Aquiducous (a-kwe-du' -kus) \_aquiduciis ; aqua, water ;
ducere, to lead]. Hydragogue.
Aquilaria [a-kwil-a' -re-ah) [L.]. A genus of trees.
A. agallocha, a tree of S. E. Asia producing the
true aloes- wood, or eagle-wood, valued in perfumery,
but no longer employed in regular pharmacy or prac-
tice. A. ovata and A. secundaria also furnish
varieties of aloes- wood. Unof.
Aquilegia [ak-wil-e' -je-ah) [L.]. A genus of ranun-
culaceous plants of many species. A. vulgaris has
active medicinal qualities ; but none of the species are
now much used in regular practice.
Aquiparous (a-kivip' -ar-us) water ; parere,\.o
bring forth]. Producing water, or affording watery
secretions; said of glands, as the lachrymal and
parotid.
Aquocapsulitis [a-kwo-kap-su-li'-tis) [aqua, water;
capsula, a small box]. Serous iritis, q. v.
Aquosity (a-kivos'-it-e) \aquositas, watery]. The state
or condition of being watery.
Aquula [ak-wu'-lak) [L.]. A small aqueous collec-
tion. A. cotunnii, the perilymph, //. v.
Arabic [ar'-ah-ik) [Apa/J/KOf, Arabic]. Of or pertain-
ing to Arabia. A. Acid. See Arabin. A. Gum.
See Acacia.
Arabin (ar'-ab-in) [Apa/Ji/fof, Arabic], (S^^vf^^ji.-
-\- ^.fi. Arabic Acid. A transparent, gla_ssy, amor-
phous mass, an exudate from many plants, making a
clear solution in water. It is the principal constituent
of gum arable. See Carbohydrates, Table of.
Arabinose (ar' -ab-in-ds) ['Apa/5««:df , Arabic], CjHj^Oj.
One of the glucoses. Made from gum arable on boil-
ing with dilute H.^SO^. It crystallizes in shining
prisms that melt at 100° ; is slightly soluble in cold
water, has a sweet taste, and reduces Fehling's solu-
tion, but is not fermented by yeast. See Carbohydi-ates,
Table of.
Arabis \ar'-ali-is) \^ A.pa(i(K6^, Arabic]. A genus of
cruciferous herbs ; rock cresses, or wall cresses. A.
chinensis, of Asia, and A. sagittata and A. tha-
liana, of Europe, are stimulant and stomachic. The
seeds of some species yield an oil much like that of
rape-seed. Unof.
Arabite [ar'-ab-it) ['Apa/?«>:6f, Arabic], C3H12O5. A
substance formed from arabinose by the action of
sodium amalgam. It crystallizes from hot alcohol
in shining needles, melting at 102°. It has a sweet
taste, but does not reduce Fehling's solution.
Arabonic Acid (ar-ab-on'-ik). See Acid.
Arachis [ar'-ak-is) [dfjajof, a leguminous plant] . A
genus of leguminous plants. A. hypogaea. See
Ground Nut.
Arachnidium (iir-ak-nid'-e-um) \a.paxviu a spider].
In biology, the secreting spinning apparatus of spiders,
ARACHNITIS
106
ARCHEBIOSIS
consisting of five kinds of glands, over one thousand
in all, producing a secretion insoluble in water and
with a nitrogenous basis, forming the fine, silky threads
of the web.
Arachnitis {ai--ak-ni' -tis) \_apa.xvr/, a spider's web ; ir/^,
inflammation]. Inflammation of the arachnoid mem-
brane of the brain.
Arachnoid (^ar-ak'-iioid) spider's web;
Ei&oq, form]. Resembling a web. A. Cavity, the
space between the arachnoid membrane and the dura
mater. A. Membrane, the delicate serous membrane
of the brain and cord between the dura and pia mater.
Sub-arachnoid fluid. See Cerebro-spinal Fluid.
Arachnoidal {ar-ak-iioid' -al) [apaxvi/, a spider's web;
thhic, form]. Pertaining to the arachnoid.
Arachnoiditis {ar-ak-iioid-i' -tis). Same as Arachnitis.
Arachno-pia [a r- a k' -no-pi' -ah) [^apdxvt], a spider's
web ; pia, feiii. of pins']. The arachnoid and the pia
considered together.
Arachnorrhinitis {^ar-ak-nor-in-i' -tis) \h.pax^'Tl, spider ;
/)/(', nose; nic, inflammation]. A disease of the nasal
passages supposed to be due to the presence of a spider.
Arachnotitis {ar-ak-no-ti/-tis) \_apdxvr/, spider; oi'f,
ear; mc, inflammation]. Inflammation said to be
caused by a spider in the auditory canal.
Arack [ar'-ak) \_/nd.'\. A spirituous liquor distilled
from rice, dates, palm-sap, or cocoanut juice, used in
Asia, etc.
Araeometer {ar-e-otn' -et-er). See Areometer.
Araeotic {ar-e-ot'-ik'). See Areotic.
Aralia (ar-a' -le-ah) [L.]. A genus of plants, order
Araliacere, embracing several species, having aromatic,
diaphoretic, and resolvent properties. Ginseng, wild
sarsaparilla, petty morrel, and other plants esteemed in
popular medicine belong here ; few have active quali-
ties of high value in any disease. Unof.
Aran Duchenne's Disease. See Diseases, Table of.
Araneae Tela {ar-a'-ne-e te'-lah) . See Cob^veb.
Araneous {ar-a' -ne-us) \aranea, a spider's web]. Full
of webs ; resembling a cobweb. A. Membrane,
the arachnoid.
Arantius, Bodies of. See Corpora. A., Canal of.
See Trt^rt/. A., Duct of.' 'Att Duct. A., Nodules
of. See Arantius, Bodies of. A., Valves of. See
Valvula arantii. A., Ventricle of, a small cul-de-sac
in the medulla oblongata.
Arar (a'-rar) [Barbary]. The tree Callitris quadri-
valvis of N. W. Africa. It produces sandarac.
Araroba [ar-ar-o'-bah) [Brazil]. Goa Powder. An
oxidation product of resin found deposited in the wood
of the trunk of the A. andira of Brazil. Its active
principle is Chrysarobin or Chrysophanic acid, q. v.
It is largely used in skin affections.
Arasa (ar-a'-sah) [S. Am.]. The root of a plant
native to Brazil and Uruguay. The active principle of
the drug is found in the tuberosities of the root, espe-
cially in the bark, which is quite thick. In taste a
decoction of the drug resembles that of cascarilla. It
is an excellent remedy in metrorrhagia, acting where
hydrastis is ineffectual. No unpleasant secondary
effects have been noted. Unof.
Arbor {ar'-bor) [L.]. A name for the arbor vitse of the
cerebellum. A. Vitae, a term applied to the arbores-
cent appearance of a section of the cerebellum, and
also to a similar appearance of the folds of the interior
of the cervix uteri. See Thuja.
Arborization [ar-bor-iz-a' -shun) \arbor, a tree]. A
form of nerve termination in which the nerve fibers
are brought into contact with the muscle fiber by
means of an expansion.
AT\>\i,%z\!iia, \ar-bus'-ku-lah) [L.]. A small shrub hav-
ing the appearance of a diminutive tree.
Arbutin [ar'-bu-tin) \_arbutus, the wild strawberry tree],
C[.2Hjg( A bitter glucosid obtained from Uva ursi,
orbearberry. It is neutral, crystalline, and resolvable
into glucose and hydroquinon. Arbutin is an efficient
diuretic. Dose gr. xv-xxx. See Uva ursi.
Arbutus [ar-bu'-tus) [L.]. A genus of ericaceous
shrubs and trees. A. menziesii, the madrofio of
California, has an astringent bark, useful in diarrheas.
Unof. A. unedo, the European arbute, is astringent
and narcotic. A., Trailing. See Epigiea.
Arc (a;-/') \arcus,a. bow]. In craniometry, a measure-
ment taken on the outside of the skull, following its
curves. A., Binauricular, a measurement from the
center of one auditory meatus to the other, directly up-
ward across the top of the head. A., Bregmato-
lambdoid, a measurement along the sagittal suture.
A., Naso-bregmatic, from the root of the nose to the
bregma. A., Naso-occipital, measurement from the
root of the nose to the lowest occipital protuberance.
Arcanum (ar-ka'-nuni^ \_arcanu/n, a secret]. A medi-
cine whose composition is kept secret.
Arcate (ar'-kat) \arcatus, bow-shaped]. Bow-shaped;
curved ; arcuate.
Arch (arch) \_arcus, a bow]. A term applied to the
curved shape of several various parts of the body. A.
of Aorta. See Aorta. A., Branchial, the cartilagin-
ous arches that support the gills (branchiie) of fishes.
In the human fetus they are also present. See C/eft.
A. of Colon. See Colon. A. of Corti, the arch that
the pillars of the organ of Corti make over the basilar
membrane of the cochlea. A., Crural. See- Pou-
parf s Ligament. A. of Fallopius, a name for the
arch formed by Poupart's ligament. A. Femoral,
same as A. Crural. A., Palmar, the arch formed by the
radial artery in crossing the bones of the metacarpus.
A., Plantar, the arch made by the external plantar
artery. A., Post-oral, arches in the fetus, five in num-
ber, that develop into the lower jaw and throat. See
A., Branchial. A. of Pubes, that part of the pelvis
formed by the convergence of the rami of the ischia
and pubes on each side. A., Supra-orbital, the curved
and prominent margin of the frontal bone beneath the
superciliary ridge, that forms the upper boundary of
the orbit. A. of a Vertebra, the part of a vertebra
formed of two pedicles and two lamina; and enclosing
the spinal foramen. A., Zygomatic, the arch formed
by the malar and temporal bones.
Archaeocyte {ar'-kc-o-s'it) \apxo.lo^, ancient ; kvtoq, a
hollow (a cell)]. In biology, one of the irregular
ameboid cells — mesameboids— imbedded in a jelly-like
matrix and occurring between the two primitive epi-
thelia of the body, in the Porifera.
Archaeostoma, Archaeostome (ar-ke-os'-to-mah, ar'-
ke-o-stom). .See Archistome.
Archaeus {ar-ke'-us) \apxaioq, ancient]. In spagiric
medicine, the invisible counterpart of the visible body ;
solar heat as a source of life.
Archamoeba {ark-am-c'-bah) [apxi/, primitive; d/xoijS//,
change]. Haeckel's hypothetical progenitor of all
amebae and of all higher forms of life.
Archamphiaster, or Archiamphiaster (ark-am-fe-as'-
ter, or ar-ke-am-fc-as' -tcr) \apx'>h first ; ajm, around ;
CKJTrip, star]. In biology, those amphiasters concerned
in the production of the polar globules.
Archangelica {ark-an-jel'-ik-ah) [ap;i'a>')E/(M^f, arch-
angel], A genus of umbelliferous plants; A. abropur-
purea, officinalis, and satii'a afford Angelica Root, q.v.
Archebiology [ar-ke-bi-ol'-o-jc) [apxili beginning ; /3")f ,
life ; Myog, discourse]. The study of the simplest or
most primitive forms or beginnings of life.
Archebiosis {ar-ke-bi-o'-sis) {apx'ti the beginning ;
fiiuoir, life]. The theoretical origin of living organ-
ARCHECFTOMA
107
ARCHOSYRINX
isms from non-living matter. See Generation, Spon-
taneous ; Biogenesis, and Abiogenesis.
Archecptoma (ark-ek-to' -uiali) [ap;);df, anus ; in, out ;
nTufia, a falling]. Prolapse of the rectum.
Archegenesis (ark-e-jen' -es-is'). The same as Archebi-
osis.
Archegonium [ark-e-go'-ne-tii?i) \_apxih first ; yovoQ,
race] . The female reproductive organ of the higher
cryptogams.
Archegony {ar-keg' -o-ne) [apxi^yovoi;, first of a race].
The doctrine of spontaneous generation.
Archenteric (ark-en-ter' -ik) {apx'l-, first ; ivrepov, in-
testine]. Relating to the archenteron.
Archenteron (ark-en' -ter-on') \_apxr/, a- beginning;
ivTspov, intestine]. In biology, the embryonic ali-
mentary cavity. The entodermal sac of the gastrula ;
archigaster ; ccelenteron.
Archepyon [ar-ke-pi' -on) [apt^, a beginning; ■kvov,
pus]. Pus that has become caseated, or so thick that
it does not flow. A term proposed by Roswell Park.
Archespore, Archesporium [ar'-ke-spor, -e-uni) \apx>h
a beginning ; aivopd, a seed]. In biology, the cells
that give rise to the lining of the anther-cell and to
the mother-cells of the pollen.
Archesthetism (ark-es' -thet-izm) \apxi}, first ; aiadave-
adai, to perceive]. The doctrine that animal move-
ments are primitively determined by sensibility or
consciousness.
Archet (ar-chef or ar-sha') [Fr.]. A bow formerly used
to operate the drill in lithotrity.
Archetype (iir' -ke-tlp) [_apx'i, a beginning ; t'vkoc;, a
type]. In comparative anatomy, an ideal type or form
with which the individuals or classes may be compared.
A standard type.
Archhydra [ark-hi' -drah) [_apx'/, first; v6u>p, water].
A primitive polyp.
Archiater {ar-ke-a' -ter) \_apxi.a.Tp6q, a chief physician].
The head physician in a court, as in that of Russia.
Archiblast \ar' -ke-blast') \a.px>ii first; (S'Aaaroi;, germ].
In embryology, the granular areola surrounding the
germinal vesicle. It is composed of three layers, the
outer, or epiblast, from which the skin and its adnexa,
the nervous system, and the terminal portions of the
alimentary canal are formed ; the middle, or niesoblast,
from which the epithelium of the genito-urinary
organs and the smooth and striated muscle-tissue is
derived ; and the inner, or hypoblast, for the develop-
ment of the epithelium of the respiratory tract and of
the alimentary canal.
Archiblastic [ar-ke-blas'-tik) [apxr/, first ; fi7iaar6<;,
germ]. Derived or supposed to be derived from
the archiblast. The parenchymatous elements are
regarded as archiblastic.
Archiblastoma (ar-ke-blas-to' -maJi) [dp;i;^, first ; filao-
rof, germ; bjia, a tumor: , Archihlastomatd\.
Any tumor composed of archiblastic or parenchyma-
tous elements, such as myoma, neuroma, papilloma,
epithelioma, adenoma, carcinoma, etc.
Archiblastula (ar- ke-blas' -tu- lah')\hpxiu first ; jiAaaToi;,
a gurm or bud]. In embryology, a ciliated, vesicular
morula, resulting from complete and regular yelk-
division and by invagination forming the archigastrula.
^Tchic^Tzal [ar-ke-ser' -kal ) \_apxv, chief; Ktpog, tail].
In biology, having the tail primitive, without fin-folds.
Archicharp [ar'-ke-karp) [apxv, first; Kapnoi;, fruit].
See Ascogonium.
Archicytula [ar-ke-sif -u-lah) \Jipxv, a beginning ;
KWTOf, a cell]. A fertilized egg cell in which the
nucleus is discernible.
Archigaster [ar-ke-gas' -ter) [ap;^;^, first ; yaorr/p, belly].
The primitive, perfectly simple intestine ; archenteron.
Archigastrula {ar-ke-gas' -tru-lah) [apxil, beginning ;
yaorr/p, belly]. The gastrula as it is observed in the
most primitive types of animal development ; called also
bell-gastrula from its shape.
Archigenesis [ar-ke-jen' -es-is). See Archebiosis.
Archil (ar'-kil) [M.¥.. , orc/iell '\. A coloring matter
somewhat like litmus, chiefly obtained from the lichen,
Roccella tinctoria ; used for staining animal tissues.
See Conspectus of Pigments, under Pigment.
Archimonerula [ar-ke-nion-er' -it-lah) SJipx^i first;
povr/pr/^, single, solitary]. In embryology, a special
name given by Haeckel to the monerula stage of an
egg undergoing primitive and total cleavage.
Archimorula (ar-ke-mor' -n-lah) [iipXij, first ; uopov, a
mulberry]. In embryology, the solid mass of cleavage
cells, or mulberry mass, arising from the segmentation
of an archicytula, and preceding the archiblastula and
archigastrula.
Archinephric (ar-ke-ne/t-rik) [apxV-, first ; ve(pp6Q, the
kidney]. Pertaining to the archinephron.
Archinephron [ar-ke-nef -ron) \a.pxii, beginning ;
vK^poi;, the kidney]. The primitive or embryonic
stage of the kidney or renal apparatus.
Archipin [ar-kip'-in). See Chibou.
Archipterygium (ar-/'z/-^'d'r-?/'''-c-/;:;«) \apxv-, first; ttts-
p6v, a wing]. In biology, a ground form, persisting
in a few cases only, and representing the first and
lowest stage of the skeleton of the anterior extremity
of vertebrates.
Archistome (ar'-zJ/j-ZdOT) [ap^^, first ; arofia, mouth].
The gastrula mouth or opening to the archenteron ;
blastoporus.
Architis ((7r-/^/''-/M) [ap^df, anus]. Proctitis; inflam-
mation of the anus.
Architroch (ar' -ke-trok) \Jj.pxVi first; rpo^^-df, a disk].
The ciliated band about the mouth of a planula.
Archocele {a?-'-ko-sel, or ar-ko-se' -le) [dp;i;df, anus ;
Krilt), hernia]. Rectal hernia.
Archocystocolposyrinx, or Archocolpocystosyrinx
(ar-ko-sis-to-kol-po-sir' -ingks, or ar-ko-kol-po-sis-to-
sir' -ingks) [dp;j;df, anus ; Kvarig, bladder ; k6atto<;,
vagina ; avpty^, fistula] . Recto- vesico-vaginal fistula.
Archometrum [ar-ko-mef -rum) [apxoi;, anus ; plrpov,
measure] . A device for ascertaining the caliber of
the anus, or for dilating its sphincters.
Archoptoma (ar-kop-to' -mah) [dp^^df, anus ; TTTtjiia, a
fall]. A prolapse of the rectum.
Archoptotic (ar-kop-tot'-ik) [dp^df, anus ; Trrujia, a
fall]. Relating to archoptoma or archoptosis.
Archoptosis (ar-kop-to' -sis) [dp,:i;df , anus ; TrruaiQ, a
falling]. Rectal prolapse.
Archorrhagia (a7--ko-ra' -je-ah) \_apx6<:, anus; pijyvvadai,
to break out]. Rectal hemorrhage.
Archorrhagic (ar-ko-raj' -ik) [dp^dc, anus ; 'pijyvvadai,
to break out]. Relating to rectal hemorrhage.
Archorrhea (ar-ko-re'-ah) [dp^df, anus; pfii', to flow] .
A discharge of blood or of any pathologic fluid from
the anus.
Archos (ar'-kos) \hpx^<l, the anus]. The anus.
Archostegnoma [ar-ko-steg-no'-mah) [dp;);d?, anus;
aTsyv6i:iv, to consolidate]. Archostenosis ; a rectal
stricture.
Archostegnosis (ar-ko-steg-no' -sis) \apx'JQ, anus ;
aTi:yvuai(;, a stopping]. A rectal stricture.
Archostegnotic (ar-ko-stei^-not'-ik) [iipxif:, anus ;
(jTiyvuaic,, a stopping]. Relating to a rectal stricture.
Archostenosis (^ar-ko-sten-o'-sis) [apxo^, anus ; arcvoc,
narrow]. Stricture of the rectum.
Archostenotic (ar-ko-sten-ot'-ik) [dp;i;df, anus ; cr-ffdf,
narrow]. Relating to rectal stricture.
Archosyrinx (ar-ko-sir' -ingks) [apxoQ, anus ; avpiy^, a
pipe]. I. A syringe for the rectum. 2. Fistula in
ano.
ARCIFORM
108
ARGENTUM
Arciform [ar'-se- fonii) \_aycus, bow, arch; forma,
form] . Bow-shaped ; especially used to designate
certain sets of fibers in the oblongata.
Arctation {ark-ta' -sintn) \_arctatio ; arctare, to draw
close together]. I. Contraction or lessening of an
opening or of the lumen of a canal. 2. Infibulation.
Arctium {ark' -shc-iim) [L.]. Burdock. See Lappa.
Arctostaphylos {ark-to-staf -il-os). See Uva ursi
and Manzanita.
t^xcwaX i^ar' -ku-al) arched]. Arched; bent
or curved.
Arcuate {ar'-ku-at) \arcuatio, bowing]. Arched;
curved ; bow-shaped.
Arcuation [ar-ku-a' -shun) [arcuatio, a bowing] . Curva-
ture of any bone, as of the tibia or sternum ; curvature
of the vertebral column.
Arcuatus (ar-ku-a' -tus) \arciis, a bow]. Bent or
curved in an arched form. A. morbus, a former
name for jaundice.
Arculus (ar' -kic-lus) [dim. of areas, a bow]. An
arching support for bed-clothes.
Arcus [ar'-kits) [aixus, a bow]. A bow or arch. A.
dentalis, the dental arch. A. senilis, in the old, the
ring of fatty degeneration of the corneal tissue about
the periphery. A. zygomaticus, the zygomatic arch.
Ardent [ar'-devJ) \_ardere, ardens, to burn]. Burning;
fiery ; glowing ; accompanied by a sensation of burn-
ing. A. Fever, heat fever or thennal fever. A.
Spirits, alcoholic liquors. See Spiritus.
Ardor [ar'-dor) \_ardor, heat]. Violent heat, burning;
applied to fevers and the sexual passion. A. urinae,
burning pain in the inflamed urethra during micturition.
ATea(a'-re-a/i) \_area, an open space]. Any space with
boundaries. A. celsi. See Alopecia areata. A's.,
Cohnheim's, certain clear-cut areas seen in a trans-
verse section of muscle-fiber. A., Crural, a space
at the base of the brain included between the pons
and chiasm. A. germinativa, or embryonic spo',
the oval germinating spot of the embryo. A. opaca,
the opaque circle about the A. pellucida. A. pellu-
cida, the light central portion of the A. germinativa.
A., Postpontile, the ventral aspect of the mesen-
cephalon. A. vasculosa, the vascularization of the
A. optica.
Areca Nut (ar'-ek-ah). See Betel.
Arecane, Arekane (ar' -ek-an) [Malay]. An oily and
volatile basic substance obtainable from areca nut ; said
to be a purgative and sialagogue, and to slow the
pulse. Unof
Arecin [ar'-es-in) [Sp., areca^, C23H2i;N20. I. An
organic base isomeric with brucin, derived from
cinchona bark. 2. A brown-red coloring matter,
obtained from areca nuts ; areca red.
Arecolin {ar-c'-ko-/in)\_Sp., areca'], C^HigNOj. A liquid
alkaloid isolated from the seeds of Areca catechu. It
is strongly alkaline, very soluble in water, alcohol,
ether, or chloroform, and boils at 220° C. It is a pow-
erful poison affecting the heart similarly to muscarin.
It has anthelmintic properties. Dose gr. yj-^V-
Arefaction [ar-e-fak' -shun) \arefactio ; arefacere, to
make dry]. I. Exsiccation or desiccation. The removal
of the structural or constitutional water from a sub-
stance. 2. The drying of drugs before powdering
them. 3. Dryness, as of the skin. 4. Withering,
as of a paralyzed limb.
Arena [ar-e'-nah) \_arena, sand]. I. Brick-dust deposit
from urine ; gravel. 2. Sabulous matter ; brain-sand.
Arenaceous [ar-e-na' -se-us) \arenacetis ; arena, sand].
( )f the nature of sand or gravel ; sabulous.
Arenation {ar-e-na' -shu>i) [arena, sand]. A sand-bath.
The application of hot sand to a limb or part of the
body. See Ammotherapy .
Areola [ar-e' -o-!ah) [dim. o[ area, an open space: //. ,
Areola-]. I. The brownish space surrounding the
nipple of the female breast. This is sometimes called
Areola papillaris . A secondary areola, surrounding
this, occurs during pregnancy. The pigmentation
about the umbilicus is called the umbilical areola. 2.
Any interstice or minute space in a tissue.
Areolar [ar-e' -o-lar) \_areola, dim. of area, an open
space]. Relating to or characterized by areolae. A.
Tissue, cellular tissue ; connective tissue.
Areolate, or Areolated (ar-e'-o-lat, or ar-e' -o-la-ted)
\areola, dim. of area, an open space]. Marked or
characterized by areolae.
Areometer [ar-e-ont'-et-er) [dpa((5f, thin, light ; fikrpov,
a measure]. An instrument for estimating the specific
gravity or strength of liquids, especially alcoholic
liquids.
Areometry (ar-e-om' -et-re) [apnib^, thin, light ; fierpov,
a measure] . The use of the areometer ; estimation of
the specific gravity of fluids.
Areotic [ar-e-ot'-ik) \Jipai6i^, thin]. I. Attenuant ;
thinning the humors ; increasing perspiration. 2. An
attenuant remedy.
Arethusa [ar-eth-u'-sah] KptOovaa, a fountain]. A
genus of orchidaceous plants. A. bulbosa, of North
America, has root-tubes that are popularly used as
a material for poultices, and are said to form a useful
application for toothache. Unof
Arevareva [ar-a-var-a' -vah) [Tahitian]. A scaly
skin-disease said to be caused by the habitual use of
the drug Kava, q. v. It is accompanied by eye-disease,
with dimness of vision.
Argal [ar'-gal). See Argol.
Argamblyopia {ar-gam-ble-o'-pe-ah) [dpydf, idle, dis-
used ; (iiLfVAvcmia, dim-sightedness]. Amblyopia due
to disuse of the eye.
Argamblyopic (ar-ga?n-ble-op' -ik) \_apy6^, idle ;
ap.ji'/.vunLa, dim-sightedness]. Affected with argam-
blyopia.
Argand-lamp. A form of lamp with a tubular wick.
Argan-oil (ar'-gan-oil) [Arab., argdn]. An oil
derived from the seeds contained in the fruit of the
argan-tree. It is a good substitute for olive-oil.
Argan-tree (ar'-ga}i-lre) [Arab., arga?!]. The
Argania sideroxylon, an evergreen tree of the N. W.
of Africa, order Sapotace<e ; it yields a useful oil.
Argel (ar'-gel) [Syrian]. A plant, Solenoste»ima
argel, of the eastern Mediterranean region ; also its
leaves, which are used to adulterate senna; also the
Gomphocarpus fruticosus , of Africa, whose leaves are
similarly employed. Unof.
Argema {ar'- jevi-ah) l_apye/ia, an ulcer : //. , Argemata] .
A white ulcer of the margin of the cornea, following
phlyctenula.
Argemone {ar-jem-o'-ne') \_apye^iov, an ulcer]. A genus
of plants. A. mexicana, the horned or prickly
poppy, a plant native to North America. It is said to
have hypnotic qualities, and its seeds afford a purga-
tive oil. Unof.
Argentation {ar-jen-ta'-shun) \argentiim, silver].
Staining with a preparation of silver.
Argentic {ar-jen' -tik) \_argenlum, silver]. Pertaining
to, or of the nature of silver. Containing silver as a
univalent radical.
Argentine [ar'-jen-tin) \argentum, silver]. Contain-
ing or resembling silver.
Argentum {ar-jen' -turn) [L. : geti., Argenti]. Silver.
Ag=Io8; quantivalence, I. A malleable and ductile
metal of brilliant white luster. It tarnishes only in the
presence of free sulphur, sulphur gases, and phosphorus.
It is an excellent substance for vessels used in pharmacy
and for sutures used in surgery. The following salts
ARGIAMBLYOPIA
109
ARMY ITCH
are used: A. cyanidum, AgCN,used in the prepara-
tion of hydrocyanic acid. A. iodidum, Agl, some-
times used internally instead of A. nitras. Dose
gr. }(-]• A. nitras, AgNO,, "nitrate of silver,"
argentic nitrate, " lunar caustic," a powerful astringent
and an escharotic of moderate strength. It stains
skin and other tissues black when applied in strength.
In small doses it stimulates the heart and nerve centers.
If too long continued, it leaves a slate-colored, insolu-
ble deposit of silver under the skin [Argyria). Dose
gr. Yd-Yz. A. nitras fusus, " stick caustic." Con-
tains four per cent, of silver chlorid. It is used
locally. The mitigated or dilute stick is fused with an
equal weight of potassium nitrate. A. oxidum, Ag.^0,
explosive when treated with ammonia. Dose gr.
Yz-^- A. vivum, an old name for mercury or
quicksilver.
Argiamblyopia [ar-ge-am-ble-o' -pe-ali) \apyia, disuse ;
a/ifiAvunia, dim-sightedness]. See Argamlilyopia .
Argilla (ar-jil'-ah) [dpyjAAof, potter's clay]. White
or potter's clay, alumina. See Bole.
Argol {ar'-gol) [dpydf, white]. The impure tartar
derived from wine. See Tartar.
Argyll-Robertson Pupil. See Signs and Symptoms,
Table of, and Pupil.
Argyll-Robertson's Operation. See Operations,
Table of.
Arg3rria [ar-jir' -e-aJi) \argentum,%^v&c\. A form of
chloasma or discoloration of the skin and mucous
membranes produced by the prolonged administration
of nitrate of silver, the molecules of silver being de-
posited in much the same position as those of the
natural pigment of the skin. It may be general, from
internal administration, or local, from its local applica-
tion.
Argyriasis [ar-jir-i'-as-is). See Argyiia.
Argyrosis {ar-jir-o' -sis') . Same as Argyria, q.v.
Arhinia [ak-rin' -e-ali) [d priv. ; p/f, nose]. Congen-
ital absence of the nose.
Arhythmia (ar-itk'-me-ah). See Arrhythmia.
Aricin (ar'-is-in) [Arica, in Peru], CjjH.^^N^O^. An
alkaloid obtained from several varieties of cinchona
bark.
Ariditas {ar-id'-it-as) [L., " dryness "]. A dried or
withered condition of any part or organ.
Aridura (ar-id-u'-ra/i) [L.]. Dryness; a drying up,
withering, or wasting of a part, or of the organism as
a whole.
Aril, or Arillus [ar'-il, or ar'-il-us) \aridus, dry]. In
biology, the accessory coat of certain seeds, growing
from the funiculus, hilum, or placenta, as the mace of
nutmegs.
Arisema {ar-is-e'-mali) [dpoi", arum ; (T?/,ua, a sign].
A genus of araceous herbs. A. atrorubens, the wild
or Indian turnip, or Jack-in-the-Pulpit of Eastern N.
America. Its corm is strongly stimulant and acrid,
with emetic, expectorant, and sternutatory qualities.
Other species have similar properties. Unof.
Arista (ar-is'-tah) [L.]. In biology, the awn or beard
of certain flowers or animals.
Aristate (ar-is' -tat) [rt;7rfa,the awn or beard of grain].
In biology, awned. Tipped with a bristle.
Aristol {ar'-is-tol) {hpiaroq, best; oleum, oil], (C^Hj-
CH^OI.CjH-).^. Annidalin ; Dithymol-iodid. An
iodin compound used as a substitute for iodoform as an
antiseptic dressing. It has the advantage of being
odorless, and is used either in the powder form or as
a five to ten per cent, ointment with vaselin or lanolin.
Aristolochia {ar-is-to-lo' -ke-ali) \apLCToq, best; Tjoxiio.,
the lochia]. A genus of exogenous herbs, many
species of which have active medicinal qualities. A.
clematitis, of Europe, has been used as a tonic, stimu-
lant, and diaphoretic. A. cymbifera, of S. America,
furnishes a part of the drug called Guaco {q. ?>.), and
is a good tonic and stimulant. A. serpentaria (see
Serpcntaria) is at present more used in medicine than
any other species.
Aristolochic {ar-is-to-lo' -kik) [dp/crrof, best ; 'koxe'ia., the
lochia]. I. Having the property of expelling the
placenta, or of exciting or promoting the lochial dis-
charge. 2. A medicine used for expelling the secun-
dinesor for exciting the lochial flow.
Aristolochin [ar-is-to-lo' -kin) \hptaro<;, best; 'hnx^i-a,
the lochia]. A bitter principle found in Virginia
snake-root. See Serpentaria.
Aristotle's Experiment. The double feeling experi-
enced by the fingers when a single pebble is placed
between the crossed fingers of one hand.
Aristulate (ar-is' -iu-lat) \jiristula, dim. of Arista, awn
or beard of grain]. In biology, having a short awn.
Arithmomania (ar-ith-mo-ma' -ne-ah) \!if)ti^ix6i;, a num-
ber ; fiavLa, madness] . An insane anxiety with
regard to the number of things that fall under
the observation. Sometimes it consists in constant
or uncalled-for counting, either of objects or in mere
repeating of consecutive numbers.
Arlt-Jaesche's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Arlt's Ointment. An ointment containing grs. viiss of
belladonna to of blue ointment, for use in bleph-
arospasm.
Arlt's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Arm [arm) \armare, to arm] . I . That part of the upper
extremity from the shoulder to the wrist. 2. That por-
tion of the stand connecting the body or tube of a
microscope to the pillar.
Armadillo {ar-ma-dil' -o) [Sp.,dim. of armado, armed].
A trade-name for a proprietary arrangement of plates,
straps, and buckles worn upon the person for its
alleged electric effects.
Armamentarium [ar-ma-men-ta' -re-um) [L. , an
arsenal]. The outfit of medicines or instruments of
the physician or surgeon.
Pi.xn\axi\yn\ [ar-7na' -re-uni) [L.]. Set Armamentariztm.
Armature [ar'-mat-ckur) [ari?iatura,t(\m^m.ent]. A
mass of soft iron at the extremity of a magnet. Also,
the core of iron around which coils of insulated wire
are wound or disposed.
Arma urticaria [ar'-mah er-tik-a' -re-ah) [L.]. The
urticating weapons of Calenterates.
Arm-chair, Charcot's. 'Aet Shaking Cw-e.
Armed Tape-worm. See Tenia solium.
Armenian (rt;'-;«;"'-«i'-<2«) [Armenia]. Of or belonging
to Armenia. A. Blue. Same as Ultramarine. A.
Bole, a reddish, unctuous earth or clay formerly
much used in medicine, now used in tooth-powders
and in veterinary practice. It is absorbent and
astringent.
Armilla (ar-/«//'-<?/4) a bracelet, ring]. I. In
biology, the annular ligament of the wrist ; a colored
ring on the tibia of a bird or the plaited frill on the
stipe .of certain mushrooms. 2. The Gasserian gang-
lion. ,
Armpit [arm' -pit) [annus, shonXAer ; puteus,a. well].
The axilla.
Armus [ar'-mus) \_armus, apjioq, the shoulder'\. The
arm, or the arm and shoulder.
Army Itch [ar'-me itch). A distressing chronic form
of itch prevalent in the United States at the close of
the civil war. The itching was intense. The erup-
tion was seen especially on the arms, forearms, chest,
abdomen, and lower extremities, particularly on the
ulnar side of the forearm and inner aspect of the
thigh. It resembled prurigo associated with vesicles,
pustules, and eczema.
ARNANDON GREEN
110
ARSENICAL
Arnandon Green. Same as Miftler s Green.
Arnatto [ar-naf'-o). 'ie^p. Annotto.
Arnica (ar^-ni^-aA) [\^.:'geti., A!-nicce'\. A genus of com-
posite-flowered plants. The name in medicine de-
notes the plant commonly known as " Leopard's
bane," A. /nontana. Both flowers and roots are used
in medicine. Its properties are probably due to an
alkaloid, triinethvlomiii , CjHgN. In small doses it is
a cardiac stimulant ; in larger doses a depressant. In
toxic doses it frequently causes death. It is a popular
remedy, when locally applied, for sprains, bruises and
surface wounds, and is valuable also in typhus and
typhoid fevers as an antipyretic. A., Emplastrum,
contains ext. of root 50, lead plaster 100 parts. A.,
Ext. Radicis. Dose gr. j-iij. A., Ext. Rad. Fid.
Dose tT\^v-xx. A., Infusum, 20 parts flowers, 100
parts water. Superior to the tincture for local use. A.,
Tinct., 20percent. Dose Tt\^v-xxx. A., Tinct. Rad.,
10 per cent. DoseTl^v-xxx. TyiinetIivla)nin,{vLX\o{.).
Dose gr. ij-iij in syrup. Arnicae floras, arnica flow-
ers. Arnicae radix, the root of arnica.
Arnicin (ay' -)iis-in) \_arjiica'\^ CjoH^^O^. A brownish,
bitter glucosid extracted from the flowers of Arnica
moniana.
Arnold's Convolution. See Convolutions, Table of.
A. Fold, valvtda lacJirynialis superior, a fold of the
mucous membrane seen in the lachrymal sac. A.
Ganglion. See Ganglia, Table of. A. Nerve. See
Nerves, Table of. A. Plexus. See Plexus.
Arnotto [ar-nof -o). See Antiatlo.
Arnott's Method. See Treatment , Methods of. A.
Mixture. See T'rigorific Mixture. A. Ventilator.
See Ventilation.
Aroma [ar-o' -mah) [^apufin, spice]. The volatile fra-
grant or odorous emanation of certain vegetable sub-
stances.
Aromatic (ar-o-mat' -ik) [apufLa, spice]. I. Having a
spicy odor. 2. A substance characterized by a frag-
rant, spicy taste and odor, as cinnamon, ginger, the es-
sential oils, etc. A stimulant to the gastro-intestinal
mucous membrane. 3. A qualification applied to a
series of carbon compounds originating from a nucleus
composed of six carbon-atoms, QHg. Their stability
is relatively great as compared to the fatty bodies. A.
Acids, those of the benzin group of hydrocarbons.
A. Compound, any benzyl derivative. A. Group, a
series of hydrocarbons having the composition C,g-
H,g. A. Powder. See Cinnaiiionmn . A. Vine-
gar, any mixture of aromatic oils in vinegar. Used
as a stimulating agent. See Acetuin.
Aromin {ar-o' -min) \_apufLa, spice]. An alkaloid ob-
tainable from urine, after creatinin, etc., have been
removed from the mother-liquor. When heated it
emits a fragrant odor.
Arquatus [ar-kwa' -tus) [L., a rainbow]. .Showing
several colors. A. morbus, an old name for jaun-
dice, from the discoloration of the skin ; rainbow
disease.
Arrack (ar'-ak) [Ind.]. Any alcoholic liquor is called
arrack in the East, but arrack proper is a liquor dis-
tilled from toddy, malted rice, or dates.
Arrak (ar'-ak'). See Arrack.
Arrector (ar-ek' -tor) [L., an erector]. A name applied
to certain muscles. A. pili Muscle, a fan-like ar-
rangement of a layer of smooth muscular fibers sur-
rounding the hair follicle, whose contraction erects
the follicle and produces cutis anserina or " goose-
skin."
Arrest [ar-est') \jjd, to; restare, to withstand]. Stop-
page, detention. Arrested development, is when
an organ or organism fails in its normal evolution,
stopping at the initial or intermediate stages of the
process. Arrested head, when in parturition the
child's head is hindered but not impacted in the pelvic
cavity.
Arrestation (ar-es-ta' -shun). Same as Aj-rest.
Arrhea (ah-re'-ah) [« priv.; po'ia, a flow]. The cessa-
tion or suppression of any discharge.
Arrhenotocia (ar-en-o-to'-se-ah) l_app>/v, male; rd/cof,
a bringing forth]. A form of parthenogenesis in which
without coitus male eggs are deposited, as in bees.
Arrhinia (ah-rin' -e-ah). iia.me as A rhinia.
Arrhizous (ah-ri'-zus) [a priv.; p/fa, a root]. In
biology, destitute of roots or rhizoids, as parasitic
plants, certain mosses, hepaticK, etc.
Arrhythmia (ah-i-ith'-ine-ah) [fi priv. ; /juS/vof, rhythm].
Absence of rhythm ; chiefly used in the expression ar-
rhytlunia cordis, denoting irregularity or lack of rhythm
in the heart's action. See Cardiac Kliythm.
Arrhythmic (ah-rith' -luik) [n priv. ; pvtlpug, rhythm].
Without rhythm ; irregular.
Arrhythmous {ah-ritli' -inus). See Arrhythmic.
Arrhythmy (ah-rith'-tne). Same as Arrhythmia.
Arrow-poison [ar'-o-poi'-zun). See Curare and Gua-
chamaco.
Arrowroot (a?-' -o-root) [ME., aroio ; roote\ A kind
of starch derived from Alaranta arundinacea of the
West Indies, Southern States, etc. It is a popular
remedy for diarrhea, and is widely used as a food.
Many other starchy preparations are sold as arrow-
root.
Arseniasis (ar-sen-i'-as-is). ^ame us Arsenism.
Arseniate, or Arsenate {ar-se' -ne-dt, or ar'-sen-dt)
\_arsenium'\. Any salt of arsenic acid. Ferrous
arseniate, arseniate of iron, sparingly used in medi-
cine : it is the ferri arsenias of the B. P. It is a
tasteless, greenish powder, combining the effects of
iron and arsenic ; used largely in anemia and skin
diseases. Dose gr. xV~2 -
Arsenic, Arsenicum, or Arsenium (ar'-sen-ik, ar-
sen' -ik-utn, ox ar-se' -ne-um). As = 75; quantivalence
111, V. A non-metal having a metallic luster and crys-
talline structure. In small doses it is a stomachic and
general tonic, promoting appetite and cardiac action,
and .stimulating mental activity. It is of great value in
irritative dyspepsia, and is sometimes used internally to
blanch and clear the skin. In larger doses it creates
skin-eruptions and behaves as a violent corrosive poison,
acting with cumulative eftect. Externally, it is a pow-
erful escharotic, used in cancer. Only the salts and
oxids are used in medicine. A. acid., arsenious acid,
white arsenic, " ratsbane," As^O.,. Dose gr. jq-tV-
A., acid., liquor. [Liq. arsenici hydrochlorici, B. P.),
a I per cent, solution of the acid in hydrochloric
acid and distilled water. Dose tT\,ij-x. Ferri
Arsenias, Pe.^As.O,,. Dose gr. J^-i. Liq. Ar-
senici hydrochlor. (B. P.). Dose tTLij-viij. Po-
tassii arsenit., Liq. (Liquor Arsenicalis, B. P.).
Eowler's solution, contains A. acid I, potass, bicar-
bonate I, comp. tinct. lavender 3, and distilled water
q. s. ad ICQ parts. Dose TT\,ij-x. Sodii arsenias,
Na^HAs04.7H.p. Dose of the dried salt gr. jV-jV-
Sodii arseniat., Liq., Pearson's solution. Dose,
n\^ij XV. A. iodid, Asl.,. Dose gr. ,'5-?. A. et
hydrargyri iod., Liq., liquor of the iodid of arsenic
and mercury, Donovan's solution, contains A. iodid
I, mercuric iodid I, distilled water 100 parts. Dose
TT\^ij-x. A. bromas, AsBr, valuable in diabetes.
Dose gr. 3'^. A. brom., Liq., Clemens' solution, a
one per cent, solution of the arsenite of bromin. Dose
TTL j-iv. The tests for arsenic are Fleitmann's, Marsh's,
and Reinsch's, for which see Tests, '/able of.
Arsenical [cir-sen'-ik-al) [arseuiiiii/ , arsenic]. Per-
taining to arsenic. A. Devitalizing Fiber, used
ARSENICALISM
111
ARTERIOSITY
in places where pastes would be dangerous, from
leakage.
ffe. Absorbent cotton (cross-cut fine)
Arsenious oxid, gr. v
Acetate of morphin, gr x
Oily carbolic acid, q. s., to very thin paste.
Saturate cotton with paste and dry.
A. Paste [Pale Arsenicale), a French composition,
used as application for destroying the pulps of decayed
teeth.
3. Arsenious oxid, gr. v
Acetate of raorphin, gr. X
Mull in mortar; moisten cotton pellet in either oil of
cloves, eugenol, oily carbolic acid, or dental aconite,
and dip into powder. See also Frire Coyne.
Arsenicalism [ar-sen' -ik-al-izni). Same as Arsenism.
Arsenicism [ar-sen' -is-izrn). Same as Arsenism.
Arsenicophagy [ar-sen-ik-off' -a-je) \arscnmm, arsenic ;
<pay£iv, to eat]. The habitual eating of arsenic.
Arsenious [ar-se' -ne-us) [arseniiiiii , arsenic]. Con-
taining arsenic. A. Acid. See Arsenic.
Arsenism [ar' -seii-iz/ii) \arseninm, arsenic]. Chronic
arsenical poisoning; arsenicalism.
Arsenite [ar' -sen-it) [arseniu/n , arsenic]. Any salt of
arsenious acid.
Arsenization (ar-sen-iz-a'-shun) \_arsenium, arsenic].
Treatment with arsenical remedies.
Arsenoblast [ar-sen' -o-blast) \lipoTjv, male ; ^Xaardc,
germ]. In biology, the male element of the sexual
cell, capable of multiplication by division ; the oppo-
site of the tJu'lyblast or female element.
Arse-smart [ars' -smart). See Polygonicm hydropiper.
Arsins [ar'-sinz) \arsenium, arsenic]. Peculiar vola-
tile arsenical bases found by Selmi to be produced
by the contact of arsenious acid and albuminous sub-
stances.
Arsonium [ar-so' -ne-um) [arseniuin^ arsenic; amnio-
niit>ii\, AsH^. A univalent radical in which arsenic
replaces the nitrogen of ammonium.
Arsura [ar-su' -rah) [L., a " burn "]. An old name for
gonorrhea.
Art [art) \ars, artis, skill]. Skill; dexterity. A.,
Dental, the application of the rules of dental surgery
to the treatment of the diseases of the teeth and the
replacement of the loss of those organs.
Artanthe [ar-tan' -the) [L.]. A genus of piperaceous
plants. A. elongata, the plant that affords the drug
Matieo, q. 7'. It is a vine of the pepper family, a
native of Peru.
Artefact [ar'-te-fakt). 'Ase Artifact.
Artemisia [ar-tem-is' -e-ah) S^KpTSfiiq, the goddess
Diana]. A genus of plants of the order composite.
A. abrotanum, j(J«///iV-« wood, is stimulant, tonic, and
vermifuge, and is popularly used as a vulnerary. It
is similar in properties to wormwood. Dose of fid.
ext. TTLx-xx. Unof. A. absinthium. See Absinthe.
A. maritima affords pure IVorinseed, q. v. A. vul-
garis, mugwort, is a popular remedy in various
diseases.
Arteria [ar-te' -re-ah) \a.prcp'M, the trachea]. Hollow
tubes. The plural was applied to the bronchial
tubes. The ancients supposed these filled with vital
spirit during life. See Artery.
Arteriac [ar-te' -re-ak) \hpTEpia, the trachea]. I. Per-
taining to the trachea, or to the arteries. 2. A remedy
used in diseases of the trachea or of the arteries.
Arteriagra [ar-ter-e-a' -grah) [a/jrfp/a, trachea ; aypa,
a seizure]. Neuralgia of an artery.
Arterial [ar-te' -re-al) [aprEpi'a, the trachea]. Pertain-
ing to an artery.
Arterialization [ar-te-re-al-iz-a'-shun) \apTep[a, the
trachea]. The process of making or becoming arte-
rial ; the change from dark, venous blood into that
which is bright-red, as in the arteries.
Arteriarctia [ar-te-re-ark'-te-ah) [^cipTepin, trachea;
arcties, bound]. Constriction or stenosis of.an artery.
Arteriectasis [ar-te-re-ek' -tas-is) \hp-(pia, trachea;
(K-aai^, a stretching out] . Arterial dilatation.
Arteriectopia [ar-te-re-ek-to' -pe-ali) \_npTepia, trachea;
iKTOTvitQ, out of place]. Displacement or abnormality
in the course of an artery.
Arterin (ar'-to--?;?) [dprEp/a, trachea] . Hoppe-Seyler's
term for the arterial blood-pigment as contained in the
corpuscles.
Arterioarctia [ar-te-re-o-ark' -te-aJi) . vSee Arteriarctia.
Arterio-capillary [ar-te-re-o-kap' -il-a-re) [^nprep'ia,
trachea; capiUits, a hair]. Pertaining to arteries and
capillaries. A. Fibrosis, the undue augmentation,
or abnormal preponderance, of connective-tissue ele-
ments in the walls of capillaries and arteries.
Arteriodiastasis [a r-te-re-o-di-as' -tas-is) \_aprepia,
trachea; f)«i(jra(7/c, separation]. The retraction of the
two ends of a divided artery.
Arterio-fibrosis [ar-te-re-o-Ji-bro' -sis) \apTtp'ia, trachea ;
fibra, a fiber]. A term applied to the condition of
the arterial capillaries in chronic interstitial disease.
Arteriogram [ar-te'-j-e-o-gram). See Sphygmograiii .
Arteriograph [ar-te' -re-o-graf) [Jiprepia, trachea ;
-ypcKpew, to record]. A form of sphygmograph.
Arteriography [ar-te-re-og'-ra-fe) \apTKp'ia, trachea;
YpcKptj, a writing]. I. A description of the arteries.
2. The graphic representation of the pulse- waves or of
the arterial blood-current.
Arteriola [ar-te-ri' -o-lali) [L.: //. , Arteriolcc'\. An
arteriole.
Arteriolse Rectse [ar-te-re-o'-le rek'-te) [L. ]. The
small blood-vessels that supply the medullary pyramids
of the kidneys.
Arteriole [ar-te' -re-dl) \_arteriola\ A very small
artery,
Arteriology [ar-te-re-oF -0- je) \_apT£p'ia, trachea ; MyoQ,
science]. The science of the arteries; the anatomy,
physiology, and pathology of the arteries.
Arteriomalacia [ar-te-i-e-o-mal-a' -se-ah) [apTEpla,
trachea ; i/a'AaKla, softness] . The softening of an
artery.
Arteriopathy [ar-te-re-op' -a-the) SJiorspia; trachea ;
TTciHoc, illness]. Any disease of an artery or of arteries.
Arteriophlebotomy [ar-te-re-o-Jle-bot' -o-me) \apTtpia,
trachea ; (jyMifi, a vein ; Tefiveiv, to cut]. Local blood-
letting.
Arterioplania [ar-te-re-o-pla' -ue-ah) l_iipTep!a, trachea;
irXavaaBai., to wander]. Deviation or tortuousness in
the course of an artery.
Arterio-renal [ar-te-re-o-re' -nal) [(i/)r£p(o, trachea ; ren,
the kidney]. Pertaining to the renal blood-vessels.
A. Disease, a pathologic condition of middle life
characterized by an early stage of renal cirrhosis due
primarily to vascular lesions. Its symptoms are mainly
high vascular tension, albuminuria, and tendency to
apoplectic seizures.
Arteriorrhagia [ar-te-re-or-a' -je-ah) \^dpTep!a, trachea ;
p)/yvvaHai, to break forth]. Arterial hemorrhage.
Arteriorrhexis [ar-te-re-or-eks' -is) \apTtp'ia, trachea ;
PV^ii;, a bursting]. Rupture of an artery.
Arteriosclerosis [ar-te- re-o-slde-ro' -sis) [aprepia,
trachea; aKM/poc, hard]. The hardening of the walls
of an artery, and especially of the intima. See
Endarteritis.
Arterio-sclerotic [ar-te-re-o-skle-rof -ik) [aprep/ii,
trachea ; an'/jjpd^, hard] . Pertaining to arteriosclerosis.
A. Kidney. See Bright 's Disease.
Arteriosity [ar-te-re-os'-it-e) [aprepia, trachea]. The
quality of being arterious, or arterial.
112
114
THE ARTERIAL SYSTEM
ARTERIOSTENOSIS
115
ARTHROGRYPOSIS
Arteriostenosis [nr-te-re-o-ste-no' -sis) [^apre/ua, trachea ;
crrfiof, narrow]. The narrowing of the caliber of an
artery in any part.
Arteriostrepsis [ar-te-re-o-strep' -sis) \apTt{na, trachea ;
OTpt^nc, a twisting]. The twisting of an artery for
the purpose of staying a hemorrhage.
Arteriotome (ar-te' -re-o-tdni) \aprsp'ia, trachea ; rkjivtLv,
to cut] . A knife for use in arteriotomy.
Arteriotomy [ar-te-re-of -o-me) \apTtpia, trachea ;
Te/iveLv, to cut]. I. The cutting or opening of an
artery, as for the purpose of letting blood. 2. Dissec-
tion or anatomy of the arteries.
Arterious {ar-te' -rc-us) [apTep'ta, trachea]. Relating
to anatomy or to the arteries ; arterial.
Arterio-venous [ar-te -re-o-ve'-nus) [aprepia, trachea ;
vena, vein]. Both arterial and venous; involving an
artery and a vein, as an arterio-venous aneurysm.
f\xX&r'\o-v&Tsion(ar-te-re-o-ver'-skun) [apTepia, trachea;
vertere, to turn] . Weber' s method of arresting hemor-
rhage by turning vessels inside out by means of an
instrument called the arterio-verter.
Arterio- verier. See Arterioversion.
Arteritis (ar-te-ri' -tis) [aprrjpia, trachea ; iTig, inflam-
mation]. Inflammation of an artery. The acute /or >;t,
always local, is generally consecutive to trauma,
thrombosis, or embolism, and may be purulent in
character, and attended with ulceration ; the chronic,
■ more properly Etidarteritis, q. v. , arterial sclerosis,
leading to atheroma or atheromatous changes, is a
frequent disease of the aged. A. deformans, the
result of atheromatous changes producing crumpling or
irregularities of the walls. See Chronic Endarteritis .
A. obliterans, great inflammatory development of the
endothelium of an artery, resulting in obliteration of the
lumen by thrombosis. See Endarteritis obliterans.
Artery (ar'-ter-e) \_arteria ;
apr)?p/'a, trachea] . Arteries
are the tube-like vessels
through which the blood
is propelled by the heart
to the peripheral organs.
They end in arterioles and
capillaries. They are com-
posed of three layers : the
outer, or tunica adventitia;
the middle, or tunica
media, the muscular coat ;
the internal, or intima,
composed of nucleated
epithelial cells, connective
and elastic tissue. A.
Terminal, an artery
whose branches do not
form anastomoses with
other arteries. A table of
the arteries is appended.
Arthragra [ar-thra'-grah)
\hpf>pov, a joint; ay pa,
seizure]. Gout.
Anh.xaX\^ar'-thra!) [apdpov,
a joint]. Articular; relat-
ing to an arthron.
Arthralgia [ar-thraU -je-ah)
\ap^pi)v, a joint ; akyoq,
pain]. Pain in a joint;
gout ; arthritis ; rheumatism.
Arthralgic (ar-thral'-jik) [a/uSpoi', a joint ; dAyof, pain].
Relating to arthralgia.
Arthrectomy (ar-threk' -to-me) \hpdpov, a joint ; tKTOfii],
a cutting out]. Surgical excision of a joint.
Arthrelcosis (ar-threl-ko'-sis) [opfl/xw, a joint ; 'Eknuai^,
ulceration]. Ulceration of a joint.
Coats of a Small Artery.
a, endothelium; b, internal
elastic lamina; c, circular
muscular fibers of the middle
coat ; d, the outer coat.
(Landois.)
Arthremia [ar-thrc' -me-ah) \hpftpov, a joint ; alfia,
blood]. A congested condition of a joint.
Arthrempyema [ar-threm-pi-e' -mah) [apfpof, a joint; ip,-
T^'i'iljia, suppuration]. Suppuration or abscess of a joint.
Arthrempyesis {ar-threm-pi-e' -sis). See Arthroem-
pyesis.
Arthritic {ar-thrit'-ik) [ap6pov, a joint]. Relating to
arthritis or to gout.
Arthritis {ar-thri' -tis) \_apdpov, a joint ; <r(f , inflam-
mation]. Inflammation of a joint. A. chlorotica.
Synonym of Enteritis pseudomembranous. A. defor-
mans, chronic inflammation of a joint with deformity ;
rheumatoid arthritis. A. fungosa, scrofulous or tuber-
cular disease of the joints ; white swelling. A. pau-
perum. Synonym of Rheumatoid arthritis. A.
proliferating. See A. deformans. A. rheumatic,
Chronic rheumatoid arthritis ; Osteo-arthritis ; Rheu-
matic gout ; Nodular rheumatism; Arthritis defor-
mans ; a chronic joint-affection characterized by
inflammatory overgrowth of the articular cartilages
and synovial membranes, with destruction of those
parts of the cartilages subject to intra-articular pressure,
and progressive deformity. The disease attacks those
who present the rheumatic diathesis, and is chiefly seen
in advanced life, though the young are not exempt.
A., rheumatoid. See A. deformans. A. uritica,
arthritis due to gout.
Arthritism {ar'-thrit-izm) \apdpov, a joint]. Gout or
the gouty diathesis.
Arthritolith {ar-thrit' -o-lith) \hp^pov, a joint ; ItOoc, a
stone]. Gouty calcareous deposit or concretion in or
around a joint.
Arthrobranchia {ar-thro-brang' -ke-ah) l_apflpov, a joint ;
Ppdyxia, gills]. In biology, a branchial plume at-
tached to the membranous articulation between the
coxa and the body of decapod crustaceans.
Arthrocace {ar-tlirok' -as-e) [apfpoi', a joint ; /co/cof, ill].
Fungous, strumous, or tuberculous arthritis.
Arthrocacology {ar-thro-kak-ol' -o-je) \ap^pov, joint ;
KUKi^, fault; Aoyoq, science]. The sum of knowledge
regarding joint-diseases.
Arthrocele {ar'-thro-sel, or ar-thro-se' -le) \hpQpov, a
joint; Kifhi, a tumor]. Swelling of a joint, especially
of a knee-joint in gonorrheal rheumatism.
Arthrochondritis {ar-thro-kon-dri' -tis) [apfpov, -a joint ;
xbvdpoq, a cartilage ; lti^, inflammation]. Inflamma-
tion of the cartilaginous parts of a joint.
Arthroclasia' {ar-thro-kla' -se-ah) \h.pi)pov, a joint ;
KTiativ, tobreak]. The breaking down of ankyloses in
order to produce free movement of a joint.
Arthroclasy {ar'-thro-kla-se). Same as Arthroclasia.
Arthroderm {ar' -thro-der?ii) \_aptlpov, a joint ; 6ipfia,
skin]. The parietes of an arthropod.
Arthrodesis {ar-throd' -es-is) \aphpov, joint ; (Stu^f, a
binding]. Surgical fixation of paralyzed joints.
Arthrodia {ar-thro' -de-ah) I_ap6pu6ia, a kind of articula-
tion]. A form of joint permitting a gliding movement.
See Diarthrosis.
Arthrodial {ar-thro' -de-al) [^apOpufila, a kind of articu-
lation]. Pertaining to or of the nature of arthrodia.
Arthrodynia {ar-thro-din' -e-ah) l_apOpov, a joint ; b6vvr/,
pain]. See Arthralgia.
Arthrodynic {ar-thro-din' -ik) \hpQpov, a joint ; od'ovT/,
pain] . Relating to or affected by arthrodynia.
Arthroempyesis {ar-thro-em-pi-e' -sis) \hpdpov, a joint ;
tp.TTvriGt<;, suppuration]. Suppuration in a joint.
Arthrography {ar-throg'-ra-fe) [apOpov, a joint ;
ypd(/)f ni, to write]. A description of the joints.
Arthrogryposis {ar-thro-grip-o' -sis) \hpOpov, a joint ;
ypi'iTTwiK?, flexure], i. Permanent flexure of a joint ;
ankylosis. 2. Persistent idiopathic contracture of a
joint. 3. Tetany or tetanilla.
ARTERIES
116
ARTERIES
TABLE OF ARTERIES.
Name.
Origin.
Distribution.
Branches.
Aberrant (from brach-
ial or axillary).
Connect the brachial
or axillary with the
radial usually, at
times with the ulnar
or interosseous.
Acromial.
Acromio-thoracic.
Deltoid muscle (in part), assists in the
formation of the acromial rete.
Acromial.
Suprascapular.
Acromial rete.
Acromio-thoracic
(thoracic axis).
Second branch of first
part of axillary.
Shoulder, arm, upper anterior part of
chest, and mammary gland.
Acromial, humeral, pectoral, clavicu-
lar.
Adipose.
Thoracic aorta.
Adipose tissue of heart.
Afferent.
Interlobular of kidneys.
Glomeruli.
Alar thoracic.
Second part of axillary.
Lymphatic glands in axilla.
Alveolar (gingival).
Posterior dental.
The gums.
Anastomotic (of exter-
nal plantar).
External plantar.
Outer border of foot.
Anastomoses with the tarsal and
metatarsal branches of the dorsalis
pedis.
Anastomotic (of inter-
nal plantar).
Internal plantar.
Inner side of foot.
Anastomoses with internal tarsal
branch of the dorsalis pedis.
Anastomotic (of mid-
dle meningeal), also
called perforating.
Middle meningeal.
Around greater wing of sphenoid.
Anastomose with deep temporal.
Anastomotic (of sci-
atic).
Sciatic.
External rotator muscles of thigh.
Assists in the formation of the crucial
anastomosis.
Anastomotica magna
(of brachial).
Brachial.
Elbow.
Posterior and anterior.
Anastomotica magna
(of superficial fe-
moral).
Superficial femoral (in
Hunter's canal).
Knee.
Superficial and deep.
Angular.
The termination of the
facial.
1
Lachrymal sac and lower part of or-
bicularis palpebrarum.
Anastomoses with infraorbital.
Anterior (of corpora
quadrigemina).
Posterior cerebral.
Anterior portion of corpora quadri-
gemina.
Anterior (of recepta-
cle).
Internal carotid.
Dura mater of cavernous sinus and ad-
jacent parts.
Antral.
Posterior dental.
Antrum of Highmore.
Aorta, abdominal.
Thoracic aorta.
Two common iliacs.
Phrenic (right and left), celiac axis,
suprarenal or capsular (right and
lelt), superior mesenteric, lumbar
(four pairs), renal (right and left),
spermatic (right and left), inferior
mesenteric, right and left common
iliac, middle sacral.
Aorta, arch.
Left ventricle of heart.
Thoracic aorta.
Two coronary, innominate, left com-
mon carotid, left subclavian.
Aorta, primitive.
That portion from the
origin to the point at
which the first branch
is given off.
Aorta, thoracic.
Arch of aorta.
Abdominal aorta.
Two or three pericardiac, three
bronchial, four or five esophageal,
twenty intercostal, subcostal (or
twelfth dorsal), diapliragmatic,
aberrans.
Aortae, primitive (2).
Cardiac (in the em-
bryo).
Pass through the first visceral arch.
Unite to form the dorsal.
Appendicular.
Ilio-colic.
Mesentery of vermiform appendix.
Articular, middle (of
knee).
Popliteal.
Crucial ligaments and joint.
Articular, superior ex-
ternal (of knee).
Popliteal.
Crureus and knee.
ARTERIES 117 ARTERIES
TABLE OF ARTERIES.— Continued.
Name.
Origin.
Distribution.
Branches.
Articular, superior, in-
ternal.
Popliteal.
Knee.
Ascending.
External circumflex.
Deep structures of gluteal region and
hip-joint.
Asternal.
Internal mammary.
Inner surface of costal cartilages.
Atrabiliary. See Cap-
sular.
Auditory, internal.
Basilar.
Internal ear.
Auricular.
Occipital.
Pinna and concha.
Auricular, anterior, in-
ferior.
Superficial temporal.
Auricle and external auditory meatus.
Auricular, anterior,
superior.
Superficial temporal.
Auricle and external meatus.
Auricular, deep.
Internal maxillary (first
part).
Membrana tympani and skin of ex-
ternal auditory meatus.
Auricular, left.
Left coronary artery.
Left auricle, pulmonary artery, and
commencement of aorta.
Auricular, posterior.
Fifth branch of external
carotid.
Back of auricle, scalp, and part of neck.
Parotid, muscular, stylo-mastoid, an-
terior terminal or auricular, and pos-
terior terminal or mastoid.
Auricular, right.
Right coronary artery.
Right auricle, aorta, auricular septum.
Axillary.
Subclavian.
Brachial and seven branches.
Superior thoracic, acromio-thoracic,
long thoracic, alar thoracic, subscap-
ular, anterior and posterior circum-
flex.
Azygos (articular, of
external plantar).
External plantar.
Articulations of tarsus.
Azygos (articular, of
internal plantar).
Internal plantar.
Articulations on inner side of foot.
Anastomoses with branches of external
plantar.
Azygos (articular, of
popliteal).
Popliteal.
Knee.
Azygos (articular, of
sciatic).
Sciatic.
Posterior part of capsule of hip-joint.
Azygos (articular, of
superior profunda).
Superior profunda.
Elbow-joint, posterior part.
Anastomoses with anastomotica mag-
na and interosseous recurrent.
Azygos (articular, of
suprascapular).
Suprascapular.
The acromio-clavicular and shoulder
joints.
Azygos (articular, of
temporal).
Temporal.
Temporo-maxillary joint.
Basilar.
By confluence of right
and left vertebral.
Brain.
Transverse (or pontile), internal audi-
tory, anterior cerebellar, superior
cerebellar, two posterior cerebral.
Bicipital (or ascend-
ing).
Anterior circumflex.
Long tendon of biceps and shoulder-
joint.
Brachial.
Axillary.
Arm and forearm.
Superior and inferior profunda, anas-
tomotica magna, nutrient, muscular,
radial and ulnar.
Brachio-cephalic.
See Innominate.
Bronchial (inferior).
Thoracic aorta.
Bronchi and parenchyma of the lungs.
Bronchial (superior).
Arch of aorta.
Bronchi.
Buccal.
Facial.
Muscles of cheek.
Anastomoses with buccal branch of
internal maxillary, the transverse
facial and infraorbital.
Buccal.
Internal maxillary.
Buccinator muscle and mucous mem-
brane of mouth.
Anastomoses with the buccal branch
of the facial, the transverse facial
and infraorbital.
Buccal.
Posterior dental.
Buccinator muscle.
Of the bulb.
First part of internal
pudic.
Erectile tissue of the bulb and the cor-
pus spongiosum.
ARTERIES 118 ARTERIES
TABLE OF ARTERIES.— C<7«//«//f^/.
Name.
Origin.
Distribution.
Branches.
Calcaneal], external
and internal.
Peroneal.
Over the os calcis and surrounding
soft parts.
Calcanean, inferior (of
external plantar).
External plantar.
Over inner surface of os calcis.
Anastomoses with internal calcanean
of peroneal.
Calcanean, tniddle.
Posterior tibial.
Os calcis.
Gallosal.
See Calloso-marginal.
Calloso- marginal.
Anterior cerebral.
Callosal and upper part of marginal
convolutions.
Capsular (or atrabili-
ary).
Abdominal aorta.
Suprarenal capsule.
Capsular.
See Perirenal.
Card iac.
Gastric.
Cardiac end of stomach.
Cardiac, right. See
Coronary, right (of
heart).
Carotid, common.
Right side, innominate;
left side, arch.
External and internal carotid.
External and internal carotid.
Carotid, external.
Common carotid.
Anterior part of neck, face, side of
head, integuments and dura mater.
Ascending pharyngeal, superior thy-
roid, lingual, facial, occipital, pos-
terior auricular, temporal, internal
maxillary.
Carotid, internal.
Common carotid.
Greater part of brain, the orbit, inter-
nal ear, forehead, and nose.
Tympanic, vidian, arteria receptaculi,
pituitary, gasserian, meningeal, oph-
thalmic, posterior communicating,
anterior choroid, anterior cerebral,
middle cerebral.
Carotid, primitive. See
Carotid, common.
Carotid, superficial.
See Carotid, exter-
nal.
Carpal.
Radial.
Branches to lower end of radius, wrist,
and carpal-joints.
Enters into formation of anterior car-
pal rete.
Carpal.
Ulnar.
Carpus.
Enters into formation of the posterior
carpal rete.
Caudate.
Middle cerebral.
Head of caudate nucleus.
Caval.
Right phrenic.
Vena cava.
Cecal, anterior.
Inferior mesenteric.
Anterior surface of cecum.
Cecal, posterior.
Posterior mesenteric.
Posterior part of cecum.
Celiac.
Abdominal aorta.
Stomach, duodenum, spleen, pancreas,
liver and gall-bladder.
Gastric, hepatic, splenic.
Central (of retina).
Ophthalmic.
Retina.
Central, of Zinn. See
Central {of retina).
,
Cerebellar, anterior.
Basilar.
Anterior inferior surface of cerebellum.
Cerebellar, inferior.
Vertebral.
Vermiform process, and cortex of cere-
bellum.
Inferior vermiform and the hemi-
spheral.
Cerebellar, superior.
Basilar.
Superior vermiform process and cir-
cumference of cerebellum.
Superior vermiform and hemispheral.
Cerebral anterior.
Internal carotid.
Anterior portion of cerebrum.
Anterior communicating, ganglionic
(or central), commissural, hemi-
spheral (or cortical).
Cerebral, inferior.
See Cerebral, posterior.
Cerebral, middle.
Internal carotid.
Middle portion of cerebrum.
Ganglionic (or central), hemispheral
(or cortical).
Cerebral, posterior.
Basilar.
Temporo-sphenoidal and occipital
lobes.
Ganglionic (or central), and hemi-
spheral (or cortical).
Cervical.
Uterine.
Cervix uteri. j
ARTERIES 119 ARTERIES
TABLE OF ARTERIES.— Condnucd.
Name.
Origin.
Distribution.
Branches.
Cervical, anterior. See
Thyroid, anterior.
Cervical, ascending.
Inferior thyroid.
Deep muscles of neck and spinal canal.
Muscular, spinal and phrenic.
Cervical, deep.
Superior intercostal.
Deep muscles of neck and spinal canal.
Muscular, anastomotic, vertebral (or
spinal).
Cervical, descending.
Deep cervical.
Tissues of neck.
Cervical, superficial.
Transverse cervical.
Trapezius, levator anguli scapulae,
splenius muscles and posterior chain
of lymphatic glands.
Cervical, transverse
{transversalis colli).
Thyroid axis.
Posterior cervical and scapular regions.
Posterior scapular and superficial
cervical.
Chiasmic.
Anterior cerebral.
First portion of optic nerve.
Choroid, anterior.
Internal carotid.
Hippocampus major and corpus fira-
briatum.
Choroid, posterior.
Posterior cerebral.
Velum interpositum and joins the cho-
roid plexus.
Ciliary, short and long,
posterior and an-
terior.
Ophthalmic.
The eye.
Circular, of uterus.
Uterine.
Cervix uteri.
Circumflex, anterior
(of axillary).
Axillary.
Pectoralis major, biceps, and shoulder-
joint.
Bicipital and pectoral.
Circumflex, external.
Profunda femoris.
Muscles of thigh.
Ascending, transverse.and descending.
Circumflex iliac, deep.
External iliac.
Upper part of thigh and lower part of
abdomen.
Muscular and cutaneous.
Circumflex iliac, su-
perficial.
Common femoral.
Iliacus and sartorius muscles, inguinal
glands, and skin of thigh.
Circumflex, internal.
Profunda femoris
Muscles of thigh.
Circumflex, posterior
(of axillary).
Axillary.
Deltoid, teres minor, triceps, and shoul-
der-joint.
Nutrient, articular, acromial, muscu-
lar.
Clavicular.
Acromio-thoracic.
Subclavius muscle.
Of the clitoris, cavern-
ous.
Internal pudic (in the
female).
Corpus cavernosum of clitoris.
Of the clitoris, profun-
da.
See A., of the clitoris
{cavernous)
Coccygeal.
Sciatic.
Integument over lower part of sacrum
and coccyx.
Cochlear.
Internal auditory.
Cochlea.
Colic, left.
Inferior mesenteric.
Colon, descending.
Colic, middle.
Superior mesenteric.
Transverse colon.
Colic, right.
Superior mesenteric.
Colon, ascending.
Colic, transverse.
Colic, middle.
Transverse colon.
Comes nervi phrenici.
See Phrenic ySHperior
Commibsural.
Anterior cerebral.
Callosum.
Communicating.
Dorsalis pedis.
Enters into formation of plantar arch.
The fifth plantar digital, or princeps
hallucis.
Communicating.
Occipital.
Muscles of posterior part of neck.
Anastomoses with branches of the
vertebral.
Communicating (or
perforating).
Deep palmar arch.
Join proximal ends of metacarpal and
second and third dorsal interosseous
arteries.
Communicating.
Peroneal.
Anastomoses "with communicating
branch of posterior tibial.
Communicating.
Posterior tibial.
Anastomoses with communicating of
peroneal.
ARTERIES 120 . ARTERIES
TABLE OF ARTERIES.— Commute/.
Name.
Origin.
Distribution.
Branches.
Communicating, ante-
rior.
Anterior cerebral.
Assists in formation of anterior boun-
dary of circle of Willis ; sends bran-
ches to caudate nucleus.
Communicating, pos-
terior.
Posterior carotid.
Enters into formation of circle of Wil
lis; uncinate convolution and optic
thalamus.
Uncinate, middle thalamic.
Coronary. See Gas-
tric.
Coronary, inferior.
Facial.
Lower lip.
Coronary, left.
Left anterior sinus of
Valsalva.
Heart.
Left auricular, anterior interventricu-
lar, left marginal, terminal.
Coronary, right.
Right anterior sinus of
Valsalva.
Heart.
Right auricular, preventricular, right
marginal, posterior interventricular,
transverse.
Coronary, right, of
stomach. See Py-
Coronary, superior.
Facial.
Upper lip.
Arteria septum narium.
Of the corpus caverno-
sum.
Dorsal artery of the
penis.
Corpus cavernosum.
Costo-cervical.
That part of superior
intercostal between
its origin and first
branch.
Cremasteric,
Deep epigastric.
Cremaster muscle.
Cremasteric.
Spermatic.
Cremaster muscle.
Anastomoses with cremasteric from
deep epigastric.
Cremasteric. See Sper-
matic, external.
Crico-thyroid.
See Laryngeal, inferior
Crural, see Femoral.
^
Cubital, see. Ulnar.
Cubital recurrent, an-
terior. See Ulnar
recurrent^ anterior.
Cubital recurrent, pos-
terior. See Ulnar
Tecurreni , posterior.
Cystic.
Hepatic.
Gall-bladder.
Deferential.
Superior vesical.
Vas deferens.
Dental, anterior.
Infraorbital.
Incisor and canine teeth, and mucous
membrane of antrum.
Dental, inferior.
See Mandibular.
Dental, posterior (or
alveolar).
Internal maxillary.
Antrum, teeth, gums, and cheek.
Antral, dental, alveolar, buccal.
Dental, superior.
Posterior dental.
Molar and bicuspid teeth of superior
maxilla.
Descending*
^^uscles of thigh.
Descending, superfi-
cial.
External carotid.
Neck.
Diaphragmatic.
Thoracic aorta.
Diaphragm.
Digital.
External plantar.
Outer side of the 2d and 3d, 4th and
5th toes.
Digital, palmar.
Superficial palmar arch.
Both sides of little, ring, and mid-
dle finger and ulnar side of index
finger.
Digital, plantar. See
Communicating , of
dorsalis pedis.
ARTERIES 121 ARTERIES
TABLE OF ARTERIES.—Coniinued.
Name.
Origin.
Distribution.
Branches.
Digital, superficial.
Internal plantar.
Toes.
- ■
Diploic.
Supraorbital.
Diploe of frontal sinuses.
Dorsal.
Intercostal.
Spine and muscles of throat.
Spinal and muscular.
Dorsal.
Lumbar.
Muscles of back.
Dorsal, interosseous.
Radial.
Contiguous of 2d, 3d, 4th, and 5th toes.
Dorsal (of penis).
Termination of pudic.
Penis.
Dorsal (scapular).
Subscapular.
Muscles of scapula and shoulder-joint.
Infrascapular.
Dorsal of tongue.
Lingual.
Dorsum of tongue, tonsils, and epi-
glottis.
Dorsal (12th). See
Subcostal.
Dorsalis hallucis.
Continuation of dor-
salis pedis
Great and second toe.
Dorsalis indicis.
Radial.
Index finger.
Dorsalis linguae.
Lingual.
Mucous membrane of tongue, pillars
of fauces and tonsils.
Dorsalis pedis.
Continuation of ante-
rior tibial.
Assists to form plantar arch.
Tarsal, metatarsal, dorsalis hallucis,
communicating.
Dorsali.'? poUicis.
Radial.
Thumb.
Dorso-scapular.
See Scapular, superior.
Duodenal, superior,
right. See Pancrea-
tico-duodenal, supe-
rior.
Duodeno-gastric.
See Gastro-duodenal.
Dural.
See Meningeal.
Emulgent.
See Renal.
Epicondyloid. See
Ulnar.
Epididymal.
Spermatic.
Epididymis.
Epigastric, deep (or
inferior).
External iliac.
Abdominal wall.
Cremasteric, pubic, muscular-, cuta-
neous, terminal.
Epigastric, superficial.
Common femoral.
Inguinal glands, skin, superficial fascia,
and abdominal wall.
Epigastric, superior.
Internal mammary.
Abdominal wall and diaphragm, liver
and peritoneum.
Phrenic, xiphoid, cutaneous, muscular,
hepatic and peritoneal.
Epiploic.
Right and left gastro-
epiploic.
Omentum.
Epiploic. Se&Omental.
Esophageal.
Gastric.
Esophagus.
Esophageal.
Inferior thyroid.
Esophagus.
Esophageal.
Left phrenic.
Esophagus.
Esophageal (4 or 5).
Thoracic aorta.
Esophagus.
Esophageal, inferior.
Coronary (of stomach).
Esophagus.
Ethmoidal, anterior.
Ophthalmic.
Part of anterior portion of brain, nose,
frontal sinuses and skin of face.
Ethmoidal, meningeal, nasal, frontal,
cutaneous.
Ethmoidal, posterior.
Ophthalmic.
Posterior ethmoidal cells, dura mater,
nose.
Ethmoidal, meningeal, nasal.
Eustachian.
Pterygo-palatine.
Eustachian tube.
Facial.
Third branch external
carotid.
Pharynx and face.
Ascending, or inferior palatine, tonsil-
lar, glandular, muscular, submental,
masseteric, buccal, inferior labial,
inferior and superior coronary, lat-
eralis nasi, angular.
ARTERIES 122 ARTERIES
TABLE OF ARTERIES.—
Name.
Origin.
Distribution.
Branches.
Facial, transverse.
Temporal.
Parotid gland, masseter muscle, skin
of face.
Fallopian.
Ovarian.
Isthmus, ampulla and fimbriated ex-
tremity of fallopian tube.
Femoral, common.
Continuation of exter-
nal iliac.
Lower part of abdominal wall, upper
part ot thigh and genitalia.
Superficial epigastric, superficial cir-
cumflex iliac, superficial external
pudic, deep external pudic, pro-
funda.
. Femoral, deep. See
Femoral, profunda.
Femoral, profunda.
Common femoral.
Muscles of thigh.
External circumflex, internal circum-
flex and three perforating.
Femoral, superficial.
Continuation of com-
mon femoral.
Muscles of thigh and knee-joint.
Muscular, saphenous, anastomotica
magna.
Fibular, superior.
Anterior or posterior
tibial or popliteal.
Soleus and peroneus tertius muscles
and integument.
Of the frenum linguae.
Sublingual.
Frenum of tongue.
Frontal, anterior.
Anterior cerebral.
Inferior frontal convolutions.
Frontal, ascending.
Middle cerebral.
Lower part of ascending frontal con-
volution.
Frontal, internal.
Anterior cerebral.
Inferior frontal convolutions.
Frontal, middle.
See Medifrontal.
Funicular.
Superior vesical.
Round ligament.
Gasserian.
Internal carotid.
Gasserian ganglion.
Gasserian.
Middle meningeal.
Gasserian ganglion, and Meckel's
space.
Gastric (or coronary).
Celiac axis.
Stomach, liver, and esophagus.
Esophageal, cardiac, gastric, and hepa-
tic.
Gastric, right. See
Gas i ro-ep ip lo ic,
right.
Gastro-duodenal.
Hepatic.
Stomach and duodenum.
Right gastro-epiploic and superior pan-
creatico-duodenal.
Gastro-epiploic, left.
Splenic.
Stomach and omentum.
Gastro-epiploic, right
Gastro-duodenal.
Stomach and omentum.
Gastro-hepatic.
See Coronary, of stom-
ach.
■
Geniculate.
Posterior cerebral.
Geniculate convolution.
Genital.
See Pudic, internal.
Gingival. See Alveo-
lar.
Glandular.
Facial.
Submaxillary gland.
Glaserian (or tym-
panic).
Internal maxillary.
Lining membrane of tympanum and
laxator tympani muscle.
Gluteal.
Internal iliac, posterior
division.
Pelvic and glutei muscles, etc.
Muscular, superficial and deep.
Gluteal, deep.
Gluteal.
Deep muscles of posterior gluteal
region.
Gluteal, inferior.
Gluteal, superficial.
Sciatic.
Gluteus maximus.
Gluteal.
Gluteus maximus and integument over
sacrum.
Gluteal, superior.
Deep gluteal.
Muscles adjacent.
Gustatory (or lingual).
Inferior dental.
Lingual nerve.
Guttural, superior.
See Thyroid, supe-
rior.
ARTERIES 123 ARTERIES
TABLE OF ARTERlES.~Cofi(mt(ed.
Name.
Origin.
Distribution.
Branches.
Gutturo-maxillary. See
Maxillary, internal.
Helicine.
The arteries found in cavernous tissue,
as in the uterus, ovary, etc.
Hemispheral.
Inferior cerebellar.
Cortex of cerebellum.
Hemispheral.
Superior cerebellar.
Cortex of cerebellum.
Hemorrhoidal, inferior
(or external).
Pudic.
§phincter muscle, levator ani.
Hemorrhoidal, inter-
nal. Hemorrhoi-
dal, superior.
Hemorrhoidal, middle
(rectal, middle).
Internal iliac, anterior
division.
Middle part of rectum.
Hemorrhoidal, supe-
rior.
Inferior mesenteric.
Upper part of rectum.
Hepatic.
Celiac axis.
Liver, pancreas, part of duodenum,
and stomach.
Pancreatic, sub-pyloric, gastro-duode-
nal, right and left terminal.
Hepatic,
Gastric.
Left lobe of liver.
Hepatic.
Right phrenic.
Liver.
Hepatic.
Superior epigastric.
Liver.
Hepatic, right.
Hepatic.
Liver substance.
Cystic.
Humeral. See Brach-
ial.
Humeral, thoracic.
Acromio-thoracic.
Pectoralis major, deltoid and adjacent
integuments.
Anastomoses with anterior and pos-
terior circumflex.
Humeral, transverse.
See Suprascapular.
Hyaloid. Central ar-
tery of retina.
Crystalline lens.
Hyoid. See Infra-hy-
oid and Supra-hyoid.
Hypogastric.
Continuation of ante-
rior branch of inter-
' nal iliac.
Vesical branches, impervious in the
adult.
Ileo-colic.
Superior mesenteric.
Cecum and adjacent bowel.
Iliac.
Ilio-lumbar.
Iliac fossa and ilium.
Iliac.
Obturator.
Ilium.
Iliac, circumflex deep.
See Circumflex iliac,
deep.
Iliac, circumflex, su-
perficial.
See Circumflex iliac,
superficial.
Iliac, common.
Terminal branch of ab-
dominal aorta.
Peritoneum, subperitoneal fat, ureter,
and terminates in external and inter-
nal iliac.
Peritoneal, subperitoneal, ureteric, ex-
ternal and internal iliac.
Iliac, external.
Common iliac.
Lower limb.
Deep epigastric, deep circumflex iliac,
muscular, and continues as femoral.
Iliac, external, small.
See Circumflex iliac,
external.
Iliac, internal.
Common iliac.
Pelvic and generative organs, and inner
side of thigh.
Anterior and posterior trunk.
Iliac, internal, anterior
trunk.
Internal iliac.
Pelvic and generative organs and thigh.
Hypogastric, superior middle and vesi-
cal, middle hemorrhoidal, uterine,
vaginal, obturator, sciatic, internal
pudic.
Iliac, internal, poste-
rior trunk.
Internal iliac.
Muscles of hip and sacrum.
Ilio-lumbar, lateral sacral and gluteal.
ARTERIES 124 ARTERIES
TABLE OF ARTERIES.— Continued.
Name.
Origin.
Distribution.
Branches.
Iliac, primary. See
Iliac, common.
Iliac, primitive. See
Iliac, co7nmon.
Ilio-lumbar.
Internal iliac, posterior
trunk.
Muscles of pelvis and pelvic bones.
Iliac and lumbar.
Incisive.
Mandibular.
Incisor teeth.
Infracostal, labial.
Internal mammary.
Ribs.
Infrahyoid.
Superior thyroid.
Infrahyoid bursa and thyro-hyoid mus-
cle.
Infraorbital.
Internal maxillary.
Upper lip, lower eye-lid, lachrymal sac,
side of nose.
Orbital, anterior dental, nasal.
Infrascapular.
Dorsal scapular.
Subscapularis, scapula, and shoulder-
joint.
Infraspinous.
Posterior scapular.
Infraspinous fossa.
Infraspinous.
Suprascapular.
Infraspinous fossa.
Innominate.
Arch of aorta.
Right side of head and right arm.
Right common carotid, right subcla-
vian, occasionally thyroidea ima.
Intercostal, anterior.
Internal mammary.
Intercostal muscles, ribs (upper 5 or 6),
and pectoralis major.
Intercostal, anterior.
Musculo-phrenic.
Lower 5 or 6 intercostal spaces.
Intercostal, aortic. lo
pairs.
Thoracic aorta.
Lower intercostal spaces.
Dorsal, intercostal collateral, pleural,
muscular, lateral cutaneous, mam-
mary glandular.
Intercostal, first.
Superior intercostal.
First intercostal space.
Intercostal, superior.
Subclavian.
Neck and upper part of thorax.
Deep cervical, first intercostal, arte-
ria aberrans.
Interlobular (of kid-
ney).
Renal.
Malpighian bodies and uriniferous
tubules.
Interosseous, anterior.
Interosseous (common).
Muscles of forearm.
Interosseous, common.
Ulnar.
Interosseous membrane and deep mus-
cles of the forearm.
Anterior and posterior interosseous.
Interosseous, dorsal
(3)-
Metatarsal.
Contiguous sides of 2d and 3d, and 4th
and 5th toes.
Interosseous, dorsal.
Posterior radial carpal.
Dorsal aspect of fingers.
Interosseous, palmar
(3).
Deep palmar arch.
Interosseous muscles, bones, and 2d,
3d, and 4th lunibricales.
Interosseous, plantar.
Plantar arch.
Toes.
Interosseous, posterior
(forearm).
Common interosseous.
Muscles, back of forearm.
Posterior interosseous recurrent.
Interosseous, posteri-
or, recurrent. See
Radial recitrrent,
posterior.
Interosseous, recur-
rent.
Interosseous, posterior.
Elbow-joint.
Interpeduncular.
Posterior cerebral.
Posterior perforated space and lower
part of peduncles.
Interventricular, ante-
rior.
Left coronary.
Both ventricles and interventricular
septum.
Interventricular, pos-
terior.
Right coronary.
Both ventricles and interventricular
septum.
Intestinal (vasa intes-
tini tenuis), 12 to 16.
Superior mesenteric.
Mesentery.
Ischiadic. See Gluteal,
inferior.
Labial, inferior.
Facial.
Muscles and integuments of lower lip.
ARTERIES 125 ARTERIES
TABLE OF AKVERl^S.— Continued.
Name.
Origin.
Distribution.
Branches.
Labial, superior.
See Coronary , superior.
Lachrymal (or orbital).
Middle meningeal.
Orbit.
Lachrymal.
Nasal.
Lachrymal sac.
Lachrymal.
Ophthalmic.
Lachrymal gland, muscles of eye and
cheek, and upper and lower eye-
lids.
Recurrent lachrymal, muscular, palpe-
bral, malar, ciliary.
Lachrymal, recurrent.
Lachrymal.
L-achrymal sac.
Laryngeal, inferior.
Inferior thyroid.
Larynx.
Laryngeal, inferior (or
crico-thyroid).
Superior thyroid.
Crico-thyroid membrane and larynx.
Laryngeal, internal.
See Laryngeal, su-
perior.
Laryngeal, superior.
Superior thyroid.
Intrinsic muscles and mucous mem-
brane of larynx.
Lenticular.
Middle cerebral.
Lenticular nucleus.
Lenticulo-optic.
Middle cerebral.
Posterior part internal capsule and an-
terior part of optic thalamus.
Lenticulo-striate.
Middle cerebral.
Lenticular and caudate nuclei.
Lenticulo-thalamic.
Posterior cerebral.
Posterior extremity of lenticular nu-
cleus and the thalamus.
Ligamentous.
Ovarian.
Round ligament.
Lingual. See Gtista-
tory.
Lingual.
External carotid.
Tongue.
Hyoid, dorsalis linguae, sublingual,
ranine.
Lingual.
Mandibular.
Lingual nerve.
Lumbar (4 pairs).
Abdominal aorta.
Bodies and ligaments of vertebrae, lum-
bar muscles, and capsules of kid-
neys.
Vertebral, muscular, dorsal, renal.
Lumbar.
Ilio-lumbar.
Psoas muscle, quadratus lumborum,
and spinal canal.
Malar.
Lachrymal.
Temporal fossa.
Malleolar, external.
Anterior tibial.
External portion of ankle.
Malleolar, internal.
Anterior tibial.
Internal portion of ankle.
Malleolar, internal.
Posterior tibial.
Internal malleolus.
Mammary, external.
See Thoracic, long.
Mammary glandular.
Dorsal branch of aortic
intercostal.
Mammary gland.
Mammary, internal.
Subclavian.
Structures of thorax.
Superior phrenic, mediastinal (or thy-
mic), pericardiac, sternal, anterior
intercostals, perforating, lateral in-
fracostal, superior epigastric, inter-
nal mammary.
Mandibular.
Internal maxillary.
Teeth of lower jaw.
Incisive and mental.
Marginal.
Left coronary.
Walls of ventricle.
Marginal.
Right coronary.
Right ventricle.
Margino-frontal.
Anterior cerebral.
Marginal and frontal convolutions.
Masseteric,
Facial.
Masseter.
Masseteric.
Internal maxillary.
Masseter.
Masseteric.
Temporal.
Masseter.
Mastoid.
Occipital.
Dura, diploe, walls of lateral sinus,
mastoid cells.
ARTERIES 126 ARTERIES
TABLE OF ARTERIES.— Co«/z«z^^a'.
Name.
Origin.
Distribution.
Branches.
Mastoid.
Posterior auricular.
Occipito - frontalis muscle ( posterior
beUy).
Mastoid.
Stylo-mastoid.
Mastoid cells and mastoid antrum.
Mastoid, middle. See
Sterno-mastoid.
Maxillary, extefnal*
See Facial.
Maxillary, inferior.
See Dental, inferior.
Maxillary, internal
(maxillary group).
External carotid.
Structures indicated by names of
branches.
Deep auricular, tympanic, middle
meningeal, mandibular, small men-
ingeal.
Maxillary, internal
(pterygoid group).
External carotid.
Structures indicated by names of
branches.
Masseteric, posterior deep temporal
internal and external pterygoid, buc-
cal, anterior deep temporal.
Maxillary, internal
(s p h e n o-maxillary
group).
External carotid.
Structures indicated by names of
branches.
Posterior dental (or alveolar), infraor-
bital, posterior (or descending) pala-
tine, vidian, pterygo-palatine, nasal,
or spheno-palatine.
Meatal.
Stylo-mastoid.
External auditory meatus.
Median (arteria comes
nervi mediani).
Anterior interosseous.
Median nerve and superficial palmar
arch.
-
Median anterior (of
spinal cord).
Formed by union of the
anterior spinal arte-
ries.
Spinal cord.
Mediastinal, anterior
( r\r tVi\/tTii(™^
Internal mammary.
Connective tissue, fat and lymphatics,
in superior and anterior mediastina
thymus gland.
Mediastinal, posterior
(several).
Thoracic aorta.
Glands and loose areolar tissue in me-
diastinum.
Medicerebellar.
Cerebellar, anterior, in-
ferior.
Middle cerebellar crus.
Medicerebral. See
Cerebral, middle.
Medichoroid.
See Choroid, posterior.
Medidural. See Me-
ningeal, middle.
Medifrontal.
Anterior cerebral.
Callosal convolution and paracentral
lobule.
Medioptic (or median
quadrigeminal).
Posterior cerebral.
Crus cerebri and optic lobes.
Medullary.
Peroneal.
Fibula.
Medullary.
Posterior tibial.
Tibia.
Ascending and descending.
Medullary.
Renal.
Malpighian pyramids.
Meningeal.
Alembranes of brain.
Meningeal.
Posterior ethmoidal.
Dura mater.
Meningeal, anterior.
Internal carotid.
Dura mater.
Meningeal, inferior.
See Meningeal (of
ascending pharyn-
geal).
Meningeal, middle' or
great.
Internal maxillary.
Cranium and dura mater.
Anterior and posterior.
Meningeal, posterior.
Occipital.
Dura mater.
Meningeal, posterior.
Vertebral.
Dura mater.
Meningeal, small.
Internal maxillary.
Gasserian ganglion, walls of cavernous
sinus and dura mater.
ARTERIES 127 ARTERIES
TABLE OF ARTERIES.— Contmuec/.
Name.
Origin.
Distribution,
Branches.
Mental.
Facial.
Muscles of chin and lower lip.
Mental.
Mandibular.
Muscles of chin and under lip.
Lingual and mylo-hyoidean.
Mesenteric accedens,
praecipua. See Mes-
enteric, superior.
Mesenteric, inferior.
Abdominal aorta.
Lower half of large intestine.
Left colic, sigmoid, superior hemor-
rhoidal.
Mesenteric, middle.
Common iliac (occa-
sional branch).
Transverse and descending colon.
Mesenteric, superior.
Abdominal aorta.
Whole of small intestine and upper
half of large.
Inferior pancreatico-duodenal, middle
right and ilio-colic, vasa intestina
tenuis.
Meso-lobar. See Cere-
bralf anterior.
Metacarpal (ist dorsal
interosseous).
Radial.
Sides of fingers on dorsal aspect.
Metatarsal.
Dorsalis pedis.
Toes.
Third dorsal interosseous.
Middle (of corpora
quadrigemina).
Posterior cerebral.
Space between the corpora quadri-
gemina.
Muscular, deep. See
Femoral, deep.
Musculo-phrenic.
Internal mammary.
Diaphragm, fifth or sixth lower inter-
costal spaces, oblique muscles of ab-
domen.
Phrenic, anterior intercostals, muscu-
lar.
Mylo-hyoidean.
Mental.
Mylo-hyoid muscle.
Nasal.
Infraorbital.
Nose.
Nasal.
Ophthalmic.
Lachrymal sac and integuments of
nose.
Lachrymal, and transverse nasal.
Nasal.
Spheno-palatine.
Turbinated bones, lateral walls of nose,
ethmoidal and frontal sinuses and
lining membrane of antrum.
Nasal, anterior.
Anterior ethmoidal.
Nose.
Nasal, lateral.
Facial.
Integuments, muscles and cartilage of
nose.
Nasal, middle. See
Nasal, anterior.
Nasal, transverse.
Nasal.
Integuments of nose.
Naso- palatine. See
Spheno-palatine.
Navel. See Umbilical.
Neubauer's.
See Thyroid, deep.
Nutrient.
Brachial.
Humerus.
Nutrient.
Interosseous, anterior.
Radius.
Nutrient.
Interosseous, anterior.
Ulna.
Nutrient.
Middle perforating
branch of profunda
femoris.
Femur.
Nutrient.
Obturator.
Ilium.
Nutrient (of peroneal).
See Medullary.
Nutrient.
Posterior tibial.
Tibia.
Nutrient.
Suprascapular.
Clavicle.
Obturator.
Anterior division, inter-
nal iliac.
Pelvis and thigh.
Iliac (or nutrient), vesical, pubic, ex-
ternal and internal pelvic.
Obturator, external.
Obturator.
Muscles about obturator foramen.
ARTERIES 128 ARTERIES
TABLE OF ARTERIES.— 6o«//«W.
Name.
Origin.
Distribution.
Branches.
Obturator, internal.
Obturator.
Muscles about obturator foramen.
Occipital.
Fourth branch of ex-
ternal carotid.
Muscles of neck, and scalp.
Sterno-raastoid, posterior meningeal,
auricular, mastoid, princeps cervi-
cis, communicating, muscular, ter-
minal.
Occipito-meningeal.
Vertebral.
Dura mater.
Omental (or epiploic).
Hepatic.
Omentum.
Omphalo-mesenteric.
Primitive aorta.
SubseQuently becomes the umbilical.
Ophthalmic.
Internal carotid.
The eye, adjacent structures, portion of
Lachrymal, supraorbital, central ar-
tery of retina, muscular, ciliary, pos-
terior and anterior ethmoidal, pal-
pebral, frontal, nasal.
Optic, internal and an-
terior.
Posterior communicat-
ing.
Optic thalamus.
Optic, posterior, inter-
nal.
Posterior communicat-
ing or posterior cer-
ebral.
Optic thalamus.
Orbital. See Lachry-
mal.
Orbital (three or four).
Anterior cerebral.
First frontal convolution and olfactory
bulb
Orbital.
Infraorbital.
Fat of orbit ; inferior rectus and in-
ferior oblicjue muscles.
wrDiiai.
Tcmpors.! •
Orbicularis palpebrarum and orbit.
Orbito-frontal.
Middle cerebral.
Inferior frontal convolutions.
Ovarian.
Abdominal aorta.
Ovary, ureter, fallopian tube, uterus.
Ureteral, fallopian, uterine, ligament-
ous.
Palatine.
Ascending pharyngeal.
Soft palate and its muscles.
Palatine, ascending
(or inferior).
Kirst branch of facial.
Upper part of pharynx, palate and
tonsils.
Palatine, tonsillar.
Palatine, descending.
Internal maxillary.
To soft and hard palate.
Anterior and posterior.
Palatine, inferior. See
P(ilatiti€ ^ Gsc€ndi7ig,
Palatine, posterior or
descending.
Internal maxillary.
Hard palate.
Anterior and posterior.
Palatine, superior. See
Palatine descending.
Palato- maxillary.
See Palo-tiyie y descend-
ing.
Palmar, digital. See
Digital, palmar.
Palmar, interosseous.
See Inlerosseons^
palmar.
Palmar arch, deep.
Radial and communi-
cating of ulna.
Palm and fingers.
Princeps pollicis, radialis indicis, pal-
mar interosseous (3), recurrent car-
pal, posterior perforating.
Palmar arch, superfi-
cial.
Ulnar and superficialis
volae.
Palm and fingers.
Digital (4), muscular, cutaneous.
Palpebral.
Lachyrmal.
Eye-lids and conjunctivse.
Palpebral.
Supraorbital.
Upper eye-lid.
Palpebral, external.
Ophthalmic.
Eye-lid.
Palpebral, inferior.
Ophthalmic.
Conjunctiva, lachrymal sac, caruncle
and lower lid.
Palpebral, superior.
Ophthalmic.
Upper eye-lid.
Pancreatic.
Hepatic.
Pancreas.
Pancreatic.
Splenic.
Pancreas.
ARTERIES 129 ARTERIES
TABLE OF ARTERIES.— Con/muetf.
Name.
Origin.
Distribution.
Branches.
Pancreatico-duodenal,
inferior.
Superior mesenteric.
Pancreas and duodenum.
Pancreatico-duodenal,
superior.
Gastro-duodenal.
Duodenum and pancreas.
Parietal.
Middle cerebral.
Inferior and ascending parietal convo-
lutions.
Parietal, anterior.
Middle cerebral.
Second frontal convolution.
Parietal, ascending.
Middle cerebral.
Ascending parietal convolution and
superior parietal lobule.
Parieto-sphenoidal.
Middle cerebral.
Inferior parietal lobule, angular gyrus,
cortex of sphenoidal lobe.
Parieto-temporal.
Middle cerebral.
Convolutions around posterior limb of
fissure of Sylvius.
Parotid.
Posterior auricular.
Parotid gland.
Parotid.
Temporal.
Parotid gland.
Parvidural. See Me-
ningeal, small.
Pectoral.
Acromio-thoracic.
Pectoral muscles and mammary gland.
Pectoral.
Anterior circumflex.
Pectoralis major.
Pedal. See Dorsal of
foot.
Peduncular, anterior.
Posterior cerebral.
Internal surface of peduncle.
Peduncular, external.
Posterior, communicat-
ing.
Peduncles of the cerebellum.
Peduncular, internal.
Posterior cerebral.
Internal surface of peduncle.
Of the penis, perforat-
ing. See A., of the
corpus cavernosuvi.
Perforans stapedis
(branch of internal
carotid orstylo-mas-
toid).
Tympanum.
No branches.
Perforating (or poste-
rior communical-
i"g), (3).
Deep palmar arch.
Interosseous spaces.
Perforating.
Middle meningeal.
Sphenoid.
Perforating.
Profunda femoris.
Hamstring muscles.
Perforating.
Spheno-palatine.
Ethmoidal cells.
Anastomoses with ethmoidal arteries.
Perforating.
Submental.
Mylo-hyoid.
Perforating, anterior
(5 or 6).
Internal mammary.
Pectoralis major and integument, and
mammary gland.
Perforating, posterior.
External plantar.
Dorsal interosseous muscles.
Pericardiac.
Internal mammary.
Anterior surface of pericardium.
Pericardiac.
Right and left phrenic.
P^fi f*u fn 1 n tn
1 ci i^di vii u 111 •
Pericardiac.
Thoracic aorta.
Pericardium.
Pericephalic. See
Carotid, external.
Perineal, superficial.
Pudic.
Muscles of perineum and integuments
of scrotum.
Transverse perineal.
Perineal, transverse.
Perineal, superficial.
Muscles and integuments of perineum.
Perirenal (or capsular)
Renal.
Capsule of kidney and perirenal fat.
Peritoneal.
Iliac, common.
Peritoneum.
Peritoneal.
Superior epigastric.
Peritoneum.
9
ARTERIES 130 ARTERIES
TABLE OF ARTERIES. — Co/i/unucY.
Name.
Origin.
Distribution.
Branches.
Pel onecili
Posterior tibial.
Muscles and integument of leg and
foot.
Anterior peroneal, muscular, medul-
lary, communicating, cutaneous, ex-
ternal calcaneum, terminal (or pos-
terior peroneal).
:
Pcrones-l, zinterior.
Peroneal.
Peroneus tertius and inferior tibio-fibu-
lar joint.
Peroneal, posterior.
Peroneal.
External malleolus and heel.
Petrosal.
Middle meningeal.
Tympanum.
Pharyngeal*
r LCI ygu pdltlLlilC
Roof of pharynx.
Pharyngeal.
Spheno-palatine.
Roof and contiguous portions of pha-
rynx.
Pharyngeal.
Vidian.
Roof of pharynx.
Pharyngeal, ascend-
ing.
First branch external
carotid .
Pharynx, soft palate, tympanum, pos-
LCI lUl l-.'Al L \JV llCl-n, dllLl lllC 1 11 UI Ct 1 ICo
of brain.
Prevertebral, pharyngeal, palatine,
tympanic, meningeal.
Pharyngeal, descend-
ing.
Spheno-palatine.
Roof of mouth and of pharynx.
PViQ f ti or 1^0 1 111 ff^rinr'
See Pharyngeal, as-
cending.
Pharyngeal, superior
See Pletj'go - pala-
Phrenic.
Ascending cervical.
Phrenic nerve.
Musculo-phrenic .
Diaphragm.
Phrenic.
Superior epigastric.
Diaphragm.
Phrenic, inferior, left.
Aorta, abdominal.
Diaphragm and structures indicated
by names of brandies.
Esophageal, left superior suprarenal,
splenic, pericardiac, terminal.
Phrenic, in ferio r
right.
Aorta, abdominal.
Diaphragm and structures indicated
by names of branches.
Right superior suprarenal, caval,
hepatic, pericardiac, and terminal.
Phrenic, superior (or
comes nervi phre-
nici).
Internal mammary.
Pleura, pericardium and diaphragm.
Pituitary.
Internal carotid.
Pituitary body.
Plantar arch.
External plantar art-
ery.
Anterior part of foot and toes.
Articular and plantar digital.
Plantar, deep.
Metatarsal,
Assists in formation of plantar arch.
Plantar, digital (4).
Plantar arch.
Third, fourth, and fifth toes, and outer
side of second.
Plantar, external.
External, tibial.
Sole and toes.
Muscular, calcaneal, cutaneous, anas-
tomotic, posterior perforating, plan-
tar arch.
Plantar, internal.
Posterior tibial.
Inner side of foot.
Muscular, cutaneous, articular, anas-
tomotic, superficial digital.
Plantar, interosseous.
See Interosseous,
plantar.
Plantar, metatarsal.
See Interosseous,
plantar.
Plantar, pollicar.
Anterior tibial, or ex-
ternal plantar.
Great toe.
Pleural.
Intercostal.
Pleura.
Pontal.
Basilar.
Pons.
Popliteal.
Continuation of femo-
ral.
Knee and leg.
Cutaneous, muscular (superior and in-
ferior) or sural, articular, superior
and inferior external, superior and
inferior internal and azygos, ter-
minal (anterior and posterior tibial).
ARTERIES 131 ARTERIES
TABLE OF ARTERIES,.— Coniinued.
Name.
Origin.
Distribution.
Branches.
Post-cerebellar. See
Post-cerebral. See
Ccvcbyo-l ^ postc^iof •
Post- choroid. SeeCAo-
void Postc'Kioyt
Post-communicant.
See Cottifttwut c cit ^
posterior.
Post-dural. See Men-
iyig€CLl^ posterior .
Postero-lateral.
Posterior cerebral.
Hind part of optic thalamus, crus and
optic lobes.
Postero-median.
Posterior central.
Inner part of thalamus, neighboring
wall of third ventricle.
Post-frontal.
Anterior meningeal.
Precuneus and part of occipital fis-
sure.
Post-temporal.
Posterior cerebral.
Basal surface of occipital lobe.
Posterior cerebral.
Thalamus.
Precerebellar. See
C- cy^b^llcty ^ sup cytoy •
Precerebral. See Cf r^-
bral, anterior.
Prechoroid. See Cho-
roid, anterior.
Precommunicant . See
Co w 1 7}i ufiicclit ftff J dft'
terior.
i IcUUld.!. OCC Iric flirty
eal, anterioy.
Pfiaffr^n til 1
Anterior cerebral.
Mesal and convex surfaces of super-
frontal and part of medi-frontal con-
volutions.
Preoptic (or anterior
quadrigerainal).
Posterior cerebral.
Optic lobe.
-
Preperforant.
Anterior cerebral.
Caudate nucleus.
Pretemporal.
Posterior cerebral.
Uncinate and basal surface of temporal
lobe.
Prethalamic.
Posterior communicat-
ing.
Thalamus.
Preventricular {2)
Right and left coron-
aries.
Walls of ventricle, heart.
Primitive, See Aorta,
primitive.
Princeps cervicis.
Occipital.
Muscles of neck.
Superiicial and deep.
Princeps Hallucis,
Communicating (0 f
dorsalis pedis).
First and second toes.
Princeps pollicis.
Radial.
Thumb.
Profunda (or deep
femoral).
Femoral.
Thigh.
External and internal circumflex, three
perforating.
Profunda, inferior.
Brachial.
Triceps, elbow-joint.
Profunda, superior.
Brachial.
Humerus, muscles and skin of arm.
Ascending, cutaneous, articular, nutri-
ent, muscular.
Pterygoid, external.
Internal maxillary.
External pterygoid muscle.
Pterygoid, internal.
Internal maxillary.
Internal pterygoid muscle.
. Pterygo-palatine (or
pterygo-pharyngeal)
Internal maxillary.
Pharynx, Eustachian tubes and sphe-
noidal cells.
Pharyngeal, Eustachian, sphenoidal.
ARTERIES 132 ARTERIES
TABLE OF ARTERIES.— Co«/z»2<^a'.
Name.
Origin.
DiSTRrBUTION.
Branches.
Pterygo - pharyng e a 1.
See Pterygo-pala-
tine.
Pubic.
Epigastric, deep.
Pubic region.
Pubic.
Obturator.
Pubic region.
Pudic, accessory.
Inferior vesical.
When large, supplies the parts nor-
mally supplied by the internal pudic,
prostate.
Pudic, external, deep,
(or inferior).
Femoral, common.
Skin of scrotum (or labia in female).
Pudic, external, super-
ficial (or superior).
Common, femoral.
Integument above pubes and external
genitalia.
Pudic, internal.
Iliac, anterior division
of internal branch.
Generative organs.
External (or inferior) hemorrhoidal,
superficial perineal, muscular, arter-
ies of bulb, crus, and dorsal of
penis.
Pulmonary.
Right ventricle.
Lungs.
Right and left.
Pyloric, inferior.
Gastro-d uodenal or
right gastro-epiploic.
Pyloric end of stomach.
Pyloric, superior.
Hepatic.
Pyloric end of stomach.
Quadrate.
Anterior cerebral.
Quadrate convolution of brain.
Quadrigeminal, ante-
rior. See Preoptic.
Quadrigeminal, me-
dian. See Medioptic.
Radial.
Brachial.
Forearm, wrist, hand.
Radial recurrent, muscular, anterior
and posterior radial carpal, super-
ficial volar, metacarpal, dorsalis
pollicis, dorsalis indicis, deep pal-
mar arch.
Radial carpal, anterior
and posterior.
Radial.
Wrist and carpal joints.
Radial, profunda.
Superior profunda of
arm.
Back of elbow.
Radial recurrent, an-
terior.
Radial.
Elbow-joint and muscles of forearm.
Radial recurrent, pos-
terior.
Posterior interosseous
(forearm).
Elbow.
Radialis indicis.
Radial.
Index finger.
Radio- carpal, palmar
transverse.
See Radial carpal, an-
terior.
Radio -palmar. See
V^oluTj supsyficittl.
Ranine.
Lingual.
Tongue and mucous membrane of
mouth.
Rectal.
Lateral sacral.
Rectum.
Rectal.
Middle sacral.
Rectum.
Rectal middle. See
Hemorrhoidal^ mid-
dle.
Recurrent.
Deep palmar arch.
Carpal joints.
Recurrent, posterior
interosseous.
Posterior interosseous.
Elbow.
Recurrent, radial. See
Radial, recurrent.
Recurrent, tibial, an-
terior and posterior.
Anterior tibial.
Popliteus and ligaments of knee.
Recurrent, ulnar, an-
terior and posterior.
Ulna.
Elbow-joint and contiguous structures.
ARTERIES 133 ARTERIES
TABLE OF ARTERl'ES.— Continued.
Name.
Origin.
Distribution.
Branches.
Renal.
Abdominal aorta.
Kidney.
Inferior suprarenal, capsular (or peri-
renal), ureteral.
Rhachidian. See
Spina/.
Sacra media. See
Sacra/, midd/e.
Sacral, lateral (i or 2).
Internal iliac, posterior
division.
Structures about sacrum.
Spinal, rectal, muscular.
Sacral, middle.
Continuation of aorta.
Sacrum and coccyx.
-
Saphenous (occasional
branch of common
femoral).
Accompanies saphen-
ous vein.
Saphenous, small.
Popliteal (occasional).
External malleolus.
Scapular, dorsal.
Subscapular.
Muscles of infraspinous fossa.
Infrascapular.
Scapular, external.
See Acromia/.
Scapular, inferior. See
Subscapu/ar.
Scapular, internal. See
Subscapu/ar.
Scapular, posterior.
Continuation of trans-
verse cervical.
Muscles of scapular region.
Supra-spinous and infra-spinous, sub-
scapular, muscular.
Scapular, superficial.
See Suprascapu/ar.
Scapular, superior.
See Suprascapular.
Scapular, transverse.
See Suprascapu/ar.
Scapulo-humeral. See
Circuynfiex, posterior
Sciatic.
Internal iliac, anterior
division.
Pelvic muscles and viscera, and
branches.
Coccygeal, inferior gluteal, muscular,
anastomotic, articular, cutaneous,
comes nervi ischiadic!, vesical, rec-
tal, prostatic, etc.
Scrotal, anterior.
Inferior external pudic.
Anterior portion of scrotum.
Scrotal, posterior.
Internal pudic.
Posterior part of scrotum.
Septal, ascending.
Spheno-palatine.
Upper part of mucous membrane of
nasal septum.
Sigmoid.
Inferior mesenteric.
Sigmoid flexure.
Spermatic.
Abdominal aorta.
Scrotum and testis.
Ureteral, cremasteric, epididymal, tes-
ticular.
Spermatic, external.
Deep epigastric.
Cremaster muscle, and spermatic cord.
Sphenoidal.
Middle cerebral.
Sphenoidal lobe, lower part of cortex.
Sphenoidal.
Pterygo-palatine.
Sphenoidal cells.
Sphenoidal.
Spheno-palatine.
Sphenoidal cells.
Spheno- palatine (or
naso-palatine).
Internal maxillary.
Pharynx, nose, and sphenoidal cells.
Pharyngeal, sphenoidal, nasal, ascend-
ing septal.
Spheno-spinous. See
Menijigeal, middle.
Spinal.
Ascending cervical.
Spinal canal.
Spinal.
Intercostals.
Spinal canal and spine.
Spinal.
Lateral sacral.
Spinal membranes and muscles and
skin over sacrum.
Spinal, anterior.
Vertebral.
Spinal cord.
Spinal, lateral.
Vertebral.
Vertebrae and spinal canal.
ARTERIES 134 ARTERIES
TABLE OF ARTEKlES.—CoH^imtei/.
Name.
Origin.
Distribution.
Branches.
Spinal, posterior.
Vertebral.
Spine.
Splenic.
Celiac axis.
Spleen, pancreas, part of stomach,
omentum.
Small and large pancreatic, leftgastro-
fiT^ir\Ir\i 'x/aca nff^vta t ^"T"tT^ i n q 1
Splenic.
Left phrenic.
Spleen.
Splenico-pancreatic.
Splenic.
Spleen.
Stylo-mastoid.
Stapedius muscle.
Staphylini.
See Palathie, posterior.
Sternal.
Internal mammary.
Sternum and triangularis sterni.
Sterno~msstoid .
Occipital.
Sterno-mastoid muscle.
Sterno - mastoid (or
middle mastoid).
Superior thyroid.
Sterno-mastoid, and other muscles of
Sterno - mastoid , infG~
rior.
Sterno-mastoid muscle.
Stylo-mastoid.
Posterior auricular.
Mastoid cells, tympanic cavity, etc.
Meatal, mastoid, stapedic, tympanic,
vestibular, terminal.
Subcerebellar.
Basilar.
Inferior and anterior portion of cere-
bellum.
Subclavian.
Right, innominate.
Left, arch of aorta.
Neck, thorax, arms, brain, meninges,
etc.
Vertebral, thyroid axis, internal mam-
mary, superior intercostal.
Subclsvi&ri .
Suprascapular.
Subclavius muscle.
Subclsvis,!! ri^ht. A
term sometimes
given to the inno-
miiiiite.
Subcostal (or 12th dor-
sal).
Thoracic aorta.
Intercostal space.
Subdural. See Menin-
pharyngeal).
Subfrontal .
Anterior cerebral.
Olfactory groove.
Sublingual.
Lingual.
Sublingual gland, side of tongue, and
floor of mouth.
Artery of frenum.
Submaxillary. See
Glandular.
Submental.
Facial.
Tissues under jaw.
Muscular, perforating, cutaneous,
mentalt
Suborbital. ^^^lyifya-
orbital.
lateral.
Subscapular.
A V 1 n Ckx-\T
Subscapularis, teres major, latissimus
dorsi, serratus magnus, axillary
glands.
T^/^fCQl QnH ! n fi*Q cr*a t^n Ici T
Subscapular.
Posterior scapular.
Subscapular fossa.
Subscapular.
Suprascapular.
Subscapular fossa.
Super-cerebellar. See
Ceyebellar, supeyior.
Super maxillodental.
See Deyitaly superior.
Superscapular. See
Suprascapular.
Supra-acromial.
Suprascapular.
Acromial region.
Supra-dural.
External carotid.
Meninges.
Supra-hyoid (orhyoid)
,
Lingual.
Muscles above hyoid bone.
Supramaxillary. See
Dental, superior.
ARTERIES 135 ARTERIES
TABLE OF ARTERIES.— CoM/inuct^.
Name.
Origin.
Distribution.
Branches.
Supraorbital.
Ophthalmic.
Orbit, frontal sinuses, diploe and upper
eye-lid.
Periosteal, muscular, diploic, troch-
lear, palpebral.
Supra-renal, inferior.
Renal.
Supra-renal body.
Supra-renal, middle
(or supra-renal).
Aorta.
Supra-renal bodies.
Supra-renal, superior.
Phrenic.
Supra-renal bodies.
Suprascapular (or
transversalis hum-
eri).
Thyroid axis.
Muscles of shoulder.
Inferior sterno-mastoid, subclavian,
nutrient, supra-sternal, acromial,
articular, subscapular, supra-spinous
and infraspinous.
Supraspinous.
Posterior scapular.
Supraspinous muscles and trapezius.
Supraspinous.
Suprascapular.
Supraspinatus muscle.
Suprasternal.
Suprascapular.
Skin of upper part of chest.
Sural (or muscular).
Popliteal.
Muscles of popliteal space and calf.
Tarsal, e.xternal and
internal.
Dorsalis pedis.
Skin and joints, etc., of foot.
Temporal.
External carotid.
Forehead, parotid gland, masseter,
ear.
Parotid, articular, masseteric, anterior
auricular, transverse facial, middle,
temporal, and anterior and posterior
terminal.
Temporal.
Posterior cerebral.
Inferior part of temporal lobe of brain.
Temporal, deep, an-
terior.
Internal maxillary.
Anterior part of temporal fossa.
Temporal, deep, ex-
ternal. See Tem-
poral, deep, ante-
rior.
Temporal, deep, in-
ternal.
See Temporal, deep,
posterior.
Temporal, deep, post-
erior.
Internal maxillary,
pterygoid portion.
Temporal fossa.
Temporal, frontal. See
Temporal, anterior.
Temporal, middle.
Temporal.
Squamous portion temporal lobe.
Temporal, posterior.
Superficial temporal.
Side of head and vertex.
Temporal, superficial.
See Temporal.
Teraporo-occipital.
Posterior cerebral.
Cuneus, lingual, convolution and ex-
terior of occipital lobe.
Termatic.
Anterior communicat-
ing.
Cinerea and callosum.
Testicular.
Spermatic.
Testicle.
Testicular, great. See
Spermatic, internal.
Testicular, small. See
Spermatic, external
Thalamic, middle.
Posterior communi-
cating.
Optic thalamus.
Thoracic, acromial
(thoracic axis).
Axillary.
Muscles of shoulder, arm, and chest.
Acromial, humeral, pectoral, clavic-
ular.
Thoracic, alar.
Axillary.
Axillary glands.
Thoracic axis. See
Thoracic, acromial.
Thoracic, external.
See Mammary, ex-
ternal.
Thoracic, inferior. See
Mammary, external.
ARTERIES 136 ARTERIES
TABLE OF ARTERIES.— Continued.
Name.
Origin.
Distribution.
Branches.
Thoracic, internal.
See Mammary, inter-
tial.
Thoracic, long (exter-
nal mammary).
Axillary.
Pectoral muscles, serratus magnus,
mammary and axillary glands.
Thoracic, short (or
superior).
Axillary.
Intercostal muscles, serratus magnus.
Thoracic twelfth. See
Subcostal.
Thymic.
Internal mammary.
Connective tissue, fat and lymphatics,
or mediastinum and thymus.
Thymic. See Medias-
tinal.
Thyroid, ascending
See Thyvoid, infe-
rior.
Thyroid axis.
Subclavian.
Shoulder, neck, thorax, spine, cord.
Inferior thyroid, suprascapular and
transverse cervical.
Thyroid, deep.
Arch of aorta, innom-
i n a t e (occasional
branch).
Same as inferior thyroid.
Thyroid, descending.
See Thyroid, supe-
rior.
Thyroid, inferior.
Thyroid axis.
Larynx, esophagus and muscles of
neck.
Muscular, ascending cervical, esopha-
geal, tracheal and inferior laryngeal.
Thyroid, middle. See
Thyroidea i>na.
Thyroid, superior.
External carotid.
Omo-hyoid, sterno-hyoid, sterno-thy-
roid, thyroid gland.
Hyoid, sterno-mastoid, superior
laryngeal, crico-thyroid.
Thyroidea ima.
Innominate (usually).
Thyroid body.
Thyro-1 ary ngeal .
Thyroid superior.
; — «
Larynx and thyroid body.
Tibial, anterior.
Popliteal.
Leg.
Posterior and anterior tibial recurrent,
muscular, internal and external mal-
leolar.
Tibial, anterior, recur-
rent.
Anterior tibial.
Tibialis anticus muscle.
Tibial, posterior.
Popliteal.
Leg, heel and foot.
Peroneal, muscular, medullary, cuta-
neous, communicating, malleolar,
calcanean, internal and external
plantar.
Tibial, profunda (of
foot).
Internal plantar, (in-
nermost branch).
Abductor pollicis muscle
Unites with the plantar poUicar.
Tibial, recurrent, post-
erior.
Anterior tibial.
Back of knee joint.
Anastomoses with the inferior articu-
lar arteries of knee.
Tonsillar.
Ascending palatine.
Tonsil and Eustachian tube.
Tonsillar.
Facial.
Tonsil and root of tongue.
Tracheal.
Inferior thyroid.
Trachea.
Trachelo-m u s c u 1 a r.
See Cervical, infe-
rior.
Tf!) ticvfifCQ lie i^rA 1 1
1 I alia V Cl oalls ^uiii.
Thyroid axis-
Superficial cervical and posterior
scapular.
Transversalis humeri.
See Suprascapular.
Transverse.
External circumflex.
Muscles of upper part of thigh.
Transverse. See Pon-
tal.
Transverse.
Right coronarj'.
Heart muscle.
ARTERIES 137 ARTERIES
TABLE OF AKT'EKIF.'S,.— Continued.
Name.
Origin.
Distribution.
Branches.
Transverse humeral.
See Suprascapular.
Transverse nasal.
Nasal (of ophthalmic).
Root of nose.
Transverse perineal.
Superficial perineal.
Muscles and integuments of perineum.
Tricipital.
Posterior circumflex.
Triceps muscle (of arm).
Tympanic. See Gla-
serian.
Tympanic.
Ascending pharyngeal.
Tympanum.
Tympanic.
Middle meningeal.
Tensor tympani.
Tympanic.
Stylo-mastoid.
Membrana tympani.
Tympanic.
Vidian.
Tympanum.
Tubal.
Ovarian.
Fallopian tube.
Ulnar.
Brachial.
Forearm, wrist, and hand.
Anterior and posterior ulnar recur-
rent, common interosseous, muscu-
lar, nutrient, anterior and posterior
ulnar carpal, palmar arch.
Ulnar carpal, anterior
and posterior.
Ulnar.
Carpal region.
Ulnar, recurrent, ante-
rior and posterior.
Ulnar.
Muscles of arm and elbow-joint.
Ulno-carpal, anterior.
Ulnar.
Muscles of hand.
Umbilical.
Hypogastric.
Chorionic villi.
Uncinate.
Posterior cerebral.
Uncinate convolution.
Uracheric.
Superior vesical.
Urachus.
Ureteral.
Ovarian.
Ureter.
Ureteral.
Renal.
Ureter.
Ureteral.
Spermatic.
Ureter.
Ureteric.
Common iliac.
Ureter.
Ureteric, inferior.
Superior vesical (or
uterine).
Ureter ana blauaer.
-
Ureteric, middle.
Of aorta, common iliac,
or internal spermatic
Middle part of ureter.
Ureteric, superior.
Renal.
Upper part of ureter.
Urethro-bulbar.
See Perineal, trans-
verse.
•
Uterine.
Internal iliac, anterior
branch.
Uterus.
Cervical, vaginal, azygos.
Uterine.
Ovarian.
Uterus.
Utero-placental.
Uterine.
Gravid uterus and placenta.
Uveal. See Ciliary,
posterior and short.
Vaginal (2 or 3).
Internal iliac, anterior
division.
Vagina.
Vaginal azygos.
Uterine.
Vagina.
Vasa brevia.
Splenic.
Stomach.
Vermiform, inferior.
Cerebellar, posterior in-
ferior.
Vermiform process of cerebellum.
Vermiform, superior.
Superior cerebellar.
Superior vermiform process of cerebel-
lum.
Vertebral.
Subclavian.
Neck of cerebrum.
Lateral spinal, muscular, anastomotic,
posterior meningeal, posterior and
anterior spinal, posterior cerebellar.
ARTHROMENINGITIS 138 ARTICULATE
TABLE OF ARTERIES.— Con/miced.
Name.
Origin.
Distribution.
Branches.
Vertebral, posterior.
See aort£s,pri)nilive.
Vesical, inferior.
Internal iliac, anterior
division.
Bladder, prostate, seminal vesicles, and
vagina (in female).
Vesical, middle.
Superior vesical. | Bladder.
Vesical, superior.
Internal iliac, anterior
division.
Diauuer.
Deferential, uracheric, ureteric, mid-
dle vesical (occasionally).
Vesico-prostatic.
Middle hemorrhoidal.
Prostate and seminal vesicles.
Vesico- vaginal. See
Vaginal.
Vestibular.
Internal auditory.
Membranous labyrinth.
Vestibular.
Stylo-mastoid.
Vestibule and semicircular canals.
Vidian.
Internal maxillary.
Roof of pharynx. Eustachian tube, and
tympanum.
r iicti y iigcdi , n. LibLac Ilidll, L^mpdniL.
Vitelline. See Om-
phalo-mesenteric.
Volar, superficial.
Radial.
Ball of thumb.
Enters into formation of superficial
palmar arch.
Volar, superior. See
Volar, superficial.
Xiphoid.
Superior epigastric.
Ensiform cartilage.
Zygomatico-o r b i t a 1 .
See Orbital (of tem-
poral).
Arthromeningitis {ar-thro-men-in-ji' -tis) \hpdpov, a
joint ; fir/viyi, membrane]. Synovitis.
Arthromere [ar' -Ihro-mcr) \_apHpov, a joint ; fiipog, a
part]. In biology, one of the rings or somites
characteristic of the articulated invertebrates.
Arthron {ar' -thron) \aptipov, a joint]. A joint ; espe-
cially a movable joint.
Arthronalgia [ar-thron-aF -je-ali). See Arthralgia.
Arthroncus [ar-thi'ong'-kus) [apQpov, a joint ; byme,
a swelling]. I. A cartilaginous body such as occa-
sionally forms within the knee-joint. 2. Swelling of a
joint.
Arthropathia {ar-thyo-path' -e-aJi). See Arthropathy.
A. Tabidorum. See Charcot' s Disease.
Arthropathies [ar-thro-path' -iks) \_apftpGv, a joint ;
-aHitc, disease] . Disease of the joints.
Pi.TXhTO'pa.ihy (ar-throp' -a-the) [ap^poj', a joint ; iraOnc,
disease]. I. Any joint disease. 2. A peculiar dis-
ease of the joints similar to rheumatoid arthritis, but,
according to Charcot, a distinct disease. It belongs to
the prodromal stage of tabes, rapidly destroys the
joint, is painless, without fever or inflammation, pre-
fers the large joints, and is connected with hydrar-
throsis and swelling of the joints.
Arthrophlogosis [ar-thi-o-flo-go'-sis) [apftpov, joint ;
(fi'Atyeiv, to burn]. Inflammation of a joint.
Arthrophragm (ar'-thro-fram) [apHpov, a joint;
a fence] . Partitions between the articulations
of arthropods.
Arthroplasty [ar' -tliroplas-te) [^afiOpnv, a joint ;
TT/ daaeiv, to form]. The making of an artificial joint.
Arthropleure ((7;-'-;'//ro-/'//?r) [dp(^poi', a joint ; n'Aevpn,
the side]. One of the pleurites or lateral pieces com-
posing a somite of an arthropod.
Arthropodous [ar-throp' -o-dtis) [upOpnv, a joint ; ttov^,
a foot]. In biology, having jointed legs.
Arthropyosis (ar-thropi-o'-sis) [_apf)pnv, a. ]omt; Tr'vuai^,
suppuration]. Pus-formation in a joint.
Arthrosia {ar-thro' -ze-ali) [_apHpov, a joint]. Painful
inflammatory or other affection of a joint.
Arthrosis {ar-thro' -sis) [apOpdeiv, to fasten by a joint].
Articulation or jointing.
Arthrospore (ar'-thro-spor) [^apOpov, a joint ; o~6pot;,
a seed]. In biology, a spore formed by fission, as
opposed to an endospore.
Arthrosterigma {ar-thro-stcr-ig' -inah) \hpOpox\ a joint ;
criipiyjxa, a support : pi. , Arthrosterigiiiata'\. In biol-
ogy, a jointed sterigma, as in many lichens.
Arthrostome (ar' -thro-stdni) \_ap6pov, a joint ; nrdpa, a
mouth]. L. Agassiz's name for the mouth of articu-
lates. Compare Actinostonte.
Arthrosyrinx [ar-thro-sir'-ingks) [hpHpov, a joint ;
avpiy^, a pipe]. A fistulous opening into a joint.
Arthrotome (ai-'-thro-td?n) \_apftpov, joint ; ro^df, a cut-
ting]. A stout knife used in the surgery of the
joints.
Arthrotomy (ar-throt'-o-»ie) \_apHpor, a joint ; re/jveiv,
to cut]. Incision of a joint.
Arthrous (ar'-thrtis) ^apOpov, a joint]. Pertaining to a
joint or joints ; jointed.
Arthroxesis {ar-throks'-es-is) [apflpov, joint ; Stctg, a
scraping]. The surgical treatment of an articular sur-
face by scraping.
Artiad (ar'-te-ad) [apT/oc, even]. In chemistry, a term
used to designate atoms having an even quantivalence,
as oxygen, which is bivalent, iron quadrivalent, and
sulphur he.xivalent.
Articular (ar-tik' -it-lar^ \_articitlaris, of the joints].
Pertaining to an articulation or joint.
Articulate {ar-tik' -tt-lat) \_articitlarc to divide in joints].
Divided into joints, distinct. A. Speech, the com-
munication of ideas by spoken words.
ARTICULATION
139
ARTIFICIAL
Articulation {ar-tik-u-la'-shiai) \_a>ticiihis, a joint]. I.
A joint or arthrosis ; a connection between two or
more bones, whether allowing movement between
them or not. The articulations are divided into : (l)
Synarthroses, immovable, subdivided into schindyleses,
or grooved joints, gomphoses, in sockets, as the teeth,
and siitiim, as in the bones of the skull ; (2) Diarth-
roses, or movable joints, subdivided into the arthrodia,
or gliding joints, the ginglymtis, or hinge-like, the
enarthroses, or ball-and-socket joints; (3) Amphiar-
throses, or those of a mixed type. 2. The enuncia-
tion of spoken speech. A. of Artificial Teeth, the
adjustment and arrangement of one or more artificial
teeth, so that it, or they, when placed in the mouth,
shall sustain the same relationship to the organs with
which they antagonize, when the jaws are closed, as
the natural teeth did previous to their loss. A., Con-
fluent, the clipping of words, or running together of
syllables — a symptom of certain cerebral diseases. A.
of Models. See Models for Artificial Teeth, Antago-
nizing. A. Positions. See Consonants . A. of the
Teeth. See Teeth, Articulation of.
Articulator {ar-tik' -ii-la-tor) \_articulus, a joint]. An
instrument used in mechanical dentistry for holding
the models in position while the artificial teeth are
being arranged and antagonized upon the plates.
h.\\\Q,xA\{ar-tik' -u-li^. See Lenticida.
Articulo mortis, In [ar-tik' -zi-lo mor'-tis) [L.]. At the
moment of death. In the act of dying.
Artifact (ar'-te-fact) [arte, by art; factum, made]. In
microscopy and histology, a structure that has been
produced by mechanical, chemical, or other artificial
means ; a structure or tissue that has been changed
from its natural state.
Artificial {ar-tefisli' -al) [artificialis']. Made or imitated
by art. A. Anus, an opening in the abdomen to give
exit to the feces ; an opening made in case of
imperforate anus. A. Crowns, porcelain crowns of
teeth designed to be united to the roots of natural
teeth ; what is commonly called by the misnomer
"pivot tooth." A. Dentine, a preparation composed
of pure gutta-percha, while in a softened state, mixed
with mineral substances, and used for temporary fill-
ings. See Temporary Stopping. A. Eye, a film of
glass, celluloid, rubber, etc., made in imitation of the
front part of the globe of the eye and worn in the
socket or over a blind eye for cosmetic reasons. A.
Feeding, the feeding of an infant by other means
than mother's milk. Various mixtures and foods are
to be had, such as Meigs's, Rotch' s, Biederfs
Mixtures , etc. , q. v. See Table at end of this article.
A. Joint, or false joint, the non-united ends
of a broken bone. A. Leech. See Leech. A.
Palate, a mechanical contrivance for supplying the
loss of the whole or a portion of the hard or soft
palate, or both. A. Pupil, removal of a piece of the
iris (iridectomy , iridodialysis , etc.), to allow the light
to pass through the opening. A. Respiration, the
aeration of the blood by artificial means. A method
of inducing the normal function of respiration when
from any cause it is temporarily in abeyance, as in
asphyxia neonatorum, drowning, etc. Bain's Method.
a modification of Sylvester's method, the axilla itself
being seized so that the traction is made directly upon
the pectoral muscles. Byrd' s {R.L.)Method ; thephysi-
cian's hands are placed under the middle portion of the
child's back with their ulnar borders in contact and at
right angles to the spine. With the thumbs extended,
the two extremities of the trunk are carried forward by
gentle but firm pressure, so that they form an angle of
45 degrees with each other in the diaphragmatic region.
Then the angle is reversed by carrying backward the
shoulders and the nates. Dew's Method ; the infant is
grasped in the left hand, allowing the neck to rest
between the thumb and forefinger, the head falling far
over backward. The upper portion of the back and
scapulae rest in the palm of the hand, the other three
fingers being inserted in the axilla of the babe's left
arm, raising it upward and outward. The right hand
grasps the babe's knees, and the lower portion of the
body is depressed to favor inspiration. The move-
ment is reversed to favor expiration, the head,
shoulders, and chest being brought forward and the
thighs pressed upon the abdomen. Forest's Method ;
the child is placed on its face and quick, violent pres-
sure is made on the back ; then it is placed in a
pail of hot water, and the hands carried upward
until the child is suspended by its arms, and mouth-
to-mouth insufflation is practised ; the arms are then
lowered and the body doubled forward ; these move-
ments are repeated at the rate of 40 per minute. Hall 's
Method ; by turning the body alternately upon the side
or face to compress the chest, and then upon the
back to allow the lungs to expand. ILnvard's
Method : by pressure upon the lower ribs every few
seconds. Pacini's Method ; for resuscitating asphyxi-
ated infants. The child lying on its back, the
operator stands at its head, and grasps the axillae,
pulling the shoulders forward and upward to com-
press the thorax, and allowing them to fall in order
to expand the chest. Satterthwaite' s Method; pres-
sure upon the abdomen alternating with relaxation to
allow descent of the diaptiragm. Schrccder' s Method ;
the babe while in a bath is supported by the opera-
tor on the back, its head, arms, and pelvis being
allowed to fall backward ; a forceful expiration is
then effected by bending up the babe over its
belly, thereby compressing the thorax. Schultze's
Method : the child is seized from behind with both
hands, by the shoulders, in such a way that the right
index finger of the operator is in the right axilla of the
child from behind forward, and the left index finger in
the left axilla, the thumbs hanging loosely over the
clavicles. The other three fingers hang diagonally
downward along the back of the thorax. The" opera-
tor stands with his feet apart and holds the child as
above, practically hanging on the index fingers in the
first position, with the feet downward, the whole
weight resting on the index fingers in the axillae, the
head being supported by the ulnar borders of the
hands. This is the first inspiratory position. At once
the operator swings the child gently forward and up-
ward. When the operator's hands are somewhat above
the horizontal the child is moved gently, so that the
lower end of the body falls forward toward its head.
The body is not flung over, but moved gently until the
lower end rests on the chest. In this position the
chest and upper end of the abdomen are compressed
tightly. The child's thorax rests on the tips of the
thumbs of the operator. As a result of this forcible
expiration the fluids usually pour out of the nose and
mouth of the infant. The child is allowed to rest in
this position (the first expiratory position) about one or
two seconds. The operator gradually lowers his
arms, the child's body bends back, and he again holds
the infant hanging on his index fingers with its feet
downward; this is the second inspiratory position.
These movements are repeated 15 to 20 times in the
minute. Sylvester' s Method, chiefly by movements of
the arms. This method is valueless in asphyxia neo-
natorum, owing to non-development of the pectoral
muscles. A. Urticaria, a condition much resembling
that seen in the autographic skin q. v. A. Vitre-
ous. See Evisceration.
ARTUS
140
ASCHISTODACTVLISM
ARTIFICIAL FEEDING OF INFANTS.
Table of Quantity Required.
Age.
Interval.
Number of
Feedings in 24
Hours.
Amount of
Food at Each
Feeding.
Total
Amount in 24
Hours.
1st week,
2 hours.
10
I oz.
10 ozs.
2d to 4th week, . . .
2 "
9
l'/2 ozs.
1354"
2d to 3d month, . .
3 "
6
3
18 "
3d to 4th month, . .
3 "
6
4 "
24 "
4th to 5th month, . .
3 "
6
4-4H "
24-27 "
3 "
6
5
30 "
8th month,
3 "
6
6
36 "
loth month, ....
3
8
40 "
Artus {ar'-tus) [L.: //. , Artus\. A joint ; a limb; the
joints collectively.
Aryepiglottic (ar-e-ep-e-glot'-ik). Same as Aiyteno-
epiglottic.
Arytenoepiglottic {ar-i' -ten-o-ep-e-glot' -ik) \a.pvTaLva,
a pitcher; eZdof, likeness; iiri, upon; yXurric;,
glottis]. Relating to an arytenoid cartilage and to the
epiglottis ; as the aryteno-epiglottic fold (or folds) , con-
sisting of a fold of mucous membrane that extends
from either arytenoid cartilage to the epiglottis.
Arytenoid [ar-i-te'-noid] \apvraiva, a pitcher; u&nc,
likeness]. Resembling the mouth of a pitcher. A.
cartilages, two cartilages of the larynx regulating, by
the means of the attached muscles, the tension of the
vocal cords. A. Glands, muciparous glands found in
large numbers along the posterior margin of the
aryteno-epiglottidean fold in front of the arytenoid
cartilages. A. Muscle, arises from the posterior sur-
face of one arytenoid cartilage and is inserted into the
corresponding parts of the other. It is composed of
three planes of fibers, two oblique and one transverse.
It draws the arytenoid cartilages together.
PixyX^wnxA (ar-ith' -»ie-ah). See A?-rkythmia.
Arythmic [ar-iih' -mik). See Arrhythmic
Asa (a'-ja//) [Pers., asa, mastic]. A gum. A. dulcis,
benzoin ; also the drug called laser.
Asafetida [as-a-fef-id-ah) \_asa, gum; fcetida, stink-
ing]. A resinous gum obtained from the root of
Ferula nartliex and F. scordosonta. It is somewhat solu-
ble in alcohol and forms an emulsion with water. Its
properties are due toallyl sulphid, CgH,|)S. It is a power-
ful antispasmodic, stimulant, and expectorant, and is
very serviceable in hysteria and bronchial affections.
Dose gr. v-xx. A. tinct., strength 20 per cent. Dose
5ss-ij. A. emplastrum, asafetida 35, lead plaster
35, galbanum 15, yellow wax 15, alcohol 120 parts.
A. Enema (B. P.), asafetida and distilled water. A.
mistura, a 4 per cent, emulsion. Dose ^ss-Jij.
A. et magnesise mist., Dewees's carminative, magne-
sium carb. 5, tinct. asafetida 7, tinct. opii I, sugar 10,
aq. dest. ad 100 parts. Dose _^ss-^ss. A. pilulae,
contain each gr. iij of asafetida and gr. j of soap.
Dose j-iv. A. et Aloes pil., have gr. l '/j of each
ingredient. A. pil. comp. (B. P.). Galbani pil.
comp. SeeGalbanum. A»i//ioiiite/cetidus spt. , contains
asafetida 11-2, liq. ammoniae fort. 2, spirit 20 parts.
Dose ijss-j. Unof.
Asagrea, or Asagraea {as-a-gre' -ah) [Asa Gray, an
American botanist]. A genus of melanthaceous herbs.
A. officinalis. See Cebadilla.
Asak {as'-ak). See Saraca indica.
Asaphatum (as-af'-at-um) [Arab.]. An old name for
comedones.
Asaphia (as-af-i' -ah) [affa(pEra, indistinctness]. Indis-
tinctness of utterance, especially that due to cleft
palate.
Asaprol (as' -ap-rol), Ca(OH.CioHgS03)2,3Aq. Cal-
cium-/3-naphthol- a -mono- sulphonate, a substance
readily soluble in water and alcohol , and recommended
as an antiseptic in 5 per cent, solution. It is also used
in acute articular rheumatism in doses of from 15 to
60 grains.
Asarabacca (as-ar-ah-ak' -ah) [a priv. ; aetpa, a band ;
bacca, a berry]. The plant Asarum europaum, an
errhin, aperient, and emetic. Unof.
Asarcia (ah-sar' -se-ah) [d priv.; aap^, flesh]. Ema-
ciation ; leanness.
Asarin (as'-ar-in). Same as Asarone.
Asarkia [ah-sar' -ke-ah). See Asarcia.
Asarol (as'-ar-ol) \h.aapov, asarabacca; oleum, oil],
CipHjgO. A camphor-like body derived from asarum.
Asarone (as'-ar-dn) \_haapov, asarabacca], C2(,H,2g05.
Asarin. The solid component of the oil from Asarum
europceum . It forms monoclinic prisms, melting at 61°,
and boils at 295°. It has an aromatic taste, and
smells like camphor.
Asarum {as'-ar-nm) \_aaapov, asarabacca]. A genus
of aristolochiaceous plants. A. europaeum has diaph-
orectic, emetic, purgative, and diuretic qualities, but
is now little used except in veterinary practice. A.
canadense, called wild ginger, Canada snakeroot,
with other N. American species, are used chiefly in
domestic practice. A. canadense is a fragrant, aro-
matic stimulant. Dose of fld. ext. tT\, xv-gss.
Unof.
Asbestos (as-bes'-tos) [d(7,.5c(jrof, unquenchable]. A
mineral more or less flexible and fibrous. It is used in
mechanical dentistry, mixed with plaster, as a substi-
tute for sand, to form the investment preparatory to
soldering. In surgery, it has also a limited use.
Ascariasis [as-kar-i'-as-is) [aanapii^cLv, to jump]. The
symptoms produced by the presence of ascarides in
the gastro-intestinal canal.
Ascaricide (as-har'-is-id) \_ascaris, a mite; ccedere, to
kill]. A medicine that kills ascarides.
Ascarides (as-kar' -id-ez). See Thread-worms.
Ascaridiasis [as-kar-id-i' -as-is) \aaK.apiL,iLv, to jump].
The presence of ascarides in the intestine.
Ascaris (as' -kar-is) \aciiapi(,tiv to jump : //. , Ascaridei\.
A genus of the family Ascarides. Parasitical worms
inhabiting the bodies, and especially the intestines, of
most animals. A. lumbricis, is found in the ox,
hog and man. It inhabits the small intestine, especi-
ally of children. A. mystax, the round-worm of
the cat, and A. alata have rarely been found in
man. A. vermicularis, a synonym of Oxyuris ver-
micularis. See Parasites, Table of.
Ascending (as-end'-ing) \_ascendere, to rise]. Taking
an upward course (as parts of the aorta, and colon, and
as one of the vencecavne). A. Current, in electricity,
one going from the periphery to a nerve-center. A.
Metamorphosis. Same as Anabolism. A. Para-
lysis. See Paralysis.
Ascherson's Vesicles. The peculiar small globules
formed when oil and an albuminous fluid are agitated
together. Formerly thought to be cells.
Ascheturesis ( as-ket-u-re' -sis ) [ aax^ro^, resistless ;
ol'l»imc, urination]. An uncontrollable desire to
urinate; irrepressible urination.
Aschistodactylism (as-kis-to-dal:'-til-izm)\JiaxiaTO(;,-an-
cloven ; (M/cru/lof , a finger] . A synonym of Syndacty-
lism.
ASCIA
141 , ASEXUAL
Ascia ia' -se-ah or as^-ke-aK) [a priv. ; okici, shadow].
Fascia spiralis ; dolabra currens ; a spiral bandage
applied without reverses, each turn of which overlaps
the preceding for about a third of its width. Dolabra
repcns, is the same as the preceding, in which, how-
ever, the spirals are formed more obliquely, and do
not overlap each other, but are separated by a greater
or less interval.
Ascidium [as-id' -e-um^ \a(5K.i&iov, dim. of acKoc, a wine-
skin] . In biology, a pitcher, or a pitcher-shaped organ,
as in the pitcher plant or bladder wort.
Asciferous (as-if -er-ics) [offKOf, a bladder (spec. , a
spore case) ; ferre, to bear]. Producing asci.
Ascigerous [as-ij'-er-us) \_asi iis, a spore case ; gerei-e,
to bear]. Ascus-bearing.
Ascites [as-i'-tez] [ocr/c/rz/f, a kind of dropsy ; from
(jff/cof, a bag]. An abnormal collection of serous fluid
in the peritoneal cavity ; dropsy of the peritoneum. It
is either local in origin or a part of a general dropsy.
The ascitic fluid is usually clear, yellow, coagulating on
standing, and if renal in origin contains urea. It may
be turbid, blood-stained, and contain lymph-particles
or shreds. There is a uniform enlargement of the ab-
domen, fluctuation, percussion-dulness, etc. A. adi-
posus. A milky appearance of ascitic fluid due to the
presence in it of numerous cells that have undergone
fatty degeneration and solution. It is seen in certain
cases of cancer, tuberculosis, or chronic inflammation
of the peritoneum. A. chylosus. The presence of
chyle in a greater or less degree of purity in ascitic
fluid. It follows rupture of the chyle duct.
Ascitic, Ascitical [as-it'-ik, as-it' -ik-al) [affK/r?;f, a
kind of dropsy]. Pertaining to or affected with ascites.
Asclepiad (as-kic'-pc-ad) ['A(TK/l7/TWfS;;f, a Greek poet].
In ancient Greece, any priest of Asclepias (^scula-
pius),of the family or class that claimed descent from
that hero or demigod. The Asclepiads were also
physicians, at least in some period of their history.
Asclepiadin (as-kle-pi' -ad-iii) [(i(7hA?;7riOf ] . A bitter
glucosid obtainable from various species of Asclepias.
It is poisonous, with emetic, purgative, and sudorific
effects. Unof.
Asclepias (as-kle' -pe-as) [(io-KA;/-(of]. Pleurisy Root.
The root of Asclepias tubcrosa. A popular remedy in
the Southern States for pleurisy. A powerful diapho-
retic and a moderate emetic and cathartic. The in-
fusion recommended has a strength of of the
powdered root to ,^ xxxij of water. Dose, a teacupful
every three or four hours. Unof. Also, A. curassavica,
Blood flower, an herb common to tropical America ;
astringent, styptic, and anthelmintic against the tape-
worm. A popular remedy for checking capillary
hemorrhage. Dose of fld. ext. 5j-ij ; of the drug, gr.
xx-xl. Unof. Many other species of this genus have
active medicinal qualities, at present but little under,
stood.
Asclepin [as-kle' -pin) [aaKlT]iTL6g'\. i. A poisonous
principle obtainable from asclepiadin by the separation
of ghicose from the latter. It is a heart paralyzant,
with reputed alterative, purgative, and diaphoretic
effects. It is offensive to the taste and smell. Unof.
2. The precipitate from a tincture o{ Asclepias tuberosa ;
alterative, evacuant, tonic, sedative. Dose grs. ii-iv.
Unof.
Ascocarp (as' -ko-karp) [nfjKof, a bag; KapTxoc,, fruit].
In biology, the organ that in Ascomycetes and Lichenes
produces ascospores.
Ascococcus {as-ko-kok' -Its'] {aoKoq, a leather bag;
KOKKog, a kernel]. A genus of the family of Schizo-
mycetes. The ascococci are microorganisms made
up of round or ovoid cells ; with elements united in
massive colonies, surrounded by tough, thick, gelatin-
ous envelops. A. Billrothii, found in putrefied
meat; its natural habitat is the air; zymogenic,
probably not pathogenic. See Bacteria., Table of.
Ascogenous [as-koj' -en-us) [d(j«:oc, a bag ; ytvr/q, pro-
ducing]. In biology, producing asci.
Ascogonium [as-ko-go' -ne-iiiii) [(icr/i-df, a bag ; yovdf, pro-
ducing] . In biology, the corkscrew-shaped female
organ of the mould-fungi. It is formed by several fine
branches given off from a mycelium ; an archicarp, or,
generally, an imperfectly developed carpogonium.
Ascomyceter (as-ko-mi-se'-tei-) [(wk.6q, a bag; fi'viujq,
mushroom]. In biology, a group of fungi including
morchella, helvella, leotia, etc. , which have cup-shaped
depressions, lacunre, and sinuosities. Aspergillus,
penicillium, and oidium belong here.
Ascophora [as-koff'-o-rah) [dffKor, a bag ; (jiepeiv, to
bear]. A genus of fungi. A. elegans, a vegetable
growth occasionally found in the ear; bread-mould.
A. mucedo, a microscopic fungus, of which the
mould of bread is an example.
Ascophora (as'-ko-/dr) [d(T/cdf, a bag; (j>ep£lv, to bear].
The spore-bearing stage, surface, or hyphae of a fungus.
Ascospore (as' -ko-spor) [dcKdj, a bag; anopot;, seed].
In biology a spore produced by or in an ascus.
Ascus (as'-kus) [dtTKOf, a bag, or bladder]. In biology,
the characteristic spore case of some fungi and
lichens, usually consisting of a single terminal cell
containing eight spores.
Ascyphous (as'-if-us) [a priv.; <jnh(poc, a cup]. In
botany, without scyphi or cup-shaped fruiting organs,
as some lichens.
Asecretory [ah-se' -kret-o-re)\aY!:\\ .; sccrcttis, separate].
Dry ; without secretion.
Asellus (as-el'-ics) [L.]. An old name for the cod.
Oleum jecinoris aselli, cod-liver oil.
Asemasia (as-em-a' -ze-ali) [d priv. ; (jripaa'ia^ a signal-
ing]. Absence of the power to communicate either
by signs or language.
Asemia (ah-se'-me-aJi) [d priv.; nfj/ja, a sign]. In-
ability to form, express, or understand any sign, token,
or symbol of thought or feeling, whether speech,
writing or gesture.
Asepsable (ah-sep'-sa-bl) [d priv.; ff^i/i/r, putrefaction].
A less correct form of the word Aseptizable.
Asepsin (ah-sep'-sin). See Antisepsin .
Asepsis (ah-sep'-sis) [d priv. ; ai/ntiv, to putrefy]. The
condition of non-putrefaction ; absence of all septic
material or pathogenic microorganisms.
Aseptic (ah-sep' -tik) [d priv. ; o-^ipiq, putrefaction].
Free from pathogenic bacteria, or septic matter. The
antiseptic treatment of wounds, including aseptic and
antiseptic dressings, renders the wound aseptic.
Asepticism (ali-sep'-lis-iz>/t) [d priv. ; ar/Tv-oc, septic].
The doctrine or principles of aseptic surgery.
Asepticity (a/i-sep-/is'-il-e) [d priv. ; criTTTuc, septic].
Quality of being aseptic.
Asepticize (ah-sep'-tis-iz) [d priv. ; arinToq, septic]. To
render aseptic ; to free from the power of conveying
septic poison.
Aseptin (ah-sep' -tin) [d priv.; oriTTToq, septic]. A secret
preparation containing boric acid, used for preserving
articles of food.
Aseptizable (ah-sep' -tiz-a-bl) [d priv. ; oi-roc, septic].
Susceptible of being rendered aseptic.
Aseptol (ah-sep' -tol) [d priv. ; arinrog, septic], QH^-
SO^. Sulphocarbolic acid; sozolic acid. A reddish
liquid, with an odor of carbolic acid, recommended
as a disinfectant and antiseptic. It is used externally
(l : looo), and internally in about the same dose as
carbolic acid.
Asexual (ah-seks' -tt-al) [d priv. ; sexits, sex]. With-
out sex ; non-sexual.
ASH
142
ASPIRATE
Ash (ash) [ME. asch']. See Fraxiuus. A. manna.
See Fraxinus. A., Poison. See Chioiiaiil/iiis . A.,
Prickly. See Xaiilhoxylujii.
Asialia [as-e-a' -le-ah) [a priv. ; aia'Aov, spittle]. Defect
or failure of tlie secretion of saliva.
Asialorrhea [as-e-al-or-e' -ah) . .Same as Asialia.
Asiatic (a-ze-at'-ik) [Asia]. Pertaining or belonging
to Asia. A. Cholera." See Cholera. A. Pill, a
method of administering arsenic in skin diseases. The
formula is, arsenious acid gr. ij ; black pepper, powdered
licorice, each gr. xxxij ; mucilage q. s. M. et ft. pil.
no. xxxij. S. One to be taken t. d. after meals.
Asimina {as-iiii-e' -7iah) [L.]. A genus of trees. A.
triloba. The papaw or pawpaw tree of North
America, bearing an edible fruit.
Asiminin [as-i/ii'-iii-iii) \_asi!/ii>ia'\. An alkaloid de-
rived from the seeds of Asimina t) Holm. It has active
medicinal properties but is not much used. Unof.
Asitia {ali-sish' -e-ali) \ji priv. ; alrof;, food]. The want
of food. Also a loathing for food.
Asmegmatia (ali-smeg-ma' -she-ali) [a priv. ; afir/yfia,
an unguent]. Deficiency or lack of smegma.
Asomata {ali-so' -inat-ah) \a priv. ; aidjia, body]. A
species of omphalositic monster characterized by an
absence of the trunk. The head is never well-formed,
and the vessels run from it to the placenta in the
membranes. Beneath the head is a sac in which
rudiments of body organs may be found. This is the
rarest form of omphalosites. Also called Acardiacus
acormus.
Asomia [ali-so' -me-ali). See Acormns.
Aspalasoma ias-pal-as-o' -mah') [acTra/'iftf, mole ; aujia,
body]. A variety of single autositic monsters of the
species celosoma, in which there is a lateral or median
eventration occupying principally the lower portion of
the abdomen, witli the urinary apparatus, the genital
apparatus, and the rectum opening externally by three
distinct orifices.
Asparagin (as-pw' -ag-iji) [nffTrapaj'or, asparagus],
QH^N./ 1^. H.,0.,. An alkaloid isomeric with malamid.
It is found in the seeds of many plants, in asparagus,
beet root, peas and beans. It forms shining, four-
sided, rhombic prisms, readily soluble in hot water,
but not in alcohol or ether. It is an amid of aspartic
acid, and forms compounds with both acids and
bases. It is diuretic and sedative to the circulation.
Dose gr. j-vj.
Asparagus \as-pai''-ag iis) [aawapayn^, asparagus].
The green root of Asparagus officinalis, a mild
diuretic. Dose of fld. ext. Jss-j. Unof.
Aspartic Acid (as-par'-tik). See Acid.
Asper-artery [as' -per-ar' -ter-e) [arieria aspera, rough
artery]. The trachea.
Aspergilliform (as-per-jil' -if-onn) \_aspergere, to sprin-
kle ; forma, shape]. In biology, shaped like the
brush used to sprinkle holy water ; as the stigmas of
many grasses.
Aspergillus (as-per-jil' -us) \aspergere, to scatter]. A
nominal genus of fungi, probably containing only the
conidial forms of Eurotiiim. A. auricularis, a fun-
gus found in the wax of the ear. A. fumigatus,
found in the ear, nose, and lungs. A. glaucus, the
bluish mould found, e. g., upon dried fruit. A.
mucoroides, a species found in tuberculous or gan-
grenous lung tissue.
Aspergillusmycosis (as-per-jil' -iis-mi-ko' -sis). See
Otom vcosis.
Asperifoliate (as-per-if-o' -Ic-at) \asper, rough ; folium,
a leaf]. With leaves producing a sensation of rough-
ness when handled.
Aspermatia (ah-sper-ma' -she-ali), \!i priv. ; anepixa,
seed] . Aspermatism.
Aspermatic (ah-sper-mat' -ik) [a priv. ; antpjia, seed].
Affected with or relating to aspermatism.
Aspermatism (aJi-sper' -mat-izm) [a priv. ; cTTTf/j/za,
seed]. Non-emission of semen, whether ovv'ing to
non-secretion or non-ejaculation.
Aspermous (ah-sper' -miis) [o priv. ; airtpfia, seed].
Without seed.
Aspersion (as-per' -zhwi) \_aspcrsio, aspergere, to sprin-
kle]. Treatment of disease by sprinkling with a
medicinal agent, or by dropping a medicine slowly
upon the body or part affected.
Asperula (as-pcr' -u-lah) [L.]. A genus of rubiaceous
plants, of which the European woodruff (A. odorata)
is an example. This plant is a fragrant aromatic,
rich in coumarin, and has diaphoretic and astringent
qualities. The Maitrank or Maimein of the Germans
is flavored witli this herb. Unof.
Asphalt (as' -fait) \hoi^a'kTov , bitumen]. Bitumen (q. v.).
Asphalt is now scarcely used in medicine, but a varnish
prepared with it is employed in making cells for use
in microscopy.
Asphyctic (ffj-/?/"'-///^), or Asphyctous (as-fk'-ttis) [a
priv. ; a<p'v!;i(;, pulsation]. Affected with asphyxia.
Asphyxia (as-fks'-e-ah) [d priv.; oipv^ii, the pulse].
The efiect upon the body of the non-oxygenation of
the blood ; the suspension of vital phenomena when
the lungs are deprived of air. The excess of carbon
dioxid in the blood at first stimulates, then paralyzes
the respiratory center of the medulla. Artificial res-
piration is therefore required in cases of sudden as-
phyxia. Asphyxia is characterized by extreme lividity
of the features, and prominence of the eyeballs, with
obstruction to respiration. It is the cause of death in
suffocation, drowning, obstruction of the larynx, etc.
A. neonatorum, the inability of new-born infants to
begin respiration spontaneously, or to continue it.
Asphyxiant (as-fks'-e-anl) \ao<j>vKTO(;, pulseless]. I.
Producing asphyxia. 2. An agent capable of produc-
ing asphyxia.
Asphyxiate (as-fiks' -e-at) \h priv. ; a(l>{>^eiv, to pulsate].
To produce or cause asphyxia; to suffocate, or to
nearly suffocate.
Aspic (as'-pik) \_a and spic, lavender spike]. The great
lavender, or spike lavender, Lavandula spica. Its oil
is at present used in veterinary practice and occasionally
in liniments. Unof.
Aspidium (as-pid'-e-um) [L. : gen. Aspidii]. A genus
of ferns, known as shield-ferns. There are many
recognized species. The rhizome of several species
of A., especially A. marginale, Filix mas, or male
fern. Its properties are due to a resin containing filicilic
acid. It is valuable chiefly as a vermicide against tape-
worm. Dose 3ss-§ss. A. Oleoresina, an ethereal
extract. Dosegss-j. Extractum Filicis Liquidum
(B. P.). Dose Tt\^ xv-_;^j.
Aspidosamin (as-pid-os' -am-in) [ddTr/f , a shield ;
n-tpiia, a seed], C^^H^kN/).^. A basic principle,
from quebracho bark. Emetic. Unof.
Aspidosperma (as-pid-o-sper'-tnali) [iwiil^, a shield ;
OTTFpiia, seed]. A genus of apocynaceous trees, of
which the Quebracho is the most important.
Aspidosperrhatin (as-pid-o-spei-' -mat-in) [acTr/f, a
shield; (7Tfp//a, seed]. A basic substance, from que-
bracho bark, said to be isomeric with aspidosamin and
to depress the temperature when administered. Unof.
Aspidospermin (as-pid-o-sper' -min) \jwKiQ, shield ;
mrepiia, seed], Q.^Hj^N.p.,. An alkaloid extracted
from Quebracho, I/. V. (Aspidosperma quebracho). It
has the general effects of quebracho. Unof.
Aspirate (as'-pir-at) [^ad, to; spirare, to breathe].
Any consonant sound that is aspirated or pronounced
with a rough breathing. See Consonants.
ASPIRATION
143
ASTHMA
Aspiration (as-pir-a' -shun) \_acl, to ; spirare, to
breathe]. Used as a synonym of inspiration, also of
imbibition. Tlie act of using the aspirator. A method
of withdrawing tlie fluids and gases from a wound, or-
gan or cavity. A. of Cataract Extraction. See
Extraction of Cataract , Suction JMethoJ'. A. Theory
(of Weber and Hasner), the theory that accounts
for the transmission of tears into the nose by suction
into the lachrymal sac through the rarefaction of the
air in the nose during inspiration.
Aspirator (as'-pir-a-tor) \_ai/, to; x//ra;Y, to breathe] .
An instrument for withdrawing the contents of an
abscess, tumor, etc. , without the admission of air.
Asplenium (ah-sple' -ne-iiiii) [a priv. ; o-7rX?/i;,' spleen ; a
plant of this name was once thought to destroy the
spleen]. A genus of ferns called spleen- worts, or
miltwastes. A. ceterach and A. filix-femina for-
merly had a great repute as medicines, but are now
little used. Unof.
Asporogenic (ah-spor-o-jen' -ik) [(i priv. ; OKopd, seed;
yevlig, producing] . Not reproducing by means of
spores; not producing spores.
Assafetida {as-a-fet'-id-ah). '&tt Asafetida.
Assalini's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Assault {as-aiiilt') \_assaiire, to assail]. An attack. A.,
Criminal, in medical jurisprudence, the touching or
attempting to touch, on the part of a male, any of
the sexual organs (the breasts included) of a female,
against her will, even though they be covered by
clothing.
Assibilation [as-ib-il-a' -shitn) \_assibilare, to whisper
to] . The utterance of sounds with a sibilant or hiss-
ing quality.
Assideration (as-id-er-a^ -s/iun) \_ad, intensive ; sidera-
tio,&x\ evil influence]. In forensic medicine, infanti-
cide by immersing in ice-water.
Assimilable [as-ini' -il-a-bl) [assi/milare, to make like].
Capable of being assimilated ; nutritious.
Assimilation {as-i/n-il-a'-s/iitn) \assimulare, to make
like]. The process of transforming food into such a
nutrient condition that it is taken up by the circula-
tory system, to form an integral part of the economy ;
synthetic or constructive metabolism ; anabolism. In
biology, the formation of carbohydrate from water and
carbon dio.xid by the agency of chlorophyll. A.,
Mental, the mental reception of impressions and their
assignment by the consciousness to their proper place.
A., Primary, that concerned in the conversion of food
into chyle and blood. A., Secondary, that relating
to the formation of the organized tissues of the body.
Associated ias-o' -se-a-ted) \_associatus ,\x'i\\X.e.A'\. Joined.
A. Antagonist. See Antagonist. A. Movements,
coincident or consensual movements of other muscles
than the leading one, and which by habit or unity of
purpose are involuntarily connected with its action.
Both eyeballs move alike in reading, though one be a
blind eye. Movement of the normal arm will some-
times produce slight motion of the opposite paralyzed
arm. Uniformity of innervation is usually the cause
of these movements. A. Paralysis, a common para-
lysis of associated muscles.
Assurgent [as-er' -jent) . See Ascending.
Assurin [as'-u-rin), C^^U^^^i.^V.f)^. A name given
by Thudichum to a complex substance occurring in
brain tissue, classed as a di-nitrogenized diphosphatid.
Astacolith (as-tak' -o-lith) [atrrahof, a crab; XSoi,,
a stone] . A concretion obtainable from the stomach
of a European craw-fish, Astacus fliiviatilis, and often
gathered from brooks. These are called Crabs' Eyes,
and Eye-stones, q.v.
Astasia (as-ta' -se-ali) \a priv. ; araaiQ, standing].
Motor incoordination for standing. See Abasia. A.
Abasia, a symptom consisting in inability to stand
or walk in a normal manner.
Asteatodes (as-te-at-o' -dez) [a priv. ; areap, tallow ;
cj(S//f, fullness]. Deficient in the secretion of the
sebaceous glands.
Asteatosis [as-te-at-o' -sis) \Ji priv. ; areap, tallow ;
a)(5//f, fullness]. I. A deficiency or absence of the
sebaceous secretion. 2. Any skin disease (as xero-
derma) characterized by scantiness or lack of the
sebaceous secretion. A. cutis, a condition of di-
minished sebaceous secretion, as the result of which
the skin becomes dry, scaly, and often fissured.
Aster [as'-tcr) \_aster, a star]. I. An extensive genus
of composite flowered plants, mainly N. American.
A. cordifolius is a nervin and antispasmodic. A.
pumiceus is stimulant and diuretic. Unof. 2. See
Karyokinesis, Alotlier-star, Dyaster, Amphiaster, and
Cytaster.
Asterion (as-te' -re-on) . See Craniometrical Points.
Asternal (ah-ster' -nal) [a priv.; aripvor, the breast
bone]. Not connected with the sternum. A. Ribs,
the five lower pairs, because not joined directly to the
sternum.
Asternia {ah-sler' -ne-ah) [li priv. ; arkpvov, the breast-
bone]. Absence of the sternum.
Asteroid [as' -ter-oid ) \ami]p, a star ; cl&oc, resem-
blance]. I. Shaped like a star. 2. In biology, with
radiate lobes.
Asthenia [as-the' -ne-ah, or as-tke-ni' -ak) [aaStveia ;
a priv. ; cBi'voi, strength]. General loss or absence
of strength ; adynamia.
Asthenic (as-then' -ik) [a priv.; aOipo^, strength].
Characterized by asthenia.
Asthenometer (iis-then-om' -et-er) l_aa6eveia, want of
strength; /itrpoi', a measure]. An instrument for de-
tecting and measuring asthenia; especially, a device
for measuring muscular asthenopia.
Asthenopia (as-then-o' -pe-ah)\a priv. ; afthog, strength ;
ii'ip, eye]. Weakness, speedy fatigue of the ocular
muscles or visual powers, due to errors of refraction,
insufficiency, over-use, anemia, etc. A., Accommo-
dative, due to hyperopia, astigmatism, or a combina-
tion of the two, producing strain of the ciliary muscle.
A., Muscular, due to weakness, incoordination (het-
erophoria), or strain of the external ocular muscles.
A., Retinal, or Nervous, a rare variety, caused by
retinal hyperesthesia, anesthesia, or other abnormality ,
or by general nervous affections.
Asthenopic (as-tlien-op' -ik) [a priv. ; aOsvo^, strength ;
ui/i, eye]. Characterized by asthenopia.
Asthma \az'-mali) I_du6/Lia, panting]. Paroxysmal or
intermittent dyspnea, generally accompanied by cough,
bronchial secretion, and a feeling of constriction and
suffocation. The etiology is obscure, being ascribed
to heredity, nasal disease, gout, exhalations of plants
and atmospheric impurities, colds, etc. It is undoubt-
edly a neurosis, the spasm of the muscular tissue of
the bronchial tubes being due either to central or to
peripheral nervous irritation. The duration of a
paroxysm may be from two to six hours to four or five
nights. When dependent upon disease of the heart,
the kidneys, .stomach, thymus, etc., it has been
designated, cardiac, renal, peptic, thymic, etc. A.
convulsivum. Synonym of Bronchial Asthma.
A. Crystals, acicular crystals contained in the
sputum of asthmatic patients. A. dyspepticum,
is due to nervous reflexes through the vagus. A.,
Grinders'. Same as Fibroid Phthisis. A., Hay. See
Hay P'ever. A., Heberden's, angina pectoris. A.,
Kopp's, spasm of the glottis. A., Marine. See
Beriberi. A., Millar's. See Laryngismus stridulus.
A., Miner's. See Anthi-acosis. A. nervosum.
ASTHMATIC
144
ATAVISM
Synonym o{ Bro/ii/u'n/ Ast/imti. A., Thymic. Syn-
onym of Laiyngisinus stridulus. A. uteri. Syn-
onym of Hysteria.
Asthmatic \az-niat' -ik) \_aodyLa, ■\^^n'i\ng\. Relating to
or affected with asthma.
Astigmagraph {as-tig' -»ia-graf) \a priv. ; cTiyjia, a
point; ;7)o0f(i', to write]. An instrument for illustrat-
ing the phenomena of astigmatism.
Astigmatic [as-ti^-mat' -ik) \_h priv. ; ariyiia, a point].
Pertaining to or affected with astigmatism.
Astigmatism (as-tig' -inat-izm) [« priv. ; aTiyna, a point,
because rays of light from a point are never brought to
a point by the refractive media of the eye] . That
condition of the eye wherein homocentric rays of light
are not brought to a focus by the media. It is usually
due to inequality of curvature of the different merid-
ians of the cornea (corneal A.), but may be caused by
imperfections of the lens (lenticular), unequal con-
Diagram Illustrating ths Formation of Astigmatic
Images.
The figures below give the images corresponding to the posi-
tions of the perpendicular lines above. The vertical rays
are brought to a focus anterior to the horizontal. V. = ver-
tical rays ; H. = horizontal.
traction of the ciliary muscle, or may perhaps be due
to retinal imperfection. It may be acquired or con-
genital, and may complicate hypermetropia or myopia,
producing either simple hypermetropic A., in which
one principal meridian is emmetropic, the other hyper-
metropic ; or compound hypermetropic A., in which
both meridians are hypermetropic, but one more so
than the other. Complicating myopia, we may in the
same way have simple myopic or compound myopic
A. In mixed A., one principal meridian is myopic,
the other hypermetropic. Regular A. is when the
two principal meridians are at right angles to each other.
Irregular A., when different parts of a meridian have
different refracting powers.
Astigmatometer (as-tig-mat-om' -et-er) [« priv. ; oTiy/ia,
a point ; fxsTpov, a measure] . An instrument for
measuring the degree of astigmatism.
Astigmometer [as-tig-mom'-et-er). See Astigmatom-
eter.
Astigmometry [as-tig-mom' -et-re) [a priv. ; CTiy/ia, a
point ; |Werpov, a measure] . The measurement of astig-
matism.
Astomous (a/i-sto'-miis) [d priv. ; ard/ia, mouth]. In
biology, without a mouth or aperture.
Astragalectomy (as-trag-al-ek' -to-nie) \a(!rpaya\o^,
astragalus ; tuTOjiij, excision]. Surgical excision of
the astragalus.
Astragaloscaphoid (as-trag-al-o-skaf'-oid^ \aaTpaya-
'tioQ, astragalus; (7Ka(jio(i.6rf^, like a boat]. Relating to
the astragalus and the scaphoid bone.
Astragalotibial {as-trag-al-o-tib' -e-al) \a(tTpaya7.n(;,
astragalus ; tihia, the shin-bone]. Relating to the
astragalus and the tibia.
Astragalus {as-trag' -al-tis) [d(Trp(i)'a?iof, a dice ; the ana-
logous bones of the sheep were used by the ancients
as dice]. The ankle-bone, upon which the tibia rests.
Also, a genus of leguminous plants from some varieties
of which gum tragacanth is derived. A. mollissi-
mus, Loco' Plant. The active principle of this plant
has mydriatic properties. Unof.
Astrapaphobia {as-trap-af-o' -be-ali) [dorpa-/), light-
ning; oo/?of, fear]. Morbid and unreasonable fear
of lightning.
Astraphobia {as-trah-fo' -be-ah). See Astrapaphobia.
Astriction [as-trik' -shun) \_astrictio ; ad, to ; stringere, to
bind] . Constipation or any condition resulting from the
use of astringents.
Astringency {as-trin' -jen-se) \_ad, to ; stringei-e, to bind].
The quality of being astringent.
Astringent {as-trin' -jent) \_ad, to ; stringere, to bind].
I. Causing contraction; binding. 2. An agent pro-
ducing contraction of organic tissues, or that arrests
hemorrhages, diarrheas, etc. Tannin, alum, opium,
alcohol, the salts of silver, lead, etc., are examples.
Astrokinetic {as-tro-kin-ef -ik) [acrpov, a star ; kivecv,
to move] . In biology, applied by Ryder to the pheno-
mena of motion as exhibited by the centrosomes of
cells.
Astrostatic {as-tro-stat' -ik') \h(jTpov, a star ; loTaadai, to
stand]. In biology, applied by Ryder to the resting
condition of the centrosomes of cells.
Asylum [as-i'-luDi) \_asyhim, a place of refuge]. An
institution for the support, safe-keeping, cure, or edu-
cation of those incapable of caring for themselves, such
as the insane, the blind, etc. A. Ear. See Hematoma
auris, and Ear Deformities .
Asymbolia (ah-sim-bo' -le-ah) [d priv. ; avfifSokov, sym-
bol]. The loss of all power of communication, even
by signs or symbols.
Asymmetry (ah-siin' -et-re) [d priv. ; nvfifierpla, sym-
metry]. I. Unlikeness of corresponding organs or
parts of opposite sides of the body that are normally
of the same size, etc., as e.g., asymmetry of the two
halves of the skull or brain. 2. The linking of carbon
atoms to four different groups ; the combination of
carbon atoms with different atoms or atomic groups.
Asynergia (ah-sin-er' -je-ah) [d priv. ; avvepyta, co-
operation]. Faulty coordination of the different or-
gans or muscles normally acting in unison.
Asynesia (as-in-e'-ze-a/i) [dcrui'fO'/a, stupidity] . Stupid-
ity ; loss or disorder of mental power.
Asynodia (ah-sin-o'-de-ah) [d priv. ; avvodia, a travel-
ling together]. Impotence.
Asystematic {ah-sis-tem-at' -i/;) [d priv. ; a'varrjfia,
system] . Diffuse ; not restricted to any one or several
systems of nerve fibers ; applied to nervous diseases
that are general.
Asystole (ak-sis'-to-le) [d priv ; (riwro/i?;, a shortening].
Absence or imperfection of the cardiac systole, due
to feebleness, dilatation, etc., of the heart.
Asystolic (ah-sis-to/'-i/c) [d priv ; avoToTiij, a .shorten-
ing]. Marked by, due to, or suffering from asystole.
Asystolism {ah-sis' -tol-izm') [d priv. ; rriioro/.?/, a shorten-
ing]. Inability of the right ventricle of the heart to
empty itself of its contents, a condition encountered in
the last stages of mitral incompetence. See Asystole.
Asystoly [ak-sis'-to-le). Same as Asystole.
Atactic {at-ak'-tic) [dra/trof, irregular]. Irregular,
incoordinate. Pertaining to muscular incoordination,
especially in aphasia. Also applied to atypical fevers.
Atavic (at-av'-ik) [atai'us, a forefather]. Relating to
or characterized by atavism.
Atavism {at' -av-izm) \_atavus, a forefather]. The re-
appearance of an anomaly, physical, mental, or patho-
logic, in an individual whose more or less remote
ATAVISTIC
145
ATHEROMASIA
progenitors were similarly affected, but in whose
immediate ancestors it had not been shown.
Atavistic {at-av-is'-tik). Same as Atavic.
Ataxaphasia (^at-aks-af-a' -ze-ali). See Aphasia.
Ataxia (at-aks'-e-ah) \aTaiia, want of order]. The
word means primarily irregularity or want of order,
but it is most commonly used to express incoordination
of muscular action ; an excess or deficiency in contrac-
tion of the various muscles concerned in a given action.
Both static and locomotor ataxia are prominent symp-
toms of tabes or disease of the posterior columns of the
cord, but it is absurd to speak of ataxia as if it were a
disease itself, instead of being only one of many symp-
toms of many diseases. A., Briquet's, a hysterical
state marked by loss of sensation in the skin and in
the leg muscles. A. cordis. -See Delirium co)-dis.
A. of Drunkards. See Polyneuritis potatorum. A.,
Family. See A. , Hereditary. A., Hereditary,
Friedreich's ataxia, a family disease of children
and the young. See Friedreich'' s Disease. A.,
Locomotor, the failure of muscular coordination as
regards movements, and especially in walking. A.,
Motor, inability to coordinate the muscles in walking.
A., Signs of. I. Romberg [ox Brach-Rombej-g sign).,
swaying of the body with closed eyes. 2. Signe de
cloche-pied ; standing on one leg with open eyes, and
with closed eyes. The ataxic finds difficulty in
standing upon one foot while the other is raised
from the ground, particularly when the eyes are
closed. 3. Sign of crossing the legs ; in crossing the
legs a normal person raises the one leg to the level
of the other knee and deposits the former upon the
latter. The ataxic raises the one leg a considerable
distance above the other knee, and in depositing
the former upon the latter makes the arc of a large
circle. 4. Sign '^de r escalier ; sign of descending
stall's ; difficulty in descending stairs experienced by
the ataxic. 5. Marching at command; a. march!
h. halt ! c. about face ! a. When an ataxic that has
been seated is told to walk, he manifests uncertainty
or hesitation in his effort, first on rising, to gain his
equilibrium. b. The marching ataxic finds great
difficulty and is likely not to succeed in halting with
precision Vhen commanded to do so. c. The ataxic
patient cannot turn about face with the same promptitude
and the same certainty as the normal individual. 6.
WestphaF s sign : abolition of the knee-jerk. A.,
Static,- the failure of muscular coordination in standing
still, or in fixed positions of the limbs. A., Thermal,
peculiar large and irregular fluctuations of the body
temperature, due to a condition of incoordination, or
a disordered or weakened thermotaxic mechanism.
This may give rise to the so-called paradoxic or
hysterical temperatures, rising occasionally to 108° or
110° F., without grave or permanent injury.
Ataxiagram {at-aks' -e-a-grani) [liraf/a, want of order ;
ypafifia, a marking] . A line drawn by a patient suff'er-
ing with an ataxial disease. The patient's eyes are
open or closed and he attempts to make a straight line.
The character of the deviations from a straight line
that result are conceived to have a certain diagnostic
value.
Ataxiamnesia {at-aks-e-am-ne' -ze-ah) [araf/a, want of
order; o/u7/crf«, forgetfulness]. Muscular ataxia with
loss of or impairment of memory.
Ataxic [at-aks'-ik) [draf/a, want of order]. I. Per-
taining to or affected with ataxia. 2. A person affected
with ataxia. A. Aphasia. Aphasia. A. Fever.
Synomyn of Typhus Fever, q. v.
Ataxophemia {at-aks-o-fe' -7ne-ah) [d-af/a, want of
order; (^ijfii, to speak]. Lack of coordination in
speech.
10
Ataxy (at-aks'-e). See Ataxia.
Atelectasis (at-el-ek' -tas-is') [dre/l^f, imperfect ; iKracic,
expansion]. Pulmonary collapse, with failure of the
air to enter the vesicles. It may be either acquired
(apneumatosis), or fetal. The condition is due not
to disease of the lungs, but to nerve injuries, weakness,
etc. In fetal cases the lung has never been inflated,
whilst in apneumatosis it has been inflated.
Atelectatic [at-el-ek-taf -ili) [drf///f, imperfect ; tKraoi^,
expansion] . Relating to or characterized by atelec-
tasis.
Ateleocephalous ((7/-6'/-f-(?-jf/"^-«/-?/.i ) [ore/i//f, imperfect;
K£(j)aAij, head]. Having the skull or head more or
less incomplete.
Atelia (at-el-i'-ali) [nri/l.f(a, imperfection]. A terato-
logic term for imperfection or failure of development
of some part of the fetus. The word is compounded
with others to designate the member wanting, as
atelocardia, etc., expressing such a defect of the
heart, etc.
Atelocardia (at-el-o-kar' -de-ali) [dreA/zf , imperfect ;
urifii^ia, heart]. An imperfect or undeveloped state of
the heart ; cardiatelia.
Atelocheilia (at-el-o-ki' -le-ah) [dreA^f, imperfect ;
\ii'/.oq, lip]. Defective development of a lip.
Atelochiria (at-el-o-ki' -re-ah) [drEA//f, imperfect ; x^'Pi
hand]. Deficiency in the development of the hand.
Ateloencephalia (at-el-o-en-sef-a' -le-ah) \JiTtkl]q, incom-
plete ; hyKt^a'Kov, brain]. Incomplete development
of the brain.
Ateloglossia (at-el-o-glos' -e-ah) [drE/l?/f, imperfect ;
y'/.uaaa, tongue]. Congenital defect in the tongue.
Atelognathia (at-cl-og-na' -the-ah) [dreAv/f, imperfect ;
yvixdoq, jaw]. Imperfect development of a jaw, espec-
ially of the lower jaw.
Atelomyelia (at-el-o-mi-e'-le-ali) [drf/l/;f, imperfect ;
Ixve'Aoi;, marrow]. Congenital defect or incomplete-
ness of the spinal cord.
Atelopodia [at-el-o-po'-de-ah) [d-fAz/f , imperfect ; tto'v^,
foot]. Defective development of the foot.
Ateloprosopia [at-el-o-pro-so'-pe-ah) [dreA^/f, incom-
plete ; TTpuauTTov, face]. Incomplete facial develop-
ment.
Atelorrhachidia {at-el-o-rak-id' -e-ah) {(LTEkr)^, imper-
fect; pdx'C, spine]. Imperfect development of the
spinal column, as in spina bifida.
Atelostomia (at-el-o-sto' -me-ah) [drfP^f, incomplete ;
OTofia, mouth]. Incomplete development of the
mouth.
Athalamous (ah-thal' -am-us) [dpriv.; ^?d/lo//of, a bed].
Absence of the optic thalamus. In biology, without
apothecia, as certain lichens.
Athalline [d priv. ; feAAdf, a frond] . In
biology, destitute of a thallus.
Athelasmus (ah-thel-az' -mus) [d priv. ; Brj7iafjii6c, a
suckling]. Inability to give suck, from defect or want
of the nipples.
Athelia [ah-the' -le-ah) [d priv.; Qrfkr], a nipplel. Ab-
sence of the nipple.
Athermasia (ah-ther-ma' -ze-ah) [d priv. ; 6epim(yia,
heat]. Lack or deficiency of heat.
Atheroma, (ath-er-o'-mah) [drtz/p;?, gruel ; tumor].
Primarily, a soft encysted tumor ; more commonly, the
fatty degeneration of the walls of the arteries in con-
sequence of chronic arteritis, and called atheromatous
degeneration. Atheromatous abscess, resulting from
chronic arteritis, is a collection of soft matter beneath
the intima, while an atheromatous ulcer is formed by
the abscess breaking through the intima.
Atheromasia [ath-er-o-ma' -ze-ah) \adr/puij.a, an athero-
matous tumor]. Atheromatous degeneration ; the
condition of atheroma.
ATHEROMATOUS
14B
ATRACTVLIS
Atheromatous (alJi-er-o' -)Hat-its) \_hOiji)uaa, an athero-
matous tumor]. Characterized by or affected with
atheroma.
Atherosperma (ath-er-o-sper' -mali) \ii^iii>^ beard ;
(j-cpfxa, seed]. A genus of trees. A. moschatum,
Australian sassafras, a diaphoretic and diuretic some-
times used in pulmonary affections and asthma. Dose
of tlie tincture. Unof.
Athetoid (a/h'-et-oid) [aft/;rof , unfi.\ed] . Pertaining to
or affected witli athetosis. A. Spasm, a symptom of
liemiplegia and some cerebral lesions.
Athetosis (rt/'/;-t'/-o'-.rw) [a%rof, unfixed ; changeable].
A symptom most frequently occurring in children, and
characterized by continual change of position of the
fingers and toes, and inability to keep them still, save in
sleep. It is due to some lesion or derangement of
the brain or cord. It is also called " post-hemiplegic
chorea," from its occurrence after hemiplegia, in
adults. A., Double Congenital. See Paraplegia,
Infantile Spasmodic ; also Double Athetosis.
Athlete (ath-lef) [iitfAfiv, to contend with]. Robust ;
vigorous. A.'s Heart, incompetency of the aortic
valves, a condition frequently found in athletes.
Athletics {ath-lef -iks) to contend]. The art
of physical exercise for development or for health.
Athrepsia [a/i-threps'-e-ak) [o priv ; rpttjieiv, to nourish].
The symptom-complex resulting from imperfect nutri-
tion in children.
Athroisemia [ath-roi-se' -me-ali) \_adpoia/j.a, accumula-
tion ; ai/ia, blood]. Congestion or accumulation of
blood.
Athymia [ah-thi' -me-ah) \n priv. ; (?iyiOf, mind]. I.
Despondency. 2. Loss of consciousness. 3. Insanity.
Athymic [ah-thi' -inik) [a priv. ; dvfiog, mind]. Affected
with athymia.
AtlsLniad (at-lan' -tad) ["Ar^.af, a Greek hero]. Toward
the atlas in situation or direction.
Atlantal [at-lan' -tal) ["ArXaf, a Greek hero]. Relating
to the atlas.
K\\a.-n\.&r\. {at-lan' -fen) ["A-Aaf, a Greek hero]. Belong-
ing to the atlas in itself.
Atlanti-obliquus {at-lan' -ti-oh-li' -k-aus) [L-]. The
obliquus capitis superior muscle.
Atlanti-rectus {at-lan' -ti-rek'-tus) [L.]. The muscle
called rectus capitis posticus minor.
Atlanto- {at-lan' -to) ['ArAref, a Greek hero]. A prefix
signifying relation to the atlas ; seen in the words
Atlanto-axial, (relating to the atlas and the axis) Atlan-
to-occipital, Atlanto-odontoid, etc.
Atlas {at' -las) [arXac, able]. The uppermost of the
cervical vertebra\ It articulates with the occipital bone
of the skull. A. Silk. See Silk.
Atlee's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Atlodidymus {at-lo-did' -im-us). 'Aa.me a.i Atlodynuts.
Atlodymus {at-lod'-im-tes) [ar^.nf, able; tS/VTiy/of,
doul)le]. A monosomic dual monstrosity; with two
heads and a single body.
Atloido- {at-loi'-do) [ar/af, able]. In composition, the
same as atlanto ; seen in such examples as atloido-
a.xoid, atloido-odontoid, etc.
Atmiatry {at-ini' -at-re) vapor ; 'inTiKia, medical
treatment]. Treatment of diseases of the lungs or
mucous membranes, by inhalation, fumigation, or by
directing a current of vapor or gas upon the part.
Atmid-albumose {at-mid-al' -hu-mbs) [ar/z/f, vapor;
albutnen'\ . Neumeister's term for the albumose formed
by the action of superheated steam.
Atmidometer {at-inid-oni'-et-er). See Atmonieter.
Atmidoscope {at-iiiid'-o-skdp) [ar///f, vapor; nuDTre'iv,
to view]. .See Atinometcr.
Atmograph {at'-mo-graf) [ar//(5f, breath ; y/inipF/v, to
record]. A form of self-registering respirometer.
Atmometer, or Atmidometer {at-nioin' -et-er ; at-mid-
oin'-et-er) [ar/i/f, vapor; iLt-pov, a measure]. An in-
strument to measure the amount of water exhaled
from a given surface in a given time, in order to deter-
mine the humidity of the atmosphere.
Atmosphere {at' -mos-fer) [ar//of , vapor ; c!<paipa, a
sphere]. The mixture of gases, vapor of water, and
other suspended matters, surrounding the earth, as an
elastic fluid envelop, to the height of about 200
miles.
Atmospheric {at-mos-fer'-ik) [nr//of, vapor ; acpaipn, a
sphere]. Pertaining to the atmosphere. A. Moisture,
the vapor of water mingled with the atmosphere. It
varies in quantity according to the temperature. A.
Pressure Cavity, a cavity formed on the palatine sur-
face of a set of artificial teeth to retain them in the
mouth. A. Tens ion, the pressure of the air per
square inch on the surface of a body. Normally, at
the sea level it is about 14.7 lbs. per square inch, or
ecjual to that of a column of mercury about 30 in. in
height. It decreases about in.,' or ~}g fb. per square
inch for every 90 feet of altitude. Above 10,000 feet,
the rarity of the atmosphere is usually noticeable in
quickened breathing and pulse rate.
Atocia {at-o' -se-ah) [dro/iof, barren]. Sterility of the
female.
Atom {at' -urn) \_h priv.; refiveiv, to cut]. The ulti-
mate unit of an element ; that part of a substance
incapable of further division, or the smallest part
capable of entering a chemical compound, or uniting
with another to form a Molecule — which last is the
smallest quantity of a substance that can exist free or
uncombined. See Elements, Table of.
Atomic {al-om'-ik) [a priv. ; Ts/ivetv, to cut]. Of or
pertaining to atoms. A. Heat of an atom is its
specific heat multiplied by its atomic weight. A.
Theory, the theory of Dalton, that all matter is com-
posed of atoms, the weight of each atom differing for
the different substances. A. Valence, Equivalence,
or the Atomicity of an element, is the saturating
power of its atom as compared with that of hydrogen.
A. Weight, the weight of an atom of an element as
compared with the weight of an atom of hydrogen.
Atomicity {at-om-is' -it-e) [a pri-v. ; TtfivEiv, to cut].
Chemical valence; quanti valence.
Atomization {at-om-iz-a'-shun) [a priv. ; refiveiv, to
cut]. The mechanical process of breaking up a liquid
into fine spray.
Atomizer {af'-om-i-zer) \h priv. ; TqLveiv,\.o cut]. An
instrument for transforming a liquid into a spray or
mist.
Atonia {at-o' -ne-ah) [arov/'a, want of tone]. Atony.
Atonic [(irowa, want of tone]. Relating to,
or characterized by, atony.
Atony {at'-o-ne) \a priv. ; roraf, tone]. Want of tone.
Deliility. Loss or diminution of muscular or vital
energy.
Atopomenorrhea {at-o-po-men-or-e' -ah) [aroTrof, out of
place; /^//j', month ; peew, to flow]. Vicarious men-
struation.
Atoxic {ah-toks'-ik) [a priv.; rof/Kor, poison]. Not
venomous ; not poisonous.
l\.\.x&\>\\\aTy {at-rah-biV -e-a-re) [rj'/cr, black ; bills, \)\\t\.
An obsolescent term relating to melancholy and hypo-
chondriasis ; also referring to the renal and supra-renal
glands, once believed to produce black bile, or atra-
bilis, the cause of the gloomy disposition. A.,
Capsules, an old name for the supra-renal capsules.
Atractylis {at-rak' -tit -is) [fir^n/crr'/'V]. A genus of
composite-flowered plants, nearly related to the saf-
fiower {Carthainus). A. gummifera, of the Mediter-
ranean region, affords acaiithoiiiastii . A. lancea, of
ATRAMENTAL
147
ATROPHODERMA
China and Japan, is stomachic and tonic. A. ovata,
of the same regions, is tonic, diuretic, sudorific, and
stimulant.
Atramental [at-raui-en' -tal) \_atramentuiii ,\'a^~\. Of an
inky-black color.
Atremia (ah-tre' -me-ah) [a priv. ; rpk^eiv, to tremble].
I. An absence of tremor. 2. An hysterical condition
in which there is an imaginary inability to walk, stand,
sit, or read.
Atreselytria [at-res-el-i' -tre-ali) . Atretelyh-ia.
Atresenteria {at-res-en-te' -re-aJi). See Atretenteria.
Atresia [ah-tre' -zc-aJi) [a priv. ; rpfjaii;, perforation].
Imperforation, either congenital or acquired, of a nor-
mal opening or canal, as of the anus, vagina, meatus
auditorius, pupil, etc. The word is often compounded
with the name of the organ affected ; e.t;. , atrestocystia,
atreteiitt'ria, etc., denoting, respectively, imperforation
of the bladder, intestine, etc.
Atresic (ah-tre' -zik) [a, priv. ; Tpijai^, perforation].
Marked by atresia or imperforation. See Teratism.
Atresoblepharea (at-res-o-blef-a' -re-ali). See Atreto-
blepharea.
Atresocysia (at-res-o-sis^-e-ali). See Atretocysia.
Atresocystia [at-res-o-sis' -te-aJi). See Atretocystia.
Atresogastria (at-res-o-gas' -tre-ali). See Ati\'togastria.
Atresometria {at-res-o-me'-trc-ah). See Airetometria.
Atresopia (ah-tres-o' -pe-ali). See Atretopsia.
Atretelytria (at-ret-el-i' -tre-ah') \a.Tpr]roq, imperforate ;
e?aiTpov, sheath]. Atresia of the vagina.
Atretenteria [at-ret-en-te' -re-ah) [ar/j//rot', imperforate ;
ivTEpov, intestine]. Atresia, or imperforation of the
intestinal canal.
Atreto- (at-ret' -0). As a prefix, represents the Gr.
arpr/Tog, imperforated.
Atretoblepharia (^at-ret-o-blef-a' -re-ah) [arp/;-of, imper-
forate ; /^Afi/iajooi', lid] . Symblepharon, 17. z'.
Atretocysia (al-ret-o-sis'-e-ak) \aTpeToq, imperforate ;
/craof , anus]. Atresia of the anus.
Atretocystia (at-ret-o-sis' -te-ali) [arp^rof, imperforate ;
Kvarig, bladder]. Atresia of the bladder.
Atretometria {at-7'et-o-me' -tve-ah') [arperof, imperforate ;
iU^/rpa, womb]. Atresia of the uterus.
KXxtXa^^xz. (at-ret-op' -se-ah) [arp//rof, imperforate ; ui/;,
eye]. Imperforation of the pupil.
Atrial (fl'-Z/^'-fz/) the fore-court, or hall]. Re-
lating to an atrium.
Atrichia [ah-trik'-c-ah) [a priv. ; i)pi~, hair]. Loss or
absence of the hair.
Atrichosis {ah-trik-o' -sis) {liTpixoc, hairless] . Failure of
the hair to grow ; a condition characterized by absence
of hair.
Atrioventricular (a-tre-o-vcn-ts-ik'-ii-lar) \_atriiim, the
hall ; ventricidits, ventricle]. Relating both to the
atrium (or auricle) and to the ventricle of the heart.
Atrium [a' -tre-iun) [atrium, the fore-court, or hall]. I .
That part of the auricle of the heart into which the
venous blood is poured. 2. The principal part of the
tympanic cavity of the ear, exclusive of the attic. A.
cordis, the auricle of the heart. A. vaginae, the
vestibule of the vulva.
Atrocha (ah-tj-o' -kah) [a priv. ; rpoxb<:,, a wheel]. In
biology, wheelless, as certain annelid embryos, roti-
fers, etc. ; destitute of cilia.
Atrolactinic Acid (at-ro-Iak-tin'-ik). See Acid.
Atropa {at'-ro-pah) ['Ar/ion-of, " she who turns not,"
undeviating ; one of the three Fates, who cut the thread
of life, in allusion to the poisonous effects of the plant].
A genus of the natural order Solanacetr. A. bella-
donna, the deadly nightshade, whence is obtained
atropin. See Belladonna.
Atropal, or Atropous (at'-ro-pal: at' -j-o-piis). See
Orthotropoiis.
Atrophia {at-ro' -fc-ah) \a priv. ; Tpotpi/, nourishment].
Atrophy, q. v. A term applied to a condition marked
by wasting or innutrition. A. cordis, atrophy of
the heart, following senile changes, or occurring in
cachectic conditions, or as a result of pressure exerted
by mediastinal tumors, etc. A. cutis, Atrophoderma ;
a term applied to various changes in the skin charac-
terized by the diminution or disappearance of certain
of its elements, especially seen in advanced age.
The skin becomes thin, loose, wrinkled, and discolored.
A. cutis senilis, Senile Atrophoderma ; an atrophy
of the skin usually associated with general signs of
senile degeneration. The whole skin may be affected,
together with its appendages and the subcutaneous
tissues. The skin is in folds, slightly shrunken,
wrinkled, and dry. It feels thin, and is transparent
and shining. Pruritus is sometimes present, and there
is usually an increased pigmentation, with warty de-
velopments. A. infantum. Synonym of Tabes mesen-
terica. A. mesenterica. Synonym of Tabes niesen-
terica. A. pilorum propria, atrophy of the hair,
either .symptomatic or of idiopathic origin. It may
be local or generalized. The hair becomes lusterless,
brittle, fibrillated, readily cleft, and readily fractured.
A. unguis, atrophy of the nails ; marked by pitting,
brittleness, furrowing, thinning, crumbling, etc. It
may be symptomatic of such disorders as lepra and
syphilis, or it may be idiopathic.
Atrophic [at-ro' -fik) [a priv. ; rpixbi/, nourishment].
Pertaining to, affected with, due to, characterized by,
or causing atrophy. A. Catarrh, a chronic form of
rhinitis in children characterized by marked atrophy
and anemia of the pituitary membrane, with the for-
mation of crusts in the nasal and naso-pharyngeal
cavities and a peculiar and offensive odor. A. Forms,
the name suggested by His for those malformations
that are characterized by want of general development,
and, in some instances, by subsequent atrophy,
whereby all resemblance to the human embryo is lost.
Atrophicum melanosis progressiva {at-ro' -fik-um
iiit'l-an-o' -sis pro-gres' -iv-ali). See Atrophoderma.
Atrophied [at'-ro-/id) [a priv. ; Tpo&i/, nourishment].
Wasted ; affected with atrophy.
Atrophoderma {at-ro-fo-der' -mah) [a priv. ; rprxf)?/,
nourishment ; Sipiia, the skin]. Atrophia cutis,
atrophy of the skin, a wasting of the skin due to in-
nutrition. .See Atrophia cutis. A. albidum, a type
of xeroderma in which the skin from the middle of the
thigh to the sole, more rarely from the upper arm to
the palm, is in places very white, stretched, and diffi-
cult to pick up, with the epidermis extremely thinned,
faintly glistening, wrinkled, and peeling off in thin,
shining flakes. There is extreme sensibility on the
finger-tips, palms, and soles. The condition remains
stationary from the earliest childhood. A. neuri-
ticum, Glossy Skin ; an atrophy of the skin in the
area of a nerve affected by disease or injury. It
chiefly attacks the extremities. The skin of the
affected part becomes very dry, smooth, and glossy,
like a thin scar ; the fingers are tapering, hairless, and
almost void of wrinkles and of a pink or deep-red
color. A severe and persistent burning pain precedes
and accompanies this condition. The nails become
curved both longitudinally and transversely, and there
is some thickening of the cutis beneath the free end.
A. pigmentosum. See Xcrodeniui pigmentoswu.
A., Senile. See Atrophia cutis senilis. A. striatum
et maculatum, an atrophic condition of the skin of
adults characterized by streaks of a pearly or bluish-
white color, glistening, scar-like, from one inch to
several inches long and a quarter of an inch or more
wide, and which follow the natural cleavage of the
ATROPHY
148
ATTENUATING
skin, and are situated chiefly about the buttocks,
anterior border of the ilium, trochanters, and thighs.
The " spots " are less common, small, usually isolated,
and are seen mostly on the trunk and neck.
Atrophy [at'-ro-fe) \_a.Tpo(bia^ want of nourishment] . A
retrogressive change in parts originally well-formed and
well-nourished, consisting in loss of weight, size, and
function of an organ or tissue, owing to some disorder
of nutrition, disuse, continuous pressure, or a dimin-
ished blood-supply to the part. A., Active, due to
the inherent inability of the cells of a tissue to assimi-
late the nutriment brought to them. A., Acute
Yellow. See litems gravis. A., Brown, a form
of atrophy in which the normal pigment of the organ
is retained, and in which there is also frequently the
addition of new pigment from the blood and disinte-
grated albuminates. It occurs most frequently in the
heart, muscles, and liver, and is caused by chronic
congestion ; also called Pigmented Atrophy. A. of
the Bulb, progressive shrinking of the eyeball. A.,
Correlated, an atrophy of certain portions of the
body following the removal or destruction of other
portions. Thus amputation of an arm will be fol-
lowed by an atrophy of the scapula ; of a leg, of
the corresponding os innominatum, together with
a diminution in the size of the heart and large
blood-vessels. A., Cruveilhier's. See Diseases,
Table of. A., Gray, a degenerative change in the
optic disc in which the latter assumes a grayish color.
A. of Hair, a wasting or deficient growth of the
hair. A., Idiopathic Muscular, primary muscular
dystrophy ; muscular wasting, with or without an
initial hypertrophy, beginning in various groups of
muscles, usually progressive in character, and depend-
ent on primary changes in the muscles themselves.
There is a strong hereditary predisposition to the dis-
ease. A., Muscular, affects the muscles and may be
hereditary or acquired, idiopathic, myelopathic, myo-
pathic, neuropathic, primary, secondary, simple, or
progressive. A., Passive, caused by diminished
nutrition supplied to the part. A., Pigmentary, so
called from a deposit of pigment (yellow or yellowish-
brown) in the atrophied fat-cells. A., Pigmented.
See A., Broum. A., Progressive Muscular;
Chronic Anterior Poliomyelitis ; Wasting Palsy. A
chronic disease characterized by progressive wasting
of individual muscles or physiologic groups of mus-
cles, and by an associated and proportional amount
of paralysis. It is due to a degeneration and atrophy
of the multipolar cells in the anterior gray matter of
the cord, with consecutive degeneration of the anterior
nerve-roots and muscles. The right hand is usually
the part first attacked, and it takes on a peculiar claw-
like form {main en griffe). The disease is most fre-
quent in males of adult life, and follows excessive
muscular exertion. A., Progressive Unilateral
Facial, a disease characterized by progressive wasting
of the skin, connecdve tissue, fat, bone, and more
rarely the muscles of one side of the face. It is most
common in females ; its course is .slow and generally
progressive. Opinions vary as to whether the disease
is central or peripheral in origin. A., Red, a form
of cirrhosis of the liver due to chronic congestion, as
seen in mitral and tricuspid valvular lesions. It is also
seen in emphysema and chronic pleurisy with contrac-
tion. The cut surface of the liver presents a nutmeg
appearance, and is therefore called the mitmeg liver.
A., Serous, that characterized by a transudation of
serum into the tissue after the fat has gone, giving
it a gelatinous appearance. A. Senile, the physio-
logical variety of Simple Atrophy. A., Simple, the
retrogressive processes and shrinking due to patho-
logic causes, allied to the physiologic retrogression of
senility, but occurring, as it were, prematurely. A.
of the Teeth, a name fonnerly used to designate
erosion of the teeth, an affection characterized either
by perforations in, or discolored spots of a shriveled,
yellowish, or brownish aspect, on the enamel, of two,
four, or more teeth in each jaw. A., Trophoneuro-
tic, that dependent upon abnormality of the nervous
supply or control of an organ or tissue, best illustrated
in muscular atrophy from injury of the proper nen'es
of the muscle, or in disease of the anterior horns of
gray matter of the cord.
Atropina, or Atropin (at-ro-pi' -nah ; at'-ro-pin) ['Arpo-
TTOf , one of the Fates who cut the thread of life :
gen., Atropinte'], Cj^Hj^NOj. A crystalline alka-
loid derived from Atropa belladonna. The sulphate
is a white powder of bitter taste, neutral reaction,
soluble in water. Homatropin. Cji-H^jNO.,, is a de-
rivative alkaloid, the hydrobromate being used by
ophthalmologists as a mydriatic, principally because
its effects pass off more quickly than those of atropin.
Homatropin slows the heart, atropin quickens it.
Atropin is an irritant narcotic, a mydriatic, antispas-
modic, and anodyne ; in small doses a cardiac, respira-
tory, and spinal stimulant, in large doses a paralyzant
of the cardiac and respiratory centers, the spinal cord,
motor nerves, and voluntary muscles. It produces
congestion and dryness of the mucous membrane of
the mouth, nose, pharynx, and larynx, at first lessen-
ing the gastric and intestinal secretion, to be followed
by an increase of the same. It is extensively used
in ophthalmic practice to dilate the pupil, paralyze
accommodation, and also in various corneal, iritic, and
other ocular diseases. Its therapeutic use in general
medicine is also manifold; e.g., in inflammatory
affections and the pain of cerebral and spinal hypere-
mia, atonic constipation, cardiac failure, hypersecre-
tions, etc., and as a physiologic antagonist in opium
poisoning. Dose of atropin sulphate gr.
Injectio Homatropina Hypodermica, i in 120.
Dose gr. - 3^^. A. -catarrh. See Conjunctivitis,
Atropin. A. -conjunctivitis. See Conjunctivitis.
Atropinism (at' -ropin-izm). See Atropism.
AtTopinize (at' -ropin-iz) ["ArpoTrof]. To bring under
the influence of, or treat with atropin.
Atropism (at' -ropizm) ['ArpoTrof ] . Poisoning with,
or the morbid condition induced by, atropin.
Attachement (at-tash'-mon{g)) [Fr.]. In massage,
concentric curves eccentric ; starting from a point
taken as a center, one describes, by circular move-
ments, circumferences wider and wider till the outside
of the part is reached ; return is then made by circles
smaller and smaller till the starting point is reached.
Attack (at-tak') [Fr., attaqite']. The onset of a seizure
or of a disease.
Attar (at'-ar) [Pers., afar']. A general name for any of
the volatile oils. A. of Rose, Oil of Rose. The vol-
atile oil distilled from the fresh flowers of the Damas-
cene rose. It comes mainly from E. Roumelia and
is generally adulterated with other volatile oils. It
is used only as a perfume.
A.\.\.&nAa.nt(at-/en'-dant) [aftendere,to a.\.ttx\A'\. Anon-
professional attache of an asylum or hospital, espe-
cially of an insane asylum.
Attention (at-ten'-s/iun) \_attentio, a giving heed to].
The direction of the will or thought upon an object or
to a particular sensation. A. Time. See Tune.
Attenuant (at-teti'-u-ant) to make thin]. A
medicine or agent increasing the fluidity or thinness of
the blood or other secretion.
Attenuating (at-ten' -u-a-ling) [atteniiare, to make thin].
Making thin A. Medium. 'See FractionalCitltii'ation.
ATTENUATION
14&
AURA
Attenuation iat-ten-u-a' -shiai) \_attenuare , to make thin] .
A thinning, narrowing, or reduction of the strength
or size of a substance. A. of Microbes, weakening the
pathogenic virulence of microbes by successive cul-
tures and other methods, so that they may be used as a
vaccine to confer immunity from future attacks of the
disease. A., Sanderson's Method of, by passing
the virus through the system of another animal (t'.,i,'".,
the guinea-pig, in anthrax), so that it becomes modified
in virulency. Toussaint and Chauveau have shown
that heat is a valuable means of attenuation ; oxygen,
chemical reagents, exposure to sunlight, etc. , have also
been used.
Atterminal [af-ei-'-iniu-al). See Adteniiinal.
Attic {at'-ik) \_Atiiiiis, Attic]. Part of the tympanic
cavity situated above the atrium. A. Disease, chronic
suppurative inflammation of the attic of the tympanum.
Attitude [at'-c-tud) \_aplitudo, aptitude]. See Posture.
A., Crucifixion, in hystero-epilepsy, a rigid state of
the body, the arms stretched out at right angles. A.,
Frozen, a peculiar stiffness of the gait characteristic
of disease of the spinal cord, especially of amyotrophic
lateral sclerosis. A., Passionate, the assumption
of a dramatic or theatrical expression, a position
assumed by some hysterical patients.
Attollens (at-oF -enz) [«//■<?//(■;-<?, to rise up] . Applied to
muscles raising or elevating the part, as the A. Auris,
a muscle raising the external ear. See Muscles,
Table of.
Attraction [at-i-ak'-sliun) [^?/'/;7?/;£';y, to draw to]. The
tendency of one particle of matter to approach another.
Affinity. As existing between celestial bodies it is
termeA gravita/ion, while molecular attraction or cohe-
sion expresses the force aggregating molecules into
masses. A., Chemical, the attraction of affinity, re-
lates to the attraction of atoms of one element to those
of others, resulting in chemical compounds. A., Cap-
illary, the tendency of a curved surface or a tube to
exert traction on a liquid. A., Electrical, the ten-
dency of bodies toward each other when charged
with opposite electricities. A., Magnetic, the influ-
ence of a magnet upon certain metallic substances,
chiefly iron.
Attrahens [at'-rak-enz) \_aftraliens, drawing]. Applied
to muscles, as Attrahens aurem, a muscle drawing
the ear forward and upward. See Muscles, Table of.
Also applied to medicines attracting fluids to a part,
as stimulants, epispastics, etc.
Attrahent (at' -rah-ent) \attrahens, drawing]. I.
Drawing to ; adducent. 2. A drawing application ;
an epispastic or rubefacient.
Attrition (at-rish'-un) \_atterere, to rub against]. An
abrasion or chafing of the skin. In physics, any rub-
bing or friction that breaks or wears the surface.
Attypic {at-ip'-ik) [<?/, to; rmoq, a type]. In biology,
possessing by acquisition or specialization the charac-
ters of a prototype.
Atypic [all-tip' -ik) [a priv. ; rlnrog, a type]. Irregular;
not conformable to the type. A. Fever, an inter-
mittent fever with irregularity of the paroxysm.
Atypical (a/i-tip'-ik-al). See Atypic.
Auante (aw-an' -te) \_avavTii ; avaiveiv, to dry]. A wast-
ing or atrophy.
Auantic [aw-an'-tik) \_avavrLK6(:, wasted]. Character-
ized by wasting ; atrophic.
Aubernage (ci-/;a;--«a/^3//) [Fr. ]. A contagious disease
of the vine, called by the Italians the Black Disease.
It is doubtful whether it is due to a fungus or a bac-
termm. Cf. Bacterium guminis, comes, under Bac-
teria, Synonymatic Table of.
Auburn System. See Ventilation.
Auctioneers' Cramp. See Cramp.
Audimeter {a7v-dim' -et-er). See Audiometer.
Audiometer (aw-de-om' -et-er) \audire, to hear ; fiirpiw
a measure] . An instrument for measuring the acute-
ness of hearing.
Audiometric (aw-dc-o-mef -rile) \_audire, to hear ;
/lirpni', a measure]. Relating to audiometry.
Audiometry [aiv-de-oni' -et-re) \audire,X.o hear; fiirpDV,
a measure]. The measurement, or testing, of the
sense of hearing.
Audiphone (azu' -dif-on) \_audi?-e, to hear ; (jxjvi/, a
sound]. An instrument for improving the power of
hearing by conveying sounds through the bones of
the head to the labyrinth.
Audition [azu-dish' -un) \_audire, to hear]. The act of
hearing. A. coloree, a peculiar association between
the auditory and optic nerves, by which a certain
sound or musical note will give rise to a subjective
sensation of color, the same note in the same person
being always associated with the same color.
Auditory (aw' -dit-o-re) \_audire, to hear]. Pertaining
to the act or the organs of hearing. A. After-Sensa-
tions, the sensations of sounds continuing or occurring
after the cessation of the stimulus. A. Amnesia. See
Mind-deafness. A. Area, the cerebral center for hear-
ing ; its location is not definitely determined. A.
Aura, auditory sensation preceding an attack of epi-
lepsy. A. Center, same as A. Area. A. Hairs, the
processes of the crista acustica, at present of indeter-
minate function. A. Meatus (external and internal) ,
the external and internal canals or openings of the ear.
A. Nerve, the portio mollis of the seventh pair of
cranial nerves. A. Ossicles, the chain of small bones
of the middle ear. A. Sac, the labyrinth, pit, or de-
pression in the epiblast on both sides of the embryo-
logic after-brain. When cut off from the epiblast it
is called the vesicle of the labyrinth, or Primary
Auditory Vesicle. A. Teeth. See Teeth. A.
Vertigo, dizziness due to pathologic conditions of
the ear. See Vertigo anA Meniere' s Disease.
Auditus (arv-di' -tus) [L.]. Hearing; the sense or
power of hearing.
Auerbach's Ganglia. See Ganglia, Table of.
Auerbach's Plexus. See Plexuses, Table of.
Augment (awg- -ment) \_augmenttiin , increase]. The
increasing stage of a fever or other acute disease.
Augmentation (a7c>g-i?ien-ta'-shun) \augmentatio, an
increasing]. I. Sa.me a.s Augment. 2. Increase in the
violence of symptoms.
Augnathus [awg-na'-thus') [av, besides ; yvdOog, the
jaw]. A monster with two lower jaws. See Dipro-
sopus.
Aula, (a-cv' -lah) \_avAij,a. hall or open court]. I. The
common mesal cavity of the cerebrum, it being also
the anterior portion of the third ventricle. 2. In
biology, a space or cavity formed by a colony of
infusorians.
Aulatela (aiv-lat-e' lah) \aula, a hall; tela, a web].
The roof or covering membrane of the aula.
Aulic (aiv'-lik) \_av7.rj, a hall]. Belonging or pertaining
to the aula. A. Recess, a triangular depression
between the precommissure and the two fornicolumns
of the brain.
Auliplexus (ci'M-le-pleks' -us) \aula, hall ; plexus, a net-
work]. The choroid plexus of the aula.
Aulix (aio' -liks)\_auli.x . a furrow]. The sulcus of Monro,
a groove on the mesal surface of the thalamus just
ventrad of the medicommissure.
Aulophyte (aiv' -lo-f'it) \_av'k6(;, a pipe or tube; <^vt6v, a
plant]. In biology, a symbiotic plant ; one that lives
within another, but not as a parasite.
Aura (aw' -rah) [ni/ia, a breath]. A breath of wind;
a soft vapor. A sensation sometimes like a gentle
AURAL
150
AUSCULTATION
current of air rising from the limbs or body to the
» head ; a frequent forerunner of an epilepitic attack, —
aura epileptica. Also applied to any slight symptom
preceding an attack of any disease or paroxysm, as the
aura liystci'ica, aura vertiginosa, etc. A. seminalis
theory, a theory of Swammerdam, who, observing a
strong odor from drone bees, supposed that this, per-
meating the body of the queen, fertilized the eggs.
Aural {aw'-ral) \auris, the ear]. Relating to the ear
or to hearing. A. Vertigo. See Aleniere' s Disease.
Aurally (azv' -ral-e) \_auris, the ear]. By means of the
ear.
Auramin tyaiv' -ram-iii)\aurum, ^o\A; aiiiiii\. Yellow
Pyoktanin, q. v. ; a yellow anilin color used to some
extent as a bactericide and preventive of suppuration.
Unof. See Cotispectiis of Pigmen/s, under Pigment.
Aurantia (aiv-ran' -ske-ak) \_aurantiwn, an orange].
An orange coal-tar dye ; an ammonium salt of hexa-
nitro-diphenyl-amin. The use of this dye has been
said to produce skin-diseases. See Conspecius of
Pigments, under Pigment.
Aurantin {aw- ran' -tin'). '&t.t Heptane.
Aurantium [aw-ran' -she-iini) [L. : gen., Aurantii'\.
( )range. The fruit of Citrus vulgaris and C. auran-
tium. Both the flowers and the rind of the fruit are
employed in medicine. The volatile oil from the rind
is aromatic and a mild tonic but is used mainly as a
flavor. A. amara. Ext. Fid., bitter orange peel, alco-
hol, and water. Used as a flavor. Dose p; ss-j. A.
amara, Tinct., bitter orange peel 20, dilute alcohol,
q. s. ad 100. Dosegj-ij. A. corticis, Ol., the vola-
tile oil expressed from the rind of the orange. Dose
gtt. j-v. A. dulcis, Tinct., sweet orange peel 20,
dilute alcohol, q. s. ad loo. Dose 3j-ij. A., Elixir,
oil of orange I, sugar loo, alcohol and water, q. s. ad
300. A. flores, Aq., fresh orange flowers 40, water
2O0. Distil to roo parts. A. florum, Ol., " oil of
neroli," a volatile oil distilled from fresh orange
flowers. Dose gtt. j-v. A. florum, Syr., orange
water 35, sugar 65. A common flavoring agent. A..
Infus, (B.P.). Dose 5j-ij. A. Infus. Comp. (B.P.).
Dose 5j-ij. A. Spt., oil of orange 6, alcohol 94.
Dose according to quantity of alcohol desired. A.,
Syr., sweet orange peel 5, alcohol 5, calcium phos-
phate precip. I, sugar 60, water, q. s. ad 100. A.,
Tinct. (B. P.). Dose .^j-ij. A., Tinct. Recentis
(B. P.), tincture of fresh orange peel. Dose ,^j-ij.
A., Vinum (B. P.), contains 12 per cent, of alcohol.
Auric Acid [aw'-rik). See Acid.
Auricle [azv' -rik-l) [auricula, the outer ear]. The
pinna and external meatus of the ear. The auricles
of the heart are the two cavities between the veins and
the ventricles. See Circulation, and Heart.
Auricular [aiv-rik'-u-lar) \auricula, the outer ear].
Relating to the auricle, or to the ear ; as the auricular
nerve, arteries, veins, etc. The Auricular arteries,
anterior and posterior, are branches of the temporal
and external carotid, supplying the auricle of the ear.
A. Finger, the little finger. A. Fissure. See
Fissure. A. Foramen, the outlet of the meatus of
the ear. A. Lymphatics, small lymphatic glands
near the upper end of the sterno-mastoid muscle. A.
Point, the central point of the auricular foramen.
See Cranioiiietrical Points.
Auriculars (aw-rik'-u-lar-:) \_auricula, the ear]. In
biology, the feathered area that conceals the ears in
most birds ; regio-auricularis.
Auriculo-bregmatic [azu-rik' -u-lo-hreg-iiiat' -ik) [^auri-
cula, the ear ; (3pfy/ja, a soft spot]. Relating to the
auricle and to the bregma.
Auriculo-occipitali a-c-riA-'-u-lo-o/^-sip'-it-al) [auricula,
the ear; occiput, the back of the head]. Pertaining
both to the ear and the back of the head. A. Trian-
gle. See 7'ria/igle.
Auriculo-parotidean {a-n-rik' -u-lo-par-ot-id' -e-an) [au-
ricula, \\\& ear; -(;/)<,)-/(•, the parotid gland]. Relat-
ing to the auricle and to the parotid gland.
Auriculo-temporal {azv-rik' -u-lo-tem' -po-ral) [auric-
ula, the ear; teinpora, the temples]. Relating to the
auricle and to the temporal region. A. nerve, a
branch of the inferior maxillary, supplying superficial
parts about the auricle.
Ax^\\Q,Vi\o-v^T\Xx\z\!\^.x(aw-rik' -ii-lo-ven-trik' -it-lar)[ati-
ricula, the ear; ventriculus, the ventricle]. Relating
to an auricle and a ventricle of the heart. A. open-
ing, the opening between the auricles and the ventri-
cles of the heart.
Auriform (0.70' -rif-orm) [auris, the ear; forma, shape].
Ear-shaped.
Aurigo (a-u-ri' -go) [L.]. An incorrect form of the word
aurugo.
Aurilave [a-u' -ril-a-') [auris, the ear ; laz'are, to wash].
An ear-brush or ear-sponge mounted upon a handle.
Aurin [a7,''-rin) [<? gold], C,„H,^C).j. Pararosolic
acid ; a body produced on boiling the diazo-hydro-
chlorid of para-rosanilin with water. It dissolves in
glacial acetic acid and alcohol, crystallizes in dark-red
needles or prisms with metallic luster, and decomposes
when heated above 220°. It is a dye-stuff used in
printing calicoes and woolens, and for pigments, and
produces orange-red colors. See Conspectus of Pig-
ments, under Pigment.
AuripigTnent(a?ci-rip-ig'->ne/it ) [auripigmentum , golden
pigment]. See Orpiment.
Auripuncture {azv' -re-piinkt-chur) [auris, ear; punc-
tura, puncture]. Surgical or traumatic puncture of
the membrana tympani.
Auris {aiii'-ris) [L.]. The ear.
Auriscalp (aw' -ris-kalp) [auris, the ear ; scalpare, to
scrape]. An ear-pick or probe for the ear.
Auriscope {aw' -ris-kbp) [auris, the ear ; oko-kuv, to
examine]. An instrument for examining the ear, and
especially the Eustachian passage ; an otoscope.
Aurist {aw'-rist) [auris, the ear]. A specialist in dis-
eases of the ear.
Aurugo (aw-ru'-go) [L.]. Yellowness; jaundice;
icterus.
Aurum (aw' -rum) [L. : gen., Auri\ Gold. Au =
196.7; quantivalence, III. One of the metals char-
acteriz^ed as "noble" by the ancients, because of its
weight and luster. It has a brilliant yellow color and
will not tarnish. The metal is sometimes used as a
plate on which artificial teeth are set. The chlorid
locally is an escharotic. Internally its action resem-
bles that of mercuric chlorid. In small doses it pro-
motes digestion and stimulates the functions of the
brain ; in large doses it is a violent poison. It is useful
in certain forms of dyspepsia, hypochondriasis, amen-
orrhea, and functional impotence. Poisoning is
treated by albumen (eggs) or flour, and evacuation
of the stomach. A. brom., AuBr^, is used in epi-
lepsy and migraine. Dose gr. t}^\. A. et sodii
chlor., soluble in water. Dose gr. aV-iff- A. chlo-
ridum (unof). Soluble. Dose gr. ^-^ia- ^o''^
chlorid is also valued as a stain for sections of brain-
tissue and of nerve-ganglia ; it has been vaunted as a
cure for the alcoholic habit.
Auscult, or Auscultate (aws-kulf'; aws' -kul-tat) [atis-
cultare,\.o listen to]. To jierfonn or practise ausculta-
tion ; to examine by auscultation.
Auscultation (aws-kul-ta' -sliun) [ausctiltare, to listen
to]. A method of investigation of the functions and
condition of the respiratory, circulatory, digestive, and
other organs by the .sounds they themselves give out, or
AUSCULTATORY
151
AUTOPHAGIA
that are elicited by percussion. It is called imi)iediate,
when the ear is directly applied to the part, and
mediate, if by the aid of the stethoscope. Obstetric
auscultation is practised in pregnancy to detect or
study the fetal heart-sounds or the placental murmur.
See Murmur, Respiration, Rales, Rhonchus, Bron-
chophony, Pectoriloquy, Egophony, Brtiit, Souffie, etc.
A. -tube, in otology, an instrument for listening to
the forced passage of air through the ear of another.
Auscultatory [aitis-kul ' -tat-or-e) \_auscultarc, to listen
to]. Relating to auscultation. A. Percussion, the
practise of auscultation by one person, while another
practises percussion.
Australian [a-as-trdl ' -van) [Australia]. Of or belong-
ing to Australia. A. Blight. See Angio-neurotic
Edetna. A. Sassafras. See Athcrosperma mos-
chafa.
Autacanthid [ait'-ta/c-an' -t/iid) [aiTOf, self ; ciKavHa,
a spine]. In biology, applied to a star-fish having
many of the spines on special plates.
Autechoscope (^aw-tek' -o-skop) [ai'rdf, self; iiX'K,
sound; GnoTveiv, to inspect]. A device for enabling
a person to listen to sounds produced within his own
body.
Autecious, or Autcecious [aw-te' -sluis) [aiVof, self ;
oidof , dwelling] . In biology, same as Alonecious ;
also applied to parasitic fungi that pass through all
the stages of their existence on the same host.
Autenrieth and Hinsberg's Test. See 7\-sts, Taide
Autocarpous [aw-to-kar^ -pus) \_avT(j(;, self; unp—or,
fruit]. In biology, said of a fruit consisting of a supe-
rior and free ovary.
Autocatheterism {aw-to-kath' -et-cr-izm') [aiVof, self ;
KaHeri/p, a catheter]. The passage of a catheter by
a person upon himself.
Autocatheterist [aiv-to-katld -et-er-ist) [avroc, .self ;
Kafteri/p, a catheter]. One who practises autocatheter-
ism.
Autocatheterization [aw-to-kath-et-er-iz-a'-shun) . The
process of catheterizing one's self.
Autochthon (ci'iu-tok' -tliun) ^^ahrox^^t^v, sprung from the
land]. An aboriginal inhabitant.
Autochthonous [aw-tok' -thon-us') [aiirtj ■^;'^tJ^', sprung
from the land]. Aboriginal ; formed (as a clot) in
the place where it is found.
Autocinesis iaw-to-sin-e' -sis) [ftirdf , self ; nivi/ai^, mo-
tion]. Motion that is voluntary, or apparently so.
Autocinetic (aiv-to-sin-ef -ik) \_a\noc, self; Kiv>/ai(;, mo-
tion]. Possessed of the power of spontaneous motion.
Autoclave (aw' -to-klav) [ai)r(5f, self; clavis, a key].
I. Self-fastening; closing itself. 2. An instrument for
sterilizing or killing germ-life by steam-heat, the gauge
indicating automatically the pressure, and therefore the
degree of heat, to which the microorganism is sub-
jected.
Autodiagnosis (aw-to-di-ag-no' -sis) \_av-6<;, self;
rfwyiiuffff, a discovering]. Self-diagnosis; the morbid
impression sometimes possessed by a patient that he is
affected with some particular disease. This impression
may amount to a fixed and dominant idea.
Autodidact [aw'-to-di-dakt) [a iTtif , self ; (5/f5a«:rt5f ,
taught]. One who is self-taught in his profession.
Autodigestion [aui-to-di-jes' -chun) \_avr6i;, self; digere,
to digest] . Digestion of the walls of the stomach by
the gastric juice consequent upon loss of the epithe-
lium, or upon other gastric disease. Autopepsia.
Autogamous [a%v-tog' -ain-us) \_aW(iq, self; ya/j-or. mar-
riage]. In botany, a name applied to flowers that are
habitually self-fertilizing.
Autogenesis {aw-to-jeid -es-is) [ftirdf, self ; yiviGLC,
production]. Spontaneous generation ; self-production.
Autogenetic ((7<c-/c>-/f [atVof, self; >'frf(Tif, pro-
duction]. Developed by or due to autogenesis ; pro-
duced, as disease, within the organism; not enthetic.
Autogenous [aiu-toj' -en-us) \cihr6q, self; yivioiq, pro-
duction]. Pertaining to diseases or conditions self-
producing within the body and not derived from exter-
nal or objective sources ; applied to poisons generated
in the body by its inherent processes, — e.g., puerperal
fever has been falsely supposed to be due to self-gen-
eration of the septic material.
Autographic {aio-to-graf'-ik) [aiVdf, self ; ypd<^i:iv, to
write]. Self-registering. A. Skin, a condition of
va.so-motor paralysis, usually in hysterical patients, in
which markings made upon the skin form quite per-
sistent and intensely red traces. A. Woman, one
with an Autographic Skin.
Autographism {aw' -to-graf-izin) [avrdf, self; ypdcjieiv,
to write]. The condition observed in the so-called
autographic skin ; dermographism. See Urticaria
factitia.
Autographist (aw' -to-graf-ist) \_a'v7dq, self; ypdt^uv, to
write]. One who has an autographic skin.
Autohypnotism (a-u-to-hip' -not-izm) [ni'irdf, self ;
vTTvoc, sleep]. Mental stupor induced by dwelling in-
tensely upon some all-absorbing delusion. See also
Statuvolence.
Autoinoculation (aw-to-in-ok-u-la' -shun) \civtw, self;
inoculare, to implant]. Reinoculation by virus ob-
tained from the same person.
Autointoxication (aw-to-in-toks-ik-a' -shun). See Au-
to toxic .
Autokinesis (aw-to-kin-e'-sis) [aiVof, self; Kivr/aig,
movement]. I. Voluntary movement ; movement not
reflex or allokinetic. 2. Movement that is appar-
ently not volitional, but that arises from causes within
the organism.
Autokinetic (a2(<-to-kin-et'-ik)\_avT6c, self ; Kivrjoic, move-
ment]. Pertaining to, or of the nature of, autokinesis.
Autolaryngoscopy (aw-to-la?--itig-gos'-ko-pc) [aiVdf,
self; tdpvyS, the larynx ; aKmrelv, to examine]. The
examination of one's larynx by himself.
Auto-massage (a-a-to-inas-sahzh') [aiTOf, self; iida-
ccir, to knead]. Self-massage ; therapeutic manipula-
tions of the body performed by the patient himself
Automatic (aiti-to-iuat'-ik) [^avro/nari^en', to act spon-
taneously]. Performed without the influence of the
will. A. Plugger, an instrument adapted for pound-
ing gold foil in the cavities of teeth.
Automatism (aiv-tom' -at-izni) [_ai>TOfiaTlCeiv, to act
spontaneously]. The performance of acts without
apparent volition, as seen in certain somnambulists
and in some hysterical and epileptic patients.
Automatograph (a^ii-to-maf -o-graf) \^rivTO/jaTt^eiv, to
act spontaneously ; ypamiv, to record]. An instru-
ment for registering involuntary movements of the hand.
Automaton [aiu-toin' -at-on) \nvrdimTnr, spontaneous].
One who acts in an involuntary or mechanical man-
ner. A. Blowpipe. .See Blowpipe.
Automysophobia (a7v-to-mis-o-fo' -be-ah) \_avT6c, self;
fi'i'cnr, filth; ®d,'?of, fear]. Insane dread of personal
uncleanliness.
Autonomy (a-u-ton' -o-tne) \a'vT6c, self; voiinq, law].
The independent existence of a disease or of a tnateries
inorbi within the organism.
Autonyctobatesis (aw-to-?iik-to-bat-e'-sis) \_av-6q, self;
night ; /3owe(7.', to walk]. Somnambulism.
Autopathic (a'w-to-path'-ik) [airdf, self ; Trdfef, suffer-
ing]. The same as Endopathic.
Autopepsia (aw-to-pep' -^e-ah) [awrdf, self; tt'etttclv, to
digest]. Autodigestion.
Autophagia (aiv-to-pha' -je-ah) \a.vT6c_, self ; (pciyiiv, to
eat]. Self-consumption; emaciation.
AUTOPHAGOUS
152
AVENIN
Autophagous [aw-toff ' -ag-tis) [a)>rdf, self; faydv, to
eat]. In biology, self-feeding as soon as hatched.
Autophagy [aiv-ioff' -a-je) [afVor, self; (paydv, to eat].
In starvation the absorption of the tissues themselves
for nutrition. Life may be thus continued until about
half the body-weight has been consumed.
Autophilia [aiv-to-fil' -e-ah) [aiirof,self ; to love].
Morbid self-esteem.
Autophobia {aw-io-fo' -be-aJi) [airdr, self; 9d/3of , fear].
A morbid dread of one's self, or of solitude.
Autophonia (aii.i-to-fo' -ne-aJt). See Aiitophony.
Autophonomania {aw-io-fo-no-nia' -ne-ah) \_avTo^ov'La,
suicide ; jtavia, madness]. Suicidal mania.
Autophonous [acu-Zoff'' -on-us) [rnVdf, self ; (puvi/,
voice]. Having the character of autophony.
Axito'phony [aw-toff' -o-)ic)\_avT(j(;,se\{; <p(jvy, voice]. In
auscultation, the peculiar quality of the physician's
own voice while listening to the patient's chest-
sounds.
Autophthalmoscope {aitj-toff-tlial' -ino-skbf). See Oph-
thalmoscope.
Autophyllogeny {aw-to-fil-oj' -eii-e) [oi'rdf, self; (^iiAXoi',
leaf ; ytvecir, production]. In biology, the production
of leaves by leaves.
Autoplast {aw' -to-plast) [aiVdf , self ; Tr/do-fffii', to form].
In biology : I. The chlorophyll body. 2. A cell of
independent spontaneous origin.
Autoplasty (a7v' -toplas-te) [aj>rdf, self; TrAaatyeiv, to
form]. A method of repairing the effects of a wound
or lesion involving loss of tissue by grafting or implant-
ing fresh parts taken from other portions of the patient's
body.
Autopsic (aw-top' -sik) \_avr6^, self; oi/jif, a seeing].
Relating to an autopsy.
Autopsy (aw'-top-se) [airdf, self ; OTpL^, a seeing]. I.
E.Kamination, or seeing one's own self; self-inspec-
tion. 2. The post-mortem study of the body of another.
The use of the word in this sense, however, is ety-
mologically absurd. See Necropsy..
Autoscope [a7ti' -to-skop) [airdf, self; ono-fiv^ to see].
An instrument, e.g., the ophthalmoscope, arranged
for the examination of an organ by oneself.
Autoscopy {aw-tos' -ko-pe) [aiVof, self; aKOTreh', to see].
The examination of one's own organs or disease by
means of an autoscope.
Autosite {aw' -/o-slf) [rti'-rdr, self ; cr/rof , food] . I. A mon-
ster capable of an independent existence after bii-th.
2. That member of a double fetal monstrosity that
nourishes itself by its own organs as well as the other
member, which is called the parasite.
Autositic {aw-to-sif -ik) [ai'-df, self; crtrof, food]. Of
the nature of an autosite.
Autostethoscope {aw-to-sieth' -o-skop') [aiirdr, self ;
crrfioq, the breast ; aKOTveiv, to examine]. A stetho-
scope so arranged that by it one may listen to his own
chest-sounds.
Autosuggestion {aiv-to-siig-jes' -chuii) [ai'rdf, self ;
szigges/io, an intimation]. A term suggested by Page
for that peculiar mental condition, often developing
after railway accidents; it is intimately associated with
the hypnotic .state. In both of these conditions
the mental spontaneity, the will, or the judgment, is
more or less suppressed or obscured, and suggestions
become easy. Thus the slightest traumatic action
directed to any member may become the occasion of a
paralysis, of a contracture, or of an arthralgia. It is also
called traianaiic stigges/ion .
Autotemnon {aw-to-teiii' -non^ [r/iTor, self; Tniveiv,
cut]. In biology, the self-dividing unicellular organism.
Autotherapy (atv-to-ther' -ape) [Vii'-df, self ; lUfMireia,
a waiting on]. The spontaneous or self-cure of a
disease.
Autotoxemia {aw-to-ioks-e' -me-ah') [airdf , self ; to^lkov,
a poison ; ai/za, blood]. Toxemia from poisons
derived from the organism itself.
A\lX.o\.oi!AC {ani-to-toks' -ik) [arrof, self; rof/Koi^, poison] .
Self-empoisonment through the absorption of noxious
products of katabolism, as in uremia. Cf. Autointoxi-
cation.
Autotoxin [aiLi-to-toks' -in) [airdf , self ; to^ikov, a
poison]. Any product of tissue-metamorphosis with-
in the organism that has a toxic effect upon that or-
ganism.
Autotransfusion {aw-to-tranz-fu' -zhun) [nirdf, self ;
transfusio, a pouring from one vessel into another].
The transfer of the blood to the brain and other cen-
tral organs by elevating the hips and legs, and by the
use of elastic bandages.
Autovaccination {aw-to-vaks-in-a' -shiin^ [rtiVdf , self ;
vaccinarc, to vaccinate]. The reinsertion of fresh
vaccine-lymph upon the same person from whom
it is taken, either by the vaccinated person himself
or by some other person, whether intentionally or by
accident.
Autumn (aiv' -fiiiii) \autiimnus, autumn]. The fall of
the year. A. Catarrh. Synonym of Hay-fever, occur-
ring in August and the fall of the year.
Autumnal {aw-tum' -nal) [atititnimis, autumn]. Per-
taining to the fall of the year. A. Fever. Synonym
of Typhoid Fever, q. v.
Auxanometer {awks-an-om' -et-er') \avS,avtLv , to grow ;
litrpoT, measure]. An instrument used in biologic
study for measuring the growth of young organisms.
Auxe (a7<.i/cs'-e) \_av^>i, increase]. Enlargement in bulk
or volume.
AuiL^sis {azvks-e' -sis) [rti'if^/mr, enlargement] . Increase
in size or bulk. Hypertrophy is a word often incor-
rectly used where Auxesis is meant.
Auxetic (tfw/'.r-i?/"'-?'/!') [aiifr/ri/cdf, enlargement] . Charac-
terized by auxesis.
Auxiliary {awks-ii' -e-a-re) [(7«.r;7/z^;«, a helper] . Aid-
ing.
Auxilium {azvks-iF -e-mii) [L., "help"]. A wheeled
vehicle or ambulance with couch and mattresses, for
use in the service of field military hospitals.
Auxocardia {awks-o-kar' -de-ah) \_ai'ii], an increase;
Kap6!a, the heart]. The normal increase of the
volume of the heart during diastole, in distinction
from meiocardia, the diminution during systole.
Auxospore {awhs'-o-spor) [r/rfen', to grow ; anopoc,
seed, ofi'spring]. A large spore produced, either
asexually, or by conjugation, in the Diatomacere.
Auxotonic {aKi/cs-o-toii'-ik) \_ah^£iv, to grow ; ropof,
tension]. Determined by growth. A. Move-
ments, in biology, movements due to growth rather
than to stimulation.
Ava Kava {ah'-Tah kah' -iiali). See Kava-Kava.
Avalanche Theory. Ptliiger's opinion that nerve-
energy gathers intensity as it passes toward the muscles.
Aveling's Apparatus. An ajiparatus employed in the
immediate transfusion of blood. A. Curve. The
S-shaped curve of the handles of obstetric forceps.
A. Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Avena {aT-e'-nah) [T.]. A genus of plants. Oat.
A. farina, oatmeal. A. sativa, the embryo of the
the seed of the common oat plant. It contains starch,
gluten, a ferment called diastase, and a small amount
of alkaline phosphates, and is a nutritious food. Dose
of the concentrated tinct. or fid. ext. Tl^x-^ ij. The
pericarp contains an alkaloid possessed of slight nar-
cotic powers. Unof.
Avenin {a7'-e'-nin) \_avena, oat]. I. precipi-
tate made from a tincture of avena sati7'a. or the
oat. It is a nerve-stimulant and tonic. Unof. 2. A
AVENS
153
AZOIC
nitrogenous principle obtained from the oat, and
nearly identical with legumin ; the gluten-casein
of oats.
Avens [av'-enz) [Welsh, afans'\. A name given to
several plants of the genus Geum. A. Root, the root
of Geum rivale, a tonic and astringent. It contains
gallic and tannic acids. Dose of fid. ext. g ss-j. Unof.
Avery's Operation. See Operations , Table of.
Aviation [a-ve-a' -shun) \_avis, a bird]. Artificial flight.
Avidity [nv-id' -it-e) \_avidus, greedy]. In chemistry,
the tendency of certain weak acids, in suitable con-
ditions, to dispossess even the strongest acids and to
unite with their bases.
Avocado Pear {av-o-ka' -do). See Alligator Pear.
Avogadro, Law of. See LawesiA Ampere.
Avoirdupois Weight [av-or-du-poiz' wdt) [Fr. , avoir,
to have; dii poids, o{ The common English
weight used for all commodities except precious metals,
gems and medicines. The pound is equal to 7000
grains Troy, or 453.54 grams, or 16 ounces. The
ounce is divided into 16 drams, each of 437.5 grains.
See IVeights and Measures.
Avulsion [av-iiV -shiin) \_aint/sio : avellere, to tear
away]. A traumatic or surgical tearing or wrenching
away of a part, as a polypus, a limb, etc.
Awn (awn) chaff]. The bristle or beard of
barley, oats, etc ; or any other similar appendage.
Axial (aks'-e-al) \_axis, axis]. Pertaining to or situated
in an axis. A. Current. Same as A. Stream. A
Hypermetropia. See Hypermetropia. A. Stream.
The name given to the red column in a vessel at the
seat of inflammation. The blood-corpuscles are
separated, the red being packed together in the center
of the vessel, while between this and the walls of the
vessel is a clear layer of serum in which the white cor-
puscles roll along. See Foisettille's Space.
Axiferous [aks-if -er-us) \axis, axis; ferre, to bear].
In biology, producing a stem-like, leafless axis, ascer-
tain fungi and algx.
Axilemma (aks' -il-em-ah) \_axis, axis ; Mfijia, husk,
skin]. In histology, an elastic sheath composed of
neurokeratin enclosing the axis cylinder of meduUated
nerve-fibers.
Axilla [aks-iF-ali) [L. : AxillcB^ The armpit.
Axillar (aks' -il-ar) [axilla, axil]. In biology, one of
the tufts of soft feathers growing from the axilla, and
forming part of the under wing-coverts of a bird. ^
Axillary [aks' -il-a-re) \_axilla, axil]. Pertaining to the
axilla. A. Artery, the continuation of the subclavian
artery, extending from the lower border of the first rib
to the insertion of the pectoralis major muscle, where
it becomes the brachial. See Arteries, Table of. A.
Glands, the lymphatic glands in the axilla. A.
Plexus, the brachial plexus, formed by the last three
cervical and the first dorsal nerves. A. Space, the
irregular conical space of the axilla. A. Vein, a
continuation of the brachial, corresponding with the
artery and terminating in the subclavian vein.
Axin (fiks'-in') \_axinus'\. A fatty and varnish-like sub-
stance produced in Mexico by an insect, Coccus
axinus. It is used in the arts and locally in medicine,
being regarded as a good vulnerary and resolvent.
Axis (aks' -is) [L. for axletree]. I. An imaginary line
passing through the center of a body. 2. The second
cervical vertebra. A., Basicranial, in craniometry, a
line drawn from the basion to the middle of the anterior
border of the cerebral surface of the sphenoid bone.
A., Basifacial, in craniometry, a line drawn from the
anterior border of the cerebral surface of the sphenoid
to the alveolar point. A., Binauricular, in cranio-
metry, the imaginary line joining the two auricular
points. A., Cerebrospinal, the central nervous
system. A. Cylinder (of a nerve), the conducting or
essential part of a nerve lying in the center and sur-
rounded by the sheath of Schwann. It is also
called the axis-cylinder of Purkinje. A., Frontal (of
the eye), an imaginary line running through the eyeball
from right to left, and corresponding with the move-
ments of elevation and depression of the eyeball. A.,
Optic, the line from the corneal apex to the macula
lutea. A., Optical, an imaginary line passing from
the center of the eye-piece of a microscope through
the body, objective, stage and sub-stage, to the
mirror. A., Sagittal (of the eye), an imaginary line
running through the eyeball from before backward,
and coinciding with the line of vision. A., Visual,
the line from the object through the nodal point to
the macula.
Axle Teeth (aks'-l teth). See Azzle Teeth.
Axogaster (aks'-o-gas-te?-) [a^uv, axis ; yauriip, stom-
ach]. In biology the principal intestine, the gaster
principalis .
Axon (aks' -01?) [ai'wi', an axis] . The axis of the body ;
especially the bony axis of the neuro-skeleton.
Axospermous (aks-o-sperm' -us) [liiwr, axis ; a-ipfia,
seed]. In biology, applied to fruits the seeds of
which are attached to an axial placenta.
Axungia (aks-un' -je-ah) [L.: gen., Axungiaf]. Fat;
lard ; adeps.
Ayres's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Azale (az-dl'). See Conspectus of Pigments, under Pig-
ment.
Azalein (az-a' -Ic-in) . Same as Rosanilin. See also
Conspectus of Pigments , under Pigment.
Azarin (az' -ar-in). See Conspectus of Pigfnents, under
Pigment.
Azedarach (az-ed'-ar-ak) [Pars, azad, free; dirakht,a
tree]. Pride of China, the bark of Melia azedarach,
an Asiatic tree naturalized in the southern U. S. It
occurs in curved pieces or quills, having a sweetish
taste. The decoction, 5 ij to Oj , is a gastro-intestinal
irritant and anthelmintic against the round-worm.
Dose 5ss-j. A., Ext. Fid. Dose "7^]. A., Tinct-
ura, I to 8. Dose ^ss-ij. Unof
Azerin (az'-er-in) [badly formed from a priv. ; ^r/pdc,
dry]. A ferment analogous to ptyalin and found in
the digestive secretions of Drosera, Nepenthes , and
probably all other insectivorous plants. It is actively
antiseptic and strongly deliquescent, and hastens
rapidly the wetting of flies that fall into its solution.
Azobenzene (az-o-ben'-zen) [a priv.; fwrdf, living;
benzo!n'\ , CjjH]|,N,^. A compound formed by the action
of sodium amalgam upon the alcoholic solution of
nitro-benzene. It forms orange-red, rhombic crystals,
readily soluble in alcohol and ether, but sparingly
soluble in water. It melts at 68°, and distils at
293°.
Azo-compounds. In chemistry, compounds interme-
diate between the nitro-compounds and the amido-
compounds, and made from the former by partial
reduction, or from the latter by partial oxidation.
Azodiphenyl Blue. Same as Coupler' s Blue.
Azo-dyes. A well defined group of the coal-tar colors,
all containing the diatomic group — N = N — , bound
on either side to a benzene radical. They may be
prepared by reduction of the nitro-compounds in
alkaline solutions, or by acting on diazo-compounds
with phenols or amins of the aromatic series. The
azo-dyes are the amido-derivatives of simple azo-
compounds, and are to be distinguished as amidoazo-
dyes and oxyazo-dyes. See Conspectus of Pigments,
under Pigment.
Azoic (az-o'-ik) [a priv. ; lu>i, life]. In biology, desti-
tute of living organisms.
AZOLITMIN
154
BACILLURIA
Azolitmin {az-o-Uf -inin) [a priv.; Cwr/, life; Dan. lak,
lac; pulp], CjH-NO^. A deep blood-red color-
ing matter obtained from litmus. See Conspectus of
Pix/?ients, under Pigment.
Azoospermia [a/rzo-o-sper' ->ne-ah) [d priv.; fu?/, life ;
rrntp/uu, seed]. Want of, or deficient vitality of, the
spermatozoids.
Azoospermism (ah-zo-o-sperm'-izm) [i; priv.; Cw//,
life ; airepiia, seed]. Absence of the spermatic ele-
ments from the seminal fluid.
Azorella [az-o-rel' -ah) [L.]. A genus of umbellifer-
ous plants. A. glebaria. See Balsam Bog.
Azoresorcin {az-o-rcz-oi-' -siii) [d priv.; Cwrof, living ;
Fr. , rhoirinc'\ , Cj.^HgNO^. A derivative of resorcin,
occurring as dark-red and greenish crystals.
Azote [az'-ot) [d priv. ; C(j//,life]. A synonym of ni-
trogen. Azotic acid, nitric acid.
Azotemia [az-o-te' -me-ah) [azotiim, nitrogen ; a'lfia,
blood]. The presence of nitrogenous compounds in
the blood ; uremia.
Azotenesis (az-o-ten-c'-sis) \_azottim, nitrogen]. Any
one of a class of diseases said to be due to a supera-
bundance of nitrogen in the system, such as carcinoma,
scurvy, gangrene, etc.
Azotometer [az-o-tom' -et-er) \^azotiiin, nitrogen ; fierpov,
a measure]. A device for the measurement of nitrogen.
Azoturia [az-o-tu' -re-ah) \azottim, nitrogen ; urina,
the urine]. An increase of the urea and urates in the
urine.
Azoxybenzene {az-oks-,--ben' -zeii) \azotiiin, nitrogen ;
of if, sharp; benzcne'\, CjjHjdN^O. A compound
obtained by the reduction of nitrobenzene. It forms
long yellow needles, easily soluble in alcohol and
ether, but not in water. It melts at 36'-'.
Azulene [az' -ii-len). Same as Ceruleiii.
Azulin {a-J -ii-lin). See Conspectus of Pigments, under
Pig7)ient.
Azure [ME., blue]. Sky-blue. A. Blue.
Same as Cobalt Blue, and Ultramarine. A. Mala-
chite. See Azurite in Conspectus of Pigments, under
Pigment.
Azurin [az^-ur-in). Same as Azulin.
Azurite {az' -ur-lt). vSee Conspectus of Pigments, under
Pigment.
Azygomatous {ah-zi-gom' -af-us) [d priv. ; ^I'yu/na, the
zygomatic arch]. Destitute of zygomatic arches, as
the shrews.
Azygos (az'-ig-os) [d priv. ; Cv)6(:,a yoke]. Applied to
parts that are single, not in pairs. A. uvulae, a small
muscle of the uvula. A. Vein, a vein connecting
the superior and inferior vena; cavre.
Azygospore (az-i' -go-spor) [d priv. ; l.vy6v, yoke ;
OTTopd, seed]. An asexually produced spore, but re-
sembling the sexual spore or zygospore.
Azygous [az'-ig-tis) [d priv. ; ft)yof, a yoke]. Not
paired ; or, if paired, so blended as to seem one organ.
Azymia (ah-zim' -e-a/i) [d priv. ; C'V'/; ^ ferment]. Ab-
sence or lack of ferment.
Azymic (ah-zim' -ik) [d priv. ; C'V-"?) a ferment]. Not
giving rise to fermentation.
Azzle Teeth [az'-l-tetli] [E. dial., assal teeth'\. A name
given to the molar teeth.
B. In chemical terminology the symbol of Boron.
Ba. The chemical symbol of Barium.
B. A. A contraction of Balneum aqu<e, a water-bath ;
also, o{ Balneum arenic, a sand-bath, and of Artium
Baccalaureus, Bachelor of Arts.
B. M. A contraction of Balneum maris a sea- water
bath ; also of Medicina Baccalaureus, Bachelor of
Medicine.
B. V. A contraction oi Balneum vaporis,2^yz.\>or-\>a.\\\.
Babbitt Metal, a compound of metals used in prosthetic
dentistry for dies in swaging plates.
Babe (ba'b) [ME., babt\ An infant.
Babes' Method. See Stains, Table of B. Oven.
■See O'i'en.
Babul Gum {ba-bool') [Bengal]. The gum of the tree
Acacia arabica, or babul ; an inferior sort of gum arable.
"Qa^sy (ba'-be). Same as .Sa/v. B.-farm. An institu-
tion for raising orphan and pauper infants. B.-
farming, the business of receiving and caring for the
infants of those who, for any reason, may be unable
or unwilling to bring up their own children.
Baccaceous (bak-a'-she-us) \_bacca, a berry]. Like a
berrv ; baccate.
Baccate (bah' -at) \_bacca, a berry]. Berry-like, or
bearing berries.
Baccelli's Method. A method of treating aneurysm
by passing a wire thread into the sac. See Treat-
ment. B. Sign. See Signs and Symptoms, Table of.
Baccharis (bah'-ar-is) \_finKKapic, a fragrant herb]. A
genus of composite trees. B. halimifolia, the ground-
B
sel tree, a composite-flowered shrub of N. America;
a decoction of the leaves and bark is a popular demul-
cent and pectoral medicine. Unof.
Bacchia (bak-' e-ah, or bak-i'-ah) \_Bacchus, the god of
wine]. A synonym of Acne rosacea, a condition often
found in drunkards. B. rosacea. Synonym oi Acne
rosacea .
Bacillar, or Bacillary (bas'-il-ar; bas'-il-a-re) \_bacil-
lu/ii,& rod; bacillus']. 1. Relating to bacilli or to a
bacillus. 2. Consisting of or containing rods.
Bacilli (bas-il'-i) \_baeillum, a rod]. I. Plural of
Bacillus, q. v. 2. In pharmacy, cylindrical lozenges
made by cutting the lozenge mass, and rolling it into
a soft cylinder, on a pill-machine.
Bacillicidal (bas-il-is-'ul' -al) [bacillum, a rod ; ccidere,
to kill]. Destructive to bacilli.
Bacillicide (bas-il'-is-id) \_bacillum, a rod; cccdere, to
kill]. I. Destructive to bacilli. 2. An agent that
destroys bacilli.
Bacilliculture (bas-il' -e-kul-chi'ir) \_bacillum, a rod ;
cultura, cultivation]. The artificial culture of bacilli
for the purpose of studying their nature and life.
Bacilliform (bas-il' -if-orm) \_bacilhim, rod ; forma,
form]. Having the shape or appearance of a bacillus.
Bacillum (bas-il' -um) [L., a rod, a stick]. A stick;
a cylindrical troche ; an instrument for carrying a
sponge ; any one of the rods in the layer of rods and
cones of the retina.
Bacilluria (bns-il-u' -re-ali) \_bacillum, a rod ; nvpov,
urine]. The presence of bacilli in the urine.
B. ACIDIFORMANS
155
B. MALLEI
TYPES OF BACILLI,
SHOWING MORPHOLOGIC CHARACTERS AND ARRANGEMENT.
B. acidiformar.s (X looo).
4
B. acidi lactici (X looo)
B. capsulatus (X 1200).
B. cavicida havaniensis (X 1000).
IS
B. erysipelatos suis (X looo).
B. gracilis cadaveris (X 1200J.
B. cedematis inaligni (X 1000).
B. antliracis (X 1200).
B. arborescens (X 1200).
B. buccalis maximus (X 1000).
B. buccalis minutus (X 1000).
B. butyricus (X 1000).
B. cadaveris (X 1000),
B. circulans (X 1200).
B. crassus sputigenus (X 1200).
B. cuniculicida havaniensis (X 1200).
B. cyanogenus (X 700).
B. of Dantec (X 1000).
B. diflFusus (X 1000).
B. sranulosus (X 800).
Those witliout granules represent ab-
normal forms.
B. havaniensis (X 1000).
B. of Hog Cholera (X 1000).
B. of influenza (X 1000).
B. leprae (X 1200).
B. limosus (X 1000).
B. diphtheriae (X 1000).
B. mallei (X 1200).
B. MEGATERIUM
156
B. ZOPFII
B. megaterium (X 1200).
B. scissus (X 1200).
B. thalassaophilus ( < 1000).
B. mesentericus vulgatus (X 1200).
B. septicaemiae hasmorrhagica (X 1200).
B. tuberculosis (X 1000),
B. neapolitanus (X tooo).
Nitrifying B. of Winogradsky (X 900).
B. pneumoniae friedlanderi (X 1000).
m
B. prodigiosus (X 1000).
B rhinoscleromatis (X 1400).
B. of symptomatic anthrax (X 1000).
B. of symptomatic anthrax, flagellate
form (X 1000).
B. syphilidis (Lustgarten) (X 1000).
B. subtilis (X 1200).
B. tetaiii (X 1200).
B. typhi abdomiiialis (X 1200).
B. typhi abdomiiialis, showing flagella
(X 1200).
B. ulna of Vignal (X 1000),
B. vermicularis (X 1000).
B. zopfii (various stages of growth)
(X 1000).
BACILLUS
157
BACTERIA
Bacillus [bas-il'-iis) [dim. of baculum ; hacillum,
a small staff: //. , BaciUi\ [a] A genus of the Schizo-
mycetes established by Cohn ; synonym, Bacteridium,
Davaine ; j^^rft-r/^w, Delafond ; JV/'Wo, Cohn ; and
including all the elongated forms except such as are
spiral and have a gyratory motion, which are classed
in the genus Spirillum. The bacilli are rigid or
flexible, motile or non-motile, and reproduce either by
direct fission or by endogenous spore-formation. See
Bacteria, Synonyinatic 7'able of. (i) An individual
of the genus Bacillus. {c) A medicated rod or
bougie, (d) Any rod-like body, or specifically, one
of the retinal rods. (£■) In botany, the term applied
to the cotyledon of certain plants, e.g., the' hyacinth ;
or to the basal portion of some flower-clusters.
Back {bak) [ME., bak'l. Dorsum; posterior aspect.
B. Comijination. See Combination. B. Draught
{bak' draft), the inspiration of whooping-cough.
B. Posture. See Postures. B. Stroke of the
Heart. See Diastole.
Backache {bak'-ak) [ME., bak; aken\ Pain in the
back.
Backbone {bak'-bdn) [ME., bak; boon]. The verte-
bral column.
Back-cut of Salmon. See Salmon, and Operations,
Table of.
Bacony Infiltration (ba'-kon-e in-fil-t>-a' -shun). Same
as Albuminoid Infiltration.
Bacteremia {bak-ter-e' -me-ali) \bacterium, rod ; al)ia,
blood]. The presence of bacteria in the blood.
Bacterium {bak-te'-re-um) \_jiaKTripi(n>, a little stick: pi..
Bacteria]. I. A genus of schizomycetous fungi estab-
lished by Ehrenberg (1838) and Dujardin {1841) ;
characterized by short, linear, inflexible, rod-like
forms, without tendency to unite into chains or fila-
ments. 2. The distinction between the genus Bacte-
rium (Dujardin), and the genus Bacillus (Cohn) is not
well founded, and all straight, elongated forms should
be referred to the latter genus. The word bacteria as
now employed is practically synonymous with Schizo-
mycetes. Microorganisms, or Microbes, and includes
those minute Thallophytes, with or without chloro-
phyll, related on the one hand to the Nostocacece, and
on the other to the Flagellata. Morphologically,
bacteria are either spherical (cocci) ; in the form of
straight rods (bacilli) ; or of twisted rods (spirilli).
They occur either free, as filaments in layers, or in
cube-like packets. Frequently large gelatinous masses
called Zodglcea are formed. As regards growth they
are grouped either as Endosporous bacteria, includ-
ing those that form spores endogenously ; or as
Arthrosporous bacteria, including those that mul-
tiply by fission. Bacteria are either aerobic, i.e.,
dependent upon the presence of free oxygen for the
purpose of vegetation, or anaerobic, in which free
oxygen is not essential, as they possess the power of
appropriating the oxygen of unstable organic combi-
nations, thus acting as disorganizing, fermentative,
or putrefactive agents. Again, certain forms appear
to possess the ability to flourish in either condition,
and are known as facultative anaerobic. Bacteria
are either motile or non-motile ; they may exist as
saprophytes, facultative parasites, strict, obligate,
or true parasites. Those that produce pigm_ent are
known as chromogenic ; those that produce fer-
mentation as zymogenic ; those that affect adversely
the health of plants or animals as pathogenic. See
Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of, and special terms
under appropriate headings.
SYNONYMATIC TABLE OF BACTERIA.*
Actinobacter du lait visqueux, Duclaux. Found in
ropy milk, aer., )iliqf., npg. Actinobacter poly-
morphus. See Bacillus butyricus, Prazmowski.
Actinomyces bovis, Harz. Syn. Cladothri.x bovis,
Cladothrix canis, Rabe (?) Found in Actinomycosis
and in sputum of tuberculous patients. Discovered
by Langenbeck (1845) ; first correctly described by
Israel (1878). Bollinger first to recognize it in cattle.
Considered by Paltauf, Israel, and Wolf as a pleo-
morphic schizophyte. Occurs in grains the size of
a poppy-seed ; composed of radiating threads. Stains
with anilin dyes; is not decolorized by Gram's
method. Grows on egg albumin, gelatin, potato, and
bouillon. liqf.,pg.,chg. (Sulphur-yellow.) ^Ethyl-
bacillus de Fitz. See Bacillus subtilis, Ehrenberg,
etc. Ainylobacter Clostridium, Trecul. See Bacillus
butyricus, Prazmowski. A New Bacillus of Ma-
lignant Edema, Klein. See Bacillus a'dematis
aerobicus, Klein. Anthrax bacillus. See Bacillus
anthracis, Pollender and Davaine. Arthrobacterium
aceti, De Bary. See Bacillus aceti, Kiitzing.
Arthrobacterium chlorinum, De Bary. See Ba-
cillus chlorinus, Engelmann. Arthrobacterium
merismopcedioides, De Bary. See Bacillus meris-
?nopcedioides, Zopf. Arthrobacterium pastorianum,
De Bary. See Bacillus pastcurianus , Hansen.
Arthrobacterium viride, De Bary. See Bacillus
viridis. Van Tieghem. Arthrobacterium zopfii.
See Bacillus zopfii. Arthro-kokkaceen, Ger. Arthro-
spore bacteria forming only cocci and cocci-chains.
Ascobacillus citreus, Unna and Tommasoli. Syn.
Ascococcus citreus. On the skin, in cases of eczema
seborrhoeicum. aer. , liqf. , mot., dig. (lemon-yellow),
npg. Ascobacterium ulvina. Van Tieghem. Short
rods occurring in liquids containing decaying legumi-
nous seeds. Ascococcus billrothii, Cohn. Lobu-
lated masses, producing a viscous fermentation of
saccharine fluids and evolving butyric acid in solution of
ammonium tartrate. Ascococcus citreus, Unna and
Tommasoli. See Ascobacillus citreus. Ascococcus
johnei, Cohn. See Alicrococcus botryogenus, Rabe.
Ascococcus mesenteroides, Cienkowski. See Leu-
conostoc mesenteroides, Cienkowski. Ascococcus
vibrans, Van Tieghem. Upon water containing
BeggiatocE ; distinguished from A. billrothii by the
whirling and oscillating of the cells. Aussatz-
bacillus, Ger. See Bacillus lepriF, Hansen.
Bacille aerogene, Fr. See Bacillus lactis aerogenes.
Miller. Bacille ^erophile, Fr. See Bacillus a'ero-
philus, Liborius. Bacille brun de la pomme
de terre, Fr. See Bacillus inesentericits fuscus,
Flugge. Bacille butylique, Fr. See Bacillus buty-
licus, Fitz. Bacille butyrique, Fr. .See Bacillus
butyricus, Pasteur. Bacille commune de la pomme
de terre, Fr. See Bacillus mesentericus I'ulgatus,
Flugge. Bacille coprogene fetide, Fr. See Bacillus
coprogenes fcetidus, Schottelius. Bacille cyanogene,
Fr. See Bacillus cyanogenus , Hueppe. Bacille de
Bienstock, I, II, Fr. See Bacillus subtilis simulans,
Bienstock. Bacille de Brieger, Fr. See Bacillus
cavifidus, Brieger. Bacille de Denecke, Fr. See Spir-
illum tyrogenum, Denecke. Bacille de Finkler et
Prior, Fr. See Spirillum of Finkler and Prior.
Bacille de Hauser. See Proteus mirabilis, Proteus
vulgaris, Proteus zenkeri, Hauser. Bacille de Koch.
See Bacillus tuberculosis, Koch. Bacille de la
chylurie, Fr. See Bacillus of chyluria, Wilson.
Abbreviations. — a^r. = aerobic. awa^V. = anaerobic, c/ij?-. = chromogenic. /acawoi^r. = facultative anaerobic, ftg/. = liquefac-
tive. monom. = monomorpliic. mot. = motile, nligf. = non-liquefactive. nmot. — non-motile, npg. — non-pathogenic.
oA/. = obligate, ojc/. = oscillating. pathogenic. /Aoj = phosphorescent = pleomorphic, ia/. = saprophytic.
BACTERIA
158
BACTERIA
Bacille de la coqueluche, Fr. See Bai-ilhts tussis
cc)!-'ii/sk'ic, Aianassiew. Bacille de la decomposi-
tion de I'albumine, Fr. See Bai illus putrificus coli,
Bienstock. Bacille de la diarrhee verte infantile,
Fr. See Bacillus of green diarrhea in children,
Lesage. Bacille de la diphtherie. See Bacillus
diphlhcriiT, Loffler. Bacille de la diphtherie des
pigeons, Fr. See Bacillus diphtlieriic coluiiiliarnni,
Loffler. Bacille de la diphtherie des veaux, Fr.
See Bacillus iliphthcri,c vitnloiinii , Loffler. Bacille
de la diphtherie intestinale chez les lapins, Fr.
See Bacillus of intestinal diphtheria in rabbits, Rib-
bert. Bacille de la dysenteric epidemique, Fr.
See Bad lilts dysi'iitcjitr, Chantemesse and Widal.
Bacille de la dysenterie epizootique des poules
et des dindes, Fr. See Bacillus of Lucet. Bacille
de la fermentation butyrique, Fr. See Bacillus
butyricus, I'razmowski. Bacille de la fermentation
lactique, Fr. See Bacillus acidi taclici, Hueppe.
Bacille de la fievre jaune, Fr. See Bacillus of
yellow fever. Bacille de la fievre puerperale, Fr.
See Bacillus of puerperal fever. Bacille de la fievre
typholde, Fr. See Bacillus typhi ab(lomi)ialis , Eberth.
Bacille de la gangrene emphysemateuse pro-
gressive. Bacille de la gangrene gazeuse, Fr.
See Bacillus adcinaiis iiialigui , Koch. Bacille de la
gangrene senile, Fr. See Bacillus of senile gangrene,
Tricomi. Bacille de la lepre, Fr. See Bacillus
lepra:, Hansen. Bacille de la malaria, Fr. See
Bacillus nuilariir, Klebs and Tommasi-Crudeli. Ba-
cille de la morve, Fr. See Bacillus ?iiallei, Loffler.
Bacille de la necrose du foie des cochins d'inde,
Fr. See Bacillus of necrosis of the liver of guinea-
pigs, Eberth. Bacille de la pest porcine, Fr. See
Bacillus of swine-plague, Marseilles, Rietsch, and
Jobert. Bacille de la pseudo-tuberculose du
lapin, Fr. See Bacillus of pseudo-tuberculosis in
rabbits, Mallassez and Vignal. Bacille de la pyemic,
Fr. See Bacillus of pyemia, Beltzow. Bacille de
la rage, Fr. See Bacillus lyssic, Pasteur. Bacille
de la scarlatina, Fr. See Bacillus of scarlet fever,
Crooke. Bacille de la septicemic. See Bacillus
of septicemia in man, Klein. Bacille de la septi-
cemic du lapin, Fr. See Bacillus septicirniiu- lurmor-
rhagicce, Sternberg. Bacille de la septicemic de
la souris, Fr. See Bacillus ciysipelatos suis, Loffler,
Schiitz. Bacille de la septicemic gangrencuse de
la grenouille, Legrain, Fr. See Bacillus hydro-
philus fuscus, Sanarelli. Bacille de la sueur des
pieds, Fr. See Bacillus saprogenes, II, Rosenbach,
Bacillus fcetidus, Passet, and Bacillus graveolens,
Bordoni-Uffreduzzi. Bacille de la syphilis, Fr.
See Bacillus syphilidis, Lustgarten. Bacille de la
tubcrculosc, P'r. See Bacillus tuber czilosis, Koch.
Bacille de la tuberculose des vignes, Fr. See
Bacillus of tuberculosis of vines, Corvo. Bacille de
la tuberculose zoogleique, Fr. See Bacillus of
pseudo-tuberculosis in rabbits, Mallassez and Vignal.
Bacille dc la tetanic, Fr. See Bacillus tetani,
Nicolaier. Bacille de I'erysipfele du lapin, Fr.
See Bacillus of erysipelas in rabbits, Koch. Bacille
de liborius, Fr. See Bacillus butyricus, I'razmowski.
Bacille dc I'oedeme, bacille de I'cedeme malin,
Fr. See Bacillus a-ilciiiatis iiuiligtti, Pasteur, Koch.
Bacille de I'uree, Fr. See Bacillus urcic, Miquel.
Bacille de Lustgarten, Fr. See Bacillus syphilidis,
Lustgarten. Bacille de pneumoniae, Fr. See
Bacillus pneumouiw fricdlaiidcri. Bacille de Praz-
mowski, Fr. See Bacillus butyricus, I'razmowski.
Bacille des pomme de terre, Fr. See Bacillus
mesentericus vulgatus, Flugge. Bacille du beri-
beri, Fr. See Bacillus heribericus, De Lacerda.
Bacille du cancer, Fr. See Bacillus of carcinoma,
Rappin and Scheurlen. Bacille du catarrhe con-
jonctival. See Bacillus of conjunctival catarrh, Koch.
Bacille du charbon, Fr. See Bacillus anthracis,
Pollender. Bacille du charbon symptomatique,
Fr. .See Bacillus chauvcci, Bollinger and Feser.
Bacille du cholera, Fr. See Spirillum cholera-
asiaticcB, Koch. Bacille du cholera des poules,
Fr. See Bacillus septiciemicc hicniorrluigicic , Stern-
berg. Bacille du erysipele du pore, Fr. See
Bacillus ciysipelatos suis, Pasteur. Bacille du farcin
du bceuf, Fr. See Bacillus of Nocard. Bacille du
foin, Fr. See Bacillus subtilis, Cohn. Bacille du
jequirity, Fr. See Bacillus of jequirity ophthalmia.
Bacille du lait bleu, Fr. See Bacillus cyajiogenus,
Hueppe. Bacille du lait jaune, Fr. See Bacillus
synxanthus, Ehrenberg. Bacille du lait rouge, Fr.
See Bacillus prodigiosus, P^hrenberg. Bacille du
mal rouge, Fr. See Bacillus erysipelatos suis, Pas-
teur. Bacille du pain rouge, Fr. See Bacillus
prodigiosus, Ehrenberg. Bacille du rouget du
pore, Fr. See Bacillus erysipelatos suis, Pasteur.
Bacille du pus bleu, Fr. See Bacillus pyocyaneus,
Gessard. Bacille du pus vert, Fr. See Bacillus
pyocyaneus, Gessard. Bacille du rhinosclerome,
Fr. See Bacillus rJiiuoscleromatis, Cornil and Alva-
rez. Bacille du rhumatisme, Fr. See Bacillus
rheuTnarthritidis, Kussmaul. Bacille du rouge de
morue, Fr. See Bacillus of Dantec. Bacille du
t^tanos, Fr. See Bacillus tetani, Nicolaier. Bacille
du xerosis conjunctivae, Fr. See Bacillus of xerosis
epithelialis conjunctive, Leber, Kuschbert, and Neisser.
Bacille en virgule, Fr. See Spirillum cholera
asiatiae, Koch. Bacille erythrospore, Fr. See
Bacillus erythrosporus, Eidam, Cohn. Bacille muri-
septique, Fr. See Bacillus erysipelatos suis, Pasteur.
Bacille mycoide, Fr. See Bacillus mycoides, Fliigge.
Bacille neapolitaine, Fr. Set Bacillus neapolitanus,
Emmerich. Bacille pneumonique, Fr. See Bacillus
pneumonicus agilis, Schou. Bacille puerperale, Fr.
See Bacillus puerperalis, Spillman. Bacille pyogene
fetide, Fr. See Bacillus pyogenes fcetidus, Passet.
Bacille rouge de globig, Fr. Bacille rouge de la
pomme de terre, Fr. See Bacillus juesentericus
ruber, Globig. Bacille saprogene, Fr. See Bacillus
saprogenes, Rosenbach. Bacille septiquc. See
Bacillus septicus, Klein. Bacille septique agri-
gene, Fr. See Bacillus septicus agregenus, Nicolaier.
Bacille typhique, Fr. See Bacillus typhi abdomi-
valis, Eberth. Bacille virgule, bacille virgule
cholerique, Fr. See Spirillum choler,r asiaticic,
Koch. Bacillen der Vergahrung von Kohlenhy-
draten, Ger. See Bacilli of fermentation of carbo-
hydrates. Bacillen aus Faeces, Ger. Microbes of
the feces. Bacilles de la bouche, Fr. Microbes
of the mouth. Bacilles de la fermentation des
carbohydrates, Fr. See Bacilli" of fermentation of
carbohydrates. Bacilles de I'air, Fr. Microbes of
the air. Bacilles de I'eau, Fr. Microbes of water.
Bacilles dc I'intestin, Fr. Microbes of the intestine.
Bacilles dc Purine, Fr. Microbes of the urine.
Bacilles de la terre, F'r. Microbes of the soil.
Bacilles des scllcs, Fr. Microbes of the feces.
Bacilles du crachat, Fr. Microbes of the sputum.
Bacilles du pus, Fr. Microbes of pus. Bacilles
chromogeniques, Fr. Chromogenic microbes. Ba-
Abbreviations.— = aerobic, anaet . = anaerobic, che:. = chromogenic. facanaer.= facultative anaerobic, //y/. — liquefac-
tive. mhiiom. = monomor[ihic. mot. = motile, nliiif. = non-liquefactive. >mwt. = non-motile, npf^. = non-pathogemc.
oW. = obIigate. oic?. —oscillating. Z'^. = pathogenic. />Aoi. = phosphorescent. />/fo>«. = pleomorphic. jrt/>. = saprophytic.
BACTERIA
159
BACTERIA
cilles fluorescentes, Fr. Fluorescent microbes.
Bacilles pathogeniques, Ft. Pathogenic microbes.
Bacilles du sang, Fr. Microbes of the blood.
Bacilles du smegma, Fr. Microbes of the smegma.
Bacilles zymogenes, P"r. Zymogenic microbes.
Bacilli zymogeni, L. Zymogenic microbes. Ba-
cilli of Butyric Acid Fermentation. Syn., Bacilles
de la fermentation butyrique, Fr. ; Bacillen der Butter-
sauregahrung, Ger. See Bacillus Imtyriins, Hueppe
and Prazmowski. Bacillus biitylicus, Fitz. Bacilli
of Fermentation of Carbohydrates. Syn., Bacilles
de la fermentation des -carbohydrates, F>. ; Bacillen
der Vergahrung von Kohlenhydraten, Ger. ^iee Bacil-
lus acidi lactici, Hueppe. Bacillus hutyn-icus, Hueppe
and Prazmowski. Bacillus butylicus, Fitz. Bacillus
dy socles, Zopf. Bacillus polymixa, Prazmowski. Ba-
cilli of Guillebeau (a, b, c) , obtained from milk of
cows with mastitis ; give rise to a peculiar fermentation
of cheese, (a) aer., facanaer., mot., nliqf.: (b)
a'er., facanaer., liqf., mot. ; (c) a'ir., nliqf. Bacilli
of Ice. Syn., Eisbacillen. Microbes of ice. ' Bacilli
of Pus. Syn., Bacilles du pus, Yx. ; Eiterbacillen,
Ger. Microbes of pus. Bacilli of Putrefaction.
Syn., Faulniss erregende Bacillen, Ger. Microbes of
putrefaction. Bacilli of Sputum. Microbes of the
mouth. Bacilli of the Air. Syn., Bacilles de Pair,
Fr. ; Luftbacillen, Ger. Microbes of the air. Bacilli
of the Feces. Syn., Bacilles des selles, Fr. ; Kot-
bacillen, Bacillen aus Faeces, Ger. Microbes of the
feces. Bacilli of the Intestine. Syn., Bacilles de
I'intestine, Fr. ; Darmbacillen, Ger. Microbes of the
intestine. Bacilli of the Mouth. Syn., Bacilles de
la bouche, Fr. ; Mundhohlebacillen, Ger. Microbes
of the mouth. Bacilli of the Soil. Syn., Bacilles
de la terre, Fr. ; Erdbacillen, Bodenbacillen, Ger.
Microbes of the soil. Bacilli of the Urine. Syn.,
Bacilles de Purine, Fr. ; Bacillen des Hams, Ger.
Microbes of the urine. Bacilli of Water. Syn. ,
Bacilles de I'eau, F'r. ; Wasserbacillen, Ger. Microbes
of water. Bacillo a virgola, Ital. See Spirillum
cholene asiaticcB, Koch. Bacillo buterrico, Ital.
See Bacillus butyricus, Prazmowski. Bacillo. del
carbonichio, Ital. See Bacillus antliracis, Pol-
lender. Bacillo del carbonichio sintomatico, Ital.
See Bacillus ckauvcei, Bollinger and Feser. Bacillo
del fieno, Ital. See Bacillus subtilis, Cohn. Bacillo
della malaria, Ital. See Bacillus malaria, Klebs
and Tommasi-Crudeli. Bacillo del mollusco con-
tagioso, Ital. See Bacillus 7nollusci, Dominico.
Bacillo del sifilide, Ital. See Bacillus syphilidis,
Lustgarten. Bacillo della tuberculosi, Ital. See
Bacillus tuberculosis, Koch. Bacillo tifoso, Ital.
See Bacillus typhi abdominalis, Eberth. Bacillo
tuberculare, Ital. See Bacillus tttberculosis, Koch.
Bacillo virgolato, Ital. See Spirillum cholem asi-
aticce, Koch. Bacillus a, Vignal. See Bacillus
buccalis, Vignal. Bacillus aceti, Kiitzing, Sommer.
Syn. , Arthrobacterium aceti, De Bary. Bacillus
aceticus, Fliigge ; Bacterie du vinaigre ; Bacterium
aceti, "L&nzi. Bacterium der Essiggahrung ; Essigfer-
ment ; Essigpilz ; Micrococcus aceti; Mycoderma
aceti, Pasteur. Mycoderme du vinaigre. Uhiina aceti,
Kiitzing. Found in air and vinegar; common. Large
cylindrical cells of varying size. Absorbs oxygen
from air and oxidizes alcohol to acetic acid ; produces
vinegar; may, by further oxidation, convert this into
carbonic acid and water, aer., nliqf., mot., npg.,
pleotn. Cf. Bacillus pasteuriaiium, Hansen ; Bacte-
rium xylinum, A. J. Brown. Bacillus aceticus.
Fliigge. See Bacillus aceti, Kiitzing. Bacillus
acidiformans, Sternberg. Obtained from the liver
of a yellow fever cadaver, aer., facanaer ., nliqf.,
timot., pg. Bacillus acidi lactici, Hueppe. Syn.,
Bacterium lactis. Lister. Bacterie ou Bacille de
la fermentation lactique, Fr. ; Bacterium der Milch-
sauregahrung, Ger. Found in the air and in sour
milk. aer., facanaer., nliqf., innot., npg. Ba-
cillus actinobacter, Duclaux. Syn., Actinobacter
polvmorphus. A minute capsulated bacillus, ren-
dering milk gelatinous and ropy, aer., nmot. See
Bacillus butyricus, Prazmowski. Bacillus aero-
genes, I, II, III, Miller. Syn., Bacterium aero-
genes. Miller. Helicobacterium aerogenes. Miller.
Three small bacilli from the alimentary tract of
healthy persons. aer.,7iliqf.,mot.,npg. Bacillus
lactis aeroge7ies, Escherich. Bacillus aerogenes
capsulatus, Welch and Nuttall. Found in the blood-
vessels in a case of thoracic aneurysm, anaer., nliqf.,
nmot., npg. Bacillus aerophilus, Liborius. Ob-
tained from the air. aer., liqf., nmot., npg. Syn.,
Bacille aerophile, Fr. Bacillus aeruginosum. See
Bacillus pyocyaneus, Gessard. Bacillus albuminis,
Bienstock. F'ound abundantly in feces. Decomposes
albumin, hence its name, aer., mot., npg. Bacillus
albus, Becker, Eisenberg. The white bacillus of
water. Weisser Bacillus aus Wasser, Ger. aer. , filiqf ,
mot., npg. Bacillus albus anaerobiescens,Vaughan.
Found in water, aer. , facanaer. , nliqf. , ntnot. , npg.
Bacillus albus cadaveris, Strassmann and Strieker.
Found in blood of cadaver, aer., liqf., mot., pg.
Bacillus albus putridis, De Bary.. Found in water.
aer., liqf, mot., npg. Bacillus allantoides, Klein.
Obtained from the air. aer. , mot. , npg. Not suffi-
ciently studied. Bacillus alii, Grifiiths. Syn.,
Bacterium alii. Found on surface of decaying onions.
aer., chg. (green), npg. Bacillus alvei, Cheshire
and Cheyne. Syn., Bacillus preussii, Ciesielski.
Bacillus melittoptkorus, Cohn. Bacillus of foul brood.
Bacillus der Faulbrut, Ger. Obtained from bee larvK
infected with "foul brood." aer., facanaer., liqf.,
7jiot.,pg. Also pathogenic for mice and guinea'pigs.
Cf. Bacillus of Canestrini. Bacillus amylobacter.
Van Tieghem. See Bacillus butyricus, Prazmowski.
Bacillus a777ylovorous , Burrill. See Bacillus butyricus,
Botkin, Prazmowski. Bacillus amylozyma, Perdrix.
Found in hydrant water (Paris), a/iaer., 7iliqf., 7not.
Pathogenesis not determined. Bacillus anaero-
bicus liquefaciens, Sternberg. Obtained from con-
tents of intestine of yellow fever cadaver, a/uier.,
liqf, 7imot. Pathogenesis not determined. Bacillus
anthracis, Pollender and Davaine. Syn., Bacteriii77i
a7ithracicu7/i, Bollinger. Bacteriui/i a7ithracis, Zopf.
Bacteriu7/t carbu7tculare , Pollender, Brauell, Dela-
fond, Davaine. Metallacter anthracis, Trevisan. Ba-
cille du charbon, Fr. ; Bacteridie charbonneuse, Fr. ;
Bacteridie du charbon, Fr. ; Bacillus anthracis e car-
bonchio, Bacillo del carbonichio. It. ; Milzbrand-
bacillus, Ger. Bacillus of Braxy. Found in the
blood of animals and persons infected with anthrax.
aer. , faca7iaer. , liqf. , 7i/iiot. , pg. Bacillus aquaticus
liquefaciens, Pokrowsky. Found in river water
(Kura), and hydrant water (Tiflis). Bacillus aqua-
tilis, Frankland. Found in well-water in the chalk-
formations of Kent, Eng. aer., liqf., 77iot., npg.
Bacillus aquatilis sulcatus, I, II, III, IV, V,
Weichselbaum. Found in hydrant water (Vienna).
aer. , facanaer. , 7iliqf. , 7not., npg. Bacillus arbo-
rescens, Frankland. Pound in hydrant water (Lon-
Abbreyiations. — of >-.= aerobic. a)za?j-. = anaerobic. cAe- = chromogenic. yaca«a<^r. = facultative anaerobic. = liquefac-
tive. OTOKOOT. = monomorphic. wo/. = motile, w/z^y. = non-liquefactive, /jwo/. = non-motile. j;/>^. = non-pathogenic.
oW. = obligate, ojc/. = oscillating. = pathogenic, /i/ioj. = phosphorescent. ^J/cow. = pleomorphic, ia/i. = saprophytic.
BACTERIA
160
BACTERIA
don). ae>\ , liqf. , osi:L , chg. (ora.ngt xtA), npg. Bacil-
lus argenteo-phosphorescens, I, II, III, Katz.
Obtained respectively from sea-water, pliosphorescent
pieces of tish, and cuttle-tish (Sydney, N. S. W).
aer., nliqf., mot. (except II), phos., npg. Bacillus
argenteo-phosphorescens liquefaciens, Katz. Ob-
tained from sea-water, near Sydney, N. S. W. aer.,
faianai'i-., Uqf-^ mot. , phos. , iipg. Bacillus auran-
tiacus, Frankland. Found in well-water. aer.,nliqf.,
mot., chg. (orange), npg. Bacillus aureus, Adametz.
Found in water ; also on the skin in cases of eczema
seborrhceicum, Unna and Tommasoli. a'ir., nliqf.,
wo/. , f/;^. (golden yellow). Bacillus Vignal. See
Bacillus Intccalis, Vignal. Bacillus B., Hofmann.
Found in the larvae of Liparis inonacha. The cause of
Flacherie, or Schlaffsucht. Bacillus bei Diphtheria
des Menschen, Ger. See Bacillus diphthcriic, Klebs
and Loffler. Bacillus bei Erysipel am Kaninchen,
Bacillus bei Erysipel am Kaninchenohr, Ger.
See Bacillus ei'ysipelatosus leporis, Koch. Bacillus bei
Lichen ruber, Ger. See Bacillus of Lichen ruber.
Laser. Bacillus bei Keuchhusten, Ger. See Bacil-
lus ttissis convulsiviC , Afanassiew. Bacillus beri-beri-
cus, Lacerda. Syn. ,Micrococcus of bcri-beri, Lacerda,
Neisseria, Winkleri. Bacille du beri-beri, Fr. Bacil-
lus of Beri-beri, Eykmann. Found by Lacerda, Pekel-
haring, and Winkler, in the blood of persons affected
with beri-beri. Negative results were obtained by Eyk-
mann and Sternberg. The disease is now held to be
identical with dochmiasis, produced by the nematode
worm Dochmitis duodcnalis, Leuckart. See Beri-beri.
Bacillus berolinensis indicus, Classen. Found in
water of the Spree, aer., nliqf., mot., chg. (indigo-
blue) , Bacillus bienstockii, Bienstock. Found
in human feces. mot.,pg. Bacillus brassicae, Pom-
mer. Found in infusions of cabbage-leaves. aer.,facan-
aer.Jiqf., nmot., npg. Bacillus brunneus, Adametz
and Weichmann. Found in water, aer., facanaer.,
nliqf., nmot., npg. Bacillus buccalis, Vignal. Syn.,
Bacillus zilna,\igna\ . Bacillus a,V\gna\; Bacillus b,
Vignal ; Bacillus f, Vignal ; Bacillus g, Vignal ; Bacillus
7',Vignal. Bacillus buccalis foi-tuitus, V\gna\. Bacillus
buccalis minutus, Vignal. Leptothri.x buccalis, Vignal.
From the salivary secretions of healthy persons, aer.,
liqf, npg., chg. (golden yellow). Bacillus buccalis
maximus. Miller. Found in the mouth of man.
Common. Biologic characters undetermined. Ba-
cillus buccalis minutus, Vignal. See Bacillus
buccalis, Vignal. Bacillus butylicus, Fitz. Syn.,
Bacille butylique, Fr. '^et Bacillus butyricus, Hueppe.
Bacillus butyricus, Botkin, Hueppe, Prazmowski.
Obtained from milk, hydrant water and well-water, old
cheese, garden earth, dust, etc. Syn., Actinobacter
polvmorphus, Duclaux, Amvlobacter Clostridium,
Trecul. Bacillus actinobacter, Duclaux. Bacillus
amylobacter, Van Tieghem. Bacillus butylicus, Fitz.
Bacterium navicida, Reinke and Berthold. Clostridi-
um butyricum, Prazmowski. Micrococcus amylovo-
rous, Burrill. Vibrione butyrique, Pasteur. Bacille
de la fermentation butyrique, Bacille de Liborius,
Bacille de Prazmowski, Bacterie de la fermentation bu-
tyrique, P"r. ; Bacillo buterrico, Ital. Bacterium der But-
tersauregahrung, Butterbacillus, Buttersaurebacillus,
Fettbacillus, Liborius' Buttersaure bildender Bacillus,
Kartoffelfaulebacillus, Ger. Butylbacillus ; Bacillus
of butyric acid fermentation ; Bacillus of fire-blight ;
Bacillus of pear-blight ; Micrococcus of apple-blight ;
Micrococcus of pear-blight. One of the most widely
diffused forms, exceedingly important and varied in
its powers of decomposition. It is typically anaerobic
and the chief of all the ferments giving rise to butyric
acid as a primary product. It plays an important
part in the human economy and in the destruction
of plant cellulose. Botkin regards the form observed
by him as distinct, aer., facanaer., liqf., mot., npg.,
plcom. Bacillus butyri fluorescens, Lafar. Occur-
ring in every sample of natural butter examined.
See Bacterium butyri colloideum, Lafar. Bacillus
nielochloros, Winkler and Schroter. Bacillus butyri
viscosus, Lafar. Found in butter, aer. , nliqf. , npg.
Bacillus cadaveris, Sternberg ; obtained from yellow
fever cadavers. obl.,anaer.(s,tric\.),n>not.,pg. Bacillus
canalis capsulatus, Mori. P'ound in sewer water.
acr. , facanaer ., nliqf . , nntot., pg. (for mice; guinea
pigs, and rabbits immune). Bacillus canalis parvus,
Mori. P'ound in sewer water, aer., nliqf., nmot.,
pg. (for mice and guinea pigs). Bacillus candicans,
Frankland. Found in soil, aer., nliqf., nmot., npg.
Bacillus capsulatus, Pfeififer. Obtained from the
blood of a guinea pig. aer., facanaer. , nliqf., nmot.,
pg. (for white mice and house mice, guinea pigs,
rabbits and pigeons (septicemia). Cf. Capsule ba-
cillus of Loeb. Bacillus capsulatus mucosus,
Fasching. Found in the nasal secretions of man in
cases of influenza, aer. , facanaer ., nmot. , 72liqf , pg.
(for white mice and field mice), npg. (for rabbits and
pigeons) . Bacillus capsulatus smithii, a, b, c, Theo-
bald Smith. Syn. , Capsule bacillus of Smith. F'ound
in the intestines of swine, aer ., facanaer. , tiliqf. , nmot. ,
npg. According to Smith, possibly identical with Ba-
cillus lactis aerogenes, Escherich. Bacillus carabi-
formis, Kaczynsky. Found in the stomach of meat-
fed dogs. acr. , liqf. , mot. , npg. Bacillus carotarum,
A. Koch. Obtained from cooked carrots and sugar
beets, aer., liqf., nmot., npg. Bacillus catenula,
Duclaux. Syn. , 'J'yroihrix catenula. Found in cheese.
anaer. (will however grow in air), nmot., npg.
Bacillus caucasicus, Kern. Syn., Bacteriian cau-
casicum. Dispora caucasica. Kern. Grains de Ke-
phyr, Fr. ; Kefirbacillus, Kefirferment, Kefirpilz-
glomerat, Hirse des Propheten, Ger. Used in the
preparation of the peculiar milk-wine, "Kefir."
aer., facanaer., nmot., npg. Bacillus cavicida,
Brieger. See Bacillus cavicidus, Brieger. Bacillus
cavicida havaniensis, Sternberg. Obtained from
intestine of yellow fever cadaver, aer., facanaer.,
nliqf, mot. Bacillus cavicidus, Brieger. Syn.,
Bacillus cavicida. Brieger' s bacillus. Bacillus de
Brieger, bacterie de la fermentation propionique, Fr.
Obtained from human feces, aer. , facanaer. , nliqf.,
pg. (not for rabbits or mice). Perhaps identical with
Bacillus ncapolitaiius, Emmerich. Bacillus caviae
fortuitus, Sternberg. Found in exudates of guinea
pig inoculated with liver from yellow fever cadaver.
aer., facanaer., nliqf, mot., npg. Bacillus chau-
vaei, Bollinger and Feser, Arloing, Cornevin, and
Thomas. Syn., Bacillus of symptomatic anthrax.
Bacille du charbon symptomatique, Bacteridie du
charbon symptomatique, Fr. ; Rauschbrandbacillus,
Bacillus des Rauschbrandes, Ger. ; Ilacillo del car-
bonchio sintomatico, Ital. Clostridium of sympto-
matic anthrax, Neelsen and Ehlers. Found in
tissues of cattle suffering from symptomatic anthrax,
"black leg," or "quarter evil." anacr., liqf,
mot., pg. Bacillus chlorinus, Engelmann. Syn.,
Arthrobacterium chlorinum, De Bary. Bacterium
chlorinum, Engelmann. Found in infusions of de-
caying vegetable matter, aer. , sap. , chg. (green) , npg.
Abbreviations. — ai^r. = aerobic. a«a^>'. = anaerobic. cAj?;. = chromogenic. yairaKaf>-. = facultative anaerobic, liqf. = \iq\ie-
faclive. ?«ono?K. = monomorphic. wo/. = motile, k//?/. = non-liquefactive. nwo/. = non-motile. = non-pathogenic.
oW. = obligate. ojc/. = oscillating. />^. = pathogenic. /Aoi. = phosphorescent. >/^'0»«. = pleomorphic. ia;>. = saprophytic.
BACTERIA
161
BACTERIA
Bacillus cholerae asiaticae, Koch. See Spirillum
cholera asiatiae, Koch. Bacillus cholerae galli-
narum, Fliigge. See Bacillus seplictrmiir hcsmor-
rhagica, Sternberg. Bacillus chromo-aromaticus,
Galtier. Obtained from the carcass of a diseased pig.
aer. ,facanaer. , liqf. , mot. ,pg. (for rabbits) . Bacillus
circulans, Jordan. Found in the water of Merrimac
River, aer. , facatiaer. , liqf. , met. , npg. Bacillus
citreus. See Ascohacillus citreus, Unna and Tom-
masoli. Bacillus citreus cadaveris, Strassmann.
Found in cadaver, aer., liqf., n?}iot., chg. (yellow).
Bacillus claviformis, Duclaux. Syn. , Tyrothrix
claviformis, Duclaux. Found in fermenting casein.
anaer. , pg. Bacillus cloacae, Jordan. One of the
most common microbes in sewage, a'ir., facanaer.,
liqf, mot., npg. Bacillus coeruleus, Smith. Found
in river water (Schuylkill), aer., liqf, chg. (blue),
npg. Bacillus coli communis. See Bacillus >2ca-
politanus, Emmerich. Bacillus coli similis, Stern-
berg. Obtained from human liver, aer., facanaer.,
nliqf, nmot., npg. Bacillus constrictus, Zim-
mermann. Found in water, aer., facanaer. , nliqf . ,
mot. , chg. (cadmium yellow) , npg. Bacillus copro-
genes fcetidus, Schottelius. Syn., Darmbacillus
von Schottelius, Ger. ; Bacille coprogene fetide, Fr.
Obtained from intestinal contents of pigs dead of
malignant erysipelas, aer., nliqf, nmot., pg. Ba-
cillus coprogenes parvus. Syn., Mausesepti-
kamieahnlicher Bacillus, Eisenberg. Obtained from
human feces. aer., nliqf., nmot., pg. Bacillus
c r a s s u s , Van Tieghem. The broadest known
bacterium, 4 //. ttiot., npg. Bacillus crassus
sputigenus, Kreibohm. Syn. , Bacillus sputigenus
crassus. From the sputum and tongue of man. aer. ,
nliqf. , nmot. , pg. Bacillus crystallosus. Bacillus
cuneatus. Syn., Bacterium cuneatum.'R.rvoXt.a. Found
in the blood and viscera of horses, cattle, and dogs
dead of septic processes, pg. Bacillus cuniculicida,
Fliigge. Bacillus cuniculicidus, Koch. See Bacil-
lus septiccemice hceinorrhagicce, Sternberg. Bacillus
cuniculicida havaniensis, Sternberg. Found in
viscera of yellow fever cadavers, aer. , facanaer. , nliqf.
pg. Bacillus cuticularis, Tils. Found in water, aer.,
liqf., mot., chg. (yellow), npg. Bacillus cyaneo
phosphorescens, Katz. Obtained from sea water
Australia), aer., facanaer. , liqf. , mot., phos.,chg.
greenish), npg. Bacillus cyanofuscus, Beyerinck.
Obtained from glue and Edam cheese. aer.,chj[. , (green,
changing to blue, brown, black), liqf, tnot., npg.
Bacillus cyanogenus, Fuchs. Hueppe, Neelsen.
Syn. , Bacillus lactis cyanogenus. Bacillus syncyanum.
Bacterium cyanogenum, Fuchs, Bacterium syncy-
anum, Ehrenberg, Schroter. Vibrio cyanogenus,
Fuchs. Vibrio syncyanus, Ehrenberg. Bacille du
lait blue, Bacille cyanogene, Microbe du lait blue,
Fr. Pilz der blauen Milch, Ger. Bacillus of
blue milk. Found in milk. aer., nliqf, mot.,
chg. (grayish blue), npg. Bacillus cystiformis,
Clado. Found in urine of patient with cystitis, aer.,
nliqf., mot., npg. Bacillus delicatulus, Jordan.
Found in hydrant water (Lawrence, Mass.). acr.,
liqf, mot., npg. Bacillus dentalis viridans.
Miller. Syn., Miller's bacillus. Found in carious
dentine, aer., facanaer., nliqf ., pg. Bacillus deni-
trificans, Giltay and Aberson. Obtained from the
soil, air, and sewage, aer., nliqf ., mot., npg. Cf
Bacterium denitrificans , Gayon and Dupetit. Bacil-
lus der Akne contagiosa des Pferdes. See Bacil-
lus of horse pox. Bacillus der amerikanischen
Rinderseuche, Canerva. See Bacillus of swine plague,
Marseilles. Bacillus des Bindehautcatarrhs, Koch.
See Bacillus of conjunctival catarrh. Bacillus der
blauen Milch. See Bacillus cyanogenus, Fuchs.
Bacillus der Biiffelseuche, Oreste, Armenni. See
Bacillus septicemia: hic?Norrhagiccc , Sternberg. Bacil-
lus der Buttersauregahrung. See Bacillus hutyri-
cus, Prazmowski. Bacillus der Chyluria. See
Bacillus of chyluria, Wilson. Bacillus der Dachs-
leber, Marpmann. Found in the necrotic por-
tions from the abscesses in the liver of a badger.
Bacillus der Eiweisszersetzung. See Bacillus
putrificus coli, Bienstock. Bacillus der Faulbrut.
See Bacillus alvei, Cheshire and Cheyne. Bacil-
lus der Frettchenseuche (ferret disease), Eberth
and Schimmelbusch. See Bacillus of swine plague,
Marseilles. Bacillus des gelben Fiebers. See
Bacillus of yellow fever. Bacillus der Hadern-
krankheit. See Bacillus hominis capsulatus, Bordoni-
Uffreduzzi. Bacillus der Harnstoffgahrung. See
Bacillus urea:, Leube. Bacillus der Hiihner-
cholera. See Bacillus septiccemice hemorrhagica,
Sternberg. Bacillus der Jequirity Opthalmie,
Ger. See Bacillus of jequirity ophthalmia, De
Wecker. Bacillus der Kalberdiphtherie, Ger.
See Bacillus diphthericc vitulorum , Loffler. Bacillus
der Kaninchenseptikamie, Koch. See Bacillus
septicirmiic hamorrhagiccc, Sternberg. Bacillus der
Lepra. See Bacillus lepra, Hansen. Bacillus
der Lungen des Rindviehs, Ger. See Bacillus
of the lungs of cattle, Liistig. Bacillus der Mala-
ria, Ger. See Bacillus malaria, Klebs and Tommasi
Crudeli. Bacillus der Mauseseptikamie. See
Bacillus erysipelatos suis, Sternberg. Bacillus der
Pseudotuberculose der Kaninchen, Ger. See
Bacillus of pseudotuberculosis in rabbits. Bacillus
des Puerperalfiebers, Ger. See Bacillus puerperalis,
Engel and Spillman. Bacillus der Pyamie, Ger. See
Bacillus of pyemia, Beltzow. Bacillus der Rinder-
seuche, Kitt. , Ger. See Bacillus septicamia hamor-
rhagiccc, Sternberg. Bacillus der roten Milch.
See Bacillus prodigiosus , Ehrenberg. Bacillus der
schleimigen Milch, Loffler, Ger. See Bacillus lactis
pituitosi, Loffler. Bacillus der Schweinepest, Ger.
See Bacillus ex pnetimo-enteritide suis, Klein. Bacil-
lus der Schweineseuche, Loffler and .Schutz. See
Bacillus septicamia hamorrhagica, Sternberg. Bacil-
lus der Schweineseuche Marseilles, Rietsch and
Jobert. See Bacillus of swine plague, Marseilles.
Bacillus der Septikamie bei Mausen, Ger. See
Bacillus erysipelatos suis, Sternberg. Bacillus der
Taubendiphtherie. See Bacillus diphtheria colutn-
barum, Loffler. Bacillus der Wildseuche, Hueppe,
Ger. See Bacillus septiccemia hatnorrhagica, Stern-
berg. Bacillus der Wurmkrankheit. See Bacillus
of Nocard. Bacillus der Xerosis epithelialis con-
junctivae. See Bacillus of xerosis epithelialis conjunc-
tivas, Leber, Kuschbert, and Neisser. Bacillus des
Aussatzes, Ger. See Bacillus lepra, Hansen.
Bacillus des Blutes, Ger. See Bacillus of the
blood. Bacillus des Erysipelas malignum beim
Schwein, Ger. See Bacillus erysipelatos suis, Stern-
berg. Bacillus des Gefliigeltyphoid, Ger. See
Bacillus septic(emia lucmorrhagica, Sternberg. Bacil-
lus des griinblauen Eiters, Ger., also Bacillus
des griinen Eiters. See Bacillus pyocyaneus, Ges-
sard. Bacillus des Harns, Ger. Microbe of the
urine. Bacillus des Keuchhustens, Ger. See
Bacillus tussis convulsiva , Afanassiew. Bacillus des
Abbreviations. — = aerobic. aHafK = anaerobic. cA^. = chromogenic. yaca»zaf>-. = facultative anaerobic, //yy. = liquefac-
tive. monom. = monomorphic. mot. = motile, nliqf. = non-liquefactive. nmot. = non-motile, npg. = non-pathogenic,
oi/. = obligate, o^c/. = oscillating. = pathogenic. /Aoj. = phosphorescent, //cow. = pleomorphic, ia^. = saprophytic.
BACTERIA
162
BACTERIA
Milchfaeces, Bacillus des Milchkotes, Ger. See
Bacillus neapolitanus, Emmerich, and Bacillus lactis
aerogenes, Escherich. Bacillus des Pseudo-
schweinerotlaufs, Ger. See Bacillus parvus ova-
ttts, Loffler. Bacillus des Rauschbrandes, Ger.
See Bacillus chauvcri, Bollinger and Feser. Bacil-
lus des Rhinoscleroms, Ger. See Bacillus rliino-
scleroinatis, Cornil and Alvarez. Bacillus des
roten Brodes, Ger. See Bacillus prodigiosus,
Ehrenberg. Bacillus des Rotzes. See Bacillus
mallei, Loffler. Bacillus des Schweinerotlaufs,
Loffler and SchiUz,Ger. Syn., Bacillus oysipelatos suis,
Sternberg. Bacillus des Wundstarrkrampfes,
Ger. See Bacillus tetani, Nicolaier. Bacillus de-
vorans, Zimmermann. Found in well water, aer.,
facanaer., Hqf-, mot., tipg. Bacillus diffusus,
FVankland. Found in the soil. aei'. , liqf., npg.
Bacillus diphtherias, Klebs and Loffler. Syn. , Ba-
cillus diphtheriticus. Bacillus diplitheritidis, Micro-
cocctis diphtheriticus, Cohn. Bacillus bei Diphtherie
des Menschen, Bacterie der Diphtherie, Ger. Bacille
de la diphtherie, Bacterie de la diphtherie, Fr. Found
in diphtheritic false membranes, aer., nliqf., nmot.,
facanaer., pg. Bacillus diphtheriae columbarum,
Loffler. Bacillus der Taubendiphtherie, Bacterium
der Diphtherie bei Menschen und Tauben, Ger.
Bacille de la diphtherie des pigeons, F'r. From the
pseudomembranes in the mouths of pigeons infected
with pigeon diphtheria. aer., nliqf., nmot., pg.
Bacillus diphtheriae vitulorum, LofHer. Bacille de
la diphtherie des veaux, Fr. Bacillus der Kalber-
diphtherie, Ger. From the pseudomembranes in the
mouths of calves infected with epidemic diphtheria ;
culture experiments unsuccessful, pg. Rabbits and
guinea pigs immune. Bacillus diphtheriticus, Ba-
cillus diphtheridis, Bacillus diphtheritis. See
Bacillus diphthericc, Klebs and Loffler. Bacillus
distortus, Duclaux. ?)yn.,Tvroth?ixdistortus. Found
in milk and cheese. aer. , mot. , npg. Bacillus
dysenteriae, Chantemesse and Widal. Syn. , Bacille
de la dysenterie epidemique ; Microbe de la dysenterie
epidemique, Fr. Found in the intestinal contents and
viscera of dysentery cadavers. aer. , uliqf. , pg.
Bacillus dysodes, Zopf. Syn. , Bacterium dysodes.
Found in yeast, inducing fermentative changes in
bread, causing it to smell disagreeably and to become
greasy and unfit for use. Bacillus Emmerich. See
Bacillus neapolitanus , Emmerich. Bacillus endo-
carditidis capsulatus, Weichselbaum. From viscera
of man who died of endocarditis with thrombi, aer.,
nliqf., pg. Bacillus endocarditidis griseus, Weich-
selbaum. P'rom the heart in a case of endocarditis
recurrens ulcerosa, aer., nliqf., mot., pg. Bacillus
enteritidis, Gartner. Obtained from the tissues of a
cow killed on account of sickness attended with
mucous diarrhea, and from the spleen of a man who
died shortly after eating of the flesh of this cow.
aer., nliqf., mot., pg. Dogs, cats, chickens, and
sparrows are immune. Bacillus epidermidis, Bizzo-
zero. Syn. , Leptothrix epidermidis. Microsporon min-
iitissitnum , Burchart. From the epidermis between the
toes, aer., nliqf. , npg. Bacillus epidermidis, Bor-
doni-Uffreduzzi. See Bacillus of Scheurlen. Bacillus
Epsilon, von Miller. See Spirillum, Finkler- Prior.
Bacillus erysipelatos suis, Koch, Loffler, Schiitz,
Pasteur. Syn., Bacillus erysipelas tnaligniim. Bacillus
mi}iii)ius. Bacillus murisepticus, Fliigge. Bacilbts
septicus, Koch. Bacille de la septicemic de la souris,
Bacille du erysipSle du pore, Bacille du mal rouge.
Bacille du rouget du pore, Pasteur, Bacille murisep-
tique, Fr. Bacillus der Mauseseptikamie, Koch.
Bacillus des Rotlaufs, Bacillus des Schweinerot-
laufs, Loffler, Schiitz. Rotlauf bacillus, Ger. Bacillus
of mouse septicemia. Bacillus of hog erysipelas. First
obtained by Koch by injecting putrefying flesh beneath
the skin of mice, afterward by Loffler and Schiitz from
carcasses of swine dead of " Rotlauf ' ' aer. , faca-
naer., nliqf, pg. Bacillus erysipelatos leporis,
Koch. Syn., Bacillus bei Erysipel am Kaninchen,
Bacillus bei Erysipel am Kaninchenohr, Ger. Bacille
de I'erysipele du lapin, Fr. Bacillus of erysipelas in
the rabbit. Found in the erysipelatous inflammation
in a rabbit's ear caused by the injection of mouse's
dung. Bacillus erythrosporus, Eidam, Cohn, and
Miflet. Syn., Bacille erythrosopore, Fr. Found in
putrefying albuminous fluids, water, etc. aer., nliqf,
mot., chg. (greenish yellow, fluorescent), npg. Ba-
cillus ethaceticus, Frankland. Cause of fermentation
of arabinose. Bacillus ex pneumo-enteritide suis, E.
Klein, Schiitz, Salmon, Cornil, Chantemesse, .Selander.
Syn., Microbe der Schweinspocken, Ger. ; Bacille de
la pneumo-enterite du pore, Fr. Bacillus of hog
cholera. Found in the intestinal contents, blood, and
viscera of swine dead of hog cholera, aer. , facanaer. ,
nliqf, mot., pg. Bacillus f, Vignal. See Bacillus
buccalis, Vignal. Bacillus facultatus, Sadebeck and
E. Frankel. Found in non-malignant pharyngeal
mycosis. Bacillus figurans, Crookshank. See Ba-
cillus mesenterictis vulgatus. Bacillus figurans,
Vaughan. Found in water, aer., liqf., mot., npg.
Bacillus filiformis, Duclaux. Syn. , Tyrothrix fili-
formis. Found in cheese and milk. aer. , mot. , npg.
Bacillus filiformis, Tils. Found in water, aer.,
liqf., oscl., npg. Bacillus filiformis havaniensis,
Sternberg. From the liver of a yellow fever cadaver.
ana'er., facanaer. , nliqf., nmot., npg. Bacillus fit-
zianus, Zopf. See Bacillus subtilis, Cohn. Bacillus
flavescens, Pohl. Found in swamp water, aer. ,
nliqf., chg. (yellow). Bacillus fcetidus, Liborius.
Syn., Bacterium fa;tidum. Clostridittm fcetidus, Libo-
rius. Corpuscles brillants. Micrococci of S. Le. M.
Moore. Obtained from soil. anaer. , liqf. , mot.
Bacillus fcetidus lactis, Jensen. From milk, aer.,
nliqf, npg. Bacillus fcetidus ozaenae, Hajek. Ob-
tained from nasal secretions of patients with ozena.
aer., facanaer., liqf. , tnot.,pg. Bacillus flavoco-
riaceus,* Eisenberg. Syn. , Sulphur yellow bacillus
(Adametz). Found in water, aer., nliqf., nmot.,
chg. (sulphur yellow) , Bacillus flavus. Mace.
Found in drinking water. aer., liqf, chg. (golden
yellow), nmot. Bacillus fluorescens aureus, Zim-
mermann. Found in hydrant water (Chemnitz), aer.,
nliqf., »!ot., chg. (ocher yellow), jtpg. Bacillus fluo-
rescens longus, Zimmermann. Found in hydrant
water (Chemnitz), aer., nliqf, mot., chg. (grayish
yellow), npg. Bacillus fluorescens liquefaciens,
Fliigge. Common in water and putrefying infusions.
ai'r., liqf, mot., chg. (greenish yellow), npg. Cf
Bacillus Ttscosus, Frankland. Bacillus fluorescens
liquefaciens minutissimus, Unna and Tommasoli.
Found upon skin in cases of eczema seborrhoeicum.
aer., facanaer., liqf.,tnot., chg., (greenish yellow),
nf'g. Possibly identical with the preceding species.
Bacillus fluorescens nivalis, Schmolck. Syn. , Ba-
cillus tiivalis, Gletscher bacillus, Glacier bacillus.
Found in snow and ice water from Norwegian
glaciers, aer., liqf, mot., chg. (bluish green), }ipg.
Bacillus fluorescens non-liquefaciens, Schiller.
Abbreviations. — «;■';■. = aerobic, awa?? . = anaerobic. = chromogenic. yaca?!ai^r. = facultative anaerobic, //^y. = liquefac-
live. ?HOHo«/. = monomorphic. = motile. n/;yy. = non-liquefactive. «>ho/. = non-motile. = non-pathogenic
oA/. —obligate, oic/. = oscillating, /.j-. = pathogenic. /Aoj. = phosphorescent. = pleomorphic, ia/. = saprophytic.
BACTERIA
163
BACTERIA
Found in water, aer. , nliqf. , nmot. , chg. (greenish
yellow), npg. According to Baumgarten identical
with the Bacillus of Lesage. Bacillus fluorescens
putidus, Fliigge. Found in water, aer., nliqf.,
mot., chg. (greenish), npg. Bacillus fluorescens
tenuis, Zinimermann. Found in hydrant water
(Chemnitz), aer., nliqf., nmot., chg. (greenish yel-
low), npg. Bacillus foetidus, Passet. Syn., Bac-
terium fatidiim. Thin. Clostridium fxtidum, Libo-
rius. Corpuscles brillants. Found in cases of fetid
sweating feet, in the exudations of mice inoculated
with garden earth, and in cases of malignant
edema, anaer., liqf. , mot., 7ipg. Bacillus fcetidus
lactis, Jensen. Found in milk. aer. , nliqf. , npg.
Resembles Bacillus neapolitanus, Emmerich. Bacil-
lus fulvus, Zimmermann. Found in hydrant water,
(Chemnitz) . aer. , liqf. , 7imot. , chg. (gamboge yellow) ,
npg. Bacillus fuscus. Obtained from a putrefying
infusion of maize, from the air, etc. Cf. Bacterium
brtmneum, Schroter. Bacillus fuscus limbatus,
Scheibenzuber. Obtained from rotten eggs. aer. ,
facanaer. , nliqf, mot., chg. (brown), npg. Bacillus
galinarum, Klein. Found in blood of chickens
dead of a disease resembling chicken cholera, aer. ,
nliqf. , nmot. , pg. Bacillus gasoformans, Eisenberg.
Found in water, aer., facanaer. , liqf, mot., npg.
Bacillus gaytoni, Cheshire. The cause of a disease
of honey-bees. Cf. Bacillus alvei, Cheshire and
Cheyne. Bacillus geniculatus, De Bary. Syn.,
Tyrothrix goiiculatus, Duclaux, Bacterium en zig-
zag, Fr. Found in the contents of the stomach, aer. ,
nliqf., mot., npg. Bacillus gingivae. Miller. Ba-
cillus gingivae pyogenes, Miller. See Bacterium
gingivce pyogenes. Miller. Found in a filthy mouth,
and in purulent dental pulp, aer., facanaer., liqf.,
pg. (for white mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits). Ba-
cillus glaucus, Maschek. F"ound in water, aer.,
liqf, nmot., chg. (gray),«/^A Bacillus gliscroge-
num. See Bacterium gliscrogenum, Malerba. Bacil-
lus glycerinae, Buchner. See Bacillus stibtilis, Cohn.
Bacillus gracilis, Zimmermann. Found in hydrant
water, (Chemnitz), aer., facanaer., liqf., oscL, npg.
Bacillus gracilis anaerobiescens, Vaughan. Found
in water, aer. , facanaer. , )ilicif. , mot. , npg. Bacillus
gracilis cadaveris, Sternberg. Obtained in human
liver, aer. , facanaer. , nmot. , nliqf. , pg. Bacillus
granulosus, Russel. Found in mud (Bay of Naples).
aer., facanaer. , liqf., nmot. Pathogenesis not deter-
mined. Bacillus graveolens, Bordoni and Uffre-
duzzi. Syn., Bacille de la sueur des pieds, Fr. Com-
pare Bacillus saprogcnes, II, Rosenbach, and Bacillus
foetidus, Passet. Found on epidermis between the toes
of man. aer., liqf, npg. Bacillus guttatus, Zim-
mermann. Found in hydrant water (Chemnitz), aer.,
facanaer. , liqf. , mot. , npg. Bacillus halophilus,
Russel. Obtained from water and mud (Bay of
Naples), aer., liqf. , mot. Pathogenesis not determined.
Bacillus hansenii, Raspmussen. Found in various
nutrient liquids. aer., mot., chg. (chrome yellow to
yellowish brown). Bacillus havaniensis, Sternberg.
?>yn. , Micrococcus havanicnsis , (?) Sternberg. Bacil-
lus havaniensis liquefaciens, Sternberg. Obtained
from the surface of the body of patients in the hospital
at Havana, a'dr., nliqf., chg. (blood-red). Bacillus
helvolus, Zimmermann. Found in hydrant water
(Chemnitz) . aer., liqf. , mot. (rotary only) , chg . (Naples
yellow), npg. Bacillus heminecrobiophilus, Ar-
loing. Found in a caseous lymphatic gland of a guinea
pig. aer. , facanaer. , nliqf. , mot. , pg. Bacillus
hepaticus fortuitus, Sternberg. Obtained from the
exudations of a guinea pig inoculated with liver from a
yellow fever patient, aer. , nliqf ., mot., npg. Bacillus
hessii, Guillebeau. Found in cow's milk, aer., liqf. ,
mot. Pathogenesis not determined. Bacillus homi-
nis capsulatus, Bordoni-Uffreduzzi. Syn., Proteus
capsulatus septicus, Banti. Proteus Iiominis capsulatus,
Bordoni-Uffreduzzi. Bacillus der Hadernkrankheit,
Bacillus of rag-picker's disease. Obtained from persons
dead from rag-picker's disease, aer., nliqf., nmot.,
pg. Bacillus hyacinthi septicus, Heinz. Found in
diseased hyacinths, aer., facanaer., nli<^f., mot., npg.
Cf. Bacterium hyacinthi, Wakker. Bacillus hya-
linus, Jordan. Found in hydrant water (Lawrence,
Mass.). a^r., facanaer., liqf, mot., npg. Reduces
nitrates rapidly. Bacillus hydrophilus fuscus,
Sanerelli. Syn. , Bacille de la septicemic gangreneuse de
la grenouille , Legrain. From the lymph of diseased
frogs, aer. , liqf. , mot., pg. Bacillus implexus, Zim-
mermann. Found in hydrant water (Chemnitz), aer.,
liqf., mot., npg. Bacillus incanus, Pohl. Found in
swamp water, aer. , liqf. , mot. Not sufficiently studied.
Bacillus indicus, Koch. Syn., Bacillus indictts
ruber, Koch. Micrococcus indicus, Koch. Found in
the intestinal contents of a monkey, aer. , facanaer. ,
liqf., mot., chg. (brick-red), Z^"-. (for rabbits). Bacillus
indigoferus, Classen. Found in river water (Spree).
aer., nliqf., mot., chg. (deep indigo blue), npg.
Bacillus indigogenus, Alvarez. Found in an in-
fusion of the leaves of the indigo plant. i^Indigofera
tinctoria, L,). aer., mot. chg. (indigo blue), pg.
Bacillus inflatus, A. Koch. Obtained from the
air. aer. , liqf. , mot. , npg. Bacillus intestinus
motilis, Sternberg. From the intestinal contents of
yellow fever cadavers, aer., facanaer ., nliqf., mot.,
npg. Bacillus inunctus, Pohl. Found in swamp
water, aer., facanaer., liqf., mot. Pathogenesis not
determined. Bacillus invisibilis, Vaughan. Found
in water, aer. , facanaer. , tiliq f. , mot. , npg. Bacillus
iodococcus vaginatus. Miller. See lodococcus
vaginatus. Bacillus iris, Frick. aer., tiliqf., nmot.
{green), n/>g. Bacillus janthinus, Zopf. Syn., Bac-
terium janthinus, Zopf. Violet bacillus, found in
sewage (Lawrence, Mass.). aer., liqf., mot., chg.
(bluish violet), npg. Bacillus kaukasicus, Ger.
See Bacillus caucasicus , Kern. Bacillus klebsii.
See Bacillus syphilidis, Lustgarten. Bacillus lacti-
cus, Pasteur. See Bacillus acidi lactici, Hueppe.
Bacillus lactis aerogenes, Escherich and Abelous.
Syn., Bacillus aerogoies , Bacillus capsulatus. Smith.
Bacterium lactis aerogenes, Escherich. Bacille aero-
gene, Fr. ; Bacillus des Milchkotes, Bacillus des
Milchfaeces, Ger. Found in the stomach and in-
testine of healthy adults. aer., facanaer., nliqf.,
npg. Bacillus lactis albus, Loffler. Found in
milk, aer., liqf., mot., npg. Bacillus lactis cy-
anogenus. See Bacillus cyanogenus, Hueppe. Ba-
cillus lactis erythrogenes, Hueppe and I5aginsky.
Syn., Bacillus of red milk. Found in milk and the
feces of a child, aer., liqf., nmot., ch'^. (yellow and
xe^,npg. Bacillus lactis pituitosi, Loffler. Syn.,
Bacillus lactis 7'iscosus, Adametz, Loffler' che Bacil-
lus der schleimigen Milch. Found in milk, aer.,
nliqf. , npg. Bacillus lactis viscosus, Adametz.
Found in ropy milk. aer. , nliqf. , nmot., npg. Capsu-
lated. Bacillus latericeus, Eisenberg. Syn., Ziegelro-
ter bacillus, Adametz. Found in water, aer., nliqf,
nmot., chg. (brick red), npg. Bacillus leioder-
mos, Loifler. Syn. , Bacillus liodcriiios, Fliigge.
Abbreviations. — oi^'r. = aerobic. awflfV. = anaerobic. cA^. = chromogenic. yacanafV. = facultative anaerobic. Ag/". = liquefac-
tive. monom. = monomorphic. mot. = motile, nliqf. = non-liquefactive. nmot. = non-motile, npg: = non-pathosjenic.
oW. = obligate. o5c/. = oscillating, /i^. = pathogenic. /Aoj. = phosphorescent. >/^07«. = pleomorphic, ^a/. = saprophytic.
BACTERIA
164
BACTERIA
Glatthautbildender Kartoflelbacillus, Gummibacillus.
Found in milk, aer., Hqf-, mot., npg. Bacillus
leporis lethalis, Gibier and Sternberg. From the
intestinal contents of yellow fever patients, aer. , liqf. ,
mot., pg. Bacillus leprae, Armauer and Hansen.
Syn. , Aussatzbacillus, Bacillus der Lepra, Bacillus des
Aussatzes, Ger. ; Bacille de la lepre, Fr. ; Bacillo
della lebbra. It. Found in leprous tubercles. Can-
not be cultivated in ordinary media. Specific patho-
genesis settled by inoculation of a condemned criminal.
Bacillus leptosporus, L. Klein. Obtained from
the air. aer. , mot. , npg. Bacillus lethalis, Babes.
Syn. , Proteus lethalis. Proteus bei Lungengangrane
des Menschen. Obtained from spleen and lung of
patient dead of septicemia, aer. , facanaer. , liqf. ,
mot., pg. Bacillus limbatus acidi lactici, Marp-
mann. Found in cow's milk, aer., nliqf., ntnot.,
npg. Bacillus limosus, Russel. Obtained from mud
(Bay of Naples), aer. , liqf mot. Pathogenesis not
determined. Bacillus lineola. See Bacterium line-
ola, Cohn. Bacillus liodermos, Flugge. See Ba-
cillus leiodermos, Loffler. Bacillus liquefaciens,
Eisenberg. Found in water, aer., liqf., mot., npg.
Bacillus liquefaciens bovis, Arloing. Syn. , Pneu^
Diobacillus liquefaciens bovis. From the lungs of a
diseased ox. aer. , facanaer. , liqf. , nmot. , pg. Bacil-
lus liquefaciens communis, Sternberg. Obtained
from the feces of yellow fever patients, aer. , facanaer. ,
liqf., mot., npg. Bacillus liquefaciens magnus,
Luderitz. Found in the exudates of mice inoculated
with garden earth. anaer., liqf., mot., npg. Bacil-
lus liquefaciens parvus, Luderitz. Source same
as last, anaer., liqf. , nmot., npg. Bacillus liquidus,
Frankland. Found in river water (Thames). Com-
mon, aer., liqf, mot., npg. Bacillus litoralis,
Russel. Obtained from mud (Bay of Naples), aer.,
facanaer., liqf, mot. Pathogenesis not determined.
Bacillus lividus, Plagge and Proskauer. Found in
hydrant water (Berlin), aer. , facanaer., liqf. , mot.,
dig. (brick red), npg. Bacillus lucens. Van Tieg-
hem. Syn., Bacteritim lucens, Van T'KgYism. Found
on the surface of water, aer., nmot. Brilliant. Ba-
cillus luteus, Flugge. Syn., Bacterium luteum.
List. Gelber Bacillus, Ger. Found in superficial
layers of gelatin plate culture, aer., nmot., nliqf,
dig. (yellow), npg. Bacillus luteus suis, Salmon
and Smith. Found in the perivisceral fluids of swine.
aer., liqf, mot., dig. (yellow red). Smells like glue.
Bacillus lyssae, Pasteur. Syn., Coccohacterium lyssic,
Rivolta. Lissophyton suspectum, Hallier. Micrococci
della rabbia, Ital. Bacille de la rage, Fr.; Hundswut-
bacillus, Ger. Cf. Bacterium septicum sputigenum,
Fraenkel. Found in saliva of hydrophobic patients
and animals. Cf. Bacillus septicus sputigenus, Flugge.
Bacillus maidis, Cuboni. From macerated corn and
the feces of pellagra patients, aer. , liqf. , mot. , npg.
Bacillus malandriae, Israel. See Bacillus mallei,
Loffler. Bacillus malariae, Klebs and Tommasi-Cru-
deli. Syn., Bacille de la malaria, Bacille du sang,
Fr. ; Bacillus der Malaria, Bacillus des Blutes, Blut-
bacillus, Ger. ; Bacillo della malaria. It. Bacillus of
the blood. Obtained from the soil and air of the
Campagnia, from swamps, from the blood of malarial
patients, etc. Pathogenesis disputed. Bacillus
mallei, Loffler. Syn. , Bacillus malandria , Israel ;
Rotzbacillus, Bacillus des Rotzes, Ger.; Bacille de la
morve, Fr. Found in the nasal discharges, nodules,
etc., of animals with glanders, aer., facanaer. , nmot.
(strictly parasitic), pg. (proven by inoculation).
Bacillus martinez, Sternberg. Obtained from the
liver of a yellow fever cadaver, aer., facanaer.,
nliqf. , nmot. , npg. Bacillus maydis. See Bacillus
maidis, Cuboni. Syn. , Bacterium maydis, Cuboni ;
Batterio della pellagra. It. Bacillus megaterium,
De Bary. Found on the leaves of boiled cabbage.
aer., liqf., mot., npg. Bacillus melanosporus,
Eidam. Obtained from the air. aer., facanaer.,
dig. (black) , «/n-. Bacillus melittopthorus. See
Bacillus alvei, Cheshire and Cheyne. Bacillus melo-
chloros, Winkler and Schrotter. Syn. , Bacillus
butyri fluorescens, Lafar. Obtained from the dejec-
tions of the larva in a wormy apple, aer., liqf., mot.,
dig. (emerald green), pg. (for rabbits). Bacillus
membranaceus amethystinus, Eisenberg. Found
in well water (Spalato). aer., liqf, nmot., dig.
(dark violet), npg. Bacillus meningitidis puru-
lentae, Naumann and Schaffer. Obtained from pus
taken from beneath the pia mater in a person dead of
purulent meningitis, aer., facanaer. , nliqf., mot.,pg.
Bacillus merismopoedioides, Zopf. Syn., Arthro-
bacterium or Bacterium mei'ismopccdioides, De Bary.
Obtained from sewage mud ; the type of the so-called
"tablet cocci." Bacillus mesentericus fuscus,
Flugge. Syn., Kartoflelbacillus, Ger.; Bacille
brun de la pomme de terre, Fr. Potato bacillus.
Obtained from the air, hay dust, water, etc. Common.
aer., liqf, mot., npg. Bacillus mesentericus
ruber, Globig. Syn. , Kartoflelbacillus ; Roter Kar-
toflelbacillus, Ger. ; Bacille rouge de la pomme de
terre, Bacille rouge de Globig, Fr. Potato bacillus.
Found upon potatoes, aer. , liqf. , mot. , dig. (reddish
yellow or pink), npg. Bacillus mesentericus vul-
gatus, Flugge. Syn., Bacillus figurans. Crook-
shank. Proteus vulgaris. Bacille commun de la
pomme de terre, Bacille des pomme de terre, Fr. ;
Kartoflelbacillus, Ger. Potato bacillus. Common.
Found in potatoes, water, milk, intestinal contents of
man, etc. aer. , liqf. , npg. Bacillus miniaceus,
Zimmermann. See Bacillus ruber, Frank and Cohn.
Bacillus minimus, Klebs. See Bacillus erysipe-
latos suis, Koch, etc. Bacillus miriabilis, Hau-
ser. Syn. , Proteus mirabilis. Bacille de Hauser, Fr.
Obtained from decaying animal matter, aer., facan-
aer., liqf., mot.,pg. Bacillus mollusci, Domenico.
Syn., Bacillo del mollusco contagioso, Dominico,
Ital. Found in molluscum contagiosum ; resembles
somewhat Bacillus lepne and Bacillus malariic. Pa-
thogenesis disputed, the disease being attributed by
some to psorosperms. Bacillus multipediculosus,
Flugge. Syn. , Bacillus jnultipediculus. Found in
air and water, aer., nliqf., nmot., npg. Bacillus
murisepticus, Flugge. See Bacillus erysipelatos suis,
Koch. Bacillus murisepticus pleomorphus, Kar-
linski. Found in purulent uterine discharges, aer.,
facanaer., liqf, mot., pg. Probably identical with
Proteus vulgaris, Hauser. Bacillus muscoides,
Liborius. Found in soil, old cheese, cow dung, etc.
anaer., nliqf, mot., npg. Bacillus mycoides,
Flugge. Syn. , Erdbacillus, Ger.; Bacille mycoide,
Fr. Common in soil and water, aer. , nliqf. , mot. ,
npg. Bacillus mycoides roseus, Scholl. Found
in the soil, aer., liqf., dig. (red), npg. Bacillus
neapolitanus, Emmerich. Syn., Bacillus coli com-
munis. Bacterium coli commune, Escherich, Bacterium
neapolitanum. Colon bacillus of Escherich, Emmer-
ich's Bacillus, Emmerich's Neaplerbacillus ; Bacille
neapolitaine, Fr. ; Bacillus des Milchkotes, Bacillus
des Milchfaeces, Ger. ; Bacillus of Booker, a to n.
Abbreviations. — aer. = aerobic, anaer. = anaerobic, ch^. = chromogenic. facanaer. = facultative anaerobic, tig/. = liquefac-
tive. nionoin. = monomorphic. mol. = motile, nliqf. = non-liquefactive. nmot. = non-motile, npg. = non-pathogenic.
oW. = obligate, oic/. = oscillating. = pathogenic. = phosphorescent, //^ow. = pleomorphic, jc/. = saprophytic.
BACTERIA
165
BACTERIA
Found in the air, in putrefying infusions and con-
stantly in the alvine discharges of healthy and un-
healthy human beings, also in those of many animals.
From the blood, various organs and feces of cholera
patients at Naples, hence the name, aer., facanaer.,
nliqf.,pg. Bacillus necrophorus, Loffler. Obtained
from rabbits after inoculation in the anterior chamber
of the eye with portions of condyloma, aer., facanaer.,
}iliqf., pleom. , pg. Bacillus nivalis, Schmolck. See
Bacillus Jliiorescens nivalis, Schmolck. Bacillus
nodosus parvus, Lustgarten. From the healthy
urethra of man. aer., facanaer., nliqf., nmot., npg.
Bacillus nubilus, Frankland. From hydrant water
(London), aer., facanaer., liqf, npg. Bacillus
ochraceus, Zimmermann. From hydrant water
(Chemnitz), aer., liqf, mot., chg. (ocher-yellow),
npg. Bacillus cedematis aerobicus. A new bacil-
lus of malignant edema, Klein. Found in the exu-
dates of guinea pigs after inoculating with garden
earth, aer., facanaer., nliqf., mot., pg. Bacillus
cedematis maligni, Koch. Syn. , Bacillus oedematis,
Koch ; Bacillus septicus, Pasteur ; Vibrion sep-
tique, Vibrion pyogenique, Pasteur; Bacille de
I'oedeme, Bacille de I'oedeme malin, Bacille de la
gangrene emphysemateuse progressive, Bacille de la
gangrene gazeuse, P"r. ; Microben der gasigen Gan-
grane, Ger. Bacillus of gangrene. Bacillus of gangre-
nous septicemia. Pink bacillus of spreading edema, A.
B. Harris. A widely scattered species, obtained from
surface soil, dust, putrefying matter, foul water, etc.,
and from the exudates produced by inoculating animals
with garden earth, anaer. , liqf. , mot., pg. Bacillus
of Acne Contagiosa of Horses. See Bacillus of
horse pox. Bacillus of Afanassiew. See Bacillus
tussis convulsivie, Afanassiew. Bacillus of Albumin-
ous Decomposition. See Bacillus putrifcus coli,
Bienstock. Bacillus of Allantiasis, Muller, Hoppe-
Seyler. See also Sarcina botulina. Van den Corput.
Cf. Bacillus of choleraic diarrhea from meat poison-
ing, Klein. Found in poisonous sausages, particularly
in ' ' Blunzen. ' ' aer. , liqf. , pg. Bacillus of Alopecia
areata, Kasauli. Found attached to the hairs from
the diseased patches ; easily cultivated. See Mi-
crococcus of Alopecia areata, Robinson, and Bac-
terium decalvans. Thin. Bacillus of Babes and
Oprescu. Obtained from a case presenting symp-
toms of typhus fever, aer. , facanaer. , nliqf. , mot. ,
pg. Bacillus of Belfanti and Pascarola. Syn.,
Impftetanusbacillus, Ger. From the pus of wounds
in a person dead of tetanus, aer. , facanaer. , nliqf. ,
nmot.,pg. Bacillus of Beri-beri, Eykmann. See
Bacillus beribericus, Lacerda. Bacillus of Blue
Milk. See Bacillus cyanogenus, Hueppe. Bacillus
of Blue or Green Pus. See Bacillus pyocyaneus,
Gessard. Bacillus of Booker, a to n. Found in
alvine discharges of children suffering from cholera
infantum ; probably varieties of Bacillus neapolitanus ,
Emmerich. Bacillus of Bovet. Obtained from the
intestines of a woman dead of acute choleraic enteritis.
aer., nliqf., mot., pg. Bacillus of Braxy. See
Bacillus anthracis, Pollender and Davaine. Bacillus
of Bronchitis, Lumnitzer. Syn. , Bacillus of Lum-
nitzer. From the bronchial secretions in cases of
putrid bronchitis. aer. , mot. Cf. Micrococcus of
bronchitis, Picchini. Bacillus of Butyric Acid
Fermentation. See Bacillus biityricus, Prazmowski.
Bacillus of Carcinoma, Rappin and Scheurlen and
Domingo-Freire. Syn. , Bacille du cancer, Fr. See
Bacillus of Scheurlen. Bacillus of Canestrini.
Found in larvas and bees suffering from a malady com-
mon among bees in certain parts of Italy, aer. , liqf.,
mot, chg. (pink),/^. Bacillus of Canon and Pie-
licke. See Bacillus of measles. Bacillus of Cattle
Plague, Metschnikoft. See Bacillus scpticicmicE hcemor-
rhagicic, Sternberg. Bacillus of Cazal and Vaillard.
Obtained from cheesy nodules upon the peritoneum
and in the pancreas, aer. , facanaer. , liqf. , mot. , pg.
Bacillus of Chancroid, Ducrey. Found in pustules
developed upon the arm from the inoculation of
chancroidal virus ; does not grow in artificial cultures.
Cf. Micrococcus ulceris mollis. Bacillus of Cheese.
See Spirillum tyrogenum, Denecke. Bacillus
of Chicken Cholera. See Bacillus scpticcemice
hainorrhagicce, Sternberg. Bacillus of Cholera.
See Spirillum cholerce asiaticcr, Koch. Bacillus
of Choleraic Diarrhea from Meat Poisoning,
Klein. Found in the blood and feces of persons
poisoned with tainted meat. Cf. Bacillus of allantiasis,
Miiller and Hoppe-Seyler. Bacillus of Cholera in
Ducks, Cornil and Toupet. Obtained from the blood
of ducks that had died of an epidemic disease char-
acterized by choleraic symptoms, aer. , nliqf. , n7not. ,
pg. (for ducks, but not for chickens or pigeons).
Bacillus of Chyluria, Wilson. Syn. , Bacillus der
Chyluria, Ger. ; Bacille de la chylurie, Fr. ; Found in
the coagulum of chylous urine, aer. , facanaer. , mot.
Bacillus of Colomiatti. Obtained from cases of
conjunctivitis and xerotic masses in the eye. aer.,
nliqf ., nmot., npg. Cf Bacillus of xerosis epithelialis
conjunctiva, Leber. Bacillus of Conjunctival
Catarrh, Koch. Syn., Bacille du catarrhe conjonc-
tival, Fr. ; Bacillus des Bindehautcatarrhs, Ger. ;
Bacillus of conjunctivitis. Bacillus of pink eye. Weeks.
aer.,nliqf., pg. Resembles .Z?(Zir;///cj .rtvw/j. Bacillus
of Dantec. Syn., Bacille du rouge de morue, Fr.
Obtained from salted codfish to which it gives a red
color, aer., liqf., mot., chg. (red), npg. Bacillus
of Davaine's septicemia. See Bacillus septiccBmice
luemorrkagica, Sternberg. Bacillus of Demme.
Obtained from the contents of tumors and pustules and
from the blood of patients suffering from erythema
nodosum, aer., facanaer. , (?) jiliqf., pg. (to guinea
pigs ; rabbits, dogs and goats refractory). Bacillus of
Diphtheria in Calves. See Bacillus diphtherice
vitulorum, Loffler. Bacillus of Diphtheria in
Doves. See Bacillus diphtherice columbarum, Loffler.
Bacillus of Diphtheria in Man. .See Bacillus
diplitheriir, Klebs and Loffler. Bacillus of Doder-
lein. .See Bacillus vaginalis, Doderlein. Bacillus
of Endocarditis. .See Bacillus pyogenes fcetidus,
Frankel and Saenger. Bacillus of Egyptian Ca-
tarrhal Conjunctivitis. See Bacillus of Kartulis.
Bacillus of Erysipelas in the Rabbit, Koch. See
Bacillus erysipelatos leporis, Koch. Bacillus of False
Hog Cholera. See Bacillus parvus ovatus, Loffler.
Bacillus of False Tuberculosis in Rabbits. See
Bacillus of pseudo-tuberculosis in rabbits, Malassez
and Vignal. Bacillus of Fiocca. Found in the
saliva of cats and dogs. aer., facanaer ., nliqf,
nmot., pg. (for rabbits, guinea pigs, rats, mice).
Bacillus of Foot Sweat. Syn. , Fussschweissbacillus,
Ger. ; Bacille de la sueur des pieds, Fr. See Bacillus
fcetidus. Bacillus saprogcnes Xo. II, and Bacteriutii
graveolens. Bacillus of Foul Brood of Bees. See
Bacillus alvei, Cheshire and Cheyne. Bacillus of
Fowl Cholera. See Bacillus scpticicmia: lunmorrhagicce,
Sternberg. Bacillus of Friedlander. See Bacillus
pneumoJiix fnedldnderi. Bacillus of FuUes, III.
Abbreviations. — a^r. = aerobic, ana^r. = anaerobic. cA^r- = chromogenic. y"acaKa<'r. = facultative anaerobic, /z'g/". = Hquefac-
tive. monom. == monomorphic. mot. = motile, n/ig/. = non-Iiquefactive. nmot. = non-motile, npg:. = non-pathogenic.
oA/. = obligate, oic/. = oscillating, /.g-- = pathogenic. //;oi. = phosphorescent. //d-OOT. = pleomorphic. ia/>. = saprophytic.
BACTERIA
166
BACTERIA
Found in the soil, a'er ., jiliqf. , mot. , npg. Bacillus
of Gangrene. See Bacillus ai/einafis iiialigni, Koch.
Bacillus saprogenes , III., Rosenbach, and Bacillus of
senile gangrene. Bacillus of Gangrenous Sep-
ticemia. Syn. , Bacille de la gangrene gazeuse.
See Bacillus adcinatis maligni, Koch. Bacillus of
Gessner. 'ies Bacteritini tholoide2ci?i,(jeiir\er. Bacil-
lus of Glanders. See Bacillus mallei, hoffier. Bacillus
of Green Diarrhea in Children, Lesage. See Bacillus
of Lesage. Bacillus of Green Pus. See Bacillus
pyocyaneus , Gessard. Bacillus of Grouse Disease,
Klein. Obtained from the lungs and liver of grouse
that had died of an epidemic disease, aer., tiliqf.,
ni?wt. , pg. (for mice, guinea pigs, linnets, green finches,
sparrows; chickens, pigeons and rabbits immune).
Bacillus of Hay Infusions. See Bacillus subtilis,
Ehrenberg. Bacillus of Heminecrobiophilus,
Arloing. Obtained from the callous lymphatic glands
of a guinea pig. aer., facanaer., nliqf., mot ., pleom.,
pg. Bacillus of Hog Cholera, Salmon and Smith.
See Bacillus cx pneumo-enteritide suis, Klein. Bacil-
lus of Hog Erysipelas. See Bacillus erysipelatos
suis, Koch, etc. Bacillus of Horse Pox, Diecker-
hofl and Grawitz. Syn., Bacillus of acne contagiosa
of horses. Bacillus der Akne contagiosa des Pferdes,
Ger. Obtained from the pustules of horses suffering
from acne contagiosa. aer.,nliqf., pg. Bacillus of
Hydrophobia. See Bacillus lysscc ,Ya.'iXe\ix. Bacillus
of Icterus, Karlinsky and Ducamp. Found in the
blood during an attack of infectious icterus. Did not
thrive on ordinary culture media. Bacillus of Influ-
enza, Pfeiffer, Kitasato and Canon. Syn., Bacille de
Pfeiffer, Bacille de Tinfluenza, Influenza bacillus. Found
in the purulent bronchial secretions and in the blood
of persons suffering from epidemic influenza, a'er.,
>i!i!ot., pg. Cf Micrococcus influenzie, Letzerich.
Bacillus of Intestinal Diphtheria in Rabbits, Rib-
bert. Syn., Bacille de la diphtherie intestinale chez
les lapins, Fr. Obtained from the viscera of rabbits
dead of a disease characterized by a diphtheritic in-
flammation of the intestinal mucous membrane, aer. ,
nliqf., nmot. (?) pg. Bacillus of Jeffries. A
group (A, G, J, K, P, S, Z,) of bacilli, resembling
Bacillus neapolitaiius, Emmerich, and Bacillus lactis
aerogenes, Escherich. Found in the alvine discharges
of children suffering from summer diarrhea, anaer. ,
npg. Bacillus of Jequirity Ophthalmia, DeWecker
and Sattler. Syn., Bacille du jequirity, Fr. ; Jequiri-
typilz, Ger. Found in cases of jequirity ophthalmia and
in infusions of jequirity seeds [Alirus precatorius'), the
supposed source of Abrin. aer. , liqf. , mot. , npg.
The disease is now held to be caused by a soluble
poison, jequiritin. Bacillus of Karlinski. See
Bacillus murisepticus plcomorphus, Karlinski. Bacil-
lus of Kartulis, Koch and Kartulis. Obtained from
the conjunctiva in cases of Egyptian catarrhal conjunc-
tivitis, aer. Pathogenesis not well determined. Ba-
cillus of KoubasofT. Obtained from carcinomatous
growth in the human stomach, aer. , facaiiaer. , uliqf.,
mot.,pg. (for guinea pigs and rabbits). Cf. Bacillus of
Scheuerlen. Bacillus of Lactic Acid Fermenta-
tion. .See Bacillus acidi lactici. Hueppe. Bacillus
of Laser. Obtained from mice infected with an
epidemic di.sease. aer. , facanaer., nliqf., tnot., pg.
(for field mice, guinea pigs, rabbits and pigeons).
Bacillus of Leprosy. See Bacillus leprce, Hansen.
Bacillus of Lesage. Syn. , Bacille de la diarrhea
verte infantile, Fr. Bacillus of green diarrhea in
children. Obtained in the green alvine discharges of
infants suffering from green diarrhea, aer., nliqf.,
mot., pg. According to Baumgarten identical with
Bacillus fluorescens non-liquefaciens, Schiller. Ba-
cillus of Letzerich. Obtained from the urine of
children suflering from nephritis interstitialis primaria.
aer., liqf., pg. Bacillus of Liborius. See Bacillus
amylobacter , Prazmowski. Bacillus of Lichen Ru-
ber, Laser. Syn., Bacillus bei Lichen ruber, Ger.
Found in the lymph passages in cases of lichen ruber.
Bacillus of Lucet. Syn., Bacille de la dysenterie
epizootique des poules et des dindes, Fr. Obtained
from chickens and turkeys suflering from an infectious
form of septicemia characterized by dysenteric dis-
charges, aer., facanaer. , jiliqf., niuot. , pg. Bacillus
of Lumnitzer. See Bacillus of Bronchitis. Bacillus
of Lupus. See Bacillus Tuierculosis, Koch. Bacil-
lus of Lustgarten. See Bacillus syp/iilidis, Lust-
garten. Bacillus of Lymph in Fishes, Oliver and
Richet. Observed in the lymph of certain fishes, aer.,
mot. , npg. Bacillus of Malaria. See Bacillus
??ialaricr, Klebs and Tommasi-Crudeli. Bacillus of
Malignant Edema. See Bacillus cedematis maligni,
Koch. Bacillus of Measles, Canon and Pielicke.
Syn., Bacillus of Canon and Pielicke. Found in the
blood and in the secretions of the nose and conjunctiva
of persons with measles. Cf. Micrococcus of measles,
Klebs and Keating. Bacillus of Mouse Septicemia.
See Bacillus erysipelatos suis, Pasteur. Bacillus of
Necrosis of the Liver in Badgers, Eberth. Found
in the necrotic liver of a badger. Bacillus of
Necrosis of the Liver in Guinea Pigs, Eberth.
Found in the necrotic liver of a guinea pig. Bacillus
of Nephritis, Letzerich. See Bacillus of Letzerich.
Bacillus of Nocard. Syn., Bacille du farcin du
boeuf, Fr. ; Bacillus der Wurmkrankheit, Ger. Pound
in the superficial abscesses of cattle suffering from
farcy, aer. , nmot ., pg. Bacillus of Okada. Ob-
tained from the dust between the boards of a floor.
aer. , facanaer. , nliqf. , nmot. , pg. Bacillus of
Osteomyelitis, Kraske and Becker. Found in
cases of osteomyelitis, aer., liqf- (or in some forms
nliqf.'), mot., pleom., pg. Held by Pasteur as iden-
tical with the micrococcus of furuncle, q. v. Bacillus
of Phthisis. See Bacillus tuberculosis, Koch. Ba-
cillus of Pink Eye, Weeks. See Bacillus of con-
junctival catarrh, Koch. Bacillus of Potato Rot,
Kramer. Syn. , Nassfaulebacillus. Obtained from
potatoes affected with wet rot. aer. , liqf. , mot. , npg.
Putrefies the albuminous substances of potatoes. Ba-
cillus of Pseudo-tuberculosis in Rabbits, Eberth,
Malassez, and Vignal. Syn. , Bacille de la tubercu-
lose zoogleique, Bacille de la pseudo-tuberculose du
lapin, Fr. ; Bacillus der Pseudo-tuberculose der
Kaninchen, Ger. Found in the nodular deposits
characteristic of this disease. Bacillus of Puerperal
Fever. See Bacillus pticrperalis, Engel and Spill-
mann. Bacillus of Purpura Haemorrhagica of
Babes. Obtained from the viscera of a patient dead
of purpura hemorrhagica. aer., facanaer. , liqf.,
nmot., pg. Resembles the next two forms. Bacillus
of Purpura Haemorrhagica of Kolb. Obtained
from the viscera of patients dead of purpura, aer. ,
facanaer., nliqf., nmot., pg. Bacillus of Purpura
Haemorrhagica of Tizzoni and Giovannini. Ob-
tained from the blood of two children dead of purpura
hemorrhagica, aer., facanaer., nliqf, nmot., pg.
Bacillus of Pyemia, Beltzow. Syn., Bacille de la
py6mie, Fr.; Bacillus der Pyamie, Ger. Two forms found
in pyemia, one of which resembles Bacillus cedematis
Abbreviations. — a^^n = aerobic. aHaf>". = anaerobic. cA,?'. = chromogenic. yafaKaf>. = facultative anaerobic, /jy/". = liquefac-
tive. monom. = monomorphic. mo/. = motile, nliqf. = non-Iiqiiefactive. nmot. = non-motile, npg. = non-pathogenic.
oW. = obligate, ojc/. = oscillating, /ig-. = pathogenic. /Aoj. = phosphorescent. />/i?o?h. = pleomorphic, ja/. = saprophytic.
BACTERIA
167
BACTERIA
maligni, Koch. Bacillus of Rabbit Septicemia.
See Bacillus septicamice hemorrhagica, Sternberg.
Bacillus of Rabies. See Bacillus lyssir, Pasteur.
Bacillus of Rag Pickers' Disease. See Bacillus
hominis capsnlalis, Bordoni-Uffreduzzi. Bacillus of
Red Bread. See Bacillus prodigiosiis, Ehrenberg.
Bacillus of Red Milk. See Bacillus lactis crythro-
gcties, Hueppe ; and Bacillus prodigiosiis, Ehrenberg.
Bacillus of Rheumatism. See Bacillus rhcumai--
thritidis, Kussmaul. Bacillus of Rhinoscleroma.
See Bacillus rliinosclero/?iatis, Cornil and Alvarez.
Bacillus of Roth, I, II. Obtained from old rags.
aer. , facanaer. , nlicjf. , nmot. , pg. Resembleg Bacillus
iicapolitanus, Emmerich ; and Bacillus cavicidus.
Burger. Bacillus of Rouget. See Bacillus erysipe-
latos suis, Koch, etc. Bacillus of Scarlet Fever,
Crooke. Syn., Bacille de la scarlatine, Fr. Found
in the nasal mucus and tissues of the throat in a
case of anginose scarlet fever. mot Resembles
Bacillus adematis maligni, Koch, and the Proteus of
Hauser. According to Dcehle the parasite of this
disease is a protozoon. Cf. Micrococcus Scarlatina:.
Bacillus of Scheurlen, Scheuerlen, Rapin, and
Domingo- Freire. Syn., Bacillus cpidermidis, Bordoni-
Uffreduzzi. From cancerous tissues and from mam-
mary epithelia of healthy persons. According to
Mace possibly identical with a variety of Bacillus
Dicsoitericus vulgatus, Fliigge. aer. , liqf. , mot. , npg.
Bacillus of Schimmelbusch. Obtained from the
necrotic tissues of a case of cancrum oris or noma.
aer. , nlitjf. , pg. Bacillus of Schou. See Bacillus
pneumonicus agilis, Schou. Bacillus of Senile
Gangrene, Tricomi. Syn., Bacille de la gangrene
senile, Fr. Bacillus of gangrene. Bacillus of Tricomi.
Found in the blood, in the tissues along the line of
demarcation, in the subcutaneous tissue and the lymph
spaces of the skin, and in the ichorous discharge.
aer., liqf., Hmot.,pg. Cf. Bacillus adematis maligni,
Koch, and Bacillus saprogenes. III, Rosenbach. Ba-
cillus of Septicemia in Man, Klein. Syn., Bacille
de la septicemic, Fr. Bacillus of Southern Cattle
Plague, F. S. Billings. Syn., Bacillus of Texas
fever in cattle. Bacillus der amerikanischen Rinder-
seuche, Canerva. Found in the blood, viscera, and
manure of cattle infected with cattle plague or Texas
fever ; also in the ticks (BoSphilus bovis, Curtice)
infecting the cattle, and in their discharges. The
spread of the disease is largely due to the manure of
the cattle and also indirectly to the ticks, aer., izliqf.,
mot., pleom., pg. Smith and Kilborn now attribute
this disease to the psorosperm Pyrosoma higemitium.
Bacillus of Spontaneous Rabbit Septicemia,
Eberth. See Bacillus of swine plague, Marseilles.
Bacillus of Symptomatic Anthrax. See Bacillus
chaiiva:i, Bollinger and Feser. Bacillus of Swine
Pest, Selander. See Bacillus ex pneumo-enteritide
sziis, Klein. Bacillus of Swine Plague, Marseilles,
Reitsch, and Jobert. Syn., Bacillus suis, Detmers.
Bacillus der Schweineseuche, Marseilles ; Bacillus der
Frettchenseuche (ferret disease), Eberth and Schim-
melbusch; Bacille de la pest porcine, Fr. ; Bacillus
of spontaneous rabbit septicemia ; Bacillus of swine
plague, Detmers and Billings; Swine plague, Schizo-
phyte, Detmers. First obtained from swine attacked
by a fatal epidemic disease in Marseilles, aer. , nliqf. ,
mot. , pg. Canerva and others identify this with the
Bacillus of ferret disease and with that of American
swine plague ; also with the Bacillus of Southern cattle
plague, Billings; but this latter seems to be a distinct
species. See Bacillus fardigradus. Bacillus of
Syphilis. See Bacillus syphiliilis, Lustgarten, Ba-
cillus of Tetanus. See Bacillus tetani, Nicolaier.
Bacillus of Texas Cattle Fever, P'. S. Billings.
See Bacillus of Southern cattle plague. Bacillus of
the Blood. Syn., Bacille du sang, Fr.; Blutbacillus,
Bacillus des Blutes, Hoffmann, Ger. Bacillus of
the Lungs of Cattle, Liistig. Found in the lungs
of healthy and diseased cattle, .ler. , liqf. Bacillus
of the Meconium, Escherich Found in the meco-
nium. Bacillus of the Pneumo-enteritis of the
Pig. See Bacillus ex p)icutno-cnteritide suis, Klein.
Bacillus of the Smegma. Syn. , Bacille du smegma
preputial, Fr. ; Smegmabacillus, Ger. Found in the
smegma of the male and female genitals. Bacillus
of Tommasoli. See Bacillus sycosiferus fntidus,
Tommasoli. Bacillus of Tricomi. See Bacillus of
senile gangrene. Bacillus of Tuberculosis of
Vines. Syn., Bacille de la tuberculosis des vignes,
Corvo, Fr. Regarded by Corvo as the cause of the
diseased condition of vines usually attributed to Phyl-
loxera vastatrix, Planchon. Bacillus of Ulcerative
Stomatitis of Cattle, Lingard and Batt. Found on
the skin, the mucous membranes, and in the lungs of
young cattle. Cf. Streptocytus of eczema epizootica,
Schottelius. Bacillus of Ulcus Molle, Krofting.
Identical with that described by Ducrey as the Bacil-
lus of Chancroid. Bacillus of Utpadel, Utpadel and
Gessner. Obtained from the stuffing of the bed quilts in
a military hospital (Augsburg), and from the intestinal
contents of man. aer., nliqf., mot., pg. Bacillus
of Vagus Pneumonia. See Bacillus pneumonicus
agilis, Schou. Bacillus of Verruga Peruana, Izqui ■
erdo. P'ound in the intercellular spaces and blood-
vessels in the nodules characteristic of Peruvian wart.
Bacillus of Vignal. See Bacillus buccalis minutus,
Vignal. Bacillus of Whooping Cough. See
Bacillus tussis convtdsivcE, Afanassiew. Bacillus of
Xerosis Epithelialis Conjunctivae, Leber, Kusch-
bert, Frankel, and Neisser. Syn., Bacillus xerosis,
Frankel ; Bacillus of Colomiatti, Bacillus of xerosis,
Schreiber ; Xerosebacillus, Bacillus der Xerosis epi-
thelialis conjunctivae, Ger. ; Bacille du xerosis con-
jonctivas, Fr. Found in the white, fatty scales of the
conjunctivae in cases of Xeropthalmia. nmot. Does
not grow on gelatin or potato. Pathogenesis not fully
determined. Bacillus oxytocus perniciosus, Wysso-
kowitsch. Found in milk left standing a long time.
aer., nliqf., pg. Bacillus ovatus minutissimus,
Unna. Found upon the skin in cases of eczema
seborrhoeicum. aer., facanaer., nliqf. , npg. Bacillus
of Yellow Fever. Bacille de la fievre jaune, Fr. ;
Bacillus des gelben Fiebers, Ger. Found in the mucous
membrane of the small intestine in two cases of yellow
fever. Sternberg has found many forms in the intes-
tinal contents and viscera of yellow fever cadavers,
the most frequent and abundant being the Bacillus
neapolitanus, Emmerich ; Bacillus cadaverus, .Stem-
berg ; and Bacillus X, Sternberg. This latter is
held by Sternberg as being possibly concerned in
the etiology of yellow fever. Cf. Microbe de la
fievre jaune, Freire et Rebougeon. Bacillus of
Yellow Milk. See Bacillus synxaiithus, Ehrenberg
and Schroter. Bacillus panificans, Laurent. Claimed
as the active agent in the raising of bread. Found
especially in black bread. Dunnenberger considers it
a mere impurity and not concerned in the leavening
processes. Bacillus parvus ovatus, Loffler. Syn. ,
Pseudorotlaufbacillus, Ger. Bacillus of false hog
Abbreyiations. — a^r, = aerobic, awafr. = anaerobic. cA^. = chromogenic. yacaKo^n = facultative anaerobic, //^'y. = liquefac-
tive. ?«OHo?n. = monomorphic. oto/. = motile. = non-liquefactive wtho/. = non-motile. non-pathogenic.
oW. = obligate, oic/. = oscillating. = pathogenic, //ioj. = phosphorescent. />/<!-ot«. = pleomorphic, jo/. = ^prophytic.
BACTERIA
168
BACTERIA
cholera. Found in the carcass of a pig dead of a dis-
ease resembling rouget. It resembles Bacillus seplica-
tniis hieniorrhagica, Sternberg. Bacillus pasteuri-
anus, Hansen. Syn. , Bacterium pasleurianum, Ar-
throbacteriuin pastetiriaiium , Micrococcus pasteiiriaiiiis.
Found in beer-wort and beer, especially that poor in
alcohol. Resembles Bacillus aceli, Kiitzing and Som-
mer. Bacillus pestifer, Frankland. Found in the
air. aer., liqf., mot., iipg. Bacillus phospho-
rescens, Fischer. Syn., Bacillus phosphorescens indi-
cus, Fischer; Photobacterium indicum, Fischer; In-
discher Leuchtbacillus, Gar. Found in sea water (Gulf
of Mexico), aer. , liqf., mot., phos. , npg. Bacillus
phosphorescens gelidus, Forster. See Bacillus
phosplioreus, Cohn. Bacillus phosphorescens indi-
cus, Fischer. See Bacillus phosphorescens, Fischer.
Bacillus phosphorescens indigenus, Fischer.
Syn. , Einheimischer Leuchtbacillus, Ger. Found in
sea water (Harbor of Kiel) and upon herring, aer. ,
liqf., mot., phos., npg. Bacillus phosphorous,
Cohn. 'iyn.. Micrococcus phosphoreus, Cohn; Bacte-
}-iu»i phosphorescens , Hermes ; Bacillus phosphorescens
gelidus, Forster. Found on sea fish, raw and cooked
(cooked salmon, Cohn). aer., nliqf, phos., npg.
Bacillus plicatus, Zimmermann. Found in hydrant
water (Chemnitz), aer, liqf, nmot., chg. (grayish
yellow), npg. Bacillus pneumoniae, Fliigge. See
Bacillus pneumonia: friedldnderi. Bacillus pneu-
moniae friedlanderi. Syn., Bacillus pneumonice,
Fliigge ; Diplococcus pneumonice fibrinosce, Friedlan-
der ; Micrococcus pneumonice infectiosce, Friedlander ;
Bacille de pneumonie, Fr. ; Bacillus of Friedlander ;
Microbe of Friedlander. Occasionally obtained from
the exudates in the pulmonary alveoli in cases of
croupous pneumonia, aer. , facanaer. , nliqf., nmot.,
pg. Bacillus pneumonicus agilis, Schou. Syn.,
Bacillus of Schou ; Bacillus of Vagus pneumonia ;
Bacille pneumonique, Fr. Obtained from rabbits
suffering from pneumonia induced by section of the
vagi. aer. , liqf. , i7tot. , pg. Bacillus pneumosep-
ticus, Babes. Obtained from the blood and tissues
of a person dead of septic pneumonia, aer. ,facaitaer. ,
nliqf. , nmot. , pg. Bacillus polymyxa, Prazmowski.
Syn. , Claustridium polymyxa, Prazmowski. Found in
infusion of potatoes, lupin seeds, etc. aer. , facanaer.,
npg. Bacillus polypiformis, Eiborius. Found in
cow dung and in the exudates of mice inoculated with
garden earth, anaer., nliqf., mot., npg. Bacillus
preussii, Ciesielski. See Bacillus alvei, Cheshire
and Cheyne. Bacillus prodigiosus, Ehrenberg.
Syn., Bacteridium prodigiostim, Schroter; Bacterium
prodigiosum. Micrococcus prodigiosus , Cohn ; Micro-
coccus imetrophus, Trevisan ; Monas prodigiosa, Ehren-
berg; Palmella prodigiosa, Mont; Zoogalactina ime-
tropa, Sette ; Bacille du lait rouge, Bacille du pain
rouge, Fr. ; Bacillus der roten Milch, Bacillus des
roten Brotes, Hostienblut, "Wunderblut, Blutpilz, Ger.
Frequently foundupon food-stuffs,boiled potatoes, hard-
boiled eggs, moist bread, etc. aer. , facanaer. , liqf.,
mot., chg. (red), npg. Acts as a protective to rabbits
against anthrax. Bacillus pseudoedema, Liborius.
Syn., Bacillus pseudosepticus, Mac6 ; Pseudo-oedem-
bacillus, Ger. Obtained from the exudates of mice,
after inoculation with garden earth, anaer., liqf.,
pg. Resembles Bacillus a'dematis maligni, Koch.
Bacillus pseudopneumonicus, Passet. Syn. , Bac-
terium pseudo-pneumonicum. Found in pus. aer. ,
nliqf. , nmot. , pg. Resembles Micrococcus pneumo)2iie
croHposte, Frankel. Bacillus pseudosepticus. Mace.
See Bacillus pseudoedema, Liborius. Bacillus pseu-
dosepticus of Mice, Bienstock. Syn., Bacillus of
pseudosepticemia of mice. Found in feces, aer.,
nliqf. , nmot. , pg. Found after inoculation, mostly in
the edematous fluid and not in the blood. Bacillus
pseudo-tuberculosis, Pfeiffer. Obtained from the
viscera of a horse killed on suspicion of having glan-
ders, aer., nliqf., nmot., pg. Bacillus puerper-
alis, Engel and Spillmann. Syn., Leptothrix puer-
peralis, Fettz ; Bacillus des Puerperal-Fiebers, Ger.;
Bacille puerperale, Fr. ; Leptothrix of puerperal fever;
Bacillus of puerperal fever. Found in two cases of
puerperal sepsis. Z^'. (for mice and rabbits). Considered
by Pasteur to be identical with Bacillus anthracis.
Bacillus pulpae pyogenes, Miller. Obtained from
gangrenous tooth-pulp. aer. , faca)iaer. , liqf. , pg.
Bacillus punctatus, Zimmermann. P'ound in hy-
drant water (Chemnitz), aer., liqf., npg. Bacillus
putrificus coli, Bienstock. Syn. , Bienstock's putre-
factive bacillus from the feces ; Bienstock's putrefactive
bacillus ; Bacillus of albuminous decomposition ; Drum-
stick bacillus; Trommelschlagelbacillus ; Bienstock's
Bacillus aus Faeces ; Bacillus der Eiweisszersetzung,
Ger. ; Bacille de la decomposition de I'albumine, Fr.
Found in human feces, aer. , facanaer. , nliqf., mot.,
npg. Bacillus pyocyaneus a, Gessard. '6yn., Bacil-
lus aeruginosus. Bacterium aeruginosum, Schroter;
Micrococcus pyocyaneus , Gessard. Bacillus of blue or
green pus. Bacille, Bacterie ou Microbe du pus
bleu, Bacille du pus vert, Bacille pyocyanique, Fr. ;
Bacillus des griinblauen Liters. A widely distri-
buted form, found in purulent and serous wounds,
in perspiration, and in the viscera of human cadavers.
aer., facanaer., liqf, mot., chg., pg. Two pigments,
one fluorescent green, the other blue, pyocyanin.
Bacillus pyocyaneus p, Ernst. Found in pus from
bandages stained green, aer., liqf, mot., chg. (yel-
lowish green), npg. Bacillus pyogenes fcetidus,
Passet. Syn. , bacille pyogene fetide, Fr. Obtained
from an ischio-rectal abscess, aih:, nliqf, viot., pg.
Bacillus pyogenes soli, Bolton. Obtained from the
exudates of a rat after inoculation with garden earth.
aer. , facanaer. , nliqf. , nmot. , npg. Bacillus radi-
atus, Liideritz. Obtained from the exudates of mice
and guinea-pigs after inoculation with garden earth.
anaer. , liqf. , mot. , npg. Bacillus radiatus aquatilis,
Zimmermann. Found in hydrant water (Chemnitz).
aer. , liqf. , mot. , npg. Bacillus ramosus, Eisenberg.
Syn. , Wurzelbacillus. Common in soil and water.
aer., liqf, npg. Bacillus ramosus liquefaciens.
Obtained from the air. aer. , liqf. , mot. , npg. Ba-
cillus reticularis, Jordan. Found in hydrant water
(Lawrence, Mass. ). aer. , liqf, mot. , npg. Bacillus
rheumarthritidis, Kussmaul. Syn., Bacillus rheu-
marthritis. Micrococcus rheumarthritis , Leyden.
Bacillus of rheumatism. Bacille du rhumatisme, Fr.
Gelenkrheumatismus Mikro-organismen, Mikrokok-
ken bei Gelenkrheumatismus, Ger. Found in the
eflusions in the joints in articular rheumatism. Bacil-
lus rhinoscleromatis, Cornil and Alvarez, Von
Frisch, Paltauf, Von Eiselsberg, Dittrich, Stepanovv,
etc. Syn., Bacille du rhinosclerome, Fr. Found in
the newly formed tubercles of rhinoscleroma. aer. ,
facanaer., nliqf., usually nmot. (becomes motile on
cultivation),/;^. Etiologic relations not established.
Considered by many as identical with Bacillus pneu-
7nonite friedldnderi. It is less virulent, gelatin cul-
tures more transparent and the capsules more persist-
ent. Bacillus rosaceum metalloides, Dowdeswell.
Abbreviations. — afr. = aerobic, axa?*-. = anaerobic. cA?;. = chromogenic. /iscaKafr. = facultative anaerobic, //^y. = lique-
factive. mowow. = monomorpliic. ?«o/. = motile. K/zyy. = iion-liquefactive. n>«o^. = non-motile. «^^. = non-pathogenic.
6>4/. =i= obligate, ojc/. = oscillating. = pathogenic. />Aoj. = phosphorescent. />/?o?«. = pleomorphic, ia/. = saprophytic.
BACTERIA
169
BACTERIA
See Bacillus ruber, Frank and Cohn. Bacillus
rubefaciens, Zimmemiann. Found in hydrant water
(Chemnitz), acr., iiliijf., mot., ckg. (pale pink) ,
Bacillus rubellus, Okada. Pound in the exudates
of guinea-pigs after inoculation with street dust.
ana'er., liqf., mot., dig. (red), npg. Bacillus ruber,
Frank, Cohn, and Becker. Syn., Bacillus miniaceus,
Zimmermann. Bacillus (or Bacterium) rosaceuni
metalloides, Dowdeswell. The red bacillus of water.
Found in water and on boiled rice, aer., liqf ., mot.,
dig. (magenta red) , npg. Bacillus ruber indicus.
See Bacillus indicus, Koch. Bacillus rubes-
cens, Jordan. Found in sewage (Lawrence, -Mass.).
aer., nliqf., mot., dig. (pale pink), npg. Bacillus
rubidus, Eisenberg. Found in water, aer., liqf.,
mot., dig. (brownish red), npg. (Lustig describes a
red bacillus from river water which he claims to be
different from this). Bacillus salivarius septicus,
Biondi. See Bacillus septicus sputigenus, Fliigge.
Bacillus sanguinis typhi, Brannan and Cheesman.
Obtained from the blood of typhus-fever patients.
aer., facanaer., nmot. Bacillus saprogenes, I, II,
III, Rosenbach. Syn., Bacille saprogene, Bacille
de la sueur des pied, Fr. Faulnisbacillus, Ger.
Found in putrefying matter on fetid feet, the white
plugs of the pharyngeal follicles, etc. aer ., facanaer.,
pg. Bacillus scaber, Duclaux. Syn., Tyrothrix
scaber. Found in cheese, aer., nliqf., mot. (in early
stages becoming non-motile), npg. Bacillus schafferi,
Freudenreich. Obtained from cheese and fermenting
potato infusion, aer. , facanaer. , nliqf. , mot. , npg.
Closely resembles Bacillus neapolitanus, Emmerich.
Bacillus scissus, Frankland. Found in the soil.
aer. , nliqf. , nmot. , npg. Bacillus septicaemiae
haemorrhagicae, Sternberg. Bacillus diolerce galli-
narum, Fliigge. Bacillus ciiniculicida, Fliigge.
Bacillus ctmiculicidus, Koch. Bacterium septicamiiv ,
Koch. Bacterium morbilli, Lanzi. Coccobacteria
septica, Billroth. Micrococcus septicus, Cohn. Micro-
coccus diolercB gallinarttm. Micrococcus gallicidus,
Microsporon septicus, Klebs. Bacillus der Hiihner-
cholera, Bacillus der Kaninchenseptikamie (Koch).
Bacterium der Septikamie bei Kaninchen, Bacillus der
Rinderseuche, Kitt. Bacillus der Schweineseuche,
Loffler and Schiitz. Bacillus der Wildseuche, Hueppe.
Bacillus der Biiffelseuche, Oreste-Armanni. Rinder-
pestbacillus, Ger. Bacille de la septicemie du lapin.
Bacille du cholera des poules. Microbe du cholera
des poules, Pasteur, Fr. Bacillus septicus, Koch.
See Bacillus erysipelatos suis, Koch. Bacillus sep-
ticus, Pasteur. See Bacillus adematis maligni, Koch.
Cf. Proteus septicus. Bacillus septicus acuminatus,
Babes. Obtained from the umbilical stump, blood and
viscera of a five days old child, dead of septic infection.
aer. (no growth on gelatin), /j,'. (for rabbits and guinea-
pigs, not for mice). Bacillus septicus agrigenus,
Nicolaier. Obtained from manured garden soil. aer. ,
nliqf. (?) Resembles Bacillus septicamiice kcemor-
rhagicce, Sternberg. Bacillus septicus aus Speichel.
See Bacillus septicus sputi, I, II, Kreibohm. Bacil-
lus septicus keratomalaciae. Babes. Obtained from
the corneal tissues and viscera of a child that died
of septicemia following keratomalacia. aer. ,
facanaer., nliqf., pg. (for rabbits and mice, slightly
for birds, not for guinea-pigs). Bacillus septicus
sputi, I, II, Kreibohm. Syn. , Bacillus septicus aus
Speichel, Ger. Obtained from human buccal secre-
tions. Does not grow in any known culture-medium.
Resembles Bacillus septicivmia hceinorrhagiccv, Stern-
berg. Bacillus septicus sputigenus, Fliigge.
Syn., Bacillus salivarius septicus, Biondi. Bacterium
seplicum sputigenum, I'rankel. Alicrococcus pneumo-
tiiir crouposce, Frankel. Micrococcus pasteuri. Stem-
berg. Diplococcus pneumonia: , Weichselbaum. Strep-
tococcus lanceolatus pasteuri, Gamaleia. Microbe of
Pasteur. Micrococcus of Salvioli. Micrococcus of
sputum septicemia, Frankel. Frankel'scher Diplococ-
cus. Frankel'scher Pneumobacillus. Frankel'scher
Pneumonie-Diplococcus. Lancet-shaped micrococcus,
Talamon. Lanceolatecoccus, Talamon. Found both
in healthy and in pneumonic sputum, in the fibrinous
exudates of croupous pneumonia, and in the pus of
meningitis, aer. , facanaer., nmot. , nliqf . , pg. Held to
be the cause of croupous pneumonia in man, and by
some to be identical with Bacillus lyssae, Pasteur.
Bacillus septicus ulceris gangraenosi, Babes.
Found in the blood and viscera of a boy dead of sep-
ticemia following gangrene of the skin, aer., liqf.,
mot.,pg. Bacillus septicus vesicae, Clado. Found
in the urine of a patient with cystitis, aer. , facanaer.,
nliqf., mot., pg. Bacillus sessilis, L. Klein. Found
in the blood of a cow supposed to have died of anthrax.
aer., mot. (convulsive jerking), npg. Bacillus sim-
ilis, Bienstock. See Bacillus subtilis simulans,
I, II, Bienstock. Bacillus smaragdinus foetidus,
Reimann. Found in the nasal secretions in a case of
ozena, aer. , facanaer., liqf ., pg. Bacillus smarag-
dino phosphorescens, Katz. Obtained from a
herring in fish market (Sidney, N. S. W.). aer.,
nliqf., nmot., plios. (emerald green), Resembles
Pliotobacteriitm phosphorescens, Cohn, and Photobac-
terium pjliigeri, Ludwig. Bacillus solidus, Liide-
ritz. Found in the exudates of mice inoculated with
garden earth, aer. , nliqf. , mot. , npg. Bacillus spin-
iferus, Unna. Pound upon the skin in cases of
eczema seborrhoeicum. aer., nliqf., dig. (grayish
yellow), npg. Bacillus sputigenus crassus. See
Bacillus crassus sputigenus, Kriebohm. Bacillus
stolonatus, Adametz. Found in water, aer. , nliqf. ,
mot., npg. Bacillus stoloniferus, Pohl. Found in
swamp water, aer. , liqf. , mot. Pathogenesis not
determined. Bacillus striatus albus. Von Besser.
Found in the nasal secretions of healthy persons, aer. ,
nliqf. , 7ipg. Bacillus striatus flavus, Von Besser.
Occasionally found in nasal mucus. aer. , nliqf. ,
dig. (sulphur yellow), npg. Bacillus subflavus,
Zimmermann. Found in hydrant water (Chemnitz).
aer., nliqf., mot., dig. (pale yellow), Bacillus
subtilis, Ehrenberg, Cohn, Brefeld, Prazmowski, and
Fitz. Syn. Bacillus glyc crime, Fitz ; Bacillus ftzianus,
Zopf; Bacterium subtile, Zopf ; Metallacter subtile,
Pertz ; Vibrio subtilis, Ehrenberg ; Bacille du foin, Pr. ;
Bacillo del fieno, Ital.; Heubacillus ; Fitz'scher Aethyl-
bacillus, Ger. DeBary confines B. subtilis to the form
described by Brefeld and Prazmowski. The relation
of the starch fermentation species of Fitz remains doubt-
ful. An abundant form obtained from the air, water,
soil, and on plants, aer., liqf, oscL, npg. Bacillus
subtiliformis, Bienstock. See Bacillus subtilis simu-
lans, I, II, Bienstock. Bacillus subtilis simulans,
I, II, Bienstock. Syn., Bacillus similis, Bienstock.
Pleubacillusahnlicher Bacillus, Ger. Bacille de Bien-
stock, I, II, Fr. Found in human feces, aer., nliqf,
nmot. , npg. Bacillus suis, Detmers. See Bacillus tar-
digradus. Bacillus sulf-hydrogenus, Miquel. Found
in water, aer., mot. Decomposes albumin with evolu-
tion of PI.^S. Bacillus sulfureum, Holschewnikoff
and Rosenheim. Two forms found in urine and in mud.
Abbreviations. — afn = aerobic. awafr. = anaerobic. cA.?-. = chromogenic. yacaKa?; . = facultative anaerobic, //^y. = liquefac-
tive. monoin. = monomorphic. mot. - motile, nliqf. = non-Iiquefactive. nmot. = non-motile, npg. = non-pathogenic,
oi/. = obligate, o^c/. = oscillating. = pathogenic. = phosphorescent, //^-ow. = pleomorphic, ja/. = saprophytic.
BACTERIA
170
BACTERIA
(l) ni'r. , facanaer.,nlii]f., (2) liqf. , tiwt. , c/ig. (reddish
brown), npg. Syn., Proteus su/fiireiis, Lindenborn.
Found in water. Bacillus superficialis, Jordan.
Common in sewage (Lawrence, Mass.). ai'r. , Ii(jf.,
mot., npg. Bacillus sycosiferus foetidus, Tomma-
soli. 'Ayn., BaciHiis sycosiferus. Bacillus of Tomma-
soli. Found on the hairs of the head of a patient
affected with sycosis, trer., nliqf., niiiol., pg. Ba-
cillus syncyanum. See Bacillus cyanogenits,
Hueppe. Bacillus synxanthus, Ehrenberg and
Schrdter. Syn., Bacillus xanthogenus, Fuchs and
Ehrenberg. Bacterium xanthimim , Schroter. Vibrio
synxanthus, Ehrenberg. Vibrio xanthogenus,
Fuchs. Bacillus of yellow milk. Bacille du lait
jaune, Fr. Found in milk that has been boiled, aer.,
mot., chg., (golden yellow), npg. Precipitates the
casein, renders the milk alkaline. Bacillus syphi-
lidis, Lustgarten. Syn., Bacillus syphilis, Lustgar-
ten. Bacille de la syphilis, Bacille de Lustgarten,
Fr. ; Syphilis bacillus, Luesbacillus, Ger. ; Bacillo
del sifilide, Ital. ; Bacillus of Lustgarten. Found
in syphilitic new growths and secretions ; does not de-
velop in ordinary culture media. In staining, reaction
seems to be identical with that of the Bacillus of the
Smegma. Doehle describes parasitic infusoria as the
causative agents of syphilis. Cf. Helicomonas, Klebs,
and Syphilis of bacillus of Eve and Lingard. Bacillus
tardigradus. Syn. , Bacillus suis, Detmers. Micro-
coccus suis, Burrill. Found in dew, water, and in
the fluids of pigs affected with swine plague, aer. ,
mot., npg. Cf. Bacillus of Swine plague, Marseilles,
Rietsch and Jobert. Bacillus tenuis, Duclaux. Syn.,
1 vrothrix tenuis, Duclaux. Found in decomposing
albuminoid matter, cheese, etc. aer., facanaer., (?)
mot., npg. Used in ripening certain trench cheeses.
Bacillus tenuis sputigenus, Pansini. Obtained from
sputum, aer., nlit/f., nmot., pg. Bacillus termo,
Dujardin and Ehrenberg. Bacterium termo, Cohn.
Bacillus tetani, Nicolaier. Syn. , Bacillus tetajii
traumatici, Rosenbach ; Bacille du t^tanos, Bacille
de la tetanie, Fr. ; Tetanusbacillus, Bacillus des
Wundstarrkrampfes, Ger. ; Bacillus of tetanus. Found
in garden earth and in the wounds of persons dead
of tetanus. anaer., liqf., inot., pg. .Specific etio-
logic relations determined by Carle and Rattome.
Bacillus tetani traumatici, Rosenbach. See next
preceding. Bacillus thalassophilus, Russel. Ob-
tained from mud (Bay of Naples), anaer. , liqf., mot.
Pathogenesis not determined. Bacillus thermoph-
ilus, Miquel. Found in the intestinal tract of man
and animals, in sewage and in the soil, aer., nmot.,
npg. Bacillus tremelloides, Schottelius. Found
in hydrant water (Freiburg), aer., liqf., chg. (golden
yellow), npg. Bacillus tremulus, Koch. Syn.,
Mitallacter tremulus, Trevisan. Found as a sur-
face pellicle on decomposing plant infusions. Re-
sembles Bacillus subtilis, Ehrenberg. Bacillus
tuberculosis, Koch. Syn., Bacterium tuberculosis,
Zopf; Bacteriutn tuberculosum. Bacillus tuberculi.
Bacillus tuberculosiis, Bacille de la tuberculeux.
Bacille de la tuberculose ; Bacille de Koch, Fr. ;
Tuberkelbacillus, Bacillus der Tuberculose, Ger. ;
Bacillo tubercolare, Bacillo della tuberculose, Ital. ;
Bacillo de la tuberculosi, Sp. Found in the
sputum, in tuberculous organs, and elsewhere in per-
sons and animals affected with tuberculosis. Parasitic.
aer., facanaer. , nmot., pg. Bacillus tuberculosis
gallinarum, Mafifucci. Obtained from cases of
spontaneous tuberculosis in fowls. This seems to be
a distinct species, characterized by its staining re-
actions, etc., its growth in pure cultures, and its
pathogenic qualities, Koch. Bacillus tumescens,
Zopf Syn., Bacterium tumescens, Zopf. P"ound
upon beets, aer. , liqf. , mot. , npg. Bacillus tur-
gidus, Duclaux. Syn., Tyrothrix turgidus, Duclaux.
Found in cheese, aer. Produces alkaline reaction
(carbonate and butyrate of ammonia) in milk.
Bacillus tussis convulsivae, Afanassiew. Syn.,
Bacillus of Afanassieiv, Bacille de la coqueluche, Fr. ,
Keuchhustenpilz, Ger., Burger. Found in the sputum
of persons afl'ected with pertussis, aer. , nliqf. , mot. ,pg.
Bacillus typhi abdominalis, Eberth, Gaffky, Klebs,
Eppinger, Brautlecht. ':r>yn. , Bacillus typhosus. Bac-
terium typhosum, Bacille typhique, Bacille de la
fievre typhoide. Microbe de la fievre typhoide, Fr.;
Typhusbacillus, Ger. ; Bacillo tifoso, Ital. Found in
water and in milk, and in the feces and organs in ty-
phoid fever, aer. , nliqf. , facanaer. Bacillus typhi
murium, Loffler. Obtained from mice affected with
an epidemic disease. aer., facanaer. , nliqf, mot.
Bacillus typhosus. See Bacillus typhi abdomi-
nalis, Eberth, etc. Bacillus ubiquitus, Jordan.
Found in air, water, sewage (Lawrence, Mass.).
aer. , facanaer. , nliqf. , nmot. , npg. Resembles Bacil-
lus candicans, FVankland. Bacillus ulna, Cohn,
and PrazmovyTski. Syn., Vibrio b, Ehrenberg.
Bacterium ulna. Miller. Vibrio bacillus, Miiller,
Ehrenberg. Found in egg albumin, aer., tnot.,
npg. Bacillus ulna of Vignal. Found in saliva
of healthy persons ; perhaps identical with the pre-
ceding form, aer., liqf., npg. Bacillus ureae,
Miquel. Pound in the air. aer. , facanaer., nliqf,
npg. Perhaps identical with the preceding form.
Bacillus ureae, Leube. Found in old urine,
three varieties. aer. , nliqf. , npg. Converts urea
into ammonium carbonate. Bacillus urocephalus,
Duclaux. Syn., Tyrothrix urocephalus, Duclaux.
One of the commonest forms associated with putre-
faction of animal matter. aer., facanaer., npg.
Bacillus vasculosis, Sternberg. Obtained from
the intestine and stomach of yellow-fever cadavers.
aer., liqf., mot., npg. Bacillus vaginalis, Doder-
lein. Syn., Doderlein'scher Scheidenbacillus, Doder-
leins Bacillus, Scheidenbacillus, Ger. Constantly found
in the normal vaginal secretions of adults. aer.,
facanaer. , nmot. (no growth in gelatin), npg. Bacil-
lus varicosus conjunctivae, Gombert. Found in
the healthy conjunctival sac of man. aer., facanaer. ,
nliqf, mot., pg. Bacillus venenosus, Vaughan.
Found in water, aer., facanaer., nliqf., mot., pg.
Bacillus venenosus brevis, Vaughan. Found in
water, aer. , facanaer. , nliqf. , mot. , pg. Bacil-
lus venenosus invisibilis, Vaughan. Found in
water, aer., facanaer. , nliqf, mot., pg. Bacillus
venenosus liquefaciens, Vaughan. Found in water.
aer. , facanaer. , liqf. , mot. , pg. Bacillus ventriculi,
Raczynssky. Obtained from the stomach of meat-
fed dogs, aer., facanaer., nliqf, mot., npg. Bacillus
vermicularis, Frankland. Found in river water.
aer., liqf, oscl., npg. Bacillus vermiculosus, Zim-
mermann. Found in water, aer., liqf, oscl., npg.
Bacillus violaceus, Becker. Found in river water.
aer., facanaer., liqf., mot., chg. (dark violet). Bacil-
lus violaceus laurentius, Jordan. Found in hy-
drant water (Lawrence, Mass.). aer., facanaer.,
liqf., mot., npg. Bacillus virens. Van Tieghem.
Syn., Sporonema gracile. Found in stagnant water.
aer., mot., chg. (green, held by some to be chlorophyll,
Abbreviations. — a^>. = aerobic. = anaerobic. cAe. = chromogeiiic. /"ncnwat^r. = facultative anaerobic, /r'^y. = liquefac-
tive. »fo»o»i. = monoinorphic. »zo/. = motile. H//'yy. = non-liquefactive. koto/. = non-motile. 7(/!>^. = noii-palhogenic.
oW. = obligate, ojc/. = oscillating. = pathogenic. /■Aoi. == phosphorescent. /i/d'o/H. = pleomorphic. ja>. = saprophytic.
BACTERIA
171
BACTERIA
but not sufliciently studied), «/;,■. Bacillus virescens,
Frick. Found in green sputum. a'e}\, nliqf.,niot.,
dig. (green), npg. Bacillus virgula, Duclaux. Syn.,
Tvi'othrix virgula, Duclaux. Found in albuminous
solutions, a'ei'., nniot., npg. Bacillus virgula.
See Spirillum cholera asiaticcc, Koch. Bacillus
viridis flavus, Frick. Syn., Bacillus viridis pal-
lescens, Frick. aer., iiliqf., mot, dig. (yellowish
green), tipg. Resembles Bacillus virescens, Frick.
Bacillus viridis, Van Tieghem. Syn. Bacterium
viriile. Van Tieghem, Arthrobacterium viridc, De
Bary. .Found in water collected in the hollow of a
polyporous fungus, aer., dig. (green). Not thor-
oughly investigated. Bacillus viridis pal-
lescens, P'riclv. .See Bacillus viridis Jiavus, Frick.
Bacillus viscosus, Frankland. Found in river
water, a'ir. licjf. mot. dig. (fluorescent green). Per-
haps identical with Bacillus Jluorescens, Fliigge.
Bacillus viscosus, I, II, Van Laer. Found in
ropy milk, aer., nliqf., npg. Bacillus viscosus
cerevisiae. Van Laer. Found in viscous beer
and in milk. aer., liqf., I'pg- Bacillus visco-
sus sacchari, Kramer. Found in viscous sac-
charine fluids. aer., liqf., npg. Bacillus von
Denecke. See Spirillum tyrogetium, Denecke.
Bacillus von Finkler- Prior. See Spirillum
Finkler- Trior. Bacillus vulgaris, Hauser ; Syn.,
Proteus vulgaris. Proteus sulfureus, Holschenikoft".
Proteus of Hauser. Commonly associated with putre-
faction, aer. , facanaer. , liqf. , niot. , pg. This species
is probably one of those formerly included under Bac-
terium termo. Bacillus X, Sternberg. Found in yel-
low-fever cadavers. Sternberg thinks it possible that
this form is concerned in the etiology of yellow fever.
pg. (for rabbits). Bacillus xanthogenus, Fuchs
and Ehrenberg. See Bacillus svnxanthus, Ehrenberg.
Bacillus xerosis, Frankel. Syn., Xerose bacillus.
See Bacillus of xerosis epithelialis conjunctivje, Leber.
Bacillus zenkeri, Hauser. Syn., Proteus zenkeri.
Bacille de Hauser, Fr. Found in putrefying animal
matter, aer., facanaer., nliqf. , tnot. , pg. Bacillus
zopfii. Syn., Bacterium zopfii, Kurth. Arthro-
bacterium zopfii, De Bary. Knauelbildender Bacillus,
Ger. Found in the intestinal tract of fowls, aer.,
nliqf, mot., npg. Bacillus zurnianum. List.
Found in water, aer., nliqf., nmot., npg. Bacilo
virgula, Bacilo virgulado, Sp. See Spirilhan
cholerce asiatica-, Koch. Bacteria of pus. Syn.,
Eitermicroben, Ger. Bacteria of putrefaction. Syn.,
Bacteries de la putrefaction, Fr.; Faulnisbacterien,
Ger. Bacteria of sea water. Syn., Bacteries de I'eau
de mer, Fr.; Bacterien des Meerwassers,Ger. Bacteria
of the air. Syn., Bacteries de Pair, Fr. ; Luftbacte-
rien, Ger. ; micrococci of the air. Bacteria of the
mouth. Syn., Bacteries de la bouche, Fr. Bacterien
der Mundhohle. Bacteria of the soil. Syn., Bac-
teries de la terre, Fr. ; Erdebacterien, Ger. Bacteria
of urine. Syn., Bacteries de Purine, Fr. ; Bacterien
des Harns, Ger. Bacteria of water. Bacteries de
I'eau, Fr. ; Wasserbacterien, Ger. Bacteridie char-
bonneuse. See Bacillus anthracis, Pollender and
Davaine. Bacteridie du charbon. See Bacillus
anthracis, Pollender and Davaine. Bacteridie du
charbon symptomatique. See Bacillus chauvcci,
Arloing, Cornevin, Thomas. Bacteridium prodigi-
osum, Schroter. See Bacillus prodigiosus, Ehren-
berg. Bacterie chainette. Stee Bacterium cateuula ,
Dujardin. Bacterie chromogene. Chromogenic
bacteria. Bacterie commune, Miquel. See Bacil-
lus termo, Dujardin. Bacteries de la bouche. Bac-
teria of the mouth. Bacteries de la diphtheric,
Emmerich. See Bacillus diphtheriic, Klebs. Bac-
terie de la fermentation butyrique. See Bacillus
butyricits, Prazmowski. Bacterie de la fermenta-
tion lactique. See Bacillus acidi lactic i, Hueppe.
Bacterie de la fermentation propionique. See
Bacillus cavicidus, Brieger. Bacteries de I'eau.
Microbes of water. Bacteries de la putrefaction.
Microbes of putrefaction. Bacterium der Brust-
seuche des Pferdes. See Streptococcus coryza
contagiosir equorum, Schiitz. Bacterium der Butter-
sauregahrung. See Bacillus btityricus, Prazmowski.
Bacterium der Diphtheric, Emmerich. See Bacillus
diphtherice, Klebs. Bacterium der Milchsaurc-
gahrung. See Bacillus acidi lactici, Hueppe.
Bacterie du pus bleu. See Bacillus pyocyaneus a,
Gessard. Bacterie point. Bacterium lineola, Cohn.
Bacterium des Sauerteigs. See Bacterium farina-
ceum, Wigand. Bacterie du vinaigrc. See Bacillus
accti, Kiitzing. Bacterie lumineuse de la mer du
Nord. See Photobacterium lumiiiosum, Beyerinck.
Bacteries de la terre. Microbes of the soil. Bac-
terien der Mundhohle. Microbes of the mouth.
Bacterien des Meerwassers. Microbes of sea water.
Bacterium aceti, Lanzi. See Bacillus aceti, Kiitz-
ing. Bacterium aerogencs, Miller. See Bacillus
acrogcncs, II, Miller. Bacterium aeruginosum,
Schroter. ^et Bacillus pyocyaneus a, Gessard. Bac-
terium allii. See Bacillus allii, Griffiths. Bacterium
anthracis, Zopf. See Bacillus anthracis, Pollender
and Davaine. Bacterium articulatum, Ehrenberg.
See Bacterium lineola, Cohn. Bacterium auranti-
acum, Trelease; a chromogenic form. Bacterium
bacillus, Pasteur. See Bacillus termo, Davaine.
Bacterium aus Diphtheric bei Menschen. See
Bacillus diphtheriic, Klebs. Bacterium aus der
Diphtheric bei Tauben. See Bacillus diphtheria;
columbarum, Loffler. Bacterium brunneum,
Schroter. Found in a putrid infusion of Indian
corn, chg. (brown). Perhaps identical with Bacillus
fuscus, Zimmemiann. Bacterium butyri coUoi-
deum, Lafar. Found in every sample of natural
butter examined. Cf. Bacillus butyri fluorescens,
Lafar. Bacterium candidum, Trelease. A chro-
mogenous form, identical with Bacillus mesentericus
fuscus, Fliigge. Bacterium capitatum, Davaine.
Found in an infusion of albuminous matter, aer., mot.
Bacterium carbuncolare, Pollender, Brauell, Dela-
fond, and Davaine. See Bacillus anthracis, Pollender
and Davaine. Bacterium carlsbergense, Hansen.
Found in the air. Cf. Bacterium kochii, Hansen.
Bacterium catenula, Dujardin. Syn., Bacterium
chainette. Bacterie chainette, Fr. Observed especially
in putrid wine or putrefying blood, generally in albu-
minous liquids in contact with air. Coze and Feltz
found it in typhoid fever in man and rabbits. It resem-
bles Bacillus acidi lactici, Davaine, Hueppe. Bac-
terium caucasicum. See Bacillus caucasicus. Kern.
Bacterium chainette. See Bacterium catenula, Dujar-
din. Bacterium chlorinum, Engelmann. Found in
water, aer., chg. (green). Engelmann holds this to
be chlorophyll, as a small amount of oxygen is given
off, indicating the assimilation of carbon. Bacterium
coli commune, Escherich. See Bacillus neapolitanus.
Bacterium commune, Pasteur. See Bacterium
termo, Dujardin. Bacterium cuneatum, Rivolta.
See Bacillus cuneatus. Bacterium cyanogenum,
Fuchs. See Bacillus cyanogenus, Hueppe. Bacterium
eyiations. — n^r. = aerobic, nwa?)-, = anaerobic. cA;?. = chromogenic. yV!c««<7i?)'. = facultative anaerobic. A'^y. = liquefac-
tive. >HO(io)». = monomorphic. wo/. = motile. w/Zyy". = non-liquel'active. kwo/. = non-motile. «/^. = non-pathogenic
wW.=obIigate. ojc/. = oscillating. /■^. = pathogenic. /Aoi. = phosphorescent, //fnw. = pleomorphic, ia/. = saprophytic.
BACTERIA
172
BACTERIA
decalvans, Thin. See Mii-rococcus area cehii, Buch-
ner and Sehlen. Bacterie de la pourriture. See
Baiterium putrcdinis. Bacterium denitrificans, a p,
Gayon and Dupetit. See Bacillus deiiitrificans, Giltay
and Aberson. Bacterium der Brustseuche des
Pferdes. See Sireptococcus coryzic coii/agiosie equonii?i ,
Schutz. Bacterium der Essiggahrung. See Ba-
cillus aceti, Kiitzing. Bacterium der Milchsaure-
gahrung. See Bacillus acidi lactici, Davaine and
Hueppe. Bacterium der Septikamie bei Ka-
ninchen. See Bacillus septiccxmicc liamorrhaf^ica,
Sternberg. Bacterium dysodes, Zopf. See Bacil-
lus dysodcs, Zopf. Bacterium enchelys, Ehrenberg.
Found in river water. Thought by Ehrenberg to be
an infusorian. Bacterie en zigzag, Fr. See Bacil-
lus f^cniculatus, De Bary. Bacterium farinace-
um, Wigand. Syn., Bacterium' des Sauerteigs. Found
in sour sponge or dough. Bacterium fitzianum,
Zopf. See Bacillus sublilis, Ehrenberg. Bacterium
foetidum, Thin. See Bacillus fa-tidus, Passat. Bac-
terium fusiforme, Warming. Found in sea water.
Bacterium gingivae pyogenes, Miller. See Bacillus
gingiviT pyogenes. Bacterium gliscrogenum,
Malerba. See Bacillus gliscrogenus. Found in viscid
acid urine, aer., filiqf.., mot., npg. Bacterium gris-
eum, Warming. Syn., Micrococcus griseus. Winter,
a doubtful form. Bacterium gummis, Commes.
Syn., Microbe de la mal nero, Ital. The cause of the
gummous disease of the fig, almond, and orange trees,
and the mal nero of vines. Cf. Bacterium putrediiiis,
Davaine. Bacterium gummosum, Ritsert. Found to
produce the viscosity of infusions of Digitalis. aer.Jiq f. ,
pleom. Bacterium hessii, Guillebeau. One of the
two forms found by Gillebeau to cause milk to become
ropy. Thrives best in Pasteurized milk. aer. , liqf. ,
tnot.,npg. Cf. Micrococcus freudenreichii. Bacterium
hyacinthi, Wakker. Found in the bulbs and leaves
of the hyacinth and causing the yellows of hyacinths.
Cf. Bacteriu?n hyacinthi septicus, Heinz. Bacterium
janthinum, Zopf. See Bacillus Janthinus, Zopf.
Bacterium kochii, Hansen. Found in the air of
Carlsberg. Cf. Bacterium carlsbergense , Hansen.
Bacterium lactis, Lister. See Bacillus acidi lactici,
Hueppe. Bacterium lactis aerogenes, Escherich.
See Bacillus lactis aerogenes, Abelous. Bacterium
lineola, Muller, Cohn. Syn., Bacterium punctum,
Rivolta. Bacterium tremulans, Trevisan. Bacterium
triloculari, Ehrenberg. Bacterium articulatum, Ehren-
berg. Vibrio lineola (Miiller), Ehrenberg. Vibrio
tremulans, Ehrenberg. Bacillus lineola, Bacterie point,
Fr. Found in well and other water, in infusions, soil
on vegetables, etc. aer., mot. (trembling and darting
back and forth) , pleom. , npg. Probably represerTts
several species, or a developmental form of a spirillum.
Bacterium litoreum, Warming. Found only in sea
water. aer., mot., npg. Bacterium lucens. Van
Tieghem. .See Bacillus lucens. Van T. Bacterium
luteum, Trelease. See Bacillus luteus, Fliigge. Bac-
terium maidis, Cuboni. See Bacillus maidis, Cuboni.
Bacterium merismopcedioides, Zopf. See Bacillus
merismopadioidcs, Zopf. Bacterium morbilli, Lanzi.
Syn., Microbe di morbillo. Found in the urine of
persons with measles. Cf. Bacillus septicamicp hcemor-
rhagictc, .Sternberg. Bacterium navicula, Reinke
and Berthold. See Bacillus hutyricus, Prazmowski.
Bacterium neapolitanum. See Bacillus ncapolitanus.
Emmerich. Bacterium oblongum, Boutroux. Syn.,
Micrococcus oblongus, Boutroux. f"ound in beer; the
agent of gluconic fermentation. Bacterium of Bu-
tyric Acid Fermentation. See Bacillus bufyricus,
Prazmowski. Bacterium of Diphtheria, Emmerich.
Syn., Bacterie de la diphtheric, Fr. Bacterium der
Diphtherie, Ger. Found in cases of diphtheria in man
and doves. Bacterium of Fire Blight. See Ba-
cillus butyricus, Prazmow.ski. Bacterium of Infec-
tious Pneumonia in the Horse. See Streptococcus
coryzic contagiosa: equorum, Schiitz. Bacterium of
Kefir. See Bacillus caucasicus. Kern. Bacterium
of Pear Blight. Cf. Bacillus butyricus, Prazmowski,
and Micrococcus amylovorus, Burrill. Bacterium of
Sheep Pox. Syn., Microbe de la clavelee. Found
in cases of sheep pox, or " Schafblattern. " Bacte-
rium of variola. Cose and Feltz. Syn., Bacterie de
la petite variole, Fr. Bacterium der Variola (oder der
Blattern). Found in the vesicles of smallpox; patho-
genic for rabbits. Bacterium oleae, Arcangeli. Said
to cause the so-called tuberculosis (" Maladie de la
loupe;'" "Rogner") of olives. Bacterium ova-
tum, Lebert. See Nosema bombycis, Nageli. Bac-
terium pasteurianum, or Bacterium pastorianum.
See Bacillus pasteurianus, Hansen. Bacterium
periplanetae, Tichomirow. Found in the common
cockroach [Periplanetce orientalis), and producing in
it a specific disease. Bacterium pfliigeri, Liidwig.
See Fhotobacterium pfliigeri, Ludwig. Bacterium
phosphorescens, Hermes. See Bacillus phospho-
reus, Cohn. Bacterium Phosphorescens, Cohn.
See Pliotobacterium phosphorescens. Bacterium
photometricum, Engelmann. Found in water;
motion dependent on light ; possibly not a bacterium
at all. Bacterium pneumoniae, Bacterium pneu-
moniae crouposae, Friedlander. See Bacillus pneu-
mo7iia friedldnderi. Bacterium porri, Tommasi-
Crudeli. Found in warts. Bacterium prodigio-
sum. See Bacillus prodigiosus , Ehrenberg. Bac-
terium pseudopneumonicum. vSee Bacillus pseudo-
pneumonicus, Fliigge. Bacterium punctum, Rivolta.
See Bacterium lineola (Muller), Cohn. Bacterium pu-
trcdinis, Davaine. Syn. , Bacterie de ]a pourriture.
Found in rapidly-decaying plants. Cf. Bacterium
gummis. Comes. Bacterium pyriforme, Hansen.
Found in the air. Bacterium radicicola, Praz-
mowski. ^yn.. Bacillus radicicola, Beyerinck ; Rhizo-
hiu??i leguminosarum, Frank. Found in the soil,
particularly in the roots of the Lei;uminosce, where
they are held to stimulate the cells to unusual
growth, affect nitrification, constitute the " bacteroids "
of Woronin, and form the so-called " bacteroid tis-
sue." Bacterium rosaceum metalloides, Dow-
deswell. See Bacillus ruber, Frank, Cohn. Bacte-
rium rubescens, Lankester. See Beggiatoa roseo-
persicina, Zopf. Bacterium septicaemiae, Koch.
See Bacillus septiavmiie htcmorrhagica, Sternberg.
Bacterium septicum sputigenum. See Bacillus
septicus sputigenus, Fliigge. Bacterium subtile,
Buchner. See Bacillus subtilis, Ehrenberg. Bacte-
rium sulfuratum ; Bacterium sulphuratum,
Warming. See Beggiatoa roseo-persicina, Zopf Bac-
terium sulfureum, Rosenheim. Found in wine.
nliqf. Evolves H.^S. Bacterium syncyaneum,
Ehrenberg, Schroter. See Bacillus cyanogenus,
Hueppe. Bacterium synxanthum, Schroter. See
Bacillus synxanthus. Bacterium termo, Dujardin
and Ehrenberg. Syn., Bacillus termo, Davaine.
Bacterie [Bacterium) commune, Pasteur. Bacterium
bacillus, Pasteur. Ciyptococcus natans, Kiitzing.
Cryptococcus nebulosus, Kiitzing. Micrococcus crepus-
culum, Cohn. Zooglxa termo (Miiller), Cohn. Monas
Abbreviations. — a?r. = aerobic. <7«a^>- = anaerobic. <:/;.?•.= chromogenic. ya<ra«af'>. = facultative anaerobic, //y/. = liquefac-
tive iiionom. = moiiomorphic. mot. = motile, nliqf. = non-Iiquefactive. nmol. = iion-niotile. n/>g. = non-pathogenic.
oW. = obligate. Oic/. = oscillating. pathogenic. ^Aoi. = phosphorescent. //<?o»!. = pleomorphic, ja/. = saprophytic.
BACTERIA
173
BACTERIA
ier/no, Miiller. Palmella iiifusionum, Ehrenberg.
Long considered the most characteristic microbe of
filth and putrefaction ; but shown by Hauser to be a
collective species. The name is now reserved for
Vignal's species, while Bacilhis tcrmo may perhaps be
reserved for the flagellate forms studied by Dallinger
and Drysdale, or discarded entirely. Bacterium
termo, Vignal. Found in the saliva of healthy per-
sons, aer. , liqf. , mot. , chg. (yellowish gray) , npg.
Bacterium tholoideum, Gessner. Syn., Bacillus
of Gessner. Found in the intestinal contents of
healthy persons. Resembles Bacillus lactis aerogenes,
Escherich. pg. (for mice and guinea-pigs). Bacte-
rium tremulans, Trevisan. See Bacterium lineola,
Cohn. Bacterium triloculare, Ehrenberg. See
Bacterium lineola, Cohn. Bacterium tubercu-
losis, Zopf. Bacterium tuberculosum, Koch.
See Bacillus tuberculosis, Koch. Bacterium tumes-
cens, Zopf See Bacillus tuiiiescens, Zopf. Bacte-
rium typhosum. See Bacillus typhi abdoniinalis ,
Eberth and Gaffky. Bacterium ulna. See Bacillus
tilna, Cohn. Bacterium ulna, Cohn. See Micro-
coccus urec€. Bacterium ureae, Jaksch. Found in
ammoniacal urine, aer., facanaer., nliqf. Not suffi-
ciently investigated. Bacterium vermiforme. Ward.
Found in fermented ginger beer. Bacterium viride,
See Bacillus viridis. Van Tieghem. Bacterium
violaceum, Bergonzini. Syn. , Chromobacteriutii
violaceum, Bergonzini. P"ound in putrefying solutions
of egg albumen, chg. (violet). Bacterium xanthi-
num. See Bacillus synxanthus , Ehrenberg and
Schroter. Bacterium xylinum, A. J. Brown. Found
in solutions of carbohydrates, giving rise to acetic
acid, and converting dextrose into gluconic acid, and
mannitol into levulose. Bacterium zopfii, Kurth.
See Bacillus zopfii. Bacteroides, Woronin. Micro-
organisms forming tubercles in the roots of leguminous
plants, and assisting in the fixing of nitrogen. Batte-
ria chromogene, Ital. Chromogenic microbes.
Batterio della pellagra, Ital. See Bacillus maidis,
Cuboni. Beggiatoa alba, Vaucher. Syn., Beggiatoa
punctata, Trevisan. Beggiatoa leptoinitiformis, Men-
eghi. Oscillaria alba, Vaucher. Hygrocrocis vatidelli,
Meneghi. Next to Cladothrix the most common bac-
terium of water, forming a superficial layer in the mud
called baregine or glairine, q. v. Beggiatoa alba,
var. marina, Cohn. Syn., Beggiatoa ccrstedtii,
■ Rabenhorst. See Beggiatoa t/iai'ina, Cohn. Beggi-
atoa arachnoidae, Agardh. Syn., Oscillaria arach-
noidea, Agardh. Oscillaria versatilis, Kutz. Pound
in swamps and sulphur springs. Beggiatoa lepto-
mitiformis, Meneghi and Trevisan. Syn., Oscillaria
leptoinitiformis, Meneghi. Found in sulphur springs.
Beggiatoa marina, Cohn. Syn., Beggiatoa alba,
var. marina, Cohn. Beggiatoa cerstedii, Rabenhorst.
Found in a salt water aquarium, forming a whitish
slimy layer on dead fish. Beggiatoa minima,
Warming. Found in sea water ; gray. Beggiatoa
mirabilis, Cohn. Found in a salt water aquarium;
snow white. Beggiatoa multisepta. See Prag-
midiothrix multisepta, Engler. Held by Zopf to be
identical with Beggiatoa alba, Vaucher. Beggiatoa
nivea, Rabenhorst. Syn. , Leptoneuia tiiveum, Sym-
phiothrix nivea, Brugger. Found in sulphur springs.
Beggiatoa nodosa, Van Tieghem. A doubtful
form characterized by nodes in the filaments, which
differ from other members of the genus in the absence
of sulphur grains and of motion. Beggiatoa cersted-
tii, Rabenhorst. Ste:Beggiatoaalba,\aT. niarina, Cohn.
Beggiatoa pellucida, Cohn. Found in a marine
aquarium ; sulphur grains few. Beggiatoa punc-
tata, Trevisan. See Beggiatoa alia, Cohn. Beggia-
toa roseo-persicina, Zopf. Syn. , Bactei-ium rubes-
ce>!s, Lankester. Bacterium sulfuratum or Bacteriu?n
sulphuratuin. Warming. Clathrocystis roseo-persicina,
Cohn. Cohnia roseo-persicina. Winter, Kutzing.
Microhaloa rosea, Kutz. Opkidiomonas sanguinea ,
Ehrenberg. Plcurococcus roseo-persicina , Rabenhorst.
Peach-colored bacterium. Morphologically identical
with Beggiatoa alba, Vaucher. P'orms rose-colored
to violet pellicles on putrid matter. Produces bacte-
rio-purpurin. Beggiatoa tigrina, Rabenhorst. Syn.,
Oscillaria tigrina, Roemer. Found in swamps on
submerged wood. Forms a thin white layer. Bie-
nenfaulbrutbacillus. See Bacillus alvei, Cheshire
and Cheyne. Bienstock's Bacillus. Bienstock's
Bacillus aus Faeces. Bienstock's Putrefactive
Bacillus. Bienstock's Putrefactive Bacillus from
the Feces. See Bacillus putreficus coli, Bienstock.
Blutbacillus. Microbe of the blood. Blutpilz.
See Bacillus prodigiosus, Ehrenberg. Bodenbacillus.
Microbe of the soil. BoUingera equi, Saccardo.
See Alicrococcus botryogenes, Rabe. Brauner Kar-
toffelbacillus, Ger. See Bacillus mesenterictts fuscus,
Flugge. Brieger's Bacillus. Ste. Bacillus cavicidus,
Brieger. Brunnenfaden. See Crenotkrix kiihniana
Rabenhorst. Buff Bacillus of Spreading Edema,
A. B. Harris. nliqf., aer., chg. (buff), pleoiii.
Butterbacillus, Ger., Buttersaurebacillus, Butyl-
bacillus, Ger. See Bacillus btttyricus, Prazmowski.
Capsule Bacillus of Loeb. Obtained from a case
of keratomalacia infantum, aer., facanaer. , nliqf.,
nmot., pg. Resembles Bacillus capsulatus , Pfeiffer.
Capsule Bacillus of Ozena, Marano. Found in the
nasal secretions in ten cases of ozena. Resembles
Bacillus pneuinonitc friedldndcrii . Cf Micrococcus
la:wenbergii. Capsule Bacillus of Smith. See
Bacillus capsulatus smithii. Champignon du tube
digestif du lapin at autres herbivores, Remack.
See Saccharomyces guttulatus , Robin. Cheese Spiril-
lum. See Spirillum tyrogenum, Denecke. Chromo-
bacterium violaceum, Bergonzini. See Bacterium
violaceum, Bergonzini. Chromogene Bacterien,
Ger. Syn. , Bact^ries chromogenes, Fr. Batteria
chromogeni, It. Chromogenic bacteria. Chromo-
genic Micrococci. Chromogenous Micrococci.
Microcoque chromogene, Fr. Chromogenic micrococci.
Chromogenous Bacteria. Bacteries chromogenes,
Fr. Batteria cromogeni, Ital. Chromogenic bacteria.
Cladothrix bovis. See Actinomyces bovis, Harz.
Cladothrix canis. Held by Rabe to be very like
Actinomyces bovis. Cladothrix dichotoma, Cohn and
Zopf. See Leptothrix ochracea, Kutzing. JMyconostoc
gregarium, Cohn. Cladothrix fcersteri, Cohn. Syn. ,
Crenothri.x fmrsteri, Streptothrix fa^rsieri, Cohn.
Leptrothrix der Thranenrohrchen, Graefe, Ger.
Forms yellowish or grayish concretions in the human
lachrymal ducts. Cladothrix intricata, Russel.
Obtained from sea mud (bay of Naples), aer., liqf,
mot. Clathrocystis roseo-persicina, Cohn. See
Beggiatoa roseo-persicina, Zopf. Clostridium buty-
ricum, Prazmowski. See Bacillus btttyricus, Praz-
mowski. Clostridium foetidum, Liborius. See Ba-
cillus fcctidiis, Passet. Clostridium of Symptomatic
Anthrax (or Charbon), Neelsen and Ehlers. See
Bacillus chattvivi, Bollinger and P'eser. Clostridium
polymyxa, Prazmowski. See Bacillus polymyxa,
Prazmowski. Coccobacillus pyogenes ureae, Ror-
Abbreyiations. — af>-. = aerobic, anaf) . = anaerobic, c/z^. = chromogenic. yacaKOf-r. = facultative anaerobic, /z'^y. = liquefac-
tive. monom. = monomorphic. mot. = motile, nliqf. = non-liquefactive. mnot. = non-motile, npg. = non-pathogenic.
o4/. = obligate. oic/. = oscillating. = pathogenic. /Aoj. = phosphorescent. //<fo»z. = pleomorphic, ja/. = saprophytic.
BACTERIA
174
BACTERIA
sing. See Diplococi-ns pyogenes u?-eie, Rorsing. Cocco-
bacteria septica, Billroth. The single term under
which Billroth includes all putrefactive bacteria. See
Bacillus septic(Einiie hcemorrhagicce , Sternberg. Coc-
cobacteria ureae, Rorsing. See Diplococcus pyogenes
ureLe, Rorsing. Coccobacterium lyssse, Rivolta.
See Bacillus lyssw. Pasteur. Cohnia roseo-persi-
cina, Winter and Kiitzing. .See Beggiatoa roseo-
persicina, Zopf. Colon Bacillus of Escherich. See
Bacillus ncapolitanus. Comma Bacillus, Comma
bacillus of Koch, Comma-shaped Bacillus, Waten.
Bacillo en virgule, bacille virgule, Fr. Komina-
bacillus, Ger. Bacillo virgola, bacillo virgolato, Ital.
Bacillo vergula, bacillo virgulado, Sp. See SpiiiUuin
cholene asiatica:, Koch. Cornalian Corpuscles.
S.ee Microbe de la pebrine. Corpuscles brillants.
See Bacillus fcetidus, Passet. Corpuscles du ver
du soie. See Micrococcus ovatus. Coryza diplo-
cocci. See APicrococcus cereus aureus, .Schroter and
Winckler. Cremefarbiger Micrococcus, List, Ger.
See Micrococcus citreus. List. Crenothrix fcersteri,
Cohn. See Cladothrix fcersteri. Crenothrix kiih-
niana, Saccardo and Rabenhorst. Syn. , Creno-
thrix polyspora, Cohn. Hypceothrix kiihiiiana,
Leptothrix kiihniana, Brunnenfaden. Found in
drinking water, to which they impart a disagreeable
taste. Crenothrix polyspora, Cohn. .See Crenothrix
kiiJiniana, Saccardo and Rabenhorst. Cryptococcus
alveareus. 'see Bacillus alvei. Cheshire and Cheyne.
Cryptococcus clava, Wedl. Found in the stomachs
of ruminants. Cryptococcus cerevisiae, Robin.
Cryptococcus fermentatum, Kiitzing. See Sacchar-
omyccs cerevisiie, Reess and Roljin. Cryptococcus
glutinis, Fersen. 'Aee Saccliaroiiiyces glutinis. Cryp-
tococcus guttulatus, Robin. See Saccharomyces gut-
tulatus. Cryptococcus natans, cryptococcus nebu-
losus, Kiitzing. See Bacterium termo, Dujardin and
Davaine. Cryptococcus of Yellow Fever. See
C. xanthogenicus, Freire. Cryptococcus xantho-
genicus, Domingo-Freire. Considered by D. Freire
to be the cause of yellow fever. Cf. Bacillus of
yellow fever. Darmbacillen. Bacilli of the intes-
tine. Darmbacillen von Schottelius. .See Bac-
illus coprogenes fatiJus, Schottelius. Denecke's
Cheese Bacillus. See Spirillum tyrogenum.
Dengue Micrococci. See Scheutzia laughliiii.
Detionella ochracea, Saccardo. See Leptothrix
ochracea, Kutzing. Diplococcus albicans amplus,
Bumm ; Grayish white micrococcus. Found in
mucus from the healthy vagina, aer., facanaer., liqf.,
npg. Diplococcus albicans tardus, Unna and
Tommasoli. Found in eczema, aer., nliqf., nmot.
Diplococcus albicans tardissimus. Morphologi-
cally identical with the Gonococcus ; but more adher-
ent, forming small masses, aer., nliqf., npg. Dip-
lococcus citreus conglomeratus, Bumm. Obtained
from the air, in dust, and from gonorrheal pus. aer. ,
facanaer., liqf.,chg. (lemon-yellow) , Diplococ-
cus citreus liquefaciens, Unna and Tommasoli.
Found on the skin in cases of eczema seborrhceicum.
aer., liqf, >imot., chg. (lemon-yellow), npg. Diplo-
coccus coryzae, Klebs and Hajek. Obtained from
the nasal secretions in cases of acute nasal catarrh.
aer., nliqf, npg. Diplococcus der Pferdepneu-
monie. See Diplococcus of pneumonia in horses,
Schiitz. Diplococcus des Pemphigus acutus,
Demme. See Diplococcus of pemphigus acutus,
Demme. Diplococcus flavus liquefaciens tardus,
Unna and Tommasoli. Found on the skin in cases of
eczema seborrhoeicum. aer., facanaer., liqf, chg.
(chrome-yellow), npg. Diplococcus fluorescens
fcetidus, Klamann. Obtained from the posterior nares.
aer. , facanaer. , liqf, chg. (grass-green to violet), npg.
Diplococcus intercellularis meningitidis, Gold-
schmidt and Weichselbaum. Found within the cells
of the exudates in cerebro-spinal meningitis, aer. ,
nliqf. , p!^. Diplococcus jaune blanc. See APicrococ-
cus subjlavus, Bumm. Diplococcus lacteus favi-
formis, Bumm. Found frequently in the vaginal
secretions, aer. , nliqf ., npg. Diplococcus luteus,
Adametz. Found in water, aer. , liqf. , mot. , chg.
(yellow), npg. Diplococcus of Gonorrhea. See
Micrococcus gonorrha-u:, Neisser. Diplococcus of
Orchitis, Hugouneng and Eraud. Syn., Orchiococ-
cus. Frequently found in gonorrheal pus during the
first few days, aer., nliqf. , pg. The specific microbe
of blennorrhagic epididymitis. Diplococcus of
Ozena., Loewenberg. Found in the secretions in cases
of ozena. Diplococcus of Pemphigus, Diplococ-
cus of Pemphigus Acutus, Demme. Syn., Micro-
coccus of Demme. Diplococcus des Pemphigus acu-
tus, Ger. P'ound in the bullee of pemphigus, aer.,
nliqf. , pg. Resembles the Gonococcus. Diplococcus
of Pneumonia in Horses, Schiitz. Syn., Diplococ-
cus der Pferdepneumonie. Obtained from the lungs
of a horse affected with acute pneumonia. aer. ,
nliqf, pg. Diplococcus pneumoniae fibrinosae,
Friedlander. See Bacillus pyieumonie friedldnderi.
Diplococcus pneumoniae, Weichselbaum. See
Bacillus septicus sputigenus, I*"liigge. Diplococcus
pyogenes ureae, Rorsing. Syn. , Diplococcus urece,
Rorsing. Coccobacillus pyogenes tirece, Rorsing. Coc-
cobacterium urea, Rorsing. Found in purulent urine.
Cf. Diplococcus urea trifoliatus, Rorsing. APio-ococ-
cus pyogenes urea flavus, Rorsing. Diplococcus
roseus, Bumm. Found in the air. aer., facanaer.,
liqf., chg. (pink), npg. Diplococcus ureae, Rorsing.
See Diplococcus pyogenes iirea, Rorsing. Diplococ-
cus ureae trifoliatus, Rorsing. Found in purulent
urine. Cf. Diplococcus pyogenes urea, Rorsing.
Alicrococcus pyogenes urea Jlavus, Rorsing. Dispora
caucasica. Kern. See Bacillus caucasicus. Kern.
Drumstick Bacillus. See Bacillus putrificus coli,
Bienstock. Einheimischer Leuchtbacillus. See
Bacillus phosphorescens indigenus. Fisher. Eisbacil-
len. Bacilli of ice. Eiterbacillen, Eiterkokken,
Eitermikroben. Microbes of pus. Eiterketten-
kokkus. See Micrococcus pyogenes, Rosenbach.
Emmerich's Bacillus, Emmerich's Neapler
Bacillus. See Bacillus ncapolitanus. Endosporous
bacteria. Syn. , Bacteries endospores , Fr. Endosporen-
Bacterien, Ger. Bacteria that produce by endogen-
ous spore formation. Epsilon Bacillus, Miller.
See Spirillum finkleri. Erdbacillus. See Bacillus
myocoides, Fliigge. Erdebacillen, Erdebacterien.
Microbes of the soil. Erythrocjpnus litoralis,
CErstedt. See Sarcina litoralis, CErstedt. Essig-
ferment, Essigpilz. See Bacillus aceti, Kiitzing.
Faecesbacillen, Ger. Bacilli of the feces. Faul-
nisbacillen, Ger. See Bacillus saprogenes, I, II,
III, Rosengarten. Faulnisbacterium, Ger. See
I-iacterium termo. Dujardin and Davaine. Faul-
nisbacterien. Bacteria of putrefaction. Feet-sweat
Bacillus. See Bacillus faiidus. Bacillus sapro-
genes, II, and Bacterium graveolens. Ferment de
la fermentation butyrique, Fr. See Bacillus buty-
ricus, Prazmowski. Fettbacillus, Cler. See Bacillus
btttyricus Prazmowski. Finkler- Prior's Bacillus.
Abbreviations. — ai^r. = aerobic. aKaf>-. = anaerobic, t/?^. = chromogenic. yacawa^r. = facultative anaerobic, /zyy. = liquefac-
ttve. OTOKOW. = monomorphic. tho^. = motile. = non-liquefactive. moto^. = non-motile. = non-pathogenic.
tiW. = obligate, ojc/. = oscillating. = pathogenic. = phosphorescent, //cow. = pleomorphic. ju/>. = saprophytic.
BACTERIA
175
BACTERIA
See Spirillum Finkler- Prior. Fiore del vino e della
birra, Ital. See Saccharomyces iiiyroderma, Reess.
Fitz'scher Aethylbacillus.Ger. See Bacillus subtilis,
Ehrenberg, etc. Flesh-colored Bacillus, Tils.
Found in water. ae>-. , liqf. mot. , chg. (pink) , npg.
Flowers of Wine. See Saccharomyces mycoderma.,
Reess. Fluorescent bacilli. Bacilles fluorescents,
Fr. Fluorescirende Bacillen, Ger. See Bacillus
Jluorescens putidus, Bacillus erythrosporus , Bacillus
Jluorescens liquefaciens, etc. Fraenkel's Pneumo-
bacillus, Fraenkel'scher Diplococcus, Fraenkel-
Weichselbaum'scher Pneumococcus, Fraenkel'-
scher Pneumonic - Diplococcus. See Bacillus
septicus sputigenus, Flugge. Frog-spawn Bacte-
rium of Sugar Factories, Frog-spawn fungus,
Froschlaich, Froschlaichpilz, Ger. See Leuconostoc
mesenteroides. Gaffkya tetragenes, Saccardo. See
Mic7-ococcus tetragemis, Gaffky. Gahrungerregende
Bacillen, Ger. Zymogenic bacilli. Gasbildende
Bacillen aus dem Magen, Ger. See Bacillus lactis
aerogenes, Escherich. Gasbildende Bacillen aus
Wasser, Ger. Bacilli of water. Gas Forming Ba-
cillus. Bacillus gasoformaiiSjYAitnbexg. Gelber
Bacillus. See Bacillus luieus, Flugge. Gelber
Traubencoccus. See Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus,
Ogston. Ginger Beer Plant, Marshall Ward. Forms
jelly-like, semi-transparent, yellowish-white, brain-like
masses at the bottom of the fermentation ; resembles
Caucasian kephir grains ; it is a symbiotic association
of Saccharomyces pyriforinis, and of Bacterium vermi-
forme. Glacier Bacillus, Gletscherbacillus. See
Bacillus Jluorescens nivalis, Schmolck. Glatthaut-
bildender Kartoffelbacillus, Ger. See Bacillus
leiodermos, Loffler. Gliococcus, a micrococcus with
a slimy capsule. Glycerinathylbacillus, Glycer-
inaethylbacterium. Bacillus subtilis, Ehrenberg,
Cohn, etc. Golden Staphylococcus. See Staphy-
lococcus pyogenes aureus, Ogston, Beeker. Gomme
de sucrerie. See Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Cien-
kowski. Gonococcus, Gonococque, Gonorrhoecoc-
cus. Syn. , Trippercoccus. 'ie.e. Micrococcus gonorrhcece
Neisser. Grains de kephyr. See Bacillus caucus-'
icus. Kern. Gray-white micrococcus, Bumm.
See Diplococcus albicans amplus, Bumm. Griingel-
ber Bacillus aus Wasser, Ger. Greenish-yellow ba-
cillus of water. Gummibacillus, Ger. See, B. lio-
dermos, hoffiei. Haematococcus bovis. Babes. Syn.,
Microbe de I'hemoglobinurie du boeuf. Zimmermann.
Obtained from the blood and viscera of cattle dead
of an epidemic, infectious disease characterized by
hemoglolainuria (in Roumania). aer. , facanaer.,
nliqf., pg. Harnmicrococcus. See Micrococcus
urece, Cohn. Harnsarcine, Hartze. See Sarcina
of urine. Harnstoffmicrococcus. See Micrococcus
urece, Cohn. Hauser's Faulnisbacillen. See
Proteus vulgaris, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus zenkerii.
Hay bacillus, Bacille du foin, Fr. Heubacillus.
Ger. Bacillus del fieno, Ital. See Bacillus subtilis,
Ehrenberg. Helicobacterium aerogenes. Miller.
See Bacillus aerogenes. III, Miller. Helicobac-
terium klebsii, Escherich. Found in the intestine
of guinea pigs, pleom. Helicomonas, Klebs. Syph-
ilis fungus. Cf. Bacillus syphilidis, Lustgarten.
Heubacillus. See Bacillus subtilis, Ehrenberg.
Heubacillusahnlicher Bacillus, Ger. See Bacillus
subtilis simulans, Bienstock. Heupilz, See Bacillus
subtilis, Ehrenberg. Hirse des Propheten. See
Bacillus caucasicus. Kern. Hormiscium cerevisiae,
Bonard. Hormiscium vini. Hormiscium vini
et cerevisiae, Bonard. See Saccharomyces myco-
derma. Hostienblut. See Bacillus prodigiosus,
Ehrenberg. Hiihnercholerabacillus. Hiihner-
micrococcus. Bacillus of chicken cholera. See Ba-
cillus septiccxmice hetnorrhagicce , Sternberg. Huep-
pe's Bacillus of Butyric Acid Fermentation
— Hueppe's Buttersaurebacillus. See Bacillus
butyricus, Hueppe. Hundswutbacillus. See Ba-
cillus lysscB, Pasteur. Hygrocrocis vandelli, Men-
eghi. See Beggiatoa alba, Trevisan. Hypaeothrix
kuehniana. See Crenothrix kilhniana. Indi-
scher Leuchtbacillus. See Bacillus phosphoresceiis
indicus, Fischer. Influenzabacillus. See Bacillus
of Influenza, Pfeiffer. lodococcus vaginatus.
Miller. Found in unclean mouths; gives peculiar
reaction with iodin, the sheath being stained yellow,
the cocci dark blue. Jequeritypilz. See Bacillus
of jequirity ophthalmia. Kartoffelbacillus. Potato
bacillus, applied to Bacillus mesenterictis fuscus,
Flugge ; Bacillus 77iesentericus ruber, Globig ; and
Bacillus mesentericus vulgatus, Flugge. Kasespiril-
lum. See Spirillum tyrogenum, Deneke. Kefir-
bacillus. Kefirferment. See Bacillus caucasicus ,
Kern. Keuchhustenpilz, Burger. See Bacillus tussis
convulsivce, Afanassiew. Knauelbildender Bacillus,
Ger. See Bacillus zopfii. Koch's Bacillus, Koch'-
scher Bacillus. Kommabacillus der Cholera
asiaticse. Koch's Comma Bacillus, Kommaba-
cillus. See Spirillum cholera: asiatiae, Koch. Kot-
bacillen. Syn., Bacilles des selles, Fr. Bacilli
of the feces. Krankheiterregende Bacillen (or
Bacterien). Pathogenic bacilli. Lanceolate Coc-
cus, Lancet-shaped Micrococcus, Talamon. See
Bacillus septicus sputigenus, Flugge. Leprabacil-
lus. See Bacillus leprcE, Hansen. Leptonema
niveum. See Beggiatoa nivea, Rabenhorst. Lepto-
thrix buccalis, Robin. Pilz der Zahncaries, Ger.
Syn. Leptothrix gigantea ,y^\W&c . Leptothrix pulmo7i-
alis, Kas77iussenia buccalis, Saccardo. Found in the
mouth of man and animals. Falsely considered the
cause of dental caries. Leptothrix buccalis of
Vignal. See Bacillus buccalis (a), Vignal. Lepto-
thrix epidermidis. Syn. , Bacillus epider/ziidis, Biz-
zozero. Microsporo7i 77ii7iutissii/ni77i, Burchart. Found
on the epidermis between the toes, and held by Biz-
zozero to be non-pathogenic, but by Boeck as the cause
of erythrasma. Leptothrix der Thranenrohrchen.
See Cladothrix fcersteri, Cohn. Leptothrix gi-
gantea. Miller. Found on the teeth of dogs, sheep,
cattle and other animals affected with Pyorrha-a
alveolaris. Some consider it identical with Leptoth7-ix
buccalis, Robin. Leptothrix hyalina, Reinsch.
Found on marine algee. Leptothrix innominata,
Miller. See, Leptothrix buccalis, Robin. Lepto-
thrix kvihniana. See Cre7iothrix kiVuiiana Sac-
cardo. Leptothrix lacrimalis. Syn. Leptothrix
der Thranenrohrchen. See Cladothrix fcerstez-i, Cohn.
Leptothrix lanugo, Kiitzing. Found on marine
algse near Heligoland. Leptothrix maxima buc-
calis, Miller. See Bacillus buccalis 7naxi77ius, Miller.
Leptothrix muralis, Kiitzing. See Leptothrix para-
sitica. Leptothrix natans. See Sphcerotilus tiatans,
Saccardo. Leptothrix ochracea, Kiitzing. Syn.
Detio7iella ochracea, Saccardo. Cladothrix dichoto/na,
Zopf. According to Zopf, this represents filaments of
Cladothrix stained with oxid of iron. Leptothrix
of Puerperal Fever, Leptothrix puerperalis, Fettz.
See Bacillus puerperalis, Engel and Spillman.
Leptothrix parasitica, Kiitzing. Parasitic on fresh
Abbreviations. — ofV. = aerobic. OKa^V. = anaerobic. cA^. = chromogenic. yacawafn = facultative anaerobic, /z'^y^ = liquefac-
tive. OTowom. = monomorphic. wo^. = motile, k/z?/^ = non-liquefactive. k»/o/. = non-motile. = non-patiiop:enic.
oW. = obligate, oic/. = oscillating. = pathogenic, //ioi. = phosphorescent. />/^ow. = pleomorphic. = saprophytic.
BACTERIA
176
BACTERIA
water alga;. This and Lcptot/i?-ix tiiuralis are genetically
connected with Drilosiphon julianus^ Kutzing, the
ordinary hormogones of which produce filaments
known as Nostoc pavietinii7)t, Rabenhorst ; the cells of
these Nostoc filaments eventually separate and
produce slender filaments constituting Leptothrix
parasiiiia and innralis, Kutzing (Bennet and Murray).
Leptothrix pulmonalis. See Leptothrix biiccahs,
Robin. Leptothrix pusilla, Rabenhorst. Found
on fresh water algx", also in the mouth, Klebs.
Leptothrix symplacoides, Dickie. Found on
marine algae. Leptothrix vaginalis. Found in the
vagina of animals and women. Leptothrix varia-
bilis, Saccardo. Found in saliva of healthy persons.
Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Van Tieghem. Syn. ,
Ascocoitiis />icsi'iitiToiitt's, Cienkowski. Gomme de
Sucrerie, Fr. Froschlaich, Froschlaichpilz, Pilz der
Dextrangahrung, Ger. Frog spawn bacterium of
sugar factories, Frog spawn fungus. A source of
great loss to the manufacturers of beet sugar, fre-
quently and rapidly converting large quantities of the
beet juice into a mucilagino-gelatinous mass. Libor-
ius's Bacillus of Butyric Acid Fermentation,
Liborius. Buttersaurebildender Bacillus, Ger. See
Bacillus biityficus, Prazmowski. Lissophyton sus-
pectum, Hallier. 'Stt Bacillus Ivssa ,Y'a.i,te.v.r. Lues-
bacillus. See Bacillus syphilides, Lustgarten. Luft-
bacillen. Syn., Bacilli of the air. Bacilles de I'air.
Luftbacterien. Bacteriaof the air. Lungenseuche-
micrococcus. See Micrococcus of bovine pneumonia,
Poels and Nolen. Lupusbacillen. Bacilli of lupus,
identical with Bacillus tuberculosis, Koch. Mause-
septikamieahnlicher Bacillus, Eisenberg. See Ba-
cillus coprogcnes parvus. Melunella flexuosa, Borg.
See Spirillum rugula, Muller. Merismopedia chon-
droidea. With, Merismopedia glauca. See Sar-
cina renis, Hepworth. Merismopedia goodsirii.
See Sarcina veutriculi, Goodsir. Merismopedia
hyalina, Kiitzing. Sarcina hyaliiia, Kutzing. Mer-
ismopedia litoralis, Rabenhorst. .See Sarcina
litoralis, (Erstedt. Merismopedia reitenbachii, Cas-
pary. See Sarcina reitenbachii, Caspary. Meris-
mopedia urinae, Rabenhorst. See Sarcina urince,
Welcker. Merismopedia ventriculi, Husem. See
Sarcina ventriculi, Goodsir. Merismopedia viola-
cea, Kutzing. See Sarcina violacea, Kutzing.
Meerschweinchenbacillus, Ger. See Bacillus cavi-
ciiliis, Brieger. Metallacter anthracis, Trevisan.
See Bacillus anthracis, Pollender and Davaine.
Metallacter tremulus, Trevisan. See Bacillus
tremulus, Koch. Metallacter ulna, Trevisan. See
Bacillus ulna, Cohn. Micoderma cerevisiae, Trecul.
See Saccharomyces mycodcrma, Reess. Microbe de
I'hemoglobinurie du boeuf, Zimmerman. See Ha:ma-
tococcus bovis,Babes. Microbe de I'araignee. See yl//-
croccocus mastobius, Nocard and Mollereau. Microbe
de la bouton d'Alep, Microbe de la bouton de
Nil, Microbe de la bouton d' Orient, Microbe de
la clou de Biskra, Microbe de la clou de Gafsa
(Poncet). See Micrococcus of Heydenreich. Microbe
de la clavelee. See Bacterium of Sheep-pox.
Microbe de la dysenterie epidemique, Chantemesse
andWidal. 'iee Bacillus Jysentericc,C&.y^ . Microbe
de la fievre jaune, Freire, Rebougeon and Carmonay
Valle. Syn. , Micrococcus ( Cryptococcus) xatzthogerzicus
Freire, Micrococcus of Freire. Obtained from the
blood of yellow fever patients ; attenuated by heat,
and used by permission of the Emperor of Brazil (Nov. ,
1882) to inoculate several hundred persons. The
organism described Carmona y Valle, appears to be
a fungus not related to the bacteria. Cf. Bacillus
of yellow fever. Babes. Microbe de la fievre
typhoide, Tayon. See Bacillus typhi abdotiiinalis,
Eberth. Microbe de la flacherie. Microbe de la
maladie des morts-plats. See Micrococcus boiiiby-
cis, Cohn. Microbe de Themoglobinurie du boeuf,
Zimmermann. See Hamatococcus bovis. Microbe de
la pebrine. Syn. , Bacterium ovatuin, Lebert ; Bacillus
pasteurianus, Hansen ; Micrococcus ovatus ; Micrococ-
cus pasteuriamis ; Nosetna bomhycis, Nageli ; Pan-
hystophyton ovatum ; Lebert ; Micrococcus of pebrine ;
Cornelian corpuscles ; Cornelian bodies ; Micrococcus
der Fleckenkrankheit, Ger.; Corpuscles du ver a sole,
Fr. The specific microbe of a disease of silkworms
known for hundreds of years, called pebritie, gattine,
petechia, maladie des corpuscles, and spotted disease. It
was particularly destructive between 1850 and 1875.
According to the investigations of Cornalia, Leydig,
Balbiani, Pasteur, and Metschnikofif, these bodies
belong to the Psorospermiii: and are not bacteria at all.
Microbe del mal nero, Ital. See Bacterium guiii-
mis, Comes ; or Bacterium piitredinis, Davaine.
Microbe des gasigen Gangrans, Ger. See Bacillus
cedenuitis tnaligni, Koch. Microbe des pus blen-
norrhagique, Weiss, Fr. See Micj-ococcus gonor-
rha-ic, Neisser. Microbe der Schweinspocken, Ger.
See Bacillus ex pneumo-e?tteritide suis, Klein. Microbe
di morbillo, Lanzi, Ital. Microbe du cholera des
poules, Fr. , Pasteur. See Bacillus septicamiic hccmor-
rhagicce, Sternberg. Microbe du lait bleu, Fr. See
Bacillus cyanogenus, Fuchs. Microbe du pus bleu,
Fr. See Bacillus pyocyaneus, Gessard. Microbe of
Friedlander. See Bacillus pneumonia friedldnderii.
Microbe of Pasteur. Microbe septicemique du
salive, FV. See Bacillus sputigenus septiciis, Flugge.
Micrococci della rabbia, Ital. See Micrococcus
Ivssie, and Bacillus lysscr, Pasteur. Micrococco dell
afta epizootica, Ital. .See Streptocytus of eczema
epizootica, Schottelius. Micrococcus aceti. See
Bacillus aceti, Kutzing. Micrococcus acidi lactici,
Marpman. Found in milk ; resembles in its action
Bacillus acidi lactici, Hueppe. aer., nliqf.,nmot.,
npg. Cf. Sphtrrococcus acidi lactici, Marpman. Mic-
rococcus acidi lactici liquefaciens, Kriiger. F'ound
in butter and cheese. aer., facanaer., liqf., nniot.
Micrococcus aerogenes, Miller. Found in the intes-
tinal tract of man. aer. , liqf ., iimot., npg. Micro-
coccus agilis, Ali-Cohen. Found in drinking water.
aer. , liqf. , mot. , npg. A motile coccus, provided with
a flagellum ; described by Menge. Micrococcus
agilis citreus, Menge. Micrococcus (Diplococcus)
albicans amplus, Bumm. Syn. , Neisseria albicans.
Frequently found in the vaginal secretions, aer. , liqf. ,
npg. Micrococcus (diplococcus) albicans tardus,
Unna and Tommasoli. Found in eczema, aer., nliq/. ,
nmot. Micrococcus albicans tardissimus, Eisen-
berg, Burnm. Found in the vaginal secretions of
puerperal women. aer., facanaer., nliqf., npg.
Micrococcus liquefaciens, Von Besser. Found in
the nasal secretions of healthy persons, aer. , facanaer. ,
liqf, npg. Micrococcus albus urinae. See A/icro-
coccus urinalbus. Micrococcus amylovorus, Bur-
rill and Arthur. Syn., Micrococcus of apple blight.
Bacterium of pear blight. Produces fermentation in
saccharine fluids. acr., nliqf., mot., pg. (for apple
and pear trees). Cf. Bacillus, butyricus, Prazmowski.
Micrococcus aquatilis, Bolton. Found frequently
in water, acr. , nliqf., npg. Micrococcus aquatilis
Abbreviations. — a^r. = aerobic, awaf;'. = anaerobic. = chromogenic. /acawnf?-. = facultative anaerobic, //^y. = liquefac-
tive. woHOW. = monomorphic. = motile, h/;?/. = non-liquefactive. wwo/. = non-motile, w^^?-. = non-pathogenic,
o*/. = obligate, ojc/. = oscillating. />g-. = pathogenic. = phosphorescent. //fo»;. = pleomorphic. = saprophytic.
BACTERIA
177
BACTERIA
invisibilis, Vaughan. Found in water, ner., nliijf.,
npg. Micrococcus arei celsii, Buchner and Sehlen.
Syn., Bacterium decalvans. Thin. Found on the
diseased hairs in Alopecia areata. Cf. Bacillus of
alopecia areata, KasauH, and Micrococcus of alopecia
«m;/(z, Robinson. Micrococcus ascoformansjohne.
See Micrococcus botryoi;enus, Rabe. Micrococcus
aurantiacus, Cohn. Syn., Pediococcus auraiitiacus.
Found in water, aer., nliqf. , chg. (orange-yellow),
npg. Micrococcus bei hepatitis enzootica porcel-
lorum. See Micrococcus porcellorum. Micrococcus
biskrse. See Micrococcus of Heydenreich. Micro-
coccus blennorrhceus. See Micrococcus gonor-
rkcece, Neisser. Micrococcus bombycis,' Cohn,
Bechamp. Syn., Streptococcus bombycis, Bechamp.
Micrococcus de la maladie des morts plat, Fr. Microbe
de la flacherie, Fr. Micrococcus der Schlafsucht der
Seidenraupen, Ger. Found in the intestinal tract of
silkworms and other Lepidoptera dead of the epidemic
disease known in France as la flacherie ; etiologic
relation demonstrated by Pasteur. Micrococcus
botryogenes, Bollinger, Rabe. Syn., Bollingera
equi, Saccardo ; Ascococcus johnei, Cohn ; Micrococcus
ascoforinans, Johne ; Micrococcus of myko-desmoids
of the horse. Found in colonies in the connective
tissue of horses affected with "myko-desmoids." aer.,
liqftpg. Micrococcus candicans, Fliigge. Found
abundantly in air and water. aer., nliqf., npg.
Micrococcus candidus, Cohn. Found in water.
aer., nliqf., npg. Micrococcus capillorum. Found
on the scalp and said to alter the color of the hair.
aer., dig. (reddish-yellow). Micrococcus carneus,
Zimmermann. Found in water, aer., tiliqf., chg.
(red to violet), npg. Micrococcus cerasinus siccus,
List, aer., tiliqf., chg. (cherry red), npg. Micro-
coccus cereus albus, Passet. Syn., Staphylococcus
cereus albus, Passet. Found in the pus of acute
abscesses, and by Tils, in hydrant water (Freiburg), aer. ,
nliqf, npg. Micrococcus cereus aureus, Schroter
and Winkler. Syn., Staphylococcus cereus aureus, S.
and W. Found in the thin secretions of coryza. aer. ,
nliqf, chg. (orange-red), Micrococcus cereus
flavus, Passet. Syn., Staphylococcus cereus flavus,
Passet. Staphylococcus passetii. Found in an acute
abscess. aer., nliqf, chg. (lemon-yellow), npg.
Micrococcus chlorinus. Occurs in zooglcea masses.
aer., dig. (greenish-yellow), npg. Micrococcus
cholerse gallinarum, Pasteur. See Bacillus septi-
ccemite hamorrhagiccE, Sternberg. Micrococcus cin-
nabareus, Fliigge. Syn., Streptococcus cinnahareus,
Fliigge. Found in air and water, aer., nliqf., chg.
(reddish-brown), npg. Micrococcus citreus. List.
Syn., Staphylococcus citreus. List. Micrococcus couleur
cr^me, Fr. Cremefarbiger Micrococcus, Ger. Found
in water, also by Lannelongue and Achard in the seat
of an old osteomyelitis, aer., nliqf., chg. (pale-
yellow), npg. Micrococcus citreus conglomeratus,
Bumm. See Diplococcus citreus conglomeratus, Bumm ;
Micrococcus concentricus, Zimmermann. F'ound
in water. aer., nliqf., sap., npg. Micrococcus
conglomeratus, Weichselbaum. Syn., Neissera coii-
glomerata, W. Micrococcus coronatus, Flugge.
Syn. , Streptococcus coronatus, Fliigge. Found in
the air. aer., liqf, npg. Micrococcus couleur
creme, List. See Micrococcus citreus. List. Micro-
coccus cremoides, Zimmermann. P'ound in water.
aer., liqf., chg. (yellowish-white), npg. Micro-
coccus crepusculum, Cohn. See Bacillus termo,
Ehrenberg and Dujardin. Micrococcus cumulatus
tenuis, Von Besser. Found in abundance in the nasal
mucus of man. aer., facanaer., nliqf., npg. Micro-
coccus cyaneus, Schroter. Obtained from the air, on
boiled potatoes, aer., dig. (cobalt blue, altered to car-
mine by acids, restored by alkalies). Micrococcus de-
calvans, Schroter. Syn. , Bacterium decalvans, Saccar-
do. Cf Bacillus of Alopecia areata, Kasauli, Micrococcus
arei celsii, Buchner and Sehlen ; Micrococcus of Alo-
pecia areata, Robinson. Micrococcus de la mam-
mite gangreneuse de la brebis, Micrococcus de
la mammite contagieuse de la vache, Fr. See
Micrococcus mastobius , Nocard and Mollereau. Micro-
coccus de la necrose progressive du tissue con-
nective de la souris, Fr. See Micrococcus of pro-
gressive tissue necrosis of mice, Koch. Micrococcus
de la pyemie du lapin, Fr. See Micrococcus of
pyemia in rabbits, Koch. Micrococcus de le rage,
Fr. "A^^ Micrococcus lyssce Micrococcus de
la septicemie consecutive du charbon, Charrin.
Found in the blood and tissues of a rabbit inoculated
with blood from another rabbit dead of anthrax, aer.,
mot. ,pg. Micrococcus de la septicemie du lapin, Fr.
See Micrococcusof septicemia of rabbits, Koch. Micro-
coccus de la suppuration progfessive du lapin,
Fr. See Micrococcus of progressive abscess-forma-
tion in rabbits. Micrococcus der Mastitis der Kiihe,
Ger. See Micrococcus mastohius, Nocard and Moller-
eau. Micrococcus der Maul- und Klauen-
seuche. See Streptocytus of eczema epizootica, Schot-
telius. Micrococcus des mort plats, Fr. See
Micrococcus bombycis, Cohn. Micrococcus der Osteo-
myelitis, Becker. See Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus,
Ogston, Becker. Micrococcus der Fleckenkrank-
heit, Ger. See Microbe de la pebrine, Pasteur.
Micrococcus des Pende'schen Geschwiirs. See
Micrococcus of Heydenreich. Micrococcus desi-
dens, Fliigge. See Micrococcus flavus desidens,
Fliigge. Micrococcus des roten Schweisses.
See Micrococcus hmmatodes. Babes. Micrococcus
diffluens, Schroter. Found in the air, dust, and
in excrement; common. aer., nliqf., chg. (yellow,
with a greenish fluorescence; not modified by acids).
Resembles Bacillus fluorescens putidus, Fliigge.
Micrococcus diphtheriticus, Oertel, Cohn, LofHer.
Syn., Streptococcus articulorum, Loffler. Micrococcus
en chaines, Fr. Kettenbildender Bacillus, Ger.,
Loffler. Found in the false membranes, and in the
tissues of diphtheria patients ; Cornil identifies this
with Micrococcus pyogenes, Rosenbach. aer., nliqf. ,pg.
Micrococcus doyenii. See Micrococcus urince albus
olearius. Doyen. Micrococcus en chaines, Loffler.
See Micrococcus diphtheriticus, Oertel, Cohn. Micro-
coccus endocarditicus. Syn., Streptococcus endocardi-
ticus. Micrococcus endocarditidis rugatus, Weich-
selbaum. Found in a case of ulcerative endocarditis.
aer., nliqf, pg. Micrococcus erysipelatis. Micro-
coccus erysipelatos, Micrococcus erysipelatosus,
Fehleisen. See Micrococcus pyogenes, Rosenbach.
Micrococcus fermenti. See Micrococcus I'iniperda.
Micrococcus fervidosus, Adametz. Found in
water, aer ., nliqf . ,ngp . Micrococcusfickii. Found
in healthy and diseased eyes. Micrococcus finlay-
ensis, Sternberg. Obtained from the viscera of a
yellovif-fever cadaver, aer., liqf., chg. (pale-yellow),
npg. Micrococcus flavus. See Micrococcus flavus
liquefaciens , Flugge. Micrococcus flavus desidens,
Fliigge. Found in air and water, aer., liqf., chg.
(yellowish-brown) , npg. Micrococcus flavus lique-
faciens, Fliigge. Syn., Micrococcus flavus, Micrococ-
Abbreyiations.— a^r. = aerobic, ajznfy. = anaerobic. cAjf. = chromogenic. /"ncaHo^r. = facultative anaerobic, /j'l;,/". = liqiiefac-
tive. ?«0K07K. = monomorphic, wo^. = motile. = tion-liquefactive. = non-motile, k/^. = non-pathogenic.
o*/.=obligate. ojc/. = oscillating, /.g-. = pathogenic. ^Aoi. = phosphorescent. = pleomorphic, ia/. = saprophytic.
12
BACTERIA ]
^7/^ liquefciciens. Found in air and water, aer. , liqf. (
chg. (yellow), npg. Micrococcus flavus tardi-
gradus, Pliigge. Syn. , Aliirococciis tardigradus.
Found in the air and water, a 'cr. , nliqf. , c/ig. (dark
olive-green), npg. Micrococcus foetidus, Klamann,
Rosenbach. Found in the posterior nares of man.
aer. , liqf )ipg. Micrococcus fervidosus, Adametz.
Found in water, a'cr., nliqf., npg. Micrococcus
freudenreichii, Guillebeau. One of the two forms
found by Guillebeau to produce ropiness in milk, air.,
liqf., npg. Cf. Bacterium Jiessii, Guillebeau. Micro-
coccus friedlanderii. See Bacillus pneumonite
friedldnderii. Micrococcus fulvus, Cohn. Syn.,
Staphylococcus ful-jus. Found in horse and rabbit
dung, aer., nmot., nliqf ., chg. (rose), npg. Micro-
coccus fuscus, Maschek. Found in water, aer.,
nmot., liqf, chg. (sepia-brown), npg. Micrococcus
gallicidus. See Bacillus septiciemiie lucinorrhagicce,
Sternberg. Micrococcus gelatinosus. Found in
milk, which it causes to coagulate at about 22° C.
Micrococcus gingivae pyogenes. Miller. Found in
the mouth of a man affected with alveolar abscess.
aer., facana'ir., nliqf, pg. Micrococcus gon-
orrhoeae, NeisseV. Micrococcus blennorrlia'us, Neissera
gonorrhccce. Micrococcus gonococcus. Microbe du pus
blennorrhagique, Weiss, Fr. Trippercoccus, Gonor-
rhoecoccus, Ger. Found in gonorrheal pus. aer. No
growth on gelatin ; an obligate parasite, pg. Micro-
coccus griseus. Winter. See Bacterium griseum.
Warming. Micrococcus haematodes, Babes. Syn.,
Micrococcus of red sweat. Micrococque de la sueur
rouge, Fr. Micrococcus des roten Schweisses, Ger.
Found in foul sweat from the axilla, aer., chg. (red),
npg. Micrococcus havaniensis, Sternberg. Syn.,
Bacillus havaniensis , Sternberg. Obtained by Stern-
berg in his investigation of yellow fever, aer. , nliqf. ,
chg. (blood-red). Only found in the presence of free
oxygen. Micrococcus imetrophus, Trevisan. .See
Bacilhis prodigiosus, Ehrenberg. Micrococcus
indicus, Koch. See Bacillus indicus, Koch. Mi-
crococcus influenzae, Letzerich. Syn., Streptococ-
cus seiferti. Micrococcus of influenza, Seifert. See
Bacillus of influenza, Pfeiffer. Micrococcus insec-
torum, Burrill, Streptococcus insectorum. Found in
the cecal appendages or pancreatic organs in the Chinch
bug (Blisstis leucnpterus , Say) and the higher Hemip-
tera. Especially recommended as a remedy for the
Chinch bug and for Halticus minutus, so damaging to
the peanut. Micrococcus intercellularis meningi-
tidis, Neumann and .Schaffer. Syn. , Micrococcus
jueningitidis , Neumann. Neisseria IVeichselbaumii.
Found in the tissues of the brain and spinal cord in
cases of cerebro-spinal meningitis. Micrococcus
lacteus faviformis, Bumm. ':~:yn. , Neisser-ia lactea.
Frequently found in normal vaginal mucus, acr.,
nliqf, uftg. Micrococcus lactis viscosus. Conn.
Syn., Micrococcus of bitter milk. Conn. The cause
of the bitter taste of milk and cream, aer., liqf,
n?not. , npg. Micrococcus liquefaciens. See
Micrococcus flavus liquefaciens, Fliigge. Micrococcus
loewenbergii. Syn., Micrococcus of ozena, Micro-
cocque de I'ozene, Fr. Found in the secretions, in
cases of ozena, aer. , liqf. , pg. Micrococcus luteus,
Cohn. Found in water, the superficial soil, dust of
bed-rooms, moist foods, etc. acr., nliqf, chg. (yel-
low), npg. Micrococcus lyssae, Neisser. Syn.,
Neisseria lyssce. Micrococcus of hydrophobia. Micro-
coccus of rabies, Pol. Micrococcus de la rage, Fr.
Found in the spinal cord of rabid animals. Cornil
178 BACTERIA
and Babes throw doubt on the culture experiments of
Fol. Micrococcus major, Doyen. .See Micrococcus
urincB major, Uoyen. Micrococcus manfredii.
Syn., Streptococcus nuinfredii. Micrococcus of pro-
gressive granuloma formation. Found in the sputum
of two cases of pneumonia following measles; aer.,
nliqf. ,pg. Micrococcus mastobius, Nocard, Mol-
lereau and Kitt. Syn. , Streptococcus nocardi. Micro-
coccus of bovine mastitis, Kitt. Micrococcus of
mastitis in cows. Streptococcus of mastitis in cows.
Micrococcus of contagious mammitis. Micrococcus
of gangrenous mastitis in sheep, Nocard. Microbe
de la mal de pis. Microbe de I'araign^e, Micrococcus
de la mammite contagieuse de la vache, Nocard and
MoUereau, Yx. Micrococcus der Mastitis der Kiihe,
Ger. Obtained from the milk of cows and sheep
affected with mastitis, aer. , facanaer. The form found
in cattle is said to be non-liquefactive ; that of sheep
liquefies both gelatin and blood serum. Sternberg re-
cognizes three distinct forms producing mastitis.
Micrococcus meningitidis, Neumann. See Mici-o-
coccus intercellularis meningitidis, Neumann and
Schaffer. Micrococcus meningitidis purulentae,
Heydenreich. Micrococcus morbillosus. Syn.,
Streptococcus morbillosus. Micrococcus nasalis,
Hack. Found in the cavum pharyngonasale. aer.,
7not. , nliqf. , npg. Micrococcus nitrificans, Van
Tieghem. Syn. , Micrococque de la fermentation
de I'ammoniaque. • Found in water, aer. , npg. Mi-
crococcus, II, of Fischel. Found in the blood
of two cases of influenza, aer. , facanaer. , liqf. ,
pg. Micrococcus oblongus. See Bacterium ob-
longum, Boutroux. Micrococcus ochroleucus.
Prove and Legrain. Syn. , Streptococcus ochroleucus.
Found in urine, aer., nliqf., chg. (sulphur yellow),
npg. Micrococcus of Acute Infectious Osteo-
myelitis. See Micrococcus pyogenes aureus, Rosen-
bach. Micrococcus of Alopecia areata, Von
Sehlen, Robinson, Vaillard and Vincent. Found
on the hairs from the diseased patches, aer., liqf,
pg. Cf. Bacillus of Alopecia areata, and Micrococcus
decalvans. Schroter. Micrococcus of Ammoniacal
Urine. See Micrococcus urea, Cohn, and Micrococ-
cus iireiF liqitefaciois, Fliigge. Micrococcus of
Apple Blight. See Bacillus butyricus, Botkin, Praz-
mowski, etc. Micrococcus of Beri-beri, Lacerda.
See Bacillus beribericus , Lacerda. Micrococcus
of Biskra Button. See Micrococcus of Heyden-
reich. Micrococcus of Bitter Milk. See Micro-
coccus lactis viscosus. Conn. Micrococcus of
Bronchitis, Picchini. Three distinct forms, aer.,
nliqf. Cf. Bacillus of Lumnitzer. Micrococcus
of Bovine Mastitis, Kitt. See Micrococcus mas-
tobius, Nocard, MoUereau and Kitt. Micrococcus
of Bovine Pneumonia, Poels and Nolen. Syn.,
Lungenseuchemicrococcus, Micrococcus of cattle
pneumonia. Found in the lungs of cattle suffering
from infectious pleuro-pneumonia. aer., nliqf, pg.
Micrococcus of Cerebro-spinal Meningitis. See
Micrococcus Intercellularis Meningitidis. Neumann
and Schaffer. Micrococcus of Chicken Pox. See
Staphylococcus viridis flavescens, Guttmann. Micro-
coccus of Contagious Mammitis. See Micro-
coccus ?nastobius, Nocard, MoUereau, and Kitt.
Micrococcus of Cow Pox. See Micrococcus vari-
ola et vaccina, Cohn. Micrococcus of Dantec.
Obtained from salted codfish which had turned
red. aer. , nliqf. , chg. (yellow, changing to deep
red), 7zpg. Micrococcus of Demme. See Diplococ-
Abbreviations. — a^V. = aerobic. ana?>-. = anaerobic. cA?;. = chromogenic. yacana,';'. = facultative anaerobic, //y/'. = lique-
factive. tookoot. = monomorphic. ?ho/. = motile. = non-liquefactive. nwo^ = non-motile. «/>.§■. = non-pathogenic.
o3/. = obligate, ojc/. = oscillating. = pathogenic. /Aoi. = phosphorescent. ;>/<'0»!. = pleomorphic. ia>. = saprophytic.
BACTERIA
179
BACTERIA
cus of pemphigus acutus, Demme. Micrococcus of
Dental Caries. See Leptothrix vulgaris, Robin ;
Leptothrix gigantea. Miller ; Miller's Epsilon Bacillus,
and Spirillum dentium, Arnt. Micrococcus of
Dengue, McLaughlin. See Scheutzia laughlini.
Micrococcus of Diphtheria. Streptococcus articu-
lorum, Loffler. Micrococcus of Disse and Ta-
guchi. Syn., Tokiobacillen. Obtained from the
blood, the secretions of broad condyloma, as well
as the primary indurations of syphilitics. Etiologic
relations not confirmed. Micrococcus of Drink-
ing Water. See Micrococcus aquatilis, Bolton.
Micrococcus of Egyptian Ophthalmia. See
Micrococcus of Trachoma, Sattler and Michel. Mi-
crococcus of Endocarditis. See Streptococcus
endocarditicus and Micrococcus endocarditicus ru-
gatus, Weichselbaum. Micrococcus of Erysipelas,
Fehleisen. See Alicrococcus pyogenes, Rosenbach.
Micrococcus of Foot and Mouth Disease.
Syn., Streptocytus of eczema epizootica, Schottelius,
Slreptocytus apthicola, Hallier. Micrococcus der
Maul- und Klauenseuche, Ger. Micrococco dell
afta epizootica, Ital. Found in the vesicular erup-
tions about the mouth and feet of cattle, pigs, and
sheep. Communicable to man. a'er. , facana'ir. Patho-
genesis not fully settled. Cf. Bacillus of ulcerative
stomatitis of cattle. Micrococcus of Forbes. Found
in the bodies of larva; of the cabbage butterfly, Pieris
rapcE, affected vi^ith an infectious disease. Micrococ-
cus of Fowl Cholera. See Bacillus septicannice
hemorrhagica, Sternberg. Micrococcus of Freire.
See Microbe de la Jievie jaune, Domingo Freire.
Micrococcus of Furuncle, Pasteur. See Bacillus
osteomyelitidis, Becker and Kraske. Micrococcus
of Gangrenous Mastitis in Sheep, Micrococcus
of Gangrenous Mammitis. See Micrococcus masto-
bius. Nocard, Mollereau and Kitt. Micrococcus
of Gonorrhea. See Alicrococcus gonorrhcece , Neisser.
Micrococcus of Gray Parrot Disease. See Micro-
coccus psittaci, Eberth and Wolff". Micrococcus of
Heydenreich. Syn., Streptococcus biskrce. Micro-
coccus of Biskra Button. Clou de Biskra, Duclaux.
Microbe de la bouton de Nil, Chantemesse, Microbe
de la clou de Gafsa. Microbe de la bouton
d'Alep, Poucet. Microbe de la bouton d' Orient,
Fr. Micrococcus of Biskra button, Fr. Pendjeh-
geschwiir, Ger. Found in the tumors and ulcers
characteristic of Aleppo boil or Biskra button, a'er.,
liqf., pg. Micrococcus of Hydrophobia. See
Micrococcus lyssce, Pasteur. Micrococcus of Infec-
tious Osteomyelitis. See Micrococcus pyogenes
aureus, Rosenbach, and Alicrococcus osteomyelitidis,
Becker and Kraske. Micrococcus of Influenza,
Seifert, Streptococcus seiferti. See Alicrococcus iujlucn-
zce, Letzerich. Micrococcus of Kirchner. Obtained
from the sputum of patients suffering with influenza.
aer.,pg. Micrococcus of Manfredi. See A/icrococ-
cus manfredii. Micrococcus of Mastitis, Kitt.
See Micrococcus tnastohitis , Nocard and Mollereau.
Microccocus of Measles, Klebs and Keating. Syn.
Streptococcus morbillosus. Micrococcus morbillosus.
Found in the blood and exudates of persons afflicted
with measles. Flugge considers them unimportant.
Micrococcus of Myko-desmoids of the Horse.
See Micrococcus botryogenes, Rabe. Micrococcus of
Osteomyelitis. See Alicrococcus pyogenes aureus,
Ogston. Micrococcus of Ozena. See Alicrococcus
loewenbergii. Micrococcus of Pear Blight, Burrill.
See Bacillus butyricus, Frazmowski. Micrococcus
of Pebrine. See Microbe de la pebrine, Pasteur.
Micrococcus of Pneumonia. See Bacillus pneu-
moniie fricdlanderii and Alicrococcus septicus, Flugge.
Micrococcus of Progressive Abscess Formation
in Rabbits, Koch. Syn., Micrococcus de la suppura-
tion progressive du lapin. Fr. Found in the exu-
dates of rabbits inoculated with putrefying blood, pg.
Micrococcus of Progressive Granuloma Forma-
tion. See Alicrococcus manfredii. Micrococcus of
Progressive Tissue Necrosis in Mice, Koch. Syn. ,
Micrococcus de la necrose progressive du tissue con-
nective de la souris. Found in the exudates of mice
inoculated with putrid blood, pg. Micrococcus of
Pyemia in Rabbits, Koch. Found in the exudates
of rabbits inoculated with putrefying flesh infusion.
pg. Micrococcus of Rabies, Fol. See Alicrococcus
lyssce, Neisser. Micrococcus of Red Sweat. See
Alicrococcus hamatodes, Babes. Micrococcus of
S. Le M. Moore. See Bacillus fcetidus, Liborius.
Micrococcus of Salvioli. See Bacillus septicus
sputigenus, Flugge. Micrococcus of Scarlet Fever,
Pohl and Pincus. See Alicrococctis scarlatince. Mi-
crococcus of Septicemia in Rabbits, Koch. Syn. ,
Streptococcus Kochii. Micrococcus de la septicemic du
lapin. Fr. Found in the exudates of rabbits inocu-
lated with putrefying flesh-infusion, pg. Micrococ-
cus of Smallpox. See Alicrococcus variola; et vaccina,
Cohn. Micrococcus of Sputum Septicemia. See
Bacillus septicus sputigenus, Flugge. Micrococcus
of Swine Plague or Hog Cholera. See Bacillus of
swine plague, Marseilles, Rietsch and Jobert, and
Bacillus e.x pneumo-enteritide suis, Klein. Micro-
coccus of Syphilis, Haberkorn and Marcus. Found
in the white blood corpuscles in cases of syphilis, aer. ,
osc.,chg. (red). Micrococcus of Trachoma, Sattler
and Michel. Syn., Neisseria rebellis. Tracliomcoc-
cus, Ger. Micrococcus of Egyptian ophthalmia.
Found in the secretions and nodules of the conjunctiva
in cases of trachoma, aer. , nliqf. , pg. Researches of
Baumgarten and Kartulis go to show that this form
has no etiologic relation to the diseases mentioned.
Micrococcus of Vaccinia. See Micrococcus variolas
et vaccinK, Cohn. Micrococcus of whooping
cough, Letzerich. Found in the sputum in cases of
whooping cough. See Bacillus tussis convulsivce , Afa-
nassiew. Micrococcus olearius. See Micrococcus
u) ina: Jlavus olearius. Micrococcus osteomyelitidis,
Becker. Syn. , Micrococcus of acute infectious osteo-
myelitis. See Alicrococcus pyogenes aureus, Rosenbach.
Micrococcus ovalis, Escherich. Found in the meco-
nium and feces of infants, aer. ,facanaer. , nliqf. , izpg.
Micrococcus ovatus. See Alicrobe de la pebrine,
Pasteur. Micrococcus pasteuri, Sternberg. See
Bacillus septicus sputigenus, Flugge. Micrococcus
petechialis. Syn., Neisseria petechialis. Micrococ-
cus pfliigeri, Ludwig. See Pliotobacterium pfliigeri,
Ludwig. Micrococcus phosphoreus, Cohn. See
Bacillus pliosphoreus , Cohn. Micrococcus plumosus,
Brautigam. Found in water, aer. , nUqf. , npg. Mi-
crococcus pneumoniae crouposae, Sternberg. See
Bacillus septicus sputigenus, Flugge. Micrococcus
pneumoniae infectiosae, Friedlander. See Bacillus
pneumonic! friedldnderii. Micrococcus porcellorum. '
Syn., Micrococcus bei Hepatitis enzootica porcellorum.
Ger. Found in hogs aff"ected with hepatitis (Russia).
aer., liqf.,pg- Micrococcus prodigiosus, Cohn.
See Bacillus prodigiosus, Ehrenberg. Micrococcus
pseudo-cyanus, Cohn. Found in boiled potatoes
exposed to air. aer., dig. (verdigris green), npg.
Abbreviations. — a^r. = aerobic, owaf;-. = anaerobic, c^e. = chroniogenic. yaca?;afi-. = facultative anaerobic, /z'^y". = liquefac-
tive. monom. = monomorphic. mot. = motile, nliqf. = non-liquefactive. nmot. = non-motile, npg. = non-pathos;enic.
oi/. = obligate, ojc/. = oscillating. = pathogenic, //ioi. = phosphorescent. j*/<»0OT. = pleomorphic, ja/. = saprophytic.
BACTERIA
180
BACTERIA
Not sufficiently known. Micrococcus psittaci,Wolf.
Syn. , Streptococcus perniciosus psittacoriiDi, Eberth and
Wolf. Micrococcus of gray parrot disease. Micro-
coccus der Papageimycose. Ger. The cause of a
disease of parrots resembling fowl cholera ; fatal to
many of the parrots imported from Guinea into Europe.
Micrococcus putridus. A form emitting a fetid
gas from gelatin when mixed with iodoform.
Micrococcus pyocyaneus, Gessard. See Bacillus
pyocyaneiis a, Gessard. Micrococcus pyogenes,
Rosenbach. Syn. , Streptococcus pyogenes. Streptococcus
erysipelatos. Streptococcus longns, Von Lingelsheim.
Micrococcus erysipelatis (tos) (fosus). Streptococcus of
pus. Streptococque pyogene, Vrai Streptococque de
I'erysipele, Fr., Eiterkettenkokkus, Ger., Micrococcus
of erysipelas, Fehleisen. Found in the pus of acute
abscesses, and in the skin in cases of erysipelas, aer. ,
facanai'r., iiliqf., pg. Micrococcus pyogenes al-
bus, Rosenbach. Syn. , Staphylococcus pyogenes albus,
Passet. Staphylococcus epidermidis albus, Welch.
Frequently found in company with Micrococcus pyo-
genes aureus. The cause of " stitch abscesses. " aer.,
liqf., pg. Micrococcus pyogenes aureus, Rosen-
bach, '^ny'a. , Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus. Stafilo-
cocco piogeno aureo, Ital. Staphylococque dore, Fr.
Gelber Traubencoccus, Ger. Micrococcus of infec-
tious osteomyelitis. The species most frequently found
in pus. Obtained from various suppurations, boils, an-
thrax, osteomyelitis, ulcerative endocardititis, phleg-
mon, etc. aer., facanaer., liqf., chg. (brilliant golden
yellow), Micrococcus pyogenes citreus, Passet.
Syn., Staphylococcus citreus, Passet. Micrococcus
pyogenes Jlainis. Found associated with the forms first
described in acute abscesses and with Bacillus tuber-
culosis, Koch, aer., facanaer., liqf., chg. (lemon
yellow), pg. Held by some to be but a variety of Mi-
crococcus pyogenes aureus. Micrococcus pyogenes
tenuis, Rosenbach. Syn., Micrococcus rosenbachii.
Found in pus. Culture thin, varnish-like ; pathoge-
nesis not settled. Cf. Micrococcus septicus, Fliigge.
Micrococcus pyogenes ureae flavus, Rorsing.
Found in purulent urine. Cf. Diplococcus pyogenes
urea:, Rorsing ; Diplococcus urece trifoliatus, Rorsing.
Micrococcus pyosepticus, Richet. Syn., Staphylo-
coccus pyoscpticus, Hericourt and Richet. Obtained
from a carcinomatous tumor in a dog. aer. , liqf. ,
pg. Resembles Micrococcus pyogenes albus, Rosen-
bach. Micrococcus radiatus, Fliigge. Syn., Strep-
tococcus radiatus, Fliigge. Found in air and water.
aer., liqf, npg. Micrococcus rheumarthritidis,
Kiissmaul. See Bacillus rheumarthritidis, Kiiss-
maul. Micrococcus rosenbachii. See Micro-
coccus pyogenes tenuis, Rosenbach. Micrococcus
rosettaceus, Zimmermann. Found in water, aer.,
nliqf, npg. Micrococcus roseus, Eisenberg.
Found in the sputum of a person suffering from influ-
enza, aer. , facanaer ., liqf . , chg. (pink), npg. Micro-
coccus roseus, Bumm. See Diplococcus roseus,
Bumm. Micrococcus roseus, Maggiora, Fliigge.
Syn. , A/eisseria rosea. Found on the .skin. aer. , npg.
Micrococcus salivarius pyogenes, Biondi. Syn.,
Staphylococcus varius pyogenes, Biondi. Found in an
abscess produced in a guinea-pig by inoculation with
saliva from a child affected with anginose scarlatina.
aer., liqf, pg. Micrococcus salivarius septicus,
Biondi. Obtained from animals after inoculation with
saliva from a person with puerperal septicemia, aer. ,
nliqf. , pg. Cf. Micrococcus sialosepticus. Micrococ-
cus scarlatinae, Micrococcus scarlatinosus, Coze
and Feltz. Syn. , Perroncitoa scarlatinosa. Micro-
coccus of scarlet fever, Pohl and Pincus. Found in the
blood on the desquamating skin, and on the palate of
scarlet fever patients ; resembles Micrococcus septicus,
Fliigge. Cf. Streptococcus rubiginosus, Edington,and
Bacillus of scarlet fever, Crooke. Micrococcus
septicus, Cohn. See Bacillus septicceiuiis hirmor-
rhagicts, Sternberg. Micrococcus septicus, Fliigge.
Syn., Streptococcus septicus, Fliigge, and Streptococcus
pyogenes, Saccardo, Streptococcus pneujnonice, Weich-
selbaum. Found in soil. aer. , nliqf. , pg. Micro-
coccus septopyaemicus. Syn. , Streptococcus septo-
pycemicus. Obtained from cases of phlegmonous angina
and erysipelas of the larynx, aer., nliqf, pg. Re-
sembles Alicrococcus septicus, Fliigge. Micrococcus
sialosepticus. Found in the saliva in a case of puer-
peral septicemia, aer. , nliqf. , pg. Cf. Alicrococcus
salivarius septicus, Biondi. Micrococcus subflavus,
Fliigge, Neisser. Syn. , Neisseria subflava. Yellowish-
white micrococcus or diplococcus, Bumm. Diplococ-
cus jaune blanc, Fr. Obtained from the lochia of
puerperal women, and from vaginal mucus, aer. ,
liqf., pg. Micrococcus suis, Burrill. See Bacil-
lus tardigradus. Micrococcus tardigradus. See
Micrococcus flavus tardigradus, Fliigge. Micro-
coccus tetragenes, Micrococcus tetragenus,
Gaffky . Syn . , Gaffkya tetragenus, Saccardo. Obtained
from a cavity in the lung of a person with pulmonary
tuberculosis, aer., facanaer., nliqf. , pg. Micrococ-
cus tetragenus, Marotta. Constantly found in small-
pox vesicles and pustules, aer , liqf. , pg. Produces
vaccinia in calves. Micrococcus tetragenus febris
flavae, Finlay. .Syn. , Micrococcus tetragenus versatilis,
Sternberg. Obtained from the excrements of mosqui-
toes which had drawn blood from yellow fever pa-
tients ; also from the surface of the body in the same
disease, (Sternberg), aer., liqf, chg. (lemon-yellow),
npg. Micrococcus tetragenus subflavus, Von
Besser. Found in nasal mucus, aer., facanaer. (no
growth in gelatin), npg. Micrococcus tetragenus
mobilis ventriculi, Mendosa. Found in the contents
of the stomach of man. aer. , nliqf .,nwt., npg. Micro-
coccus tetragenus versatilis, Sternberg. See Alicro-
coccus tetragenus febris flavcr, Finlay, Micrococcus
toxicatus, Burrill. Syn., Alicrococcus variola et vac-
cines, Cohn. Streptococcus toxicatus, Burrill. P'ound in
the poison of the poison ivy, Rhus to.xicodendron. Mi-
crococcus ulceris mollis. See Bacillus of chancroid,
Ducrey. Micrococcus urese, Cohn. Syn., Bacterium
urece, Cohn. Streptococcus uretr . Torula ureir, Pasteur.
Found in urine, in which it produces ammoniacal fer-
mentation. Micrococcus ureae, Pasteur and Van
Tieghem. Found in the air and in ammoniacal urine.
aer. , facanaer. , nliqf. , npg. Possibly the last two forms
and the Bacterium ureer, Jaksch, are identical. Micro-
coccus ureae liquefaciens, Fliigge. Syn. , Streptococ-
cus cFthehius. Found in ammoniacal urine, aer. , fac-
anaer., liqf, npg. Micrococcus urinalbus. Syn.,
Alicrococcus albus urimr. Found in the urine in cases
of pyelonephritis and cystitis. Micrococcus urinae
albus olearius. Doyen. Syn. , Micrococcus doyenii.
Found under the same circumstances as the last form.
aer. , liqf. Micrococcus urinae flavus olearius.
Doyen. Syn., Alicrococcits olearius. Found in the
urine of cystitis, with the two preceding forms, aer.,
liqf., chg. (golden-yellow). Micrococcus urinae
major, Doyen. Syn. , Alicrococcus major. Found in same
circumstances as the three preceding forms. Micro-
coccus variolae, Micrococcus variolas et vaccinae.
Abbreviations. — aerobic. = anaerobic. cA^. = cliromop;enic. /rtcaKa^V. = facultative anaerobic, /j'^y. = liqiiefac-
tive. mnnom. = monomorphic. mot. = motile, nliqf. = non-liquefactive. nmot. = non-motile, npg. = non-pathogenic.
oA/. = obligate, oic/. = oscillating, /i^. = pathogenic. >Aoj. = phosphorescent. /S/^ow. = pleomorphic, ia/. = saprophytic.
•
BACTERIA
181
BACTERIA
Cohn. Syn., Streptococcus variolce. Micrococcus of
smallpox, Micrococcus of vaccinia. Obtained by Cohn,
Guttmani), Marotta, Hlava and others from the lymph
of vaccine pustules in man and animals ; by Coze and
Feltz from the blood of persons affected with variola ;
by Cornil and Babes, in the lacuna of the mu-
cous bodies of variola papules ; by Quist and
Voigt from vaccine; (Bfeiffer and Loefif find certain
ameboid or coccidian protozoans which they re-
gard as specific ; also a ferment). Cf. Saccharoinyces
vaccinic. Alicrococcus viridis flavescens, Guttmann.
Micrococcus versatilis. Found on the skin of healthy
persons, also in the liver, spleen and kidneys after
death by yellow fever. Not sufficiently studied.
Micrococcus versicolor, Plugge. Found in water.
aer., iiliqf. , chg. (yellow), w/^f. Micrococcus vini
perda. Syn. , Streptococcus fertiienti , Micrococcus fei
titenti. Found in spoiled wine. Micrococcus vio-
laceus, Cohn. Found in water, aer., fitic/f., c/ig.
(violet), npg. Micrococcus viridis flavescens,
Guttmann. Found in the lymph of a varicella pus-
tule, aer., nliqf., npg. Micrococcus viscosus,
Pasteur. Found in the disease of wine known as la
graisse. Micrococcus viticulosus, Fliigge, Katz.
Found in air and water. aer.,facanaer., nliqf., npg.
Micrococcus xanthogenicus. Cryptococcus xantho-
genicus, Freire. Found in cases of yellow fever. Cf.
Microbe de la fievre jaune. Micrococque de la fer-
mentation de I'ammoniaque, Fr. See Micrococcus
nitrijicans , Van Tieghem. Micrococque chromo-
gene, Fr. Any Chromogenic Micrococcus. Micro-
cocque de la mammite gangreneuse des brebis
laiteres. See Micrococcus inastobius, Nocard, Mol-
lereau, and Kitt. Micrococque de la sueur rouge.
S>e.e Micrococcus hcematoJes, Babes. Micrococque de
I'ozene. Micrococcus Icewenbergii. Microhaloa
rosea, Kiitzing. See Beggiatoa roseo-persicina, Zopf.
Microsporon minutissimum, Burchardt. S&e Bacil-
lus cpidermidis, Bizzozero. Microsporon septicum,
Klebs. See Bacillus septiccemice tucDtorrhagicce, Stern-
berg. Microzyma bombycis, Bechamp. See Micro-
coccus boi?ibycis, Cohn, Beck. Milchsaurebacil-
lus. See Bacillus acidi lactici, Hueppe. Milk-
white Micrococcus, Bumm. See Micrococcus
albicans tardissimus , Eisenberg. Milk Yeast. See
Saccharomyces lactis, Adametz. Miller's Bacillus.
See Bacillus dentalis I'iridans, Miller, and Spirillum
of Miller. Miller's Bacillus of the Intestine. See
Bacillus aerogencs, I, II, III, Miller. Miller's Epsi-
lon Bacillus. See Epsilon Bacillus, Miller. Milz-
brandbacillus. See Bacillus antliracis, Pollender
and Davaine. Monas prodigiosa, Ehrenberg. See
Bacillus prodigiosus, Ehrenberg. Monas termo,
Miiller. See Bacillus termo, Dujardin. Mundhoh-
lebacillen. Bacilli of the mouth. Mycoderma aceti,
Mycoderm du vinaigre, Pasteur. See Bacillus aceti,
Kiitzing. Myconostoc gregarium, Cohn. A spiral
or crumpled condition of a filamentous schizomycete,
perhaps Cladothrix dichotoiua, Cohn. Mycoderma
cerevisiae et vini, Desm. Mycoderma mesenteri-
cum, Pers. Mycoderma vini, Pasteur. See Saccharo-
mycetes mycoderma, Reess. Nasenschleim vibrio,
Weibel. See Spirillum nasale, Weibel. Nassfaule-
bacillus. SeeBacillusof potato rot, Kramer. Neapler
Bacillus. 'Ae^ Bacillus neapolitamis,Y,mm.mc\i. Neis-
seria albicans. See Micrococcus albicans amplus,
Neisser. Neisseria; citrea. ^ee Micrococcus citretcs con -
glomeratus, Bumm. Neisseria conglomerata. See
Micrococcus conglomeratus, Weichselbaum. Neisseria
gonorrhoeae. See Alicrococcus gottorrhcecE , Neisser.
Neisseria lactea. See Micrococcus lacteus favifor-
tnis, Neisser. Neisseria lyssae. See Micrococcus
lyssce, Neisser. Neisseria petechialis. See Micro-
coccus petechialis, Neisser. Neisseria rebellis. See
Micrococcus of trachoma, Sattler. Neisseria rosea.
See Micrococcus roseus, Maggiora. Neisseria sub-
flava. Alicrococcus subjiavus, YKxggt. Neisseria
tardissima. See Micrococcus albicans tardissimi/s,
Bumm. Neisseria weichselbaumii. See Micro-
coccus intercellularis meningitidis, Neumann and
Schaft'er. Neisseria winckleri. See Bacillus bei-i-
bericus, Lacerda. Nitrifying Bacillus of Wino-
gradsky, Nitromonas of Winogradsky. Obtained
from the soil. No growth on ordinary culture media.
One of the very few nitrifying ferments. ^ Nosema
bombycis, Nageli. See Microbe de la pebrine, Pasteur.
Obermeier'scher Recurrensfaden, Weigert. Ober-
meier'scher Recurrensspirillum, Engelmann. See
Spirillum obermeierii . Ophidomonas jenensis,
Ophidomonas sanguinea, Ehrenberg. See Beggi-
atoa roseo-persicina, Zopf. Orchiococcus. See
Diplococcus of Orchitis, Hugouneng and Eraud.
Oscillaria alba, Vaucher. See Beggiatoa alba, Trev-
isan. Oscillaria arachnoidea, Agardh. See Beg-
giatoa araclmoidea, Trevisan. Oscillaria leptomi-
tiformis, Meneghi. See Beggiatoa leptomitiformis,
Trevisan. Oscillaria tigrina. See Beggiatoa tigrina,
Rabenhorst. Oscillaria versatilis, Kiitzing. See
Beggiatoa araclmoidea, Trevisan. Osteo-myelitis-
kokken, Becker. See Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus,
Ogston. Palmella infusionum, Ehrenberg. See
Bacillus ter??io, Dujardin. Palmella prodigiosa,
Mont. See Bacillus prodigiosus, ¥,hrenberg. Palmel-
lina capillorum ( Radlkoffer) , Bulh. Syn., Zodglcca
capillorum , Bulh. Found in the epidermis of the head ;
supposed to affect the color of the hair. Panhystophy-
ton ovatum, Lebert. See Microbe de la pebrine, Pas-
teur. Passet's Faulnissbacillus. Passet's Putrefy-
ing Bacillus of Pus. See Bacillus pyogenes fatidus,
Passet. Peach-colored Bacterium, Lankester. See
Beggiatoa roseo-persicina , Zopf. Pediococcus acidi
lactici, Lindner. P ound in hay infusion and in mash
from malt. aer. , facanaer., nliqf. , npg. Pediococcus
albus, Lindner. Found in well water, aer. , liqf. , npg.
Pediococcus aurantiacus, Cohn. See Micrococcus
atirantiacus, Cohn. Pediococcus cerevisiae, Balcke.
Syn., Sarcina cerevisioc, Lindner. Found in beer and
in the air of breweries, aer. , facanaer. , jiliqf., npg.
Peroncitoa scarlatinosae. See Micrococcus scarla-
tince, Pohl-Pincus. Pfeiffer's Bacillus. See Bacil-
lus capsulatus, Pfeiffer. Photobacterium balticum,
P'ischer. Found in the waters of the Baltic, aei^.,
liqf. , phos. , npg. Cf. Bacillus phosphorescens indigen-
us, Fischer. Photobacterium fischeri, Katz.
Found in the waters of the Baltic. aer. , liqf. , phos. ,
npg. Photobacterium indicum, Fischer. See
Bacillus phosphorescens, Fischer. Photobacterium
luminosum, Beyerinck. Syn., Bacterie lumineuse
de la mer du nord. Found on many of the phospho-
rescent animals, crustaceous polyps, infusoria, of the
North Sea. aer., liqf, phos., npg. Photobacte-
rium pfliigeri, Ludwig. Syn., Bacterium pjliigeri,
Alicrococcus pfliigeri. Found upon butcher's meat and
upon market fish. The most phosphorescent of all
light-producing bacteria. aer. , liqf. , phos. , ngp.
Photobacterium phosphorescens, Fischer. See
Bacillus phosphoreus, Cohn. Photobacterium phos-
phorescens, Cohn. .Syn., Bacterium phosphorescens.
Abbreviations. — a^n = aerobic. a»af>-. = anaerobic. cA^. = chromogenic. yacawafV. = facultative anaerobic, /z'yy. = liquefac-
tive. monom. = monomorphic. mot. = motile, nliqf. = non-liquefactive. nmot. = non-motile, npg. = non-pathogenic.
oW. = obUgate. ojc/. = oscillating. pathogenic. ^Aoj. = phosphorescent. /S/i-ow. = pleomorphic. ja>. = saprophytic.
BACTERIA
182
BACTERIA
Cohn. Found upon h^h and in sea water. ner.,
itiiqf., >ipg-. Pilz der blauen Milch. See Biu illns
cyanogenus, P'uchs. Pilz der Dextrangahrung.
See Leiicoiiostoc iiieseiztt'roicifs, Cienkowski. Pilz der
Zahncaries. See Lcptothrix lumalis, Robin. Pink
Bacillus of Spreading Edema, A. B. Harris. <ier.,
n/iijf. , plt'otn. , tkg. (pink), ///<,'■. Cf. Bacillus adt-nia-
tis, Koch. Pleurococcus roseo-persicina, Raben-
horst. See Beggiatoa rosc-o-pt-rsii/na , Zopf. Pneu-
mobacillus von Friedlander, Pneumobacillus
friedlanderi. See Bacillus piiciiinoiiiic fyicdliinderi .
Pneumobacillus liquefaciens bovis. See Bacillus
liqucfacicns bovis, Arloing. Pneumococcus von
Frankel. See Bacillus scpticus sputigcnus, Eliigge.
Pneumococcus, Friedlander. Pneumonia-coccus
of Friedlander, Sternberg. See Bacillus pncuiiwuitc
fnedldnderi. Pneumococque de Fraenkel. .See Ba-
cillus scpticus sputigcnus, Fliigge. Pneumococcenahn-
liche Bacillen, Cler. See Bacillus pseudopiieuinoni-
cus, Passet. Potato Bacillus. Applied to Bacillus
mesentericus fuscics, Fliigge. Bacillus mesentericus
vulgattis, Pliigge. Bacterium mesentericus ruber,
Globig. Pragmidiothrix multisepta, Engler. Syn.,
Beggiatoa multisepta. Found in sea water upon crus-
taceans (Kieler Bucht). It is distinguished from
Beggiatoa by the absence of sulphur grains. Praz-
mowski's Bacillus of Butyric Acid Fermentation,
Prazmowski's Buttersaurebacillus, Ger. See Ba-
cillus butyricus, Botkin, Frazmowski. Proteus bei
Lungengangran des Menschen, Babes. Bacillus
lethalis. Babes. Proteus capsulatus septicus, Pro-
teus hominis capsulatus. See Bacillus hominis cap-
sulatus, Banti, Bordoni-UfFreduzzi. Proteus lethalis.
Stt Bacillus lethalis, Proteus mirabilis. See
Bacillus mirabilis, Hauser. Proteus of Karlinski. See
Bacillus muriscptictts pteomorphus, Karlinski. Pro-
teus septicus. See Bacillus septicus, Pasteur. Pro-
teus sulfureus. .See Bacillus sulfureus, Lindenborn.
Proteus sulfureus of Holochenikoff, Proteus
vulgaris, Hauser. .See Bacillus vulgaris, Hauser.
Proteus zenkeri. See Bacillus zcnkeri, Hauser.
Pseudodiphtheric Bacillus, Loffler, Von Hoff-
mann, Roux, Yersin and Abbott. Found in the
mucus from the pharynx and tonsils of children suf-
fering from non-diphtheric throat affections. Pseiido-
diplococcus pneumonia , Bonome. Obtained from the
sero-fibrinous exudate of a person dead of cerebro-
spinal meningitis. aer., nliqf., pg. Cf. Micro-
coccus meningitidis, Neumann, and Bacillus nienijigi-
tidis purulentu-, Neumann. Pseudoodembacillus.
See Bacillus pseudwdematis, Liborius. Pseudorot-
lauf bacillus, (ier. See Bacillus pai~inis ovatus,
Loffler. Pseudotuberkuloser Bacillus, Ger. See
Bacillus of piseudo-tuberculosis of rabbits, Eberth.
Rasmussenia buccalis, Saccardo. .See Leptotlirix
buccalis, Robin. Rauschbrandbacillus. See
Bacillus chauvici, Bollinger and Feser. Recurrens-
spirochaete, Birsch-Hirschfeld. See Spirillum obcr-
meierii. Red Bacillus of Water. .See Bacillus
ruber, Frank and Becker. Rhinosclerombacillus.
See Bacillus rhinoscleromatis, Cornil and Alvarez.
Rinderpestbacillus. See Bacillus septica-mia lutm-
orrhagicic , Sternberg. Rod Bacteria, Bacteries en
batonet, Fr. Rosenbach's Putrefaction Bacilli,
Rosenbach's Faulnisbacillen, Ger. -See Bacillus
saprogenes, I, II, III, Rosenbach. Roter Bacillus
aus Wasser. See Red bacillus of water. Roter
Kartoffelbacillus, Globig. See Bacillus mesenteri-
cus ruber, Globig. Rotlauf bacillus. See Bacillus
erysipelatos suis, Koch and Lotfler. Rotzbacillus.
See Bacillus mallei, Loffler. Saccharomyces albi-
cans, Robin. Syn., Oidium albicans, Robin. Sac-
charomyces apiculatus, Reess. Occurs in fermented
wine and beer, and, in the hot seasons, on sweet suc-
culent fruits ; in winter, in the soil beneath the trees
that bear these fruits ; a bottom yeast. Saccharo-
myces cerevisise, Reess and Robin. Syn., Crypto-
coccus cerevisice, Kutzing, Cryptococcus fermentatuin,
torula cerevisice, yeast plant. Under this heading are
included a series of different over and under yeasts.
Saccharomyces conglomeratus, Reess. As the
result of Hansen's investigations this species has been
dropped by recent writers. Saccharomyces ellip-
soideus I, II, Hansen, a "wild" species of wine
ferment, II ; gives rise to the muddiness of beer.
Saccharomyces exiguus, Hansen. Pound in Ger-
man yeast ; acts toward sugar exactly as does Sac-
charomyces inarxianus. Saccharomyces glutinis.
Syn., Cryptococcus glutinis, Fersen. A pullulating
yeast that forms beautiful rose-colored patches on
cooked potatoes. Saccharomyces guttulatus,
Robin. Syn., Cryptococcus gitttulatus,^o\ym',^'m\.&x.
Champignon du tube digestif du lapin et autres her-
bivores, Remack; Found in the esophagus, stomach
and intestines of mammals, birds, and reptiles. The
feces of patients suffering from tunnel anemia, or anchy-
lostomiasis, frequently contain this species of sacchar-
omyces. Saccharomyces inequalis, a doubtful
species. Saccharomyces lactis, Adametz. Syn.,
Milk-yeast. Found in milk, of which it ferments the
milk-sugar. Saccharomyces marxianus. Found
in wine ; acts vigorously on saccharose, inverting and
fermenting it with great activity ; it also acts on dex-
trose. Saccharomyces membranifaciens. Forms
a bright yellow, tough scum on beer- wort ; liquefies
gelatin ; has no fermentative action on ordinary carbo-
hydrates, and does not invert cane-sugar. Sacchar-
omyces minor, Engel. According to Engel this
is the cause of fermentation in bread. Sacchar-
omyces mycoderma, Reess. Syn., Mycoderma
mesentericuiii, Pers. Alycoderma cerevisice et vini,
Desm. Hormiscium vini et cerevisice, Bonard. Myco-
dertna vini, Pasteur. Mycoderma ceret'isice, Trecul.
Fiore del vino e della birra, Ital. Found on the sur-
face of wine and beer, forming the so-called " flowers
of wine." Saccharomycetes nebulosus, a doubt-
ful species. Saccharomyces pasteurianus, Reess.
According to Hansen, this represents a group of
three forms that cause disease in beer and wine.
Saccharomyces pyriformis. Ward. Found in the
fenuentation of ginger-beer. A bottom yeast which
develops much CO., but little alcohol ; it inverts cane-
sugar and ferments the products ; does not ferment
milk-sugar, aer. , facanaer. Saccharomyces ruber,
Demme. Found in milk and cheese, forming red
spots in the latter, and a red sediment in the former.
nli(]f. Saccharomyces vaccinae, Pfeiffer. Found
in the lymph of a vaccinia pustule ; nothing known of
its action. Saprogenic bacillus. Syn., Bacille
saprog^ne, Fr. Any bacillus which produces putre-
faction, e. g.. Bacillus saprogenes, Rosenbach, q. v.
Sarcina alba, Eisenberg. Found in air and water.
acr., liqf., npg. Sarcina aurantiaca. Syn.,
Orange .Sarcina, Koch. Found in air and water.
aer., liqf., chg. (orange yellow), npg. Sarcina
aurea. Mace. Found in the pulmonary exudates of
a ]ierson dead of a Ijastard pneumonia complicated
with purulent pleurisy. aer., liqf., chg. (brilliant
Abbreviations. — aer. = aerobic, ana'er. = anaerobic, ch^. = chromogenic. facanaer. = facultative anaerobic, liqf. = liquefac-
tive. monom. = nionomorphic. mot. = motile, nliqf. = non-liquefactive nniot. = non-motile, npg:. = non-pathogenic.
o4/. = obligate. o^<:/. = oscillating, /i^. = pathogenic. ^Aoi. = phosphorescent. />/<'o;«. = pleomorphic, ja/. = saprophytic.
BACTERIA
183
BACTERIA
golden yellow). Sarcina botulina, Van den Corput.
Found in cases of poisoning with tainted sausage,
{hotulismus) and believed to be the active agent. Cf.
Bacillus of allantiasis. Sarcina Candida, Reinke.
Found in the air of breweries. aer., liqf., iipg.
Sarcina cerevisiae, Lindner. Syn., Pedioiociiis
cci-evisi(£, Balcke. P'ound in beer and the air of brew-
eries, aer., faca}iaer., nlitjf. , npi:;. Sarcine de
restomac. See Sarcina ventriciili , Goodsir. Sar-
cina flava, De Bary. Found in beer, aer., liqf.,
chg. (yellow), npg. Sarcina fuscescens, Falken-
heim. Found in the human stomach. Sarcina hya-
lina, Kiitzing. Syn., Alerisiuopcdia !iyaUua\ Kiltz-
ing. Found in swamps. Sarcina intestinalis,
Zopf. Found in the intestines of chickens and tur-
keys, principally in the cecum. Sarcina in the Mouth
and Lungs, Fischer. According to De Bary the
original description is not sufliciently clear for com-
parison. Sarcina litoralis, CErstedt. Syn., Meris-
mopedia litoralis, Rabenhorst, Erythroconis , CErstedt.
Found in sea water ; forms a thin reddish layer be-
tween decomposing algse on the shore. Sarcina
lutea, Schroter. Found in the air, and in fungus cul-
tures, aer., liqf., chg. (yellow), npg. Sarcina
minuta, De Bary. Occurred spontaneously in a
culture of sour milk on a microscopic slide ; resem-
bles Sarcina welckeri. Sarcina mobilis, Maurea.
Found in old ascitic fluid, aer., liqf., mot., chg.
(brick-red). Sarcina morrhuse. Obtained from
codfish. Sarcina of the Lungs. See Sarcina
pulmoniim, Hauser. Sarcina of the Urine. See
Sarcina urince, Welcker. Sarcine paludosa,
Schroter. Found in bog water. Sarcina pulmo-
num, Hauser. Syn., Sarcina of the lungs. Lungen-
sarcine, Ger. Found in sputum, aer., nliqf., npg.
Sarcina reitenbachii, Caspary. Syn., Alerismope-
diiim reitenbachii, Caspary — (also misprinted Reichen-
bachii). Found in fresh water on decaying plants.
Sarcina renis, Hepworth. Found in the lungs of per-
sons dead of pulmonary tuberculosis. Sarcina rosea,
Menge. Found in milk and other food-stuffs. Held to
be distinct from the form described by Schroter. aer. ,
liqf, chg. (rose-red), npg. Sarcina rosea, Schroter.
Found in the air. aer., liqf., chg. (intense red, giving
same reaction as the pigment of Sarcina aurantiacd),
ngp. Sarcina urinae, Welcker. 'Ayn., Aferismopedia
urince, Rabenhorst. Sarcina of the urine ; sarcine de
la urine, Fr. , Hartze. Found in the bladder; appears
to be destitute of zymotic action. Sarcina ventri-
culi, Goodsir. Syn., .Sarcine de I'estomac, Fr. Harn-
sarcine, Ger. Common in the stomach of man and
animals. De Bary finds two forms side by side, but
offers no information as to their genetic relations, aer. ,
nliqf., npg. Sarcina welckeri, Rossmann. Re-
peatedly found in the human bladder and voided for
months at a time in the urine, which is usually abnor-
mally rich in phosphates, the patient retaining good
health. Scheidenbacillus. See Bacillus vaginalis,
Doderlein. Scheutzia laughlini. .Syn., Micrococcus
of Dengue, Staphylococcus of Dengue, Dengue Micro-
cocci. Found in the blood of patients suffering from
dengue. Pathogenetic relations not determined.
Schweinerotlaufbacillus. See Bacillus erysipela-
tos stiis, Koch. Septischer Erdbacillus. See Ba-
cillus septicus agrigenus, Nicolaier. Septischer Spu-
tumbacillus. See Bacillus septicus sputigentts , Fliigge.
Smegma bacillus. See Bacillus of the Smegma.
Sphaerococcus acidi lactici, Marpmann. Found
in fresh cow's milk. aer. , nliqf ., npg. Sphaerotilus
natans, Kiitzing, Saccardo. Syn. , Leptothrix natans.
Found in running and stagnant water. Old portions
yellowish, younger portions colorless. Spirille du
cholera. See Spirillum cholerce asiatictc, Koch.
Spirille du mucus nasal. See Spirillum nasale,
Weibel. Spirillo colerogeno di Koch, Ital. See
Spirillum choleric asiaticic, Koch ; Spirillum amylife-
rum, Van Tieghem. Found in water. Forms granu-
lose at certain developmental stages ; gives the blue
reaction with iodin. Cf. Bacillus butyricus, Praz-
mowski. Spirillum anserum. Syn. , Spirochete
anserina, Sakharoff. P'ound in the blood of geese
affected with a fatal form of septicemia due to this
microbe. A disease prevalent in the swampy regions
of Caucasia. aer., mot., pg. (not for chickens).
Spirillum a of Weibel. See Spirillum saprophiles a,
Weibel. Spirillum attenuatum. Warming. Found
in sea water. Spirillum aureum. Syn., Vibj-io
aureus, Weibel. Found in the air and the slime of
sewers, aer., )iliqf., nriiot., chg. (golden yellow),
npg. Spirillum li of Weibel. See .Spirillum sapro-
philes p, Weibel. Spirillum cholerae asiaticae, Koch.
Syn., Spirillum choleric. Spirillum of cholera. Bacillus
of cholera, Comma bacillus of Koch, Spirille du
cholera, Bacille du cholera, Bacille en virgule, Bacille
virgula choleregene, Fr. Bacillo a virgola, Bacillo
virgulato, Ital. Found in the discharges of cholera
patients and in the intestines of cholera cadavers, aer...
facanaer., liqf., mot. , pg. Spirillum concentricum,
Kitasato. P'ound in putrefying blood, aer., nliqf.,
mot., npg. Spirillum denticola. Miller; or, Spiril-
lum dentium, Arnt. Syn., Spirochccta denticola,
Spirochicta dentium. Found under the margins of
the gums in the mouths of healthy persons ; biologic
characters unknown, as it does not thrive in culture
fluids. Spirillum endoparagogicum, .Sorokin.
Found in a glairy liquid exuding from a [)oplar tree.
Spirillum finkleri, Spirillum Finkler-Prior. Syn.,
Vibrio proteus. Bacillus von Finkler-Prior, Bacillus
Epsilon von Miller. Found in the feces of persons
affected with cholera nostras, after allowing the
discharge to stand for some time, aer., facanaer.,
liqf. , mot. Pathogenetic relation not confirmed.
Spirillum flavescens. Syn., Vibrio Jiavescens,
Weibel. Found in the slime of sewers, aer., nliqf. ,
nmot., chg. (yellowish-green), npg. Spirillum
flavum. Syn., VibrioJlavescens,y^e\he\. Found in
the slime of sewers, aer., nliqf, nmot., chg. (ocher
yellow), npg. Spirillum jenensis, Ehrenberg. Syn.,
Ophidomonas jciiensis, Ehrenberg. A doubtful species.
Spirillum leucomelaenum, Perty. Found in water
containing decaying algre. Spirillum linguae. Syn.,
Vibrio lingualis, Zungenbelagvibrio, Weibel. Found
in the deposit on the tongue of a mouse, after inocu-
lation, aer. , facanaer.. nliqf., nmot.. tipg. (for mice).
Spirillum litorale. Warming. Syn., Vibrio spirillum,
Muller ; Melunella spirillum, Borg. Found in bog
water. Spirillum metschnikovi. Syn., Vibrio
metschnikovi, Gameleia. Found in the intestinal con-
tents of chickens affected, in Russia, with an epi-
demic infectious disease resembling fowl cholera, aer. ,
facanaer, {?)liqf., mot., pg. Spirillum nasale. Syn.,
Vibrio nasale, Weibel. Nasenschleimvibrio, Ger.
Spirille du mucus nasale, Fr. Found in nasal mucus.
aer., facanaer, nliqf, nmot., npg. Spirillum ober-
meieri, Cohn. Syn., Spirochccta obermeieri. Spiril-
lum of relapsing fever. Recurrensspirochfete, Ober-
meier'scher Recurrensfaden, Weigert, Obermeier'scher
Recurrensspirillum, Engel. Found in the blood
Abbreviations. — aerobic. a«afr. = anaerobic. cA.?;. = chromogenic. y"acaH(7fr. = facultative anaerobic, /z'?/"- = liquefac-
tive. moHom. = monomorphic. mot. = motile, nliqf. = non-liquefactive. nmot. — non-motile, npg. = non-pathogenic.
oW. = obligate, ojc/. = oscillating, /ig-. = pathogenic. /Aoj. = phosphorescent /i/<'0>«. = pleomorphic, in/i. =• saprophytic.
BACTERIA
184
BACTERIA
of persons affected with relapsing fever, aei:, mot.
(efforts to cultivate thus far unsuccessful), /^o-. Spiril-
lum of Asiatic cholera. Spirillum of cholera. See
Spirillitni c/ioU'm asiaticic , Koch. Spirillum of
Denecke. See Spirilluin tyrogeniiiii, Denecke.
Spirillum of Finkler and Prior. See Spirilluin
Jinkleri. Spirillum of Miller. Syn., Miller's
bacillus. Found in carious teeth, aer., facanaer.,
liqf., mot., npg. Spirillum of Relapsing Fever.
See Spirillum olicrmeieri, Cohn. Spirillum of
Smith. Found in the intestines of swine, air. , iiliqf.,
mot., npg. Spirillum plicatile, Dujardin. Syn.,
Spirochi£te plicatilii , Ehrenberg ; Spiruliiia plicatilis,
Cohn. Found in water containing decomposing alga:.
Biologic characters undetermined. Spirillum rosa-
ceum. Observed upon excrement in water, aer.,
dig. (red), npg. Spirillum rosenbergii, Warming.
Found in brackish water. Contains refractive
sulphur grains, aer., mot. Spirillum roseum,
Mac6. Found in a tube culture of blennor-
rhagic pus. aer., nliqf., mot., chg. (rose-red), npg.
Spirillum rubrum, von Esmarch. Obtained from
the putrefying body of a mouse, aer. , facanaer.,
nliqf., mot., chg. (pink), 7ipg. Spirillum rufum,
Perty. Found in cistern water. aer. , mot. , ihg.
(rose-red), 7ipg. Spirillum rugula, Miiller. Syn.,
'Vibrio rugula. P'ound in swamp water and frequent-
ly in the alimentary canal, on the teeth, etc. a'ir.,
facanaer. , mot. , npg. According to Prazmowski this
species gives rise to decomposition of cellulose.
Spirillum sanguineum. .See Beggiatoa roseo-
persicina, Zopf. Spirillum saprophiles a of
Weibel. Syn., Vibrio saprophiles a of Weibel.
Found in rotting hay infusion and in the slime of
sewers, aer., nliqf., mot., npg. Spirillum sapro-
philes /3 of . Weibel. Syn., Vibrio saprophiles B,
Weibel. Found in rotting hay infusion, aer. , nliqf. ,
mot., npg. Spirillum saprophiles y of Weibel.
Syn., Vibrio saprophiles y, Weibel. Found in the
slime of sewers, aer., nliqf, mot., npg. Spirillum
serpens, Miiller. Syn., Vibrio serpens, Miiller.
Found in stagnant water containing decaying
plants, etc. Biologic characters not determined.
Spirillum sputigenum, Miller. Common in the
neglected mouths of healthy persons. Does not
grow on culture media. Spirillum tenue, Ehren-
berg. Found in putrefying plant infusions. Biologic
characters undetermined. Spirillum tyrogenum,
Denecke. Syn., Bacille de Denecke, Fr. Bacillus
von Denecke, Kasespirillum, Ger. Spirillum of
Denecke, Bacillus of cheese, Denecke's cheese spiril-
lum. Found in old cheese. aer., facanaer., liqf,
mot., pg. (for guinea pigs). Spirillum undula,
Cohn, Miiller. Syn., Vibrio undula, MUller; Vibrio
prolifer, Ehrenberg. Found in zooglea masses in
swamp water, vegetable ip*"usions, etc. aer., mot.,
npg. Spirillum violaceuin. Warming. Found in
brackish water; cell contents violet, with a few sul-
phur grains. Spirillum volutans, Ehrenberg. Syn.,
Vibrio spirilluin, Miiller; Melunella spirillum, Borg.
Found in infusions and in bog water. Biologic
characters undetermined. Spirochaete anserina,
Sakharoff. See Spirillum aiiseruiii. Spirochaete
denticola, Miller. Spirochaete dentium, Arnt. See
Spirillum dentium. Spirochaete obermeieri. See
Spirilluin obermeieri, Cohn. Spirochaete plicatilis,
Ehrenberg. See Spirillum plicatile, Dujardin. Spiro-
monas cohnii. Warming. Found in foul water.
Spiromonas volubilis, Pertz. Found in putrefy-
ing infusions and in bog water. Sporonema gra-
cile. See Bacillus virens. Van Tieghem. Spu-
tumbacillus, Ger. See Bacillus septicus sputigenus ,
Fliigge. Stafilococco piogeno aureo, Ital. See
Micrococcus pyogenes aureus, Rosenbach. Staphy-
lococcus albus liquefaciens, Escherich. Syn.,
White liquefying staphylococcus. Found in the alvine
discharges of healthy infants, aer., liqf. , npg. Sta-
phylococcus biskrae. See Micrococcus of Heyden-
reich. Staphylococcus cereus albus, Passet. See
Micrococcus cereus albus, Passet. Staphylococcus
cereus aureus, Schroter and Winkler. See Micro-
coccus cereus aureus, S. and W. Staphylococcus
cereus flavus, Passet. See Micrococcus cereus Jlaviis,
Passet. Staphylococcus citreus. See Micrococcus
citreus. List. Staphylococcus epidermidis albus,
Welch. See Micrococcus pyogenes albus, Rosenbach.
Staphylococcus pulvus. See Micrococcus pulvus,
Cohn. Staphylococcus of Dengue, McLaughlin.
See Scheutzia lauhglini. Staphylococcus of pem-
phigus, De Michele. Obtained from the skin, kid-
ney and spleen of a case of pemphigus chronica.
Staphylococcus passetti. See Micrococcus cereus
fla'i'us, Passet. Staphylococcus pyogenes albus,
Rosenbach. See Micrococcus pyogenes albus, Rosen-
bach. Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus, Ogston,
Becker. Syn., Staphylococco pyogeno aureo, Ital.
See Micrococcus pyogenes aureus, Rosenbach. Sta-
phylococcus pyogenes citreus, Passet. See Micro-
coccus pyogenes citreus, Passet. Staphylococcus
pyosepticus, Hericourt and Richet. See Micrococcus
pyosepticus, Richet. Staphylococcus salivarius
pyogenes, Biondi. See Micrococcus salivarius pyo-
genes, Biondi. Staphylococcus viridis flavescens,
Guttmann. Syn. , Micrococcus of chicken-pox. P'ound
in the vesicles of varicella, aer., nliqf ., chg. (greenish
yellow), npg. Streptococcus acidi lactici, Groten-
feldt. Found in coagulated milk in Finland, ana'er.
(not strictly), nliqf, npg. Streptococcus aethebius.
See Micrococcus tirea liquefaciens , Fliigge. Strepto-
coccus albus, Maschek. Syn.,Weisser Streptococcus,
Ger. Found in hydrant water (Freiburg), aer., liqf.,
npg. Streptococcus apthicola, Hallier. See Strep-
tocytus of eczema epizootica, Schottelius. Strepto-
coccus articulorum, Loffler. Syn., Micrococcus of
diphtheria. Obtained from the affected mucous mem-
brane in cases of diphtheria. Possibly a variety of
Alicrococcus pyogenes. (for mice). Streptococcus
bombycis. See Micrococcus bombycis, Cohn. Strep-
tococcus brevis. Von Lingelsheirn. Obtained from
normal human saliva, aer., facanaer., nliqf., npg.
Streptococcus cadaveris, Sternberg. F'ound in the
liver of a yellow-fever cadaver. aer., facanaer.,
nliqf., npg. Probably identical with the pre-
ceding species. Streptococcus cinnabareus. See
Micrococcus cinnabareus, P"liigge. Streptococcus
coli gracilis, Escherich. Found in the feces of
healthy children living on a meat diet. aer. , facanaer. ,
liqf., npg. Streptococcus conglomeratus, Kurth.
Obtained from cases of scarlet fever, pg. (for mice).
Streptococcus coronatus, Fliigge. See Micrococcus
corouatus, Fliigge. Streptococcus coryzae conta-
giosae equorum, Schiitz. Syn., Streptococcus der
Druse des Pferdes. Bacterium der Brustseuche des
Pferdes, Ger. Bacterium of infectious pneumonia in
the horse. Found in the pus from diseased lymphatic
glands in horses suffering with infectious pneumonia,
the disease being known in Germany as Druse des
Pferdes. aer., facanaer., pg. (for horses and mice),
Abbreviations. — a^r. = aerobic. fl'Mae'>- = anaerobic. cAg-. =chromngenic. yacareaff. = facultative anaerobic, /z'^;/". = liquefac-
tive. tnonorn. = monomorphic. mot. = motile, jiliqf. == noii-liquefactive. nmot. = non-motile, nfi^. = non-pathogenic.
oA/. = obligate, ojc/. = oscillating. = pathogenic. />Aoj. = phosphorescent, //^'ow. = pleomorphic, iay*. = saprophytic.
BACTERIA
185
BACTERIA
npg. (for rabbits, guinea pigs and pigeons). Strep-
tococcus des Gelenkrheumatismus, Leyden.
See Bacillus rheuinarthrilidis, Kussmaul. Strep-
tococcus endocarditicus. See Alicrococctts endo-
carditicHs rugatus^ Weichselbaum. Streptococcus
erysipelatis (erysipelatos), Fehleisen. See Micio-
coccHs pyogenes, Rosenbach. Streptococcus fer-
menti. See Alicrococcus viniperda. Streptococ-
cus giganteus urethrae, Lustgarten and Manne-
berg. Found in the healthy human urethra, aer.,
npg. Streptococcus havaniensis, Sternberg. Found
in the acid vomit of a yellow-fever patient. Biologic
characters undetermined. Streptococcus in'secto-
rum, Burrill. See JMicrococcits insectoriim, Burrill.
Streptococcus kochii. See Micrococcus of septi-
cemia in rabbits, Koch. Streptococcus lanceolatus
pasteuri, Gamaleia. See Bacillus septiciis spiitigcnus ,
Fliigge. Streptococcus liquefaciens, Sternberg.
Obtained from the intestines and livers of yellow-fever
cadavers, aer., faeanaer. , li<jf., npg. Streptococcus
longus, von Lingelsheim. See Alicrococciis pyogenes,
Rosenbach. Streptococcus lucae. 'f^ee Alicrococciis
ulceris mollis. Streptococcus manfredii. See Mi-
crococcus manfredii. Streptococcus meningitidis.
See Alicrococciis inteirelliilaris meningitidis , Naumann
and Schaffer. Streptococcus monomorphus, Buj-
wid, Heryng. Found in benign pharyngeal ulcers.
npg. Streptococcus morbillosus. 'ite Alicrococciis
of measles. Streptococcus nocardi. See Alicrococ-
cusmastobius, Nocard. Streptococcus ochroleucus.
See Micrococcus ochroleucus , Prove and Legrain.
Streptococcus of Bonome. Obtained from the ex-
udations in the cerebro spinal meninges and from
hemorrhagic extravasations in the lungs, in cases of
epidemic cerebro-spinal meningitis, pg. (for white mice
and rabbits). Streptococcus of granuloma fun-
goides, Rindfleisch and Auspetz. Sec Streptococcus
of mycosis fungoides. Streptococcus of Manneberg.
Obtained from the urine in cases of acute nephritis.
aer., faeanaer., nliqf., pg. (for dogs and rabbits).
Streptococcus of mastitis in cows. See Alicrococ-
ciis mastobitis,'iiocsLrd.3ind MoUereau. Streptococcus
of mycosis fungoides. Streptococcus of granuloma-
fungoides, Rindfleisch and Auspetz. Found in the
capillaries and subcutaneous tissue in the parts affected
by this disease. Not sufficiently investigated. Strep-
tococcus of pus. See Alicrococciis seplicus, Fliigge.
Streptococcus perniciosus psittacorum, Eberthand
Wolf. See Alicrocoicus psittaci. Wolf Streptococ-
cus pneumoniae, Weichselbaum. See Alicrococciis
pyogenes, Fliigge. Streptococcus putrefaciens.
Micrococcus of putrefaction. Refers to any one of the
many micrococci found in putrefying substances.
Streptococcus pyogenes, Rosenbach. See Alicro-
coccus pyogenes, Rosenbach. Streptococcus pyo-
genes, Saccardo. See Alicrococcus seplicus. Fliigge.
Streptococcus pyogenes maligni, Krause and
Fliigge. Found in necrotic masses in a leukemic
spleen, /i'-. (for mice and rabbits). Streptococcus py-
ogenes ureae, Rorsing. Found in purulent urine. Cf.
Micrococcus pyogenes urea flavus, Rorsing. Strepto-
coccus radiatus. See Alicrococciis radiatus, Fliigge.
Streptococcus rubiginosus, Edington. Found in
cases of scarlatina, tipg. Does not appear till late in
the disease. Streptococcus seiferti. See Alicrococ-
cus influenzce, Letzerich. Streptococcus septicus,
Fliigge. See Alicrococcus septicus ,¥\\\gge. Streptococ-
cus septicus liquefaciens. Babes. Obtained from
the blood and viscera of a child who died of septicemia
following scarlatina, ai-r., liqf.,pg. (for mice and rab-
bits). Streptococcus septopysemicus. 'Aet Alicro-
cocciis septopyiemicus, Biondi. Streptococcus toxica-
tus. See A/icrococciis to.ricatus, Burrill. Streptococcus
ureae. See A/icrococcus iirecE, Cohn. Streptococcus
ureae rugosus, Rorsing. Found in urine. Strep-
tococcus variolas. See Alicrococciis varioLc et vac-
cina, Cohn. Streptococcus vermiformis, Maschek.
Syn. , wurmformiger .Streptococcus, Ger. Found
in hydrant water (Freiburg). aer., liqf., npg.
Streptococque de I'erysipele, Streptococque pyo-
gene vrai. .See Alicrococcus septicus, Fliigge.
Streptocytus puerperale, Doleris. See Bacillus
puerperalis, Engel and Spillman. Streptocytus of
Eczema epizootica, Schottelius. Syn., Streptococcus
apthicola, Hallier. Micrococcus of foot-and-mouth
disease. Micrococcus der Maul- und Klauenseuche,
Ger., Micrococco del afta epizootica, Ital. Found in
vesicular eruptions about the mouth and feet of cattle,
pigs and sheep. Communicable to man. aer. , faeanaer.
Pathogenesis not fully settled. Cf. Bacillus of ulcera-
tive stomatitis of calves. Streptothrix fcersteri,
Cohn. See Cladothrix foersteri, Cohn. Swine
Plague Schizophyte, Detmers. See Bacillus of
swine plague, Marseilles, Rietsch and Jobert.
Syphilis Bacillus. See Bacillus syphilidis, Lust-
garten. Syphilis Bacillus of Eve and Lingard.
Obtained in cultures from the blood and diseased
tissues of syphilitics who have not undergone mer-
curial treatment, aer., chg (pale yellow or brown).
Pathogenetic relations not settled. Not stained by
Lustgarten's method ; capable of development on
blood-serum. Tetanus Bacillus. See Bacillus
tetani, Nicolaier. Thiothrix nivea. See Beggiatoa
iiivea, Rabenhorst. Thiothrix tenuis, Winogradsky.
Found in sulphur springs. Thiothrix tenuissima,
Winogradsky. Found in sulphur springs. Torula
cerevisiae. See Saccliaromrces cerevisia, Reess and
Robin. Torula ureae, Pasteur. See Micrococcus
urea, Cohn. Trachomcoccus, Ger. See Micro-
coccus of Trachoma, Sattler and Michel. Tripper-
coccus, Ger. See Alicrococcus gonorrhcea, Neisser.
Trommelschlagerbacillus, Ger. See Bacillus pu-
trifcus coli, Bienstock. Tubercle-bacillus. See
Bacillus tuberculosis, Koch. Typhus bacillus.
See Bacillus typhi abdominalis, Eberth. Tyrothrix
catenula, Duclaux. See Bacillus calenula, Duclaux.
Tyrothrix claviformis, Duclaux. See Bacillus
claviformis, iJuclaux. Tyrothrix distortus, Du-
claux. See Bacillus distortus, Duclaux. Tyrothrix
filiformis, Duclaux. See Bacillus filiformis,
Duclaux. Tyrothrix geniculatus, Duclaux. See
Bacillus geniculatus , Duclaux. Tyrothrix scaber,
Duclaux. %e^e Bacillus scaber ,V>\xQ\w.yi. Tyrothrix
tenuis, Duclaux. See Bacillus tenuis, Duclaux.
Tyrothrix turgidus, Duclaux. See Bacillus turgidiis,
Duclaux. Tyrothrix urocephalus, Duclaux. See
Bacillus uroccphahis. Duclaux. Tyrothrix virgula,
Duclaux. See Bacillus virgula, Duclaux. Ulvina
aceti, Kiitzing. See Bacillus aceti, Kiitzing. Uro-
bacillus duclauxi, Miquel. Found in sewage and
river water, aer., faeanaer., mot., liqf. Pathogenesis
not determined. Urobacillus freudenreichii. Miquel,
Obtained from air, dust, sewage. aer., liqf ., mot.
Pathogenesis not determined. Urobacillus maddoxi,
Miquel. Obtained from sewage and river water.
aer., liqf., mot. Pathogenesis not determined.
Urobacillus pasteuri, Miquel. Obtained from
decomposing urine, aer. , liqf ., mot. Pathogenesis not
Abbreviations. — aer. = aerobic, anaer. = anaerobic, ch^. = chromogrenic. faeanaer. = facultative anaerobic, ligf. = liquefac-
tive. monom. = monomorphic. mot. = motile, nliqf. = non-liquefactive. nmof. = non-motile, nfig-. = non-pathopfenic.
oA/. = obligate, ojr/. = oscillating. />^. = pathogenic. /!i/(05. = phosphorescent, //t'cww. = pleomorphic, ja/. = saprophytic.
BACTERIA
186
BAG
determined. Urobacillus schiitzenbergii, Miquel.
Obtained from sewage and river water, aer., Hqf-,
mot. Pathogenesis not detennined. Verfliissi-
gender Bacillus aus Wasser, Ger. Liquefying
bacillus of water. See Bacillus aqiiatiius liqucfacii-tis ,
Pokrowsl<y. Vibrio aureus, Weibel. See Spirillum
aureuin. Vibrio bacillus, Miiller, Ehrenberg. See
Badllus ztlna, Cohn. Vibrio cholerae. See Spi?--
illuiii cholene asiaficcT, Koch. Vibrio cyanogenus,
Ehrenberg. See Bacillus cyanogenus, P'uchs. Vibrio
flavescens, Weibel. See Spirillum flavesce)is, Wei-
bel. Vibrio flavus, Weibel. Spirillum Jiavuni,
Weibel. Vibrio lineola, Miiller and Ehrenberg.
See Bacterium lineola, Cohn. Vibrio lingualis.
.See Spirillum lingua, Weibel. Vibrio metschnikovi,
Gamaleia. See Spirillum metschnikovi , Gamaleia.
Vibrio nasalis, Weibel. See Spirillum iiasale,
Weibel. Vibrio proteus. See Spirillum f inkier i.
Vibrio rugula, Miiller. See Spirillum rugula,
Miiller. Vibrio saprophiles a, Weibel. See
Spirillum saprophiles a, Weibel. Vibrio sapro-
philes /3, Weibel. See Spirillum saprophiles
Weibel. Vibrio saprophiles 7, Weibel. See
Spirillum saprophiles ; , Weibel. Vibrio serpens,
Miiller. See Spirillum serpens, Miiller. Vibrio
syncyanus, Ehrenberg. See Bacillus cyanogenus,
Fuchs. Vibrio synxanthus, Ehrenberg. See Bacil-
lus svnxanfhus, Ehrenberg and Schroter. Vibrio
tremulans, Ehrenberg. See Bacteriutn lineola,
Cohn. Vibrio undula, Miiller. See Spirillum
itndula, Miiller. Vibrio Xanthogenus, Fuchs.
Bacillus synxanthus, Ehrenberg and Schroter.
Vibrion butyrique, Pasteur. See Bacillus butyricus,
Prazmowski. Vibrion septique. See Bacillus
cedematis maligni, Koch. Violet Bacillus. See
Bacillus janthinus, Zopf. Violetter Bacillus aus
\Vasser, Ger. See Bacillus violaceus, Becker.
Wasserbacillen, Wasserbacterien, Ger. Bacilli
and bacteria of water. Weisser Bacillus aus
Wasser. Ger. See Bacillus all>us, Becker. Weis-
ser Streptococcus, Ger. See Streptococcus alius,
Maschek. White Bacillus of Water. See Bacillus
albus, Becker. White Liquefying Staphylococcus.
See Staphylococcus albus liquefaciens, Escherich.
Wunderblut, Ger. .See Bacillus prodigiosus, Ehren-
berg. Wurzelbacillus, Ger. See Bacillus rantosus,
Eisenberg. Wurzelbacillus aus Erde. See Ba-
cillus mycoides, Fliigge. Xerosebacillus, Ger. See
Bacillus of xerosis epithelialis conjunctive, Leber.
Yellowish-white Micrococcus, Bumm. See
Micrococcus suhflavus, Fliigge. Ziegelroter Ba-
cillus, Adametz. See Bacillus latericeus, Eisenberg.
Zooglcea capillorum, Buhl. See Palmellina capil-
lorum, Radlkofer. Zooglcea termo, Miiller, Cohn.
See Bacillus termo, Dujardin. Zooglcea ramigera.
A tree-like variety of Cladothrix dichofoma, q. v.
Zoogalactina imetropa, Sette. See Bacillus pro-
digiosus, Ehrenberg. Zungenbelagvibrio, Ger.
See Spirillum linguce, Weibel.
Bacteriacese (hak-te-re-a' -se-e) \_l3aKTi/piov, a little stick].
A group or order of microscopic fungi ; the same as
Sc/iizomycetes.
Bacterial {hak-te' -re-al ) [fiaKTr/piov, a little stick]. Re-
sembling or of the nature of bacteria.
Bactericidal (bak-ie-ris-id' -al) [/?aKr//p(oi', a little stick;
ctrdere, to kill]. Destructive to bacteria.
Bactericide [bak-te' -ris-id) \_ISnKTi/pinv, a little stick;
caderc, to slay]. I. Destructive to bacteria. 2. An
agent that destroys bacteria.
Bacteridium [bak-ter-id'-e-um') l^aKri/piov, a little
stick: //. , Bacteridia'\. According to Davaine, a
genus of Bacteriaceje characterized by immobility of
the elements at all periods of their existence. The
distinction does not now obtain.
Bacteriemia (bak-te-re-e'-me-ah) \_paKTrip(ov , a little
stick; a'iiia, blood]. The presence of bacteria in the
blood.
Bacterioid {bak-tc'-re-oid) \_jiaKTi/pim', a little stick;
fifSof , form]. Applied to certain microorganisms flour-
ishing in and around the roots of leguminous plants,
assisting in the accumulation of nitrogen, and giving
rise to tubercles. They may be cultivated in artifi-
cial media like ordinary bacteria. (Brunchoist, Nobbe,
etc.)
Bacteriologist (hak-te-re-ol' -o-jist) ySanTi/pioi', a little
stick; /loyof, science]. One who makes a special
study of bacteriology.
Bacteriology (bak-te- re-ol^ -o-je) \_f^aKTi/piov,a. little stick;
'Aoyo^, science]. That department of science that is
concerned with the study of bacteria.
Bacterio-protein {bak-te-re-o-pro' -te-in) ^[^anTi/piov, a
little stick; Trpwrof, first]. A protein contained in
bacteria.
Bacterio-purpurin (l>ak-te-re-o-per' -pu-rin) \_liaKTi/piov,
a little stick ; purpura, purple]. A peach-colored
pigment found t)y Lankester in the protoplasm of
Beggiatoa roseo-persicina. It is insoluble in water,
alcohol, chloroform, ammonia, acetic and sulphuric
acids, etc.
Bacterioscopic (bak-te-re-o-skop' -ik) \_PaKT)ipiov, a little
stick ; oKonav, to view]. Pertaining to bacterioscopy.
Bacterioscopy (hak-te-re-os' -ko-pe) \_l3aKTr/pim', a little
stick ; aaoKEiv, to inspect]. The microscopic study of
bacteria.
Bacterio-therapeutic {hak-te-re-o-ther-ap-u' -lik) \fiaK-
Tijpiov, a little stick ; Oepanda, treatment]. Relating
to bacterio-therapy.
Bacteriotherapy (bak-te-re-o-tkcr'-ap-e) [ (iaKrijpiov, a
little stick; Ospaneia, treatment]. The treatment of
disease by the introduction of bacteria into the system.
Bacterious {bak-te' -re-tis) [^ftaKri/piov, a little stick].
Bacterial.
Bacterium {bak-te' -re-um) [^iSaKTr/piov, a little stick ;
dim. of jiaiiTr]pia, a stick, staff: //., Bacteria'\. I. A
term used to distinguish in a general way some of the
simplest microscopic fungi, the Bacteriacece , Fission-
fungi, or Schizomycetes, and other closely allied
microbes. 2. A genus of short, cylindrical, motile
Fission-fungi.
Bacteriuria {bak-te-re-u' -?-e-ah) [^jiaicTi/piov, a little
stick; oypoi', urine]. The presence of bacteria in
the urine.
Bacteroid {bak'-ter-oid) \_PaiiTTipwi', a little stick ; eMof,
form]. Resembling bacteria.
Bad Disorder. Synonym of Syphilis.
Badal's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Bader's Operations. See Operations, Table of.
Badiaga (bah-de-ah'-gah) [Rus., badyaga']. A Rus-
sian fresh- water sponge, Spongia lactistris, valued as
a discutient and as a remover of the marks of bruises.
Unof.
'^a.AKa.w {ba' -de-an)\_badius,\>&y\ The Star-anise. See
Illiciuvi.
Baer's Law. See La7f. B. Operations. See Opera-
tions, Table of. B. Plane. .See Plane.
Bag {bag) [AS., ba;lg']. I. A sac. 2. The scrotum.
B., Barnes's, '^iee Barnes's Dilators. B., Politzer's,
a soft rubber bag for inflating the internal ear. B. of
Abbreviations. — a^n = aerobic, a^/a,")-. = anaerobic. <:/;?•.== chromogenic. yaca»af>. = facultative anaerobic, //^y. = liquefac-
tive. iiionom. = monomorphic mot. = motile, nliqf. = non-liquefactive. nmot. = non-motile, npg. = non-pathogenic.
oA/. = obligate. oicA = oscillating, /.g-. = pathogenic. />Aoj. = phosphorescent, //cow. = pleomorphic. = saprophytic.
BAGNIO
187
BALNEOLOGY
Waters, the fetal membranes enclosing the liquor
amnii, projecting through the os uteri early in labor.
The sac usually ruptures when the cervix is dilated.
Bagnio (ban'-yo) [It., hagno'\. I. A house of prosti-
tution. 2. A bath-house.
Bailey's Flask. In dentistry, an apparatus for making
metal dies. It consists of two semi-elliptic rings of
iron — one nearly straight, the other a truncated cone
with four keys — jointed so as to fit together. The
straight ring is used as a casting-box for the sand as
well as a form for the lead ; the other gives the pro-
per shape to the zinc.
Baillarger's Lines. See Lines, Table of. B. Streak.
Same as Baillarger' s Lines.
Bain-Marie {bdn-mah-re') [Fr.]. An instrument for
immersing solutions, microorganisms, etc., in water or
chemical solutions, thus keeping them at a desired
temperature.
Bain's Method. See Treatment , Methods of; also Arti-
ficial Respiration.
Bakers' Itch. An eczematous affection of the hands,
caused by the irritation of the yeast. B. Salt, a syno-
nym of smelling salts, or the subcarbonate of ammo-
nia ; it is sometimes used by bakers in leavening cakes.
Baker's Leg, knock-knee, or z'(7/^z<ot. B. Opera-
tions. See Operatiotis , Table of. B. Pins, heavy
pins used to hold bone surfaces in apposition after
resection of a joint.
Balance (bal'-ans) \_bilanx, & balance]. I. A device
or apparatus for weighing ; an indispensable adjunct of
the art of pharmacy. 2. The harmonious adjustment
of corresponding parts.
Balanic (baF-aii-ik) \_fla%nvo(:, the glans penis]. Per-
taining to the gland of the penis or of the clitoris.
"R&X&rdsm [bal'-an-izin) [/3dAuvof, acorn ; pessary; the
glans penis] . The application of a pessary or supposi-
tory.
Balanitis [bal-an-i' -tis') [/3d/lai'of, the glans penis ; LTiq,
inflammation]. Inflammation of the glans penis,
sometimes called Balano-posthitis. Phimosis is a fre-
quent complication. See Posthitis.
Balanoblennorrhea [hal-an-o-blen-o-re' -ali) \Jiakavo<;,
the glans; pXevvog, mucus; po'ia, a. flow]. Gonor-
rheal balanitis.
Balano-chlamyditis (bal-an-o-klam-id-i' -tis) [jialavo^,
the glans penis ; ;^;/^a|Ui''f, cloak ; irtc, inflammation].
Inflammation of the glans and preputium of the cli-
toris.
Balanoplasty [bal' -ati-o-plas-te) [/Sd/lavof, the glans
penis ; irlaaaew, to form] . Plastic surgery of the glans
penis.
Balanoposthitis (bal-an-o-pos-thi' -tis) \flakavo^, the
glans penis ; Tvdadri, prepuce ; iriq, inflammation]. In-
flammation of the glans penis and of the prepuce.
Balanorrhagia [bal-an-or-a' -je-ah) \JiaMLvo<;, the glans
penis ; pijyvvadaL, to burst out]. Gonorrheal balanitis,
with copious discharge of pus.
Balanorrhea [bal-an-or-e' -ali) \jiakavoz , the glans
penis ; po'ia, a flow]. Balanitis.
Balantidium [bal-an-tid'-e-tim) \_^a7MVTi6Lov, dim. of
jSaXavriov , a. bag]. A genus of Protozoa. B. coli,
a protozoan parasite that inhabits the pig, and has
been found in the human intestine. See Parasites,
Animal, Table of.
Balanus (/'a/^-aw-zw) [/3d/lavof, an acorn] . I. The glans
of the prepuce or of the clitoris. 2. A pledget, supposi-
tory, or pessary.
"BaXaXSiibal'-at-ah) [Native Guiana]. The dried, milky
juice of the bully-tree [Sapota milleri') of Guiana. In
its properties it is intermediate between caoutchouc
and gutta-percha, and is used chiefly in England as a
substitute for these materials.
Balaustine {bal-aius' -tin) [/ia/latcrrtoi', the flower ot the
wild pomegranate]. The flower of the Potncgranate,
q. V. , formerly used in medicine.
Balbuties (hal-bii' -she-ez) \balbutire, to stammer].
Stammering.
Bald (barvld) [ME., ^aA/f, bald] . Wanting hair. A
term applied to one who has lost the hair of the scalp.
B. Ringworm. See Tinea tonsurans.
Baldness {baivld' -nes) [ME., balde, bald]. Alopecia,
whether congenital or acquired. When the loss of
hair is circumscribed it is called tinea decalvans : when
general, it is called alopecia. Senile baldness is called
calvities. Premature baldness is caused by disease.
See Alopecia.
Bale Blue. See Pigments, Conspectus of. B. Green.
Same as Schweinftirt Green.
Balfour's Test. See Death, Signs of. B.'s Treatment.
See Treatment, Alethods of.
Ball {bawl) [ME., bal'\. I. In veterinary medicine, a
pill or bolus. 2. Vulgarly, a testicle. B.-blue.
'Aa.m.t a.% Prussian Blue. B.-and-Socket Joint. See
Diarthrosis and Enarthrosis. B. Thrombus. See
Thrombus.
Ballast Fever {baV-ast fe'-ver). See Fever.
Ballet-dancer's Cramp. See Cramp.
Balling's Saccharometric Beer-test. As by fer-
mentation, loo parts of malt-extract yield 50 parts
of alcohol, twice the quantity of alcohol found will
indicate the quantity of malt-extract necessary for its
formation. This quantity of malt-extract added to that
still existing in the beer indicates the whole of the
malt-extract existing in the wort before fermentation.
Ballingall's Operation. See Operations , Table of.
Ballismus (bal-iz' -mus) [_ Pa'AXiajuog , a leaping]. I.
Chorea. 2. Paralysis agitans.
Ballonnement (bal-ldn-mon(g)) [Fr.]. The balloon-
ing or distending of a part for operative or diagnostic
purposes.
Balloon (bal-oon') [Mod. E., baloon, a large bag]. In
chemistry, a spherical glass receiver with a short neck.
B. Sickness. See Anoxyemia anA Hypsonosus .
Ballooning (J>al-oon' -ing) [Mod. E. baloon, a large bag].
Surgical distention of the vagina by air-bags or water-
bags.
Ballota (bal-o'-tah) \jia't 'kuTii , black hoarhound]. A
genus of labiate plants. B. nigra, or black hoarhound,
was formerly much used in medicine. B. (or Hyptis)
suaveolens, of the E. and W. Indies, has been
lately introduced into general practice as a powerful
and yet safe nervin, antilithic, diuretic, evacuant, and
laxative remedy. Unof. B. lanata, of N. Asia, has
similar uses. Unof.
Ballottement (bal-ot'-mon(g)) [Fr. , from ballotte, a
ball]. A method of diagnosticating pregnancy from
the fourth to the eighth month. A push is given the
uterus by the finger inserted into the vagina, and if the
fetus be present, it will rise and fall again like a heavy
body in water.
Ball's Operations. See Operations , Table of .
Balm (Imhm) \balsamum, a balsam]. A popular syn-
onym of balsamum. Any soothing application or
ointment. B. of Gilead. See Balsam, Abies, and
Alelissa.
Balmony {baU -mo-ne) [origin uncertain]. The herb
Chelone glabra ; cathartic and anthelmintic. Dose of
the fld. ext. 3ss-j. Chelonin, the concentrated ext.
Dose gr. j-iv. Unof.
Balneography (hal-ne-og' -ra-fe) [balneum, a bath ;
ypdcpT/, a writing]. A treatise on bathing.
Balneology (bal-ne-ol^-o-je) [^balneum, a bath ; ?i6yo(,
science]. The science of baths and their effects upon
the system.
BALNEOTHERAPEUTICS
188
BANDAGE
Balneotherapeutics {bal-ne-o4her-ap-tt' -tiks). SeeBir/-
iieotiierapy.
Balneotherapy {bal-ne-o-ther' -ap-e) \l>alneum, a bath ;
Wfyja-f (a, healing]. Systematic bathing for therapeutic
purposes, or the treatment of disease by baths or
bathing.
Balneum [l>al'-ne-2iiii) [L. ]. A bath. See Bath.
B. arense, a sand bath. See Ammotherapy. B.
lacteum, a milk bath. B. luteum, a mud-bath. See
Illuiation. B. pneumaticum, an Air-bath, q. v.
Balonea (bal-o' -ne-ah). See Valonia.
Balsam (bawl' -sam) \_^a'Kaa^iov , the resin of the balsam
tree]. The resinous, volatile, aromatic substance,
liquid or concrete, obtained from certain trees by
natural exudation or by artificial extraction. Balsams
are divided into two classes, those with, and those
without, benzoic and cinnamic acids. In general they
are mixtures of various essential oils, resins, and acids.
B. Apple, the plant Momordica bahamina, and its
warty, gourd-like fruit. It is purgative, but its tincture
is chiefly used in domestic medicine as a vulnerary.
Unof. B. Bog, a singular stone-like, woody, umbelli-
ferous plant, Bolax or A^orella glebaria, of the Falk-
land Islands and Patagonia. Its aromatic gum is
locally prized as a vulnerary, desiccative, and anti-gon-
orrheal remedy. Unof. B., Canada, a turpentine
gathered from the natural blisters of the bark of Abies
bahamiim. It is much used as a mounting medium by
microscopists. B. of Copaiba. See Copaiba. B. of
Fir. Same as Canada Balsam. See Abies. B.,
Friar's. See Benzoin. B. of Gilead, the balm of
the Old Testament ; an oleo-resin obtained from the
Balsamodoidron gileadense. B. of Peru, the balsam
obtained ixom. Myroxylon pereira; ; antiseptic, stimulant
to the circulation, and sedative to the nervous system;
generally a tonic, and expectorant in bronchitis. Ap-
plied locally it is useful in chronic inflammatory skin-
diseases. Dose of the emulsion TT\^x-xxv. B. Root,
a popular name for certain composite-flowered plants
of the genus Balsamorrhiza. B. hookerii, B. inacro-
phylla, B. sagittata are common in the Pacific States
and abound in a resinous balsam. Unof. B. of
Tolutan, or of Tolu, obtained from Myroxylon tolu-
fera. Its properties are due to a volatile oil, tohiette.
It possesses an agreeable odor, and is a basis for many
cough-mixtures. It is a fair expectorant. T. Tinct.
contains ten per cent, of the balsam in 90 per cent, of
alcohol. Dose rt\^x-xxx. T. Syr., balsam four parts;
simple syrup 96. Dose^j-ij.
Balsamation (bawl-sain-a' -shtai) \fiakaayLov , the resin
of the balsam tree]. Embalmment with balsamic or
aromatic spices.
Balsamic (JmioV -sam-ik) \_^aKaapLOv , the resin of the
balsam tree]. Having the nature or qualities of a
balsam.
Balsamine [bawl-sam-in) \_j3akaafiov , balsam]. Any
plant of the genus Impatiens, q. v.
Balsamito {ba-col'-sam-e'-to) [Sp. ] . A tincture of balsam
of Peru in rum ; anthelmintic, diuretic, and tonic ; it
is used externally as a cosmetic and a stimulant wash
for sores. Unof.
Balsamodendron [bawl-sam-o-den'-dron). See Myrrh
and Bdellium.
Balsams {bawl' -samz) \fiaAaaiion>, the resin of the bal-
sam tree]. The natuijp.1, thick solutions of the gum
resins in the essential oils and turpentines. See Resins.
Balsamum (hal' -satii-um) \_liaXaafiov , balsam: gen.,
Balsami\ A balsam, q.v. B. dipterocarpi. See
Ciirjun Balsam.
Balser's Fatty Necrosis. See Diseases, Table of.
Bambalia {bam-ba'-le-ah) [L.]. Stammering ; thick-
ness of speech, or other impediment to utterance.
Bamberger's Fluid. An albuminous mercuric com-
pound used in the treatment of syphilis. It is made
as follows : To loo c.c. of a filtered solution of white
of egg (containing 40 c.c. of albumin and 60 c.c. of
water) there are added 60 c.c. of a solution of mercu-
ric chlorid (containing 5 per cent. , or 3 grams, of
bichlorid of mercury) and 60 c.c. of a solution of
sodium chlorid (containing 20 per cent.) ; finally, 80
grams of distilled water are added, which brings
the bulk of the solution up to 300, containing 0.010
mercuric chlorid in every cubic centimeter.
Bamboo (bam-boo') [E. YwA. , baiid)ii'\. A popular
name for many tree-like, woody-stemmed grasses, es-
pecially those of the genus Baiiibusa. Apart from a
limited use in surgery, none of the bamboos is em-
ployed in regular medicine. Locally, B. arundi-
nacea is employed as an alterative, anthelmintic, and
depurative. Unof. See also Tafashccr. B. Brier,
the root of Smilax sarsaparilla, habitat. Southern
United States. Its properties are identical with those
of sarsaparilla. Dose of the fld. ext. 3 ss-ij. Unof
Banana [ban-an'-ah) [Sp.]. The root of the common
banana, Ahisa sapientiim , said to be a valuable altera-
tive, and useful in strumous affections. Dose of the
fld. ext. Tl\, x-xxx. Unof.
'Qz.nA (band) \)AY..,bande'\. That which binds. A
stripe. A ligament. B., Axis, Baer's primitive
streak. B., Belly, a band to pass around the abdo-
men. B., Head, a strap for securing a mirror to
the forehead. B., Horny, of Tarinus, the fore part
of the tenia semicircularis. B., Moderator. See
B. , Reir s. B., Rail's, a fibrous muscular fillet that
frequently extends across the right ventricle of the
heart ; it is called also the moderator band. B. of
Remak. See Fiber, axial ; also Purkinje , Axis Cyl-
inder of. B. of Tarinus. See B., Horny.
'Ba.ndage {ban' -dd/' ) [Fr. , /;(7«(Z't', a strip]. Bandages
are usually strips of muslin or other material, of vary-
ing widths and lengths, used in surgery for the purpose
of protecting, compressing, etc., a part, or for the re-
tention of dressings and applications. A simple ban-
dage or roller consists of one piece ; a compound, of
two or more pieces. Starch, plaster-of-Paris, silica,
dextrin, tripolith, etc., etc., are used or recom-
mended for making stiff and iitimovable dressings
or bandages. According to their direction bandages
are classed as : I. C/rr/z/rtr, circular turns about the
part. 2. Figure-of-8, the turns crossing each other
like that figure. 3. Oblique, covering the part by ob-
lique turns. 4. Recurrent, the turns returning suc-
cessively to the point of origin. 5. Spica, the turns
resembling the arrangement of the husks of an ear of
corn. 6. Spiral, each turn covering one-half of the
preceding. 7. Spiral reverse, the bandage is reversed
in order to better adapt it to the part. Bandages are
also classed according to the part to which they are
applied. Of Bandages of the head we have : I.
Circidar, of the forehead, to retain dressings upon the
head. 2. Circular, of the eyes. 3. Crossed, of the
to hold dressings upon one or both eyes. 4. T.,of
the eye, a small piece of muslin cut in the shape of a
right-angled triangle, and sufficiently large to cover the
eye, is sewn by its base, with the perpendicular toward
the ear, to a horizontal strip of a length to encircle the
head. The apex of the triangle is sewn to a vertical
strip long enough to pass under the jaw and meet the
horizontal strip on the opposite side. 5. Crossed, of
the angle of the /a'cci, to support the parts in fracture
of the angle of the jaw. 6. Knotted, of the head, a
double-headed roller with compress, to make compres-
sion in wound of the temporal artery. 7. Recurrent, of
the head, a single-headed or double headed roller, to
BANDAGES
189
BANDAGES
BANDAGES
190
BANDAGES
Ascending Spica of the Groi
Spiral Reversed of the Forearm
(or Leg).
Recurrent Bandage of Stump.
BANDAGE
191
BANTING TREATMENT
retain dressings upon the head. 8. Four-tailed, of the
head, a piece of cloth eight inches wide and long
enough to pass over the head and under the chin, is
torn from either end to within three or four inches of
the middle. The body of the bandage is placed on the
top of the head, the posterior ends are tied under the
chin, and the two anterior ends carried backward and
tied at the nape of the neck. g. Gibson's, for the body
of the lower ja-tv, to support the parts in fracture. lo.
Rhea Barton's, for the same purpose. II. Capeline
or iMitra llippoeratis ; made by a doitble-hcaded roller
(one which is rolled from each end, the two heads
lying on the same side of the bandage and being of
equal size). One roll being taken in each hand, the
intervening strip is applied low down over the center
of the forehead, and the bandage unrolled on either
side until the two heads meet posteriorly below the
occipital protuberance. Prom this point the two
rollers are applied in different directions, one passing
continuously around the head in a circle, the other
forward and backward over the cranium until the latter
is entirely covered. 12. Galen's six-tailed bandage;
the bandage is so arranged that it has three strips at
each end. The middle portion is placed on the crown
of the head, the anterior ends are tied at the back of the
neck, the middle under the chin, and the posterior at
the forehead. 13. C^/vy/^owV, a bandage for the lower
jaw, passing above the forehead and back again to
cross under the occiput, and finally ending in front of the
chin. 14. Pressure-bandage , an eye-bandage applied
with a considerable degree of firmness in order to
afford pressure. 15. Protective-bandage, a bandage
for the eye, lightly applied. 16. Hamilton's, a form
of compound bandage for the lower jaw, consisting
mainly of a firm leather strap to support the jaw. 17.
Liebreich' s , a variety of bandage for the eye, made
from a knitted-cotton band. 18. Thillaye' s , a com-
pound bandage for joining the edges of the wounds
in hare-lip operation. Of Bandages of the trunk
there are: I. Circtdar, of the tieck. 2. Figure-of-8,
of the jieck and axilla, to retain dressings upon the
shoulder or in the axilla. 3. Anterior figure-of-8, of
chest, to draw the shoulder forward and to retairi
dressings on the anterior surface of the chest. 4. Pos-
terior figure-of-8 , of chest, to draw the shoulders back
in fractured clavicle, or to retain dressings on the
posterior surface of the chest. 5- Crossed, of one or
both breasts, to support the breasts in excessive lacta-
tion or in mammary disease. 6. Spica, of shoulder, to
retain the head of the humerus in place after disloca-
tion. 7. Spiral, of the chest, to make compression in
fracture of the sternum or ribs. 8. Circular, of the
abdomen, to support the abdominal walls. 9. Spiral,
of the abdomen, to compress the abdominal walls or to
retain dressings. 10. Spica, of one or both groins, to
compress groin or retain dressings. 11. Spiral reverse,
of the penis, to retain dressings upon this organ.
The Bandages of the arm are: I. Circular, of the
wrist. 2. Figure-of-8 , of wrist, to compress the joint
or retain dressings. 3. Figui e-of8 , of elbow. 4.
Circular, of arm or forearm. 5. Oblique, of arm or
forearm. 6. Spiral, of arm, to retain dressings. 7.
Spiral reverse, of tipper extremity, to support the arm
in dislocations, fractures, etc. 8. Velpeau's, used to
support the arm in fracture of the clavicle, the neck,
or acromial process of the scapula. The hand of the
mjured side being placed on the sound shoulder, an
oblique turn is made from the axilla of the sound side,
across the back of the chest to the opposite .shoulder,
covering the fracture, down under the elbow in front
to axilla of the sound side, then across the back over
the outside of the point of the elbow to the axilla of
the sound side, thus continuing the oblique and cir-
cular turns alternately and advancing over the arm till
it is held firmly. 9. Desault' s Apparatus, consists
of an axillary pad held by tapes about the neck, a
sling for the hand, and two single-headed rollers. The
forearm is placed at right angles with the humerus, held
in place by many circular and oblique turns about the
shoulder and body. 10. Bayer' s, a fonn of apparatus
consisting of a chest-belt, an arm -belt, and an axil-
lary pad. It is used in treating fractured clavicles.
The Bandages of the hand are: l. Spiral, of the
finger. 2. Spiral, of all the fingers, or gauntlet. 3.
Spiral, of pabiL, or demi-gauntlet. 4. Spica, of tlmmb.
All the bandages of the hand are used in cases of frac-
ture or to retain dressings. The Bandages of the
lower extremity are: I. Figure-of-8, of ankle, to
cover the part or retain dressings. 2. Figure-of-8 , of
knee, to cover the part or compress it. 3. Pigure-of-
8, of thighs, to compress the part after wounds or
operations. 4. Spica, of instep, to compress the parts.
5. Spiral reverse, of 'whole loiver extremity, to support
the limb after fracture, etc. 6. Baynton' s, a series
of straps of adhesive plaster used in the treatment of
chronic leg ulcers. 7. Ribbail' s, a spica bandage of
the foot. B., Genga's. See B., Thedeu's. B.,
Heliodorus's. The T-bandage. B., Hippocrates'.
See B., Capeline. B., Hueter's, a spica bandage for
the perineum. B., Langier's, a many-tailed paper
bandage. B., Larrey's, a form of many-tailed band-
age, the edges being glued together. B., Maison-
neuve's, a variety of Plaster-of- Paris bandage, formed
from cloths folded, these being supported by other
bandages. B. of the Poor. See Galen' s Bandage.
B., Recurrent, for stumps, is used after amputations,
to support the flaps. B., Richet's, a form of Plaster-
of-Paris bandage to which a small amount of gelatin
has been added. B. of Scultetus, a compound
bandage, similar to a spiral reverse in appearance and
action, used in compound fractures, so that the short
pieces of which it is composed may be removed with-
out motion of the limb. T-Bandages are compound,
and resemble that letter ; the menstrual napkin is an
example. B., Theden's, a fonii of roller bandage
applied from below upward over a graduated com-
press, to control hemorrhage from a limb. See Hand-
kerchief Dressing.
Bandager (ban'-da-jer) [Fr., bande, a strip]. One
skilled in the application of bandages. See Dresser.
Bandagist [ban' -da-jist) [Fr., bande a strip] . A maker
of trusses, bandages, and other surgical appliances to
be worn upon the person.
Banded Hair [ban'-ded hdr). See Ringed Hair.
Bandl, Operation of. See Operations, Table of. B.,
Ring of, the superior limit of the cervical canal, in
pregnancy at a level with the pelvic inlet, marking the
boundary between the lower uterine segment and the
rest of the uterus. It is about six inches above the os
externum.
Bandolin (han'-do-lin) [origin uncertain]. A mucilage
made usually of quince-seeds, or of gum-tragacanth,
used mainly as a paste for confining the hair and making
it lustrous ; it is called also fixature. See Cydonium.
Bandy Leg {ban' -de leg). Bow-leg, q. v.
Baneberry (ban' -ber-e) . See Actaa.
Bang, Bhang, or Bangue (bang). See Cannabis indica.
Banian (ban'-yan) [Ar., banyan, a trader]. A South
Asiatic fig-tree, Ficus bengalensis, remarkable for the
development of roots and secondary trunks from its
branches. Its juice is antodontalgic ; the bark and
seeds tonic, diuretic, and antipyretic. Unof.
Banks's Operations. See Operations, Table of.
Banting Treatment. See Treatment, Methods of.
BANTINGISM
192
BARKING
Bantingism (ban' -ting-hni) [From Banting, the name
o{ the inventor]. A method proposed for the reduc-
tion of corpulence, by abstinence from saccharine and
farinaceous foods. See Treatment, Methods of.
Banyan (J>an'-yan). See Banian.
Baobab Tree. See Adansonia digitata.
Baptin (bap' -tin) [/SaTrr/c/f, a dipping] . A moderately
purgative glucosid, obtainable from Baptisia tinc-
toria.
Baptisia [bap-tiz'-e-ah) [_l3aiTTiaLi;, a dipping]. Wild
Indigo. The root bark of B. tinetoria with proper-
ties due to an impure glucosid, the so-called Baptisin.
It is laxative and stimulant in moderate doses ; emetic
and cathartic in large doses, and is valuable in amenor-
rhea, typhus and typhoid fevers. It is excellent for
local application to indolent ulcers and gangrenous
sores. B., Extract. Dose gr. j-x. B.,Ext. Fid.
Dose tTLij-xx. B.,Tinct. Dose TTLv-xxx. Dose of
the resin gr. j-v. All unof.
Baptisin {bap' -tiz-in) \ji(nxTwic^, a dipping]. I. A pre-
cipitate from the tincture of Baptisia tinetoria ; anti-
septic, evacuant, acholic, resolvent. Dose one to three
grains. Unof. 2. A bitter glucosid obtainable from
the plant, Baptisia tinetoria ; it has little medicinal
activity.
Baptitoxin (bap-tit-oks' -in) [_8(nrriai(:, a dipping ; to^lkov,
a poison] . A poisonous alkaloid obtained from Baptisia
tinetoria. It hastens respiration and exaggerates vaso-
motor activity.
Baptorrhea (bap-tor-e' -all) [/M-rof, infected ; pkeiv, to
flow]. Any infectious discharge from a mucous sur-
face, as gonorrhea.
Baptothecorrhea {bap-to-the-kor-e' -ali) [/SdTrrof, in-
fected ; vagina ; petiv, to flow]. Gonorrhea in
women.
Bapturethrorrhea (bap-tu-reth-ro-re'-ah) [jianro^, in-
fected; o(ip//f pa, urethra ; pieiv, to flow]. Urethral
gonorrhea ; gonorrhea of men.
Baranilin {bar-an' -il-in) [/Sappf, heavy; anilin'^.
Heavy aniiin oil. See Heavy Oil and Creosote Oil.
Baraquet (/«?r-a//-/^7yf/') [Fr.]. 's^xiowyxvi oi Inflieenza.
Barb (barb) \_barba, a beard]. I. In biology, the
retrorse tooth of an awn or prickle. 2. One of the
narrow acute plates diverging from the rachis and
going to form the vane of a feather.
'Buxha. (ba J-'- bah) [L.]. The beard.
Barbadoes Leg {bar-ba'-ddz leg). See Elephantiasis
Arabuin. B. Nut. See Purging Nut. B. Tar, a
form of bitumen (q. v.) formerly employed in medicine.
Barbaloin (bar-bal'-o-in) \_Barbadoes ; akdrj, aloe],
C,,H,^jO,. The aloin derived from Barbadoes aloes.
Barbarossa's Pills. A mercurial preparation con-
taining in addition rhubarb, scammony, musk, etc.
Barbasco (bar-bas' -ko) \j.ierbaseum , mullein]. A com-
posite-flowered plant of tropical America, the Cliba-
diuin biocarpwn. The stalks are used in preparing
hair-washes, and are said to restore gray hair to its
natural color. The plant is also used in eye-troubles.
It is said to be very poisonous. Unof.
Barbellate (bar-bel'-at) [barbella, dim. of barba, a
beard]. In biology, applied to the bristles of the
pappus of some compositse when beset with short, stiff
hairs, longer than when denticulate, but shorter than
when plumose.
Barben Cholera (bar-ben kol'-er-ah). A form of poi-
soning resulting, in Central Europe, from the eating
of the barb.
Barber's Itch (bar'-berz ich). The disease called
Tinea barbie, Syeosis parasititria, or Tinea syeosis,
q. V.
Barberry (bar'-her-e). See Berberis. B. Gum, a
commercial name of certain varieties of gum-arabic.
Barber- Surgeon (bar'-ber ser'-jtcn) ^barba, a. beard;
MF,. , soiugeon^. Formerly, a barber who also prac-
tised surgery.
Barbicel (bar' -bis-el) [barbieella, dim. of barba, a
beard]. In biology, one of the fringes of a barbule
of a feather.
Barbiers (bar'-berz) [E. Ind.]. A paralytic affection
common in India, and probably a myelitis. It is
often confounded with beriberi.
Barbigerous (bar-bij' -er-us) \_barba, a beard ; gerere,
to carry] . In biology, bearded ; hirsute ; coarsely
pubescent ; applied to petals.
Barbotine (bar-bo-teen') [Fr. , wormwood]. Levant
worm-seed.
Barbule (bar' -bill) \_barbula, dim. of barba, beard].
In biology, one of the fringes of the barb in a feather,
going to make up the vane of the barb, as the barbs
make the vane of the feather.
Barclay's Angles. See An^le. B.'s Plane. See
Plane.
Barcoo (bar'-koo) [Australian]. A peculiar disease,
marked by nausea and vomiting, common in Australia.
Its cause is unknown. It is also called " Fly-sick-
ness."
Bardana (bar-da'-nah) [L.]. The burdock. See
Lappa.
Bardeleben's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Bardenheuer's' Operations. See Ope rations, Table of.
Barden's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Baregin (bar-a'-zhin). See Glaisin.
Baresthesiometer (bar-es-the-ze-oin'-et-er) [/5d/jof,
weight; e((T(??/mf, perception ; //trpoi', a measure]. An
instrument for estimating the weight-sense in disturb-
ances of sensibility.
Baresthesiometric (bar-es-the-ze-o-met' -rik) [ftapog,
weight; aioH)/air, perception; /acrpov, a measure].
Relating to the baresthesiometer.
Bareswill's Solution. A solution for the detection of
sugar in the urine. It consists of sulphate of copper,
acid potassium tartrate and sodic hydrate. See Tests,
Table of.
Barford's Test. -See Tests, Table of.
Baric (ba'-rik) [fldpof, heavy]. Pertaining to or con-
taining barium.
Barilla (bar-il' -ah) \Yr., barille, impure soda]. Impure
sodium carbonate ; being the ashes obtained by burn-
ing various chenopodiaceous plants of the genera
Salieornia and Salsola.
Barium (ba'-re-tun) [/?dpof, heavy]. Ba = 136.8;
quantivalence 11. A metal of the alkaline group, of
pale yellow color, characterized by a strong affinity for
oxygen. Neither the metal nor its salts are much
employed in medicine ; all are poisonous. B. Car-
bonate, BaCOj, used in the preparation of the chlorid.
B. Chlorid, BaCl2.2H.^O, soluble, used as a reagent,
and also as a cardiac and vasomotor stimulant in the
treatment of aneurysm. Dose gr. ss-v. B. Chlorid
Test. See Tests, Table of. B. lodid, formerly used
as an alterative. Dose gr. \. Mostly employed in
ointments. Unof. B. Monohydrate, caustic baryta ;
reagent. B. Oxid, Ba(J, baryta. B. Sulphate, BaSO^,
used as a pigment ; formerly used in skin diseases,
and in lotions. B. Yellow. Same as Ultramarine
Yellow.
Bark (bark) [ME., ^ffr/fv]. The cortex or covering
surrounding the wood of exogens. It is sometimes
used as a synonym of cinchona or calisaya bark. B.
Peruvian, Cittekona. (For other barks, see the
names of the plants or trees that produce them. )
Barker's Operations. See Operations, Table of.
'Bar'kmg (bar' -king). [ME., <5^7;-/i'<'/?, to bark.'] The
uttering of a peculiar sharp, short cry, as a dog. See
BARLERIA
193
BASE
Ahoieiiuiit. B. Disease, a guttural, barking cough,
with nervous disorder and impairment of the will ;
cynobex hebetis.
Barleria {Imr-le' -re-ah) [L.]. A genus of acanthaceous
plants. B. buxifolia and B. ciliata, of India, are
aperient. B. prionitis, of S. Asia, is employed as a
polychrest. Unof.
Barley [har'-k) [ME., barly]. A cereal belonging
to the order Graiiiinea ; the most common variety,
Hordetim distichon, is much used as a food, and also
in the preparation of malt. B. Decoct. (B. P.).
Dose 3j-iv. B. Pearl, is the decorticated grain,
rounded and polished. B. Water, decociiim hordei,
a decoction consisting of two ozs. of Pearl B. boiled
in one and one-half pints of water and afterward
strained. See Ptisan. B. Sugar, saccharum hordea-
titm ; practically a glucose. Applied also to an amor-
phous mass obtained by melting cane-sugar.
Barnes's Curve. In obstetrics, the segment of a cir-
cle, having for its center the sacral promontory, its
concavity looking backward. B.'s Dilators, gradu-
ated rubber bags used for dilating the cervix uteri
in the induction of abortion or premature labor. B.'s
Method. See Treatment, Methods of.
Barograph [Imr' -o-graf) [/Jdpoc, weight ; ypa.<peip, to
record]. A self-registering barometer.
Baromacrometer [bar-o-mak-roin' -et-et-) \_^apo(;, weight;
fiaKpog, long; fisTpov, measure]. An apparatus for
ascertaining the weight and length of new-born infants.
Barometer [bar-otn' -et-er) [/Jdpof, weight; fiirpov, a
measure]. An instrument for determining the weight
and tension of the atmosphere. It consists essentially of
a glass tube about 36 inches long, closed at one end,
filled with mercury, and inverted in a basin of mer-
cury. The mercury will sink in the tube until it rests
at a height of about 30 inches at the sea-level, the
height varying as the atmospheric pressure increases or
diminishes. B., Aneroid, a metallic box from which
the air has been exhausted, the tension being indi-
cated by the collapsing or bulging of the thin corru-
gated cover, which is connected with a movable index.
B. -maker's Disease, a form of chronic mercurial
poisoning among the workmen who make barometers.
It is due to the inhalation of the fumes of mercury.
Barometrograph [bar-o-met^-ro-graf). See Barograph.
Baroscope [bar' -o-skof) \fldpo(;, weight ; anonelv, to
observe]. An instrument used for determining the
loss of weight of a body in air, compared with its
weight in a vacuum. A form of baroscope has been
invented by Esbach for the quantitative determination
of urea.
Barosma {bar-oz' -mali) [/3dpof , heavy ; ocr//?), smell]. A
plant of the order Riiiareic, native to the Cape of Good
Hope and vicinity ; several species of which yield the
Buchu of commerce.
Barosmin [bar-oz'-miii') [/^npoc, heavy ; bofjr/, smell].
A precipitate from the tincture of Barosma crenata.
Dose grs. ij-iij. Unof.
Barras (bar'-as) [FV.]. Turpentine otitained in the S.
of France, chiefly from Finns pinaster.
Barrel-shaped Chest. See Emphysema.
Barrenness [bar'-eu-nes) [ME., bareynessel. Sterility
in the female.
Barrier's Method. See Treatment, Methods of.
Barruel's Apparatus. An arrangement for charging
water with carbonic acid.
Barsac {bar-saltk') [Fr.]. A white French wine, often
with a bitter-sweet, resinous flavor.
Bartholin, Canal of. See Duet. B., Duct of. See
Dicet. B., Foramen of. See Foramina, Table of.
B., Glands of. See Gland.
Bartholinitis [har-tho-lin-i' -tis) [Bartholin, a Danish
13
physician; ;r?f, inflammation]. Inflammation of the
vulvo-vaginal gland.
Bartisch's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Bartlett's Apparatus. A splint or dressing for frac-
ture of the clavicle with dislocation.
Barton's Bandage. See Bandage. B. Fracture.
See Fracture and Diseases, Table of. B. Handker-
chief, a form of temporary dressing for a wound. See
Handkerchief Dressing. B. Operations. See Opera-
tions, Table of.
Baruria [bar-u'-re-ah) [/jdpof, heavy ; oi'pov, urine].
Abnormally high specific gravity of the urine ; also the
condition of the body associated therewith.
Barwell's Apparatus. An apparatus for the treatment
of talipes by means of continuous traction on the foot.
B. Operations. See Operations, Table of .
Barwood Red. See Figments, Conspectus of.
Baryacoia (bar-e-ak-oi^-ah). See Barvecoia.
Baryecoia [l>ar-e-ek-oi' -ah) [^fiapvr/Koia, hardness of hear-
ing] . Hardness of hearing ; partial deafness.
Baryencephalia (har-e-en-sef-a' -le-ah) [/Soprf, heavy ;
Kt<pa/o(: , brain]. Dulness of intellect.
Baryglossia (bar-e-glos'-e-ah) [/Japt'f, heavy ; yAuaaa,
a tongue]. Thick, slow utterance.
Barylalia (bar-e-la'-le-ah) \_liapi%, heavy; la7ua,
speech]. Thickness and dulness of speech ; bary-
phonia.
Barymastia (bar-e-mas' -te-ali) [/Japrf, heavy ; fiaard^,
breast]. Same as Barymazia.
Barymazia (Imr-e-ma' -ze-ah) [/3aprf, heavy; jjiaZdc,
breast]. Heaviness or large size of the mammse.
Baryodmia [bar-e-od' -me-ah) [/3opi''f, heavy; bSf^iii,
odor], A heavy, disagreeable odor ; also a subjective
sensation as of a disagreeable smell.
Baryodynia [bar-e-o-din'-e-ah) [/3ap{)f, heavy ; bSuvr/,
pain]. Severe pain.
Baryphonia {bar-e-fo^-ne-ah) [/3apuf, heavy ; ipwvl], a
voice]. A difficulty of speech.
Baryphonic [bar-e-fon' -ik) [/Japt'f, heavy ; (jxjvi/, voice].
Affected with baryphonia.
Barysomatia (imr-e-so-ma' -she-ali) \jiap'vi, heavy ;
oujia, body]. Excess in the weight of the body.
Baryta, or Barytes (bar-i' -tah, or bar-i'-tes) [/3apiif,
heavy]. Oxid of barium. See Barium. B. Green.
Same as Manganese Green.
Barythymia {Imr-e-thim' -e-aJi) \_(iapvc, heavy ; 6vu6c,
mind]. A melancholy, gloomy, or sullen state of
mind.
Basaal [ba'-sa-al] [Malay]. An East Indian tree,
Embelia basal ; its fruit is a vermifuge ; its leaves are
soothing and demulcent. Unof.
Basad (Jia'-sad) \_Paair, a foundation]. Toward the
basal aspect.
Basal (ba^-sal) [pdaic, a foundation]. Pertaining to or
located at the base. See Basilar. B. Ganglia. See
Ganglion.
Basanastragala (bas-an-as-trag^-al-ah) \_ftiiaavoc, tor-
ture; darpdya'Aoc, heel, ankle]. Gout in the heel or
ankle.
'Basculation (bas-hu-/(7'-shun) [Fr. , basculer, to swing].
The movement by which retroversion of the uterus is
corrected when the fundus is pressed upward and the
cervix drawn downward.
Bascule Movement (bas'-ki'il tnoov^-ment) [Fr. , bas-
cule, a swing]. The recoil of the heart in its systolic
motion.
Base [bas) \_fidai<;, a foundation]. The lower part, as, the
base of the brain. In chemistry, an element or radical
that combines with an acid to form a salt. The
electro-positive molecule or radical of a compound. In
dentistry, the plate upon which artificial teeth are held.
In pharmacy, the most important part of the prescription.
BASE-BALL PITCHER'S ARM
194
BASILYST
In microscopy, the portion of the stand of a micro-
scope upon which it rests. It is important for steadi-
ness. In electro-therapeutics, the part of a battery upon
which are fastened the coil-posts and switches. B.,
for Artificial Teeth ; in the construction of a base
for artificial teeth, a transfer or model of plaster-of-
Paris is first obtained. Then a metallic die and
counter-die, if the base is to be of metal, are procured,
and between these a plate of suitable size and thick-
ness is swaged. See Metallic Base and Vulcanite
Base. B., Organic, a term including a large number
of organic compounds, especially nitrogen compounds,
which, like ammonium, unite with acids to form salts.
They are commonly called alkaloids.
Base-ball Pitcher's Arm, a peculiar condition of the
arm arising from over-use, characterized by loss of
strength, tenderness, neuralgic pains, and inflamma-
tion and hypertrophy of the bone.
Basecphysis (has-ek'-Jiz-is) \_fiaai(;, a base, a foot ;
EKipiiOK;, a growing out, a shoot]. In biology, a branch
springing from the basal joint, as in the limbs of
Crustacea. Synonyms Exoi^nathite, Exopodite.
Basedow's Disease. An exophthalmic bronchocele ;
called also. Exophthalmic Goiter, and Graves' Disease.
See Goiter and Diseases, Table of.
Basement (pas' -inent) [Fr. , bassenieii/']. The funda-
mental portion. B. Membrane. See Menibrane. B.
Tissue. See Tissue.
Bas Fond [bah fon{g)) [Fr. ]. The floor of the urinary
bladder.
Basham's Mixture. Mistura ferri et ammonii acetatis.
B. Test. See Tests, Table of.
Basial (ba' -ze-al) [/i'iff/f, a foundation]. Relating to a
base, as to the basion.
Basi-alveolar [ba-se-al-ve'-o-lar) [/iawf, foundation;
alveolus, a little trough]. Relating to the basion and
• the alveolar point.
Basiarachnitis (ha-se-ar-ak-ni'-tis) \_fi(ioic, foundation;
hpaxvi] , & s\)\Ae.r ; ;r/r;, inflammation]. Inflammation
of that part of the arachnoid that corresponds to the
base of the skull.
Basiator (ba-ze-a'-toi-) \_basiare, to kiss]. The orbicu-
laris oris muscle. See Muscles, Table of.
Basibracteolate [ba-se-brak' -te-o-lat) \basis, a base ;
bracteola, a little bract]. In biology, having the base
surrounded by bracts, as the dandelion.
Basibranchial (ba-se-brang' -ke-al) \_basis,a.ha.se; bran-
chice, gills]. In biology, applied to the one or more
skeletal pieces forming the base of gills or branchire.
Basic (ba'-sik) [/Wff/f , a foundation]. Having proper-
ties the opposite of those of acids. An acid capable
of uniting with a single monad atom or radical is called
monobasic. One that will unite with two monad or
one dyad atom or radical, etc., is said to be dibasic.
This measure of the power of an acid is called its
basicity. B. Blue. Same as Spirit Blue.
Basicerite (bas-is'-er-lt) \_pda/i;, base; Kepac, horn].
The second joint of the antenna in a crustacean.
Basicity {bas-is' -it-e) [jiiinii;, foundation]. I. The
quality of being basic. 2. The combining power of
an acid.
Basicranial [ba-se-kra' -Jte-al) \_ftaai<:, foundation ;
Kpaviov, the skull]. Relating to the base of the skull.
B. Axis, a line running from a point midway be-
tween the occipital condyles through the median
plane to the junction of the ethmoid and presphenoid.
Basidigital {/la-se-dij' -it-al) [_fl('inir, foundation; digitus,
a finger]. Pertaining to the bases of the digits. B.
Bone, any metacarpal, or metatarsal bone.
Basidiogenetic [bas-id-e-o-jen-ef -il-) \_basidium, a
spore-producing cell ; yfvecrig, origin]. In biology,
produced on a basidium.
Basidiospore {bas-id' -e-o-spor) \_basidiu)n, a spore-pro-
ducing cell ; a-rropd, seed]. One of the spores pro-
duced upon a basidium.
Basidium (bas-id' -e-uni) [dim. of 'fiimu;, a base: //. ,
Basidia'\. In biology, a large cell in the higher fungi,
borne on the hymenium and producing spores at its
free end.
Basifacial (bas-e fa'-shal') \_basis, foundation; fades,
face]. Pertaining to the lower portion of the face.
B. Axis, in craniometry, a line from the anterior
point of the premaxilla to the anterior point of the
basicranial axis.
Basifixed [ba' -sefkst) \_basis, base ; fixns, fixed]. In
biology, attached by the base.
Basifugal (has-if -u-gal) \basis, a base; fiigere, to
flee]. In biology, derived from, or proceeding away
from the base ; acropetal ; centrifugal.
Basigynium {has-ij-in' -e-itni) [/jdtr/f , a base ; yvvli, a
female: //. , Basigynia'\. See Gynophore.
Basihyal \bas-e-hi' -al ) \basis, base ; voEi6ii(;, shaped like
the letter upsilon]. Either one of the two bones, one
on each side, that form the principal part of the body
of the hyoid arch.
Basihyoid [bas-e-ki'-oid). See Basihyal.
Basil [ba'-sil) \_jiai7i'AiK6<;, royal]. A kind of mint,
Ocymum basilicum ; aromatic and carminative. The
name is given to other related plants. Unof.
Basilad [bas'-il-ad) [paaiQ, foundation]. Toward or
to the base or basilar aspect.
Basilar [bas'-il-ar) [/Jdcr/f, base]. Pertaining to the
base, usually 'of the skull. B. Artery, the artery ex-
tending between the borders of the Pons Varolii ;
through its branches it supplies the substance of the
pons. Se.e Arteries, Table of . B. Aspect, the view of
the head looking toward the base of the skull. B.
Membrane, a membranous division-wall separating
the scala vestibuli from the scala tympani, extending
from the base to the apex of the cochlea, and sup-
porting the organ of Corti. B. Process, a strong
quadrilateral plate of bone in front of the foramen
magnum. B. Suture, the suture formed by the junc-
tion of the basilar surface of the occipital bone with
the posterior surface of the body of the sphenoid.
Basilary (bas'-il-a-re). See Basilar.
Basilateral [bas-e-lat'-er-al) \_basis, base; latus, side].
Both basilar and lateral.
Basilen (l>as' -il-en') \l)asis, base]. Belonging to the
basilar portion in itself
Basilic [bas-il' -ik) [basilicus : (iaaiXiKOQ, royal]. Any
structure or medicine of importance (obsolescent).
B. Vein, a large vein of the arm on the inner side
of the biceps. See Vein.
Basilicon Ointment {bas-il' -ik-on oint' -pient^. An
ointment composed of yellow wax, yellow resin, and
Burgundy pitch aa I 11)., olive oil fl. xvj, to which,
when melted, turpentine iij are added. It is called
also the "four drug" ointment. There are several
other ointments bearing this name. See Resina.
Basilo-bregmatic [bas-il-o-breg-mat'-ik) SJiauiq, found-
ation ; the sinciput]. Pertaining to the base
of the skull and the bregma.
Basilo-mental [bas-il-o-men'-tal) \_basis, base ; 7?ien-
ttun, the chin]. Pertaining to the base of the skull
and to the chin.
Basil-thyme [ba'-sil-fim) \_fla(7i7uK(>v, royal; Ovfiov,
thyme]. A European species of mint, Calamintha
acinos ; aromatic and calmative. Unof.
Basilysis [bas-iF -is-is) [/Wfi/f, base ; Tivatg, a loosen-
ing]. The breaking up of the fetal skull in crani-
otomy.
Basilyst (bas' -il-ist) [^ftarjig, a base ; I'mic, a loosen-
ing]. An instrument for use in craniotomy, designed
BASIN
195
BATH
to perforate the cranial vault and break up the base of
the skull.
Basin [ba'-sin) [yiYL. , basiii'\. I. The third ventricle
of the brain. 2. The pelvis. B.-Trap. A trap or
seat in the outlet of the basin of a water-closet, placed
there to prevent the entrance into the apartment of
noxious and offensive vapors and gases.
'BaLsin3iSa.\[bas-e-na^-sal) [/'ajm, base; tiasus,\h.t nose].
Relating to the basion and the nasion.
Basinerved (has' -in-ervd) \basis, a base; nervus,
nerve]. In biology, applied to a leaf having all the
veins or nerves springing from the base.
Basi-occipital [/jdff(f, base; occiput,
the back of the head]. A bone, separate in many
of the lower vertebrate animals, forming the central
axis of the skull. In adult human life, it is the basilar
process of the occipital bone.
Basiocestrum [has-e-o-ses' -frmn) base ; nearpov,
a point]. A perforator for use in opening the fetal
head in craniotomy.
Basio-glossus (bas-e-o-glos' -tis) [/3d(T(f , base ; yAuaaa,
the tongue]. That part of the hyoglossus muscle that
is attached to the base of the hyoid bone.
Basion (ba'-se-oti) \jia(siq, base]. In biology, a point
of measurement in craniometry, located at the middle
of the anterior margin of the foramen magnum. See
Cranioinctric Points.
Basiophthalmite {bas-e-off-thal' -ttiit) [/Jdffic, a base ;
offtaXjuoc, eye]. In biology, the basal joint of the eye-
stalk in a stalk-eyed crustacean.
Basiotic (i^a.s-c-o/''-//^) [/3d(7(f , base ; o^f, ear]. Relat-
ing to the base of the ear.
Basiotribe [pas' -e-o-trib') [/Jdmf , base ; rp/'/Bwi', to grind
or crush]. An instrument used in craniotomy for per-
foiating or crushing the fetal head.
Basiotripsy (bas-e-of -rip-se) \fia(!iq, base ; rpipe/.v, to
grind or crush]. The operation of crushing the fetal
head.
Basipetal (bas-ip'-it-al^ [^Wj, a base ; petere,\.o seek].
In biology, applied to growth in plants from the apex
toward the base.
Basipodite (bas-ip' -o-dtt') \fiaaix, base; ■novq (Trorf),
foot]. The basal joint of an arthropod limb, or the
joint between the first and third.
Basipterygial [bas-ip-ter-ij' -e-al) [/3d(7«f , a ' base ;
TTTcpbyiov, a little wing, a fin]. At the base of the fin.
Basipterygoid [bas-ip-ter' -ig-oid) \Jiaaiq, base ; nrepv-
yiQv, a little wing]. Relating to the base of the ali-
sphenoid bone.
Basirostral [bas-e-ros'-tral) [basis, a base ; rostrum, a
beak]. In biology, having to do with the base of a
bird's beak.
Basirrhinal [bas-ir-i'-ttal) \_(iaaiq, base ; pig, nose].
Relating to the base of the brain and to the nose.
Applied to a cerebral fissure located at the base of the
olfactory lobe.
Basis (ba'-sis) l_j3daig, base]. Base, t/. v. The Latin
form is used to designate the lower or fundamental
part of any organ, as B. cerebri, B. cordce, etc.
Basiscopic [bas-is-kop'-ic) [/?d(Tif , base ; cjkotteiv, to
see]. Looking toward or on the side of the base.
Basi-sphenoid [bas-e-sfe'-noid) [/3dc7if, base; cr0^i>,
wedge; taSof, form]. The lower part of the sphenoid
bone.
Basisylvian {bas-e-siV -ve-ati) \basis, base ; Sylvius, an
anatomist]. Applied by Wilder to the transverse
basilar portion or stem of the Sylvian fissure. See
Fissure, Table (and Diagrani).
Basitemporal [bas-e-tem' -po-ral) \^basis, hast; iempora,
the temples] . Relating to the base or lower part of the
temporal bone.
Basivertebral (bas-c-ver' -te-bral) \basis, base ; verte-
bra, a joint]. Relating to the basis or centrum of a
vertebra.
Basophile (bas'-o-Jil). See Basopliilous.
Basophilic [bas-o-fil'-ic) \_pdcnc, base ; <pi\ieiv, to love].
Combining readily with bases ; stainable by means of
basic dyes.
Basophilous [bas-off'-il-us] \_(idai(;, base ; (pt'Aieiv, to
love]. Stained by basic rather than by acid dyes
(applied to certain cells and tissue-elements).
BassaMa. (bas-ii'-le-ali) [;'3d(T(7ui'-/3oft'!.if, very deep ; d//a,
an assemblage]. In biology, a deep-sea realm distin-
guished by a characteristic fauna.
Bass-deafness [bas-def -nes) [OF., basse, low; ME.,
defen']. Deafness to certain bass-notes, the perception
of the higher notes being retained.
Bassia (bas'-e-ah) \^Biissi, an Italian botanist]. A
genus of E. Indian and African sapotaceous trees.
The mahua, B. latifolia, is cultivated in India for its
edible flowers, which afford on distillation an alcoholic
drink. B. longifolia and B. butyracca afford a sort
of vegetable butter. The bark and leaves of these
three species are used in rheumatism. Unof.
Bassini's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Bassora Gum (pas' -o-i'ah-guni). An inferior gum,
much used in adulterating tragacanth.
Bassorin (bas'-o-rin) [Bassora, an Asiatic city],
CgHjijOj, or 2CgH,„0^. A tasteless, odorless vegeta-
ble mucilage, insoluble in cold water, but rendered
soluble by alkalies ; it is found in gum tragacanth (of
Bassora) and in cherry and plum gums. See Carbohy-
drates, Table of.
Bast (bast) [AS. , i^^^^/, a lime-tree]. The inner bark
of exogenous plants. The fibrous parts of the bark
are used in making cordage, and have a limited use in
surgery.
Bastard (bas'-tard) \bastardus, a bastard]. I. Ille-
gitimate. 2. In Ijiology, having the appearance of
being genuine.
Bastards (has'-tardz) \bastardus, n bastard]. The
name given to an impure sugar procured by concen-
trating molasses and allowing it to crystallize slowly
in moulds.
Bastelaer's Test. See Tests, Table of.
Bastose (bas'-tos) [AS. , a lime-tree]. A com-
bination of cellulose and lignin, comprising a complete
bundle of fibers, as in jute, or merely a covering upon
the unaltered cellulose.
Basyl (ba'-sil) \_fidai(;, base ; r/l//, principle]. The
electro-positive constituent of any compound.
Bat [bat) [ME., baf]. An instrument of great delicacy
employed by Dr. Marshall Hall for the detection of
minute air-currents issuing from the lungs of those
apparently dead.
Bateman's Drops. The tinctura pectoralis, N. F. ; a
weak tincture of opium, camphor, and catechu ; a
popular remedy in coughs.
Bates's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Bath (batli) [AS., birth, a bath]. A bathing place or
room. The medium in which the body is wholly or
partly immersed. As therapeutic agents, baths are
classified according as water, vapor, air, etc. , is used ;
according to the temperature, as hot, temperate, cold,
etc. ; according to the end desired, as nutritional,
medicinal, stimulant, etc. Special forms of bath are the
moor, peat, mud-slime, pine-leaf, herb (hay, gentian,
camomile, juniper, marjoram, etc.), brine, sand, tan,
bran, malt, glue, soup, milk, whey, blood, wine,
guano, starch, soap, acid, iron, sulphur, carbonic acid,
compressed air, mustard, electric, etc. B., Acid, add
l]4 ounces of nitric acid and I to 3 ounces of HCl to
30 gallons of warm water in a wooden or earthenware
vessel, and immerse the patient in this for about 10 to
BATH
196
BATH
20 minutes. For a foot-bath, add y2 ounce of nitric
acid and I ounce of HCl to 4 gallons of warm water.
Tliis is said to be useful in cases of dyspepsia with
sluggish liver and constipation. B., Air, a bath in
which but little water is employed, the body being
exposed freely to the air. It is employed in those
cases in which there is a tendency to catch cold from
undue facility to perspire. B., Alcohol, one in dilute
alcohol, used to reduce temperature in fever. B.,
Alkaline, add 3 ounces of potassium carbonate,
or 6 of sodium carbonate, to 25 or 30 gallons of
hot water. It is used in chronic squamous skin
diseases, chronic rheumatism, and lithemia. It
should be taken in a wooden, earthenware, or
enamelled bath. B., Arsenical, baths at a tem-
perature of from 90° to 97° F., containing a small
quantity of arsenic. They arc used occasionally in
the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. B., Blanket,
a method employed in chronic nephritis to stimulate
the diaphoretic action of the skin. The patient is
placed in bed and closely wrapped in blankets, a hot
poultice being applied at the same time to the loins,
and renewed as often as it becomes cool. B., Blood,
one consisting of the blood of an animal, freshly shed.
B., Bog, a bath formed by mixing bog-earth (gener-
ated by the decomposition of plants in the presence of
water and found at iron and sulphur .springs) with
warm water to form a pulpy or mushy consistence.
This is used as a mud bath. B., Borax, borax, 4
ounces; glycerin, three ounces; water, thirty gal-
lons. It is used in the same class of cases as the bran
bath. B., Bran, boil one pound of bran in one gal-
lon of water, strain, and add thirty gallons of water.
This is a soothing and emollient bath, and is of service
in squamous and irritable conditions of the skin. B.,
Brand ; Cold bath. The tub is filled with water of
68°. The patient is given a stimulant of one-half
to two ounces of brandy, the face and chest are
laved with ice-water, and then he is gently placed
in the water. The attendants should gently pass the
flattened outstretched hands over successive parts of
the body to dilate the superficial cutaneous vessels.
Remove the patient as soon as the teeth begin to
chatter, or if cyanosis of the lips or face appears.
Usually the bath should be continued fifteen minutes.
Then the patient is laid wet on a sheet and quickly
wrapped from head to foot, then dried in five minutes
and hot water applied to the feet. See Treatment ,
Methods of. B., Chemical, in chemistry, an appara-
tus for regulating the temperature of chemical pro-
cesses by surrounding the substance with water, sand,
oil, or mercury, through which the heat is communi-
cated. B., Cold. '6tft B., Brand. B., Corrosive-
sublimate, made by adding mercuric chlorid
three drams, and HCl one dram, to 30 gallons
of water. It is sometimes of service in secondary
syphilis and in certain skin-diseases. B., Creasote,
composed of creasote three drams, glycerin four
ounces, and water 30 gallons. It is used in squamous
skin diseases, B., Electro-therapeutic, a bath fur-
nished with suitable electrodes and used in the applica-
tion of electricity for curative purposes. B., Foot,
a bath for the feet only. This is used as a derivative
agent in cases of cold, etc. B., Full, this consists
of a tub about two-thirds full of water, the duration
and temperature being adapted to the purpose in view.
The patient's body may be entirely covered bv water,
so that his chin just clears it. B., Gelatin, dissolve
one pound of common glue in hot water, and add the
solution to the plain bath, or to the bran bath, and
use in the same class of cases as the latter. B.,
Graduated Full, a modification of the Brand bath.
The tub is filled with sufficient warm water to cover
two-thirds of the recumbent body. The patient is
then laid in and the temperature gradually lowered by
the addition of cold or ice-water, while warm water is
being removed. Friction is practised, as in the Brand
bath. This bath lasts half an hour, and the water
should be reduced to 68° as rapidly as possible. B.,
Half, the patient is seated in a tub containing eight
or ten inches of water of a temperature suited to the
case. A wet towel is tied around the head, and the
bath water is poured and dashed over the back, head,
and shoulders with the attendant's right hand, while
friction is practised with the left, and the patient does
the same on the anterior portion of the body. The
temperature of the water may be lowered if a more
decided impression is desired. The bath is continued
for from five to twenty minutes with active friction.
It is indicated in all fevers involving a depressed ner-
vous system, as shown by ataxia, delirum, or coma. B.,
Herb, made by using the extract of pine-needles, or
of some aromatic herbs. The bath is used as a tonic.
B., Hip. See B., Sitz. B., Hot, the temperature
ranges from 104° to 1 10° F. It acts upon the skin,
producing free perspiration, and accelerates the pulse
and respiration. B., Hot-air ; Turkish bath ; the
patient is placed in a box (French method), his head
being outside , and the box is filled with hot air furnished
by a lamp. In the ordinary Turkish bath the patient is
compelled to inhale the air within a closed compart-
ment. Hot-air baths can be borne of a much higher
temperature than vapor baths. They provoke more
profuse sweating, and raise the temperature of the
body to a greater extent. They are useful as a
diaphoretic, and in catarrhal, neuralgic, and rheumatic
conditions. They are contraindicated, as is also the
vapor bath, in fatty degeneration of the heart. B.,
Iron, half an ounce of sulphate of iron to four
gallons of water. Use in an earthenware or wooden
vessel. This is valuable for strumous or rachitic
children. B., Medicated, a bath in which medicinal
substances, as mineral salt, sulphur, etc., are dis-
solved or held in suspension. B., Mercurial, for
the treatment of syphilis. Calomel, 20 to 60 grains,
or a mixture of 15 grains of calomel and 20 grains
of cinnabar are fused over a water bath. The
patient is stripped and enveloped in one or more
blankets, or a mackintosh or India-rubber blanket
lined with flannel. The lamp and mercury are placed
under his chair, and the former lighted. In a few
minutes perspiration is induced and the sublimed
calomel is deposited upon the body. Twenty to thirty
minutes are sufficient for a bath, after which the patient
is allowed to cool off" slowly. This is best taken before
retiring. B., Milk, a bath in milk, for nutritive pur-
poses. B., Moor, a bath in water mixed with the earth
of moors. B., Mud, a bath prepared by mixing well-
seasoned earths, containing more or less mineral
matter, with water containing the same substances.
The body is surrounded with this mixture at various
temperatures from 90° to 100°. The patient is then
rinsed with warm water. This is of value in some uter-
ine diseases, and in obstinate rheumatism. B., Mus-
tard, made by enclosing two to four ounces of ordinary
mustard in a piece of muslin or thin linen and hang-
ing it in about four gallons of hot water until the latter
becomes yellow. It is used as a general bath for
infants in collapse, convulsions, or severe bronchitis,
the child being left in until the skin becomes distinctly
reddened. It is also used as a foot or sitz-bath in
amenorrhea. B., Pack, or Sheet, one in which the
body is wrapped in cloths. B., Permanent. See
B., ll\iriii. B., Pine, prepared by adding a decoction
BATH
197
BATRACHOPHOBIA
of pine-needles, or some pine extract, to hot water. It
is mildly stimulating, and is employed in hysteria, gout,
and rheumatism. B., Rain, consists of from four to
six three-fourths circles of pipes secured together at a
distance of two to three inches. Each pipe has three
lines of hne perforations, from which the stream issues
under pressure, striking the body of the patient at all
points with considerable force. This may be used as
a substitute for the dripping sheet. B., Russian,
one in which the air of the room is saturated with
steam by throwing water upon heated mineral or
metallic substances, after which the bather is rubbed
down, finishing with a cold douche. See B., Vapor.
B., Sand, the body of the patient is surrounded in a
tub with a layer of dry, warm sand that has been
naturally or artificially heated, the temperature ranging
from 95° to 120°. The duration of the b'ath is from
one to one and a half hours. The head is wrapped in
a wet towel and pennitted to lie outside of the sand.
The after-treatment is the same as that after a hot-air
bath. This is of value as an emollient procedure. In
chemistry, the immersion of a crucible, etc. , containing
a chemic compound in a vessel containing fine sand, the
latter being heated gradually to a high temperature.
B., Sea-water, more stimulating and tonic in its
effects than fresh water. It may be given cold,
tepid, or hot. It may be made away from the sea-
shore by dissolving bay-salt or rock-salt in fresh
water, four to nine pounds of salt to 30 gallons
■of water. It is useful in convalescence, chlorosis,
and strumous diseases. B., Sheet, the application
of cold water to the body through the medium of
a sheet or towel of fine or coarse texture, placed upon
the skin. The patient is wrapped in a linen sheet,
wrung not quite dry out of water at a temperature of
from 60° to 70°. A rubber cloth and a blanket are
spread over the bed to protect it. As the sheet dries
small quantities of water are poured with one hand
from a vessel or sponge upon a limited part of the body,
beginning with the chest. With the other extended
hand rapid passes are made over this spot until it
becomes a little warmer. Successive parts of the body
are thus treated except the forearms, hands, feet, and
legs. The patient is then dried and made comfortable.
This is applicable in all febrile affections with high tem-
peratures, except in chest or abdominal diseases.
B., Shower, a familiar form of the douche. The water
is delivered from a nozzle with numerous perforations,
that may be attached to a hose, striking the body in
a divided stream. B., Sitz, the patient sits in the tub
with the feet outside upon a raised surface and blanket,
so that the popliteal spaces are not encroached upon
by the edge of the tub. The water should reach the
umbilicus. It is useful in obstinate diarrhea, menor-
rhagia, subinvolution of the uterus, and pelvic inflam-
mations. B., Slime, a bath in water mixed with the
slimy deposit of organic matter found in rivers or
ponds. B., Sponge, one in which the patient's body is
rubbed with a sponge and water. It is used to reduce
temperature. B., Starch, starch, one pound ;
water, 30 gallons. This is used as the bran
bath. B., Sulphur, potassium sulphid four to eight
ounces in 30 gallons of water ; a little sulphuric
acid may be added. It is used in certain skin
diseases, scabies, lead colic, and lead palsy. B.,
Sulphurous-acid, a means of applying the fumes of
burning sulphur to the body. The patient is seated on
a cane-bottomed chair, and a blanket or oil-cloth is
thrown round him, the head remaining uncovered.
On the floor beneath the chair is a pan containing a
little water, and in this is placed a smaller vessel con-
taining small pieces of sulphur. A little spirit of
wine is poured over this, and ignited, and sulphurous-
acid gas is evolved. B., Sun, the therapeutic exposure
of the naked body to the sun's rays. B., Surprise, an
ancient and obsolete form of bath for insane and
hysterical patients, who were unexpectedly plunged
into cold water. B., Tepid, the temperature of the
water ranges from 85° to 95° F. It acts mainly upon
the skin as a sedative, cleansing, and detergent agent ;
the pulse, respiration, excretion, secretion, and temper-
ature are practically unafl'ected. B., Turkish, one in
which the bather is placed successively in rooms of
higher temperature, then shampooed or rubbed, and
finally stimulated by a douche of cold water. See
Bath, Hot-air. B., Vapor ; Russian bath ; this may
be given, as the Turkish bath, in a box, by permitting
steam from a pipe to penneate it, providing for its
escape, or the patient may inhale the vapor within
a closed compartment, the whole surface being at the
same time exposed to its influence. A higher temper-
ature can be borne than in the hot-water bath, though
for a shorter time. It is useful to provoke profuse per-
spiration. It should be followed by brisk frictions.
B., Warm, the tub is filled with water at any temper-
ature near that of the body, say 90° to 104°. The
patient lies quietly in it, and obtains the effect
of warmth, moisture, and water-pressure. It is
used to calm the nervous system, produce sleep,
and allay reflex instability. The continuoits loarm
called by Hebra the pernianent bath, is made
by suspending a sheet in the tub as a ham-
mock. The patient lies upon this surrounded by
water that is kept at an equable temperature (warm)
by a proper arrangement of in-and-out-flow It is
used in the treatment of extensive burns and wounds.
B., Water, a bath of water. It may be cold (6o°-75°)
or tepid (85°-95°), or hot. In chemistry, a bath cf
water for immersing vessels containing substances that
must not be heated above the boiling-point of water.
See B., Mitd ; B., Sattd ; B., Sim.
Bathmic {bath'-mik) \_(3ad/j.6^, a threshold]. Relating
to bathmism.
Bathmis (bath' -mis). See Bathmos.
Bathmism {bath' -mizni) I^l3a0/ii6c, a threshold]. That
supposed modification of chemical force which is
active in the processes of nutrition.
Bathmos (bath'-mos) [/j(i^//df, paftfj,!c, a little fossa].
A shallow depression or fosset.
Bathwort {bath' -wert) [Corruption oi birthivoii\. The
plant Trillium erectum : also T. pendulum ; esteemed
in domestic practice as deobstruent. Unof.
Bathybius {bath-ib' -e-us) [;'?a^?rf, deep ; /3/of, life]. A
name applied by Huxley to a sticky form of deep-sea
ooze, formerly supposed by him to be a widely-extend-
ing sheet of living, primitive protoplasm.
Bathycentesis {bath-e-sen-te' -sis) [/?a^it, deep; kcvt-
puncture]. A deep surgical puncture; deep
acupuncture.
Bathystixis {bath-e-stiks' -is) [jSaftv^, deep ; crWf^f ,
puncture]. Deep acupuncture.
Batiator {bat-e-a'-tor). See Vernonia nigritiana.
Batoir {bah-timr') [Fr. , beater]. See Percutor.
Batophobia {bat-o-fo' -be-ah) [^ardf, a height; <^b^oq,
fear]. I. Acrophobia; dread of being at a great
height. 2. Dread of high objects; fear of passing
near a high building, or of going through a deep
valley.
Batrachoid {hat' -rak-oid) [/Jdrpa^tof. a frog; eMo?,
form]. Frog-like.
Batrachophagous {bat-rak-off' -ag-us) [/3drpa,tof, a
frog ; (payav, to eat]. In biology, frog-eating.
Batrachophobia {bat-rak-o-fo' -be-ah) Iftdrpaxo^, a frog ;
yd/Jof, fear]. Morbid dread of toads and frogs.
BATRACHOPLASTY
198
BATTERY
Batrachoplasty {bat' -rak-o-plas-te) [/irirpajifof, a frog;
ranuia ; rr/.daatii', to mold]. Plastic surgical opera-
tion for the cure of ranuia.
Batrachostomous [bat-rak-os'-to-inns) [,i(jr/«!,tof , a
frog; OTo//a, mouth]. In biology, frog-mouthed.
Batrachus (bat' -yak-us) \_\idT pax<»: , a frog]. Ranuia.
Battalism (hat' -al-izni). See Battarism.
Battarism (hat' -ar-izm) [/3arrap;(T«df, a stuttering]. Stut-
tering or stammering.
Battery (hat'-er-e) \_hatteria, a. beating; battery]. A
series of two or more pieces of apparatus arranged
to produce increased or multiple effect, as battery
of boilers, prisms, lenses, galvanic cells. Usually
applied to a series of cells producing electricity (vol-
taic or galvanic battery) ; also, frequently to a single
cell. B., Primary, the combination of a number of
primary cells so as to form a single battery. B., Sec-
ondary, the combination of a number of storage cells
to form a single electric source. The following
table shows the materials used in the more important
batteries, and the electro-motive force (E. M. F. ) in
volts. Storage or secondary batteries are not included
in the table. The common form of these is a series
of lead plates carrying masses of lead oxid.
NAMES, ELEMENTS, FLUIDS, ETC., OF THE PRINCIPAL BATTERIES.
Name of Cell.
Positive Ele-
ment.
Negative Element.
Exciting Agent.
Depolarizing Agent.
E. M. F. IN
Volts.
Bunsen.
Zinc.
Carbon.
Sulphuric acid, dilute.
Nitric acid.
1.75 to 1.96
Beetz.
Zinc.
Copper.
Zinc sulphate in plaster
of Paris.
Copper sulphate, in plas-
ter of Paris.
1.04
Callaud.
Zinc.
Copper.
Solution of zinc sul-
phate.
Cupric sulphate.
10 to I 14
Daniel.
Zinc.
Copper.
Zinc sulphate.
Cupric sulphate.
I. to I 14
Edison-Lalande.
Zinc.
Cupric oxid and car-
bon.
Potassium hydroxid.
Cupric oxid.
0.75
Fuller.
Zinc.
Carbon.
Zinc chlorid.
Potassium dichromate
and hydrochloric acid.
1-5
Gravity. See Call
aud.
GaifFe.
Zinc.
Silver.
Zinc chlorid.
Silver chlorid.
1.02
Grenet.
Zinc.
Carbon.
Sulphuric acid and po-
tassium dichromate.
Chromic acid.
2.0
Grove.
Zinc.
Platinum.
Sulphuric acid, dilute.
Nitric acid.
1.94 to 1.97
Latimer Clark.
Zinc.
Mercury.
Mercuric sulphate.
Mercuric sulphate.
1.436
Leclanche.
Zinc.
Carbon.
Ammonium chlorid.
Manganese dioxid.
1.42
Lelande
Chaperone
Zinc.
Copper or iron.
Potassium hydroxid.
Cupric oxid.
0.98
Maische.
Zinc scraps in
a bath of mer-
cury.
Platinized carbon.
Common salt solution.
None separate.
1-25
Marie Davy.
Zinc.
Carbon.
Sulphuric acid, dilute
Mercuric sulphate.
I 52
Maynooth.
Zinc.
Iron.
Sulphuric acid, dilute.
Nitric acid (strong).
Niaudet.
Zinc.
Carbon.
Common salt solution.
Chlorated lime.
1.63
Poggendorf.
Zinc.
Carbon.
Potassium dichromate
and sulphuric acid.
Chromic acid.
1.98
Schanschieff.
Zinc.
Carbon.
Mercurial solution.
None separate.
1.56
Scrivanoff.
Zinc.
Silver.
Potassium hydroxid.
Silver chlorid.
15
Sraee.
Zinc.
Platinized silver.
Sulphuric acid, dilute.
None.
0.5 to I.O
Walker
Zinc.
Platinized carbon.
Sulphuric acid, dilute.
None.
0.66
Warren de la Rue.
Zinc.
Silver.
Ammonium chlorid.
Silver chlorid.
1-05
Grenet Cell for Therapeutic Apparatus.
BATTEY'S OPERATION
199
BEBEERU BARK
Battey's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Battledore {bat'-l-ddr) , batyldore\ An instru-
ment shaped like a racket. B. Hands. See Acro-
megaly. B. Placenta, one in which there is a mar-
ginal insertion of the cord.
Battology [bat-ol' -o-je) \_(iaTTo'koyia, a vain repetition].
The idle or meaningless repetition of words.
Baudelocque's Diameter. In obstetrics, the external
conjugate diameter of the pelvis. B. Method. See
Trcatme?!t, Alethods of.
Bauden's Apparatus. See Seutin s Apparatus. B.
Law. See Law. B. Operations. See Operations,
Table of.
Bauer's Apparatus, an apparatus for extending the leg
in hip-disease. The extension may be varied by means
of a rack-and-pinion arrangement.
Bauhin, Valve of. The ileo-cecal valve.
Bauhin's Glands. See Gland.
Baum's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Baunscheidt's Method. See Treatment , Methods of.
Baunscheidtism (baiun' -shlt-izni). [Named from
Baunscheidt, the inventor]. A mode of treating rheu-
matism or other chronic neuralgias by counter-irrita-
tion, the latter being produced by pricking the exterior
of the part affected with fine needles dipped in oil of
mustard, formic acid or other irritant.
Bavarian {bav-a'-re-an) \_Bavaria'\. Pertaining to Ba-
varia. B. Blue. .See Pisrrnents, Cotispectus of. B.
Splint, a variety of immovable dressing in which
the plaster is applied between two flannel cloths.
Bay-berry (ba'-ber-e') [ME., bay; bery\ I. The
berry of the Laurus nobilis, bay, or noble laurel. 2.
The wax-myrtle, Myrica cerifera, and its fruit. See
Myrica. 3. The pimento, or allspice. B. Rum and
B., Oil of. See Myrcia. B. Tree, the Laurus
nobilis: also Priimis laurocerasus ; commonly called
the laurel and the cherry laurel. B. Aqua Lauro-
cerasi. See Acid Hydrocyanic, Dilute.
Baycuru {bi-koo'-j-oo) [native S. A.]. The root of a S.
American plant, Statice braziliensis , one of the most
powerful astringents known. It is used for ulcers of
the mouth and for glandular enlargements. Dose of
the fld. ext., n\^v-xxx. Unof.
Bayer's Test. See Tests, Table of.
Baynton's Bandage. See Bandage.
Bazin [ba'-zitt). Synonym of Molluscuni contagiosum.
Bazin's Disease. See Diseases, Table of.
Bdella [del'-ah) \_^6iiXka, a leech]. A leech. See
Hirudo.
Bdellatomy {del-at'-o-me). See Bdellotomy.
Bdellium [del'-e-uni) [Heb., b' dolach\ A resinous
gum exuding from various species of balsamode^idron.
B., Indian, somewhat valuable as an emmenagogue.
Bdellometer [del-om'-et-er) [/Mf AAa, a leech ; fierpov, a
measure]. A mechanical substitute for the leech,
consisting of cupping glass, scarificator, and exhaust-
ing syringe.
Bdellotomy {del-of -o-inc) [/3(}f/l/la, a leech; ro//?/, a
cut]. The opening with the knife of the body of
a leech that is drawing blood ; by this means the
activity of the leech may be considerably prolonged.
Bdelygmia (del-ig' -nie-ali) l_p6elvyfi!a, disgust]. Ab-
normal disgust for food. That which is abhorrent or
repulsive.
Beaded Hair. Synonym of Monilethrix.
Beads, Rhachitic. " Rhachitic rosary; " the so-called
"beading of the ribs" in rickets; a succession of
visible and palpable swellings at the points where the
ribs join their cartilages.
Beak \bek) [ME., becke\ I. The mandibular portion of
a forceps. 2. The lower end of the calamus scrip-
torius. 3. The pad or splenium of the callosum. 4.
In biology, the rostrum, snout, or some corresponding
part of an animal. The apex of a bivalve, or the
cannular lips of a univalve shell.
Beaker [be'-ker) biker']. A wide-mouthed glass
vessel much used in chemic laboratories. B. Cells.
See Cell.
Beale's Cold-flowing Fluids. For injecting tissues.
[a) Blue: Dissolve 0.777 gm. of potassium fer-
rocyanid in 30 c. c. of glycerin ; mix 3.6 c. c. of
tinct. ferri chlor. with 30 c. c. of glycerin ; add the iron
mixture, drop by drop, to the potassium ferrocyanid
solution. Then add to this mixture 5.5 c. c. of
methylic alcohol, 30 c. c. of alcohol, and 88 c. c. of
water, shaking strongly, [b) Acid Glycerin Lluid :
Dissolve 0.194 gm. of potassium ferrocyanid in 30
c. c. of strong glycerin ; to 30 c. c. of strong glycerin
add 10 drops of tincture ferri chlor. Add the latter,
drop by drop, to the former, with constant shaking.
Then add 30 c. c. of water, to which 3 drops of HCl
have been added. This fluid flows well and does not
exude from the capillaries. (< ) Carmin : Mix I gm.
of pulverized carmin with a little water and sufficient
ammonia to dissolve the carmin ; add 50 c. c of gly-
cerin and shake well. Then add gradually, with con-
stant shaking, 100 c. c. of glycerin, acidulated with 25
to 30 drops of HCl or acetic acid. Test the fluid with
litmus paper, and if not decidedly acid add a few more
drops of acid. Then add 25 c. c. of alcohol and 75
c. c. of water. See Stains, Table of. B. Solution,
for staining histologic preparations. It consists of
carmin, I gm. ; ammonia, 3 c. c. ; glycerin, 96 c. c;
distilled water, 96 c. c ; alcohol, 95 per cent., 24
c. c. Dissolve the carmin in the ammonia with
the aid of heat, boil for a few moments, and allow to
cool. After the odor of ammonia has disappeared add
the glycerin, water, and alcohol, and filter. If, after
standing for some time, the carmin precipitates, add a
few more drops of ammonia.
Bean {bat) [ME., bene\ The seeds of several plants,
mostly Leguminosa, especially that of the common
bean, L'aba vulgaris. In biology, the rounded, white,
fleshy, saccular termination of the ductus ejaculatorius
in the drone bee. B. of St. Ignatius. See Lgnatia.
See also Tonka, Vanilla, Castor oil, etc.
Bearberry [har'-ber-e). See ihia ursi.
Beard {herd) [ME., bcrde\ The hair on the lips,
cheeks and chin of adult men. On women, a beard is
of rare occurrence, and is sometimes accompanied by
other characteristics proper to the male sex.
Bearing-down. The feeling of weight or pressure in
the pelvis in certain diseases. B.-d. Pains, uterine
pains in labor. Bearing-seat, a variety of the
Apron of Succor, q. v.
Bear's-foot. Leaf cup. A composite-flowered plant,
Polyninia uvedalia of N. America. A popular remedy
for enlargement of the spleen, or the " ague-cake "
of malarious regions. B. Ext. Dose gr. ss-j. B.
Fid. Ext. Dose tTLiij-x. B. Infus., gj of an ^j
to Oj. Unof.
Beat {bet) [ME. , beten\ The pulsations of the blood in
the arteries, or the impulse of the heart. See Pulse.
Beaten Woman's Herb. The European plant, Tanius
communis ; so called from its vulnerary qualities. See
1 ainus.
Beating {blt'-ing). See Tapotemcnt.
Beaufils's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Beauperthuy's Method. A method of treating leprosy
by bathing with olive oil, the internal administration
of mercuric chlorid, abstinence from salted meats,
and good hygiene.
Bebeerin {be-be' -rin). See Nectandra and Barine.
Bebeeru Bark {he-be^-ru). See Nectandra.
BECCABUNGA
200
BEGUAN
Beccabunga {bek-ah-bung' -gah). A plant of Europe,
/ \-roniLii beccabunga, formerly much prized in medi-
cine. See Veronica.
Beccaria, Test of. See Tests, Table of.
Beche-de-mer (liash' -de-inar) [Port. , bicho-do-mar, sea-
worm]. Tlie smolied and dried bodies of Iloiotkuria
argits, a sea-slug ; valued by the Chinese as a culinary
delicacy, and an aphrodisiac. Unof.
Bechesthesis (liek-es'-thes-is) cough ; aladijdK;,
sensation]. The sensation in the throat or air-passages
that prompts one to cough.
Bechic {bek'-ik) [/3//,t;«of, from /?//,-, a cough]. A
remedy for a cough ; an antibechic.
Bechorthopnea (Itek-orth-op-ne' -aJi) cough ;
opttjf, straight ; TTveeiv, to breathe]. Cough associated
with orthopnea. A synonym of IVhooping- cough.
Bechous [bek'-us] a cough]. Pertaining to or
affected with cough.
Bechterew's Nucleus. The accessory auditory nu-
cleus.
Becker's Test. A test for astigmatism, made by means
of a set of parallel lines in triplets placed in various
meridians.
Beckmann, Method of. A method for the determination
of the depression of the freezing-point. A hard glass
tube, from 2 to 3 cm. in diameter, with a lateral pro-
jection, is filled with from 15 to 20 grams of the solvent
(weighed out accurately in centigrams), and closed
with a cork in which are placed an accurate ther-
mometer and a stout platinum wire serving as a stirring-
rod. The lower part of the tube is attached by means
of a cork to a somewhat larger, wider tube, which
serves as an air-jacket. The entire apparatus projects
into a beaker-glass filled with a freezing-mixture. Cold
water will answer for glacial acetic acid and ice-water
for benzene. The congealing-point of the solvent is
determined by cooling this to from 1° to 2° below its
freezing-point ; then by agitation with the platinum
rod (after addition of platinum dippings) the forma-
tion of crystals is induced. The thermometer rises.
When the mercury becomes stationary, the reading in-
dicates the freezing-point of the solvent. The mass is
allowed to melt and an accurately weighed amount of
substance is introduced through the lateral projection.
When this has dissolved, the freezing-point is de-
tennined as before.
Beclard's Hernia. See Diseases, Table of. B. Opera-
tion. See Operations, Table of. B. Suture. See
Suture.
Becorthopnea {bek-orth-op-ne' -ah). See Bechorthop-
nea.
Becquerel's Pills. Pills containing quinin, extract of
digitalis and colchicum seeds, for use in gout.
Becuiba [bek-we'-bak) [native Brazilian name]. The
tree Myristica fictihyba of Brazil. Its nuts afford a
" tallow," or balsam, useful in rheumatism and piles.
Unof.
Bed [bed) [AS., bedd\ The couch or support on
which the body may rest in sleep ; usually a mattress
of straw, hair, or similar substance. B., Air, a mat-
tress of rubber or leather that can be inflated with
air. B.-bug an apterous insect, Cimex lectiilarius ,
that infests filthy bedsteads, and at times is parasitic
upon the human body. See Cimex. B.-case, a
form of hysteria or hypochondriasis in which the
patient, without cause, persistently remains in bed.
B.-pan, a large shallow vessel for receiving the
alvine discharges from bedridden patients. B.-rest,
an apparatus for propping up patients in bed. B.-
ridden, confined to bed. B.-sore, a sore produced
on any projecting part of the body by prolonged pres-
sure against the bed, and by nutritive changes in
paralyzed parts. B., Water, a rubber mattress con-
taining water ; it is used to prevent the formation of
bed-sores.
Bedegar, Bedeguar (bed' -e-gar) [Ar. , Pers., bddawar,
a white thorn]. An insect-made gall found on rose-
bushes of various species. It is astringent, but is not
now used in regular medicine.
Bedlam [bed' -lam) [ME., bedlem, a corruption of Beth-
lehem]. A mad-house.
Bedlamism [bed' -lam-izm) [see Bedlaiit'\. Insanity.
Bedlamite [bed'-lam-lt) [see Bedlain~\. A madman;
an insane person.
Bednar's Aphthae. Ste Aphtha, and Diseases, Table of .
Bedouin Itch. A synonym of the vesicular variety of
Lichen tropicus.
Bee (/'(-) [AS., ^^]. A genus of insects belonging to
the llymenoptera, commonly used to designate the
common Honey Bee, Apis niellifica (</. v.). B. -bread,
a preparation of pollen with which bees fill certain
cells. (The propolis, or hive-resin, is also incorrectly
called bee-bread. ) B. -poison, the irritating secretion
discharged through the sting of the bee. See Formic
Acid.
Beech [bech). See Fagus.
Beech-drop [bech' -drop). See Cancer Root.
Beef [bef) [ME., befe\ The flesh of domestic cattle.
Good beef should be of red color, possess firm texture,
and be free from unpleasant smell. Beef consists
mainly of water 73, fibrin 15, gelatin 4, albumen, 3,
fat and other substances 5 per cent. B. -extract,
the soluble fibrin of lean meat partly desiccated. B.-
measles. See Cysticercus bonis. B.-tea, the soluble
extractive matter of beef, made by steeping finely-cut
lean beef with its weight of water, and straining.
Beer [ber). See Malt Liquors. B. -vinegar. See
I 'inegar.
Beer's Cataract Knife. A knife with a triangular-shaped
blade, for making section of the cornea in the removal
of the crystalline lens. B. Operations. See Opera-
tions, Table of.
Beeswax [bez' -loaks) . Cera fJava ; wax secreted by bees,
of which their cells are constructed ; ordinarily it is a
mixture of cerotic acid, myricyl palmitic ester, heptaco-
sane, hentriacontane, and several alcohols. The crude
melted wax is a tough, compact mass of yellow or
brownish color, granular structure, faint taste, and
honey-like odor. When bleached it becomes white.
Its specific gravity is .959 to .969; its melting-point
62° to 64° C. It is used in making candles, oint-
ments, and pomades.
Beet [bet). See Beta.
Begbie's Disease. See Diseases, Table of.
Beggiatoa [bed-je-at-o' -ah) [after the Italian botanist,
T- Beggiato]. A genus of arthrosporous bacteria
founded by Trevisan (1833), consisting of swinging
or gliding, milk-white, gray, rosy to violet thread?.
They decompose sulphur compounds, and store up
sulphur granules in their protoplasm. They are found
in stagnant, fresh, or salt water, particularly that con-
taminated by sewage or factory waste. See Bacteria,
Synonymatie Table of.
Begin's Operation. .See Operations, Table of.
Begma [beg'-nuih) [.J?/y//a, a cough: //., Begmata'\.
A cough ; the matter expectorated by coughing.
Begonia [be-go'-ne-ah] [after Began, a French savant].
An extensive genus of flowering-plants, mostly natives
of warm regions. B. octopetula and tomentosa , of
Peru, are astringent. B. balinisiana, of Mexico, and
various other species are locally prized as alteratives.
Unof
Beguan [beo-' -wan) [native S. America]. A bezoar
obtained from the iguana, a large s]iecies of lizard.
BEHEN NUT
201
BENZALDEHYD
Behen-Nut {be' -hen nut). The seed of Moringa
fiteiygosper?Ha, and AL aptera, trees of tropical coun-
tries. They afford Oil of Behen, or Oil of Ben.
Behenolic Acid (be-hen-oF -ik'). See Acid.
Beigel's Disease. See Diseases, Table of.
BeindorfTs Apparatus. A furnace for boiling water,
in use in pharmacies.
Bela (be'-lah) [Hind.]. The dried, half-ripe fruit of
Aegle maruielos, or Bengal quince. It is a valuable
remedy for chronic diarrhea and dysentery. The ripe
fruit is slightly laxative. Dose ^ss-j. B., Ext.
Liq. (B. P.). Dose gj-ij. Unof.
Belching {belch' -ing) [ME., belcheit]. The expulsion
or throwing up of gas from the stomach. Eructation.
Belemnoid (bel-em'-noid) [/^tAe/zvov, a dart]. I. Dart-
shaped ; styloid. 2. The styloid process of the ulna
or of the temporal bone.
Belenoid (bel'-en-od). See Belonoid.
Bell {hel) [ME., bel'\. A hollow, metal sounding-
instrument. B. gastrula. See Archigastrula. B.
Metal, an alloy of copper, zinc, tin, and antimony.
B., Nerves of. The external and internal respiratory
nerves, etc. B. Sound, the sound produced in pneu-
mothorax by striking a coin, placed flat upon the
chest, by another coin. It can be heard through the
stethoscope placed over the affected side.
Bell's Disease. See Perieticephalitis and Diseases,
Table of. B. Law. See Law. B. Mania. See
Periencephalitis and Diseases, Table of. B. Oper-
ations. See Operations, Table of. B. Palsy or
Paralysis. See Diseases, Table of.
Belladonna {bel-ah-don'-ah) [It., belladonna, beautiful
lady]. Deadly Night-shade. A perennial plant of
the order Solanaceie, indigenous to Southern Europe
and Asia, and cultivated in the U. S. Its proper-
ties are due to two alkaloids, alropin and belladonnin,
the latter thought to be identical with hyoscyamin.
Both leaves and root are employed. It is a mild nar-
cotic and anodyne and a powerful mydriatic ; also an
antispasmodic, and in small doses a cardiac, respiratory
and spinal stimulant. It is valuable in the inflamma-
tion of rheumatism, in gout, and in neuralgia. Dose of
the root and leaves gr. j. B., Folia, the leaves of
belladonna. B., Radix, the root of belladonna. The
preparations of the leaves are : B., Extractum Alco-
holicum. Dose gr. -pj— J- B., Tinct., 15 per cent.
Dose ti^j-xxx. B., Unguent., contains extract 10,
dilute alcohol 6, benzoated lard 84 parts. From the
root are prepared : B., Abstractum. Dose gr. y— J-
B., Emplastrum, made with resin plaster. B., Ex-
tractum Fluidum. Dose n\j-v. B., Linimentum,
fluid extract 95, camphor 5. B. Succus (B. P.).
Dose Tn,v-xv. B., Japanese. See Scopolia. Atropin
Sulphate, an excellent antidote in opium-poisoning.
Lamellae Atropinae (B. P.), each containing of
atropin -^-^^-^ grain. Liq. Atropinae Sulphatis (B.
P.). Dose TTLj-vj. Unguentum Atropinae (B. P.),
grs. viij to the ounce. See Atropin. Dose gr. ^ijj- -
■jJj-. flomatropin. See Atropin.
Belladonnin (bcl-ah-don'-itz) [see Belladonna^ Cj^H.,.,-
NO3. An alkaloid found in Belladonna. It resem-
bles atropin, hyoscyamin, and hyoscin. It occurs
with atropin, and is likewise decomposed into tropic
acid and oxytropin (Cj,H[^NO.,). See Belladonna.
Belleric (bel-er'-ik) [Pers., balilali\. A variety of
myrobalan (y. -'.) ; the fruit of Terininalia fellerica.
Bellini, Ducts of. See Ducts.
Bellocq's Canula. An instrument used in plugging
the nares.
Bellon {hel' -on) [origin unknown]. Painter's (or lead)
colic. See Colic.
Bellows {bel'-oz) , belotves\ An instrument for
propelling air through a tube or small orifice. B. and
Blow-Pipe, a circular bellows nine or ten inches in
diameter, with a small gum -elastic tube, three or four
feet in length, terminating in a tapering metallic tube,
to be attached to a blow-pipe leading from it. The
bellows is worked by the foot, while with the blow-
pipe held in the hand, a jet of flaiue from a lamp may
be projected on the object designed to be heated. B.
Murmur, the Bruit-de souffle, q. v. ; also the funic
or placental souffle.
Belly (/v/'-t') [ME., ^^/j']. 'i^n Abdomen. B.-ache.
See Colic. B. -bound, vulgar for constipated. B.-
button, the navel.
Belmas's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Beloid {he' -laid) [/'?f/lof, an arrow]. Arrow-shaped or
styloid.
Belonephobia {bel-o-ne-fo'-be-ah) \fiiiX6vi], a pin;
(j>6poc, fear]. A morbid dread of pins and needles.
'Belonoid {hel' -on-oid) [/3fAoj';?, a needle, bodkin]. Sty-
loid ; needle-shaped.
Belt {belt) [M.E., Ml']. A girdle about the waist. B.,
Abdominal, a broad, elastic belt worn about the
abdomen as a support during pregnancy. B., Mag-
netic, a belt consisting of plates of metal fastened
upon a strip of felt moistened with dilute acid. It is
a cure-all largely sold by empirics.
Ben, or Benne Oil {ben, or ben'-e). Oleum balatinum,
is obtained by expression from the seeds of the several
species oi APoringia. It is a colorless, odorless oil,
not readily turning rancid. It is used by perfumers
for extracting odors, and for lubricating clocks and
light machinery. See Behen-tiut and Sesame.
Bence Jones's Albumin. See Albumin.
Bendas's Method. See Stains, Table of.
Bending {hcnd'-ing) [ME., bencT^. Active Swedish
movements in which the body is bent or inclined in
various directions in order to develop certain portions
of the muscular system.
Benedictine {ben-e-dik'-tin) \benedicere, to bless]. A
liquor or cordial originally prepared by Benedictine
monks, and distilled at Fecamp, in France. It much
resembles chartreuse and trappistine.
Benedikt, Syndrome of. Paralysis of the muscles sup-
plied by the oculo-motor nerves of one side and tremor
and paresis of the upper extremity of the other side.
Beng {beng). See Cannabis Indica.
Bengal {ben' -gal) \Y{.\r\A. , BengaT\. A province of
India. B. Quince. See Bela. B. Red. Same as
Rose Bengale.
Bengalin {ben' -gal-in) [Hind., BengaT\. Same as
Coupler^ s Blue.
Benger's Food. Partially digested and solidified beef-
tea, used as a food for invalids.
Benham, Gland of. See Gland.
Benham's Operation. See Operations , Table of.
Benign ((^(>-«z7?^), or Benignant {be-nig' -nant) [benig-
nus, kind]. A term applied to medicines that
are characterized by mildness. It is used chiefly to
distinguish tumors that are not malignant {q. v.) or
carcinomatous.
Benjamin, or Gum Benjamin {ben' -jam-in). See
Benzoin.
Bennett's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Benson's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Bent's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Benzal {hen'-zal). See Benzylidene. B. Green.
Same as Malachite Greefi.
Benzaldehyd {hen-zaF -de-hid) \_henzoin ; nldehyd^
C,Hf,0. Bitter-almond oil ; a compound that results
from the oxidation of benzyl alcohol ; it is a colorless
liquid with a pleasant odor, and boils at 179°; its
specific gravity is 1. 050 at 15°. It is soluble in 30
BENZALDOXIN
202
BENZYL
parts water, and is miscible with alcohol and _ether.
It is used in making benzoic acid as well as various
pigments. B. Green. Same as MalacJtite Green.
Benzaldoxin (hen-zal-doks' -in), C^HnNO. A thick oil
formed by the action of hydroxylamin upon benzal-
dehyd.
Benzamid (lioi' -zaiii-id) \hc)izpi}i : aiii!d~\, CjH.NO.
A compound that results when benzoyl chlorid acts
upon alcoholic ammonia. It is best obtained by
heating benzoic acid and ammonium thiocyanate to
170° C. It crystallizes in pearly leaflets, melts at
130°, and boils near 288° ; it is readily soluble in hot
water, alcohol, and ether. It may be regarded as the
amid of benzoyl.
Benzanilid {ben-zan'-il-id ) \_liLHzoin ; aitilin'\, C,.,Hjj-
NO. Benzoyl-anilid, prepared by the action of ben-
zoyl chlorid on anilin. It is used as an antifebrile in
children, in doses of gr. iij-viij. Unof.
Benzene {hen'-zen) \bcnzoin\, CgHg. A hydrocarbon
contained in coal-tar. It is formed by the dry dis-
tillation of all benzene acids. It is a mobile, ethereal-
smelling liquid, of specific gravity 0.899 at 0°. It
solidifies about 0°, melts at + 6°, and boils at 80.5°.
It burns with a luminous flame. It readily dissolves
resins, fats, sulphur, iodin, and phosphorus. It is
the material from which anilin and the anilin colors
are derived. B.-sulphonic Acid, QH5.SO.jH, is
prepared by boiling together eciual parts of benzene
and H.2SO4. It occurs in small plates, readily soluble
in alcohol and water, and which deliquesce in the air.
In its dry distillation the acid yields benzene phenyl-
sulphone, and when fused with caustic potash phenol
is produced.
Benzidin {hen'-zid-iu') \heuzoiii'\, C]2H,.^N2. Diamido-
diphenyl ; a compound obtained by the action of tin
and HCl upon the alcoholic solution of azo-benzene.
Benzidin dissolves easily in hot water and alcohol, and
crystallizes in silvery leaflets, melting at 122°.
Benzil [heii'-zH) \henzoin'\, Cj^Hj^Oj. A compound
produced in the oxidation of benzoin with ciilorin.
It crystallizes from ether in large, six-sided prisms,
melting at 90° and boiling at 347°.
Benzimid {benzoin; aniidl, C^^^^.fi^.
A compound formed by the action of hydrocyanic
acid on hydrid of benzoyl. It occurs also in the
resinous residue of the rectification of the oil of bitter
almonds.
Benzine [ben'-zin). See Benzinum.
Benzinum [ben-zi' -niiin') [L. : gen. , Btnzini'\. Benzine,
Petroleum Ether. A purified distillate from Ameri-
can petroleum, having a specific gravity of .77 to .79,
boiling at 80° to 90° C. , colorless, of ethereal odor,
and a slightly peppermint-like taste. It is a valuable
solvent for oils, fats, resins, caoutchouc, and some
alkaloids. It is a vermicide against tapeworm. It
should be distinguished from Benzol, which is called
Benzene by English chemists. Dose gtt. v-x, on
sugar or in mucilage.
Benzoate (ben'-zo-at) {benzoinl. salt of benzoic
acid. B. of Naphthol. See Benzo-naphthol.
Benzoated [bett'-zo-at-ed) \benzoin'\. Impregnated
with benzoin or with benzoic acid.
Benzoic (ben-zo'-i/c) \_benzoin'\. Pertaining to or de-
rived from benzoin. B. Acid. See Aeid.
Benzoin {ben' -zo-iit or -zoin) [origin obscure]. A resin
obtained from Stvreix benzoin, a tree native to Sumatra
and Siam. It is also a ketone alcohol, CnH,.,0.„ and
maybe produced by oxidizing hydrobenzoin with con-
centrated HNO,. It is sparingly soluble in water, cold
alcohol, and ether, and crystallizes in shining prisms,
melting at 134°. It is used as a remedy for bronchitis
and in making court-plaster. It occurs in tears con-
sisting of several resins agglutinated by a balsam. It
yields benzoic and cinnamic acids, is antiseptic and
disinfectant, and is used mainly as a stimulant expec-
torant in chronic bronchitis. Sodium and potassium
compounds are sometimes used in place of like salicylic
acid compounds. Adeps benzoinatus, benzoinated
lard, contains 2 per cent, of benzoin. B., Tinct., 20
percent, of the resin in alcohol. Dose ^ss-j. B.,
Tinct. Comp., Friar's Balsam, benzoin 12, aloes 2,
styrax 8, balsam of Tolu 4, alcohol, q. s. ad 100 parts.
Dose _^ss-ij. Benzoic Acid, CjHgO^, alcohol the best
solvent. A constituent of opii, tinct. camphorat.
Dose gr. x-xxv. Trochisci Acidi Benzoici (B. P.).
Unguentuin Cetacei P.). See Cetaceiitn. Ammo-
nium Boizoate, water the best solvent. Dose gr.
v-xxx. Bismuth Benzoate, an antiseptic ctressing for
chancroid. Lithium Benzoate. Dose gr. v-xxx. Sodi-
ii/n Benzoate, water the best solvent. Dose gr. v-gj.
Benzol (hen'-zol) {benzoin'], CgHg. A hydrocarbon
formed by the dry distillation of organic substances,
but derived chiefly from coal-tar. It is inflammable
and very volatile, and is an excellent solvent for
grease. It is used internally to destroy epizoa. Its
vapor is used in whooping-cough. Dose gtt. v-x.
See, also. Stains, Table of. B. Balsam. See Stains,
Table of. B. Colors. See Conspectus of Pigments,
under Pigment.
Benzo-naphthol (ben-zo-naf -thol) {benzoin; vdfOa, a
kind of asphalt], C,qHjO(C,HjO). The benzoate of
beta-naphthol, used as an intestinal antiseptic in
typhoid fever and other intestinal diseases. Dose gr.
ij to viij.
Benzonitrile (ben-zo-ni'-tril) {benzoin; nitru/n, niter],
C^HjN. Cyanbenzene ; a compound isomeric with
phenyl carbylamin. It is obtained from benzene sul-
phonic acid by distillation with potassium cyanid. It
is an oil with an odor resembling that of oil of bitter
almonds, and boils at 191° ; its specific gravity is
1.023 0°.
Benzophenone (ben-zo-fe'-non) {benzoin ; ^olviS, pur-
ple-red], CjjHjqO. Diphenyl ketone; a compound ob-
tained by distilling calcium benzoate. It is dimorphous,
but generally crystallizes in large, rhombic prisms,
melting at 48-49°, sometimes in rhombohedra, that melt
at 27°. It has an aromatic odor and boils at 295°.
Benzophenoneid {ben-zo-fe-no' -ne-id) {benzoin ; (bolvi^,
purple-red]. Tetramethyl-diapsido-benzo-phenoid ; an
anilin dye. A solution of one part in 200 parts of
water has been pronounced a valuable bactericide,
neither caustic nor irritant, and very serviceable in
eye-diseases. Unof.
Benzopurpurin. See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Benzoquinone [ben-zo' -qwin-dn). See Quinone.
Benzosalicin [ben-zo-sal'-is-i7t). See Populin.
Benzosol (ben-zo' -sol) {benzoin], Cj5Hj,^03. Benzoyl-
guaiacol, an agreeable and harmless substitute for
creasote in tuberculous affections. It also has antipy-
retic properties. Dose gr. i v-x.
Benzoyl (ben' -zo-il, or -zoil) {benzoin], C^HjO. The
radical of benzoic acid, of oil of bitter almonds, and
of an extensive series of compounds derived from this
oil, or connected with it by certain relations. B.-
ecgonin, C[gH]gN04H, a substance intermediate in
composition between cocain and ecgonin. B.-Gly-
cocoll. See Acid, Hippuric. B. Green. Same as
iMalachiie Green. B.-Pseudo-tropein. See Tropa-
eocain.
Benzyl (ben'-zil) {benzoin], C,H,. An organic ra-
dical that does not exist in the free state, but in com-
bination forms a considerable number of compounds.
B. Alcohol. See Alcohol. B. Violet. See Pigments^
Conspectus of.
BENZYLIDENE
203
BETH ROOT
Benzylidene [hen-zil' -id-eti) \l)enzo{n'\, C^H^. A bi-
valent radical derived from Ijenzoin compounds.
Beral's Apparatus. In pharmacy, an apparatus for
effecting lixiviation.
Berard's Aneurysm. See Aneurysm and Diseases,
Table of. B.'s Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Beraud, Ligament of. The ligament that suspends the
pericardium. B., Valve of, a valve supposed to exist
at the bottom of the lachrymal sac over the entrance
to the nasal duct.
Berberin (ber'-ber-iii) \berberina : gen., Berberinie\,
C2qH,,NC)^. An alkaloid found in the bark of Berberis,
and in many other plants of exceedingly various
botanic character. It is a tonic to the capillary
vessels and increases the blood-pressure. It is recom-
mended as a tonic and antiperiodic, and is an ingre-
dient of various lotions for the mucous ' membranes ;
it is useful in nasal catarrh, etc. Dose gr. j-x. Unof.
Berberis [per' -ber-is) [L.]. Barberry. The root of
Berberis vulgaris, or common barberry. Its properties
are due to an alkaloid, berberin, QqHjjNO^. It is
an astringent, bitter tonic ; in large doses a cathartic.
It is used locally in conjunctivitis, and internally in
malarial and typhoid fevers. B., Ext. Fid. Dose TTL
v-xxx. B., Tinct., contains 20 per cent, of the
root. Dose r\y.-'7^]. Berberin, the alkaloid. Dose
gr. j-x. B., Hydrochl., an efficient injection in
gonorrhea. All unof. B. asiatica, B. aquifolium
(or Oregon grape), and B. lycium are all medicinally
active, and have similar properties to those of the
common barberry.
Bergamii, Oleum {ber-ga' -ine-i o'-le-unt). Oil of Ber-
gamot. See Bergainot.
Bergamot, Oil of {ber' -gam-ot^ [Bergamo, a town in
Italy] , CjgHjg. A volatile oil derived from the rind of
the Citrus bergamia. It is used mainly as a perfume,
and as a clearing-agent in histologic work.
Bergeron's Disease. See Diseases, Table of. B.
Method. See Treatment, Methods of.
Bergkrankheit (bdig'-kraUDnk-hlt). See Mountain
Sickness.
Bergmann's (von) Operations. See Operations,
Table of.
Beri-beri [ber'-e-ber'-e) [.Singalese,, beri, weakness].
A dropsical ailment, occurring in an acute and chronic
form, and characterized by the appearance of pleuritic
or pericardial effusions, with general anasarca, anemia,
extreme weakness, and paraplegia. The acute form is
generally fatal ; recovery frequently takes place in the
chronic form. It is prevalent in India, Japan, and
Ceylon, and is most common among men. Its cause
is not known, but possibly it is of microbic origm.
Improper diet also has some influence upon the pro-
duction of the disease.
Berlier System of Sewage. See Sewage, Disposal of.
Berlin Blue. See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Berlin's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Berlinghieri's Operation. See Operations , Table of.
Bernard, Canal of. Stt Canals, Table of. B.'s Granu-
lar Layer, the inner zone of the cells lining the acini
of the pancreas. It is granular in appearance and
stains but slightly with carmin.
Bernay's Operation. See Operations , Table of.
Bernheim's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Bernstein's Theory of Muscular Contraction. He
claims that the seat of the contraction is in the inter-
stitial material surrounding the system of inotagmata,
and that it consists in the migration of that labile
material from pole to equator, this being synchronous
with explosive chemic change, sudden disengagement
of heat, and change in the electric state of the living
substance.
Berried Tea (ber'-ed fe). A popular name for Gaid-
tliaria prociiinbens.
Berry [ber'-e) [ME., beiy\ An indehiscent fruit with a
pericarp that is succulent throughout, as the grape and
gooseberry.
Bert's Experiment. Bert removed the skin from the tip
of the tail of a rat, stitched it into the skin of the back
of the animal, and after union had taken place the tail
was divided at its base. Sensation vas preserved.
Nerve-fibers were thus proved capable of transmitting
impulses in both directions. B's. Method. See .J7z«-
thetic.
Berthold's Method. See Myringo-plastic Method.
Bertillonage {ber-til-lon-a(li)j) \_Bertillon, a French
criminologist]. A system of carefully-recorded
measurements and descriptions of criminals, for the
purpose of future identification, introduced into
France by M. Bertillon and adopted by the police of
many large cities.
Bertin, Bones of. The sphenoidal turbinated bones,
partly closing the sphenoidal sinuses. B., Column
of, a cortical column of the kidney ; the part separ-
ating the sides of any two pyramids. B., Ligament
of, the ilio-femoral ligament. See Ligament.
Bertrandi's Suture. See Suture.
Beryllium (ber-il'-e-Hin) [p>/pv?.?io^, beryl]. A bivalent
metal obtainable from the beryl, whence its name ;
it is called also glucinum. See £lei//ents. Table of.
Besnier's Lotion. A wash used in treating acne. It
consists of precipitated sulphur, 1)4 ounces; glycerin,
4 to 6 drams ; to which are added after mixing, spirits
of camphor, 6 drams, rose-water, a sufficient quantity.
Besoin {bez-wan{gy) [Fr.]. A desire ; an impulse.
Besoin de respirer, the sense of the need of air ex-
perienced when respiration is impeded.
'&&^\.\aX\X.y {bes-che-al' -it-e) a beast] . Unnatural
intercourse with an animal.
Bestiarian (bes-te-a' -re-an) \bestm, a beast]. An anti-
vivisectionist, contemptuously so called as being a
professed friend of the beasts.
BestuchefTs Mixture or Tincture. The ethereal tinc-
ture of chlorid of iron, used in erysipelas. It is made
as follows : R . Tinct. ferri sesquichloridi, I part ;
spt. ether, nit., 4 parts. Mix and expose to the rays of
the sun in well-closed bottles until the brownish color
disappears. The dose is one to two teaspoonfuls every
three hours.
Beta (i^^^-to/^) [T.]. I. The beet. SeeBetin. 2. The
second letter of the Greek alphabet, used in chemic
nomenclature. B. Angle. See Angle. B.-naphthol.
See Naphthol.
Betacism [ba' -tas-izm^ [beta, PvTa, the second letter of
the Greek alphabet]. The too-frequent use of the b-
sound in speech, or the conversion of other sounds into
it.
Betain (be-ta'-in') [beta, a. beet], CjHjjNO.^, or CjoHj.,-
N20^. Called also Oxyneurin and Lycin. A basic sub-
stance obtained by the careful oxidation of choliii.
It occurs already formed in the sugar-beet [Beta vul-
garis) and crystallizes from alcohol with one molecule
of water in shining crystals that deliquesce in the air ;
it has an alkaline reaction and a sweetish taste.
Betel (be^-tel) [E. Ind.]. A masticatory used in the
East. A few grains of the nut of the Catechu palm,
Areca C, are rolled up with a small amount of quick-
lime in a leaf of Piper betel, and chewed. It is tonic,
astringent, stimulant, and aphrodisiac, and increases
the powers of endurance. Dose of fld. ext.
. Unof.
Beth Root [belli root). The rhizome of Trillium erect a,
astringent and tonic. Dose of fid. ext. ITLxxx-^j.
Trillin, a concentrated ext. Dose gr. ij-iv. Unof.
BETIN
204
BIENNIAL
Betin (I'c'-tin) [^/n'fa, a beet]. A precipitate prepared
from a tincture of the common beet. It has been pro-
posed as a substitute for ergot. Unof.
Betol C'loH^O.CjHjOj. Salinaphthol. Naph-
thalol. A salicylic ether of naphthol, of alleged value
in rheumatism and cystitis. It resembles salicylic
acid in its properties. Dose gr. x-xv. Unof.
Betony [hef -o-iie) \_betoiiica, a corrupt form of vettonica'\ .
Any labiate plant of the genus Btionica, especially B.
offiLinalis, of Europe, formerly highly prized for its
medicinal virtues, which are, however, unimportant.
Unof.
Bettmann's Method. See Cataract, Artificial Matu-
ration of.
Betula {bet'-ti-laJi). See Birch. -
Betulin (bet'-u-lin) \betida, birch], Cj^H^-jOj (Haus-
mann). Birch resin, or birch camphor, derived from
the bark of the white birch.
Between-brain. The interbrain ; also the midbrain.
Betz's Cells. See Cell.
Bex (Jyeks) [_iii/^, a cough]. A cough, or disease char-
acterized by coughing. B. convulsiva, whooping-
cough. B. theriodes. Synonym of IVhoopiiiif-
COUgll.
Bezet or Bezette [be-zet'). See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Bezoar (be'-zo-ar) [Ar. , bazahr, the bezoar-stone]. A
name for certain calculi or concretions found in the
stomach or intestines of some animals (especially
ruminants), formerly supposed to be efficacious in pre-
venting the fatal effects of poison. B., Vegetable.
See Calapite.
Bezoardic (bez-o-ar'-dik) [Ar., bazahr, the bezoar-
stone]. I. Acting as a bezoar ; antidotal. 2. Any
alexipharmic agent.
Bezold's (von) Ganglion. See Ganglia, Table of.
Bhang [han^'). See Cannabis indica.
Bhel (bel). ' See Bcla.
Bi- [^/^, twice]. A prefix signifying "twice" or
"two;" as bicuspid, with two cusps; bilobed, twice
lobed ; bivalved, with two valves ; bilateral, two-
sided, etc. In chemistry, the prefix di is commonly
employed.
Biacid [bi-as'-id) \_bi, two; acidum, an acid]. In
chemistry, a term applied to a base that may combine
in two proportions with an acid.
Biauricular [bi-am-rik' -u-lar') \bis, twice; auricula,
the ear]. Relating to two auricles, or to two corres-
ponding auricular points.
Bibirin (bi-bir' -in). See Bitxin.
Bibiru (bi-be'-ru). Same as Beheeru.
Bibitorius (bib-it-o'-re-us) \bibere, to drink]. The
rectus internus muscle of the eye ; so called because
it turns the eye inward in the act of drinking.
Bibliography [bib-le-og' -ra-fe) [fSipiiov, a book ;
ypaipeiv, to write]. A classified list of references,
books, or authorities on any subject.
Bibliophobia (Inb-le-o-fo' -be-ali) \flL^'Kiov, a book ;
<l>6l3nc, dread]. Morbid dislike of books.
Bibron's Antidote. Formerly quite a famous remedy
for rattlesnake bite. It consists of bromin, ^iiss;
potassium iodid, gr. ij ; corrosive chlorid of mercury,
gr. j ; dilute alcohol, _^xxx. Of this a teaspoonful is
given in wine or brandy, p. r. n.
Bibulous (bib'-u-lus) \bibere, to drink]. Having the
property of absorbing moisture or liquids. B. lapis,
pumice stone. B. Paper, used in dentistry for drying
cavities preparatory to introducing the filling. Blot-
ting paper.
Bicarbonate (bi-kar' -bon-ai) \bis, twice; carbo, a coal].
Any supercarbonate that has two carbonic acid equiv-
alents for one of the base.
Bicarinate (bi-kar' -in-af) \_bi, two ; carinatus, keel-
shaped]. In biology, having two keel-like projec-
tions, as certain grasses.
Bicaudal (bi-kaw'-dal) [bicaudalis, two-tailed]. Hav-
ing two tails or appendages. B. Muscle, the abduc-
tor auris. See Aluscles, Table of.
Bicephalium (bi-sef-a' -le-um) \_bi, two; Ke(j>a'/J/, head].
A tumor of the scalp so large that it gives the patient
the appearance of having two heads.
Biceps {bi'-seps) [bis, twice ; caput, the head]. A term
applied to several muscles, as B. brachii, B. extensor,
B. flexor cruris. They are so called from their double
origin. See Muscles, Table of. B. Reflex. See
Reflexes, Table of.
Bichat, Canal of. See Canal. B., Fissure of. See
Fissure. B., Foramen of. See Foratnina, Table
of. B., Tunic of, the intima of the blood-vessels.
Bichlorid (bi-klo'-rid) {_bi, ivfo; chlorin\ In chem-
istry, a basic compound containing two equivalents of
chlorin. B. of Gold. See Gold. B. of Mercury.
See Hydrargyrum.
Bicho do mar (be' -cho-do-i7iar). See Beche de iner.
Bichromate [bi-kro'-mdt) \^bi, two; chromiu>n'\. In
chemistry, a basic compound containing two equiva-
lents of chromium. B. of Potash. See Potassium.
Bicipital (bi-sip'-it-al) \bi, two; caput, the head].
Pertaining to the biceps muscle.
Bi-concave (bi-kon' -kaz>). See Lens.
Biconvex [bi-kon' -veks). See Lens.
Bicornute (bi-kor' -nut) \bicornutm, with two horns].
Having two horns, as a bicornute uterus.
Bicuspid (bi-kus' -pid) \bi, two; cuspis, the point of a
spear]. Having two cusps, as B. Teeth, the fourth
and fifth teeth. B. Valve, the mitral valve of the
heart.
Bidder and Schmidt's Method. A method of estimat-
ing the amount of acids in the stomach. It consists
in performing an ultimate analysis, apportioning the
chlorin to the metals and ammonium present, and
calculating the remainder as HCl.
Bidder's Ganglia. See Ganglia, Table of. B.'s
Organ, a singular structure found in male toads
and sometimes in male frogs, between the testis
and fat-body; it is a rudimentary ovary, and in
conjunction with the testis forms an ovotestis ; the
development of the Miillerian duct, or oviduct,
being in direct proportion to the size of " Bidder's
Organ." These functionless ducts frequently become
cystic (in ten per cent, of male frogs, and in fifteen
per cent, of male toads).
Bidens (bi'-dcnz) \_bidens, having two teeth]. A genus
of herbaceous composite plants. B. bipennata,
Spanish needles, an herbaceous composite-flowered
plant. The seeds and roots are said to be emmen-
agogue and antibechic. Dose of fid. ext. gtt. xv-^j.
Unof.
Bidet (be-det' , or -da) \Yx. for pony]. A tub or basin
with fixed attachments for the administering of injec-
tions ; also for use as a sitz-bath or hip-bath.
Biebrich Scarlet. See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Biedert's Cream Mixture. An infant's food made by
mixing 4 oz. of cream with 12 oz. of warm water, and
adding oz. of milk-sugar. It contains I per cent,
of casein, 2.5 per cent, of fat, and 3.8 per cent, of
sugar. As the child grows older a larger proportion
of milk is added.
Bi-electrolysis [bi-e-lek-trol' -is-is) [/'/, two ; ifkmrpov,
amber; 'kv(H(i, resolution]. The electrolysis of two
substances at the same time.
Biennial {bi-en'-e-al) \ln, two ; annus, a year]. Every
two years. In botany, plants that produce foliage
and a root-stalk the first year, flowering and maturing
the second.
BIERMER'S CHANGE OF NOTE
205
BILIN
Biermer's Change of Note. See Signs and Symptoms,
■J able of.
Sifenestrate (/li-fcH-es^-Zraf). Same zs, Bipcrf orate.
Bifid [bi'-Jid) \lns, twice ; findere, to cleave]. Divided
in two ; cleft, as the spina bifida.
Bifocal [bi-fo'-kab) [/'/.two; fi>cus, a point]. With a
double focus. Applied to a system of lenses or spectacle-
glasses with two foci, chiefly used for the correction of
presbyopia, when there is at the same time an error
of refraction for distant vision. The distance lens
is above that for near work. These are sometimes
Bifocal Lens.
B. Distance Lens. A. Reading Lens, cemented to the
Distance lens.
called Pantoscopic lenses, and also Franklin spectacles,
because the device was first made by Benjamin
Franklin. They are also called Cement lenses, because
now made by cementing the lower segment to the
distance lens.
Biforate [bi-fo'-rdt) \_bi, two; foratus, perforated].
Having two foramina. ,
Biforin [bi'-for-in) \biforis, having two doors]. In
biology, the name applied by Turpin to raphides-
bearing cells in which the raphides are discharged
from both ends of the cell.
Bifurcate [bi-fer'-kdt) \bi, two; furca, a fork]. Di-
vided into two, like a fork.
Bifurcation {bi-fer-ka' -shtni) \biftircatio ; from hi, two ;
furca, a fork]. Division into two branches, as of a
tooth into two roots ; of the trachea and of the aorta
into two branches.
Big {big) [ME., big, large]. Great with young; preg-
nant. B.-jaw, actinomycosis in the ox.
Bigarade (be-gah-ra(h)d') [Fr.]. The bitter orange.
Its volatile oil (essence or hicile de bigarade) is used in
pharmacy and in perfumery.
Bigelovia (big-lo' -ve-ah) [Bigelow, an American botan-
ist]. A genus of composite-flowered plants. See
Damiana.
Bigelow's Ligament. The Y-ligament ; ilio femoral
ligament. B.'s Method. See Treatment, Methods of.
B.'s Operation. See Operations, Table of. B.'s
Septum, in anatomy, a layer of hard bony tissue
in the neck of the thigh-bone.
Bigeminate (bi-Jem'-in-dt) \bigeminus, doubled]. In
biology, forked, doubled.
Bigeminum (In-jem' -in-uiii) \_bi, two ; geminus, a
twin]. One of the corpora bigemina of the brain ; one
of the optic lobes of the brain.
Biglenoid (bi-gle' -noid) \bi, two; yHjvT], a socket;
elSoQ, form]. Relating to both of any pair of glenoid
cavities.
Bignonia [big-no' -ne-ak) \_Bigtton, a French sa-
vant]. A genus of climbing-plants, often woody. B.
alliacea, of the W. Indies, and B. capreolata, of N.
America, are regarded as antisyphilitic. Several other
species are reputed to be actively medicinal. Unof.
Bigoniac [bi-go' -tie-ak) \_bi, two; yuvia, an angle]. Re-
lating to the two gonions.
Bijugular [bi-ju'-gu-lar) two ; Jiigulum, the collar-
bone]. Relating to the two jugular points.
Bikh {bik) [native Nepalese] . The Nepalese poison,
bish ; it is derived from the roots of Aconitum fero.x.
See Aconite.
Bilabe (l>i'-lab, ox be-la{h)b') [Fr. ; bi, two ; labium lip].
A surgical instrument for removing foreign bodies
from the bladder through the urethra.
Bilateral (bi-lat' -er-al) \bi, two; latiis, a side]. Relat-
ing to two sides; sinistrodextral. B. Symmetry, the
symmetry of right and left halves. B. Operation.
See Lithotomy.
Bilateralism (In-lat'-er-al-izm) \bi, two; latus a side].
Bilateral symmetry.
Bile (bil) [bills ; x^'^Vi the bile]. The substance secreted
by the liver. It is mucilaginous, golden-brown in
man, golden-red in carnivora , brownish-green in
herbivora, and green in birds. It is composed of
biliary salts, cholesterin, mucus, and certain pigments.
The principal acids are taiirocholic (Q.^^yi^^'a'OS) and
glycocholic (CjgH^jNOj), both commonly combined
with sodium. The taste of bile is intensely bitter ; its
reaction feebly alkaline, and its density from 1026 to
1032. It exercises a diastatic action on starch, emul-
sifies fats, and precipitates soluble peptone. Its com-
position varies, but according to Hoppe-Seyler, in 100
parts bile there are of
inorgiiniL iimiLci , j -
Organic matter 8.32
Mucus 1.29
Taurocholate of sodium, 0.87
Glycocholate of sodium 3.03
Saponified fat 1.39
Cholesterin 0.35
Lecithin, 0.53
Fat, 0.73
B. Pigments, the coloring-matters of the bile. B.
P., Tests for. See Tests, Table of.
Bilharzia {bil-har' -ze-ah) [named after Theodor Bil-
harz, an helminthologist]. A genus of trematode
helminths, established by Cobbold, characterized by
having the sexes separate. See Gynecophorus and
Parasites {Animal), Table of. B. haematobia. See
Distoma.
Bilharziosis {bil-har-ze-o' -sis) \_Bilharzia\ The en-
semble of symptoms produced by the presence in
the intestine of worms of the genus Bilharzia.
Biliary {bil'-e-a-re) [/'///j, bile] . Pertaining to the bile.
B. Acids, glycocholic and taurocholic acids formed in
the liver. For tests for B. A. in the urine, see 7^ests,
Table of. B. Colic, colic produced by the passage
of gall-stones. See Gall-stones. B. Ducts, the
hepatic, the cystic and the ductus communis
choledochus. The first leads from the liver, the
second from the gall-bladder. The third is a common
excretory duct. See Liver.
Bilicyanin {bil-e-si'-an-in) [^?7/j, bile; /cmcfoc, blue].
Cholecyanin, choleverdin. A blue pigment obtained
from bilirubin.
Biliflavin (bil-e-fia'-vin) [bills, hWt; fiaTus, yellow].
A yellow coloring-matter derivable from biliverdin.
Bilifulvin {hil-e-ful'-vin) [bills, bile ; fiilvus, fulvous].
An impure form of bilirubin ; also a yellow bile-color
from ox-gall, not normally present in human bile.
Bilifuscin {bil-e-fus' -in) [bills, bile; fusciis, brown],
Ci^H^qNjO^. a pigmentary matter occurring in bile,
and in human gall-stones.
Bilihumin [bil-e-hit'-min) [bills, \yAt; earth].
An insoluble residue left after treating gall-stones with
various solvents.
Bilin {bi'-lin) [bills, bile]. A mixture of the taurocho-
late and glycocholate of sodium, forming a copious
resinoid constituent of the bile.
BILINEURIN
206
BIOMETER
Bilineurin {bil-e-nu'-riti). See Cholin.
Bilious {bil'-yus) \biliosus, full of bile]. A term popu-
larly applied to disorders supposed to arise from a too
free secretion of bile. B. Fever, a term loosely
applied to certain enteric and malarial fevers.
Biliphein (bil-e-fe^-iii) \_bilis, bile; <fai6^, gr^-y]- -A-
supposed bile-color, now regarded as an impure
bilirubin ; called also cholophein.
Biliprasin (bil-e-pra'-sin) \hilis, bile ; Ttpacov, leek ;
Tzpaaivoc, leek-green], Cj^H.^.^N^Og. A pigmentary
substance occurring in gall-stones, icteric urine and
bile.
Bilipurpin, or Bilipurpurin {bil-e-per'-pin, bil-e-per'-
pu-rin) \_biiis, bile ; purpura, purple]. A purple
coloring-matter derivable from biliverdin.
Bilipyrrhin (bil-e-pir' -in). See Cholepyrrhin.
Bilirubin {bil-e-rn'-hiti) \bilis ; ruber, red], CjgHjg-
N2O3. A red coloring-matter, the chief pigment of
the bile. It is found also in the urine in jaundice. It is
insoluble in water, and almost so in ether and alcohol,
but it is readily soluble in alkaline solutions. It crys-
tallizes in rhombic plates or prisms. B. Icterus,
icterus or jaundice with discoloration of the skin and
urine from the presence of an abnormally large percent-
age of bilirubin.
Biliverdin (bil-e-ver'-diii) \bilis, bile ; viridis, green] ,
C]2H.2(,N205, or CgHgNO.^. A green pigment, the first
product of the oxidation of bilirubin. It gives the
characteristic color to the bile of herbivora, and occurs
in the urine of jaundice and in traces in gall-stones.
Billroth's Mixture. -See Anesthetic. B.'s Operations.
See Operations, Table of.
Bilsted, or Bilsterd {bil'-sted, or bil'-sterd). See
Liquidaniber.
Bimana [(5/, two ; ///a// a hand]. An
order of the division of Diammalia including man only.
Bimanual [bi-man'-u-al) [/;/, two ; mantis, 2^ hand].
Two-handed. Ambidextrous.
Bimastoid (In-inas' -toid) \hi, two; fiaaro^, the breast;
f trfof, form]. Relating to the two mastoid eminences.
Binary {hi' -nar-e) \biniis, a couple]. In chemistry,
compounded of two elements. In anatomy, separat-
ing into two branches. B. Theory, in chemistry, the
theory that considers all salts as double compounds.
Binate (bin'-dt) \binus, two by two]. In biology,
bifoliate ; bidigitate ; occurring in pairs.
Binaural {bin-arv' -ral) \his, twice ; aiiris, ear]. Per-
taining to or having two ears.
Binauricular (bin-aw-rik' -u-lar) \bis, twice ; auricula,
the ear]. Pertaining or belonging to both ears. B.
Arc. See Arc.
Binder [b'lnd'-er) \WE,. , byndere\ A wide bandage
about the abdomen, worn by women during or after
labor, or celiotomy, to support the abdominal walls. B.,
Mammary, a sling or suspensory for the mamma.
Binder's Board. A thick, strong variety of paste-
board for bookbinders' use; it has a limited use in
surgery.
Binding Posts. Clamps for connecting conducting
wires with the electric apparatus.
Bindschedler's Green. Same as Dimethylphenykne
Green.
Bindweb (Innd'-web) \yiY.. , binden ; 7vehbe\ The
neuroglia.
Binelli's Styptic. A nostrum formerly famous as a
styptic. It is supposed to have contained creasote.
Biniodid {bin-i'-o-did). See lodid.
Binocular (bin-ok' -u-lar) \_bi, two; oculus, an eye]. In
anatomy, having or pertaining to two eyes. In optics,
an instrument with two eye-pieces for use with both
eyes at once. B. Vision, the faculty of using both
eyes synchronously and without diplopia.
Binoculus (bin-ok' -u-lus) [L., two-eyed]. A figure-
of-eight bandage for both eyes.
Binoxid (bin-oks'-id) [bi, two ; oxid'\. Same as Dioxid.
Binuclear [bi-nu'-kle-ar) \bi, two; nucleus, a kernel].
Having two nuclei.
Binucleolate [bi-nu-kle' -o-lat) \_bi, two ; nucleolus, a
little kernel]. Having two nucleoli.
Bioblast [bi' -o-blast) [/3'of, life; ^XaaroQ, a germ]. A
plastidule or formative cell ; a corpuscle that has not
yet become a cell.
Biocellate (bi-o-sel'-at) [bi, two ; ocellus, a little eye].
In biology, having two spots resembling eyes.
Biochemics [bi-o-l'em' -iks) [/3iof, life ; xVfJ-^i-^, chem-
istry]. Tlie chemistry of life. See Biochemy.
Bio-chemistry {bi-o-kein'-is-tre) [/J/'of, life ; XW^'-"-'
chemistry]. The chemistry of the living body, or of
life.
Biochemy (bi' -o-kem-e) [/3i'of, life; ;);;//i£/a, chemistry].
Chemic force as exhibited in living organisms.
Biochyme {bi' -o-kim) [/3'of, life ; ;t;D/idf, juice]. In
biology, the sap or cell-juice of plants.
Biodynamics {bi-o-di-nain' -iks) \_(iio^, life ; 6vva/j,i^,
power]. The dynamics of life ; dynamic biology.
Biogamia (bi-o-ga'-me-ah) [/?/of,life ; yd/uot;, marriage].
The hypothetic union of opposing vital forces (as
of contractility and sensibility), resulting in repro-
duction.
Biogenesis (bi-o-jen' -es-is") \fiioq, life; yeveaiq, origin].
I. The doctrine that living things are produced only
from living things — the reverse of abiogenesis. 2.
Reproduction from living parents.
Biogeny (bi-oj' -en-e) life ; ytveia, generation].
In biology, the evolution of organic forms, either con-
sidered individually {ontogeny) or tribally {phylogeny).
Biognosis {bi-og-no'-sis) [/3'Of, life ; yvuaic, know-
ledge]. The study of life and its phenomena;
biology.
Biokinematics {bi-o-kin-em-af -iks) \Jiioq, life ; Kivr/fia,
motion]. The kinematics of life ; the science of the
motions or movements that are essential to life.
Biokinesigenesis {bi-o-kin-es-ij-en' -es-is) life ;
KivTjniq, movement ; yeveaiq, production]. The
origination of the movements of living matter.
Biokinetics {bi-o-kin-et'-iks) [/?''of , life ; k'ivticik;,
motion]. The kinetics of life : the science of the
movements that are necessary pgjts of the process of
development. See A'aryokinesis.
Biologic, or Biological (bi-o-loj'-ik, bi-o-loj' -ik-al)
[/?t'of, life ; /td)'of, science]. Pertaining or belonging
to biology. B. Law. .See Phylogeny and Hackel.
Biologist {bi-ol' -o-jist) [/?/of, life; Adyo^-, science].
One who is a student of biology.
Biologos {bi-o-log' -os) [/3/of, life; Xoynq, a word]. A
designation proposed for the intelligent living power
displayed in cellular and organic action and reaction.
Biology {bi-ol' -o-je) [;'}(0f , life ; Adyof, science]. The
science embracing the structure, function, and or-
ganization of life-forms.
Biolysis {bi-ol' -is-is) [/'i'Of , life ; Xlieiv, to loosen].
The destruction of life. The devitalization of living
tissue.
Biolytic [bi-o-lit'-ik) [/?/of, life; Ihiw, to loosen].
Destructive to life ; relating to biolysis.
Biomagnetism {bi-o-rnag' -net-izm) \_iiior, life ; /xdyvr/^-,
a magnet]. So-called animal magnetism.
Biometer {bi-om' -et-er) [/?/')f > life ; fiirpov, measure].
Dr. Farr speaks of the Life-Table as a biometer,
and of equal importance in all inquiries connected with
human life or sanitary improvements with the
barometer or thermometer, etc., in physical research ;
and the keystone or pivot on which the whole science
of life-assurance rests.
BIOMETRY
207
BIRD'S-NEST
Biometry (l>i-om' -et-re) [/3'Of, life ; utrpov, a measure].
Life-measurement; the estimation of the probable
duration of any given life-form — -in the past or future.
Biomorphotic [In-o-nioi'-fot' -ik) \_l3ioi;, life ; fj.op(j>cjriK6(:,
fit for shaping]. In biology, having an active pupa.
Biondi's Fluid. A staining-medium used in histo-
logic laboratories. It is a mixture of orange-G.,
methyl-green, and acid fuchsin. See Stains, Table of.
"Bioncrgy [bi-on'-er-je) \_pioi;, Wis • fpyoy, work]. Life-
force ; force exercised in the living organism.
Bionomy {bi-on' -o-tne) [/3'of, life; vofwg, a law].
Dynamic biology ; biodynamics ; the science of the
laws of life.
Biontology {bi-on-tol'-o-je) [/3(of , life ; i>v(bvT), being ;
leyuv, to speak]. In biology, the physiology of the
species or genus, embracing the transcendental or
strictly philosophic in physiology (J. Aitken Meigs.)
Biophagous (bi-off' -ag-ics) [/3iOf , life ; ^ayeiv, to eat] .
Feeding upon living organisms, or upon living tissue,
as insectivorous plants.
Biophore [bi'-o-for) [/?/yf, life; (pipetv, to bear]. One
of Weismann's hypothetic " bearers of vitality," cor-
responding to the " plasomes " of Wiesner and Briicke
and to the " pangenes " of de Vries, the smallest
units that exhibit the primary vital forces, the bearers
of the cell-qualities.
'Biophy siogTSiphy [bt-o-Jiz-e-og''-ra-/e) [/3toc, life; (tivoir,
nature; ypd(^eii', to write]. Descriptive or structural
biology ; organography, as distinguished from bio-
physiology.
Biophysiology ((^/-f-/?2-^-o/''-o-/V) [/3(0f,life; (pvatc:, na-
ture; Adyof, science] . That branch of biology that in-
cludes organogeny, morphology and general physi-
ology.
Bioplasm (bi'-o-plazni) [/?tof, life; TrKaaim, form].
Any living matter, but especially germinal or forming
matter ; matter possessing reproductive vitality. See
Protoplasm.
Bioplasmic (bi-o-plaz'-mik) [/3«of, life; Tz'kaafj.a, form].
Relating to or of the nature of bioplasm.
Bioplasson (l)i-o-plas' -on) [^pio^, life ; Tr?Ld<jauv, fomi-
ing]. Elsberg's term for living matter. A synonym
of protoplasm or bioplasm.
Bioplast ((^/'-f-//(Z5/) [/3(0f, life ; TT/lacrror, formed]. A
mass or cell of bioplasm which is a unit of living
matter.
Bioplastic (bi-o-plas' -tik) \fi'ioq, life; Tr^aardf, formed].
Relating to or of the nature of a bioplast or of bio-
plasm.
Biopsic {hi-op'-sik) [/?(0f, life ; biptc, vision]. Pertain-
ing to biopsy.
Biopsy [/3('or, life ; 6i/>if, vision]. Observation
of the living subject; opposed to necropsy.
Biorbital ((^?'-or//-?V-(7/) \_b!,t\^o; orbita, a. path"]. Re-
lating to both orbits.
Bioscope (bi'-o-skop') [/?/of,life; ff/co7rf(v, to view]. An
instrument used in bioscopy.
Bioscopy (bi-os' -ko-pe) [/3/'of, life ; ckotteIv, to examine].
Examination of the body to ascertain if life be extinct.
B., Electro-, examination by the aid of the electric
current. The muscular reaction is lost to faradic
stimulation in about two hours after death in the
tongue ; after three or four hours in the extremities ;
after five or six hours in the trunk. The reaction to
galvanism persists somewhat longer.
Biosis (bi-o'-sis) [/?/of, life]. Life; vitality.
Biostatics (bi-o-stat' -iks) [/3''of, life ; araTiKor, causing
to stand]. Static biology ; the science of the deter-
minate parts of biology, including anatomy, and the
physics of the living body.
Biot's Respiration. See Respiration.
Biotaxis {bi-o-taks' -is) [/3/'of, life ; ra^ia, arrangement].
I. The selective and arranging function or activity of
life, or of living cells. 2. Systematic biology; the
classification of living organisms.
Biotaxy (bi' -o-taks-e). See Biotaxis.
Biothalmy [bi' -o-thal-tne) [_3wHaA/unc, vigorous; /3(0f,
life; OaA'AEw, to be vigorous]. The art of living long
and well.
Biotic {bi-ot'-ik) \_\iiuTLii6ii\. Pertaining to life or to the
laws of animal and vegetable progress and evolution.
Biotome {bi'-o-tom) [/3/of, life; ro/f?/, a cutting]. A
term applied by Cobbold to a stage in the development
of certain entozoa.
Biotomy (/'/-oi"-(7-OTt') [/?/or, life ; rf/ii^f(i', to cut]. Vi-
visection.
Biotophagous {bi-o-toff' -ag-tis). See Biophagous.
Biparasitic {bi-par-as-it'-ik) \bi, two ; napdaiTor, a
parasite]. Parasitic upon a parasite.
Biparietal (bi-par-i' -et-al) two ; /a;7>to, a wall].
Relating to both parietal bones. B. Diameter, the
distance from one parietal eminence of the cranium to
the other.
Biparous [bip' -ar-iis) \_bi, double ; parere, to bring
forth]. Producing two at a birth.
Bipartite {bi-par'-tlt ) [bi, two; pars, a part]. In
biology, composed of two parts or divisions.
Biped (bi^-ped) \_bi, two; pes, a foot]. With or having
two feet.
Biperforate (bi-per'- fo-rat) \_bi, two ; perforatus, bored
through]. Having two perforations ; as a biperforate
hymen.
Bipetalous {bi-pet'-al-zis) \_bi, two; irtraZoi', a petal].
In biology, having two petals.
Biphosphate (^;-/<7j-'-/a/) \_bi, \.\\o; phosphorus']. In
chemistry, an acid phosphate.
Biphosphid {bi-fos'-fid) \_bi, two; phosphorus]. In
chemistry, a phosphid containing twice as much phos-
phorus as the lower member of the phosphid series.
Biphosphite (bi-fos'-fil) \Jn, two; phosphorus]. In
chemistry, an acid phosphite.
Bipinnate (bi-pifz'-dt) two; pinnatus, feathered].
In biology, doubly pinnate, as a leaf.
"SipoXaiX [bi-po' -III?-) [i^;, two ; polus,a pole]. Having
two poles. B. Nerve-cells, nerve-cells that have
two prolongations of the cell-matter. They are
found chiefly in the ganglia of the gray matter of the
brain.
Bipubiotomy (bi-pu-be-of -o-me') \bi, double; pubes,
pubes; re/ivecv, tocut]. An obsolete operation (in the
place of the Cesarean section) in which the pubic
bones were both divided. See Galbiati's and Fara-
beuf s Operations.
Birch {berch') [AS., birce]. Any tree of the genus
Betula. Birch tar, or the tarry oii of B. alba, is
useful in certain skin diseases. The bark of B . lenta,
the American black birch, yields a fragrant volatile
oil, identical with that of Gaultheria procumbens, for
which it is extensively substituted. B. Camphor.
Same as B. Resin. B. Resin. See Betulin.
Bird-lime [Iterd' -lint). A viscous vegetable substance
used in Japan as a local dressing for wounds.
Bird's Formula. The last two figures of the specific
gravity of urine nearly represent the number of grains
of solids to the ounce contained in the urine. The
same two figures multiplied by 2 (Trapp's Factor)
give the parts per looo. Hseser's Factor is 2.33.
B. Operations. See Operations, Table of.
Bird's-nest Bodies, or Cells. The cells of certain
forms of carcinoma, distinguished by the concentric
arrangement of their cell-walls. See also Cancer
A'^ests. B. Edible, the nest of certain species of
swift, used by the Chinese as food. It consists of
marine algas, Gelidiian, cemented by the salivary
BIRHINIA
208
BISULCATE
mucus of the bird. B. Sternum, a deformity of the
sternum found in lateral curvature of the spine.
Birhinia (In-rin' -e-ah) [/'/,two; p/f , the nose]. A con-
genital defect in which there is the formation of two
noses.
Birth [berth) [ME., I. The delivery of a child;
parturition. 2. That which is brought forth in par-
turition. B.-mark. See Naviis pigmeii/osus. B.-
palsy, any paralytic affection due to an injury re-
ceived at birth; less correctly, a congenital paralytic
affection due to a lesion that existed in the fetal state.
See Paraplegia, Infantile Spasmodic. B., Partial,
the incomplete expulsion of a child in labor ; of legal
value in lawsuits for property. B., Plural, the birth
of more than a single child. B., Posthumous, the
birth of a child after the death of its father. B.,
Precocious, the occurrence of natural labor after
a shorter pregnancy than is usual. B., Premature.
See Labor. B.-rate, the proportion of births per
thousand. B.-root. See Beth Roof. B.-wort, the
plant Aristolochia clitnatitis (see Aristoloekia), so
called from its former employment as a depurant after
childbirth. Unof. B., Still. See Still-born. Some
of the Tests of live birth are appended : B'reslaii
Test. If the intestines and stomach of the infant
float in water on removal from the body it was
thought to be proof that the child was bom alive.
This test is of no value. Hydrostatic Test. Suggested
by Raygat. It consists in placing the lungs in water
and noting their specific gravity. If inflation has
occurred they will float. This test is valuable. Ploiic-
qiief s Test. This consists in estimating the ratio
of the weight of the lungs to the weight of the body
of the child. Ploucquet laid down this rule, that
before respiration the weight of the lungs compared to
the weight of the body was in the ratio of I to 70,
and that after respiration it was in the ratio of I to
35. The test is of but slight value. Static test.
Also called Fodere' s or Schmidt's Test. This consists
in ascertaining the absolute weight of the lungs, and
comparing this weight with the average lung- weights
of stillborn children, and of children who have died
soon after birth. Fodere fixes the weight of the lungs
of stillborn children born at term at 480 grains (l oz. ),
and 960 grains (2 oz.) as the weight of the lungs soon
after breathing has been established. This test is also
of but slight value.
Bisacromial (fus-ak-ro' -me-al) \Iiis, two ; aKpufiia, the
point of the shoulder-blade]. Relating to the two
acromia.
Biscara Button [bis'-kar-ah biit'-iai). See Furun-
c III Its orientalis.
Bischoff's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Biscuit (bis'-kit) [Fr. , "twice baked"]. A kind of
cake : properly, a small, hard cake. In French phar-
macy, medicated biscuits of various kinds are known.
B., Camplin's, biscuits made of bran for the use of
diabetics. They are made as follows : Take one quart
of wheat-bran and boil in two successive waters for
fifteen minutes, straining the mixture through a sieve
until the water comes through clear ; after each wash-
ing squeeze in a cloth until perfectly dry ; spread thinly
on a dish and place in a slow oven. If put in at
night, let it remain in until morning, when, if dry and
crisp, it is fit for grinding. The mass so obtained must be
ground in a fine mill and passed through a wire sieve
so fine that a brush will be required to push the flour
through. Grind again that which remains in the
sieve until quite soft and fine. Take three ounces of
the powder, three new-laid eggs, from one and a half
to two ounces of butter and about half a pint of milk.
Mix the eggs with a little of the milk, and warm the
butter with the other portion. Stir the whole well
together, adding a little nutmeg and ginger or other
spices. Bake in small well-buttered tins in a rather
quick oven for about half an hour. Make the cake a
little thicker than a captain's biscuit.
Biscuiting [bis' -kit-itig). See Block Teeth.
Bisection [bi-sek' -skttn) \_bi, two ; sectio, a cutting].
In obstetrics, embryotomy.
Bisexual [bi-seks' -u-al) \l>i, two; sexus, sex]. Having
the reproductive organs of both sexes. Hermaphrodite.
Bish [bisli). Same as Bikh.
Bishop's (Stanmore) Operation. See Operations,
Table of. B.'s Weed. 'Sue AJozuan.
'Gisho'pin^ [bish' -op-ing) \JiA¥..,bischopen']. In farriery,
filing a space between the teeth of a horse.
Bisiliac [bis-il'-e-ak)\_bis, two ; iliaciis\ Relating to the
two most distant points of the two iliac crests.
Bisischiadic [bis-is-ke-ad' -ik) \_bis, two ; lOKiaAiKo^,
relating to the hip] . Relating to corresponding points
on the two ischia.
Biskra Boil, or Button. See Fiirunciilus orientalis.
Bismarck Brown. Same as Phenylene Brown and
P'esuvin.
Bismuth, or Bismuthum [biz' -muth) [L., gen.. Bis-
miithi'\. Bi = 210 ; quantivalence I, III, v. A pink-
ish-white crystalline metal, not used in medicine in its
metallic form. Its commercial salts are likely to contain
arsenic. The insoluble salts of bismuth are feebly
astringent and are useful in disordered digestion, acne,
eczema, etc. ,B. at Ammonii Citras, soluble in
water. Dose gr. j-v. B. et Ammon. Citras,
Liquor (B.P.). Dose gss-j. B. Carbonas (B.P.),
(Bi20.^C03)2,H.,0. Dose gr. v-xx. B. Citras, BiCg-
HjUj, soluble in water of ammonia ; used in the U. S.
only for pharmaceutic purposes. Dose gr. ij-v. B.
Oxid. (B.P.), 'Qip-i- Dose gr. v-xv. B. Oxy-
chlorid, pearl white. Unof. It is used as a cosmetic.
B. Pulvis, Comp., Ferrier'' s Snuff. Contains two
grains of hydrochlorate of morphin in one ounce, with
bismuth and acacia. It is used for treating coryza. B.
Salicylas. Bi(C7H-03).j.Bi,p3. Dose gr. v-x. B.
Subcarbonas, [VA(y)^CO.^.W.f) , insoluble; it is best
given in emulsion with milk. Dosegr. x-_^j. B. Sub-
gallate. See Dertnatol. B. Subiodid, 15iOI, used as
an antiseptic dusting-powder, like iodoform. B. Sub-
nitras, BiONOj.HjO, the salt chiefly used in medi-
cine. It is also used as a cosmetic. Dose gr. x-^^j.
B. Test, "iee Tests, Table of B., Trochisci (B.P.) ;
each contains gr. ij. B., Unguent., 60 grains to one
ounce. For herpes, piles, etc. B. White. See Con-
specttis of Figments, under Pigment.
Bissa [bis' -ah) [native African]. An affection of man
and sheep, common in Egypt, and characterized by
the production of edema. B. Bol, a kind of myrrh,
from Balsamodendron Kafal, a tree of E. Africa. It
is used largely in adulterating the finer grades of
myrrh, and is said to stimulate powerfully the flow of
milk in cows. Unof.
Bistellate [bi-stcF -at) \bi, two; Stella, a star]. Shaped
like a double star.
Bistephanic (^/-j/£'-/?7;z''-/X') \bi, two; arei^avLov, dim.
of aTe(pavoc, a wreath]. Relating to the stephanions.
Bistort [bis' -tort) \bis, twice ; tortus, twisted]. Snake-
weed, Adder's- wort. The rhizome oi Polyi^omim bis-
an astringent. Dose of fld. ext. TT\^xx-xl. Unof.
Bistoury [bis' -lo-re) [Fr. bistotiri']. A small (straight or
curved) knife used in surgery. B. -cache, one that has
the blade concealed for passing to the point to be in-
cised, and by pressure on the handle the blade is exjiosed
and the incision made.
Bisulcate [hi-siil' -kdt) \bi, two; sulcus, a furrow].
Having two furrows or grooves.
BISULPHATE
209
BLACK
Bisulphate {lii-suF -fat) \bi, two ; ME., su/phur~\. Any
acid sulphate having twice the amount of acid con-
tained in the corresponding normal sulphate.
Bisulphid [(^/, two ; sulphuy\ In chem-
istry, a sulphur compound in which there are two
atoms of sulphur to one atom of the other substance
of the compound. B. of Carbon. See Anesthetic.
Bisulphite [l>i-sul' -fit) \bi, two; sulphur\. An acid
sulphite. The bisulphite of lime is used as an anti-
ferment.
Bitartrate [l>i-tar'-trdt) [bi, two; rdpTapov, tartar].
Any tartrate in which one normal hydrogen atom has
been replaced by a base. See Tartaric acid.
Bitemporal {bi-tem' -por-al) \bi, two; tempora, the
temples] . Pertaining or belonging to the two temples.
B. Triangle. See Triangle.
Biti [be'-te] [E. Ind.]. The E. Indian tree £>albergia
latifolia ; the oil of the root is said to cure or prevent
baldness. Unof.
Bitnoben [bit-no'-ben) [Hind, for "black salt"]. An
East Indian polychrest remedy composed of salt,
myrobalan and iron.
Bitter [bit'-er) [AS., bitan, to bite]. A peculiar, well-
known taste, of which quinin presents an example ;
unpalatable. B. Almond, the nut of the Amygdahtm
amartim. It contains hydrocyanic acid. B. Almond
Green. Same as Malachite Green. B. Almond Oil,
oleum amygdalce amaras. 'iee Benzaldehyd. B.Apple,
the fruit of the colocynth, a purgative remedy. B.
Blain, a West Indian herb, Vandellia diffusa, em-
ployed in fevers and in hepatic disorders. Unof. B.
Bloom. The same as American Centaury, q. v. B.
Bugleweed, the herb Lycopus europaus, alterative
and tonic. Dose of fid. ext. gss-j. Unof. B. Cup,
a cup made of quassia wood. It is a tonic. B.
King, the shrub or tree, Soulamea amara, intensely
bitter in all parts, and reputed to be antiperiodic. Unof.
B. Purging Salt, sulphate of magnesia. B. Root,
the root of Gentiana catesbai, a tonic. B. Tincture,
the tinctura atiiara (N.F.), prescribed also in the Ger-
man pharmacy; it is a tincture of gentian, centaury,
bitter orange-peel, orange-berries, and zedoary ; it is
known also as Stomach Drops. B. Wine of Iron,
a solution of white wine, syrup, citrate of iron and
quinin. Tonic. See Iron.
Bittering (i//'-(V--?/?^) [AS., <5?A7;?, to bite]. A disease
of wine in which it acquires a bitter flavor, due to the
formation of a substance that develops as the wine
ages, or if it be exposed to too high a temperature.
Bitters [bil'-ers) [AS., bitan, to bite]. Medicines char-
acterized by a bitter taste. B., Aromatic, medicines
that unite the properties of aromatics with those of
simple bitters. B., Simple, medicines that stimulate
the gastro-intestinal tract without influencing the gen-
eral system. B., Styptic, medicines that add styptic
and astringent properties to those of bitterness. See
Angustura.
'Bittersweet {bit^-er-s7iigt). See Dulcamara. B., False.
See Climbing Staff Tree.
Bitumen {bit-u' -meii) [L., bitumen'\. Mineral pitch or
oil composed of various hydrocarbons. In the solid
form it is usually called asphalt ; in the liquid form,
petroleum. An intermediate form is known as mineral
tar or maltha. By distillation, bitumen yields benzol,
naphtha, paraffin, and various other hydrocarbons,
liquid and gaseous.
Bituminous {bit-u' -niin-us^ \bitumen, bitumen]. Of
the nature of or containing bitumen. B. Coal. See
Coal.
Biuret {bi' -u-rei)\bi, tvto; cw'pov, urine], C^HjNjOj +
H.^O. A compound formed by exposing urea to a
high temperature for a long time. It is readily soluble
14
in water and in alcohol ; it crystallizes with one molecule
of water in the form of warts and needles. When
anhydrous, biuret melts at 190° with decomposition.
B. Reaction, or Test. See 71-.?/^, Table of.
Bivalence (Inv' -al-ens) \hi, two ; valens, having power].
In chemistry, a valence or saturating power that is
double that of the hydrogen atom.
Bivalent [biv' -al-ent) [/^/, two; valens, having power].
In chemistry, applied to an element of which an atom
can replace two atoms of hydrogen or other univalent
element, or to a radical that has the same valence as a
bivalent atom.
Bivalve [bi'-valv) [_bi, two; valva, a. ■va\ve'\. Having
two valves or shells, as a mollusc or a speculum.
Biventer (lu-7'en' -ter) \_bi, two; venter, a belly]. Hav-
ing two bellies, as a muscle. B. cervicis, the inner
portion of the complexus muscle. B. maxillae, the
digastricus muscle.
Biventral {bi-ven' -tral) \bi, two ; ventrtim ,a. stomach].
Having two stomachs ; having two bellies ; as a digas-
tric muscle.
Bixin (biks'-in) \^Bi.xa, a genus of plants], CjgHjgO.^.
An orange-red coloring-matter found in Annatto. See
Pigments, Conspectus of.
Bizygomatic [bi-zi-go-mat'-ik] [/;/,■ two; C,vyufia, the
zygomatic arch]. Relating to the most prominent
points on the two zygomatic arches.
Bizzozero's Blood-plates. See Blood-plates. B.
Method,^ a method of studying blood-plaques : A
drop of a three-quarter per cent, sodium chlorid
solution with one part of a concentrated aqueous
solution of methyl violet for every 5000 of salt solu-
tion, is placed on the finger, which is then punctured.
The blood and solution are mixed on the finger.
Bjeloussow's Gum Arabic and Borax Mass. For
injecting tissues. Take one part, by weight, of gum
arable and make a syrupy solution in water. Take a
half part, by weight, of sodium biborate and make a
solution in water. Mix the two solutions, when a
mass resembling gelatin will be obtained. This mass,
which is almost insoluble in water, is rubbed up with
water and forcibly strained through linen. Repeat
the operation, when a solution miscible in all propor-
tions with water is obtained. This may be colored by
carmin or any pigment except cadmium and cobalt.
Black (blak) [AS., blac^. Absence of color or light.
The appearance of an object from whose surface none
of the spectrum colors is reflected. B. Alder. See
Frinos. B. Antimony, antimonium tersulphid, Sb-
S3. B. Ash, the bark of Fra.xinus sambticifolia, a
mild tonic and astringent. Dose of fld. ext. '7^ ss— j.
Unof. B. Asphaltum. Qzme a?, Japan Black. B.
Birch. See Birch. B. Blood, venous blood. B.
Cancer. See Melanosis. B. Cohosh. See Cimici-
fuga. B.-damp, carbon dioxid gas, which is found
in greater or less quantity in all collieries, being given
off by many coals, either mixed with fire-damp, or
separately, or produced in various other ways, as by
the exhalations of the men, by fires, and by explo-
sions of fire-damp. Also called choke-damp. B.
Death. See Plague. B. Disease, I. A disease
of malarial origin and pernicious course, character-
ized by extreme darkening of the skin, which may
be brown or black in color. It occurs in the Garo
Hills in Assam. 2. See Aubernage. B. Draught.
See Senna. B. Drop. See Opium. B. Erysipe-
las. Synonym of Anthrax. B. Eye, livor (or
sugillatio) oculi. See Ecchymosis. B. Haw. See
Viburnu/n. B.-head. See Comedo. B. Hellebore.
See Hellebore. B. Hoarhound. See Ballota. B.
Induration. See Induration. B. Infiltration. .See
Miner' s Phthisis. B. Jaundice, an excessive jaun-
BLACKBERRY
210
BLASTOCELE
dice arising from obstruction of the gall-ducts. The
color of the skin is greenish-black. B. Lead, a form
of carbon properly known as the mineral graphite.
B.-Leg, I. A febrile, generally fatal disease, chiefly
affecting cattle and sheep, which is characterized by the
rapid appearance of irregular nodules in the skin and
muscular tissues, that are at first tense and very pain-
ful , but rapidly become painless and crepitating. There
is no enlargement of the spleen. It is caused by anae-
robic bacilli. It is also called Syinptotnatic Anthrax.
2. A synonym of the severe form of Purpura. B.
Leprosy. See Leprosy. B. Measles, i. The local
Californian name for a disease of the grape, due to
Plasmodiophora califoniica (Viala and Sanragean).
Cf. Briinissurc. 2. Rubeola nigra ; a grave or malig-
nant form of measles. B. Pepper. Piper nigrum.
B. Phthisis. A synonym of Miners' Asthma. B.
Quarter. Synonym of Antlirax. See also Black
Leg. B. Sampon. See Echinacea Angiistifolia. B.
Snake-root. See Cimicifuga. B. Spauld. See
Black-Leg. B. Spit. See Miner's Phthisis. B.
Sweat. See Chromidrosis. B. Tongue, I. See
Glossophvtia. 2. A name given to a condition char-
acterized by the formation upon the dorsum of the
tongue of a hair-like deposit that passes through
various stages of coloration from yellow to brown
and finally black, ultimately disappearing by desqua-
mation as gradually as it came. Repeated recurrence
is the rule. It is probably an undue proliferation of
the epithelium, the result of irritation. 3. See JVigri-
ties. 4. A term applied to erysipelatous glossitis. B.
Vomit, the coffee-ground vomit of yellow fever, etc.
B. Walnut, the leaves of Jtiglans 7iigra, a tonic,
alterative and deobstruent. Dose of fid. ext. TV\^ xx-
XXX. Unof. B. Wash. See Hydrargyrum. B.
Willow, the buds of Salix nigra, a bitter tonic with
aphrodisiac properties. Dose of fld. ext. T1\^ xv-^j.
Unof
Blackberry (blak'-ber-e) blac; berie, berry]. See
Rubus. B. Cordial, the cordiale rubi frucius (N.F.).
Its formula is : blackberry juice, 3 pints ; cinnamon
in coarse powder, 2 Tr. oz. ; cloves and nutmeg, in
coarse powder, each ]4. Tr. oz. ; dilute alcohol, 2
pints ; syrup, 3 pints.
Blackboy Gum. See Acaroid Resin.
Blackley Blue. Same as Soluble Blue.
Blackwater Fever {blak' -~mt-er fe'-ver). See Fever.
Bladder {blad'-er) [AS. , bhedre, a blister]. The mem-
branous, sac-like reservoir or receptacle for the urine.
B., Atony of, inability to expel the urine, from de-
ficient muscular power. B., Catarrh of. See Cystitis.
B., Extrophy, or Extroversion of, absence of the
anterior wall of the bladder, and more or less de-
ficiency of the corresponding part of the abdomen. B.,
Fasciculated, the walls thrown into ridges by chronic
cystitis. B. -green. See Pigment, Conspectus of. B.,
Hernia of. See Cystocele. B., Inflammation of.
See Cystitis. B., Inversion of, a protrusion or an
invagination of the bladder through the urethra. B.,
Irritable, a condition characterized by constant desire
to urinate. B., Neck of, the constricted portion con-
tinuous with the urethra in front. B., Nervous, a
condition in nervous patients in which there is a fre-
quent desire to pass water, with inability at the same
time to perform the act perfectly, and consequent
slight dribbling at its close. B., Paralysis of, the same
symptoms as in atony, but more marked and due to
nervous or central disease. If affecting the neck
alone, there is incontinence : if the body of the organ,
retention of urine. B., Sacculated, pouches formed
between the hypertrophied muscular fibers. B.
Senna, the plant Coliitea arborescens of Europe ; its
leaves are used as a substitute for senna. Unof.
B. Tetter. See Pemphigus. B., Trigone of, the
triangular, smooth surface upon the inner surface of
the base of the bladder, immediately behind the
urethral orifice. B. Worm. See Worm. B.-
wort. See Utriciilaria. B. -wrack. See Lucus
7'esiculosus.
Bladdery Fever (blad'-er-e fever). See Fever.
Blade (blad) [ME., blad, a leaf of grass]. In biology,
the broad part of a leaf B.-bone. The scapula or
shoulder-blade.
Blaesitas {blc'-sit-as). See Blesitas.
Blain (bldn) [ME., blane, a blister]. I. A blister; an
elevation of the cuticle containing serum. Synonym
o{ Anthrax. 2. A disease peculiar to the ox, marked
by sudden swelling of the head, neck, and throat,
and by the development of several large vesicles on
the tongue that tend to cause suffocation.
Blainville's Ear. See Diseases, Table of, and Ear,
Deformities of.
Blair's Wheat Food. A variety of farinaceous food
for infants.
Blake's Disc. A device used in treating purulent otitis
media. It is a paper disc pasted over the perforation
of the tympanic membrane after the discharge has
ceased.
Blanc {bloh[ng)) [Fr.]. White. B. d'argent. See
Pigment. B. fixe. Same as Permanent White.
B. -mange, a jelly-like food-preparation, having as
a basis gelatin, carragheen, isinglass, starch, or arrow-
root, boiled with milk and variously flavored.
Blancard's Pills. Pills containing the iodid of iron.
Bland {bland) \blandus, mild]. A term applied to
mild and soothing medicines and applications.
Blandin [blan'-din). See Glairin.
Blandin's Glands. See Gland. B.'s Operations.
See Operations, Table of.
Blanket [blan'-ket) [Fr. , blanc, white]. A woolen
covering, so called because originally of white color.
B. Bath. See Bath, Sheet or Pack.
Blasius's Operations. .See Operations, Table of.
Blastelasma {blas-tel-az' -mah) [/^/laordf , a germ ;
£Aa(7|aa, plate : //. , Blastelasmata'\. In embryology,
any secondary germ-layer appearing from, or later
than, the endoderm and ectoderm.
Blastema (l>las-te' -mah) \_3'kaarrj[ia from fHaaraveiv , to
germinate]. The formative lymph or pabulum of
capillary exudation. A synonym of protoplasm.
Blastemal {blas-te' -mal) \Ji\aaTaveLv , to germinate].
Of the nature of a blastema ; pertaining to a blastema.'
Blastematic {blas-tem-at'-ik), or Blastematous {blas-
tem'-af-us) [/5/la(jrdi'etj), to germinate] . Blastemal.
Blastemic [blas-tem'-ik) \_ftXanTaveLv, to germinate].
Relating to blastema ; rudimentary ; bioplasmic.
Blastide [hlas'-tid) [/J/acrrof, a germ]. In embryolo-
gy, a very small clear spot on the fecundated ovum
marking the place of the nucleus or cytoblast.
Blasting Gelatin [blas'-ting jel'-at-in). Gelatin
Dynamite. A mixture of about 80 parts of nitro-
glycerin with 20 of nitro-cellulose. Any non-nitrated
cotton or trinitro-cellulose interferes with the solution
of the nitro-glycerin. The addition of 4 per cent, of
camphor renders the mixture incapable of exploding
when struck by a rifle-bullet, but it can be detonated
by a strong dynamite cap.
Blastocardia {blas-to-kar' -de-ali) \fl~AaaT6c, a genu ;
m/x^ia, the heart]. The germinal spot.
Blastocarpous (blas-to-knr' -pus) [/i/o^rrof, a germ;
KaiiTTor, a fruit]. In biology, developing in the fruit.
Blastocele [blas'-to-sel) [^jjAaoTix; , a germ; Ko'Aog, hol-
low]. The central cavity of the blastula or vesicular
morula.
BLASTOCHEME
211
BLEEDING
Blastocheme i^blas' -to-kem) [/SAacrrdf, a germ ; f:;ifn',
to hold, to have]. In biology, a medusiform zooid
that gives origin to generative elements not imme-
diately, but through the intervention of sexual buds.
(Allman.)
Blastochyle [blas'-to-kl/) [/3/ucFrdf, a germ;
juice]. In biology, the colorless fluid in the blasto-
dermic vesicles.
Blastocoelum, Blastocceloma (blas-to-se' -lorn, blas-to-
se-lo' -mah) . Same as Blastocelc.
Blastocolla (l>las-to-col' -ali) \fl'kaar6^, a shoot ; KolXa,
glue]. In biology, the balsam produced on buds by
glandular hairs.
Blastocolysis [blas-/o-kol-i'-sis) [/i/aardf, a germ ;
K.61ovatg, a cutting otf]. The arrest of a develop-
mental process.
Blastocyst (blas'-to-sist) \_li'AaaT6q, a germ; Kvang, a
bladder]. The germinal vesicle.
Blastoderm [bias' -to-dcrm) [/JXaordf , a germ ; (Ufifia,
the skin]. In embryology, the germinal membrane
formed by the cells of the morula, lying on the inter-
nal surface of the vitelline membrane of the impreg-
nated ovum. The whole hollow sphere, with its sur-
rounding cells, is called the blastodermic vesicle, and
is formed about the tenth day. The ectoderm (or epi-
blast ) and the endoderm {entoderm or hypoblast ) layers
are simply due to a proliferation of the blastodermic
cells about ihe germinal area, whereby the blastoderm
is doubled, thus forming these outer and inner layers.
The mesoblast or middle layer is developed after the
latter, and probably from the hypoblast.
Blastodermic [hlas-to-der' -jnik) [/iAacrrdf, a germ ;
&kpjia, the skin]. Relating to the blastoderm.
Blastodisc (blas'-to-disk) \ji'A.a<jr6(; , a germ; fS/cr\of,
disc]. A blastodermic disc; amass or disc capping
■ one pole of the yolk.
Blastogenesis {blas-to-jen' -es-is) yUaaroi;, a germ ;
yeveaig, generation]. In biology, Weismann's theory
of origin {xoxtl germ-plasm [i/. v.) in contradistinction
to Darwin's theory of Pangenesis.
Blastogeny [blas-toj' -en-e) [/J/lacrrdf, a germ ; ykveaig,
generation]. Haeckel's term for the germ-history of
an individual organism ; a division of ontogeny.
Blastoma [blas-to'-maJi) \Ji'kaar6q, a germ ; bjia, a
tumor: pi., Blastomata'\. A granular growth due to
the presence of a germ or microorganism.
Blastomatic (blas-to-maf -ik) [/j^acrrdf , a germ ; bfm, a
tumor]. Relating to a blastoma.
Blastomere (bias' -to-mer) [/3/aoTdf, a germ ; }iepoq, a
part]. Any one of the nucleated cells or segments
into wliich the fecundated vitellus divides.
Blastomeric (blas-to-mer'-ik) [/3/-acrrdf, a germ ; ftepoc,
a part] . Relating to or of the character of a blasto-
mere.
Blastoneuropore (blas-to-nu' -ro-por') ^ftXaaror, a germ ;
vevpnv, a nerve ; TiopoQ, a pore]. In biology, the tem-
porary aperture in certain embryos formed by the
coalescence of the blastopore and neitropore.
Blastophore [bias' -to-for) \Ji7.aaTuq a germ ; (j>epe(v, to
bear]. That part of a sperm-cell that does not be-
come converted into spermatozoa.
Blastophyllum [blas-fo-fil' -um) [/J/aurdf , a germ ;
i^vXkav, a leaf: //. , Blast ophylla\ An endoderm or
an ectoderm ; a primitive germ-layer.
Blastophyly (blas-toff'-il-e) [/3/ia(7rdf, a germ ; (pv'/i/,
a tribe]. The tribal history of individual organ-
isms.
Blastopore (bias' -topor) \_fi?.aaT6(;, a germ ; ivopog,
passage, pore]. In biology, the primitive mouth or
archistome, the orifice to the two-layered embryo
(blastula). "The blastopore is the small opening
which leads into the notochordal canal, or after the
canal has fused with the yolk-cavity, leads into the
archenteron. It is situated at the hind end of the
primitive axis (head-process) and marks the anterior
boundary of the anus of Rusconi in amphibia, or of
the primitive streak, properly so-called, of amniota."
(Minot). "Van Beneden's blastopore" is formed
previously to the blastodermic cavity.
Blastosphere (blas'-to-s/er) [/J/.ncrrdf, a germ ; a^alpa,
a sphere]. In biology, the "blastula," "germinal
vesicle," or "vesicular germ." A hollow sphere
composed of a single, simple layer of germinal cells.
A vesicular morula.
Blastostyle (blas'-to-stll) [ri'/narog, a germ ; arvAog,
a pillar]. In biology, a columnar zooid devoted to
the origination of sexual buds.
Blastula (bias' -tu-lah) [dim. of pjaarog, a germ: //. ,
Blastubr^. In embryology, " The earliest form of
the diaderm, a simple epithelial vesicle, the cavity of
which is the large segmentation cavity " (Minot). Cf.
Blastosphere.
Blastulation (blas-tii-la'-shon) [dim. of ft'/aaruc;, a
germ]. In embryology, the conversion of a morula
or mulberry-germ into a blastula or vesicular germ.
Blatta (blat'-ah) [L., " blood-colored "]. A genus of
the Blattidic. B. (Periplaneta) orientalis, the cock-
roach ; the powdered body of the cockroach. A pop-
ular remedy for dropsy among Russian peasants. It
increases the amount of urine and diminishes the
amount of albumin. Dose gr. iv— xx. Unof. See
AntiJiydropin.
Blaud's Pill. A pill containing sulphate of iron and
carbonate of potash ; for use in amenorrhea, etc. See
Pill.
Bleach (blecli) [ME., blechen, to make white]. To make
white or pale, to diminish the intensity of color.
Bleached Lac. See Lac. Bleaching Powder,
chlorinated lime, a mixture of calcium chlorid and
calcium hypochlorite, containing free chlorin gas. It
is much used as a disinfectant. Bleaching Fluid,
eaii de JaTcllc, a similar composition obtained by pass-
ing chlorin gas into an emulsion of calcium hydrate.
The most important bleaching agents are the follow-
ing: Bleaching Agents. — Acids: Hydrochloric,
Nitric, Sulphuric ; Carbonate of Potassium (K.^C03) ;
its value depends upon the percentage of carbonate it
contains ; Caustic Soda (NaOH), a coarse white
powder ; Chlorid of lime, a white powder with a chlo-
rinous odor ; it is the most important of all ; Hydrogen
dioxid (H2O.2), a colorless, odorless liquid. It is
called "Golden Hair-dye; " Permanganate of Potas-
sium (K^Mn^Og) ; Soaps : Tallow, Rosin, and Olive
Oil ; Soda Ash (Na,^C0.5) ; its value depends on the
amount of Na20 it contains ; Soda Crystals (Na^COj.-
ioH.,0).
Bleacher's Eczema (blech'-erz ek' -zem-ali). Eczema
of the hands of bleachers, due to their continuous im-
mersion in hot water and strong lye.
Blear Eye (bler'-i). See Blepharitis ulcerosa.
Bleb (bleb). See Bulla.
Blebby (bleb'-e) \_Scotch, bleb, " a blister"]. Covered
with blebs.
Blechropyra (blek-rop' -ir-ah) \fi'ki)XI""'.y 'ca\\A ; nvp,
heat]. A transient fever ; a febricula.
Blechrosphygmia (blek-i-o-sfig' -me-ah) [Ph/xP^i,
weak ; ff(/)(ij /i6r, pulse]. Weakness or slowness of the
pulse.
Bleed (bled) [AS., bledan , to bleed]. To shed or give
vent to blood.
Bleeders (ble'-derz) \_kS>., bledan, \.o bleed]. A popular
term for those who are subjects of the hemon-hagic
diathesis. B.'s Disease. See Hemophilia .
Bleeding (ble'-ding). See Bloodletting and Hemorrhage.
BLEMMATROPE
212
BLEPHAROPLASTIC
Blemmatrope (bleni' -at-rop) \fi\t^y.a, a glance ; Tpeneiv,
to turn]. An apparatus for showing the various posi-
tions of the eye in its orbit.
Blennadenitis [/>h'n-ad-en-i' -/is) \_(i'Ah>vog, mucus ; a6//v,
gland]. Inflammation of the mucous glands and
follicles.
Blennelytria (blen-el-if -re-ali) \fi'khvoq, mucus ;
fkvTpov, sheath]. Leucorrhea.
Blennemesis {blen-eni' -es-is) [/i/i ci'a, mucus ; ijikeiv^
to vomit]. The vomiting of mucus.
Blennemetic (blen-em-et' -ik) \_ii'ktvva, mucus ; ijikuv,
to vomit]. Relating to or of the nature of blenneme-
sis.
Blennenteria (blen-en-te' -re-ah) \fi'kkvva, mucus ;
evT£pov, intestine]. A mucous diarrhea or dysentery.
Blennenteritis (bkn-en-ter-i' -tis) \_ii'ktvva, mucus ;
eiTEpoi', intestine ; <rif, inflammation]. I. Enteritis
with a copious discharge of mucus. 2. Inflammation
of the mucous membrane of the bowel.
Blennentery {bleu' -en-ter-e). Same as Blennenteria.
Blennogenic, or Blennogenous {blen-o-jen' -ik, or
blen-oj' -en-iis) \fikiivva, mucus ; -}'h>i:ai^, production].
Producing or secreting mucus ; muciparous.
Blennoid {Itlcn' -oid) \jiktvva, mucus ; tldoq, form].
Resembling mucus ; myxoid ; muciform ; mucoid.
Blennoma (blen-o' -tnah) \_(ikivi'a, mucus ; b/ia, a tumor :
//. , Blennomata\. I. A mucous polypus. 2. A
myxoma.
Blennometritis (blen-o-me-tri'-lis) \^fiMvva, mucus ;
iUA;rpa, womb ; ;nf, inflammation] . Catarrhal metritis.
Blennophthalmia (blen-off-thaF -me-ah) \_{ikkvva,
mucus ; b(l>flak./jia, disease of the eyes]. Catarrhal
conjunctivitis.
Blennoptysis (^blen-op' -tis-is) \pkkvva, mucus ; Trrrcrif ,
a spitting]. Bronchial mucous expectoration.
Blennorrhagia [b/en-or-a' -je-ak) [[ikivva, mucus ;
prjyvvvai, to burst forth]. An excessive catarrhal dis-
charge from the urethra or vagina. See Gonorrhea.
Blennorrhagic {blen-or-a' -jik) \jiktvva, mucus ; priy-
vvvai, to burst forth]. Relating to blennorrhagia.
Blennorrhea (blen-or-e' -ah) \_^kkt>va, mucus ; pEEiv, to
flow]. Same as Blennorrhagia.
Blennorrhea! [blen-or-e'-al) \_fikevva, mucus; pteiv, to
flow]. Relating to blennorrhea.
Blennorrhinia {blen-or-in' -e-ah) [/J/ltwa, mucus ; p/f,
the nose]. Coryza ; nasal catarrh.
Blennosis {blen-o'-sis) \Ji\ivva, mucus ; j'offof, disease :
//. , Blennoses~\. Any disease of a mucous membrane.
Blennostasis (blen-os' -tas-is) \jiktvva, mucus ; araair^,
a staying]. The checking or suppression of any mu-
cous discharge.
Blennostatic (blen-os-tat' -ik) [/3Afi^ra, mucus ; (jTaaic,
a staying]. Effecting a blennostasis; checking mu-
cous discharges.
Blennothorax (blen-o-tho'-raks) \_^kiivva, mucus ;
dupa^, the thorax]. Pulmonary catarrh.
Blennotorrhea (blen-ot-or-e' -ah) \fik,hva, mucus ; ovq,
ear ; po'ia, a flow]. A mucous discharge from the ear.
Blennozemia i^blen-o-ze' -me-ah) [/J/^fi'm, mucus ; (,rifiia,
loss]. Same as Blennorrhea.
Blennuria (blen-it' -re-ah) [/3Aswa, mucus; ovpov,
urine]. The presence of mucus in the urine.
Blennymenitis (blcn-im-en-i' -tis) \_^kivva, mucus ;
vfiriv, membrane]. Inflammation of any mucous sur-
face.
Blephara {blcf -ar-ah'). Plural oi Blepharon, q.v.
Blepharadenitis [blef-ar-ad-en-i' -tis) \jikki^apov, the
eyelid; (i'S?/)', a gland]. Inflammation of the Meibomian
glands.
Blepharal [blef -ar-al) [pMfapov, the eyelid]. Relat-
ing to an eyelid or to the eyelids.
Blepharanthracosis (blef-ar-an-thrak-o' -sis) \fikt<^apov.
the eyelid ; (ivftpciKuuLg, a charring; carbunculization].
Carbunciilar inflammation of the eyelid.
Blepharedema [blef-ar-e-de' -}nah) \_ffk'e.<^apov , the eye-
lid ; oldi/na, a swelling]. Swelling or edema of the
eyelids.
Blepharelosis (blef-ar-el-o' -sis) [/i2t-0apoi', the eyelid ;
ukciv, to roll]. Synonym of Entropion.
Blepharemphysema [blef-ar-em-fis-e' -mah) {filki^apav,
eyelid; kpcfharjfia, an inflation]. Emphysema of an
eyelid.
Blepharis (blef'-ar-is) [P'kecjiapic:, an eyelash]. An
eyelash.
Blepharism (hlef'-ar-izm) ^f{ke<papi(£iv, to wink].
Rapid involuntary winking ; morbidly excessive nicti-
tation.
Blepharitic (blef-ar-it' -ik) [[3M(papnv, the eyelid ; trig,
inflammation]. Relating to or affected with blepharitis.
Blepharitis {blef-ar-i' -tis) l_l3ke<papov, the eyelid ; «r/f,
inflammation]. Inflammation of the eyelids. B.
ciliaris, tarsal ophthalmia ; a pustular disease of the
border of the eyelids, often the result of local irrita-
tion arising from habits of uncleanliness. B. margi-
nalis, inflammation seated at the marginal border of
the lids. B. ulcerosa, an ulcerative inflammation of
the eyelids.
Blepharo-adenitis (blef -ar-o-ad-en-i' -tis). See Bleph-
aradenitis.
Blepharo-adenoma (blef -ar-o-ad-en-o' -mah) [/3Af(l>-
apov, the eyelid; aJz/i;, a gland; hfia, a tumor ; //.,
BlepJiaro-adenomatd^. An adenoma on the ciliary
margin of the eyelid.
Blepharo-atheroma (blef ' -ar-o-ath-er-o' -mah) [/3Ati)!i-
apov, an eyelid ; afti'/pufia, a tumor full of gruel-like
matter]. An atheromatous tumor imbedded in the
tarsus of the lid ; it is cystic and contains a semifluid
detrital substance.
Blepharochromidrosis {blef -ar-o-kro-mid-ro' -sis) [/3^f-
(jjapov, the eyelid; ;t;p(j//a, color; Mpwf, sweat].
Colored sweat of the eyelids, usually of a bluish
tint.
Blepharocleisis (l>lef-ar-o-kli' -sis) \^^'kk^apov, the eye-
lid ; K/lf/fi/f , closure]. Ankyloblepharon ; abnormal
closure of the eyelids.
Blepharodyschrea (blef-ar-o-dis-kre' -ah), or Blepha-
rodyschroia (hlef-ar-o-dis-kroi' -ah) \_fikk(papov, the
eyelid ; Sva-, bad ; xpo'^y color]. Discoloration of
the eyelid from nevus or from any other cause.
Blepharoedema (l>lef-ar-o-e-de' -tnah). See Blephare-
dema.
Blepharolithiasis [blef -ar-o-lith-i' -as-is) \_^kk<^apov, the
eyelid; liOog, a stone]. The formation of marginal
concretions within the eyelid.
Blepharon (blef'-ar-on) [(Skkcjiapov, the eyelid: //. ,
Blephara'\. The eyelid ; palpebra.
Blepharoncus [blef-ar-otig' -kus) \fi\k<\)apov, the eye-
lid; 67/cor, an enlargement]. A swelling of the eye-
lid.
Blepharopachynsis [blef-ar-o-pak-in' -sis) \_pkk<j)apciv ,
the eyelid ; 7ra;);r(-, thick]. Morbid thickening of the
eyelid.
Blepharophimosis {blef-ar-o-fi-mo' -sis) \Ji'kk^apov, the
eyelid; (plfiuaig, a shutting up]. Abnormal smallness
of the palpebral openings.
Blepharophryplastic (blef-ar-o-frip-las' -tik) \jikk^apov,
the eyelid; 60pi>f , brow ; 7rXa(jr(fcdf, plastic]. Per-
taining to the plastic surgery of the lid and eyebrow.
Blepharophyma [blef-ar-o-fi' -mah) [fSki^apov, the eye-
lid ; (l)upa, a growth: //. , Blepharophymata'\. A
tumor of, or outgrowth from, the eyelid.
Blepharoplastic (blef-ar-o-plas' -tik) \_^kk(^apov, the
eyelid; TrAaort/cdf, plastic]. Pertaining to blepharo-
plasty.
BLEPHAROPLASTY
213
BLOOD
Blepharoplasty [blef -ar-o-plas-te) \_ft'/hpaf>i)v , the eye-
lid ; TT/lacrtTeii', to form]. An operation for the for-
mation of any part of the eyelid destroyed by wound
or lesion, by engrafting or transplanting from a con-
tiguous healthy part.
Blepharoplegia [blef-ar-o-ph' -je-ah) \_j3'Ac(l>af)nv, the eye-
lid ; TvAr/yr/, a stroke] . Paralysis of an eyelid.
Blepharoptosis (hlef-ar-op-to' -sis) [_(3Xt(l>apov, the eyelid;
TTTuatQ, a fall]. Ptosis of an upper eyelid. See Flosis.
Blepharopyorrhea {blcf-ar-o-pi-or-e' -ali) [_fi'Ae(j)apov,
the eyelid; ttI-ov pus; pkeiv, to flow]. A flow of pus
from the eyelid.
Blepharorrhaphy [blef-ar-or' -a-fe) \^fl'kk<i>apov , the eye-
lid; 'pa<i>iu a seam]. The stitching together of apart
of the blepharal slit.
Blepharorrhea (blef-ar-or-e' -ah) \fiXti^apov, the eyelid ;
po'ia, a flow]. A discharge from the eyelid.'
Blepharospasm {blef -ar-o-spazni) \fi\k<^apov, the eye-
lid ; a-n-anfjio^, a spasm]. Spasm of the orbicularis
palpebrarum muscle. Excessive winking.
Blepharospath [blef -ar-o-spath) yiAccpapuf, the eyelid ;
and6>/, a blade]. A forceps for taking up or holding
an artery ; for use in operations on the eyelid.
Blepharostat [blef'-ar-o-stat) \fiX'ti^apov, the eyelid ;
\aTavaL, to cause to stand]. An instrument for hold-
ing the eyelids apart or firm whilst performing opera-
tions upon the eyes or lids.
Blepharostenosis [blef-ar-o-ste-no' -sis) ^P?J<papov, the
eyelid; arevoi;, narrow]. Diminution of the space
between the eyelids.
Blepharosynechia {blef-ar-o-sin-ek-i' -ah) l_ftli(papov,
the eyelid ; avvex^ia, a holding together] . The adhe-
sion or growing together of the eyelids.
Blepharotomy {blef-ar-ot' -o-me) \_l3Xe(j)apm', the eyelid ;
TSfiveiv, to cut]. Incision into the eyelid. B., Ob-
lique. Sphincterotomy, or Stell wag's operation.
See Opera/ions, Table of.
Blesitas {ble' -sit-as) \bla:sus, a lisping]. Stammering
or lisping ; the use of a vocalized consonant instead
of a mute ; as b for /. Also the condition of one with
distorted limbs. Applied also to an angular curvature
of the spine. The term is loosely used.
Blessed Thistle, (bles'-ed this'-l). See Cardims.
Blight {blif) [origin unknown]. A partial paralysis of
certain facial nerves, arising from sudden or extreme
cold. B. of the Eye, an extravasation of blood
within the conjunctiva.
"Blind {blmd)\_A'A., blind '\. Without sight. Deprived
of sight. B. Spot, that part of the area of the fundus
of the eye where the optic nerve enters. B. Staggers.
See Staggers.
Blinder [AS., blind']. A shield worn before
an eye, to temporarily throw it out of function. See
GotM, Method of. B. Treatment of monocular
amblyopia. See Gould, Method of.
Blindness (bhnd'-nes) [AS., blind]. Want of vision.
Color-B., subnormal perception of colors. This con-
dition is found in about 4 per cent, of people, is more
frequent in men than in women, and is probably due to
non-exercise of the color sense. Complete Color-
B. is very rare, the different colors probably appear-
ing as different intensities or shades of white light. In
Partial Color-B. subnormal perception of red is the
most frequent, green, blue and yellow, respectively,
being next in order. Tests for Color-B. usually
consist in matching and classifying colored yarns.
Cortical B., B. due to lesion of the cortical center
of vision. Day-B. See Nyctalopia. Mind-B. See
Psychic B. Moon-B., a rare condition of retinal
anesthesia said to be due to exposure of the eyes to the
moon's rays in sleeping. Night-B. See Hemera-
lopia. B,, Object-. See Apraxia. Psychic B.,
loss of conscious visual sensation from destruction of
the cerebral visual center ; there is sight but not recog-
nition. Snow-B., photophobia and conjunctivitis due
to exposure of the eyes to the glare of sunlight upon
snow. B., Word-. See Aphasia.
Blister {blis'-ter) [ME., blister, a vesicle]. A vesicle
resulting from the exudation of serous fluid between
the epidennis and true skin. Also the agent by which
the blister is produced. B., Fly, a beetle, Cantharis
vesicatoria, the body of which is used as a blistering
agent; a blister of cantharides. B., Flying, a blister
that remains long enough to produce redness of the
skin and not vesication. B. Test, for gout. The
serum from a blister in a gouty individual will yield
crystals of uric acid when examined by Garrod's thread
test [q.v.), only, however, when the blister is situated
at a distance from the affected joint. According to
Garrod the acid cannot be detected in the fluid from
a blister in the neighborhood of the gouty articulation,
and he infers that gouty inflammation causes a local
destruction of uric acid.
Blistering [bits' -ter-ing) [ME., blister, a vesicle].
Forming a vesicle upon the skin. B. Collodion, a
solution of cantharidin in ether. B. Liquid. Same
as B. Collodion. B. Paper, paper saturated with
cantharides ; used for producing vesication.
Bloat [blot) \MlL.,blote, swelling]. l. Puffiness; edema;
turgidity from any cause, as from anasarca. 2. A fomi
of colic in the horse produced by tympanitic distention
of the intestines. Also called IVind Colic.
Block [blok) [ME., blok, a piece of wood]. In dentistry
a mass of gold foil for filling teeth, made by folding a
tape of foil upon itself several times by means of pliers.
B. Teeth. Two or more artificial teeth carved from
a piece of ivory, or carved or moulded from a mass of
porcelain paste and afterwards baked and enamelled.
B. Teeth, Biscuiting, or Crucing of. The teeth,
after being moulded or carved, are placed on a slide
and put in the muffle of a furnace and subjected to a
bright-red heat, by which process the particles become
sufficiently agglutinated and hardened to receive the
enamel. This is called biscuiting or crucing.
Blond [blond) [Fr. , blond, light, fair]. I. Light com-
plexioned ; fair. 2. A person with a fair complexion.
Blood [blud) blood]. The fluid that circulates
through the heart, arteries, and veins, supplying nutri-
tive material to all parts of the body. In the human
being the blood of the arteries is bright-red ; that of
the veins dark-red. Blood consists of colorless plasma
in which are suspended the red and colorless corpus-
cles. When exposed to the air it coagulates, forming
a red-clot and a yellowish fluid called serum. Healthy
blood consists of 79 per cent of water, and 21 per cent,
solids. B. -Casts, tube-
casts to which red-blood
corpuscles are attached.
B. -Corpuscles, small,
circular, biconcave discs
floating in the blood. Red
corpuscles are circular in
mammals (except the
camel), and elliptical in
birds and reptiles. In
man they are about -j ^Vir
inch in diameter and
I'^ho'S inch thick. Color-
less corpuscles are about
one-third larger in diame-
ter and comparatively few.
They exhibit movements
similar to those of amebic.
The coloring-matter of the B. is found in a substance
Human Colored Blood-
Corpuscles.
I, on the flat; 2, on edge;
3, rouleau of corpuscles.
{Aftcj- Lattdois.)
BLOODLESS
214
BLUMENBACH, CLIVUS OF
known as hemoglobin, and is said to he due to minute
quantities of the saUs of iron. B.-cure, the therapeutic
employment of fresh blood, mainly that of bullocks.
^
Ideal Transverse Section of a Human Red Blood-
CORPUSCLE (magnified 500 times).
a, d, diameter ; c, d, thickness. {After Landois.)
B. -crystals, crystals of a substance known as hema-
toidin, B., Defibrinated, freshly shed blood that has
been beaten with a glass rod or tongs until the fibrin
has all adhered to the rod in the form of a solid,
fibrous, yellowish- white, elastic mass. B. -flower.
See Asclepias. B. -fluke. See Bilharzia IL'tnatohia.
B., Gases of, certain gases given off when blood is
exposed to the vacuum produced by an air-pump.
They are carbonic acid, nitrogen, and oxygen, and
constitute about half of the volume of the blood.
B. -globules. Same as B.-corpitsclcs. B.-heat, a
temperature varying from 98° to 100° F. B. -islands,
a term applied to the groups of corpuscles developed
during the first days of embryonic life, within the
large branched cells of the mesoblast. B., Loss of.
See Hemorrhage. B.-mole, in obstetrics, a mole
consisting of the decidua only, interspersed with effu-
sions of blood, the fetus having been expelled. B.-
plaque. See B. -platelets. B. -plasma, the liquor
sanguinis, or fluid part of the blood. B. -plate. See
B. -platelets. B. -platelets ; besides the red and col-
orless corpuscles, the blood contains smaller formed
elements, concerning which there are many theories
and names. Hayem describes Heinatoblasts ; Pouches
describes Globulins ; Max Schultze, Kornchen (ele-
mentary bodies) ; Bizzozero, Blut-pldttcheti, or Blood-
platelets. They are circular or oval, light gray, and in
human blood destitute of nuclei. They are from I to
1.3 \i in size, there being from 18,000 to 300,000
in the cubic millimeter. B. -poisoning, a common
term denoting any ailment arising from the intro-
duction of decomposing organic matter or putrefac-
tive germs into the blood. See Anthrax, Pyemia
and Septicemia. B. -pressure, the force of compres-
sion exerted by the blood upon the walls of the vessels
under the influence of the heart's action, the elastic
walls, etc. Various instruments have been devised to
estimate the amount of this pressure, the Hemadyna mo-
meter of Poiseuille, Ludivig^s Kymograph, Fick^ s
Spritig Kymograph, v. BaseVs Sphygmomanometer, the
Graduated Sphygmograph, etc. B.-root. See San-
guinaria. B.-shot, extravasated with blood. B.-
spavin. .See Spavin. B. -stone. .See Conspectus of
Pigments, under Pigment. B. -striking. Synonym
of Anthrax. See also Black-leg. B. -tablet. See
Blood-plate. B. -tumor. See Hematoiiui. B. -ves-
sel, a tube-like structure for conveying the blood
through the body. C(. A 7-ter\' and Vein.
Bloodless [blud'-les) [ME., bloody. Without blood.
B. Operations, surgical operations, such as amputa-
tions, in which the member is so bandaged by com-
presses and elastic bands that the blood is expelled
and kept from the part to be operated upon.
Bloodletting [blud-lef -ing) [ME., blood ; leten\ The
artificial abstraction of blood from the body. B., Gen-
eral, venesection or phlebotomy ; it acts by reducing
the heart's action and diminishing the quantity of
l)lood. It is occasionally used with excellent results in
pneumonia, sunstroke, etc. B., Local or Topical.
See Cupping, Leeching or Scarification. It is useful in
certain inflammatory conditions.
Bloody [blud'-e) [ME., blood.'] Having the nature of,
or filled with blood. B. Flux. See Dysentery. B.
Milk. See Red Milk Bacillus and Bacteria, Syno-
nvmatic. Table of. B. Murrain. Synonym of
.Anthrax. B. Sweat. .See Ephidrosis.
Bloom [Idiim] [ME., /)/o/;/, a blossom] . I. A blossom.
2. A state of health. 3. See Lubricating Oils.
Blossom (bios' -u;ii)[}A'Ej.,blosso»ie,a flower]. In biology,
(I) the flower of a plant ; (2) to put forth flowers.
Blotch [bloch) [origin uncertain]. A pimple or blain ;
a small discolored patch of skin ; a group of small
pustules.
Blow (i/o) [AS., blovan]. l. To pant. 2. To deposit
eggs upon, as flies.
Blowing Sound. See Bellows Murtiiur.
Blown [blon) [ME., blowen]. In farriery, with the
stomach distended from gorging with food. B. Meat,
meat that has been blown up with air in order to give
it a white color and to hide defects in its condition.
Blow-pipe {bio' -pip). A cylindrical tube, from twelve
to eighteen inches long, about half an inch in diame-
ter at one end, and gradually tapering to a fine point
or nozzle, which may be straight or bent at a right
angle ; it is used in directing the flame of a lamp in a
fine conical tongue. B., Automaton, in dentistry, a
blow-pipe especially designed for crown and bridge-
work, into which the air is admitted and conducted
through a small tube to the upper end of another
which admits illuminating gas. The supply of both
air and gas is regulated by the presssure of the thumb
or fingers on the rubber tubes of the appliance. B.,
Oxyhydrogen, an apparatus for producing intense
heat by burning hydrogen or illuminating gas at the
end of a mixing nozzle.
Bloxam's Test. See Tests, Table of.
Blue {bloo) [ME., blew]. One of the colors of the
spectrum. B., Alexandria. Same as Egyptian Blue.
B.-Baby, a child with blue disease. B. -bottle. See
Centaurea. B. Blindness, acyanopsia. B. Cohosh.
See Caulophyllum. B. Disease, cyanosis of the
new-born, due frequently to congenital disease of
the heart. This usually consists in constriction of
the pulmonary artery with deficiency in the septum
of the ventricles, the aorta communicating with
the right ventricular cavity. See Cyanopathy. B.
Flag. .See Iris. B. Gentian, the root of Gentiana
catesbcci, tonic and stomachic. Dose of fld. ext.
x-xl. Unof. B. Gum. See Gingival. B. Gum
Tree. See Eucalyptus. B. Cardinal Flower.
Synonym of Lobelia syphilitica. B. Edema, a puffed
and bluish appearance of the limb sometimes seen in
hysterical paralysis. B. Jaundice. See Acleitocar-
dia. B. Line. See Lead Line. B. Malachite.
Same as Azurite. B. Mass. See J/ydrargvrum.
B.-milk Bacillus, Bacillus cvanogenus ; it imparts a
blue color to milk and renders it irritating to the
stomach and intestine. See Bacteria, Synonymatic
Table of. B. Ocher. See Conspectus of Pigments
under Pigment. B. Ointment. See Hydrargyrum.
B. Pill. See Hydrargyrum. B., Prussian. See
Pigment. B. Stick. Same as B. Stone. B. Stone.
See Copper and B. Vitj-iol. B. Verditer. Same as
Bremen Blue. B. Vervain. See I'erbena. B.
Vitriol. See Conspectus of Pigments, under Pigment.
Blues [blooz) [ME., ble-a']. A popular name for short
periods of mental depression ; they are usually asso-
ciated with indigestion.
Blumenbach, Clivu^ of. See Clivus. B., Plane of.
See Plane.
BLUNT-HOOK
215
BONDUC SEEDS
Blunt-hook [lilnitk' -hook). An obstetric instrument,
used mainly in embryotomy.
Blunzen {J>Iu>k' -en) [Cier. ]. A peculiar Wiirtemberg
sausage, made by filling the stomachs of hogs with
meat, and cured by a method favoring putrefaction.
This is the most common source of sausage-poisoning.
See Allantiasis and Botulisnnis.
Blushing (blush' -ing) [ME., blusheii, to glow]. The
reddening of the face through shame, modesty, or
confusion. See Kiihor.
Boa {bo' -ah) [L.]. An ancient name applied to various
eruptions and eruptive diseases, as measles, smallpox,
hydroa, syphilis. B. Vista Fever. See Fever.
Boas's Test. See Tests, Table of.
Boat-belly (/'o/'-/'i'/-c'). See Scaphoid Abdomen.
Bobb's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Bochdalek's Ganglion. See Ganglia, Table of. B's
Pseudo-ganglion. See Pseudo-ganglion.
Bock, Nerve of. See Nerves, Table of.
Bockhart's Blood-serum Mercury. A mercurial used
in the treatment of syphilis. It is prepared as follows
from the blood of sheep, horses, or oxen : loV^ drams
of blood-serum, sterilized after Koch's method, are
placed in a graduated glass, and then mixed with a
solution of 45 grains of bichlorid of mercury dis-
solved in one ounce of boiling distilled water. The
precipitate formed is redissolved by the addition of 105
grains of chlorid of sodium, dissolved in five drams
of distilled water. This compound is then a three per
cent, solution of blood-serum mercury. By adding
enough distilled water to make six ounces five drams,
we have the solution generally used, containing one
and one-half per cent of the mercurial salt. Injections
of 15 minims (containing one-quarter grain of subli-
mate, combined with albumin) are made daily.
Bodo [bo'-do] [L.]. A genus of flagellate protozoans.
B. saltans has been reported as living in great num-
bers in unhealthy ulcerations. B. urinarius has
been found in the urine of cholera-patients.
"Qo&y {bod'-e) \_A.ii.,bodig'\. I. The animal frame with
its organs. Also a cadaver or corpse. 2. This term
is applied by the manufacturer of porcelain teeth to the
parts composing the principal portion of the artificial
organ. 3. The tube of a microscope, including the
draw-tube ; it is the tube receiving the ocular at one end
and the objective at the other. See also Corpus, and
Corpora. B. Cells. See Heredity. B. Louse. See
Pedieulus. B. -plasm. 'Ae.s Somatoplasm, vmAtx Here-
dity. B., Sub-thalamic. See Luys, Body of.
Boeckel's Operations. See Operations, Table of.
Boerhaave, Glands of. See Gland.
Bog {bog') [E. dial.]. To ease the body by stool.
Bog {bog) [Gael., bogan, a bog]. Ground that is wet
and spongy. B.-bean. S>e& Biickbean. B. -spavin.
See Spavin.
Bogue's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Bohm's Acid Carmin. See Stains, Table of. B.'s
Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Bohm.er's Hematoxylin Solution. See Stains,
Table of.
Bohun Upas [bo'-hu?!-ii'-pas). See Antiar and Upas.
Boil {boil) [ME., boile\ A furuncle ; a localized inflam-
mation of the skin and subcutaneous connective tissue
attended by the formation of pus. See Turuneulus.
B., Aleppo or B., Delhi, a peculiar ulcerative affection
endemic in India, due to a specific and pathogenic mi-
crobe. It has been proposed by Heydenreich to call
this Tropical Boil. Other names are Penjdch Boil and
Bouton Biskra. B. -plague. Synonym of Anthrax.
Boiled Oil. Linseed oil that has been heated to a
high temperature {130". C. and upward), while a
current of air is passed through or over the oil, and
the temperature increased until the oil begins to
effervesce from evolution of products of decomposi-
tion. B.-sago Matter. Vitreous-looking bodies fre-
quently seen in the stools of dysentery. They are
simply granules of starch ingested as food and remain-
ing partially or wholly undigested. They are also
called Frogs'' -spawn matter.
Boiler-makers' Deafness. See Deafness.
Boiling {boil' -ing) [ME., boilen, to stir]. The vapori-
zation of a liquid when it gives off vapor having the
same tension as the surrounding air. Most tissues,
animal and vegetable, are softened and rendered more
or less soluble by boiling. Albumin and most albu-
minoids, however, are rendered insoluble. The tem-
perature of boiling water at the level of the sea is
212° Y. (100° C.) ; it decreases with increasing alti-
tude. B. Test. See Tests, Table of.
Boissons {bwah'-song) \^Fr.'\. Cheap fermented liquors
made from raisins or other dried fruits to which sweet-
ened water is added and fermentation allowed.
Bola {bo'-lah). See Myrrh.
Bolary {bo'-lar-e) \bolics, clay]. Of the nature of bole.
Bolax {bo'-laks). See Balsam-bog. B. Gum. See
Balsam-bog.
Bolbomelanoma {bol-bo-mel-an-o'-mah) \_l3oAfi6r, a
bulb ; /if ?dii6;/ia, blackness] . Melanotic carcinoma of
the eyeball.
Boldin {bol'-din). See Boldus.
Boldo {bol'-do). See Boldus. B.-glucine, an aro-
matic glucosid obtained from Peumus boldo and other
species. It is a hypnotic in doses of gr. xx-^j.
Unof.
Boldoa [bol'-do-ah) [Chilian, Boldn']. A genus of
monimiaceous trees. B. fragrans, the tree Peumus
boldo. See Boldus.
Boldus {bol'-dus) [L. ]. Boldo. The leaves and
stems of an evergreen, Peumus boldo, native to Chili
and vicinity, sometimes used in anemia and general
debility as a substitute for quinin. It contains a
bitter aWaXoiA, Boldin, an hypnotic in doses of gr. iij.
B., Ext., Fid. Dose tl\,j-iv. B., Tinct., contains
20 per cent, of the drug. Dose ITLv-viij.
Bole (/'o/) [/3(j/'of, a clod of earth] . I. A translucent,
soft variety of clay formerly much used in medicine,
internally as an astringent, externally as an absorbent.
Dose gr. v-x. Several varieties are used, as the
Armenian bole; the Lemnian, and the Fre)ich bole.
2. A bolus. See Bolus.
Boletus {bo-le' -tus) \jiwkirriq, il kind of mushroom].
A genus of fungi, some species of which are edible,
while others are highly poisonous. None is official.
Bologna {bo-ldn' -yah) [It ]. A city of northern Italy.
B. Lime. .Same as Vienna White. B. Phosphorus,
a sulphid of barium, having the property of emitting
a pale, feeble light in the dark.
Bolus {ho' -Ills') [L. : pl.,Boli; Eng. pi. , Boluses']. A
mass of medicine exhibited in the form of a large pill.
Bombardier Beetle {bom-bar-der be'-tl). See Brach-
enin.
'Qorol'oz.yi { bo7u' -bales') [bo?nbyx, cotton]. A genus of
huge tropical malvaceous trees of many species.
Some of these trees afford demulcent diuretic medi-
cines. JMocinain, q. v., is a product of B. malabarieum.
Bombus {boin'-hiis) \_j^j6/jftoc, a humming sound]. A
ringing or buzzing sound in the ears ; tinnitus. Also
a sonorous movement or rumbling flatus of the
intestines : borborygmus.
Bona Fever {ho'-nah fc'-ver'). See Fever.
Bonbon [Fr. ]. A confection. B., Pectoral,
a medicated antibechic confection.
Bond's Operation. .See Operations, Table of
Bonduc Seeds {bon'-duk sedz). See Bonducella.
BONDUCELLA
216
BORON
Bonducella (hoti-du-sel' -ali] [L.]. Bonduc Seeds.
The seeds of Ccesalpinia bonducella , a tropical plant.
It is a bitter tonic and antiperiodic in intermittent
fevers. Dose gr. x-xv.b B., Pulv., Comp., contains
bonduc and black pepper. Dose gr. xv-xx.
Bone [hd)i) [AS., ban, a bone]. A hard tissue that
constitutes the framework or skeleton of the body.
It is composed mainly of tri-calcium phosphate and
cartilage. Bone usually consists of a compact outer
mass covered with periosteum , surrounding a reticu-
lated inner structure that encloses a central cavity
filled with marrow. A transverse section of a long
bone shows bone-tissue to be composed of a number
of nearly circular zones, each having a central tube,
the Haversian canal, through which the blood circu-
lates. Surrounding the Haversian canal are concen-
trically arranged belts of oblong spaces called lacuna-.
Each lacuna is the outlet of a number of canaliculi,
through which the nutrition is conveyed to all parts
of the bone. A table of bones is appended. B. Ash,
the calcic phosphate remaining after bones have been
incinerated. B. Binder. See Osteocolla. B. -black.
Same as Animal Black. B. -brown. See Pigments,
Conspectus of. B. Cartilage. See Ostein. B.-
conduction, the transmission of sound-waves to the
auditory nerve by means of sonorous vibrations com-
municated to the bones of the skull, the impression
reaching the nerve in part directly and in part by
way of the tympanic structure. The tuning-fork is
the instrument most commonly used as a test of bone-
conduction. Bone-conduction is lost or diminished
in many of the typical labyrinthine lesions, if. in
true Meniere's disease. See Air-conduction. B.
Karth. See Ossiterra. B., Epipteric [fTr/, upon;
TTTepdv, a wing], a small Wonnian bone sometimes
found between the great wing of the sphenoid and the
anterior inferior angle of the parietal. B.-fat, a
whitish-yellow fat obtained by boiling bones. It is
used in soap making. B. -gelatin. See Gelatin. B.-
glue. See Glue. B. incarial. See Incarial. B.-
nippers, surgical cutting-forceps for use on bones.
B.-oil, a foul-smelling oil obtained in the dry distilla-
tion of bone. B. -setter, a specialist at setting bones ;
usually an uneducated empiric, and often a pretender
to hereditary skill in the business. B. -spavin. See
Spavin. B. -tumor. %yx\owyva oi Actinomycosis .
Bonelet [bon'-let). See Ossicle.
Bonellein {ho-neV -in) \_Bonellia, a genus of gephyrean
worms, named after ¥. A. Bonelli, an Italian natu-
ralist]. In biology, the green pigment of certain
annelids, as Bonellia viridis.
Boneset. See Eupatorium.
Bonnafond's Apparatus. An apparatus for generating
vapors and injecting them into the middle ear through
the Eustachian tube.
Bonnet's Capsule. See Ocular Sheath. B. Opera-
tions. See Operations , Table of.
Bontius, Pills of. Purgative pills used in dropsy.
They contain gamboge, Socotrin aloes, and gum am-
moniac.
Bonwill's Crown. In dentistry, an artificial crown of
all porcelain to be engrafted on a natural root. B's.
Method, I. A method of producing anesthesia. It
. is done by rapid breathing of the ordinary atmos-
pheric air. The patient opens his mouth and breathes
freely, quickly, and deeply, and in a few seconds or
minutes partial anesthesia supervenes. 2. A method
of articulating teeth.
Bonzel's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Booboo (boo^-boo). See Boohoo.
Boohoo (boo^-hoo) [native S. Pacific]. A kind of gas-
tritis with slight fever and with great nostalgia and
depression of spirits. It attacks strangers in some of
the Pacific Islands.
Booker, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Synonymatic
Table of
Boot, Junod's. See Junod Boot.
Boracic Acid (bo-ras'-ik as^-id). See Acid, Boric ; also
Boron.
Borage [bo' -raj) [ME., borage"]. The plant Borago
officinalis, a demulcent, mild refrigerant and diapho-
retic. Dose of fld. ext., 5 j. Unof.
Boraginaceous (ho-raj-in-a' -se-ns) \_Boraginacece , a
natural order of plants]. Pertaining to the Boragin-
acese.
Borate [bo' -rat ) [Ar., boraq, borax]. Any salt of bo-
ric acid.
Borax [bo'-raks). See Boron. B. Bath. See Bath.
Borborygmus [bor-bor-ig' -mus) \_j3opjiopvyn6^ , a rum-
bling : Borborygmi]. A rumbling of the bowels.
Bordeaux Method. A form of cotton antiseptic dress-
ing for stumps.
Borelli's Operation. See Operations , Table of.
Boric Acid [bo'-rik as' -id). See Boron.
Born [born) [AS., boren, to bear, bring forth]. Brought
into the world by the process of parturition. B.
Alive. See Live Birth.
Borneo Camphor [bor' -ne-o-kam' -for). See Borneol.
Borneol [bor' -ne-ol) [^Borneo'], Cj|,HjjO. Borneo
Camphor ; a substance that occurs in Dryobalanops
camphoree , a tree growing in Borneo and Sumatra. It
is artificially prepared by acting with sodium upon the
alcoholic solution of common camphor. It is quite
like Japan camphor, and has a peculiar odor resem-
bling that of peppermint. It sublimes in six-sided
leaflets, melts at 198° and boils at 212°. It produces
spasms of an epileptiform character.
Bom's Method. A method of reconstructing objects
from microscopic sections ; by means of a camera,
the outlines are transferred to wax plates, which are
then cut out so as to correspond to the sections.
Boro-borax [bo-ro-bo' -raks). A crystalline combina-
tion of borax and boric acid. It is used as an anti-
septic.
Borofuchsin. See Stains, Conspectus of.
Boroglycerid [bo-ro-glis' -er-id). See Boroglycerin.
Boroglycerin [bo-ro-glis' -er-in) [Ar., boraq, borax;
}//<jwf:/5<5f, sweet]. A mixture of boric acid, 62 parts,
with glycerin, 92 parts, it is called also /'fr<)>,''/)'(£77V,
and glyceryl borate. It is a solid preparation, soluble
in water. It is used as a local application in eye and
skin affections. It is an active antiseptic in a solution
of I to 40. Unof.
Boron [bo'-ron) [Ar., boraq, borax]. B--= II ; quanti-
valence ill, v. The base of boric acid and of the
mineral borax. Boracic, or, more properly, Boric
Acid, H,,BO.j, a crystalline substance, found native
in the volcanic lagoons of Tuscany. It occurs in
white, transparent crystals, soluble in water and
alcohol ; it is an active antiseptic, and is much used in
parasitic diseases of the skin. Dose gr. v-xx. Un-
guent. Acidi Bo?-ici (B. P.), contains hard paraffin 2,
soft paraffin 4, boric acid I. It is used as an antiseptic
and in dermatology. Borax, Na2B.^O,,loH.,0, sodium
biborate, occurs in lacustrine deposits as white, trans-
parent crystals, soluble in water, alcohol and glycerin.
It is used as an antiseptic wash for ulcers and indolent
lesions and is valuable also as an emmenagogue, and
in leucorrhea. Dose gr. v-xl. All unof Glycerinum
Boracis (B. P.), contains borax, glycerin and distilled
water ; it is used as a local application. Mel Boracis
(B. P.), borax honey, contains borax, clarified honey
and glycerin (about I in 7) ; it is used as a local
application.
BONES 217 BONES
TABLE OF BONES.
Name.
Principal Featl'Res.
Articulations and Variety.
Muscular and Ligamentous
Attachments.
Astragalus.
Irregularly cubical ; forms the key-
stone of arch of foot ; head, neck,
six articular surfaces.
Fibu'lk,}^'"^'^'""^-
i'c^rhoi'l:
Internal and external lateral ligaments.
Atlas.
First cervical vertebra ; ring-like :
anterior and posterior arches and
tubercles; articular surfaces.
Occipital bone — double arthrodia.
Axis, four joints — diarthrodia rota-
toria and double arthrodia.
Longus colli (tubercle), rectus capitis
posticus minor (spinous process).
Axis.
Second cervical vertebra ; body,
odontoid process, pedicles, 1am-
inse, spinous process, transverse,
processes, articular surfaces.
First cervical vertebra — diarthrodia
rotatoria and double arthrodia
Third cervical vertebra — double ar-
throdia.
Longus colli, check ligaments.
Calcaneura.
The heel bone ; irregularly cu-
boidal ; lesser process [sustenta-
culum tali], greater process, pero-
neal ridge or spine, superior
groove, articular surfaces.
Astragalus, "1
Cuboid, yarthrodia.
Scaphoid, J
Tibialis posticus, tendo Achillis, plant-
aris, abductor poUicis, abductor mini-
mi digiti, flexor brevis digitorum,
flexor accessorius, extensor brevis
digitorum.
Carpal.
Consists of scaphoid, semilunar,
cuneiform, pisiform, trapezium,
trapezoid, os magnum, unciform.
See Indiviaual Bones.
Clavicle.
Collar bone, resembles the italic
"_/"; conoid tubercle, deltoid
tubercle, oblique line.
Sternum,
Scapula,
Cartilage of first rib.
^arthrodia.
Sterno-cleido-mastoid, trapezius, pec-
toralis major, deltoid, subclavius,
sterno-hyoid, platysma.
Coccyx.
The last bone of the vertebral col-
umn : resembles a cuckoo's beak;
usually composed of four small
segments ; base, apex, cornua.
SacrvLxa—amphiarthrodia.
Coccygeus, gluteus maximus, extensor
coccygis, sphincter ani, levator ani.
Cranial.
Occipital, parietal (two), frontal,
temporal (two), sphenoid, eth-
moid. See Individual Bones.
Cuboid.
Somewhat pyramidal ; tuberosity.
Os calcis, "j
External cuneiform, ! „,,i,„„j.-„
4th and 5th metatarsal '^'throdia.
bones. J
Flexor brevis poUicis.
Cuneiform
(of carpus).
Pyramidal.
Semilunar, ")
Pisiform, j
Unciform, \ arthrodia.
Interarticular fibro-car-
tilage. J
Cuneiform
(of tarsus).
Internal.
Middle.
External.
Irregularly wedge-shaped; the
largest of the three.
Wedge-shaped ; smallest of the
three.
Wedge-shaped.
Scaphoid, "j
Middle cuneiform, arthrodia.
First and second meta-
tarsal bones. J
Scaphoid, 1
Internal cuneiform, 1 „,.,i,^„j,-„
External cuneiform, ^'^'^^odia.
Second metatarsal. J
Scaphoid, 1
Middle cuneiform, 1
Cuboid, } arthrodia.
Second, third, andfourth j
metatarsal bones. J
Tibialis anticus and posticus.
Tibialis posticus.
Tibialis posticus, flexor brevis poUicis.
Ethmoid.
Irregularly cubical ; situated at an-
terior part of base of skull ; hori-
zontal or cribriform plate, per-
pendicular plate, two lateral
masses, crista galli.
Sphenoid,
Two sphenoidal —
turbinated.
Frontal,
Two nasal.
Two superior max-
illary.
Two lachrymal.
Two palate.
Two inferior turb-
inated,
Vomer.
synarthrodia.
None.
Femur.
Cylindrical ; longest, largest, and
strongest bone in the body ; shaft
and two extremities, head, neck,
greater and lesser trochanters,
linea aspera, condyles ; a long
bone.
Os innominatum — enarthrodia.
Tibia — giyiglymus.
Patella.— arthrodia.
Gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, pyri-
formis, obturator internus, obturator
externus, gemellus superior, gemel-
lus inferior, quadratus femoris, psoas
magnus, iliacus, vastus externus,
gluteus maximus, short head of the
biceps, vastus internus, adductor
magnus, pectineus, adductor brevis,
adductor longus, crureus, subcrureus,
gastrocnemius, plantaris, popliteus.
BONES
218
BONES
BONES OF THE HUMAN SKELETON.
Atlas, Superior Surface.
Superior articular process,
transverse ligament.
. Tubercle of an-
terior arch. 2
Articular facet for
odontoid process
of axis. 3. Poste-
rior arch and pos-
terior tubercle. 4.
Groove for verte-
bral artery and
first cervical
nerve. 5. Trans-
verse process. 6.
Foramen for ver-
tebral artery. 7.
rubercle for attachment of
Axis, Lateral Aspect.
. Body. 2. Odontoid pro-
cess. 3. Facet for articu-
lating with anterior arch
of atlas. 4. Lamina. 5.
Spinous process. 6. Trans-
verse process. 7. Superior
articular process. 8. Infe-
rior articular process.
Atlas and Axis, Anterior Surface.
7, 7. Inferior articular processes. 8, 8
9. Anterior surface of body of axis,
process.
Axis, Postero-Superior
View.
. Posterior surface of body.
Odontoid process. 3,3. Supe
rior articular processes 4, 4
Inferior articular processes
5, 5. Transverse processes. 6,
Spinous process.
1,1. Lateral mass-
es of atlas. 2, 2.
Anterior arch of
atlas, including
odontoid pro-
cess of axis. 3.
Tubercle of an-
terior arch 4,4.
Transverse pro-
cesses of atlas.
5, 5 Inferior ar-
t i c u 1 a r pro-
cesses of atlas.
6, 6. Superior
articular pro-
cesses of axis.
Transverse processes.
10. Apex of odontoid
Dorsal Vertebra, Antero-Superior View.
. Anterior surface. 2. Vertebral foramen. 3. Spinous pro-
cess. 4, 4. Transverse processes. 5, 5. Articular surfaces for
tubercles of ribs. 6, 6. Superior articular processes. 7, 7.
Pedicles.
First Dorsal Vertebra, Lateral View.
. Superior surface of body. 2, 2. Semi-lunar processes. 3.
Articular facet for head of first rib. 4. Demi-facet for head
of second rib. 5. Superior articular process. 6, 6. Inferior
articular processes. 7. Transverse process. 8. Articular facet
for tubercle of first rib 9. Spinous process.
Eleventh Dorsal Vertebra, Lateral View.
. Articular facet for head of eleventh rib. 2. Transverse
process. 3. Superior tubercle of transverse process. 4. In-
ferior and anterior tubercle. 5. Inferior and posterior tuber-
cle. 6. Superior articular process. 7. Inferior articular pro-
cess. 8. Spinous process.
Seventh Cervical Vertebra, Postero-Superior View.
I. Body. 2, 2. Transverse processes. 3, 3. Anterior or costal
roots of transverse processes. 4, 4. Foramina for vertebral
arteries. 5, 5. Superior articular processes. 6, 6. Inferior
articular processes. 7, 7. Laminae. 8. Spinous process. 9.
Spinal foramen.
Twelfth Dorsal Vertebra, Lateral View.
I. Articular facet for head of twelfth rib. 2. Transverse pro-
cess. 3. Superior and posterior tubercle of transverse pro-
cess. 4. Inferior and posterior tubercle. ,5. Inferior and
anterior tubercle. 6. Superior articular process. 7, 7. Infe-
rior articular processes. 8. Spinous process.
BONES
219
BONES
TABLE OF BONES.-
-Continued.
Name.
Principal Features.
Articulations and Variety.
Muscular and Ligamentous
Attachments.
Fibula.
Long bone ; shaft , upper extremity
or head, lower extremity or ex-
ternal malleolus.
Tibia — arthrodia.
Astragalus, with the tibia and fibula
— ginglymus.
SiccpSf solcus pcroiiGiis lon^us, cx~
tensor longus digitorum, peroneus
tertius, extensor proprius pollicis,
tibialis posticus, flexor longus pollicis,
peroneus brevis.
Foot.
Composed of tarsus, metatarsus
and phalanges, q. v.
Frontal.
The forehead bone ; a flat bone ; a
frontal portion and an orbito-
nasal portion ; frontal eminences,
superciliary ridges, supraorbital
arches, supraorbital notches or
foramina, internal and exteriial
angular processes, temporal
ridges, nasal notch, nasal spine,
nasal eminence or glabella.
Two parietal, ^
Sphenoid,
Ethmoid,
Two nasal.
Two superior max-
illary.
Two lachrymal.
Two malar,
■ synarthrodia.
Corrugator supercilii, orbicularis pal-
pebrarum, and temporal on each side.
Hand.
Composed of carpus, metacarpus
and phalanges, q. v.
Humerus.
Largest bone of upper extremity ;
long bone ; a shaft and two ex-
tremities. Upper extremity pre-
sents a head, neck and greater
and lesser tuberosities. Lower
extremity, trochlea, olecranon
fossa, coronoid fossa, external
and internal condyles, supra-
trochlear foramen, supracondy-
loid ridges.
Scapula (glenoid cavity) — enarthrodia.
Radius, l^--?'-'"""-
Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres
minor, subscapularis, pectoralis
major, latissimus dorsi, deltoid,
coraco-brachialis, brachialis anticus,
triceps, sub-anconeus, pronator radii
teres flexor carpi radialis palmaris
longus, flexor digitorum sublimis,
flexor carpi ulnaris, supinator longus,
extensor carpi radialis longior, exten-
sor carpi radialis brevier, extensor
communis digitorum, extensor mini-
mi digiti extensor carpi ulnaris, sup-
inator brevis and anconeus.
Hyoid.
A bony arch ; irregular bone ; a
body, two greater and two lesser
cornua.
None.
Sterno-hyoid, thyro-hyoid, omo-hyoid,
digastricus, stylo-hyoid, mylo-hyoid,
genio-hyoid, genio-hyo-glossus, hyo-
glossus Tnidcllc constrictor of the
pharynx.
Ilium.
See fnnofmnate.
Incus.
Resembles a bicuspid tooth with
two roots, body, and two pro-
cesses.
Malleus — arthrodia {trigger-joint).
SX.a\>&s— arthrodia.
None.
I n f e r i o r
maxillary.
•
Body and two rami ; contains the
teeth of the lower jaw ; symphy-
sis, mental process, mental fora-
men, coronoid and condyloid
process, head, neck, sigmoid
notch ; irregular bone.
The two temporal bones — bilateral
condyloid — diarthrodia.
Levator menti, depressor labii infe-
rioris, depressor anguli oris, platysma
myoides, buccinator, masseter, orbi-
cularis oris, genio-hyo-glossus, genio-
hyoideus, mylo-hyoideus, digastric,
superior constrictor, temporal, in-
ternal pterygoid, external pterygoid.
Inferior tur-
binated.
Situated on the outer wall of the
nasal fossa ; irregular bone.
Ethmoid,
Superior maxillary,
Lachrymal,
Palate,
■ synarthrodia.
None.
Innominate.
Large, 3 parts ; flat bone ; with its
fellow and sacrum and coccyx
forms pelvis.
Ilium — superior broad expanded
portion, crest, superior, middle
and inferior curved lines, ilio-
pectineal line, venter, auricular
surface, anterior and posterior,
superior and inferior spinous
processes, | (about) of acetabu-
lum.
Ischium — lower and back portion,
body, tuberosity and ramus,
spine, greater and lesser sacro-
sciatic notches, external and in-
ternal lips of tuberosity, lower
boundary of obturator foramen,
§ (about) of acetabulum.
Pubis — body, horizontal ramus,
descenditig ramus, spine, ilio-
pectineal line, angle, symphysis,
obturator foramen (upper bound-
ary), 5 of acetabulum.
fWith its fellow of)
I opposite side, V synarthrodia.
1 Sacrum, )
[ Femur — enarthrodia.
Hium — tensor vaginae femoris, external
oblique, latissimus dorsi, iliacus,
transversalis, quadratus lumborum,
erector spinae, internal oblique, glu-
teus maximus, medius and mini-
mus, rectus, pyriformis, multifidus
spinas, sartorius.
/icA/aw— obturator externus and in-
ternus, gracilis, levator ani, gemelli
superior and inferior, coccygeus, bi-
ceps, semi-tendinosus, semi-mem-
branous, quadratus femoris, adductor
magnus, transversus perinei, erector
internal and external oblique,
transversalis, rectus, pyramidalis,
psoas parvus, pectineus, adductor
magnus, longus and brevis, gracilis,
external and internal obturator, leva-
tor ani, compressor urethrae, accele-
rator urinse.
BONES
220
BONES
Lumbar Vertebra, Postero-Superior View.
, I. Anterior surface of body. 2, 2. Trans-
verse processes. 3. Spinous process.
4. Superior articular processes. 5, 5.
ferior articular processes.
Sacrum, Anterior Aspect.
, I, I, I. Bodies of sacral vertebrae,
with transverse lines of union. 2, 2,
2, 2. Anterior sacral foramina. 3.
Base. 4. Auricular surface of lat-
eral aspect. 5. Its inferior portion.
6. Articular surface of base. 7.
Notch for formation of last lumbar
intervertebral foramen. 8 Superior
articular process of first sacral ver-
tebra. 9. Apex of sacrum. 10.
Cornu. II. Notch for transmission
of fifth sacral nerve.
Coccyx, Ante-
rior Aspect.
I. Base. 2,2. Cor-
nua. 3. Sec-
ond coccygeal
vertebra. 4.
Third coccy-
geal vertebra.
5. Fourth coc-
cygeal verte-
bra. 6. Fifth
coccygeal ver-
tebra.
Occipital Bone, Postero-Inferior
View
I. Basilar process. 2. Foramen magnum.
3, 3. Posterior condyloid foramina. 4.
Crest. 5. External occipital protuber-
ance. 6, 6. Condyles. 7, 7. Jugular pro-
cesses. 8, 8. Jugular fossae.
Parietal, Temporal, and Sphenoid Bones; Posterior
Aspect.
I. Body of sphenoid bone. 2, 2. Sphenoid and temporal bones.
3, 3. Parietal bones. 4, 4. Mastoid processes. 5, 5. Jugular
fossae. 6, 6. Notches entering into formation of sphenoidal
fissures. 7, 7. Spheno-parietal sutures. 8, 8. Spheno-tem-
poral sutures. 9, 9. Temporo-parietal sutures.
Sacrum, Posterior Aspect.
I, I, I. Spinous processes of sacral
vertebrae. 2, 2. Sacral groove. 3,
3, 3. 3- Posterior sacral foramina.
4,4,4,4. Articular processes, united.
5, 5. ."i. ,S. Transverse processes. 6,
5. Cribriform fossa. 7, 7, Auricular
surface. 8, 8. Superior articular
processes of first sacral vertebra. 9.
Superior orifice of sacral canal. 10.
Groove representing inferior ori-
fice. II, II. Cornua. 12. Apex.
Vertebral Column,
Lateral Aspect.
1-7. Cervical vertebras.
8-19. Dorsal vertebrae.
20-24. Lumbar verte-
brae. A, A. Spinous
processes. B, B. Artic-
ular facets of trans-
verse processes of first
ten dorsal vertebrae.
C. Auricular surface of
sacrum. D. Foramina
in transverse processes
of cervical vertebra;.
Nasal Bones
I, I. The two nasal bones
External Aspect.
ferior border,
border.
2. Superior extremity. 3, 3. In-
Internal border. 5, 5, 5, 5. External
BONES 221 BONES
TABLE OF BONES.— Continued.
Name.
Principal Features.
Articulations and Variety.
Muscular and Ligamentous
Attachments.
Ischium.
See Innominate.
Lachrymal.
Small ; situated at front part of
inner wall of orbit ; resembles
finger-nail ; crest, lachrymal
groove ; flat bone.
Frontal, 1
f^S'maxillary, ^ynartHrodra.
Inferior turbinated, J
Tensor tarsi.
Lingual.
See Hyoid.
Magnum
(OS).
Largest bone of carpus ; occupies
center of wrist; head, neck, body ;
short bone.
Second "l
Third >- Metacarpal — arthrodia.
Fourth )
Trapezoid, \ „^,i,^„j,„
Unciform, ]<^>-throdia.
Flexor brevis poUicis (part).
Malar.
Small ; quadrangular ; at upper
and outer part of face ; forms
prominence of cheek, part of
outer wall and floor of orbit, part
of temporal and zygomatic fossae;
frontal, orbital, maxillary ana
zygomatic processes, malar
foramen, four borders ; irregular
bone.
Frontal, 1
I'empolfl, 1 ^ynartkrod^a.
Superior maxillary, J
Levator labii superioris proprius,
zygomaticus major and minor, mas-
seter, temporal.
Malleus.
Resembles a hammer : head, neck,
handle or manubrium, processus
gracilis, processus brevis ; irreg-
ular.
XwcMS— arthrodia (trigger-joint).
Tensor tympani.
Maxillary,
in ferior.
Maxillary,
superior.
See Inferior maxillary.
See Superior maxillary.
Metacarpal.
Five in number; shaft, base, and
head ; long bones.
Second row of carpus— arthrodia.
Phalanges — condyloid.
To the thum^— flexor and extensor
ossis metacarpi poUicis, first dorsal
interosseous.
Second metacarpal bone — flexor carpi
radialis, extensor carpi radialis lon-
gior, first and second dorsal interosse-
ous, first palmar interosseous, flexor
brevis pollicis (frequently).
Third metacarpal — extensor carpi ra-
dialis brevior, flexor brevis pollicis,
adductor pollicis, second and third
dorsal interosseous.
Fourth metacarpal — third and fourth
dorsal and second palmar interos-
seous.
Fifth metacarpal — extensor carpi ul-
naris, flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor
ossis metacarpi minimi digiti, fourth
dorsal, and third palmar interos-
seous.
Metatarsal.
Five in number ; shaft, base, and
head ; long bones.
Tarsus— arthrodia
Phalanges — condyloid.
First — tibialis anticus (part), peroneus
longus, first dorsal interosseous.
Second — adductor pollicis, first and
second dorsal interosseous, tibialis
posticus (part).
Third — adductor pollicis, second and
third dorsal, and first plantar inter-
osseous, tibialis posticus (part).
Fourth— adducior pollicis, third and
fourth dorsal and second plantar in-
terosseous, tibialis posticus (part).
Fifth— ptroneus brevis, peroneus ter-
tius, flexor brevis minimi digiti,
transversus pedis, fourth dorsal, and
third plantar interosseous.
Nasal.
Oblong ; forms with its fellow the
bridge of the nose; nasal fora-
men, spine, crest ; flat bone.
Frontal, ~1
NasT/opposite), [ synarthrodia.
Superior maxillary, J
BONES
222
BONES
Superior Maxillary Bone, Exter
NAL Aspect.
nasal process,
fossae.
Anterior aspect of
pyramidal process,
or canine fossa. 2.
Incisive or myrti-
form fossa. 3. Infra-
orbital foramen. 4.
Summit of pyramid-
al process, or malar
process. 5. Posterior
aspect of pyramidal
process. 6. Inferior
border of pyramidal
process. 7. Posterior
border, or maxillary
tuberosity. 8. Nasal
process. 9. Posterior
border, grooved for
lachrymal duct. 10.
Anterior nasal spine.
II. Infra-orbital
groove. 12. Summit
of nasal process. 13.
Posterior and supe-
rior angle. 14. Su-
perior Dorder. 15.
Anterior border of
16. Notch for anterior opening of nasal
Lachrymal Bone,
External Aspect.
, I. Vertical crest, dividing external sur-
face into two parts. 2. Spine, in which
crest terminates. 3. Sulcus contribut-
ing to formation of lachrymal canal. 4.
Continuation of preceding, contributing
to formation of nasal canal. 5. Posterior
division of external surface, contribut-
ing to formation of orbit. 6, 6. Anterior
border. 7, 7. Posterior border. 8. Su-
perior extremity. 9. Portion of inferior
border that articulates with lachrymal
process of inferior turbinated bone. 10.
Portion that articulates with orbital plate
of superior maxillary bone.
Malar Bone, External Aspect.
. Orifice for malar nerve. 2, 2. Superior or orbital border.
3, 3. Inferior or zygomatic border. 4, 4. Posterior or tem-
poral border. 5, 5. Anterior or maxillary border. 6. Supe-
rior angle. 7. Inferior angle. 8. Anterior angle. 9. Posterior
angle.
. External surface of orbital
process. 2. Superior or or-
bital surface. 3. Anterior or
maxillary surface. 4. Notch
forming greater part of
spheno-palatine foramen. 5.
Sphenoidal process. 6.
Groove entering into forma-
tion of posterior palatine
canal. 7. Surface that enters
into the formation of base of
maxillary sinus. 8. External
surface of pterygoid process.
9. Groove to receive posterior
border of internal plate of
pterygoid process.
Inferior Turbinated Bone, Internal
or Convex Aspect.
1,1. Antero-posteri-
or ridge, dividing
the internal sur-
face into two al-
most equal parts.
2, 2. Inferior bor-
der. 3, 3. Anter-
ior portion of
superior border,
articulating with
nasal process of
superior maxil-
lary bone. 4.
Lachrymal pro-
cess. 5. Ethmoidal process. 6. Portion of superior border
that articulates with palate bone. 7. Anterior extremity.
8. Posterior extremity.
I. Body of bone
and external
oblique line. 2.
Ramus. 3. Sym-
physis. 4. In-
cisive fossa. 5.
Mental fora-
men. 6. De-
pression in in-
ferior border
for attachment
of digastric
muscle. 7 .
Depression for
passage of
facial artery.
8. Angle of jaw.
9. Posterior ex-
tremity of in-
ternal oblique
line. 10. Cor-
onoid process.
12. Sigmoid notch. 13. Origin of inferior
14. Mylo-hyoid groove. 15. Alveolar border.
b. Bicuspids, c. Canines, m. Molars.
Inferior
Maxillary Bone,
Aspect.
External
II. Condyle,
dental canal.
a. Incisors.
Palate Bone, External
Aspect.
Lateral Aspect of Skull.
. Frontal bone. 2. Parietal bone. 3. Occipital bone. 4. Tem-
poral bone. 5. Greater wing of sphenoid bone. 6. Lamb-
doid suture. 7. Occipito-parietal suture. 8. Squamo-parietal
suture. 9. Masto-parietal suture. 10. Spheuo-parietal su-
ture. II. Spheno-temporal suture. 12. Spheno-frontal suture.
13, 13. Temporal ridge. 14. Malar bone. i,s. Fronto-malar
suture. 16. Malo-temporal suture. 17. Malo-maxillary su-
ture. 18. Superior maxillary bone. 19 Infraorbital foramen.
20. Nasal bone. 21. Naso-maxillary suture. 22. Naso-frcntal
suture. 23. Lachrymal groove, at the bottom of which may
be seen the suture between the lachrymal and the superior
maxillary bones. 24. Nasal eminence. 25. Inferior maxil-
lary bone. 26. Mental foramen. 27. Angle of lower jaw.
28. Coronoid process. 29. Condyle. 30. Neck of condyle.
31. External auditory canal. 32. Styloid process. 33. Mas-
toid process. 34. Masto-occipital suture.
BONES 223 BONES
TABLE OF BO'NES.—Contmued.
Name.
Principal Features.
Articulations and Variety.
Muscular and Ligamentous
Attachments.
Occipital.
Back part and base of cranium ;
trapeKoid in shape ; outer and
inner tables ; external protuber-
ance, external occipital crest,
superior and inferior curved
lines, foramen magnum, con-
dyles, jugular process, anterior
and posterior condyloid forami-
na, basilar process, pharyngeal
spine, 4 fossae on internal sur-
face, internal occipital protuber-
ance and crest, grooves for the
cerebral sinuses, torcular Hero-
phili, jugular foramen ; flat bone.
Parietal (two), ")
Temporal (two), > synarthrodia.
Sphenoid, J
Atlas — double arthrodia.
Twelve pairs — occipito-frontalis, tra-
pezius, sterno-cleido-mastoid, com-
plexus, biventer cervicis, splenius
capitis, superior oblique, rectus
capitis posticus, major and minor,
rectus lateralis, rectus capitis anticus,
major and minor, superior constrictor
of the pharynx.
Palate.
Back part of nasal fossa ; helps to
form floor and outer wall of nose,
the roof of mouth and floor of
orbit, also spheno-maxillary and
pterygoid fossae and the spheno-
maxillary fissure; L-shaped;
inferior or horizontal plate, su-
perior or vertical plate, posterior
palatine canal, posterior nasal
spine, inferior and superior tur-
binated crests, maxillary pro-
cess, pterygoid process, acces-
sory descending palatine canals,
orbital process, sphenoidal pro-
cess, spheno-palatine foramen.
Sphenoid, ")
Ethmoid,
Superior maxillary, ! ,„„„^ju^„^;„
Inferior turbinated! f 'y^'-i'^^odia.
Vomer,
Opposite palate, J
Tensor palati, azygos uvulae, internal
and external pterygoid, superior con-
strictor of pharynx.
Parietal.
Form sides and roof of skull ;
irregular, quadrilateral; two sur-
faces, four borders, four angles,
parietal eminence, temporal
ridge, parietal foraniert, furrows
for cerebral sinuses, depressions
for Pacchionian bodies; flat
bone.
Opposite parietal, ]
Occipital,
Frontal, \ synarthrodia.
Temporal, |
Sphenoid, J
Temporal.
Patella.
Flat ; triangular ; sesamoid ; an-
terior part of knee-joint ; two
surfaces, three borders, apex ;
flat bone.
Condyles of {&Xi\xr— partly arthrodial.
Rectus, crureus, vastus internus, vas-
tus externus.
Pelvic.
Composed of two ossa innomi-
nata, sacrum and coccyx, g. v.
Phalanges of
foot.
,Two of great toe, three of each of
the others ; shaft, base, head ;
long bones.
First row with metatarsal and second
phalanges — condyloid.
Second of great toe ~\
with first phalanx ; of
other toes, with first !
and third phalanges, S^nglymus.
Third row with second
row, J
First — great toe — inner tendon exten-
sor brevis digitorum, abductor pol-
licis, adductor pollicis, flexor brevis
pollicis, transversus pedis.
Second toe — first and second dorsa! in-
terosseous, first lumbrical.
Third third dorsal and first plan-
tar interosseous, second lumbrical.
Fourth toe — fourth dorsal and second
plantar interosseous, third lumbrical.
Fifth toe — flexor brevis minimi digiti,
abductor minimi digiti, third plantar
interosseous, fourth lumbrical.
Second — great toe — extensor longus
pollicis, flexor longus pollicis.
Other /o«— flexor brevis digitorum,
one slip of common tendon of exten-
sor longus and brevis digitorum.
Third— Xvio slips from the common
tendon of the extensor longus and
extensor brevis digitorum, and flexor
longus digitorum.
Phalanges, of
hand.
14 in number, three for each finger
and two for thumb ; shaft, head,
base ; long bones.
First row with metacarpal bones and
second row of phalanges — condyloid.
Second row with first 1
and third rows, 1 • ,
Third row with second \ S^nglymus.
row, J
Thumb — extensor primi internodii pol-
licis, flexor brevis pollicis, abductor
pollicis, adductor pollicis, flexor lon-
gus pollicis, extensor secundi inter-
nodii.
First — index finger — first dorsal and
first palmar interosseous.
Middle finger — second and third dorsal
interosseous.
Ri?ig finger — fourth dorsal and second
palmar interosseous.
Little finger — third palmar interosse-
ous, flexor brevis minimi digiti, ab-
ductor minimi digiti.
Second — to a//— flexor sublimis digit-
BONES
224
BONES
Hyoid Bone, Anterior Aspect.
, I. Anterior or convex surface of body. 2,2. Greater
cornua. 3, 3. Junction of greater cornua with body.
4, 4. Lesser cornua.
Base of Skull.
I. Median sjiture of palatine vault. 2. Inferior orifice of an-
terior palatine canal. 3, 3. Inferior openings of posterior
palatine canals. 4. Posterior border of palatine vault ; pos-
terior nasal spine. 5. Posterior border of nasal septum. 6.
Hamular process of internal pterygoid plate of sphenoid
bone. 7. Internal pterygoid plate. 8. External pterygoid
plate. 9. Scaphoid fossa. 10. Oval or inferior maxillary
foramen. 11. Foramen spinosum. 12. Foramen lacerum
medium. 13. Zygomatic arch. 14. Spheno-occipital suture.
15. Glenoid cavity. 16. External auditory canal. 17. Mas-
toid process. 18, 18. Styloid process and stylo-mastoid fora-
men. 19. Inferior orifice of carotid canal. 20. Foramen
lacerum posterius. 21, 21. Occipital condyles. 22. Basilar
process. 23. Foramen magnum. 24. External occipital
crest. 25, 25. Inferior curved lines of occipital bone.
The Orbital Cavities.
. Anterior opening of nasal fossae. 2. Anterior extremity of
inferior turbinated bone. 3. Malar bone. 4,4. Orbital cavi-
f.^r. - I „„i 1 1 g Qg planum of ethm
ir lurninaiea oone. 3
i.^a. 5. Lachrymal canal, o. us planum 01 etnmoia. 7.
Optic foramen. 8. Sphenoidal fissure. 9. Spheno-maxillary
c Great wing of sphenoid " Qr,iiQm^..= r,r.i-iir.t.
Thorax, Anterior View.
Manubrium sterni. 2. Gladiolus. 3. Ensiform cartilage or
xiphoid appendix. 4. Circumference of apex of thorax. 5
Circumference of base. 6. ist rib. 7. 2d rib. 8, 8. 3d, 4th,
5th, 6th and 7th ribs. 9. 8th, 9th and 10 ribs. 10. nth and
12th ribs. II, II. Costal cartilages.
Ribs of Left Side,
Posterior
Aspect.
1-12. Anterior ex-
tremities of 12
ribs of left side.
13, 13. Internal
surface. 14, 14.
External surface.
15. Head of 1st
rib. 16. Head of
2d rib. 17. Head
of 3d rib. 18, 18.
Heads of ribs
from 4th to 9th.
19. Head of loth
rib. 20, 20. Heads
of iith and 12th
ribs. 21,21. Necks
of ribs. 22. Tuber-
cle of ist rib. 23.
Articular facet of
tubercle of 2d rib.
24, 24. Articular
facets of tubercles
of ribs from 3d to
9th. 25. Articu-
lar facet for tu-
bercle of loth rib.
26, 26. Angles of
ribs.
8. Sphen
fissure. 10. Great wing of sphenoid. 11. Squamous po
of temporal. 12. Antero-inferior angle of parietal. 13.
tion of frontal entering into formation of temporal fossa.
Mastoid process. 15. Styloid process.
Squamous portion
;„t„i por-
BONES
225
TABLE OF BONES.— Con/inueJ.
BONES
Name.
Phalanges, of
hand.
Continued.
Pisiform.
Pubis.
Radius.
Principal Features.
Anterior and inner side of carpus ;
small ; spherical ; one articular
facet : short bone.
See Innominate.
Outer side of forearm ; shaft, head,
neck, tuberosity, lower extrem-
ity, oblique hne, sigmoid cavity,
styloid process.
Articulations and Variety.
Cuneiform — arthrodia.
Muscular and Ligamentous
Attachments.
orum and extensor communis digit-
orum ; in addition.
To index yfw^^'r— extensor indicis.
To little finger — extensor minimi
digiti.
Third — flexor profundus digitorum,
extensor communis digitorum.
Flexor carpi ulnaris, abductor minimi
digiti, anterior annular ligament.
Humerus — ginglymiis.
I superior — diarthrodia rota-
toria.
middle — membranous.
Inferior — diarthrodia rota-
toria.
Semilunar — condyloid.
Biceps, supinator brevis, flexor subli-
mis digitorum, flexor longus pollicis,
pronator quadratus, extensor ossis
metacarpi pollicis, extensor primi
internodii pollicis, pronator radii
teres, supinator longus.
Ribs.
Twelve in number on each side ;
shaft, head, neck, tuberosity,
angle (anterior and posterior),
anterior or sternal extremity ;
first, second, tenth, eleventh and
twelfth are peculiar ; flat bones.
Vertebrae— a>'i'/!rorf/n.
First rib — synarthrodia.
Sternum,
Others— ar/Arorfi'a.
Internal and external intercostals,
scalenus, anticus, medius and posti-
cus, pectoralis minor, serratus mag-
nus, obliquus externus, transversalis,
quadratus lumborum, diaphragm, la-
tissimus dorsi, serratus posticus su-
perior and inferior, sacro-lumbalis,
musculus accessorius ad sacro-lum-
balem, longissimus dorsi, cervicalis
ascendens, levatores costarum, infra-
costales.
Sacrum.
V
Large triangular bone at lower
part of vertebral column, and
upper and back part of pelvic
cavity ; composed of five verte-
brae ; base, promontory, four sur-
faces, apex, central canal, an-
terior and posterior sacral fora-
minae, lateral masses, laminae,
articular processes, sacral cor-
nua, transverse processes, sacral
groove, ala ; irregular bone.
Last lumbar ver- | j Pyriformis, coccygeus, iliacus, gluteus
tebra, maximus, latissimus dorsi, mullifidus
Coccyx, y ampkiarthrodia.
Ossa innominata |
(two), J
spinfe, erector spinae, extensor coc-
cygis.
Scaphoid, of
carpus.
Largest bone of first row ; boat-
shaped ; upper and outer part
of carpus ; four surfaces ; tuber-
cle ; short bone.
Radius — condyloid.
Trapezium,
SrSum, ^ ^^'"^"d.a.
Semilunar,
External lateral ligament of wrist.
Scaphoid, of
tarsus.
Or navicular bone ; boat-shaped ;
inner side of tarsus, four sur-
faces, tuberosity ; short bone.
Astragalus,
Cuneiform (three), > arthrodia.
Cuboid (occasionally), )
Tibialis posticus (part).
Scapula.
Back part of shoulder ; triangular ;
posterior aspect and side of
thorax; two surfaces, three
borders, three angles, subscapu-
lar fossa, subscapular angle,
dorsum, spine, supra-spinous and
infra-spinous fossae, acromion
process, glenoid cavity, neck,
head,coracoid process ; flat bone.
Humerus — enarthrodia.
Clavicle — arthrodia.
Subscapularis, supraspinatus, infra-
spinatus, trapezius, deltoid, omo-
hyoid, serratus magnus, levator an-
guli scapulae, rhomboideus major and
minor, triceps, teres major and minor,
biceps, coraco-brachialis, pectoralis
minor, platysma, latissimus dorsi.
Semilunar.
Upper row of carpus ; four sur-
faces, crescentic outline.
Radius— coHrfy/o^rf.
Os magnum, "|
Unciform, I „,,,,.„ j-
Cuneiform, \ a'l'"od,a.
Scaphoid, J
Sesamoid.
Small, rounded masses, cartila-
ginous in early life, osseous in
the adult ; developed in tendons;
inconstant, except patellae.
Sphenoid.
Anterior part of base of skull ;
bat-shaped , with wings extended
body, two greater and two lesser
wings, two pterygoid processes,
ethmoidal spine, optic groove,
optic foramen, olivary process,
pituitary fossa, anterior, middle
and posterior clinoid processes,
sella turcica, carotid or cavern-
All the bones of era- ")
nium, I
Malar (two), } synarthrodia.
Palate (two), I
Vomer, J
Temporal, external and internal ptery-
goids, superior constrictor, tensor
palati, levator tympani, levator pal-
pebrae, obliquus superior, superior,
inferior, internal and external recti.
15
BONES
226
BONES
Clavicle, Inferior Aspect.
. Longitudinal de-
pression for inser-
tion of subclavius
muscle. 2. Rough
impression for
attachment of cos-
to-clavicular liga-
ment. 3, 3. For
attachment of
coraco-clavicular ligaments. 4, 4. Posterior border. 5, 5.
Anterior border. 6. Facet for articulation with sternum. 7.
Facet for articulation with acromion.
Scapula, Postero-kx-
TERNAL Aspect.
I. Supraspinous fossa.
2. Infra-spinous fossa.
3. Superior or cora-
coid border. 4. Cora-
coid or suprascapu-
lar notch. 5. Axillary
or external border. 6.
Anterior angle and
glenoid cavity. 7.
I n fe r i o r angle. 8.
Rough impression for
long head of triceps.
9. Internal or spinal
or vertebral border.
10. Spine. II. Smooth
surface over which
trapezius muscle
glides. 12. Acro-
mion. 13. Base of
spine. 14. Coracoid
process.
Humerus, Anterior Aspect.
I. Diaphysis. 2. Humeral head.
3. Anatomic neck. 4. Greater
or external tuberosity. 5.
Lesser or anterior tuberosity.
6. Bicipital groove. 7. Ridge
for attachment of coraco-
brachialis muscle. 8. Anter-
ior border of shaft. 9. Ex-
ternal surface. 10. Orifice of
nutrient canal. ii.Lesseror
radial head. 12. Trochlea.
13. External condyle or epi-
condyle. 14. Internal con-
dyle or epitrochlea. 15. In-
ferior portion of external bor-
der. 16. Inferior portion of
internal border. i7.Coronoid
fossa.
Radius and Ulna, Anterior
Aspect.
I. Anterior surface of body of
ulna. 2. Greater sigmoid
cavity. 3. Lesser sigmoid
cavity. 4. Olecranon. 5.
Coronoid process. 6. Orifice
of nutrient canal. 7. Interos-
seous space. 8. Head of
ulna. 9. Styloid process. 10.
Body of radius. 11. Head.
12. Neck. 13. Bicipital tu-
berosity. 14. Ridge for in-
sertion of pronator radii
teres. 15. Inferior extremity
of radius. 16. Styloid pro-
cess.
Bones of Carpus, Dorsal Aspect
R. Inferior extremity of radius. U. Inferior extremity of ulna.
F. Interarticular fibro-cartilage. S. Scaphoid. L. Semi-
lunar. C. Cuneiform. P. Pisiform. T. Trapezium. T.
Trapezoid. M. Os magnum. U. Unciform. The numbers
upon these bones indicate the number of others with which
each articulates 1,2,3,4,5. Proximal extremities of ist, 2d,
3d, 4th and 5th metacarpal bones.
Hand, Palmar Surface.
I. Scaphoid. 2. Semilunar. 3. Cuneiform. 4. Pisiform. 5.
Trapezium. 6. Groove for tendon of flexor carpi radialis.
7. Trapezoid. 8 Os magnum. 9. Unciform. 10, 10. Meta-
carpal bones. 11, 11. First phalanges of fingers. 12, 12.
Second phalanges. 13, 13. Third phalanges. 14. First phal-
anx of thumb. 15. Second phalanx.
Sac ro- vertebral
angle. 2, 2. Me-
dian section of
sacrum. 3. Me-
dian section of
coccyx. 4. Junc-
tion of sacrum
and coccyx. 5, 5.
Sacral canal. 6,
6. Median sec-
tion of symphysis
pubis. 7. Antero-
posterior or sa-
cro pubic diam-
eter of pelvic in-
let. 6. Prolong-
ation of this di-
ameter. 8. Line
perpendicular to
this diameter at
its middle. 9
Antero-posterior
or cocci-pubic
diameter of pel-
vic outlet. 10.
Horizontal line
passing through inferior margin of symphysis pubis. 11.
Line perpendicular to last. 12. Arc of angle between these
two.
Median Section of Pelvis, Plane and
Axis of Superior Strait.
BONES 227 BONES
TABLE OF 'QOti'E.'A, —Continued.
Name.
Principal Features.
Articulations and Variety.
Muscular and Ligamentous
Attachments.
Sphenoid .~~*
Continued.
ous groove, lingula, ethmoidal
crest, sphenoidal cells or sin-
uses, sphenoidal turbinated
bones, rostrum, vaginal pro-
cesses, pterygo-palatine canal,
spinous processes, round fora-
men oval foramen, foramen
Vesalii, foramen spinosum, ptery-
goid ridge, external orbital fora-
mina, vidian canal, pterygoid
fossa, internal and external
pterygoid plates hamular pro-
cess, scaphoid fossa.
Sphenoidal
turbinated
or sphenoid-
al spongy
bones.
Situated at anterior and inferior
part of body of sphenoid ; exist
as separate pieces untii puberty
and occasionally are not joined
in the adult.
PallTe"'*^' } ^y"^rlkrod,a.
None.
Stapes.
Resembles a stirrup ; one of the
ossicles of the tympanum ; head,
neck, two branches (crura), base ;
irregular bone.
Incus — artlirodia.
Stapedius.
Sternum.
The breast bone; manubrium,
gladiolus, ensiform cartilage, or
first, second and third pieces,
anterior and posterior surface,
borders.
Clavicles (two) — arthrodia.
Costal cartilages (seven on each side)
first — synarthrodia ; others, arthro-
dia.
Pectoralis major, sterno-cleido-mas-
toid, sterno-hyoid, steriio-thyroid,
triangularis sterni, aponeuroses of
the obliquus and internus, and trans-
versalis muscles, rectus, diaphragm.
Superior
maxillary.
Forms with its fellow the whole
of the upper jaw ; somewhat cu-
boidal ; body and malar, nasal,
alveolar and palatine processes ;
hollow (the antrum of Highmore
or maxillary sinus), incisive or
myrtiform fossa, canine fossa,
canine eminence, infra-orbital fo-
ramen, posterior dental canals,
maxillary tuberosity, posterior
palatine canal, infra-orbital
groove ; irregular bone.
Frontal,
Ethmoid,
Nasal,
Malar,
Lachrymal,
Inferior turbinated.
Palate,
Vomer,
Fellow of opposite
side.
- synarthrodia.
Orbicularis palpebrarum, obliquus in-
ferior oculi, levator labii superioris
alaeque nasi, levator labii superioris
proprius, levator anguli oris, com-
pressor nasi, depressor al3e nasi,
dilator naris posterior, masseter,
buccinator, internal pterygoid, orbi-
cularis oris.
Tarsal.
Consist of calcaneum, or os calcis,
astragalus, cuboid, scaphoid, in-
ternal, middle and external
cuneiform. Individual bones.
Temporal.
Situated at side and base of skull ;
squamous, mastoid and petrous
portions, temporal ridge, zygo-
ma or zygomatic process, emi-
nentia articularis, Glaserian fis-
sure, tubercle, glenoid fossa,
post-glenoid process, tympanic
plate, mastoid foramen, digastric
fossa, occipital groove, sigmoid
fossa, mastoid cells, meatus audi-
torius externus, hiatus Fallopii,
meatus auditorius inlernus,
lamina cribrosa, aqua?ductus
vestibuli, styloid process, stylo-
mastoid foramen, auricular fis-
sure ; irregular bone.
Occipital, 1
Parietal,
Sphenoid,
Inferior maxillary,
Malar, ' J
synarthrodia.
Temporal, masseter, occipito-frontalis,
sterno-mastoid, splenius capitis,
trachelo-mastoid, digastricus, retra-
hens aurem, stylo-pharyngeus, stylo-
hyoideus, stylo-glossus, levator pa-
lati, tensor tympani, tensor palati,
stapedius.
Tibia.
At front and inner side of leg ;
next to femur in length and
size ; prismoid in form ; upper
extremity or head, tuberosities,
spinous process, tubercle, popli-
teal notch, shaft, crest (the shin),
oblique line, internal malleolus ;
long bone.
Femur — gin^lymus.
{ superior — arthrodia.
Fibula,-; middle — menibrayiovs .
( inferior — arthrodia.
Astragalus with fibula— ^;K^/i'«/;(i.
Semi-membranosus, tibialis anticus,
extensor longus digitorum, biceps,
sartorius, gracilis, semi-tendinosus,
tibialis anticus, popliteus, soleus,
flexor longus digitorum, tibialis pos-
ticus, ligamentum patellae.
Trapezium.
In lower row of carpus ; very
irregular; six surfaces, groove;
short bone.
Scaphoid,
Trapezoid,
First and second meta-
carpal.
■ arthrodia.
Adductor pollicis, flexor ossis meta-
carpi pollicis, flexor brevis pollicis
(part).
Trapezoid.
Smallest bone in second row of
carpus ; wedge-shaped ; six sur-
faces ; short bone.
Scaphoid,
Second metacarpal.
Trapezium,
Os magnum.
• arthrodia.
Flexor brevis pollicis (part).
Triquetral.
See IVormian bones.
BONES
228
BONES
Right Innominate Bone, External Aspect.
I. Superior border, or crest. 2. Anterior superior iliac spine.
3. Posterior superior iliac spine. 4, 4, 4. Superior curved
line. 5, 5. Inferior curved line. 6. Surface between inferior
curved line and acetabulum. 7, Anterior inferior iliac spine.
8. Anterior interspinous notch. 9. Posterior inferior iliac
spine. 10. Posterior interspinous notch. 11. Spine of
ischium. 12. Great sacro-sciatic notch. 13. Acetabulum. 14.
Fundus of acetabulum. 15, 15. Circumference of acetabulum.
16. Cotyloid notch. 17. Spine of pubes. 18. Horizontal
branch of pubes. 19. Descending branch of pubes. 20, 20,
Ischium. 21. Groove for tendon of obturator externus mus-
cle. 22. Obturator foramen.
u 12
Femur, Posterior Aspect.
I, I. Linea aspera. 2, 2. Ex-
terna! division. 3. Internal
division. 4, 4. Inferior divi-
sions. 5. Head. 6. Depres-
sion for attachment of round
ligament. 7. Neck. 8. Great
trochanter. 9. Digital or
trochanteric fossa. 10. Lesser
trochanter. 11. Outer con-
dyle. 12. Inner condyle. 13.
Intercondyloid notch. 14.
Outer tuberosity. 15 Inner
tuberosity.
Tibia and Fibula, Anterior
Aspect.
I. Shaft of tibia. 2. Internal
tuberosity. 3. External tu-
berosity. 4. Spine. 5. Tuber-
cle. 6. Crest. 7. Inferior ex-
tremity. 8. Internal malleo-
lus. 9. Shaft of fibula. 10.
Superior extremity. 11. In-
ferior extremity and external
malleolus.
Pelvis, Antero-superior View, Superior Strait.
, I. Internal iliac fossas. 2, 2. Iliac crests. 3, 3. Anterior
superior iliac spines. 4, 4. Anterior inferior iliac spines. 5,
5. Ilio-pectineal eminences. 6, 6. Horizontal branches of
pubes. 7, 7. Bodies and symphysis of pubes. 8, 8. Aceta-
bula. 9, 9. Tuberosities of ischia. 10, 10. Ascending rami
of ischium. 11, 11. Descending rami of pubes. 12, 12. Spines
of ischia. 13, 13. Posterior wall of pelvic cavity. 14, 14.
Sacro-iliac symphyses. 15. Sacro-vertebral angle. 16, 16.
Superior strait.
Foot, Plantar Aspect.
. Inferior surface of calca-
neum. 2. Inner tuberosity.
3. Outer tuberosity. 4. Angu-
lar depression between these
tuberosities. 5. Inferior por-
tion of head of astragalus.
6. Plantar surface of cuboid,
for attachment of inferior cal-
caneo-cuboid ligament. 7.
Tuberosity of cuboid. 8. Sca-
phoid. 9. Tuberosity of sca-
phoid. 10. Inferior portion
of internal cuneiform. 11.
Apex of middle cuneiform.
12. Apex of internal cunei-
form. 13, 14, 15, 16, 17. First,
second, third, fourth and fifth
metatarsal bones. 18. Tuber-
osity of fifth metatarsal bone.
19. Two sesamoid bones. 20. i
First phalanx of great toe.
21. Last phalanx of great toe.
22, 22. First phalanges of 2
remaining toes. 23, 23. Sec-
ond and third phalanges of
these toes.
BONES 229
TABLE OF BONES.— CwZ/wz/^^/.
BONES
Name.
Principal Features.
Articulations and Variety.
Muscular and Ligamentous
Attachments.
Turbinate,
inferior.
Turbinate,
middle.
Turbinate,
superior.
One on each side of outer wall
of nasal fossae ; curled like a
scroll ; two surfaces, two borders,
two extremities, lachrymal pro-
cess, ethmoidal process, maxil-
lary process.
The free convoluted margin of the
thin lamella, that descends from
the under surface of the cribri-
form plate of the ethmoid bone.
The thin curved plate of the
ethmoid, that bounds the supe-
rior meatus of the nose above.
Ethmoid, I
Superior maxillary, I
Lachrymal, 1
Palate, |
synarthrodia.
Tympanic.
Includes the Incus, Malleus and
Stapes (y. v.).
Ulna.
Inner side of forearm, parallel
with radius ; prismatic ; shaft
and two extremities, olecranon
process, coronoid process,
greater and lesser sigmoid cavi-
ties, oblique ridge, perpendicular
line, head or lower extremity,
styloid process ; long bone.
Ylumexns—ginglymus.
{ superior — diarthrodia ro-
tatoria.
Radius, \ m\&A\e.— membranous.
inferior — diarthrodia rota-
\ toria.
Triceps, anconeus, flexor carpi ulnaris,
brachialis anticus, pronator radii
teres, flexor sublimis digitorum, flexor
profundus digitorum, flexor longus
pollicis (occasionally), pronator quad-
ratus, supinator brevis, extensor
ossis nietacarpi pollicis, extensor
secundi internodii pollicis, extensor
indicis, extensor carpi ulnaris.
Unciform.
Wedge-shaped ; hook-like pro-
cess ; in lower row of carpus ;
short bone.
Semilunar, "|
Fourth and fifth meta- |
carpal, j- arthrodia.
Cuneiform,
Os magnum, J
Flexor brevis minimi digiti, flexor
ossis metacarpi minimi digiti, anterior
annular ligament.
Vertebras.
Twenty-six ; cervical seven, dor-
sal twelve, lumbar five, sacrum
(composed of five), coccyx (com-
posed of four; each has a body
and an arch ; latter has two pedi-
cles, two laminae and seven pro-
cesses, viz.: four articular, two
transverse, one spinous. Pecu-
liar vertebras, first, second and
seventh cervical; first, ninth,
tenth, eleventh and twelfth dor-
sal, sacrum, coccyx ; irregular
bones.
Articulate with each other, and with
occipital and innominate bones and
ribs (q. v.).
Intervertebral articulations, between
the bodies — amphiarthrodia.
Between articular processes — arthro-
dia.
Attachment of muscles. — To the Atlas
are attached nine pairs : the longus
colli, rectus anticus minor, rectus
lateralis, rectus posticus minor, ob-
liquus superior and inferior, splenius
colli, levator anguli scapulas and first
intertransverse.
To the Axis are attached eleven pairs :
the longus colli, obliquus inferior,
rectus posticus major, semispinalis
colli, multifidus spinas, levator anguli
scapulas, splenius colli, scalenus
medius, transversalis colli, intertrans-
versales, interspinales.
To the remaining vertebm generally
are attached thirty-five pairs and a
single muscle: anteriorly, the rectus
anticus major, longus colli, scalenus
anticus, medius, and posticus, psoas
magnus, psoas parvus, quadratus
lumborum, diaphragm, obliquus in-
ternusand transversalis ; posteriorly,
the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, leva-
tor anguli scapulae, rhomboideus
major and minor, serratus posticus
superior and inferior, splenius, erec-
tor spinas, sacro-lumbalis, longissi-
mus dorsi, spinalis dorsi, cervicalis
ascendens, transversalis colli,
trachelo-mastoid, complexus, biven-
ter cervicis, semispinalis dorsi and
colli, multifidus spinae, rotatores
spinae, interspinales, supraspinales,
intertransversales, levatores costa-
rum.
Vomer.
Situated vertically at back part of
nasal fossae ; forms part of sep-
tum of nose ; somewhat like a
plow-share ; two surfaces and
four borders.
Sphenoid,
Ethmoid,
Superior maxillary
(two).
Palate (two).
Cartilage of the sep-
tum.
■ synarthrodia.
Wormian.
Supernumerary bones ; irregular,
inconstant, isolated, interposed
between the cranial bones, most
frequently in the 1 a m b d o i d
suture.
BOSE'S OPERATION
230
BOUQUET
Bose's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Boss {hos) [ME., bos\ A wide, flattish protuberance,
as on the skull or on a tumor.
Bosselated {bos' -el-a-ted) [ME., bos\ Covered with
bosses or small nodules.
Bosselation (l)os-el-a' -shiai) [ME., bos\ A boss-like
elevation of the surface.
Bostock's Catarrh. See Diseases, Table of.
Bostryx [hos'-triks) \_ji6(yTpvx'K, a curl]. In biology,
a helicoid cyme.
Boswellia (boz-wel' -e-ah) [after Bos-vell, a Scotch
botanist]. A genus of burseraceous trees of S. Asia
and E. and Central Africa. B. carteri furnishes
olibanum, as also B. serrata.
Boswrorth's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Bot {bot) \_botus, a belly worm]. The larva of certain
species of flies of the genus GEstrus, which are con-
veyed into the stomach of man, where they hatch.
Also the thread-worm, Oxyuris vermicidaris. See
Parasites [Animal), Table of.
Botal, or Botallo, Duct of. See Duct. B., Fora-
men of. See Foramitta, Table of. B., Valve of.
See B. , Foramen of.
Botalismus (bot-al-iz' -mtts). See Botnlismiis.
Botanic [l>ot' -an-ik) [/iordiv/, an herb]. Pertaining to
botany. B. Physician, a title assumed by certain
persons who profess to use only vegetable remedies.
See Eclectic.
Botanist (bot' -an-ist) \jiordvrj, herb]. A student of
botany.
Botanophile {bot-an'-ofl) [jioTavti, herb; fiXelv, to
love]. Botanic dilettanti. Persons fond of botany,
but not true botanists.
Botany (bot'-an-e) [/3ordi7/, an herb]. The science of
plants — their classification and structure. B. Bay
Gum. See Acaroides.
Bote (bot). See Passivism.
Bothria (both' -re-ali) [L.]. Plural of Bothrion, or of
Bothritim.
Bothriocephalus [botli-re-o sef'-al-tis) \_(io6piov, a. -pil;
Ke(pa'Aii, a head]. A genus of tapeworms. See Tape-
worm. B. latus, the Broad tapeworm ; a common
parasite of man in certain European localities. It
may reach twenty-five feet in length, with a breadth of
three-fourtlrs of an inch. It is also called Tienia lata,
and Dibothrium latum. See Parasites (Animal),
Table of
Bothrion (botli'-re-on) [_(iodpiov, a pit]. I. A small
cavity ; the socket of a tooth. 2. A facet, or fosset,
such as is seen upon the head of most of the tape-
wonns. 3. A deep corneal ulcer.
Bothrium (both' -re-um). See Bothrion.
Botium (bo'-she-ttm) [L.]. A goiter or tumor of the
neck. B. trachelophyma. Synonym of Goiter.
Botrel's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Botryoid (bof -re-oid) [/Wr/jvf , a cluster; f/rSof , likeness].
Resembling in shape a bunch of grapes.
Botryomycosis (bot-re-o-mi-ko'-sis) [/Sdrpuf, a bunch of
grapes; /iVKi/g, a fungus]. A disease of horses in
which fibromatous nodules form in the lungs. It is
dependent upon the presence of a microorganism
called Botriomyces.
Botryose (bot'-re-ds) \_ft6rpv(;, a cluster of grapes]. An
inflorescence constructed on the plan of a raceme.
Botryo-therapeutics (bot-re-o-ther-ap-ii' -tiks) [/Sdrpyf,
a bunch of grapes ; BepanevTiKij, medical art]. See
Grape- Cure.
Bots (botz), Bott (bot). See Bot.
Bottcher's Cells. Small cells in the cochlea, occur-
ring in a single layer in the basilar membrane. B.'s
Crystals, peculiar microscopic crystals formed by
adding a drop of a one per cent, solution of phos-
phate of ammonia to a drop of prostatic secretion.
They are composed of a phosphate formed from a
base that exists in prostatic fluid, and that is sup-
posed to impart to it its peculiar odor. B.'s Test.
See Tests, 7 able of.
Botteker's Test. See Tests, Table of.
Bottger's Test. See Tests, Table of.
Bottini's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Bottle (bot'-l) \M'E.,botel; ¥r., bouteille']. A vessel,
usually of glass, with a narrow neck. B., Feeding,
a flat flask with a nipple of India-rubber attached,
used for feeding infants. B. Nose, a common name
for Acne rosacea. B., Specific Gravity, a Florence
flask graduated to contain 500-IOOO grains of water,
with the weight of which an equal volume of any other
liquid may be compared. B. -stoop, in pharmacy, a
block so grooved that it serves to hold a wide-mouthed
bottle in an oblique position while a powder is being
dispensed from it. B.-wax, a hard, stiff variety of
wa.x used in sealing bottles.
Botts [botz). See Bot.
Botulinic Acid (^bot-u-lin' -ik as' -id) \botulus, a sau-
sage]. An acid asserted to exist in putrefying sau-
sages, and to constitute their specific poison.
Botulism (bot'-H-lizm), Botulismus (bot-u-liz'-miis)
[^(j/«/«^, a sausage] . Sausage-poisoning. See Allan-
tiasis, Blimzen, and Allanto-toxicon.
Bouchard's Diet. .See Treatment , Methods of. B.'s
Method. See Treatment, Methods of. B.'s Nod-
ules, nodules appearing upon the phalangeal joints
of the hands of persons suffering with gastrectasis.
Bouchut's Tubes. A variety of tubes for intubation of
the larynx.
Bougard's Paste. A caustic paste containing bichlorid
of mercury, chlorid of zinc, arsenic, cinnabar, starch, and
wheat flour. It is used as an application to carcinoma.
Bougie (boo-zhe') [Fr., a candle]. A slender, cylin-
drical instrument made of waxed silk, catgut, etc.,
for introduction into the urethra or other passage,
for the purpose of dilation, exploration, etc. Some-
times bougies are covered with preparations that are
thus conveyed to the inner mucous surfaces. B.,
Armed, a bougie with a piece of nitrate of silver or
other caustic attached to its extremity. B., Filiform,
a whalebone or other bougie of very small size.
Bouhou (boo-hoo'). See Boohoo.
Bouillaud's Disease. .See Endocarditis , and Diseases,
Table of.
Bouillon (boo-c-yon'(g)) [Fr.]. An alimentary broth
made by boiling meat, usually beef, in water. A soup.
Also a liquid nutritive medium made by boiling meat,
for the culture of microorganisms. Peptonized bouil-
lons and solutions of powdered meats have also been
used. B. of Liebig, made by dissolving Liebig's
meat extract, 5 grams, in boiling water, 100 grams,
neutralizing with bicarbonate of soda and filtering.
Its nutritive value is increased by adding glucose.
Bouisson's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Bouknemia (book-ne' -ine-ah). Synonym of Elephan-
tiasis arabitm.
Boulesis (boo-le'-sis). See Bulesis.
Boulimia (boo-lim'-e-ah). See Bulimia.
Boulopeithia (boo-lo-pi'-the-ah). See Bulopeithia.
Boulton's Solution. A solution used in the form of a
spray in the treatment of rhinitis. Its formula is, com-
pound tincture of iodin TTLxx ; carbolic acid (cryst.),
rr\^vj ; glycerin, 3 vij ; distilled water, J v. This is
placed in a water bath at 100°, in a tightly-corked
bottle until the solution becomes colorless, and is then
filtered.
Bouquet (boo-ka') [Fr.]. I. In anatomy, a cluster,
of nerves, blood-vessels, or muscles. 2. The delicate
BOURDIN'S PASTE
231
BRACHIONIGRAPH
perfume and flavor of good wine. 3. The odor charac-
teristic of a disease. B. of Riolan, the cluster of
ligaments and muscles attached to the styloid process.
Bourdin's Paste. A mixture of nitric acid with flow-
ers of sulphur; used as an escharotic.
Bourdonnement {boor-don-monyg)') [Fr., bciirdon-
ner, to biizz\. Any buzzing sound. The murmur
that is heard when the stethoscope is applied to any
part of the body. It is thought to result from con-
traction of the muscular fibrillas. See, also, Bo/iibics.
Boutha {Iwo' -tliali). A non-alcoholic, stimulating, aer-
ated beverage, containing thein; proprietary.
Bouton [boo-iomg)') [Kr.]. I. A bud or bulb. 2. A
pimple. B. d'Alep, the Aleppo button or boil. See
Furwicidus orientalis. B. de Biskra. See Fiintn-
culus orientalis.
Boutons Terminals. Small terminal enlargements or
tactile-cells of sensory nerves, as in the nose of the
guinea pig and mole.
Boutonniere Operations. See Operations , Table of.
Bovet, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Synonymatic Table
of.
Bovey Coal {ho'-ve kol). See Lignite.
Bovina Fames [bo-vi'-fiak fa'-mez) [L.]. Bovine
hunger ; bulimia.
Bovine (l>o'-viii) [bovinus, of an ox]. Ox-like. B.
Heart, the immensely hypertrophied heart of aortic
valvular disease. B. Hunger. See Bovina Fames.
Bovinine (bo'-vin-in') \bos , bovis , oy.\ A propriet-
ary preparation of beef used as a food for invalids and
convalescents.
'Zov\&Xs. [bo-vis' -tall) [L.]. I. A genus of fungi closely
allied to Lycoperdon ; some of the species are edible.
2. The Lycoperdon bovista, a fungus or puff-ball.
When dry it is a good styptic, and its tincture is used
for nervous diseases. It is chiefly employed by homeo-
pathists.
Bow (^(?) [ME., bowel. A bending. B. -drill, a kind
of drill worked by a bow and string, formerly em-
ployed in lithotripsy. B.-leg,a bending outward of
the lower limbs. See Genu varum.
Bowditch Island Ringworm. See Tinea imbricata.
Bowels {how'-elz) [ME., bowele : (^(j/f/Z/w, a sausage] .
The intestines.
Bowman's Capsule. The hyaline membrane that
forms the wall of the enlargement at the origin of a
uriniferous tubule.
Same as Malpig-
hian Capsule. B.
Discs, the pro-
ducts of a break-
ing up of muscle-
fibers in the direc-
tion of the trans-
verse striations.
These correspond
to the discs of
principal sub-
stance''^ of Dobie.
B. Glands. See
Gland. B. La-
mellae of the Cor-
nea. See Mem-
brane of Descemet.
B. Membrane, a
thin homogeneous
membrane repre-
senting the upper-
most layer of the
stroma of the cor-
nea, with which it
is intimately connected
Bowman's Capsule anh
Glomerulus.
Vas afferens. e. Vas efferens.
c. Capillary network of the cor-
tex, k. Endothelium of the cap-
sule, h. Origin of a convoluted
tubule. {After Landois.)
B. Muscle. See Muscles,
Table of. B. Operations. See Operations, Table
of. B. Physic. See Gillenia. B. Probe. See
Lachrymal. B. Root. See Gillenia. B. Tubes,
artificial passages made by forcing air or fluids be-
tween the corneal lamellce.
Box, Boxwood [boks, boks' -wood). See Buxus. B.-
berry, a popular name for Gaultheria procumbens.
B. Plate, a metallic plate with an air-tight chamber,
used as an obturator, or in connection with artificial
teeth, for the replacement of the loss of natural struc-
ture. See Raised Base. B. Pulse-measurer, an
instrument for measuring the pulse by its action upon
a column of liquid when the exposed artery is placed
within an oblong box communicating with the column.
Boyer's Apparatus. An apparatus for reducing frac-
tures of the humerus ; it is composed of four splints
and two spiral bandages, one within and one around
the splints. B. Bandage. See Bandage. B. Cyst.
See Diseases, Table of. B. Splint. See B.' s Apparatus.
Boyle's Law. See Laiu. B. Ventilator. See Ven-
tilation.
Boynton's Method. See Operations, Table of. B.
Treatment. See Treatment , Methods of.
Bozeman's Apparatus. A wooden framework intended
to hold a patient in the knee-elbow posture in the
operation for vesico-vaginal fistula. B. Catheter, a
double-current catheter. B. Operation. See Opera-
tions, Table of.
Braccate (brak'-dt) [bracce, breeches]. In biology,
having the feet completely feathered.
Brachelytrous [bra-kel'-it-rus) [^ipaxv^, short ; iXvTpov,
a sheath]. In biology, with short elytra or wing-
covers.
Brachia {bra' -kc-ali). Plural of Brachium.
Brachial {bra' -ke-al) \l>racliiiim , the arm]. Pertaining
to the arm. B. Artery, the continuation of the axil-
lary artery, extending along the inner side of the arm.
See Artei-ies, Table of. B. Diplegia. See Paralysis.
B. Glands, the lymphatic glands of the arm. .See
Gland. B. Plexus, the plexus of the fifth, sixth,
seventh and eighth cervical and the first dorsal pair
of nerves. .See Plexuses, Table of. B. Veins, the
veins of the arm that accompany the brachial artery.
See Vein.
Brachialgia (l>ra-ke-al' -je-ali) [/3^a;)'/(jp, the arm ; aAyof,
pain]. Pain or neuralgia in the arm or in the brachial
plexus.
Brachialis anticus (bra-ke-a' -lis an'-tik-us). See
Muscles, Table of.
Brachiate [bra' -ke-dt) [brachium, an arm]. Inbiology,
possessing arms or branches.
Brachinin [bi-ak' -in-in) [/Jpa^j'r, short]. A substance
obtained from the Bombardier Beetle, Bracliinus crep-
itans, of Europe. It is said to be efficacious against
rheumatism. Unof.
Brachiocephalic [bra-ke-o-sefal'-ik) [/Spax'iuv, the arm ;
K((i>a'Ai/, head']. Pertaining to the ann and the head. B.
Artery and Vein, the innominate artery and vein.
Brachiocubital (bra-ke-o-ku' -bit-al) {jipax'ii^v, the arm ;
cubitus the forearm] . Relating to the arm and forearm ;
as the brachio-cubital ligament. '
Brachiocyllosis [bra-ke-o-sil-o'-sis) [jipax'iuv, the arm ;
kv'a'/mxjic, a bending]. A crookedness of the arm;
also the paralysis that may accompany it.
Brachiodermian [bra-ke-o-der'-me-an] \_j3paxiiov, the
arm; (Upfia, the skin]. Relating to the skin of the
arm.
Brachioncus [bra-ke-ong'-kus) [j3paxi(JV, the arm ;
oy/iof, a swelling]. Any hard and chronic swelling
of the arm.
Brachionigraph [bra-ke-on' -ig-raf) [;3papW, the arm ;
■)pa<pEiv, to write]. A device or apparatus by which a
BRACHIORADIAL
232
BRAIN
person who has lost the hand, or who has writer's
cramp, can write by means of the muscles of the upper
arm.
Brachioradial {bra-ke-o-ra' -de-al) \^fii>ax'n,n>, the arm ;
radius, a staff]. The supinator radii longus muscle.
See Mtiscles, Table of.
Brachiorrheuma (bra-ke-o-ru' -mali) [/3pa;i;/(ji', the
arm ; pivfia, a flux]. Rheumatism of the arm.
Brachiostrophosis {bra-/ct--o-stro-fo'-sis) [/3/ja;i;/uv, the
arm ; crrpa/itu', to turn]. A twist or twisted deformity
of the arm.
Brachiotomy {hra-ke-ot'-o-ine) \_l3paxio>i', the arm ;
Toui/, a section]. The surgical or obstetric removal
of an arm.
Brachiplex [bra' -ke-plcks) ^fipaxii^v, the arm ; plexus,
a twining]. The brachial plexus.
Brachiplexal [bra-ke-pleks' -al) [/jpa^j'/ui', the arm;
plexus, a twining]. Relating to the brachiplex.
Brachistocephalic, or Brachistocephalous [bra-kis-
to-scf-al' -ik, or bra-kis-to-sef -al-us) \flf)axi'^TOi;,
shortest ; Kt(^a\ri, head] . Having an extremely short
and very broad head.
Brachium [bra'-ke-uiii) \brachium, jipaxii^v, the arm :
pi. , Bmchia'\. The arm, especially the upper arm;
the arm above the elbow. An extensor process of an
organ. B. Cerebri or B. of Optic Lobes, the bands
connecting the nates and testes with the optic thalamus.
B. Pontis, the brachium of the pons, being also
the middle peduncle of the cerebellum. Brachia
cerebelli, the peduncles of the cerebellum.
Brach-Romberg Symotom. See Signs arid Sympto7HS ,
Table of.
Brachybiotic [brak-e-bi-oi'-ik ) \_^pax'fC, short ; /?'0f ,
life]. Short-lived.
Brachycardia [brak-e-kar^-de-ah). Same as Brady-
cardia.
Brachycephalia (brak-e-sefa' -le-ah ) [/Jpa^^'fi short ;
KstidWij, a head]. The quality of being brachycepha-
lic.
Brachycephalic (brak-e-sefal' -ik) [/}pa,^i')f, short;
Ke<pa'/Ji, a head]. In biology, applied to skulls of an
egg-like shape, with the larger end behind. Having
a skull, the transverse diameter of which is more than
eight-tenths of the long diameter. See Index.
Brachycephalism (brak-e-sef -al-izni). See Brachy-
Ciphalia.
Brachycephalous {brak-e-sef ' -al-us) \jipax^<;, short ;
Kfi'iialii, a head]. Brachycephalic.
Brachycephaly (l>rak-e-stf'-a-le). See Brachycepha-
lia.
Brachydactylia {brak-e-dak-til' -e-ali) \jipaxv(;, short :
(Sd/c7D/lof, a digit]. Abnormal shortness of the fingers
or toes.
Brachydactylism (brak-e-dak' -til-izni). See Brachy-
dactylia.
Brachydactylous {brak-e-dak' -til-us) \_lipaxvQ, short ;
SanTvAtii;, a finger]. Pertaining to an abnormal short-
ness of the fingers or toes.
Brachygnathism [brak-ig' -nath-izm) \fipaxvq, short ;
yv(\i)oc, a jaw]. Excess of length of the superior
incisive arch, as in a horse.
Brachykephalia {brak-e-kefa'-L'-nli). See Brachy-
cephalia.
Brachymetropia (brak-e-me-tro' -pe-ah) \Jipax^Ki short ;
fn-TpKv, a measure ; wi/', the eye]. See Myopia.
Brachymetropic (brak-e-me-trop' -ik) \Jipax'v<i, short ;
pirpoi', a measure ; ijip, the eye]. See Myopic.
Brachyodont [brak' -e-o-dont ) [fipaxl'i;, short; b66iir,a
tooth]. In biology, applied to low-crowned teeth:
the opposite of Hypoddont.
Brachypnea {brak-ip-tie'-ali) [/ipayrf, short; Trvoh/,
breath]. Abnormal shortness of breath.
Brachypodous (brak-ip' -o-dus) [/3pox')?> short ; Trduf ,
foot]. In biology, possessing a short foot or stalk.
Brachypterous {brak-ip' -ter-us) [/i/3a,^i'f, short ; Krepoi',
a wing]. In biology, short-winged.
Brachyrrhinia {brak-e-rin' -e-ah ) [^fipaxvc, short ; pig,
a nose]. Abnormal shortness of the nose.
Brachysomia [brak-e-so' -me-ali) [/3/«j;tftif, short ; aijfia,
body]. Shortness of the body.
Brachyurous {brak-e-u' -rus) \_iipc-X'J^j short ; ovpd, tail].
In biology, short-tailed.
Bracklet {brak'-let) \bracteola, a thin leaf]. Inbiology,
the smaller bract borne on pedicles.
Bract {brakt) \_braclea, a thin plate]. In biology, the
name of the modified leaves borne on flower-peduncles
or at the base of flower-clusters.
Bracteole. Same as Bracklet.
Bradesthesia {brad-es-the' -ze-ah). See Bradyesthesia.
Bradyarthria {brad-e-ar' -ihre-ah)\^jipa6vg ,s\oyi ; apdpov,
articulation] . Abnormally slow articulation of words :
bradylalia.
Bradybolism {brad-ib'-o-lizm) \jipa6hq, slow ; ^aWtiv,
to throw]. Same as Brady spermatism.
Bradycardia {brad-e-kar' -de-ali) \jipa&vq, slow ; Kap&ia,
the heart]. Slow pulse — -the opposite of tachycardia.
Bradycauma {brad-e-kazv' -inali) \Jipa&vq, slow ; aavfia,
burn: //. , Bradycauinata']. Slow cautery, as with
the moxa.
Bradycrote {brad' -e-krot) \Jipa6vq, slow ; icpdrog, a beat-
ing] . Marked by or relating to slowness of the pulse.
Bradycrotic {brad-e-krof -ik) \fipa8hq, slow ; KpoToq, a
beating]. Bradycrote.
Bradyecoia {brad-e-ek-oi' -ah) \Jipa&v<;, slow ; aKohsip, to
hear]. Hardness of hearing.
Bradyesthesia {brad-e-es-the' -ze-ali) [/ipafSf'jf, slow ;
alaOiini-r^, perception]. Dulness of perception.
Bradylalia {brad-e-la' -le-ah) \_^pa&'w;, slow ; 'auKeIv, to
talk]. A slow and disordered utterance.
Bradylogia {brad-e-lo' -je-ah) [/JpaJ/'f, slow ; 'kbyoq, dis-
course]. Bradylalia.
Bradymasesis, Bradymassesis {brad-e-mas-e' -sis), or
Bradymastesis {brad-e-mas-te' -sis) \Jipa6w, slow ;
lxaa>imQ, mastication]. Slow or difficult mastication,
especially that seen in general paralysis, or after
lesions of the fifth nerve.
Bradypepsia {brad-e-pep' -se-ah) \jipa6vq, slow ; TreTpiq,
digestion]. Difficult or slow digestion.
Bradyphasia {brad-e-fa' -ze-ah) [/ipacSi'f , slow ; <paaiq,
speech]. Bradylalia.
Bradyphrasia {brad-e-fra' -ze-ah) \fipafi'vq, slow ; (ppdaic,
utterance]. Slowness of speech; it occurs in some
types of mental disease.
Bradypnea {brad-ip-ue' -ah) \jipa6vz, slow ; Trveeir,
to breathe]. Abnormal slowness of breathing.
Bradyspermatism {brad-e-spei-' -iiiat-izm) \Jipa&vq,
slow; airepixa, seed].- Abnormally slow emission of
semen.
Bradysphygmia {brad-e-sfig' -me-ah) {fipatYvi;, slow ;
a^vypoq, pulse]. Abnormal slowness of the pulse.
Bradysuria {brad-is-u' -re-ah). See Bradyuria.
Bradytocia {brad-e-to' -se-ah) \jipaS'vq, slow ; rd/cof,
birth]. Abnormally slow or protracted parturition.
Bradytrophic (brad-e-frof'-ik) [/jparSi'f, slow ; rpoipi/,
nutrition]. Characterized by slowness of trophic
changes.
Bradyuria {brad-e-ii' -re-ah) \_\ipa&'v<;, slow ; ovpov,
urine]. Slow passage of urine.
Braidism {brdd'-iztn) [Braid, the originator]. The
hypnotic state produced by fixation of the eyes upon a
shining object ; described by James Braid in 1842.
See Hypnotism.
Brain {bran) [Low Ger. , brwirenl. The general con-
tents of the cranium, especially the cerebrum. B.,
BRAIN 233
Superior Aspect, ok Convexity of the Brain.
1,1. Fissure of Rolando. 2,2. Ascending frontal convolution. 3,3. As-
cending and superior parietal convolutions. 4, 4. First frontal con-
volution. 5,5. Second frontal. 6,6. Third frontal. 7,7. First occi-
pital. S, 8. Second occipital. 9, 9. Third occipital. 10. Anterior
extremity of corpus callosum. u.ii. Posterior extremity.
Inferior Aspect of the Brain.
I. Anterior extremity of corpus callosum. 2. Optic chiasm. 3. Tuber
cinereum and infundibuluni. 4. Corpora albicantia, or mamillaria.
5. Pons varolii. 6. Third nerve. 7. Aqueduct of Sylvius. 8. Testes.
10. Inferior surface of frontal lobe. 11. Convolution of the fissure of
BRAN
Abdominal. See So/a r P/c-xus. B., After-.
See Metcnceplialoii. B. Axis, that portion
of the brain-substance including the island
of Reil, the basal ganglia, the crura, pons,
medulla, and cerebellum. B.-bladderv a
cerebral vesicle of the embryo. B., Com-
pression of, may arise from injury or dis-
ease, from serous exudation, blood extrava-
sation, etc. See Compression. B., Con-
cussion of, is the result of injury producing
symptoms of loss of power and function
generally. See Concussion. B. -fag, mental
exhaustion due to overwork. B. Fever.
See Meningitis ; also Synonym of Typhoid
Fever. B., Fore-. See Prosencephalon.
B., Hind-. See Epencephalon. B., In-
callosal, one in which there is a complete
absence of the corpus callosum. This is
commonly associated with mental and physi-
cal weakness, amounting often to idiocy.
B., Inter-. See Diencephalon. B., Irri-
tation of, follows injury, and is marked by
symptoms of irritability and often by con-
vulsive phenomena. B., Little, the cere-
bellum. B. -mantle, that portion of the
brain-substance including the convolutions,
corpus callosum, and fornix. B., Mid-.
See Alesenceplialon. B.-pan, the cranium.
B., Railway, a neurosis sometimes occur-
ring in those who ride constantly on railway
trains. It is characterized by anesthesia,
or spinal hyperesthesia, insomnia, paresis,
etc. B. Sand, a gritty mineral matter
found in and about the pineal gland, con-
sisting mainly of calcium and magnesium
carbonates and phosphates. Its function is
not known. B. -shake. Synonym of ^5.,
Concussion of. B.-stem, the pons, me-
dulla, and crura cerebri. B. -storm, a
succession of sudden and severe phenomena,
due to some cerebral disturbance. B.-tire,
a condition of brain-exhaustion due to ex-
cessive functional activity. See B.-fag.
B.-wave, the supposed telepathic vibra-
tion of a " mentiferous ether," by which
thoughts and impressions may be transferred
from one person to another. B.-wax.
See Cephalot.
Brainard's Operations. See Operations,
Table of.
Bramah's Apparatus. An apparatus by
which water may be charged with CO^ by
the continuous method.
Bramble [bram^ -bt). See Ritbtis.
Bran [bran) [ME. , i^raw] . The epidermis
or outer covering of the seeds of most
cereals. It contains woody matter 35, starch
22, albumin and gluten 13, water 12, gum
8, other matters, including a small amount
of silica, 10 per cent. It contains, also, a
diastatic ferment that converts the starch
into dextrin. B. Bath. See Bath.
B. Tea, a decoction of bran, used in
coughs.
Sylvius. !2. Olfactory nerve. 13. Third convolu-
tion of inferior surface of frontal lobe. 14. F"ourth
convolution. 15. Third convolution of external
surface of frontal lobe. 16. External border of
posterior lobe. 17. Sphenoidal extremity. 18. Oc-
cipital extremity. 19. Hippocampal convolution.
20. External convolution of posterior lobe. 21.
Middle convolution. 22. Internal convolution. 23.
Gyrus fornicatus.
BRANCH
234
BREATH
Branch [branch) [ME., b>-a)iihc'\. A name given to
the divisions or ol^shoots of blood-vessels, lymphatics,
or nerves, from the trunk or main stem.
Branchiae [lirang' -kc-t) \_,ipa)XLa, gills]. The gills of
h.shes.
Branchial ibrang' -ke-al) \_iipayxi(i-, gills]. Pertaining
to branchice. B. Arches. .See Arches. B. Open-
ings. See Clefts, Msccral.
Branchiostegite [brang-ke-os' -tej-it') [/3p(iy^i;'"> gi^s ;
oriyii, a roof]. In biology, that portion of the cara-
pace of a crustacean that covers the gills and branchial
chamber.
Branchireme (Itrang' -kc-rein) \_braiic/ii<c, gills ; renins,
an oar, hand or foot of a swimmer]. In biology, a
crustacean having gill-bearing legs.
Branchus (brang' -kns) [/3pdy;^;of, hoarseness]. Hoarse-
ness.
Brand Bath. See Bath. B. Method. See Treatment,
iMetliods of.
Brandt's Method. See Treatment, Methods of. B.'s
Operation. See Operations , Table of.
Brandy (l>ran'-de). See Spiritus. B. Nose. See
Acne rosacea.
'Q\z.ri!&% [brangks) [Gael. , /'ra«((7i, a kind of pillory].
The mumps.
Branny [bran'-e) [ME., bran~\. Like bran. B.
Kidney. Same as Large White Kidney, q. v. B.
Tetter. Synonym of Pityriasis.
Brasdor's Operation. See Operations, Table of
Brash [brash) \_l)wt.c\\, braaken, to wom.\i\. A common
name indicating almost any disorder of the digestive
system; any i ash, or eruption ; a short fit of illness.
B., Water. See Pyrosis.
Brasilin (/);-(z'-z?7-/«) \fAY,.,brasil'\, Cj^Hj^Oj. Brazilin,
a coloring-matter found in Brazil-wood and red- wood ;
it crystallizes in white, shining needles, and dissolves
in alkalies with a carmin-red color on exposure to the
air. .See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Brass [bras) \JAY,., bras']. An alloy of copper with 25-
40 per cent, of zinc. B. -Founder's Ague. See
Ague.
Brassica [bras'-ik-ali) [AS., brassiea, cabbage]. A
genus of plants, Nat. Order, Cruciferce, including the
common cabbage. B. acidulata, sour crout (or Sauer
Kraut). B. asperifolia esculenta, the common
turnip. B. caulifiora (or florida), the cauliflower.
B. cutnana or rubra, the red cabbage. B. napus,
the rape plant. B. nigra, the black mustard. B.
sativa, the common cabbage.
Brassidic Acid [bras-id' -ik). See Acid.
Braun's Canal. See Canal. B. Operation. See
Operations, Table of. B. Test. See Tests, Table
<'/■
Braune [brann). See Brunissure.
Braune's Canal. .See Canal.
Brawn [braim) [ME., a piece of flesh]. The
flesh of a muscle ; well-developed muscles.
Brawny [brawn'-e) [ME., brawn, a piece of flesh].
Eleshy ; muscular. B. Induration, pathologic harden-
ing and thickening of the tissues.
Braxy [braks'-e) [E. dial.]. A terrn applied to cer-
tain forms of blood-disease, as anthrax in sheep. Three
forms are recognized by shepherds : a, turnip ; b,
wet; c, red. B., Red, a form of septicemia in sheep
in which the tissues are uniformly stained of a deep-
red color by the coloring-matter of the blood. B.,
Turnip, a form of malnutrition of the blood occur-
ring in sheep that are fed on an unlimited supply of
roots, particularly of swedes. The attack is sudden in
onset, short in duration, and fatal in termination. See
Bacillus anthracis, Pollender and Davaine, under
Bacteria, Svnonyi)iatic Table of.
Brayeia [bra-ye'-rah) \_Ft., braye/']. Kousso. Cusso.
The female flowers of B. anthclinintica , containing
tannic acid, a volatile oil and a crystalline principle,
Koussin, CjjH.j^Ojd. In large doses it produces nausea
and emesis. It is valuable mainly as an anthelmintic
against tapeworm. Dose 3 ij- 555, in infusion of boil-
ing water. B., Ext., Fid., dose ^ij-.^ j- Infusum
Cusso (B. P.). Dose ,^ iv-viij.
Brazilin [hra'-zil-in). See Brasilin.
Bread [bred) [Sax., bredan to nourish; Y,iX., panis; Gr.,
apTof\. A mixture of flour and water made porous by
carbon dioxid and then baked. The flour may be of
wheat, corn, oat, or rye. The carbon dioxid may be
introduced by decomposing an alkaline carbonate
(sodium or potassium) , by an acid (" cream of tartar"),
or by fermenting the starch with yeast. B., Brown,
a kind of bread made from a mixture of corn, rye and
wheat flour. B., Graham, made from unbolted wheat
flour; it contains more gluten, diastase and mineral
phosphates than ordinary bread. B., White, bread
made from bolted wheaten flour, and therefore defi-
cient in diastase, gluten and mineral phosphates.
Other kinds, such as rye (or black), corn, bran, barley,
etc. , indicate their composition by their name. B.-
jelly, a food of service as an occasional change from
mushes, but with a tendency to constipate if given
freely. It is prepared by pouring boiling water upon
stale bread and allowing it to soak for an hour. The
water is then removed, fresh water added, and the
whole boiled until a thick mass forms. On pouring off
the excess of water and cooling, a jelly-like material re-
mains which may be eaten with milk or sugar.
B. -mould. See Ascophora. B. -paste, a culture-
medium for bacteria. Stale, coarse bread is dried,
ground to powder and made into a paste with water.
It is well suited for the growth of moulds.
Break [briik) [ME., breken, to break]. In electricity,
an opening in the circuit of a battery. See Make. In
surgery, a fracture. B.-bone Fever. See Dengue.
B. Shock, a term sometimes employed in electro-
therapeutics for the physiologic shock produced on
the opening or breaking of an electric circuit.
Breast [brest) [ME., brest,\\\(t breast]. The upper
anterior part of the body between the neck and abdo-
men. Also, the mamma. B.-bone. See Sternum.
B., Broken, abscess of the mammary gland. B.,
Chicken, Pectus carinatum ; a deformity marked by
prominence of the sternal portion of the chest. B.
Glass, a glass receptacle for the overflow of milk
from the breast. B. Pang, angina pectoris. See ^Vi"-
nocardia. B. Pump, 'r^e.e. Antlia. B., Pigeon. Same
as B., Chicken. B. Tea, German, a mixture of
althea, or marshmallow, eight parts ; coltsfoot leaves,
four parts ; liquorice, three parts ; anise and mullein
leaves, each two parts; orris, one part : this is called
also species pectoralis.
Breastweed. See Sauriirus cermats.
Breath [breth) [AS., brath]. The air exhaled from the
lungs. It has lost a part of its oxygen and gained a
certain but varying amount of ammonia, aqueous vapor
and carbon dioxid from the oxidation of the waste-
matter of the blood. Also applied to the air inspired.
B. Sounds, the respiratory sounds heard upon
auscultation. In the healthy chest three varieties of
respiratory sounds may be recognized : I . Those pro-
duced in the glottis, and audible over the lower end
of the trachea — tracheal or bronchial breathing. 2.
Those produced in the alveoli and audible over the
lungs — -,'esicular breathing. 3. Those audible about
the roots of the lungs, combining the character of the
two preceding — broncho-vesicular breathing. A Table
of Breath-Sounds is given on the next page.
BREATHING
235
BREGMATO-ANTERIOR
TABLE OF BREATH-SOUNDS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE.
(^Altered and enlarged frotn J. K. Fowler).
Variety
OF
Breathing.
Period.
1. Inspira-
tion.
2. Expira-
tion.
Pitch.
Quality.
Interval
Duration.
Intensity.
Where
Heard.
Condition
in which
Heard.
Vesicular.
Low.
Lower.
Vesicular.
Blowing.
None.
Shorter than in-
spiration or
absent.
Variable.
Faint or ab-
sent.
Over the lungs,
in health.
In health.
Broncliial.
1. Inspira-
tion.
2. Expira-
tion.
High.
Higher.
Tracheal.
Tracheal.
Distinct.
Equal to or
longer than
inspiration.
Variable.
Greater.
In health, over
the seventh
cervical spine
In disease,
over areas of
consolidation
In health;
pulmonary
tuberculosis,
lobar pneu-
monia, large
pleuritic
e ff u si o n s ,
thoracic
a n e u rysm,
mediastinal
tumors.
Broncho-
vesicular.
1. Inspira-
tion.
2. Expira-
tion.
Higher than
in vesicular
breathing.
Higher than
in vesicular
breathing.
More or less
tracheal.
More or less
tracheal.
Slight.
About equal to
inspiration.
Variable.
Greater.
In health, ant.,
over sternal
portion of in-
fra-clavic.
region ; post.,
upper part of
inter-scapular
region. In
disease, over
slight con-
solidation.
In health;
pneumonia,
pu Imonary
t ubercu lo-
sis.
Amphoric.
1. Inspira-
tion.
2. Expira-
tion.
Low.
Hollow and me-
tallic.
Both characters
more marked.
Distinct.
Longer than
inspiration.
Variable.
Greater.
Over a laige
cavity com-
mun icating
with an open
bronchus.
Pulmonary tu-
berculosis.
Cavernous.
1. Inspira-
tion.
2. Expira-
tion.
Low.
Lower.
Blowing and
hollow.
Both characters
more marked.
Distinct.
Longer than
inspiration.
Variable.
Greater.
Over a cavity
communicat-
ing with an
open bron-
chus.
P u 1 m o n ary
tuberculo-
sis.
Tubular.
1. Inspira-
tion.
2. Expira-
tion.
Higher than
in bronchial
breathing.
Higher.
Laryngeal or
whiffing.
Laryngeal or
whiffing.
Distinct.
Equal to or
longer than
inspiration.
Variable.
Greater.
Over consolid-
ated areas.
Lobar pneu-
monia, pul-
monary tu-
berculosis.
Breathing [lirlth' -ing) [AS., brertli^. See Respiration.
B., Abdominal, breathing in which the abdominal
walls move decidedly and in which the diaphragm is
actively engaged. B., Diminished, is the reverse of
B. Exaggerated. The normal breath-sound is present,
but its intensity is much diminished. It is very fre-
quently heard at the apex in the early stage of pulmo-
nary tuberculosis. B., Exaggerated, is the normal
breath-sound of children, but when occurring in
adults, it indicates a compensatory action of one part
of the lungs for deficient action elsewhere. It is an
exaggerated degree of the normal vesicular breathing.
B., Interrupted, Wavy or Cogwheel, a broken or
interrupted inspiratory sound produced by nervous-
ness, irregular contraction of the muscles of respira-
tion, or irregular expansion of the lung from disease.
B., Mouth, habitual respiration through the mouth.
B., Puerile, i^et B. , Exaggerated. B., Suppressed,
entire absence of breath-sounds, as in pleuritic effu-
sion and certain solid conditions of the lung. B.,
Thoracic, respiration in which the thoracic walls are
actively moved.
Bredsore [bred' -sor) [Vulgar]. A sore coming with-
out any visible cause ; a whitlow ; also called
Breeder.
Breech [brech) [ME., breeeli']. The buttocks. B.
Position. See Fetus, Position of.
Breeches Splint. A splint that surrounds the leg ;
oftenest made of woven wire.
Breed [bred) [AS., bredan, to nourish]. To beget,
produce ; to nurse ; to develop.
Breeder [bred'-er). See Bredsore.
Breeding-season [bre'-ding se'-znn) [AS., bredaii, to
nourish] . The period during which certain species
of animals, especially the lower forms of vertebrates,
beget and rear their young.
Breeze [brez). See Head-breeze and Statie-breeze.
Brefeld and Nagele's Method. See Fractional Cul-
tivation.
Bregenin [hreg' -en-in) [Low Ger. , bregen, brain],
CjijHg^NO-. A name given by Thudichum to a vis-
cous principle, soluble in and crystallizable from
alcohol, by means of which it has been extracted from
brain-tissue. It is fusible like a fat, but is miscible
with water.
Bregma [breg' -niah) [l-lph///a, the sinciput : //., Breg-
mata\ A term applied to the anterior fontanelle.
See Cratziornetric Points.
Bregmatic [breg- mat' -ik) [(3pe}iJ.a, the sinciput]. Re-
lating to a bregma.
Bregmato-anterior [breg' -mat-o-an-te' -j-e-or) \_jip(-}fia,
the sinciput; anterius, front]. Having the bregma in
the anterior portion of the mother's pelvis ; applied
to the presentation in labor.
BREGMATO-COTYLOID
236
BRIGHT' S DISEASE
Bregmato-cotyloid (breg' -mat-o-kot' -il-oid) \jipkyiLa,
the sinciput; kot'vAii, a. socket; eldoi', fomi]. With
the bregma toward the cotyloid depression (acetabu-
lum) of the mother's pelvis ; a term used in obstetrics.
Bregmatodymia (breg-mat-o-dim' -c-ah) \fii)Cyy.a, the
sinciput ; 6i6v/xog, twin]. Teratic union of twins by
the bregmata.
Bregmato-lambdoid Arc (hrcg' -mat-o-latn' -doid a>-k).
See Arc.
Bregmato-posterior (breg' -»iat-o-pos-te' -}-e-or) \_(ipe-)'/xa,
the sinciput; posterius, backward]. Having the
bregma toward the rear of the mother's pelvis ; a
term used in obstetrics.
Bremen [brem'-en) [Ger.]. A town in Germany. B.
Blue. See Conspectus of Pigments, under Pig??ient.
B. Green. See Conspectus of Figments, under Fig-
ment.
Bremond's Method. See Treatment, Methods of
Brenner's Formula. The feeble tone heard when
the anode is opened in galvanic stimulation of the
auditory nerve. This tone corresponds with the reson-
ance fundamental tone of the sound-conducting appar-
atus of the ear itself.
Brenzcatechinsulphuric Acid {brenz-kat-e-kin-sul-
fu'-rik). See Acid.
Brephalus {bref'-al-us) [/3pf0of , the new-born babe or
young]. In biology, applied to the young of a
crustacean just as it quits the ovum, in whatever
stage. Bates's substitute for larva.
Brephopolysarcia (brefo-pol-e-sar' -ke-ah) [/Jpe^of, an
infant; -o/.rr, much ; aiip^, flesh]. Excess of flesh
in an infant.
Brephotrophium (brefo-tro-fe' - um) \_ftpe<pog, infant ;
rpe0ar, to nourish]. An infant-asylum; a foundling-
hospital.
Breschet, Canals of. See Canal. B., Sinus of, the
spheno-parietal sinus. See Sinus. B.'s Veins. See
V^ein.
Bresgen's Formulae. Silver-nitrate powders of vary-
ing strengths, with powdered starch, for use in
rhinitis.
Breslau Fever. See Fever. B. Test. See Birth.
Breve extensor digitorum (brcT-e-eks-ten'-sor dig-it-o'-
rum) [I>.]. The extensor brevis digitorum. See
Muscles, Table of.
Brevicaudate (hrev-e-kazv' -ddt) \lirevis, short ; cauda,
tail]. In biology, short-tailed.
Breviductor (brev-e-duk'-for) [L.], The adductor
brevis muscle of the thigh. See Muscles, Table of.
Breviflexor [brev-efleks' -or) [L.]. Any short, flexor
muscle.
Brevifoliate (brev-e-fo' -le-at) \brevis, short ; folium, a
leaf]. In biology, short-leaved.
Brevilingual {brev-e-ling' -giijal) \_brevis, short ; lingua,
a tongue]. In biology, short-tongued.
Breviped \brev' -e-ped) [brei'is, short; pes, a foot]. In
biology, short- footed.
Brevipen (brev'-e-pen) \hrevis, short; penna, a wing].
In biology, short- winged.
Brevirostrate (brev-e-ros'-trat) [/';-<»z'/.r, short ; rostrum,
a beak. In biology, short-billed.
Brevissimus oculi (hrev-iz' -em-us ok'-u-li) [L.]. The
shortest muscle of the eye ; the obliquus inferior. See
Muscles, Table of
Brewcke's Test. See Tests, Table of.
Bnan9on Manna (bi-e-an-sdn' man'-ali). A kind of
manna from the twigs of the European larch-tree.
Bribosia's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Brick-Dust Deposit {brik'-dust de-pos' -it). A lateriti-
ous sediment from urine.
Bricklayers' Itch (brik-la'-erz ich). Eczema due to
irritation of lime mortar.
Brick-makers' Anemia. See Anchylostomiasis.
'BxYdL^e {hrij)\W^.,brigge\ I. The upper ridge of the
nose formed by the union of the two nasal bones. 2.
In electricity, an apparatus for measuring the resist-
ance of a conductor. B. Coloboma. See Coloboma.
B., Herpetic, a tenn for Fascicular Keratitis, q. v.
B. of Nose, the prominent ridge formed by the
nasal bones. B. of Varolius, the pons Varolii.
B.-Work, in dentistry, the adaptation of artificial
crowns of teeth to and over spaces made by the loss of
natural teeth, by connecting such crowns to natural
teeth or roots for anchorage by means of a bridge, and
thereby dispensing with plates covering more or less of
the roof of the mouth and the alveolar ridge.
Bridle {bri'-dl) {WY.., bridel\ I. A Frenum, q.v.
2. A band or filament stretching across the lumen of a
passage, or from side to side of an ulcer, scar, or ab-
scess. B. Stricture, a stricture due to the presence
of a bridle traversing the caliber of the urethra.
Brieger, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Synonymatic
Table of. B.'s Method, a method of separating
ptomaines from a putrefying mass.
Briggs's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Brightic [brit'-ik) \_Bright, an English physician]. A
person suffering from Bright's disease.
Bright's Disease (brits dis-ez') \_Bright, an English
physician]. A name formerly incorrectly used as a
synonym of albuminuria, and at present covering
several forms of disease of the kidney associated with
albumin in the urine. It may be acute [acute parenchy-
matous 7iephritis) or chronic (which includes chronic
parenchvmatous nephritis, granular contraction of the
kidneys, and albuminoid degeneration of the kidneys).
Bright's disease is considered by Fothergill as
a secondary condition arising from a tendency to-
ward the reversion to that preanthropic type in which
the liver performed the additional office of excreting
uric acid. Acute Bright's Disease is sudden in its
onset, and is associated with chills, headache, back-
ache, vomiting, and edema, especially marked in the
eyelids and the cheeks. The urine is scanty or even
suppressed, of a dark, smoky hue, and contains a large
amount of albumin, and blood. Microscopically, blood-
corpuscles, renal epithelium, debris, and hyalin, epi-
thelial, and blood-casts are found, and occasionally,
also, granular casts. Occasionally the glomeruli of the
kidney are the seat of the most marked changes, and
to this condition the term " glomerulo-neph7-itis," has
been given. The most frequent cause of acute
Bright's disease is exposure to cold. It is often a com-
plication of the specific fevers, especially scarlet fever.
Death frequently results from uremia or cardiac failure,
or the disease may assume a chronic form. Chronic
Bright's Disease embraces, as has been said, three
distinct diseases of the kidney. Chronic parenchy-
Diatous nephritis, usually following an acute at-
tack, is also known as chronic tubal and -chronic
desquamative nephritis, and from its size and pallor,
the kidney resulting from the disease is called the
" large white kidncv," The capsule peels off readily
and leaves a smooth or very slightly granular sur-
face. The tubules are most involved in the change ;
they are enlarged and distended with proliferated
and swollen epithelial cells. There is some thick-
ening of the interstitial tissue, as a rule. This large
kidney is prone to undergo degenerative changes,
the protoplasm of the cells in the tubules break-
ing down into an amorphous debris. The kidney
shrinks, and at the same time undergoes an increase in
the interstitial tissue, forming what is known as the
" small white kidney.'''' Granular contraction of the
kidney is also known as chronic interstitial nephritis.
BRILLIANT
237
BROMAMID
and the kidney resulting is called the " small red
granular kidney,^'' the " red contracted kidney,^''
and at times the "-^ gouty kidney'''' or the " arterio-
sclerotic kidney. ' ' This kidney is usually much di-
minished in size and weight ; the capsule is greatly
thickened and adherent, so that it cannot be removed
without tearing the kidney-tissue. The renal sub-
stance is reddish, granular, with small cysts, and firm
on section. Microscopically, there is found a great
increase in the interstitial tissue, reducing the caliber
of the tubules. This excess of fibrous tissue has given
origin to the name ' ' cirrhotic kidney,''' and this fonn of
Bright' s disease is frequently associated with gout,
syphilis, chronic lead-poisoning, or alcoholic excess.
Albuminoid degeneration of the kidneys is also known
as the amyloid, waxy, or lardaceous kidney. This
kidney is enlarged and quite pale ; its consistence is
firm, and the section has a peculiar, glistening, bacon-
like appearance. The glomeruli stand out as bright
points upon the surface ; the capsule peels off easily
and leaves a smooth surface. lodin applied to the
surface of the section turns the diseased portions a
mahogany-brown color. The change in this disease is
most marked in the glomeruli and the blood-vessel
walls, but may be found elsewhere ; it is most fre-
quently due to prolonged suppuration, bone and joint
disease, tuberculosis, syphilis, malaria, and mercurial
poisoning. The onset of chronic Bright' s disease is
usually insidious, and may only be indicated by slight
puffiness of the eyelids or the ankles, shortness of
breath, dull and persistent headache, disorder of vision
and hebetude. The pulse is one of high arterial ten-
sion, and there is hypertrophy of the left ventricle of
the heart, especially in the case of the contracted
kidney; there is frequent micturition, progressive
anemia, dryness of the skin, indigestion, and a ten-
dency to uremia. The urine is always scanty with the
large white kidney, but abundant with the other forms
of the disease. The specific gravity and the reaction
vary ; occasionally there may be present a small
quantity of blood, and albumin is always present at
some period in chronic Bright' s disease. The quantity
of albumin is very large in the large white and amy-
loid kidneys ; very slight in the contracted form. Mi-
croscopically, the urine contains renal epithelium,
granular and fatty matter, and tube-casts. The latter
are most plentiful in the large white kidney, but are
never so numerous as in acute nephritis ; they are
granular, fatty, and hyaline in nature. A frequent
symptom of chronic Bright' s disease is the so-called
" albuminuric retinitis,''' in which condition there are
ecchymoses of the retina, together with white glisten-
ing spots, most numerous near the macula lutea, and
frequently arranged in lines like the radiations from
a star. This is diagnostic of chronic renal disease.
The prognosis of chronic Bright' s disease is bad, death
eventually resulting from uremia or apoplexy.
Brilliant {bril'-yant) [Fr.]. Bright, glittering. B.
Green. See Pigments, Conspectus of. B. Yellow.
See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Brim (brim) [ME., brim\ An edge or margin. B. of
Pelvis. See Pelvis.
Brimstone (britn' -stmi). See Sulphur.
Brine Test. See Tests, Table of.
Brinton's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Briquet's Ataxia. See Ataxia, and Diseases, fable of.
Briquettes [brik-etz'). See Pitch.
Brise-coque [brez'-kok) [Fr. , ".shell-breaker"]. An
instrument for crushing the shell of a calculus after its
inner part has been pulverized.
Brisement [brez-tnon [g)' ) [Fr. ]. A crushing; the
forcible breaking up of an ankylosis.
Brise-pierre (brez'-pe-ar') [Fr. , "stone-crusher"].
An old form of lithotrite.
Bristle [bris'-l) [ME., bristel'\. In biology, a stiff,
coarse hair on certain animals and plants. A stiff
feather. B.-cell, any one of the ciliated cells at the
terminations of the auditory nerve-filaments. B., Den-
tist's. See Nerve-Bristles.
British (/t/V'-zj/;) , Britanni , the original inhabit-
ants of Britain]. Of or pertaining to Great Britain.
B. Gum. See Dextrin. B. Oil, a mixture
of petroleum, Barbadoes tar, oil of amber, oil of
juniper, oil of turpentine and linseed oil ; it is prized
as a domestic remedy. Unof.
Broach, Watchmaker's [brooch). A five-sided
steel instrument used by dentists for enlarging the
canal in the root, and the opening into a decayed
cavity in the crown of a tooth.
'BToa.A. [brod) [ME., broody. Wide; extensive. B.
Land Irrigation. See Seiuage, Disposal of. B.-
leafed Laurel. See Kalniia. B. Ligament. See
Liganwnt. B. Tapeworm. See Bothriocephalus
latus.
Broca, " Grand Lobe Limbique " of. The cortical
cerebral convolution formed by the continuation of the
gyrus hippocampi with the gyrus fornicatzts. This
should not be confused with " Broca' s Convolution,"
i. e., the third left frontal.
Broca's Angles. See Angle. B. Aphasia. See Dis-
eases, Table of. B. Area, the speech-center of the
frontal convolution. B. Auricular Point, the cen-
ter of the external auditory meatus. B. Center.
See Center. B. Convolution. See Convolutions,
Table of. B. Fissure. See Fissures, Table of. B.
Plane, the alveolo-condyloid plane. A line passing
from the alveolar process of the superior maxilla and
through the lowest part (condyles) of the occipital
bone, the shaven head being so placed that this line
shall be horizontal. This is employed in cranio-
cerebral topography. B. Speech-center, the folded
part of the base of the third frontal gyrus.
Brochus (liro'-kus) [L.]. A person whose teeth pro-
ject, or one who has a prominent upper lip.
Brocq's Pomade. A pomade used in lupus erythe-
matosus. It consists of salicylic and lactic acids,
each 3 ss ; resorcin, grs. xiv ; oxid of zinc, pure
vaselin, 3 xvij.
Brodie's Disease. '^^a.vtx&^A Brodie' s Knee. B. Knee.
See Diseases, Table of.
Brokaw Ring [brok'-aw ring). A ring used in intes-
tinal anastomosis, made of segments of rubber drain-
age-tubing and threaded with catgut strands.
Broken [AS. to break]. In surgery,
fractured, as a bone. B. Breast, abscess of the
mammary gland. B. Wind, B. -winded, in farriery,
a term applied to a condition of heart-strain following
severe muscular effort. It is characterized by par-
oxysms of cardiac dyspnea. See Heaves. B.-wing
Fever. Synonym of Dengue.
Bromal (In-o'-mal) [Ppu/ioc, a stench,; aldehyd'],
CBr.i.CHO. Tribromaldehyd, analogous to chloral.
It is produced by the action of bromin on alcohol.
It is a colorless, oily fluid, of a penetrating odor, and
sharp burning taste, boiling at I72°-I73° ; it has been
used in medicine, having properties similar to those of
chloral. B. Hydrate, CBr.,.CHO -4- H,,0, a fluid of
oily consistence, having a structure similar to that of
chloral hydrate, but more irritating and narcotic than
the latter. It is used as a hypnotic and in epilepsy.
Dose gr. j-v. Unof.
Bromamid {bro'-mam-id) ^jSpa/ioc, a stench; amid'\.
A bromin compound of the anilid group with the
formula, CflH2Br3NH.HBr. It contains 75 per cent.
BROMANIL
238
BRONCHIECTASIS
of bromin, and is much used as an antipyretic, in lo- to
1 5 -grain doses.
Bromanil {bro' -niati-il') [/J/jw/<of, a stench; atiili?i~\,
C'l^Br^Oj- A compound obtained by heating phenol
with bromin and iodin in water. It consists of golden-
yellow, shining leaflets or thick plates that melt and
sublime.
Bromated Antifebrin (l)i-o' -ma-lfd au-te-feh' -rin). See
Anflsepsiii.
Bromatography (bro-)iiat-og' -ra-fe) \jipujia, food;
}pd<pr/, a writing]. A description of or treatise on
foods.
Bromatology [byo-)iiat-oV -o-je) [l3pC)/ua, food; 'Aoyo^, a
science]. The science of foods.
Bromethyl (In-dm-eth'-il). Sts Ethyi Broiaid.
Bromid, or Bromide ihro'-mid, or -mia) \_jipidiiog, a
stench]. Any haloid of bromin ; those of calcium,
iron, ammonium, potassium, and sodium are the ones
mainly used in medicine. They allay nervous excite-
ment, promote tranquillity, and are largely employed
as sedatives. B. of Ethyl. See Hydrobromic Ether.
Bromidia [bro-mid' -e-a/i) [iSpcj/noc;, a stench]. An
American nostrum containing in each fluid dram
chloral hydrate and potassium bromid, each gr. 15, ex-
tract of cannabis indica and extract of hyoscyamus,
each gr. one-half. Dose ^j.
Bromidrosiphobia (bvo-mid-ros-e-fo' -be-ah) [_l3pC)po<;, a
stench ; «5pwf, sweat; (pdjSuc, fear]. Insane dread of
offensive personal smells, with hallucinations as to the
perception of them.
Bromidrosis (bro-m/d-ro'-sis) [/3pu//or, a stench ; lipuc,
sweat]. Osmidrosis ; an affection of the sweat-glands
in which the sweat has an offensive odor. It is usu-
ally associated with chronic local hyperidrosis, especially
of the feet. The odor is due to a specific decomposi-
tion of the sweat from the presence of the bactermni
fcetidiim.
Bromidum (bro' -mid-iim) [.ipw/iof, a stench]. Bromid ;
a salt of bromin.
Bromin, Bromine, or Bromum (bro-min, or -mum)
a stench]. Br = 80 ; quanti valence I. A
reddish-brown liquid, which, at ordinary temperatures,
gives off a heavy, suffocating vapor. In its elementary
form it is a very active escharotic, and internally a
violent poison. It is used by inhalation and as an
escharotic. Dose gtt. ij, largely diluted. The salts
of bromin are cerebral and cardiac depressants, and
highly valuable as hypnotics. The salts of the alkaline
metals are those most commonly used. They are
cerebral and spinal depressants, also alterative, anti-
spasmodic, and hypnotic. Ammonii bromidum,
NH^Br, prismatic crystals. Dose gr. v-xx. Auri
bromidum. See Aurunt. Calcii bromidum, Ca-
Br.,, granular and deliquescent. Dose gr. v-^:^].
Ethyl bromid, C^H^Br, useful in spasmodic coughs.
Dose n^x-gj. Ethylene bromid. See Ethylene.
Ferri bromidi, Syr., contains ten per cent, of the
salt. Dose^ss-j. Lithii bromidum, LiBr, granular
and deliquescent. Dose gr. v-xx. Nickel bro-
midum. See Nickel. Potassii bromidum, KBr,
colorless, cubical crystals. Dose gr. v-gj. Sodii
bromidum, NaBr, colorless, monoclinic crystals.
Dose gr. v-i^j. Zinci bromidum, ZnBr.^, granular,
deliquescent powder. Dose gr. ,''2— ij.
Brominism, Bromism (bro' -niin-iziu , bro'-mhni)
[,}/«j/^of, a stench]. Certain peculiar phenomena
produced by the excessive administration of the
bromids. The most marked symptoms are headache,
coldness of the extremities, feebleness of the heart's
action, somnolence, apathy, anesthesia of the soft
palate and pharynx, pallor of the skin, and a peculiar
eruption of acne which is one of the earliest and most
constant symptoms. There is also anorexia with less
of sexual power and atrophy of the testes or mam-
mx'. The patient may become almost imbecile.
Bromo-Caffein (J.)ro-mo-kaf' -c-in') \bromin : caffein'\.
A proprietary eflervescing preparation containing caf-
fein. It is used for the relief of headaches.
Bromochloralum (bro-mo-klo-raV -um) [Ppa/^og, a
stench ; chloml~\. A proprietary antiseptic and disin-
fecting compound, containing the bromid and chlorid
of aluminum.
Bromoform [l>ro' -ino-foi-m) \^Ppc)fio(;, a stench ; forma,
form], CHBr.j. A bromid having a structure like
that of chloroform, CHCl.; ; it is an active anesthetic.
Its use is not followed by voiniting. It causes irrita-
tion of the conjunctiva and respiratory organs. It is
used in whooping-cough in doses of gtt. ij-v in a mix-
ture of wine and water. Unof.
Bromography {l>ro-iiiog' -ra-fe). Same as Bromatog-
raphy.
Bromoiodism (bro-mo-i' -o-dizm) \_Bromism ; iodism'\.
Poisoning by bromin and iodin compounds together.
Bromol (^z-iZ-wo/), CgH.^Br.jOH. Tribromophenol ; an
antiseptic substance used in the fomiof a powder, solu-
tion (I : 30 olive oil), or ointment (I : 10). Internally
it is used in cholera infantum and typhoid fever. Dose
gr- To-¥- Unof.
Bronchadenitis {brongk-ad-en-i' -tis) \fip6yxia, the
bronchial tubes; ixdiiv, gland; /nf, inflammation].
Inflammatiori of the bronchial lymphatic glands.
Bronchaphrosia [brongk-af-ro' -ze-ah^ [^l3p6}x'-a, bron-
chial tubes; a(j>p6(;, foam]. Obstruction due to the
presence of froth in the bronchioles.
Bronchi (broiig'-ki) \_pp6yxoiy the windpipe]. The
two tubes into which the trachea divides opposite the
third dorsal vertebra, called respectively the right and
the left bronchus.
Bronchia {brotig'-kc-ah) [/ipfSj'jof, the windpipe]. The
bronchial tubes, especially those that are smaller than
the two bronchi.
Bronchial [brong'-ke-al) \_flpoyX'^Q^ windpipe].
Relating to the bronchi or to their branches, or to the
smaller air-passages in the lungs. B. Arteries,
branches of the thoracic aorta, three or four in num-
ber. They are the nutrient vessels of the lungs. See
Arteries, Table of. B. Catarrh, the simplest form of
acute inflammation of the bronchi. It is the so-called
'■'■cold on the chest.''' The feeling of oppression and
constriction, with slight mucous discharge, is due to
hyperemia and swelling of the mucous membrane of
the larger bronchi. B. Fluke. -See Distoma ringeri.
B. Glands, the chain of glands running beside the
bronchi. They frequently undergo pathologic enlarge-
ment and give rise to a group of symptoms — cough,
pain, spasmodic dyspnea, dysphagia, and change in
the voice. The enlargement is usually tuberculous in
nature.
Bronchiectasis [In-oug-ke-ek' -tas-is) [/3po}';t^of , the
windpipe ; tKTanii;, dilatation]. A term denoting the
dilatation or relaxation of the walls of the bronchi,
arising from inflammation and other causes. It is
very rare as a primary condition, but is frequently
associated with some chronic pulmonary disease. It
occurs most frequently in pulmonary tuberculosis at the
apex of the lung, but is also frequently seen in the
bronchi at the base of the lung. It may involve a
tube uniformly for some distance, producing the cylin-
drical form ; or it may occur irregularly in sacs or
pockets, the sacculated form. If the whole lung be
involved in the change we have produced the so-called
turtle lung. The characteristic symptom of bron-
chiectasis is paroxysmal coughing, with the expectora-
tion of large quantities of muco-jiurulent, often fetid.
BRONCHIOCELE
239
BRONCHUS
matter. Cavernous breathing will be heard over the
dilated tubes.
Bronchiocele (prong' -kc-o-sel^ \_broncliioltis, a little air
passage; KifXi), tumor]. A swelling or dilatation of a
bronchiole.
Bronchiole (hroiig' -ke-bl) [dim. of bnmchiis\. One
of the smallest subdivisions of the bronchi.
Bronchiolitis [bron-ke-o-li' -tis) \broitcIiiolus, a little
bronchus; inflammation]. Inflammation of the
bronchioles. B. exudativa, an inflammation of the
bronchioles, with exudation. Curschmann's theory of
the production of bronchial asthma.
Bronchiostenosis ( brong-ke-o-ste-7to' -sis ) [ Ppdyx'K,
the windpipe; arevog, narrow]. Contraction of a
bronchus or of any one or more of the bronchial
tubes.
Bronchitic (brong-kif -ik) \jip6yxo<;, the Windpipe].
Relating to, of the nature of, or affected with, bronchitis.
Bronchitis (brong-ki' -tis) [/Spoy^of, the windpipe ; ni^,
inflammation]. Inflammation of the mucous mem-
brane that lines the bronchial tubes. It is usually
attended with soreness, cough, alteration of the voice,
and febrile symptoms. B., Acute, a severe form of
simple bronchial catarrh. It is the initiatory stage of
the other forms of the disease, and is usually the re-
sult of a chill, though it may be associated with some
other disease, as the exanthemata, and affections of the
kidney and heart. Sibilant and sonorous rhonchi
and bubbling rales may be heard on auscultation.
B., Acute Capillary, a variety in which there is
an involvement of the minute tubes of the lung. It
is most frequently met with in children, usually secon-
darily to other diseases of the lung or other organs.
The symptoms are urgent— dyspnea, short, irritating
cough, nervous depr^sion, and excited action of the
heart. Collapse of portions of the lung frequently
occurs, and the patient may die of asphyxia and ex-
treme exhaustion. B., Catarrhal, a form attended
with profuse muco-purulent discharges. B., Chronic,
a form occurring either as an independent disease or as
the result of repeated attacks of the acute variety. It
is generally associated with organic changes in the
lungs and other organs, such as emphysema, bronchiec-
tasis, pulmonary tuberculosis and pleurisy. Occurring
in old people, it produces the well-known " 7vinter
cotigh " of the aged. B., Croupous, Fibrinous, or
Plastic, a rare variety attended with the expectora-
tion of casts of the bronchial tubes, after a paroxysm
of dyspnea and violent coughing. The casts are
fibrinous in nature, hollow, yellowish-white, and
vary froifi one to seven inches in length. This
form of bronchitis is usually seen in males, and be-
tween the ages of ten and thirty. B., Mechanical,
or Potter's, a form caused by the inhalation of dust,
etc. B., Potter's. B., Mechanical. B., Putrid,
or Fetid, a variety of chronic bronchitis characterized
by the discharge of a copious, half-liquid, extremely
offensive sputum. The peculiar odor is thought to be
due to a microorganism, especially to a short, slightly-
curved bacillus described by Lumnitzer. B., Sum-
mer. Synonymous wdth Ilay Fevct\ q. v.
Bronchlemmitis [brong-kkiii-i' -tis) [/J/J"} ;t:of , the wind-
pipe ; Af/^//a, a skin]. Croupous bronchitis.
Bronchoaegophony {hro7ig-ko-e-goff' -o-ne). See Bron-
cltoegophony-
Bronchocele [brong' -ko-sel, or -se'-le) \pp6yxoc., the
windpipe; /i7//i?/, a tumor]. See Goiter.
Bronchocephalitis (J>rong-ko-sef-al-i' -tis). Synonym
of Whooping-cough .
Bronchoegophony {l)roug-ko-e-goff' -o-ne) [/3/}0}';fof,
the windpipe; aif, a goat; ipuj'?/, a voice, sound].
Bronchophony combined with egophony.
Broncholemmitis {brong-ko-lem-i' -tis). See Bronch-
Icnunitis.
Broncholith (brong' -ko-litJi) [,Jpo;-,^-of , the windpipe ;
XSq^, a stone]. A calculus or concretion formed in a
bronchial tube.
Bronchomycosis (hrong-ko-ini-ko' -sis) yipoyxog, the
windpipe; /ii'/»7/(;, a fungus] . The growth or presence
of fungi in a bronchial tube.
Bronchopathy (brong-kop' -a-the) \_^7Myxoi, the wind-
pipe ; TTattog, disease]. Any disease of the air-
passages.
Bronchophonic (brong-ko-fon' -ik) \Jipoyxoc, the wind-
pipe ; ijiufij, a voice]. Relating to bronchophony.
Bronchophony (l>rong-koff' -o-ne) \_jip6yxog, the wind-
pipe ; (fiuvr/, the voice]. The resonance of the voice
within the bronchi as heard through the stethoscope.
It is normally present over the lower cervical spines,
in the upper inter-scapular region, and over the sternal
portion of the infra-clavicular regions. B., Whis-
pered, bronchophony elicited by causing the patient
to whisper.
Bronchophthisis ( brong-ko-thi' -sis ) \fip6yxcK, the
windpipe; (li8l(7i(;, a wasting]. Pulmonary tubercu-
losis characterized by extensive lesions of the bron-
chial tubes.
Bronchophyma (brong-ko-fi' -mah) {fipoyx'^Zt the air-
passage ; (lihfia, a growth]. Any growth, as a tuber-
cle, in a bronchial tube.
Bronchoplasty (brong' -ko-plas-te) \fipbyxoq, the tra-
chea ; TrAflffCTf/i', to form]. The surgical closure of a
tracheal fissure or fistula.
Broncho-pneumonia (brong-ko-nii-nio' -ne-ah) [/3pO}-
Xoq, the windpipe; ttviv/uuv, the lung]. Lobular
pneumonia, a term applied to inflammation of the
lungs, which, beginning in the bronchi, finally in-
volves the parenchyma of the lungs. This disease is
most frequently encountered in children, but may
occur in old age. Three varieties are described: I.
A simple, acute form, following a severe bronchial
catarrh. 2. A secondary form, occurring after whoop-
ing-cough or some general febrile infective disease.
3. A rare suppurative form, with the formation of
abscesses throughout the lung. The patient suffering
with broncho-pneumonia presents the following symp-
toms: dyspnea, cough, fever, often high, restlessness,
and occasionally marked cerebral symptoms. If con-
valescence be not properly guarded relapses are likely
to occur. The physical signs vary greatly, and are
often not marked. The course of the disease is
generally chronic, and the prognosis must be guarded.
Bronchorrhagia (brong-kor-a' -je-ah) [/3/)0}xof, the
bronchus ; priyvvvat, to burst forth]. Hemorrhage
from the air-passages.
Bronchorrhea (broiig-kor-e'-ah) \_pp6yxoZy the bron-
chus ; pieiv, to flow] . A form of bronchitis attended
with profuse expectoration.
Bronchostenosis (brong-ho-ste-no'-sis) [/5/)d; ,\'0f , the
windpipe ; crevog, narrow]. Contraction of a
bronchus.
Bronchotome (brong'-ko-tom) \_l3p6yxoi;, the windpipe;
Ti/jvetv, to cut]. An instrument for cutting the
larynx or trachea in the operation of bronchotomy.
Bronchotomy (hrotig-kof -o-nie) [/3po>'jof, bronchus;
TEiiveiv, to cut]. A surgical cutting-operation upon
the bronchus, larynx, or trachea.
Broncho-tracheal (brong-ko-tra' -ke-al) \_iipoyxoQ, the
bronchus; Tpax^^'ia, the windpipe]. Relating to a
bronchus (or to both bronchi) and to the trachea.
Broncho-vesicular (bron-ko-ves-ik'-u-lar) [/'Jpd; jor,
the bronchus ; vesictila, a vesicle]. Both bronchial
and vesicular. See Breath-Sounds, Table of.
Bronchus (brong' -kits). See Bronchi.
BRONSON'S METHOD
240
BRUIT
Bronson's Method. See Treatment, MeiJwds of .
Bronze (bro)iz) [_i>roi!ziiii?i , bronze]. An alloy of cop-
per and tin. B. John, a popular term for Yello7o
Fever, q. v. B. Liver, a dark reddish-brown or
olive-black color of the liver, seen in post-mortem ex-
aminations of certain cases of chronic malarial
poisoning.
Bronzed [l>ronzd) \_broiiziuni, bronze]. Tanned; of
a bronzed color. B. Skin, a symptom of Addison's
Disease. B. -skin Disease. 'Ate Addison'' s Disease.
Brood [brood) [}A}L., l>rood~\. In biology, offspring ;
progeny. B. -cells, in cell-division, the mother-
cells inclosing the daughter-cells. B.-food, a highly
nitrogenous tissue-forming pap, derived by bees
from pollen by digestion.
Brooke's Ointment. An ointment for treating lupus.
It is composed of oxid of zinc and powdered starch
each % ounce; white vaseline )^ ounce; hyd. oleatis
(five per cent.) one ounce; salicylic acid 20 grains;
ichthyol 20 minims ; oil of lavender q. s. ; enough red
Armenian bole and raw umber may be added to match
the color of the skin.
Broom [i>roo/ii). See Scopariiis.
Brosimum (bro'-sim-um) [/Spiic/f , food]. A genus of
moraceous trees of S. America. B. galactoden-
dron, the Venezuelan cow-tree ; its milky sap is
nutritious, and yields both a cheesy food and a wax
iygalactiii) serviceable for candles.
Broth [broth). See Bouilloti.
Brother Ulcer [hruth'-er ul'-ser). See Donda Ndugu.
Brousnika [broos' -ne-kah ) [Rus.]. The berries of
red whortleberry, red bilberry ( \'acci)i{um vitis idiva),
used in the form of a decoction in Russia for the relief
of rheumatic affections. Unof.
Broussaisism [brils-a' -izm) \_Brmissais, a French phy-
sician]. The physiologic, pathologic, and therapeutic
doctrines taught by J. V. Broussais.
Broussaism [brus-a' -izm). See Broussaisism.
Brow [brow) [ME., //roTi't']. The forehead ; the upper
anterior portion of the head. B.-Ague, neuralgia
of the first division of the fifth cranial nerve, com-
monly met with in malarious districts, though at times
occurring independently of such surroundings, and
then dependent upon some diathesis, especially the
gouty. B. Presentation, presentation of the fetal
brow in labor. See Fetus, Position of.
Brown [broion) [ME., bro'iiin'\. A dark reddish-yel-
low color. B. Atrophy, an atrophy of a tissue asso-
ciated with a deposit therein of a brown or yellow
pigment. B.Coal. See Coal a.n<i Lignite. B. Crown,
in dentistry, an artificial, all-porcelain crown, which
is attached to a natural root by means of an iridio-
platinum pin baked in position. The pin has the
greatest strength at the neck of the tooth, where the
strain is heaviest, and this strength is further in-
creased by extending the porcelain upon the pin. B.
Edema. See Edema. B. Induration of Lung, a
state of the lung due to long-continued congestion,
usually arising from marked incompetency or from
constriction of the mitral valve. The lungs are en-
larged and do not collapse on opening the thorax, and
have a peculiar tint of yellow shading into a brown
or reddish-brown ; a brownish fluid exudes on pres-
sure. The color is due to pigment-granules in the
epithelial cells of the air-vesicles. B. Madder. See
Figments, Conspectus of. B. Mixture. See Mistura
ferri composita and Glycyrrhiza. B. Ointment, the
ungnenfum fuscum, N. F. ; called also unguentum
matris, or "mother's salve." It is composed of
" brown plaster," two parts ; oil, one part ; suet, one
part. B. Pink. See Pigments, Conspectus of. B.
Plaster, the emplastrum fuscum camp/ioratum, N. F. ;
called also cmp/astrum matris camphoratum , or
" camphorated mother's plaster ; " official in German
pharmacy. It is made of red oxid of lead, thirty
parts ; oil of olives, sixty parts ; yellow wax, fifteen
parts; camphor, one part. B. Study. See Ceno-
spudia. B. Wort, the plant Brunella vulgaris, pop-
ularly reckoned a good vulnerary, as well as a cure
for sore-throat. Unof.
Brown's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Browne's Operation. See Operations , Table of.
Brownian Movement. An oscillation or agitation ob-
served under the microscope in very fine granules,
drops, etc., when suspended in a liquid. The move-
ment is not locomotion, and is to be distinguished from
that of the self-motility of living microorganisms. Its
cause is not definitely known, but it may be due to
heat, light, electricity, osmosis, etc. See Pedesis.
Brownism [bro-vn' -izm) . See Brunonian Theory.
Brown-Sequard's Combination of Symptoms. .See
S?gns and Symptoms, Table of. B. Disease. See
Diseases, Table of. B. Method of Treatment. See
Treatment, Methods of. B. Paralysis. See Dis-
eases, Table of.
Bruch, Clusters of. See Gland, Aggregated, of Bruch.
B., Glands of. See Gland.
Brucin [bru'-sin) \_Briccea, a genus of shrubs], CjjH^g-
N2O4. A poisonous alkaloid found in .Strychnos nux
vomica and in Strychnos Ignatius. It crystallizes in
prisms containing 4H2O, and melts at 178°. Its
taste is exceedingly bitter and acrid. Its action on
the animal economy is similar to but much less power-
ful than that of strychnin. See Nu.x Vomica.
Briicke's Berlin Blue Mass. A warm-flowing mass
for injecting tissues. It is made as follows : potassium
ferrocyanid, 217 gm.; water, jooo c.c; ferrous chlorid
I part; water 10 parts. Take equal volumes of these
solutions and add to each twice its volume of a cold
saturated solution of sodium sulphate. Add the iron
solution to the ferrocyanid solution, with constant
stirring. Filter and wash the precipitate with the
filtrate until it runs through clear, then wash with
water until the filtrate runs off blue. Dry the precip-
itate. To a concentrated solution of this blue add
enough gelatin to make a firm jelly when cold. Heat
to 60° C. and filter through flannel. B.'s Fluid,
potassio-mercuric iodid, employed in the precipitation
of proteids. B.'s Method, a method of removing all
the proteids from a substance. Acidulate the liquid
with HCl, and then add to it a solution of potassio-
mercuric iodid, made by saturating with mercuric
iodid a boiling solution of potassium iodid. B.'s
Muscle. See Muscles, Table of. B.'s Reagent.
See Tests, Table of. B.'s Red Mass, a material for
injecting the body. A concentrated solution of potas-
sium ferrocyanid is injected into the artery until it
runs clear from the vein. Then as much as possible
is allowed to drain away. Next a concentrated solu-
tion of cupric sulphate free from iron is injected. By
this method the red cupric ferrocyanid is precipitated
in the vessels. B.'s Test. Sa.vcie B.' s 7'^eagen/.
Bruise [brooz). See Contusion.
Bruit [bru-e' ) [Fr. , a noise or report] . A term used
by French physicians to designate the various specific
sounds of auscultation. B. d'airain. Trousseau's
term for the ringing note heard through the stethoscope
applied to the chest wall when a coin is struck against
another pressed against the surface of the chest on the
opposite side. It is pathognomonic of a collection of
gas in the pleural cavity. B. de clapotement, a
splashing sound often heard in cases of well-marked
dilatation of the stomach when pressure is made upon
the abdominal walls. It is best elicited when the
BRUNET
241
BUCCAL
patient is in the recumbent position, with relaxed
abdominal walls, by palpating near the left border of
the ribs. The same sound can be produced by shak-
ing the patient [hridt de ghm-g/oit). B. de braque-
ment, a crackling sound. B. de cuir neuf, the new-
leather murmur of the French ; the creaking quality
occasionally heard in pericardial friction-sounds. B.
de diable, a venous murmur, of a whistling or rush-
ing character, arising in the bulb of the common jugu-
lar vein, and due to such diseases as anemia, lead-
poisoning, etc. ; it is more common in the young, and
is caused immediately by the vibration of the blood flow-
ing from the narrow part of the common jugular vein
into the wide, bulbous portion of the vessel. See also
Muniiitr. B. de galop, a cantering rhythm of the
heart frequently heard in mitral stenosis, in which
three distinct heart-sounds are audible. It is due to
a reduplication of the second sound. See also Gallop
Rhythm. B. de glou-glou. See B. de clapotc-
ment. B. de lime. See B. de scie. B. de mou-
lin, water-wheel sound ; a peculiar friction-sound
mixed with splashing and gurgling, heard in pneumo-
hydropericardium. B. d'oboe, a musical heart-mur-
mur. B. de pot fele, the cracked-pot sound. B.
de parchemin, a rattling, as of parchment. B. de
rape. See Bruit de seie. B. de rappel, a sound
resembling the double beat upon a drum. This
doubling of the heart-sounds may be noted in different
stages of chronic interstitial nephritis, when it is the
first sound that is duplicated ; and in mitral stenosis,
when the second sound is doubled. B. de scie, a
murmur sounding like that made by a saw or file. Also
called B. de rape and B. de lime. B. skodique, an
amphoric note heard in the pleural cavity, especially
near the apex anteriorly, when there is a fluid accumula-
tion not filling the whole of the plural sac. Also
called Skoda' s tympany. B. de soufflet, a bellows-
murmur. B. de soupape, a flapping sound. B. de
de va et vient, a to-and-fro friction-sound.
Briin's Operations. See Operations , Table of.
Brunei, or Brunette (bm-net') [Fr.]. I. Of a dark
complexion. 2. One with a dark complexion.
Briining's Red. Same as Rosanilin.
Brunissure [brun-is-iir') [¥r. , brunisseur, that which
browns]. A disease of the grape, attacking the leaves
only, caused by Plasmodia poravitis. (Viala and -Sau-
vageau). Also called Bra tine.
Brunner's Glands. See Glands.
Brunonian Movement. See Broivnian Movement.
B. Theory, brownism ; a doctrine taught by Dr.
J. Brown (1735-88) that both physiologic and
pathologic phenomena are due to variations in a natural
stimulus, its excess causing sthenic and its deficiency
producing asthenic diseases.
Brunswick (brunz' -wik) [Ger. ]. A town in Germany.
B. Black. S&mt a.s Japan Black. B.Green. See
Conspectus of Pigments, under Pig/nent.
Brush (brush) [fAY.., brusshe']. An instrument con-
sisting of a collection of some flexible material fas-
tened to a handle. In surgery, various forms of
brush are employed; as the acid brush, of glass
threads ; the electric brush, a form of electrode ; the
laryngeal brush ; the nasal, pharyngeal, and stomach
brush. See also Pencil. 2. A thicket of small trees.
B.-burn, the injury produced by violent friction, and
the resulting heat ; it often resembles a burn or scald.
B. -cells. See Cell.
Bryant, Ampulla of. See Ampulla.
Bryant's Line. See Lines, Table of. B.'s Method.
See Treatment , Methods of. B.'s Operations. See
Operations, Table of. B.'s Triangle. See Triangles,
Table of
16
Bryce's Test. A test to determine if systemic infection
has taken place after vaccination. It consists in repeat-
ing the inoculation during the evolution of the vaccine
disease. If systemic infection has occurred, the sec-
ond inoculation will mature rapidly, so as to overtake
the first.
Brygmus (brig' -mus') \_[3pi'}/j.uc, biting]. Same as Odon-
toprisis.
Bryology (bri-ol'-o-je') [_l3f)vov, a moss ; Ih/eiv, to speak].
The science of mosses.
Bryonia (bri-o' -ne-ah) \Jipvuvla, bryony]. Bryony.
The root of B . alba and B. dioica ; indigenous to
Europe, with properties due to an intensely bitter glu-
cosid, Bryonin, C^HgdO,^, a strong irritant when
applied to the skin or mucous membrane, often pro-,
ducing vesication. It is a remedy of great value in
pleurisy, pleuro-pneumonia, and rheumatic fever, and
an excellent agent in colds. Dose of the powdered
root gr. x-xxx. B., Infusum (unof.), has a strength
of 5j to the Oj of water. Dose ^ss-ij. B., Tinct.,
a 10 per cent, solution of the root in alcohol. Dose
niv--5ss.
Bryonin (bri-o' -nin) [_(ipvtjj>ia, bryony]. A precipitate
from the tincture of Bryonia alba ; useful as a hydra-
gogue, and in rheumatism and bronchial affections.
Dose gr. Unof. See Bryonia. Dose as a
drastic purgative, gr. ],'(>-/{■
Bryony (bri'-o-ne). See Bryonia. B. Black. See
Ta/nus.
Bryoplastic (bri-oplas' -111?) \jipvov, moss ; Tr'Aaaaew,
to form]. A descriptive term loosely applied to such
abnormal growths of tissue as resemble vegetable forms.
Bryoretin (bri-o-re' -tin) \jipvm>'ia, bryony ; 'pr/Tivrj,
resin]. A resin-like substance obtainable from the
glucosid bryonin.
Bubaline (bti' -bal-in) \bubalinus, pertaining to the
bubalus, buffalo]. In biology, resembling or pertain-
ing to the buffalo.
Bubby (bub'-e) [E. dial.]. I. A vulgar name for
the mamma. 2. A local name for Calycanthus
florid us.
Bubo (bii'-bo) [Bnvjicjv, the groin]. Inflammation and
swelling of a lymphatic gland, properly and generally
of the groin, and usually following chancroid, gon-
orrhea or syphilitic infection. B., Parotid. See
Parotitis. B., Primary, a slight adenitis of the
groin due to mechanical irritation, or other cause;
formerly supposed to be due to syphilis without a
chancre having preceded. B., Sympathetic, one
caused by irritation, friction, injury, etc., and not
arising from an infectious disease.
Bubonadenitis (bu-bon-ad-en-i' -tis) \_^ovfiLv, the groin ;
aSijv, a gland ; m^, inflammation]. Inflammation of
an inguinal gland.
Bubonalgia (bu-boJi-aU -je-ah) ^ox'i^uv, the groin ;
a'Ayoc, pain]. Pain in the inguinal region.
Bubonic (bu-boti'-ik) [/3oi'/3<jr, the groin]. Relating
to a bubo. B. Plague. Synonym of the /'/af«<?, ^.z'.
Bubonocele (bu-bon' -o-sel) [/SowSui', the groin; K.rf/ri,
tumor]. Inguinal hernia when the gut does not ex-
tend beyond the inguinal canal.
Bubononcus (bu-bon-ong' -kits) [fiov^Lv, the groin ;
byKoc, a tumor]. A swelling in the groin.
Bubonopanus \bu-bon-o-pa' -mts) {povfiiiv, the groin ;
Trdyof, torch]. An inguinal bubo.
Bubonulus (bu-bon' -u-lus) [L. , dim. of fe/'c]. Lym-
phangitis of the dorsum of the penis, often with
abscesses ; due to chancroidal virus.
"Bvicca. (buk'-ah) \JL.']. I. The mouth ; the hollow of
the cheek, or its inner surface. 2. The vulva.
Buccal (buk'-al) \_bucca, the cheek]. Pertaining to
the cheek. B. Coitus. See Irrumation and Na??ie-
BUCCINAL
242
BULBAR
less Crime. B. Glands. See Gland. B. Teeth,
the teeth behind the canines are so called because
they are situated on the inside of the cheeks. In the
human subject they are the bicuspids and molars.
Buccinal (Inik' -sin-al) [/3y/cdw;, a trumpet]. In
biology, trumpet-shaped.
Buccinator (huk' -sin-a-toi-) ^(Svnavr/, a trumpet]. The
thin, flat muscle of the cheek. See Afiiscles, Table of.
Bucco {huk'-o). Same as Buchu.
Bucco-labial [biik-o-la'-be-a/) [_bucca, the mouth;
labinui, a lip]. Pertaining to the mouth and lip.
B. Muscle, the buccinator. See Muscles, Table of.
Bucco-pharyngeal (biik-ofai--in'-je-al^ \l)ucca, the
mouth ; OapvA^, the pharynx]. Relating to the mouth
and to the pharynx.
Buccula {biik'-u-lali) [L. , dim. of bucca, the cheek].
The fleshy fold seen beneath the chin, and forming
what is called a double chin.
Buchanan's Operations. See Operations, Table of.
Buchu {Ini'-ku) [native African]. The leaves of
several species oi Barosma, yielding a volatile oil, to
which its properties are probably due, and a bitter
extractive, j9a;wwz«. Dose gr. j-v. It causes a sensa-
tion of glowing warmth over the body, stimulates the
appetite, and increases the circulation. It is useful
in urethritis and affections of the genito-urinary mucous
membrane. Dose of the leaves, gr. xv-xxx. B.,
Ext., Fid. Dose nix-gj. B., Infusum (Unof K
to Oj. Dose ^ss-ij. B., Infusum (B. P.).
Dose §j-iv. B., Tinctura, (B. P.) Dose
Buck's Apparatus. An apparatus consisting of a
weight and pulley for applying extension to a limb.
B. Fascia, the superficial perineal fascia. B.
Method. See Treatment, Methods of. B. Opera-
tions. See Operations, Table of.
Buckbean {buk'-ben) Bog-bean. The rhizome of
Menyanthes trifoliata, tonic, antiscorbutic, and em-
menagogue. It has been recommended as a vermi-
fuge, and has been used in functional amenorrhea.
Dose of fld. ext. TTLv-xxx. Unof.
Bucket Fever (buk'-et fe^-ver). See Fever.
Buckeye Bark (buk'-i bark). The bark of yEsculus
astringent and tonic, and serviceable in rectal
irritation, prolapsus, and various uterine derange-
ments. Dose of fld. ext. gtt. iij-v. Unof.
Buckhorn {biik'-liorn). The horn of a buck. When
powdered or calcined, it is used by dentists for polish-
ing enamel, and fillings, and for removing light de-
posits of tartar. B. Fern, a fern, called also royal fern,
Osinimda regalis ; it is vaunted as a cure for rickets.
Unof.
Buckle-shell (biik' -l-shel) [New Eng. dialect]. A
recently moulted lobster ; also called paper-shell
lobster, June lobster, or sand-lobster.
Bucko [l>uk'-o). Same as Buchu.
Buckthorn {buk' -thorn). See Frangula. B., Cali-
fornia. .See Cascara Sagrada.
Bucku {buk'-ii). Same as Buchu.
Buckwheat (buk'-lnvet). The seed or grain of Fago-
pvrum esculoitum and of other species of the same
genus. It is used to some extent as a substitute for
the true cereals. In theory, it takes a high rank as a
food ; but its free use tends to constipation, indigestion
and headache, and especially to a peculiar roughness
and itching of the skin. The flowers of the plant af-
ford rich bee-pasturage, but the honey is inferior.
Bucnemia (buk-ne^-me-ah) \_ftov, increase ; Kv}]jir], the
leg]. Inflammation of the leg characterized by tense-
ne.ss and swelling ; elephantiasis ; also phlegmasia
dolens. B. Tropica. .See Elephantiasis arabum.
Bud {bud) [ME., buddc, a bud]. In biology, the unde-
veloped germ-state of a leaf or flower.
Budd's Disease. See Diseases, Table of.
Budding [bud'-ing) \W^.,budden\ In biology, a
form of reproduction or cell-division, occurring among
the polyps and infusoriee, in which a bud is given off
by the parent and comes to resemble the latter. The
bud may remain permanently attached or may form a
colony, each member acquiring a differentiation of
function, even to the formation of male and female ele-
ments. The process is also called Gemmatioji, q. v.
Budge's Center. See Center.
Buffalo Rubin {buf'-al-o ru' -bin). See Pigments, Con-
spectus of.
Buffers' Consumption (buf'-erz con-sump' -shun).
The phthisis occurring among metal-polishers.
Buffy Coat {buf'-e-kot). A grayish or bufi'-colored
crust or layer sometimes seen upon a blood-clot, after
phlebotomy, and once looked upon as a sign of inflam-
mation. It is caused by the partial subsidence of the
red blood-corpuscles.
Bufidin [bu'-fid-in) \bufo, the toad], Phrynin; an
alkaloid from the venom of the toad; it is poisonous,
and said to resemble digitalin in its effects.
Bufoniform {bu-fon'-iform) \_bufo, a toad ; forma,
shape]. In biology, toad-like.
Bugbane [bug' -ban). See Cimicifuga.
Buggery (bug'-er-e) [OF., bougrc, an heretic]. Sodomy;
bestiality.
Bugleweed (bu' -gl-wed). The herb, Lycopus virgini-
cus, narcotic and astringent. Dose of fld. ext. 7, ss-
ij. Lycopin, concentrated extract. Dose gr. j-iv.
Unof.
Buhach {Ini' -hatch) [Serbo-croatian for flea-bane ; buha,
a flea]. The plant Pyrcthrum cinerariafolium. See
Insect Powder.
Buhl's Disease. See Diseases, Table of.
Bulam, or Bulama Boil {bu'-lam ox bu-lam'-ah boil).
A boil occurring on the African island of Bulam ;
probably caused by a burrowing-worm or insect-
larva. B. Fever, a West-Africa coast fever, said to
be identical with yellow fever.
Bulata (buF-at-ah). See Batata.
Bulb {bulb) [/3oA/3of, a bulb]. I. The expansion or
dilatation of a canal or vessel. 2. Applied to the
medulla and pons. 3. A short underground stem
covered with fleshy leaf-bases or fleshy leaves, as
the onion and squill. B. of Aorta, the dilatation
of the aorta near its beginning. B. of Corpus
Cavernosum, the muscle beneath the bulb of the
urethra. B. of an Eye, the eyeball. B. of For-
nix. See Corpora. B. of a Hair, the swelling at
the root of a hair. B., Olfactory, one of the two
bulbs of the olfactory nerve situated on either side of
the longitudinal fissure upon the under surface of each
anterior lobe of the cerebrum. B. of a Tooth, the
papilla that forms the germ of a tooth. B. of
Urethra, the posterior expanded part of the corpus
spongiosum penis. B. of the Vagina, a small body
of erectile tissue on each side of the vestibule of the
vagina, homologous to the bulb of the urethra of the
male. B. of Vena Jugularis, the dilatation at the
beginning of the external jugular vein.
Bulbar {but' -bar) [/fo;i/jof, a bulb]. Bulbous. Pertain-
ing to the medulla. B. Disease, or Paralysis, a
term applied to the progressive and symmetrical paral-
ysis of the facial muscles about the mouth, including
those of the tongue, pharynx, and sometimes those of
the larynx. This paralysis is due to a disease of the
motor nuclei in the medulla oblongata ; an acute and
a chronic form are met with. The acute form is due
to hemorrhage or softening ; the chronic to degenera-
tion. The chronic form is insidious in its approach,
the tongue often being the first organ involved ; the
BULBI VESTIBULI
243
BURNER
course is slow but progressive, and death usually
results in from one to four years. Bulbar paralysis
usually occurs after forty years of age. Syphilis is
not a predisposing cause. The disease is also called
Labio-glosso-la>y)igeal Paralysis. There is also a
pseudo-bulba}- paralysis, due to symmetrical lesions of
the motor cerebral cortex.
Bulbi vestibuli (Iml'-bi ves-tib' -n-li ) [L.]. A name
sometimes given to the glands of Bartholin.
Bulbil, or Bulblet [biil'-bil, Imlb'-ld) [/JoA/Wf, a bulb].
Small bulbs of fleshy buds frequently occurring on
above-ground parts of plants, as the bulblets of some
onions and of the tiger-lily.
Bulbillse [Intl-bil' -e) \lnilbillus, dim. of biilbus, a bulb].
In biology, gemma; of hydroid zoophytes that become
detached at an early stage, and are then capable of
independent development.
Bulbo-cavernosus [Inil-bo-kav-ern-o' -sus') [ jio'kpo^, a
bulb; caverna, a cavern]. A perineal muscle in the
male subject, corresponding to the sphincter vaginae
of the female. See Muscles, Table of.
Bulbo-urethral [bnl-bo-u-retk'-ral) [/ioX/^df, a bulb;
oiipr/Hpa, the urethra]. Relating to the bulb of the
urethra.
Bulbus (bul'-bus) [L.]. A bulb. B. arteriosus; in
a certain stage in the development of the heart, the
upper aortic enlargement is so called. B. rhachidi-
chus, the medulla oblongata.
Bulesis (Jm-le'-sis) [[iovh/aic;, the will]. The will, or
an act of the will.
Bulimia {bii-lim' -e-ali) [/3ot), increase; "kifio^, hunger].
Excessive, morbid hunger ; it sometimes occurs in
idiots and insane persons, and it is also a symptom of
diabetes mellitus.
Bulimic (bu-lim'-ik) \_^iov, increase; /l^/^of, hunger].
Pertaining to or affected with bulimia.
Bulithos (bu'-litk-os) \_(i<ivc^, ox; Xitio^, stone]. A
bezoar from the ox or the cow.
Bulla [bill' -ah) \_lmlla, a bubble : //. , Biilhe^ A bleb
or "blister," consisting of a portion of the epidermis
detached from the skin by tlie infiltration of watery
fluid. The bulla differs from the vesicle mainly in
size. B. ethmoidalis, a rounded projection into
the middle meatus of the nose, due to an enlarged
ethmoid cell. B., Hemorrhagic. See Purpura.
B. ossea, the inflated or dilated part of the bony
external meatus of the ear.
Bullate {bal'-at) \_bulla, a. bubble]. Inflated; forni-
cated and with thin walls ; blistered ; marked by
bullw.
Bull-dog Forceps {buF -dog for' -seps). See Forceps.
Bullet Extractor {bill' -eteks-trak' -tor'). See Forceps.
Bullous {bul'-us) \bulla, a blister]. Marked by bullae ;
of the nature of a bulla.
Bully's Toilet Vinegar. A cosmetic consisting of
tincture of benzoin, l.o ; acetic acid, 4.0 ; Cologne
water, 100.0.
Bully Tree [buF -e-tre) . See Batata.
Bulopeithia (bu-lo-pF -the-aJi) \^l3ovA//, will ; welOEiv, to
persuade]. An exaggerated hopefulness or morbid
expectation of that which is desired.
Bumastos [bu-?nas' -tos) [/3oiif, large (ox) ; fiaarog,
breast]. A very large or hypertrophied mamma.
Bumble Foot {bum'-bl foot). A disease of poultry,
appearing as a wart-like substance growing in the ball
of the foot. It is caused by high perches or by con-
stant walking on cement or stone.
Bump {bump) [origin uncertain]. Any one of those
eminences of the external surface of the skull that are
conceived by phrenologists to mark the localities of
the various " organs " of the brain.
Bumstead's Operations. See Operations, Table of.
Bundle [bun'-dl) [ME., bundel\ In biology, a fasci-
cular grouping of elementary tissues, as nerve-fibers or
muscle-fibers. B. of Vicq d'Azyr, a thick bundle
of nerve-fibers arising in the more caudad of the two
median nuclei of the corpus candicans of the brain,
and extending to the anterior tubercle of the thalamus.
It was formerly called the fornix descendcns. B.-
sheath, " In many plants a ring of cells, often with
strongly-thickened and lignified walls, developed only
on the outside of the bast, or around the entire bundle,
or around the whole mass of fibro-vascular bundles."
(Thoma.)
Bunion [bun' -yun) [origin uncertain]. A swelling of
a bursa of the foot, especially of the great toe.
Bunodont (biF -no-dont) \_Povv6r, a hill, mound ; orSoff,
tooth]. Pertaining to tuberculate molar teeth.
Bunsen Burner. See Burner. B. Cell. See Cell.
Bunt {bunt). See Smut.
Buphthalmia {buf-thaF -me-ah), or Buphthalmos
{biif-thaF -nios) [/3oi)f, ox; oMa'A/uoi;, eye]. See
Keratoglobus .
Bupleurum {bu-plu' -ruin) [L.]. A genus of umbelli-
ferous herbs. .Several old-world species were formerly
employed in medicine, especially B. rotundifolium,
of which the leaves and fruit are considered vulnerary
and discutient. Unof.
Bur, or Burr [ME., burre, a bur]. I. In botany, a
rough, prickly shell or case. 2. The lobe of the ear.
3. In dentistry, an instrument for polishing the-teeth.
B. Drills, dental instruments of spherical, cone-shape,
cylindrical, and wheel-forms, for opening and form-
ing cavities. Flexible burs and drills having spring-
tempered stems are used for opening and preparing
nerve canals. B. Thimble, in dentistry, an open
ring for the middle or index finger, with a socket
attached, in which rests the end of the handle of the
drill used in excavating a cavity in a tooth, preparatory
to filling it.
Burckhardt's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Burcquism [boork' -izm). See Metallother-apy.
Burdach, Column of. See Funiculus cuneatus and
Column. B., Cords of, the cords formed in the dorsal
zone of the human spinal cord by the meeting of the
oval bundles of His below the cords of Goll. B.'s
Fissures. See Fissures, Table of.
Burdock {ber'-dok). See Lappa.
Burdwan Fever {berd'-7van fe'-ver). 'Ute. Fever.
Buret, or Burette {bu-ret') [Fr.]. A graduated tube
designed for measuring small cjuantities of a reagent.
It is usually held vertically in a stand and provided
with a stopcock.
Burggrave's Apparatus. Same as Seutin's Appara-
tus, with the addition of a layer of wool around the
limb.
Burgundy Pitch. See Pi.x.
Burking \^Burke, a noted criminal] . Suftbcation pro-
duced by a combination of pressure on the chest with
closure of the mouth and nostrils. This was the
method employed by Burke and Williams.
Burmah Boil. A form of endemic ulcer common in
Burmah.
Burmese {bur-tnez') [native]. Pertaining to Burmah,
a province of Farther India. B. Lacquer. See
Lacquer. B. Ringworm, Fox's name for a severe
and troublesome form of Tinea circinata.
Burn [ME., bcrnen, to burn]. I. To become inflamed.
2. To be charred or scorched. 3. To have the sensa-
tion of heat. 4. An injury caused by fire or dry heat.
5. A disease in vegetables. 6. In chemistry, to
oxygenize. 7. In surgery, to cauterize.
Burner [ME., hernen, to burn]. A common name
for a lamp or heating apparatus used in laboratories
BURNETT S DISINFECTING FLUID 244
BUTTER
for chemic and pharmaceutic purposes. B., Argand,
uses gas or oil, and contains an inner tube for sup-
plying the flame with air. B., Bunsen, a form in
which the gas is mixed with a sufiicient quantity of
air to produce complete oxidation before ignition.
Burnett's (Sir W.) Disinfecting Fluid. A strong so-
lution of zinc chlorid (gr. xxv to of water) with a
little iron chlorid. This is added to one quart of water
for use. It is serviceable as an antiseptic and deodor-
izer, and as a preserver of dead bodies.
Burning [bern' -iiig) [ME., beriien to burn]. Consum-
ing with heat or fire. B. of the Feet, a neurotic af-
fection of the soles of the feet, common in India.
B. Oil, kerosene. The different burning oils are
graded according to the two standards of color and
fire-test. The colors range from pale-yellow (stand-
ard white) to straw (prime white) and colorless
(water white). The fire-tests to which the commercial
oils are mosdy brought are llo° ¥., 120° F. , and
150° F. ; that of 110° going mainly to the continent
of Europe and to China and Japan, and that of 120°
to England. An oil of 150° F. fire-test, and water-
white in color, is known in the trade as ^'■headlight
oil ." An oil of 300° V., fire-test, and specific grav-
ity .829 is known as mineral sperm," or "mineral
colza oil.''' " Fyronaplitha" is a product of Rus-
sian petroleum, somewhat similar to mineral sperm
oil. It has a specific gravity of .865, and a fire-test
of 265° F. B. Point, in testing petroleum oils, the
temperature at which a spark or lighted jet will ignite
the liquid itself, which then continues to burn. This
point is usually 6° to 20° C. higher than the flash-
point, but there is no fixed relation between the two.
Burnisher [ME., burnischen, to polish]. An instru-
ment used in polishing different kinds of metals, and
in the laboratory of the dentist, for finishing pieces of
dental mechanism.
Burns, Ligament of. The falciform process of the
fascia lata.
Burns's Amaurosis. See Amblyopia , Post- Marital ;
also Amaurosis.
Burnt [ME., berjieu, to burn]. Scorched; injured by
dry heat. Consumed by fire. B. Alum. See Aln-
mcn cxsiccatuin. B. Sponge. See Spongia usla. B.
Ocher. Same as Other.
Burow's (von) Operations. See Operations, Table of.
B. Veins, small veins joining the portal and general
circulations.
Burra Gookeroo (/wr'-«/2 ^'■oc/^'-tv--o(?) [E. Ind.]. The
spring carpels of Tribiilus lannginosiis, a plant of the
guaiacum order growing extensively throughout the
East, and largely used as a diuretic and aphrodisiac. It
has been employed for the relief of nocturnal emissions
and impotence. Dose of the fluid extract TTLxx-1 ; of
the infusion gj-ij; of the syrup (for children) ^ss-j.
Burras Pipe {bur' -as pip) [burra, coarse-hair; ME.,
pip''~\. A port-caustic.
Burring [bur'-iiig) [ME., l>orre, a harshness in the
throat]. Rhotacism ; in stammering, the mispronun-
ciation of the letter r. B. Engine, a dental appliance
for the use of burs, etc., in forming cavities, etc. See
Dental Engine.
Burrow {biir'-o) [ME. , (^o^-OTy, a hole]. I. To make
a hole or furrow, as in the skin ; said of the itch
insect. 2. To force a way through, as pus through
the tissues.
Burrowing [biir'-o-ing) [ME., bonnii, a hole]. The
term given to the passage of pus through the tissues,
after the formation of an abscess that has not bin-st or
been evacuated by surgical methods.
Bursa (bnr'-sa/i) [bursa, a purse: //. , Burscr'\. A
small sac interposed between parts that move upon one
another. B. anserina, a pouch situated between
the long internal lateral ligament and the lower inter-
nal hamstring tendons. B. colera, the gall-bladder.
B. cordis, the pericardium. B. fabricii, "A glan-
dular organ existing in both sexes and all species of
birds ; most developed in young birds, more or less
atrophied in adults ; it opens on the dorsal wall of
the cloaca, into the lowest chamber of that organ."
(F"orbes.) B. mucosae, a bursa situated in sub-
cutaneous areolar tissue. B., Plantar, a bursa situ-
ated over the instep, either above or below a tendon.
B., Popliteal, a bursa situated in the popliteal space
between the tendon of the semimembranosus and the
tendon of the inner head of the gastrocnemius, where
they rub against each other. B., Prepatellar, a
bursa situated over the patella and over the upper part
of the patellar ligament. B., Synovial, found be-
tween tendons and bony surfaces. B. vaginalis,
the synovial sheath.
Bursal (bur'-sal) \_biirsa, a purse]. Pertaining to a
bursa, sac, or follicle.
Bursalogy [bur-sal' -o-je) \_bursa, a purse ; t^oyvi;, sci-
ence]. The science or study of the bursa; ; the
anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the bursre.
"QniseTa. (bur'-ser-ah) [A/m;-, a German botanist]. A
genus of tropical trees, several species of which afford
resinous gums. £. acuminata aff ords caranna ; B.
tomentosa furnishes tacamahac.
Burseraceous (bur-ser-a' -se-us) \_Bitrser, a German
botanist]. Pertaining to or resembling the genus
Bur sera.
Bursiculate [bur-sik' -u-lat ) \bursicula ; dim. of bursa,
a purse]. In biology, pouch orpurse-like, or possessing
a bursa.
Bursiform [bur' -sif-orm) \_bursa, a purse ; forma, form].
Resembling a bursa.
Bursitis [bur-si' -tis) \_bicrsa, a purse ; iTi<;, inflamma-
tion]. Inflammation of a bursa. B., Tornwaldt's,
catarrhal inflammation of the anterior portion of the
median recess of the naso-pharnyx.
Bursula [bur' -su-lah) [dim. of bursa, a purse]. A
small bursa ; the scrotum.
Burton's Sign. See Signs and Symptoms, Table of.
Busch's Operations, 's,^^ Operations, Table of . B.'s
Version, in obstetrics, direct version, the head
being grasped by one hand ; while the other hand
pushes the breech of the child upward, the head is
pulled down into the cervix.
Bushmaster [bush'-mast-er). See Lac/iesis.
Busk, Diameter of. In craniometry, the auriculo-
bregmatic diameter. B., Horizontal Plane of. See
Plane.
Butalanin [bu-tal'-an-in) \_butyl ; alanin'], CjHg-
(NH.2)0.2. a-amidoisovaleric acid ; it consists of
shining prisms that sublime without fusing. It is
found in the pancreas of the ox.
Butcher's Operations. See Operations , Table of.
Butea [bu'-te-ah) [John, Earl of Bute (1713-92)].
A genus of leguminous tropical trees and shrubs.
B. frondosa and B. superba afford Bengal Kino
(see Kino) ; also called Butea Gum. B. Gum.
See Kino.
Butter [but'-er) \butyrum, butter]. The fatty part of
the milk obtained by rupturing the cells of the fat-
globules by "churning" or mechanical agitation.
Also, various vegetable fats having the consistency
of butter, as B. of Cacao. See Thcobroina. Also
applied to certain chemical products having the
appearance or consistence of butter, as B. of Anti-
mony, antimonious chlorid ; B. of Tin, stannic chlo-
rid ; B. of Zinc, zinc chlorid. See, also, Acid,
Butyric. B.-and-Eggs. ^ee Anlirr/iinum linaria.
BUTTERIN
245
BYTHUS
B.-fat. I. The oily portion of the milk of mammalia.
2. The fatty portion of butter, made up of the gly-
cerids of oleic, palmitic, and stearic acids (the so-
called insoluble acids), and the glycerids of butyric,
caproic, caprylic, and capric acids (the so-called
soluble acids). The average proportion of the in-
soluble acids present in butter-fat is 88 per cent., and
the average proportion of the soluble acids from five
to six per cent. This gives a very important means
of distinguishing between a natural butter and oleo-
margarin. The pure fat has a sp. gr. of from .910 to
.914, and its melting-point varies from 85° to 92° F.
B.-fly, a winged pledget or tampon of cotton for
vaginal application. B.-fly Lupus. Synonym of
Lupus e7-ythematosus. B. Kidney. See Amyloid
Kidney. B.-nut. See Juglans.
Butterin [Iml'-er-en) \butyrum, butter]. An artificial
substitute for butter, made principally of beef- fat. See
Oleomargarin.
'BvXtozVs, {hut' -uks) , buttok\ The nates. The
fleshy part of the body posterior to the hip-joints,
formed by the masses of the glutei muscles.
Button [Intt'-uu] , bofon'\. H&e. Ftcrunciilus orieu-
talis. B., Amboyna. See Frambesia. B., Belly,
the navel. B., Biskra, the Aleppo Ulcer. B., Cor-
rigan's, a steel button-shaped cautery-iron, introduced
by Sir J. C. Corrigan (1802-80). B.-bush, the bark
of Cephalanthus occidentalism a tonic, febrifuge, and
•diuretic. Dose of fld. ext. gss-j. Unof. B.-hole,
Mitral. See Funnel, Miti-al. B.-hole Operation.
See Boutonniere Operation and Operations, Table of.
B.-lac. See Z(7(-. B. -maker's Chorea, 'i^ft Chorea.
B. -scurvy, a disease of privation, apparently similar
to sibbens or to yaws. B.-snakeroot, the root of
Liatris spicata, and of Eryngium yucccefolium ; a
stimulant, tonic, diuretic, and emmenagogue. Dose
of fld. ext. 5 ss-j. Unof.
Butyl (bii'-til) [butyrum, butter], C^H^. A hydro-
carbon alcohol radical, that cannot be isolated, and
that occurs only in combination with other radicals.
B. Chloral. See Chloral butylicum. B. -chloral
Hydrate. See Chloral butylicum.
Butylamin [bu-til'-am-in) \_butyrutn, butter; amin'\.
Any primary amin of butyl. The butylamin of cod-
liver oil is said to be one of its medicinal con-
stituents.
Butylene [bu' -til-en') \butyrum, butter], C^Hg. A
hydrocarbon belonging to the olefin series. It exists
in three isomeric forms, all of which are gases at
ordinary temperatures.
Butyric Acid [bn-tir'-ik). See Acid, Butyric.
Butyrin (/*«'-///•-/«) \_butyrum, butter], C.^U.^(C^Y^.O.^).^.
A constant constituent of butter, together with olein,
stearin, and other glycerids. It is a neutral yellowi.sh
liquid fat, having a sharp, bitter taste.
Butyrone (Inc' -tir-on) \_butyrum, butter], C-H,^0.
Dipropyl ketone. The principal product of the distil-
lation of calcium butyrate. It boils at 144° and at
20° has a sp. gr. of .82.
Buxin {buks'-in) \_buxus, the box-tree]. Bibirin ; be-
beerin ; pelosin ; the alkaloid of Nectandra. It is a
white, amorphous powder with a persistent bitter taste ;
very insoluble in water, but easily soluble in alcohol and
chloroform. Dose of it or its salts, from grains three
to six in pill-form. It is used as a febrifuge. Unof
Buxton's Apparatus. See Anesthetic.
Buxus {bilks' -us) [L., the box-tree]. A genus of trees
affording boxwood. B. sempervirens, the common
box or box-tree of Europe and Asia. Its leaves,
wood, and oil.havebeen employed in medicine. Unof.
Buzzi's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Byrd's Method. See Artificial Respiration. B.
Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Byrne's Method. See Treatment, Methods of.
Byrsa {bur'-sah). Same as Bursa.
Bysma {biz' -mali) \_\i\>ajia, a stopper ; plug : //. , Bys-
mata'\. A plug or tampon.
Byssaceous {bis-a' -she-iis) \_j3vaaoi;, a variety of flax].
In biology, composed of fine flax-like threads.
Byssinosis (bis-in-o'-sis) \_l3vaao^, cotton, flax ; voao^,
disease]. A diseased condition of the lungs due to
the inhalation of cotton-dust in factories.
Byssocausis {bis-o-kaw'-sis) \_livaaoi;, cotton ; Kavaig,
a burning]. Cauterization by the moxa ; moxibustion.
Byssogenous {bis-of -en-us) [/ii'dfrof, cotton ; yevr/g,
producing]. In biology, producing a byssus.
Byssus {bis'-us) \_ftvaaoq, cotton, flax]. I. Charpie,
lint, or cotton. 2. The hairy growth of the pubic
region. 3. In biology, a bunch of silky filaments
secreted by the foot, in several molluscs. A name
formerly given to the mycelium of large fungi. B.
Gland. See Gland.
Byssys {bis'-is) \_li'vaaoc, flax]. Same as Byssus. B.
Gland. See Gland.
Bythus {bith'-us) \_3vd6t:, the depth]. The lower or
vesical portion of the abdomen.
c
246
CACOGENESIS
C. The chemic symbol of Carbon. Abbreviation of
centigrade.
C.c. Abbreviation of cubic centimeter .
cm. Abbreviation of cetitimeter.
C. M. Abbreviation of eras mane, to-morrow morning.
C. N. Abbreviation of eras nocte, to-morrow night.
Caballine Aloes (kab' -al-in aF-ds). See Aloes.
Cabbage [kab'-dj). See Brassica. C. Rose. See
Rosa centifolia. C, Skunk, a fetid plant of N.
America, Symplocarpus fcetidus. Its tincture and fluid
extract are prescribed as antispasmodic and antasth-
matic. Unof. C.-Tree. See Andira.
Cabinet [kab'-in-et) [Fr., a closet]. A closed compart-
ment. C, Pneumatic. See Pneumatic.
Cacaemia {kas-e' -ine-ah or kak-e' -me-ali). See Cacemia.
Cacaemic l^kas- or kak-ei>i' -ik). See Caceniic.
Cacain {kak-a' -in) [Nahuatl, cacauatl, cacao]. Theo-
bromin, q. v.
Cacalia [kak-a'-le-ah] \_KaKaX'ia,a. plant, colt'sfoot (?)].
A genus of composite-flowered herbs, many species of
which have been used in medicine. C. suaveolens,
is the sweet centaury of N. America. Unof.
Cacanthrax [kak-an' -thraks) [/ia/cof, bad ; avdpa^, a
coal]. Contagious anthrax. See Anthrax.
Cacao [kak-a'-o). ■ See Theobroma. C. Butter, oleum
theobromse is obtained from seeds or nibs of Theo-
broma cacao. It is a pure white fat, with a pleasant
odor and taste ; it fuses at 86° P". (30° C.) ; its specific
gravity is .945 to .952. It is used in cosmetics, and
for pharmaceutic preparations. See also Theobroma.
Cacaphthae (kak-af -the) [/ca/iof , bad ; a(^i)a, an erup-
tion]. Malignant or cachectic aphtha. See Aphthce.
Cacation {kak-a' -shun) \cacatio, a going to stool]. Def-
ecation ; alvine discharge.
Cacatory [kak' -at-o-re) [cacatio, a going to stool]. At-
tended with diarrhea ; as a cacatory fever.
Caccagogue (kak'-a-gog) [/cd/c/a/, dung ; dyuyof , lead-
ing]. I. Aperient; laxative. 2. An aperient, espe-
cially an ointment or suppository that induces gentle
purgation. [Archaic]
Qac&vciia. [kas-e' -?ne-ah, or kak-e' -me-ah) [/co/cdf, bad;
aXjia, blood]. An ill-condition of the blood; de-
pravity of the blood.
Cacemic (i'a/^-£V«'-//J) [/ca/fdf, bad ; a7//n, blood]. Asso-
ciated with or suffering from cacemia.
Cacesthesis (kak-es-the' -sis) [ra/cdf, bad ; aladrjaix; , sen-
sation]. Morbid sensation.
Cachaemia [kak-e' -me-ah). See Cacemia.
Cachectic (-^■a/^-d'i''-i'?V) [KQKdf, bad; ff'f, a habit]. Ill-
conditioned: marked by cachexia. C. Aphthae. See
Aphthce.
Cachelcoma [kak-el-ko' -mah) [/ca/cdf, ill ; f/lxu/za,
ulcer: pi. , Cachelcomata]. A malignant or foul ulcer.
Cachemia [kak-e' -me-ah). See Cacemia.
Cachet [ka-sha') [Fr.]. A pharmaceutic preparation
consisting of two concave pieces of wafer, varying in
size from |^ to 1]/% inches in diameter, round or
oblong in shape, in one of which the powder to be
administered is placed, and the other, having pre-
viously been moistened, is then laid over the powder
and the two margins are pressed together, when they
adhere and completely enclose the powder. C. de
Pain. Same as Cachet, q. v.
Cachexia [kak-eks' -e-ah) [/cfflKdf, bad ; ff(f, a habit].
A term used to designate any morbid tendency,
dyscrasia, depraved condition of general nutrition, or
impoverishment of the blood, etc. It is applied par-
• ticularly to scrofulous, syphilitic, or carcinomatous
c
patients. It is characterized by emaciation and a
peculiar sallow or muddy complexion. C. africana,
dirt- eating : geophagy. A disease supposed to be
identical with miners' anemia. C. aquosa, a
dropsical and anemic state. C. icterica, jaundice.
C, Lymphatic. Synonym of Hodgkin's Disease.
C, Negro. Same as C. africana. C, Pachyder-
mic. See Myxedema. C. strumipriva, the con-
dition allied to if not identical with myxedema,
following the extirpation or arrest of function of the
thyroid gland. It is a cretinoid state, characterized in
monkeys by hebetude, malnutrition, muscular tremor,
puffy edema, leukocytosis, and the presence of mucin
in tiie blood and connective tissue. C. thyreopriva.
See Myxedema. C. virginum. .See Chlorosis.
Cachexy [kak-eks' -e). See Cachexia.
Cachibou [kash-e-boo'). See Chiboii.
Cachinnation [kak-in-a' -shun) \cachinnare, to laugh
loudly]. Immoderate laughter, as in the insane.
Cachou [kash-00') [Fr. for " catechu "]. An aromatic
pill or tablet for concealing the odor of the breath.
Cachunde [ka-chun' -de) [.Sp.]. An oriental electuary
used as a breath-perfume, and also as a stomachic
and carminative. Unof
Cacocholia [kak-o-ko'-le-ah) [/caKOf, ill; X'^^Vi bile].
A morbid condition of the bile.
Cacochroia [kak-o-kroi'-ah) or Cacochroea [kak-o-
/'rf'-rt//) [/ca/vdf, bad ; ;t;po«d, color]. A bad complex-
ion ; unnatural color of the skin.
Cachochylia [kak-o-kil'-e-ah) [/ca/cd?, bad ; X''''^'":^
juice]. Imperfect or disordered digestion.
Cacochymia [kak-o-kim' -e-ah) [/ca/cdf, bad ; X'^l'-^Z,
juice]. A morbid state of the fluids, humors, blood,
or secretions ; faulty stomachic digestion.
Cacochymic [kak-o-kim' -ik) [/ca^df, bad ; ;i;i'//dc,
juice]. Affected with cachochymia ; dyspeptic.
Q,&cozvi&m.\at[kak-ok-ne' -me-ah) [/coKOf , ill ; Kvfjjirj, leg].
Thinness or ill-condition of the leg or shin.
Cacocolpia [kak-o-kol' -pe-ah ) [m/cdf, ill ; /cdAirof , va-
gina]. A diseased state of the vagina.
Cacodemon [kak-o-de' -mon) [/ca/cdf , ill ; daf/zcji', spirit].
An old name for a supposed besetting evil spirit ; also,
the nightmare.
Cacodemonia [kak-o-de-mo' -ne-ah ) [_Kai'.o6aifiovia, pos-
session by an evil spirit]. Supposed possession or
obsession by an evil spirit.
Cacodemonomania [kak-o-de-mo-?io->na'->ze-ah ) [kqko-
(^ai/iovia, possession by an evil spirit ; fiavtn, madness].
A delusional belief, on the part of a patient, that he is
possessed of a devil.
Cacodontia [kak-o-don' -te-ah ) [Ka/cdf, bad ; '060'vc,,.
tooth]. A bad condition of the teeth.
Cacodyl [kak'-o-dil) [/,:a\df, bad; o^eiv, to smell;
vkrj, matter], As(CH3).^. Kakodyl ; dimethylarsin ;
a radical containing arsenic, hydrogen, and carbon.
It is a colorless, heavy liquid, with an extremely offen-
sive odor, and poisonous vapor ; it is inflammable when
exposed to air. Its protoxid is called alkarsin, q. v.
Cacoesthesis [kak-o-es-the'-sis). See Cacesthesis.
Cacoethes [kak-o-e' -thez) [/cn/cdf , bad ; 7]tioq a habit].
Any bad habit, disposition, or disorder.
Cacogalactia [kak-o-gal-ak' -te-ah ) [Ka/idf, bad ; ya/M,
milk]. A bad or abnormal condition of the milk.
Cacogastric [kak-o-gas'-trik) [/la/cdf, bad ; yaarr/ij, the
stomach]. Dyspeptic.
Cacogenesis [kak-o-jen'-cs-is) [«:«Kdf , bad ; yeveaic, for-
mation]. Any morbid, monstrous, or pathologic growth
or product.
CACOGLOSSIA 247 CADMIUM
Cacoglossia [kak-o-glos'-c-ah ) [/ca/fdf, evil ; y'hCdOoa,
the tongue]. Gangrene of the tongue.
Cacolet [kak'-o-/a) [Fr. ]. A mule-chair or horse-
pannier for the transportation of the wounded.
Cacomorphia (^kak-o-mor' -fe-aJi ) [/la/cof , bad ; jjuinfj],
form]. Malformation; deformity.
Cachonychia [kak-o-nik'-e-ah) [/ca/cof, bad; oi^i'f , nail] .
Disease or defect of a nail or of the nails.
Caconym [kak^ -o-nim) [/ca/iof, bad ; opofia, a name].
An undesirable or objectionable name, e. g. , in biologic
nomenclature or terminology.
Cacopathy, or Cacopathia {kak-op' -a-tlie or kak-o-
path' -e-ah) [m^of, bad; Trd^yoi;, illness]. Any severe,
malignant, or untoward condition or disease.
Cacophonia (kak-o-fo' -ne-ah) [/vmdc, bad; (puv!/,
voice]. An altered, depraved, or abnormal voice.
Cacophonic [kak-o-fon'-ik) [/caKcif, bad ; cpuvrj, voice].
Affected with cacophonia.
Cacoplastic [kak-o-plas' -tik ) [/oa/cdf , bad ; TrAoordf,
formed]. I. Characterized by or adapted to a low
degree or kind of organization. 2. Relating to,
causing, or attended with defective formation ; liable
to be changed into an abnormal tissue.
Cacopragia [kak-o-pra' -jc-ah) [/ia/cdf, bad; irfjaaaeiv,
to do]. Functional derangement, as of nutritive pro-
cesses, or of organs.
Cacoproctia i^kak-o-prok'-te-ali) [/cd/c/;, gangrene;
■KpuKTOq, anus]. A gangrenous state of the rectum.
Cacorrhachis (ka-koi-'-rak-is) [xa/idf, ill ; pax'Q,
spine]. A diseased state of the vertebral column.
Cacorrhinia [kak-or-i)i' -e-ali ) [/ca/cdf, ill ; piq, nose].
Any diseased condition of the nose.
Cacosmia, or Kakosmia (^kak-oz' -iiie-ah ) [/caKdf, foul ;
hajiii, smell]. A repugnant or disgusting smell. C,
Subjective, a disturbance of the olfactory nerve or
center, from hysteria or from other disease, giving rise
to the perception of an offensive smell.
Cacosomium [kak-o-so'-iiie-uni] [/ca/cdf, bad; auiia,
body]. A hospital for leprosy and other incurable
• diseases.
Cacospermia [kak-o-sper' -me-ah ) [/cawdf, ill ; aTripfia,
seed]. Any diseased state of the semen.
Cacosphyxia (kak-o-sfiks' -e-ah ) [/ca/cdf, ill ; d^rf/f ,
pulse]. A disordered state of the pulse.
Cacostomia [kak-o-s/o' -me-ak ) [m/cdf, ill ; ardfia,
mouth]. Any diseased or gangrenous state of the
mouth.
Cacothanasia (kak-o-than-a' -ze-aJi) [KOA-df, bad ;
davarng, death]. A painful death.
Cacothelin {kak-oth'-el-in) C^jH.v^NO.^p. An alkaloid
produced from brucin by the action of HNO,.
Cacothymia {kak-o-thini' -e-ah ) [/la/cdf , bad ; Ovfiog,
mind]. A disordered state of the mind or disposition ;
mental disorder with moral depravity ; insane malig-
nity of temper.
Cacotrophia (kak-o-tro' -fe-ah ). Same as Cacotrophy.
Cacotrophy (kak-ot'-i-o-fe) [/ca/cdf, bad; rpecpEcv, to
nourish]. Disordered or defective nutrition.
Cacozyme (kak'-o-zim) [/ca/cdf, bad; i^iifir/, a ferment].
A disorganizing, putrefactive, fermentative, or patho-
genic microorganism.
Cactina [kak-ti' -nah) [/cd/crof, a prickly plant]. A
proprietary preparation said to be a proximate prin-
ciple derived from night-blooming cereus [Ceretis
grandiJlo)-a and C". inexicana). It is a cardiac stimu-
lant recommended as a substitute for digitalis. Unof
Cactus {kak'-tus) [/cd/crof, a prickly plant]. A genus
of plants. C. grandiflorus. See Night-blooiiiing
Cereiis. C. Nipple. See Mammillaria.
Cacumen (/W-«'-;«£'«) [L. : pi. , Cacui)iina'\. I. The
top, as of a plant. 2. The culmen of the vermis su-
perior of the cerebellum.
Cadaver (kad-a-y -er) \_eadere, to fall]. The dead body,
especially that of man. A corpse. C. Tubercle,
anatomic wart. A peculiar circumscribed hyper-
plasia of the papillary structures of the skin occurring
chiefly on the dorsal surface of the hands and fingers
of persons who are in the habit of handhng dead and
decomposing bodies.
Cadaveric {kad-av-er' -ik) \cadcre, to fall]. Pertaining
to the cadaver or dead body. C. Alkaloids,
rtoiiunnes, q. v. C. Ecchymoses, certain post-
mortem stains, closely resembling in their general
appearance the effects of bruises or contusions. They
occur, both externally and internally, on the lowest
and most dependent parts of the body. They are
also called hypostases, sugillations, and vibices. C.
Spasm, the early, at times instantaneous,^ appear-
ance of rigor mortis, seen after death from certain
causes. It is also called instantaneous rigor and
tetanic rigidity.
Cadaverin {kad-av' -er-in) \cadere, to fall], CjHj^N2.
A ptomaine, isomeric with neuridin, and, like it,
occurring very frecjuently in decomposing animal tis-
sues. It is obtained from human hearts, lungs, livers,
etc. , after three days' decomposition at ordinary tem-
perature,— also from horseflesh, from putrid mussel,
from herring and haddock. It is a constant product
of the growth of the comma-bacillus, irrespective of
the medium. It does not occur in culture-media from
which bacteria are absent. It is a thick, water-clear,
syrupy liquid, having an exceedingly unpleasant odor,
somewhat resembling that of coniin and semen. It is
certainly identical with so-called "animal coniin."
Putrescin and cadaverin were both formerly believed
to be physiologically indifferent ; but recent investiga-
tions show both bases capable of producing active
inflammation and necrosis. The necrosis of the in-
testinal epithelium in Asiatic cholera seems due to
their presence. They also have the power, even in
small quantities, of preventing blood from coagulating,
and rendering it "laky." Cadaverin is believed by
Grawitz to hinder the growth of bacteria. Cadaverin
hydrochlorid, on dry distillation, decomposes into
ammonium chlorid, NH.jHCl, and piperidin, CjHj,N.
Whether or not this change, whereby the non-poison-
ous cadaverin becomes a toxic base, can take place
under the influence of bacteria during putrefaction,
is not known.
Cadaverization (kad-av-er-iz-a'-shun) \_caderc, to fall].
The passage of a living body to the state of a cadaver.
Applied to the algid and cyanotic stage of cholera.
Cadaverous [kad-av'-er-us) \cadere, to fall]. Resem-
bling a cadaver ; ghastly ; of a deathly pallor.
Cade (kdd^ [a Languedoc name]. See Juniper ns.
C, Oil of {ideiun eadinuin), a tarry oil from the wood
of Juniperus communis ; it is used in the treatment of
skin-diseases.
Cadet's Fuming Liquid. See Alkarsin. C.'s Test.
.See Tests, Table of.
Cadiva Insania [kad-i'-vah in-sa' -ne-ali) [L.]. Fall-
ing insanity ; an old name for epilepsy.
Cadlock (kad'-lok). Wild mustard, Brassica sinapis-
trtcm. .See Brassica.
Cadmium (kad'-me-it/n) [^Kaflfiia, calamin]. Cd = ll2;
quantivalence II. A bluisli- white metal resembling
zinc in its general properties. Only the sulphate and
iodid are used in medicine. In its physiologic action
it is escharotic and astringent, producing in large doses
emesis and violent gastritis. See Elements, Table
of. C. iodidum, Cdl.,, used as an ointment, I to
8 of lard. C. sulphas, CdS0^.4H20, a valuable
astringent in gonorrhea and in corneal opacities ;
used in a lotion in strength of gr. yi or 4 to ^j of
CADUCA
248
CALAGE
water, or as an ointment I to 40 of fresh lard. Unof.
C.-Red. See Conspectus of Pigments, under Pigment.
C. - Yellow. See Conspectus of Pigments, under
Pigment.
Caduca [/;ad-du'-ka/i) \cadei-e, to fall]. See Decidua.
C. Passio. See Caducus Morbus.
Caducibranchiate [kad-ti-se-b>-ang' -ke-dt) \caducus,
falling off ; branchicT, gills]. In biology, applied to
such amphibia as lose the gills or branchire upon reach-
ing maturity.
Caducicorn [kad-u'-se-kom^ \_caducus, falling off;
lornii, horn]. In biology, applied to animals that
shed their horns or antlers.
Caducity {kad-du'-sit-e) \_caducitas, senility]. Senility;
the feebleness of advanced age.
. Caducous (kad-u' -kus) \_iaducus, falling oft ]. In
biology, the shedding or falling off of certain parts, as
gills, antlers, horns. Dropping off very early, as
compared with other parts.
Caducus Morbus [kad-du'-kus moi-'-bus) [L.]. Fall-
ing sickness ; an old name for epilepsy.
Caecal [se'-kal). See Cecal.
Caecitas Verbalis. See Word-blindness.
Csecitis [se-si^-tis). See Cecifis.
Caecum {se'-kum). See Cecum.
Caenaesthesis (cen-es-the' -sis). See Cenesthesis.
Caenogenetic [se-no-jen-et' -ik) \Kaiv6r, recent ; yeveaiQ,
generation]. In biology, the appearance of a new
character very late in the course of development.
This usually arises from comparatively recent varia-
tions of the type-form.
Caeruleus (se-ru' -le-us) [L.]. Sky-blue. C. morbus,
blue disease. See Cyanosis.
Caerulosis [se-ru-lo'-sis). See Cyanosis.
Caesalpinia [ses-al-pin' -e-ali) [L. ]. A genus of tropi-
cal leguminous trees. C. bonducella. See Bondu-
cella. C. moringa has a diuretic bark. All unof.
Caesarean Operation (se-sar' -e-an"). See Cesarean.
Caesium [se' -se-uui). See Cesium.
Caffea (kaf-e-ah) [L.]. The seeds of C. arabica.
The dried and roasted seeds are almost universally
used in infusion as a beverage, forming a cerebral
stimulant and stomachic tonic. They are valuable in
promoting digestion and allaying hunger and fatigue.
Coffee frequently causes excessive palpitation of the
heart. Its properties are due to an alkaloid, Caffein,
Cj,H[„N^O,,. H./3, identical with Thein. See Tea.
Dose of the alkaloid gr. j-v. C. citrate. Dose gr.
j-v. C. valerianas, for nervous vomiting in hysteria.
Dose gr. j-iv. Ext. Caffeae Viridis Fid. Unof.
Intended as a substitute for the Fluid Extract of
Guarana. Dose _^ss-ij. See Guarana. Injectio
Caf. Hypodermatica, one grain of caffein in three
minims. Dose iTLj-vj.
Caffeic Acid (kaf-e'-ik). See Acid.
Caffeidin (kaf-e' -id-in) [caffea, coffee], C7H,,jN20.
A liquid alkaloid produced by acting on caffein with
potash.
Caffein {kaf-e-in) coffee], CsH,„N^O., + H.jO.
Thein ; an alkaloid that occurs in the leaves and
beans of the coffee-tree, in tea, in Paraguay tea,
and in guarana, the roasted pulp of the fruit of
Paullinia sorbilis. It occurs in long, silky needles,
slightly soluble in cold water and alcohol, with a
feebly bitter taste. It is a cerebral and spinal stimu-
lant. See Caffea. C.-iodol, a crystalline addition-
product obtained by mixing alcoholic solutions of
caffein and iodol in molecular proportion. It con-
tains 74.6 per cent, of iodol and 25.4 per cent, of
caffein, and is a light-gray, odorless, tasteless, and
nearly insoluble compound. It is proposed as a sub-
stitute for iodol. Unof
Caffeina [ka-fe' -in-ah). See Caffein.
Caffeinism [kaf-e' -in-izm) \_caffea, coffee]. Chronic
coffee-poisoning ; a train of morbid symptoms due to
excess in the use of coffee.
Cagot {kali-go') [Fr.]. I. A member of an outcast
race or clan in the S. W. of France ; formerly regarded
as lepers. 2. (By error) a cretin. C. Ear. See^'a;-
Deformities.
Cahinca, or Cainca [kah-hing' -kali) [native S. Ameri-
can]. The diuretic root of Chiococca racemosa, C.
densifolia, or C'. anguifuga, rubiaceous shrubs of
tropical America. Unof.
Cahn and V. Mering's Method. A method of esti-
mating the amount of acids in the stomach. It con-
sists in distilling the contents of the stomach with
water three times. The volatile acids are estimated
in the distillate. The residue is shaken six times with
500 c.c. of ether, and this is evaporated to dryness,
and the lactic acid estimated by titration. The residue
contains the HCl, and this also can be estimated by
titration.
Cailcedra [kal-sc' -drali) [origin unknown]. I. The Ced-
rela odorata,a. large tree of tropical America. The bark
and wood are used in intermittent fevers; a fragrant oil
(cedar-wood oil) is distilled from the wood. The tree
also affords a resin. 2. The Khaya senegalensis of
Africa and tropical America, a tree that closely re-
sembles the foregoing.
Cailletet's Test. See Tests, Table of
Caillian's Test. See Tests, Table of.
Caisson Disease [ka'-son diz-ez'). The symptoms due
to increased atmospheric pressure sometimes occurring
in divers, caisson workers, etc. Paraplegia, hemi-
plegia, anesthesia, or apoplectic attacks are common,
but paralysis of the legs is the most frequent symptom,
coming on only after return to the normal atmosphere.
The nature of the lesion is obscure.
Cajeput Oil (ka/ -e-put oil). See Cajuputi, oleum.
Cajuputene [caj-ti-pu-ten') [Malay], Ci„H,g. The
principal constituent of cajeput oil ; it is a liquid of
an agreeable odor.
Cajuputi, Oleum {kafu-pu'-te, dl'-e-um). [Malay,
'•white wooil ; " oleum, oil]. Oil of Cajuput.
A volatile oil distilled from the leaves of Leitkaden-
dron cajuputi. It resembles oil of turpentine in its
general effects, being irritant externally and produc-
ing a sense of warmth internally, with accelerated
pulse. It is used with benefit for flatulent colic, dropsy,
hysteria, and cutaneous disorders ; it also relieves
toothache. Dose try-v. C, Spiritus (B.P.). Dose
.qss-j.
Cajuputol {kaj-u-pu'-tol) [Malay, Cajuputi, white
wood]. The more limpid part of oil of cajuput ; it is
found also in some other fragrant volatile oils.
Cake Colors [kak kul'-orz). See Pigments, Colors, and
D vcstuffs.
Caked (kakd) [ME., cake\ Compressed or hardened
into a solid mass. C. Breast, a breast in a puer-
peral woman in which the milk has become hardened
and inspissated. C. Bug, in cows, an inflammation
of the mammary gland.
Calabar Bean {kaF -ab-ar ben). See Physostigiiia.
Calabarin (kal-ab' -ar-in) [Calabar^ An alkaloid from
Calabar bean, apparently acting much like strychnin.
Caladana (kal-ad-a'-nali). See Kaladana.
Caladium {kal-a' -de-um) [L.]. A genus of large-
leaved araceous plants. C. bicolor, of Brazil, is
anthelmintic and cathartic. Various other species are
employed locally in medicine. Unof.
Calage {kal-ahzh') [Fr., %vedging\ A method of pro-
phylaxis or treatment of sea-sickness by fixation of the
viscera by pillows placed between the abdomen and
CALAMARY
249
CALCIUM
the wall of the cabin and between the back and edge
of the berth, the patient lying upon the side.
Calatnary [ka/' -ain-a-i-c) \_Ka'Aa/jai)i, inkstand]. Same
as Cuttle-bone .
Calamin [kaf -am-in) \_cala7nina, a coiTuption of cad-
mia\. Native zinc carbonate. Calaniina prcsparata,
the prepared calamin, washed and pulverized, is used
mainly as an external exsiccant and astringent. Un-
giicntum calamine. Turner's cerate. Unof.
Calamint, Calaminth [kal'-am-int or -iiiintk ). Any
plant of the labiate genus Calamintha. The cala-
mints are aromatic stimulants, with the general prop-
erties of the other mints, such as pennyroyal. Unof.
Calamistrum [kal-am-is' -tri{i?i) [<-a/awz^j, a reed]. In
biology, one of the spines found on the hind-legs of
spiders, used in arranging the silk as it issues from the
spinnerets.
Calamus {kal' -am-tis) [L. , a reed: gen., Calami\
Sweet Flag. The rhizome of Acorns cahimus. It
contains a volatile oil and acoi-in, a. bitter nitrogenous
principle. The root is an aromatic, stomachic tonic, and
a common ingredient of many popular "bitters." C,
Ext., Fid. Dose l\xv-gj. C., Draco, a species
of rattan-palm that affords a part of the so-called
Dragon's Blood (</. v.) of commerce. C. scriptor-
ius (a writing pen or reed). The groove on the floor
of the fourth ventricle, at the end of which is the ven-
tricle of Arantius.
Calapitte [kal'-ap-it) [Mex., ra/^?//;?, the cacao-tree].
A concretion found occasionally in the cocoa-nut ;
vegetable bezoar. It is valued as an amulet in the
East.
Calathidium or Calathium (J;al-ath-id'-e-nm or kal-
atli' -e-iim) \K.aka()oQ, a vase-shaped basket]. In biol-
ogy, applied to the flower-head in certain of the Com-
posifa.
Calathiform {kal-ath' -if-orni) \Ka7.adoq, a vase-shaped
basket ; forma, form] . In biology, shaped like a cup,
vase, or bowl, hemispherical, or concave.
Calberla's Method. A method of imbedding micro-
.scopic specimens in egg-emulsion. The white of sev-
eral eggs is separated from the yolks, the chalazse re-
moved, and the white cut up with a pair of scissors.
To each 15 parts of white add one part of a 10 per
cent, solution of sodium carbonate (10 parts of cal-
cined sodium carbonate to 100 parts of water). To
this solution add the well-shaken yolks and again
shake well. Pour the mixture into a deep vessel, al-
low to settle, remove the scum, and the mass is ready
for use. The specimens, after being well washed in
water, are placed in this mass until permeated. They
are then fastened with pins to the freshly-cut surface
of a piece of hardened mass.
Calcaneal {/;a/-ka'-ne-al) \_calcanetim , the heel]. In
biology, relating to the heel-bone, or calcaneum, or to
a tuberosity in birds, resembling the calcaneum.
Calcaneo-astragalar [kal-ka' -ne-o-as-trag' -al-ar') . See
Calcaneo-astragaloid. C.-astragaloid, relating to
the calcaneum and the astragalus. C.-cavus, a club-
foot that combines the characters of calcaneus and
cavus. C. -cuboid, belonging to the calcaneum and
the cuboid. C. -scaphoid, belonging to the calcaneum
and the scaphoid bone. C.-valgo-cavus, club-foot
combining the features of calcaneus, valgus and cavus.
Calcaneum {kal-ka' -jie-iini) [L., the heel]. A com-
mon name for the as calcis or heel-bone.
Calcaneus {^kal-ka' -ne-tis) \_calcaneiiin, the heel].
Club-foot in which the heel alone touches the ground,
the instep being drawn up toward the shin.
Calcar [kal'-kar') [L., a spur]. I. Any spur or spur-
like point, as the hippocampus minor. 2. Ergot of
rye. 3. The calcaneum.
Calcareous {kal-ka' -re-us) \ialx, limestone]. Per-
taining to or having the nature of limestone. C.
Degeneration. See Degetieration .
Calcarine [kal' -kar-in) [calcar, a spur]. Relating to
the hippocampus minor. C. Fissure. See Fissure.
Calceiform [kal' -se-if-ori/i) \_calceus, a shoe ; forma,
form]. In biology, resembling in shape a shoe or
slipper, as the corolla of certain flowers.
Calceolaria [kal-se-o-la'-re-ah) [L. , like a slipper]. A
genus of scrophulariaceous plants, mostly of the Andean
region. Many of the .species have a high local repute
as alteratives and antisyphilitics ; several are emetic
and purgative. Unof.
Calcic [kal'-sik) [calx, lime]. Of or pertaining to lime.
C. Inflammation of- Gums and Peridental Mem-
brane. Inflammation caused and maintained by
deposits of calculus on the necks of the teeth.
Calcicosis [kal-sik-o'-sis) [calx, lime; voanq, disease].
Marble-cutter's phthisis; phthisis due to the inhala-
tion of marble-dust.
Calcification {kal-sif -ik-a' -shii}i) [calx, lime ; fiere,
to become]. The deposit of calcareous or other in-
soluble crystalline matter within the tissues of the
body.
Calcigerous [kal-sij^-er-ns) [calx, lime ; gerere, to
bear]. Containing lime or a lime-salt ; as the calci-
gerous cells of the dentine, or calcigerous tubules in
bone.
Calcigrade {kal'-sig-rdd) [calx, heel; gredi, to walk].
Walking on the heels.
Calcination [kal-sm-a' -shuii) [calcinare, to calcine].
The process of driving off the volatile chemical con-
stituents from inorganic compounds. The expulsion
of carbon dioxid from carbonates.
Calcine [kal'-sin or kal-sin') [calcinare , to calcine].
To separate the inorganic elements of a substance by
subjecting it to an intense heat.
Calcium {kaF -se-nm) [r(?/.r, lime : gen., Calcii'\. Ca =
40; quantivalence II. A brilliant, silver-white metal, the
basis of lime and limestone, characterized by strong
affinity for oxygen, and isolated with great difficulty.
See Elements, Table of. It is best known in the form
of calcium oxid, quicklime ; C. hydrate, slaked lime ;
and C. carbonate, chalk. The preparations of lime
used in medicine are usually alkaline and slightly
astringent. Calcium oxid is a powerful escharotic.
C. benzoas, Ca(C,H50.2)2, used in nephritis and
albuminuria of pregnancy. Dose gr. v-x. C. car-
bonate Test. See Tests, Table of. C. chloridum,
CaCl.,, soluble in water. Dose gr. x-xx. C. chlorid.,
Liq. (B. P.). Dose tr\^xv-l. Calcii bromidum.
See Bromin. C. Carb. Precipitatus, CaCOg, insolu-
ble in water, but soluble in acids, with effervescence.
Dose gr. v-xx. C. hypophosphis, Ca.^PH,,02. See
Phosphorus. C. Phosphas Precipitat, Ca3(PO,).^.
'$>te.Phosphortis. Calcis Liniment, carron oil, contains
equal parts of lime-water, and olive oil. C, Liquor,
lime-water, contains about parts of lime in 1000
of water. Dose f, ss-ij. C. Liq. Saccharatus
(B. P). Dose TT\^xv-_;5i. C. Syr., saccharated syrup
of lime, contains 5 per cent, lime, 30 per cent, sugar,
65 per cent, water. It is the antidote to poisoning by
carbolic or oxalic acid. Dose ss-ij. Calx, CaO,
calcium oxid, quicklime, not used internally. C.
chlorinata. See Chlorin. C. Sulphurata. Dose
gr. yL, Creta, native calcium carbonate ; chalk.
C. Mist., consists of C. pulv. comp. 20, cinnamon-
water 40, water 40. Dose 5 ss. C. Preparata,
chalk freed from impurities by washing and elutriation.
Dose gr. v-xx. C. Pulv. Aromat. (B.P. ). Dose gr.
x-^j. C. Pulv. Aromat. cum Opii {B.P. ). Dose
gr. x-|^j. C. Pulv. Comp., compound chalk-powder,
CALCULARY
250
CALLUS
consists of C. prep. 30, acacia 20, sugar 50 parts.
Dose gr. v-^^^j. Testa praeparata, prepared oyster-
shell. Unof. Dose gr. x-xx. C. trochisci, each
contains prepared chalk 4 gr., acacia I, sugar 6, with
a little nutmeg.
Calculary (hi/' -/ci(-/a-r, ) [ra/n/Z/is, a stonel. Relating
to or of the nature of a calculus.
Calculifragous [kal-kii-li f -rag-its) \_calciiliis, a stone ;
frangere, to break]. Lithotritic ; breaking or redu-
cing a stone in the bladder.
Calculous {kal' -ku-lus) \calcHlus, a stone]. Of the na-
ture of a calculus.
Calculus (/•«/'-/■«-//«) [dim. of i-al\\ chalk : //. , Cah nli^
A calcareous or stone-like concretion found in the blad-
der, kidney, etc. C, Arthritic, a gouty concretion.
C, Biliary, a gall-stone. C, Bronchial, a concretion
in an air-passage. C, Cutaneous. See Milium.
C, Dental, tartar on the teeth or gums. C,
Fusible, a urinary calculus composed of phosphates
of ammonium, calcium, and magnesium. C, Lacteal,
or Mammary, a calcareous nodule sometimes obstruct-
ing the lactiferous ducts. C, Mulberry, the oxalate-
of-lime variety, resembling a mulberry in shape and
color. C, Nasal. See Rhiuolith. C, Prostatic,
one in the prostate gland. C, Renal, a calculus
found in the kidney, producing what has been called
nephritic colic. C, Salivary, one forming in the
ducts of the salivary glands. C, Uterine, an in-
trauterine concretion ; a wombstone ; formed mainly by
calcareous degeneration of a tumor. C, Vesical, one
that may have originally descended from the kidney or
formed primarily in the bladder.
Calea [kal'-e-ah) [L.]. A genus of tropical American
composite-flowered plants. C. zacatechichi, a
Mexican plant, tonic, antiperiodic, and a hepatic stimu-
lant. Unof
Caledonia Brown. See Conspectus of Pigments, under
Pigment.
Calefacient [kal-e-fa'-she-ent) [L. , calidus, warm;
facere, to make] . I . Warming ; producing a sensa-
tion of heat. 2. A medicine, externally applied, that
causes a sensation of warmth.
Calefactor [kal-e-fak' -tor) \^caledus, warm ; facere^ to
make]. A warmer; a little, porfable stove ; a pocket
stove ; a chafing-dish.
Calendula {kal-en' -dii-lah) \_catendie, the first day of
the month: gen., Calendulce'\. Marigold. The
flowering plant known as the garden-marigold, C. offi-
cinalis. C., Tinct., contains 20 per cent, of the leaves
and stems. It is used exclusively as a local applica-
tion to wounds, bruises, and ulcers, and has been
vaunted as a cure for carcinoma.
Calendulin (kal-en' -du-lin) \calendct, the first day of
the month]. An amorphous principle obtainable
from calendula.
Calentur [kal'-en-tur) [Sp., calentura, heat ; L., ealere,
to be hot]. A tropical remittent fever with delirium ;
formerly, a supposed fever of this kind that attacked
mariners, leading them to leap into the sea.
Calf [ME., calfe\. The thick fleshy posterior portion
of the leg. -See Sura. C.-bone, the fibula. C-
knee. See Genu Valgum.
Calices of the Kidneys {ka'-lis-ez). Plural of Calyx.
The cup-like tubes of the ureter that encircle the
apices of the Malpighian pyramids of the kidneys.
Calico Bush [kal'-ik-o boosh). See Kalmia .
California [kal-if-or'-ne-aft] [Mex.]. A western State.
C. Buckthorn. See Cascara Sagrada. C. Elm.
See Fremontia. C. Feverbush. See Garrya. C.
Laurel, the leaves of Umbellaria californica, com-
mon to the Pacific slope. It is recommended for
nervous headaches, cerebro-spinal meningitis, neu-
ralgia, etc. Dose of fld. ext., gtt. x-xxx. C. Poppy,
.See Eschscholtzia californica.
Caligated {knl'-ig-a-ted) [caliga, a boot]. In biology,
applied to the booted tarsus of the typical oscine birds.
Caligation [I'al-ig-a' -shun), or Caliginosity [kal-ifin-
os'-it-e). See Caligo.
Calignani's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Caligo (kal-i'-go) [L.]. Dimness of vision ; an
opacity of the cornea, lens, or vitreous humor.
Caligula {kal-ig'-u-lah) [caliga, a boot]. In biology,
ajiplied to the tarsal envelop of oscine birds.
Caliology {kal-e-ol' -o-je) \KaXia, a nest ; Myeiv, to-
speak]. In biology, the systematized knowledge of
birds' nests.
Calipers {kal' -ip-erz) [corruption of ca/iber~\. Com-
passes with curved legs ; they are used in vulcanite
and celluloid dental work to measure the thickness
of the plate. Calipers are used also in pelvimetry,
craniometry, and other measurements of parts of the
body.
Calisaya [kal-is-a'-yak) [South America]. Cinchona
bark, especially that of Cinchona calisaya. See Cin-
chona.
Calisthenics, or Callisthenics (kal-is-then' -iks), [/caAOf ,
beautiful ; aflivoc, strength]. The practise of various
rhythmic movements of the body, intended to develop
the muscles and produce gracefulness of carriage ;
light gymnastics, especially designed for the use of
girls and young women.
Callaway's Test. In dislocation of the shoulder the
loss of from one to two inches in the vertical circum-
ference of the shoulder-joint of the injured side, as
determined by measuring with a tape-line over the
acromion and through the axilla. This test is not
reliable after traumatic swelling has set in.
Callicarpa (kal-ik-ar' -pah) \KaX6q, beautiful ; Kafiiru^,
fruit]. A genus of verbenaceous plants. C. ameri-
cana, a shrub of the U. S. , called "French Mul-
berry," is used locally for skin-diseases and for dropsy.
Unof C. bouplandiana, of South America, and
C. cana, C. lanata, and C.rheedii,of the E. Indies,
are similarly employed. All unof.
Callisection [kal-is-ek'-shun) [callus, insensibility ;
sectio, a cutting]. Painless vivisection.
Callisen's Operation. See Operatio7is, Table of.
Callitriche [kal-it' -rik-e) [/ca/ldf, beautiful ; iipiS,, hair].
A genus of aquatic herbs. C. heterophylla and
C. verna are diuretic ; these and other species afford
a mucilage employed as a hair-dressing and they are
used in domestic practice for making poultices. Unof.
Callomania {kal-o-ma' -ne-ah) \K.aK6(;, beautiful ; fiavia,
madness]. The mania of beauty and grace ; a mono-
mania in which the patient believes herself to be en-
dowed with extraordinary beauty.
Callosal (kal-o'-sal) [callosus, hard]. Pertaining to
the corpus callosum.
Callose [kal'-os) [callosus, thick-skinned, hard]. In
biology, having hardened spots or protuberances.
Callositas {kal-os' -it-as). See Callosity.
Callosity (cal-os' -it-e) [callus, hardness]. Callositas,
Tylosis, Tyloma, Keratoma. A hard, thickened
patch on the skin produced by excessive accumulation
of the horny layers.
Calloso-marginal (kal-o-so-mar'-jin-al)[caUosus, hard ;
margo, margin]. Relating to the callosal and mar-
ginal gyri of the brain.
Callosum (kal-o' -suni). Same as Corpus Callosum.
Callous {kal'-us) [callosus, hard]. Hard ; tough, like
callus.
Callus (kal'-us) [L.]. I. A callosity; hardened and
thickened skin. 2. The new growth of incomplete
osseous tissue that surrounds the ends of a fractured
CALMANT
251
CAMATINA
bone, during the process of repair. See Callosity.
C, Permanent, the permanent bond of bony union
after re-absorption of the C. Provisional, or cartilage-
like, plastic material first thrown out. C. of Skin,
induration and thickening of the skin.
Calmant [kahtn'-ant) [ME., cahne\. A calmative
medicine.
Calmative {kn(h)l'-mat-iv) [ME., calme\ I. Calm-
ing ; sedative. 2. An agent that produces a calming
or sedative effect.
Calomel (kal'-o-mel). See Hydrargyrum.
Calophyllum {kal-o-fif -uni) [/caAof, beautiful ; <^v7CKov,
leaf]. A genus of large tropical guttiferous trees.
Several of the species (as C. tacamahaca, C. inophyl-
luiii) yield medicinal oils and resins. Unof.
Calor (/(vr'-Zor) [L. " heat "]. I. Heat. 2. Moderate
fever heat ; less than fervor and ardor. C animalis,
animal heat. C. febrilis, fever-heat. C. fervens,
boiling heat. C. innatus, natural or normal heat.
C. mordicans, biting or pungent heat (an unfavorable
symptom of typhus). C. nativus, native or animal
heat ; blood heat ; normal heat. C. internus, inward
fever : fever not appreciable on the surface of the body.
Caloricity [kal-or-is'-it-e) \_cahr, heat]. The heat-pro-
ducing power of the living animal body.
Calorie (kal'-or-e) [Fr.]. See Calory.
Calorifacient [kal-or-if-a^ -she-ent) [calor, heat ; facere,
to make]. Heat-producing (applied to certain foods).
Calorimeter [kal-or-im'-et-er) [calor, heat ; fj-hpov, a
measure]. An instrument for transforming the poten-
tial energy of the food into heat, and for measuring the
number of heat-units produced. Two forms are used,
the Water-Calorimeter and the Ice-Calorimeter.
Calorimetry [l;al-or-ii)i' -et-re) [calor, heat ; /uhpov, a
measure]. The estimation of the heat-units by the
calorimeter.
Calorimotor {kal-or-im-o'-tor') \calor, heat ; motor,
mover]. A galvanic battery that produces heating-
effects, generating electricity in large quantity, but not
necessarily with a high electro-motive force.
Calorinesis [kal-or-iti'-es-is) [calor, heat : //. , Calori-
neses\. Any disease characterized by an alteration in
the quantity of animal heat.
Calory [kal'-or-e) [Fr. , Calorie\ A heat-unit; the
amount of heat required to raise the temperature of
one kilogram of water one degree Centigrade. See
Unit.
Calotropis [kal-at'-ro-pis) [/caA(5f, beautiful ; Tpmiq, a
ship's keel]. A genus of E. Indian asclepiadaceous
trees and shrubs. See Madar.
Caltha [kal' -thali) [L.]. A genus of ranunculaceous
herbs. C. palustris, the marsh-marigold of cold and
cool regions ; it is vesicant when fresh. It is often
cooked and eaten as a pot-herb. Unof.
Calumba (kal-um' -bah) [native Mozambique, kaliimb'\.
Columbo. The root of C. jatcorrhiza , native to .South
Africa and parts of the E. Indies. It is an excellent
example of a simple bitter, and contains a bitter prin-
ciple, Calumbin, C^jH^^O,, of which the dose is gr.
j-iij. It is not astringent, and may be prescribed with
salts of iron. It is useful in atonic dyspepsia, and as
a mild, appetizing tonic in convalescence. C, Bxt.
(b. P.). Dose gr. ij-x. C, Fid. Ext. Dose n\^v-xxx.
C, Infus. (B. P.). Dose gj-ij. C, Tinct., con-
tains ten per cent, of C. Dose ^^^ss-ij. See also
American Coliimbo.
Calumbin {kal-nm'-bi7i). See Calumba.
Calva {kal'-vah). Same as Calvaria.
Calvaria [kal va'-re-ah) \calva, the scalp]. The upper
part of the skull.
Calvarian [kal-va' -re-aii) \_cah'a, the scalp]. Relating
to the calvaria.
Calvarium (kiil--ia'-re-ttm). See Calvaria.
Calvert's Test. See Tests, Table of.
Calvities [kal-vish' -e-ez) \calvHS, bald]. Baldness,
especially general or senile baldness. See Alopecia.
C. senilis. See Alopecia senilis.
Calx (kalks) [L.]. The heel. In chemistry, a name
formerly applied to any oxid of a metal, especially an
alkaline metal, and chiefly to lime, or oxid of calcium,
CaO. See Calcium.
Calycanthemous (kal-ik-an' -them-us) [/cd/.cf , calyx ;
avOtiiov, a flower]. In biology, with petaloid sepals.
Calycanthin [kal-ik-aii' -thin) (kAav^, calyx ; avHor^,
flower] , C-(|H.^g0.2.2. A glucosid obtained from cer-
tain plants of the genus Calycanthus.
Calycanthus [kal-ik-an' -thus) [/cd/uf, calyx; hvBoc,
flower]. A g;enus of North American shrubs. C,
floridus, the Carolina allspice, sweet-shrub, or bubby,
is tonic, emetic, and antifebrile. C. occidentalis is
the California sweet-shrub. Unof.
Calyciflorate [kal-is-e-fio' -rat) [calyx, calyx ; fios,
flower]. In biology, with the petals and stamens
borne on the calyx.
Calycine [kal'-is-in) [calyx, calyx]. In biology, per-
taining to or resembling a calyx.
Calycle [kal'-ik-l) [ra/j'c«/;« , a little calyx]. In bio-
logy, applied to parts that resemble a calyx , as the bracts
or leaflets of certain plants, or the cup-cells of zoo-
phytes.
Calycular [kal-ik'-tt-lar) [calyculus, a calycle]. I.
In biology, having bracts resembling accessory calices
or a cup-cell resembling a calycle. 2. An old name
for the plant Hyoscyamtts.
Calymna [kal-im'-ttah) [naXvTTTeiv, to cover, hide].
A jelly-like envelop of radiolarians.
Calyphyomy [kal-if-i'-o-me) [mAv^, a calyx ; (pveiv, to
grow]. In biology, the growing together of sepals
and petals.
Calyptera [kal-ip-te' -rah) [Kakx^KTripiov, a covering].
In biology, the tail coverts of birds.
Calyptoblastic [kal-ip-to-blas' -tik) [/cnXiiTrrdf, covered ;
^'kaaroq, a germ] . In biology, having capsulated gen-
erative buds, as the campanularian and sertularian hy-
droids.
Calyptra {kal-ip' -trali) [K.akv'KTpa, a veil]. In biology,
a hood-like body covering the fruit-organ in plants, as
the modified archegonium of mosses, or tlie united
bracts of some flowers.
Calyptrate [kal-ip' -trat) [KakvizTpa, a veil]. In biology,
having a hood-like investment.
Calyptrogen [kal-ip' -tro-gen) [MikvizTpa, a veil ; ytvr]<;,
producing]. In biology, the root-cap.
Calyx [ka'-liks^ [/cdAuf , the cups or calyx of a flower :
//. , Calices'\. In biology, applied to various cup-like
ensheathing structures, as the funnel-shaped tissues
surrounding the Malpighian pyramids of the kidney,
the cups of a polyzoan, or a Crinoid ; an ovarian cap-
sule. C. of Ovum, the wall of the Graafian follicle
from which the ovum has escaped.
Camass [kam-as') [nat. American Indian], The edible
bulb of Camassia esculenta, C. fraseri, or C. leicht-
linii, squill-like plants of Western N. America. Death
Camass, the poisonous root or bulb of Zygadenus ven-
enosus ; called also hog'' s potato, as it is eaten by
swine. The bulb or corm of the Blue Camass [Bro-
diica gratidi flora), is also considered poisonous, al-
though it may be eaten.
Camata [kah-mah' -tah) [origin unknown]. The dried
acorns of Quercus legilops, used in the arts for their
astringency. See Camatina and I'alonia.
Camatina [kah-mah-te' -nah) [origin unknown]. The
immature acorns of Quercus icgilops, used in the arts
for their astringency. See Camata and I'alonia.
CAMBIFORM
252
CAMPHOR
Cambiform (kai?i' -bif-orm) \_iai>ihiiii?i , cambium ;
forma, shape]. In biology, applied to narrow, thin-
walled succulent cells, often found in connection with
sieve-tubes, but whose nature is not well understood.
Cambi-Resin [East Indian]. The resinous juice of
Gardenia lucida an H). Indian plant. It has been
recommended for use in hospital dressings, from which
it is said to expel flies.
Cambium [kain' -be-iim) [L.]. In biology, a layer of
tissue formed between the wood and the bark of exog-
enous plants. It is composed of extremely delicate,
thin-walled cells, filled with protoplasm and organiz-
able nutrient matter, and appearing like a thin film of
mucilage.
Cambogia [kaiii-ho' -Je-a/i) \_Cainhoja, or Cambodia, a
country in Farther India]. Gamboge. A resinous
gum from Carcinia hanburii, a tree native to Southern
Asia. Its properties are due to gambogic acid. It is
a drastic hydragogue cathartic, decidedly diuretic. C,
Pil. Comp., (B. P.), contains gamboge, Barbadoes
aloes, hard soap, compound powder of cinnamon, and
syrup. Dose gr. v-x. It is also officially a constit-
uent of Pil. Cath. Comp. See Colocyntk. Dose gr.
ij-v.
Cambuca [kain-bu'-kah) [L.]. An old name for a
bubo or venereal ulcer.
Camel's Hair. The hair of the camel, used in Africa,
Asia Minor, and the Caucasus, and latterly in Europe,
for the manufacture of woven goods, that are made
from the unbleached hair. C.'s-h. Brush, a small
fine brush used for making various applications to the
surface of the body, and for cleansing the ear, etc.
Camelina [kam-cl-i' -nah) \_xafia'i, dwarf; Aivov, flax].
A genus of cruciferous plants. C. sativa, the gold
of pleasure. A cruciferous plant of the old world,
naturalized in N. America. Its seeds afford a fixed
oil ; the plant itself was formerly esteemed in eye-
diseases. Unof.
Camellia {kam-el' -e-ah) [after Kamel, a scientist of the
seventeenth century]. A genus of shrubs. C. the-
ifera. See Tea.
Camellin [kam-el' -iii) [see Camellia^ Cj^Hj^Ojg. A
glucosid obtained from the seeds of Camellia japonica.
Camembert Cheese. See Cheese.
Camera (kam' -er-ali) [^Ka/J,apa, an arched roof or
chamber]. In biology, a chamber or vaulted
structure. In optics, the chamber or dark-box of the
apparatus used for photography. C. cordis, the envel-
oping membrane of the heart, the pericardium. C.
of Cranium, the chamber of the skull. C. lucida,
an optical device for superimposing or combining two
fields of view in one eye, invented by the chemist
Wollaston. C. oculi, the chamber of the eye.
Camerated {lca/n'-er-a-/ed) [_Kafiapa, a vault]. In
biology, chambered, vaulted.
Camerer's Method. A method of estimating uric acid
in the urine. It is done by means of Salkowski's
magnesia mixture (one part of crystallized magnesium
sulphate, two parts of ammonium chlorid, four parts of
ammonia solution, of sp. gr. 0.924, and eight parts of
water), to remove the phosphates, and the addition of
silver nitrate.
Camerine {kam'-er-iti) [/ca/tdpra, a vault]. In biology,
a foraminiferous shell of the numulite limestone.
Cameritelous {kam-er-it-e'-lus) \_Lamera, a vault;
tela, a web]. Applied to spiders that spin intricate
webs or hiding-chambers.
Camerostoma [kam-er-os' -to-mali) [/ca//n^;n, a vault ;
ardi/a, a mouth]. In biology, the vaulted cover of
the manducatory organs of spiders.
Camisole {kam-is-dl' ) [Fr. ]. The straight-jacket, for-
merly used for the restraint of violently insane persons.
Camomile, or Chamomile [kam'-o-mil ). See Anlhemis
and Alatricaria.
Campana [kam-pa'-nah). See Pulsatilla.
Camp Cure. Life in camp and in the open air, adopted
as a therapeutic measure. C. Fever. Synonym of
Typhus P'ever. C. Measles, an epidemic of measles
among soldiers.
Campani's Ocular. See Ocular. C. Tests. .See
Tests, Table of .
Campanula {kam-pan' -u-lah) [L., "a little bell"].
I. Any bell-shaped part or process. 2. A genus of
plants with bell-shaped flowers : blue-bell : Canterbury
bell. Several of the species, as C. trachelitim and C.
glomerata have been employed in medicine, as deter-
gents, astringents, and vulneraries. Unof.
Campanulate {kam-pan' -u-lat) \_campanula, a little
bell]. Bell-shaped.
Camper's Angles. See Angle. C. Ligament. See
Ligament. C. Lines. See Lines, Table of. C. Plane.
See Plane. C. Profile Line. See Profile Litie.
Camphene {kam-fen' , or ka?ii'-fe}t') \_camphor'\, Cj^Hjg.
The solid teqaerie obtained from pinene halogen hydrid
by the elimination of the haloid acid.
Camphenes (J;am' fenz) \camphor\ The volatile oils
or hydrocarbons having the general formula C,|,H,^,
isomeric with oil of turpentine. Many camphenes
exist ready-formed in plants, as oil of cloves, etc.
They are liquid at ordinary temperatures. They are
also called terpenes, but by some authorities the latter
is made the generic name of all the volatile hydrocar-
bons having the formula CjqHjj, while the name
camphene is limited to those terpenes that are solid at
ordinary temperatures.
Camphoid [kam'-foid) \camphor\ A substitute for
collodion. It is a solution, one in 40, of pyroxylin,
in equal parts by weight of camphor and absolute
alcohol. It may be used as a vehicle for applications
to the skin. The application dries in a few minutes,
leaving an elastic opaque film, not easily washed off.
Campholic Acid [kam-fol'-ik). See Acid, Campholic.
Campho-phenique {kain-fo-fen-ek') [Fr.]. A proprie-
tary preparation combining camphor and phenol ; it is
recommended as an antiseptic and local stimulant.
Unof.
Camphor (kajn'-for) \camphora, camphor : gen. ,
Camphorce\, C^gHjgO. A solid volatile oil ob-
tained from Ci7inamomum catnphora, a tree indig-
enous to Eastern Asia. It yields camphoric and cam-
phretic acids, also C. Cymol when distilled with zinc
chlorid. It is a valuable antispasmodic, anodyne and
diaphoretic. Applied locally, it is an excellent rube-
facient. It is a moderate cerebral excitant. It is
effectual in cholera, vomiting, cardiac depression and
affections requiring an antispasmodic. C, aqua, con-
sists of camphor 8, alcohol 16, distilled water q. s. ad
1000 parts. Dose,::5j-iv. C. Ball, an English pre-
paration used as an application to chapped-skin. Its
composition is spermaceti 4, white wax 12, oil of
almonds 5 ; melt in a water bath, and add flowers of
camphor 4. Dissolve and when nearly cold pour into
boxes or mould in gallipots. C, Borneo. .See
Borneol. C, Carbolated, a mixture of 2}4 parts of
camphor with one each of carbolic acid and alcohol.
A good antiseptic dressing for wounds. C, ceratum,
consists of camphor liniment 3, olive oil 12, simple
cerate 85. Used for itching skin-affections. C,
Chloral, a fluid prepared by mixing equal parts of
camphor and chloral hydrate. It is an excellent solvent
for many alkaloids. Used externally. C.-ice, the
ceratum catnplionc compositum , N. F. C, linimen-
tum, has camphor 20, cottonseed oil 80 parts. C,
Liniment. Comp. (I>. P.), contains camphor and oil of
CAMPHORIC ACID
253
CANAL
lavender dissolved in rectified spirit, and strong solu-
tion of ammonia added. C, Monobromated, Cj^Hj^-
BrO, camphor in which one atom of hydrogen has
been replaced by an atom of bromin. It resembles
the broraids in therapeutic action. Dose gr. j-x, in
emulsion. C. salicylate, prepared by heating to-
gether 14 parts of camphor with 11 of salicylic acid.
It is used as an ointment. C, Spt., contains camphor ID,
alcohol 70, water 20 parts. Dose rr^v-xx. C, Tinct.,
Comp. (B. P. ), contains opium, benzoic acid, camphor,
oil of anise, and proof spirit. Dose tT\^xv-3j. C.
Tinct., Rubini's. Unof. A saturated solution of
camphor in alcohol. Dose gtt. iv-x. Raspail's
" Eau Sedative." Unof. Contains aq. ammonia 5 ij,
sodium chlorid ^ ij, camph. spt. wine 3 iij, water Oij.
Used externally.
Camphoric Acid [kam-for' -ik). See Acid'.
Camphoronic Acid [kain-fo-ron' ik). See Acui.
Camphors [kain' -forz) \_i-a/Hphora, camphor]. Peculiar-
smelling substances containing oxygen and intimately
related to the terpenes. They are often found with
the latter in plant-secretions and can be artificially
prepared by oxidizing the same.
Camphylene {kaiii' -Jil-eii)\camphora, camphor], Cj^H,^.
I. A liquid terpene produced by decomposing cam-
phene with lime at a great heat. 2. A commercial
name for naphthalin, occurring in blocks that are sold
for protecting furs and woolens from moths, and are
placed in urinals for disinfecting purposes.
Campimeter (kam-piin'-ct-e)'). See Perimeter.
Camplin's Biscuits. See Biscuits.
Campsis (kamp'-sis) [_Kdfiijn^, a curving]. Any abnormal
curvature or flexion.
Campterium (^/:ainp-te' -re-iini) \_KaiJ.nT!jp, a bending].
In biology, the anterior border of the wing ; the bend
of the wing.
Campylochirus {kam-pil-o-ki'-nis) l_Ka/iTr'ulog, crooked ;
X^'p, hand]. Having distorted hands.
Campylorrhachis {kam-pil-or' -a-kis) [Ka/iwiXog,
crooked; pa-xic, backbone]. A fetus with spinal
deformity.
Campylorrhinus(A7OT-///-(>-?7^-;?/«) [«:a,(/7r(i^of, crooked;
p/f, nose]. A monstrosity with a deformity of the
nose.
Campylospermous {kam-pil-o-sper' -mils') [KO^TriiAof ,
curved; (T7r£p//a, a seed]. In biology, applied to seeds
having the material curved so as to form longitudinal
furrows.
Campylotropal (kam-pil-of -ro-pal^ \Kaii-Kvkoc,, curved ;
rpeTTeiv, to turn]. In biology, applied to ovules or
seeds that are bent or curved on themselves.
Canada (Jiaii' -a-dah) [Sp.]. A British possession in
North America. C. Balsam. See Balsamum can-
adense. For its uses in microscopy, see Mounting
Media. C. Snakeroot, the root of Asariim canadense.
See Asarum. C. Hemp. See Apocynum.
Canadian [kan-a' -de-an) \_Canada\. Pertaining or
belonging to Canada.
Canadol (knn'-ad-ol). A transparent volatile liquid re-
sembling benzene in smell. It is an excellent local
anesthetic for minor surgical operations. Unof. See
also Gasolene.
Canaigre [kan-a' -gra) [Sp.]. The Rtimex hvmeno-
sepalus, a plant of Texas, Mexico, Utah and Cali-
fornia. The root is highly astringent : the sour stalks
are used, like rhubarb-stalks, in making pies. Unof.
Canal, or Canalis [kan-a/', or kan-a'-Ks) [canna, a
reed or tube], I. A tube or duct for carrying the
fluids of the body. 2. A hollow instrument used as
a splint. C , Abdominal. See C, Inguinal. C,
Abital. See C, Aphodal. C, Aerial. See C, Air.
C, Afferent. See C, Inciirrent. C, Air, a cavity
containing air, such as exists in most vegetable organs ;
it is formed by an arrest of development or by a destruc-
tion of some of the anatomic elements. C, Al-
cock's, a strong sheath of the obturator layer of the
pelvic fascia containing the internal pudic artery. C,
Alimentary, the whole digestive tube from the mouth
to the anus. C, Alisphenoid, in comparative anatomy,
a canal in the alisphenoid bone, opening anteriorly into
the foramen rotundum, and transmitting the external
carotid artery. C, Alveolar, Anterior, one located
in the superior maxilla ; it transmits the anterior supe-
rior dental nerve. C, Alveolar, Inferior, the inferior
dental canal. C, Alveolar, Median, one located in
the superior maxilla and transmitting the middle supe-
rior dental nerve. C, Alveolar, Posterior, one
situated in the superior maxilla ; it transmits the
posterior superior dental nerve. C, Alveolo-dental,
.See C, Dental. C, Ambulacral, in the Eclnnoder-
mata, branches of the circular canal. C, Anal, leads
from the rectum to the external opening of the anus.
C, Aphodal, in certain sponges, one connecting a
chamber with an excurrent canal. C, Apical, in the
Ctenopliora, two canals extending from the funnel to
the apical pores. C, Aquiferous. l. Canals that
in many molluscs traverse the substance of the foot,
opening externally by pores, or internally into the
blood-sinuses. 2. In the Entozoa, a series of ramify-
ing excretory canals, with blind extremities, converging
to a common canal that opens externally. C, Arach-
noid, a space formed beneath the arachnoid membrane
of the brain ; it transmits the vence magna; Galeni. C.
of Arantius, the ductus venosus. C, Archinephric,
the duct of the archinephron or primitive kidney.
C, Arterial. See Ductus arteriosus. C, Atrial,
the cavity of the atrium. C, Auditory, External,
that from the auricle to the tympanic membrane. C,
Auditory, Internal, that beginning on the posterior
surface of the petrous bone, and extending outward
and backward for a distance of about four lines ; it
transmits the auditory and facial nerves, and the audi-
tory artery. C, Auricular. I. See C, Auditory,
External. 2. The constriction between the auricular
and ventricular portions of the fetal heart. C. , Avant,
the anterior portion of the male urethra. C, Axial,
in certain Echinodermata, the central canal of a
brachium, opening into the alimentary canal. C,
Bartholin's, the duct of Bartholin's gland. C. of
Bernard, a supplementary duct of the pancreas. Also
called Santorini's canal. C, Bichat's. See C,
Arachnoid. C, Biflex. See Gland, Interungulate.
C, Biliary. See C, Hepatic. C, Biliary, Inter-
lobular, canals situated between the acini of the liver,
containing small branches of the portal vein, etc. C,
Blastoporic. See C., A'eurenteric. C. of Bone, a
canaliculus of bone. C, Braun's. See C. , A'tv/rdv/-
teric. C, Braune's, the continuous passage formed
by the uterine cavity and the vagina during labor,
after full dilatation of the os. C, Breschet's. See
C. of the Diploe. C, Bullular. See C. of Petit.
C, Carinal, an air-canal in the Equiseta, situated on
the inner side of the xylem. C, Carotic. See C,
Carotid. C, Carotico-tympanic, two or three short
canals extending from the carotid canal to the tym-
panum ; they transmit branches of the carotid plexus.
C, Carotid, one in the petrous portion of the temporal
bone ; it transmits the internal carotid artery. C. of
Cartilage, the canals in ossifying cartilage, during its
vascularization intended to receive prolongations of
the osteogenetic layer of the periosteum. They radiate
in all directions from the center of ossification. C,
Central (of the modiolus), a canal running from the
base to the apex of the cochlea. C, Central (of spinal
CANAL
254
CANAL
cord), the small canal that extends through the center
of the spinal cord from the conus medullaris to the
lower part of the fourth ventricle. It represents the
embryonic ectodermal canal. C, Cerebro-spinal,
I. The neural or cranio- vertebral canal, formed by the
skull and the spine, and containing the biain and spinal
marrow. 2. The primitive continuous cavity of the
brain and spinal cord, not infrequently more or less
extensively obliterated in the latter, but in the former
modified in the form of the several ventricles and other
cavities. C, CervicaL See C. of Cervix Uteri. C,
Cervico-uterine. See C. , Uterine. C. of Cervix
Uteri, that portion of the uterine canal that extends
between the internal and external os. C. of Chorda
Tympani, a small canal in the temporal bone, be-
tween its squamous and petrous portions, parallel with
the Glaserian fissure ; it transmits the chorda tympani
nerve. C, Chyleaqueous, in certain invertebrates, a
system of canals containing water and digestive pro-
ducts. C, Ciliary. See C, of Fontana. C, Cir-
cular, in the Ee/iinoderiiiata, a vessel surrounding the
esophagus, connected with the exterior by the madre-
poric canal, and giving oft the ambulacra! canals. C.
clavellaris, in biology, a cecal canal running into the
olfactory clubs of Mcdusin. C, Cloacal. See C,
Exeiirrent. C. of Cloquet. See C, Hyaloid. C,
Cochlear, the spiral and snail-like cavity of the
cochlea, 28 to 30 mm. long. The base is turned
inward toward the internal auditory meatus, and the
apex outward toward the tympanum. C. of Com-
munication, in the embryo of the fowl, canals that
run from the cavity of each protovertebra to the pleuro-
peritoneal space. C, Connecting, the arched or coiled
portion of a uriniferous tubule, joining with a collect-
ing tubule. C, Corona, in biology, the coronal in-
testine of Aledusa. Same as Poiteh corona. C. of
Corti, the triangular canal formed by the pillars of
Corti, the base of which corresponds to the membrana
basilaris. It extends over the entire length of the
lamina spiralis. C. of Cotunnius. See Aqueduct
of the Vestibule. C, Cranio-vertebral. See C,
Cerebro-spinal, and C, Neural. C, Crural. See
C, Femoral. C, Ctenophoral, in the Ctenophora,
eight canals connected at right angles with the tertiary
radial canals, and corresponding in their course with
the eight locomotive bands. C. of Cuvier, the ductus
venosus. C, Cystic, the cystic duct. C. of De
Candolle. See C, Medullary. C, Deferent, the
vas deferens. C, Demicircular. See (7. , Semi-
circular. C, Dental, Anterior, one extending
into the facial portion of the superior maxilla ; it
transmits the anterior dental vessels and nerves. C,
Dental, Inferior, the dental canal of the inferior
maxilla; it tran.smits the inferior dental nerve and
vessels. C, Dental, Posterior, two canals in the
superior maxilla. They transmit the superior posterior
dental vessels and nerves. C, Dentinal, the minute
canals in dentine, extending approximately at right-
angles to the surface of a tooth from the pulp-cavity,
into which they open, to the cementum and enamel.
C, Digestive. See C, Alimentary. C. of Diploe,
canals in the diploe of the cranium transmitting
Breschet's veins. C, Efferent. l. See C, Excur-
rent. 2. In the Cwto/i'i', canals connecting the testicles
with the deferent canals. C, Ejaculatory. See
Duet, Ejaculatory. C. of Epididymis, a convoluted
tube, about 20 feet long when straightened, forming
the epididymis and continuous with the vas deferens.
C, Eschricht's Yellow, in certain of the Cestoda , a
system of canals, opening into the fertilizing canal,
and terminating in round or oval sacs. C, Eth-
moidal, Anterior, one between the ethmoid and
frontal bones ; it transmits the nasal branch of the
ophthalmic nerve, and the anterior ethmoidal ves-
sels. C, Ethmoidal, Posterior. .See C. , Orbital,
Posterior, Internal. C, Eustachian, one in the
petrous portion of the temporal bone, containing a
portion of the Eustachian tube. C, Excurrent, in
sponges, the tubes that carry water from the ciliated
chambers to the exterior. C, Facial, the aqueduct
of Fallopius ; it transmits the facial nerve. C, Fal-
lopian. See Aqueduct of Fallopius. C, Femoral.
I. The inner compartment of the sheath of the femoral
vessels behind Poupart's ligament; a femoral hernia
descends through this. 2. See C, Hunter's. C. of
Ferrein, a triangular channel, supposed to exist
between the free edges of the eyelids when they are
closed, and to serve for conducting the tears toward
the puncta lachrymalia during sleep. C, Fertilizing,
in many cestoda, a tube connecting the vagina and the
uterus. C, Fibro-adipose, in certain fishes, a canal,
filled with adipose tissue, on the dorsal side of the neural
canal. C. of Fontana, a series of small spaces formed
by the interlacing of the connective-tissue fibers of
the framework of the peripheral processes of the
iris, situated in the angle of the anterior cham-
ber, and serving as a medium for the transudation
of the aqueous humor from the posterior to the
anterior chamber of the eye. They are also called C.
of Hovius, C, Ciliary, and Fontana' s Spaces. C,
Galactophorous, the lactiferous tubules of the
mammary gland. C. of Gartner, in the female, a
relic of the main portion of the Wolffian duct of
the embryo; it is a tube extending from the broad
ligament of the uterus to the wall of the uterus and
vagina. C, Gastro-vascular, in the Hydrozoa,
canals extending from the stomach into the substance
of the disc of the umbrella. C, Genital, in com-
parative anatomy, any canal designed for copulation
or for the discharge of ova. C, Gonocalycine, a
system of canals found in the gonocalyx of the Hy-
drozoa. C. of Groin. See C., Inguinal. C. of
Guidi. See C, Vidian. C, Gynecophoric, in
Bilharzia, a groove extending from a little below the
ventral sucker to the end of the tail. It lodges the
female during copulation. C. of Havers. See C,
Haversian. C, Haversian, canals in the compact
substance of bone forming a wide-meshed
network, and establishing communication between
the medullary cavity and the surface of the bone.
Their average diameter is -ji-j- inch, and they
are lined by a continuation of the endosteum ; they
transmit blood-vessels, lymph-vessels and nerves.
C, Hemal, one in the ventral surface of the vertebral
column, enclosed by the hemal arches ; it is incom-
plete in certain portions. C. of Henle, a portion of
the uriniferous tubules. C, Hepatic. I. The excre-
tory duct of the liver. 2. The radicles of the hepatic
duct. C, Hernial, one transmitting a hernia. C.
of Hovius. See C. of Fontana. C. of Huguier.
See C. of the Chorda Tympani. C, Hunter's, a
triangular canal formed in the adductor magnus
muscle of the thigh ; it transmits the femoral artery
and vein and internal saphenous nerve. C. of
Huschke, one formed by the junction of the tuber-
cles of the annulus tympanicus. This is generally
obliterated after the fifth year, but may persist through
life. C, Hyaloid, an irregularly-cylindrical canal
running antero-posteriorly through the vitreous body,
through which in the fetus the hyaloid artery passes,
to ramify on the posterior surface of the crystalline
lens. C., Hyapophyseal, in birds, that formed by
the inferior spinous processes of the upper cervical
vertebrre; it transmits the carotid artery. C, Inci-
CANAL
255
CANAL
sive. See C, Incisfi: C, Incisor, a canal that
opens into tlie mouth by an aperture just behind the
incisor teeth of the upper jaw ; it is formed by a groove
on the adjoining surfaces of the superior maxillae, and
has two branches that open into the nasal fossae. C,
Incurrent, in sponges, the canals that convey water
from the exterior to the ciliated chambers. C, Infra-
orbital, a small canal running obliquely through the
bony floor of the orbit ; it transmits the infraorbital
artery and nerve. C, Inguinal, a canal about one
and one-half inches long, running obliquely downward
and inward from the internal to the external abdominal
ring, and constituting the channel through which an
inguinal hernia descends; it transmits the spermatic
cord in the male, and the round ligament of the uterus in
the female. C, Inter-. See C. , C, Inter-
cellular, in biology, canals formed by the' interspaces
between vegetable cells. C, Intestinal, that portion
of the alimentary canal that is included between the.
pylorus and the anus. C, Intrafascicular, one formed
in a fibro-vascular bundle by the destruction of the
vascular tissue and parenchyma. C, Intralobular,
Biliary, the radicles of the bile-ducts, forming a fine
network in and around the hepatic cells, and com-
municating with vacuoles in the cells. C. of Jacob-
son. See C, Tympanic. C, Kidney, in the Platt-l-
minthes, excretory tubes that take up excrementitious
matter from the tissues. C, Kidney, Primitive,
in some of the lower animals canals that appear to re-
place the kidneys. C. of Kowalevsky. See C, iW-u-
renteric. C. , Lacrymal. I. The bony canal that
lodges the nasal duct. 2. One of the lachrymal canal-
iculi. C, Lateral, in most fishes, two canals, one on
each side, that communicate with cavities in the head,
and with the exterior, by apertures in each overlying
scale ; they are probably sensory in function. C. of
Laurer, in certain worms, one by which the oviduct
opens externally on the dorsal surface ; according to
some, the vitellarian duct. C, Lingual, in the horse,
etc. , the floor of the mouth, from its lodging the tongue.
C. of Loewenberg, that portion of the cochlear canal
that is situated above the membrane of Corti. C,
Longitudinal, in the Cestoda, canals, one on each
side of a joint ; they are of uncertain function. C,
Looped, in the Annulata, the segmental organs. C,
Macro-myelonal, the central canal of the spinal cord.
C, Madreporic, in the Echinodo-inata , one joining
the madreporite, and the circular canal. C, Malar, one
in the malar bone transmitting the malar division of the
temporo-malar branch of the superior maxillary nerve.
C. of Marrow. See C, Cartilage. C, Maxillary.
See C, Dental. C, Median. I. The central canal
of the spinal cord. 2. The aqueduct of Sylvius. C,
Medullary. I . The hollow cavity of a long bone, con-
taining the marrow. 2. 'Ae^e. C, Vertebral. 3. The cen-
tral canal of the spinal cord. 4. An Haversian canal. 5.
The canal of De Candolle, enclosing the pith in the
stem of plants. 6. In embryology, the medullary tube.
C, Medullary, Cerebro-spinal, the central canal of
the spinal cord. C, Membranous, of the Cochlea,
a canal in the cochlea, following the turns of the
lamina spiralis ; it is bounded by the basilar mem-
brane, the membrane of Reissner, and the wall of
the cochlea. C, Membranous, Semicircular.
See C, Semicircular. C. of Modiolus, the spiral
canal of the cochlea. C, Muciparous. See C,
Mucous. C, Mucous, in general, canals lined
with mucous membrane. In zoology, canals found
beneath the scales of fishes and other scaly animals,
furnishing the mucus that lubricates the surface. C.
of MuUer. See Miillerian Duct. C, Myelonal, the
central canal of the spinal cord. C, Nasal. I. See
C, Lachrymal. 2. An occasional canal found in the
posterior portion of the nasal bone ; it transmits the
nasal nerves. C, Naso-lachrymal. See C, Lach-
rymal. C, Naso-palatine. See C, Lncisor. C,
Neural. l. See C, Vertebral. 2. In Echinodenns,
a canal a part of the wall of which is formed
by the ambulacral nerve and its connections. C,
Neurenteric, of Kowalewsky, also called Blasto-
poric Canal, in the embryo, a passage leading from
the posterior part of the medullary tube into the arch-
enteron. C, Neuro-central. See C, Vertebral. C.
of Nuck, a pouch of peritoneum which, in the female
fetus, descends for a short distance along the round
ligament of the uterus into the inguinal canal ; it is the
analogue of the processus vaginalis in the male. It
sometimes persists after birth. C, Nutritive. See C,
Haversian. C, Obstetric. See C. , Parturient. C,
Obturator, a canal in the ilium transmitting the obtu-
rator nerve and vessels. C, Olfactory, in the embryo,
the nasal fossa; at an early period of development. C,
Omphalo-mesenteric, in the embryo, a canal that
connects the cavity of the intestine with the umbilical
vesicle. C, Optic. See Optic Foramen. C, Orb-
ital, Anterior Internal. See C, Ethmoidal, An-
terior. C, Orbital, Posterior Internal, the poste-
rior of two canals formed by the ethmoid bone and
the orbital plate of the frontal. It transmits the pos-
terior ethmoidal vessels. C, Palatine, Accessory
Posterior, one or two canals in the horizontal plate
of the palate bone, near the groove entering into the
formation of the posterior palatine canal. C., Pala-
tine, Anterior, formed by the union of the incisive
canals ; it opens on the palate behind the incisor
teeth. C, Palatine, Descending. See C, Palato-
Maxillary. C, Palatine, External, Small, a small
canal in the pyramidal process of the palate bone,
close to its connection with the horizontal plate. It
transmits the external palatine nerve. C, Palatine,
Posterior. See C. , Palato- maxillary. C, Palatine,
Smaller. See C. , Palatine, Posterior. C, Palatine,
Superior, one fomied by the palate bone and the
superior maxilla, transmitting the large palatine nerve
and blood-vessels. C, Palato maxillary, one formed
by the outer surface of the palate bone and the adjoin-
ing surface of the superior maxilla. It transmits
the large palatine nerve and blood-vessel. C, Para-
gastric, in the Ctenophora , one that branches off on
each side of the funnel, and terminates near the oral
extremity of the funnel. C, Parturient, the channel
through which the fetus passes in parturition, includ-
ing the pelvic canal, and the uterus and vagina con-
sidered as a single canal. C, Pelvic, the canal of
the pelvis, from the superior to the inferior strait. C,
Pericardio-peritoneal, in some of the lower verte-
brates ; canals connecting the pericardium and the
peritoneal cavity. C, Perigastric, in the Hydrozoa,
two canals running parallel to the stomach, from the
infundibulum, and terminating in culs-de-sac near the
mouth. C, Peritoneal, in the Plagiostomata, etc.,
two canals leading from the peritoneal cavity, one to
each side of the cloaca. C, Perivascular, the cir-
cumvascular lymph spaces. C. of Petit. Properly,
a space, intersected by numerous fine interlacing fibers,
existing between the anterior and posterior laminae of
the suspensory ligament of the crystalline lens. It
extends from the periphery of the lens, nearly to the
apices of the ciliary process, and transmits the secre-
tion from the posterior chamber. C, Petro-mas-
toid, a small canal not always present, situated at the
angle of union between the mastoid and petrous bones.
It transmits a small vein from the middle fossa of the
skull to the transverse sinus. C, Petrosal, two canals
CANAL
256
CANAL
on the upper surface of the petrous portion of the tem-
poral bone, transmitting the large and small superficial
petrosal nerves. C, Plasmatic. I. An Haversian
canal. 2. In the Tcniadic, canals given oft from the
longitudinal vessels, containing a homogeneous fluid
which is supposed to serv^ for the nutrition of the
animal. C, Poison, in snakes, the canal in the poi-
son-fang, serving for the ejaculation of the venom.
C, Pore. See C, Porous. C, Porous, in the ovule,
supposed to serve for the entrance of the spermato-
zoids in fecundation. C, Portal. See Intralobular ,
Biliary. C, Preputial, in the lower animals, the
sheath of the penis. C, Primitive, the neural canal
of the embyro. C, Prosodal, in sponges, a canal
connecting the chamber with the prosopyle. C,
Pseudostomatous, the processes of branched cells
that extend from a sub-epithelial or endothelial layer
to the free surface, their free ends forming the pseudo-
stomata. C, Pterygoid. SeeC. ,Vi</iau. C, Ptery-
go-palatine, one formed by the root of the internal
pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone and the sphen-
oidal process of the palate bone. It transmits the
pterygo-palatine vessels and nerve. C, Pulmo-
aortic. .See Ductus arteriosus. C, Radial, in the
Ctenophora , two canals that branch off laterally from
the funnel. Each divides into two (the secondary
radial), which themselves divide into two (the tertiary
radial), which open into the ctenophoral canals. C.
of Recklinghausen, minute channels supposed to
exist in all connective tissue, which are directly con-
tinuous with the lymphatic vessels, and hence may be
said to fonn their origin. C. of Reissner. See C,
Membranous, of the Cochlea. C, Resin. See C,
Resiniferous. C, Resiniferous, a canal in which
resin is secreted. C, Rhachidian. See C, Verte-
bral. C. of Rivinus, the duct of the sublingual gland.
C. of Rosenthal. See C, .Spiral, of the Modiolus,
C, Sacculo-cochlear, one connecting the sacculus
and the cochlea. C, Sacculo-utricular, one con-
necting the sacculus and the utricle. C, Sacral, the
continuation of the vertebral canal in the sacrum.
C, Sand. See C. , Madreporic. C, Santorini's.
See C. of Bernard. C. of Schlemm, an irregular
space or plexiform series of spaces occupying the
sclero-corneal region of the eye ; it is regarded by
some as a venous sinus, by others as a lymph-channel.
C, Secretory, an interspace between the cells of
vegetaljle tissue, lined with special cells, secreting va-
rious products such as oils, balsams, gum-resins, etc.
C, Semicircular, bony canals of the labyrinth of the
internal ear. They are three in number, the external,
superior, and posterior, and contain the tneinbranous
semicircular canals. C, Semicircular, Anterior.
See C, Semicircular, Superior. C, Semicircular,
Anterior Vertical. See C, Sei?iicii-cular, Superior.
C, Semicircular, External, that one of the semicir-
cular canals of the labyrinth having its plane horizon-
tal and its convexity directed backward. C, Semi-
circular, Frontal. See C. , Semicircular, Superior.
C, Semicircular, Horizontal. See C. , Semicircu-
lar, External. C., Semicircular, Inferior. See
C, Semicircular, Posterior. C, Semicircular, In-
ner. See C, Semicircular, Posterior. C, Semicir-
cular, Internal. See C, Semicircular, Posterior.
C, Semicircular, Lateral. See C, Semicircular,
External. C, Semicircular, Osseous. See C,
Semicircular. C, Semicircular, Posterior, that one
of the semicircular canals having its convexity directed
backward, and its plane almost parallel to the pos-
terior wall of the pyramid. C, Semicircular, Pos-
terior Vertical. See C, Semicircular, Posterior.
C, Semicircular, Sagittal. See ('. , Semicircular,
Posterior. C, Semicircular, Superior, that one of
the semicircular canals having its convexity directed
toward the upper surface of the pyramid. C, Sem-
inal, the seminiferous tubules. C., Serous, any mi-
nute canal connected with the lymph vessels and sup-
posed to be filled with lymph. C, Sheathing, the
communication between the cavity of the tunica vagi-
nalis of the testicle and the general peritoneal cavity.
It soon closes in man, leaving the tunica vaginalis a
closed sac. C, Side, blind canals in the ventral skin
of amphioxus, supposed to have a urinary function.
C, Spermatic. I. The vas deferens. 2. The ingui-
nal canal in the male. C, Spheno-palatine. See
C, Pterygo-palatine. C, Spinal. See C, Vertebral.
C, Spiral, of the Cochlea, one that runs spirally
around the modiolus, taking two turns and a half,
diminishing in size from the base to the apex, and
terminating in the cupola. C, Spiral, of the Modio-
lus, a small canal winding around the modiolus of
the base of the lamina spiralis. C, Spiroid, of the
Temporal Bone. See Aqueduct of dallopius. C.
of Stenson. See Stenson'' s Duct. C, Sternal, in
the Crustacea, one formed by the union of the meso-
phragms of the endosternites. C. of Stiebel, in cer-
tain Mollusca the embryonic renal organ. C. of
Stiega. See C. of Laurer. C. of Stilling. See
C, Hyaloid, and C, Central, of Spinal Cord. C,
Stone. See C. , Madreporic. C, Suborbital. See
C, Infraorbital. C, Supraorbital, one at the upper
margin of the orbit. It transmits the supraorbital ar-
tery and nerve. C, Temporal. See C. , Zygomatico-
temporal. C, Temporo-malar. See C, Zygo-
matico-temporal. C, Thoracic, the thoracic duct.
C, Tympanic, one that opens on the lower surface
of the petrous bone, between the carotid canal and
the groove for the internal jugular vein. It transmits
Jacobson's nerve. C, Urethro-sexual, in some
mammals the vagina and urethra combined. C, Urin-
ary, the urethra. C, Uro-genital. See Urogenital
Sinus. C, Uterine, the canal of the uterus, including
the body and neck. C, Utero-cervical, the cavity
of the cervix uteri at the time of labor. C, Utero-
vaginal. I. The common canal formed by the uterus
and vagina. 2. In embryology, the duct of Miiller.
C, Vaginal, the canal of the vagina. C, Vascu-
lar. See C, Haversian , and C, Cartilage. C, Vec-
tor, the oviduct. C, Venous, the ductus venosus.
C, Vertebral, the canal formed by the vertebrje. It
transmits the spinal cord and its membranes. C,
Vertebrarterial, the osseous canal through which the
vertebral artery runs. C, Vestibular. See C. , In-
current. C, Vidian, a canal of the sphenoid bone
at the base of the internal pterygoid plate, opening
anteriorly into the spheno-maxillary fossa, and pos-
teriorly into the foramen lacerum. It transmits the
Vidian nerve and vessels. C, Vitelligene, in com-
parative anatomy, canals leading to the vitelligene
glands. C, Vitellin, a supposed canal leading from
the central cavity of the vitellus, in birds' eggs, to the
cicatricula. C, Vulvar, the vestibule of the vagina.
C, Vulvo-uterine, the vagina. C, Vulvo-vag-
inal. I. The vagina and the vulva considered as a
single canal. 2. The orifice of the hymen. C, Water-
vascular. See C, Aquiferous. C. of Wharton.
See Wharton's Duct. C, White, of Malpighi, in
insects, two white convoluted urinary tubules open-
ing into the large intestine. C. of Wirsung, the
pancreatic duct. C. of Wolff. See Wolff an Duct.
C, Yellow, of Malpighi, in insects, two yellowish
convoluted tubes opening at the junction of the stom-
ach and intestine ; they are regarded as urinary. C,
Zygomatic. See C. , Zygojnatico-temporal and C,
CANALICULAR
257
CANINE
Zygomatico-facial. C, Zygomatico-facial. See C. ,
Malar. C, Zygomatico-temporal, the temporal
canal of the malar bone, running from its orbital to
its temporal surface. It transmits a branch of the
superior maxillary nerve.
Canalicular [kan-al-ik' -u-lar) \_canaiis, a channel].
In biology, canal-shaped.
Canaliculization (J;a)i-al-ik-u-Hz-a'-shuii) \_<:a>ialiiulus,
a little canal]. The formation of canaliculi, as in
bone, or as in calcified cartilage.
Canaliculus {kan-al-ik'-n-liis) [L. : pi. , Canaliculi'].
A small canal ; especially that leading from the punc-
tum to the lachrymal sac of the eye ; and in the plural,
the minute canals opening into the lacunK of bone.
See Bout'.
Canalization [kan-al-iz-a'-skiin) \_c'analis, a- canal].
I. The formation of canals, as in tissues, etc. 2. A
system of wound-drainage without tubes. C. of the
clot, formation of a channel through a clot in a
vessel for the passage of the blood-current, occurring
from the 50th to the 70th day after ligation. See
Cells, I'asifactive .
Canarin (kan' -ar-iii). See Pio-ments, Conspectus of.
Canarium {kan-a' -re-uni) [E. Ind. , canari]. A genus
of burseraceous trees and shrubs of warm regions. C,
commune affords a part (at least) of the manila elemi,
and also a balsam resembling copaiba. Other species
yield similar products.
Canatillo [kah-nah-tel'-yo). See Tepopote.
Cancellate (^kan'-sel-dt) \_cancellare, to provide with
a lattice]. Reticulated, or characterized by latticed
lines, as the spongy tissue of bones, or certain leaves
consisting entirely of veins.
Cancellation (^kan-sel-a^ -sliuii) \_cancelH, lattice-work].
The quality of being cancellate ; cancellous structure.
Cancellous {l;an' -sel-us) \_cancelli, lattice- work]. Re-
sembling lattice-work. C. Tissue. See Tissue.
Cancellus [kan'-sel-us) \_cancelli, lattice-work]. A
space, or unit of structure, in cancellous bone ; any
one of the minute divisions in spongy bone. The
spongy, lattice-work texture of bone.
Cancer (Ican'-ser). See Carcinoma. C, Alveolar, a
carcinoma with an alveolar structure. C. aquaticus.
Synonym of Stomatitis, Gangrenous. C. -bandage,
a crab-shaped bandage ; a split-cloth of eight tails.
C.-cell, a peculiar cell sometimes seen in adenoid
cancer and in sarcoma. It was formerly thought to
be pathognomonic of the malignant quality of a tumor.
C, Clay-pipe. See C, Smokers\ C, Colloid, one
containing colloid material. C. en cuirasse, dis-
seminated lenticular cancer of the skin. C. -Juice,
the milky fluid yielded by the cut surface of a hard
cancer on scraping. C, Melanotic, a malignant
pigmented form. C, Smokers', epithelioma of
the lip due to the irritation of a pipe. C.-root, a
name of Epiphegus virginiana, Apliyllon uniflorum,
Conopholis americana and other plants vaunted as
cancer-cures. The above are all either root-para-
sites or saprophytes. Unof. See Aphyllon. C.-r.
Beech-drop, a name for a plant used as a local ap-
plication for cancer. C.-weed, Prenanthes alba, a
plant. C.-wort, Linuria spuria and L. elatine,
European herbs.
Cancerate [kan' -ser-dt) \_KapK'n'OQ, a crab]. To become
cancerous ; to be developed into a cancer.
Canceration [ka}i-ser-a' -shun) [/cap/c/vof , a crab]. De-
velopment into a cancer ; the assumption of malig-
nant qualities by a tumor.
Cancerous (kan'-ser-us) \_KapKlvoQ, a crab]. Having
the qualities of a cancer; malignant.
Canchalagua [kan-cka-la'-g7mk) [Sp.]. A Spanish-
American name for various plants, chiefly of the
genus Erythma, (as E. chilensis, E. venusta, E. tri-
chantka). They are bitter tonics, with the qualities
of gentian. Unof.
Canchasmus {kan-kaz'-/nus) [my/caff/zof, loud laugh-
ter]. Hysterical or immoderate laughter.
Cancriform [kang'-krif-orm] \_cancer, 2l ctah ; forma,
form]. Resembling a cancer in appearance.
Cancrisocial (kang-kris-o'-shal) [^cancer, a crah ; socias,
a companion]. In biology, a communalistic associa-
tion of sea-anemonies, sponges, molluscs, etc. on the
shell inhabited by a hermit crab.
Cancrivorous [kang-kriv' -o-rus) \cancer, a crab ;
vorare, to eat]. Applied to animals that feed upon
crabs.
Cancroid [kang' -kroid) \cancer, a crab]. Cancer-like;
semi-malignant. C. Ulcer. See Rodent Ulcer.
Cancroin [kan'-kro-in) [cancer, a crab]. A substance
(said to be identical with neurin), introduced by Adam-
kiewicz as a material for hypodermatic injection in
cases of malignant disease, it being regarded by him
as an alexin destructive of cancer- tissue.
Cancrophagous (kang-kroff' -ag-us) [cancer, a crab ;
tjiayelv, to eat]. Same as Cancrivorous.
Cancrum [kang'-krum) [L., "a cancer"]. A cancer
or rapidly-spreading ulcer. C. Oris, also called
Canker of the Moutli, Gangrenous Stomatitis, Noma,
Gangrenous Ulceration of the Mouth. It is a disease
of childhood between the ages of one and five, char-
acterized by the formation of foul, deep ulcers of the
buccal surfaces of the cheeks or lips. There is but
slight pain, but the prostration is great, and death
usually results from exhaustion or blood-poisoning.
The disease is generally the i^esult of poor hygienic
surroundings acting upon a debilitated system. C.
Nasi, gangrenous rhinitis of children.
Candela [kan-de'-lah ) [candere, to glow], I. A medi-
cated candle for fumigation. 2. A wax bougie.
Candle (J;an'-dl) {candela, a candle]. A taper; a
bougie. C. -berry, the bay-berry, Myrica cerifera,
or its waxy fruit, from which a greenish wax is ob-
tained. See Myrica. C.-fish OiL See Eulachoni
Oleum. C.-foot. See Unit Quantity of Light. C-
house, an establishment in which candles are manufac-
tured. C. -power, in photometry, the candle-power
of a lamp is measured by the ratio of the illumination
of the light considered to that of a standard candle,
both sources being at the same distance from the object
illuminated.
Cane Sugar (kan-shug' -ar^. See Saccharum .
Canella {kan-el' -ah ) [dim. of Canna, a reed]. The
bark of C. alba deprived of its corky layer and dried.
It is a native of the West Indies and is an aromatic
tonic and bitter stomachic. Dose of the powdered
bark, gr. xv-xxx. Officinal in the B. P.
Canelle-Brown. Same as Phenylene Brown.
Canescent [katt-es' -ent) \_canns, white or hoary]. In
biology, applied to the gray, hoary or white plumage
or fur of animals and to the pubescence of plants.
Canestrini, Bacillus of. See Bacteria.
Canine [ka' -nin or ka-mn') [can is, a dog]. Partaking
of the nature of, relating to, or resembling a dog, or
the sharp tearing-teeth of mammals, located between
the incisors and the molars. C. Appetite, bulimia,
V. C. Eminence, a prominence on the outer side
of the upper maxillary bone. C. Fossa. See Eossa.
C. Laugh, a sardonic smile, or grin. C. Madness,
rabies, hydrophobia. C. Muscle, the levator anguli
oris. See Muscles, Table of. C. Teeth, dentes
canini ; cynodontes ; dentes laniarii ; dents angulaires;
cuspidati ; conoides ; eye-teeth. The cuspid teeth
next to the lateral incisors ; so called from their re-
semblance to a dog's teeth.
CANINIFORM
258
CANTUS GALLI
Caniniform [kan-in'-if-orm) \_caninus, pertaining to
the dog ; forma, shape]. AppHed to teeth resembling
canines.
Canis {^ka^-nis) [L., "a dog"]. I. The dog. 2. A
genus of animals. C. rabiosa. Synonym of Hydro-
pliobia.
Canities [kan-ish'-e-ez) [Lat.]. Poliosis; hoariness ;
hair-blanching; Trichonosis cana; Trichonosis discolor;
a premature or senile, partial or universal decoloriza-
tion of the hair, the change varying from black or
brown through every gradation to the whiteness of
wool. This change may be physiologic or pathologic,
gradual or rapid, general or confined to localized
patches.
Canker \kang'-kcr) \cancrui)i , a cancer]. An ulcera-
tion of the mouth, or any ulcerous or gangrenous sore ;
cancrum oris ; in farriery, a fetid abscess of the
horse's foot. See Cancrum Oris. C.-rash. Synonym
of Scarlet Fever.
Canna iykan'-ali) \Kavva, a cane]. A genus of large-
leaved marantaceous plants. C. indica, lias an acrid
and stimulant root ; it is alterative, diuretic and dia-
phoretic. Unof. The rhizome of C. speciosa affords
caiiiia-starch, or tous-les-mois, a good substitute for
true arrow-root. C. Starch. See Tous-les-mois.
Cannabene (kan'-ab-en). See Cannabis.
Cannabin. See Cannabis.
Cannabinin (kan-ab'-in-in) \cannabis, hemp]. A
volatile alkaloid from cannabis indica.
Cannabinon, Cannabinone [kan-ab' -in-mi) \_cannabis,
hemp]. An amorphous bitter resinoid from Indian
hemp, used as an hypnotic. Dose I to 3 grains.
Unof.
Cannabis [kan'-ab-is) [L.]. Hemp. Indian hemp.
The flowering tops of C. saliva, of which there are
two varieties, C. indica and C. americana, the former
being the more potent. They contain a resin, cannabin,
and a volatile oil, from which are obtained Cannabene
C,gH,,g, alight hydrocarbon, a.nA Hydrid of Cannabene,
a crystalline body. It is an antispasmodic, anesthetic,
narcotic, and a powerful aphrodisiac. In large doses it
produces mental exaltation, intoxication, and a sensa-
tion of double-consciousness. It is a valuable hypnotic
in delirium tremens, and is useful for' painful affections
of the 'bladder and for functional impotence. Bhang,
Gnnjah, CInirriis, and Hashish are the various Indian
names by which the drug is known. Strychnin and
faradism are antagonistic. C. Indica, Ext., dose gr.
C. Ind., Ext. Fid., an alcoholic preparation.
Dose tt\,i-v. C. Ind., Tinct., contains 20 per cent,
of the drug. Dose X(\ji-si- "T^'y Cannabin Tannate,
the tannate, a glucosid. Dose as a hypnotic gr. v-x.
Cannabism [kan' -ab-iziii) \_ca71nabis, hemp]. The
habitual use of Cannabis indica ; ill-health caused by
the misuse of Cannabis indica.
Cannabist (kan'-ab-isl ) \cannabis, hemp]. A devotee
to the use of Cannabis indica.
Cannel Coal [kan'-el kdl). See Coal.
Cannoid (kan'-oid) \_Kain>a, a reed ; ft(5of, form].
Tulnilar, as the skeleton of certain radiolarians.
Cannon-bone (kan'-on boti). One ftf the functional and
complete metacarpal or metatarsal bones of a hoofed
quadruped, supporting the weight of the body upon
the feet.
Cannula (kan' -ii-lah) [dim. of canna, a tube]. A
surgical instrument consisting of a tube or sheath
obliquely pointed and a stiletto. It is used for tap-
ping and draining tumors and cavities.
Cannulated {kan' -u-lat-ed) \canntila, a little tube].
Made hollow : as a cannulated needle.
Canquoin's Paste. A paste of flour, water, and zinc
chlorid ; it is a powerful escharotic.
Cantani's Diet. An exclusive meat-diet in diabetes.
Canterbury Bell {kan'-ler-ber-e bel). See Campanula.
Cantering Rhythm [kan'-ter-ing rithm). See Bruit
de Galop.
Canthal (kan' -thai) \_Kav%g, a canthus]. Relating to
a canthus.
Canthariasis (kan-/har-i'-as-is) [Kavfcpof, a kind of
beetle] . A term proposed by Hope for the diseases
that originate from the presence in the body of coleop-
terous insects or their larva;.
Cantharidal {kan-tha r' -id-al )[_KavHapk^, a blistering fly].
Relating to or containing cantharides.
Cantharides (kan-thar'-id-ez). Plural of Cantharis.
Cantharidin (kan-thar' -id-iii) \t\avdap'ic, a blistering
fly], Cj^Hj^O^. The bitter principle contained in
Spanish flies and other insects ; it crystallizes in
prisms or leaflets, and melts at 2l8°. It has an ex-
tremly bitter taste, and produces blisters on the skin.
See Cantharis.
Cantharidism (kan-thar' -id-izni) [^Kavflapig, a blistering
fly]. Cantharidal poisoning.
Cantharis {kan'-thar-is) \_Kavdap!^, a blistering fly:
//. , Cantliarides^. Spanish Fly. The dried body of
a species of beetle, C. vesicatoria (nat. ord. Coleoplera').
It contains a powerful poisonous principle, cantharidin ,
CjqHj.^Oj. Locally applied, cantharis is a rubefacient
and vesicant ; internally it is an irritant, causing gastral-
gia and vomiting. In toxic doses it produces severe
gastro-enteritis, strangury, and priapism. It is used
chiefly as an external counter-irritant in the form of
"blisters." C, acetum (B. P.), of the strength of
^ ij to Oj. C, ceratum, cantharides 35, yellow wax
20, resin 20, lard 35, alcohol q. s. C, Ext., cera-
tum, cantharides 30, resin 15, yellow wax 35, lard
35, alcohol q. s. C, charta, cantharides I, Canada
turpentine I, olive oil 4, spermaceti 3, white wax 8,
water 10 parts, spread on paper. Charta epispastica
(B. P.), blistering-paper (white wax, spermaceti, olive
oil, resin, Canada balsam, cantharides, distilled water).
C. cum collodio, cantharides 60, flexible collodion
85, chloroform q. s. C. cum picis emplast.. Warm-
ing Plaster, Burgundy pitch 92, cerat. canthar. 8 parts.
Emplastrum calefaciens (B. P.), cantharides, ex-
pressed oil of nutmeg, yellow wax, resin, resin-plaster,
soap-plaster, boiling water. C, emplastrum (B. P.),
cantharides, yellow wax, prepared suet, prepared lard,
resin. C, liniment., cantharides 15, oil of turpen-
tine q. s. ad ICQ. C. Tinct., contains 5 per cent, of
the drug. Dose TTLj-xx. C, unguent. {B. P.), can-
tharides, yellow wax, olive oil.
Canthectomy [kan-thek'-to-?ne) \_Kavd6i;, canthus ;
tKrofu'/, a cutting out]. Excision of a canthus.
Canthitis [kan-thi' -tis) \_Kavd6<;, canthus ; iri^, inflam-
mation]. Inflammation of a canthus.
Cantholysis [kau-thol'-is-is) [_Kavd6c, canthus ; }d'aii;,
a loosening]. Canthotomy with section of the ex-
ternal canthal ligament.
Canthoplastic (kan-t/io-plas' -tik) [haiWdf, the canthus;
Trlaaneiv, to form]. Relating to canthoplasty.
Canthoplasty ikan'-tho-plas-te) [Knrfof, the angle of
the eye ; TrPf/fro-f/v, to form], A surgical operation for
increasing the size of the palpebral fissure by cutting
the outer canthus.
Canthorraphy (kan-thor' -a-fe) [Kav66g, ca.n(hni ; paipi/,
a seam]. A surgical operation to reduce the size of
the palpebral fissure by suture of the canthus.
Canthotomy {kan-thof -o-mc) \K.avdoq, canthus ; rofxi], a
cutting]. Surgical division of a canthus.
Canthus (kan' -thus') [rar^^of, canthus]. The inner or
outer angle formed by the jimcture of the eyelids.
Cantus galli (kan/' -us gal' -i) [L. ," cock-crowing"].
Same as Child-crowing.
CANULA
259
CAPRIFY
Canula [kan' -u-lali) . See Cannulci.
Canutillo {kahn-oo-tel'-yo). See Tepopotc.
Caoutchouc [koo-chook') [S. American]. India-rubber.
The chief substance contained in the milky juice that
exudes upon incision of a number of tropical trees
belonging to the natural orders Euphorbiacea, Arto-
carpaceiF, and Apocynacea:. The juice is a vegetable
emulsion, the caoutchouc being suspended in it in the
form of minute transparent globules. When pure,
caoutchouc is nearly white, soft, elastic, and glutinous ;
it swells up in water without dissolving ; the best
solvents are carbon disulphid and chloroform. It
melts at about 150° C. , and decomposes at 200° C.
Capacity (kap-as' -it-e) \capacitas, capacity]. Mental
receptivity ; passive (or active) mental capability ; moral
or legal responsibility.
Capax Doli \ka'-paks do'-li). See Doli Capax.
Capelina {kap-el-i' -nah). See Capistrian.
Capeline {kap'-el-in). See Bandage.
Capeman's Method. See Treatment, Methods of.
Caper [ka'-per). See Capparis.
Capiat {ka'-pe-at) [L., " let it take]. An instrument
intended for use in removing remnants of the placenta,
polypi, or the like, from the uterine cavity.
Capillaire (Jmp-il-ar') [Fr. ]. 'Y\\<f\^\iir\\.AdiantH>n capil-
lus veneris, a species of maiden-hair fern ; also a
cough-syrup prepared from the same. See Adiantimi.
Capillarity (kap-il-ar' -it-e) \capiUus, a hair]. Capillary
attraction : the force that causes fluids to rise in fine
tubes or bores, or in very thin chinks. In an electric
battery, the disturbing effects of the proper action of
a voltaic cell caused by capillary action.
Capillary [kap'-it-a-re, ox kap-il' -ar-e) [eapilhis, a hair].
I. A minute blood-vessel connecting the smallest
ramifications of the arteries with those of the veins.
Also a very minute fissure of the skull. Also the
intercellular biliary passages. 2. Hair-like : relating
to a hair, or to a hair-like filament, or to a tube with
a hair-like bore. C. Attraction capillarity. C. Bron-
chitis. .See Bronchitis. C. Embolism. See Embo-
lism. C. Fissure, C. Fracture, a linear fracture,
without displacement. C. Nevus. .See Ncevus Vas-
cularis. C. Pulse, a visible change of color or an
artificial blush in aortic regurgitation. C. Vessels,
the capillaries. Capillaries, Meigs's, branching
capillaries discovered by A. V. Meigs in the human
heart. C, Pulmonary, a name used to designate the
plexuses beneath the mucous membrane, on the walls
and septa of the alveoli of the lungs.
Capilli (kap-iF-i) [Plural of Capillus, hair]. In biol-
ogy, applied to the hairs on the front and top of an
insect's head.
Capilliculture [kap-il' -e-ktd-chilr) \_capilhis, hair; ctd-
tura, culture]. Systematic treatment for the improve-
ment or restoration of the hair.
Capilliculus {kap-il-ik' -u-lus') [dim. oi capillus: pi.,
Capilliculi\ Any one of the very smallest of the
capillary vesicles.
Capillifolious [kap-il-if-o' -le-tis) [capillus, hair; folium,
a leaf]. Characterized by hair-like leaves.
Capilliform (kap-iU -if-orm) \_capilhis, hair ; forma,
form]. Hair-shaped.
Capillitium {kap-il-ish' -e-tim) [capillus, ihehscix]. In
biology, the hair-like threads within the spore-cases
of many fungi.
Capillus {kap-il' -us) [L. : //. , Capilli\ A hair; the
hair of the head.
Capistrum [kap-is' -trum) [L., a muzzle or halter: //. ,
Capistra\ I. A bandage for the head or for the
lower jaw. Called also Capelina. 2. In biology, a
mask or hood-like coloration of the face and part of
the head in certain birds.
Capital (/'<7/''-/i'-i7/) [caput, \\\t head]. I. Pertaining
to the head, or to the summit of a body or object. 2.
Of great importance ; as a capital operation in surgery.
Capitate (kcip' -it-dt) [caput, head]. In biology, hav-
ing a head or a head-like termination.
Capitellate {kap-it-el' -at) [capitcllum, a little head]. In
biology, bearing small heads.
Capitellum {kap-it-el' -iim) [dim. of capul'\. The
rounded, external surface of the lower end of the
humerus.
Capitiluvium {kap-it-el-u' -ve-um) [caput, head ; lucre,
to wash]. A washing or bathing of the head; a
wash for the head.
Capitopedal [hap-it-o-ped'-al) [caput, a head; pes,
foot]. In biology, pertaining to or near the junction
of the head and foot.
Capitular [kap-it'-u-la?-) [caput, head]. Pertaining to
a capitulum or head. C. Process of a vertebra, one
with which the head of a rib articulates.
Capitulum [kap-if -u-lum) [capitidum, a small head].
In anatomy and biology, the enlarged terminal por-
tion of an organ, plant, or animal, as the head of a
bone ; the enlarged free portion of a stalked animal ;
the knobbed end of an antenna or of an insect's poiser ;
a dense cluster or head of flowers, leaves, or spores
in plants. C. of Santorini, a small elevation on the
apex of the arytenoid cartilage corresponding in posi-
tion to the posterior extremity of the vocal band.
Capotement [kap-dt-mon{g'))[Yx.'\. A splashing-sound
diagnostic of dilatation of the stomach.
Cappa {kap'-ah). The ectocinereal lamina of the mesen-
cephal.
Cappagh Brow^n. See Conspectus of Pigments, under
Pigment.
Capparis (kap'-ar-is) [L., the caper-bush]. A genus
of shrubs including the caper-bush, C. spinosa. Its
flower-buds (capers) are pickled, or made into a
piquant sauce. The bark of the root and the flowers
are official remedies in some countries (as Spain) ; it is
diuretic, cathartic, depurative, stimulant. Unof.
Cappazwoli's Test. See Tests, Table of.
Capped Elbow (kapd el'-bow). See Shoe-boil.
Capped Hock [kapd' hole). In farriery, the develop-
ment of a bruise at the point of the hock of a horse,
with the formation of an hygroma, the result of rub-
bing or striking that part against the partition of the
stall.
Capped Knee [kapd' ne). A dropsical collection in the
bursa in front of the knee-joint of the horse.
Capranica's Tests. See Tests, Table of.
Caprantilopine (kap-ran-til'-o-pin) [capra, a she-goat ;
atitilopinus , antelope]. Uniting the characters of a
goat and an antelope.
Capre (kap'-er). See Mulatto.
Capreolar [kap-re'-o-lar), Capieolary [kap'-?'e-o-la-re) ,
Capreolate (kap'-re-o-lat) [capreolus, a tendril]. In
biology,climbing, furnished with tendrils ; in anatomy,
resembling tendrils, as the spermatic vessels, vase,
capreolaria. C. Vessels, the spermatic vessels,
from their twined and twisted appearance.
Capreolus [kap-re' -o-lus) [capreolus, a wild goat ; a
tendril of a plant]. I. A buck or he-goat. 2. The
tendril of a plant.
Capric Acid [kap'-rik as' -id). See Acid.
Caprification (kap-rif-ik-a' -slum) [caprificus, the wild-
fig tree]. In biology, the process of hastening ferti-
lization and ripening of cultivated figs by the introduc-
tion of gall-insects, by hanging a branch of the wild
fig in the tree, or planting a wild fig in the midst of
the fig orchard.
Caprify [kap'-rif-i) [caprificus, the wild-fig tree]. To
fertilize by means of Caprif cation, q. v.
CAPRILOQUIUM
260
CARANNA
Capriloquium [kap->-U-o' -kwe-ttm) \caper, a goat ;
loqui, to speak]. Same as Egophony.
Caprin [kap'-rin) [caper, a. goat]. An oily and flavor-
ing constituent of butter ; glycerin caprate.
Caproic Acid {^kap-ro'-ik as' -id). See Acid.
Caprolactone {kap-ro-lak' -ton) [caper, a goat ; lac,
milk], CgHjijO.^. A compound obtained from brom-
caproic acid on heating the latter with water. It is a
liquid boiling at 200°.
Caprone (/'<?/'-;wi) [trt/tv, a goat], CjjHj^O. Caproic
ketone ; a clear, volatile oil found in butter, and form-
ing the larger part of 'the oil of rue.
Caproylamin (/•«/-ro-z7'-rt;«-/«) [caper, a goat; cw/«],
CgHjjN. Hexylamin. A ptomaine found in the putre-
faction of yeast.
Caprylic Acid [kap-riV -ik as' -id). See Acid.
Capsella [kap-sel'-ah) [dim. of capsa, a box]. The
leaves and stems of C. bursa pastoris, common in tem-
perate climates. It is considered an excellent hemo-
static and antiscorbutic, and is slightly stimulant and
astringent. Unof. C. bursa pastoris. See Shep-
herd^ s Purse.
Capsicin {kap' -sis-in), C^Hj^Oj. The active principle
of Cayenne pepper. It is a thick, yellowish-red sub-
stance, scarcely flowing at ordinary temperatures, but
becoming very limpid if warmed. See Capsicum.
Q,2c^%\zo\{kap' -sik-ol)[capsicuin; oleum, o\\'\. A red oil
obtainable from the oleo-resin of capsicum.
Capsicum {kap' -sik-um) [cvz/ra, a box ; gen., Capsici'\.
Cayenne Pepper. The fruit of C. fastigiatum, native
to tropical Africa and America. Its odor and hot taste
are due to a volatile oil, capsicin, C,jH,^0.^, which is
irritant to the skin and mucous membranes. Internally,
it is a stomachic tonic, diuretic and aphrodisiac. It
is useful in atonic dyspepsia, flatulent colic, and in in-
termittent fever. C, emplastrum, prepared from
the oleoresin and resin plaster. C, Ext. Fid. Dose
Tr\^v-5j. C, linimentum, i in 10, for chest affec-
tions, rheumatism, etc. C, Oleoresin, Ethereal.
Dose TTLj-v. C, Tinct., contains 5 per cent, of
capsicum. Dose yryp^-T, '].
Capsitis (kap-si'-tis). Same as Capsulitis.
Capsula (kap'-su-lali) [capsula, a small box]. The in-
ternal capsule of the brain ; it is the thick layer of
fibers between the caudatum and thalamus mesad and
the lenticula laterad ; it is continuous with the crura
caudad, and its expansion is called the corona.
Capsular {kap'-su-lar) [capsula, a small box]. Pertain-
ing to a capsule. C. Artery, the middle suprarenal
artery. See Arteries, Table of. C. Ligament, the
sac or membranous bag that surrounds every movable
joint or articulation. It contains the synovial fluid.
C. Vein, the supra- renal vein. See Vein.
Capsule [kap'-sul) [dim. of capsa, a chest]. A tunic
or bag that encloses a part of the body or an organ.
In biology, the investment of a part or organ, as a de-
hiscent pod or seed-vessel, the egg-case of an insect,
the test of a radiolarian. Also, in pharmacy, a small,
spheroidal shell composed of glycerin and gelat n,
divided so that the parts fit together like a box and
cover. It is used for the administration of nauseous
and repulsive medicines. C, Bonnet's, the posterior
portion of the sheath of the eyeball. C, Bowman's.
See Boiiiman''s Capsule. C, External, a layer of
white nerve-fibers forming part of the external bound-
ary of the lenticular nucleus. C. -filler, a contrivance
consisting of a funnel, tube and plunger, or other
device, used for introducing medicines into capsules.
C. of Glisson, the cellulo-vascular membrane envel-
oping the hepatic vessels. C, Internal, a layer of
nerve-fibers beneath and on the inner side of the
optic thalamus and caudate nucleus, which it separates
from the lenticular nucleus, and containing the con-
tinuation upward of the crus cerebri. C. of the
Lens, a transparent, structureless membrane enclosing
the lens of the eye. C, Malpighian, the commence-
ment of the uriniferous tubules. See Malpighian
Bodies. C, Suprarenal, the ductless glandular body
at the apex of each kidney. C. of Tenon, the
tunica vaginalis of the eye.
Capsuliferous {kap-sHl-if -er-us) [capsula . a. \\\.\\t box;
ferre, to bear]. In biology, producing capsules.
Capsulitis [kap-su-li'-tis) [capsula, a small box ; itlq,
inflammation]. Inflammation of the capsule of the
lens, or of the fibrous capsule of the eyeball.
Capsulo-ciliary {kap-su-lo-sil' -e-a-re) [capsula, a little
box; cilium, an eyelid]. Relating to the capsule of
the lens and to the ciliary organ.
Capsulogenous [kap-siil-oj' -en-us) [(V7/^/^/i7, a little box;
gena, born]. Capsule-producing, as the cocoon or
capsule-glands of the earthworm.
Capsule-lenticular (kap-su-lo-len-tik'-u-lar) [capsula,
a little box ; lenticula, a lentil]. Relating to the lens
and to its capsule.
Capsulo-pupillary {kap-su-lo-pu' -pil-a-re) [capsula, a
little box ; ///////a, the pupil of the eye]. Relating to
the capsule of the lens and to the pupil.
Capsulotome {kap' -su-lo-tdm). See Cystolot?ie.
Capsulotomy (kap-su-lof -o-me) [capsula, a capsule ;
Tfuveiv, to cut]. The operation of rupturing the
capsule of the crystalline lens in cataract-operations.
Captage {cap-tahj) [Fr.]. The measures to be applied
to a natural spring of water, to secure the entire pro-
duct of the spring, and the purity of the water, by the
prevention of any admixture of deleterious or foreign
matter.
Captation {kap-ia' -shun) [captare, to desire]. The first
or opening stage of the hypnotic trance.
Capucin Madder {kap' -u-sin mad'-er). See Pigments,
Conspectus of.
Capuron, Cardinal Points of. See Pelvis.
Caput {kap'-ut) [L.]. I. The head; also the chief
part or beginning of an organ. 2. The cephalic or
precomual portion of the caudatum of the prosen-
cephal. C. coli, the head of the colon. C. cornu
posterioris. Same as C. j^elatinosum. C. gallina-
ginis. See Verumontanutn. C. gelatinosum, the
name given to the translucent gray matter covering the
dorso-mesal periphery of the dorsal horn of the spinal
cord. It is a nervous substance composed of numerous
closely crowded nerve-elements, with an intricate
intervening plexus of very fine nerve-fibrils, derived
from the dorsal (posterior or "sensory") nerve-roots.
C. medusae. See Medusce, Caput. C. obstipum.
Synonym of U'ry-neck. C. quadratum, the rectan-
gular head of rickets, flattened upon the top and at the
sides, with projecting occiput and prominent frontal
bosses. C. succedaneum, a tumor composed of a
sero-sanguineous infiltration of the connective tissue
situated upon the presenting part of the fetus.
Caraboid {kar'-ab-oid) [«:«pa/?of, a carabus ; elihc,
form]. In biology, the second larval stage of certain
insects.
Carajura {kar-ah-ju'-rah) [Brazil]. Same as Chica
Red.
Caramania Gum. See Bassora Gum.
Caramel {kar'-am-el) [Fr. , burnt sugar]. Cane-sugar
deprived of two molecules of water. It is a viscid,
brown-colored liquid.
Caranna {kar-an'-ah) ['^'^. , carafia\ An aromatic oleo-
resin produced by the tree Protium carana, of trop-
ical America; it was formerly used in plasters: also
a name for similar gummy resins from Icica altissima,
Bursera acuminata, etc., all tropical American trees.
CARAPA
261
CARBOHYDRATE
Carapa [kar'-ap-ak) \caraipi, a native Guiana name].
A genus of tropical meliaceous trees. C. gui-
anensis lias an antispasmodic and febrifuge bark,
and its seeds aftbrd carapa oil, a protective against
insects and vermin. C. touloucouna, of W. Africa,
and C. indica, of Asia, have similar properties.
Unof.
Carate [kah-ruh'-te) [S. America]. I. A skin-disease
local in tropical America, marked by blue, brown,
scarlet, or rosy patches on the skin ; it is usually
confined to persons not of the white race. 2. A kind
of camphor produced in S. America from the plant
Momordica charantia .
Carauna {kay-a'iu' -nali). See Caranna.
Caraway {^kar' -ah-wa) . See Cant/ii.
Carbacidometer [karb-as-id-om' -c't-er) [rt/r/>o, a coal ;
acidiim, acid; f/trpov, a. measure]. A forrii of air-
tester for estimating the amount of carbonic acid gas
in the atmosphere of a room or compartment.
Carbamic Acid {kar-bam' -ik as' -id). See Acid.
Carbamid (Jcar' -bam-id, or -mid) \_i-arbo, a coal ; a??iid~\,
CHjN.^O. Urea. Amid of carboxyl. It is prepared
from urine, and crystallizes in long, rhombic prisms or
needles that have a cooling taste. It is soluble in one
part of cold water and in five parts of alcohol, but
almost insoluble in ether; it melts at 132°; at a
higher temperature it decomposes into ammonia,
ammelid, biuret, and cyanuric acid; it is found in
urine and in various animal fluids.
C,arha.n\\. (^kar' -ba?i-il) [rari^o, a coal ; (?«///«], C^H^NO.
Phenyl isocyanate ; a compound produced in the
distillation of oxanilid. It is a mobile liquid,
boiling at 163°, and has a pungent odor, provoking
tears.
Carbanilamid (kar-ban-il' -am-id) \carbo, a coal; ani-
lin : a//iid'\, C^H^N.^. Phenylurea ; prepared by
evaporating the aqueous solution of anilin hydrochlo-
rid and potassium isocyanid. It forms needles easily
soluble in hot water, alcohi'^l, and ether, and melting
at 144-145°-
Carbanilid (kar-han' -il-id) \carbo, coal; anilin'^,
CjjHjjN.^O. Diphenyl urea ; a compound formed by
the action of phosgene gas on anilin, or by heating
carbanilamid with anilin to 190°. It consists of silky
needles, easily soluble in alcohol and ether, but
sparingly soluble in water, and melts at 235°.
Carbasus [kar'-bas-i/s) [Kap(3aoa, cotton]. Gauze;
thin muslin used in surgery. C. carbolata (N. F.),
carbolized gauze. C. iodoformata (N. F.), iodo-
form gauze.
Carbazol (^kar' -baz-ol) \cai-bo, coal ; azotum, nitrogen],
Cj.^HjjN. Diphenylimid ; a body produced when the
vapors of anilin are conducted through a tube heated
to redness. It is a by-product in the manufacture of
anilin. It dissolves in hot alcohol, ether, and benzene,
and crystallizes in colorless leaflets that melt at 238°.
Carbazotate [kai'-baz-o'-tdt) [_carbo, a coal ; azotum,
nitrogen]. Same as Picrate.
Carbazotic Acid (kar-baz-ot'-ik). See Picric Acid.
Carbo (kar'-bo) [L.]. A coal; charcoal. C. ani-
malis, animal charcoal ; bone-black ; it is used in
pharmacy and in manufacturing chemistry largely as
a decolorizing agent and as a filter. C. ligni, wood
charcoal ; an absorbent, disinfectant, and deodorizer,
used in poulticing wounds and dressing ulcers.
Given powdered, in capsules, it benefits certain cases
of gastric irritation.
Carbohydrate {kar-bo-hi'-drat) \carbo, coal ; vSup,
water]. An organic substance containing six carbon
atoms or some multiple of six, and hydrogen and
oxygen in the proportion in which they form water ;
that is, twice as many hydrogen as oxygen atoms.
The carbohydrates form a large group of interesting
organic compounds, and may be arranged into three
groups : the glucoses (jiiotioses) ; the disaccharids , or
sugars ; and the polysaccliai ids. The glucoses are the
aldehyd-derivatives or ketone-derivatives of the hexa-
hydric alcohols, into which they may be converted
by the absorption of two hydrogen atoms. They
are mostly crystalline substances, very soluble in
water, but dissolving with difficulty in alcohol. They
possess a sweet taste The disaccharids and poly-
saccharids are ethereal anhydrids of the glucoses.
All of them may be converted into the glucoses
by hydrolytic decomposition. The disaccharids are
ether-like anhydrids of the hexoses. A Table of
Carbohydrates is added. C, Test for. See Tests.,
Table of.
SERIES OF THE CARBOHYDRATES.
I. GLUCOSES.
Name.
Formula.
Fermentation.
Optic Activity.
Reducing Power.
Monoses.
C3H6O3
Erythrose
C4H8O4
Pentoses.
C5H10O5
Unfermentable.
Reduces Fehling's solution.
Unfermentable.
Reduces Fehling's solution.
Rhamnose,
C6H12O5
Unfermentable.
Reduces Fehling's solution.
He.voses.
Fermented by yeast.
Exists in three forms :
1, dextro-rotatory ;
2, levo-rotatory ; 3,
inactive.
Reduces Fehling's solution.
Glucose, ...
Fermented by yeast.
Exists in three forms :
1, dextro - rotatory ;
2, levo-rotatory ; 3,
inactive.
Reduces Fehling's solution.
Galactose,
CeHioOe
Fermented by yeast.
Dextro-rotatory.
Reduces Fehling's solution.
Fructose,
Fermented by yeast.
Levo-rotatary.
Reduces Fehling's solution.
CARBOHYDRATE 262 CARBOHYDRATE
SERIES OF THE CARBO'HY'DRATES.—Contuutec/.
I. GLUCOSES.
Name.
Formula.
Fermentation.
Optic Activity.
Reducing Power,
CfiHisOe
U n f e rmen table by
yeast.
Reduces Fehling's solution.
Methyl-hexose, . . .
C7H14O6
Heptoses.
Manno-heptose, . .
C7H14O7
Unfernieiitableby
yeast.
Gluco-heptose, . . .
C7H14O7
Unfermentableby
yeast.
Gala-heptose, ....
C7H14O7
Unfermentableby
yeast.
Methyl-heptose, . .
CgHioO?
Un fermentable by
yeast.
Octoses.
Manno-octose, . . .
CgHieOs
Unfermentableby
yeast.
...
IVonoses,
Manno-nonose, . . .
CcjHigOg
Fermented by yeast.
Reduces Fehling's solution.
2. DISACCHARIDS.
Saccharose (Cam— Su-
gar),
Cl2H220il
Un fermentable by
yeast.
Dextro-rotatory.
Does not reduce Fehling's solution.
Lactose (Milk-Sugar),
C H 0 + H 0
Fermented by yeast.
Dextro-rotatory.
Reduces Fehling's solution on
boiling.
C12H22OH + H2O
Fermented by yeast.
Dextro-rotatory.
Reduces Fehling's solution.
Mycose (Trehalose), .
Ci2H2oOn + 2H2O
Fermented by yeast.
Dextro-rotatory.
Does not reduce Fehling's solution.
Ci2H220n
3. TRISACCHARIDS.
Melitose (Raffinose), .
C18H32O16 + 5H2O
Fermented by yeast.
Dextro-rotatory.
Does not reduce Fehling's solution.
Melezitose
C,8H320]C+ 2H2O
Dextro-rotatory.
4. POLYSACCHARIDS.
Name.
Formula.
Optic Activity.
loDiN Reaction.
Reducing Power and Fer-
mentation.
Starch (Amylum), . .
CeHioOs, or
Dextro-rotatory.
Blue coloration.
Fermentable.
Paramylum, . .
CoHioOs
Negative.
Lichenin (Moss-starch)
CcHioOs
Dextro-rotatory.
Dirty blue color.
CeHioOs
Yellow color.
Glycogen (Animal
CeHioOj
Dextro-rotatory.
Reddish-brown color.
Fermentable.
The Gums.
Dextrin,
CoHioOs
Dextro-rotatory .
Does not reduce Fehling's solu-
tion. Unfermentable.
(C6H,o05)2 + H2O
Dextro-rotatory.
Does not reduce Fehling's solu-
tion. Unfermentable.
Bassorin (Vegetable
Gum),
CeHjoOs
Dextro-rotatory.
Does not reduce Fehling's solu-
tion. Unfermentable.
C]2H2oOlo
Dextro-rotatory.
Blue color.
CARBOHYDRATURIA
263
CARCINOMA
Carbohydraturia {kar-ho-ki-dt'at-u'-ir-a/i) \_cayhohy-
drate \ ovpov, urine]. The presence of an abnormally
large proportion of carbohydrates in the urine.
Carbolic [kar-hol' -ik) \j:arbo, a. coal; oleum, oil].
Containing or derived from coal-tar oil. C. Acid.
See Acid, Carbolic. C. Mask, Curschmann's res-
pirator for use in fetid bronchitis. It is fastened
in front of the nose and mouth, and contains cotton
in a special receptacle, impregnated with carbolic acid,
equal parts of carbolic acid and alcohol, turpentine,
creasote, etc.
Carbolism (^kar' -bol-izin) \_carbo, a coal ; cileui?i, oW].
Carbolic-acid poisoning : a diseased state induced by
the misuse or maladministration of carbolic acid.
Carbolize [kar'-bol-iz) \_cafbo, a coal; oleum, oil]. To
impregnate with carbolic acid. To render aseptic or
antiseptic by the use of carbolic acid.
Carboluria [kar-bol-u' -re-ah ) \carbo, a coal ; oleum,
oil ; ovpov, urine]. The presence of carbolic acid in
the urine, producing a dark discoloration. It is one
of the signs of carbolic-acid poisoning.
Carbon (/^(7r'-3o«) [cari^o, charcoal]. Charcoal. C =
12 ; quantivalence II, iv. A non-metal occurring in
the various forms of diamond, graphite or " black
lead," and charcoal. In medicine only the last
named form is employed, which may be, — C, Animal,
useful as a deodorant and disinfectant, as it readily
absorbs and aids in o.xidizing many gases. It is used
internally to absorb fermenting products of digestion.
Carbo animal., purificat., purified animal charcoal.
Dose gr.xx-g j. C. Cataplasma (B. P.), charcoal
poultice; wood-charcoal I, bread-crumb I, linseed
meal 3, boiling water 20. C. dioxid, the acid, gas-
eous product, having the composition of CO.^, com-
monly known as " carbonic acid gas," or carbonic
acid. It is a colorless gas having a sp. gr. of 1.52,
soluble in cold water, and possessing a pungent smell
and an acid taste. Inhaled, it destroys animal life by
asphyxiation. In solution, it is an excellent refrigerant
and stomachic. Its inhalation is fatal in a short time,
even when diluted with 95 parts of air. It is a pro-
duct of respiration. It is used in medicine for inhala-
tion in whooping cough, asthma, and to stop hiccough.
It is also used as a local anesthetic in minor surgery.
C. bisulphid, bisulphid of carbon, CS.,, a colorless,
transparent liquid of offensive odor, highly inflamma-
ble, very poisonous. A good solvent for caoutchouc.
A diluted spray of it is recommended in diphtheria.
Dose iT\,ss-j. Carbo ligni, wood charcoal. C. mon-
oxid, Co, carbonic oxid, a colorless, tasteless, and
inodorous gas, one of the products of imperfect com-
bustion. When inhaled it is actively poisonous. C.
tetrachlorid, CCl^, anesthetic, recommended locally
for asthma, by inhalation. Unof. See Anesthetic.
C. oxysulphid, a body, COS, formed by conducting
sulphur vapor and carbon monoxid through red-hot
tubes ; it is a colorless gas, with a faint and peculiar
odor. It unites readily with air, forming an explosive
mixture. It is soluble in an equal volume of water.
It is present in the waters of some mineral springs.
Carbonaphtholic Acid [kar-bon-af-thol' -ik ). See
Acid alpha-oxy naphthoic.
Carbonemia [kar-bon-e' -me-ah) \_carbon, charcoal;
aiixa, the blood]. A word denoting the accumulation
of carbon dioxid in the blood.
Carbonic Acid (kar-bon'-ik as' -id). See Carbon di-
oxid.
Carbonis detergens. Liquor. See Fix.
Carbonization (kar-bon-iz-a' -shun) \carbo, coal]. The
process of decomposing organic substances by heat
without air, until the volatile products are driven off
and the carbon remains.
Carbonyl [kar'-bon-il] \carbo, charcoal]. A hypo-
thetic organic radical having the formula CO.
Carbostyril [kar-bo-stir'-il) \cai'bo, charcoal; sty rax,
storax], C,|H,NO. Oxyquinolin ; a compound pre-
pared by digesting quinolin with a bleaching-Iime solu-
tion. It crystallizes from hot water in fine needles, and
from alcohol in large prisms, that melt at 198-199°.
Carboxyl {^har' -boks-il) [carbo, charcoal ; o^iif, sharp].
The atomic group, CO. OH, characteristic of the
organic acids. The hydrogen of this can be replaced
by metals, forming salts.
Carbuncle, or Carbunculus [kar' -bung-kel, or kar-
buHi^'-ku-lus) [carbo, a live coal]. A hard, circum-
scribed, deep-seated, painful inflammation of the sub-
cutaneous tissue, accompanied by chill, fever, and
constitutional disturbance. It differs from a boil in
having greater size, a flat top, and several points of
suppuration. It is erroneously called anthrax.
Carbuncular (Jzar-bung' -ku-lar) [carbo, a live coal].
Pertaining to a carbuncle. C. Disease. See A?i-
thracosis.
Carbunculo contagioso. Synonym of Anthrax.
Carbyl [kai-'-bil] [crtr^o, charcoal ; v'Ati, matter], A
name given by Magnus to the hydrocarbon ethylene
when it acts as a basic radical.
Carbylamin (Jcar-biF -am-in) [rrzr^o, charcoal ; amin'\.
I. A name for hydrocyanic acid. 2. One of a series
of compounds parallel to, and isomeric with, the
nitrites, characterized by their ready decomposition by
dilute acids into formic acid and amins. They are
colorless liquids that can be distilled, and possess an
exceedingly disgusting odor. They are sparingly
soluble in water, but readily soluble in alcohol and
ether.
Carcassonne's Ligament. See Ligament.
Carcerule {kar' -ser-ool ) [career, a prison]. In biology,
a many-celled, many-seeded, indehiscent pericarp.
CaTchsiTodont(har-kar'-o-dont) [mpxapog, sharp, jagged;
b^o'vc, tooth]. In biology, having compressed, tren-
chant, acute, pointed teeth, as sharks and snakes.
Carcinoid [kar' -sin-aid) [KapKii'og, a crab ; eWof, shape].
In biology, crab-like.
Carcinology {kar-sin-oF -o-je) [napKivoc;, a crab; '/oyeiv,
to speak]. The systematized knowledge of crusta-
ceans, or crabs, etc., a department of zoology.
Carcinoma {kar-sin-o'-inali) [KnpKivcjua ; napKivog, a
crab, thus called from the appearance of the veins].
A malignant tumor, characterized by a network of
connective tissue whose areolae are filled with cell-
masses resembling epithelial cells. See Tumors,
Table of. C, Chimney-Sweepers'. See Epithe-
lioma. C, colloid (Alveolar), affects chiefly the
alimentary canal, uterus, peritoneum, etc.; the deli-
cate connective-tissue stroma is filled with colloid
matter in alveoli, or cysts. C. cutis, cancer of the
skin. See Epithelioma. C, desmoid. See Hodg-
kin' s Disease. C, encephaloid, is of rapid growth,
with a small amount of stroma, large alveoli, and
greater amount of cells and blood-vessels. Hematoid
(bloody), Osteoid (in bones). Villous (papillary), etc.,
are other varieties, encephaloid in character. C,
epitheliomatous, or squamous-celled, the cells
resemble squamous epithelium, and they invade the
adjacent tissue in a columnar manner. C. lenticulare,
the most common form of cutaneous scirrhus. It
begins as small, shot-sized, flattish, red papules, that
enlarge to the size of a pea, bean, or filbert, most of
them projecting above the surface, while others are
subcutaneous. They are generally seated on a red
or violaceous surface, and these coalesce into large
irregular masses that sooner or later break down,
ulcerate, and fungate, sometimes bleeding profusely.
CARCINOMATOUS
264
CARDIOCELE
The patient soon dies of exhaustion. C, lipomat-
ous, contains cells infiltrated with fat. C, medullary.
Same as C, Eiicephaloid. C. melanodes, similar
to C. Lentictdare, but marked by dark-blue, brown or
black papules, that break into fungous growths. C,
melanotic, has cells filled with dark pigment. C,
scirrhous, or Hard, most commonly in the breast ;
it has a stout fibrillated stroma, closely packed with
large nucleated cells. C. tuberosum, a rarer form
of cutaneous scirrhus in which the nodules are of a
larger size, even up to that of a hen's egg. The
patient speedily dies of exhaustion consequent upon
ulceration of the tubercles. C, Stiles's Test for;
the excised part is washed in a five per cent, solution
of nitric acid for ten minutes, washing it then in cold
water for five minutes. The carcinomatous tissue
appears a dull- white, the normal tissue translucent.
Carcinomatous (kar-siu-o'-mat-iis) [^Kapnivo^, a crab].
Relating to or affected with carcinoma.
Carcinomorphic (kar-siii-o-mor' -fik) \K.apKivor, a crab ;
IJOfKpij, form]. In biology, resembhng a crab.
Carcinophagous [kar-sin-off' -ag-Hs) \_iiapK.ivoQ, a crab ;
(f)ayelv, to eat]. Feeding upon crabs and other crus-
taceans .
Carcinosis (X'(z/--jm-o'-j/j-) [/ta^)K(Vof, a crab]. I. A can-
cerous cachexia ; a tendency to the development of
malignant disease. 2. A form of cancer, usually
fatal, beginning generally in the uterus or the stomach
and spreading to the peritoneum. C, Acute, rapidly
fatal carcinosis. C, Miliary, carcinosis in minute
foci.
Carcinus [kar' -sin-iis) [^Kapdvog, crab]. Same as Ca/i-
cci\ or Carcinoma.
Cardamom [^kar' -datn-oni) . See Cardamomum.
Cardamomum [^liar-dam-o' -nmni) [L. : gen. , Carda-
momi\ Cardamom. The fruit of C. elettaria, culti-
vated in Malabar. Its properties are due to a volatile
oil, Cj|,H]p. It is an aromatic, canninative stomachic,
used as an ingredient of several " bitters." It is useful
when combined with purgatives to prevent griping.
C, infusum. Unof. Consists of cardamom gj'
water O^. Dose a wineglassful. C, Tinct., 15 per
cent, strength. Dose gj-ij. C, Tinct. Comp.,
cardamom 20, cinnamon 20, caraway 10, cochineal 5,
glycerin 60, dilute alcohol, q. s. ad 1000 parts. Dose
Cardan's Operations. See Operations., Table of.
Cardia {kar' -de-ali) [/capfi/a, the heart]. The heart.
C. of the Stomach, the esophageal orifice of the
stomach.
Cardiac (kar'-de-ak) [^apfS/Vi, the heart]. Pertaining to
the heart. C. Aspect, that nearest the heart. C.
Cycle, the total cardiac
movement or revolution.
C. Dropsy. See Dropsy.
C. Dulness, the region
covering the position of
the heart, as shown by
percussion. C. Dysp-
nea. See Dyspnea. C.
Epilepsy, a rare affec-
tion, with intense pain in
the region of the heart,
occurring in paroxysms.
This paroxysm usually
follows a momentary loss
of consciousness, and at
times is associated with
twitching of the facial
muscles and other spas-
modic movements. C.
Ganglia, lie in the grooves and substance — the
Cardiac Cvci-k.
The inner circle shows the
events that occur in the
heart ; the outer circle shows
the relations of the sounds
and silences to the events.
Facies, See Fades. C.
principal are Remak's and Bidder's, the first on
the surface of the sinus venosus, and the latter (two)
at the auriculo-ventricular groove. See Ganglia,
Table of. C. Impulse, the elevation caused by the
movement of the heart, usually seen in the fifth left
intercostal space. C. Murmurs. See Murmurs. C.
Orifice, of the stomach, the esophageal orifice. C.
Passion, pain in the heart, or the stomach. C.
Plexus. See Plexus. C. Rhythm, the term given
to the normal regularity in the force and volume of
the individual heart-beats. In cases of cardiac in-
sufficiency this regularity is disturbed to a greater or
less degree, as is also the interval between the beats,
and this condition has been termed arrhythmia. The
name allorrhythmia has been applied to various per-
versions of rhythm. These abnonnal conditions are
due very probably to some derangement of the intrinsic
nerve-apparatus of the heart, and are considered as un-
favorable indications.
Cardiagra (kar-de-a' -grah) [Kap(5/a, heart ; aypa, seiz-
ure]. Gouty attack of the heart.
Cardialgia [kar-de-al' -je-ah) \Kap(Yia, heart; akyoq,
pain]. A term loosely used as a synonym of gastro-
dynia in general, heartburn, and stomachic pains on the
left side.
Cardiamorphia (Jcar-de-am-or'-fe-ah) {liapfYia, heart;
a priv. ; fiop<pti, form]. Deformity or malformation of
the heart.
Cardianastrophe {kar-de-an-as'-tro-fe) \^Kap8ia, heart ;
avacTpocpl/, a turning back]. Displacement of the
heart to the right side of the chest.
Cardianeuria [kar-de-ah-nu'-re-ah) \_KapSia, heart; a
priv. ; vevpov, a nerve]. Lack of nerve-stimulus to
the heart.
Cardisim [kar' -de-atit) [mpSia, the heart]. I. Affect-
ing the heart. 2. A remedy that affects the heart.
Cardiarctia [kar-de-ark' -te-ah) [/capd/a, heart ; arctus,
bound]. Cardiac stenosis.
Csird.\a.sX.\\m& {ka>--de-az' -mail) [/capdf'a, heart ; aaBfia,
asthma]. Dyspnea or so-called asthma due to heart-
disease.
Cardiatelia {kar-de-ah-te'-le-ah). See Atelocardia.
Cardiatrophia {kar-de-at-ro-' -fe-ah) \Kap8ia, heart ;
a-po(pia, wasting]. Atrophy of the heart.
Cardiauxe {kar-de-awks'-e) \K.ap&ia, heart; a'v^ii, in-
crease]. Enlargement of the heart.
Cardicentesis (kar-de-sen-te'-sis). See Cardiocentesis.
Cardiechema [kar-de-ek-e'-mah) IjiapiVia, heart ; >/;\ifia,
sound : //. , Cardierhemata] . A sound produced in or
by the heart.
Cardiectasis (kar-de-ek'-tas-is) [napSia, heart ; iKvaai^,
a stretching out]. Dilatation of the heart.
Cardielcosis {kar-de-el-ko' -sis) [rapJ/a, heart ; t'AKuaiq,
ulceration]. Ulceration of the heart.
Cardiemphraxia [kar-de-em-fraks'-e-ali) \_Kap6'ta, heart;
quppa^iq, obstruction]. Obstruction to the blood-cur-
rent in the heart.
Cardieurysma {kar-de-u-riz' -mah) \Kap6ia, heart ;
fT'/jiV, wide]. Dilatation of the heart.
Cardiform [kar'-dif-orm) [eardus, a card ; forma,
shape]. In biology, having the teeth set as in
a card.
Cardinal [kar' -din-al) \_eardo, a hinge]. A chief or
principal part. C. Flower, a common name for sev-
eral species of Lobelia, chiefly L. cardinalis. C.
Points. See Eye, Diagrammatic. C. Points of
Capuron. See Pelvis, t. Veins, the venous trunks
which, in the embryonic stage, fonn the primitive jugu-
lar veins.
Cardiocele [kar'-de-o-sel) [/mprS/a, heart ; /c'/A?/, tumor].
Hernial protrusion of the heart, chiefly through the
diaphragm.
CARDIOCENTESIS
265
CARICOLOGIST
Cardiograph of v.
^. Exit tube. c. Spring.
Cardiocentesis (kar-de-o-scn-/f' -sis) \_iiap6ia, heart ;
Kf i/Ti/Gi^, puncture]. Surgical puncture and aspiration
of one of the chambers of the heart.
Cardioclasia (J;ar-dc-o-kla' -ze-ah) [/capfS/a, heart ;
Klaaiq, rupture]. Rupture of the heart.
Cardiocrystallus (kar-de-o-kris-tal' -us) [Kap^ia, heart ;
Kpi'gTa?i'Aog, crystal://., CardiocrystaUi'\. A heart
crystal ; a microscopic white crystal sometimes found in
the tissues of the heart.
Cardiodemia [kar-de-o-de' -im-ah) [KapSia, heart ; Sr/pdc,
fat]. Fatty heart; fatty degeneration of the heart.
Cardiodynia 'ykar-de-o-din' -e-alt) [Kapc5/a, heart ; odbvi/,
pain]. Pain in or about the heart.
Cardiogmus {kar-de-og' -nius) [/captSm, heart; hyp,oq,
a furrow]. Angina pectoris; cardialgia ; palpitation;
aneurysm of a vessel near the heart ; exophthalmic
goiter. C. strumosus. Synonym of Exophthaltnic
Goiter.
■Cardiogram {kar' -dc-o-gram) \Kap&ia, heart ; ypap-pa,
a writing] . The tracing made of the cardiac impulse
by the cardiograph. See, also. Heart.
Cardiograph (kar'-de-
o-graf) [/ca/jJ/o, , heart ;
■ypd<peiv, to write]. An
instrument for regis-
tering graphically the
modifications of the
pulsations of the
heart.
Cardiographic {kar-
de-o-graf'-ik) \_mpfiia,
the heart ; ypa<pen>, to
write] . Pertaining to
or recorded by the
cardiograph.
Cardiography {kar-de-
og'-ra-fe) [/captS/a, the
heart; ypd(f>eiv, to write]. I.
graph. 2. A description of the anatomy of the heart.
Cardiohemothrombus [kar-de-o-hem-o-t li rom'-hus)
[/capfVa, heart; dipa, blood; dp6fil3ua/c:, a. becoming
curdled]. Heart-clot.
Cardio-inhibitory (kar-de-o-in-hih' -it-o-re) [MpfJ/u, the
heart; inhibere,to restrain]. Pertaining to the dim-
inution of the heart's action. C.-i. Center, located in
the medulla. C.-i. Nerves, the fibers of the spinal
accessory supplied to the vagus.
Cardiolith [knr' -de-o-lith) \jiap6ia, heart ; XSoq, a stone].
A cardiac concretion.
Cardiology [kar-de-oF -o-je) \_Kap6ia, heart ; Adyof, dis-
course]. The anatomy, physiology, and pathology
of the heart.
Cardiomalacia (^kar-de-o-mal-a' -se-ali) [/foprS/a, heart ;
pa'Aania, softness]. Morbid softening of the substance
of the heart.
Cardiomegalia (kar-de-o-meg-a' -le-ah) \Kapila, heart ;
p£ya(;, large]. Cardiac enlargement.
Cardiometer {kar-de-oi)i' -et-er) [xaptS/a, heart ; fierpov,
a measure]. An instrument for estimating the force
of the heart's action.
Cardiometry {kar-de-oni' -et-re) [/cap(5/n, the heart ;
phpov, a measure]. The estimation of the size and
dimensions of the heart (as by means of auscultation
and percussion).
Cardiopalmus (kar-de-o-paU -niiis) [mp^la, heart ;
TraX/jog, palpitation] . Palpitation of the heart.
Cardiopathy lykar-de-op' -a-the) [rapd/a, heart ; rraOoq,
disease]. Any disease of the heart.
Cardiopericarditis {kar-de-o-per-e-kar-di' -tis) {jiapSia,
heart ; Trep/', around ; napfiia, the heart ; ltlq, inflam-
mation]. Carditis and pericarditis together; inflam-
mation of the heart-tissues and of the pericardium.
(Landois)
The use of the cardio-
Cardioplegia [kar-de-o-p/e' -/e-ah) \_Kapt)ia, heart ; Tz'Arjyfj,
a stroke]. Paralysis of the heart.
Cardio-pneumatic [kar-de-o-iiu-iiiai' -ik) [/capfS/a,
heart ; Tri>Ev/xa, the breath]. Pertaining to the heart
and the breath. C.-p. Movements. Those move-
ments of the air in the lungs that are caused by the
pulsations of the heart and larger vessels.
Cardio-pneumograph (/car-de-o-md-zuo-graf) [Kcipdia,
heart; Tvrehpa, breath; ypd(peiv, to write]. An in-
strument designed for graphically recording cardio-
pneumatic movements.
Cardiopuncture [kar-de-o-punk' -cliur) \Kap6ia, heart;
punctura, a puncture]. I. Cardiocentesis. 2. Any
surgical or vivisectional puncture of the heart.
Cardiopyloric [liar-de-o-pi-lor' -ik) \Kap6ia, heart ;
TTv/cj/xjr, a gate-keeper] . Referring to both the cardiac
and pyloric portions of the stoinach.
Cardiorrhexis (J;ar-de-o-reks' -is) [/iapJ/a, heart ; iy'/^ii;,
rupture]. Rupture of the heart.
Cardiosclerosis [kar-de-o-skle-ro' -sis) [_Kap6'ia, heart ;
aK/r/poew, to harden]. Induration of the tissues of
the heart. See Fibroid Heart.
Cardioscope (kar'-de-o-skop) \_Kap(Via , heart ; aKoirelv,
to view]. An instrument for the observation of the
movements or of lesions of the heart.
Cardiostenosis [kar-de-o-ste-no' -sis) \Kap6'ia, heart ;
OTiv(jai<:, narrowing]. Constriction of the heart,
especially of the eoniis arteriosus ; also the develop-
ment of such a constriction.
Cardio-thyroid Exophthalmos [kar' -de-o-tki-roid eks-
ojf-thal' -»ios). Synonym of Exophthaltnic Goiter.
Cardiotomy {kar-de-ot' -o-ine) [Kapdi'a, heart ; TOfiii, cut-
ting]. The anatomy or dissection of the heart.
Cardiotopography(/J'a;'-(/6'-y-/'f)-/()^''-ra-yi') [Kapd/a, heart;
roTTOf, place ; ypa((ieiv, to write]. The topography or
topographic anatomy of the heart and the cardiac area.
Cardiotoxic i^kar-de-o-toks' -ik) \Kap6'La, heart ; -ni,i.mv,
poison]. Having a poisonous effect upon or through
the heart.
Cardiotrauma {kar-de-o-traiv' -mah) \Kap6ia, heart ;
Tpai'/ia, a wound]. Traumatism or wound of the
heart.
Cardiotromus {kar-de-ot' -ro-mus) [/lapd/a, heart ; rpo-
pof, a quivering]. A fluttering or slight palpitation of
the heart.
Cardiovascular (kar-de-o-vas' -kii-lar) [/trtpf5/'a, heart ;
vasculiim, a small vessel]. Both cardiac and vascular;
pertaining to the blood-vessels of the heart.
Carditic (kar-dit'-ik) \_Kap(Ua, the heart ; itli;, inflamma-
tion]. Relating to or affected with carditis.
Carditis {kar-di'-tis) [mpeS/a, the heart ; trig, inflamma-
tion]. Inflammation of the heart. C, Internal.
Synonym of Etidocarditis.
Cardo [kar'-do) \cardo, a hinge]. In biology, a hinge-
joint, as that of a bivalve shell or the maxilla of an
insect.
Cardol (kar'-dol). See Anacardiuni.
Carduus (kar'-du-us) [L. , a thistle]. The seeds of C.
marianus, St. Mary's thistle, and C. benedictiis, blessed
thistle. A decoction of the former, ij ad Oj, con-
stitutes an old and popular remedy for hemoptysis.
The latter is also a popular cure-all, used mainly as a
tonic bitter. Dose of decoction ^ii^j-^ss; of a tinc-
ture, TTLx-xx.
Carferal [kar'-fer-al) [^carbon, charcoal; ferru?n, iron;
aluminum. '\ A proprietary combination of carbon,
iron oxid, and clay ; it is used as a filtering material
for water.
Carica Papaya (kar'-ik-ah pap-a' -yah). See Papain.
Caricin {kar'-is-in). See Papain.
Caricologist {kar-ik-ol'-o-jist) \_cariw, sedge; "kkyeiv,
to speak]. A student of sedges.
CARICOUS
266
CARPAGRA
Caricous [kar' -ik-us) \carica, a fig]. Fig-shaped, as
a caricous tumor.
Caries [ka' -re-ez) \caries, rottenness]. A chronic in-
flammation of tone with rarefaction or absorption of
bony tissue, followed usually by pus-formation ;
molecular death of bone, with the accompanying
process, as ulceration. C. fungosa, tuberculosis of
a bone with attached sequestrum, the meshes of the
latter being filled with granulations growing into them
from the inner surface of the cavity. C, necrotic,
when portions of the bone lie in a suppurating cavity.
C. sicca, a form of tuberculous caries characterized by
absence of suppuration, obliteration of the cavity of
the joint, and sclerosis and concentric atrophy of the
articular extremity of the bone. C. of Spine, or Pott's
Disease, osteitis of the bodies of the vertebras and
intervertebral fibro-cartilage, producing curvature of
the spine. C. of Teeth, a chemical decomposition
of the earthy part of any portion of a tooth, accom-
panied by a partial or complete disorganization of the
animal framework of the affected part.
Carina {kar-i' -naJi) [carina, the keel]. In biology,
one of many keel-like structures ; as the breast-bone
of most birds, the median piece to the carapace of a
cirriped, etc.
Carinate (/v?;-'-/?z-i7i')[(arz'«a/z<i, keel-shaped]. Keeled.
Carinated Abdomen {kar' -in-a-ted ab' -do-meii). See
Scaphoid Abdomen.
Cariniform [kar-in' -if-or?)i) [carina, keel ; for)na,
shape]. In biology, applied to the keel-like fins of
certain fishes, and to other structures.
Carino-lateral {kar-iti-o-lat' -cr-al) [carina, a keel ;
latus, side]. Placed at the side of the carina of an
animal .
Cariol [jha'-re-ol). A poisonous active principle ob-
tainable from parsley. It resembles apiol in its
physiologic effects, but produces a peculiar uterine vas-
cular congestion ; it is useful in genito-spinal atony.
Unof.
Carious (ka'-re-tis) [caries, rottenness]. Pertaining to
or affected with caries. C. Teeth, Effects of ;
carious teeth may occasion facial neuralgia, facial
paralysis, sciatica, hemiplegia and spinal irritation,
paraplegia, tetanus, headache, epilepsy, hysteria,
chorea, insanity, etc.
Carissa [kar-is' -ah) [L.]. A genus of shrubs. C.
schimperi. .See Ouabain.
Carius, Method of. A method for the quantitative
determination of halogens. The substance, weighed
out in a small, glass tube, is heated together with
concentrated HNO.j and silver nitrate to from 150° to
300° C, in a sealed tube, and the quantity of the result-
ing silver haloid determined.
Carlsbad Water. A famous mineral water used largely
for chronic affections of the gastro-intestinal tract,
obesity, gout, and diabetes.
Carmin {kar'-min') Cj^HjgOjf,. A coloring-matter
extracted from Cochineal, q. v. C. Naphtha. See
Fis^metits, Conspectus of. C. Red. '&a.mt a.% CochineaL
Carminant (kar'-min-anf) [carmen, a charm]. I.
Carminative. 2. A carminative agent or medicine.
Carminative (kar-min' -at-iv) [carmen, a charm]. A
calming or soothing medicine, chiefly for children,
that acts by relieving pain from flatulence.
Carminic Acid (kar-!?tin'-ik as'-id) See Acid.
Carminophile (kar-inin'-o-fil') [carmin; ^iktlv, to
love. ] Readily stainable with carmin.
Carnal [kar' -ual ) [carnalis, fleshly]. Pertaining to
flesh. C. Knowledge, sexual intercourse. In foren-
sic medicine it signifies penetration merely, which
penetration need only be vulval without seminal
emission.
Carnauba {kar-na-oo'-bah) [Braz.]. The root of
Corypha cerifera, a wax-producing palm-tree of tropi-
cal America. It is used in Brazil as an alterative and
resembles sarsaparilla in its properties. Dose of the
fld. ext. TT\,xxx-3 j. Unof. C. Wax, obtained from
the leaves of the carnauba-palm, Copernicia ceriferay
of Brazil. Its specific gravity is. 999 and its melting-
point 185° F. (84° C). It is brittle and of a yellowish
color. It is extensively used in the manufacture of
candles.
Carneous [kar'-ne-us) [carnetts, of flesh]. Fleshy.
C. Columns. See Cohimna Cariiece.
Carnification [kar-nif-ik-a' -sliun) [caro, flesh ; fieri,
to become]. A term indicating the alteration of tis-
sue to an unnatural, fleshy appearance. Also, the
amyloid degeneration of certain tissues.
Carnin {kar'-nin) [caro, flesh], C^HgN^O.,. A leu-
komaine isolated from American meat-extract, but not
from muscle-tissue itself ; also obtained from yeast
and wine. It crystallizes in white masses composed
of very small irregular crystals ; it is soluble with great
difficulty in cold, readily soluble in hot water, insolu-
ble in alcohol and in ether. It is not thought to be
very poisonous, but experiments made by Briicke
show that it causes a fluctuation in the rate of the
heart-beat.
Carnivorous {kar-niv'-o-rus) [caro, flesh ; vorare, to
devour]. In surgery, caustic, escharotic ; flesh-eating.
Carnochan's Operations. See Operations, Table of.
Carnose (kar'-nds) [carnosiis, fleshy]. Resembling
or having the consistence of flesh.
Carnosity [kar-nos'-it-e) [carnosus, fleshy]. A fleshy
growth or excrescence.
Carnot's Doctrine. An absurd theory advanced as an
objection to vaccination. It is the doctrine of the
" displacement of mortality." Carnot claimed that
while certain diseases (small-pox, measles, croup, etc.,)
were decreasing, other diseases (cholera, typhoid
fever, dysentery) were increasing, and that vaccination
was the cause of all the disturbance.
Caro (/(■a'-ro) [L. ]. Flesh: muscular tissue.
Caroba (kar-o'-bah ) [L.]. The leaflets of Jacaranda
procera and of Cybista x antisyphilitica. It is a popular
Brazilian remedy as an emeto-cathartic, alterative, and
tonic in syphilis and in yaws. Dose of the fld. ext.
XV- 5 j . Unof.
Carobin {kar-o'-bin) [caroba"]. An alkaloid, said to be
found in the leaves of Jacaranda procera.
Carolina [kar-o-li'-nah ) [Carolus, Charles]. A name
given to two Southern .States of the Union. C. All-
spice. See Calycanthus. C. Pink. See Spigelia.
Carotic [kar-ot'-ik) [/lapof, stupor]. Of the nature of
carus ; stupid ; stupefying.
Carotico-clinoid [kar-ot'-ik-o-kli'-noid ) [ra/iof , stupor ;
k'Aivvc, a bed]. Relating to a carotid artery and a
clinoid process of the sphenoid bone.
Carotico-tympanic {kar-ot' -ik-o-tim-pan' -ik ) [lopof ,
stupor; -li/nravov, a drum]. Relating to the carotid
canal and the tympanum.
Carotid {kar-ot'-id) [napuTiq; Kap6(iv, to produce
sleep]. I. The principal (right and left) artery of the
neck. (They were thought to give origin to sleep.)
See Arteries, Table of. 2. Of or relating to either of
the two great arteries of the neck, or their principal
branches. See Canal, Foratnen, Ganf^lion , Plexus, etc.
Carotin (kar'-o-tin) [carota, carrot], C,„H._,^0. An
oily coloring matter found in carrot-root and tomato.
It is a lipochrome.
Carpadelium [kar-pad-e' de-um) [Kapiror, fruit ; a&rp-o<;,
not manifest]. Same as Cremocarp.
Carpagra {karp'-a-grah) [Kapnog, the wrist ; aypa, a
seizure]. A sudden attack of pain at the wrist.
CARPAIN
267
CARTILAGE
Carpain [kar-pa' -in), Cj4H2,NO.^. An alkaloid ex-
tracted from the leaves of Carica papaya. It forms
well-defined, beautiful crystals, with a very bitter
taste, and melting at 115° C. It is recommended for
the subcutaneous treatment of heart-disease. Dose,
grain to \ subcutaneously, every day, or every
second day.
Carpal (karp'-al) [MpTrdf, the wrist]. Pertaining to
the wrist. C. Angle, in biology, the bend of the
wing.
Carpale (kar-pa' -le) [Kapirog, the wrist]. Any one of
the wrist-bones.
Carpel {kar'-pel) [KopTrof, fruit]. In biology, the
ovule-producing organ of a plant ; a simple pistil, or
the homologous portion of a compound pistil.
Carpellary (/^■<7r'-/^/-a-?-^) [/lapTrof, fruit]. Containing,
like, or belonging to a carpel.
Carpen [karp'-en) [Kapiroc, the wrist]. Belonging to the
carpus in itself.
Carphologia {kar-fo-lo'-je-ah). See Carphology.
Carphology {kar-fol' -o-je) [/cdp^of , chafif ; 'kkytiv, to
collect]. A symptom in delirious and dying persons
consisting in picking at the bedclothes. It is generally
looked upon as an unfavorable omen. Floccilatio, or
floccilation, was the term formerly given to this symp-
tom.
Carpobalsamum [kar-po-bal' -sam-um) [/cap/rdf , fruit ;
jia'A.aaiiov, balsam]. The fruit of Balsaniodendron
{^Commiphora) opobahamutu, the. Mecca balsam-tree;
also a fragrant volatile oil from the same fruit. It is
highly prized in the Orient. Unof.
Carpocace (kar-pok' -as-e) [xapTrdf, wrist ; kukuc, bad].
A diseased condition of the wrist.
Carpogenic (kar-po-/en'- ik) [/va^-df, fruit ; j t w/f, pro-
ducing]. Applied to the fruit-producing cell or sys-
tem of cells in certain algae.
Carpognathite (kar-pog'-nath-it) [(cnpTrdf, the wrist ;
yvdtio^, the jaw]. In biology, the fifth joint of the
gnathopodite or foot-jaw of a crustacean. See Carpos.
Carpogonium [kar-po-go' -ne-wn) \Ka(m6(;, fruit ; yovoq,
producing]. In biology, the unfertilized female
reproductive organ of certain thallophytes.
Carpolith [kar' -po-lith) [/tapTrdf, fruit; '/JBoq, a stone].
I. A hard concretion formed in a fruit. 2. A petrified
fruit.
Carpology [kar-poF -o-je) [KapTrdf , fruit ; 'kkytiv, to
speak]. That department of botany that treats of
fruits.
Q,&\'poma.'n.\SL (kar-po-ma' -ne-aK) [reapTrd?, fruit ; fiav'ia,
madness]. In biology, the excessive production of
fruit by trees that are cultivated.
Carpo-metacarpal [kar-po-met-a-kar' -pat) [/iopTrdf,
carpus ; /icrd, between, among ; KapKor, carpus].
Relating to the carpus and to the metacarpus.
Carpo-pedal {kar-po-ped' -al) [/caprrdf, carpus ; pes, pedis,
a foot]. Affecting the wrists or the hands and feet.
C. Spasm, a spasm of the hands and feet, or of the
thumbs and great toes, associated with the laryngismus
stridulus of children. C. Contractions. See Con-
tractioti.
Carpophagous {kar-poff' -ag-iis) [mpTrdf, fruit ; (bayeiv,
to eat]. Applied to fruit-eating animals.
Carpophore {kar' -po-for) \Kap-6c,, fruit ; (pepeiv, to
bear]. In biology, the stalk or support of fruits,
corresponding to the receptacle in the flower. Also
an organ, in some thallophytes, that bears spores.
Carpopodite {kar-pop' -o-dit) [/capTrdf, the wrist ; 7roi''f,
the foot]. In biology, a part of the crustacean limb,
i.e., the fifth joint of the endopodite. See Carpos.
Carpoptosis (kar-pop-to' -sis) [mpTrdf, wrist ; tttoxjic,
a fall]. Wrist-drop.
Carpos (kar'-pos) [/capTrdf, wrist]. In biology, the fifth
joint of any crustacean appendage (Bate). The same
as Carpognathite and Carpopodite (Milne Edwards).
Carpospore {kar' -po-spdr) [/capirdf, fruit ; arvopa, seed].
In biology, the equivalent of spore.
Carpostome {kar' -po-stom) [\ap7rdf, fruit ; arojia,
mouth]. In biology, one of the narrow mouths or
canals through which spores are discharged from the
cystocarp or sporocarp.
Carpotica [kar-pot'-ik-ak) [mpTrdf, fruit]. Diseases
connected with pregnancy and childbirth.
Carpozyma [kar-po-zi' -mah) [/cap-dr, fruit ; iv/^r/, {er-
ment]. A genus of fermentative microorganisms. C.
apiculata, a widely-diffused alcoholic ferment found
in all fruits.
Carpue's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Carpus (/'(7r/'-z/j) [hopTrdf, the wrist]. The eight bones
collectively forming the wrist. See Bones, Table of.
Carr's Method. See Treatment , Methods of.
Carrageen, or Carragheen [kar'-ag-en) \_Carragkeen in
Ireland]. Irish moss. See Chondrus.
Carragheenin {Imr-ag-en'-in), CgHmOj. A mucilagin-
ous constituent of carragheen, apparently identical with
pararabin.
Carre's Apparatus. An apparatus for manufacturing
ice by means of the evaporation of ether.
Carriage [kar'-aj). See IVard-carriage, Ambulance,
Cacolct.
Carrick Bend [kar' -ik-bend). A form of knot for fasten-
ing together two ligatures. The merit of the knot
consists in the free end being held firmly between the
two long portions.
Carron Oil {kar' -on oil). See Li mini and Calcium.
Car-sickness [kar' -sik-nes). The well-known symp-
toms of sea-sickness produced by journeying in railway
cars.
Carswell's Grapes. Pulmonary tubercles when they
occur by racemose distribution at the extremities of
several adjacent bronchioles. See Diseases, Table of.
Carter's Operation. See Operations, Table of. C.
Test. See Tests, Table of.
Carthamin {karth' -am-in) [Ar. , qartama, paint], Cj^-
HjiP,. The coloring-matter in safflower, the blos-
soms of CarthaiiiHS ti)ictorinm. It is precipitated
from its soda solution by acetic acid as a dark-red
powder, which, on drying, acquires a metallic luster.
It dissolves with a beautiful red color in alcohol and
the alkalies. It is used for surface-coloring or dyeing.
See Pigtnents, Conspectus of.
Carthamus [karth'-am-us) [Ar. , qartama, paint].
American or bastard saffron or safflower. The flowers
of C. tinctorius. An infusion, " Saffron tea," is a
popular domestic remedy as a diuretic in measles and
other exanthematous affections. Unof.
Cartilage {kar' -til-aj) \cartilago, gristle]. Gristle;
a white, semi-opaque, non-vascular tissue composed
of a matrix containing nucleated cells. When boiled,
cartilage yields a substance called Chondrin, q. v. Q,.,
Articular, that lining the articular surfaces of bones.
C, Bone-, bone that takes its origin from cartilage,
and not from a membrane. C, Costal, that occupy-
ing the interval between the true ribs and the sternum
or adjacent cartilages. C, Ensiform, the third piece
of the sternum. It is also called the xiphoid appendix.
C, Epactal, small cartilaginous nodules on the upper
edge of the alar cartilages of the nose. C, Hyaline,
distinguished by a granular or homogeneous matrix.
C, Fibro-, distinguished by a fibrous matrix. Carti-
lages of Larynx, the cartilages of the larynx take
part in producing the various modulations of the pitch
and intensity of the voice. They are the thyroid,
cricoid, epiglottis, and a pair each of arytenoid, corni-
cula laryngis, and cuneiform, q. z'. C. of Meckel.
CARTILAGIN
CASCARA
See Meckel. C, Mucronate, the ensifonn cartilage.
C, Nasal, the cartilagnious framework of the nose,
consisting of five pieces, the two upper and two
lower cartilages, and the cartilage of the septum.
C, Reticular, a peculiar cartilage found in the
auricle of the ear, the epiglottis, and Eustachian tubes.
Its peculiarity consists in a network of yellow elastic
fibers pervading the matrix in all directions. C. of
Santorini, a nodule at the apex of each arytenoid
cartilage, the corniculum laryngis. C. of Weitbrecht,
the interarticular fibro-cartilage that exists in the
acromio-clavicular articulation. C. of Wrisberg, the
cuneiform cartilages, one on each side of the fold of
membrane stretching from the arytenoid cartilage to
the epiglottis. C, Yellow. See C, Reticular.
Cartilagin {kar-til' -aj-iii) [cartilage, cartilage]. A
characteristic principle of hyaline cartilage. Boiling
changes it into chondrin.
Cartilaginification [kar-til-aj-in-if-ik-a'-slnm) \_car-
tilago, cartilage ; facere, to make] . A change into
cartilage.
Cartilaginiform [kar-til-aj-iu' -if-orm') \cartilago, car-
tilage; forma , ioxxa\. Resembling cartilage.
Cartilaginoid [kar-iil-aj' -i?i-oid) \cartilago, cartilage;
f((5of, form]. Resembling cartilage.
Cartilaginous [kar-til-aj' -in-us) \cartilago, cartilage].
Made up of or resembling cartilage.
Cartilago (kar-til-a'-go) [L. : gen.,Cartilaginis\. Car-
tilage. C. triticea, a small, oblong, fibro-cartilaginous
mass, often found in the elastic ligament, the thyro-
hyoid, connecting the superior cornu of the thyroid
cartilage with the greater cornu of the hyoid bone.
Carum [ka'-rum) [/cdpoi', caraway]. Caraway. The
seeds of C. carui, indigenous to Europe and an allied
species native to the Pacific coast of America. Its
odor and taste are due to a volatile oil. It is valuable
in infantile colic, but is used chiefly as a flavor. C,
Aqua (B. P.). Dose ^j-ij. C, Infusum, unof,
3j-ij,adOj. Dose.^ss-ij. C, Oleum. Dose ttlj-v.
Caruncle [kai '-tcng-kl) \cariincula, dim. of caro, flesh].
A small, abnormal fleshy growth. In biology, applied
to certain elevations, protuberances, or excrescences on
animals or plants, as the comb of a bird, the fleshy
papilla at the inner canthus of the eye, the growths
on insect larva;, and the small masses about the hilum
of some seeds. C, Lachrymal, one upon the con-
junctiva near the inner canthus. C, Urethral, a
small, bright-red growth situated on the posterior lip of
the meatus urinarius ; a frequent condition in women.
The caruncle varies in size from a hempseed to a fil-
bert ; it is very painful, especially during micturition
and coitus, and bleeds readily.
Caruncula [kar-iing' -kti-lah) [dim. of caro, flesh: //. ,
Cariinciiltr]. A caruncle. C. mammillaris, the
olfactory tubercle, an eminence of gray matter between
the roots of the olfactory nerve.
Carunculae {kar-ung' -kit-le) \_ca> imcula, a caruncle].
The nymphae. C. myrtiformes, the projections of
membrane near the orifice of the vagina, thought
to be the remains of the hymen after its rupture.
They have also been found in the imperforated hymen.
Caruncular [kar-ung' -kii-lar) [caruncula, a caruncle].
Like or pertaining to a caruncle.
C^^Tus [ka'-i-Ms) [mpni.-, stupor]. Deep, lethargic sleep.
C. cataleptica, catalepsy. C. ecstasis, trance, or
catalepsy. C. lethargus, lethargy.
Carus, Curve or Circle of. See Curve.
Carvacrol [kar-ii' -ak-rol ] [Ital. , ('(rrz/z, caraway ; ciKpng,
sharp], C||,H,.,.OH. A liquid body occurring in the
oil of certain varieties of satureja. It is produced on
heating carvol with glacial phosphoric acid. It is a
thick oil, solidifying at low temperatures ; it melts at o°
and boils at 236°. It has a very disagreeable odor and
strong taste. It has been used to relieve toothache.
Carvene (karv'-ett) [It., carvi, caraway], C[f,H,p. A
hydrocarbon contained in caraway. It is a light ter-
pene. See also Citrene.
Carvol {karv'-ol) [It., carvi, caraway; oleum, oil],
C,qH,^0. An aromatic alcohol isomeric with car-
vacrol, and obtained from oil of cumin. It is an oil
with a pleasant odor, boiling at 225° C.
Caryoblast [kar' -e-o-blast) [aapvov, a nucleus; (iXaardi;,
a germ]. Any nucleated plastidule.
Caryocinesis {kar-e-o-sin-e'-sis) [mpvov, a nut (nu-
cleus) ; KivijaiQ, movement]. See Karyokinesis .
Caryocinetic [liar- c-o-sin-et' -iky See Kary akinetic.
Caryolysis [kar-e-oV -is-is) \_mpvov, nucleus; Aiiew, to
loose]. The process of the dissolution of cell-nuclei.
Caryolytic [kar-e-o-lit^ -ik) [Kapvov, nucleus ; 'Avcjiq,
dissolution] . Pertaining to Caryolysis.
Caryomitosis [kar-e-o-mit-o' -sis). See Karyomitosis.
Caryophyllin [kar-e-o-Jil' -in) [mpvov, a nut ; (/ivTlAov,
a leaf]. C,„HjgO or Cj^H.jjO.^. The neutral crystalline
principle of cloves. It occurs in tasteless and odor-
less silky acicular crystals, soluble in warm alcohol and
ether. See Caryophyllus.
Caryophyllus [kar-e-o-fil' -us) [jiapvov, a nut ; (pvXkov,
a leaf]. Clove. The unexpanded flowers of Eugenia
caryophyllata, distinguished by their pungent, spicy
taste. Its properties are due to a volatile oil, which is
antiseptic, stimulant, and irritant. It also contains a
crystalline body, Eugenin, CjqHj.^O,, and a camphor,
Caryophyllin, C,f|H,gO. It is useful as a stomachic,
and to prevent griping when combined with purgatives.
C, Infusum (B. P.). A strength of l to 40 recom-
mended. Dose 5j-ij. C, 01., contains an acid and
a phenol compound. Dose Tl\j-iv. It is used also
by microscopists to clarify preparations and tissues for
mounting.
Caryoplasm [kar' -e-o-plazm) \_Kapvov, a nucleus ;
nXaaiia, that which is formed]. The plasm of a cell-
nucleus ; nuclear plasm.
Caryopsis (kar-e-op' -sis) [jiapvov, a nut ; 6i/);f, appear-
ance]. In biology, an indehiscent dry fruit, like that
of the wheat, in which the single seed is enveloped in
the closely-adhering pericarp.
Casali Green. See Conspectus of Pigments, under Pig-
ment.
Casali's Test. See Tests, Table of.
Casamajor's Test. See Tests, Table of.
Casaubon's Apparatus. One for charging water with
CO., by the intermittent method.
Casca Bark [kas'-kali bark). Sassy Bark ; Ordeal Bark.
The bark of F.ryihrophlcEum guijiense, a tree native to
Africa, with properties due to an alkaloid. It pro-
duces nausea and vomiting. It is valuable in inter-
mittent fevers, and is a more powerful heart-tonic than
digitalis. C, Tinct., 25 per cent, in strength. Dose
Tr\^x. Unof. C, Ext. Aq. Dose gr. j. C, Ext.
Fid. Dose n\^v-xv. Erythrophlein, the active alka-
loid, unof., is locally an anesthetic.
Cascadoe [kas-kad-o'-e). See Tinea imbricata.
Cascara [Sp., " bark "]. The bark. C.
amarga, Honduras Bark. The bark of a tree native
to Mexico, much used as an alterative tonic in syphilis
and skin-affections. C. Cordial, a trade preparation.
Dose tT\,xv-3 ij. C, Fid. Ext. Dose 5 ss-j ; of the
powdered extract gr. v-x. Unof. C. sagrada, Chit-
tem Bark, Sacred Bark. The bark of Rliamnus
purshiana, or California Buckthorn. Its properties
are due to a volatile oil. It is useful in the treatment
of chronic constipation. All unof Case, sagrad.,
Ext. (B. P.). Dose gr. ij-viij. Case, sagrad., Ext.
Liquidum (B. P.). Dose rt\_v-3j.
CASCARILLA
269
CATABOLIC
Cascarilla {^kas-kar-il' -ah) [Sp., dim. of casca, bark].
The bark of Crotoii ehtterin, native to the Bahama
Islands, an aromatic bitter, increasing the natural se-
cretions of the digestive organs. C, Infus. (B. P.).
Dose %]-\]- C, Tinctura (B. P.). Dose ^ss-ij.
Cascarillin [kas-kaj--il' -in) \cascariUa, dim. of casca,
bark] , C'^H^Oj. The active principle of cascarilla
bark; a white, crystalline, bitter substance, scarcely
soluble in water.
Case [kds) \_i-adi'n', io happen]. A single instance or
example of a disease. A covering, or box-like struc-
ture. C, Brain-, the calvaria. C, Muscle-. See
■ Muscle. C. -taking, the collection of memoranda and
notes of an individual case for service in diagnosis or
prognosis, or for use in a medico-legal inquiry. C,
Trial-, in ophthalmology, a case containing various
lenses for refracting the eye, etc.
Caseation (ka-ze-a' -shun^ [cascuiii, cheese]. The pre-
cipitation of casein during the coagulation of milk.
Also a fatty degeneration of pus, tubercle, etc. , in
which the structure is converted into a soft, cheese-
like substance.
Casein [ka'-ze-iu) \_t(is:ii/n , cheese]. A derived albu-
min, the chief proteid of milk, precipitated by acids
and by rennet at 40° C. It is closely allied to alkali-
albumin, but contains more nitrogen and a large
amount of phosphorus. It constitutes most of the
curd of milk. Two varieties of C, Vegetable, have
been described, — Legumin, in peas, beans, etc., and
Conglutin, in hops and almonds. C. Saccharid, a
compound of dry casein one part, cane-sugar nine
parts, and sodium bicarbonate enough to render it
slightly alkaline. It is useful in preparing emul-
sions, whether of oils, balsams, terpenes, resins, or
gum-resins.
Caseinogen {ka-zc-in' -o-jen) [(Y^j^^;;/, cheese ; yEvvav,
to produce]. A peculiar substance occumng in milk,
neither an alkali-albumin nor a globulin, but occupy-
ing a distinct position among proteids. When acted
upon by a digestive ferment it produces casein, or the
curd of milk. Caseinogen is a proteid analogous to
fibrinogen, myosinogen, etc.
Caseose {ka'-zc-os) \caseum, cheese]. A product of
the gastric digestion of casein.
Caseous [ka'-ze-us) \_i:aseu/ii, cheese]. Having the na-
ture or consistence of cheese.
Cashew (kcish-00''). The cashew-nut, the product of
Anacardium occidentalc. See Acajou.
Cashoo [kash-00'). Same as Catechu.
Cassava (kas-a'-vah) [Sp., casabe']. The fecula of
nx'imoc, Jan Ipha manihot, separated from the juice.
Unof See Tapioca.
Cassel Brown. Same as Vandyke Bmm. C. Green.
Same as Manganese Green. C. Yellow. See Con-
spectus of PigDwnts, under Pigment.
Cassel's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Casselmann's Green. See Conspectus of Pigments,
under Pigment.
Cassena (kas-e' -nah) [L.]. The Ilex cassine,\hQyonY>on-
tree of the Southern U. S. Its leaves are expectorant,
cathartic, emetic, and stimulant. Unof.
Casser, Ganglion of. See Ganglia, Table of. C,
Nerve of. See Nerves, Table of.
Casserian Ganglion. See Ganglia, Table of.
Cassia [cash' -e-aJi) [^Kaaia, a perfume]. I. A genus of
leguminous plants, several species of which afford
Senna, q. v. 2. An old name, still used commer-
cially, for the coarser varieties of cinnamon. See Cin-
najnon. C. Bark, Cassia lignea. See Cinnamon.
C. Buds, the immature fruit of Chinese cinnamon ;
used chiefly as a spice. C. marilandica, of N.
America, produces the leaves called American senna,
which are less active as a cathartic than the true senna.
C. Oil, a variety of oil of cinnamon, used in pharmacy
and in perfumery. C, Purging, is the fruit of a tree,
C. fistula, growing in tropical regions. The pulp,
C.Pulpa (B. P.), in gj-ij doses is a mild laxative.
Cassideus [kas-id'-e-us) \_cassis, a helmet]. In biology,
helmet-shaped.
Cassimuniar, or Cassumunar [kas-im-u' -ne-ar, or
kas-um-u' -nar). The plant Zingiber cassumunar
and its aromatic rhizome, formerly used like true
ginger ; now scarcely known in commerce or in phar-
macy. It is tonic and stimulant. Unof
Cassius's Purple. See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Cassonade [kns-on-ad') [Fr.]. A name formerly applied
in the French colonies to Muscovado Sugars, q. v.
Cast [kast) [ME., caj-A'w, to throw]. I. A mass of fibrous
or plastic material that has taken the form of some
cavity in which it has been moulded. From their
source, casts may be classified as bronchial, intestinal,
nasal, esophageal, renal, tracheal, urethral, vaginal,
etc. Of these, the renal casts are the most important,
by reason of their significance in diseases of the kidney.
Classed according to their constitution, casts are epi-
thelial, fatty, fibrinous, granular, hyaline, mucous,
sanguineous, waxy, etc. See Tube-casts. 2. To
throw oft ; applied to labor in cattle. 3. Strabismus.
Castanea ) [L.]. Chestnut. The leaves
of C. vesca. They contain tannic and gallic acids
and other principles whose value is not known. They
are used in infusion or decoction as a remedy for
whooping-cough. C, Fid. Ext. Dose rr^ v-lx.
Castillon's Powders. Powders containing sago, salep,
tragacanth, of each 8 parts, prepared oyster-shells, 2,
cochineal, I. They are used in treating diarrhea and
dysentery.
Casting (kast'-ing) [ME. , raj-to?, to throw]. In den-
tal mechanism, running fused lead, tin, zinc, or brass
into a mould made in sand, with a plaster transfer of
any portion or the whole of the alveolar border and so
many of the teeth as may be remaining in it, and the
palatine arch when it becomes necessary to adapt a
plate to it.
Castor [kas'-tor). See Castoreum. C. Bean and C.
Oil. See Ricini.
Castoreum [kas-to'-re-um) [kootwp, the beaver]. The
dried preputial follicles and their secretion, obtained
from the beaver. Castor fiber. It is a reddish-brown
substance with a strong odor. It is antispasmodic
and stimulant, its action resembling that of musk. C,
Tinct. Dose ss-j. Unof.
Castoria [kas-to' -re-ah) [/idcrrwp, the beaver]. A pro-
prietary medicine recommended as a substitute for cas-
tor oil.
Castorin [kas' -tor-in) [Kaarup, the beaver]. A crystal-
line substance obtained from castor.
Castration [kas-tra'-shun) \castrare, to cut]. Orchec-
tomy ; the excision of one or both testicles. C, Fe-
male, removal of the ovaries ; oophorectomy ; spaying.
Casts [kasts^. See Cast, and Tube-Casts.
Casual [kaz'-u-al) \_casus, chance]. Fitted or set apart
for the treatment of accidental injuries, as a casual
ward in a hospital.
Casualty [kaz'-u-al-te) \_caszis, chance]. An accidental
injury ; a wound, or logs of life, accidentally incurred ;
an injury in a battle.
QaXabAsis (kat-ab'-as-is) [/crtrd/3a(7/f, a descent] . The
decline of a disease.
Catabolergy, or Katabolergy [kat-ab-ol'-er-je) [ward,
down; pdXAeiv, to throw ; ipyov, work]. Energy
expended in katabolic processes.
Catabolic [kat-ab-ol' -ik ) \_mra, down ; pilAew, to
throw]. Of the nature of, or pertaining to, catabolism.
CATABOLISM
270
CATAPHORA
Catabolism [kat-ab'-o-lhm) [Kara, clown ; piXKeiv, to
throw]. Destructive metamorphosis; dissimilation;
physiologic disintegration ; movement toward a cata-
state.
Catabythismomania [kat-ab-ith-iz-mo-ma'-ne-aJi) [har-
aftvflia/j6(;, submergence; fiavta, madness]. Insane
impulse to suicide by drowning.
Catabythismus {kat-ab-iih-iz' -mus) iKarapvtlfa/joc:, sub-
mergence]. Drowning; especially suicidal drowning.
Catacathartic {kat-ak-nth-ar'-tik ) [/card, down ; Ka-
Odpair, purgation]. I. Purging. 2. A medicine or
agent that causes purgation.
Catacausis [kat-ak-aw'-sis) [ko-q, down ; miew, to
burn]. .Spontaneous combustion.
Cataclasis i^kat-ak' -las-is) [/card, down ; iikatLv, to
break]. A fracture.
Catacleisis [Kard/iZcfcr/f, a locking]. Clo-
sure of the eyelids by adhesion or by spasm.
Catacorolla (^kat-a-ko-roV -ah ) [/card, against ; corolla,
a little crown]. In biology, a secondary corolla either
within or without the true corolla.
Catacrotic {kat-ak-rof -ik) \K.aTa, down ; KpoTo^, a
striking] . Interrupting the line of descent in a sphyg-
mogram.
Catacrotism [kat-ak'-rot-izni) [Kard, do wn ; KpoTog, a
striking]. An interruption or oscillation of the line
of descent in a sphygmogram ; the quality of being cat-
acrotic or of being marked by oscillation in the sphyg-
mographic line of descent.
Catadicrotism, or Katadicrotism (kat-ad-ik' -rot-izni)
[Kord, down; d/'/cporof, double beating]. The occur-
rence of a divided or double pulsation in the down-
ward stroke of the sphygmograph.
Catadidymous [kat-ad-id' -ii?i-2is) [rard, down ; 6i6v-
iUof,twin]. Joined into one, as a twin monstrosity,
but with a downward cleavage, so that the upper parts
are double.
Catadidymus {kat-ad-id' -im-iis) [/cn-d, down ; SiSvfioc,
twin]. A catadidymous monstrosity.
Catadromous [kat-ad' -ro-mus) [/card, down ; Apdfieiv,
running down]. In biology, applied to such fishes
as descend rivers to spawn in the sea, e. g. , the eel.
Catagenesis (kat-aj-en'-es-is) [/card, down; yeveaii;,
generation]. In biology, the process of creation by
retrograde metamorphosis of energy, or by the special-
ization of energy (Cope).
Catagma {kat-ag' -malt') \_iiara-yfia, a fracture : //. , Catag-
?>iata~\. A fracture.
Catagmatic {kat-ag-mat' -ik) [/cdra)'//a, a fracture]. I.
Relating to or serviceable in cases of fracture. 2. A
remedy that promotes the union of broken parts.
Catagoglossum {kat-ag-o-glos' -uin) \_KnTdyn\\ to draw
down; j/wfrira, the tongue]. A tongue-depressor.
Catalepsia [kai-al-ep'-se-ah). See Catalepsy. C. arti-
ficialis, artificial or hypnotic catalepsy. C. acces-
soria, catalepsy associated with some other leading
nervous affection. C. cerea, waxen catalep.sy ; cata-
lepsy in which the limbs if placed in any given posi-
tion will retain it as if they were made of wax. C.
epidemica, the epidemic or imitative variety. C.
spuria, or false catalepsy. -See Ecstasy.
Catalepsy {kaf -al-cp-sc) [/card, down ; '/ aji^dveiv, to
seize]. A peculiar neurosis characterized by loss of
will and muscular rigidity, due to a diseased condition
of the central nervous system. It occurs in those of
the neurotic diathesis, and usually between the ages of
20 and 30 years. It is commonly associated with hys-
teria, but may be found in conjunction with tetanus and
the various psychoses. It often forms a part of the
hypnotic state. Somnambulism . C, Local, that
affecting a single organ or group of muscles. C,
Plastic. See Catalepsia cerea.
Cataleptic (kat-al-ep' -tik) [/card, down ; Xaji^dvziv, to
seize]. Relating to, affected with, or of the nature of,
catalepsy.
Cataleptiform [kat-al-ep' -tif-onn) [/card, down; "KayL-
ffdveii', to seize ; forma., form]. Resembling cata-
lepsy.
Catalpa {kat-al'-pali) [native Am. Indian]. A genus of
American and Asiatic bignoniaceous trees. A. big-
noniodes and A. speciosa, of North America, have
astringent, anthelmintic, and tonic qualities ; the leaves
and pods are reputed anodyne, em611ient, and antasth-
matic. Unof.
Catalysis [kat-al'-is-is) \_KaTa'/v£iv, to dissolve]. In
chemistry, a reaction that appears to take place owing
to the mere presence of another body that apparently
undergoes no change.
Catalytic [h-araZ/'e/i', to dissolve]. I. Of
the nature of, or characterized by, catalysis. 2. Any
medicine that is supposed to break down, destroy, or
counteract morbid agencies existing within the
economy. .See Alterative.
Catamenia [kat-am-e' -7ie-ali) [/card, concerning, accord-
ing to ; jiiiv, month]. The recurrent monthly dis-
charge of blood during sexual life from the genital
canal of the female.
Catamenial [kat-am-e' -ne-al) [/card, concerning ; a
month]. Pertaining to the catamenia.
Catantochasmus (kat-ati-to-kaz'-mns) [/cdrai'ra, down-
ward ; xd(T//e, an expanse]. In craniometry, Lissauer's
term for a skull in which the angle between the radius
fixus and a line joining the anterior point of the fora-
men magnum and the posterior nasal spine is less than
I3°-
Catantopylus [kat-ati-top'-il-tts) [/cdrni'ra, downward ;
■KvTii], an opening]. In craniometry, Lissauer's term
for a skull in which the angle between the radius fixus
and the line joining the anterior and posterior points of
the foramen magnum is between one and eight
degrees.
Catantorrhinus (kat-an-tor-i'-nus) [/cdravra, down-
ward; pig, the nose]. In craniometry, Lissauer's
term for a skull in which the angle between the radius
fixus and the line joining the wing of the vomer and
the anterior nasal spine is between 1° and 16.5°.
Catantostomus {kat-an-tos'-to-mus) [^tidravra, down-
ward; ardfia, the mouth]. In craniometry, Lissauer's
term for a skull in which the angle between the radius
fixus and a line joining the premaxillary point and the
wing of the vomer is between 9° and 25.5°.
Catanturaniscus [kat-an-tiir-an-is' -kiis) [/cdrarra,
downward; o'vpav'ioKog, the roof of the mouth]. In
craniometry, Lissauer's term for a skull in which the
angle between the radius fixus and the line joining the
posterior rim of the incisor foramen and the pre-
maxillary point is between 1° and 20°.
Catanturanus (kat-an-tiir' -an-tis) [/cdravra, downward;
oipai'df, the palate]. In craniometry, Lissauer's term
for a skull in which the angle between the radius fixus
and the line joining the premaxillary point and the
nasal spine is between 1° and 17°.
Catapasm [kat'-ap-azm] [h-a-d7racr//a, powder]. A dry
powder to be sprinkled upon the skin or upon a sore.
Q,SiX.a-p&X.a\o\xs(kat-ap-ct'-al-us) [/card, against ; TzhaXov,
a leaf]. In biology, applied to polypetalous flowers in
which the bases of the petals are adherent to the bases
of the stamens.
Cataphasia {kat-af-a' -ze-aJi) [/card^acr^f , assent]. A
condition of imperfect consciousness, in which the
patient repeatedly utters the same word or words spon-
taneously, or in reply to a question.
Cataphora (kat-af-o-rali) \_iiaTa(popd, a fall]. Lethargy ;
imperfect or restless coma, with intervals of coma-vigil.
CATAPHORESIS
271
CATECHU
Cataphoresis [kat-uf -or-f' -sis) \_KaTaqiepeiv, to bring
down]. The introduction of drugs into the system
through the skin, by means of ointments or solutions
applied by the electrode of a battery.
Cataphoric [^kat-af-or' -ik) [/card, down ; i^opkeiv, to
carry]. Passing, or causing a passage, from the
anode to the kathode, through a diaphragm or septum.
Cataphract \^kat' -af-rakt) ]_KaratppdKTr/g, a coat of
mail]. In biology, the protective armor-plates or
scales of some animals.
Cataphracted iykat' -af-rak-ted^ l_KaTdij)paKTng, mailed].
In biology, protected by an armor of thick skin,
heavy plates or scales.
Cataphyllum iykat-af-il' -uni) [hard, down ; fv^Aov, a
leaf]. In biology, a rudimentary scale-like leaf, as a
cotyledon or bud-scale.
Cataplasis iykat-ap' -las-is) [Kara, down ; Tr/da/f, forma-
tion]. The stage of decline in the individual life.
Cataplasm [kaf -ap-lazm) \Ka-aTx'Xaapa, n poultice].
See /'('«//' /iv. C, Emollient. Species emollientes.
Cataplasma {J;at-ap-laz' -mah) [L.]. A cataplasm.
C. fermenti (B.P. ),beer yeast, wheaten flour, water
at Ioo° F. A stimulant and antiseptic for indolent
ulcers.
Cataplectic [kat-ap-lek' -tik) [ra-d7rA?/f/f, a striking
down]. Fulminant ; sudden and overwhelming.
Cataplexis [kat-ap-leks'-is) [ft:ard/r/l;/f(f , a striking
down]. I. A sudden and overwhelming shock or attack
of disease ; prostration by the onset of disease, or by
shock. 2. Hypnotic sleep.
Cataptosis [kat-ap-to' -sis) [«:ard, down ; tttCkji^, a fall-
ing]. Apoplexy; epilepsy; paralysis; ptosis.
Cataract [kaf -ar-akt) \_KaTapaKT!/^, a falling down or
over, as of something over the vision]. Diminished
transparency or an opacity of the crystalline lens, or of
its capsule. C, Artificial Maturation of, Forster' s
Method consists in friction of the cornea against the
lens by pressure upon the cornea. Beltmaitn^ s
Method consists in " direct trituration ' ' of the lens
with a spatula introduced into the anterior chamber.
Both methods are preceded by an iridectomy. C,
Black, the lens is pigmented, and of a dark-brown
color. C, Capsular, consists in non-transparent de-
posits on the inner surface of the capsule. C, Cor-
tical, opacification of the outer layers of the lens. C,
Diabetic, is associated with diabetes. C, Discis-
sion of, an operation preliminary to absorption, or ex-
traction by suction, consisting in rupturing the capsule,
so that the aqueous humor gains access to the lens.
C, Extraction of, removal of the cataractous lens by
surgical operation, 'net Extraction of C. C, Fluid,
C. , Lacteal, the breaking up of an opaque lens into a
milky fluid. C, Green, a name given to a grayish-
green reflex seen in glaucoma ; it is also seen when the
pupil is dilated and at the same time the media are not
completely transparent. C, Immature, or Unripe,
only a part of the lens-substance is cataractous. C,
Lacteal. See C. , Fluid. C, Lamellar, or Zonular;
certain layers between the cortex and nucleus are
opaque, the remaining layers being transparent. C,
Mature, or C, Ripe, the whole lens-substance is
cataractous. C, Morgagnian, when a hypermatiire
or ozerripe C. shrinks and leaves a nucleus floating in
the dissolved outer layers. C, Naphthalinic, an
opacity of the lens of a rabbit following the administra-
tion of naphthalin. C, Polar (anterior or posterior),
the opacity is confined to one pole of the lens. C-
pricker. See Cata7-act-pricki>ig. C. -pricking, a
name given to the old method of artificial luxation of
the lens in cases of cataract. A needle was passed into
the sclera on the outer margin of the cornea and into the
lens, which was then depressed into the vitreous. Those
who performed this operation were called cataract-
prickers. C, Pyramidal, the opacity is at the an-
terior pole and is conoid, the apex extending forward.
C, Recurrent Capsular, or Secondary, capsular
cataract, appearing after the extraction of the lens.
C, Senile, the cataract of old persons, the most fre-
quent form, and that understood when not specified as
congenital, juvenile, traumatic, soft, etc. C, Soft, is
especially that of the young ; the lens matter is of soft
consistency and milky appearance.
Cataracta [kat-ar-ak'-tah). See Cataract. C. secun-
daria. See After-cataract.
Cataractous [kat-ar-ak'-tns) [/<:arapdKr//f,a falling down
or over]. Of the nature of or affected with cataract.
Catarrh {kat-ar') \KaTappktw , to flow down]. Inflam-
mation of a mucous membrane, especially of the
respiratory tract, but also applied to the bladder, etc.
Its main symptoms are redness and swelling of
the affected membrane with a more or less profuse
mucous discharge. C, Epidemic. .See Influenza.
C, Gastric, gastritis, acute or chronic. C, Intes-
tinal, enteritis, acute or chronic. C, Nasal, coryza,
q.v. 'See also Fhinitis. C, Pulmonary, bronchitis,
acute or chronic. C, Suffocative. Synonym of
Capillary Bronchitis, q. v. See also Suffocative
Catarrh. C, Uterine, endometritis. C, Venereal.
Synonym of Gonorrhea. C, Vesical, cystitis.
Catarrhal [kat-ar'-al) [/varo/op/e/i', to flow down]. Of
the nature of, affected with, or relating to catarrh. C.
Fever. Synonym of Influenza.
Ca.ta.rTh.\is (kat-ar' -us). See Catarrh. C. genitalium. '
Synonym of Leucorrhea .
Cataschasm (kat'-as-kazm) [nara, down; axda/iog, a
cutting]. Deep or thorough scarification.
Catastaltic {kat-as-tal' -tik) \K.aTaa-tXAtiv , to check, to
send downward]. I. Astringent. 2. Passing from
above downward (as a nerve impulse).
Catastasis {kat-as' -tas-is) [/ca7d(Tra(T/f, a settling]. Con-
dition, state, habit; a decline, or quieting of symp-
toms ; restitution, as of a displaced part.
Catastate [kat'-as-tdt) [naraaTaroi^ , settling down].
Any one of a series of successive catabolic states, sub-
stances, or conditions, each one of which is less com-
plex, more stable, and exhibits less functional activity
than its predecessor.
Catastatic (kat-as-tat'-ik) [/>:ard(7ra(T(f, a settling down].
Relating to a catastasis, or to a catastate.
Catatonia, or Katatonia {kat-at-o'-ne-ah) [/ca7d,down;
ropog, tension]. A form of mental derangement pro-
gressing from melancholia successively through mania
and stupidity to imbecility and tonic convulsions.
Catatoniac (kat-at-o' -ne-ak) [/card, down ; tovoi;, ten-
sion]. One who is the subject of catatonia.
Catatony [kat-at'-o-tte). See Catatonia. .
Catechin (kat'-e-chin) '[catechu'\, C^iKj^Ocj -|- SHjO.
Catechinic acid, the active principle of catechu. It
crystallizes in shining needles of a snow-white, silky
appearance.
Catechol {kat' -e-chol). See Pyrocatechin.
Catechu [kat'-e-choo) [E. Ind.]. An extract prepared
from the wood of Acacia catechu, a native of the
East Indies. It contains 50 per cent, of tannic acid,
and hence is a powerful astringent. It is used for the
diarrhea of children and as a gargle and mouth-wash.
Dose of the powdered extract gr. j-Jss. See also
Pigments , Conspectus of . C, Infusum (B. P.). Dose
§j-iss. C, Pulv. Comp. (B. P.). Contains catechu,
kino, and rhatany. Dose gr. xx-xl. C, Tinct.
Composita, contains catechu 12, cinnamon 8, dilute
alcohol q.s. ad 100. Dose rT\^x- :^ j . C, Trochisci,
each contains one grain of catechu with sugar, tra-
gacanth, and orange-flower water.
CATELECTROTONUS
272
CATOTRETOUS
Catelectrotonus {kat-el-ek-trot' -o-nus) [/>r(ra, down ;
T]2,£KTpov, amber ; tovoq, tension]. The state of in-
creased irritability of a nerve near the cathode. See
A nclfctrotomis.
Catenulate i^kat-en' -it-lat) \catemcla , a small chain].
In biology, having a chain-like arrangement.
Catgut {kat'-gut). The intestines of a sheep treated to
make ligatures. C, Carbolized, catgut rendered
aseptic by soaking in a solution of carbolic acid. C,
Chromicized, treated with chromic acid. C. Mat,
an appliance used in intestinal anastomosis for the pur-
pose of approximating the edges of the severed intes-
tines. C. Plate, an appliance for uniting the intestinal
edges in intestinal anastomosis. It is made of a solid
catgut sheet ; is thin, large, and flat, and resembles the
Senn decalcified bone-plates.
Q,2LXhA (ka' -thah) \_kx., kaf\. A genus of celastraceous
plants. C. edulis affords leaves and twigs which
the Arabs use as a substitute for tea and coffee.
Catharma (/J'tf/Z^-tfr'-wf?/; ) [/cnfep/zn, refuse : pL, Cath-
armata\. That which is removed by purgation ; ex-
crement.
Catharsis (Jcath-ar' -sis) [_Ka6aipeiv, to purge]. Purga-
tion.
Cathartic {kath-ar' -tik) \_KaOapTiii6c;, purging]. I.
Purgative. 2. A medicine used to produce evacuations
of the bowels. A purgative. C. Acid. See Senna.
C. Pill, Compound. See Colocyiith.
Cathelectrotonus See Cal elect rotoniis.
Catheresis or Cathaeresis {kath-er-e' -sis) [_KaHa!peiv, to
cut down]. I. Prostration or weakness induced by
medication. 2. Caustic action ; it often designates a
feebly caustic action.
Catheretic [katli-er-ct' -ik) l_Ka6a!peiv, to reduce]. I.
Reducing; weakening; prostrating. 2. Caustic. 3.
A reducing or caustic agent.
Catheter {kath' -ct-er) [_KadETi/p, a thing put down]. A
tube-like instrument for evacuating the liquid of a cav-
ity, usually the bladder. C, Bozeman's, a double-
current uterine catheter. C, Eustachian, an instru-
12 3 4 5 6 7 8
? ? 9 9 9 0 o g
9 10 II 12 13 14
20 21 22 23
The Sizes of Catheters.
The upper number indicates that of the American system ; the
lower, that of the French.
ment for examining the E. tube, distending or making
applications to it. C. Fever, systemic disturbance,
with fever, following the introduction of the catheter
into the urethra. C., Gouley's, a solid curved-steel
instrument grooved on its inferior aspect, for passing
over a guide, through a stricture into the bladder.
C, Lung, a soft-rubber tube that may be passed down
the trachea. C, Schrotter's, instruments of hard
rubber and of varying caliber, somewhat triangular
on section, used for the dilatation of laryngeal stric-
tures. C, Self-retaining, one that will hold itself
within the bladder without other appliances to assist it.
Catheterism, or Catheterization {kath' -et-er-izm, or
kath-et-cr-iz-a' -sJiun) \_Kaf1tTi/p, a thing put down].
The use or passing of a catheter.
Catheterize {kath' -et-er-iz) [Ka()fr/;/3, a thing put down].
To operate upon with a catheter.
Q,sX\\^\.on\&\.&x (kath-et-oiii' -et-er) [Koferof, a plumb-line;
fxtrpdv, a. measure]. An instrument of precision used
in craniometry for determining the length, breadth,
height, and possible abnormity of the skull.
Cathetometric {katli-ei-o-mct' rik) [/luffrof, a plumb-
line ; jitrpov, a measure]. Relating to the catheto-
meter.
Cathetometry [kath-ef-om' -et-re) [«:af9f-o(:, a plumb-line;
fiirpov, a measure]. The measurement of the skull by
the cathetometer.
Cathodal [kath' -o-dal) [/lora, down ; wtSof, way].
Relating to a cathode.
Cathode [kat/i'-od) [koto, down ; wridf, way]. The
negative electrode or pole of an electric circuit.
Cathodic [kath-od' -ik) [Karri, down; w(S<5f, way]. I.
Relating to a cathode. 2. Proceeding downward;
efferent or centrifugal (applied to a nerve-current or
nerve-impulse).
Catholicon [katJi-oV -ik-on) \KaQokiK.6v , universal]. A
universal remedy ; a cure-all.
Cation [kat' -e-on) [/card, downward; Mvai, to go]. An
electro-positive element ; one that accumulates at the
cathode in electrolysis. See Io7i.
Catkin {kat'-kin) [Ger. , Kdtzchen, dim. of cat]. In
biology, the indeterminate deciduous, scaly spike of
unisexual sessile flowers, forming the inflorescence of
many trees, e.g. , the willow and birch. Cf. Ament.
Catling, or.Catlin (kat'-ling, or kat'-lin). A long,
pointed, two-edged knife for amputating.
Catnep, or Catnip [kat'-ttep, or -nip) [corruption of cat-
mint]. The leaves and tops of the herb Nepeta
cataria, a stimulant and tonic ; a popular remedy for
chlorosis, hysteria, etc. Dose of fld. ext. gj-ij. Unof.
Catocathartic {kat-o-kath-ar' -tik). See Catacathartic.
Catoche [kat'-o-ke) \_Ka-ox'i, catalepsy]. Catochus.
Catochus (kaf -o-kus) \K.a-oxoc, a holding down]. I.
Catalepsy ; coma-vigil. 2. Apparent death ; trance.
Q.aXodiOW.'t (kat' -o-dont) [A-dru, down ; o6o'vc^, tooth]. Pos-
sessing teeth only in the lower jaw.
Catoptric Test, the diagnosis of cataract by means of
the reflection of images from the cornea and lens-
capsules.
Catoptrics (kat-op'-triks) [(foroTrrp/zci^r, in a mirror].
The laws of the reflection of light.
Catorhinus [kai-o-rin' -us) [/idru, below ; p/f, the nose].
In craniometry, Lissauer's term for a skull in which
the angle between the radius fixus and the line joining
the wing of the nose and the anterior nasal spine is
between 16.5° and 33°.
Catostomus [kat-os' -fo-mus) [/id-w, below ; (yT6iia, the
mouth]. In craniometry, Lissauer's term for a skull
in which the angle between the radius fixus and the
line joining the premaxillary point and the wing of
the vomer is between 25.5° and 42.5°.
Catoteric [kat-o-te>-' -ik) l^KaruTepiiii'ic, a carrying down-
ward]. A purgative or cathartic.
Catotica {kat-ol' -ik-ah) \KaTuTtpndtc, a carrying down-
ward]. Medicines or diseases that affect the internal
surfaces of the body.
Catotretous [kat-ot' -ret-us) [xnrd, down ; Tpi/roc, per-
forate]. In biology, having the oral and anal aper-
tures on the ventral surface. C, Amaurosis, a
condition noted in suppurative choroiditis in which the
CATOURANISCUS
273
CAUSTICITY
exudate is visible at a distance as a vivid whitish or
yellowish reflex from the pupil. C. Pupil. See
Pupil.
Catouraniscus [kai-o-iir-aii-is' -kits) [/carw, below ;
ohpuvidKor^, the roof of the mouth]. In craniometry,
Lissauer's term for a skull in which the angle between
the radius fixus and the line joining the center of the
posterior margin of the incisor foramen and the pre-
maxillary point is between 20° and 40°.
Catouranus {kat-o-ur'-an-us) [/idru, below ; ovpavoq,
the roof of the mouth]. In craniometry, Lissauer's
term for a skull in which the angle between the radius
fixus and the line joining the premaxillary point and
the posterior nasal spine is between 17° and 34°.
Cattarrhine (kaf -ar-iii) [mrd, down ; p/f, the nose].
In biology, of or pertaining to those monkeys and apes
that have approximated nostrils, directed downward
and separated by a narrow septum.
Cattimandu {kat-im-an' -doo) [E. Ind.]. An E.
Indian tree. Euphorbia cattimajidoo : also its medicinal
gum. It is used as a cement and as a remedy for
rheumatism. When fresh it is an active vesicant. Unof.
Cattle-Plague (kaf -I plag). Stt Jiindeipesf.
Caucasian Idiocy [kaw-kaz'-yan id'-e-o-se). See Idiocy,
Ethnic.
Cauda {^kaw'-daJi) [L.]. A tail-shaped appendage.
The tail-like part of the caudatum. C. cerebelli, the
vermiform process. C. epididymidis, the inferior
part of the epididymis. C. equina, the terminal
extremity of the spinal cord, in conjunction with the
roots of the sacral nerves. C. pancreatis, the slender
left extension of the pancreas.
Caudad {kaw' -dad ) {catida, the tail ; ad, to]. Toward
the tail or cauda ; opposed to cephalad ; in man, down-
ward.
Caudal {!;aw' -dal^ \caiuia. the tail]. Pertaining to a
Cauda, or tail. The term Ural has been proposed to
take the place of caudal.
Caudalis (kaiv-da' -lis) \_cauda, a tail]. In biology,
applied as the specific name of fins or other organs
near the tail.
Caudate (kaw' -daf) \cauda, a tail]. Having or re-
sembling a tail. C. Lobe of Liver, a small elevation
of the liver. C. Nucleus, the intra-ventricular por-
tion of the corpus striatum. See also Caudatum.
Caudatum [kaw-da' -tuni) [cauda, a tail]. A ganglion
or free ring of gray matter circling round the lenticu-
laris of the brain. It is massive in the frontal portion,
but becomes attenuated caudad ; the anterior portion
is called the head, the posterior the tail.
Caxid^iL [kaw'-deks) [ircWi'x, a tree-stem]. In biology,
applied to the scaly, unbranching trunk of a palm tree
or tree fern.
Caudicle [kaw'-dik-l) \caudex, the stem of a tree]. In
biology, a little stalk, as that of the pollen-masses in
orchideous plants.
Caudiduct \katij' -de-dukt') [cauda, tail ; ducere, to
draw]. In biology, to draw or carry backward
toward the tail.
Cauditrunk [ka^u' -de-trunk) [cauda, tail ; truncus,
trunk]. In biology, that part of the body behind the
head of fishes and fish-like mammals.
Caudle [kaw'-dl) [ME., caudel,SL warm drink]. A
nutritious food for invalids. It is made as follows :
Beat up an egg to a froth ; add a glass of sherry and
half a pint of gruel. Flavor with lemon-peel, nut-
meg, and sugar.
Caudula (l;mv' -du-lah) [cauda, a tail]. In biology,
a marginal tail-like process.
Caul {kawl) [ME., calle, a hood]. I. A portion or all
of the fetal membranes covering the head and carried
out in advance of it in labor. 2. The great omentum.
18
Caulescent [kaw-les'-ent) [(V7////.f , a stalk] . In biology,
applied to plants having a distinct leaf-bearing stem.
Caulicle {kaw' -lik-l) [caulis, a stalk]. In biology,
that portion of the stem of an embryo plant that is
below the cotyledons and above the radicle.
Cauliflower Excrescence (kaw-le-Jlow' -er eks-kres'-
ens). Epithelioma of the cervix uteri. See also
Verruca acuminata.
Cauliform (kaw' -lif-orm) [caulis, a stalk ; forma,
shape]. In biology, resembling a stem.
Cauligenous (kaw-lij' -en-us) [caulis, a stalk ; genus,
producing]. Borne upon the stem.
Cauline {kaw'-lin) [mvAuc, a stalk]. In biology, of
or pertaining to the stem.
Caulis (kaw' -lis) [KavA/jc, a stalk]. In biology, a plant-
stem.
Caulocarpous (ka7a-lo-kar' -pus)[Kav'A(jQ, a stem; Kapnor,
fruit]. In biology, applied to plants that bear fruit
from year to year upon the same stem.
Caulome (kaw' -ld?n) [KavKnc, a stem]. In biology, a
general term for all kinds of stems.
Caulophyllin (kaw-lo-fil' -in) [Kavkoq, a stalk ; i^vXXov,
a leaf]. A resinoid precipitate from the tincture of
caulophyllum. See Caulophyllum.
Caulophyllum (kaiv-lo-fil' -um) [KavAoq, stalk; <tiv?.Aor,
leaf]. Blue Cohosh," Squaw-root;" the rhizome and
rootlets of C. t/ialictroidcs, growing in Canada and the
northern U. .S. It contains a glucosid. Saponin, and
two resins, one of which is Caulophvllin . It produces
intermittent contractions of the gravid uterus, and
possesses diuretic, emmenagogue, and antispasmodic
powers. There are no official preparations. Dose of
the powdered drug gr. v-xx ; of Caulophyllin, gr.
ij-v.
Cauma (kaw'-ma/t) [Kavf-ia, a burning : //. , Caumata'] .
Fever ; heat ; pyresis ; an inflammatory fever ; a
burn. C. enteritis. Synonym of Intestinal Catarrh,
Acute.
Caumatic (kaw-mat'-ik) [mvixa, a burning]. Pertain-
ing to cauma.
Causalgia (kazv-sal' -je-ah) [rajwdf, a burning ; dA}'Of ,
pain]. Neuralgia with burning pain, often of the
foot ; sometimes with a local glossiness of the skin
due to impaiiTnent of the normal nerve-stimulus of the
part.
Causation (kawz-a' -shun). See Etiology.
Cause (kawz) [causa, a cause]. The sources, conditions
and origins of a result. The preceding factors that
unite to produce a given condition. Causes are spoken
of as efiicient, instrumental, final, primary, secondary,
predisposing, controlling, determining, ultimate, excit-
ing, etc. C. Causans, the causing cause or the essential
predetermining factor. C, Exciting, the immediately
preceding and conditioning factor. C, Predispos-
ing, that which tends to the development of a condi-
tion.
Causoma (kaw-so'-inah) [Kavctdfia; Kaieiv, to burn:
//., Causomata~\. A burning ; usually an inflamma-
tion.
Caustic [ka~ws'-tik) [Ko/'e/i', to burn]. A substance that
disorganizes or destroys living tissue ; it is mostly used
in surgery to destroy unhealthy growths. C. Alkali, a
pure alkaline hydrate or oxid. C, Common, potassa
fusa or potassa cum calce. C, Dubois's, arsenious
acid I, mercuric sulphite 16, dragon's blood 8 parts.
C. -holder, a porte-caustic. C, Lunar, argentic nitrate,
or nitrate of silver. C, Mitigated, argentic nitrate
made less active by fusion with potassium nitrate or
argentic chlorid. C. Potash, potassium hydrate.
See Potassium. C. Soda, sodium hydrate.
Causticity (ka^us-tis'-it-e) [Kaieiv, to burn]. Caustic
quality ; corrosiveness.
CAUSTICUM
274
CEDAR
Causticum {kaws'-tik-um). See Caustic.
Cauter [ka-ui'-ter) \_KavTijp, a burner]. A searing-iron or
cautery-iron ; any caustic application.
Cauterant (kaiv' -ter-ant)\Kav-ii(), a burner]. I. Caustic ;
escharotic. 2. Any caustic substance ; a caubtic.
Cauterism (kaw' -ter-izm) . See Cauterization.
Cauterization [kaiv-ter-iz-a' -sliu>i) l^iiavrr/pid^eiv, to
cauterize]. The surgical application of a cautery;
the efiect of such application.
Cauterize {kaw' -ter-lz) [Kavrz/ptdi^etv, to cauterize].
To sear or burn with a cautery or a caustic
Cautery (kaw'-ter-c) \_KavTlipiov ; Kaietv, to burn].
Primarily, the term was applied to caustics, but more
frequently now to the platinum-wire heated by an
electric current, or the hot iron, for counter-irritation,
removal of tissue, etc. C, Actual, the white-hot
iron. C. Button, iron heated in hot water. C,
Corrigan's. See Button. C, Dento-Elfectric,
consists of a looped wire, held by set-screws, in con-
tact with metal conductors that pass through a hard-
rubber handle. The battery wires are coupled to two
terminals. This appliance is held in the hand like a
pencil in writing, and the current is closed by pressing
a spring with the forefinger, when the resistance
of the loop of wire causes it to become heated. It
is employed for obtunding sensitive dentine. C, Gal-
vanic,*a platinum wire heated by electricity. C, Gas,
cauterization by a stream of burning gas directed upon
the part. C, Paquelin's, or C, Thermo-, a hol-
low platinum point kept at e, uniform temperature by
a current of benzene vapor. C, Potential, or C,
Virtual, the application of caustic substances.
Cava [ka'-vah) [L. : //., Cavir'\. A vena cava.
Caval (ka'-val) \_cava, a hollow]. Relating to a vena
cava.
Cavalry Bone [kav'-al-re bou). A bony deposit in
the adductor muscles of the thigh.
Cavernoma [kav-crn-o' -ma) \_caverna, a cavern; 6/;a,
a tumor]. A cavernous tumor; a cavernous angioma.
Cavernous (kav' -ern-us) \_iavema^ a cave]. Having
cave-like spaces or hollow places. C. Bodies, the
corpora cavernosa of the penis. C. Breathing, the
reverberating or hollow sound of bronchial breathing
in dilated or abnormal bronchi. C. Groove, the
carotid groove. C. Plexus. See Plexus. C. R^le.
See C. Breathing. C. Sinus, situated at the side of
the body of the sphenoid. C. Tissue, erectile tissue.
C. Tumor. Angioma. C. Whisper, whispering
resonance in auscultation, modified by transmission
through a cavity. C. Voice. See Pectoriloquy.
Cavernula Tentacularis. In biology, a subumbral
tentacle-funnel, surrounding the base of each tentacle
in many Cuboinedusii: and Peroinedustv.
Cavernulae Subumbrales. In biology, niches of the
subumbral cavity in Mcdusce.
Caviar, or Caviare {kav-e-ar') [Fr.]. The salted hard
roe of the sturgeon and other large fish.
Cavicorn (ka'''-ik-orn) [;v?77m, hollow ; corim, horn].
In biology, having hollow horns ; or a hollow-horned
ruminant.
Cavitary (kav'-it-a-re) \^cavitarius,\\o\\ov;'\. Hollow;
applied to any nematode worm ; any intestinal worm
that has a body-cavity ; a worm that is not anenterous.
Cavitas [kav'-it-as] [L.]. A hollow. C. cochleata.
See Duct, Spinal. C. pulpae, the pulp-cavity of a
tooth. See Dental Cavity.
Cavity [kav'-it-e) \_cavitas, from ca-'us, hollow]. Any
hollow, normal or pathologic. Among the normal
cavities are the abdominal, arachnoid, axial, buccal,
cranial, frontal, nasal, pelvic, pleural, thoracic, ven-
tricular, etc. ; among the abnormal are pulmonary and
dental cavities. C. -plate, a term applied in mechan-
ical dentistry to a metallic base for artificial teeth, so
constructed as to have one or more vacant spaces be-
tween it and the gums, which, when applied, and the air
exhausted, contributes very greatly to the firmness of
its adhesion. C, Preperitoneal, a name given by
Retzius to the loose and yielding subperitoneal tissue
in front of the bladder, under the supposition that it
could be inflated. It is not a true cavity, but merely
a succession of areolar spaces. C, Sigmoid. See
Sigmoid .
Ca.vo-va\g\is [ka'-vo-z'al'-gus) \_cavtts , h.o\\ovf ; valgus,
bow-legged]. Cavus combined with valgus. See Club-
foot.
Cavum [ka'-vum) [L.]. Any hollow or cavity, normal
or pathologic. C. dentis. See Dental Cavity.
Cavus (ka'-vzis) [L.]. i. A hollow; a cavity. 2.
Talipes arcuatus ; hollow-foot.
Cayenne Pepper {ki'-en pep'-er). See Capsicum.
Cazenave's Lupus. See Diseases, Table of. C.
Solution. An animal parasiticide used in derma-
tology. It consists of iodid of sulphur, iodid of
potassium, of each i drams, water 32 ounces.
Cazeneuve's Test. See Tests, Table of.
Ceanothus {sc-an-o' -thus) [/ctdi^wfc'of , a kind of thistle].
A genus of rhamnaceous shrubs, chiefly N. American.
C. americanus. New Jersey tea, red root, is used in
domestic medicine as an astringent and alterative ; its
leaves are substituted for tea. Unof.
Ceasma [se-az'-mah) [ft:taff//a, a chip: //. , Ceasmata'].
A splinter ; a fissured state.
Ceasmic [se-az'-mik) [Kfacr/ia, a chip]. Fissured; re-
maining in the primitive fissured state of the embryo.
See TeratisDi.
Cebadilla {thev-ad-el'-yali) [Sp., "little barley"].
The seed of A5agra:a officinalis, or Scha nocaulon offici-
nale ; official in the B. P., and important as the prin-
cipal source of the alkaloid veratrin. It is highly
poisonous.
Cebocephalia {se-bo-sef-a' -le-ali) [_Kijj3n(;, a kind of mon-
key ; Ke<pa'Ai/, the head]. The condition of being
cebocephalic.
Cebocephalic [se-bo-sef-al' -ik) [/i7;/3of, a kind of mon-
key ; KEipaXi/, the head]. Of the nature or appearance
of a cebocephalus.
Cebocephalus {se-bo-sef -al-us) l_Kyj3oc, a monkey ;
Kf^a^i?/, head]. A variety of single autositic monsters
of the species cyclocephalus, in which there is entire
absence of the nose, with, however,_two orbital cavities
and two eyes, although the interocular region is nar-
row and perfectly flat.
Cecal (se'-kal) \_circum, blind]. Relating to or of the
nature of the cecum; crecal.
Cecitas [se' -sit-as) [L. ]. Blindness.
Cecitis (se-si'-tis) [cteciim, the cecum ; tri^, inflamma-
tion]. Inflammation of the cecum ; typhlitis, </.v.
Cecity {ses'-it-e) \_ccbcus, blind]. Blindness.
Cecograph {se'-ko-graf) \_ccecus, blind ; ypCKpEiv, to
write]. A writing-machine for the use of the blind.
Cecum (se'-ku/n) [ctecus, blind]. The large blind
pouch or cul-de-sac in which the large intestine
begins.
Cecutiency {se-ku'-shen-.re) l_circutire, to become blind].
Tendency to, or the commencement of, blindness.
Cedar (se'-dar) \_cedncs, cedar]. One of the genus of
coniferous trees, Cedrus. C. -apple, an excrescence
or gall produced upon the red cedar, Junipertts virgin-
iana, by the fungus called Gynuiosporangium macro-
ptis. Cedar-galls are popularly esteemed as an anthel-
mintic. Dose gr. viij-xviij, in powder. Unof. C-
Gum,the fragrant resin of Callitris arborea, a conifer-
ous South African tree. It is used in making plasters.
Unof. C.-wood Oil. See Cailcedra.
CEDRELA
275
CELL
Cedrela [sed' -re-lah) [/ifJps/lQr//, a cedar-fir tree]. A
genus of trees found in tropical regions and allied to
mahogany. C. febrifuga, of Southern Asia ; C. odor-
ata, bastard cedar, of tropical America (see Caikt'Jra);
C. rosmarinus, of Indo-China, and C. toona, of
India, are among the species that afford active medi-
cines. All unof.
Cedrene (se'-dren) [cednis, cedar], CjjH.^^. A volatile
liquid hydrocarbon found in oil of red cedar (see
Juniper us virginiana), oil of cloves and oil of cu-
bebs. C. Camphor, C^^^fi, a camphor that sepa-
rates from the oil of red cedar.
Cedrin [se'-drin) {_ct-drus, cedar]. A bitter crystalline
substance obtained from cedron.
Cedriret (sed' -re-ret^. See Cceroulignone.
Cedron (se'-di-o)i) [_cednis, cedar]. The seeds of C.
simaba, a popular external remedy in tropical Amer-
ica for the bites of venomous insects and serpents, and
of reputed value in malarial fevers. Dose of the fid.
ext. li\,j-viij.
Ceke {thek'-e). A Feejee terra for elephantiasis of the
scrotum.
Celandini (scF -an-diu). See Chelidoniuni.
Celastrus {sd-as' -trus) \_KljAaaTpoi;, an evergreen tree].
A genus of trees and shrubs, nearly allied to Euony-
miis. Many of the species are medicinal, and some
are poisonous. C. scandens, the climbing staff-tree
of North America, is cathartic, diuretic, and alterative ;
it is called waxwork, bitter-sweet, and fever-twig.
Celation (sei-a'-shun) \celat:o, abiding]. The conceal-
ment of illness, of a birth, or of pregnancy.
Cele (se'-ie) [w)(/of, hollow]. An encephalic cavity;
used instead of ventricle.
-cele [sel) [Kr'/'/r/, a tumor]. A suffix denoting a
Celelminth [se' -Icl-tninth ) [Ko/Zof, hollow ; sXym^,
worm]. A parasitic worm with a digestive canal or
cavity ; a cavitary worm.
Celery {sel' -er-e') \p't'kLvov, a kind of parsley]. The
stalk of Apiuin graveolens, or common garden celery.
It contains Apiol, q. v. It is reputed to be antispas-
modic and nervine. Dose indefinite. C. Seed, used
to cover the taste of other drugs. Unof.
Celia (se' -le-aJi) \Koikia, the belly]. I. The belly: the
stomach. 2. Any ventricle, or normal cavity of the
brain.
Celiac {se'-le-ak) \_cceliacus ; icoiAia, belly]. Abdominal.
Pertaining to the belly. C. Affection, a chronic
intestinal disorder most commonly met with in chil-
dren between the ages of one and five, characterized
by the occurrence of pale, loose stools, not unlike
gruel or oatmeal-porridge ; they are bulky, not watery,
yeasty, frothy, and extremely offensive, and are ac-
companied by anemia and debility without much
emaciation. The exhaustion may be aggravated by
intercurrent attacks of watery diarrhea, and death
may supervene. It is also called £>/arr/ia;a alim or
Diarrhaa chylosa. It is due probably to a temporary
suspension of the pancreatic function. C. Artery.
Same as C. Axis. See Arteries, Table of. C. Axis,
a branch of the abdominal aorta ; it divides into the
gastric, hepatic, and splenic arteries. See Arteries,
Table of. C. Ganglion. See Ganglion, Semilunar.
C. Passion, painful diarrhea, or dysentery. C.
Plexus. See Plexuses, Table of.
Celiaca (se-W -ak-ah) \iioiXia, the abdomen]. Diseases
of the abdominal organs.
Celiadelphus [se-le-ad-el'-fus) [KO(/t/a, belly ; afiEl<p6(;,
brother], A monstrosity having two bodies joined at
the abdomen.
Celiagra [se-le-a' -grah) \_KoiXia, belly; aypa, seizure].
Abdominal gout.
Celialgia (se-lc-al'-je-ali) \K.oiXia, belly; akyoi;, pain].
Pain in the abdomen.
Celian, Celine (se'-le-an, sc'-lin). Same as Celiac.
Celiocyesis [se-le-o-si-e' -sis) \Koi)aa, belly ; Kvrjaic,
pregnancy]. Abdominal extra-uterine gestation.
Celiolymph [se'-le-o-liinf) [KoiXia, a cavity; lympha,
water]. The cerebro-spinal fluid.
Celiomyalgia (se-le-o-tiii-al' -je-ali) \KoMa, belly ; //if,
muscle ; iiAyoc, pain]. Pain in the abdominal muscles.
Celioncus (se-le-ong' -kus) [_KoMa, the belly; bynoQ, a
swelling]. A tumor of the abdomen.
Celiopyosis [se-le-o-pi-o' -sis) [/io/z./a, belly; ttudoic, a
suppuration]. Suppuration in the abdominal cavity.
Celiorrhea (se-le-or-e' -ah) \Koik'ia, the belly ; 'pi:eiv, to
flow]. Diarrhea.
Celioschisis [se-le-os' -kis-is) \_KoiHa, belly ; ax'ioi<;, fis-
sure]. Congenital abdominal fissure.
Celiotomy (se-le-ot' -o-iue) \_KotAia, belly ; ro/iij, a cut-
ting]. Surgical opening of the abdominal cavity.
Celitis [se-li'-tis) [noAia, belly; /r;f, inflammation].
Inflammation of the abdominal organs.
Cell [sel) \_cella, a small, hollow cavity]. I. In anatomy,
any one of the interstitial spaces and small cavities of
the bones, etc. 2. In biology, a nucleated mass of
protoplasm capable of reproduction. A mass of proto-
plasm, with or without a cell- wall and with or without
a nucleus. 3. A galvanic element, or single member
of a galvanic battery without the connecting wire
between the metals. See Battery. 4. The case or cup
in which a zooid or larva is located. See Cell-body.
C, Abbe-Zeiss Counting, a glass receptacle cemented
upon a glass slide, its floor being marked in micro-
scopic squares. It is used for counting the blood-cor-
puscles. C, Air. See Air-cell. C, Ameboid, a
cell capable of changing its form and of moving about
like an ameba. C, Apolar, a nerve-cell without
processes or poles, such as has been ascribed to the
sympathetic system. C, Beaker. See C, Goblet.
C., Betz's, the motor or ganglionic cells comprising the
fourth layer of the motor area of the gray matter of the
brain. C.-body, the mass of a cell, composed of two
substances, the mitoma, or cytoinitoiua , and the para-
niitotna. The first is the thread-like basis of the cell-
body, the latter, the homogeneous filar and interfilar sub-
stance. The nucleus is composed of the karyomitoma,
or nuclear network, otherwise called the chromatin ;
the nuclear sap, or substances contained in the meshes
of the chromatin, and from its non-staining quality
called acliroviatin ; and the nuclear membrane , made
up of two layers, the outer achromatic, the inner chro-
matic, or staining. The nucleoli are usually multiple,
and are composed of more refractile matter. C,
Bunsen, the same as the Grove cell except that the
platinum electrode of the latter is replaced in the
Bunsen by a stick of carbon. C. -capsule, a thick
or unusually strong cell-wall. C, Ciliated, one pro-
vided with cilia. C. of Corti, any one of the hair-
cells on the outer surface of the organ of Corti. C,
Cylindrical, a variety of epithelial cell. C, Dan-
iell's, a battery cell containing two fluids, viz., a satu-
rated solution of sulphate of copper and a semi-saturated
solution of sulphate of zinc. In the former is placed
a sheet of metallic copper, and in the latter a mass of
zinc, these two metals forming the electrodes of the
cell. C, Daughter-, a cell originating from the divi-
sion of the protoplasm of a mother-cell ; any one of
the young cells found within the substance of an un-
divided mother-cell. C. of Deiters, one of the cells
with fine processes resting on the basilar membrane of
the cochlea, beneath the air-cells ; also a nucleated cell
of the neuroglia. C, Demilune, Giannuz'-J^ s cells,
granular protoplasmic cells found in mucous glands,
CELLA
276
CELOLOGY
lying between the mucous cells and the basement
membrane. They play an important part in the func-
tional activity of the gland. C. -Doctrine, the theory
that the cell is the unit of organic structure, and that
cell-formation is the essential process of life and its
phenomena. C, Edison-Lalande, a variety of cell
used in making galvanic batteries. C, Electrolytic,
a cell or vessel containing an electrolyte, in which
electrolysis is carried on. C, Endothelial, one of
those lining the intinia of the blood-vessel system.
C, Epidermic, or Epithelial, one of those covering
the membranes of the free surface of the body. C,
Ethmoidal, any one of the cellular cavities of the
lateral masses of the ethmoid bone. Called also
ethmoidal sinust's. C, Ganglion, a cell of the gray
matter of the brain or spinal cord. C. of Giannuzzi.
See C. , Deinllune. C, Giant, any polynucleated body
of protoplasmic matter occurring in tuberculosis, sar-
coma, etc. C. -globulins, Halliburton's name for
forms of globulin that occur in lymph-corpuscles and
extracted from them by solutions of sodium chlorid.
C, Goblet, a form of epithelial cell. C, Gowers's,
an apparatus for counting blood-corpuscles. C, Gre-
net, a variety of open cell used in making galvanic
batteries. C, Grove, a two-fluid battery cell, the
fluids being dilute sulphuric and nitric acids and the
metals immersed in them respectively zinc and plati-
num. C. -islets, the centers of most active growth
and proliferation in young cellular tissues. They
contain the stores of nutriment that are gradually dis-
solved and digested. C, Law, a variety of cell used
in making galvanic batteries. C, Leclanche, a
variety of cell used in making galvanic batteries. It
may be made as a liquid cell or as a dry cell, the latter
being preferable. C., Lymphoid, a large ameboid
cell. C, Mother-, a cell that divides its protoplasm
and gives each part a new cell-wall. C, Mounting.
See Mounting-cell. C. -Multiplication, Cytogenesis,
a name given to the process of reproduction of cells.
It may be endogenous, as when the cell-contents break
up by segmentation into separate nucleated masses
within the cell-wall ; geinmiparous, as when new cells
bud from the mother-cell ; and fissiparous, as when
the mother-cell divides by cleavage into two or more
cells. C, Neuro-muscular, a name given to certain
cells of lower life-forms, that act in part as nerves
and in part as muscles. C. -nests, Epider}nic Pearls :
globular masses of flattened cells contained in epithe-
liomata. C, Olfactory, any one of the cells that lie
between the network of epithelial cells in the nasal
fossas. They consist of a body and two processes,
one running outward to the surface of the mucous
membrane, the other running inward and connected
with filaments of the olfactory nerve. C. -parasite,
in biology, applied to any one of various micropara-
sites, as, e.g., a coccidium, living within a cell. C-
sap, in biology, the more fluid portion of the cell-con-
tents. C. of Schultze. Same as C, Olfactory. C,
Seminal, any one of the epithelial cells contained in
the membrana propria and constituting the seminal
tubes. C. , Sphenoidal, one of the two large cavities
in the interior of the body of the sphenoid bone. C,
Squamous, a variety of epithelial cells. C, Stam-
mer's, a variety of cell used in making galvanic
batteries. C. -substance, in biology, the material
composing a cell. C, Thoma-Zeiss. Same as C,
Abbe-Zeiss. C, Vasofactive, or Vasoformative, a
cell that in embryonic or very early life, and probably
in certain neoplasms, anastomoses with other similar
cells so as to form blood-vessels.
Cella [set' -all) [L.]. A portion of the paracele extend-
ing caudad from the porta. C. lateralis, the lateral
ventricle of the brain, or one of itscornua. C. media,
the central cornu of the lateral ventricle, or that part
of the ventricle whence the cornua extend.
Cellaeform [sel'-e-form) [<-£'//«, a cell ; forma, shape].
Resembling a cell, but not such morphologically. Cf.
Celliforin . '
Celliferous (sel-if -er-us) \_cella, cell; ferre, to bear].
Producing, forming, or bearing cells.
Cellifcrm {sel'-iforni). See Cellteform.
Celloid (sel'-oid) \_cella, a cell ; eidof, form]. Resem-
bling a cell.
Celloidin [sel-oid' -in). A concentrated form of collodion
for use in imbedding objects for histologic purposes.
Cellula {scF-u-Iah). See Cellule.
Cellulae gangliosae. Ganglion cells, or mesodermal
nerve cells ; neuroblasts. C. palpantes, tactile
cells.
Cellular {seF -u-lar) \_cella, cell]. Relating to or com-
posed of cells. C. Cartilage, cartilage composed
mainly of large cells, with but little intercellular sub-
stance. C. Membrane, C. Tissue, areolar tissue;
bony connective tissue ; cancellous tissue. C. Ther-
apy, the name applied by Aulde to the method in
therapeutics of exhibiting properly-selected medica-
ments with a view to restoration of cell-function. It
aims to apply scientifically those remedies that expe-
rience has shown to possess special curative properties
in the restoration of disordered functions.
Cellule (set' -111) [cellula, a small cell]. A small cell
or cavity.
Celluliferous (sel-u-lif'-er-zts) [cellula, a little cell ;
ferre, to bear]. In biology, producing small cells.
Cellulitis [sel-H-li'-tis) [cellula, a small cell ; irtg, in-
flammation]. A diffuse inflammation of cellular tis-
sue. C, Pelvic. See Paratnetritis.
Celluloid [set' -u-loid)[cellula, a little cell ; elSog, form].
A valuable product of the action of camphor upon
pyroxylin. It is prepared in a great variety of forms,
both transparent and opaque, colored uniformly or
mottled and striated. It cannot be caused to explode
by heat, friction, or percussion. When brought into
contact with flame it burns like paper. It dissolves in
warm, moderately concentrated sulphuric acid, and is
also soluble in glacial acetic acid, rapidly in warm,
moderately concentrated nitric acid (four volumes of
fuming acid to three of water), and in a hot, concen-
trated solution of caustic soda. The density of cellu-
loid ranges from 1. 310 to 1. 393. When heated to 125°
C. it becomes plastic and can be moulded into any de-
sired shape. Separate pieces can also be welded
together by simple pressure at this temperature. It is
useful in various ways in surgery. It is used some-
times to form a plastic base for artificial teeth, known
by various names, as "Rose Pearl," "Pyroxylin,"
etc. See Zylonite.
Cellulose {sel'-u-los) [cellula, a little cell], Ci2H2(|0,{|.
Wood fiber ; lignose. The principal ingredient of the
cell-membranes of all plants. It is a white, amorphous
mass, insoluble in most of the usual solvents. In
biology, the primary substance of organic cell-walls,
characteristic of plant-cells, but found in the Tunicata
among animals. It is dissolved by Schweitzer's re-
agent (ammonium-cupric-oxid) and decomposed by
several forms of bacteria, e.g., Bacillus Imtyricus,
Prazmowski ; Bacteriumgummis, Comes, and Bacteri-
um putredinis, Davaine. To stain. — Use Grenacher's
Alcoholic Borax-Carmin, Ehrlich's or Delafield's
Hematoxylin, Methyl-Green, Methylene-Blue, Safra-
nin, Fuchsin, Chlor. Zinc, lodin, Phloroglucin,
Anilin, Chlorid. See, also, Carbohydrates, Table of.
Celology (sel-ol'-o-je') [/(r/^??, hernia ; Myog, science].
That branch of surgical science that treats of hernia.
CELOM
277
CENTER
I
Celom, or Celoma {se'-lom, ox se-lo' -inah') \Kaikujia^ a
cavity]. A term used by embryologists and others
to denote the body-cavity in its widest morphologic
sense ; the space between the exoderm and the endo-
derm.
Celophlebitis {sc-lo-fte-bi' -tis) {koWoc, hollow; <fKh\>,
vein ; /r^f , inllammation] . Inflammation of a vena cava.
Celophthalmia [se-lojf-lhal' -}ne-ah) [/coZ/of, hollow ;
'o(pfta7iji6(:, eye]. Hollowness of the eyes.
Celoscope {se'-lo-skof) [/co«/of , hollow ; moTrelv, to
observe]. An instrument for examining the cavities
of the body by means of the electric light, enclosed
in a flask and mounted upon a glass shank.
Celosis [se-lo' -sis) [/coiXof, hollow]. The formation of
any cavity.
Celosoma (se-h-so'-iiiak) \_iilj\r], hernia; aufxa, a body].
I. A species of single autositic monsters characterized
by "more or less extensive body-cleft with eventration,
associated with various anomalies of the extremities, of
the genito-urinary apparatus, of the intestinal tract,
and even of the whole trunk." 2. A variety of the
foregoing species in which there is a lateral or median
eventration, with fissure, atrophy, or even total absence
of the sternum, and protrusion of the heart.
Celostomia [se-lo-sto'-me-ah) [«:o(/lof, hollow; arofia,
mouth] . Hollowness of the voice.
Celotome (se' -lo-tdm) [/ir/^//, hernia ; refiveiv, to cut].
A hernia-knife.
Celotomy (se-lot'-o-me) \_K.tjl7], hernia ; TEfiveiv, to cut].
The operation for strangulated hernia by incision of
the stricture.
Celsus's Operations. See Operations, Table of.
Celtis [sel'-tis) [L., an African species of lotus]. A
genus of ulmaceous trees. C. australis, the European
nettle-tree, honey-berry, or lote, has mild, astringent
leaves and bark. C. occidentalis, the hackberry of
N. America, has edible, astringent berries; the bark
is said to be anodyne, astringent, febrifuge. Unof.
Cement (se-me)it') \camentinn, a rough stone]. Any
plastic material capable of becoming hard and of
binding together the objects that are contiguous to it ;
filling-material for the teeth ; the crusta petrosa of the
teeth. See Teeth. C.-disc, the glandular disc of
orchids. C.-duct, the duct of the cement-gland in
cirriped crustaceans. C, Shellac, a cement for seal-
ing microscopic preparations and for making shallow
cells. It is prepared by dissolving the gum or scales
of shellac in about an equal volume of alcohol. Decant
or filter the fluid, and to prevent brittleness add to
every 50 parts 5 parts each of castor oil and Venetian
turpentine.
Cementoblast [se-menf -o-blast ) \_camenttitn, cement ;
(3/lat7rdf, germ]. A cement-corpuscle in tooth-tissue ;
more correctly, an osteoblast that takes part in the de-
velopment of the dental cement.
Cemento-dentinary [se-ment-o-den' -tin-a-re) \ctsment-
um, cement; dens, dentis, a tooth]. Relating to the
cement and dentine of a tooth.
Cementoma {se-i7ient-o' ->nah ) \_ci^mentiim , cement ;
b)ia, tumor: //. , Cementomata'\. A tumor thrown out
by the irritated alveolar periosteum.
Cementum [se-ment' -utii). See Tooth and Cement.
Cenanthy (,ff-«(i'«''-///f) \Kev6c,, empty; hvQoq, flower].
In biology, that condition of a flower in which the
stamens and pistils are suppressed.
Cenchrus [seng' -krtt.s) \_K-f;yxpoc, a small grain]. In
biology, a small spot on the metathorax of an insect.
Cenesthesis (sen-es-the'-sis) [/con'of , common ; aladr]at<;,
feeling]. A sense of existence, either painful or pleasur-
able. It is the prevailing conscious state of feeling,
either of depression or of exaltation, which is the
resultant of the subconscious organic sympathies of
the whole organism. It does not exceed physiologic
limits so long as it does not exclude the normal exercise
of mental functions.
Cenogenetic [se-no-jen-ef -ik ) \kc>iv6<;, common ; ykv-
f(j/f, generation]. In biology, a modified, shortened,
and simplified mode of development.
Cenogenous [sen- oj' -en-its') [/con'of, common; )oi'or,
produced]. In biology, the power of reproducing by
. means of eggs at one time and viviparously at another,
as seen in the Aphides.
Cenosis [sen-o'-sis) [/if I'txr/f, a draining]. Evacuation;
apocenosis.
Cenosphaera {sen-o-sfe'-rah ) [/cfiiof , . empty ; a<paipa,
sphere]. In biology, the spherical skeleton of certain
radiolarians.
Cenospudia {sen-o-spu' -de-ah) [/cei'Of, empty ; OTroixh'/,
zeal]. " Brown study ; " mental absorption, or anxiety
with regard to unimportant matters.
Cenotic [sen-ot'-ik) [_Kii'uaii;, a draining]. Causing
cenosis ; drastic ; purgative.
Centaurea [sen-ta^a' -re-ah ) [/cf I'rai'pof, centaur]. A
genus of composite-flowered herbs. C. benedictus.
See Carduus. C. centaurium, the greater centaury
of Europe, is aromatic, astringent, diaphoretic, and
stomachic. C. cyanus, corn-flower, blue-bottle;
once used for fevers and in preparing collyria. C. sol-
stitialis, Barnaby's thistle ; diuretic and antipyretic.
C. nigra, of Europe (knap- weed, centaury), is as-
tringent and diuretic. All unof.
Centaury [sen' -taiv-re) \cenlain-id\. A popular name
for various plants of the genera Centaurea, ErythrcEa,
Sahbatia, Chlora, etc. It is used as a simple, bitter
tonic. Dose ^ss-j in decoction several times a day.
Unof.
Center [sen'-ter) [nivTpnv, the center]. The middle
point of any surface or of a body. The ganglion or plexus
whence issue the nerves controlling a function. C,
Accelerating, a probable center in the medulla sending
accelerating fibers to the heart. They leave the cord
through the rami communicantes of the lower cervical
and upper six dorsal nerves, passing thence into the
sympathetic. C, Ano-spinal, controls defecation ;
it is situated at the level of the 5th, 6th, and 7th lumbar
vertebrae ; but for the co-ordinated activity it must
remain in connection with the brain. C, Auditory,
probably in the temporo-sphenoidal lobes, upon each
side. C, Broca's. See C, Speech. C., Cardio-
inhibitory, in the medulla, carried by the vagus. C,
Cilio-spinal, connected with the dilatation of the
pupil ; it is in the lower cervical part of the cord. It
controls the movements of the ciliary body. C,
Convulsional, in the medulla, on the floor of the 4th
• ventricle. C. for Closureof Eyelids, in the medulla,
a part of the facial center. C., Coughing, in the
medulla, above the respiratory center. C, Diabetic,
in the posterior part of the anterior half of the floor
of the 4th ventricle, in the median line. C, Ejacula-
tion, Budge's genito-spinal center, 4th lumbar vertebra
(rabbit). C, Erection, is in the spinal cord, but is
controlled from the medulla. C. for Mastication
and Sucking, facial and hypo-glossal centers. C.
for Secretion of Saliva, on the floor of the 4th
ventricle. C, Gustatory and Olfactory, in the
uncinate gyrus. C, Heat-regulating or Tem-
perature, the center for the control of body-tem-
perature. See Thermotaxis. C, Leg, in the as-
cending frontal convolution. C, Micturition, the
vesico-spinal center of Budge, at the level of the
lumbar vertebrEe ; coordination requires cerebral
connection. C. of Ossification, the place in bones
at which ossification begins. C, Parturition, at the
level of the 1st and 2d lumbar vertebme. C, Respir-
CENTERING
278
CEPHALEMATOMA
atory, in the medulla, between the nuclei of the vagus
and accessorius ; called by Eluorens the Ncciid 'Vital,
or Vital Point. C, Sensory, or Psycho-sensorial
Areas, occipital and temporo-sphenoidal lobes, prob-
ably the same, or intimately associated with, the motor
centers of the parts. C, Sneezing, same as for nerves
for the muscles of expiration. C, Spasm, in the
medulla, at its junction with the pons. C, Speech,
in the third left frontal convolution in right-handed
people. C, Swallowing, on the floor of the 4th
ventricle. C, Sweat, the dominating center is in the
medulla, with subordinate spinal centers. C, Upper,
for Dilator Pupillae, in the medulla. C, Vaso-
dilator, probably exists in the medulla, with a func-
tion the opposite of that of the Vaso-motor. C,
Vaso-motor, in the medulla. C, Vesico-spinal.
See Micturition C. C, Visual, in the occipital lobe,
especially in the cuneus.
Centering (sen' -ter-ing) [wtT/jov, a center]. In micro-
scopy, the arrangement of an object or an accessory
so that its center coincides with the optic axis of the
microscope. In optics, having the pupil and the
optical center of the refracting lens in the same axis.
Centesimal. In the proportion of i to 100.
Centigrade (sen' -te-grad) [centnin, a hundred ; gradus,
a step]. Abbreviation, C. Having 100 divisions or
degrees. C. Thermometer, a thermometer with zero
as the freezing point and 100° as the boiling point of
water. See Thcrmometey.
Centigram [sen'-te-gra^n) [c^w/^ifOT, a hundred ; ypa/i/ia,
a small weight]. The hundredth of a gram, equal to
0.1543 of a grain avoirdupois, or one-sixth of a grain
Troy.
Centiliter [sen'-til-e-te?-) a hundred ; lirpa, a
pound]. The hundredth of a liter, equal to 0.6102
of an English cubic inch.
Centimeter {sen'-ti/n-e-ter) \_c-entum, a hundred ; fjerpov,
a measure]. The hundredth part of a meter, equal to
0.39371 (or about |) of an English inch.
Centinormal {sen-te-nor' -mal) \_ccntnni, a hundred ;
norijia, normal]. The of the normal ; applied to
a solution the of the strength of a normal solution.
Centrad {sen' -trad) \_eentrnm, the center; ad, to].
Toward the center, or toward the median line. See
Position and Direction, Table of.
Central (sen' -tral ) \centriiui, the center]. Relating to
the center ; passing throiigh the center. See Position
and Direction, Table of. C. Artery, an artery in
the optic nerve and retina ; it passes to the optic
papilla and then divides. See Arteries, Table of. C.
Ganglia, the corpora striata and thalami optici. C.
Ligament, the terminal tilum of the spinal cord. See
Ligament, C. Lobe, the island of Reil. C. Stop.
See Diaphragm.
Centraxonial (sen-traks-o'-ne-al) \_KevTpov, center;
a^uiv, axis]. In biology, having a central axial line.
Centre (sen'-ter). See Ce7iter.
Centren (sen' -tren) \centrum, a center]. Belonging
solely to a center.
Centric, Centrical (sen'-trik, sen'-trik-al) \centrtt7n,
a center]. Relating to a center, especially to a nerve-
center. In biology, a term applied to the internal
structure of such leaves as show no distinctly devel-
oped pallisade-tissue, and no considerable structural
differences between the upper and under surfaces.
Centricipital (scn-tris-ip' -it-al ) \_centrujn, center; caput,
a head]. Relating to the centriciput ; parietal. C.
vertebra, the second or more central of the three
principal cranial vertebrre.
Centriciput (sen-tris'-ip-ut) \_centr21m, center; caput,
head]. The mid-head : the second cranial segment
situated between the sinciput and occiput.
Centrifugal (sen-trif -u-gal) \_centnim, the center;
ftigere, to flee]. Receding from the center toward
the periphery. C. Nerves, those (mostly motor)
conveying impulses toward the peripheral parts of the
body.
Centrifugalized Milk. Milk from which the cream
has been separated by whirling it in a centrifugal
machine.
Centripetal (sen-trip' -et-al) [centrum, the center;
petere, to seek]. Traveling toward the center from the
periphery. C. Nerves, those (mostly sensory) convey-
ing impressions from the peripheral organs toward the
cerebro-spinal nervous system.
Centro-acinal, or Centro-acinar (sen-tro-as' -in-al, or
cen-tro-as' -in-ar) \_centrtim, center; acinus, a grape].
Belonging to the center of an acinus. C. Cells are
found in the acini of the pancreas, etc.
Centrolecithal (sen-tro-lcs' -ith-al) \jih7pm', center;
TiiKifioc, yolk]. In embryology, having the food-yolk
centrally located in the protoplasm.
Centrosoma (sen-tro-so' -i)ia/i) \_KivTpriv, center ; cufia,
body: //. , Centrosomata'\. The central mass or body
of any corpuscle, as distinguished from its appendages.
C. of Boveri, in embryology, a separate central body
contained in the sphere of attraction, at the pole of
the resting nucleus in a dividing ovum.
Centrosome (sen'-tro-som). See Centrosoma.
Centrostigma [sen-tro-stig'-mak) [/if I'-poi', center ;
arlyua, a point]. In morphology, having aU the axes
converging to a central point.
Centrotriasne (seti-tro-tri' -e- ne)\_Kh-pov , center ; rpicuva,
a trident]. In morphology, a trirene spicule whose
arms arise from a central bundle or rhabdom.
Centrotylote (sen-trot'-il-ot) [_KtvTpov, center ; ri'/iwrdf ,
knobbed]. In biology, swollen in the middle.
Centrum (sen' -trum) [L.]. The center or middle part ;
the body of a vertebra, exclusive of the bases of the
neural arches. C. Anospinale, Budge's, the center
for the movements of the anal sphincters, located in
the cord at the level of the fifth lumbar vertebra in
the dog, and between the sixth and seventh in the
rabbit. C. Ovale Majus, the large mass of white
matter appearing when either of the hemispheres is
cut down to the level of the corpus callosum. C.
Ovale Minus, the white matter appearing when
the upper part of a hemisphere of the brain is
removed.
Cenurus (sen-ii'-rus). See Ccenurus.
Cepaceous (se-pa'-she-us) \ccepa, an onion]. Having
the smell of onions.
Cephaelis (sef-a-' el-is). See Ipecacuanha .
Cephalad (sef'-al-ad) [Kfipa^^, head ; ad, to]. Toward
the head. See Position and Direction, Table of.
Cephalagra (sef-al-a' -grah) [/ce^a/l^, head; aypa,
seizure]. Gouty headache.
Cephalalgia (sef-al-aF -ge-ah) [«£(l}a/J/, head; Q/.}of,
pain]. Pain in the head. The word is variously
qualified, as C. Anemica, C. Contagiosa , C. Influenza,
C. Epileptica , C. Nervosa, etc.
Cephalalgic (sef-a lal'-jik) [/cf^daAr/, head ; d/} of, pain].
Relating to headache.
Cephalanthium (sef-al-an'-the-tan) [atoo/;/, head;
avth<;, a flower]. In biology, the capitulum, or flower
cluster, of one of the Composita .
Cephalanthus (sef-al-an' -thus^. See Button-bush.
Cephalate (sef'-al-dt) [Kecpah'/, head]. In biology,
possessing a head.
Cephalea (sef-al-e'-ah) [Ke<pa?aln, headache]. Head-
ache; especially severe or chronic headache, with
intolerance of light and sound.
Cephalematocele. See Cephalhematoeele.
Cephalematoma. See Cephalhematoma.
CEPHALEMIA
279
CEPHALOTHRYPTOR
Cephalemia (sef-al-e^ -me-ah) [Kf^aA;;, head ; a(//a,
blood]. An abnormal determination of blood to the
head.
Cephaletron [sef-al-e'-troti) [_Ke(palT/, head ; r/Tpop, the
abdomen] . In biology, applied to the anterior portion
of the body of certain crustaceans.
Cephalhsematoma {sef-ijl-Iu-mat-o' -mak). See Cephal-
hemafo)na.
Cephalhematocele {scf-al-Jte-mat' -o-sel ) \jiS(^akii, head ;
aJ/M, blood ; Kifk-q, tumor]. An hematocele situated
beneath the scalp, and communicating with a dural
sinus.
Cephalhematoma (sef-al-fw-inat-o' -inaIi)\_iis<paAij, head ;
alfia, blood; bfia, tumor: //. , CcphalIiematomata\
A collection of blood between the pericranium and
the exterior of one or more bones of the skull.
Cephalhydrocele [sef-al-hi'-dro-sel) [KSiba/J/, head ;
hdu)p, water ; KtfAij, tumor]. Effusion of cerebral fluid
beneath the occipito-frontal aponeuroses in fractures
of the skull.
Cephalic [sef-al'-ik) [/cf^a?,?/, head]. Pertaining to
the head. The terms Proral, Cranial, Rostral,
Akral have been proposed to take the place of Ceph-
alic. See Position and Direction, Table of. C. In-
dex. See Index. C. Souffle, a blowing murmur
sometimes heard in auscultation of the head ; a sign
of aneurysm or of anemia. C. Vein. See I'ein.
C. Version. See Version. C. Tetanus. See
Kopf- Tetanus.
Cephalin [sef'-al-in) [/ifpa^v, the head]. An unstable
phosphatic substance obtained from brain-substance ;
it is allied to lecithin ; at least five modifications of it
are reported to exist ; it is called also Kephalin.
Cephalitis [sef-al-i' -tis). See Encephalitis.
Cephalization (sef-al-iz-a'-shun) [Kcipah'/, the head].
In biology, Dana's term for that specialization the
tendency of which is to concentrate important parts
and organs at the head region of the trunk.
Cephalize (sef-al-iz) [Kf^a/.;/, head] . To develop
head-organs.
Cephalobranchiate {sef-al-o-brang'-ke-dt) {Kni^akr] ,
head; fSpayxia, gills]. In biology, with external
branchial tufts in the head- region.
Cephalocathartic [sef-al-o-kath-ar' -tik) [Kecpaki], head ;
KcidaprtKdg, purging]. I. Purging or relieving the
head. 2. A medicine that relieves the head.
Cephalocele [scf -al-o-sel') \Kfi^a)d], head; tumor].
Hernia of the brain ; protrusion of a mass of the
cranial contents.
Cephalocentesis [sef-al-o-seti-te'-sis) \_Ke^a}J/, head;
K£VTr/aii;, puncture]. Surgical puncture of the cranium.
Cephalocercal (sef-al-o-ser' -kaP) ^K(<pa?^r/, head ; nepKog,
tail]. In anatomy, from head to tail.
Cephalochord [sef'-al-o-kord^ [K£0a/l//, head; xop'^V^
cord]. The cephalic portion of the cliorda dorsalis in
embryonic life.
Cephaloclast {sef -al-o-klast). See Cephalotribc.
Cephaloconus [sef-al-o-ko'-mts) [wfi/ia/*.?), head ; Kavn<;,
a cone]. In biology, applied to one of the processes
on the head of a pteropod.
Cephalodium {sef-al-o' -de-ttni) \_Kt(pnXij, head ; elfiur,
fonn]. In biology, one of the outgrowths on the
thallus of a lichen, and in which gonidia or algal
cells are found.
Cephalodymia (sef-al-o-dim'-e-ali) [w^a^//, head ;
6!)pevat, to mingle]. Teratologic union of twins by
the merging of their heads together.
Cephalodynia (sef-al-o-din' -e-ali) [/cE^a//;, head ; bSm'//,
pain]. Rheumatism affecting the occipito-frontalis
muscle, the pain being chiefly experienced in the
forehead or occiput, and at times involving the
eyeballs.
Cephalograph [sef^-al-o-g-raf) l_Ke<paXr/, head ; ypa<pSLV,
to write]. An instrument for recording the contours
of the head.
Cephalography {sef-al-og' -ra-fe')\Kf.(pakij , head ; ypa^civ,
to write]. A description of the head.
Cephaloid (sef^ -al-oid) \_Ke(j>a'tJi , head; fiJof, likeness].
Resembling the head.
Cephalology (sef-al-ol' -o-je) [/cf^a/l^, head ; Aoyof,
science]. The science of cranial measurements and
indications.
Cephaloma (sef-al-o^ -niah) [/.fcpa/;/, head ; 6//0, tumor:
//. , Cepltalomata'^. Encephaloid carcinoma; soft car-
cinoma.
Cephalomelus [sef-al-o/n'-el-ns) [/i"f(/<a/i//, head ; pt?iog,
a part]. A form of double monster in which there is
a supernumerary limb attached to the head.
Cephalomeningitis (sc/'-al-o-men-in-Ji^-tis) [xf^aA^,
head ; p/jriy^, a membrane ; irig, inflammation].
Cephalic meningitis ; inflammation of the cephalic
meninges.
Cephalometer {se/'-al-oi?i'-et-er) [/if0aA?/, head ; pirpov,
a measure]. An instrument for measuring the head.
Cephalometry {sef-al-oiii' -et-re) [w^o/i//, head; ptrpov,
a measure]. I. The use of the cephalometer : craniom-
etry. 2. The art of taking measurements of the
head to determine the position of the fissures and con-
volutions of the brain.
Cephalont (sef'-al-diit) \_Ke(pa?ii/, head; 6ji'(6vt) , being].
In biology, that phase of a gregarine in which
an epimerite is added to the anterior cyst or proto-
merite.
Cephalo-orbital (scf-al-o-or' -bit-al) [hT0aA?/, head;
orbita, an orbit]. Relating to the cranium and orbits.
C. Index. See Index.
Cephalo-orbito-nasal [sef-al o-or-bit-o-na' -zal)\_KE(pakri ,
the head ; orbita, an orbit ; nasalis, of the nose]. Re-
lating to the cranium, orbits, and nose.
Cephalopagus (sef-al-op'-ag-iis) [hf^oA//, head ; Trayeig,
joined]. An ensomphalic monstrosity having the
heads united at the top.
Cephalopathic {sef-al-opatli'-ik) \_Keipa7\?/, head ; nadog,
disease]. Pertaining or belonging to a disease of the
head.
Cephalopathy {sef -al-opath-e) l^Ke(j>aA//, head ; TrdOog,
disease]. Any disease of the head.
Cephalophalsia (sef-al-op'al' -se-ah). Same as Ceph-
alotripsy.
Cephalophragm [sef -al-o-fram^ \KE^a'kr], head ; Bpdypa,
division]. In biology, a Y-shaped septum transversely
dividing the head-chamber of certain insects.
Cephalophyma [sef-al-o-fi' -viah). Synonym of Ccph-
alheniatonia.
Cephalorrhachidian [sef-al-o-rak-id'-e-an) [Ke(pa}irj,
head; pdxic, spine]. Same as Cerebrospinal.
Cephaloscope [sef -al-o-skop') [^^(/la/ // , head ; (tkotteZv,
to examine]. A stethoscope for use in auscultation
of the head or the ear.
Cephalo-spinal [sef-al-o-spi' -naT). 9<ee Cerebro-spiital.
Cephalostat {sef -al-o-stat) \K£<pa'kri, head ; Ic-drm, to
cause to stand]. A vise or clamp for holding a
patient's head.
Cephalostegite (sef-a-los'-tej-il) \_Ke(im7 !i , head ; ari-j og,
a roof]. In biology, the anterior or head region of
the carapace of a crustacean.
Cephalot, or Cephalote (sef -al-ot, or -/o/) [/c£0a/l(jrdf,
headed]. A brown, resinoid fat obtainable from brain-
substance. Cf Cerebrot.
Cephalothorax {sefal-o-tho'-raks') [_KC(pa7.^, head ;
dupat, a breastplate]. In biology, the anterior por-
tion of the body of an arthropod fonned by the union
of the head and thorax.
Cephalothryptor [scfol-o-thrip'-tor'). See Cephalotribe.
CEPHALOTOME
280
CEREBELLOUS
Cephalotome (sef'-al-o-toin) [/ittia/,//, the head ; Ttp-veiv,
to cut]. The instrument used in performing cephalot-
omy.
Cephalotomy [sef-al-o/'-o-i/ie) [_iietpa/J/, head; TOfti/,
section]. The opening or division of the head of the
fetus in labor.
Cephalotribe (scf' -al-o-trib) [KE^aA?/, the head; Tpifjen',
to crush]. An instrument for crushing the fetal
head.
Cephalotripsy {sef -al-o-trip-se) \_Ke(pa'Ai/, head ; rpifSttv^
to bruise]. The operation of crushing the fetal head
when delivery is otherwise impossible.
Cephalotriptor {sef-al-o-trip' -tor). See Cephalotribe.
Cephalotroch {sef'-al-o-trok) [ke^o/Iv, head ; rpoxoi;, a
wheel]. In biology, a molluscan or annelid larva
having a cephalic circlet of cilia.
Cephalous [sef -al-us) \_Ketpa'/J/, head]. In biology,
having a head. The opposite of Acephalous.
Cephaloxia [se/-al-oks'-e-ah). Synonym of Torticollis,
{se' -rail) [L.]. Wax. KxrixyXuxt oi cerotic acid ,
ceroid I!, and niyriciii, gathered by the honey-bee from
the pollen of flowers and the leaves of plants. C.
alba, white wax ; prepared by bleaching yellow wax.
It is valuable as an ingredient of cerates and oint-
ments C. flava, yellow wax ; it possesses an
agreeable balsamic odor. It is soluble in ether, hot
alcohol, and chloroform.
Cetaceous [se-ra'-se-tts) \_ce!'a, wax]. Waxy; re-
sembling wax.
Ceramidium [ser-am-id' -e-iiin) [Ktfxi/jot;, pottery]. In
biology, the urn-shaped spore-bearing receptacle of
certain algae.
Cerasein {ser-a'-se-in) [cerasus, a cherry-tree]. A pre-
cipitate from a tincture of the bark of choke-cherry,
PriDiiis virginiana (true) ; used as a quinin-substi-
tute, and as a diaphoretic and sedative. Dose 2 to 10
grains. Unof.
Cerasin (ser'-as-in) \cerasus, a cherry-tree]. I. An
ingredient of the gum of cherry, peach, and plum
trees, apparently identical with bassorin. 2. A crude
precipitate from tincture of Choke-cherry, q. v.
Cerasinose [ser-as' -i>i-ds] [cerasus, a cherry-tree]. A
crystalline carbohydrate isomeric with arabinose ; it
is derivable from cherry-gum.
Cerate {se'-rat) \_cera, wax]. In pharmacy, an unc-
tuous preparation consisting of wax mixed with oils,
fatty substances, or resins, and of such a consistence
that at ordinary temperatures it can be readily spread
upon linen or muslin, and yet is so lirm that it will not
melt or run when applied to the skin. There are
eight official cerates. C, Goulard's. See Goulard.
C, Hufeland's. See Hufeland.
Ceratectasia (ser-at-ek-ta' -ze-ah). See Keratectasia.
Ceratectomy (ser-at-ek'-to-me). See Kcrectomy .
Ceratiasis (ser-at-i' -as-is). See Keratiasis.
Ceratin (ser'-at-in). See Kei-atin.
Ceratitis (ser-af-i'-tis). See Keratitis.
Cerato- [ser'-at-o-). See Kerato-.
Ceratum [se-ra' -tiim). See Cerate.
Cerbera (ser'-ber-ah) \_Cerberiis, a dog of mythology].
A genus of apocynaceous old-world trees, several of
them actively poisonous. C. odollum, of India, has
purgative leaves and bark ; it contains Cerberin, q.v.
C. taughin, the ordeal-tree of Madagascar, is highly
poisonous ; one seed is said to have destroyed 20
people.
Cerberin [ser' -ber-in) [^Cerberus, a dog of mythology].
A poisonous glucosid from the seeds of Cerbera odol-
lu?ii and other related trees.
Cercaria [ser-ka'-re-ah) [/cfp/eof, tail]. Any trematode
worm (fluke) in its second (or tailed) stage of larval
life.
Cercarian [ser-ka' -re-an) \_KipKoi;, a tail]. Any tre-
matode, or fluke-worm, in the Cercaria stage.
C&cchrvas [serk' -)i!is) [/tf/j^^t'Of, rough, hoarse]. Hoarse-
ness ; noisy respiration.
Cercis [ser'-sis). See Judas Tree.
Cercomonas (ser-kom' -o-)ias) [/ct/jKof, tail ; fiova^,
monad]. A genus of flagellate infusorians. C. in-
testinalis, a minute animal parasite, a protozoon,
occasionally found in the fecal discharges of patients
suffering with typhoid fever, chronic diarrhea, and
cholera. Its pathologic significance has not yet been
ascertained. C. urinarius. See Bodo.
Cercus [ser'-kus) [/cEp/cof, the tail of a beast]. In
biology, one of the antenna-like structures projecting
from the hinder parts of certain insects.
Cere (sei-) \_cera, wax]. In biology, that portion of the
sheath of the bill in certain birds, e.g., parrots and
birds of prey, which has a waxy appearance.
Cereal [se'-re-al) \_Ce?-cs, the goddess of agriculture].
I. Relating to edible grains. 2. Any edible grain or
bread-corn ; also the plant that produces it. The
composition of the more important cereals is thus
given by Bell : —
Constituents.
Wheat, winter-
sown.
Wheat, spring-
sown.
Long-eared
Barley.
English Oats.
Maize.
Rye.
Carolina Rice
J (without husk).
Fat
1.48
1.56
1.03
5-14
3-58
1-43
0.19
Starch
63-71
65.86
63^51
49.78
64.66
61.87
77.66
Sugar (as su-
crose)
2-57
2.24
1-34
2.36
1.94
4-30
038
Albumin (insolu- ,„ _„
ble in alcohol), 1
7.19
8.18
10.62
9.67
9.78
7-94
Nitrogenous
matter (solu-
ble in alcohol),
4-83
4.40
3-28
4-05
4.60
5-09
1.40
Cellulose, . . .
3-03
2.93
7.28
13-53
1.86
3.23
Tra-
ces.
Mineral matter,
I 60
1.74
14.08
2.32
2.66
1-35
1.85
0.28
Moisture, . . .
12 08
13.06
11.86
12-34
12.45
12.15
Total
100.00
100.00
100 00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
Cerealin {se' -re-al-in) [Ceres, the goddess of agricul-
ture]. An albuminoid found in various cereals and
obtainable from bran. See Flour.
Cerebel [ser' -e-bel). See Cerebellum.
Cerebellar (ser-e-beF-ar) [dim. of cerebriim\ Re-
lating to the cerebellum. C. Fossa. See Fossa. C.
Ganglion. See Ganglion.
Cerebellic [ser-e-bel'-ik). .See Cerebellar.
Cerebellitis (ser-e-bel-i' -lis) [cerebelliiiii , a little brain ;
/r(f, inflammation]. Inflammation of the cerebellum.
Cerebellocortex [ser-e-bel-o-kor' -leks) \_cercbcllum, the
little brain ; corte.x, bark]. The cortex of the cere-
bellum.
Cerebello-spinal [ser-e-bel-o-spi' -nal) \_cerebelliim, the
little^brain ; spina, the spine]. Relating to the cere-
bellum and the spinal cord.
Cerebellous [scr-e-beU -us). See Cerebellar.
CEREBELLUM
281
CEREBROSULPHATID
Cerebellum {ser-e-beF -utii) [dim. of cerebrutit\. The
inferior part of the brain lying below the cerebrum.
Inferior Aspect of the Cerebellum.
I, I. Inferior vermiform process. 2, 2. Median fissure. 3, 3, 3.
Lobes and lobules. 4. Amygdala or tonsil. 5. Flocculus,
subpeduncular lobe or pneumogastric lobule. 6. Pons
varolii. 7. Median fissure of pons. 8. Middle cerebellar
peduncle. 9. Medulla oblongata. 10. Anterior extremity of
circumferential fissure of cerebellum. 11. Anterior border ot
superior surface. 12. Small or motor root of trigeminus. 13.
Large or sensory root. 14. 6th nerve. 15. Facial nerve 16
Nerve of Wrisberg. 17. Auditory nerve. 18. Glosso-
pharyngeal 19. Pneumogastric. 20. Spinal accessory. 21.
Hypoglossal.
Cerebral [ser'-e-l>ral) \_cerebrHm, the brain]. Relating
to the cerebrum. C. Apoplexy. See Apoplexy. C.
Arteries. See Arteries, Table of. C. Index.
See Index. C. Maculae, spots on the skin caused by
slight irritation, and abnormally persistent. They may
indicate disorder of the vaso-motor mechanism. C.
Nerves. See N'erves, Table of. C. Pneumonia.
See Pneumonia. C. Surprise, the speedy, but not
long-persistent stupor that often follows sudden mental
shock or grave lesion or injury of the brain. C.
Vesicles. See Brain-bladder.
Q,e.\€tixaX^\ai.(ser-e-bral' -je-ah)\_cerebrum brain; aXyoq,
pain]. Pain in the head.
Q,&c^xzWs,ra.{ser' -e-bral-izni)\_cerebrHin , the brain]. The
theory that mental operations are due to the activity of
the brain ; or that thought is a function of the brain.
Cerebrasthenia [ser-e-bras-the' -ne-ali) \_cerebritm, the
brain; afrfe)'//f, without strength] . Cerebral asthenia.
See Phrenasthenia.
Cerebrasthenic [ser-e-bras' -then-ik) \_eerebruin, the
brain; antievi/c, without strength]. Characterized by,
or pertaining to, cerebrasthenia.
Cerebration (ser-e-hra'-shun) [^cerebrum, the brain].
Mental and cerebral activity. C., Unconscious, men-
tal activity of which the subject is not conscious.
Cerebria (ser-e'-bre-ali) \_cerehrtitn, the brain]. Tem-
porary cerebral exhaustion (but the term is variously
applied by different writers) ; acute, chronic, partial,
and sympathetic cerebria are among the varieties
described.
Cerebric Acid {ser' -e-brik) . Same as Cerebrinic Acid.
Cerebrifugal (ser-e-brif-u-gal) {^cerebrum, the brain ;
to flee] . Centrifugal; efferent; transmitting
or transmitted from the brain to the periphery.
Cerebrin [ser' -e-brin) [cerebrum, the brain], Ci^H.^NO.,.
A nitrogenous glucosid obtained from brain-tissue,
nerves, and pus-corpuscles. It is a light, colorless, ex-
ceedingly hygroscopic powder. The term has been
applied to an " organic extract " of unknown consti-
tution, derived from brain-tissue.
Cerebrinacide [ser-e-brin'-as-'id) \_cerebru?n , the brain].
One of certain substances found in brain-tissue, and
capable of combining with metallic oxids.
Cerebrinic Acid [ser-e-brin'-ik). See Acid.
Cerebripetal yser-e-brip'.-ct-al ) \cercbriim, the brain ;
petere, to seek]. Centripetal ; afferent ; transmitting
or transmitted from the periphery to the brain.
Cerebritis (ser-e-b?'i' -lis) \_cerebrum, the brain ; iTiq,
inflammation]. Inflammation of the proper substance
of the cerebrum, due to traumatism, contiguous inflam-
mation, or septic influence. Headache, possibly vom-
iting, and convulsions are the most marked symptoms.
C, Enzootic — of horses. Also called staggers, or
mad staggers. A disease of horses in the Western
United States caused by eating corn that has been
attacked by a mold, Aspergillus glaucus, the spores of
which, finding lodgment in the kidneys and liver,
germinate and cause derangements of the circulation
with central abscesses. Neither mules, cattle, nor pigs
appear to contract this disease.
Cerebrogalactose {ser-e-bro gal-ak'-tds). Same as
Ce?'ebi-ose.
Cerebro-hyphoid {ser-e-bro-hi' -foid) \cerebrum , the
brain; i'l^//, tissue ; tZdof, likeness] . Resembling the
substance of the brain.
Cerebrol [ser'-e-brol] [cerebrum, brain; oleum, oil].
An oily, reddish fluid obtainable from brain-tissue.
Cerebroma [ser-e-bro' -mail) [cerebrum, the brain ; hjxa,
a tumor: //. , Cerebromata'\. A growth, outside the
cranium, that contains cerebral tissue.
Cerebromalacia [ser-e-bro-mal-a' -se-ali) [cerebrum, the
brain; fialaida, softness]. Softening of the brain-
tissue.
Cerebromedullary [ser-e-bro-med-ul' -ar-e) [cerebrum,
the brain ; medulla, marrow] . Relating to the brain
and spinal cord.
Cerebropathy (ser-e-brop'-a-ihe) [cerebrum , the brain;
TTofef, illness]. I. A train of symptoms following over-
work and approaching the character of insanity. 2.
Cerebral disease in general.
Cerebropsychosis [ser-e-brop-sik-o' -sis) [cerebrum, the
brain; i/irjt'aHT/r, animating] . Mental disturbance due
to a disease of the psychic centers.,
Cerebrosclerosis (ser-e-bro-skle-ro'-sis) [cerebrum, the
brain; c!K?j/p6(:, hard]. Sclerosis of cerebral tissue.
Cerebroscopic [ser-e-bro-skop' -ik) [cerebrum , the brain ;
GKovdv, to inspect]. Pertaining to cerebroscopy.
Cerebroscopy {ser-e-bros' -ko-pe) [cerebrum, the brain ;
amirflv, to inspect]. Ophthalmoscopy in the diagno-
sis of brain-disease.
Cerebrose (ser'-e-bros) [cerebrum, the brain], CpH,.,Og.
A crystallized sugar isomeric with glucose, occurring
in brain-tissue.
Cerebro-sensorial [ser-e-bro-sen-so' -re-al ) [cerebrum ,
the brain; sensorium, the organ of sensation]. Per-
taining to the cerebral sensorium.
Cerebroside [ser' -e-bro-sid ) [cerebrum, the brain]. One
of a class of substances occurring in brain-tissue, con-
taining cerebrose, just as glucosids contain glucose.
Cerebrosis (ser-e-bro'-sis) [cerebrum , the brain]. Any
cerebral disorder.
Cerebro-spinal^^tv--f-/^r()-j//''-«(?/) [cerebrum , the brain;
spina, the spine]. Pertaining to the whole of the
brain and spinal structure. C. Axis. See A.ris. C.
Fluid, the fluid between the arachnoid membrane and
the pia-mater. C. Meningitis. See PeTcr, Cerebro-
spinal. C. System, the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
Cerebro-spinant [ser-e-bro-spi' -nant ) [cerebrum, the
brain ; spina, the spine]. A medicine that acts upon
the brain and spinal cord.
Cerebrosulphatid {ser-e-bro-suV -fat-id) [cerebrum , the
brain; sulphur^ Any cerebrinacide containing sulphur.
CEREBROT
282
CESIUM
Cerebrot, Cerebrote {ser'-e-brot, ser'-c-brot ) \^ci're-
hruiii, the brain]. A white, fatty principle obtainable
from brain-substance. Cf. Ccplialot.
Cerebrotomy (ser-c-brof -o-ine) \_i-e)-ihniiji, the brain ;
Ttfiviiv, to cut]. Surgical or anatomic section of
brain-tissue.
Cerebrum [ser' -c-byuni) [L.]. The chief portion of
the brain, occupying the whole upper part of the
cranium. See Brain.
Cerectomy (ser-ek' -to-ine). See Kcrectoiny.
Cerencephalot (ser-en-sef -al-ot) [w/pdr, wax ; kyiitip-
akoq, brain]. Cephalot.
Cereolus (scr-c' -o-liis) [iv;v?, wax: pL,Ccreoli\ A
bougie of waxed linen, often medicated.
Ceresin (ser'-es-in) \_cera, wax]. Ozokerite that has
been bleached without distillation ; it is used as a sub-
stitute for beeswax.
Cereus (se'-re-iu) [L., " a wax candle "]. A genus of
cactaceous plants. C. grandiflorus. See AUght-
bloomi)ig Cereus.
Q,&x&v\%\a. {ser-e-vis' -e-ali) Ale or beer. C. fer-
mentum, beer-yeast. The ferment obtained in brew-
ing beer, and produced by SaciJiaromyces cerevisia.
It is given in low states of the system. Dose ^ss-j.
Cerin (se'-rin) [av;?, wax]. An ether of cerotic acid ;
one of the substances found in wax.
Cerise (ser-iz')\_eeraszts, a cherry-tree]. A pigment of
a cherry color. See Pignients, Conspectus of.
Cerium [se' -re-iiiii) [named after the planet Ceres^. Ce
= 140 ; quantivalence II, IV. One of the rarer
metals. See Elements, Table of. C. oxalas, Ce.^-
(€20.4)3.911,^0, a white, granular powder, insoluble in
water or alcohol, but soluble in hydrochloric acid.
The oxalate is the only salt commonly employed in
medicine. It is a gastric sedative useful in the vomit-
ing of pregnancy. Dose gr. j-x, in pill. C. val-
erianate has been used in the same class of cases.
Dose gr. iss.
Ceromel [se'-ro-mcl) \_Kr]p6c, wax; ukki, honey].
Honey cerate ; wax one part, honey two or four parts.
It is applied to wounds and ulcers, chiefly in Asiatic
countries.
Ceroplastic {se-ro-plas' -tik) [/>7/pof , wax ; irAaaaeiv, to
mould]. Modeled, or as if modeled, in wax]. C.
Catalepsy. See Catalepsy.
Ceroplasty {se' -ro-plas-te) [h7/pof, wax ; ■jT\aa(5tn\ to
mould]. The modeling of anatomic preparations in
wax.
Cerosin (jt'''-;-f-.fm) [/i;?/jof , wax] . A wax-like substance
forming a white or grayish-green coating on some
species of sugar-cane. When purified, it yields fine,
light pearly scales.
Cerosis (ser-o'-sis) \_KTip6c, wax]. That morbid condi-
tion of a membrane in which it seems to consist of wax-
like scales.
Cerotene [se' -ro-ten) [w;/'J(5f, wax]. An alkylen or ole-
fin, C.,,H-,, obtained from Chinese wax ; it melts at
58° ; cerylene.
Cerotic Acid [se-rot'-ik). See Acul, Cerotic.
Certificate (ser-tif -ik-at) \ccrtificare, to certify]. A
written statement, as for insurance, or in case of birth
or death.
Cerulean Blue. See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Cerulein (ser-u'-le-iii). .Same as Alizarin Green, one
of the Alizarins. See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Cerumen [scr-u' -men) \_cera, wax]. The wax of the ear.
Ceruminous (ser-u' -min-us) \_cera, wax]. Pertaining
to cerumen.
Ceruse (se'-rus) \_cerussa, white lead]. I. White lead :
basic carbonate and hydrate of lead. 2. A white
face-powder. C. of antimony, white oxid of anti-
mony ; also antimonic acid.
Cervical {ser'-Tik-al) \_cervix, the neck]. Pertaining
to the neck, or to the cervix uteri. C. Carcinoma,
carcinoma of the neck of the womb. C. Choke, in
the horse, the lodgment of a foreign body in the
esophagus at any point between the " throat-latch " and
the shoulder. C. Endometritis. See Endometritis.
C. Pregnancy, a rare condition in which from atrophy
of the decidual membranes the impregnated ovum is not
properly held in place, and dropping, lodges in the
cervical canal, where it develops until the uterus, not
being able to hold it longer, expels it.
Cervicen [scr' -vis-en) \_cerz'ix, the neck]. Belonging
solely to the cervix.
Cervicicardiac (ser-vis-ik-ar' -de-ak) \_ccrvix, the neck ;
Kap()(d, the heart]. Relating to the neck and the
heart, as the cervicicardiac nerves, branches of the
vagus.
Cerviciplex (ser' -vis-ip-leks) \_ecrvix, the neck ; plexus,
a network]. The cervical plexus.
Cervicitis [ser-vis-i' -lis) \_ce?-vix, the neck ; itlc, inflam-
mation]. Inflammation of the cervix uteri.
Cervicobrachial [ser-vik-o-bra'-ke-al) \_cervix, the
neck ; brachium, the arm]. Relating to the neck and
the arm.
Cervico-bregmatic (ser-vik-o-breg-mat' -ik) [cervix, the
neck ; 'flpiyjxa, the sinciput]. Relating to the cervix
or nucha and the bregma.
Cervicodynia [ser-vik-o-din' -e-ali) \cervix, the neck ;
o&'vvi], pain]. Cramp or neuralgia of the neck.
Cervico-facial {ser-vik-o-fa' -shaP) \_cervix, neck;
fades, face]. Relating to the neck and the face.
Cervico-occipital (ser-vik-o-ok-sip' -it-al ) \_cervix, the
neck; occiput, the back of the head]. Relating to
the neck and the back of the head.
Cervico-orbicular [ser-^'ik-o-or-bik' -u-lar) \_cervix,
neck; orbicularis, circular]. Relating to the neck
and the orbicular muscle.
Cervico-vaginal [ser-vik-o--'af-in-al) [cervix, the
neck ; 7'agina, a sheath]. Relating to the cervix uteri
and the vagina.
Cerviculate {scr-vik' -u-lat) \cervicula, a little neck].
In biology, having a slender neck.
Cervix {ser'-viks) [L.]. The neck; also the posterior
part of the neck. Applied also to constricted parts
of other organs, as the cervix of the bladder, or of
the penis. C. Uteri, the neck of the womb. C.
Vesicae , the neck of the bladder.
Ceryl {se'-ril) [cera, wax], Cj^H^j. An organic radical
found in combination in beeswax.
Cerylene [se'-ril-en). See Cerotene.
Cesarean, or Csesarean, Operation [se-za' -re-an op-er-
a'-s/nin) [^ccedere, to cut] . Extraction of the fetus
through an incision made in the abdomen. C. O., Con-
servative, the removal of the fetus through an open-
ing in the anterior abdominal wall, without removing
the uterus or its appendages. C. O., Elective, one done
at a selected time prior to labor. C. O., Improved.
See Sanger's Operation, Porro's Operation, etc. C.
O., Post-mortem, extraction of the child after the
mother's death. For the various methods proposed of
performing the Cesarean Operation, see Gastro-elytro-
tomv, Laparo-elytrotom'y, Gastro-hysterectomy, Gas-
tro-hysterotomy, and the operations of Porro, Sanger,
Porro- Midler, Kehrer, and Thomas, under Opera-
tions, Table of.
Cesarean Section. See Operations, Table of
Cesium, or Caesium {se'-ze-um) [L., "bluish-gray"],
Cs = 132.6; quantivalence I. A rare alkahrie
metal resembling potassium in physical and chemic
properties. C. bromid, like the other bromids, is a
good sedative, but its cost is very great. The oxalate
and nitrate have also been employed medicinally.
CESPITOSE
283
CHAMOIS-SKIN
Unof. C. chlorid, uiiof. , lowers the pulse- rate and
raises the arterial pressure. Dose gr. ij-v.
Cespitose [scs' -f^i/-ds) [_itcspi's, a turf or sod]. In biology,
growing in or characterized by tangled or matted tufts.
Cesspool {scs' -/'oo/ ] [E. dial., sttss, a puddle; ME.,
pool'\. A reservoir for water ; a privy.
Cestoid, or Cestode {si's'-foid, or ses'-tdd ) [ft-eordc, a gir-
dle ; ettSof , likeness]. Shaped like a girdle, or ribbon ;
applied to worms, of which Tanin is a type.
Cetacea (^f-Za'-j-t'-fz/i ) [ci'/wj-, a whale]. An order of
mammals living in the sea, as the whale, dolphin, etc.
Cetaceum [se-ta'-se-uiu) [L. : gfii., Ctian'i~\. Sperma-
ceti. A fatty substance somewhat resembling paraffin
in its physical properties. It is obtained from the head
of the sperm whale, Fhyseter tnacroceplialus. It is
soluble in ether, chloroform, and boiling alcohol, and
is employed only as an emollient. C, Ceratum,
contains spermacti lo, white wax 35, olive oil 55 parts.
C, Ung. (B. P.), contains spermaceti, white wa.\,
almond oil, and benzoin.
Cetraria \sc-tra' -re-ah^ \_ca:tra, a short Spanish shield],
I. A genus of lichens. 2. Iceland moss. A lichen,
C. hlandica, found in Iceland and other northern
countries. It contains a form of starch, Lichenin, that
gelatinizes when boiled with water. It is a feebly
tonic demulcent, sometimes recommended in pulmon-
ary affections. C, Decoct. (B. P.), contains five per
cent, of the lichen. Dose ^ ij-iv.
Cetrarin (sc-t)-a' -rin^ \_c(t:tra, a short Spanish shield].
The bitter principle of Iceland moss, crystallizing in
fine needles, and nearly insoluble in water.
Cetyl [se'-til) [a'/z/j, a whale], Cj^H.jj. An alcoholic
radical existing in beeswax and spermaceti.
Cetylid {sc' -til-id) \_CL-tHS, a whale], C^^yi^fi-^.
Geoghegan's term for the substance in the brain that
reduces alkaline solutions of cupric salts.
Cevadilla {sev-ad-il'-ah). See CebadUla.
Cevadillin [ccvadilhil , Cg^Hj.^NOg. An
uncrystallizable alkaloid obtained from cevadilla.
Cevadin (,ft':''-a;/-/«), C^H^gNOg. A crystalline alkaloid
of cevadilla. See Vcratrin.
Ceylon Sickness. See Beriberi.
Chabert's Disease. See Diseases, Table of.
Chaeraphrosyne (ke-raf-ros' -in-e) \_xaipeLv, to rejoice ;
acl>poaip//, senselessness]. Amenomania.
Chaeromania {Jze-ro-ina' -ne-ah) \_xa.iptiv, to rejoice ;
ixavia, madness]. Amenomania.
Chaeta (kc'-la/i) [_xai-!j, a long hair]. A bristle.
Chaetophorous (ke-toff' -or-ns) \_xahri, a long hair ;
(ptpsiv,X.o bear]. In biology, bearing bristles.
Chaffbone {ehaf-bon) [AS., ceaf, husk; ban, a bone].
A name for the inferior maxilla.
Chagres Fever. See Fever.
Chain [ME., i//(7/«t', a chain]. I. A series of
connected links of metal, etc. 2. In chemistry, a
group of like atoms joined together by chemic affinity
without the intervention of atoms of another kind.
C. Ecraseur, an ecraseur of which a chain forms
the cutting part. C.-saw, a surgeon's saw, the teeth
of which are linked together like a chain.
Chair (char) [ME., chaire, a chair]. I. A seat of
office, as that of a professor. 2. A piece of furniture
consisting of a seat with a back support. C, Vibra-
ting. See Shaking Cure. C, Whirling, a revolv-
ing-chair in which formerly a maniacal patient was
rapidly whirled. This was regarded as both a seda-
tive and a curative procedure.
Chalastic [kal-as' -tik) [;^-a/.a(7r«of , making supple].
I. Emollient, softening. 2. An emollient or laxative
medicine.
Chalastodermia {kal-as-to-der' -7ne-ah). Synonym of
Dermatolysis.
ChaXsiza. (kal-a^-zah) [;t-a/laC«, a hailstone]. In biology,
one of the twisted cords binding the yolk-bag of an
egg to the lining membrane of the shell ; or that part
of a seed where its coats unite with each other and the
nucleus.
Chalazion {kal-a' -ze-on) \_xaXai:,iov , a small hailstone].
A tumor of the eyelid from retained secretion of the
Meibomian glands : a Meibomian cyst.
Chalazonephritis (kal-a-zo-nef-ri' -lis) \_x(ika(,a, hail ;
ritl>poi.', the kidney; iTtc;, inflammation]. Granular
nephritis.
Chalicosis [kal-ik-o' -sis) [^|;aA(f, gravel]. A disease
of the lungs of workmen caused by the inhalation of
dust or sand.
Chalk [ckawk) [ME., chalk, lime]. Carbonate of lime.
See Calcitiiii. C. Stone, gout-stone — a deposit be-
neath the skin in gouty patients.
Chalot's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Chalybeate [ka-lib' -e-at) [^;«Xiii/;, iron]. Containing
iron.
Chalybs (ka'-libz) [L. ]. See Ferritin.
Chamber [chain' -ber) [ME., chamber, a room]. A
cavity or space. C, Anterior (of the eye), the space
between the cornea and the iris. C, Posterior (of
the eye), the space between the iris and the lens.
The chambers of the eye contain the aqueous humor.
Chamberlaine's Operations. See Operations, Table of.
Chamberland's Bougie or Filter. See Filter.
Chamecephalic {kain-e-sef-al' -ik) [;t-a//ra(, low ; Ke<paAr],
head]. Characterized by chamecephaly.
Chamecephalous [kam-e-sef -al-us). See Chame-
cephalic.
Chamecephaly {kam-e-sef -al-e) \_xai.iai , low ; Ke^alij,
head]. In craniometry, that condition of the skull in
which the cephalic index is 70° or less. A flat and
receding skull.
Chameconcha [kam-e-kong' -kah) \_xafio.'i , low ; K6yxv^
orbit]. In craniometry, an orbital index below
80.01.°
Chameconchous {kam-e-cong' -ktis) \_x'H^ai, low ;
i^^yX'h concha]. In craniometry, having an orbital
index of not more than 80°,
Chamecranious {kain-e-kra' -ne-its) \_xaimi , low ;
Kpanov, skull]. In craniometry, having the greatest
length of the skull proportioned to its height.
Chameleon Mineral [kam-e' -le-on min'-er-al). An
old name for a crude mixture of potassium manganate
with potassium nitrate.
Chamelirin {kam-cl-ir' -in) \_xafia'i, ground ; 'Aeipiov,
lily]. A poisonous glucosid from Ckamalirion httewn ;
it is a strong heart-depressant.
Chamelirion {kam-el-ir' -e-on) \_x(ifJ.a'i ,^xo-ox\A ; 'teipiov,
lily]. A genus of liliaceous plants having active
medicinal and poisonous properties. C. luteum, or
carolinianum, of the U. S. (called Helonias dioica),
is a uterine tonic and diuretic, Unof.
Chameopisthius [kam-e-o-pis' -the-us) \_xo.yLa[, low ;
o-iadiov']. In craniometry, Lissauer's term for a skull
in which the angle between the radius fixus and the
line joining the hormion and the lambda is from 17°
to 24.5°.
Chameprosopic {kam-e-pro-so'-pik) [,|-a//a/', low;
TTpbauTTov, face]. Low-faced; having the zygomatic
facial index below 90°.
Chamocephalic [kam-o-sef-al' -ik) \_x<HMi, on the
ground, low; Ke^atr/, head]. See Chamecephalic.
Chamois Leather (sham' -wah, or sham'-e). See
Leather.
Chamois-skin [sham' -^cah-, or sham' -e-skin). Properly
the skin or tanned leather of the chamois ; now pre-
pared from split sheep-skin. It is used in surgery and
for underclothing.
CHAMOMILE
284
CHEDDAR CHEESE
Chamomile {kaiii'-o-mll). See Antlu-mis and Matri-
caria.
Chamoprosopic {^kain-o-pro-so' -pik) \_xaimi, on the
ground; TTpdaoi-ov, face]. See Chanteprosopic.
Champagne [sham-pan') [Fr. ]. An effervescent wine
(see Jliuim), sometimes prescribed as a remedy for
nausea and vomiting. For Champagnes see PViues.
Champak <hainpa/:a']. A magno-
liaceous tree of India and Indo-China, Michelia
champaca. Its highly-fragrant flowers are used for
nasal catarrhs and for headaches and eye-disorders ;
its bark is febrifuge and emmenagogue. See Michelia.
Unof.
Chancebone {chans' -hbn). A name for the ischium.
Chancre [shang'-ker) [Fr. , same]. A term formerly
used indiscriminately for any primary venereal ulcer,
but now generally conceded to signify the initial lesion
of syphilis, a true infecting sore, followed by constitu-
tional symptoms (see Syphilis) ; while chancroid is
employed to designate the infectious but non-consti-
tutional sore. C, Hard, Hunterian, Indurated,
Infecting, Non-suppurating, or True, the ulcer of
venereal origin, that is followed by constitutional
syphilis. C., Non-incubatory, Non-infecting,
Simple, or Soft, a contagious, suppurating, non-
syphilitic venereal ulcer, properly called chancroid.
C., Phagedenic, chancroid with a tendency to ero-
sion. C, Serpiginous, a variety of the last that
spreads superficially in curved lines.
Chancroid [shang'-hroid) \_chanc?-e'\. A local, infective
process transmitted by sexual intercourse, and charac-
terized by ulceration, local glandular involvement,
and often suppuration. It has been variously termed
the soft, non-indurated, simple, or non-syphilitic
chancre. See Chancre.
Change (chanj) [ME., changen, to change]. Death.
The word is colloquially used either for the establish-
ment or the cessation of the menstrual function. C. of
Life, the cessation of the catamenia ; the menopause.
Channel-bone (chan' -el-hbn) \M.Y,. , chancl, 2l canal;
boon, a bone]. The clavicle.
Chantreuil's Method. In pelvimetry, a method of
ascertaining the distance between the tuberosities of
the ischia ( 1 1 cm. ) in estimating the size of the pelvic
outlet. The two thumbs are placed upon the tuberosi-
ties, and an assistant measures the distance between
them.
Chap (chap) [ME., chappen, to cleave]. I. The jaw
(usually in the pi.). 2. A slight or superficial fissure
of the skin, usually upon the lips, hands, or nipples.
Chaptalization (chap-tal-iz-a'-shun). A method of
improving wines consisting in neutralizing the excess
of acidity in the must by the addition of marble-dust,
and increasing the saccharine content by the addition
of a certain quantity of cane-sugar. The wine
becomes richer in alcohol, poorer in acid, and the
bouijuet is not injured.
Charbon [sliar'-bon) [Fr ]. The French tenn for
anthrax, or pnstiila maligna.
Charcoal (char' -kot) [ME., cka?role'\. Coal made by
subjecting wood to a process of smothered combustion.
See Carbo animalis and Carbo ligni.
Charcot Pain. Pain in the ovarian region.
Charcot's Disease, .SrAvtw^ plaques. Disseminated,
multiple, or insular sclerosis. See Diseases, Table of.
C.'s Joint, or Joint Disease. See Arthropathia and
Diseases, Table of . C.-Leyden Crystals, microscopic,
colorless, octahedral or rhomboidal crystals found in
the intestinal tract in leukemic and anemic patients
and in the sputum of asthmatic and bronchitic patients ;
so called by Baumler. Same as CIiarcot-Neiimann
Crystals. See Spermin. C.'s Method. .See Hypno-
tism. C. -Neumann Crystals. See Spermin. C.-
Robin Crystals, crystals forming upon leukemic
blood when allowed to stand exposed for a few days.
C.'s Vibrating Arm-chair. See Shaking Cure.
Charlatan (shar'-lat-an) [Sp., charlar, to prattle]. A
quack ; a pretender to medical skill ; an advertising
doctor.
Charlatanoid (shar'-lat-an-oid) [Sp.. charlar, to
prattle]. A term applied to an organism so closely
resembling a charlatan as at times to be almost in-
distinguishable.
Charles's Law. See Law.
Charpie (shar'-pe) \_carpere, to pluck]. Picked or
shredded lint ; linen shreds for dressing wounds.
Charqui (chai-'-ke) [Chilian]. A name given in South
America to strips and slices of beef freed from fat and
dried rapidly by sun-heat and sprinkled with maize.
Charriere's Guillotine. An instrument for excising
the tonsils. See Operations , Table of.
Charta (kar'-tah) [j"p"/c, paper : gen. and pi., Chartcs].
A paper. In pharmacy, a strip of paper as an excip-
ient, the fibers of which are impregnated with the
prescribed medicinal substance. Also a wrapper for
holding powders or medicines. Of the three official
charttc, two are intended as vesicants. C. epispas-
tica, or C. cantharidis, blistering-paper. C. em-
poretica, porous or bibulous paper. C. exploratoria,
test-paper. C. sinapis, mustard-paper.
Chartreuse (shar-trez') \Y^.'\. A tonic cordial, ob-
tained by distillation from various plants growing on
the Alps.
Chartula (kart'-u-lah) [dim. of charta'\. A little paper,
especially a paper containing a single dose of a medic-
inal powder.
Chasma (kaz'-tnah). or Chasmus (kaz'-mus) [xo-OfJ'S,
a gaping]. A yawn.
Chassaignac's Operations. See Operations, Table of.
Chaste Tree (clmst fre). See Agnus castus.
Chaulmugra Oil (chawl-moog'-i-ah) [E. Ind.]. A
fixed oil expressed from the seeds of Gynocardia odor-
ata, a tree native to the E. Indies. It is soluble in
alcohol, and its properties are due Xo gynocnrdic acid.
It is thought to be useful in leprosy and is recom-
mended in scaly eczema, psoriasis, and syphilitic skin-
affections. For external use, gr. xx of the acid ad
f^] of petrolatum. Internally, dose gtt. v-x of the
oil, or gr. ss-iij of the acid, in capsules. All unof.
Chaussier, Line of. See Lines, Table of.
Chautard's Test. See Tests, Table of.
Chauvel's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Chavibetol (ckav-e-be'-tol) \_chavica, or piper; betel'\,
CjdHj.^Oji- A substance isomeric with eugenol ; it
occurs in oil of betel.
Chavica (chav'-ik-ah) [native South Sea Island name].
A genus of plants including the long pepper and betel-
pepper.
Chavicin (chav'-is-in) \_chavica, a genus of plants] . An
organic basic principle analogous to piperin, found in
pepper.
Chavicol [chav'-ik-ol ) [chavica, a genus of plants] ,
C^H^OH.CjH... A substance occurring in the oil
obtained from the leaves of Chavica betel. It is a
colorless oil with a peculiar odor, and boils at 237° ;
its sp. gr. at 20° is 1. 035.
Chawstick (chain' -stik). See Chewstick.
Check (click) [ME., chek, a sudden stop]. Something
restraining. C. -experiment. See Control. C-
ligament. See Ligament. C. -observation. See
Coitrol.
Checker-berry (chek'-er-ber'-e). A popular name for
Gaultlieria procunibcns.
Cheddar Cheese. See Cheese.
CHEEK
285
CHEMOSIS
Cheek {chek) [ME., cheke\ The side of the face ; it
is composed of fat, areolar tissue, muscles, etc.
Cheese {fhez) [ME., chase^ A food prepared from the
casein of skimmed or unskimmed milk. In the fol-
lowing table the results of the researches of Payen on
the composition of cheese are quoted in loo parts for
the following kinds: (l) Brie, (2) Camembert, (3)
Roquefort, (4) Double cream, (5) Old Neufchatel,
(6), New Neufchatel, (7) Cheshire, (8) Gruyere, (9)
Ordinary Dutch, (10) Parmesan. The varieties under
I, exhibit an alkaline reaction, and contain, with
ammonia, cryptogamic plants, or, as it is termed, are
moldy. The varieties under II, so-called boiled,
strongly pressed, and salted cheese, exhibit an acid
reaction, as also does freshly prepared casein.
I.
I
2
3
4
5
Water
45-20
51.90
34-5°
9-50
34-50
Nitrogenous matter,
18.50
18.90
26.50
18.40
13.00
2.93
3 00
4.21
2.92
3-31
r tx,\.\,y iiiaLids, • • •
25.70
21.00
30.10
59-90
41.90
Salts,
5 60
4.70
5.00
6.50
3.60
Non- nitrogenous 1
organic matter >
and loss, J
5.00
4-50
3-90
570
7.00
II.
6
7
8
9
10
Water,
36.60
35-90
40.00
36.10
27.60
Nitrogenous matter,
8.00
26.00
31-50
29.40
44.10
Nitrogen,
1,27
4-13
5.00
4.80
7.00
Fatty matters, . . .
40.70
26.30
24.00
27.50
16.00
Salts
0.50
4 20
3.00
0.90
5-70
Non - nitrogenous 1
organic matter >
and loss, J
14.20
7.60
1.50
6.IO
6.60
The character of a few of the different varieties of
cheese is as follows : Neufchatel cheese is a Swiss
cream cheese. Limburger cheese is a soft, fat cheese.
Fromage de Brie is a soft French cheese, rapidly ripen-
ing and developing ammoniacal compounds. Camem-
bert cheese is also a cream cheese. Roquefort cheese
is a cheese made from the milk of the ewe. Gruyere
cheese is a peculiarly flavored Swiss cheese. Ched-
dar cheese is a hard cheese made from whole
milk. Single and double Gloucester are made,
the first from a mixture of skimmed and entire
milk, and the second from the entire milk. Parmesan
cheese is a very dry cheese, with a large amount of
casein and only a moderate percentage of fat. Eidam
cheese is a Dutch cheese, also relatively dry, and
covered with red coloring. As to the bacillus of
cheese see SpirilluDi tyrogcnum, Denecke, under
Bacteria, Table of.
Cheese-rennet [diez'-ren-et). See Ladies^ Bed-stra7v.
Cheesy (chez' -e)\y\.Y^. , chese\ Of the nature of cheese.
C. Degeneration, caseous degeneration, or caseation.
C. Tubercle, a mass of caseously degenerated
tissue.
Cheil-, or Cheilo- (kil- , ox kil' -0-). For words thus
beginning see Chil-, or Chilo-.
Cheiro- (^klr'-o). For words thus beginning see C/^/ro-.
Chekan, or Cheken (chek'-en) [Chilian]. I. The
leaves of Eugenia chekeii, a South American shrub.
Its properties are due to an alkaloid and a volatile oil.
It is diuretic and expectorant and similar in action to
eucalyptus. It is serviceable in chronic catarrh, laryn-
gitis, etc. Dose of the fluid extract ss-j. Unof. 2.
The crude resin obtained from Cannabis indica.
Chela (ke'-laJi) \_xv'^V, a claw]. In biology, the claw
or pincers of a crustacean.
Chelicera [ke-lis' -e>--a/i) \_x>l'^'l, a claw ; idpa^, a horn].
In biology, a claw-like appendage of scorpions and
spiders, containing a poison-gland in the latter.
Chelidonic Acid {kel-id-on' -ik). See Acid.
Chelidonin [kel-id-o'-ftin) \_xsli66viov,ce\2Lr\dmt\, C^^-
HjjNjO,, + H.p, or CijHjjNO^. A crystalline alkaloid
of celandin [^Chelidoniiim niajtts), of a bitter and acrid
taste, and forming colorless salts with acids. It is not
a very active substance. See Sangiiinarin.
Chelidonium (J;el-id-o' -ne-ttin') [;t;E/l/(ioi>(oi', celandine].
Celandin. The leaves and stems of C. majiis, with
properties due to a number of alkaloids and acids. It
is a drastic cathartic, and externally an irritant, and is
of service in jaundice, whooping-cough, and catarrhal
pneumonia. Dose of the plant gr. x-xxx ; of the
juice Tt|^v-xx. Unof.
Chelidoxanthin (kel-id-oks-aii' -thiit) \_xeki66viov , celan-
dine]. One of the bitter, crystalline constituents of
celandin.
Cheloid [ke'-loid) [xi'^Vi a claw; fZrJof , form]. A raised
or elevated fibroma of the skin ; so called from its fre-
quent claw-shape. See also Keloid.
Cheloma [kc-lo' -niali). Same as Keloid.
Chelonin [kel^-on-in). See Balmony.
Chelotomy [ke-loi'-o-tne). See Kelotomy.
Chematropism (kem-af -ro-piztii). See Chemotropisin,
and C/iemotaxis.
Chernic, Chemical [kem'-ik, kem'-ik-al) \_xtn''ia,
chemistry]. Of or pertaining to chemistry. C. Black.
See Figments, Conspectus of. C. Food, compound
syrup of the phosphates, a very complex preparation
used in disorders attended with impaired nutrition. C.
Lung. See Neale' s Lung. C. Pathology, the
chemistry of disease.
Chemico-radical Theory. A theory of the constitution
of the carbon compounds. It is that the object of
organic chemistry is the investigation and isolation of
radicals as the more intimate components of the organic
compounds.
Chemiotaxis, Chimiotaxis [kem' -e-o-taks-is, kitn'-e-o-
taks-is). See Chemotaxis.
Chemise, Rectal {slie-mez'^. A form of surgical
dressing made of muslin and applied after operations
upon the rectum to control or prevent hemoirhage.
Chemism (ke7n'-izm) \_xriinM, chemistry]. Chemic
force.
Chemistry [■c;///E/'a, chemistry]. The sci-
ence of the molecular and atomic structure of bodies.
Chemocephalus {kem-o-sef -al-iis) [;i;'^//a/, low ; K^i^aki],
head]. An individual possessed of a flat head.
Chemosis {ke-mo'-sis) [,Y?//«jOTf , a gaping]. Conjunc-
tival and sub-conjunctival swelling.
CHEMOTACTIC
286
CHIBRET'S OPERATION
Chemotactic {kem-o-tak' -lik) \_x)ipfia, chemistry ;
rof/f, battle-anay]. Pertaining or relating to chem-
otaxis.
Chemotaxis [Aciii-o-taks'-is), Chemiotaxis [kcni-e-o-
taks'-is) \_xmi^ia-, chemistry ; rnaaeiv, to order, arrange].
The property of cellular attraction and repulsion. It
is displayed by the proteid constituents of the proto-
plasm of various species of bacteria, as well as by
proteids from a great variety of sources. The quali-
fications positive and negative are added according as
the phenomenon is one of attraction or repulsion.
Chemotic (^ke-inot' -ik') [j///.;u(T;f, a gaping]. Pertaining
to or marked by chemosis.
Chemotropism [kein-oi' -ro-pizm) [^y'//^^"^> chemistry ;
Tpoirii, a turning, a rout, a putting to flight]. In
biology, the destruction of bacteria by phagocytes ; the
victory of the phagocytes over bacteria, or of bacteria
over phagocytes. In biology, the attraction of leu-
kocytes by certain chemic substances held in solution
in the blood, either positive or negative. Cf. Clieino-
taxis.
Q^t,'a.<ypoA\vsa.(Jcen-o-po' -de-iiiii) \_x>l'^'-, a goose; ttoSiov,
a little foot]. American Wormseed ; the fruit of C.
ambrosicni/es, or anthebiiintieitin , a plant native to the
United States with properties due to a volatile oil,
which is the only preparation used. It is a mild car-
diac stimulant, promoting the secretions of the skin
and kidneys, and also a very' efficient anthelmintic
against the round- worm. Dose of the oil ir^v-xv.
Cheoplastic [/ce-oplas'-tik) [;t'f^"'> to pour ; Tr'AaaTinoi;,
plastic]. Made soft and yielding by heat. C. Metal,
an alloy composed of tin, silver, and bismuth, with a
small trace of antimony.
Cherry (cher'-e) [ME., cheiy']. The bark of the com-
mon cherry, Prunus serotina, a mild bitter and tonic,
containing tannin. Dose of fid. ext. ^ss-j. I'niiiin^
a concentrated ext. Dose gr. j-iij. C. -Compound,
each Oj represents cherry-bark 5 viij, lettuce
horehound 3 iijss, bloodroot veratrum viride 5SS.
Dosen^xv- gj. All unof. See also CV/f/tr-fZ/tw-;' and
Prumis virginiana. C. -laurel, the European ever-
green cherry, Pntniis laitro-eerams. Water distilled
from its leaves is used in the same way as dilute hy-
drocyanic acid. See Acid, Hydrocyanic .
Cheselden's Operations. See Operations, Table of .
Chest. See Thorax. C, Barrel-, a peculiar formation
of the chest observed in cases of long-standing em-
physema of the lungs ; it is round like a barrel, and
in respiration is lifted vertically instead of being
expanded laterally. See Emphysema . C. -founder.
See Founder. C. Sweetbread. See Siveetbread.
Chestnut. See Castanea. C. Extract. See Horse-
chesfnicf-bark. C.-wood, a wood used in leather-
manufactures, derived from the Castanea vesca, and
containing from eight to ten per cent, of a tannin
that closely resembles gallotannic acid. The extract,
containing from 14 to 20 per cent, of tannin, is
used largely to modify the color produced by hem-
lock extract and for tanning and dyeing.
Chevreul's Test. See Tests, Table of.
Chevron-bone [shev'-ron-bon^ [ML. , r^^/ro, a rafter;
boon, bone]. One of two bones forming a V-shaped
arch beneath the caudal portion of the back-bone of
many animals.
Chewstick [ME., cheiven, to chew ; stiken, to pierce].
The bark of Gonania domingetisis, a popular aro-
matic bitter in the West Indies. It is also used as a
dentifrice and masticatory. Dose of the fid. ext.
3j-ij. Unof.
Cheyne's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Cheyne-Stokes Breathing or Respiration. See
Signs and Symptoms, Table of. C. Nystagmus, a
variety of nystagmus in which the oscillations of the
Tracing of Chevne-Stokes Breathing.
eyeball have a rhythmic variation similar to the rhythm
of Cheyne-Stokes respiration.
Chian [ki'-aii) [;f/of, Chios]. Pertaining to Chios, an
island in the /Egean Sea. C. Turpentine. See
Terebinthina.
Chiasm, Chiasma [ki'-azin, ki-az' -niali) [ Y/o.,Va', to
make a cross, as an X]. The optic commissure.
Optic Chiasm and Adjacent Parts.
I. Infundibulum. 2. Tuber cinereum. 3. Corpora albicantia,
or mammillaria. 4. Crus cerebri. 5. Pons varolii. 6. Middle
cerebellar peduncle. 7. Anterior pyramid. 8. Decussation.
9. Olivary body. 10. Gray tubercle of Rolando, n. Arci-
forni fibers. 12. Superior extremity of spinal cord. 13, 13.
Denticulate ligament. 14. Spinal dura mater. 15. Optic
tract. 16. Optic chiasm. 17. 3d nerve. 18. 4th nerve.
19. 5th nerve. 20. 6th nerve. 21. Facial nerve. 22. Audi-
tory nerve. 23. Nerve of Wrisberg. 24. Glosso-pharyn-
geal nerve. 25. Pneumogastric nerve. 26, 26. Spinal
accessory nerve. 27. Hypoglossal. 28 ist cervical pair.
29. 2d cervical pair. 30. 3d cervical pair.
Chiastometer [ki-as-tom'-et-er) \_ xi-o.ar6(: , crossed;
fiirpov, a measure]. An instrument for measuring
any deviation of the optic axes from parallelism.
Chibou (see-boo'] [Fr.]. The resin or gum of Bursera
gMinmifera , a tree of Florida and tropical America ;
it is locally valued in diseases of the lung and kidneys,
and is used in various plasters and ointments ; it is
called also cachibou and archipin. Unof.
Chibret's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
CHICA RED
287
CHINESE
Chica Red (che'-kali) [S. Amer.]. See Pigments,
Conspectus of.
Chick Pea \chik'-pe) [ME., chick-pea']. The plant
Cicer aristimtiit ; also the pulse derived from it; much
used as an article of food in various countries. Lathy-
risni (apparently chronic oxalic-acid poisoning), q. v.,
sometimes results from the too free use of the chick-
pea as a food.
Chickahominy Fever [chik-a-liom' -in-e fe'-ver). See
pever.
Chicken {chik' -en) [ME. , a chicken]. A domes-
tic fowl. C. Breast, an abnormally prominent condi-
tion of the sternum and of the sternal region'; pigeon -
breast; it is seen in rhachitic persons, etc. C. Cholera,
See Cholera. C.-fat Clot. A clot of blood consist-
ing largely of fibrin, yellowish in color, and contain-
ing but few red-cells. C.-pox. See Varicella.
Chicle (chik'-l) [S. Amer.]. A gum obtained from the
Achras sapota, a tree of tropical America, and used
as a masticatory.
Chico Red (che'-ko) [S. Amer.]. Same as Chica Red.
Chicory [chik'-or-e) \_Kixoi)a, chicory]. Ciclioriuni
intybiis, a composite plant of Europe and Asia, natur-
alized and growing in the United States. Its ground-
root is used to adulterate coffee.
Chicot {che'-ko) [Fr.]. Kentucky Coffee Bean. The
seeds of Gymnocladus canadensis. Chicot contains
a volatile oil and a glucosid, and is probably a cere-
bro-spinal stimulant. It is sometimes used as a sub-
stitute for coffee. Unof.
Chiene's (John) Method. A method of locating the
fissure of Rolando. A square piece of paper is folded
once, so as to form a triangle. Either of the two
equal angles is then 45°. One free edge is then
folded back so that this angle is bisected, thus form-
ing an angle of 22.5°. The paper is then unfolded at
the first crease, so as to secure an angle of 67.5, the
apex of which is placed ^ inch behind the mid-point
between the glabella and the inion,so that the straight
side of the paper corresponds to the middle of the
anterior aspect of the head ; the other margin of the
paper, the fold, corresponds to the fissure of Rolando,
the length of which is about inches. C.'s Opera-
tion. See Operaiions, Table of.
Chignon Fungus [shen-yon') [Fr.]. A fungoid dis-
ease of the hair in which oval or roundish masses sur-
round the hair-shaft at irregular intervals. It is also
miscalled Chignon gregarine.
Chigoe [chig'-o) [Fr., Chiqice]. Sand-flea; Sarcop-
sylla penetrans, a small parasite of the skin, affecting
usually that portion between the toes and fingers ; also
the red harvest mite, Leptus irritans. It is also
written chigo, chegoe, chigga, chiggre, chigger, jigger.
See Parasites {Animal), Table of.
Chilblain (chil'-blan) [AS., cele, cold ; blegan, to boil].
Pernio ; Erythema pernio. An erythematous local
inflammation and swelling of the skin, due to cold.
It is most common in the young of lymphatic consti-
tution. The symptoms are an eruption of circular,
raised erythematous spots, attended with severe itch-
ing or burning ; later, bullfe may form, and these may
lead to ulceration.
Child (child) \y[.Y.., child : pi.. Children']. A young
person. C.-bed, the popular term for the condition
of a woman during and after labor. C.-bed Fever.
See Puerperal Fever. C. -birth, parturition. C-
crowing, the crowing sound of the respiration that
characterizes Laryngismus stridulus, q. v. C.-hood,
the age of childishness ; the period before puberty.
C. -murder. See Infuiticide. Children's Diseases.
See Pediatrics.
Chile (chiF-e). See Capsicum.
Chili Saltpeter. See Sodium.
Chilitis {kil-i'-lis) \_xel/^o(;, lip]. Inflammation of a lip.
Chill {chil) [ME., chif]. A sensation of cold accom-
panied by shivering, usually appearing shortly after
exposure to cold or wet. It is frequently the initial
symptom of grave acute disorders, as pneumonia,
etc. It is a prominent symptom of various fonns of
malarial fever. See Rigor.
Chilli [cliil'-e). See Capsicum and African Pepper.
Chills and Fever. A popular term for intermittent
fever.
Chilo-angioscope (ki-lo-an' -je-o-skop) [,-^-riXor, lip ;
dyy^'W, vessel ; aKorrelv, to look]. An apparatus for
observing the circulation of the blood in the human
Chilocace {kll-ok' -as-e) [;{'f?Aof, lip; KaKb<;, evil]. A
firm, reddish swelling of the lip in scrofulous children.
Chiloglossa [ki' -lo-glos-ah) [Yf/Aof, lip; y'Auaaa,
tongue]. In biology, the anterior lip, or the mem-
branous protuberance that lies in front of the mandibles
and is continued under these in certain arthropods.
Chilograimma. (ki-lo-g?'am'-?nah) \_x£'i7-oc, lip; y/infi/ja,
a mark : pi., Chilogrammata], Jadelot's labial line.
See Lines, Jadelot ' j.
Chiloma [ki-lo'-mah ) [;t;ei'A6;//a, a lip]. In biology, a
projecting thickened upper lip — as in the camel.
Chiloplasty (ki'-lo-plas-te) [it''' of , lip ; TT7idaaELv, to
form]. Any plastic operation upon the lip.
Chilorrhagia [ki-lor-a' -je-ah) \_xe'iko(^, lip ; pi/yvvvaL,
to burst forth]. Hemorrhage from the lips.
Chiloschisis [ki-los'-kis-is) [x^'t^'K, lip ; ox'toi-<:, a split].
Hare-lip.
Chimaphila {ki-inaf -il-ah) [;t;ri//a, winter; ^I'/lof,
loving]. Pipsissewa, Prince's Pine ; the leaves of C.
umbellata, an evergreen found in the U. S , an astrin-
gent tonic and excellent diuretic. The bruised leaves
are used as a rubefacient. It is valuable in dropsy,
several forms of kidney disease, and for affections of
the urinary passages. C, Fid. Ext. Dose ^l^ss-ij.
C, Decoctum. l to 17. Dose 5j-iij. Unof.
Chimaphilin {ki-maf'-il-in) \_xeliia, winter; (p'lXo^,
loving]. A precipitate from the tincture of Cliimaphila
umbellata, used in cancers; it is a diuretic, discutient,
and alterative. Dose two to three grains. Unof.
Chimiotaxis (him-e-o-taks'-is). See Cke?notaxis.
Chimiotetic [kim-e-o-tet' -ik). See Chemotactic.
Chimney-sweep's Cancer. Cancer of the scrotum,
formerly not uncommon among chimney-sweepers.
Chin [ME., chin]. The mentum ; the lower part
of the face, at or near the symphysis of the lower
jaw. C, Double. See Buccula. C. -cough, whoop-
ing-cough. C.-jerk. See faw-jerk, and Rejlexes,
Table of. C. Reflex. See Reflexes, Table of.
China [kin'-ah, or ke'-nah) [Sp.]. Same as Cinchona.
China [chi'-nah) [Pers., C//i«2 , China] . A country of
Asia. C.-blue. See Pigments, Conspectus of. C-
clay. Pigments, Conspectus of . C. -grass, Ramie ;
a soft, silky vegetable substance used as a sur-
gical dressing ; the fiber of Bcehmcria 7iivea. C-
root, the rhizome of Smilax china, a plant of Eastern
Asia ; it is used as a substitute for true sarsaparilla.
Unof C.-root, False, the plant Smilax pseudo-
china of N. America. Unof. C.-white. Same as
White Lead.
Chinese {chi-ties' ,ox -nez) [Pers., Ch'uii, China]. Per-
taining or belonging to China. C. Catarrh.
Synonym of Lnfluenza. C. Foot, a deformed and
undeveloped foot due to atrophy from compression. It
is a popular fashion among Chinese ladies. C. Green.
See Pigments, Conspectus of . C. Red. Same as Ver-
milion. C. Twist, a name given to a variety of
silk-thread used in surgery. C. Wax, Insect Wax ; a
CHINOIDIN
288
CHLORAL
substance deposited by an insect, Coccus cerifcra, upon
the Chinese ash-tree. It is a white, very crystalHne,
and brittle wax, resembling spertnaceti in appearance,
with a specific gravity of .973 at 15° C. ; it fuses at
82° to 83° C. It is slightly soluble in alcohol and
ether, very soluble in benzene. It is used in candle -
making. C. White. Same as Zinc--iuhiic. C.
Yellow. Same as King's Yellotu and Ocher.
Chinoidin, or Chinoidinum [kin-oi' -din , or kin-oi-din' -
tim) [Sp., Ckina'\. Quinoidin. ^ A mixture of
amorphous alkaloids obtained in the manufacture of
quinin. It has the therapeutic properties of quinin.
Chinolin (kin' -o-lin). See Chinoiina and Qninolin.
Chinolina (kin-o-li'-nah) [_c/iinti, quinin], C^H^N.
Chinolin, Leukolin. An alkaloidal derivative of quinin
and cinchonin, occurring also in coal-tar. It is now
generally prepared by heating anilin or nitro-benzol
with glycerin and a dehydrating agent. It is a valu-
able antiseptic and antipyretic, and is useful in pneu-
monia and typhus and other fevers. It is commonly
used in the form of the tartrate because of the deli-
quescence of the other salts. Dose TT\^iij to x ; of the
tartrate gr. v-xv. Unof.
Chinovin i^kiii' -o-vin) \china, quinin], CgdH-jgOg. A
glucosid obtained from Ciiu/wna.
Chinwhelk. Synonym of Tinea sycosis.
Chiococca [ki-o-kok' -ah) [,v'"!', snow; KO/c/cof , a berry].
A genus of rubiaceous plants. See Cahinca.
Chionanthin {ki-o-nan'-thin) \_xl^v, snow ; avdo^, a
flower]. A precipitate from the tincture of the root-
bark of Chio7iantlms virginiana : it is an aperient,
diuretic, tonic, and narcotic. Dose I to 3 grains.
Unof.
Chionanthus {lii-o-nan'-thits') [;t'"''t snow ; avdor, a
flovifer]. A genus of oleaceous trees and shrubs. C.
virginiana, fringe-tree or poison-ash. The root is
used as a vulnerary. See also Fringe-free. Unof.
Chionyphe (ki-on'-if-e) snow ; a texture].
A genus of fungi. C. carteri, a parasitic fungus,
apparently the cause of the disease known as Fungus
Foot, or Madura Foot, q. v.
Chip Blower [^chip blo'-er'). A warm-air blow-pipe.
Chiragra (ki-ra'-grali) [ ^-c/p, the hand; ay/ja, a seiz-
ure]. Gout in the hand.
Chirarthritis (J;i-rar-thri' -tis) \_X£ip, hand; apftpov, a
joint; iT/c, inflammation]. Rheumatism or arthritis
of the hand.
Chirata (kc-ra' -tali, ox chc-ra' -tali ) \yWx\d.. , chirdeta , a
species of gentian]. Chiretta. The leaves and lighter
stems of C. Ophelia. It resembles gentian in its thera-
peutic properties, and is an excellent tonic. It does
not contain any tannin. Dose of the powdered plant
gr. xv-xxx. C., Fid. Ext., in glycerin and alcohol.
Dose Tt\,xv-xxx. C, Infusum (B. P.). Dose a
wineglassful. C, Tinct., ten per cent, in strength.
Dose 3 ss-ij.
Chiratin [kir-at' -iii) [Hind., chiraetd, a species of
gentian], C.,^H^gO,5. A light-yellow, crystalline,
bitter glucosid, obtained from Chirata.
Chiretta (kir-et'-ah). See Cliirata.
Chirettin (kir-et'-in) [Hind., chiraetd, & species of gen-
tian]. A precipitate obtained from the tincture of
chirata.
Chirismus [ki-ris' -iiius) \_x^ 'P'CI^"Ct ^ handling]. I.
Manipulation ; a kind of massage. 2. Spasm of the
hand.
Chiromancy [ki' -ro-man-se'). See Palmistry .
Chiropelvimeter (ki-ro-pel-vim' -et-er) \_x^U'>y the hand ;
pelvis, the pelvis ; fit-pov, a measure] . An instrument
for use in the manual measurement of the pelvis.
Chiropodist [ki-rop' -o-dist) hand ; n-oiif , TrorSdf ,
foot] . A surgeon or person who professionally treats
diseases of the hands and feet, especially corns, bun-
ions, etc.
Chiro-Pompholyx [ki-ro-pom'-fo-liks) [x^'P, hand;
nufupoXv^ , blister]. Dysidrosis ; pompholyx ; an ill-
defined, inflammatory skin-disease confined to the
hands and feet, and characterized by the development
of peculiar "Vesicles or blebs, arranged in groups.
They are deeply seated and distributed chiefly on the
soles and palms and sides of the fingers. Itching,
burning, pain, and stiffness are present. The disease
is common in neurotic women in the prime of life; it
is almost invariably recurrent, and is rare in winter.
Chirurgeon (ki-rer' -jon) [^tf'/wup; of , a surgeon]. A
surgeon .
Chirurgia (X7'-;r;"'-yc'-rt/^) l_x^>p, hand; ipyov, work].
Surgery.
Chirurgical {ki-rer' -jik-al) [Yf'po!)p)'(a, surgery]. Per-
taining to surgery.
Chirurgien Dentiste {ki-rer' -je-en den-tist') [Fr.].
Surgeon-dentist.
Chisel Cramp (r///G'-f/-/f;v?w/). See Cramp.
Chitin [ki'-tin] \_xit<1)v, a tunic], C,5H,^gN.^0i„. The
substance composing the chief part of the exoskeleton
of many invertebrates, as crabs, lobsters, etc. It is the
animal analogue of the cellulose of plants. When heated
with concentrated HCl it is decomposed into glycosamin
and acetic acid. C/rrf^aw/w (CgHj-jNOj), crystallizes
from alcohol in fine needles, is dextro-rotatory, and re-
duces Fehling's fluid to the same extent as does dex-
■ trose, but is not fermentable. C. Substance, a gela-
tinous substance found in hydatid cysts.
Chittim Bark [chit'-im bark). See Cascara Sagrada.
Chlamydate [klam' -id-dt) [j^a/it'f, a mantle]. In
biology, provided with a pallium or mantle.
Chlamydeous [klam-id' -e-us) [^Aa//()f, a mantle].
In biology, pertaining to the floral envelops.
Chlamydospore [kiam'-id-o-spor) \_x't.apv(;, mantle;
anopd, seed]. In biology, applied to a spore having
its own protective envelop.
Chloasma [k/o-az'-Jiiah) \_x'?ionCeiv, to be pale-green].
Melanodenna ; melasma; a condition characterized by
dyschromia; of the skin of various sizes and shapes,
and of a yellow, brown, and black color. They occur
chiefly upon the face, and are idiopathic or symptomatic
in character. An old name for Tinea versicolor. C.
hepaticum, Liver-spots ; a form following dyspepsia
and popularly associated with hepatic disturbance. C.
phthisicorum, the brown patches upon the skin of the
forehead or upper portions of the cheeks in tuberculous
patients. C. uterinum, chiefly located on the fore-
head, temples, cheeks, nipples, and median line of
abdomen. They are marked during pregnancy, and
often during menstruation.
Chloracetic Acid (klo-ras-e'-tik). .See Acid.
Chloral (klo'-ral) {chlorin ; aldeh^uQ, C.fl^HO. A
pungent, colorless, mobile liquid. The name is often
misapplied to chloral hydrate. C. Butylicum, Butyl-
Chloral Hydrate (B.P.), croton-chloral, C^H-Cl.p,-
H./j, a solid occuiTing in crystalline scales, resembling
chloral hydrate, but made with butyl, CiH,,, as a base,
instead of ethyl, C.,H-. Its properties are parallel to
those of chloral, but are much feebler. Dose gr. v-xx
in syrup. Syrupus Butyl-Chloral, 16 grains to the
ounce. Dose gj-iv. Unof. C. Hydrate, a colorless,
crystalline solid having the composition C.,IICI.j(H0).2,
the hydrate of chloral. It is a powerful hypnotic, anti-
spasmodic, and depressant to the cerebral, medullary,
and spinal centers, and, to a limited extent, is an
anesthetic. It is serviceable in fevers accompanied
by cerebral excitement, in chorea, convulsions, and
all affections requiring a cerebral depressant, and is
excellent in delirium tremens, but should be used with
CHLORALAMID
289
CHLOROMA
great caution. Dose gr. v-xx ; smaller if combined
with potassium or sodium bromid. C, Syrupus
(B.P.). Dose ^^ss-ij. C.-urethane. See Uraliiun.
Q.W.oxaS.zxniA^klo-ral-am' -id ) \chloral ; amid ] , CCI.,CH-
^NHCHO" ^ name inaptly applied to chloral for-
mamidate. In doses of 30 to 45 grains it is a hypnotic.
Chloralid {/do'-ral-id) \_chrofal\ Q..^.f.\Oy A sub-
stance obtained when trichlorlactic acid is heated to
150°, with an excess of chloral ; it crystallizes from
alcohol and ether in large prisms, is insoluble in
water, and melts at from 114° to 115° ; it boils at from
272° to 273°.
Chloralimid {klo-nxF -ini-id) \_chloyal : iiind'\, CCl.,.-
CH.NH. A hypnotic allied to cliloral, soluble in
alcohol. Dose same as that of chloral hydrate.' Unof.
Chloralism (klo'-ral-izm) \_rIilorai'\. I. Chloral-
poisoning ; the morbid state caused by the injudicious
use of chloral. 2. The habit of using chloral.
Chloralize [k/o'-ral-iz) \_chloral^. To put under the in-
fluence of chloral.
Chloralose {klo'-i-al-os) \_ihlora! ; gIucosL'\. Anhydro-
glycochloral ; a jiroduct of the action of anhydrous
chloral upon glucose.
Chloramyl {klo'-rcim-il). Hee Anesi/uiic.
Chloranemia {J;lo-nin-e' -me-ah'). Synonym of CIilo-
rosis.
Chloranil {klo' -rau-il) [,7;/<)r/;/] , C^Cip^. A com-
pound obtained from many benzene compounds (anilin,
phenol, isatin) by the action of chlorin or potassium
chlorate and HCl. It consists of bright, golden
leaflets, insoluble in water, but soluble in hot alcohol
and ether.
Chlor-anodyne (l-/or-au'-o-dlii) \_chlorin ; av priv. ;
oifi'OT;, pain] . A proprietary remedy introduced as an
improvement on chlorodyne. It contains morphin
hydrochlorate, tinct. cannab. Ind., chlorofonn, dilute
hydrocyanic acid, and aromatics. Dose for an adult
ITLxv. Unof.
Chloranthus (Jilo-rau' -thus) [ v^upor, yellowish-green ;
avdor, a flower]. A genus of chloranthaceous plants
of hot climates. C. officinalis, of Java, is a valuable
febrifuge and anti-spasmodic. Unof.
Chlorate {klo' -rat) \j:!ilonn'\. Any salt of chloric acid.
See Pofassii chloras; Sodii chloras, etc.
Chloremia (klo-re' -iiie-ah)\_x'^^('>p6^ , green ; alfjia, blood].
A blood-disorder, either idiopathic or associated with
other ailments, consisting in a diminution of the per-
centage of the hemoglobin and a decrease in the
number of red blood-corpuscles.
Chlorethyl [klo-reth' -il). Ethyl chlorid.
Chloric (klo'-yik) [chlorin^. Pertaining to or contain-
ing chlorin. C. Acid. See Acid. C. Ether. I.
See Ethyl chlorid. 2. See Spirit us Chloroformi.
Chlorid [klo' -rid) \_chlorin'\. In chemistry, a binary
compound, one of the elements of which is chlorin.
C. of Iron Test. See Tests, Table of. C. of
Methyl. See .Anesthetic. Chlorids, Test for. See
Tests, Table of.
Chlorin, or Chlorine (klo'-rin) green]. CI
= 35-5 ) quantivalence I. A non-metallic element.
At ordinary temperatures it is a greenish-yellow gas,
prepared by decomposing sodium chlorid, NaCl. It
is highly irritative to the skin and mucous membranes,
producing spasmodic closure of the glottis. It is the
most valuable of disinfectants. Chlori, Aqua, C,
Liquor (B.P.), chlorin water, contains four per cent, of
the gas in solution. It is a good antiseptic wash.
Dose, internally, n^x-xxx. Calx Chlorinata,
" chlorid of lime," a hypochlorite of calcium contain-
ing free chlorin ; a valuable disinfectant. Dose, in-
ternally, gr. iij-vj. Calx Chloral, Liq. (P. B.), con-
19
tains I pound of the salt per gallon of water. Sodium
Chloral., Liq., Labarraqite^ s Solutionu^AwiXa. carbon-
ate 10, calx chlorinata 8, water ad l^^^Lpose Tr^ x-
^ j in 20 parts of water. Chlorin^^Hfcr (B. P.),
used for inhalation. C. -Hunger, theijpnaition of the
body when chlorin (usually in the form of common
salt) is lacking. Among the immediate results of this
deficiency are indigestion and albuminuria.
Chloroanemia [klo-ro-an-e' -me-ah ). Synonym of
Chlorosis.
Chlorobrom (klo'-ro-brdm) [chlorin; bromin'\. A
solution each ounce of which contains 30 grains of
chloralamid and potassium bromid. It is a hypnotic.
Chlorocruorin [klo-ro-kru' -or-in') \_x'kupbc, green ;
iruor, blood]. A green respiratory pigment from
the greenish blood of the Sabella.
Chlorodyne [klo'-ro-din) \_yA(ii>6r, green ; bM'v?}, pain].
A proprietary remedy supposed to contain chloroform,
ether, morphin, cannabis Indica, hydrocyanic acid,
and capsicum. The various imitations differ widely.
It is a good anodyne and narcotic. Dose Tt\^ x-xxx,
■mith care. Unof.
Chloroform (klo' -ro-fori?!) \_chloroformum , chloroform :
gen. , Clilorofor7ni'\. Methyl Terchlorid, CHCI3. A
heavy, colorless liquid obtained by the action of
chlorinated lime on methyl alcohol. (The commercial
article, C. veiiale, contains 2 per cent, of impurities
and is unfit for administration.) Administered inter-
nally, chloroform produces narcosis and violent gastro-
enteritis. Chloroform has an agreeable odor and a
sweetish taste. It solidifies in the cold, melts at 71°,
boils at 61°, and its specific gravity is 1.526. It is
excellent in true cholera and in similar diseases of the
stomach and bowels. Externally, it is much employed
as an ingredient of rubefacient and anodyne liniments.
Mixed with a large per cent, of air and inhaled,
it is one of the most valuable of general anesthetics,
but occasionally (I : 3000) causing death by cardiac
paralysis. See Anesthetic. Deep injections in the
vicinity of the sciatic nerve are recommended in
sciatica. C, Alcoholized, a mixture of chloroform
and alcohol. C, Ammonialed, equal parts of am-
monia in alcohol and chloroform ; antipyretic and
anodyne. Unof C, Aqua (B.P.). Dose ^^ss-ij.
C. -liniment, commercial chloroform 40, soap-lini-
ment 60 parts. C, Liniment., Comp., chloroform
5j, oil of turpentine Jj, tincture of opium ^iv, tinc-
ture of aconite _"ij. Unof. C, Mislura, pure chlo-
roform 8, camphor 2, fresh yolk of egg 10, water 80
parts. Dose ^j-^j- C, Spt., pure chloroform 10,
alcohol 90 parts. Dose n\,x-3j. Tinct. Chloro-
formi el Morphinas (B.P.), a substitute for chloro-
dyne. Each dose of TT\^lo contains chloroform rr^l^,
ether Tr^,'^', alcohol X(\\\{, morphin hydrochlorate gr.
-jlj-, dilute hydrocyanic acid Tr\^^, oil of peppermint
TTL-J^, fluid extract of licorice treacle and
syrup q. s. Tinct. C. Comp. (B.P.), chloroform 2,
alcohol 8, comp. tinct. of cardamon 10. Dose
ni.xx-.'^j.
Chloroformism [klo' -ro-for-inizjn) \chloroformum,
chloroform]. I. The use of chloroform to excess
for its narcotic effect. 2. The symptoms produced by
this use of the drug.
Chlorolymphoma {klo-ro-liuf-o'-mali) \jkup6i;, green ;
/)'OT///(7, water; biia, a. tvamor]. Another name for
chloroma ; it is thought by some to be a variety of
lymphoma, from its containing lymphocytes.
Chloroma (klo-ro' -niah) \_x'^<^pbc, yellowish-green ; bjxa,
a tumor: //. , Chloj-omata']. " Green cancer"; a rare
variety of sarcoma, of a greenish tint, usually seated
upon the periosteum of the bones of the head, or upon
the dura.
CHLORONITROBENZENE
290
CHOLECYSTORRAPHY
Chloronitrobenzene iyklo-ro-ni-lro-ben' -zeii) [.YAojpof ,
green; nilKWu, niter; benzoiii]. Una of the ingre-
dients of ^musite, q. v.
Chlorophari?*('/'/o''-ro-/a«) [^^-Au^jof , green; (baiveaflni,
to appear]. A yellowish-green chromophane. See
Cliromopiianes.
Chlorophyl [klo' -ro-fil) [;i/ai/jof, green ; <^'\iXhov, leaf].
A coloring-matter occurring in the chlorophyl-granules
in all the green parts of plants. Wax and other sub-
stances are associated witli it. Its constitution is not
yet known. It is the substance by whose agency car-
bohydrates are formed in green plants.
Chlorophyllan [Ido-ro-jW -an) \_xA,u)pu(;, green ; fvAAov,
leaf]. A substance obtained from fresh grass by ex-
tracting the latter with boiling absolute alcohol. It
appears as crystals that melt at llo° C. to a black liquid,
which on further heating burns with a luminous flame.
It is easily soluble in ether, benzol, and chloroform.
Chloroplastid (klo-ro-plas' -tid ) [x/^w/JOf, green ; ir'kao-
rdf, to form or mold]. In biology, a chlorophyl-
granule. Applied by Lankester to chlorophyl-bearing
cells as seen in Hydra viridis. Probably these are
secretory cells or digestive glands comparable to the
liver-cells of Amphioxus.
Chlorosarcoma [klo-ro-sar-ko' -mali). See Chloronia.
Chlorosis (klo-ro' -sis) \_x'/:wpiiQ, green]. The " green
sickness," a disease of young women, associated with
anemia and menstrual abnormality, usually suppression.
It is the most common form of idiopathic anemia. It
is favored by a sedentary life and poor hygiene. The
blood shows a marked deficiency in hemoglobin, with
some decrease in the number of red corpuscles,
together with an increase in its watery elements. The
patients do not seem to suffer from any interference
with the general nutrition ; in fact, there is often a ten-
dency to the accumulation of fat in the tissues. There
is present well-marked neurasthenia, with, at times,
hysterical manifestations. There can always be heard
a systolic bruit at the base of the heart and in the
neck, anemic in nature. The bowels are constipated,
and there may be some fever. C. pituitosis. Syno-
nym of Enteritis, Pseudo-membranous. C. rubra,
cases of chlorosis of moderate grade, with a reddish
tint of the cheeks, especially on exertion.
Chlorotic (klo rot'-ik) \_x/'<^pdr)/(, paleness]. Relating
to chlorobis. A person affected by chlorosis.
Chlorozone [klo-ro' -zon) [^Xw/jof , green ; bi^uv, to
smell]. A yellow liquid assumed to be a mixture of
chlorin and ozone ; it is formed by passing nascent
chlorin through caustic soda ; its composition is not
known. It is a strong bleaching-agent and disinfec-
tant.
Chlorphenol {klor-fe' -nol) [,^;/'i.(jpof , green; ^oii';^, pur-
ple-red], CgH^Cl.OH. Mono-chlor-phenol, a sub-
stance possessed of marked antiseptic and antituber-
culotic properties. It is strongly recommended for
inhalation in diseases of the respiratory passages.
Chlorum [klo'-ruin) [^i-zupor, green : geti. , Chlori ] . The
official pharmaceutic name of chlorin. See Chlorin.
Choana [ko'-an-ah) [_xodv>/, a funnel : //., C/wance']. A
funnel-like opening. A name applied to the posterior
nasal orifices.
Choanocyte (ko'-an-o-sit) [,\'oaiv/, a funnel; m rof , a
cell]. In biology, a collar-cell.
Choanosome [ko'-au-o-som) \_xoavij, a funnel ; cuiia,
body]. In biology, that portion of the cavity of a
sponge that is lined with collar-cells.
Chocolate (chok'-o-lat) [Mex., choco, cacao; latl,
water]. I. A dried paste prepared from the powder
of cacao-seeds (see Cacao) with various mucilaginous
and amylaceous ingredients. 2. A beverage prepared
from the foregoing. 3. A sugared comfit, variously
compounded and flavored, containing some proportion
of the foregoing paste ; sometimes medicated, as with
cinchona, scammoiiy, or magnesia. C, African.
See Iba.
Choke {chbk) [ME., choken, to choke]. To suffocate ;
to prevent the access of air to the lungs by compres-
sing or obstructing the trachea. C. -cherry, the
fruit of Pruniis (Cerasus) virginiana, not the P. vir-
giniana of the pharmacopeia; common in the U. S.
It is antispasmodic, tonic, and slightly astringent.
Cerasin is a concentrated extract. Dose gr. ij-viij.
Unof. C.-damp, a name given by miners to car-
bonic acid gas. Called also Black-damp.
Choked Disc [chokd disk). See Papillitis.
Choking [ckok'-ing) [ME. , cAo/J'fw, to choke] . Partial
or complete suftbcation, whether by the lodgment of
food, or any foreign body in the larynx, trachea, phar-
ynx, or esophagus, or by the inhalation of any irres-
pirable gas or vapor. C. Distemper, a name applied
in Eastern Pennsylvania to cerebro-spinal meningitis
in the horse.
Cholagogic (kdl-ag-og' -ik) \_x<''^'l-, bile; ayuyix;, carrying
oft"]. I. Stimulating the flow of bile. 2. A cholagogue.
Cholagogue {kdl'-ag-og) \_xo'kii, bile; (lyuyoQ, leading].
Any medicine that promotes the flow of bile ; an
agent that is supposed to stimulate the secretion or
excretion of bile.
Cholalic Acid [ko-laV -ik). See Choloidinic Acid.
Cholangitis {ko-lan-ji' -tis) \xoKrj, bile; dyyeiov, a ves-
sel]. Inflammation of a bile-duct. It is attended
with ague-like paroxysms, chills, fever, and sweating,
and jaundice of varying intensity.
Cholate [kol'-at) [^o/l?/, bile]. Any salt of cholic acid.
Choleate [kol'-e-ai] [;i;oA//, bile]. Any salt of choleic
acid.
Cholecyanin [kol-e-si' -an-in). See Bilicyanin.
Cholecyst [kol'-e-sist) \_xo'^-V, bile; Kvarit;, a bladder].
The gall-bladder.
Cholecystectasia {kol-e-sis-tek-ta' -se-ah) \_xo^>/, bile;
Kvaric, a cyst; eKraaii;, a distention]. Distention or
dilatation of the gall-bladder.
Cholecystectomy [kol-e-sis-tek' -to-me) [xO'^'A bile ;
nvGTic, bladder; kKTOfiij, a cutting oft"]. Excision of
the gall-bladder.
Cholecystendysis (kol-e-sis-ten'-dis-is) \_xo^^li bile;
KnaTir, a bladder; h'Svatg, an entering]. Cholecys-
totomy, I/. "'.
Cholecystenterostomy(,^()/-£'-jzj-/t'«-/t'r-(;^''-/f-OT£')[;);oA//,
bile ; Kvarig, a bladder ; evrepov, intestine ; aropn, a
mouth]. Incision of the gall-bladder and intestine,
with suture of the intestinal wound to that of the
gall-bladder, so as to relieve the effects of obstruction
of the gall-duct by openmg a new passage mto the
intestine.
Cholecystic (kol-e-sis'-tik) [xo/*'/, bile; Kvarig, a blad-
der]. Relating to the gall-bladder.
Cholecystitis [kol-e-sis-ti'-lis) [.yoA?/, bile ; kvutic,
bladder; iri^, inflammation]. Inflammation of the
gall-bladder.
Cholecystocolostomy [kol-e-sis-to-ko-los' -fo-me) \_xo'^il,
bile ; Krarit;, a bladder ; KoXnv, the colon ; ro/i//, a
cutting]. The surgical establishment of a passage
between the gall-bladder and the colon.
Cholecystolithotripsy {kol-e-sis-to-lith'-o-trip-se) [ lo/i//,
bile; Kvariq, a bladder; X/fof, a stone; Tp't^eiv, to
crush]. The crushing of gall-stones in the gall-bladder.
Cholecystoncus [kol-e-sis-tong'-kus) [,);o^/'/, bile ; kvotii;,
bladder; oj-mr, a tumor]. A swelling or tumor of
the gall-bladder.
Cholecystorrhaphy (kol-e-sist-or'-a-/e) [f'^'A hWe ;
KidTi^, bladder ; pa<l)i/, a seam]. Suture of the gall-
bladder.
CHOLECYSTOSTOMY
291
CHOLESTEATOMA
Cholecystostomy (kol-e-sis-tos' -to-me) \_Xo'^''h bile ;
Kvari^, a bladder; UTo/za, mouth]. The surgical
establishment of an opening into the gall-bladder.
Cholecystotomy (^kol-e-sis-tof -o-me) [^oA/;, bile ; Khrsriq^
bladder ; Ttfivtiv, to cut]. Incision of the gall-bladder
to remove gall-stones, etc.
Choledoch (/£W-('-(/oi')[,vo/,//,bile ; (5t';t;fffft'ai, to receive].
I. Conducting bile. 2. A bile-duct. 3. The common
bile-duct.
Choledochitis {kol-ed-o-ki' -tis) [xo'^'/i bile ; Scxeadai,
to receive ; irig, inflammation]. Inflammation of the
choledoch duct.
Choledocho-duodenostomy {kol-ed-o-ko-du-od-en-os' -
to-ine) [_xo^>/, bile; (U ^soHiit , to receive; duodecim,
twelve; OTOfia, mouth]. The surgical establishment
of a passage between the common bile-duct and the
duodenum.
Choledocho-enterostomy {kol-ed-o-ko-en-ter-os' -to-me)
[_Xo^''i, bile ; SexeoOai, to receive ; kvrefxiv, bowel ;
(jTdfia, mouth]. The surgical establishment of a pass-
age between the cavity of the choledoch duct and
the small intestine.
Choledocho\ithotnpsy(io/-ed-o-io-/it/i'-o-^n'J>-se)l_xo'/Jj,
bile; dtxeaflai, to receive; 2i0og, a stone; rpilieiv, to
rub]. The crushing of a gall-stone in the ductus
choledochus.
Choledochostomy (kol-ed-o-kos' -to-me) [^o^r;, bile ;
(5f;t;f(j(^a( , to receive ; oro^a, mouth]. The formation
of a fistula in the gall-duct through the abdominal
wall.
Choledochotomy (kol-ed-o-kof -o-me) l_X"^'/^ bile;
d^x^odat, to receive ; to/it/, section]. Opening of the
common bile-duct by incision.
Choledochus (/&o/-d'(/'-o-/^z«) [x"/^'/, bile; Skx^odai, to
receive]. Receiving or holding bile, C, Ductus
Communis, the common excretory duct of the liver
and gall-bladder.
Choledology i^kol-ed-oF -o-je) \_xo'kri^ bile ; Ityciv, to
speak]. The sum of knowledge concerning the bile.
Choleic {kol-e'-ik) \_xo'kr], bile]. Pertaining to the bile.
Cholein (kol'-e-in) \_xo'ky, bile]. A mi.xture of several
principles of the bile ; a fatty principle found in bile.
Cholelith [kol' -e-litli) [;t;oA//, bile ; A/fiof, a stone]. A
biliary calculus or gall-stone.
Cholelithiasis [kol-e-lith-i'-as-is) \_xo'kii, bile ; A/Qof, a
stone]. The presence of, or a condition associated
with, calculi in the gall-bladder or in a gall-duct.
Cholemesis (ko/-e?>i'-es-is) [;i;o/l?/, bile ; ifieai^, vomit-
ing]. The vomiting of bile.
Cholemia (ko-le' -me-ah) \_xo'^V, bile; alfxa, blood].
The presence of bile in the blood.
Cholemic {ko-le' -inik) \_xo'^?j, bile; ai/ia, blood]. Re-
lating to cholemia; marked or caused by cholemia.
Cholepyrrhin iykol-e-pir' -in) \_x°^Vi bile; Tri^ppdf, orange-
colored] . The brown coloring-matter of bile. Also
called Bilepyrrhin.
Cholera [kol^-er-ak) [;t;o/lfpa ; from Xo'^Vt bile]. A
name given to a number of acute diseases charac-
terized mainly by large discharges of fluid material
from the bowels. A synonym of C. asiatica. C.
asiatica, an acute, specific, highly malignant dis-
ease, existing in India and the tropics of Asia
during the entire year, and occasionally spreading
as an epidemic over large areas. It is character-
ized by excessive vomiting, alvine discharges resemb-
ling flocculent rice-water, severe cramps, collapse,
and frequently death. The rate of mortality varies
from 10 to 66 per cent. , the average being over
50 per cent. The cause or specific virus is very
generally believed to be the so-called '■'■comma
bacillus''^ of Koch, which is contained in the rice-
water discharges. Cultures of this germ have in some
instances produced the disease and in others have
failed. The virus, whatever it may be, commonly
gains entrance into the system by means of the drink-
ing-water ; hence in cases of threatened epidemic,
and during the prevalence of an epidemic the purity
of the water-supply should be carefully investigated.
C, Bilious, a form of the disease attended with exces-
sive discharge of bile. C, Chicken, a very fatal epi-
demic disease of fowls, marked by tumefaction of the
lymphatic glands, with inflammation and ulceration
of the digestive organs. The symptoms peculiar to
cholera are wanting. C, English. See C. nos-
tras. C, European. See C. , Simp/c. C. gravior.
Synonym of C. asiatica. C.-hand, a livid, grayish-
blue, corrugated state of the palms of the hand
from immersion in water. It is present in death
from drowning, and is also called " washerwoman's
hand." C, Hog, an infectious disease attacking
swine and characterized by a patchy redness of the
skin, with inflammation and ulceration of the bowels,
enlargement of the abdominal glands, and congestion
of the lungs. C. infantum, the '^summer com-
p/aint'^ of infants and young children; an acute dis-
ease occurring in wann weather, and characterized by
gastric pain, vomiting, purgation, fever, and prostra-
tion. The cause of the disease is the prolonged action
of heat, together with errors in diet and hygiene. It
is most common among the poor and in hand-fed
babes. The disease is of short duration, death fre-
quently ensuing in three to five days. C. infec-
tiosa. See Cholera asiatica. C. morbus, an acute
catarrhal inflammation of the mucous membrane of
the stomach and intestines, with enteric pain, purging,
vomiting, spasmodic contractions of the muscles, etc.
It is a disease of the heated term and is very similar
to Asiatic cholera in its symptomatology. C. nostras,
also called English Cholera and Choleri>ie. Same as
C. morbus. C. sicca, a term applied to those cases of
Asiatic cholera in which rice-water liquid is found in
the intestines after death, though none had been
voided during life. C, Simple, the diarrhea with
cramps, purging, and collapse, common in the autumn
or late summer. C, Summer. See C, Simple. C.
Voice, the peculiar whispering voice of those in the
cold stage of cholera.
Choleraic [kol-er-a' -ik) [^foXt/ja, cholera]. Pertaining
to or resembling cholera. C. Diarrhea. See Diar-
rhea.
Choleraphobia (kol-er-af-o' -be-ali) [ ( oPifpa, cholera ; a
priv. ; <li6[3oi;, fear.] Absence of fear during an epi-
demic of cholera.
Choleraphonia (kol-er-af-o' -ne-ali) \_xo/iipa, cholera ;
a priv.; ^yi^?/, a voice]. Aphonia occurring during an
attack of cholera.
Choleriform [ko-ler'-if-or}]i) [ vo/t'pa, cholera ; forma,
form]. Resembling or appearing like cholera.
Cholerigenous i^kol-er-ij'-en-tis) \_xo')<.kpa, cholera;
yivEGii;, production]. Giving origin to cholera.
Cholerine [kol' -er-in) [dim. of cholera'^. A mild case
of choleraic diarrhea. Also, the initiatory stage of
malignant cholera. Also, the zymotic cause or virus
of cholera. See Cholera nostras.
Choleroid {kol'-er-oid) [ joAf pa, cholera ; etdof, like].
Resembling cholera ; choleriform.
Cholerophobia [kol-er-o-fo' -be-ah) [xaAt'pa, cholera;
il>6fjo(;, fear]. Morbid dread of cholera.
Cholerrhagia [kol-er-a' -je-ah) \_xo7iii ,\y\t; p/p/vvvai, to
burst forth]. Synonym of Cholera morbus.
Cholesteatoma [kol-es-te-at-o' -mah) [;i;o/l?/, bile (chol-
esterin) ; ureaTu/xa, a sebaceous tumor : pi., Cholesteat-
omata^. A tumor containing cells inclosing plates of
cholesterin, and occurring most frequently at the base
CHOLESTEATOMATOUS
292
CHONDROGEN
of the brain, but occasionally in subcutaneous tissue.
It often incloses sebaceous glands, hair-follicles, and
other dermal structures.
Cholesteatomatous {kol-es-te-at-oiii' -al-us) [xo'^'A bile;
areaTu/j-a, a sebaceous tumor]. Of the nature of, per-
taining to, or afi'ected with, cholesteatoma.
Cholesteremia [kol-es-ter-e' -me-ah^, or Cholesterin-
emia {kol-es-ter-in-e' -me-ali) [j^foX//, bile; aTtd/i,
stiff fat; al//a, blood]. The retention of cholesterin
in the blood ; also, the morbid state ascribed to such
retention.
Cholesterin {Jzol-es' -te7--ui) \_xo'Ari,\yA(t; urepfof, solid],
C2gH^^0, or CjjH^.jO. A monatomic alcohol, a con-
stituent of bile, and a normal ingredient of nervous
tissue. Also the fatty
substance forming the
acid principle of biliary
calculi. It is a glitter-
ing, white, crystalline
substance, soapy to the
touch, crystallizing in
hne needles and rhom-
bic plates. It is quite
insoluble in water and
in cold alcohol, but Cholesterin Crystals.
soluble in solutions of bile-salts ; it is levo-rotatory.
Choletelin [kol-et' -el-in) \_xo^V> bile; re/lof, comple-
tion], C,gH,gN.,Og. An amorphous, soluble, yellow
pigment derived from bilirubin. It is the final pro-
duct of the oxidation of bile-pigments. It is readily
soluble in alkalies, alcohol, and chloroform.
Choleuria [kol-e-ii' -rc-ah) \_xo^V> bile; oi'pov, urine].
The presence of bile in the urine.
Choleverdin {kol-e-ver'-din^ \_X'j'^'h bile; lin'dis,
green], 'n^t Bilicyanin.
Cholic [kol'-ik) [^xo'^V, bile]. Pertaining to the bile.
C. Acid. See Acid.
Cholin {kol'-in) [xo^, bile], CjHjjNO^. A substance
found among the products of the decomposition of
pig's bile and ox-bile, hence its name. It is also
found in the extracts of the suprarenals, and is a pro-
duct of the decomposition of lecithin. It is a colorless
fluid, of oily consistence, possesses a strong alkaline
reaction, and forms with acids very deliquescent salts.
It is a very unstable body. It is soluble in alcohol or
ether. It is distinct from, though closely related to,
neurin. C. Group of Ptomaines, four ptomaines —
Cholin, Neurin, Beta'in, and Muscarin — have been thus
classified. All these bases may be considered as oxida-
tion-products of trimethyl-ethyl-ammonium hydrate.
Cholochrome (/!W-o-/?TO///)[;i;o^i^,bile ; x/36j/-/o, color].
Any bile-pigment.
Cholocyst {kol' -o-sist). See Cholecyst.
Cholohematin {kol-o-heiii'-a1-iii) \_xo'^Vi bile; o(//a,
blood]. A pigment found in the bile of the ox and
sheep. It is probably a derivative of hematin.
Choloidinic Acid {J;ol-oi-din' -ik). See Acid.
Chololith {kol'-o-lith). See Cholelith.
Chololithiasis i^kol-o-lith-i' -as-is). See Cliolclithiasis.
Chololithic {kol-o-lith'-ik') [^o?'^, bile ; A/fer, a stone].
Pertaining to a cholelith.
Cholophein {ko!-o-fc'-in). See Bilipheiii.
Cholopoiesis [kol-o-poi-e' -sis) \_xoAr/, bile ; Tvoh/aic:, a
making]. Ihe fonnation of bile.
Cholorrhagia [koi-or-a^-fc-a/i) [x^^V, bile ; p-rjyvbvai, to
burst forth]. A sudden flow of bile.
Cholorrhea (Jiol-or-e'-aK) \_xo7J], bile; pnia, a flow].
Any excessive discharge of bile.
Cholosis (kol-o'-sis) \_xo'A fi ,h\\e'\. Any disease caused by
or associated with a perversion of the biliary secretion.
Cholotic {kol-of -ik) \_xokri, bile]. Due to or associated
with a cholosis.
Q,\\Q!i\yc\.2k (kol-it' -7'e-al!) [;i'o?t//, bile ; ot'/jop, urine]. The
presence of bile, bile-salts, or bile-pigments in the
urine. Also, the greenish coloration of the urine.
Chondodendron (Jion-do-den'-dron). See Chondro-
dend 1-071.
Chondral (kon' -dral) \_xov6po(^, cartilage]. Cartilagin-
ous ; relating to or composed of cartilage.
Chondralgia [Jton-di'al' -je-ah) \_X^>'f&poq, cartilage ;
h'kyoc, pain]. Pain in or about a cartilage.
Chondrectomy (Jioti-drek' -to-iiie') \_xdv&poi;, cartilage ;
kuToiiij, a cutting out]. Surgical excision of a cartil-
age, or of a part of one.
Chondren [koii' -dren) [;foi-'(5/jof, cartilage]. Belonging
to a cartilage in itself.
Chondrification {koii-drif-iJz-a'-sluiit) \_X"v&po<;, cartil-
age ; facei'e, to make]. The process of being con-
verted into cartilage ; the state of being chondrified.
Chondrify [kon' -di-if-i') \_xbvSpoq, cartilage ; Jiei-i, to
become]. To convert into cartilage; to become car-
tilaginous.
Chondrigen [l'0)i' -drij-eii') [,voi'f^pof , cartilage ; yevve'iv,
to produce]. That material of the hyaline cartilage
which on boiling with water becomes chondrin.
Chondrigenous iyko>i-drij' -cit-us) [,V('i''V^of, cartilage;
yevve'iv, to produce]. Producing chondrin ; relating
to cartilage that has not hardened.
Chondriglucose (koii-dre-glti' -kos) [;f(ii'c!/)r)(', cartilage ;
y\vK.vq, sweet]. A materia! formed by boiling car-
tilage with mineral acids. It has a sweet taste and the
properties of glucose.
Chondrin [kon' -drin) [jorti/jor, cartilage]. A substance
obtained from the matrix of hyaline cartilage by boil-
ing. It resembles gelatin in general properties, but
differs from it in not being precipitated by tannic acid.
The substance yielding it is cJiondrigen, probably an
anhydrid. See also Glue.
Chondritis {koii-dri'-/is) [x^'>"^P"C, cartilage ; iric, in-
flammation]. Inflammation of a cartilage.
Chondroblast {kon'-dro-blasf) [jovrfpor, cartilage;
P?.aGT6q, germ]. A cell of developing cartilage.
Chondroclasis {kon-di-ok' -las-is) [.T^oi'J/for, cartilage ;
Kkciaiq, fracture]. The crushing of a cartilage.
Chondroclast \kon'-di-o-klasf) \_xl>vdp<K, cartilage ;
K7nFn', to break]. A cell supposed to be concerned
in the absorption of cartilage.
Chondrocostal [kou-dro-kos'-/al) \_xov(')poc , cartilage ;
casta, a rib]. Relating to the ribs and their
cartilages.
Chondrodendron [kon-dro-deii'-dron) [;\;o»'c5pof, car-
tilage ; (?f I'lS/ior, a tree]. A genus of S. American
menispermaceous climbing-plants. C. glaberrimum
and C. tomentosum are among the plants that
furnish Pareira bi-ava.
Chondrodynia (kon-dro-diii^-c-a/t) \_xijvfipuc, cartilage ;
biVvvT), pain]. Pain in a cartilage.
Chondrodystrophia {kon-dro-dis-tro' -fc-ali) \_xuv6pn':,
cartilage; 6ve, bad; Tpt<peiv, to nourish]. Fetal
rhachitis.
Chondroepiphysis {^l;o?i-dro-e-pif'-is-is') [jcirJpof, carti-
lage; EKi^vaiq, an outgrowth]. A cartilage that is
destined to become an epiphysis ; an epiphysis that has
been developed from cartilage.
Chondrofibroma {kon-dro-fi-bro' -tiiaJi) [;i'('rc5pof, carti-
lage ; Jibra, a fiber; biia, a tumor: //. , Cliondrofibro-
iitatif^. Chondroma with fibromatous elements.
Chondrofibromatous [kon-dro-fi-bro' -iiiat-iis) [,;•(/ I'J/jor,
cartilage ; Jibra, a fiber ; hpa, a tumor], (Jf the na-
ture of chondrofibroma.
Chondrogen {kon' -dro-jen) [;);oi.'(5/ior, cartilage ; yevvelv,
to produce]. I. See Chondi-igcn. \. A substance
found in fetal and early life, forming a part of the tis-
sue of imperfectly developed cartilage.
CHONDROGENESIS
293
CHOREIC
Chondrogenesis i^kon-dro-jcn' -es-is) \_xov^imq, cartilage;
yfVtcrif, formation]. The formation of cartilage.
Chondrogenetic {^kon-dro-jen-ef -ik) [;t'"'^''P"f > cartilage;
yEvsoiq, formation]. P'orming cartilage ; relating to
chondrogenesis.
Chondrogenous (lion-droj'-en-us) [;i;oj'(Vjo(:, cartilage ;
yeveaiq, production]. Of the nature of chondrogen ;
producing cartilage.
Chondroglucose {kon-dro-glu'-kos') \_xbv6poq, cartilage;
y'AvKvg, sweet]. One of the glucoses. See Carbohy-
drate and Glucose.
Chondrography {kon-drog'-ra-fv) [,vt'i''Vjff > cartilage ;
ypaibeiv, to write]. An anatomic description of the
cartilages.
Chondroid (kon'-droid) \_xov6por, cartilage; eMof,
form]. Resembling cartilage.
Chondrology {kon-droF -o-je) \_xov(ipoi;, cartilage; "koyoq,
science]. The science of cartilages.
Chondroma (kon-dro'-niaJi) [,i'oi'<5/5or, cartilage ; bim,
tumor]. A cartilaginous tumor. See £72ehoudro!na.
Chondromalacia [kon-dro-i/ial-a'-se-ah) [,i-<(vdpof, car-
tilage; |UaZa/c/a, softening]. Softening of a cartilage.
C. atiris. Same as Hciinatoma aiiris.
Chondromalacosis [kon-dro-mal-ak-o' -sis). See Chon-
dromalacia.
Chondromatous {kon-drdin^-at-iis) \_xov&poi;, cartilage;
6|(/a, a tumor]. Relating to or of the nature of cartilage.
Chondro-myxoma {kon-dro-miks-o' -mah') [;^;oi'Jpo£-, car-
tilage ; /"'fa, mucus; ojia, a tumor: pi., Chondro-
myxomata'\. A chondroma with myxomatous ele-
ments.
Chondrosarcoma [koit-dro-sar-ko' -}iialt) [ai'i'iV'^C, car-
tilage ; (Tnp«:6)/^a, sarcoma : //., Chondrosarcojnata'\.
A cartilaginous and sarcomatous tumor.
Chondrosarcomatous (kon-dro-sar-koiid -at-zis^ [A'"''-
(Sfjor, cartilage ; oup/tWiUa, sarcoma]. Relating to chon-
drosarcoma.
Chondrosis (kon-dro'-sis) \_X"''"h""^-' cartilage]. For-
mation of cartilage.
Chondrosteous {Jcon-dros' de-US') [ ^oi'd/'or, cartilage ;
oarlop, bone]. In biology, having a cartilaginous
skeleton.
Chondrotome {kon^-dro-/d//i) [j^-ovtSpof , cartilage ; rn/ioc,
cutting]. An instrument for cutting cartilage.
Chondrotomy (l^on-drot' -o-tiic') [x"''"^pof > cartilage ;
rtjivcLV, to cut]. The dissection or surgical division
of a cartilage, or the anatomic analysis of a cartilage.
Chondrus [koii'-drus') \_xi>vipnr, a grain; cartilage].
I. Irish Moss. The substance of the algss C. crispiis
and C. Diaminillosus. These yield, on boiling with
water, a soluble colloid consisting mainly of mucilage.
This is demulcent and somewhat nutrient, and is
sometimes used in making blanc mange. Dose indefi-
nite. Unof. See Carragheen. 2. A cartilage ; the
ensiform cartilage.
Chopart's Amputation. See Operations, Table of. C.
Operations. See Operations, Table of.
Chopping [chop' -iiig). See Percussion.
Chorda {kor' -dah')\\^. ,a cord : pi., Chord, e'\. A cord, ten-
don, or filament of nerve. C. caudalis, the urochord.
C. dorsalis. See Notochord. C. spinalis, the
spinal cord. C. tendineae, the tendinous strings
connecting the cohimna carncce of the heart with the
auriculo-ventricular valves, C. tympani, a filament
of the Vidian nerve that enters the tympanum. C.
umbilicalis, the umbilical cord. C. vertebralis, the
notochord ; the spinal cord. C. vocalis, one of the
vocal bands or thyro-arytenoid ligaments.
Chordal [kor'-dal) [chorda, a cord]. Relating to a
chorda, especially to the notochord.
Chordapsus [kor-dap' -siis) \_xopfiii, an intestine ; aiTTEiv,
to tie up]. Synonym of Acute Intestinal Catarrh.
Chordae (kor-de') [x^P'^'l, a cord]. .\ symptom of
gonorrhea consisting of painful erection and down-
ward curvature of the penis.
Chorditis [kor-dd -tis) \_x^>f'^'ly a cord ; itk;, inflamma-
tion]. Inflammation of the vocal bands. C. tuber-
osa, a localized thickening on the vocal bands,
often bilateral, and situated at the junction of the
posterior two-thirds with the anterior third.
Chordotonal {Jzor-do-to' -nal) \_X'^P'^'l-i chord; tovik^
tone]. In biology, applied to sense-organs or
parts of arthropods that are responsive to sound-
vibrations.
Chorea [ko-re'-ah) [^Y^P^'fl, dancing]. St. Vitus's
dance. A functional nervous disorder, usually occur-
ring in youth, characterized by spasmodic and con-
vulsive contraction and non-rhythmic action of the
muscles of the extremities, face, etc. The action of
the heart is irregular, and in a large number of cases
a systolic murmur is present. Rheumatism is a fre-
quent complication. Chorea may be caused by a
number of conditions, among which are fright and
reflex irritations, but it is essentially a disease of the
later period of childhood, and affects girls about three
times as frequently as boys. Occasionally it is seen
in the adult, and may become a serious complication
of pregnancy, resulting in the death of both fetus
and mother. When it occurs late in life it generally
resists treatment. C, Automatic, an afiection in
which paroxysms of apparently purposive actions
occur independently of the will, as the result of an
impulse that arises spontaneously or that occurs in
response to a stimulus received from without. C,
Buttonmaker's, a form of chorea in girls employed
in button-mills, the result of application at their trade.
The fingers move involuntarily when not at work,
following the same motions as when guiding the
procession of buttons. It is due to an erethism of
the centers in the brain for the hands and fingers.
C, Chronic. St& C, Huntingdon' s. C, Electric.
See Dubini'' s Disease. C, Epidemic, dancing mania.
See Choromania. C. festinans. See Paralysis agi-
tans. C. germanorum, a term for the major form of
chorea. C. -habit. See Spasm. C, Hereditary.
SteC, Ihtntingdon's. C, Hysterical. See C, J\/ajor.
C, Huntingdon's, an affection frequently hereditary,
of adult or middle life, characterized by irregular
movements, disturbance of speech, and gradual de-
mentia. It was first described by Huntingdon, a
physician of Long Island, U. S. C. insaniens,
maniacal chorea ; a grave form of chorea usually seen
in adult women, and associated with maniacal symp-
toms. This may develop from the ordinary form, and
usually ends fatally. It may develop during preg-
nancy. C, Maniacal. See C. insaniens. C, Major,
the hysterical chorea of the French, in which there
are regular oscillatory movements of the parts. C,
Mimetic, that which is caused by imitation. C,
Minor, simple chorea. C. oscillatoria is marked by
more or less regular oscillations of the head, trunk, or
limbs. C, Post-hemiplegic. See Athetosis. C,
Post-paralytic, a form of involuntary movement seen
in patients after an attack of hemiplegia. C, Rhyth-
mic. See C, Major. C, Rotatory, a hysterical form
associated with rhythmic movements of the body
or head. C, School-made, chorea resulting from
overstimulation of children at school by parents and
teachers. C. scriptorum. See Cramp, Writers\
C, Senile. See Paralysis agitans. C. spastica.
See Paraplegia , Infantile Spasmodic. C, Syden-
ham's, ordinary chorea.
Choreic {ko-re'-ik) \_xopeia, dancing]. Relating to, of
the nature of, or affected with, chorea.
CHOREIFORM
294
CHROMATOPSEUUOPSIS
Choreiform {ko-re' -if-orni) [;t;c)pf'"-> dancing; forma,
form]. Resembling chorea.
Choremania [ko-re-ma' -ne-aJi) \_xoptia, dancing ; fiavia,
madness]. Synonym of Choioniaiiia.
Choreoid (ko-i-e'-oid ) [,|-opfva, dancing ; fJJof, like].
Pertaining or similar to chorea.
Choreomania [ko-re-o-ina^-ne-ah). See C/ioi-omania.
Chorial (ko'-re-al) \_xopiQv, skin]. Chorionic.
Chorioblastosis [ko-j-i'-o-b/as-to' -sis) \_x^i)iov, skin ;
[i'/auTdveiv, to germinate]. Any anomaly of growth of
the corium and subcutaneous connective tissue.
Chorio-capillaris [ko-re-o-kap-il-a'-ris) \_xoinoi>, skin ;
capilhts, a hair]. The network of capillaries over the
inner portion of the choroid coat of the eye. See
Ruysch, Alembrane of.
Choriocele (ko' -re-o-sll, or ko-re-o-se'-le) \_xopi'iv, a skin ;
/c/y///, hernia]. A hernial protrusion of the choroid
coat of the eye.
Chorioid [ko'-re-oid). See Choroid.
Chorioidal {ko-re-oid' -al). See Choroid.
Chorioideremia {ko-re-oid-er-e' -?ne-ak'). See Choroi-
dercmia.
Chorioidiritis (ko-re-oid-i-ri' -lis). See Choroido-iritis.
Chorioiditis [ko-re-oid-i'-tis). See Choroiditis.
Chorioido-retinitis [ko-re-oid' -o-ret-in-i' -tis). See
Ch oroido- retinitis.
Chorion [ko'-re-on) \_xopiov, fetal membrane]. The
outermost of the fetal membranes, fonned from the
external layer of the non-germinal epiblast. The
chorion lies between the amnion and the decidute
(reflexa and vera). C. , Cystic Degeneratiori of, a
rare myxomatous disease of the chorion, producing the
so-called -^hydatid mole.''' It is characterized by
rapid increase in the size of the uterus, hemorrhage,
often profuse, beginning during the second month of
pregnancy, and the discharge of small cysts, whitish in
appearance, surrounded by bloody clots. These cysts
vary in size from a pin's-head to a filbert. C. leve,
the smooth or non-villous portion of the chorion. C,
Primitive, the Vitelline niemhrane (or Zona pellucida)
during the time of the development of the hollow,
structureless villi upon its surface. C, Shaggy, or C.
frondosum, the part covered by villi.
Chorionic {ko-i-e-on' -ik) \_\LipiQv, the chorion]. Relat-
ing to the chorion.
Chorionitis {ko-re-on-i'-tis). See Scleroderma.
Choripetalous [kor-ip-et' -al-iis) [^V"P'?) asunder ;
ti'vA'kov, leaf]. In biology, applied to a corolla whose
petals are distinct.
Chorisis (/^o-r/''-^M) [^)'"P"'''f> ^ separation]. In biology,
the development of two or more members when but
one is expected ; a doubling.
Choroid {ko'-roid) \^x6i)nv, the chorion; fMoc, like-
ness]. The second or vascular tunic of the eye, con-
tinuous with the iris in front and lying between the
sclerotic and the retina. C. Plexus, a vascular plexus
in the lateral ventricles of the Ijrain. C. Sulcus (of
Schwalbe). See Sclrwalhe, Fissure of. C. Vein.
See ]'ein.
Choroidal {ko-roid'-al). See Choroid.
Choroideremia (Jio-roid-er-e' -nie-aJi) \_x6piov, the cho-
rion ; eiAic, like; kprj/jJa, desolation]. Absence
of the choroid; absence of the epithelium of the
choroid.
Choroiditis (ko-roid-i' -tis) \_xl>piov, the chorion ; iti^,
inflammation]. Inflammation of the choroid coat of
the eye. It may be anterior, the foci of exudation
being at the periphery of the choroid ; or central,
the exudate being in the region of the macula lutea ;
diffuse or disseminated, characterized by numerous
round or irregular spots scattered over the fundus ;
exudative or non- suppurative , when there are isolated
foci of inflammation scattered over the choroid;
metastatic , when due to embolism ; and suppurative,
when proceeding to suppuration. C. serosa. Syno-
nym of Glaucoma.
Choroido-iritis (ko-roid' -o-i-ri'-tis)\jxl>pi-ov, the chorion;
fif^oc, like; //j/c, the rainbow; ^rtf, inflammation].
Inflammation of the choroid and the iris.
Choroido-retinitis i^ko-roid' -o-ret-in-i' -tis) [h-op/or, the
chorion; fitSor, like ; retina, the retina; (rir, inflam-
mation]. Choroiditis with retinitis. C.-r., Ametro-
pic, caused by ametropia.
Choromania [ko-ro-ina'-tie-ah) [xopog, a dance ; pavia,
madness]. A nervous disorder manifest at various
times and places, and characterized by dancing or
other rhythmic movements ; epidemic chorea ; dan-
cing mania.
Chrchtschonovitsch's Method. A method of stain-
ing tissues. See Stains, Table of.
Christian Science {kris'-chan si' -ens). An alleged
system of therapy ; faith-cure, or one form of it.
Christison's Formula. A formula for estimating the
amount of solids in the urine : Multiply the last two
figures of the specific gravity expressed in four figures
by 2.33 (or by 2, Trapp ; or by 2.2, Lcebiscli). This
gives the amount of solids in every 1000 parts.
Chromate i^kro'-mat) [,\75w//a, color]. Any salt of
chromic acid.
Chromatic [kro-mat'-ik) \_xp<''ipn, color]. Relating to
or possessing color. C. Audition, luminous sensations
aroused by sound. See Photism. C. Gustation.
See Gustation.
Chromatin [kro'-mat-in) ]|,vpw/'"> color]. The chro-
matophilous, or tingible portion of the protoplasm,
forming a delicate reticular network or plexus of
fibrils permeating the achromatin of a typical cell in
process of division. It is called also Karyomiton.
.See Cell-bod V.
Chromation [kro-ma' -shun) [,^;pu,ua, color]. The pro-
cess of tingeing or staining.
Chromatism [kro' -mat-izm) [xpopariapo^ , coloring].
I. Abnormal coloration of any tissue. 2. Chromatic
aberration.
Chromatoblast lykro-mat' -o-blast) \_xp<^\J-a-, color;
[iAaa-6g, a germ]. Same as Chromatophore.
Chromatodysopia [kro-mat-o-dis-o' -pe-ah ) [jpwtta,
color; (Si'ff, ill ; oi/)/r, vision]. Color-blindness.
Chromatogenous (J;ro-nmt-oj'-en-us) [j/yw/za, color;
yivvde/v, to beget]. Producing color.
Chromatology (^kro-tnat-oF -o-je) [^pu/za, color ; Poyof,
science]. The science of colors. Also the spectro-
scopic investigation of colors.
Chromatopathia [kro-mat-o-path'-e-ak) \_xp<J!ia, color ;
iralhr, disease]. Any pigmentary skin-disease ; a
chromatosis.
Chromatopathy [kro-mat op'-a-tJic). See Chromato-
pathia.
Chromatophile (kro-mat' -o-fil). Same as Chromo-
philous.
Chromatophobia [kro-mat-o-fo' -be-ah) [;t;p(j//ra, color ;
(bopog, dread]. Abnormal fear of colors.
Chromatophore {kro'-mat o-for) \_xpC)iia, color ; <j>6pn(;,
bearing]. In biology, (l) one of the contractile pig-
ment-sacs, abundant in the skin of many animals, e.g.,
squid, chameleon ; (2) one of the pigmented marginal
sense-organs of an Actinozoan ; " bourse calicinale f
(3) a plastid containing chlorophyl, or other coloring-
matter; color-granule, chromoplast, chromoleucite.
Chromatophorous {kro-mat-off' -or-us) [fp(j//a, color ;
<j)ipeiv, to bear]. Containing pigment or pigment-
cells.
Chromatopseudopsis (kro-mat-o-su-ilop'-sis) [jpw^a,
color; ^itvM/g, false ; oi/"f, sight]. Color-blindness.
CHROMATOPSIA
295
CHRONIZOOSPORE
Chromatopsia {kio-mat-op' -si'-ah) [,\ykj//o, color ; 6i/'/o,
vision]. Abnormal sensation of color. It may be
due to disorders of the optic centers, or to drugs,
especially santonin.
Chromatopsy {kro' -tnat-op-se). See Cliroiiiatopsia.
Chromatoptometry {^kro-}nat-op-toiii' -ct-ic) [;);p(j,(ia,
color; oTrrfH', to see ; jusrpoi', a measure] . The test-
ing of the sensibility of the eye with respect to color-
perception.
Chromatoscope [kro-maf -o-skop) \_xpi^lia, color ;
aKOTTtiv, to observe]. An instrument for determining
the refractive inde.x of colored light.
Chromatoscopy [kro-znat-os' -ko-pc) [,x'pw/ia, color ;
OKoireiv, to observe]. The determination of the color
of objects.
Chromatosis [ki-t>-//!a/-i/-s/s) [);/)6)^ua, color]. .Pigmen-
tation ; a pathologic process or pigmentary disease
consisting in a deposit of coloring-matter in a locality
where it is usually not present, or in excessive quan-
tity in regions where pigment normally exists.
Chromatosome [kro-7iiat' -o-som) [,Ypw,"a, color; aufia,
body]. In biology, the ' ' nuclear rods " of the nucleus.
Chromaturia [ki-o-inal-u'-re-a/i) color ; oi'pov,
urine]. Abnormal coloration of the urine.
Chrome (^krd>/i) [xpuiia, color]. Chromium,^.-/. C-
alum. See Figi?ients, Cotispectus of. C. -black.
See Pigments, Conspectus of. C.-carmin. Same as
Chrome-reii. C. chlorid. See Pigments, Conspectus
of. C. -garnet. Same as Chrome-red. C. -green. See
Pig)iients,Consfectus of. C. -orange. Same as C//;'f;«<--
red. C.-red, a pigment ; basic lead chromate. See
Pigments, Conspectus of. C. -vermilion. Same as
Chrome-red. C. -yellow, lead chromate, a pigment.
See Chromium, and Pigments, Conspectus of.
Chromesthesia (kro7)!-es-the'-ze-ah) \_xpoifia, color;
alath/aig, perception by the senses]. The association
of colors with words, letters, and sounds.
Chromhidrosis (krom-liid-ro' -sis'). Same as ChroDiid-
rosis.
Chromic if^rdm' -ik^ \_\piiim, color]. Pertaining to or
made from chromium. C. Acid. See ^ivV/. C. Acid
Test. See Tests, Table of
Chromicize (Jtro' -mis-iz). To impregnate with chromic
acid.
Chromidrosis (^krom-id-ro'-sis) [y/jw/zo, color; iipuic,
sweat]. A rare condition of the sweat in which it is
variously colored, being bluish, blackish, reddish, green-
ish, or yellowish. Black sweat [Sel>orrho:a nigricans)
occurs usually in hysterical girls, the part affected being
the face. It is associated with chronic constipation and
is due to the presence of indican in the sweat, died
s-cvea^, hematidrosis, may be due to an exudation of
blood into the sweat-glands, or to the presence of a
microorganism in the sweat. See Micrococcus hiema-
todes. Babes, under Bacteria, Table of.
Chromium (kro'-me-tim) [,Yp6)//a color]. Cr=52.2;
quantivalence 11 and IV. One of the elements of
the iron group. The various salts of chromium,
especially chromic acid, Cr.,0,,, are much used in the
manufacture of pigments and in dyeing textile fabrics.
All are poisonous. Potassium dichromate (bichromate
of potash), K,^Cr.,Oj, is used in various pharmaceutic
and chemic operations. C. -green. Same as Chrome-
green.
Chromocrinia (kro-mo-kri?!' -e-ah) [i-pw/'o, color ;
Kpivetv, to separate]. The secretion of coloring-
matter, as in the sweat, etc.
Chromocytometer (kro-mo-si-ton/-et-er) [^xP^f'"-7
color; kI'-oc, cell; furpov, a m.easure] . An instru-
ment for estimating the proportion of hemoglobin
present in the blood.
Chromocytometry i^kro-mo-si-tom' -et-re) [,fpwua,
color ; Kt'Toq, cell ; f-drpov, a measure ; voaoc^, disease].
The estimation of hemoglobin by means of the
chromocytometer.
Chromodermatosis [kro-mo-der-mat-o'-sis) [xpi^fia,
color; (i/p//a, skin]. A skin-disease characterized by
discoloration of the surface.
Chromogen [kro' -mo-Jen) [ y/iu/^a, color ; yiveaig, pro-
duction]. Any principle of the animal or vegetable
economy which (though it is itself not of any pro-
nounced color) is susceptible, under suitable circum-
stances, of being changed into a coloring-matter.
Chromogenic (Jcro-mo-jen' -ik^ [,Yp(j//a, color; ytvtoLq,
production]. I. Relating to chromogen. 2. Color-
producing.
Chromoleucite {kro-mo-lzt^-sit) \_xpCii-ia, color ; Afi'KOf ,
white]. Same as Chromoflastid.
Chromopare {kiv'-mo-pdr) [,Ypw^a, color]. In biology,
applied by Beyerinck to those chromogenic bacteria
that excrete the pigment, remaining colorless them-
selves. Cf. Chromophore and Para-chromophor.
Chromophan (kro' -mo-fan) [vpf^/'"-, color; ^aiveiv, to
appear]. In biology, the pigment of the inner seg-
ments of the retinal cones of certain animals. There
are at least three varieties, chlorophan, rhodophan,
xanthophan. (Ruhnes).
Chromophile ifcro' -mo-fil). Same as Chromophilous.
Chromophilous (kro-moff' -il-us) \_xpZ>ii.a., color ; (piTiog,
loving]. Readily stained; easily absorbing color;
applied to tissues prepared for microscopic study.
Chromophore (kro'-mo-for) [^yP'^V-"'> color; (pipeiv, to
bear]. In biology, applied by Beyerinck to those
chromogenic bacteria that possess pigment as an
integral part of their organism. Cf. Chromopare and
Para-chromophor.
Chromophytosis (kro-mo-fi-to'-sis) \)^pCdiia, color;
^iToi', a plant]. I. Any microscopic plant-growth that
produces a discoloration of the skin in which it grows ;
any pigmentary skin-disease caused by microscopic
vegetation. 2. A synonym of Tinea versicolor, or
Eichstedf s Disease. See Tinea versicolor, and Diseases,
Table of
Chromoplastid, or Chromoplastidule [kro-tno-plas'-
tid, ox kro-mo-plas' -tid-ill ) [xP'''l'"-7 color; ir/aaaeiv,
to form]. In biology, a pigment-granule imbedded
in the protoplasm of a plant or animal. It is also
called chromoleucite.
Chromopsia {l;rdm-op' -se-ah). See Chromatopsia.
Chromoptometer (kro-mop-tom'-et-er) , color ;
phpov, a measure]. A contrivance for determining
the extent of development of color-vision.
Chromosome [kro'-mo-som) [;|-p(j//a, color; aa/ia,
bodv]. Any one of the nuclear cliromatin-fibrils of
a cell. According to some observers there is only one
such fibril in closely intertwined folds. Others say
that the chromosomes are many, and of two varieties,
the fine and the coarse.
Chromostroboscope (kro-mo-stro' -bo-skop) \_xpi'>jia,
color; o-rpo;3of, a twisting ; CKorreiv, to inspect]. A
device for showing the persistence of visual impres-
sions of color.
Chromule {kro'-miil) [tpw/"', color; v/Ji, matter]. In
biology, coloring-matter in plants, especially when not
green, or when liquid.
Chronic [kron'-ik) [vpoi'of, time]. Long-continued;
of long duration ; slow of progress ; opposed to acute,
and to subacute.
Chronicity {kro-nis'-it-e) \_xpovoc, time]. The state
of being chronic or long-continued.
Chronizoospore (kro-niz-o' -o-spor) [/cpdi'/of , late ; (,C)ov,
an animal ; OTTOpd, seed]. One of the microzoogoni-
dia or minute zoospores or resting-spores, produced by
the water-net, Hydrodictyon.
CHRONOGRAPH
296
CHYLIFICATORY
Chronograph [kron'-o-graf) [xpovnr, time ; ypdtpeiv, to
write]. An instrument for graphically recording inter-
vals of time, in physiologic and psycho-physical
experiments.
Chronoscope [kro' -no-skop) [xpovof, time ; anoTrtiv, to
inspect]. An instrument for measuring extremely
short intervals of time. C, A-form, an apparatus
introduced by Galton for measuring the time of
certain psycho-physical reactions. It is so called
from its outline, which somewhat resembles that of
the letter A.
Chronosteal (^kro-nos' -te-al) [,VP<'''"f> time ; oaTtov,
bone]. Relating to the chronosteon.
Chronosteon [kro-nos' -te-oii) [;);poi'of , time (temporal) ;
bartoi', bone]. The temporal bone.
Chronothermal (Jcrdn-o-ther' -maiy\_x()Ovoi;, time ; 6ip/j,a,
heat]. Pertaining to the theory that all diseases are
characterized by periods of intermitting chill and heat ;
relating to periodicity in changes of bodily tempera-
ture.
Chroopsia {kro-op' -se-ali) color; 6i/;;f, sight].
See Chfoiiiatopsia.
Chrotal Epithelium [kro'-tal ep-e-the'-le-mu). The
ectoderm.
Chrotic (kro'-tik) \_xp<^<:, the skin]. Relating to the
skin.
Chrotoplast {krot^-o-pla;t) [^'pwf, skin ; -KXaacjuLv , to
form]. A skin-cell ; a dermal or epithelial cell.
Chrymar's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Chrysalis (kris' -al-is) \_xp'>o6^, gold]. The pupa or
secondary stage in the transformation of insects.
So called from the golden color of certain chrysa-
lides.
Chrysamin (kris' -am-iji) [jj^pwdf, gold; «ot/«], C^gHjg-
N^O„Na.^. Flavophenin ; a coal-tar color of the oxy-
azo group, used in dyeing. It dyes on cotton a sulphur-
yellow, remarkably fast to light. See Pigments, Con-
spectus of.
Chrysanilin [kris-an'-il-in) [^;pwdf, gold; anilin'\,
C,3H[jN(NH.^).^. A body obtained as a by-product
in the manufacture of rosanilin. It crystallizes from
dilute alcohol in golden-yellow needles, melting at
about 268°. It is used largely as a dye-stuff", yielding
a very beautiful yellow color. See Pigments, Con-
spectus of.
Chrysanisic Acid (kris-an-is'-ik). See Acid.
Chrysarobin, or Chrysarobinum (kris-ar-o' -bin, or
kris-ar-o-bi' -nttiii) [ ^yjiwdf , gold ; aroba (nat. East
Ind. ), bark of a leguminous tree], Cj^HjgO,. A reduc-
tion-product of chrysophanic acid ; it occurs in goa-
powder and araroba-powder. It is a yellow-colored
powder, the product of the decay of Andira araroba,
a Brazilian tree. It is a gastro-intestinal irritant, and
is almost a specific when applied locally in psoriasis. It
stains the skin a dark yellowish-brown color, which
may be removed by a weak solution of chlorinated
lime. Dose, internally, gr. C, Ung., contains
10 per cent, of the drug with go per cent, benzoated
lard.
Chrysaurin (kris-a7o' -rin) [v/"'ff"f, gold; aurum,
gold]. See Orange Colors.
Chrysene [kris'-eji) [,t;pwdf, gold], CigH,2. A hy-
drocarbon derived from coal-tar. It is generally
colored yellow, but can be rendered perfectly colorless.
It is sparingly soluble in alcohol or ether ; melts at
250° C. {482° F.); boils at 436° ; crystallizes and sub-
limes in silvery leaflets, that exhibit an intense violet
fluorescence.
Chrysenic Acid [kris-en' -ik). See Acid.
Chrysin (kris'-iu) [r/^yffdf, gold], C,^H,|,0^. A color-
ing-matter found in the buds of the European Black
Poplar.
Chrysoidin {kris-oi' -din) \_x(}va6i, gold ; etrfof, like].
I. Cj.^H.jN^Cl. A coal-tar color used in dyeing. It
is the hydrochlorid of diamidoazobenzene. It consists
of dark-violet crystals soluble in water. It dyes bright-
yellow on silk and cotton. See Pigments, Conspectus
of. 2. C,H2204. A yellow coloring-substance found
in asparagus berries.
Chrysoin (^rM'-(7-?'«). See Orange Colors.
Chrysolin [kris'-o-lin) \_xpva6(;, gold; oleum, oil],
C.2|,H,„0.j(OCjH7)(JH. A coal-tar color of the phtha-
lein group, used in dyeing. It is the sodium salt of
benzyl-fluorescein. It produces a yellow color, similar
to that of turmeric, on silk, cotton and wool. See
Pigments, Conspectus of.
Chrysophan (kris' -o-fan) [,vpwdf gold ; tpaiveiv, to
show], CjgHjgOg. A yellow, crystalline body found
in rhubarb. It has a distinctly bitter taste, is readily
soluble in warm water and diluted alcohol, but insolu-
ble in ether. It is also called Chrysophanin.
Chrysophanic Acid (kris-o-fan'-ik). See Acid.
Chrysophanin (kris-o-fan'-in). See Crysophan, and
Pigmetits, Conspectus of.
Chrysophyl (kris' -o-fil) [.Ypwdf, gold; 0t)A^oi',. a leaf].
Xanthophyl ; a bright golden-yellow crystalline pig-
ment derived from leaves.
Chrysorrhamnin (kris-or-ai?i'-nin) [xpvadi;, gold ; paji-
TOf, a prickly shrub]. The yellow pigment found in
French berries. See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Chthonophagia, or Chthonophagy (thon-o-fa' -je-ah,
ox tlion-off' -a-je) [^x^'^i^es.xxh; (/lajriv, to eat]. Dirt-
eating ; geophagy.
Churning Sound (churn' -ing sound). A peculiar
splashing-sound like that made by a churn, heard in
the chest in some cases of pleural effusion.
Churrus (chur'-us) \\\vi\A. ,charas'\. Hemp-resin. See
Cannabis.
Chvostek's Sign. See Tetan y ; also Signs and Symp-
toms, Table of.
Chylaceous (ki-la'-se-tts) \chylus, chyle]. Composed
of chyle.
Chylangioma (ki-lan-je-o' -mah)\chylus , chyle ; ayyeiov,
a vessel]. Retention of chyle in lymphatic vessels
with dilatation of the latter.
Chylaqueous (kil-a' -kwe-us) chyle; aqua,
water]. Like water and chyle. C. Fluid, the diges-
ted food or nutritive fluid in the somatic or perigastric
cavity of invertebrates ; it is never enclosed in dis-
tinct vessels and represents the blood of higher animals.
Chyle (kll) [,\'DAdf, juice]. The milk-white fluid ab-
sorbed by the lacteals during digestion. On standing,
it separates into a thin, jelly-like clot and a substance
identical with serum. C. -corpuscle, any floating cell
of the chyle. These cells resemble, and are probably
identical with, the colorless blood-corpuscles. C-
gland, Cheshire's name for system 11, of the "sali-
vary glands " of bees.
Chylidrosis (kil-id-ro' -sis) [^^''/^ of, chyle ; h)pua/<;, a
sweating]. Milkiness of the sweat.
Chylifaction (ki-le-, or kilif-ak' -sliun) \_cliyliis, chyle;
facere, to make]. The forming of chyle from food.
Chylifactive (ki-le-, or kil-ifak' -tii') [r7/)'/«i, chyle ;
facere, make]. Chyle-forming.
Chyliferous (ki-lif -er-us) [cAylus, chyle ; ferre, to
carry]. I. Chyle forming. 2. Containing chyle.
Chylific (ki-lif -ik) \_chylus, chyle ; facere, to make].
Making chyle ; pertaining to chylifaction.
Chylification (ki-le-, ox kil-if-ik-a' -shun) \_xv'K(K, chyle;
facere, to make]. The process by which the chyle 'is
formed, separated and absorbed by the villi of the
small intestine.
Chylificatory (ki-lif -ik-at-o-re) [cl/ylus, chyle; facere,
to make]. Chyle-making.
CHYLIFY
297
CILIARY
Chylify (/'/'-///-/) [(7/j7;«, chyle : /aceiT, to make^. I.
To make into chyle. 2. To be made into chyle.
Chylocele {^ki'-lo-sel^ \,X^'^^q, chyle; k/////, a tumor].
An effusion of chyle into the tunica vaginalis testis.
C, Parasitic. See Filaria sanguitiis hominis.
Chylocyst (ki' -lo-sist) [,ti'/'o';, juice; /ci;crr«f, bladder].
The chyle-bladder ; the reservoir of Pecquet.
Chylocystic (ki-lo-sis' -i/k) \_x^^0(;, juice ; Kuari<;, blad-
der]. Relating to the chylocyst.
Chyloderma <yki-lo-der' -iiiaJi) [x^'^'-Ofi lymph ; (Upfin,
skin]. Scrotal elephantiasis, with accumulation of
lymph in the thickened skin and in the enlarged
lymphatic vessels ; lymph-scrotum.
Chylodochium (kil-o-do' -ki-mii) [;fi;/lof , chyle ; 6oxe-i-<^v,
receptacle]. The receptaculum chyli.
Chylogaster [ki-lo-gas' -ter) \_xv'A6q, chyle ; yanrrip, the
stomach]. The duodenum, so-called becduse of its
being the chief seat of chylous digestion.
Chylogastric (J;i-lo-gas' -trik) \_x'>^^o<^, chyle ; yaari/pj
stomach]. Pertaining to the chylogaster.
Chylopericardium [ki-lo-per-ik-ar'-Je-iim) [,\-D/i,or,
chyle ; Tvepi, around ; Kapdia, the heart]. A rare con-
ditioji, in which chyle is present in the pericardium, as
a consequence of the formation of a channel of com-
munication between a chyle-duct and the cavity of the
heart-sac.
Chylopoiesis [lii-lo-poi-e' -sis) ^^xvkonoiriaKi ; ;^;DAdf ,
chyle; noiEcv, to make]. Chylification.
Chylopoietic {ki-lo-poi-et' -ik) [;^;fAdf, chyle ; vote'tv, to
make]. Chylifaction ; making or forming chyle.
Chyloptyalism {ki-lop-ti'-al-hm) [^v^'''df. chyle ; tttoi-
Xl^eiv, a spitting]. Milkiness of the saliva.
Chylorrhea {I;i-lor-e' -ah) \_xvAbc, chyle ; phw, to
flow]. The excessive flow of chyle. Also, a diarrhea
characterized by a milky color of the feces.
Chylosis [ki-lo'-sis) [;t;i'/.(j(T/f, a converting into juice].
Chylification.
Chylothorax [ki-lo-tho'-raks) \_xvA6q, chyle ; ftupa^, the
chest]. The presence of chyle within the pleural
cavity. It is consequent upon wounds or rupture of
the thoracic duct, and is usually fatal.
Chylous iyki' lus) \_x'^^^^'^i chyle]. Relating to or re-
sembling chyle.
Chyluria [ki-lu'-re-ah) [ximoc, juice; ovpov, urine].
The passage of milky-colored urine. It is thought to
be caused hy a disordered condition of the lacteals and
is also connected with the presence in the blood of
Filaria sanguinis hominis. The urine passed is
generally above the normal in quantity, has the color
of milk, and becomes jelly-like on standing, after-
ward again becoming liquid. It readily undergoes
decomposition. The condition arises from a blocking
of the lymph-channels by the parasites. See Bacillus
of Chyluria under Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of:
also Filaria sanguinis ho??iinis, Lewis, under
Parasites [Animal), Table of.
Chyme {kim) [ji;//df, juice]. Food that has under-
gone gastric digestion and has not yet been acted
upon by the biliary, pancreatic, and intestinal secre-
tions.
Chymiferous [kim-if -er-us) \_chvmus,c\iym<i; ferre,t.o
bear]. Capable of producing chyme.
Chymihcation (kim-if-ik-a' ihtin) \_chvmiis, chyme;
facere, to make]. The change of food into chyme by
the digestive process.
Chymophorous [klm-off' -or-us) [;i't)//df, chyme ; (pspeci),
to carry]. Chymiferous.
Chymoplania [ki}n-o-pla' -ne-ah) [,P7'df, juice ; v:Xavi],
a roving]. The morbid or abnormal metastasis of
chyme or any secretion.
Chymorrhea [k'lm-or-e'-ah) \_xvp6q, chyme ; peTv, to
flow]. A discharge of chyme.
Chymosepsis [kim-o-sep'-sis) [,vi'/">r, chyme ; ai/il'ic,
putrefaction]. Putrefactive fermentation of the chyme.
Chyron (ki^-ron) [ciron, cyron']. The name given by
ancient writers to the itch-mite, Sarcoptes scabei.
Cibarious [sib-a'-re-us) \cibum, food]. Serving as
food ; nutritious ; edible.
Cicatricial (sik-at-rish' -al) [(-^ra/r/.i , a scar] . Pertain-
ing to or of the nature of a cicatrix. C. Deformities,
abnormal contractions caused by cicatrices. C. Tis-
sue, a form of dense connective tissue, seen in
cicatrices.
Cicatricula {sik-at-rik' -u-lah) [L., dim. oi cicatrix, 2l
scar]. The germinating point of the fecundated egg.
Cicatrisant [sik'-at-ri-sant). See Cicatrizant.
Cicatrisive {sik' -at-ri-siv) \cicatrix, a scar]. Tending
to form a cicatrix.
Cicatrix [sik-a'-triks) [L.: //., Cicatrices']. A scar;
a connective-ti.ssue new-formation replacing loss of
substance in the skin. It extends as far as the
corium. It may be depressed below or elevated above
the surface ; its color is usually whitish and glistening
when old, red or purple when young.
Cicatrizant {sik'-at-ri-zant)\_cicatrix,^.sca.r'\. I. Tend-
ing to cicatrize or heal. 2. A medicine that aids the
formation of a cicatrix.
Cicatrization [sik-at-riz-a' -shun) [^cicatrix, a scar].
The process of healing.
Cicer \si'-ser) [L.]. A genus of leguminous plants.
See Chick-pea.
Cicuta {sik-u'-tah) [L.]. A genus of umbelliferous
plants. C. virosa. See Coivbanc.
Cicutin {sik-u' -tin) \_cicuta, hemlock]. I. An alkaloid
obtained from Cicuta -'irosa. 2. The same as Conein.
Cicutoxin [sik-n-toks' -in) \cicuta, hemlock ; to^ikov,
poison]. The poisonous active principle of Cicuta
virosa. It is a viscid, non-crystallizable liquid of un-
pleasant taste and acid reaction.
Cider (si'-der) \W^.,cidre\ The expressed juice of
apples or pears. C. Brandy. See Apple-Brandy.
C. Vinegar. See Vinegar.
Cigaret [sig-ar-et'). See Cigarette.
Cigarette [sig-ar-et') [Fr., dim. of cigare, a cigar]. A
roll of inflammable material medicated and adapted for
smoking. Nasal catarrhs and spasmodic attacks of
dyspnea are among the disorders sometimes treated
by cigarette-smoking. C. -makers' Cramp. See
Cramp.
Cigarmakers' Cramp. See Cramp.
Q,\gu'6 [se-gu-e) {Vr.]. Cicuta.
Cilia [sil'-e-ah) \cilium, the eyelid or lash]. The eye-
lashes. Also, the locomotor and prehensile organs
of certain infusoria, and the hair-like appendages
of certain epithelial cells, whose function it is to
propel fluid or particles along the passages that
they line.
Ciliariscope [sil-e-a;-' -is-kop) \ciliiim, eyelid ; anoTreiv,
to look at]. An instrument (essentially a prism) for
examining the ciliary region of the eye.
Ciliary [sil'-e-a -re) [ciliu/n, an eyelash]. Pertaining to
the eyelid or eyelash, and also by extension to the C.
Apparatus, or the structure related to the mechanism
of accommodation. C. Arteries — anterior, posterior
long, and posterior short, branches of the ophthalmic
artery, supplying the recti muscles, the ciliary appara-
tus, and the posterior structures of the eye, with the
exception of the retina. See Arteries, Table of. C.
Body, the ciliary muscle and processes. C. Canal,
the canal of Fontana. See Canal. C. Ganglion, the
ganglion at the apex of the orbit, supplying the ciliary
muscle and iris. See Ganglia, Table of. C. Muscle,
the muscle of accommodation, whose contraction les-
sens the tension upon the suspensory ligament of the
CILIATE
298
CINEREA
lens. See Muscles, also. Eye. C. Nerves, branches
of the ophthalmic ganglion supplying the anterior
structures of the eyeball and the accommodative
apparatus. See Nerves, Table of. C. Neuralgia,
neuralgic pain of the eye, brow, temple, etc. C.
Processes, circularly arranged choroidal foldings
continuous with the iris in front. C. Region, the
pericorneal or "danger" zone, corresponding to the
position of the ciliary body. C. Zone, the ciliary
processes collectively.
Ciliate, or Ciliated [sil'-e-af, or -a-led) \_eiliuin, an eye-
lash]. Having cilia.
Ciliation {sil-e-a' -shttii) \ciliiiiii, an eyelash] . The con-
dition of having cilia.
Cilio-spinal [sil-e-o-spi'-nal) \_eiliii//:, an eyelash;
spina, the .spine]. Relating to the ciliary zone and the
spine. C. Center. See Center.
Cilium {sil' -e-wti). [L.]. See Cilia and Eyelash.
Cillo [siF-o), or Cillosis [sil-o'-sis) \_ciliiim, an eyelash].
A continued trembling of the eyelid.
Cillotic (sil-ot' -ik) {cilitiin, an eyelash]. Pertaining to
or affected with cillo.
Cimbia {\im' -be-ah) [L.]. The white band seen upon
the ventral aspect of the crus cerebri, the tractus pedun-
culi transversus of Gudden.
Cimbial {sim' -be-al) \_cimbia, a cincture]. Relating to
the cimbia.
Cimex (si' -nicks') [L., a bug]. A genus of hemipterous
insects. C. lectularius, the common bed-bug. A
disgusting insect that infests beds, furniture, and the
walls of bed-rooms, and that feeds on the human body,
puncturing the skin and injecting an irritating fluid to
increase the flow of blood. It is characterized by the
repulsive odor of its secretion.
Cimicifuga (siin-is-e-fu' -gali) \cimex,^ bug; fugare,
to drive away]. Black Snake Root, Black Cohosh.
The root of C. raccmosa, ord. Ranunculace;ie. A
stomachic, antispasmodic, aphrodisiac, expectorant,
and diuretic. Its action on the heart is similar to that
of digitalis. It is efficient as a tonic in many cardiac
diseases, in functional impotence, and ovarian neural-
gia. C, Ext. fid. (alcoholic). Dose rt\^v-xxx. C,
Ext. liquid., (B. P.). Dose TT\^iij-xxx. C, Tinct.,
20 per cent, in strength. Dose Tr\^xv-^:^j. Macrotin
(uhof. ), a resinous extract. Dose gr. ^-ij.
Cimicifugin [siin-is-e-ftt'-gin) \_ci/!icx, a bug ; fugare,
to drive away]. The precipitate from a tincture of the
root of Cimicifuga racemosa ; it is an antispasmodic ,
diaphoretic, nervin, emmenagogue, parturient, and
narcotic. Dose I to 2 grains. As an oxytocic, 2 to 3
grains, to be repeated in from 40-60 minutes, if neces-
sary. Unof.
Cimolia (sim-o'-le-a/i), Cimolite {si/ii' -o-li/) [«:///w//Vi,
earth]. Cimolian earth ; a white, soapy clay formerly
brought from the Greek island of Cimolus. The
ancients prized it as a remedy ; now little used, ex-
cept in the Levant.
Cina [si' -nail) [L.]. The plant Artemisia santonica.
See Santonica .
Cinchamidin (sin-kaiii' -id-ui) \_cinchona ; ainidin'\,
C.^fiH.ji,N.,0. An alkaloid frequently present in
commercial cinchonidin.
Cinchocerotin {sin-ko-ser-o' -tin)\_cincliona : cera, wax],
C.^.M^i^d,. A white crystalline alkaloid of calisaya bark.
Cinchona [sin-ko' -nali) [from the Countess of Cinc/wn'\.
Peruvian Bark. The bark of several varieties of cin-
chona, a tree native to the eastern slopes of the Andes
and cultivated in India, the most valuable being 6^
calisaya. Other varieties are t'. succirubra, red bark,
C. condaminca , pale bark, C. pitayenis, pitaya bark,
and C. micrantha. Cinchona bark contains 21 alka-
loids, of which 4, quinin, cinchonin, quinidin and cin-
chonidin, are the most important. Cinchona has the
same physiologic action and therapeutic uses as its chief
alkaloid, quinin. ^ee Qiiinin. It is also an astringent,
bitter and stomachic tonic, stimulating appetite and
promoting digestion, beneficial in atonic dyspepsia and
adynamia, but especially useful in malarial affections.
C, decoctum (B. P.). Dose ^j-ij. C. Febrifuge.
See Quinetiim. C, Ext. Dose gr. j-v. C,
Fid. Ext. Dose n\x-^']. C, Ext. liquidum
(B. P.). Dose Tr\^v-x. C, infusum, bark 0, arom.
sulph. acid I, water 93 parts. Dose Sj-^j. C., in-
fus. acidum (B. P.). Dose ,^j-ij. C, Tinct., 20
per cent, of the bark. Dose ^ss-ij. C, Tinct.,
Comp., red bark 10, bitter-orange peel 8, serpentaria
2, alcohol 80 parts. Dosegj-^ss. Huxham's Tinct.
of Bark is still used, red bark ^ iv, orange peel ,^iij,
serpentaria gr. Ixxx, Spanish saftron gr. clx, cochi-
neal gr. Ixxx, brandy xl, digested for four days,
expressed and filtered. Dose ^ss-ij.
Cinchonamin [sin-ko' -7iam-in) \cinchona ; amin'\, Cj„-
H.,^N,^0. An all-caloid of cuprea bark. It occurs in
glistening, colorless crystals that are nearly insoluble
in water, and but slightly soluble in ether.
Cinchonicin (sin-koii' -is-in) \_cinchona'\, C^„H.^jN^O.
An artificial alkaloid derived from cinchonin.
Cinchonidin, or Cinchonidina [sin-kon' -id-in, or sin-
kon-id-i'-nali), C^^H.^^N.^O. An alkaloid derived from
cinchona. It is a crystalline substance resembling
quinin in general properties. C. salicylate (unof.)
has decided anti-malarial properties. C. sulph., (C^,,-
H,^jN.p),3.iS0^.3H,_,0, less bitter than quinin and
valuable as an antipyretic. Dose gr. j-xx or more.
Cinchonina, or Cinchonin [sin-ko-ni'-na/i, or sin'-ko-
nin) \cinchona : gen., Cinclionime'], Cj^H.j.^N.^O. An
official alkaloid derived from cinchona. It is a color-
less crystalline body, similar to quinin in therapeutic
effects, but less active, producing much headache and
some muscular weakness. C. sulph., (C,9H2.jN20)2-
H,^SO,.2H./J. .Soluble with difficulty in water, but
soluble in acidulated water. Dose gr. v— xxx.
Cinchoninic Acid (sin-ko-nin'-ik). See Acid.
Cinchonism (sin'-ko-nizni) [cinchona']. The systemic
effect of cinchona or its alkaloids in full doses. The
symptoms produced are a ringing in the ears with
deafness, headache, often severe, giddiness, dimness
of sight, and a weakening of the heart's action.
Cinchonize (sin'-ko-niz) [cinchona]. To bring under
the influence of cinchona or its alkaloids.
Cinchotin [sin'-kot-in) [cinchona], C|;,H.,jN,^0. An
almost insoluble crystalline alkaloid derived from a
species of cinchona bark.
Cincinulus (sin-sin' -u-lus) [KiKivvv?o(;, a curl]. In
biologv, small hooks attached to the stylamblys of
crustaceans.
Cincture (singk'-tnr) [cinctiira, a girdle]. A belt or
girdle. C. -feeling, a sensation as if the waist were
encircled by a tight girdle.
Cinene (si-nen') [cina, wormseed]. See Dipentene.
Cineol (sin'-e-dl) [cina, wormseed; oleum, oil], C,^-
Hi„0. The principal constituent of wormseed, caje-
put, and eucalyptus oils. It is a pleasant camphora-
ceous liquid, inactive to polarized light, that boils
between 176° and 177° C, and crystallizes at — 1° C. ;
its sp. gr. at 16° is 0.923.
Cineraria (sin-er-a'-re-ah) [cinerariiis, pertaining to
ashes]. A genus of composite plants. C. maritima,
the juice of this plant has been long used in Venezuela
for the absorption of cataract. Two minims are
dropped into the eye three times daily. Unof.
Cinerea (sin-e'-re-ah) [cincrcus, ashen]. The gray,
cineritious, or cellular substance of the brain, spinal
cord, and ganglia. C, Lamina, a thin layer of gray
CINEREUM
299
CIRCULATION
substance extending backward above the optic com-
missure from tlie termination of the corpus cullosum to
the tuber cinereum.
Cinereum, Tuber. See Tuber Cinereu??!.
Cineritious [si/i i-r-isA^-us) [r/wm'j, ashes]. Ash-Hke
or pertaining to ashes. C. Substance, the cortex of
the brain, from tlie color of tlie same. C, Tubercle,
the tuber cinereum.
Cinesiology [sin-es-c-ol' -o-je). See Kinesiology.
Cinesis [sin-e'-sis ). See Kinesis.
Cinesitherapy [sin-es-e-ther' -a-pe). See Kinesitherapy.
Cinetic {sin-et'-ik). See Kinetic.
Cinetica (sin-et' -ik-ali) \_klvuv, to move]. Medicines
or diseases that affect the motor apparatus.
Cingulum (sing' -gu-luiu) \cingere, to gird : //. , Cin-
giil'f\- I- A girdle or zone; the waist. 2. Herpes
zoster, or shingles, q. v.
Cinnabar (sin' -<il>-ar) [^luvvdjiapi, a pigment]. Mercuric
suljihid, HgS. Hydrargyriini 2LXiA Verinilion. C-
green. Same as Chrotne-green.
Cinnamene (sin' -aiii-en). See Slyrol.
Cinnamic (sin-am' -ik) [wu'd/zw/zor, cinnamon]. Per-
taining to or derived from cinnamon. C. Acid. See
Arid. C. Aldehyd. See Aldehyd.
Cinnamomum, or Cinnamon (sin-am-o' -)nti>n, or
sift' -am-o)i)\_mvvaixufj.ov , cinnamon : gen. ,Cinnainonii'\.
The inner bark of the shoots of several species of
Cinnamojnum , native to Ceylon and China, the latter
being known in commerce under the name of cassia.
Its properties are due to a volatile oil. It is an
agreeable carminative and aromatic stimulant, useful
when combined with opium for flatulence, colic,
enteralgia, etc. C, Aqua, 2 parts of oil in looo of
water. Dose ,^j-ij. C, Ext. Fid. Arom., contains
aromatic powder lo parts, alcohol 8 parts. Dose
n\,x-xxx. C, Oleum, the volatile oil. Dose gtt.
j-v. C, Pulv. Comp. (B. P.), cinnamon bark,
cardamom seeds, and ginger. Dose gr. iij-x. C,
Spt., lo per cent, of the oil in spirit. Dose rr\^v-xxx.
C, Tinct., lo per cent, of the powdered bark in
alcohol. Dose ss-ij . Pulvis aromaticus, aromat-
ic powder, cinnamon, ginger, aa 35. cardamon, nut-
meg, aa 15. Dose gr. x-xxx. C. -brown. Same
as Phenylene-broum.
Cinnamyl (sin' -am-il) [^Kivvd/iu/wr, cinnamon], C,,H,0.
The radicle believed to exist in cinnamic acid.
Cionectomy [si-on-ek'-io-me) [/c/cjf, the uvula ; iKrofti/,
a cutting out]. Ablation of the uvula.
Cionitis (si-on-i'-iis) \_kiuv, the uvula ; irig, inflamma-
tion]. Inflammation of the uvula.
Cionoptosis [si-on-op-fo'-sis) \_k'idv, uvula ; Ttruair, a
drooping]. Prolapse of the uvula.
Cionorrhaphia (si-on-or-af -e-aJi) [/v/oji', the uvula;
patf))/, a suture]. See Staphvlorrliaphy.
Cionotome (si-on' -o-toni) [/i/uc, the uvula ; toiioq, cut-
ting]. An instrument for cutting off the uvula.
Cionotomy (si-on-of -o-me) [/c/W, uvula; To/iii, a sec-
tion]. Incision of the uvula.
Circinate (sir' -sin- at') \circinatus, circular] . In biology,
rolled inward from the top, like a crozier. C. Erup-
tion. See Wandering Rash.
Circinus (sir' -sin-us) \_KipKLvoq, circle]. Herpes zoster ;
zona.
Circle [sii-'-k/) [/f/p/fof, a circle]. A ring; a line, every
point of which is equi-distant from a point called the
center. C. of Diffusion. 'Aee: Diffusioji. C.ofHaller,
I. The plexus of vessels formed by the short ciliary
arteries upon the sclerotic, at the entrance of the optic
nerve. 2. The circulus venosus mammre. .See also
Circtilzis. C. of Willis, the remarkable arterial anasto-
mosis at the base of the brain. The passage between
the anterior cerebral arteries anteriorly, and the internal
carotids and middle and posterior cerebral arteries pos-
teriorly, by communicating vessels.
Circle of Willis.
I. Middle cerebral artery. 2. Internal carotid artery. 3. Pos-
tero- median perforating. 4. Posterior cerebral artery.
5. Superior cerebellar artery. 6. Anterior inferior cerebellar
artery. 7. Anterior communicating artery. 8. Antero-lateral
perforating, g. Anterior choroid. 10. Posterior communi-
cating. II. Posterior choroid. 12. Basilar artery. 13. Crus
cerebelli cut.
Circuit [ser'-kit) \circuitits, a going round]. The course
of an electric current. C. -breaker, an apparatus for
interrupting the circuit of an electric current.
Circulation (sir-kii-la-' shun) \_circulatio, a circular
course]. The passage of the blood through various
vessels ; distinguished as
capillary, fetal, portal,
pulmonary, etc. C,
Cross, a laboratory ex-
periment in which the
vessels in one vascular
area of an animal are
separated from the rest
of the circulation by
ligation of anastomos-
ing channels, and then
supplied with blood
from the circulation of
a second animal. In
this way, for example,
the vascular area of the
head may be isolated,
and precluded from
receiving chloroform
inhaled by the lungs,
but which is distributed
to other parts of the
body. By connecting
the cerebral ends of the
severed carotid arteries
of one dog with the car-
diac ends of the severed
carotids of another dog,
the cerebral and gen-
eral circulatory systems
of the first dog may pre-
sumably be separated.
The first animal is
called the fed. and the Scheme of the Circulation.
animal supplying the a. Right, b, left auricle. A. Right
blood the feeder. The
experiment is of little
value. C, Collateral,
that through branches
and secondary channels
after stoppage of the
principal route. C,
Fetal, that of the
fetus, including the circulation through the placenta
B, left ventricle, i. Pulmonary
artery. 2. Aorta. /. Area of pul-
monary circulation. K. Upper
area of systemic circulatioii-
G. Lower area of systemic cir-
culation. 0. The superior vena
cava. 2<. Inferior vena cava, d,
d. Intestine, m. Mesenteric ar-
tery, a. Portal vein. L. Liver,
/i. Hepatic vein. (Landois.)
CIRCULUS 300
and umbilical cord. C, First, or Primitive, that of
the embryo, a closed system, carrying nutriment and
oxygen to the embryo. C, Placental, the fetal
circulation. C, Portal. See Portal System. C,
Pulmonary, the circulation of blood through the
The Fetal Circulation.
a. Umbilical vein. b. Ductus venosus. c. Ductus arteriosus.
d. Hypogastric arteries, e. Mesenteric arteries and vein.
f. Portal vein.
lungs by means of the pulmonary artery and veins,
for the purpose of oxygenation and purification. C,
Second, the fetal circulation, replacing the omphalo-
mesenteric system. C, Systemic, the general circu-
lation, as distinct from the pulmonary circulation.
C, Third, that of the adult. C, Vitelline, first, or
primitive circulation.
Circulus [sir'-ku-liis) [L.]. A circle. C. arteriosus,
the circle of Haller. The plexus of arteries that
surrounds the outer border of the iris. C. iridis
minor, an arterial circle near the pupillary border of
the iris. C. venosus mammae (or Halleri), a
ring of anastomosing veins that surround the nipple.
Circum- (sir' -kiim-^ [L.]. A prefix meaning around,
about.
Circumagentes {sir-kum-aj-en'-tez) [L. , "causing to
revolve"]. I. The oblique muscles of the eye. 2.
The infraspinatus and supraspinatus muscles that
revolve the arm.
Circumanal (sir-kiim-a'-nal) \_nrniii!, around ; anus.,
the fundament]. Periproctous ; surrounding the anus.
Circumcision (sir-kum-sizh' -nn) \j:ircuiiicidere , to cut
around]. Excision of a circular piece of the prepuce.
Circumclusion [sir-kum-klu' -zhun) \_circz(iii, around ;
cludere, to close]. A form of acupressure in which
I CIRSOMPHALOS
the pin is passed beneath the vessel, a wire loop placed
over its point, and its ends brought over the artery and
made fast.
Circumcorneal [sir-kum-kor' -nc-al) \_ciriiti?!, about;
comcus, horny] . Around or about the cornea.
Circumduction {sir-kum-duk' -shun) \circtiinducere, to
lead around]. The movement of a limb in such a
manner that its distal part describes a circle, the proxi-
mal end being fixed. See Motion.
Circumference [sir-kutn' -fer-ens) \circui)ifere , to carry
around]. The distance around a part.
Circumflex [sir'-kum-Jieks) {circuinflcctere, to bend
about]. Applied to a number of arteries, veins and
nerves.
Circumgyration [sir-kutn-ji-ra'-shun] \ci>cuin, around;
gyrare, to turn]. See Vertigo.
Circuminsular (sir-kuni-in' -su-lar) \circum, about ;
insula, island]. .Surrounding the island of Reil.
Circumlental {sir-kum-len' -tal) \_circum, around ; lens,
a lentil; lens]. Surrounding the lens. C. Space.
See Space.
Circumnuclear (sir-kui?i-nu' -kle-ar) [rireum, about;
}iuileus, kernel]. Surrounding the nucleus.
Circumnutation {sir- kmn-nu-ta' -shun) \_circtim,
around; nutare, to nod]. In biology, a bowing suc-
cessively toward all points of the compass. Applied
to the movements of young and growing organs.
Circumocular (sir-kum-ok' -u-lar) \_circum, about ;
oculus, eye]. Surrounding the eye.
Circumoral (sir-kitin-o' -ral) [^circu/n, about ; os,
mouth]. .Surrounding the mouth.
Circumpolarization (sir-ku/n-po-lar-iz-a' -shun) \_eir-
cum, around ; polus, pole.] The quantitative estima-
tion of sugar in a .suspected liquid by the degree of
the rotation of polarized light, sugar rotating the
ray to the right, albumin to the left.
Circumrenal [sir-kuni-re' -nal) [eireuiii, about; ren,
the kidney]. Around or about the kidneys.
Circumscribed (sir'-kuin-skriM) \cireumscribere, to
draw a line around]. .Strictly limited or marked off ;
well defined ; distinct from surrounding parts, as a
circumscribed inflammation or tumor.
Circumvallate [sir-kum-val'-dt) \_circHmvallare, to sur-
round with a wall] . Surrounded by a wall or promi-
nence. C. Papillae, certain papillae at the base of the
tongue.
Cirrhonosus [sir-on' -o-sus) [_Kipp6c, yellow ; rocrof , dis-
ease]. I. A fetal disorder, marked by yellowness of
the serous membranes. 2. Abnormal post-mortem
yellowness of any surface or tissue.
Cirrhose (sir-ds') [eirrus, a tendril]. In biology, pro-
vided with tendrils.
Cirrhosis (sir-o'-sis) [^Kif>p6c, reddish-yellow ; from the
color of the cirrhotic liver]. Increase and thickening
of the connective tissue of an organ, especially of the
liver. C, Biliary, a form due to chronic retention of
bile in the liver from long-continued obstruction in the
bile-ducts from any cause. C, Fatty, a rare form in
which the hepatic cells become infiltrated with fat.
The surface is smooth and the organ enlarged, but
very tough, owing to increase in the interstitial connec-
tive tissue, which does not contract. This form is
usually seen in the intemperate.
Cirrhotic (sir-ot'-ik) \_Kipp/j^, yellow]. Affected with,
or relating to, cirrhosis. C. Kidney. See Bright' s
Disease.
Cirsocele [sir'-so-sel) [^Kipaoc, a varix ; Ki/Ar/, tumor].
A varicose tumor, especially of the spermatic cord.
Cirsoid (sir' -sold) \_iiipa6r, a varix; tZfJof, likeness].
Resembling a varix, or dilated vein.
Cirsomphalos (sir-soni' -fal-os) [/f/pcrdf , varix ; b/ji(j>aX6^,
have!]. A varicose condition of the navel.
CIRSOPHTHALMIA
301
CLARIFYING
Cirsophthalmia [sir-soff-thal' -me-aJi) \K.ipa6t;, varix ;
b(pOali.i6(; , the eye]. I. Ophthalmia, with an apparent
varicose condition of the conjunctival vessels. 2.
Corneal staphyloma, with an appearance of varicosity
of the surface.
Cirsotome [sir' -so-/di?i) \_Kipa6g, a varix ; rofiii, a cut-
ting]. A cutting instrument for the operation of cir-
sotoniy.
Cirsotomy (sir-sot' -o-me) \_Kipa6(;, varix ; re/zeiv, to cut].
Excision of a varix.
Cisma [siz'-mah). Same as Absus.
Cismatan [sis' -/nat-nn) . Same as Absus.
Cissampelos [sis-ai?i' -pci-os) [/c/crffdf, ivy ; ajiTreTiOQ, a
vine]. A genus of climbing menispermaceous plants.
The root of C. capensis, of South America, is cath-
artic and emetic. C. pareira, of tropical America,
false pareira brava ((/. v.), is tonic and diuretic.
Cistern [sis' -tern) \_cisterna, a vessel; receptacle]. I.
Any dilatation : reservoir. 2. Any dilatation of the
space between the pia and arachnoid. The cisterns are
true lymph-sacs. C. of Pequet. See Receptaculum
chyli. C. of the Cerebrum. See Cistern, 2.
Cisterna [sis-tcr' -nah) [L.]. Same as Cistej-n. C.
ambiens, one of the pockets situated over the optic
lobes. C. magna, a large cisterna where the arach-
noid spreads across from the caudad border of the
cerebellum to the oblongata. C. perilymphatica, in
the ear, a large space adjacent to the foot-plate of the
stapes.
Cistus [sis'-tiis) [/i/(Trof, the rock-rose]. A genus of
plants of the order Cistaceas, growing in the old world.
C. oreticus, C. cyprius, C. ladaniferus, and C.
ledon afford the drug labdanum, or ladanum.
Citerior [si-te' -re-or) [L. , "hither"]. Brainward,
centripetal, or afferent.
Citrate [sit' -rat) \_ei/riis, citron-tree]. Any salt of cit-
ric acid.
Citrene [sit' -ren) [citrus, citron-tree], Cj^Hjg. Hes-
peridene ; carvene. The oil of Citrus aiirantiiF, axiA
the chief ingredient of cedar oil, cumin oil, and dill
oil. It occurs associated with pinene in lemon oil.
It is an agreeable-smelling, colorless liquid, sp. gr.
0.846 at 20°, and boiling at 175-176°.
Citric [sit'-rik) \citrus, citron-tree]. Pertaining to or
derived from lemons or citrons. C. Acid. See Acid.
Citrine [sit'-rin] \_citrus, a lemon]. Yellow ; of a lemon
color. C. Ointment. See Hydrargyrum.
Citronella [sit-ron-el' -ah) [dim. of ulrpov, the citron-
tree]. A fragrant grass. C. Oil, the essential oil of
various grasses, mostly of the genus Andrnpogon ;
used chiefly as a perfume ; antirheumatic. Unof.
Citrus [sit'-rus) [L.]. A genus of aurantiaceous trees.
See Aurantium , Bergamot, Lime, Limon.
Cittosis [sit-to' -sis) [/ciVra, Kiaaa, pica]. Pica; a long-
ing for strange or improper food.
Civet [siv'-et) [ME.]. A semi-liquid, unctuous secre-
tion from the anal glands of Viverra civetta, I', zibctlia,
and V. rasse, carnivorous old-world animals, them-
selves called civets. It is now used as a perfume ;
formerly as an antispasmodic and stimulant, like musk.
Unof.
Civiale's Operations. See Operations, Table of.
Clacking Pivot, or Tenon [klnk'-ing piv'-ot). Clack
pivot ; a method of attaching an artificial crown to the
root of a natural tooth ; it was invented by Magiola.
Cladocarpous [klad-o-kai-' -pus) \Kka6or, a branch ;
Kapnog, fruit]. In biology, having the fruit borne at
the end of short lateral branches.
Cladocerous [klad-os' -er-us) [(cXafJof, a branch ; Ktpac,,
horn]. In biology, with branched antennae.
Cladode [klad'-od) \Kka<^oc, a branch; eMof, form]. In
biology, branch-like. See Phyllocladium.
Cladodont [klad' -o-dont) [/i/ldrSof , a branch ; h^o'vc,
tooth]. Same as Hybodont.
Cladonea [klad-o' -ne-ah) [K/ld(!of, a' branch]. A genus
of lichens. C. rangiferina, the reindeer-moss ; a
lichen that grows extensively in Asia, Europe and N.
America. It is used as a food in famine-seasons, and
is locally distilled, affording an alcoholic spirit.
Cladophyl [klad' -o-fil) [K/ld(Sof, a branch; &v7'aov, a
leaf]. In biology, a branch that in form mimics a
leaf. Same as Cladode.
Cladoptosis [klad-op-to' -sis) [/iAd(5of,a branch ; Tri-iTTeiv,
to fall]. In biology, the annual falling of twigs bear-
ing leaves instead of the leaves alone.
Cladose [klad' -ds) [/iAd<5of, a branch]. In biology,
ramose or branched.
Cladothrix [klad' -o-thriks) \Kkafioc, branch ; Sp/'f, a
hair]. A genus of bacteria, having long filaments, in
pseudo-ramifications, with true spores. See Bacteria,
Synonyinatic, Table of.
Clairaudience [klar-aw' -de-ens) [Fr. clair, clear ; audi-
ence, hearing]. The alleged telepathic hearing of
sounds uttered at a great distance.
Clairvoyance [klar-voi'-ans) [Fr. c'air, clear; voir, to
see]. The alleged ability (in certain states), to see
things not normally visible ; the pretended ability to
see the internal organs of a patient, and thus diagnos-
ticate his ailments.
Clamp [klamp] [Ger. Klampe\ An instrument for
compressing the parts in surgical operations, to fix
them or to prevent hemorrhage, etc. C, Gaskell's,
an instrument applied over the heart so that the
pulsation of the auricles and ventricles may be
separately registered ; it is used in the study of cardiac
pulsation.
Clang [klang) \_KAayyT], a clang]. A sharp metallic
sound ; ahoarse voice. C. -deafness, a defect of hear-
ing in which sounds are heard, but their more delicate
qualities are not perceived. C.-tint, the timbre, or
delicate shading of a tone. See Timbre.
Clap [klap) [OF., clapoir, a venereal sore]. Gonor-
rhea. C.-threads, characteristic slimy threads in the
urine of gonorrheal cystitis.
Clapotage [klak-po-ta(k)zh') [Fr.]. The splashing
sound of a liquid in succussion.
Clapping [klap' -ing). See Percussion and Tapotement.
Clapton's Lines. See Lines, Table of.
Claquement [klahk' -mon{g)) [Fr. , clapping, slapping].
1. In massage, percussion with the flat of the hand.
2. The clack, or flapping sound caused by sudden
closure of the heart- valves. «■
Claret [klar'-et) \clarus, clear]. A wine of a light-red
color. C.-red. See Pigments, Conspectus of. C.
Stain. Same as Navus materjius.
Clarificant [klar' -if-ik-ant) {clarus, clear]. A sub-
stance used for the purpose of clearing solutions turbid
from insoluble matter.
Clarification [klar-ifik-a' -shun) \_clarus, clear ; facere,
to make]. The operation of removing the turbidity
of a liquid or naturally transparent substance. It may
be accomplished by allowing the suspended matter to
subside, by the addition of a clarificant or substance
that precipitates suspended matters, or by moderate
heating. See Fining.
Clarify [klar'-if-i) [clarus, clear; facere, \o make].
To free a liquid or solution from insoluble or hetero-
geneous substances. To make clear.
Clarifying [klar'-ifi-ing) [clarus, clear; facere, to
make]. Clearing ; purifying. C. Reagent, any pre-
paration used for purifying microscopic and anatomic
preparations that have been mounted in gummy media.
Oil of cloves, turpentine, creasote, xylol, and oil of
bergamot are the chief.
CLARIONET-PLAYER'S CRAMP
302
CLEARING
Clarionet-player's Cramp. See Cramp.
Clark's Operation. See Operations, Table of. C. Sign.
See Signs atid Symptoms, Table of. C. (Alonzo),
Sign. See Signs and Symptoms, Table of.
Clarke's Corroding Ulcer. An ulcer of the cervix
uteri tliat shows a tendency to spread. C. Inter-
medio-lateral Tract. See Column of. C. Poste-
rior Vesicular Column. See Column of. C. Pro-
cess. See Water, Softening of. C. Rule, a rule for
dosage. The dose is to be graded by the weight of the
child. One hundred and fifty pounds is taken as the
weight of an average human adult, and in order to
obtain the fractional dose this number serves for the
denominator of a fraction whose numerator corresponds
to the weight of the child in avoidupois pounds. Thus,
the formula for a child of 50 pounds would be j''_o_ or
1 of the dose for the adult.
Clasmacytosis (klas-)nah-si-to' -sis). Same as Clasma-
tocytosis.
Clasmatocyte [klas-maf'-o-stt) [/vAdcr^a, fragment ;
KuToi;, cell]. A form of very large connective-tissue
corpuscles that tend to break up into granules or
pieces.
Clasmatocytosis (klas-inat-o-si-to'-sis) [/i-Adc/za, a frag-
ment; /f/'-of, a cell]. The breaking up of clasmato-
cytes, and the formation of islands of granules from
their debris.
Clasp (klasp) [ME., claspen, to grasp firmly]. In
mechanical dentistry, a hook fitted to a tooth and de-
signed for the retention of a dental substitute or other
apparatus to be worn in the mouth. In biology, an
apparatus at the end of the male abdomen in certain
insects, intended to grasp the female. C. -knife
Rigidity, a reflex spasmodic action of the legs from
increased myotatic irritability, as a result of which
extension is completed with a " spring," as in the knife.
Classification (j;las-ifik-a' -shun) \_classis, a class;
facere,X.o make]. An orderly arrangement of names,
objects, diseases, etc. , according to their properties and
peculiarities.
Clastothrix [klas' -to-thriks). Synonym of Trichorrhexis
nodosa.
Clathrate (/{7rt//;'-;-«/) [/^/^;/^/;«, a lattice]. In biology,
latticed ; a name given by Mohl to cribriform cells ;
also written clathroid.
Clathrocystis [klath-ro-sis' -tis) [_K?J/ftpa, a trellis; k'votk;,
pouch], A genus of microbes with round or oval cells,
forming zooglcea; in the form of circular layers. See
Bacteria, Synonvinatic Table of.
Clathrose [klath' -rbs) \KA:i)i)fm, a lattice]. In biology,
having deep furrows crossing at right angles.
Claudication, or Claudicatio {l;law-dik-a' -shun,
kla-o-dik-a' -she-o) \claiidicare, to halt or limp]. The
act of limping ; lameness.
Claudius, Doctrine of. The doctrine that, in the pro-
duction of fetal monstrosities, attributes the atrophic
changes primarily to the reversal and impairment of
the circulation, consequent upon the overpowering vigor
of the stronger fetus. C, Cells of, the outer epithe-
lial layer of the ducts of the cochlea.
Claustrophobia {kla-os-tro-fo' -be-ah) \claustra, a bolt;
(;)o/3()?, fear]. Morbid distress at being in any room or
confined space ; clithrophobia.
Claustrum (/i'/(7Z£'j'-/';-«w) [rA?W<»7r, to shut : /'/., Claus-
tra\ A barrier ; applied to several apertures that may
be closed against entrance. Also, a layer of gray mat-
ter in the cerebrum near the lenticular nucleus.
Clausura i^klaiv-su' -rati) [L.]. Closure; atresia; as of
a passage. C. tubalis, closure of a Fallopian tube.
C. uteri, an imperforate state of the uterine cervix.
Clava, Clavola, or Clavolet {kla'-vah, kla'-vo lah, or
kla'-vo-let) \_clava,2k club]. I. In biology, clubbed
at the end, as the antennae of certain insects. 2. See
Fuuieutus gracilis.
Clavate {klav'-at) \clava, a club.] In biology, club-
shaped. Applied to a stigma, antenna, or other organ
that is thick toward the apex and gradually narrowed
toward the base-.
Clavation [klai'-a' -shun) \_clavatio ; clavus, a nail].
Same as Gomphosis.
Clavelization (klav-el-iz-a' -shun) [Fr. , clavelee, sheep-
pox]; Inoculation with sheep-pox virus ; ovination.
Claven, or Claviculen {kla'-ven, kla-vik' -u-len) \_clavis,
a key]. Belonging to the clavicle in itself.
Claviceps {klav'-is-eps) \_clava, club; caput, hes.A']. A
genus of fungi. C. purpurea, the fungus produc-
ing the ergot of rye.
Clavicle (klav'-ik-l) \_clavicula ; clavus, a. key]. The
collar-bone. See Bones, Table of.
Clavicular [kla-vik' -u-lar) \_clavus, a key]. Relating
to the clavicle.
Clavilla marginales {kla-vil' -ah mar-jin-al' -ez) [L.].
The " olfactory clubs " or marginal clubs in Medusie ;
also called Cordyli marginales.
Clavula [klav' -u-lali) [clava, a club]. In biology,
applied to various clubbed organs ; as, a knobbed
bristle in echinoderms, or the swollen receptacle of
some fungi.
Clavus [kla'-7'us) [clai'us, a nail, a wart, a corn].
Corn ; a hyperplasia of the horny layer of the epider-
mis, in which there is an ingrowth as well as an out-
growth of horny substance, forming circumscribed
epidermal thickenings, chiefiy about the toes. Corns
may be hard or soft, the latter being situated between
the toes, where they are softened by maceration. Both
forms are due to pressure and friction. C. hysteri-
cus, a local neuralgic pain in hysteria, anemia, etc.,
in the head, as if a nail were being driven in.
Claw [klazu) [A.S., clazun, a claw]. The stalk, or con-
tracted base of a petal. In biology, the hooked limb
or appendage of an animal. C.-hand, a condition
of the hand characterized by over-extension of the
first phalanges and extreme flexion of the others.
The condition is a result of atrophy of the interosseous
muscles, with contraction of the tendons of the com-
mon extensor and long flexor. (French, main-en-
griffe. )
Clayed Sugars {klad sug'-arz). Sugars that have been
freed from the dark molasses by covering them in
moulds by moist clay, which allows of a gradual
washing and displacement of the adhering syrup.
Cleaning (klen'-ing) [MY.., clemen, to make clean].
Cleansing ; removal of dirt ; purifying. C. Mix-
ture for Glass, 1. Potassium bichromate 2 parts,
water 10 parts, sulphuric acid 10 parts ; dissolve the
potassium in the water with heat, pour into a warm
bottle, add the sulphuric acid slowly and at intervals.
2. Nitric acid (cone.) 2 parts, sulphuric acid 3 parts.
Cleansings [klen' -zingz) [ME., clensen, to clean].
The lochia.
Clearer (kler' -er) . See Clearing Mixture.
Clearing (kler'-ing) [ME., cleren, to make clear].
Clarification ; making clear. 'A^t. Fitting. C. Agent,
a substance used in microscopy to render tissues trans-
parent and suitable for mounting. To replace alcohol
in a dehydrated section , creasote, turpentine, xylol, and
the oils of bergamot, cedar, cloves, and origanum are
used. For celloidin sections, Bergamot or cedar oil or
creasote is preferable. Before mounting vegetable sec-
tions, glycerin, solution of carbolic acid, liquor potassse,
alcoholic solution of potash, liquor ammonire, solution
of chloral hydrate, Javelle water, Labarraque's solu-
tion, are used. See Stains, Table of. C. Mixture,
a fluid used in microscopy for rendering sections trans-
CLEAVAGE
303
CLINICIST
parent after dehydration. It must be miscible with the
mounting medium. A very satisfactory and generally
applicable mixture is the following : Carbolic acid crys-
tals 4 parts, rectified oil of turpentine 6 parts.
Cleavage {kW -vaj) [ME. , cleven'\ . I . The linear clefts
in the skin indicating the general direction of the
fibers. They govern to a certain extent the arrange-
ment of the lesions in skin-diseases. The lines of
cleavage run, for the most part, obliquely to the axis
of the trunk, sloping from the spine downward and
forward ; in the limbs they are mostly transverse to
their longitudinal axis. 2. A mode of cell-division.
Cleavers [klc' -vcrz) . See Galium apariiie.
Cleft {klcft) [ME., clift]. I. A fissure ; crevice. 2.
The crotch, or point of junction of the legs. 3. In
botany, divided half-way, as a leaf. C. Fa,ce. See
Schistoprosopia. C, Olfactory. See Olfactory. C.
Palate, a congenital malformation of the palate,
usually occurring with hare-lip. C. Sternum, con-
genital fissure of the sternum. C, Visceral, or
Branchial. The four slit-like openings on each side in
the cervical region in the fetus, sometimes called the
Branchial openings. The slits close (in the human
fetus), except the upper, from which are developed
the auditory meatus, tympanic cavity and Eustachian
tube. See Branchial Clefts.
Cleidagra [kli-da^-grah) [/^/^t/f, clavicle ; iiypa, seiz-
ure]. Gout in the clavicular region.
Cleidal (kli'-dal) [/cXe/'r, clavicle]. Relating to the
clavicle ; clavicular. •
Cleido- {kli' -do-) [/cAe/'f the clavicle]. A prefix, mean-
ing a relation to the clavicle.
Cleido-hyoid [kli' -do-hi' -oid) [kAe/V, clavicle ; voeiSi/c,
shaped like the letter upsilon]. Relating to the clav-
icle and the hyoid.
Cleido-mastoid {^kli' -do-uias' -toid) [hPif/'f, the clavicle ;
jiaaTo^, the breast ; iWof, like]. Pertaining to the
clavicle and to the mastoid process.
Cleisagra {klis-a' -gra) . See Cleidagra.
Cleistocarp [klls'-to-karf) [KAfmror, that may be
closed ; napTTOQ, fruit]. In biology, an ascocarp in
which the spores are completely enclosed and from
which they escape by the rupturing of its walls.
Cleistogamy {klls-tog' -ani-e) [K/lf iOTOf , that may he
closed; }(j//of, marriage]. In biology, self-fertiliza-
tion in closed flowers.
Cleithrophobia [kli-thro-fo' -be-ali) l_K'AelOpoi>, a bolt ;
<p6j}o(;, fear]. Same as Claustrophobia, but a better
formed word.
Clematin [klein' -at-iii) [nh/im-'K;, clematis]. An
alkaloid from Clematis vitalba.
Clematis (klem' -at-is) \_K'/.r//itaTlr. clematis]. A genus
of ranunculaceous plants of many species, most of
which are acrid or poisonous. C. corymbosa is
powerfully irritant and resistant. C. crispa and C.
erecta are diuretic and diaphoretic, and are said to be
antisyphilitic. C. viorna, C. virginica, and C.
vitalba are similar in properties to C. erecta.
Clemens' Solution. See Arsenium.
Clemot's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Cleptomania [klep-to-tna' -ne-ali). See Kleptomania.
Cleptophobia {klep-to-fo' -be-ah) . See Kleptophobia .
Clergyman's Sore-Throat. A chronic hypertrophic
form of pharyngitis, with more or less enlargement of
the tonsils and lymph-follicles of the posterior wall,
due to excessive and improper use of the voice.
Dysphonia clericorum. See also Pharyngitis ,
Granular.
Clerk-Maxwell's Experiment. See Lowe's Ring.
Clethrophobia {kleth-ro-fo' -be-ah) \KMjdpov, a bar, bolt ;
<p6pog, fear]. Same as Claustrophobia.
Clevenger's Fissure. See Fissures, Table of.
Clichy White. Same as White Lead.
Clicking Sounds [klik'-ing soundz). Peculiar sharp
sounds heard in auscultating the apex of a tuberculous
lung. They indicate the commencement of softening
in a tuberculous deposit. See Rale.
Cliff-Rose {Jdif'-roz). See Alonsenel.
Climacteria {kli-mak-te' -re-ah). Syn. of A/enopause.
Climacteric (Jili-mak-ter'-ik, or kli-mak' -ter-ik) \kX.iii-
ai<Ti/p, the round of a ladder]. A period of the life-
time at which the system was believed to undergo
marked changes. These were at yearly periods
divisible by seven. C. Age, puberty ; also in women
the time of cessation of the catamenia. C, Grand,
the 63d year, also the 8ist year. C. Dentition. See
C. Teething. C. Insanity. See Insanity. C.
Teething, the development of teeth at a very late
period of life, after the loss of those of the second
dentition, and usually between the sixty-third and
eighty-first year, the grand climacteric years of the
Greek physiologists.
Climate [kli'-mat) \K'kina, a region, or zone, of the earth] .
The sum of those conditions in any region or country
that relate to the air, the temperature, moisture, sun-
shine, winds etc., especially in so far as they concern
the health or comfort of mankind. Climate is an essen-
tial factor in the production of or modification of cer-
tain diseased conditions. This influence depends upon
the nearness of the country to large bodies of water, its
altitude above the sea-level, the peculiarities of its
atmosphere, the nature and composition of its soil and
subsoil, and the character of its vegetation. The most
equable climate is that of the ocean, and next from a
therapeutic point of view stands th^; sea-coast. The
climate of mountains is especially lauded for the treat-
ment of pulmonary disease. Its value consists in the
rarefaction of the atmosphere and the freedom from
particles and germs. Climate also plays an important
part in the management of hay-fever and other
diseases.
Climatic [kli->nat'-ik) \_K7Jna, a region or zone of the
earth]. Pertaining to climate.
Climatology {kli-mat-oF -o-je') [/i/'i///a, climate, a clime ;
/dyof, science]. The science of climate.
Climatotherapy (kli-tnat-o-ther' -a-pe) \_K/J/ja, clime;
Oepantin, a waiting on]. The employment of clima-
tic measures in the treatment of disease.
Climbing Staff-tree. False Bittersweet. The bark
of the root of Celastrus scandens, alterative, diuretic
and slightly narcotic. It has been advantageously
employed in syphilitic and scrofulous afi'ections. Dose
of fld. ext. 3j-ij. Unof. See Celastrus.
Clinandrium (klin-an' -dre-uin) [/cX/r//, a bed ; avi/p, a
man]. In biology, a cavity at the apex of the column
in orchids in which the anthers rest. This is also
called the Androclinium.
Clinantheum {klin-an' -the-uni) [k?./'i';/, bed ; avOor, a
flower]. In biology, the receptacle of a composite
plant.
Clinic (/f'/Zw'-^/f') [/f?uwKdf,pertainingtoabed]. I. Medi-
cal instruction given at the bedside, or in the presence
of the patient whose symptoms are studied and whose
treatment is considered. 2. A gathering of instructors,
students, and patients, for the study and tr&atment of
disease.
Clinical (klin'-ik-al) \_kXlvik6<;, pertaining to a bed].
Relating to bedside treatment, or to a clinic.
Clinician [klin-ish' -an) \fAiviK6(;, pertaining to a bed].
A phy.sician whose opinions, teachings, and treatment
are based upon experience at the bedside ; a clinical
instructor ; one who practises medicine.
Clinicist (klin'-is-ist) \_K\tviK6^, pertaining to a bed].
A clinician.
CLINOCErHALIA
304
CLUBBED FINGERS
Clinocephalia {kli-no-sef-a' -/I'-nli) bed ; Kf(pa7i{],
head]. Abnormal flatness of the top of the head.
Clinocephalous (/'//-^ii-j-fy'-;^/-//,?) \_t</ 'iv>i, bed: Kt(pa'Af/,
head]. Having the top of the head abnormally
flat.
Clinodactylous [kli-no-dak' -til-iis) [KA/i'fn', to flex or
lie; (Ja/cri'/'iOf, finger]. Pertaining to an abnormal
flexure, deviation or curvature of the fingers or toes.
QXv!\o\A(Jdi' -noid) [kX/'iv/, a bed ; fZtSof, likeness]. Re-
sembling a bed ; applied to sundry bony structures of
the body, as the clinoid processes, plate, walls, etc.
Clinostat {kli' -no-stal) {jiKmiv, to incline ; araroi;,
placed]. An apparatus for regulating the exposure of
plants to the sunlight.
Clip (ki'p)- See Compressor.
Clire, or Clyers [Idi'-er, or kli'-erz) [E. dial.]. Tuber-
culous disease of cattle. See Kernels.
Cliseometer {Jdis-e-oiii' -et-er) \jik'wi<;, inclination ;
/utTjior, a measure]. An instrument for measuring the
degree of inclination of the pelvic axis.
Clistocarpous lyklis-to-kar' -pus) \k'Kswt6(;, that can be
closed; ha/jTrof, fruit]. In biology, having a closed
capsule, as certain mosses.
Clithrophobia (klith-ro-fo' -be-ali). Same as Cleithro-
pliobia.
Clitoralgia {klit-or-aF -je-ah) l_i<'/eiTop!g, the clitoris;
a/}Of, pain]. Pain referred to the clitoris.
Clitoridectomy (klit-or-id-e¥ -to-me) [/c/lf/rop/f, clitoris ;
eKTOfifj, excision]. Excision of the clitoris.
Clitoris [klit'-or-is) \_K?iei-opi(, clitoris] . The homologue
in the female of the penis, attached by two crura or
branches to the ischio-pubic rami, which meet in front
of the pubic joint to form the body, or corpus. The
so-called "gland" is such only in appearance and
name. C. Crises, paroxysms of sexual excitement in
women suftering from tabes.
Clitorism {klii'-or-izm) [/lAKriYj/f , the clitoris]. I. En-
largement or hypertrophy of the clitoris. 2. Tribadism.
Clitoritis {klit-or-i' -tis) [/lAfcropfc, clitoris ; triq, inflam-
mation]. Inflammation of the clitoris.
Clitorotomy {klit-or-ot'-o-mc). Incision of the clitoris.
Clitorrhagia (klit-or-a' -je-ah) [k/I e /-op/'f , clitoris;
pijyv'vvdi, to burst]. HemoiThage from the clitoris.
Clivus [kii'-vus) [L., aslope]. Aslope. C. Ossis, or
C. of Blumenbach, the slanting .surface of the body
of the sphenoid between the dorsum sella; and the
basi-occipital.
Cloaca [klo-a'-kak) [cloaca, a sewer] . I. In early fetal
life, ttie common orifice of the intestine and the allan-
tois. 2. In surgery, the long canal of escape of pus
from a necrotic sequestrum. 3. In biology, the cham-
ber into which open the large intestine and urogenital
ducts of birds, amphibians and monotremata.
Cloaca! (k/o-a' -kal) [c"/(7ff(V?, a sewer]. Pertaining to or
serving as a cloaca.
Clonic [klon'-ik) [/cAorof, commotion]. Applied to
convulsive and spasmodic conditions of muscles in
which alternate contractions and relaxations occur in-
voluntarily.
Clonici (klon'-is-i) [L.]. Diseases marked by clonic
spasm.
Clonism, Clonismus (klo'-nizm, klo-uiz' -inus) [kaovoc,
commotion]. A clonic spasm; clonospasm.
Clonospasm f^klon' -o-spazni) [hVtdi'or, commotion ;
a-!Tno!i6<;, a spasm]. A clonic spasm.
Clonus [klo'-nus) [/f/ouof, commotion]. Involuntary,
reflex, irregular contractions of muscles when put sud-
denly upon the stretch. According to the part stimu-
lated, the phenomenon is spoken of as ankle, foot,
rectus, or 'tirist C, etc. See A'e/lexes, Table of. It is
a valuable diagnostic sign in certain lesions of the
spinal cord. Cathodal closure clonus, and Catho-
dal opening clonus, etc. See Contraction. See
Ankle C. , Wrist C. , etc.
Clopemania [klo-pe-ma' -ne-ak) [nAonrj, robbery ; fiavia,
mania]. See A'lepto/nania.
Cloquet, Angle of. See Angle. C, Canal of. See
Canals, and Hyaloid Artery. C, Fascia of, the sep-
tum crurale, q. v. C, Ganglion of. See Ganglia,
Table of. C, Hernia of. See Hernia, and Diseases,
Table of. C, Needle Test of. See Death, Signs of.
C, Operation of. See Operations, Table of. C,
Pseudoganglion of. See Pseudoganglion.
Closing Tetanus {k/o^-zing tet^-an-us). See Gahano-
tonus.
Clostridial [klos-trid' -e-al) \_K?-(jaT^p, a spindle]. Re-
ferring to spindle-shaped bacilli and especially to the
agent of the butyric acid feiTnentation.
Clostridium [klos-trid^-e-u/n) [kAugtz/p, a spindle : //. ,
Clostridia'\. A genus of bacteria, differing from bacilli
in the fact that their spores are formed in character-
istically enlarged rods. See Bacillus butyricus, under
Bacteria.
Closure [klo'-zur^ [clausura , a closing]. The act of
completing or closing an electric circuit. According
as a closure is anodal or cathodal, its effects may so
differ as to give it a marked significance in diag-
nosis.
Clot [klot) [ME., clot, a round mass]. A coagulum,
especially that of blood ; a crassamentura. See Throm-
bus, Embolism. White clots are formed of the pure
fibrin of white corpuscles and of blood-plaques. If the
white clot has become slightly stained with red blood-
cells, it becomes yellowish [chicken-fat clot) ; if it be
red and soft, it is a currant-jelly clot. Stratified clots
contain layers of more than one variety. C, Distal,
a clot formed in a vessel beyond the seat of ligature.
C. -districts, the small divisions into which a clot is
broken by the dissemination through it of the fibro-
blastic plasma-corpuscles. C, Proximal, the clot
formed in a vessel above the seat of ligature.
Clotbur (klot'- or klot'-bur). The leaves of Xanthium
strumarium, much used as a domestic remedy for bites
of poisonous insects and venomous serpents. Also an
active styptic. Dose of the fluid extract .^j-ij. Unof.
See also Spiny Clotbur.
Clottage of the Ureters. An operation proposed in
case of hematuria from a kidney hopelessly crushed
or with advanced carcinoma. The procedure consists
in blocking or corking up the ureter with a clot.
Cloudberry (klo7tid'-ber-e). The leaves of Rubus cha-
mtrmorus, used in Russia as a diuretic. Dose ^]
a cupful of boiling water. Unof.
Cloudy Swelling. Parenchymatous degeneration ; a
swelling up of the elements of a tissue by imbibition
or accretion, a form of hypertrophy with a tendency to
degeneration.
Clove (klov). See Caryophyllus. C. -hitch Knot, a
form of double-knot in which two successive loops are
made close to one another on the same piece of cord
or bandage, a half-twist being given to the junction of
each loop at the time of making it. .See A'not.
Clover's Gas and Ether Inhaler. See Anesthetic.
Clownism {khnvn'-izm) [ME., cloune\ Charcot's
term for that stage of hystero-epilep.sy in which there
is an emotional display and a remarkable series of con-
tortions or cataleptic poses.
Club [kltd)) [ME., club, a club]. In biology, a broad
ending of an antenna. C.-foot. .See Talipes. C-
hand, a deformity of the hand similar to that of club-
foot.
Clubbed Fingers (klubd fing'-gerz). Knobbed defor-
mity of the finger-ends, with curvature of the nails,
seen in some cases of pulmonary and cardiac disease.
CLYERS
305
COCAIN
Clyers (kli'-erz). See Clire and Kernels.
Clypeate {klip'-e-at) \elypeiis, a shield]. In biology,
shaped like a buckler.
Clyster [k/is'-/er\ [K'Avarr/p, an injection]. An enema.
Cnemis (ne^-mis) [nvr/fiig, a legging]. The tibia or
shin-bone.
Cnemitis (ite-mi'-tis) \K.vr)\iri,^Ys\\ /r^f, inflammation].
Inflammation of the tibia.
Cnicin [^ni'-sUi) \Kvfiiioq, a plant of the thistle kind],
C^jHjgOjj. A crystalline bitter substance found in
Blessed Thistle.
Cnidoblast [ni' -do-blast) \_Kvkhi, a nettle ; (SAaaroc, a
germ]. In biology, the budding thread-cell or urticat-
ing cell.
Cnidocell (ni^-do-sel) [^enida, a. nettle ; cella, a. ceW].
In biology, a lasso-cell, nematocyst, or urticating cell.
Cnidocil [ni'-do-sil) l_em'da, a nettle; <77/«w, an eye-
lash]. In biology, the thread of a nematocyst.
Cnidophorous {jiid-off' -or-tis) [kv/cS;/, a nettle ; (pepeiv,
to bear]. In biology, bearing lasso-cells or nemato-
cysts.
Cnidosis (tii-do^-sis) [/cwrf;?, nettle]. Urtication ; net-
tle-rash.
Coacervate {ko-as-erv' -at") \coacervai-e, to heap up] .
In biology, clustered, bunched; said of grains or
flowers.
Coach {kocli). See Quizzer.
Coachmen's Cramp. See Cramp. •
Coadnate {^ko-ad' -nat) \con, together; adnatiis,
bunched]. In biology, clustered.
Coagulant (ko-ag' -u-lant) \_coagitlare , to curdle]. I.
Causing the formation of a clot or coagulum. 2. A
coagulating agent.
Coagulated [ko-ag' -u-la-tcd) [eoagularc, to curdle].
Clotted ; curdled. C. Proteids, a class of proteids
produced by heating solutions of egg- albumin or
serum-albumin globulin suspended in water or dis-
solved in saline solutions, up to loo° C. At the body-
temperature they are readily converted into peptones
by the action of the gastric juice in an acid, or of
pancreatic juice in an alkaline medium.
Coagulation [ko-ag-u-la' -shun') \coagulatio , z. clot-
ting]. The formation of a coagulum or clot, as in
blood or in milk.
Coagulative [ko-ag' -u-la-thi) \_eoagulare, to curdle].
Causing or marked by coagulation. C. Necrosis.
See Necrosis.
Coagulum [ko-ag' -u-lunt) \coagulare , to curdle : //. ,
Coagula\ Clot. The mass of fibrin, enclosing red
and colorless corpuscles and serum, that forms from
the plasma of the blood after the latter has been
drawn from the body. Also, the curd of milk, and
the insoluble form of albumin.
Coal [kol) [ME., cole\ A solid and more or less
distinctly stratified mineral, varying in color from dark-
brown to black, brittle, combustible, and used as a fuel ;
not fusible without decomposition, and very insoluble.
C, Anthracite, the hard variety of coal, used largely
as a heating-agent. It contains but little hydrogen,
and is mainly (over 90 percent.) composed of pure car-
bon. C, Bituminous, is black or grayish-black in
color, of a resinous luster, and somewhat friable, being
easily broken into cubical fragments of more or less
regularity ; upon ignition it burns with a yellow flame.
When heated to bright redness in retorts or ovens, free
from the access of air, the volatile matter, composed of
carbon compounds of hydrogen and oxygen with water,
passes off. It is used in the manufacture of gas. C,
Cannel is much more compact than gas or coking
coals, duller in appearance, possessing a grayish-black
to brown color, and burning with a clean candle-like
flame. It does not soil the hands, and is not readily
20
fractured. C, Brown, or Lignite, appears to occupy
an intermediate position between the bituminous coals
and wood. It retains the ligneous structure of the
material from which it is formed, hence the name
Lignite. The vegetable remains are in a great many
cases quite distinct. The color varies from yellowish-
brown in the earthy, to black in the more compact,
coal-like varieties. It does not yield coke. It is used
as fuel in some localities. Peat, or Turf, occurring in
large areas in Ireland and in some parts of Europe,
consists of the decayed remains of certain forms of
plants. It has been destructively distilled for tarry
products, without profit, however. C. -miner's Lung.
See Mine7-'s Lung. C.-tar, a by-product in the
manufacture of illuminating gas ; it is a black, viscid
fluid of a characteristic and disagreeable odor. The
specific gravity ranges from 1. 10 to 1. 20. Its compo-
sition is extremely complex, and its principal constitu-
ents are separated, one from the other, by means of
fractional distillation. C.-tar Colors. %ee Pigments,
Colors, and Dyestuffs.
Coalescence [ko-al-es' -ens) \_coaleseere, to grow to-
gether]. The union of two or more parts or things.
Coaptation [ko-ap-ta'-s/nat) \_eon, together; aptare, to
fit]. The proper union or adjustment of the ends of a
fractured bone, the lips of a wound, etc.
Coarctate [ko-ark'-ttit) \_coarctare, to press together].
Crowded together.
Coarctation [ko-ark-ta' -s/iun) \_eoaretare, to put to-
gether]. A compression of the walls of a vessel or
canal, thus narrowing or closing the lumen ; reduction
of the normal or previous volume, as of the pulse ;
shrivelling and consequent detachment, as of the
retina. A stricture.
Coarctotomy [ko-ark-fot' -o-me) \_eoaretattis, constructed ;
Ti/iveiv, to cut]. The cutting of a structure.
Coarse [kors) [ME. , eoi/rsr]. Not fine; gross. C.
Adjustment. See Adjustment. C. Features of
Disease, macroscopic organic lesions, such as tumor,
hemorrhage, etc.
Coarticulation [ko-ar-tik-ii-la' -slmn) \_con, together;
artictdare, to join, articulate]. A synarthrosis.
Coat [kot) \_cottits, a tunic]. A cover, or membrane
covering a part or substance. C, Buffy, the upper
fibrinous layer of the clot of coagulated blood, marked
by its color, and absence of red-corpuscles.
Coates's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Coating [kot'-ing) [eottits, a tunic]. A covering, as of
a wound, the tongue, etc. C. of the Tongue, a con-
dition of the tongue indicative of abnonnality of the
digestive tract. C. of Pills, a covering of various sub-
stances to conceal the taste in swallowing.
Cobalt [ko' -baudt) \_ICobold, a German mythologic
goblin]. .A tough, heavy metal having some of the
general properties of iron. Its oxids have been em-
ployed in medicine, but are now very little used. See
Elements, Table of. C.-blue. See Pigments, Con-
spectus of. C. -green. Same as Rinmann'' s Green.
C.-red. See Pigments, Conspectics of. C. -ultra-
marine. Same as Cobalt-blue. C. -yellow. See
Pigments, Conspectus of.
Cobweb [kob'-tveb) [ME., cobweb, 2l spider's web].
Tela aranea, spider's web. The web of a common
house spider, Tegeneria domestica. It is a styptic recom-
mended for bleeding after tooth-extraction, and in
pulmonary tuberculosis, in 30-grain doses. It forms
a serviceable moxa, with the aid of the blowpipe.
Coca [ko'-kaJi). See Erythroxylon.
Cocain [ko'-kah-in,ox ko'-kaii)\S.A, , coca"] , CjjHjiNO^.
The chief alkaloid extract of Erytliroxylon coca. It
is at first stimulant and afterward narcotic, and resem-
bles caffein in its action on the nerve-centers, and
COCAINISM
306
COCHIN CHINA
atropin in its effects on the respiratory and circulatory
organs. Its long-continued use [cocain-Zialnt) is
followed by insomnia, decay of moral and intellectual
power, emaciation, and death. Locally, it is a pow-
erful anesthetic in a limited area of surface. It acts
most rapidly on mucous tissues. Applied to the con-
junctiva of the eye it causes also dilatation of the
pupil and paralysis of the function of accommodation.
Applied to the tongue it temporarily destroys the sense
of taste. Dose gr. ^-ij. -See also Anesthetic. C.-
Bug, an imaginary insect which cocainomaniacs fre-
quently think they are infested with ; a belief that is pro-
bably due to some formicational sense-perversion. C,
Ceratum, i in 30, for burns, etc. C. Citras, used in
dentistry to ease aching teeth. C. Hydrochloras ,
or chlorid of cocain, Cj7H2jNO.jCl, more properly
cocain chlorid, most commonly used for local anes-
thesia in 2-8 per cent, solution. Dose, internally, gr.
i-ij. C. Hydrochlorat., Liquor. (B. P.). DosetTLij-x.
Injectio C. Hydrochlorat., Hypoderm. ; I grain in
20 minims. C., Lamellae (B.P.), each containing
gr. of cocain hydrochl orate. C. Oleas, a 10
per cent, solution in oleic acid, for external use. C.
Phenas or Carbolas, a topical application in catarrhs
and in rheumatism. Used as a five to ten per cent,
alcoholic solution, also internally, gr j*— ^•
Cocainism {ko-ka' -in-izni) [S. Amer. coca^ The
cocain-habit.
Cocainization (ko-ka-in-iz-a'-shitn') [S. Amer., coca'\.
The bringing of the system or organ under the influ-
ence of cocain.
Cocainomania (^ko-ka-in-o-ma' -ne-aii) [cocain: fzai'la,
madness]. The habit of using cocain; properly,
insanity due to the cocain-habit.
Cocainomaniac {ko-ka-in-o-ma' -ne-ak') \_cocain ; /xavia,
madness]. One who is insane from the effects of
cocain.
Cocamin [ko' -kain-in') [S. Amer. coca; amiri],
CjjH^jNO^. Truxillin, or Isotropyl-cocain; an alkaloid
from coca. It has active properties, but its physio-
logic effects are little known.
Coccaceae (kok-kas' -e-e) [Fr. , coccacees ; kSkkoc, a ker-
nel]. A group of schizomycetous fungi, or bacteria,
including as genera the Micrococcus, Sarcina, Asco-
coccus, and Leuconostoc. The elements are normally
spherical, reproduction usually taking place by divi-
sion. Some writers place the genus Leuconostoc alone
in this group ; others exclude it entirely.
Coccidia {kok-sid'-e-aJi) [/fOK/(or, a berry]. The so-called
psoi-ospennicT—mmvAe. oval structures about 0.035 mm.
long, with a thick capsule and coarsely granular con-
tents. They are frequently found in the liver of the
rabbit, and have been found in the liver, in a pleuritic
exudate, and in the kidney, ureter, and heart-muscle
in man. The organism is more properly called Coc-
cidium oviforme, while the spores that it forms are
termed psorospermiae.
Coccidiosis [kok-sid-i^-o-sis) [kokkoq, a berry; vdmr,
disease]. The group of symptoms produced by the
presence of coccidia in the body.
Coccidium {kok-sid'-e-um) [/fo/i«:of , a berry : //. . Coc-
cidia\. I. In biology, applied (a) to the spore-bearing
conceptacle of certain algfe, and {h) to egg-shaped
psorosperms. 2. A genus of protozoans, by some re-
ferred to as the so-called psorosperms (see Psorospenii).
See Coccidia. C. oviforme has been found in intes-
tinal epithelium, and in the liver of man, and often in
the liver of the rabbit. True coccidia are non-motile
cell-parasites. C. sarkolytus, the name given by
Adamkiewicz to the parasite of carcinoma.
Coccillana {kok-sil-a'-nali) [S. Amer.]. The bark of
Guarea swartzii, of the W. Indies, a tree of the fam-
ily Meiiacece, an emetic and purgative ; in over-doses it
is poisonous as an irritant narcotic. It acts locally upon
the mucous membrane when directly applied or when
absorbed. It is commended forbronchial catarrh. Dose
of fl. ext. tl^^x-xxx. Unof.
Coccinella {Jiok-sin-el'-ah). See Cochineal.
Coccinellin [kok-sin-el' -in), or Coccinellina (kok-se-
nel' -lei-na'). See Carniin.
Coccinin [kok'-sin-in) \_cocciniis, scarlet], Cj^HjjOj. I.
A substance obtained by heating carmic acid with po-
tassium hydrate. It crystallizes in yellowish leaflets
from an alcoholic solution. 2. A coal-tar color belong-
ing to the azo-group. Same as New Coccin and Phene-
tol Red.
Coccobacteria [kok-o-bak-te' -re-a/i) [/co/f/cof, a kernel ;
paKTJ/jiiov, a little rod]. The rod-like or spheroidal
bacteria found in putrefying liquids, and called C.
septica. See Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of.
Coccoloba (kok-oV -o-bah) \_cocolobis, a kind of grape]
A genus of polygonaceous trees of tropical Americ
C. uvifera, the sea-side grape, has a hard and valu
able wood, which, when boiled, yields what is called
Jamaica kino.
Coccomelasma ( kok-o-mel-az' -mah ) \k.6kkoq, berry ;
//£/'ia(T//a, blackness] . A granular dermal melanosis.
Cocculus (kok'-u-liis) [dim. of coccus, a berry]. A
genus of menispermaceous plants of the tropics. C.
indicus, is the dried fruit of Anamirta cocculus. It
is an active narcotic poison, and is employed as a de-
stroyer of vermin ; its preparations have proved ser-
viceable for headaches, dysmenorrhea, etc. See Picro-
toxin.
Coccus {kok'-iis) [/id/cKof, a berry]. I. A cell or cap-
sule. 2. In biology, (a) the separable carpels or mit-
lets of dry fruits ; {U) a spherical bacterium, a micro-
coccus. C. cacti, the cochineal insect. See Cochineal.
Coccyalgia [kok-se-al'-je-ah) \_k6kkv^ , coccyx ; akyoQ,
pain]. Coccygodynia.
Coccydynia (J;ok-se-din' -e-ah). See Coccygodynia.
Coccygalgia [kok-sig-al'-je-ah). See Coccvgodynia.
Coccygeal (kok-sif -e-al) [kokkv^, coccyx]. Pertaining
to the coccyx.
Coccygectomy [kok-sig-ek' -to-me) \k6kkvS., coccyx ;
iKTopfi, excision]. Surgical excision of the coccyx.
Coccygeus [kok-sif -e-us) \_k6kkv^, coccyx]. One of
the pelvic muscles. See Muscles, Table of
Coccygodynia [kok-sig-o-din^ -e-alf) \_k6kkv^, coccyx ;
bfiiw)/, pain]. Pain referred to the region of the coc-
cyx ; confined almost exclusively to women who have
given birth to children. The pain is due to a rupture
or stretching of the ligaments surrounding the coccyx,
or to fracture or dislocation of that bone.
Coccygotomy {kok-sig-of -o-me) \k.6kkvS,, coccyx ; ro,ar/,
a cutting]. Cutting of the coccyx.
Coccyx [kok' -siks) [/foKKuf, the cuckoo (resembling the
bill) ]. The last bone of the spinal column, formed
by the union of four rudimentary vertebrte. See
Bones, Table of.
Cochenille [Fr.]. Same as Cochineal.
Cochia [ko'-ke-ah, or ko'-che-ali) [L. ; of Gr. kokk'iov, a
pill]. An old, but not obsolete, name for certain
drastic and mainly aloetic pills (pilitltr cockier). The
name cochia is now adjectival.
Cochin China [ko'-chin chi'-nah) [native Asiatic]. A
country of lower Asia. C. Diarrhea, a form of
tropical diarrhea dependent upon the presence in the
intestine of a thread-worm, Anguillula intestinalis,
and its larval offspring. C. Leg. Synonym of
Elephantiasis arabttm. C. Ulcer, an affection of
Cochin China characterized by deep ulceration of the
extremities. It is supposed to be the same as
FuruJiculus orietitalis.
COCHINEAL
307
CGELOSPERM
Cochineal {koch'-in-el, or kock-in-el') [ME., czit-
chaiital^ The dried insects of a species of plant
lice, Coccus cacti, parasitic upon a cactus of Mexico
and Central America. It contains a rich red coloring-
matter, carinin, used mainly as a dyeing agent. See
F:g-i>!ci!ts, Conspectus of. It is thought to be valuable
in infantile whooping-cough. Dose gr. J^.
Cochlea [kok' -le-ah) \_k6x^o(;, a conch-shell]. A cav-
ity of the internal ear resembling a snail-shell. It
describes two and a half turns about a central pillar
called the modiolus or columnella, forming the spiral
canal, about I inches in length. The latter is di-
vided into three canals or scalse, — the scales tympani,
vestihtili, and media. See also, Eai-. 2. In botany,
a coiled legume, like that of Medicago.
Cochlea.
I. Scala tympani. 2. Scala vestibuli. 3. Anterior or triangu-
lar canal. 4. Posterior or quadrilateral canal. 5, 5. Spiral
ligament. 6. External spiral sulcus. 7. Membrana tectoria,
or membrane of Corti. 8. Membrana basilaris. 9. Spiral
vessel. 10. Limbus lamince spiralis. 11. Pillars of Organ
of Corti. 12. Branch of cochlear nerve. 13. Ganglion
spirale. 14 Branch of cochlear nerve between the lamellae
of the lamina spiralis ossea. 15. One of the orifices by
which this branch penetrates the canal of Corti. 16. Part of
bony cochlea. 17. Lining periosteum. 18. Membrane of
Reissner.
Cochlear [kok'-le-ar^ [f'^T'^T > a conch-shell]. Per-
taining or belonging to the cochlea. C. Nerve, the
nerve supplying the cochlea. See Nerves, Table of.
Cochlear, or Cochleare { kok'-le-ar, or kok-le-a'-re)
[I-,.: pi., Cochlearia']. A spoon ; a spoonful. C. mag-
num, a tablespoon ; C. medium, a dessert-spoon ;
C. minimum, a teaspoon.
Cochlearia {kok-le-ar' -e-ali). See Horseradish.
Cochleate (kok'-le-at) \_cochleatits, spiral]. Spirally
coiled, like a snail-shell.
Cochlitis [kok-li' -lis) \_k6x')ioi;, a conch-shell ; itiq, in-
flammation]. Inflammation of the cochlea.
Cockroach { kok' -roch). See Blatta.
Coco {ko'-kd). Synonym of Yazus. See Framhxsia.
Coco, or Cocoa (/io'-i'o) [Port., cacad\. See Cacao s.nA
Theobroma. C.-nut, the nut of Cocos tiucifera, a
palm-tree of tropical coast-regions. The oil is used
as a substitute for cod-liver oil, and in Germany it is
employed in pharmacy in the place of lard. C.-nut
Fiber, coir. The coarse fibrous covering of the nut
of the cocoa-palm is largely used in making brooms,
brushes, matting, and coarse carpeting. The fiber is
coarse, stiff, very elastic, round, and smooth like hair.
It also has great tenacity, and is well adapted for
cordage. C.-nut Oil, oleum cocois, is obtained from
the dried pulp of the cocoa-nut by expression. It is
an oil of the consistency of butter, fusing at from 73° to
80° F.(22.7° to 26.6° C). When fresh, it is white in
color and of sweet taste and agreeable odor, but it
easily becomes rancid. It is easily saponified, even
in the cold. It is used in the manufacture of candles
and soap.
Cocomania [ko-ko-ma' -tte-a/i) . See Cocainotiiania .
Cocomaniac [ko-ko-ma' -ne-alc). See Cocainonianiac.
Cocoolein [ko-ko-o'-le-in) [Port., cacao; oleum, oil].
A proprietary substitute for cod-liver oil, said to be
derived from cocoa-nut oil.
Cocotte {ko-kol') [Fr.]. Synonym of Influenza.
Coction (kok' -shun) [coctio ; coquere, to cook]. I.
Digestion. 2. Thepreparatory alteration that morbific
matter undergoes in preparation for its discharge.
Cod (iW) [ME., (■(?(/]. I. The scrotum. 2. The belly.
3. In the plural, the testes. 4. Gadus morrhua,
a fish furnishing a valuable medicinal product. C. -
liver Oil, an oil derived from the liver of the Gadus
morrhua, and ranging in color according to the method
of its preparation from pale-straw to dark-brown ; its
specific gravity is .923 to .924 or even .930 at 15° C.
The finer qualities are used for medicinal purposes,
the darker by tanners and curriers. See Alorrhua.
Codamin [ko' -dam-in) [Koide/n, the head; poppy-head;
amin'\, Q.^^^:^Q^. A crystalline alkaloid of opium,
isomeric with laudanin. When ferric chlorid is added
6 to it, it assumes a deep-green color.
Codein [ko'-den) [/i(jf5«a, the poppy-head], CjgHjjNOj-
H.^O. A white, crystalline alkaloid of opium. It is
'"^ mildly calmative and is serviceable in diabetes mel-
litus. It is also valuable in ovarian pain. Dose gr.
ss-ij. C. Phosphate, soluble in water. Similar to
morphin in action, but less toxic. Dose, hypodermi-
cally, gr. ss. C. Sulphas, dose gr. Vd-li- C. Valeri-
anate, an antispasmodic and sedative. Dose gr.
Codex [ko'-deks) [L. : //. , Codices'\. A pharmacopeia
or book of formulas ; specifically, the French pharma-
copeia.
Codie Pine Resin. See CcMdie-gum.
Codonostoma. (ko-do-nos'-lo->/iah) [/i(jr56)i',a bell ; arSfia,
a mouth]. In biology, applied to the oral or disc
aperture of certain marine invertebrates, medusae, etc.
Ccelelminth {se' -lel-niinth). See Celelminth.
Ccelia (se'-le-ah). See Celia.
Cceliac [se'-le-cik). See Celiac.
Coeliaca (se-W -ak-ah). See Celiaca.
Coeliadelphus (jt?-/^-<2(/-f/'-/«i-). See Celiadelphus.
Coeliagra [se-le-a' -grah). See Celiagra.
Ccelialgia {se-le-al' -je-ah). See Celialgia.
Ccelian, Coeline (se'-le-an, se'-lin). See Celean, Celine.
CcEliocyesis [se-le-o-si-e' -sis). See Celiocyesis.
Coeliolymph [se'-le-o-limf). See Celiolymph.
Cceliomyalgia [se-le-o-mi-al' -je-ah). See Celiomvalgia.
Coelioncus {se-le-ong' -kus). See Celioncus.
Ccelioplegia (se-le-o-ple' -je-ah) \K.oLkia, the belly;
■n'/Tiyii, a stroke]. A synonym of Asiatic cholera.
Cceliopyosis [se-le-o-pi-o'-sis). See Celiopyosis.
Cceliorrhcea [se-le-or-e' -ah). See Celiorrhea.
Ccelioschisis [se-le-os'-kis-is). See Celioschisis.
Coelioscope (se'-le-o-skdp). See Celioscope.
Coeliotomy {se-le-ot' -o-me). See Celiotomy.
Coelitis [se-li'-tis). See Celitis.
Ccelodont (se' -lo-dont) [/coMof, hollow ; oJofcf, tooth].
Hollow-toothed, as certain lizards — the opposite of
Pleodont, or solid-toothed.
Ccelom, Cceloma [se'-lom, se-lo'-mah). See Celom.
Ccelophlebitis (se-lo-fle-bi'-tis). See Celophlehiiis.
Coelophthalmia (se-loff-thal' -me ah). See Celophthal-
inia.
Ccelosis (se-lo'-sis). See Celosis.
Coelosoma (se-lo-so' -mah). See Celosoma.
Coelosperm (se'-lo-sperm) \_ko11oq, hollow ; dKEpjia,
seed]. In biology, a seed so curved as to form a con-
cavity on one of its surfaces.
CCELOSTOMIA
308
COKE
Coelostomia [se-lo-sto' -me-ah). See Celostomia.
CcElumbrella (scl-iim-brel' -aJi) [/(oZ/lof , hollow ; ntn-
brella, the disc of acalephs] . In biology, the con-
cave surface of the gelatinous umbrella of Medusce.
Coenenchyma (sc-neng' -kim-ali) [/towdf, common ;
iyXiiv, to infuse]. In biology, the calcified tissue
common to the several polyps of a compound Acti-
nozoon.
Coenesthesis [sen-es-the' -sis). See Cenesthesis.
Ccenobium (se-no' -be-uin) \k.olv6^, common ; /3(0C, life].
In biology, a composite zoophyte or any colony of
independent cells held together by a common invest-
ment.
Coenoblast [se' -no-blast) \_Koi.v6g, common ; piagroc:, a
germ]. In biology, the primitive germinal layer,
giving rise to the endoderm and mesoderm.
Ccenoecium {se-ne'-se-um) \_koi.v6q, common ; alKoq a
dwelling]. In biology, the common dermal system
of a polyzoan colony. The polypidom of Johnson.
Coenosarc [se'-no-sark) \_k.olv6c, common; ffopf, flesh].
In biology, Allman's term for the "common living
basis by which several polyps in a composite zoo-
phyte are connected with one another."
CcEnosteum (se-nos' -tc-nm) \koivuc^, common ; ooteSv,
bone]. In biology, the calcareous ectoderm of hy-
drocorallines.
CcEnotype (se' -no-t'ip) [ koivoc, common ; tvttoc, type].
The fundamental type-form of a group.
Ccenurus [se-niir'-tis) \jwiv6q, common ; ovpa, tail].
The larva of TiFnia cceniwus, Kiichenmeister, pro
ducing the disease of sheep called staggers. See also
Alternations of Generation. C. cerebralis, a many-
headed hydatid found mainly in the brain and spinal
canal of the ox and sheep (mostly in young animals).
Occasionally it has been discovered in the muscles of
man. It is now known to be the larva of the tape-
worm, Tania ccemirm. See Parasites (Animal),
Table of.
Coeroulignone (se-m-lig' -non) \cceruleiis , blue ; lig-
num, wood] , C,,;HjgOg. Cedriret ; a derivative of
hexa-oxidi-phenyl. It separates as a violet powder
when crude wood-spirit is purified on a large scale
by means of potassium chromate. It is insoluble in the
ordinary solvents, and is precipitated in fine, steel-blue
needles, from its phenol solution, by alcohol or ether.
Coffee (J;of'-e). See Caffea. C.-bean, Kentucky,
the popular name for Gymnocladus canadensis. C-
ground Vomit, the material ejected by emesis in
carcinoma and ulceration of the stomach and other
gastric conditions. It consists of blood and other
contents of the stomach changed by the action of the
gastric juice. C.-tree, Kentucky. See Chicot.
Coffeinism [kof -e-in-izm) \_caffea, coffee]. Excessive
habitual use of cofiee, or the state of ill-health that
results from it.
Coffer Dam, Barnum's. See Rubber Dam.
Coffeurin (kof-e-u'-rin) \_caffea, coffee; ovpov, urine].
A principle said to sometimes be present in urine after
the free use of coffee as a beverage or medicine. The
urine then has the odor of coffee, and its color is red,
brownish, or deep-brown.
Coffin (kof '-in) \k.6^lvoc,, a basket]. I. A case in-
tended to hold the dead body. 2. In farriery, the
hollow portion of a horse's hoof. C. -birth, post-
mortem expulsion of the fetus. C.-bone, the last or
distal phalanx of a horse's foot.
Coffinism [kof -in-izm) [after Dr. Coffin, who advo-
cated it] . A variety of quackery or professed system
of medical practice. It resemlsles so-called Thom-
sonianism.
Cogged Breath-sound. Cog-wheel respiration or
breathing. See Cog-zvheel Sound.
Cogwheel Breathing or Respiration. See Cogwheel
Sound and Breafh-sou)ids. C. Sound, a pathologic
sound sometimes heard in auscultation of the lungs,
due to interruptions in the accession of air to a part ;
this gives the sound an intermitting character. See
Breath-Sounds.
Cohabitation {ko-hab-it-a' -shun) \con, together;
habitare, to dwell]. The living together of a man
and woman, with or without legal marriage. Sexual
connection.
Cohen's Method. A method of inducing premature
labor. It consists in injecting fluid into the uterine
cavity between the uterine wall and the ovum. See
Treatment, Alethods of.
Cohesion [ko-he' -zhun) [cohccrere, to stick together].
The force whereby molecules of matter adhere to
each other. The "attraction of aggregation."
Cohn's Fluid. A fluid culture-medium. It is com-
posed of potassium phosphate, o.l gm. ; magnesium
sulphate, o.l gm. ; tricalcic phosphate, o.oi gm.; dis-
tilled water, 20 gm.; ammonium tartrate, 0.2 gm.
Cohnheim's Areas. See Area. C. Fields. See Cohn-
heim's Areas. C. Frog. See Salt-frog. C. Method,
a method of staining tissues. See Stains, Table of.
C. Theory, a theory as to the origin of tumors ; a
satisfactory hypothesis, namely, to the effect that all
true tumors are due to faulty embryonal development.
The embryonal cells do not undergo the normal
changes, are displaced, or are superfluous. When
the favorable conditions are presented later in life
they take on growth, with the formation of tumors of
various kinds.
Cohnstein' s Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Cohobation (ko-ho-ba' -shun) \cohobare, to redistil].
I. Redistillation. 2. Recurrence of disease.
Cohosh (ko'-hosh) [Am. Ind.]. A name given to
several medicinal plants. C, Black. See Cimicifuga.
C, Blue. See Caulophyltum.
Coil (koil) \_colligere, to gather together]. Rings formed
by winding, as a wire. C. -gland. See Siveat-gland.
C, Induction, rolls of wire in which an electric cur-
rent is induced by the alternate opening and closing of
a circviit. C, Leiter's. See Letter's Tubes. C,
Ruhmkorff, an induction-coil, or spark-coil.
Coiling [koil'-ing) \eolligere, to bind together]. Form-
ing into spirals or rings. C. of the Cord. See Cord.
Coindication (ko-in-de-ka' -shun) \_con, with ; indicare,
to indicate]. A concurrent indication ; a collateral
and confirmatory indication. Cf Contraindication.
Coin-test (koin' -test). See BaccellPs Sign, and Bell-
Sound.
Coir (^ki)') [Tamil, kayaru, a rope]. See Cocoanut-
fiber.
Colter's Corrugator. The corrugator supercilii. -See
Muscles, Table of.
Coition [ko-ish'-un) \_coire, to come together]. Same
as Coitus.
Coitus [ko'-it-us] [ coire, to come together]. The act
of sexual connection. Copulation. C. Disease, the
venereal disease of the horse. C. reservatus, con-
gressus interruptus ; incomplete copulation ; the in-
complete performance of the sexual act ; onanism.
Coix \ko'-iks) [fd/f, an Egyptian variety of palm]. -A.
genus of coarse monecious grasses. C. lacrima, an
old-world species of grass, having very large and hard
seeds, called Job's tears, from which beads are made
which are worn as amulets, and are thought to assist
the process of dentition when bitten upon by young
teething children. The seeds are used locally for
lung-troubles and for dropsy. Unof.
Coke (kok) [origin uncertain]. The solid product of
the carbonization of coal.
COKO DISEASE
309
COLIC
Coko Disease {ko'-ko dis-e-J). A name applied in the
Fiji Islands to a disease resembling Yaws.
Cola [ko'-lah). See Kola-nut.
Colalgia [ko-laV -je-ali)\_iiokov,\\\^ aoXon; aZyof, pain] .
Pain in the great intestine.
Colation {ko-la' -shun) \colare, to strain]. The opera-
tion of straining.
Colatorium (^kol-at-o' -re-ttm) [L.]. A sieve, colander,
or strainer ; used in pharmacy.
Colature (ko' -lat-yiir) \_colatum, straining]. In phar-
macy, a liquid that has been subjected to eolation.
Colchicein {ko/-ckis-e'-in) [_Ko'kxi-i^ov, colchicum], C[j-
H.,jN()5+2H.^O. A crystalline decomposition-product
of colchicin.
Colchicin {kol' -chis-vi) \Ko'kx^'^''v , colchicum], C],H,g-
NO5. An alkaloid of colchicum; it is a pale, brown-
ish-yellow, exceedingly bitter powder, freely soluble in
water. It is a very active poison. Its dose is gr.
xi^' 2' milligram, hypodermatically.
Q,o\z\)\z\!tm {kol' -cJiik-iim) [«:o/l,-t;"i'oi', colchicum : gen.,
Colchici\. Meadow Saflron. The corm and seed of C.
autitinnale , with properties due to an alkaloid, l olchicin.
It is an emetic, diuretic, diaphoretic, and drastic
cathartic. It is valuable in acute gout, and is used
with good results in gonorrhea. Dose of the pow-
dered root gr. ij-viij, of the powdered seeds gr. j-v.
C, Extract. (B.P.). Dose gr. ss-ij . C, Extract.,
Aceticum (B.P.). Dose gr. ss-ij. C. Rad., Ext.,
dilute acetic acid 35, powdered root 100 parts, water
q. s. Dose gr. ^-ij. C. Rad., Ext., Fid. Dose
Tr\^ij-x. C. Rad., Vinum, 40 per cent, in strength.
Dose TTLv-xv. C. Sem., Ext., Fid. Dose rt\,i-v.
C. Sem., Vinum, 15 per cent, in strength. Dose
Tt\,x-xxx. C, Tinct., prepared from the seed ;
strength 15 per cent. Dose tTLx-xxx. C, Vinum
(B.P.). Dose n\,x-xxx.
Colcothar {kol'-ko-thar) [ML.]. A crude sesquioxid
of iron ; red oxid of iron ; a tonic and hemostatic.
Unof. See also Pigments, Conspectus of.
Cold [kold) [AS. , a'a/i/]. I. The comparative want of
heat. 2. A term used popularly for coryza and catarrhal
conditions of the respiratory tract. Cold is employed
largely in various forms as a therapeutic agent, mainly
for the purpose of lowering temperature and allay-
ing irritation and inflammation. It may be used in
the form of affusion, that is, the sudden application of
a considerable volume of cold water to the body. This
application of the cold douche is contraindicated in all
cases of extreme weakness, with feeble pulse. Cold
may be used as an anesthetic (see Anesthetic) ; in baths
(see Bath) ; in the form of compresses applied over
the affected part; in the form of irrigation, especially
in the treatment of bruised and injured members ; as a
lotion, for the purpose of relieving local heat, pain, and
swelling; as an injection, in the form of ice- water, into
the vagina or rectum, for various conditions ; and as
the cold pack, which is a valuable means of reducing
the body-temperature in cases of hyperpyrexia. The
patient is wrapped in a sheet wrung out of cold water ;
as this becomes warm, it is replaced by a fresh cold
one, or iced water may be poured upon it, or lumps of
ice placed upon and around it. When the temperature
is reduced the wet sheet should be removed and a light
covering applied, but not a blanket. This is not as
efficacious as the cold bath. Cold may be applied in
the dry form by means of the ice-cap or bladder, an
india-rubber bag filled with ice, snow, or a freezing
mixture. C. Abscess. See Abscess. C. -blooded.
See Poikilothermic. C. on the Chest, bronchial
catarrh, g. v. C. Coil. See Letter's Coils. C.
Cream. See Rosa. C. Freckles. See Lentigo.
C. Pack. See Cold. C. Plague. Synonym of
Cerebrospinal Meningitis. C. Sore, same as Fever-
blister. C. Spots. See Temperature Sense. C.
Stroke, a condition, the analogue of heat-stroke, in
which from excessive cold the patient is suddenly over-
come and falls into a comatose state, shortly followed,
as a rule, by death. C. Test, a test applied chiefly
to lubricating oils to determine the point at which the
oil begins to congeal, and ceases to flow.
Colectomy {ko-lek' -to-me) \k6\ov, colon ; eKTOii-rj, cut-
ting out]. Excision of a portion of the colon.
Coleitis [col-e-i'-tis) [/coAfdf , sheath ; trie, inflamma-
tion]. Vaginitis.
Q,o\&oce.\s [kol'-e-o-sel) [/to/,fdf, sheath ; /f?/X?/, tumor].
Vaginal tumor or hernia.
Coleophyl [kol'-e-o-Jil) \_Ko7^e6c, sheath; ^hTilov, leaf].
In biology, the investing sheath of the monocotyle-
donous plumule.
Coleoptosis (kol-e-op-to' -sis) [doAfdf , sheath ; -rv-uai^, a
fall]. Prolapse of the vaginal wall.
Coleorhiza ikol-e-or-i' -zah) [KO/'ifdf, sheath ; pf^a, root].
In biology, a sheath that envelops the radicle in
some embryos and through which roots penetrate
when the seed germinates.
Coleorrhexis {kol-e-or-eks' -is) [ftoAedf, a sheath ; pfi^iq,
a rupture]. Rupture of the vagina.
Coleostegnosis [kol-e-o-steg-no' -sis) \Ko\e6c, a sheath ;
CTh/vuoiq, a constriction]. Contraction or atresia of
the vagina.
Colic {kol'-ik) \colicu5, KuliKoq, pertaining to the colon].
I. Pertaining to the colon. 2. A severe griping pain
in the bowels or adjacent organs, as, e.g., hepatic,
nephritic, etc. In intestinal colic the pains radiate
over the abdomen from the region of the umbilicus.
The belly is usually distended (save in Lead-colic,
q. v.), and pressure will usually relieve the pain.
Colic may be due to irritation from the intestinal
contents, a diseased condition of the bowel-wall, re-
flex irritation from other abdominal viscera, and
general blood-poisoning. C. of the Antilles, an ende-
mic form of colic somewhat resembling lead-colic. C.
Arteries. See Arteries, Table of. C, Biliary. See
Gall-stones. C, Bilious. See C, Endemic. C,
Copper, a colic or pain in the intestinal canal seen
in workers in copper, and differing from lead colic
in being attended with extreme prostration and diar-
rhea. The duration is short and the prognosis favor-
able. C, Cramp. See Cramp. C, Devonshire.
Synonym of C, Lead. C, Dry. See C, Endemic.
Also a synonym of C, Lead. C, Endemic, a variety
of colic occurring epidemically in some of the inter-
tropical countries. Its symptoms resemble those of
lead-colic. It is not accompanied by any constant
lesion ; it lasts from eight to fifteen days and may
end in general paralysis and death, or it may become
chronic. Relapses are frequent. C, Hill. See
ILill Diarrhea. C, Horn. Synonym of Priapism.
C, Lead, or C, Saturnine, or Colica Pictonum,
painter's colic, is that due to lead-poisoning. It is
common among those who use or work with lead.
It is characterized by excruciating abdominal pain, a
hard and retracted condition of the abdomen, slow
pulse, and increased arterial tension. C, Madrid.
Synonym of C, Lead. C, Meconial, the colic of
the new-born. C, Menstrual, the pain of menstrua-
tion. C, Mucous. See Entcritii, Pseudo-membra-
nous. C, Nervous. See C, Etidetnic C, Nor-
mandy. Synonym of C". , Lead. C. of Poitou.
Synonym of C, Lead. C. Root. See Aletris and
Dioscorea. C, Sailors', a form of colic common
among sailors. C. of Surinam. Synonym of C,
Lead. C, Uterine, colic-like pains experienced at
the menstrual epochs, often coming on in paroxysms.
COLIC A
310
COLLODION
C, West Indian. Synonym of C, Lead. C,
Zinc, a form of colic due to chronic zinc-poisoning.
CoMoa {kol'-ik-ah) [\^.'\. Colic. C. pictonum (liter-
ally, colic of the people of Poitou), lead-colic. Paint-
ers' Colic. See Colii:, Lead. C. pituitosa. Syno-
nym of Enteritis, Pseudo-memhra)ioits. C. scorto-
rum, a pain in the pelvis of youthful prostitutes, symp-
tomatic of the ovarian disease that results from their
unnatural sexual relations. It is due probably to a
pyosalpinx.
Colicodynia (kol-ik-o-din' -e-aJi). Pain in the large
intestine.
Colicoplegia {kol-ik-o-ple' -je-aJi) [KwZ(/(Of , pertaining to
the colon ; nXriyrj, a stroke]. Paralysis of the intes-
tines. Also a synonym of Lead-colic .
Colitis [ko-li'-tis) \_Ko/ftv, the large intestine ; iTiq, in-
flammation]. Inflammation of the colon. See also
Dysentery. C, Mucous. See Enteritis, Pseudo-
membranous. C, Pellicular. A synonym of Mem-
branous Enteritis.
Collagen (koF -aj-en^ [/c<5/?ia, glue ; ytvvativ, to pro-
duce]. A substance existing in various tissues of the
body, especially bone and cartilage ; it is converted
into gelatin by boiling.
Collapse (Jiol-aps') [collabere, to fall together] . Extreme
depression and prostration from failure of nervous
force, as in cholera, shock, hemorrhage, etc. C. of
Lung, return of a portion or the whole of a lung to
its fetal or airless condition from some mechanical
hindrance to the entrance of air. It is characterized
by dyspnea, with more or less cyanosis, and is mainly
encountered in broncho-pneumonia. C, Parturient,
parturient apoplexy ; vitular or vitulary fever ; puer-
peral fever in cows.
Collapsing [kol-aps^ -ing) [collabere, to fall together].
Suddenly breaking down. C. Pulse. See Cor-
rigan s Pulse.
Collapsus {kol-aps'-us) [L.]. Collapse. C. corneae,
entire collapse of the cornea.
Collar (kol'-aj-) [ME. , i(?/<?;']. Something worn about
the neck. C, Adjusting, in microscopes, a ring or
collar acting on a screw to increase or decrease the
distance between the systems of lenses of an objective.
C.-bone. See Clavicle. C.-cell, in biology, a
flagellate cell having the base of the flagellum sur-
rounded by a collar-like extension of the cell-wall.
C. -crown, in dentistry, an artificial crown, to be en-
grafted on a natural root, attached to which is a gold
collar which encircles the exposed portion of the root,
and is soldered to the lining or backing that holds the
dowel in some cases, or to the dowel by means of a
disc between the base of the artificial crown and the
natural root.
Collateral {kol-at'-er-al ) [(W?, together ; lateralis, of
the side]. Accessory or secondary ; not direct or im-
mediate.
Collecting Tubes of the Kidney. A name given to
the ducts discharging into the calices of the kidneys.
Collector [kol-ek' -tor) \_collectare, to collect]. A de-
vice by which any number of cells may be taken from
or added to an electric current.
Q.oW&nzh.yTna^ {kol-eng' -kim-ali) [Kh'/Jka, glue; iyxv/m,
an infusion]. In biology, applied to a modified plant-
parenchyma in which the cells are thickened at the
angles, and swell in water to a glue-like mass.
Collenchyme (kol-eng' -klm') [Ko/Ja, glue ; eyxi>lJ-c-, an
infusion]. In biology, a colorless gelatinous matrix
in which are embedded the coUencytes of sponges.
Collencyte [kol' -en-slt ) [noXXa, glue ; ev, in ; kvtoc,
cell]. In biology, the branched connective-tissue
cells embedded in the collenchyme of sponges.
CoUes' Fascia. The deep layer of the perineal
fascia. It is attached to the base of the triangular
ligament, to the anterior lips of the rami of the pubes
aiad ischia laterally, and anteriorly it is continuous
with the fascia of the scrotum. C. Fracture. See
Fracture, and Diseases, Table of. C. Law. See
Law. C. Ligament. See Ligament. C. Opera-
tion. See Operations, Table of.
Collet {kol'-et) [Fr. ; collum, the neck]. A neck or
collar. A term applied by some writers on dental
anatomy to the neck of a tooth.
Colleterium {kol-et-e'-re-nm) \jioKkri-6(;, glued to-
gether]. In biology, a gland in certain insects that
secretes a viscid substance for gluing the ova together.
Colletic [kol-et'-ik) [lioAtiTjTiKOi; ; Ki5AAa, glue]. Gluey;
promoting surgical union in wounds.
CoUetocystophore [ko-let-o-sis' -to-for) \_KolArjTrig, one
who glues; Kvarig, bladder; (pepeiv, to bear]. In
biology, marginal bodies found in lucernarian hydro-
zoans.
Colliculus [kol-ik'-u-lus) [dim. of collis, hill: //.,
Colliculi'\. Any eminence of the cerebral parietes.
The coUiculi are the caudatum, hippocamp, calcar,
collateral eminence, occipital eminence, and amyg-
daline eminence.
Collidin (kol' -id-in') [xdAAa, glue], CgHjjN. A name
given to Nencki's ptomaine-base, isomeric but not
identical with aldehyd-collidin. The ptomaine was
obtained from pancreas and gelatin allowed to putrefy
together in water. Its constitution is still unknown.
The free base is oily, and possesses a peculiar, agree-
able odor. Nencki believed it an aromatic base. Its
physiologic action appears to be doubtful, but an
isomer of it discovered in ox-blood fibrin and in
putrefied jelly-fish has a poisonous effect resembling
that of curara. P'rogs poisoned by the isomer emit
an orange-flower odor. Nencki's collidin is isomeric
with collidin obtained from coal-tar.
Collier's Lung. Synonym oi Anthracosis.
Collilongus [kol-e-long' -gus) [collum, neck ; longus,
long]. The muscle called longus colli. See Aluscles.
Collimator [kol'-im-a-to?-) [colli>!uire,to 3.\m 3.x]. The
receiving telescope of a spectroscope.
Collin's Black, CgH^N. A name for Anilin Black,
employed in staining microscopic sections.
Collinsonia [kol-in-so'-ne-ali) [after Peter Collinson, an
English gentleman]. A genus of labiate herbs. C.
canadensis (stone-root, heal-all), is a coarse plant
with a disagreeable smell ; it has useful tonic, diuretic,
and diaphoretic properties. Dose gr. xv-lx in decoc-
tion ; of the fluid extract Tttx-^j; of the tincture
(l in id) 3ss-ij.
Collinsonin {kol-in-so'-nin) [ Collinsonia] . A precipitate
from the tincture of the root of Collinsonia cajiadensis.
It is tonic, diaphoretic, resolvent, and diuretic. Dose
2 to 4 grains. Unof.
Colliquation {kol-ik-iva' -shuti) [con, together ; liquare,
to melt]. The liquefaction or breaking down of a
tissue or organ.
Colliquative {kol-ik' --wa-tiv) [con, together; liquare,
to melt]. Exhausting; enfeebling; copiously pro-
fuse or excessive ; marked by excessive fluid dis-
charge. C. Diarrhea, a profuse watery diarrhea. C.
Necrosis, a high degree of inflammatory process in
the tissues, with active movement of the leucocytes
toward the central focus and rapid breaking down of
the tissues, forming an abscess-cavity. C. Sweat, a
profuse, clammy sweat.
Collocystis {kol-o-sis'-tis) [koX/m, glue ; k'votk;, cysts].
A gelatin capsule to facilitate the swallowing of a
drug.
Collodion [kol-o' -de-on) [m/.yMriq, glue-like]. See
Pyroxylin .
COLLODIUM
311
COLOR
Collodium (^kol-o'-de-tini). See Pyroxylin.
Colloid [koF-oid) \_KdXAa, glue]. I. A non-crystalliza-
ble and generally soluble organic substance. See
Dialysis. 2. A mobile pathologic material, jelly-like,
firmer than mucus, and differing in its reactions from
albumin and from lardacein. 3. Having the nature
of glue. 4. In chemistry, amorphous and non-crystal-
line. C. Cancer. See Cancer. C. Degeneration
of the Skin, a rare disease, occurring chiefly on the
upper part of the face, in the form of small, glistening,
translucent, flattish elevations, and yielding by pres-
sure a small, jelly-like mass. C. Milium. See Mil-
iuni.
CoUoma (kol-o'-mah^ [/ct^AXa, glue ; 6//a, a tumor : //.,
Colloinata'\. A cystic tumor containing a gelatiniform,
amorphous, and non-vascular substance.
Collonema {kol-o-ne' -mah) [_K6/i'Aa, glue ; vi/fia, tissue :
//. , Collonemata'\ . Myxoma, or myxosarcoma.
Collum {kol'-uni) [L.]. The neck; especially the
anterior part of the neck. C. distortum. Synonym
of Torticollis.
Collunarium [kol-nn-a'-re-um) [L.]. A nasal douche.
Collutory (koV-u-to-re) [collutorium, colluere, to r\nie'\.
A gargle or mouth-wash.
Collyrium [kol-ir'-e-tim) \_KoWvf)iov, an eye-salve: //. ,
Collyrial. An astringent, antiseptic, or medicinal
lotion for the eyes. More rarely, a vaporous or gase-
ous medicament for application to the eyes, or even
a powder, or solid, to be used in treating the eye
topically, is called a collyrium. (Anciently, any
suppository or medicated bougie was thus called.) C.
adstringens luteum. See Graefe's Collyrium and
Horsf s Eye-water.
Qolohoma. {kol-o-bo'-mah) [/coAo/Joeiv, to mutilate : //. ,
Colobomata\ A cleavage or fissure of parts of the
eye, of congenital or traumatic origin. Congenital C.
are due to imperfect closure of fissures during fetal
development. C, Bridge, a variety in which the
pupil is separated from the coloboma by a narrow
thread of iris-tissue that stretches like a bridge from
one pillar of the coloboma to the other.
Colocentesis (kol-o-sett-te' -sis) \_k67\ux\ colon ; KkvTijaii;,
puncture]. Surgical puncture of the colon.
Colocleisis (kol-o-kli' -sis') [/coZov, colon ; KAelcig, clo-
sure]. Occlusion of the colon.
Colocynth (koV -o-sinth). See Colocynthus.
Colocynthein ( kol-o-sin' -the-in ) \Ko'KoK.vv6iq , colo-
cynth], C^^Hg^Oij. A resinous decomposition-product
of colocynthin.
Colocynthin [kol-o-sin' -thin) \_Ko?^nicvvdtc;, colocynth],
C-^ffi-gJJ^^. The active principle of colocynth ; an
extract, or a yellow amorphous, neutral, exceedingly
bitter powder, soluble in water and alcohol, but not in
ether. It is an irritant hydragogue cathartic. Dose
gr. IJ^f to I. Unof.
Colocynthis {/eol-o-sin^-t/iis) [Ko'?ioKvv0ig, colocynth].
Colocynth. The fruit of C. citriillus, from which the
seeds and rind have been rejected. Its properties are
due to a bitter glucosid, colocynthin , C^gHg^O.^,, the dose
of which is gr. -^^ - -1. It is a tonic and astringent pur-
gative, and is used mainly as an ingredient of compound
cathartic pills. It is somewhat useful in colic, sciatic
rheumatism, and neuralgia. C, Ext., alcoholic. Dose
gr. )4-i}. C, Ext., Comp., contains colocynth ex-
tract 16, aloes 50, cardamom 6, resin of scammony I4,
soap 14, alcohol 10. Dose gr. v-xx. C, Pilula
Comp. (B. P.) contains colocynth, aloes, scammony,
sulphate of potassium and oil of cloves. Dose gr.
v-x. Pilulae Cathartic. Comp., compound cathar-
tic pills ; contain each, comp. ext. of colocynth gr.
1.3, abstract jalap gr. j, calomel gr. j, gamboge gr.
X- Dose j-iij pills. Pilula Colocynth et Hyoscyam.
Dose gr. v-x. Laville's Anti-gout Remedy, con-
tains colocynthin 2^, quinin, cinchonin aa 5, Span-
ish wine 800, alcohol 100, water 1000 parts.
Colocynthitin {^kol-o-sin' -thit-in) '[no'AoKvvdir, colo-
cynth]. A crystalline, tasteless, inactive principle of
colocynth.
Colo-enteritis {iol-o-en-ter-i^-tis) [ /cw/lov, colon;
ii'Tcpov, an intestine; trig, inflammation]. Inflamma-
tion of the small and large intestine. See Entero-
colitis.
Cologne (kol-on'). See Spiritiis odoratus. C. Spirit,
rectified commercial alcohol. C. Glue. See Glue.
C. -water, aqua cologniensis. See Spiritus odoratus.
C. -water Habit, the use of cologne-water as a
drink for the purpose of experiencing the effects of
the alcohol which it contains.
Colognese i^kol-bn-ez'). Same as Umber.
Colomba, Colombo [kol-om'-bah, kol-om'-bo). See
Calumba.
Colomiatti, Bacillus of. See Bacteria.
Colon [ko^-lon) [\o/ior, ku/jiv, the colon]. The secon>»
and principal part of the large intestine. In the
various parts of its course it is known as the ascending
C, the transverse C, the descending C, and the sig-
moid Jlextire.
Colonia [ko-lon-i^-a/i). Synonym of Dysentery.
Colonic [ko-lon^-ik) [/cw/oi', the colon]. Pertaining to
the colon.
Colonitis [ko-lon-i'-tis). See Colitis.
Colony [kol'-o-ne) \colonia, a colony]. A collection or
assemblage, as of microorganisms in a special culture.
C. Treatment, for the insane. See Gheel System.
Colophony Resin [koV -o-fo-ne) [/coAoipwi', a city of
Ionia]. Rosin. The solid residue left on distilling
off the volatile oil from crude turpentine. Rosin
is a brittle, tasteless, very friable solid, of smooth,
shining fracture, specific gravity about 1. 08. It,
softens at 80° C. (176° F. ), and fuses completely
to a limpid, yellow liquid at 135° C. (275° F.). It is
insoluble in water, with difficulty soluble in alcohol,
freely soluble in ether, acetone, benzene, and fatty
oils. See Resin.
Coloproctia [kol-o-prok' -te-ali) \k6\ov, colon ; TrpunrSc,
anus]. The formation of an artificial colonic anus.
Colopuncture [koF -o-piink' -chur) [_ii6?iov, colon ; punc-
tura, puncture]. Same as Colocentesis.
Coloquintida {kol-o-k-aiin'-tid-ah) [ML.]. An old
name for colocynth.
Color (kull'-er) {color, color]. The differences in the
appearance of a thing seen, other than those due to
form and relief. The tint or hue of an object, de-
pendent upon the number of vibrations of the ethereal
stimulus. See Pigment. C. -blindness. See Blind-
ness. C, Complementary, any color that added to
another color, or to a mixture of colors, produces
white. C. -contrast, any two colors that, when mixed,
supplement the prevailing tone of the light. C.-cure,
the supposed therapeutic effect of exposure to variously
colored light. C. -hearing, the excitation of the
visual center for color through the auditory nerve ; the
perception of sound photisms. See Photism. C-
image, an image of a highly-colored object lighted
with so wide an aperture that the refraction-images are
drowned in the light. C. -sensation, depends on the
number of vibrations of the ether, the same as the
pitch of a note depends on the number of vibrations
of the sounding body. Hej'ing' s Theojy of C.-s pre-
dicates disassimilation and assimilation (decomposition
and restitution) of the visual substance in vision —
white, red, and yellow representing the sensation of
disassimilation, black, green, and blue that of restitu-
tion. The Young- Helmholtz Theory assumes three
COLORECTITIS
312
COLTSFOOT
kinds of nerve-elements corresponding to the three
primary colors. Stimulation of the first develops
red, of the second, green, of the third, violet. See
Photism. C. -sense, the faculty by which the various
colors are distinguished. C.-top, a top containing
on the sectors of its disc a number of colors to be
" mixed" by rapid whirling. Colors, Mixed, those
produced when the retina is excited by two or more
simple colors. C, Saturated, those containing little
or no white. C, Simple, those of the spectrum.
Colorectitis [ko-lo-rek-ti' -tis) \koa.ov^ colon ; rectus,
straight; mf, inflammation]. Inflammation of the
colon and rectum. Also, a synonym of Dysentery.
Colorectostomy [ko-lo-rek-tos'-to-me) [ko'Aov, colon ;
rectus, straight; arofia, a mouth]. The surgical
establishment of a passage between the colon and the
rectum.
Colorimeter {kull-or-itn'-et-er') [color, color ; fierpov,
measure]. An instrument for determining the quan-
tity of coloring matter in a mixture, as in the blood.
See HemocJiroinonieicr.
Colorin [kulF-or-in) [color, color]. An alcoholic extract
of madder. See PigineJits, Conspectus of.
Coloring (knlV -or-ing) [color, color]. A tint or combi-
nation of colors. C. Matters, 'iitt Pigments, Colors,
and Dye-stuffs.
Colostomy [ko-los' -to-me) [koXov, colon ; OTofia, open-
ing]. I. The formation of an artificial anus by
an opening into the colon ; coloproctia. 2. Any
surgical operation upon the colon that makes a perma-
nent opening into it, whether internal or external.
Colostration {kol-os-tra' -shun) [colostrum, the first milk
after delivery]. A disease or illness of young infants
ascribed to the effects of the colostrum.
Colostric [kol-os'-trik) [colostrum, the first milk after
delivery]. Relating to colostrum.
Colostrous i^kol-os' -trus) [colostrum, the first milk after
delivery]. Of the nature of or containing colostrum.
Colostrum [kol-os' -trum) [L.]. The first milk from the
mother's breasts after the birth of the child. It is
laxative, and assists in the expulsion of the meconium.
C. Corpuscles, small microscopic bodies contained
in the colostrum. They are the epithelial cells of the
mammary glands, full of oil globules. After about
the third day these cells burst and set free the fat
globules before they leave the gland, and in this way
the true milk is formed.
Colotomy [ko-lot'-o-me) [ko'Aov, colon ; re/Livciv, to cut].
Incision of the colon, either abdominal , lateral, lum-
bar, or inguinal, according to the region of entrance.
Colotyphus {kol-o-fi'-fus) [lidTiov, colon ; riijof, smoke] .
Enteric fever with involvement of the colon. Also a
synonym of Dysentery.
Colpalgia i^kol-paV -je-ali) [m'knor, vagina ; aXyQ(;, pain].
Vaginal pain or neuralgia.
Colpaporrhexis (kol-pap-or-7-eks'-is) [k6Xtto<;, vagina;
OTTO, from ; p/'/^ii;, a tearing, or breakage]. Severance
of the cervix from the body of the uterus.
Colpatresia [kol-pat-re^-se-a/i) [ko'Attoc, vagina; aTfu/rog,
not perforated]. Occlusion or atresia of the vagina.
Colpectasia i^kol-pek-ta' -se-ali) [/vo/l.Trof, vagina ; iK-acSLC,,
a stretching out]. Vaginal dilatation.
Colpedema [kol-ped-e' -mali) [mi/iTrof , vagina ; oi6rifia,
swelling]. Edema of the vagina.
Colpemphraxis (kol-petn-fraks' -is) [/co^Trof, vagina ;
tiittipa^K;, a stoppage]. Obstruction of the vagina.
Colpeurynter (/•o/-/«-r//;''-A>r)[/ioA7rof , vagina ; ehpvveit',
to widen]. An inflatable bag or sac used for dilating
the vagina.
Colpeurysis [kol-pu'-ris-is) [ra^Trof, vagina ; evphveiv,
to dilate]. Vaginal dilatation, especially that effected
by the colpeurynter.
Colpitis (kol-pi' -tis)[K67,Troi; , vagina ; irtr, inflammation].
Inflammation of the vagina.
Colpocele [kol' -po-sel, or se'-le) [koXttoc;, vagina; KipJ/,
tumor]. Hernia or tumor in the vagina.
Colpocleisis {kol-po-kW -sis) [^(^//rof, vagina; KXdcn(;,a.
closure]. The surgical closure of the vagina.
Colpocystic {kol-po-sis' -tik) [no'kTtoc^, vagina ; kvoti^,
bladder]. Relating to the vagina and the bladder;
vesico-vaginal.
Colpocystitis (kol-po-sis-ti'-tis) [/cd/~of, vagina ; Kvtjri^,
bladder; trii;, inflammation]. Inflammation of the
vagina and the bladder.
Colpocystocele (^kol-po-sis' -to-sel) [Ka'K-^n<;, vagina ;
Kva-iq, a bladder ; Kifki], a tumor]. A hernia of the
bladder into the vagina, with prolapse of the anterior
vaginal wall.
Colpocystosyrinx (kol-po-sis-to-sir' -ingks) [nok-rzoq,
vagina ; Kuang, cyst ; avpty^, pipe] . Vesico-vaginal
fistula.
Colpocystotomia (kol-po-sis-to-to'-me-ali). See Colpo-
cystotomy.
Colpocystotomy {kol-po-sis-tott -o-tne) [KoXfroq, vagina ;
Kva-Lc, bladder; ro//^, a cut]. Surgical incision of the
bladder through the vaginal wall.
Colpohyperplasia {kol-po-hi-per-pla' -ze-ah) [/c(5/l7roc,
vagina; ('Trf/j, over ; TrAaacrezi', to form]. Hyperplasia
of the vagina.
Colpo-hysterectomy [kol-po-his-ter-ek' -to-mc) [KoXiroq,
vagina; I'trrepa, womb ; £hro/i^, excision]. Removal of
the uterus through the vagina.
Colpo-hysterotomy {kol-po-his-ter-of -o-me) [/cdPiTrof,
vagina; ('urfpn, womb ; ro////, section]. Surgical in-
cision of the vagina and uterus.
Colpoleukorrhea [kol-po-lu-kor-e'-ah) [koXtvoi;, vagina ;
Atchtif, white; pieiv, to flow]. Vaginal leucorrhea.
Colpo-myomotomy [kol-po-mi-o-mof -o-me) [K.6\iToq,
vagina ; pvi;, a muscle ; renveiv, to cut]. Vaginal
myomotomy.
Colpopathy (kol-pop' -a-tlie) [koAko^, vagina ; iraBog,
illness]. Any disease of the vagina.
Colpoperineoplasty [kol-po-per-in-e'-o-plas-te) [KoAnog,
vagina; Trupivsop, the perineum ; Tr/idaaeiv, to form].
Plastic operation for abnormality of the vagina and
perineum.
Colpoplastic {kol-po-plas' -tik) [/cd^Trof , vagina ; TTLaa-
ativ, to fonn]. Relating to colpoplasty.
Colpoplasty (kol' -po-plas-te) [koI^-o^, vagina ; TrAdcffwi',
to form]. Plastic surgical operation upon the vagina.
Colpoptosis (kol-pop-to' -sis) [Ko'kKot;, vagina ; Trruu/f,
a falling]. Prolapse of the vagina.
Colporrhagia (kol-por-a' -je-ali) [ku'/.ttoc, vagina ;
piiyvbvai, to burst forth]. Vaginal hemorrhage.
Colporrhaphy [kol-por'-a-fe) [noX-og, vagina ; paijii],
seam]. Suture of the vagina.
Colporrhea [kol-por-e' -ak) [koXtto^, vagina ; pn'ia, a
flow]. Vaginal leucorrhea ; a mucous discharge from
the vagina.
Colporrhexis [kol-for-ek'-sis) [k6Xivo(;, vagina ; p'/f/f,
rupture]. Laceration or rupture of the vagina.
Colpostegnosis [kol-po-steg-no' -sis) [Kok-aoq, vagina ;
areyvuGir, closure]. Same as Colpostenosis.
Colpostenosis {kol-po-ste-no' -sis) [k^Xtto^, vagina ; cr-f-
viic, narrow]. Stenosis or constriction of the vagina.
Colpotomy [kol-pot' -o-me) [/fd/irrof, vagina ; TOfii^, a
cutting]. Surgical or obstetric incision of the vagina.
Colpoxerosis [kal-po-ze-ro'-sis) [koXtto^, vagina ; fepdf,
dry]. Morbid dryness of the vagina.
Colt-ill {kdlt'-il). See Strangles.
Coltsfoot (>;oltz'-foot). The leaves of Tussilago far-
fara, a demulcent and tonic, sometimes prescribed for
chronic cough. Dose of decoction, to Oj, a tea-
cupful ; of fld. ext. 3j-ij. Unof.
COLUMBIN
313
COMA
Columbin (kol-um' -bin). An active principle of Ca-
lumba. It is a colorless crystalline substance of
excessively bitter taste and neutral reaction.
Columbo {kol-iim' -bo) . See Calumbo.
Columella {kol-u-inel' -ali) [L., a little column]. I.
The column-like rod of birds and reptiles, a part of
the organ of hearing, corresponding to the stapes of
the higher animals. 2. The modiolus or central axis
of the cochlea of the human ear. See Cochlea and
Modioltts. C. res denies ; the cuspid teeth are so
called from their shape.
Column fykol' -uni) \columna, a column]. A pillar or
column. Applied to sundry column-like organs of the
body, and especially to certain parts of the spinal cord.
C, Anterior, the layer of white matter in either half
of the spinal cord included between the anterior horn
and anterior nerve-roots, and the anterior median fis-
sure. It contains the anterior or direct pyramidal
tract, a portion of the antero-Iateral ascending tract,
and a portion of the anterior ground- fibers. C,
Antero - lateral Ascending. See C. of Gowers.
C. of Burdach, the postero-external column of the
cord. C. of Clarke, a column of gray substance oc-
cupying the region to the outer and posterior part of
the central canal of the spinal cord, at the inner part
of the base of the posterior cornu. It is most marked
in the dorsal region, and contains fusiform cells, some
furnished with axis-cylinder processes. It is also called
the posterior vesicular column of the cord. C, Direct
Cerebellar, in the spinal cord, is situated outside of the
lateral pyramidal tract, and ventrad of the Spitzka-
Lissauer column. It is sensory or afferent. C, Dor-
so-mesal, a name for the postero-median column of
the spinal cord and medulla oblongata. C. of Goll,
the postero-median column of the spinal cord. C,
Gowers', in the spinal cord, a bunch of fibers lying
in front of the direct cerebellar tract and reaching
around upon the periphery of the anterior pyramidal
tract. It is probably a sensory column containing
the nerves of pain and temperature. C, Lateral,
the layer of white matter in either half of the spinal
cord included between the posterior horn and posterior
nerve- roots, and the anterior horn and anterior nerve-
roots. It contains the lateral pyramidal tract, the di-
rect cerebellar tract, and the greater part of the
anterior ground-fibers and antero-lateral ascending
tract. C. of Morgagni, vertical folds of the rectal mu-
cous membrane seen at the point of union of the latter
with the skin of the anus. They diminish, but are not
entirely effaced, when the bowel is distended. Between
their lower ends little arches are sometimes found
stretching from one to the other, forming pockets of
skin and mucous membrane. These are the sinuses of
Morgagni ; they are more developed in old people.
C, Posterior, a collection of white-matter situated
in the spinal cord on either side between the posterior
horns and posterior nerve-roots, and the posterior
median fissure. It is divided into two parts by the
imperfect intermediate
septum, a narrow "pos-
tero-median column," and
a wide "postero-external
column." C, Postero-
external, the outer wider
division of the posterior
column of the cord ; the
column of Burdach. C,
Postero-median, the me-
dian division of the poste-
rior column of the cord ;
the column of Goll. C.
of Rolando, an eminence
on the lateral border of
the medulla oblongata. C.
of Spitzka-Lissauer, in
the spinal cord a group of
nerve-fibers lying just in
front and just behind the
posterior horns or cornua.
C, Posterior - vesicu-
lar. See Column of
Clarke. C. of Turck,
the anterior or direct
pyramidal tract. Col-
umns of the External
Abdominal Ring, the
free borders of the apon-
eurosis of the external oblique muscle.
Columna (/&t>/-Mw'-«(7//) [L.]. A column or pillar. C.
bertini, that part of the cortical structure of the kid-
neys that separates the sides of any two pyramids, and
through which the arteries and nerves enter, and the
veins and lymphatics emerge. C. nasi, the antero-
posterior septum between the nostrils. C. vertebralis,
the spinal column. Columnse carneae, muscular col-
umns projecting from the inner surface of the cardiac
ventricles.
Colytic {ko-lif'-ik) \_Ko'kvTiii6^, preventive]. Prevent-
ive; inhibitory; caused by an obstruction ; antiseptic.
Coma {ko' -mah) \_K.6firi, the hair of the head]. In bi-
ology, any tuft, as the top of a pineapple, the hairs on
the end of a seed, etc.
Coma {ko'-mah) [Kw/za, deep sleep]. Abnormally deep
and prolonged sleep, with the cerebral functions in abey-
ance ; it is due to many conditions affecting the cere-
brum directly or indirectly. The well-marked form is
characterized by stertorous breathing, relaxation of the
sphincters, lividity of the face, and loss of parallelism
of the optic axes. C, Alcohol, that due to poison-
ing by alcohol. C, Apoplectic, that due to apoplexy.
C. diaceticum, a fonn of coma occurring in carcinoma
of the stomach and in diabetes. It is due to the pres-
ence of diacetic acid in the system. It is also called
Diabetic coma. C. Kussmaul's. See Kussmatd.
C, Uremic, that due to uremia. C. Vigil, a comatose
Columns of Spinal Cord.
A. C. Anterior commissure. P.C. Posterior commissure. I.g.s. Intermediate gray substance.
P. cor. Posterior cornu. c. c p. Caput cornu posterioris. L. L. L. Lateral limiting layer.
A.-L. A. T. Antero-lateral ascending tract, which extends along the periphery of the
cord. (^Gowers.)
COMANIC ACID
314
COMPLEXUS
condition in which the patient lies with open eyes,
but unconscious and delirious. This is occasionally
met with in typhoid and typhus fevers, and in deli-
rium tremens.
Comanic Acid [ko-man'-ik). See Acid.
Comatose [ko'-inat-ds) [Kufia, a deep sleep]. In a con-
dition of coma.
Combination [kom-bin-a' -skun) [_combinare, to com-
bine]. The act of grouping or uniting; chemic
union. C.-back, in the microscope, the lens-system
of an objective farthest from the object, composed
of a plano-concave of flint glass and a bi-concave of
crown glass, or a bi-concave and two bi-convex glasses.
C. -front, in the microscope, the lens-system nearest
the objective.
Combustion {kom-bus'-chwt) [combtirere, to burn up].
The process of o.xidation, attended with the liberation
of heat and sometimes of light. It is loosely used as a
synonym of inflammation. C, Spontaneous, that
due to heat from chemic changes, such as the spon-
taneous ignition of oiled waste or shoddy in woolen
mills, factories, etc. C, Spontaneous Human, the
supposed burning of the body without the external
application of heat.
Comedo [kom'-e-do) [cow^o'f, a glutton : //., Comedones'].
Grubs ; Grub- worms ; Black-heads. A chronic dis-
order of the sebaceous glands characterized by yellow-
ish or whitish pin-point and pin-head sized elevations,
containing in their center exposed blackish points.
They are found usually on the face, back of the neck,
chest, and back, and are often associated with acne.
They occur as a rule in the young. Occasionally a
parasite, the Deinodex foUicidoruiit, a small mite, is
found in each comedo.
Comenic Acid {ko-men'-ik). See Acid.
Comes {ko'-mez) [L.://. , Comites\. A companion, as
a vein or nerve to an artery.
Comfrey [kiim'-fre) [ME., cuiiifirie]. The root of
Syinphytnin officinale., a demulcent, slightly astringent
and tonic drug. It is a common ingredient of domes-
tic cough-mixtures. Dose of the decoction indefinite ;
of the fld. ext. 3j-ij. Unof.
Comma-bacillus {kom' -ah-bas-il' -us). See Bacteria,
Svnouviiiaiic Table of.
Commensal [ko?!i-cn'-sal) [co/?i, together; mensa,
table]. In biology, the harmonious living together of
two animals or plants. One of two such organisms.
Commi i^koin'-e) \_K6fifiL, a gum]. Any gum; the
purgative gum-resin of Exccecaria cochinckinensis, a
tree of Indo-china.
Comminution {lioin-in-ti' -shun') \comminiitio ; com-
viinuere, to break in pieces]. The process by which a
solid body is reduced to pieces of varying sizes. It
includes the various operations of cutting, rasping,
grating, slicing, pulverizing, levigating, triturating,
elutriating, granulating, etc. See, also, Fracture,
Comminuted .
Commissure, Commissura (Itom'-is-iir, kom-is-u'-
rah) \_cominittere , to unite]. A joining or uniting
together. C, Anterior ^of third ventricle) , a rounded
cord of white fibers placed in front of the anterior
crura of the fornix. It perforates the corpus striatum
on either side, and spreads out into the substance of
the hemispheres over the roof of the descending horns
of the lateral ventricles. C, Anterior White {of
spinal cord), a layer of fibers separating the posterior
gray commissure from the bottom of the aterior median
fissure. C, Gray {of spinal cord), the transverse
band of gray matter connecting the crescentic masses
of gray matter of each half of the spinal cord. C.
magna, the corpus callosum. C, Middle, a band
of soft gray matter connecting the optic thalami, and
continuous with the gray matter lining the anterior
part of the third ventricle. C, Optic, the union and
crossing of the two optic nerves in front of the tuber
cinereum. C, Posterior {of third ventricle), a flattened
white band connecting the optic thalami posteriorly.
C, Posterior White {of spinal cord ) , a band of fibers
separating the gray commissure from the bottom of
the posterior median fissure. Commissura brevis,
a portion of the inferior vermiform process of the
cerebellum, situated in the incisura posterior. C.
simplex, a small lobe on the upper surface of the
cerebellum near the incisura posterior.
Common {kom' -un) \_communis, common]. Belonging
or pertaining to all. Prostitute. C. Black. See
Pigments , Conspectus of.
Commotio {kom-o' -shc-o) [L.]. A commotion or
shock. C. cerebri. Synonym of Shock. C. retinae,
the name given to those cases in which a depreciation,
or perhaps an entire loss of vision, follows a blow
on or near the eye. It can be explained as the
result of insensibility due to the same changes in the
retina as occur in the central organ of patients
suffering from concussion of the brain.
Communicans {kom-id -nik-ans)\\^.'\. Communicating.
C. noni. See Nerves, Table of.
Communication {kom-u-nik-a' -shim) [^cominunicare, to
communicate]. I. The transference of a contagium
from one person to another. 2. The channel between
two or more parts. C. -plate, in biology, a perforated
diaphragm between the zooids of a composite actin-
ozoon (the " Rosettenplatte " of Reichert, and the
Communication-pore of Smith) by means of which
communication is maintained between all the cells in a
colony and between all the compartments of the stolon
in Polyzoa. C.-pore. See C. -plate.
Commutator {koin' -u-ta-tor) \_commutare , to exchange].
An instrument for automatically interrupting or revers-
ing the flow of an electric current, making and break-
ing it with desired frequency. See Electj-ic.
Comose {ko'-mos) \_coma, hair]. Having much hair.
Compass Plant {kum' -pas plant). .See Rosin Weed.
Compatibility {kom-pat-ib-iF -it-e) \_compati, to suffer
with]. The property of being compatible ; suscepti-
bility (as of different medicines) of being exhibited in
the same solution with no loss of the desired effect, and
without change in constitution.
Compensating {kom' pen-sa-ting) \compensare, to com-
pensate]. Making amends for. C. Ocular. Se.e Oc-
ular. C. Operation, in ophthalmology, tenotomy of
the associated antagonist in cases of diplopia from
paresis of one of the ocular muscles.
Complaisance, Operations of {kom-pla-zongs' ). See
Election .
Complanate {kom'-plan-at) \complanatus, to make
plane or level]. In biology, flattened.
Complemental {kom-ple-mcn'-tal) \complementum,
that which completes or fills up]. Supplying a defi-
ciency. In biology, forming a complement to a
female. C. Air. See Air. C. Ma^, one of such
supernumerary males as those cirripedia {Ihla) that
lie within the sac of the female.
Complementary {koiu-ple-men' -ter-e) \_complementarc,
to fill up; to complete]. Complemental. C. Colors.
See Color and Pigment.
Completely Born {kom-plef -le born). As employed in
legal medicine, this expression implies that the child
must be in the world in all its parts, i. e. , completely
external to the mother. It does not imply that the pla-
centa has been separated or the cord divided.
Complexus {kom-pleks'-us) [comflexus, complex]. The
totality of symptoms, phenomena, or signs of a morbid
condition. C. Muscle. See Muscles, Table of.
COMPLICATION
315
CONCHOSCOPE
Complication {kom-plik-a' -shun) \_cotnplicare, to fold
together]. A disease or a process secondary to
and more or less dependent upon some primary
disease.
Compos Mentis {koin'-pos men'-tis) [L.]. Of sound
mind, memory, and understanding. See No7t Com-
pos RIoitis.
Composite [kom-poz'-it) \_co??iponere, to put together].
1. Composed of distinct portions. 2. In biology, be-
longing to the order Composite. C. Monsters ; this
is a term used to designate any form of monstrosity
showing some degree of duplicity in the main regions
of the body.
Composition {kom-po-zish'-im) \_i-ompositio, a putting
together] . Compounding ; applied tO drugs. The
constitution of a mixture. C. Powder, a popular
name (originally Thomsonian) for the pidvis tnyrica
coiiipositiis, N. Y . At present it is a mixture of
finely powdered bayberry bark [Alyrica cerifera),
12 parts; ginger, 6 parts; capsicum and cloves,
each I part. It is useful for sore throat and severe
coryza. Unof. C. Tea, a warm drink composed of
different spices, and used as a stomachic and to abort
an attack of coryza.
Compound [kom' -pound, or koin-pound') [ME., coni-
pounen, to mix or compound]. I. To mix, as drugs.
2. Composed of several parts ; in chemistry, a com-
pound l3ody. C. Cathartic Pills. See Colocynth.
C. Cavities, cavities in teeth that are produced by the
coalescence of two cavities or by the extension of a
single cavity in such a manner as to include two sur-
faces of a tooth. C. Fracture. See Fracture. C.
Granule-Cell. See Corpuscle, Gluge's. C. Oxy-
gen, a quack cure-all consisting of a strong solution
of potassium nitrate or chlorate through which the air
to be inhaled is passed.
Compounding {koin-pound' -ing) [ME., conipounen, to
mix]. The mixing, manipulation, and preparation of
the drugs ordered in a prescription.
Compress {kom' -pres) \cot)ipressus, pressed together].
Folded cloths, wet or dry, applied firmly to the part
for relief of inflammation, or to prevent hemorrhage.
C, Fenestrated, with a hole for drainage or inspec-
tion. C, Graduated, the strip applied directly is
small ; the others, progressively larger, cover it.
Compressed (koin-presd') \_cotiipi-essus, pressed to-
gether]. Firmly pressed together. C. Air, air the
density of which has been increased by forcible com-
pression. C. Air Bath. See Bath.
Compression [kom-presli' -un) \conipressus , pressed to-
gether]. The state of being compressed. C. -atro-
phy, atrophy of a part from constant compression.
Instances are the Chinese foot, liver-atrophy of tight
lacing, atrophy of tissues from pressure by an aneurysm.
C. of Brain. Stt Brain. C. -myelitis, myelitis due
to compression. See Myelitis.
Compressor [kom-pres'-or) \c01npri7nere, to press to-
gether]. I. An instrument for compressing an artery,
vein, etc. 2. It is also applied to muscles having a com-
pressing function, as the C. naris, C. vence dorsalis penis,
etc. See Muscles, Table of. 3. One of the light springs
inserted on either side of the stage of a microscope for
holding the slide in position ; a clip. C. sacculi
laryngis, the inferior aryteno-epiglottideus muscle.
See Muscles, Table of. C. urethrae, constrictor
urethrre. See Muscles, Table of.
Compressorium [kom-pi-es-o' re-uvi) \_coJ7ipressor, a
compress] . An instrument devised for making pressure
on the cover-glass of a microscope-slide in order to
favor separation of the elements of the specimen to be
examined.
Comptonia [komp-to' -ne-ah) [after Henry Compton,
Bishop of London, a botanist] . A genus of plants.
C. asplenifolia. See Liquidambar.
Conarial (ko-?ia' -rc-al) \_K(jvaf)Lov , the pineal gland].
Relating to the conarium. C. Vein. See I'eiti.
Conario-hypophyseal {ko-na-re-o-hi-po-fis' -e-al) [ko-
yd/j^jr, the pineal gland ; v-ocpvatc, an undergrowth].
Relating to the conarium and to the hypophysis of the
cerebrum ; pineo-pituitary.
Conarium (ko-na' -re-icni) \KuvapLuv ; dim. of kuvo(;, a
cone]. See Pineal Gland.
Q-oxiAXSovi {ko-na' -shim^ [(Wwr/, to endeavor]. Theex-
ertive power of the mind, including will and desire ;
a special act or exercise of the exertive power.
Concassation {^kon-kas-a'-shun) \_concassatio ; con,\.o-
gethtr ; cassare or quassare, to shake, tohsa.t.']. 1. The
shaking of medicines, as in a bottle ; the pulverizing of
drugs by beating. 2. Mental distress or affliction.
Concato's Disease. See Diseases, Table of, and
Polvorrh vineii it is.
Concaulescence {kon-ka7ul-cs'-e}is) \_coj!, together;
caulis,a. stalk]. In biology, the partial fusion of the
pedicle of a flower with the stem from which it
springs.
Concavo-concave (Jwn-kah' -vo-kon' -kav). See Lens,
Biconcai'c.
Concavo-convex [kon-kak'-vo-kon^-veks). See Lens,
Periscopic.
Conceive [kon-sev'^ \_concipere , to take in]. To become
pregnant.
Concentration [kon-sen-tra'-shun) [irow, together ; cen-
trum, the center] . Evaporation of part of the water of
a mixture, thus rendering it relatively more dense.
Concentric [kon-sen'-trik) [a?«, together ; centru/n,\ihe
center] . Arranged in an equidistant manner about a
center. C. Hypertrophy of the Heart, increase in
the muscular texture of the heart, the capacity of the
cavities remaining unchanged.
Conception {ko7i-sep'-shun) \_concipere, to conceive].
I. The fecundation of the ovum by the spermatozoid.
See Pregnancy. 2. The abstract mental idea of any-
thing ; the power or act of mentally conceiving. C,
Imperative, a false idea that an insane person dwells
upon, and which he cannot expel from his mind, even
when he knows it to be absurd, and which dominates
his actions.
Concha [/cd)';t;a, a shell]. A shell. Applied
to organs having some resemblance to a shell, as the
patella, vulva, etc., and especially to C. auris, or the
hollow part of the external ear. C. narium, the tur-
binated bones. C. santoriniana, a name applied to
a fourth turbinated bone sometimes found in the nose;
Conchiolin {kong-ki' -o-lin) \KbyxcL, a shell ; inv, a vio-
let] , C.|jH^gN;|0,j. The skeletin material that forms
the organic bases of the shells of gastropods. C. Os-
teomyelitis. See Osteomyelitis.
Conchitis [ko)ig-ki'-tis) [^Kdyxa, a shell ; ing, inflamma-
tion]. Inflammation of the concha.
Concho-anthelix lykong' -ko-aiit' -he-liks) [/ioyja, a shell;
ni^'^f//;, the inner curvature of the ear]. The muscle
called obliquus auriculse. See Muscles, Table of.
Concho-helix (kong'-ko-he'-liks) \_K6yxa, a shell ; f?i(f ,
a spiral]. The muscle called transversus auriculas.
See Muscles, Table of.
Conchology [kong-koF -o-jc) {jioyxci, a shell ; Asyeiv,
to speak]. That department of science that deals
with the shells of molluscs.
Conchometer [kong-kom'-et-er) \_K6yxa, a shell ; fjirpov,
a measure]. An instrument for the measurement of
the shells of molluscs.
Conchoscope [kong'-ko-skop) \_K6yxa, a shell ; the na-
ris; dKOTTtlv, to inspect]. A speculum and mirror
for inspecting the nasal cavity.
CONCOCTIO
316
CONDURANGO BARK
Concoctio {ion-^o/;'-s/u'-o) [h. J. Digestion. C. tarda.
Synonym of Dyspepsia.
Concoction (kon-kok' -shun) \_concoquere, to boil to-
gether]. Tlie act of boiling two substances together.
Concolor [kon-kiill' -oi-) \con, together; color, color].
In biology, having the same color on both sides or
over the entire surface.
Concomitant (J;on-kom' -it-ant) \ioncoinitari, to accom-
pany]. Accompanying. C. Strabismus. See Stra-
bismus. C. Symptoms, symptoms that are not in
themselves essential to the course of a disease, but that
may occur in association with the essential symptoms.
Concrement {kon' -kre-metit) [coticrescere, to grow to-
gether]. A concretion.
Concresce (kon' -kres) \_con, together; crescere, to
grow]. In biology, to grow together.
Concrescescence {kon-kres-es' -ens) \con, together ;
crescere, to grow]. In biology, the union of the
germ-bands to form the primitive streak.
Concrete i^kon' -kret , or kon-kret' ) \_concrescere, to grow
together]. Solidified or condensed. Concreted
Sugar, the product of the Fryer concretor, or simi-
lar form of apparatus. It is a compact, boiled-down
mass, containing both the crystallizable sugar and im-
purities that ordinarily go into the molasses. It shows
little or no distinct grain.
Concretion (kon-kre'-shun) \_concretio ; concrescere , \.o
grow together] . The solidification or condensation
of a fluid substance ; a calculus ; a union of parts
normally separate, as the fingers. C, Animal, an
earthy deposit found in any of the various organs or
secretions of the body. These concretions have a
fibrous base containing salts of calcium, phosphorus,
or magnesium.
Concubitus {kon-ku' -bit-us) \concumbere , to lie to-
gether]. Copulation.
Concursus (kon-ker' -sus) [!:o«<:«ri«r, to run together] .
A synonym oi Anastomosis.
Concussion [kon-kush' -un) \concussio, a violent shock].
Shock ; the state of being shaken ; a severe or inju-
rious shaking or jarring of a part ; also, the tnorbid
state resulting from such a jarring. C. of Brain.
Sse: Brain. C. of Spinal Cord. A condition caused
by severe shock of the spinal column, with or without
appreciable lesion of the myelon.
Concussor [kon-kus' -o>-) \_concutere, to shake]. In
massage, an apparatus for gently beating the part to
be treated.
Condaminea (kon-dam-in' -e-ah) [after Condamijte, the
botanist]. A genus of Cinchona-yielding trees.
Condensability [kon-detis-ab-i/'-it-e) \_condensare, to
condense] . Capacity for undergoing condensation.
Condensation [kon-de7i-sa' -shun) \condensare, to con-
dense]. In chemistry, the union of two or more mole-
cules by the linking of carbon-atoms and the forma-
tion of complicated carbon-chains. 2. The patholog-
ic hardening, with or without contraction, of a soft
organ or tissue.
Condensed [kon-densd') \condensare, to make thick].
Made compact; reduced to a denser form. C. Milk,
milk that has had most of its watery elements evapo-
rated according to a known process. Condensed milk
prepared with the addition of cane-sugar is a white or
yellowish-white product of about the consistency of
honey and ranging in specific gravity from 1. 25 to
1. 41. It should be completely soluble in from four to
five times its bulk of water, without separation of any
ilocculent residue, and then possess the taste of fresh,
sweetened milk. Condensed milk prepared without
the addition of cane-sugar is not boiled down to the
same degree, and therefore remains liquid. Batter-
shall gives the following analysis of both classes: —
CONDENSED MILK WITH ADDITION OF SUGAR.
Brand.
Water.
Fat.
Cane-sugar and
Milk-sugar.
Casein.
Salts.
Alderney,
30.05
10.08
46.01
12.04
1.82
1.80
Anglo-Swiss (American), . .
29.46
8.11
50.41
10.22
Anglo-Swiss (English), . . .
27.80
8.24
51-07
10.80
2.09
Anglo-Swiss (Swiss), ....
25.51
8.51
53-27
10.71
2.00
27.30
6.60
44-47
10.77
1.86
1.92
29.44
9.27
49.26
10.11
CONDENSED MILK WITHOUT CANE-SUGAR.
Brand.
Water.
Fat.
Milk-sugar.
Casein.
Salts.
52-07
15.06
16.97
14.26
2.80
New York
56.71
14-13
13-98
13.18
2.00
Granulated Milk Company, .
55-43
13.16
14.84
14.04
2.53
56.01
14.02
14.06
13.90
2.01
Condenser [kon-den' -ser) \condensare , to make dense].
A lens or combination of lenses used in microscopy
for gathering and concentrating rays of light.
Condiment {^kon' -dim-ent) \_condimentum, spice].
Spice, sauce, or other appetizing ingredients used with
food.
Condom, or Cundum {kon' -dum , or kim'-diim) [cor-
ruption of Conton, the name of the inventor]. A
sheath worn over the penis during copulation for the
purpose of preventing conception.
Conduction ( kon -duk' -shun) \_conductio ; conducerc,
to draw together]. The passage or transfer of force
or material from one part to another. C. -resistance,
the resistance encountered by an electric current in
passing through a circuit.
Conductor [kon-duk'-tor) \_condz(cere, to draw together].
I. A body that transmits force- vibrations, such as those
of heat or electricity. A term applied to the elec-
trodes and cords by which they are joined to the bat-
tery. 2. An instrument serving as a guide for the
surgeon's knife."
Conduplicate {kon-du' -plik-dt) \_conduplicare, to double
together]. In biology, doubled or folded together, as
leaves or wings.
Condurango Bark {kon-du-ran^'-go bark) [native of
S. Amer.]. Bark of Gonolobus fet?-a![ontis, or of
Conglobus condurango ; a remedy much used in S.
America as an alterative in syphilis. It was intro-
duced into the U. S. as a remedy for carcinoma of the
CONDY'S FLUID
317
CONICAL
stomach, but yielded uncertain results. Dose of the
fluid extract ^ss-j ; of the tincture, .^j-ij- Unof.
Condy's Fluid. C)ne part of sodium or potassium per-
manganate dissolved in 500 parts of water ; it is a
useful disinfectant.
Condylar [kon'-di/-ar) [/cdi'dtjAof, a knuckle]. Pertain-
ing to the condyles.
Condylarthrosis {kon-dil-ar-thro' -sis) \_k6v6v'Ko<; , a
knuckle; apOpov, a joint]. A form of diarthrosis,
wherein a condyle is set in a shallow and elliptic
cavity, and free and varied movement of the joint is
possible ; condylar articulation.
Condyle {kon'-d'il) [/idffjuAof, a knuckle]. Any rounded
eminence such as occurs in the joints of many of the
bones, especially the femur, humerus, atid lower jaw.
Condyloid {/c'o«'-^///-o!V/) \_K6vdv7iOQ , a knuckle; eWof,
likeness]. Resembling or pertaining to a condyle.
Condyloma [kon-dil-o' -mak) [Kovdi>'A.upa, a swelling :
//. , Condylomata]. A wart-like growth or tumor
about the anus or pudendum. The term is applied
also to syphilitic patches and discolorations.
Condylomatous (kon-dil-o' -mat-ics) \Kov6v7Miia , a
swelling]. Of the nature of a condyloma.
Condylotomy [kon-di/-ot' -o-me) \_k.6v6v\oi;, a knuckle ;
T£p'Eiv,{.o cwi]. Extra-articular osteotomy ; a division
through the condyles of a bone.
Cone, Conus [ion, ko'-nus^ \Klsvoq, a cone]. A solid
body having a circle for its base, and terminating in a
point. A patch of choroidal atrophy near the pa-
pilla of the eye, in myopia. C, Graduated, a cone-
shaped body used for measuring the size of orifices of
vessels, etc., especially in post-mortem examinations.
C. Inhaler. See Anesthetic. C. of Light, the tri-
angular reflection from the normal membrana tympani.
C, Retinal, one of the rod-like bodies of elongated
conical form, which, with the associated rods, form
one of the outer layers of the retina, the so-called
rod-and-cone layer. C, Spermatic, one of the series
of cones forming the head of the epididymis, and
composed of the coiled efferent tubules.
Conenchyma [kon-eng' -kim-aJt) \_Kavoq, a cone ; lyx^lia.,
an infusion]. In biology, a term applied to tissues
formed of conical cells, as the velvety surface of some
petals.
Confectio [kon-fek'-she-o) [L. : gen., Confectionis].
Official name for any confection, q. v. C. damocratis.
See Mithridate.
Confection [kon-fek' -shun) [^confectio, a preparation].
In pharmacy, a mass of sugar and water, or of honey,
used as an excipient with a prescribed medicinal sub-
stance. There are two official (U.S. P.) confectiones ;
in the B. P. there are eight.
Confectioners' Disease [kon-fek' -shiin-erz dis-ez'). A
disease frequently occurring in the workpeople manu-
facturing candied fruits, nuts, etc. It is confined to
the nails of the fingers of the hands ; the nail loses its
polish, and becomes black, and the periungual portion
becomes loosened and raised.
Configuration [kon-fig-u-ra' -shun) \configurare , to
form after something]. In chemistry, a term now
designating what was formerly called the " constitu-
tion" or " structure " of the molecules.
Confinement [kon-fin'-ment) [L. , confiner, to shut
up] . The condition of women during childbirth.
Confirmatory [kon-fir' -maf-or-e) \confirmare , to con-
firm]. Confirming. C. Incision, an abdominal
section, made to confirm a diagnosis, as in case of
malignant disease of the ovary, uterus, peritoneum,
etc.
Confluent {kon'-Jlu-ent) \confluere, to flow together].
In descriptive pathology, a term applied to eruptions
that run together. The opposite of discrete. In
anatomy, coalesced or blended ; applied to two or more
bones originally separate, but subsequently formed into
one.
Conformator (kon'-for-ma-tor) [Fr. , eonformateur].
A form of cephalograph used in determining the out-
lines of the skull in craniometry.
Confrontation [kon-frun-ta'-shun] \confrontari , to be
contiguous to]. The bringing of one person into the
presence of another from whom he or she has con-
tracted a disease, as an aid in diagnosis.
Confusion [kon-fu' -zhun) \confusio, a confounding].
Mixing ; confounding. Embarrassment. C. Colors,
a set of colors so chosen with regard to their degree
of brilliancy that they cannot be distinguished by one
who is color-blind ; a good test for color-blindness.
Congelation [kon-jel-a' -shun) \_congelatio, a freezing].
I. Freezing; frost-bite; intense cold or its effect on
the animal economy, or any organ or part. 2. The
chilling or benumbing effect of any freezing-mixture
or application ; mainly employed for its local anes-
thetic effect. 3. Coagulation.
Congener [kon' -jen-er) [L. , of the same race]. In
biology, belonging to the same genus ; closely allied.
Congenital [kon-jen'-it-al) \con, together; genitus,
born]. Existing at birth.
Congestion [kon-jes'-chun) \_congerere, to heap up].
An abnonmal collection of blood in a part or organ.
Congestion may be active or passive, atonic or inflam-
matory, functional or hypostatic. It is also named
from the parts affected ; the most important varieties
of morbid congestion are the cerebral, spinal, pul-
monary, hepatic, and renal.
Congestive [kon-jes' -tiv) [congerere, to heap up].
Marked by, due to, or of the nature of congestion.
Congius [kon'-je-us) [L.]. A Roman measure. A
gallon.
Conglobate (kon-glo' -bat) \con, together; globare, to
make into a globe]. Rounded. C. Glands, the
absorbent or lymphatic glands. See Gland.
Conglomerate [kon-glom' -er-at) \_conglomerare, to heap
up]. I. Massed together; aggregated. 2. A mass
of units without order. C. Glands, acinous glands.
Cong\n\\n [kon-glu'- tin) [row, together,- gluten, glue].
One of the proteids found in peas, beans, and other
kinds of pulse. Vines considers it an artificial pro-
duct. It is more glutinous and more soluble in acetic
acid, and richer in nitrogen, than ordinary legumin.
See Casein.
Conglutination (kon-glu-tin-a' -shun) \_conglutinare, to
glue together]. The abnormal union of two contig-
uous surfaces or bodies, as of two fingers, or of the
opposed surfaces of the pleural or pericardial sac.
Congo (kon'-go) [native African]. A country of
western Africa. C. Fever. See Fever. C. Paper,
a test-paper stained with Congo-red. C. -paper
Test. See Tests, Table of. C.-red, a red coloring
matter which becomes blue in the presence of free
HCl. It is used in chemic investigation of the
gastric juice. See Pigments, Conspectus of. C. Solu-
tion. See Tests, Table of.
Congress [kong' -gres) \_congressus , a meeting together].
An assemblage for deliberative purpose. C, Sexual,
coition, or carnal intercourse.
Congressus {kong-gres' -us) [L.]. Congress; sexual
intercourse. C. interruptus. See Coitus reservatus.
Conhydrin {kon-hi' -drin) \_Kuveiov, hemlock ; v&up,
water], Cf,Hj,NO. A solid alkaloid of conium, an
oxyconin, occurring in pearly, iridescent, white, folia-
ceous crystals, with a faint, conin-like odor, and
melting at 121° C. and distilling at 226°.
Conical [kon' -ik-al) \KuvLK.6q, pertaining to a cone].
Cone-shaped. C. Cornea. See Kerato-globus.
CONIDIOPHORE
318
CONSCIOUSNESS
Conidiophore iko-nid'-e-o-for') \k6vl(;, dust ; (pepecv, to
bear]. In biology, applied to the hypha that produces
conidia.
Conidium (i'o-nu/^ -e-!t/;i)[_K6vic , dust ; iSiov, dim. suffix :
//. Coiiii//<i'\. In biology, the deciduous asexual spores of
certain fungi. Also called £asidiosj>o/-e a.nd Acros/>ore.
Conidosis fykon-id-o' -sis). Synonym of Urticaria.
Coniferin {ko-nif'-er-in) \conifer, cone-bearing], Cjg
H,^,Og -f- 2H.^O. A crystalline glucosid found in the
cambium of coniferous woods, and consisting of
shining needles. It effloresces in the air and melts at
185° C. It is also called Abietin.
Coniin [ko-ni'-in). See Coniiim and Conin.
Conin (ko'-tiitt) \K.Lveiov, hemlock], C^H^jN. A vol-
atile alkaloid that occurs in hemlock [Ccviium macii-
latum), chiefly in the seeds, and is obtained by extrac-
tion with acetic acid or distillation with soda. It is a
colorless, oily liquid, having the odor of hemlock and
boiling at 167-168° ; its specific gravity is 0.886 at 0°.
Conium [ko-ni^ -uin) \_iiidvsiov, hemlock]. Hemlock.
The green, full-grown fruit of the spotted hemlock, C.
maculatum. It contains three alkaloids and a volatile
oil. Its properties are mainly due to the alkaloids
coniin, CgHj^N, and inethylconiin, CgHj^NCHj. It
produces motor paralysis, without loss of sensation or
of consciousness. Toxic doses cause death by para-
lysis of the organs of respiration. It is valuable in
acute mania, delirium tremens, tetanus, blepharospasm,
asthma, and whooping-cough. C, Abstract., made
from conium 200, dilute hydrochloric acid 6, sugar of
milk and alcohol q. s. , to make 100 parts of abstract.
Dose gr. ss-iij. C, cataplasma (B. P.), made from
the leaves. For external use. C, Ext., Alcoholic. ,
each grain representing one grain of the drug. Dose gr.
ij-v-xl. C, Fid. Ext., same strength as preceding.
Dose l\ij-v-xl. C, pilula Comp. (B. P.), contains
extract of hemlock and ipecac. Dose gr. v-x. C,
succus (B. P. ), made from the leaves. Dose Tt\,xxx-
^ij. C, Tinct., 15 per cent, strength. Dose rvLx-
3j. C. Vapor (B. P.), for inhalations. Coniin,
unof. , volatile alkaloid of conium. Dose gr. ^VtV-
Coniin Hydrobrom., C-Hg(C3H7), unof., recom-
mended for spasmodic affections. Dose gr. 3V~tV-
All preparations uncertain in strength. Coniin.
Hydrobrom., Injectio Hypoderm. Dose TTLj-iij.
Conjugal (kon' -jii-gal ) \_i-onJzigaIis , a. husband or wife].
Pertaining to marriage ; connubial. C. Diabetes,
diabetes affecting husband and wife together ; this is
said to be not infrequently observed.
Conjugate [kon' -ju-gaf) [con, together; jiis^are, to
yoke]. Yoked or coupled. C. Deviation. See
Deviation. C. Diagonal, Internal, an internal
measurement of the pelvis from the middle of the
sub-pubic ligament to the sacro-vertebral angle. It
is 12% cm. C. Diameter (of the pelvis), the antero-
posterior or sacro-pubic. 'Aee Diameter. C. Diameter
(of the pelvis), external. See Baudelocque, Diameter
of. C. Focus. See Focus. C.-symphyseal Angle,
the angle that the conjugate diameter of the pelvis
makes with the pubic bone at the symphysis. C,
True, the minimum useful diameter of the pelvic inlet.
See Diameter.
Conjugation [kon-ju-ga' -s/ion) \_con/iigat!is, joined to-
gether]. In biology, that form of sexual reproduc-
tion in which two cells, similar in size and appearance,
unite to form a spore. The sexual character of con-
jugation was first pointed out by Vaucher, in 1803.
Conjunctiva {^kon-jnnk-ti' -vali) \conjiinctiviis, connect-
ing]. The mucous membrane covering the anterior
portion of the globe of the eye, reflected on and ex-
tending to the free edges of the lids. Its parts are
called palpebral and ocular, or bulbar.
Conjunctival (kon-jimk'-tiv-al, or kon-junk-ti' -val^
\_coujHnctivits , connecting]. Relating to the con-
junctiva.
Conjunctivitis (kon-jiink-tiv-i' -Its) \_con/n7ictivus, con-
necting ; (r(f, inflammation]. Inflammation of the
conjunctiva. It may be catarrhal, croupous, diphtheric
(or membranous), gonorrheal, phlyctenular, puru-
lent, etc. , in character or origin. C, Atropin, a
peculiar idiosyncratic catarrh of the conjunctiva pro-
duced by prolonged use of atropin as a mydriatic,
and characterized by the formation of numerous folli-
cles. C. crouposa, a form associated with the form-
ation of a whitish-gray membrane that is easily re-
moved. C. diphtheritica, a specific purulent inflam-
mation of the conjunctiva spreading by infection,
yielding a contagious secretion, and leading to necro-
sis of the infiltrated tissue. C. eczematosa. See
C. lymphatica. C, Egyptian. See Trachoma. C.
exanthematica. See C. lymphatica. C. foUicularis,
a form characterized by the presence of follicles.
C, Granular. See Trachoma. C. lymphatica,
that occurring in scrofulous individuals. It is accom-
panied by the formation of ulcers. C. membranacea.
See C. crouposa and Ophthalmia. C. phlyctenulosa.
See C. lymphatica. C. pustulosa. See C. lymphatica.
C. scrofulosa. See C. lymphatica.
Connate [kon' -at). See Coiiflnent and Congetiital.
Connection [kon-ek' -shun) \connectere, to connect].
Sexual intercourse.
Connective [kon-ek' -tiv') \connectere, to connect]. I.
Connecting ; binding. 2. In botany, the portion of
the filament that connects the two cells of an anther.
C. Tissue. See Animal Tissue.
Connivent [kon-i' -vent) \_con7iivere, to wink at]. In
botany converging toward each other ; applied to
stamens that converge above, as those of the violet.
Conocephalic, or Conocephalous [ko-no-sef-al'-ik,
ko-no-sef -al-us) \_Kavor, cone; K.e<pa'/Jj, head]. Having
the skull somewhat conoidal.
Conoid, or Conoidal [ko'-noid, or ko-noi'-dal) [kuvo^,
cone; fffSof, shape]. Of a conical or approximately
conical shape. C. Ligament, the lower and inner
part of the coraco-clavicular ligament. C. Tubercle,
the eminence on the inferior surface of the clavicle to
which the C. ligament is attached.
Conquassant [kon-lnaas' -ant) \_coni/uassare, to shake
severely]. Very severe (applied chiefly to labor-pains
at the acme 'of their intensity).
Conquassation [kon-kwas-a' -shun). See Concassation.
Conquinamin [kon-kwin' -ajn-in). An alkaloid of
Cuprea bark.
Conrad's Water. An eye-wash composed of three
parts of mercuric chlorid, 100 of distilled water, and
five to ten of tinctura opii crocata.
Conroy's Test. See Tests, Table of.
Consanescent [kotz-san-cs' -ent) \_consanescere, to be-
come sound]. Healing, becoming healed (applied
mostly to wounds).
Consanguine [koti-sa n' -g7vin) \_consanguinetts , of the
same blood]. Allied by birth or descent; akin by
blood-relationship.
Consanguineous [kon-san-gzvin' -e-us) \_consanguineus,
of the same blood]. Related by a common parentage.
Consanguinity [kon-san-gtvin' -it-e) [con, together ;
sangui?!is, of blood]. The relationship arising from
common parentage ; blood-relationship.
Consciousness (kon'-shus-nes) \_conscius, knowing].
The state of being aware of one's own existence, of
one's own mental states, and of the impressions made
upon one's senses ; ability to take cognizance of sensa-
tions ; applied to ab extra impressions. C, Double,
that morbid condition in which there are two separate
CONSENESCENCE
319
CONTAGIOUS
and alternating states of mental consciousness, in
either one of which the events that have occurred in
the other state are not remembered by the patient.
Consenescence i^koti-sen-es' -ens) \j:onsenescere , to grow
old]. The state or condition of growing old.
Consensual [kon-sen'-su-al) \_ionsejzs2is , agreement].
Refle.\ and involving sensation, but not volition; as a
consensual act or movement.
Consent [koii-sen/') \j:onsciitire, to agree] . In forensic
medicine, this term signifies willing participation in
unnatural or illegal intercourse. In pathology, a sym-
pathetic affection of a part distant from a diseased
part.
Consentience [kon-sen' -she-ens) \co7isenlire , to agree].
Undeveloped or u^nintellectual consciousness ; the sum
or result of the impressions made by sensations upon
the psychic center of the organism.
Conserva, or Conserve (kon-ser'-vah, or con-serv')
\_consi'n>are , to keep]. A confection, q. v.
Conservancy i^kon-ser' -van-se) \_conservare , to keep].
Public conservation of health or of things that make
for health ; the sum of hygienic or preservative legis-
lation. C. System. See Sewage, Disposal of.
Conservative ikon-ser' -vat-iv) \_ionservare , to keep].
Aiming at the preservation and restoration of injured
parts ; as conservative surgery or dentistry.
Conservator [Icon' -ser-va-tor) [rwzj'^rz'art', to preserve].
A person appointed to look after the business interests
and general welfare of an insane person or idiot.
Consolidant, Consolidating {kon-sol' -id-aiit , or kon-
soV -id-a-ting) \_consolidare , to make firm]. Tending
to heal or promoting the healing of wounds or frac-
tures ; favoring cicatrization.
Consolidation [kon-sol-id-a' -shun) \consoUdare, to
make firm]. The process of becoming firm or solid,
as a lung in pneumonia.
Consonants [kon' -so-nants) [(■<>;;, together ; sonare^Xa
souna]. Non- vowel sounds in speaking produced at
certain parts of the resonance-chamber. They are
sounded only with a vowel. They consist of E.xplo-
sives. Aspirates, Vibratives, and Resonants ; they are
also divided into four classes, according to the situation
in which they are produced — the Articulation Posi-
tions,— the first •■being between the lips ; the second
between the tongue and hard palate ; the third be-
tween the tongue and soft palate ; the fourth between
the vocal bands. Labials, made at the lips, may
be explosive (h,p), aspirate (/", 7v), vibrative (the
" burr "), and resonant (w). These form the conso-
nants of the first articulation position. Those of the
second position are the explosives / and d ; the aspi-
rates s, z, seh, th ; the vibrative r; the resonant n.
Those of the third position are the explosives k and
g; the aspirates are the unvoiced consonants, unvoiced
ch and j \ the vibrative, palatal r\ the resonant, pala-
tal 71. That of the fourth position is the aspirate, the
glottis-formed h.
Constant (kon' -stant ) \_consta7is, steady] . Fixed ; not
changing. C. Battery, Element, or Cell. One
yielding a constant current. A galvanic battery, of
which the most common types are those of Bunsen,
Callaud, Daniell, Gren^t, Grove, Leclanche, and Smee.
Consternatio {kon-sfer-tia'-she-o) [L.]. See Night-
Teri-ors.
Constipation {ko7i-stip-a' -shitn) \co7istipare , to crush
tightly together]. Costiveness ; retention and hard-
ness of the feces from functional inactivity of the intes-
tinal canal, or from abnormalism of the biliary or
other secretions. It may also be due to mechanical
obstruction of the intestinal canal, paresis of the intes-
tinal walls, the use of certain foods, and general de-
pression of vital activity.
Constituent (kon-stit'-ii-c/it) \_fonstiluereAo establish].
A formative element or ingredient. The Constitu-
ents of the Organism are organic and inorganic.
The Inorganic C. are Water, forming 58.5 per
cent, of the body ; Gases, such as oxygen, marsh-gas,
etc. ; Salts, of which the chief are sodium chlorid,
calcium phosphate ( forming more than one-half of the
bones), sodium phosphate, sodium carbonate, sodium
and potassium sulphates, potassium chlorid, calcium
fluorid and carbonate ; Free Acids, as hydrochloric,
sulphuric, etc. ; Bases, such as silicon, manganese,
iron. The Organic C. comprise the large classes of
the proteids, albuminoids, fats, etc.
Constitution [kon-sfif-u'-shtai) \_constihiei-e, to dis-
pose]. In chemistry, the atomic or molecular com-
position of a body. In pharmacy, the composition of
a substance. In physiology, the general temperament
and functional condition of the body.
Constitutional iykon-stit-u' -shim-al) \_co7istihiere , to
dispose]. Pertaining to the state of the constitution.
C. Diseases, in pathology, such diseases as are inhe-
rent, owing to an abnormal structure of the body.
Also, inherited diseases. Also, a condition in which
the disease pervades the whole system. General, in
contradistinction to local.
Constrictor [ko7i-strik'-for) \co7isfri7jge7-e, to bind to-
gether]. Any muscle that contracts or tightens any
part of the body. See Muscles, Table of.
Constringent (kon-sl7-in'-jent) \constringere , to con-
strict]. Same as Asti-i7tge7tt, q. i>..
Consultation [ko/i-siil-ta' -sliioi) \j:onsultare , to take
counsel]. A deliberation between two or more phy-
sicians concerning the diagnosis of the disease of a
patient and the proper method of treatment.
Consumption (kon-stuiip' -shim) \_co7isii77iere , to con-
sume or wear away]. Wasting, denutrition, or atrophy,
loosely used as a synonym of Tuberculosis , especially
pulmonary tuberculosis. Phthisis, q. v. C. of the
Bowels. See Diarrhea, Chro7iic l7if!a/ni7iatorv.
Consumptive {^ko7i-su7np' -tiv) [coiisiii/iere, to consume
or wear away]. I. Of the nature of tuberculosis.
2. One afflicted with pulmonary tuberculosis.
Contact (kon' -takt) \contactus, a touching]. A touch-
ing. C. Lenses, in optics, a glass shell the con-
cavity of which is in contact with the globe of the
eye, a layer of liquid being interposed between the
lens and the cornea. C. Series, a series of metals
arranged in such an order that each becomes positively
electrified by contact with the one that follows it.
The contact- values of some metals, according to Ary-
ton and Perry, are as follows : —
DIFFERENCE OF POTENTIAL IN VOLTS.
Zinc, Lead 210 Iron, Copper 1.^6
Lead, Tin 0.69 Copper, Platinum . .238
Tin, Iron 3.13 Platinum, Carbon . .113
C. Test, Heller's test. See Tests, Table of.
Contactile, or Contactual (ko7i-tak' -til, or kon-tak'-
tu-al) \_contactus, contact]. I. Tactile. 2. Due to
or spreading by actual contact.
Contagion [ko7i-ta'-ju7i) \co7itagio ; C07iti7igere, to
touch]. The process by which a specific disease is
communicated between persons, either by direct con-
tact or by means of an intermediate agent. (See, also,
l7ifectio7i.) Also the specific germ of virus from
which a communicable disease develops. C, Mental.
See I/nitafio7i.
Contagionist {kon-ta' -jtm-ist) \co7itagio ; contittgere, to
touch]. One who believes in the contagious origin
or transmission of any given disease.
Contagious [ko7i-ta' -jus) \co7ttagiii7ii , a touching].
Communicable or transmissible by contagion, nr
by a specific contagium. //z/i'rf/ijz/j— applied to a
CONTAGIUM
320
CONTROL
disease engendered by a specific agency, which,
once present, may multiply and renew itself in-
definitely, and which always gives rise to the same
disease, (a) Miasmatic — applied to an infectious dis-
ease of which the specific cause exists only in certain
localities, t'. , malaria, pneumonia, acute rheumatism,
(b) Contagions — applied to a disease of which the
cause is transmitted from person to person, through
houses, villages, cities, and countries, e.g., variola,
morbilli, scarlatina, diphtheria, etc. (c) jMiasmatic-
contagious — applied to an infectious disease of which
the specific cause is carried by persons, or their
emanations, to a locality, and in the soil, water or
houses of which it multiplies and thence generates
the disease, e.g., cholera, enteric fever, yellow fever.
C. Typhus. Synonym of Typhus Fever, q. v.
Contagium [kon-fa'-je-it/ii) [L.]. Any virus or mor-
bific matter by means of which a communicable dis-
ease is transmitted from the sick to the well. C. ani-
matum, same as C. viinim. C. vivum ("living
contagium"), any living vegetable or animal organism
that causes the spread of an infectious disease.
Contest (kon'-test) \_contestari , to call to witness]. To
dispute ; to strive for. C. Theory, the doctrine of
chemiotaxis.
Contiguity [kon-tig-u' -it-e') \_contiguitas, a touching].
Proximity. C, Amputation in the, is performed at
a joint, without section of a bone.
Continued [koti-tin'-ud ) \continuare , to make continu-
ous]. Persisted in. C. Fever, a fever that is neither
intermittent nor typically remittent. See Ferer.
Continuity (kon-tiii-it' -it-e) \j:o>itinuitas, uninterrupted-
ness]. In anatomy, the portion lying between two
ends, as the shaft of a bone. C, Solution of. See
Solution. C, Amputation in the, amputation in
which a bone is divided.
Continuous [kon-tin' -u-us) \_continiins, ']ome.d \ uninter-
rupted]. Unbroken. C.-gum Work, a method of
constructing artificial dentures.
Contortion [kon-tor'-shitn) \contorquere, to twist]. A
twisting or writhing, as of the body.
Contour I /4i?«-/i>i?r') [Fr., circuit]. I. The line
that bounds, defines, or terminates a figure. 2. In
operative dentistry, to eftect the restoration of lost parts
of teeth by building them up with gold, etc. C-
feather-hair, one of those outer and longer hairs or
feathers that go to determine the contour of a bird or
mammal, as distinguished from a soft down-feather or
a hair of the under-fur. C. -fillings, in dentistry
fillings in which the material is so built out as to
restore the lost portion of the crown of the tooth ;
distinguished from plane or flush-fillings.
Contracted Heels. See Hoofbound.
Contractility [kon-trak-tiU -it-e') \_contrahere , to draw
together]. That property of certain tissues, especially
muscle, manifested by shortening upon the applica-
tion of a stimulus.
Contraction [kon-trak'-shzin) \_contrahere, to draw to-
gether]. Approximation of the elements of a tissue or
organ, thus diminishing its volume or contents. C,
Carpo-pedal, a variety of tetany occurring in infants,
and generally associated with dentition or seat-worms.
There is a flexing of the fingers, toes, elbows, and
knees, and a general tendency to convulsions. C,
Closing, muscular contractions produced at the
instant that the electric current is closed. C, Front-
tap, Gowers" term for a phenomenon often observed
in cases with exaggerated knee-jerk. It is a delicate
test of increased spinal irritability. The foot is placed
at a right angle to the leg, and the muscles of the front
of the leg are tapped, the result being extension of the
foot from contraction of the gastrocnemius. See Re-
flexes, Table of. C. -furrows, a number of concentric
curved lines near the ciliary margin of the iris. They
are produced in the living iris by a folding of the iris
upon itself during dilatation of the pupil. C, Hour-
Glass. See Uterus. C, Opening, the muscular
contraction produced by opening or breaking the cir-
cuit. C, Paradoxic, Westphal's term for a phe-
nomenon that consists in the contraction of a muscle,
caused by the passive approximation of its extremities.
C. -remainder, the stage of elastic after-vibration or
residual contraction persisting in a muscle after with-
drawal of the stimulus. C.-ring, the boundary line
between the upper and lower uterine segments, often
marked by a perceptible ridge. That portion of the uter-
ine canal that must be dilated to allow the escape of the
fetus is called the lower ttterine segment ; that portion
above the point at which the dilatation ceases, i. e., the
contracting portion of the muscle, is called the upper
uterine segment.
Contractions. See Contracture and also Abbreviations,
in Introductory Tables.
Contracture (kon-trak'-chur) [^contractus, a drawing to-
gether]. Contraction; permanent shortening, as of a
muscle ; distortion or deformity due to the shortening
of a muscle or of various muscles. In electro-thera-
peutics, muscular spasms, clonic or tonic, the variety
determined in regard to time, by the method of appli-
cation of the current.
Contra-extensio [kon-trah-ek-sten'-se-o)\l-,.'\. Counter-
extension.
Contra-fissura {kon' -trah-Jis-su' -rali) \contra, opposite
to; /fj-wra, a fissure]. Cranial fissure or fracture pro-
duced by a blow upon the skull at a point distant from
or opposite to the seat of the fracture.
Contra-indicant [kon-trak-in'-dik-ant] \_contra, op-
posed to ; /«<//r(7;v, to indicate]. I. Having the effect
of a contra- indication. 2. A symptom, indication, or
condition that forbids the use of a particular remedial
measure or set of measures.
Contra-indication [kon-trah-in-dik-a'-sliun) [contra,
against; indicare, to point out]. That pathologic or
modifying condition in which a remedy or a method
of treatment is forbidden that under ordinary cases
might be proper.
Contra-stimulant [kon-trah-stim' -u-lant) [contra,
against; j/Zwi^/art', to stimulate]. I. Counteracting the
effect of a stimulus ; depressing ; sedative. 2. A
sedative remedy.
Contra-stimulism (kon-trah-stim' -u-lizm') [contra,
against ; stimulare, to stimulate]. The doctrine of
controstrimulus ; Rasorianism.
Contra-stimulus, or Contro-stimulus(^(;«-/'ra/;-.f/'/w'-
u-lus. ox kon-tro-stim' 'U-lus)[contra , against ; stimulus,
a stimulus]. An influence that is opposed, or acts in
opposition, to a stimulus.
Contrayerva (kon-trak-yer'-vah) [cotttra, against;
herba, an herb]. The root of Dorstenia contrayet-ia,
a stimulant, tonic, and diaphoretic. Its decoction is
mucilaginous, and is serviceable in low fevers and
malignant eruptive diseases. Dose^ss. Unof.
Contrecoup [kon' -tr-koo') [Fr.]. Counter-stroke, a
variety of injury by indirect violence, as by a blow on
a remote part. See Contra-fissura.
Contrectation [kon-trek-ta'-shun) [contrectatio : contrec-
tare, to touch]. Digital examination; palpation;
touch ; manipulation, as in massage.
Control [kon-trol') [contra, against ; rotula, a roll].
An experiment performed to test the correctness of
the results of another experiment ; a standard by
which to check obsers-ations and insure the validity
of their results. Also, a synonym for Control Animal.
C. Animal. See C. Experiment. C. Experiment, an
CONTUSION
321 COOPER'S ARSENIOUS OINTMENT
experiment carried out under normal or common cir-
cumstances or conditions, to serve as a standard where-
by to test the variation or value of another experi-
ment carried out under peculiar or abnormal circum-
stances. For instance, an animal is rendered immune
by inoculation with some anti-specitic agent. .Such an
animal is called the Immune Animal. Another
animal, not having been previously rendered immune,
is called the Control Animal. Both animals are
then exposed to the action of, or are inoculated with,
the specific virus in question, and the relative differences
in the reaction of the two animals to the last inocula-
tion or exposure constitute the conclusions of the
experiment.
Contusion (kon-tu' -zhun) [^contusio ; contundere, to
bruise]. A bruise or injury by a blunt weapon, or by
collision, without breaking the skin or covering. C-
pneumonia, a form of pneumonia following trauma-
tism. It is of frequent occurrence.
Conus [ko'-nus) [/cut'of, a cone: //. , Conr\. A cres-
centic patch of atrophic choroid tissue near the optic
papilla in myopia. C. arteriosus, the conoid eminence
of the right ventricle of the heart, whence arises the pul-
monary artery. C. medullaris, the cone-like termina-
tion of the spinal cord, continuous as the filum ter-
minale. Coni vasculosi, a series of conical masses that
together form the globus major of the epididymis.
Convalescence (^ko7t-val-es' -ens) \_coHvalescere, to be-
come well]. A term applied to the restoration to
health after the subsidence of a disease or ailment.
Convalescent [kon-val-es' -ejit ) \_com)alescere, to be-
come well]. I. One recovering from a sickness. 2.
Recovering from sickness.
Convallamarin [kon-val-am' -ar-in) [convallis , a
valley; amariis, bitter], C23H^^Oj2. A bitter, crystal-
line whitish powder ; a glucosid derived from Co7ival-
laria. It is a rather active poison. See Convallaria
majalis.
Convallaria {kon-val-a' -re-aJi) \convallis, a valley] . A
genus of liliaceous plants. C. majalis, Lily of the
Valley. All parts of the plant are used in medicine.
Its properties are due to convallarin , Cj^HjjOjj, and
convallamarin , CjjH^^Ojj, glucosids. It is a prompt
cathartic, diuretic, and cardiac stimulant, valuable as
a heart-tonic. Unlike digitalis, it has no cumulative
effect. C, Ext., soluble in water. Dose gr. ij-x.
C, Ext., Fid., alcoholic. Dose TTL ij-xj. C. infusum,
prepared with three times its weight of water. Dose
^ss-ij. Convallamarin, or Convallamarinum, is
soluble in water. Dose gr. /{-i]- All unof.
Convallarin (ion-val'-ar-in) [^cojtvallis, a valley],
C34H52O1]. A purging, crystalline glucosid derived
from Convallaria.
Convallarrhetin [kon-val-ar-e' -tin) \_convallis, a valley ;
fyTiTivij, resin], Cj^Hj^Og. A poisonous resiniform sub-
stance obtainable from convallarin upon the separation
of glucose from the latter.
Convection [kon-vek' -skiin) \convehere, to carry to-
gether]. A transmission or carrying, as of heat or
electricity. C. -current, a current of a liquid or gas
heated to a temperature above that of the surrounding
medium ; it rises to the surface because of its lighter
density, and thus the entire fluid or gas acquires the
same temperature.
Convergence {^kon-ver' -je7is) \_convergere , to tend to a
center]. Inclination or a direction toward a common
point, center, or focus, as, e.g., of the axes of vision
upon the near-point. C. -theory, a theory that ac-
counts for the production of myopia by the pressure
exerted by the external ocular muscles upon the eye-
ball in convergence, this pressure leading to distention
of the eyeball.
21
Convergent {kon-ver'-jent) \ion, together; vergere, to
incline]. In biology, coming together. Tending to
a common center. C. Strabismus. See Strabismus.
Convex (^kon-veks') [t^Zc'^-.r^j, vaulted]. Rounded, as
a swelling of a round or spheric form on the external
surface ; gibbous ; opposed to concave.
Convexity (J;on-veks' -it-e) \convexiis, convex]. A
surface rounding outward ; the quality of being con-
vex.
Convexo-concave and Convexo-convex (kon-veks' -
o-kon-kav, kon-veks' -o-kon-veks). See Lens.
Convolute [kon' -vo-lut) or Convoluted [kon'-vo-lu-
ted) \_convolutus, rolled together]. Rolled together.
C. Bones. See Turbinated Bones.
Convolution [kon-vo-hi' -shun) \_convolvere, to roll to-
gether]. A folding and turning upon itself of any
organ, as the cerebrum and the small intestines;
any gyrus of the brain. A Table of the Convolutions
of the Cerebrum is added. (See page 323.)
Convolvulin {kon-voV -vu-lin) [convolvere, to roll to-
gether], C.jjHjjOig. A glucosid derived from the
roots of Jalap (Convolvulus purga). It is a gummy
mass, with active purgative properties.
Convolvulus (kon-voF -vu-lus) \convolvere, to roll to-
gether]. A genus of plants. C. panduratus, wild
potato. The tuber is a mild cathartic. Dose gr. xl.
Unof. C. purga. See Jalap. C. scammonia.
Sca?iimony .
Convulsant (kon-vuV -sant) \_convellere, cotivulsum, to
pull together]. A medicine that causes convulsions.
Convulsion [kon-vuV -shun) \co7ivellere , to convulse].
A general paroxysm of involuntary muscular contrac-
tion, whether tonic or (more especially) clonic.
Loss of consciousness and voluntary control of the'
muscles, with clonic, tonic, or mixed contraction, etc.
It may be due to epilepsy, other functional or or-
ganic disease of the brain, circulation, etc. ; or may
be cataleptic, hysteric, choreic, etc. See, also.
Epilepsy. C, Infantile, due to a number of causes,
such as rickets, exhaustion, etc. ; sometimes called
" screaming fits. " C, Puerperal. See Eclampsia.
C, Salaam, Eclampsia nutans, q.v. C, Uremic,
due to the altered state of the blood in disease of
the kidney.
Convulsionary (kon-vuV -shun-a-re) \_convellere, to con-
vulse]. One who is subject to convulsions ; especially
one of a set of patients who are subject to epidemic
or imitative convulsions.
Convulsivant [con-vuF -siv-ant^ \convellere, to con-
vulse]. An agent that causes convulsions.
Convulsive [kon-vuF -siv) [coitvellere, to convulse].
Marked by convulsions or spasms. C. Cerebral
Tjrphus. See DubinV s Disease. C. Cough. See
Cynobex hebetis. C. Tic. See Habit-Spasm. C.
Tremor. See Paramyoclonus.
Conydiin {ko-ni'-d>'in) . See Conhydrin.
Cook's (AUeyer) Hematoxylin Solution. A solu-
tion for staining microscopic sections. Extract of log-
wood 6 gm., alum 6gm., cupric sulphate I gm. , and
water, 40 c. c. are rubbed up into a paste in a mortar.
This is allowed to stand for two days, and then filtered,
and a crystal of thymol is added to the filtrate for
preserving. See Stains, Table of.
Cooper's (Sir Astley) Arsenious Ointment. An oint-
ment composed of arsenious acid and sulphur, each one
part, spermaceti cerate, eight parts. It has been used
as a local application in skin-affections. C. Fascia.
See Scarpa^ s Fascia. C. Hernia. See Hernia, scaA
Diseases, Table of. C. Irritable Breast. Synonym
of Mastodynia. C. Irritable Testicle. Synonym
of Orchialgia. C. Ligaments. See Ligaments. C.
Method. See Treattnent, Methods of. C. Operations.
CONVOLUTIONS
322
COPIOPIA
Convolutions of the Superior Aspect or Convexity of the
Cerebrum.
1,1. Fissure of Rolando. 2,2. Ascending frontal convolution. 3,3. As-
cending and superior parietal convolutions. 4, 4. First frontal con-
volution. 5, 5. Second frontal. 6, 6. Third frontal. 7, 7. First occi-
pital. 8, 8. Second occipital. 9, 9. Third occipital. 10. Anterior
extremity of corpus callosum. 11, 11. Posterior extremity.
Convolutions of the Inferior Aspect of the Cerebrum.
I. Anterior extremity of corpus callosum. 2. Optic chiasm. 3. Tuber
cinereum and infundibulum. 4. Corpora albicantia or mammillaria.
5. Pons varolii. 6. Third nerve. 7. Aqueduct of Sylvius. 8. Testes.
10. Inferior surface of frontal lobe. ii. Convolution of the fissure of
See Operations, Table of. C. Ventilator.
See / 'entilatioii.
Coopers' Knee. An enlarged bursa patellae
found in coopers, as the result of pressure
exerted by the knee against the barrel.
Coordination {ko-or-din-a' -sJiuti) \con, to-
gether ; onHnare, to regulate] . The har-
monious activity and proper sequence of
operation of the various organs of the body,
especially of those parts that cooperate in
the performance of any function.
Copaiba [ko-pa'-e-bah) [Sp.]. Balsam of
Copaiba. The oleoresin of Copaifera offi-
cinalis, C. coriacea, C. guianensis, C. niulti-
juga, C. cordifolia, C. laxa, C. nitida, C.
oblongifolia, and C. langsdoiffii ; legumin-
ous trees, native to South America. It is a
stimulant, diuretic, diaphoretic, and an ex-
pectorant, and is much used in gonorrhea,
although now considered of doubtful value.
C, Massa, copaiba 94, magnesia 6 parts.
Dose TTLx-^j. C, Mist. Comp., Lafay-
ette's mixture, unof. , copaiba ^vij, oil
cubebs 3 j , glyceriti vitelli 3 vij ; triturate and
add syr. aq. menth. piperit. ^ iiss; then add,
with constant stirring, liq. potass. ss, tinct.
cardamon comp. ij, spt. aether. nitrosi, 3 ss,
aq. mentli. piperit. q.s. to make § viij. Dose
gj-gss. C, 01. Dose Ti\,x-xv. C, Re-
sina, mainly copaibic acid. Dose gr. j-v.
Copal {ko'-pal) [Mex., copalli, resins].
Anime. These terms include a number of
related resins that are of both fossil and
recent origin. The copal resins, when of
good quality, are too hard to be scratched
by the nail, have a conchoid fracture, and
a specific gravity ranging from 1.059
1.080. Unlike others, they are soluble with
difficulty in alcohol and essential oils, and
are, therefore, valuable for making var-
nishes. The softer kinds are called anivie.
Copalche {ko-pal'-cke) [Mex.]. The bark
of Croton niveiis and other trees of tropical
America. The term is a vague one, and is
little used in medical literature.
Copalin, Copalm {ko' -pal-in, ko'-palin)
[Mex., copalli, resins]. The sweet-gum
tree, IJquidambar styraciflua ; also the resin
that in warm latitudes exudes from it, the
so-called Highgate resin.
Copeman's Method. A method of over-
coming the nausea and vomiting of preg-
nancy. It consists in digital dilatation of
the cervix uteri to a slight degree, not
sufficient to induce abortion.
Copernicia cerifera (ko-pe7--iiish'-e-ak ser-
if -er-ali) . See Carnatiba .
Cophosis [ko-fo'-sis) \^Ku<j>6^, deaf]. Deaf-
ness or dulness of hearing.
Copiopia [kop-i-o' -pe-ah) [/cf^Trof, a straining;
t,n\), eye]. Eye-strain ; weariness of the
eyes. C. hysterica, a term applied to those
symptoms that indicate hyperesthesia of the
fifth and optic nerves.
Sylvius. 12. Olfactory nerve. 13. Third convolu-
tion of inferior surface of frontal lobe. 14. Fourth
convolution. 15. Third convolution of external
surface of frontal lobe. 16. External border of
posterior lobe. 17. Sphenoidal extremity. 18. Oc-
cipital extremity. 19. Hippocampal convolution.
20. External convolution of posterior lobe. 21.
Middle convolution. 22. Internal convolution. 23.
Gyrus fornicatus.
CONVOLUTIONS 323 CONVOLUTIONS
TABLE OF CONVOLUTIONS OR GYRI OF THE CEREBRUM.
Name.
Location.
Boundaries.
Abrupt.
Small convolutions at the extremity of the occipi-
tal lobe.
Angular.
Posterior portion of inferior parietal lobule.
Anteriorly, continuous with the supra-
marginal convolution. Inferiorly,
continuous with the middle temporo-
sphenoidal convolution. Posteriorly,
connected with the occipital lobe by
the annectant convolutions.
Annectant (4).
Occipital lobe.
Connect the occipital with the tem-
poro-sphenoidal and parietal lobes.
Annectant, external.
See Annectant, first.
Annectant, first.
Occipital lobe; a portion of the superior occipital
convolution.
-
Joins the superior occipital convolu-
tion with the superior parietal lobe.
Annectant, second.
Occipital lobe, posterior part.
Connects the angular and middle con-
volutions.
Annectant, superior.
See Paroccipital.
Antero-parietal.
See Frontal, ascending.
Antero-temporal.
Sec Td^povdl fivstt
Ant orbital .
Frontfll lobe (of or3.n^-outsn§[)j orbitsl surfscc
Internally , olfactory lobe*
Arcuate.
Of Arnold.
See Posterior, inferior.
Fronts! Iodg (orbits.! 13.cc) \ probsbly the rectus
convolution, q. v.
Basirrhinal.
Tempora,] lobe, near tip.
Hippocampal and amygdaline fissures.
Breves.
The larger number of the insular convolutions,
as distinguished from the long insular.
Bridging.
See Annectant.
Broca's.
The inferior or third frontal convolution, q. v.
Callosal.
See Fornicate.
Calloso-marginal.
See Fornicate.
Central, anterior.
See Frontal, ascending.
Central, posterior.
See Parietal, ascending.
Choroid, anterior.
In the embryo, the convexity of the parietes of
the lateral recess of the fourth ventricle.
Choroid, inferior.
See Choroid, posterior.
Choroid, posteriof .
In the embryo, a convexity posterior to the ante-
rior choroid convolution in the lateral recess of
the fourth ventricle.
Choroid, superior.
See Choroid, anterior.
Of the corpus callosum.
See Fornicate.
Cruciate.
See Orbital convolutions .
Cuneate.
Occipital lobe, median aspect of cerebrum ;
wedge-shaped.
Above, parieto-occipital fissure. Be-
low, calcarine fissure.
Cuneiform.
See Abrupt.
Dentate.
In the dentate fissure ; rudimentary in man.
Above, the taenia hippocampi ; termi-
nates in the notch of the uncinate
gyrus.
Descending.
Occipital lobe.
Anteriorly, post-calcarine fissure.
Divisus.
See Frontal, ascending.
D'ourlet.
See Fornicate.
External (4).
Convexity of each cerebral hemisphere (of dog).
CONVOLUTIONS 324 CONVOLUTIONS
TABLE OF CONVOLUTIONS OR GYRI OF THE CEREBRUM.— Con/ittued.
Name.
Location.
Boundaries.
Fornicate.
Median surface of cerebrum, immediately above
the corpus callosum.
Above, calloso-marginal fissure. In-
ternally, great longitudinal fissure.
Below, corpus callosum.
r roniai.
See FyoHtcily asccficLifi^ •
Frontal, ascending.
Frontal lobe.
— :
A.oOD€ 3.nQ ucloiv, ^cncnfllly cotitinuous
with the ascending parietal convolu-
tion. Post^ytofly fissure of Rol3.ricio.
Anteriorly , precentral and supercen-
tral fissures.
Frontal, first.
See Frontal, superior.
Frontal, inferior.
Frontal lobe, lower and outer portion. U-shaped
convolution ; forms an essential part of Broca's
speech-center.
Above, subfrontal fissure. Posteriorly,
the ascending frontal convolution.
Anteriorly, becomes the posterior
orbital convolution.
Frontal, lower.
See Frontal, inferior.
Frontal, middle.
See Frontal, second.
Frontal, second.
Frontal lobe between the superior and inferior
frontal convolutions.
Posteriorly , continuous with the as-
cending frontal convolution. Ante-
riorly, continuous with the middle
orbital convolution. Above, super-
frontal fissure. B eloiv , subfrontal
fissure.
Frontal, straight.
See Rectus.
Frontal, superior.
Frontal lobe.
Posteriorly, continuous with ascend-
ing frontal c. Anteriorly, continuous
with the internal orbital. Its mesal
surface is called the marginal c. Be-
low, the superfrontal fissure.
Frontal, third.
See Frontal, inferior.
Frontal, transverse.
See Frontal, ascending.
Frontal, upper.
See Frontal, superior.
Fronto-marginal.
Frontal lobe of cerebrum, median aspect.
Above, fronto-marginal fissure. Below,
supercallosal fissure.
Fronto~parietal , middle.
See Frontal, superior.
X USilUl III •
See Subcollateral.
Geniculate.
" Passes from the anterior extremity of the forni-
cate convolution over the upper surface of the
callosum, becoming the medial and lateral
striae Lancisi."
Glossiform.
See Subcalcarine.
Kxtends from the splenium, dipping behind and
below the callosum, and continuing forward to
the uncinate convolution.
The hippocampal and collateral fis-
sures. Anteriorly, the uncinate con-
volution. Posteriorly, the splenium.
Infero-frontal.
See Subfrontal.
Inflected.
A V-shaped convolution about the inflected fis-
sure.
Infra-marginal.
Temporo-sphenoidal lobe, the superior convolu-
tion.
Above, the Sylvian fissure. Below, the
super-temporal or parallel fissure.
Insular.
One of a group of small convolutions that form
the island of Reil.
Insular, long.
A portion of the insula ; recognized by its length
and horizontal direction.
Intercentral.
The convolution between the two parallel central
fissures, in the rare cases in which two co-exist.
The parallel central fissures.
Internal.
See Fornicate.
Lingual.
See Subcalcarine.
Longitudinal, superior internal.
See Fornicate.
Marginal.
Frontal lobe.
[ntemally, longitudinal fissure. Infe-
riorly, the calloso-marginal fissure.
Posteriorly, the calloso-marginal fis-
sure and fissure of Rolando.
CONVOLUTIONS 325 CONVOLUTIONS
TABLE OF CONVOLUTIONS OR GYRI OF THE CEREBRVM.—Con/imeed.
BoUNDARI ES.
Marginal, external.
See fornicate.
Marginal, inferior.
See Supertemporal.
Marginal, internal.
The lamina of the septum lucidum and dentate
convolution.
Above and externally, by the fornicate
convolution.
Medifrontal.
See Frontal, second.
Medio-parietal, transverse.
See Parietal, ascending.
Meditemporal.
Middle of temporal lobe ; a small horizontal con-
volution'.
^Jow?, the supertemporal fissure. Be-
low, meditemporal fissure. Posteri-
orly, continuous with the angular
convolution.
Mendel's.
See Opercular.
Nuclear; also called Rauber's con-
volution.
A fold of gray matter in the olivary body.
Occipital, fifth.
Occipital lobe (of gorilla). Corresponds to the
lingual convolution of man.
Occipital, first.
See Occipital, superior.
Occipital, fourth.
Occipital lobe (of gorilla). Corresponds to the
fusiform of man.
Occipital, inferior.
Occipital lobe.
^ioz/^, middle occipital fissure. Below,
inferior occipital fissure. Anteriorly,
continuous with middle temporo-
sphenoidal convolution.
Occipital, lower.
See Occipital, inferior.
Occipital, middle.
Occipital lobe, between the first and third occi-
pital convolutions.
Superiorly, transverse occipital fis-
sure. Itiferiorly, inferior longitudi-
nal and occipital fissures. Internally,
the median longitudinal fissure. Ex-
ternally o\ anteriorly, it runs into the
angular gyrus.
Occipital, second.
See Occipital, middle.
Occipital, superior.
Occipital lobe, superior surface, upper convolu-
tion.
Connected with the superior parietal
by the annectant gyrus.
Occipital, third.
See Occipital, inferior.
Occipital, upper.
See Occipital, superior.
Occipito-temporal .
Lower surface of temporo-sphenoidal lobe.
Occipito-temporal, inferior.
See Subcollateral.
Occipito-temporal, lateral.
See Subcollateral.
Occipito-temporal, middle.
See Subcaicarine.
Occipito-temporal, superior.
See Subcalcarijie.
Olfactory.
Arises in the anterior perforated space, passing
forward in the olfactory sulcus, and ending in
the olfactory bulb.
Olfactory, external.
The lateral root of the olfactory tract.
Internally, the olfactory groove.
Olfactory, internal.
Frontal lobe ; the ridge along the inner side of the
olfactory groove. The internal root of the ol-
factory tract.
Opercular ; also called MendePs con-
volution.
Frontal lobe.
Enters into the operculum.
Of the operculum.
See Breves.
Orbital.
Frontal lobe ; small convolutions on the orbital
surface.
Orbital, anterior.
Frontal lobe.
Continuous with the middle frontal
convolution. Posteriorly, orbital sul-
cus.
Orbital, external.
See Frontal, inferior.
Orbital, internal.
Frontal lobe.
Internally, the rectus convolution.
CONVOLUTIONS 326 CONVOLUTIONS
TABLE OF CONVOLUTIONS OR GYRI OF THE CEREBRUU.—Confinued.
Name.
Location.
Boundaries.
Orbital, lateral.
Frontal lobe.
The ventral portion of the subfrontal
convolution.
Orbital, middle.
Frontal lobe.
■Internally, the internal orbital convo-
lution.
Orbital, posterior.
Frontal lobe, a small convolution.
Anteriorly and internally, the orbital
fissure. Continuous with the inferior
frontal convolution.
Orbital, transverse.
Frontal lobe, posterior portion of inferior surface.
Paracentral.
Parietal and post-frontal lobes, mesial aspect. It
is the motor area for some part of the leg.
Below, the paracentral fissure. Dor-
sal, the precuneus.
Pararolandicus.
See Paracentral.
Parietal.
See Superior.
Parietal, ascending.
Parietal lobe.
Anteriorly, fissure of Rolando. Poste-
riorly, intraparietal fissure. Below,
fissure of Sylvius. Above and below,
usually continuous with the ascend-
ing frontal, and also above with the
superior parietal convolutions.
Parietal, first.
See Parietal, superior.
Parietal, inferior.
See Subparietal.
Parietal, middle.
See Angular.
Parietal, posterior.
See Parietal, ascending'.
Parietal, second.
See Ang^ular and Subparietal.
Parietal, superior.
Parietal lobe.
Continuous anteriorly with ascending
frontal (generally). Anteriorly, upper
part of fissure of Rolando. Posteri-
orly, the external parieto-occipital
fissure. Inferiorly , the intraparietal
fissure.
Parietal, third.
See Marginal.
Parietal, upper.
See Parietal, superior.
Parieto-occipital, lateral.
See Occipital, middle.
Parieto-occipital, middle (of
Schwalbe).
Occipital lobe ; the dorsal surface of the superior
occipital convolution.
Paroccipital.
Occipital and parietal lobes; U-shaped, curving
around the dorsal end of the occipital fissure.
Laterally, the paroccipital fissure.
Mesially, the margin of the cerebrum.
Post-central.
See Parietal, ascending.
Postcruciate.
Posterior portion of the sigmoid convolution.
Posterior, inferior (of Arnold).
Occipito-temporal lobe, ventral aspect.
Postero-parietal.
See Parietal, ascending.
Post-frontal.
See Post-cruciate.
Postrolandicus.
See Parietal, ascending.
Precentral.
See Frontal, ascending.
Precruciate.
In the dog's brain, the convolution lying in front
of the cruciate fissure.
Posteriorly, the cruciate fissure.
Prefrontal.
See Precruciate.
Preorbital.
Prefrontal lobes at junction of frontal and orbital
aspects of the cerebrum.
Caudad, preorbital (or orbito-frontal)
fissure.
Prerolandicus.
See Frontal, ascending.
Quadrate.
Parietal lobe of cerebrum, median surface.
Anteriorly, calloso-marginal fissure.
Posteriorly, the parieto-occipital fis-
sure. Beloiv, continuous with the
fornicate convolution.
Rauber's
See Nuclear.
Rectus.
Frontal lobe, orbital aspect.
Between the olfactory fissure and the
mesial margin.
CONVOLUTIONS 327 CONVOLUTIONS
TABLE OF CONVOLUTIONS OR GYRI OF THE CEREBRUM.— C^w/wz/fa'.
Name.
Location.
Boundaries.
Rctroccntrsl.
See PcLfictcLl^ ascending ,
See Pyscsfit^al^
Rolandicus, posterior.
See Post-cenlral.
Sagittal.
In Edentata, the longitudinal convolution.
Lies next to the longitudinal fissure.
Of Schwalbe.
See Parieto-occipital, middle.
Sigmoid.
A U-shaped convolution, including important
motor areas.
Surrounding the cruciate fissure.
Straight.
See Rectus.
Subcalcarine.
Occipital and temporal lobes ; a narrow convolu-
tion.
Above, calcarine fissure. Below, col-
lateral fissure. Peripherad, the cu-
neus.
Subcallosal (of Zuckerkandl).
Mesial aspect of cerebrum.
Reaches from the chiasm to the ros-
trum.
Subcollateral.
Temporal lobe ; the fusiform lobules of the brain.
Connects the occipital and temporal
lobes. Above, collateral fissure. He-
low, subtemporal fissure. »
Subfrontal.
See Frontal, inferior.
Subparietal.
Parietal lobe.
Above, parietal fissure. Anteriorly,
continuous with the marginal and
angular convolutions. Posteriorly,
the paroccipital fissure.
Subtemporal.
See Teinporal, vnfevior ,
Superfrontal.
See Frontal, supevror.
Superior.
See "Fetnporo-sphenoidalf supcKiOY,
Supertemporal.
See Infra-marginal.
Supra-marginal.
Inferior parietal lobe, anterior portion.
Anteriorly , the inferior extremity of
the intraparietal fissure. Pelow, con-
tinuous with the ascending parietal
and superior temporo-sphenoidal
convolutions.
Supra-orbital.
See Frontal , inferior .
Supra-sylvian.
The third external convolution of the dog.
Sylvian.
In Afarsupials , the portion of the brain surround-
ing the fissure of Sylvius.
Temporal, first.
See Infra-marginal.
Temporal, inferior.
Temporo-sphenoidal lobe ; the lowest of the three
conv'olutions.
Posteriorly, connected with the third
occipital convolution. Above, the
meditemporal fissure. Below, the
subtemporal fissure.
Temporal, inframarginal.
See Temporo-sphenoidal, superior.
Temporal, lateral inferior.
See Temporal, inferior.
Temporal, lower.
See Temporo-sphenoidal, inferior.
Temporal, middle.
See Meditemporal.
Temporal, second.
See Meditemporal.
Temporal, superior.
See Infra-marginal.
Temporal, third.
See Subtemporal.
Temporal, transverse.
Temporal lobe, ental surface; a number (2 to 4)
of short convolutions near its extremity.
Temporal, upper.
See Infra-marginal.
Temporo-occipital.
See Occipital, inferior.
Temporo-occipital, internal.
See Fuiiform.
Temporo-occipital, middle.
See Calcarine.
Temporo-sphenoidal, first.
See Temporo-sphenoidal, superior.
COPODYSCINESIA 328 COPYOPIA
TABLE OF CONVOLUTIONS OR GYRI OF THE CEREBRUM.— Continued.
Name.
Location.
Boundaries.
Temporo-sphenoidal, inferior.
See Temporal, inferior.
Teraporo-sphenoidal, middle.
See Meditemporal.
Temporo-sphenoidal, superior.
See Infra-marginal.
Transeundus.
See Transitional.
Transitional.
A small convolution.
Anteriorly, the ascending branch of
the fissure of Sylvius.
Transverse.
See Frontal, ascending.
Triangular.
Frontal lobe.
Posteriorly, the opercular convolution.
Unciform.
See Breves.
Uncinate.
Temporo-sphenoidal lobe (median surface).
Above, the calcarine and dentate fis-
sures. Below, the collateral fissure.
Internally , the great longitudinal fis-
sure.
Vaulted.
See Fornicate.
Of Zuckerkandl.
See Subcallosal.
Copodyscinesia [kop-o-dis-in-e'-ze-ah) \k6koi;, toil,
fatigue ; due, hard ; n'wijoiQ, motion] . Difficult or
faulty motion due to constant repetition of the same
act. Lewis's term for the so-called Fatigue-diseases.
Copopsia [ko-pop' -se-ah). See Copiopia.
Copos (/t'f/'-oj") [K^TTOf, fatigue]. I. Lassitude ; exhaus-
tion after illness. 2. Cramp in the calves of the legs.
Copper (kop'-er) [ME., coper, copper]. Cuprum. A
reddish-brown metal not used in medicine in its metallic
form, but represented by several salts. The latter are
gastro-intestinal irritants, producing nausea and emesis.
See Elements, Table of. C. acetate, Cu (C2H302).^,
verdigris, used in pulmonary diseases, and as a lotion in
skin-diseases. Dose gr. C. aceto-arsenite,
Paris Green, used as a pigment and an insecticide.
C. ammoniate, unof , ammonium carbonate 3, cop-
per sulphate 4 parts. Useful in chorea, hysteria, etc.
Dose gr. ]/(,-']■ C. arsenite, a salt valuable in intes-
tinal diseases. Dose gr. jij. C. nitrate (B. P.),
Cu (N03)3H.^0, is used for the same purposes as the
sulphate. C. sulphate, CuS0j.5H.,0, soluble in
water, valuable as an emetic. Dose, as an emetic,
gr. ij-v, as a tonic, gr. J-^-'/^. C. Amalgam, a
metallic filling-material composed of chemically pure
copper and redistilled mercury. C.-colic. See Colic.
C. -glass. Sa.m.sa.s Egyptian Blue. C. -green. Same
SA Malachite-green. C. Indigo. Same as Oil Blue.
C. Lazulite. Same as Azurite. C.-nose. Synonym
of Acne rosacea. C, Potassio-tartrate Sol.,
Fehling's solution, unof, copper sulphate gr. 70,
distilled water Tr\^400 ; also dissolve Rochelle salt,
gr. 488, in water rt\^ 1600 ; when required, mix and
add water to make 2720. Used as a test for glucose.
Copperas (/{v/'-ifr-a^) \_cupri rosa,xoi,ii of copper (?) ].
A common name for ferrous sulphate. See Eerrnm.
C- black. See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Coppice--bark (/fo/'-zj-Z^izr/t' ). See Oak-bark.
Copra [kop'-!-ah) [Hind.]. The dried and crushed
kernel of the cocoa-nut, from which cocoa-oil is ex-
pressed.
Copragogue [kop'-rag-og) [Kdnpor, dung ; aycjyoQ,
leading]. A remedy to carry off feces; a purgative.
Copremesis [kop-rcm' -es-is) \_K.6npni;, dung ; eiieaic;,
vomiting]. The vomiting of fecal matter.
Copremia ( kop-re' -me-ah ) [ Kd-rrpoc, dung ; alfia,
blood]. A form of general blood-poisoning arising
from absorption of unduly retained feces. This con-
dition is occasionally met with in chronic constipation.
The symptoms are anemia, sallow complexion, ano-
rexia, frontal headache, vertigo, nausea, flatulence,
thirst, lithemia, fetid breath, lassitude, hypochondri-
asis, and irritability of temper.
Copremic {kop-rem' -ik') [/coirpof, dung ; ei-ieaig, vom-
iting]. Relating to or affected with copremia.
Coproctic [kop-rok'-lik) [^■07^pof, feces]. Relating
to feces ; fecal.
Coproecholalia [kop-ro-ek-o-la'-le-ah) [/cdrrpof, filth ;
an echo ; 'kaXia, a babbling]. The mechanical
and purposeless utterance of obscene words by the
insane.
Coprolalia ( kop-ro-la' -le-ah ) [/((^Trpof, filth ; 'kaXia,
speech]. The use of filthy and offensive language as
a manifestation of disease. See Habit-spasm.
Coprolith {kop' -ro-lith) [/con-pof , dung ; ^(^?of, stone].
A hard mass of fecal matter in the bowels.
Coprophagous [kop-roff'-ag-us) [/cdrr/aof, dung; (j>ay£iv,
eat]. In biology, applied to dung-feeding beetles.
Coprophagy {kop-roff' -a-je) [/lOT/jof, dung ; <paysiv,
to eat] . The eating of ordure ; a symptom some-
times seen in insane and hysterical patients.
Coprophilous (kop-rof^-il-ns) [/ti^Trpof, dung ; <j>l'A.nc,
loving]. In biology, fond of feeding or growing upon
dung.
Coprorrhea (kop-ror-e' -ali) [/cdirpof, dung; piiuv to
flow]. Synonym of Diarrhea.
Coprostasia [kop-ro-sta'-se-ah) . See Coprostasis.
Coprostasis [kop-ros'-tas-is] [/coTrpof, dung ; ariai^ a
standing]. The accumulation of fecal matter ; arrest
of the onward movement of fecal matters.
Coptin [kop'-tin) \_ii6nTetv, to cut]. A colorless alka-
loid of Goldthread. See Coptis
Coptis [kop'-tis) [KdiTTew, to cut]. Goldthread. The
root of C. l>-ifolia, a simple bitter tonic resembling
quassia. It contains coptin, an alkaloid closely allied
to berberin. Dose gr. x-xxx.
Copula [kop'-u-lah) [L. , " a band " ]. I. The co/-
u/a alba cerebri, an anterior commissure of the cere-
brum, 2. A thin lamina joining the rostrum with the
terma.
Copulation (kop-u-la' -shun) \_copnlarc, to couple]. The
act of sexual intercourse.
Copyopia (kop-e-o' -pe-ah). See Copiopia.
COQUELUCHE
329
CORIANDER
Coqueluche [kok-liisk') [Fr. , a hood or cowl]. Syn-
onym of Injiiic7iza ; also of Whooping-cough.
Coquet or Coquette {ko-ket') [Fr.]. Synonym of /«-
Jlicoiza.
Coquilles [ko-ke/') [Fr.]. A variety of dark eyeglasses
curved like shells.
Cor [koj') [L. ; geii., cordisl- The heart. See Heart.
In biology, according to Casalpino, the seat of the
principle of life in plants. See Roof-neck. C. adipo-
sum, a heart with a simple excess of the normal sub-
pericardial fat. C. biloculare, reptilian heart; a
congenital condition in which there is absence or de-
ficiency of the septa of both cardiac auricles and
ventricles. C. bovinum. See Bovme Heart. C.
seminis, the heart of the seed ; the corcle or corcule.
C. villosum, hairy heart ; the peculiar shaggy ap-
pearance presented by the heart in acute plastic peri-
carditis, with the deposited fibrin existing in long
shreds.
Coraco- [kor'-ak-o-) [/cdpaf , a crow] . Pertaining to the
coracoid process, as C.-brachialis. See Aluscles,
Table of.
Coracoid [koi-'-ak-oid) [fcdpaf, a crow ; uduq, likeness].
I. Having the shape of a crow's beak. 2. The cora-
coid process. C. Ligament, a triangular ligament
joining the coracoid process to the acromion. C.
Process, a beak-shaped process of the scapula.
Coracopectoralis {kor-ak-o-pek-tor-a' -lis) \K6pa^, a
crow ; pectus, the breast]. The pectoralis minor
muscle. See Muscles, Table of.
Coral {kor'-al) \jtopa/CKLov , coral]. The hard sub-
stance secreted by marine polyps. C. Calculus, a
peculiar dendritic form of calculus found in the pelvis
of the kidney, and forming a complete mold of the
infundibula and calices.
Coral Root (Jtor'-al root). Crawley. The root of
Corallorhiza odontorhiza , a prompt and powerful
diaphoretic that is used in fevers. Dose gr. xxx.
C, Fid., Ext. Dose n\^xv-xxx. Unof.
Coralliform {kor-al' -if-orm) \_corallum , coral ; forma,
shape]. In biology, resembling coral.
Corallin (kor' -al-in) \corallinus, coral-red]. A color-
ing-matter derived from rosolic acid and alcoholic am-
monia. It is used for dyeing red, and is noteworthy
as being a cause of local and general poisoning, and
it is liable to lead to cutaneous and constitutional
affections in those who wear garments dyed with it.
Some observers ascribe its ill-effects to an arsenical
admixture. C. -red. See Pigments, Conspectus of.
C. -yellow. See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Corallite i^kor' -al-it) \corallum, coral]. In biology,
the calcareous calyx or cup of a single coral polyp.
Corbiculum [kor-bik',-u-him) \corbis, a basket]. In
biology, applied to the pollen-basket or the inner side
of the tarsus of a bee.
Cord \_chorda, a. string]. Used as a synonym for the
Umbilical Cord, the vascular, cord-like structure con-
necting the placenta and fetus. C. , Coiling of, loops
about the fetus or its members. C, Columns of.
See Colu7nns. C, False or Superior (vocal), a fold
of mucous membrane on either side of the middle
line of the larynx, inclosing the superior thyro-aryte-
noid ligament. C, Knots of, real knots of the cord
formed by the passage of the fetus through a loop.
False Knots, accumulations of Wharton's jelly at par-
ticular points. C, Presentation of, descent of the
cord, at the beginning of labor, between the presenting
part and the membranes. C, Prolapse of, descent
at the rupture of the bag of waters ; incomplete, if
remaining in the vagina, complete, if protruding there-
from. C, Spinal. See Spinal Cord. C, Torsion
of, twisting upon its axis. The blood-vessels of the
cord make about 40 spiral turns. C, Vocal. See
Vocal Band. C. of Weitbrecht, the orbicular liga-
ment of the elbow. See also Chorda.
Corda [ko?-' -dah). See Chorda. C. valvuleux, Du-
four's term for the cecal pouches or pancreatic organs
invariably and normally loaded with bacteria [Alicro-
coccus insectorum, Burrill) in certain families of the
higher Hemiptera [Pentato?nida, Scute Her idee, Corime-
Icenidce) ; invariably wanting in the lower Hemiptera.
Cordial (Jzor'-jal) \_cor, the heart]. I. Pertaining to
the heart ; exhilarant ; stimulant. 2. An aromatic,
spirituous stimulant.
Cordiale (/Jor-t/t'-a'-Zt?) [L.]. A cordial. C. rubi fruc-
tus. See Blackberry Cordial.
Corditis {kor-di' -tis). See Chorditis.
Cordon (for' -don) [Fr. , a cord or rope]. A chain of
posts to enforce a quarantine against a place infected
with an epidemic disease.
Cordylus {kor'-dil-us) [rapdiX?;, a club]. In biology,
one of the tentacular ' ' auditory clubs ' ' of Hydrome-
dusce.
Core (kor) [ME., core, a core]. I. The central slough
of a boil or carbuncle. 2. The axial or central por-
tion of the terminal corpuscle in a nerve. 3. A
bundle of soft iron wires used as a magnet in the cen-
ter of a coil.
Coreclisis [kor-ek-li'-sis). See Coroclisis.
Corectasis (kor-ek' -tas-is) [ffdp?/, pupil ; CKTaaic;, a
stretching out]. Dilatation of the pupil.
Corectome [kor-ek' -tom) [hop;/, the pupil ; inTeixve/.v,
to cut out]. An instrument used in iridectomy.
Corectomy [kor-ek' -to-me) \ji6pri, pupil ; eKriftveiv, to
cut out]. See Iridectomy , and Pupil, Artificial.
Corectopia (kor-ek-to' -pe-ah) [fdp//, pupil ; eKTonoQ,
misplaced]. An anomalous position of the pupil;
displacement of the pupil.
Coredialysis (kor-e-di-al' -is-is) pupil ; 6ia7JveLv,
to liberate]. The production of an artificial pupil at
the ciliary border of the iris.
Corediastasis (kor-e-di-as' -tas-is) [jiopi], pupil ; diaora-
ai^, dilatation]. Dilatation of the pupil.
Corelysis (kor-el'-is-is) [/top;?, pupil ; 'Avai^, a. loosen-
ing]. The detachment of iritic adhesions to the lens,
or to the cornea.
Coremorphosis [kor-e-mor' -fo-sis) [/fdp/;, pupil ; /i6p(l>-
6j(7(f, formation]. See Pupil, Artificial.
Corenclisis [kor-en-kli' -sis) \_K6pri, pupil ; eyKlstaic, in-
clusion]. The formation of a new pupil by displace-
ment, the iris being drawn aside and in part excised.
Coreometer [kor-e-om'-et-er) [_K6p//, pupil, pkrpov, a
measure]. An instrument for measuring the pupil of
the eye.
Corephthisis (kor-ef -tis-is) \K.bpi], pupil ; (ifliaic, a
wasting]. See Corephthisis.
Coreplasty (kor'-e-plas-te). See Pupil, Artificial.
Coreses (kor'-es-ez) \_K6pig, a bed-bug]. In botany,
reddish discoid bodies found beneath the skin of
grapes.
Coretomy (kor-et'-o-me) \K-6pr], pupil ; re/xveiv to cut] .
Iridotomy or iridectomy ; any surgical cutting opera-
tion on the iris.
Coriaceous {kor-e-a'-she-us) \_corium,\tz.i'htr'\. In biol-
ogy, leathery.
Coriamyrtin [ko-re-am-er'-tin) \corium, a hide ; myr-
tus, myrtle]. An exceedingly poisonous principle, a
glucosid, obtained from the fruit of Coriaria myrtifolia.
Coriander, or Coriandrum (ko-re-an' -der, ko-re-an'-
drum) \_Kop'iavvm', coriander]. Coriander. The
fruit of C. sativum, an aromatic carminative and stim-
ulant, used mainly to give flavor to other remedies and
as a corrective to griping purgatives. Dose gr. x-xx.
C, 01., the volatile oil. Dose TT\^ij-v.
CORIARIA
330
CORONAL
Coriaria (ko-re-a' -re-ah \ [L-]- A genus of poisonous
shrubs of several species, having a wide geographic
distribution. C. myrtifolia, used in dyeing and tan-
ning, has poisonous berries and shoots. The seeds
and shoots of C. sarmentosa of New Zealand afford
what is called toot-poison. The memory is said to
be impaired after recovery from poisoning by this
plant. Unof.
Corium [ko' -re-uni) [L. , leather]. The deep layer of
the cutis.
Cork (kork ) \_co)icx, bark] . A substance obtained
from the outer part of the sub-epidermic bark of
certain oaks, cLiQueri iis ruber ■i.nAQ. occidentalism of the
Mediterranean region ; extensively used in pharmacy,
and to some extent in surgery. C.-oak. See Oak-
bark. C. -black. See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Corm iykoriii) [mp/idf the trunk of a tree]. The bulb-
ous underground part of certain plants, as the crocus.
Cormophyte [kor' -ino-flt) \_Kop[i6(;, the trunk of a tree ;
(pvTov a plant]. In biology, a term formerly applied
to vascular crypitogams and flowering plants — to all
plants possessing roots, stems and leaves.
Cormus (^kor'-mns) [iwwwj-, a tree-trunk : //. , Cormi'].
In biology, a colony of animals, associated " per-
sons." See Corm.
Corn \_Lor?iz<., horn]. A local induration and thicken-
ing of the skin from friction or pressure. See Claviis.
C. -flower. Stt Centaurea. C. -plaster, a thick plaster
worn over a corn, sometimes as a direct curative
agent, and sometimes to prevent pressure and friction
from the shoe. C.-silk, the long, thread-like styles
of Indian corn, gathered while still green and
succulent. It is used occasionally to relieve the pain
and spasm of chronic and subacute cystitis, and is
also recommended for gonorrhea, gravel, rheumatism,
gout, etc. Dose of the tincture gss toj. See Zea
mays. C.-smut. See Ustilago. C. -starch, the com-
mercial name of a starch derived from maize, and|
extensively used as an article of food, especially for
invalids.
Cornalia's Corpuscles. See Bacteria, Synonytnatic
Table of.
Cornalian Corpuscles. See Bacteria, Synonymatic
Table of.
Corne's Test. See Tests, Table of.
Cornea [kor'-ne-ali] \_corneus, horny]. The transparent
anterior portion of the eyeball, its area occupying
about one-sixth the circumference of the globe. It is
continuous with the sclerotic, and is nourished by lymph
from the looped blood-vessels at its peripheral border.
It is lined posteriorly by Descemet's membrane ; the
conjunctiva is firmly adherent to its substance in
front. C, Conical. See Keratoglobtis. C, Leu-
koma of. See Leukoma. C, Tattooing of. See
Tattooing. C, Transplantation of, the operation of
engrafting a section of transparent cornea from some
animal into the space of an excised portion of leuko-
matous human cornea.
Corneal [kor'-nc-al ) \_corneus, horny]. Relating to the
cornea. C. Reflex. See Reflexes, Table of.
Cornein (kor'-ne-ir,) [^corneus, horny], C.,„H^^NgOu.
The skeleton of gorgonia and certain corals.
Corneitis (kor-ne-i'-tis). See Keratitis.
Corneocalcareous (kor-ne-o-kal-ka' -re-US') \corneus,
horny; calcareus, pertaining to lime]. In biology,
formed of a mixture of horny and calcareous substances.
Corneosilicious [kor-ne-o-sil isk'-us) \_corneus, horny ;
siliceus, pertaining to flint]. In biology, applied to
sponges containing both horny and silicious substances.
Corneous [kor' -ne-i/s) \_iorneus, horny]. Horny, or
horn-like. C. Tissue, the substance of the nails.
Cornet [kor-net') \_cornu, a horn]. A small ear-trum-
pet worn within the auricula, and sometimes concealed
by the hair of the wearer.
Comic Acid {kor'-nik). See Cornin.
Cornicle [kor' -nik-l) \_coniiculum, dim. of cornu, a
horn]. In biology, one of the horn-like excretory
ducts on the back of a plant-louse.
Corniculum {kor-nik'-u-lum) \_cornicula, a little horn :
//. , Cornicula~\. A small cornu or horn-like process.
C. laryngis, a small, horn-shaped mass of cartilage
on the arytenoid cartilages ; called also the Cartilages
of Santorini.
Cornification (^kor-nif-ik-a'-shun) \_corneus, horny;
facere, to make] . The process of hardening or mak-
ing horny.
Corniform [kor' -nif-orm) [cor>ni, a horn ; forma,
shape]. In biology, shaped like the horn of an ox.
Cornin [kor'-nin) [corneus, horny]. A precipitate
from the tincture of the bark of Dogwood, Cornus
fiorida ; it occurs in white, silky, bitter crystals, and
is a tonic, stimulant, and astringent. Dose two to
four grains. Unof.
Coming's Method. See Treatment, Methods of.
Cornu [kor' -mi) [L. : //. , Cornua\ A horn. A name
applied to any excrescence resembling a horn. C,
ammonis, the hippocafnpus major of the brain. C.
cervi, hartshorn or ammonium hydrate. C. cuta-
neum, cornu humanum, a horn or excrescence arising
from the skin, with a deeper portion imbedded within.
These horns vary in shape and size, and may resemble
the horns of lower animals. They are solid, dry,
dense, smooth or corrugated, laminated or excavated on
the surface, often elongated and conical at the extremity.
In color they are white, gray, yellow, brown, or
black. They may be single or multiple, and may in-
volve any region of the body, though usually seen on
the scalp and face. They are likely to recur on re-
moval. C. humanum. Ste C. cutaneum. C. sacri,
the prominence on each bone of the sacrum.
Cornual [kor'-nu-al) \_co?mu, & ):iorn\. Relating to a
cornu. C. Myelitis, myelitis aff^ecting the anterior
cornua of the spinal cord.
Cornuan's Operation. See Operations , Table of.
Cornus {kor'-nus) [L.]. Dogwood. The bark of the
root of C yfom/a, with properties due to a crystalline
principle, cornin. It is a simple stomachic, bitter and
somewhat antiperiodic. C, Fid. Ext. Dose ITLx-^j.
Cornutin {kor-nu'-tin). One of the poisonous basic
principles or alkaloids of Ergot. Unof.
Coroclisis, or Corocleisis (ko-ro-kli'-sis) \_K6pri, pu-
pil; KAdoLC, a closure]. Pathologic closure or oblit-
eration of the pupil.
Corodialysis {kor-o-di-aF-is-is)\_K6pr),Xhe-p\i^i\; 6td\vaig,
a loosening]. See Iridodialysis.
Corodiastasis [kor-o-di-as' -tas-is) [^K6pr/, the pupil ;
Stdaraaii;, separation]. Dilatation of the pupil.
Corolla [ko-rol' -ah) \_corolla, dim. oi corona, a crown].
In biology, the inner floral envelop.
Corona (ko-ro^-nah) [fwo«(7, a garland]. A crown.
See, also, Capsula. C. ciliaris, the ciliary ligament.
C. dentis, the crown of a tooth, q. v. C. glandis,
the ridge of the glans penis. C. ovariana, the cres-
centic area of tympany above the area of dulness
in cases of ovarian tumor. C. radiata, a radiating
mass of white brain-substance ascending from the in-
ternal capsule to the cortex cerebri. C. veneris, a
circle of syphilitic blotches occurring on the forehead;
sometimes dependent upon caries or inflammation of
the frontal bone.
Coronad (kor'-o-nad) [corona, the crown; ad, to].
Toward the coronal aspect of the head.
Coronal (kor-o' -nal) [corona, the crown]. Pertain-
ing to the crown of the head. C. Intestine. See
CORONAMEN
331
CORPUSCLE
Perogaster. C. Suture, the suture joining the frontal
with the two parietal bones.
Coronamen [kor-o-na' -men) [L. , a crowning:
Ccroiiatnina\. Same as Coronet.
Coronary [kor'-o-na-re) \corona, a crown]. A term
applied to vessels, nerves, or attachments that encircle
a part or organ. C. Bone, the small pastern or me-
dian phalan.x of a horse's foot.
Coronate (J;oy' -o-nat) \coyo)iatus, to crown]. In bi-
ology, provided with a crown.
Coronen [ko-ro' -nen) \corona, a crown]. Belonging
to the corona in itself.
Coroner (kor' -o-ner) \_coronalor, a crown, an officer ap-
pointed by the Crown]. An officer who inquires by
authority of the law into the causes 'of deaths of
sudden or violent occurrence. C, Inquest of, the
legal inquiry before a jury into the cause of a sudden
or violent death.
Coronet [kor'-o-net) [Fr. , coronette, dim. of eorone, a
crown]. I. In biology, a crowning circle of hairs.
2. In veterinary surgery, the lowest part of the pas-
tern of the hoof, also called coronamen.
Coronilla {kor-o-niU -aJi) [dim. of corona, a crown] .
A genus of leguminous herbs. C. emerus is purga-
tive. C. scorpeoides, abundant in southwestern
Europe, has doubtful value in cardiac affections when
increased amplitude of pulsation is required. C. varia
is diuretic, purgative, and poisonous. Unof
Coronillin [kor-o-nil' -in) [dim. of corona, a crown].
A glucosid from Coronilla scorpeoides ; it is said to
be a diuretic cardiant.
Corono-basilar {kor-o-no-ba' -sil-ar) \corona, a crown ;
the base]. Extending from the coronal suture
to the basilar aspect of the head.
Coronofacial [kor-o-fio-fa' -shal)\_corona, crown ; fades,
face]. Relating to the crown of the head and to the
face.
Coronoid (kor'-o-noid) \_corona, crown; fWof, like-
ness]. Crown-shaped; as the C. process of the
ulna or of the jaw.
Coronule {kor' -o-m'd) [^coromtla, dim. of corona, a
crown]. In biology, the tuft of down forming a
crown to certain seeds.
Corophthisis {ko-roff' -tis-is) [Kdpij, pupil ; <j>Biai^, a
wasting]. Habitual or permanent contraction of the
pupil due to a wasting disease of the eye.
Corpora [kor'-por-ak ) [pi . of corpus, a body] . A general
term applied to certain parts of the body having a
rounded or ovoid shape. C. albicantia. See C. ?nam-
miliaria. C. arantii, the tubercles, one in the center of
each segment of the semilunar valves. C. cavernosa,
the cylindric bodies of erectile tissue forming the chief
part of the penis. Also the two masses of erectile
tissue composing the clitoris. See Penis. C. geni-
culata, two small eminences projecting from the optic
thalami. C. libera ar-
ticulorum. Mures Ar-
ticulorum ; joint - mice ;
loose bodies, either fibro-
matous, lipomatous, or
chondromatous in nature,
occurring occasionally in 1
joints. They vary in size
from that of a pea to that
of a walnut, and are of all
shapes. They are most
frequent in the knee-joint.
They are of traumatic Corpora Cavernosa and Ad-
origin. C. mammilla- jacent Parts. {Potter.)
ria. Corpora albicantia ; r- Corpora cavernosa. 2. Cor-
the mammillary bodies P".^ spongiosum 3- Dorsal
, , , . ■', vein. 4, 4. Arteries. 5, 5.
01 the brain, ihey are Nerves.
formed by the spreading out on the surface of Gud-
den's ganglion and an adjoining ganglion of the some-
what interwoven fibers of Gudden's and Vicq d' Azyr's
bundles. They form the bulbs of the fornix. C.
olivaria, the two oval masses behind the pyramids
of the medulla oblongata. C. oryzoidea, the rice-
like corpuscles or melon-seed bodies of hygromata.
C. pyramidalia, the two bundles of white matter of
the medulla oblongata, situated below the pons varolii.
C. quadrigemina, the optic lobes of the brain, the
four rounded eminences situated under the corpus cal-
losum. The anterior pair are called the nates, and
the posterior, the testes. C. restiformia, the large
columns or cord-like bodies extending from the me-
dulla to the cerebrum. C. striata, two organs, one
in each lateral ventricle of the brain, composed of the
caudate and lenticular nuclei. The first, or intra-
ventricular portion, extends into the lateral ventricle.
C. wolffiana, the " primordial kidney."
Corporeal (kor-por' -e-al) \_corpus, a body]. Pertain-
ing to the body. C. Endometritis. See Endome-
tritis .
Corpse [korps) [ME., cojps, a dead body]. See Cada-
ver. C. -plant, the APonotropa utiiflora, a singular
saprophytic plant of Asia and N. America ; it is a
popular remedy for epilepsy and for sore-eyes. Unof.
Corpulency (kor' -pii-leit-sc) \_corpitlejittis , corpulent].
Obesity ; fatness of the body.
Corpulent [kor' -pu- lent) \_corpulentits, corpulent]. Ex-
cessively fat ; obese.
Corpus {kor' -pus) \corpus, a body : //., Corpora\ A
body ; the human body. C. of Arantius. See Cor-
pora. C. callosum. See Commissure. C. caver-
nosum vaginae, the spongy tissue of the vagina. C.
candicans, corpus mamillare ; a small white tubercle
lying on the base of the brain, one on each side under
the thalamus. The two form the boundary-point
between the fore-brain and inter-brain ; each is com-
posed of three nuclei. C. ciliare, the ciliary body
of the eye. C. dentatum. See Olivary Body. Also a
ganglion of the cerebellum, an open bag or capsule of
gray matter, on section of a dentated outline, and
open anteriorly. C. highmorianum, the mediastinum
of the testis, a reflection inward of the tunica albuginea
into the testicle at its posterior border. C. fimbriatum,
the lateral thin edge of the tjenia hippocampi. See
also Fimbria. C. luteum, the yellow body. Hyper-
trophy of the membrana propria, or reticulata of the
ovisac, after the escape of the ovule. C. L., False,
that resulting when pregnancy does not occur, called
also the C. L. of Menstruation. C. L., True, that re-
sulting when pregnancy takes place, called also the C.
L. of Pregnancy, and differing in several respects
from the first. C. mamillare. See Corpus candicans.
C. pampiniforme, the parovarium. C. spongiosum,
the spongy body enclosing the urethra, etc. C. stri-
atum. See Corpora. C. trapezoides, the arbor of
the cerebellum. C. trigonum. See Trigonum vesicce.
C. uteri. See Uterus. C. vertebrae. See Centrum.
C. Vitreum. -See Vitreous Humor.
Corpuscle {kor'-pus-l) [dim. of corpns^. A nanie
loosely applied to almost any small, rounded, or oval
body. C., Bizzozero's. See Blood-platelets. C. of
Blood, the minute, biconcave, fiat discs, circular in
man, elliptic in the camel, and oval in birds and
reptiles. They are distinguished as red and white, or
colorless. Red corpuscles have been divided, accord-
ing to their size, into normoblasts (normal in size),
megaloblasts or megalocytes (of excessive size),
microblasts or microcytes (abnormally small), and
poikiloblasts or poikilocytes (of irregular shape
and size). The red corpuscles in the blood of man
CORPUSCLE
332
CORROSION
are about
in diameter and Tirx?
thick.
They consist of a colorless stroma (paraglobuhn,
cholesterin, lecithin, and neurin) infiltrated with color-
ing-matter (hemoglobin). The white or colorless
corpuscles are flattened, binucleated or trinucleated
cells, about tt-j^q- in. in diameter, and exist in the
ratio of I : 400 compared with red corpuscles. They
possess contractile power, alter their shape readily,
and in general appearance closely resemble amebae.
They are most numerous in venous blood. The color-
less corpuscles are variously designated as eosinophile ,
basophile, neutrophile, mononuclear, polyniiclear, lym-
phocytes, transitional, large, small, etc. C. of Donne.
See Colostrum-corpuscles. C, Eichhorst's, a special
form of microcyte in the blood of those suffering from
pernicious anemia. C, Gluge's, a variety of large
cells containing fat-drops, myelin, or detritus. They
are called also Compound Granule- Cells and Inflamma-
CORPUSCLE OF KraUSE.
I, I, I. Nerve-tubule. 2,
2, 2. Its medullary sub-
stance. 3, 3, 3 Nuclei
of the sheath of Schwann.
4. Granular substance
occupying the center of
the corpuscle and the
contained nuclei.
Corpuscle of Pacini.
. Base, or proximal extremity.
2. Summit, or distal extremity.
3. Capsules displaying nuclei.
4. 4. Attachment of capsules to
sheath of nerve-tubule. 5. Cavity
of corpuscle. 6 Nerve-tubule.
7, 7. Nerve-tubule successively
losing its medullary sheath and
neurilemma. 8. Enlargement in
which it terminates. 9. Granu-
lar matter continuous with the
base of this enlargement.
toiy Corpuscles. C. of Krause, the spherical or
ovoid corpuscles occurring at the ends of the nerve-
fubules that emerge from a nerve-plexus. They occur
in the conjunctiva, the edges of the lips, and various
mucous and glandular surfaces. C, Malpighian, a
name applied to the splenic corpuscles, and to the
Malpighian bodies. C. of Neumann, the nucleated
colored corpuscles of the blood seen after repeated
hemorrhages. C, Norris's Invisible, colorless,
transparent, biconcave discs of the same size as the
red ones, invisible in the serum because their color and
refractive index are the same as those of the liquor san-
guinis ; they are believed by Norris to exist normally
in the blood. They are probably red corpuscles that
have lost their hemoglobin. C, Pacinian, certain
small corpuscles occurring in the subcutaneous cellular
tissue of the fingers and toes. C. of Purkinje, a bone-
cell, iitt Purl'inje. C, Shadow. See Sl/aiMv. C,
Tactile, of Wagner, the small., oval bodies found
Tactile Corpus-
cle WITH Two
Lobes.
in the papillae of the skin and enveloped by nerve-
fibers. C. of V. Troltsch, a name formerly given to
a series of lymph-channels between the two layers of
the lamina propria of the ear. They
are spindle-shaped on longitudinal
section and stellate on transverse
section, and are lined with endothe-
lium. C, Valentin's, the small,
roundish amyloid bodies found in
nerve-substance. C, Weber's, the
sinus pocularis.
Corpuscula {kor-pus' -ku-lah) [L.].
Plural of Corpusculum. C. margi-
nalia, in biology, the marginal sense-
organs of Aleduscc.
Corpuscular {kor-pus' -ku-lar) [^cor-
pusculum, a little body]. Relating
to or of the nature of a corpuscle.
Corpusculation {kor-pus-ku-la' -shuti)
\corpuscuhtm, a corpuscle]. A con-
dition in which the corpuscles of the
blood have undergone hyperplasia,
being larger and more numerous than
normally.
Corpusculous (kor-pus' -ku-lus) \_cor-
pusculum, a corpuscle]. Corpuscular.
Corpusculum (kor-pus' -ku-lmn) [L. :
//. , Corpuscula'\. A corpuscle.
Correctant, or Corrective (kor-ek'-
tant or kor-ek' -ti7<) \_corrigere, to correct]. I. Having
the power to correct or to modify favorably. 2. A
substance used to modify or make more pleasant the
action of a purgative or other remedy.
Correction (kor-ek'-shun) \_corrcctus ; corrigere, to
amend]. The rectification of any abnormality (as a
refractive or muscular defect), or of any undesirable
quality (as in a medicine).
Correlated (koi-'-el-a-ted ) \correlatus, related]. Inter-
dependent; related. C. Atrophy. See Atrophy.
Correlation (kor-el-a' -shun) \_correlafus, related]. In-
terdependence ; relationship.
Corrigan's Button. A cautery-iron. It consists of a
button of iron, ^4 inch in diameter by ]4 inch thick,
fastened in a wooden handle by a rod 2 inches long.
C. Cautery. Same as C. But/on. C. Disease. See
Diseases, Table of. C. Line. See Signs and Symp-
toms, Table of, and Line. C. Pulse, water-hammer
pulse. The jerking pulse of aortic regurgitation.
The volume of the pulse is large, owing to the hyper-
trophy and dilatation of the left ventricle ; hence there is
a sudden expansion of the arteries. The regurgitation
of the blood, however, as suddenly empties the artery,
and the pulse- wave subsides rapidly. The peculiarities
of the radial pulse may usually be intensified by rais-
ing the hand. It is also called the collapsing, speaking,
reading, locomotive, kicking, and shuttle pulse. See
Pulse, and Signs and Symptoms, Table of.
Corrigent (kor' -ij-eitt). See Corrective.
Corroborant (kor-oh' -o-rant^ \_corroborans , strengthen-
ing]. I. Tonic; strengthening. 2. A strengthening
medicine.
Corrosion (kor-o' -zhun) \corrodere, to corrode]. The
process of corroding, or the state of being corroded.
C. -anatomy, the preparation of any anatomic speci-
men by means of a corrosive process that eats away
those parts which it is not desired to preserve. In
some cases a resisting-substance is injected, so as to
preserve the vessels and ducts from corrosion. C-
preparation, one in which the vessels, ducts, or cavi-
ties of organs are filled by a fluid that will harden and
preserve the shape of the vessel or cavity after the
organ itself is corroded or digested or otherwise de-
CORROSIVE
333
COSTEN
stroyed, the cast remaining. Three methods are used :
I. The injection is composed of rosin and white wax
colored with paint, dissolved in balsam of copaiba ;
after the injection, the organ is destroyed by hydro-
chloric acid and water. 2. H'ooii's Fmiform Aletal,
consisting of 7 parts of bismuth, 4 parts lead, 2 parts
tin, and I part cadmium. The tissues are destroyed
by caustic potash. 3. Celloidin : The cold celloidin
is slowly and forcibly injected by a syringe, and the
soft parts eaten by an acid or a digesting fluid.
Corrosive [kor-o^-siv) \_coii, intensive ; rodere, to gnaw].
A substance that destroys organic tissue either by
direct chemic means or by causing inflammation and
suppuration. C. Chlorid, mercuric chlorid. C.
Sublimate. See Hydrargyrum. C. -sublimate
Bath. See Bath.
Corroval (kor'-o-va/). A variety of curare, or arrow-
poison ; a cardiac and muscular paralyzant.
Corrovalin [kor-o' -val-in). A poisonous alkaloid ob-
tained from corroval. Unof.
Corrugator {ko7-' -u-ga-tor) \corrugere, to wrinkle].
That which wrinkles. See Muscles, Table of.
Corset {kor'-set) [F. ,dim. oi cars, body]. In sur-
gery, an investment for the abdomen or chest, or both ;
useful in some spinal disorders and deformities, and
in fractures or injuries of the thoracic walls. C. -liver,
a liver characterized by a furrow resulting from the
pressure exerted by a corset and situated chiefly in
the right lobe. It is due to habitual tight lacing, and
hence is found in women and, rarely, among soldiers.
If extreme, the furrow can be felt along the margin
of the ribs if the abdominal walls are lax.
Corsican Moss. A mixture of fragments of various
seaweeds, brought from Corsica, etc. ; called, also,
hebtiintlwchorton . It is said to be alterative, febri-
fuge, anthelmintic, and nutritious. Unof.
Corson's Paint. A substance used as a means of coun-
ter-irritation. It consists of croton oil 2 drams, ether
4 drams, compound tincture of iodin sufficient to make
2 ounces. Paint over the affected part with a camel' s-
hair pencil once daily. '
Cortex {kor'-teks) [L. , bark]. The bark of an exo-
genous plant. C. aurantii, orange-peel. C. cerebri,
the external layer of gray matter of the brain. C.
renalis, the cortical substance of the kidney.
Corti (kor'-te). A celebrated Italian anatomist, 1729-
1813. C, Arch of. %titArck. C, Canal of. .See
Canal. C, Cells of, the external hair-cells of the organ
of Corti. ^eeCell. C, Fibers of, the rods of Corti. C,
Ganglion of. 'Sise Ganglia, Table of. C, Membrane
of. See Afembratte. C, Organ of, a series of some
3000 arches upon the floor of the basilar membrane
within the ductus cochlearis of the internal ear. C,
Pillars of, the rods of Corti. C, Rods of, the pil-
lars of the arch of the organ of Corti. C, Rolls of,
the fibers forming the inner limb of the arches of
Corti. C, Tunnel of, a triangular canal between
the layers of the rods of Corti.
Cortical (kor'-tik-al) \_cortex, bark]. Pertaining to
the cortex or bark, or to the cortex of the brain, or of
the kidney. C. Epilepsy, C. Paralysis, such as is
due to a lesion of the cortical substance of the
brain.
Corticiferous [kor-tis-if -er-iis) [^cortex, bark ; ferre, to
bear]. In biology, producing a bark.
Corticin [kor'-tjs-in) \_corte.x, bark]. I. An alkaloid
from poplar-bark. 2. A form of tannin from certain
wood-barks.
Corticole [kor^-tik-dl) \_cortex,h&rV; colere, to inhabit].
In biology, growing on bark.
Cortina {kor-ti'-nah) \_cortina,a. curtain]. In biology,
the marginal veil of certain fungi.
Corviform {kor' -ve-for»i) \_cflr7n1s, a crow ; forma,
shape]. In biology, resembling a crow.
Corvisart's Facies. See Signs and Symptoms, Table of .
Corybantism [kor-e-hanf -izni) ^Kopvfim'avTia/xoc, cory-
bantic frenzy]. Maniacal frenzy, with sleeplessness,
choreic excitement and visual hallucinations.
Corydalin (^kor-id'-al-in) [/copuJa/iA/f, the crested lark] ,
C,„H[;|NO^. A precipitate from the tincture of the
root of Corydalis formosa ; it is tonic, diuretic, anti-
syphilitic, resolvent, etc. Dose I to 5 grains. Unof.
Corydalis {kor-id' -al-is) \_iiopv6nXAig, the crested lark].
Turkey corn. The tuber of C. formosa (Dicentra can-
adensis), a tonic, diuretic, and alterative. Dose of fld.
ext. n\,x-xl. Corydalin, the alkaloid. Dosegr. j-v.
Unof
Corymb {kor'-imb) [^Kopv/nSog, a head or cluster of fruit
or flowers]. In biology, a flower-cluster on the inde-
terminate plan, in which the axis is somewhat short-
ened and the pedicels of the lower flowers somewhat
lengthened, so as to form a flat-topped cluster.
Corymbose (kor-im^-bos) [^KSpv/Lipog, a flower-cluster].
In biology, corymb-like, or arranged in corymbs. C.
Eruption, a variety of the eruption of smallpox in
which it shows itself in patches or clusters the size of
the hand, as thickly set as possible, while the surround-
ing skin often remains entirely free. The grouping
may be symmetrically distributed. This variety of
small-pox is very dangerous.
Coryphodont [kor-if -o-dont) [^Kopixpi/, summit ; orSoi'f
(bSovT-) tooth]. In biology, having teeth with pointed
cusps.
Corysterium {kor-is-te' -re-ti7n) \_KO(>vori](;, one having a
helmet]. In biology, an organ found in the abdomen
of certain female insects, that secretes a jelly-like pro-
tective envelop for the eggs.
Coryza [ko-ri'-za/i) \_K6pvg, Kdpv^a, the head]. Catarrh of
the mucous membrane of the nasal passages and adjacent
sinuses, popularly called a " cold in the head." See
Rhinitis. C. caseosa, a term applied by Cozzolino
to a disease in which the nostrils are filled with caseous
masses. C, Idiosyncratic. See Hay-fever. C.
maligna. ':r-,y\-\onym Snuffles of the New-born. C,
Periodic Vasomotor. See Hay-fever. C, Vaso-
motor. -Synonym of Hay-fever.
Cosme's Paste. See Hebra's Arsenical Paste.
Cosmesis [koz-me'-sis) {Koafieeiv, to adorn]. The art
of preserving or increasing beauty.
Cosmetic ijtoz-mct' -ik) l^Koa/jr/TiKOf; ; KO(yfih/i>, to adorn].
A remedy designed to improve or to hide defects of
the skin or other external parts. It may be a white
powder, such as starch, magnesic oxid, calcium car-
bonate (levigated), zinc oxid, mercurous chlorid, or
bismuth subnitrate applied externally ; it may be a white
substance dissolved in dilute alcohol, which is left
upon the face after the evaporation of the solvent ; or
it may be a stimulant to the skin used internally, such
as arsenic. C. Operation, a surgical operation to
give a natural appearance to a defective or unsightly
part.
Cosmetology (koz-met-oF -o-je) [KOcr/zErof , orderly ;
/dyof, science]. The science of the proper care of
the body with respect to cleanliness, dress, etc.
Cosmic Disease. Syphilis of the heart-valves.
Cosmolin [koz'-mo-lin). Set Petiolatum.
CoslSL {kos'-tah) ['L.'\. A rib. Set A'ib.
Costal [kos'-tal) [_costa, a rib]. Pertaining to the ribs.
C. Arch, the arch of the ribs. C. Cartilages, the
12 cartilaginous extensions of the ribs.
Costalgia (kos-tal'-je-ah) \_costa, a rib; aXyoq, pain].
Intercostal neuralgia ; pain in the ribs.
Costen (kos'-ten) \costa, a rib]. Belonging to a rib in
itself.
COSTER'S PASTE
334
COUP DE SOLEIL
Coster's Paste. A remedy of some value in the treat-
ment of Tinea tonstiraiis. It is made of iodin, 2
drams, in one ounce of oil of pitch. This is to be
painted upon the patch and allowed to remain until
the crust which is produced by the application falls off.
Costicartilage i^kos-te-kar' -til-dj^ \c05ta, a rib; cai--
tilago, gristle]. A costal cartilage or unossitied
sternal rib.
Costicervical [kos-fe-ser^-vik-al) \_cosla, j, rib; cervix,
a neck]. Relating to the neck and ribs.
Costicervicalis {kos-te-ser-vik-a' -lis) \j:osta, a rib ; cer-
vix, the neck]. The cervicalis ascendens muscle.
See Muscles, Table of.
Costispinal [kos-te-spi'-nal ) \_cos!a, a. nh ; spina, the
spine]. Relating to the ribs and vertebral column. C.
muscles, levatores costarum. See Muscles, Table of.
Costive [kos'-tiv) \constipare, to be bound]. Consti-
pated ; affected with costiveness.
Costiveness (J;os' -tiv-ness) \_consiipare , to be bound].
An abnormality of digestion characterized by reten-
tion and hardness of the feces.
Costo- [kos'-to-) \_costa, a ribj. A prefix denoting con-
nection with the ribs.
Costotome [kos' -fo-tdin) \_costa, rib; TOfioQ, cutting].
A strong knife for cutting the costal cartilages in dis-
section, etc.
Costus Root [kos'-tus roof ). See Piitchuk.
Cotnar [ko/'-nar) [a Moldavian place-name]. A rich,
strong, and highly esteemed wine from Roumania.
Coto {ko'-to) [Sp., a cubit]. Goto Bark. The bark of
a tree native to Bolivia. It contains a bitter principle,
Cotoin, CjjHji^Og, irritant to the skin and mucous
membranes. Its therapeutic properties are not known.
It is recommended for diarrhea and zymotic fevers and
for the night-sweats of pulmonary tuberculosis. Dose
of the powder, gr. j-xv ; of the fluid extract gtt. v-xv ; of
the tincture (l in 10), gtt. x-xxx ; of cotoin, gr. ss-j.
Cotoin [ko'-io-in) [Sp. , coto, a cubit], C22HjgOg. A
crystalline substance found in Coto Bark. See Coto.
Cottage-hospital [kot'-aj-hos'-pit-al). A small esta-
blishment for the purpose of providing for the sick in
a small and isolated community.
Cotting's Operation. See Operations , Table of.
Cotton [kol'-n) [yiF.. , cotoiDi]. Gossypium, a white
fibrous seed-hair that envelops the seeds of the cotton-
plant. The structure of the cotton-fiber is very char-
acteristic. It presents a flattened and collapsed tube,
slightly twisted in a spiral form, with comparatively
thick walls and a small central opening. Chemically,
it contains about 91 per cent, of pure cellulose, 7 per
cent, of moisture, and a small amount of fat, nitrog-
enous materia! and cuticular substance. C, Absor-
bent, is the fiber prepared, by removal of oily matters,
for the surgeon's use. C.-blue. 9>a.me Soluble Bhte.
C. -holder, a probe roughened near the end, upon
which cotton may be twisted into a pledget. C.-oil.
See C. -seed Oil. C.-root. SeeGossrpium. C. -phthisis,
a variety of pulmonary disease occurring among
cotton operatives from inhalation of cotton-dust. C-
seed Oil or C.-oil, olevim gossypii seminis, an oil
obtained by pressure from the hulled seeds of several
species of Gossvpium. The raw oil is brownish-yellow
in color, somewhat viscid, of a specific gravity of
.922 to .9306 at 15° C. The refined oil has a straw-
yellow color, or is colorless, of a pleasant, nutty flavor,
specific gravity .9264 at 15° C. , boiling at about 600°
F. It possesses slight drying properties, and issaponi-
fiable, but is chiefly used in adulterating olive, lard,
sperm, and other oils.
Cotton's Test. See Test' s. Table of.
Cotunnius, Aqueduct of. See Aqueduct. C, Canal
of. See Canals. C, Liquor, or Water of, the
perilymph. See Aqua labyrinthi. C, Nerve of,
the naso-palatine. See Nerves, Table of.
Cotyledon {Jcot-il-e' -don) [/fort)/l;/Jwi', a socket]. A
mass or tuft of villi on the fetal side of the placenta ;
not normally present upon the human placenta. The
placenta of the ruminant mammals has many such
masses, hence is polycotydedonous.
Cotyloid [kot'-il-oid) [kotij/i)/, a cup; eZJof, form].
Cup-shape. C. Fossa, or Cavity, the acetabulum.
C. Ligament, surrounds the acetabulum. C. Notch,
a notch in the anterior and lower border of the acet-
abulum.
Couch-grass (kowch' -gras). See Triticuin.
Couching [kowcA'-ing) \^¥t. , coucher , lo depress].
The operation, now fallen into disuse, of depressing a
cataractous lens into the vitreous chamber, where it
was left to be absorbed.
Couerbe's Test. See Tests, Table of.
Cough {kof) [ME., cough, a cough]. A sudden vio-
lent expiratory explosion after deep inspiration and
closure of the glottis. C. -center. See Center. C,
Trigeminal, a reflex paroxysmal cough, occurring in
individuals whose respiratory organs are perfectly
sound, and due to an irritation of the trigeminal fibers
distributed to the nose, pharynx and external auditory
meatus. C, Winter, a short troublesome cough of
old people due to chronic bronchitis, and recurring
every winter.
Coulomb [koo-loin') [after Coulomb, a French physi-
cist]. The unit of measurement of electric quan-
tity ; the quantity of electricity that passes during one
second through a conductor having a resistance of one
ohm, with one volt of electromotive force. The
micro-coulomb is the millionth part of this amount.
Coulomb's Law. See Law.
Coumalic Acid {koo-inal'-ik). See Acid.
Coumaric Acid [koo-mar'-ik). See Acid.
Coumarilic Acid {koo-mar-il'-ik). See Acid.
Coumarin [koo'-?nar-in), CgH^Oj. A vegetable proxi-
mate principle that occurs in Asperula odorata, in the
Tonka bean, and in Melilotils of/icinalis. It is solu-
ble in hot water, readily so in alcohol and ether ; it
crystallizes in shining prisms, possesses the odor of the
Asperula, and melts at 67°, in the proportion of 2
grains to the dram. It covers the odor of iodoform.
Unof.
Coumarone [koo'-»iar-on), CgHgO. A body, formed
by distilling coumarilic acid with lime. It is present
in coal-tar. It is an oil that sinks in water, and boils
at 169° C.
Counter-extension {koim' -ter-cks-ten' -shun). See Ex-
tension.
Counter-indication {kown' -ter-in-dik-a' -shun). See
Cotitra-indication .
Counter-irritation [l^own' -ter-ir-it-a' -shun) \contra,
against ; irritai-e, to irritate]. Superficial and arti-
ficially-produced inflammation, in order to exercise a
good effect upon some adjacent or deep-seated morbid
process. This is generally accomplished by vesicants,
rubefacients, etc.
Counter - opening ( koivn' -ter-op' -en-ing ) \contra,
against; ME., openyng, an opening]. An incision
made in an abscess or cavity, opposite to another,
generally for purposes of drainage.
Counter-poison {kown' -ter-poi' -zn) [^contra, against ;
ME., poison]. A poison given as an anti-
dote to another poison.
Counter- stroke ifcown' -ter-strdk). See Contre-coup.
Country Fever. See Fever, Plorida. C. F. of Con-
stantinople. .Synonym of Mediterranean Fever.
Coup de Soleil [koo duh so-lay') [Fr.]. Sunstroke.
See Heat-stroke.
COUP SUR COUP
335
CRADIN
Coup sur Coup (koo sur /coo') [Fr.]. Blow upon
blow ; a designation for an obsolete method of apply-
ing venesection ; the successive bleedings following
each other rapidly.
Couperose [kup'-roz) [Fr.]. Synonym of Acne
rosacea.
Coupler's Blue. See Pigments, Conspectus of. C.
Red. Same as Rosanilin.
Courses {kors' -ez). See Menses.
Court Plaster {kort plas'-ter). See Ichthycolla.
Courty's Method. See Treatment, Methods of.
Couvade (koo-z'a/ui') [Fr. , couver, to hatch]. Male
child-bed. A custom of certain savage tribes in
which, after child-birth, the father goes to bed, etc.,
and the mother gets up, etc.
Couveuse (koo-viAr)z') [Fr.]. See Incubator.
Tarnier's Couveuse.
(From Fullerton' s " Obstetric Nursmg.")
Qov&x (kuv' -ei-^ cuveren, \.o zo\^x\. I. To pro-
tect. 2. To copulate with ; said of male animals. C-
correction, an arrangement to so adjust the lenses of
a microscope that the best definition may be obtained
for varying thicknesses of cover-glasses. C. -glass,
in microscopy, the thin lamina of glass covering the
object mounted on the slide. It should not exceed
inch in thickness. On account of its effect on the
transmission of light, the thickness of the cover-glass
must be considered in correcting the objective. C-
glass Preparation, the fixing and staining of a fluid
upon a cover-glass. C.-slip. Same as C-^Va^j.
Cow (koiv) [AS., cu, cow]. The female of the genus
Bos, and of other large animals. C.-bane, Water
Hemlock. The leaves of Cicuta virosa, an acrid nar-
cotic, highly poisonous to cattle, but not affecting
sheep and goats. It causes intoxication and spasm.
It is sometimes used externally as an anodyne in
rheumatism. C. -parsnip. See Masterwort. C.-pox,
C.-pock, a variety of pock seen in the cow, and
thought to correspond with smallpox in man. C-
tree. See Brosiinuvt.
Cowage [kow'-dj) [Hind., kaivdnch, cowhage]. The
external hairs of the pod of Mucuna pruriens, used
in medicine as a mechanical vermifuge.
Cowan-plant {kow' -an-plant'). 'its Atonsenel.
Cowdie-gum {kow' -de-gum) [nat. N. Zeal.]. Codie
pine resin. The resinous juice from the Dammara
australis, a coniferous tree of New Zealand. It is
one of the ingredients of copal varnishes. It is also
one of the ingredients of the impression-material
known as " Modeling Composition." It is one of the
varieties oi Dammar, q. v., and is also called Kauri-
gum.
Cowell's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Cowhage, Cowitch (koiv'-dj, kow'-icli). ^tt Muctttui
and Cowage.
Cowl (kowl) [AS., cule,a. hood]. A cover for a chim-
ney, that turns with the wind and assists in ventila-
tion.
Cowling's Rule. A rule for dosage. In his formula
the age of the child at the next birthday is the nume-
rator and 24 the denominator. According to this,
the dose of a child approaching four years of age
would be ^■j = ^ of the dose for an adult.
Cowper's Glands. See Gland.
Cowperitis [kozt'-per-i'-tis) \_Cowper, an English anato-
mist ; iTii:, inflammation]. Inflammation of the glands
of Cowper, usually gonorrheal in origin.
Cowpoxing [kow-poks' -ing). Synonym of Vacci?u7tion.
Coxa {koks'-ali) \_coxa, hip]. The hip-joint or the hip.
In biology, the basal joint of the leg of an arthropod,
abbreviated from cojcognailiite SiWd coxopodite ,o{ Milne
Edwards ; also Coxopodite.
Coxagra (koks-a^-gra/i) [(ro.v<7, the hip ; d)/>a, seizure].
Gout in the hip ; sciatica.
Coxal (koks'-al) [_coxa, the hip]. Relating to the coxa
or hip.
Coxalgia (koks-al'-je-ah) \_(Oxa,B. hip; u/)Of, pain].
Pain in the hip-joint. See Sciatica, and Htp-joint
Disease.
Coxalgic [koks-al' -Jik) \_coxa, the hip ; a'Axpog, pain].
Relating to coxalgia.
Coxarthrocace {koks-arth-rok' -as-e) [co.i'r?, hip ; apdpov,
joint; KUKOc;, bad]. A fungoid inflammation of the
hip-joint.
Coxe's Hive-mixture. See Scilla and Antimonium.
Coxecphysis [koks-ek' -fs-is) \_co.x:a, hip ; iufvaav, to
blow out]. In biology, a branch springing from the
coxa of an arthropod ; synonymous with the epignatk-
ite 2caA epipodite of Milne Edwards, and with the podo-
branchia of Huxley when it is connected with the
branchial plumes, as in Homarus.
Coxitis (koks-i'-tis) \_coxa, the hip; (r;f, inflammation].
Inflammation of the hip-joint.
Coxocerite [koks-os' -er-it) [aj.ra, the hip ; /ifpar, horn].
In biology, the basal joint of the antenna of an arthro-
pod.
QiOxodLyrtxa {koks-o-din' -e-ali) \_coxa,\vv^\ 6(}i'i'/;,,pain].
Same as Coxalgia.
Coxo-femoral {koks-o-fon' -or-al) \coxa, the hip;
femur, the thigh-bone]. Relating to the coxa and the
femur.
Coxopodite {koks-op'-o-dit) \_Loxa, hip ; Troi'f, a foot].
See Coxa.
Coxotuberculosis {koks-o-tu-ber-ku-lo' -sis) \_coxa, the
hip; /2<ter«/;<OT, a tubercle]. Tuberculous disease of
the hip-joint.
Crab Louse (krab' -lows) See Pedicuhis.
Crab's-eyes (krabz' -iz). Flat, calcareous concretions
[Lapides cajicrorum') derived from the stomach of the
crab, and used as a means of removing foreign bodies
from the eye. Also a name for the seeds of Abrus
precatorius.
Crachotement {kra-shot-mon (g)') [Fr.]. A peculiar
reflex following operations upon the utero-ovarian or-
gans, marked by a desire to spit, without the ability to
do so. It is usually accompanied by a tendency to
syncope.
Cracked-metal Sound. See Cracked-pot Sound.
Cracked-pot Sound. A peculiar sound elicited by per-
cussion over a pulmonary cavity communicating with
a bronchus.
Crackling {krak'-ling) [ME., crakelen, to crackle].
A sound compared to that produced when salt is
thrown into the fire, heard over a lung in which soften-
ing of tuberculous deposits has begun to take place.
Cradin {krad'-in) \_Kpa6ii, fig-branch]. A principle
obtainable from the leaves and twigs of the common
fig. It is said to be a peptic ferment, in some respects
CRADLE
336
CRANIECTOMY
Cradle for Supporting
Bed-clothes.
(From Fulterton's " Nursing
in Abdominal Surgety.")
more effective than pepsin, and is believed to be iden-
tical with papain.
Cradle [kra'-dl) [AS., cradol, a cradle]. In surgery,
the arculus, a wire or wicker frame so arranged as to
keep the weight of the bed-clothing from an injured
part of the body. It is
employed in the treat-
ment of fractures,
wounds, etc. C.-Cap,
a name given to the
scabs composed of dirt
and sebum, that form on
the scalps of neglected
infants and children.
C, Ice-, the suspension
over a febrile patient, by means of iron frames, of a
number of zinc buckets, kept half-filled with ice, and in-
closed in a light covering. C. -pessary, a cradle-shaped
pessary for treating retrodisplacements of the uterus.
Cram [ki-ain) [ME., craniDien, to cram]. To store the
memory with information for the purpose merely of
passing an examination. C.-stunt, arrest in mental
development due to over-study. C. -stunted, arrested
in mental development by over-study.
Cramp {kramp) [Teut., kramp\. A spasmodic tonic
contraction of the muscles, attended with sharp pain.
It is especially prone to attack the muscles of the calf.
It occurs frequently in those of neurotic tendency, and
is often the forerunner of epilepsy. C, Accommo-
dation, a spasm of the ciliary muscle of the eye. C,
Auctioneers', one of the professional neuroses affect-
ting mainly the left side of the orbicularis oris muscle.
C. -asphyxia, spinal spasm. C, Ballet-dancers',
a neuralgic affection occurring in ballet-dancers, espe-
cially premieres danseuses, characterized by pain and
paralytic symptoms, affecting the muscles of the calf
It is the result of local strain upon the parts. C-
bone, a name for the patella of a sheep. C, Black-
smiths'. Set C, Haminenneji' s. C, Car-drivers',
a professional neurosis seen in car-drivers, and perhaps
also in brakemen, characterized by spasm and weak-
ness of the hand from the eff ort of tightening car-brakes.
C, Chisel, a professional neurosis occurring in smiths,
affecting the left hand, and produced by the continuous
holding of the chisel or similar instrument. C, Cigar-
makers', one of the rarer professional neuroses, consist-
ing in a tonic contraction of the flexor muscles of the
fingers with pain. The painful sensations also extend
up the arm and shoulders. C, Cigaret-makers'. See
C, Cigar-makers' . C, Clarionet-players', a cramp
of the tongue and of the laryngeal muscles experienced
occasionally by players on this instnmient. C. Colic,
a form of colic in the horse, produced by contrac-
tion, or spasm, of a portion of the small intestines
from the irritation of indigestible food. C, Coach-
men's, contraction of the palmar fascia, occasionally
seen in coachmen. C, Cornet-players', a rare and
peculiar neurosis of the tongue in cornet-players, in
which certain notes cannot be sounded, from inability
to direct the tongue for that purpose. C, Dancers'.
See C, Ballet-dancers'. C, Elocutionists'. See
Dysphonia spastica. C, Flute-players', slight
laryngeal spasms occurring occasionally in flute-
players from excessive use of the instrument. Also
a cramp of the flexors and extensors of the hand,
from constant use of the instrument. C, Glass-
blowers', a painless, but decided and permanent
flexion of the fingers, the thumb excepted, due to the
continuous grasping of the tube with which the glass
is worked. C, Goldbeaters', a cramp of the mus-
cles of the arm due to excessive use in beating
gold-leaf. C, Hammer. .See C, Hammermen' s.
C, Hammermen's, a spasmodic affection of the
muscles of the arm and shoulder, at times unattended
with pain, due to the repeated act of hammering. C,
Knitters', a peculiar affection of the hands of those
who knit, consisting in a contraction of the extensor
muscles, with numbness of the ends of the fingers. C,
Milkers', a spasmodic contraction of the extensors
and flexors of the forearm in consequence of continu-
ous exertion in milking. C, Milkmaids'. See C,
Alilkers' . C, Musicians', a general term including
pianists' cramp, violinists' cramp, flutists' cramp,
the cramp of clarionet-players, etc. C, Nailsmiths'.
See C, Hammermen' s. C, Photographers', a rare
professional neurosis. C, Pianists', a neurosis of the
hands and fingers of piano-players, characterized by
fatigue, pain, and weakness. The pain extends up
the ann to between the shoulders. C, Piano-
players'. See C, Pianists' . C, Saltatory. See
Saltatory Spasm. C, Sawyers', peculiar incoordin-
ated movements of the saw-arm and corresponding
side of the body, from excessive use. C, Scri-
veners'. See C., IVriters' . C, Seamstresses', a
professional neurosis consisting in a spastic condition of
the flexors of the fingers from constantly plying the
needle. C, Shoemakers'. See S/wesales/nen's Disease.
C, Smiths*. See C, Hammermen' s. C, Speakers'.
See Dvsphonia spastica. C, Swimmers', a painful
cramp of the muscles of the calf of the leg of swimmers,
frequently causing death by drowning. C, Tailors',
a spasmodic affection of the muscles of the thumb,
forefinger, hands, and arms, sometimes occurring in
tailors, from overwork. C, Telegraphers', a partial
paralysis of the muscles of the hand and fingers with
spasm, produced by fatigue from long-continued use
of Morse's instrument. C, Treadlers', one of the
professional neuroses ; it is met with in treadlers, and
consists in cramps of the leg-muscles from constant use
of the machine. C, Violinists', a painful cramp
most common in the left shoulder of violinists ; it is due
to the peculiar position assumed in holding the violin.
C, Watchmakers', a cramp in which there is a
flexion of the metacarpo-phalangeal joints, with exten-
sion of the other joints of the hand. Also, an inability
to retain the glass in the eye-socket. C, Writers',
Scriveners' palsy ; a difiiculty in writing, due to spas-
modic action of the muscles of the hand and arm, to
pain, to tremulousness of these muscles, or to fatigue
and weakness of the extremity. These constitute the
four forms, spastic, neuralgic, tremulous , and paralytic.
Crampton's Muscle. See Muscles, Table of. C.
Operations. See Operations, Table of.
Crampus {kram' -pus') [L.]. An old name for a cramp,
or for any disease characterized by cramps.
Cranberry (kran'-her-e) [ME., cranebcry, a berry].
The acid fruit of Vaccinium o.xycoccus and V. macro-
carpon. It is a popular material for poultices, and is
vaunted as a cure for carcinoma. Unof. C. -tree.
See Viburnum opulus.
Crane-bark fykran' -bark). See Viburnum opulus.
Crane's-bill Root. See Geranium.
Craniacromial [kra-ne-ak-ro'-me-al) \Kpaviov, skull;
ciKiHofua, the point of the shoulder-blade]. Relating
to the cranium and the acromion.
Cranial {kra'-ne-al) \K.pavioi\ \\\e skull]. Relating to
the cranium. C. Bosses, flat, bony elevations of the
frontal and parietal bones sometimes seen at the angles
of the anterior fontanel. They are said to be a proof
of hereditary syphilis.
Craniectomy {kra-ne-ek' -to-tne) \_Kpaviov, skull ; eKTo/ir/,
a cutting out]. The surgical removal of strips or
pieces of the cranial bones. It is performed in cases
of microcephaly.
CRANIOCELE
337
CRANIOSTOSIS
Craniocele [kra'-ne-o-sel) \_Kpaviov, skull; KTjAr], a
tumor]. Encephalocele, q. v.
Cranioclasis {kra-ne-ok' -las-is) \Kpaviov, skull ; k/Ack;,
2l breaking]. See CranioclasiH.
Cranioclasm (kra' -ne-o-klazm) \KpavLov, the skull ;
K'/.deiv, to break]. The operation of breaking the
fetal head by means of the cranioclast.
Cranioclast (kra'-ne-o-klast) \K.paviov, skull; Kfuttv,
to break]. A heavy forceps for crushing the fetal
head.
Craniodiaclast {kra-ne-o-di' -ak-last) [upaviov skull ;
diaKAav, to break into pieces]. An instrument for
breaking the skull in craniotomy.
Craniodidymus [kra-ne-o-did' -iyn-us) \Kpaviov, skull ;
6i<hi/joc, double]. Same as Cephalopagus.'
Craniofacial {kra-ne-o-fa'-skai) [jcpaviov, sVvW ; fades ,
face]. Relating to the cranium and the face; as the
craniofacial axis, the craniofacial notch, etc.
Craniograph {km' -ne-o-graf) \Kpaviov, skull ; ypd<petv,
to record]. An instrument for recording the outlines
of the skull.
Craniography (kra-ne-og' -ra-fe) \jipav'Lov, the skull ;
ypaoeiv, to write]. That part of descriptive crani-
ology the object of which is to describe the parts or
regions of the skull or bones of the face.
Cranio-hematoncus {kra' -ne-o-hem-at-ong' -kus) [/ipa-
v'lov, skull; (zl/jn, blood ; bynog, a. tumor]. Synonym
of Cephalhetiiatoiiia.
Craniology {kra-ne-ol'-o-je) \K.pavLOV, cranium ; koyoq,
science]. A branch of anatomy based upon the com-
parative study of skulls.
Q,X2Lx{\o'n\a\a.z\a^ {kra-ne-o-mal-a' -se-ah). See Cranio-
tabes.
Craniomandibular (kra-ne-o-man-dib' -u-lar') \jipaviov,
skull; mandibula, the mandible]. Relating to the
skull and the lower jaw.
Craniometer [kra-tte-om' -et-er) \_Kpavioi', skull ; perpov,
a measure]. An instrument for gauging the dimen-
sions of the skull.
Craniometric, Craniometrical ( kra-ne-o-met'-rik,
kra-ne-o-niet' -rik-al) ^Kpavtov, skull ; perpov, a mea-
sure]. Pertaining to craniometry. C. Point, any
one of the points of measurement used in craniom-
etry. A list of the craniometric points is given.
ACANTHION [amvOiov, a little spine] , a point in
the median line of the skull at the base of the
nasal spine. Alveol.a.r Point, the point between
the two middle incisors of the upper jaw. Antinion,
that point on the glabellum, and in the median line,
that is farthest from the inion. Asterion [aa-kpiov,
starry] , the point behind the ear where the parietal,
temporal and occipital bones meet. Auricular
Point, the center of the orifice of the external audi-
tory meatus. Basion \_basis, fundament], the middle
• point of the anterior margin of the foramen magnum.
Bregma, the point where the coronal and sagittal
sutures meet. Dacryon, or Dakryon \_6dKpvov, a
tear], the point beside the root of the nose where
the frontal, lachrymal, and superior maxillary bones
meet. Entomion, the point where the parietal notch
of the temporal bone receives the anterior extension
of the mastoid angle of the parietal. Glabella, or
Glabellum, the point in the median line between the
superciliary arches, marked by a swelling, sometimes
by a depression. Gnathion, same as Mental Point.
GoNlON, the point at the angle of the lower jaw. HoR-
MlON, the anterior point of the basilar portion of the
united spheno-occipital bone, where it is crossed by the
median line. Inion, the external occipital protuberance.
JUGAL Point, the point situated at the angle that the
posterior border of the frontal branch of the malaf
bone makes with the superior border of its zygomatic
22
branch. Koronion, the apex of the coronoid pro-
cess of the inferior maxilla. Lamkd.a., the point of
meeting of the sagittal and the lambdoid sutures.
Malar Point, a point situated on the tubercle on the
external surface of the malar bone, or at the intersec-
tion of a line drawn from the external extremity of
the fronto-malar suture to the tubercle at the inferior
angle of the malar bone and a line drawn nearly hori-
zontally from the inferior border of the orbit over the
malar bone to the superior border of the zygomatic arch.
Maximum Occipital Point, or Occipital Point,
the posterior extremity of the antero-posterior diameter
of the skull, measured from the glabella in front to the
most distant point behind. Mental Point, the
middle point of the anterior lip of the lower border
of the lower jaw. Metopion, or Metopic Point, a
point in the middle line between the two frontal emi-
nences. Nasion, or Nasal Point, the middle of the
frontal suture at the root of the nose. Obelion, the
part of the sagittal suture between the two parietal
foramina. Occipital Point. See Maximum Occi-
pital Point. Ophryon, the middle of the supraorbi-
tal line, which, drawn across the narrowest part of the
forehead, separates the face from the cranium. Opis-
THION, the middle point of the posterior border of
the foramen magnum. Prosthion, the Alveolar
point. Pterion, the point where the frontal, parie-
tal, temporal, and sphenoid bones come together.
Rhinion, the upper median point of the anterior
nasal opening. Spinal Point. Same as Suhnasal
Point. Stephanion, Inferior, the point where the
ridge for the temporal muscle intersects the coro-
nal suture. Stephanion, Superior, the point
where the coronal suture crosses the temporal ridge.
Subnasal Point, the middle of the inferior border
of the anterior nares at the base of the nasal spine.
SUPRA-.\URICULAR PoiNT, the point vertically over
the auricular point at the root of the zygomatic pro-
cess. SUPRANASAL PoiNT. Same as Ophryon.
Supraorbital Point. Same as Ophryon. Sym-
PHYSION, the median point of the outer border of the
alveolus of the lower jaw. Vertex, the superior
point of the skull. In obstetrics, that conical portion
of the skull whose apex is at the posterior fontanel
and whose base is formed by the biparietal and
trachelo-bregmatic diameters.
Craniometry [kra-ne-oin' -et-re^ \Kpav'iov, skull ; pirpov,
a measure]. The ascertainment of the proportions
and measurements of skulls, together with the discus-
sion of the ascertained facts, and the drawing of sci-
entific inferences therefrom. See Angle, Arc, Index,
Platte, Point.
Craniopagus {kra-ne-op' -ag-us). See Cephalopagus.
Craniopharyngeal (kra-ne-o-far-in'-je-al) \Kpaviov,
skull ; (papvy^, the pharynx]. Relating to the crani-
um and the pharynx.
Craniophore (kra'-ne-o-for) \_Kpavloi', cranium ; (pipew,
to bear]. A device for holding the skull during cra-
niometric study.
Cranioplasty ( kra' -ne-o-plas-te ) \Kpaviov, skull ;
■n'/.anToq, formed]. The surgical restoration or cor-
rection of cranial deficiencies.
Craniosclerosis {kra-ne-o-skle-ro' -sis) \jipaviov, skull ;
dK/.rjpoq, hard]. A condition the antithesis of that
seen in craniotabes. A thickening of the cranial
bones, usually due to rhachitis.
Cranioscopy [kran-e-os' -ko-pe). See Phrenology.
Craniostegnosis {kra-ne-o-steg-no' -sis) [^Kpaviov, skull ;
OTi^vijaic, contraction]. Contraction of the skull.
Craniostosis {kran-e-os-to' -sis) \_K.pai<iov, skull ; oareov,
a bone]. Congenital ossification of the cranial
sutures.
CRANIOTABES
338
CREASOTE
Craniotabes [kra-ne-o-ta' -bez) [h/iraWoi', skull ; tabere,
to waste away]. An atrophy of the cranial bones oc-
curring in infancy, with the formation of small, shal-
low, conical pits in the bone-substance. These pits
are granular within, and present a worm-eaten ap-
pearance around the margin. They are most usually
found in the posterior inferior region of the parietal
bone, but may be seen in any of the other cranial
bones. They form from within outward, so that in
life often they cannot be found. Craniotabes is proba-
bly a result of rhachitis, syphilis, or marasmus. The
craniotabetic pits are in some way associated with the
rapid growth and development of the brain ; they may
be due to a premature formation of the markings of
the convolutions on the skull. They are only encoun-
tered during the first months of life, that is, up to the
sixteenth month. This disease is not a serious one as
regards danger to life.
Craniotabetic [kra-ne-o-tab-et' -ik) [/cpawof, skull ; ta-
bere, to waste away]. Pertaining or belonging to
Craniotabes, q. v.
Craniotome [kra' -ne-o-tom) \_KpavLov, skull ; reftveiv, to
cut]. An instrument used in craniotomy
Craniotomy [kra-ne-ot^-o-me) \_Kpaviov, skull ; ro/j.^, a
cutting]. I. The operation of reducing the size of the
fetal head by cutting or breaking it up, when delivery
is otherwise impossible. 2. Excision of a portion of
the skull ; performed by Prof. Lannelongue in cases
of microcephaly to relieve pressure upon the brain and
to give the brain space. C, Linear. See Crani-
ectomy.
Craniotractor [kra' -ne-o-trak-tor) \_Kpav'iov, skull ; t?'ac-
tor, a drawer]. A cranioclast designed to be used
also, or mainly, as a tractor.
6
Lateral Aspect of Cranium.
1. Frontal bone. 2. Parietal bone. 3. Occipital bone. 4. Tem-
poral bone. s. Greater wing of sphenoid bone. 6. Lamb-
doid suture. 7. Occipito-parietal suture. 8. Squamo-parietal
suture. 9. Masto-parietal suture. 10. Spheno-parietal su-
ture. II. Spheno-temporal suture. 12. Spheno-frontal suture.
13, 13. Temporal ridge. 14. Malar bone. 15. Fronto-malar
suture. 16. Malo-temporal suture. 17. Malo-maxillary su-
ture. 18. Superior maxillary bone. 19. Infraorbital foramen.
20. Nasal bone. 21. Naso-maxillary suture. 22. Naso-frontal
suture. 23. Lachrymal groove, at the bottom of which may
be seen the suture between the lachrymal and the superior
maxillary bones. 24. Nasal eminence. 25. Inferior maxil-
lary bone. 26. Mental foramen. 27. Angle of lower jaw.
28. CoroMoid process. 29. Condyle. 30, Neck of condyle.
31. External auditory canal. 32. Styloid process. 33. Mas-
toid process. 34. Masto-occipital suture.
Cranium [kra' -ne-um) \_Kpavlnv, the skull]. The skull.
The cavity that contains the brain, its membranes and
vessels. It consists of 22 bones, of which 14 belong
to the face, and 8 to the cranium proper. See Skull.
Crank (krank) [Ger. ,sick]. A popular term for an
eccentric individual or a hobby-rider.
Cranter {kran' -ter) \Kpav-rip, Kpaiveiv, to finish, render
perfect: //., Crante?-es~\. A wisdom-tooth. The
dentes sapientise are sometimes so called because their
presence is necessary to a perfect denture.
Crapaudine (^krap' -atv-din) [Fr. , crapaiui, a toad].
In veterinary surgery, an ulcer on the coronet of a
horse's hoof.
Crapulous {krap' -u-lus) \_crapula, drunkenness, sur-
feit]. Characterized by debauch or excess in drinking
or in eating.
Craquement (krahk' -mon{g)) [Fr. ]. Any crackling
sound heard in auscultation.
Crasis {kras'-is) [/i/jdfjtf, mixture]. Temperament;
constitution ; predisposition. C, Verminous, an old
term used to designate a peculiar dyscrasia of the
system due to the presence of worms.
Craspedotal [kras-pe-do' -tal ) [/(/•jacr/r£(5wrdf , bordered].
In biology, applied to those Medusae that have velar
otolithic vesicles.
Crassamentum [kras-am-en'-tutn) [L., thickness].
A clot, as of blood.
Crateriform [kra-ter'-if-orm) \_crater, a crater; forma,
shape]. Goblet-shaped or deep-saucer-shaped. Ex-
cavated like a crater.
Cratomania {krat-o-ma' -7ie-ah) [/f/jiirof, power; /iavla,
madness]. A delirium of exaltation in which the
patient conceives himself to possess vast power.
Cravat [kra-vat'^ [Fr. , cravate, a Croat]. I. A neck-
cloth. 2. A bandage of triangular shape, used as a
temporary dressing for a wound or fracture. The
middle is applied to the injured part, and the ends are
brought around and tied. See Handkerchief Dressings.
Craw-Craw [kraw' -kraw) . See Filaria sanguinis
hominis, and Parasites [Ani?nal), Table of.
Crawley {kraw'-le). See Coral Root.
Craziness (-^ra'-z^-ww) [ME. , i-ra^f;z, to break]. In-
sanity.
Crazy (kra'-ze') [crasen, to break]. Insane ; de-
mented ; deranged. C.-bone. See Funny-bone.
C.-weed. See Loco.
Cream [krem) \_cremor, thick juice or broth]. The
rich, fat part of milk. C, Cold. See Rosa. C,
Ripening of. See Ripening. C. of Tartar. See
Potassium.
Creamometer [krem-om'-et-er') [cremor, cream ; fxerpov,
a measure]. An instrument for estimating the amount
of cream in milk.
Crease [kres) [Celtic]. A line made by folding. C,
Gluteo-femoral. See C, Ileo-femoral. C, Ileo-
femoral, is the crease that bounds the buttock below,
corresponding nearly to the lower edge of the gluteus
maximus muscle. It is of supposed significance in
the diagnosis of hip-disease.
Creasol [kre'-as-ol) \_Kpkat;, flesh ; oleum, oil], C^Hj^Oj.
One of the principal phenols contained in creasote. It
is formed from guaiacum-resin, and is found in beech-
wood-tar. It is a colorless, oily liquid of an agreeable
odor and a burning taste, boiling at 220° C. It is very
similar to guaiacol.
Creasote, or Creasotum {kre'-as-dt, -dt' -lun) \_K.pkaq,
flesh ; (jufe/v, to preserve]. The product of the distilla-
tion of wood-tar, consisting of a mixture of phenol-com-
pounds. It is an inflammable oily liquid, difiering in
this respect from carbolic acid. It does not coagulate
albumin or collodion. Most of the commercial cre-
asote consists of carbolic acid or contains a large per-
* centage of it. It is valuable for its antiseptic, astrin-
gent, styptic, anesthetic, and escharotic properties.
CREATIC
339
CREST
Dose ri\,j-iij. Beech wood Creasote is best for in-
ternal use. Dose IT^j, every 3 hours. C, Aqua, a
one per cent, solution. Dose ^]-iv. C. -bath. See
£aiA. C, Mistura (B.P.). Dose gj-ij. C.-oil,
Heavy Oil, the third main fraction in the coal-tar distil-
lation-process. It is collected at temperatures of from
230° to 270° C, or until the anthracene commences to
distil. The oil has a greenish-yellow color, and is very
fluorescent, and becomes progressively more so upon
exposure to light and air. The odor is unpleasant and
extremely characteristic. It is heavier than water,
and contains naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene,
phenol, cresol, etc. It is used mainly in the creasoting
or preservation of timber; it is also used as a fuel, and
for the production of illuminating gas, as" a lubricant,
and for the production of lampblack. C, Unguentum
(B.P.), for local application. C, Vapor (B.P.),
for inhalation.
Creatic [kre-at'-ik) [/cpmf, flesh]. Relating to flesh.
See Kreatinin. C. Nausea, a loathing of flesh as
food.
Creatin [kre'-at-in) [/cpfrtf, flesh], QH^N^O.^. A neu-
tral organic substance that occurs in the animal organ-
ism, especially in the juice of muscles. It crystallizes
with one molecule of water in glistening prisms, which,
heated to 100°, sustain a loss of water. It has a faintly
bitter taste and dissolves rather readily in boiling water.
It dissolves with difficulty in alcohol and yields crys-
talline salts with one equivalent of acid.
Creatinin {kre-at' -in-in) {Kptaq, flesh], C^H^N^O. An
alkaline substance, a normal constituent of urine. It
crystallizes in rhombic prisms, and is a strong base.
It is much more soluble than creatin.
Crebricostate {kreb->-e-kos'-tat) \_<:rcbe!\ close; casta,
rib]. In biology, characterized by closely-set ridges.
Q,re.'brisvL\ca.\.& {kreb-re-siiF-kat ) [r/Ww, close ; sulcus,
a furrow]. In biology, marked by closely-set furrows.
Crebruria [kreb-rtc' -re-ak)\_cfeber , close together ; ovpov,
urine] . Frequent micturition.
Creche ikrash') [Fr., a crib]. See Infant Shelter.
Crede's Method {kre-da'). See Treatment, Methods
of. C. Operation. See Operations , Table of.
Credivite (kra-div-it-a') [Fr. ]. See Hypnotisi7i.
Creeping Sickness {krep'-ing sik'-nes). The gangren-
ous form of ergotism.
Cremaster [kre-mas'-ter) [KpEfiaeiv, to support]. The
muscle that draws up the testis. See Muscles, Table of.
Cremasteric ikre-ynas-ter' -ik) \_KpEiLideiv , to support].
Pertaining to the cremaster muscle. C. Refiex. See
Reflexes, Table of.
Cremation {kre-ma' -shtnt) [cremare, to burn] . The
destruction of the body by burning, as distinguished
from interment.
Cremator [kre-7)ia^ -tor) \_cremare, to burn]. A crema-
tory, ^. V. C, Engle System, a variety of cremator
for the destruction of garbage, in which the smoke
and gases generated by the destruction of the waste
material are consumed by a second fire.
Crematory (krem' -at-or-e) \_cremare, to burn]. An
establishment for burning the bodies of the dead, or
for consuming garbage and other refuse matter.
Cremnitz White. Same as White Lead.
Cremocarp [krei?t'-o-karp) \_K.pEjiav, to hang ; Kapwo^,
fruit]. The peculiar capsular fruit of the natural
order Unibelliferie.
Cremor (kre'-mor) \creinor, broth]. Cream. Any
thick substance formed on the surface of a liquid. C.
tartari, cream of tartar.
Crena [kre'-tiah) [L.]. A notch, especially such a
notch as is seen on the sutural margins of the cranial
bones.
Crenate {kre'-nat), or Crenated [kre' -na-ted') \crcna.
a notch]. Notched or scalloped. In botany, leaves
that are serrated. See Crenation.
Crenation (kre-na' -shun')\_crena,a. uotcW]. A notched
or mulberry appearance of the red corpuscles of the
blood ; it may be spontaneous or due to poisoning with
Calabar bean, etc.
Crenic Acid (kre'-nik). See Acid.
Crenothrix [kren-oth'-riks) \_iipijvij, a spring ; ^p't, hair].
A genus of Schizomycetes the filaments of which are
enveloped in a gelatinous sheath. C. kiihniana,
abundant in fresh waters ; when putrefied it gives
drinking-water a very bad taste, but the role attributed
to it in the production of typhoid fever is unjustified.
Crenulate [kren' -u-ldt) \crena, a notch]. Finely
crenate.
Creolin {kre'-o-lin) [/fptaf, flesh ; oleum, oil]. A coal-
tar product deprived of carbolic acid. It is hemostatic
and highly antiseptic, and is more active than car-
bolic acid in pure cvdtures of pathogenic microbes, but
less efficacious in putrefying masses. It is an excel-
lent non-poisonous deodorizer, used in a two per cent,
solution or a five per cent, ointment with lanolin.
It is used internally in typhoid fever and catarrh of
the bladder in five-drop doses.
Creosol [kre^-o-sol). See Creasol.
Creosote [kre^ -o-sot). See Creasote. C.-bush, Larrea
mexicana, an odorous and resinous shrub of the
Pacific States and Mexico. It is a local remedy for
rheumatism and for wounds and sores. Unof.
Crepitant i^krep' -it-ant) \crepitare, to crackle]. Pos-
sessing the character of crepitus. C. R^le. See
Rale and Breath-soiDids.
Crepitation [krep-it-a' -shun). Crepitus [krep' -it-us)
\_crepitare, to crackle] . The noise produced by escap-
ing flatus. The grating of fractured bones. The
crackling of the joints. The noise produced by pres-
sure upon tissues containing an abnormal amount of
air or gas, as in cellular emphysema. Also the pecu-
liar murmur of respiration observed in pneumonia dur-
ing inspiration. It closely resembles the sound pro-
duced by rubbing the hair between the fingers held
close to the ear. C, Redux, a crepitant rale
heard in pneumonia during the stage of resolution ;
usually the first manifestation of the recession of
the disease.
Cresalol (kres'-al-ol) [cresol ; saloT\, CgH^.OH.COO.-
CgH^. CH3. Salicylate of cresol. It possesses antisep-
tic properties very similar to those of salol. Dose
gr. iv in water from one to eight times daily. Unof
Crescent (kres^-ent) \_crescere, to grow]. Shaped like
the moon in its first quarter. A name given to one
form of the malarial hematozoon. C. of Gianuzzi.
Groups of non-secreting cells in the acinus of a gland,
pushed to one side by the secreting cells. C, Myopic.
Set Myopia. C. Operation. See Opo-ations, Table of.
Crescentia {kres-en' -she-ah ) [crescere, to grow]. A
genus of bignoniaceous trees and shrubs. C. alata,
of tropical Asia and America, affords leaves that are
useful in hemoptysis, and the fruit is employed in pul-
monary diseases. The pulp of the West Indian C.
cujete is similarly used. Unof.
Cresol {kre' -sol) \K.pkaQ, flesh; oleum, oil], CjHgO^.
Cresylic acid ; a body obtained from the distillation
of coal-tar. It is a colorless, caustic liquid, with prop-
erties similar to those of phenol, but is superior as an
antiseptic. Unof
Cresolin {kres' -o-li7t) \Kpkai;, flesh ; oleum, oil]. A
proprietary preparation used as a disinfectant in diph-
theria, etc.
Cresosulphuric Acid {kres-o-sul-fu' -7'ik^. See Acid.
Crest {k?-est) \_crista, a crest]. The surmounting part
of any bone, organ, or process. C, Frontal, a ridge
CRESTI'S TEST
340 CROCKER'S CALAMIN LINIMENT
along the middle line of the internal surface of the
frontal bone. C. of Ilium, the thickened and
expanded upper border of the ilium. C, Lachrymal,
a vertical ridge dividing the external surface of the
lachrymal bone into two parts. C, Nasal, a crest
on the internal border of the nasal bone and forming
part of the septum of the nose. C, Neural, a series
of swellings along each side of the rudimentary spinal
cord in the embryo from which the spinal nerves are
developed. C, Occipital, a vertical ridge on the ex-
ternal surface of the occipital bone extending from the
occipital protuberance to the foramen magnum. C.
of Pubes, a crest extending from the spine to the inner
extremity of the pubes. C. of Tibia, the prominent
border or ridge on the front of the tibia ; the shin.
C, Turbinated, a prominent horizontal ridge on the
internal surface of the palate bone. C, Urethral.
See Vertanontanmn.
Cresti's Test. See Tests, Table of.
Cresylic Acid {kres-il'-ik). See Cresol.
Creta {kre'-taJi) [L.]. Chalk. See Calcium.
Cretaceous (kre-ta'-she-us) [creta , chalV]. Chalky;
abounding in calcium carbonate.
Cretefaction (kre-tc-fak' -shiai). See Calcification.
Cretin [kre'-tin) [Fr. , a-etiii, a simple-minded person].
A person affected with cretinism.
Cretinism {kre' -tin-iznt) [Fr., cretin, a simple-minded
person]. The condition of a cretin. Also an en-
demic disease, characterized by goiter and a condition
of physical, physiologic, and mental degeneracy and
non-development. The subjects of this disease sel-
dom reach five feet in height. C, Sporadic, the
congenital form of myxedema, characterized by ab-
sence of the thyroid gland, diminutiveness of size,
thickness of neck, shortness of arms and legs, prom-
inence of abdomen, large size of face, thickness of
lips, large and protruding tongue, and imbecility or
idiocy. It is popularly supposed that coitus during
intoxication is a cause of this condition.
Cretinoid [kre' -tin-oid ) \_cretin, a simple-minded per-
son]. I. Resembling a cretin ; resembling cretinism.
2. A person who resembles a cretin.
Creuse's Test. See Tests, Table of.
Crewels (kroo'-elz) [Fr. , ecroiielles, scrofula]. Syno-
nym of Scrofula.
Crib [krih) [ME., crib, a manger]. A small frame
with inclosed sides for a child's bed. 2. A stall
for cattle. C. Biting. See Cribbing and Wind-
sticking.
Cribbing (krib'-inf) [ME., crib, a manger]. The pe-
culiar wearing of a horses' teeth, due to a habit of
biting his crib or manger, and at the same time suck-
ing air into the stomach.
Cribriform [krib' -reform) \_cribritm , ?i %\^v^; forma,
form]. Similar to a sieve in being perforated, as the
cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone.
Cribrose [krib'-rds) [ir/^r/fOT, a sieve]. In biology,
sieve-like.
Crick (krik) [ME., cricke, a twist in the neck]. Any
painful spasmodic affection, as of the back or neck.
Crico- {kri'-ko-') [/cp/Kof, a ring]. A prefix denoting
connection with the cricoid cartilage.
Cricoid (kri'-koid) [/fp/KOf, a ring]. Ring-shaped. C.
Cartilage. See Cartilages of the Laryjix.
Cricothyroid (kri-ko-thi' -roid) [kp'ikoc;, a ring ; dvpeo-
stdi/g, shield-shaped]. Pertaining to the cricoid and
thyroid cartilages. C. Artery, a small branch of the
superior thyroid, crossing the crico thyroid mem-
brane. It is of much surgical importance. See
Arteries, Table of. C. Membrane, a ligamentous
membrane that lies between the cricoid and thyroid
cartilages. C. Muscle. See Muscles, Table of.
Cricotomy {kri-kot' -o-me) [fcp/zcof, ring ; ri/iiveLv, to
cut]. Surgical laryngotomy by cutting through the
cricoid cartilage.
Criminal [krim' -in-al) \crimen, a crime]. Of the
nature of crime. C. Abortion. See Abortion. C.
Assault. See Assault.
Criminalogy {krim-in-al'-o-/e). See Criminology.
Criminology (krim-in-ol' -o-je) [crimen, crime ; /dyof,
science]. The science of crime and of criminals ;
criminal anthropology ; the study of crime as a branch
of morbid psychology.
Crino (kri'-no) [crinis, hair: //. , Crino}ies'\. I. A
skin-affection of infants supposed to be due to the
presence of a hair-worm. 2. Same as Comedo.
Crinosin [krin' -o-sin) [crinis, hair]. A nitrogenized
fat from brain-substance, crystallizing in hair-like
threads.
Cripple {krip'-l) [M.'E. , cripel, a. paralytic]. One who
is unable to walk or to use his members normally.
Cripps' Operations. See Operations, Table of.
Crisis [kri'-sis) [/cp/(T(f , a decisive point: //. , C)'ises'\.
The turning-point in a disease, fever, time of life, etc.,
and in disease, marking a change either for the better
or worse. C. clitoridiennes, periods of voluptuous
excitement in women suffering with tabes dorsalis, ac-
companied by vaginal secretion, analogous to the violent
erections and spermatorrhea found in men in the
initial stages of tabes. C. gastriques, Charcot's
term for certain gastric symptoms sometimes encount-
ered in the course of progressive locomotor ataxia.
The symptoms are shooting pains in the groin and
abdomen, ending finally in gastralgia, pains in the
shoulders and arms, a quick pulse, and often vertigo
and vomiting. C, Laryngeal, paroxysmal spasm of
the larynx sometimes observed in cases of posterior
spinal sclerosis.
Crispate [kris'-pdt) [crispatus, curl]. In biology,
crisped on the margin.
Crista [kris'-tah ) [L.]. .Same as Crest. C. acustica,
a yellow elevation projecting into the equator of the
ampulla of the ear. C. fornicis, the crest of the
fornix ; a half-oval or semi-globular mass on the pos-
terior surface of the fornix of the brain. C. galli,
cock's crest, the superior triangular process of the
ethmoid bone C. helicis, spina helicis ; a projec-
tion of the helix above the external auditory meatus.
C. spiralis, a crest of the limbus of the ear over-
hanging the internal spiral sulcus of Waldeyer. C.
urethralis. See Veriemontanitm.
Critchett's Operations. See Operations, Table of.
Crith [kritJi) [KptHi/, barley-corn]. The assumed unit
of mass and weight for hydrogen, and hence for gases
generally. It is .o8g6 of a gram or 1.37 grains.
Critical (krit'-ik-al) [Kpiff/g, a decisive point]. I. Per-
taining to a crisis in disease, period of life, etc. 2.
A qualification applied to temperature and to pressure
in relation to gases.
Crocein Scarlet [kro'-se-in skar'-let). -See Pigments,
Conspectus of.
Crochet [kro-ska') [Fr., dim. of croc, a hook]. A
hook. C. of Uncinate Gyrus, the narrow portion
of the uncinate gyrus at its anterior extremity which
is reversed in the form of a hook.
Crocin {k?-o'-sin), CjgHjgOg. Polychroit ; the coloring-
matter of Saffron. It is a deliquescent, orange-red,
amorphous substance, odorless, with a sweetish taste,
freely soluble in water and diluted alcohol.
Crocitin {kro' -sit-in). A coloring-substance of saffron ;
a red powder, easily soluble in alcohol, but not in
water or ether.
Crocker's Calamin Liniment. A liniment used in
the treatment of dermatitis. It consists of prepared
CROCONIC ACID
341
CRUSO-CREATININ
calamin powder, 2 scruples ; powdered zinc oxid,
dram ; olive oil and lime-water each one ounce. It
is applied on soft rags.
Croconic Acid [kro-kon'-ik). See Acid.
Crocus (k>-o'-kiis) \jip6iio<;, crocus, saflVon]. Saffron.
The stigmata of the flowers of C. sativiis. (This should
not be confounded with American Saftron, Carthamus
tinctorius.) It is an aromatic stimulant and emmena-
gogue, commonly used as a cooling-agent. C, Tinct.,
lo per cent, in strength. Dose 3j-ij; of the drug,
gr. V— XX, in infusion.
Crocydismus {kro-sid-iz' -nms) [_KfjoKv6iCeiv, to pick at].
Same as Carphology.
Croft's Operations. See Operations, Tabk of.
Crook's Test. See Tests, Table of.
Crop (krop) [WE.,ci-op, the craw of a bird]. The
craw or pouch of the esophagus of a bird. C. -bound,
a disease of poultry in which the fowls are unable to
pass the food from the crop into the gizzard, and the
former becomes filled with food, hanging like a bag
in front of the bird.
Crosby's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Cross [kros) \_crnx, a cross]. In biology, a cross-breed
in plants, the result of cross-fertilization. C. -birth,
shoulder-presentation, or other presentation requiring
version. C. -circulation. See Circulation. C.-eye.
See Strahisiuus. C. -fertilization, in biology, the fer-
tilization of the ovules of one species by the seed-
germs of another. C.-knee. See Genu valgum.
C.-leg, a deformity that sometimes follows double
hip-joint disease ; the legs are crossed in walking.
C. -legged Progression, a method of walking in which
one foot gets over or in front of the other. It is a
symptom of certain cord-lesions.
Crossed [krosd) [crux, a cross]. Having the shape of
a cross. Applied to alternate sides of the body. C.
Anesthesia. See Anesthesia. C. Hemiplegia. See
Stauroplegia. C. Paralysis. See Paralysis. C.
Reflexes, an exception to the usual law of reflex
movements, in which, <?. , excitation of one fore-limb
induces movement in the opposite hind-limb. See
Reflexes, Table of.
Q.xo\.2\m {kro' -tal-in^ \Kp6rakov , z.xa.\.\\€\. An albumin-
ous body contained in the poison of the cobra. It is
not coagulable by heat at 212° C.
Crotalus (kro' -ial-us) [Kporakov, a rattle]. A genus
of serpents, including the typical rattlesnakes. C.
Poison. The virus of the rattlesnake, used as a
remedy by homeopathists.
Crotchet {kroch'-et) [ME., crochett, a little hook]. A
hook used in extracting the fetus after craniotomy.
Croton {kro' -ton) \_Kp6rhyv, a tick]. A great genus of
euphorbiaceous plants. C. eleuteria, yields cascarilla.
C. tiglium, croton oil ; C. niveus, a part of the pro-
duct called copalche bark. C. Aldehyd, C^HgO, a
compound obtained by the condensation of acetaldehyd
when heated with dilute HCl, with water and zinc
chlorid ; it is a liquid, soluble in water, possessing an
irritating odor; it boils at from 104° to 105° and has
a sp. gr. of 1.033 at 0°. In the air it oxidizes to cro-
tonic acid. C. Chloral. See Chloral butyliciim.
C. Oil. See Tiglii, Oleum.
Crotonol [kro'-ton-ol) [/cpdrui', a tick], CgHj^02. An
acid, aromatic principle in croton oil, believed to be the
vesicant constituent of the oil.
Croup (kroop) [AS., kropan, to cry aloud]. Membran-
ous croup ; pseudo-membranous croup ; true croup ;
a disease of the larynx and trachea of children,
prominent symptoms of which are a peculiar cough,
and difficulty in breathing ; it is often accompanied by
the development of a membranous deposit or exudate
upon the parts. There is doubt as to the real nature
of the disease, some contending that it is laryngeal
diphtheria, while others believe it a special type of
disease. See also Roup. C, Catarrhal, an affection
of childhood characterized by paroxysms of intense
dyspnea and a peculiar, ringing, metallic cough. C,
False, catarrhal or spasmodic croup ; catarrhal laryn-
gitis. C, Spasmodic. See C, Catarrhal.
Crown (^kroivn) [ME., crowne,z.Qxo\^ri\. See Corona.
C. Glass, a kind of glass used in optics. C. Leather.
See Leather. C. -setting, the operation of uniting an
artificial crown to the root of a natural tooth ; the
operation being commonly known by the misnomer
"pivoting." C. of a Tooth, the exposed part of
the tooth above the gums, covered with enamel.
C.-work, the adaptation of an artificial crown of
porcelain or gold on the cervical portion of the natural
root of a tooth. C. -yellow. )iame &i Chrome-vellow.
Crucial {kru' -shal) \_crux, a cross]. Resembling or
pertaining to a cross, as a ci'ucial incision.
Cruciate (kru'-she-dt) \crux, a cross]. In biology,
shaped like a Greek cross.
Crucible [kru'-sib-I) [<rrz^«'(^«/«;«, a melting pot]. A
vessel of conical shape in which substances are ex-
posed to the heat of a fire or furnace ; it is formed of
clay or earthenware, porcelain, iron, black lead or
plumbago or graphite, silver, gold or platinum.
Crucifixion Attitude [kru-sefik'-shim). See Atti-
tude.
Crucing {kru' -sing). See Block Teeth.
Cruels {kroo'-elz). Synonym of Scrofula.
Cruentin [kru-en' -tin) [cruentus, bloody]. A preci-
pitate obtained by boiling defibrinated blood with
strong H.2S0^, adding water, and filtering.
CruU's Line. See Line.
Cruorin [kru' -07--iti) [_cn/or, blood]. Synonym of
L/c/noglobin.
Crupper (krup'-er) [Fr., croupe, the rump]. The but-
tocks of a horse. C.-bone, the coccyx.
Crura [kru' -rah) [Plural of cms, a leg]. A name ap-
plied to certain parts of the body, from their resemb-
lance to legs or roots. C. cerebelli, the peduncles
of the cerebellum, superior, middle, and inferior. C.
cerebri, the peduncles of the cerebrum. C. of Dia-
phragm, the muscular bundles arising from the verte-
bra;, etc., and inserted into the central tendon. C.
of Penis, the corpora cavernosi.
Crural (kru'-ral) [_crus, a leg]. Pertaining to the
thigh. C. Arch. See Ligament. C. Hernia, fe-
moral hernia. C. Ring, the femoral ring ; the upper
opening of the temporal canal, bounded in front by
Poupart's ligament and the deep crural arch, behind
by the pubis, internally by Gimbernat's ligament,
externally by a fibrous band separating it from the
femoral ring.
Crureus [kru'-re-us) [L.]. One of the muscles of the
thigh. See Muscles, Table of.
Crus [krus) [L.]. The leg; structures resembling a
leg. See the plural. Crura.
Cruso-creatinin [kru-so-kre-at' -in-in), CjHgN^O. A
leucoma'ine, isolated from muscle-tissue. In this and
other leucomai'nes of the Creatinin Group, as well as
in those of the Uric Acid Group, hydrocyanic acid
plays an important part in the molecular structure of
the bases. Very little is yet known as to the function
of this Cyanogen Group in relation to the vital activ-
ity of tissues, but recent investigations seem to show
that the seat of the cyanogen-formation lies within
the nucleated cell, and is intimately connected with
the functions of the nuclein-molecule. A number of
leucomaines of fresh muscle-tissue are credited with
possessing an intensely poisonous action ; and, if this
be the case, any accumulation of such bases in the
CRUST
342
CRYSTALLIZED
system, due to interference with elimination, may
cause very serious disturbances.
Crust (Jirust) \crtista, a crust]. An irregular, dried
mass of exudation, or other effete products of dis-
ease of the skin. It varies much in appearance, accord-
ing to the condition that produces it. It may be
adherent or loose, thin and flat, or thick and craggy,
light-yellow or blackish in color.
Crusta {kriis'-tah) [L., a crust]. The ectal portion
of the crus cerebri. C. lactea. See Athor. Also
synonym for Eczema. C. petrosa, a thin layer of
bone covering the fang of a tooth. C. phlogistica,
the yellowish layer of the upper stratum of a blood-
clot coagulating slowly.
Crustaceorubrin (krus-ta-she-o-ru' -brin^ \_c7-icsfata,
shell-fish; rube?-, red]. In biology a red coloring-
matter of crustaceans.
Crustaceous (krus-ta'-she-jis) \criista, crust]. In
biology, having a thin, hard, brittle, crust-like shell
or coating.
Crusted [kncs'-fed) [onsta, a crust]. Having crusts
or scabs. C. Ringworm. Synonym of Favus.
C. Scall. Synonym of Impetigo.
Crusting iykrus' -ting) \_crHsta,3. crust]. The formation
of crusts or scabs.
Crutch {knu-h) [ME., crtctche, a crutch]. A staff
reaching from the axilla to the ground, for the pur-
pose of aiding the progression of lame or crippled
persons. C. Paralysis, paralysis of an upper extrem-
ity due to the pressure of the crutch-head upon the
nerves of the axilla.
Cruveilhier's Atrophy. See Diseases, Table of. C.
Disease. See Diseases, Table of. C. Fascia, the
superficial layer of the perineal fascia. C. Plexus.
See Plexuses, Table of. C. Paralysis. Same as C.
Disease.
Cry (kri) [ME., crien, to cry]. The utterance of an
inarticulate vocal sound, or the sound so uttered; the
sound of the voice in lamentation.
Cryesthesia [kri-es-the'-ze-ah) \_KfAioQ, cold ; aiadrjoir,
sensation]. Undue sensitiveness to cold.
Crypt [kript) \_KpvTir?i, concealed]. A small sac or
follicle. Crypts of Lieberkiihn, minute tubular de-
pressions of the mucous membrane of the small intes-
tine.
Crypta [krip'-tah) [/ipi -r;?, concealed : //. , Crypta:^
Same as Crypt.
Cryptic (krip'-tik) [/cpurrrifcof , hidden]. In biology, a
term used in the study of mimicry, for such colors as
enable the animal to escape enemies, or to approach
its prey ; protective, proeryptic ; aggressive, aiitiiryp-
tic resemblances. Similar effects may be produced by
the use of foreign objects with which the animal covers
itself to a greater or lesser extent, allocryptic. (Poul-
ton.)
Cryptidin {krip'-iid-in) {lipvT^roq, hidden], CjjH„N.
An alkaloid formed by the dry distillation of quinin.
Cryptitis [krip-ti' -tis) \_KfjvTT-ri, concealed ; itiq, inflam-
mation]. Inflammation of a crypt, or of crypts. C,
Urethral, phlegmasia of the mucous follicles of the
urethra,
Cryptobranchiate {krip-to-brangk' -e-at) \_Kpvn-T6c, hid-
den ; Ppayx'a, gills]. In biology, having concealed
gills.
Cryptocephalus {krip-to-sef -al-iis) \KpvKT6q, hidden ;
K.iipa'/jj, head]. A monster fetus with an imperfectly-
formed and concealed head.
Cryptodidymus [krip-to-ilid'-im-Jis) [/fpwrof , hidden ;
(i/ih'/./or, twin]. A teratism in which one fetus is con-
cealed within another.
Cryptodirous [krip-lo-di' -rus) \kpvkt6i;, hidden ; 6£ij>ij,
neck]. In biology, having a concealed neck.
Cryptogam {krip'-to-ga/ii) \_kpv~t6q, hidden; ^dfiog,
marriage]. In biology, a general term applied to any
plant below Phanerogamia ; any flowerless plant is
called a cryptogam.
Cryptogamia iykrip-to-ga' -rne-ali) [/c/jiiTrrtif, hidden ;
jii/j-oi;, marriage]. A division of the vegetable king-
dom comprising all plants with concealed sexual
organs, without pistils or stamens.
Cryptogamic {krip-to-gam' -ik). See Cryptogamoiis .
Cryptogamous (krip-tog'-am-iis) [^7Jl'-r^i(■, concealed ;
''ju/iiic, marriage]. Belonging to the cryptogamia;
having the processes of the reproductive function ob-
scured or concealed.
Cryptogenetic (krip-to-/en-et^ -ik) [/c/juTrrdf, concealed ;
ytrvneif, to beget]. Same as Crvptogamons.
Cryptolith (krip'-to-lith) \_Kpi<~Tr/, crypt; //6'of, stone].
A concretion or calculus formed within a crypt.
Cryptophanic,or Kryptophanic Acid {krip-to-fan' -ik)
[ft/jii-rdf , concealed ; ipalvetv, to bring to light], Cjg
HjgNjOjp. An acid said to occur in a free state in
urine, though regarded by Landwehr as an animal
gum.
Cryptophthalmia [krip-toff-thal' -me-ah). Same as
Cryptophfhalinos.
Cryptophthalmos [krip-toff-thal' -mos) [hpy-rtif, hid-
den ; !joOa'/.j.io^, the eye]. I. Congenital union of
the eyelids, usually over imperfect eyes. 2. A person
who has congenital union of the eyelids.
Cryptopia (krip-to'-pe-ah). Same as Cryptopiu.
Cryptopin {ktip' -to-pin) [/cpuTtrof, hidden ; OTrtov,
opium], QjH,2.jN0j. One of the alkaloids of opium,
colorless and odorless. It is said to be anodyne and
hypnotic, but it is less safe than morphin. Dose, )4
gr. Unof.
Cryptopyic (Jirip-to-pi' -ik) [/cpi'Trrof , hidden ; ttvov,
pus]. Characterized by concealed suppuration.
Cryptorchid, or Cryptorchis [krip-tor' -kid, -kis)
\_Kpv--iji;, hidden ; opxic, testicle]. A person with
retained testicles, i. e., not descended into the scrotum.
Cryptorchidism [krip-tor' -kid-izm) [/cpii/rrof , hidden ;
opT'f' testicle] . Retention of the testes in the abdom-
inal cavity.
Cryptorchism {krip-tor' -kizm). See Cryptorchidism.
Cryptozygosity (krip-to-zi-gos' -it-e) \kpvkt6i:, hidden ;
L,vy6v, arch]. The quality of being cryptozygous.
Cryptozygous [krip-toz'-ig-its) [/cpy-rdf , hidden ;
Cvyov, arch]. Having the dental arches or zygomata
concealed from view when the skull is viewed from
above.
Crystal [kris'-tal) ^KpuoTokloq, clear ice]. In chemis-
try, a substance that assumes a definite geometric
form. C, Charcot-Leyden. See Charcot- Leyden.
C, Charcot's, minute colorless crystals found in the
sputa of asthmatic and bronchitic patients and others.
They are said to consist of tyrosin, or according to
some, of mucin. C, Violet. See Pigments, Con-
spectus of.
Crystalli {kris-tal' -i). Synonym of Chicken-pox.
Crystallin {kris' -tal-in) \_Kp'iarak\oq, clear ice]. The
globulin of the crystalline lens.
Crystalline [ki is'-tal-en ox -in) [fcpiVra/lAoc, crystal].
Like a crystal. C. Lens. See Lens. C. Swelling.
See Scemmcring.
Crystallitis (kris-tal-i'-tis). See Phakitis.
Crystallization [kris-tal-iz-a'-shit?i) [^pi'ffreA/tof , ice].
The process by which the molecules of a substance
arrange themselves in geometric forms when passing
from a gaseous or a liquid to a solid state. C, Water
of, the water of salts that cannot be extracted without
destruction of their crystalline nature.
Crystallized [kris'-tal-izd) [Kpi-ara'Aloc, ice]. Formed
into crystals. C. Green. Same as /odin Green.
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
343
CUMBERLAND DISEASE
Crystallography (kris-tal-og' -ra-fe) \_K()'vaTa7Xo(;, crys-
tal; -jpcKpeni, to write]. The science of crystals,
their formation, etc.
Crystalloid (kris' -tal-oid') \KpvoTa'k\oq, crystal ; etJof,
likeness]. Having a crystalline structure, as distin-
guished from colloid. In biology, one of the crystal-
like proteid bodies found in seeds, tubers, etc.
Ctenes [ten'-ez) [CTfi'ff]. Incisor teeth.
Ctenocyst [ten^-o-sut) [/fTf/f [kthv), comb; Kvarig, a
bladder]. In biology, applied to the auditory vesicles
of ctenophorans.
Ctenoid (tcn'-oid) [/cre/f (jirfi'-), comb; el&oq, like].
In biology, pectinate or comb-like.
Cubeb, or Cubeba {kn'-beb, o-c ku be'-bali)^\Y(txi,., ka-
baba, cubeb: gen., Cubebcc']. The unripe fruit of C.
officinalis, cultivated in Java. Its properties are due
to a volatile oil, CjjH,^^, and an organic acid. It is an
aromatic stimulant, diuretic in small doses, and is use-
ful in affections of the bladder and urethra. It is a
good remedy (applied by insufflation or smoked in
cigarets) for diseases of the fauces, catarrh of the
air-passages, etc. Dose gr. x-gij. C, Fid. Ext.,
alcoholic. Dose tT\^v-.\xx. C, Oleoresina, ethereal.
Dose TTLv-xxx. C, OL, the volatile oil. Dose TTLv-
XX. C, Tinct., lo per cent, in strength. Dose TT\^x-
giij. C, Trochisci, oleoresin gr. oil of sassafras
gr. jou, ext. of glycyrrhiza gr. iv, acacia gr. ij, syr. of
tolu q.s., in each troche. Dose j-iij.
Cubebene [Im'-beb-en) \cubeb'\, C.^QHjg. The light
portion of the essential oil of cubebs.
Cubebic Acid {ku-beh'-ik) [cubeb'] , Cj.jHiP,. A resi-
nous acid body from cubebs ; actively diuretic and
cathartic.^ Unof.
Cubebin [ku-beb'-in) \_cubeb~\, C,pH,j|Og. An odor-
less crystalline substance obtained from cubebs.
Cubic [kti'-bik) [Kt)/3of, a cube]. Pertaining to a
cube. C. Space (of air), the amount of space re-
quired by persons in health and in disease. In hos-
pitals about looo cubic feet to each patient is necessary
for proper ventilation.
Cubital {kii' -bit-al) [«:y/3of, a cube]. Relating to the
forearm, to the elbow, or to the ulna.
Cubitocarpal ( ku' -bit-o-kar' -pal ) [ /c/')/3of , a cube ;
Kapnog, the wrist]. Relating to the forearm and to
the carpus.
Cubitoradial {ku' -bit-o-ra' -de-al) [ «:i)/3of , a cube;
radius, a staff]. Relating to both the ulna and the
radius.
Cubitus [ku'-bit-us) \_cuhitits, the elbow]. The fore-
arm.
Cubitus {ku'-bit-us) \_ciibare, to lie down], A bed;
a couch.
Cuboid [ku'-boid) [K.vj}o<;, cube; eMof, resemblance].
Resembling a cube. C. Bone, a bone of the foot situ-
ated at the outer anterior part of the tarsus.
Cuca (koo' -kali). See Erythro.xylon.
Cucullate [ku-kul'-dt) \cucullus, a cap, hood]. In
biology, hooded.
CucuUus {ku-kul' -us) [L., a hood], i. In biology,
a hood-shaped formation of the head. 2. Synonym
of Whooping-cough.
Cucumber, Squirting. See Elaterium.
Cucumis {ku' -ku-mis) [L. , a cucumber]. A genus of
plants. C. colocynthis. See Colocynth.
Cucurbit (ku-ker' -bit) \cucurbita, a gourd]. I. A
cupping-glass. [Old,] 2. The body of an alembic.
Cucurbitation ( ku-ker-bit-a' -shim ) \_cucurbitatio, a
cupping]. The operation of cupping.
Cud (kud) [AS., cuddc]. The regurgitated food of
ruminants. C.-weed (kud-wed) . See Life Ever-
lasting.
Cudbear {kud' -bar) [After Dr. Cuthbert Gordon]. A
purplish-red powder, nearly identical with Orchil, q.v.
From it the Tinctura persionis, and Tiuctura persionis
coniposita, N. F. , are prepared. Both are used mainly
in coloring various pharmaceutic preparations. .See
Pig)itents, Conspectus of.
CuichunchuUi [Peruvian]. The root of lonidiuni
parviflorum ; said to be diaphoretic, diuretic, siala-
gogue, emetic, and cathartic ; it is useful in elephan-
tiasis. Unof.
Q,M\XASS {kwe-ras') [Fr.]. A close-fitting or immovable
bandage for the front of the chest. C. Cancer, a
large, flat cancerous growth upon the front of the chest.
Cul-de-sac {kul' -de-sak') [Fr. cul, the bottom ; de, of;
sac, bag]. A cavity of the body closed at one end.
Douglas's C, a pouch between the anterior wall of
the rectum and the posterior wall of the uterus, formed
by the reflection of the peritoneum. It is called, also,
the recto-uterine or retro-uterine ctcl-de-sac.
Culex {ku'-leks) [L. , a gnat]. A mosquito. A well-
known insect that punctures the skin to obtain its food,
the blood. See Parasites {Animal), Table of.
Culicifuge {ku-lis'-if-iij) \culex, a gnat ; fugare, to drive
away]. An agent that prevents the biting of mosqui-
toes ; as oil of pennyroyal.
CuUen's Theory. A theory as to the origin of gout,
which he claims to be primarily an affection of the
nervous system.
Culm {kulm) [cuhnus, a stalk]. In biology, a hollow-
jointed stem.
Culmen {kul'-men) [L. , the summit]. The cacumen ;
a portion of the cerebellum situated to the cephalic
side of the vermis. In biology, the highest middle
lengthwise line of the bill of a bird.
Cultrate {kul'-trat) \_culter, a knife]. Sharp-edged;
also cultriform.
Cultriform {kul'-trif-orni) \_cultcr, a knife ; forma,
shape]. See Cultrate.
Culture {kul'-chiir) \_colo, cultwn, to till, cultivate]. A
name loosely and indiscriminately applied to the act,
the liquid or solid medium used, and the product of the
process, in culture-experiments upon microorganisms.
The culture-media are of various kinds; mineral liquids
(see Ranlin's Liquid, Cohn's Liquid, etc.), bouillons
of various kinds, gelatinous fluids, gelose, potato,
serum, etc. These media are first sterilized, usually
by heat (see Oven, Sterilization), but possibly also by
chemicals, by filtration, by cold, by steam, etc. The
infectious matter is then taken upon a sterilized plati-
num needle-point, pipet, or other instrument, and
transferred to the culture-medium. When the latter is
of semi-solid consistency, as gelatin, the inoculation
by the needle is called Stab-culture, Stichcultur
(Ger.), ox par piqUre (Fr,)., the needle being thrust
into the substance. When smeared over the surface,
it is called smear-culture, Strichcultur (Ger.), or
en stries (Fr.). The macroscopic features of the sub-
sequent development give important means of differ-
entiation. For example, when the inoculated matter
forms a mass in the medium, pointed below and rising
like a nail-head above, it is called en clou, nail-shaped.
Then the medium may be liquefied or not, variously
colored, peculiarly changed, sediment deposited or not,
etc. Subsequent microscopic examination of the cul-
ture-product, inoculation-experiments upon animals,
etc., complete the study. Culture-bulbs, culture-cells,
culture-fluids, culture-media, culture-ove7is, culture-
tubes, etc., are among the equipments of the bacteri-
ologist. C.-oven. See Oven.
Culver's Physic, or Root {ktd'-verz fiz'-ik or root).
See Leptandra .
Cumberland Disease. An Australian term for An-
thrax, q. v.
CUMENE
344
CURD
Cumene {ku'-7nen) \j:iimi>iu)n , cumin], C,,H]2. Iso-
propyl benzene ; a compound made by distilling
cumic acid with lime. It boils at 153° C., and its
specific gravity at 0° C. is 0.879.
Cumic [ku'-mik) [_cu>?iinum, cumin]. Derived from or
pertaining to cumin. C. Acid. See Acid. C.
Aldehyd. See CuminoL
Cumidin {kn'-mid-in) cumin] , CgHj.,N. A
methylated homologue of anilin. It melts at 63° C,
boils at 235° C. C.-red. See Pigments, Conspectus
of.
Cumin (kii'-mi>i) \_cnminiim, cumin]. A fennel-like,
cultivated, umbelliferous plant, Cuminiim cyminuiii,
found native in Egypt and Syria. The fruit is
agreeably aromatic and possesses well-marked stim-
ulating and carminative properties. Its active prin-
ciple is an oil.
Cuminol [ku'-i?iiii-ol) [cn??iinnm, cvimm; oleum, oiV\,
CjqHj.^O. Cumic aldehyd, occurs in Roman cara-
way oil, and in oil of Ciczita 7'irosa, or water hemlock,
etc. It possesses an aromatic odor and a burning
taste, has a specific gravity of 0.973 13° C, and
boils at 235° C. (430° F.).
Cumulative {ku' -mii-la-tiv') \cumnlare, to heap up].
Increasing ; adding to. C. Action, or Effect, the
production of a noteworthy and sudden result, after
the administration of a considerable number of com-
paratively ineffective doses. The possible cumulative
effect of certain drugs is one of the sources of danger
that attend their administration.
Cumulus (kit' -mii-hts) [L., a heap]. A heap or
mound. C. ovigerus. See Ovule.
Cundurango {kun-du-ran'-go). See Condurango.
Cuneate {ku' -ne-at) \_cuneus, a wedge]. Wedge-
shaped.
Cuneiform {ku-ne'-if-oym) \_cuneus, a wedge ; forma,
shape]. Wedge-shaped, cuneate. C. Bones, three
wedge-shaped bones at the anterior part of the tarsus.
C. Columns. See Columns of Burdach.
Cuneihysterectomy [ku-ne-i-his-tei--ek'-to-me) \cuneus,
wedge; vartpa, the womb; kKTOfif/, a cutting out].
The excision of a wedge-shaped piece of uterine tis-
sue, a procedure that has been advocated in the treat-
ment of anteflexion of the uterus.
Cuneus (ku'-ne-us) [L. , a wedge]. A wedge-shaped
convolution on the internal aspect of the cortex of the
occipital lobe.
Cunicular (ku-nik' -u-lar^ [h-oi'w/cAof , a subterranean
passage]. P'urrowed.
Cuniculate (ku-nik' -u-lat). Same as Cunicular.
Cuniculus (ku-nik' -u-lus) [I-]. The burrow of the
itch-insect.
Cunila [ku-ni'-lah) [L., a plant]. A genus of labiate
plants of the U. S. C. mariana, dittany ; a labiate
plant of N. America. It is aromatic, carminative,
and gently stimulant. Unof.
Cunisset's Test. See Tests, Table of.
Cunnilinguist {kun-i-ling' -gwist) \_cunnus, the vulva ;
lingere, to lick]. One who practices licking the vulva.
See Passivism .
Cunnus (kun'-us) [L. : gen., Cunni'\. The vulva.
Cup (/{•«/) [AS., cuppe,2L cup]. I. To bleed. 2. A
cupping-glass. C, Dry, a cup for drawing the blood
to the surface merely. C, Favus, a depression in a
favus scale surrounding a hair. C, Physiologic.
See Funnel, Vascular. C, Wet, a cup for abstract-
ing blood through incisions in the skin.
Cuphosis [ku-fo'-sis). See Kyphosis.
Cupola (ku'-po-lah) \_cupola, a dome]. The dome-
shaped extremity of the canal of the cochlea. Also,
the summit of a solitary gland of the small intestines.
Cupped [kupt) [AS., cuppe, a cup]. Having the
upper surface depressed ; applied to the coagulum of
blood after phlebotomy. C. Disc, excavation of the
fundus oculi, normally present in slight degree, but
pathologic if excessive.
Cupping [kup'-ing) [AS., cuppe, & cup]. A method of
blood-derivation by means of the application of cup-
ping-glasses to the surface of the body. C, Dry,
without the abstraction of blood — a form of counter-
irritation. This is used mainly in inflammatory affec-
tions of the lung. C. -glass, a small bell-shaped glass
capable of holding three to four ounces, in which the air
is rarefied either by heat or exhaustion, and the glass
applied to the skin, either with or without scarifica-
tion of the latter. C, Wet, with the abstraction of
blood after scarification.
Cuprea Bark (ku' -pre-a!i) \cupreus, coppery ; ME.,
barke, bark]. The bark of certain species of
Re77iijia, q. v. ; it affords quinin and the associated
alkaloids.
Cuprum [ku'-prum) [1^.: gen., Cupri\ See Copper.
Cupule (ku'pul) \_cupula,2L little cup]. In biology,
a cup-shaped organ, as an acorn-cup, or the sucking
apparatus of an insect's foot.
Curasao [kti-ra-so'') [Island of Cwrafao, north of Vene-
zuela]. A cordial or elixir prepared from brandy,
and variously flavored, principally with orange-peel.
It is sometimes used as a vehicle for certain medicines.
Q,w.X2i<^oai(ku-ras-o' -ah). See Cura(ao.
Q,VL\a.%& (ku-rahzh') \Yx.'\. Curettage; cleansing of the
eye, or of an ulcerated or carious surface.
Curara (koo-rah' -rah). Curare [koo-rah-re), Curari
[koo-j-ah'-re) [S.Am.]. Woorara. A vegetable ex-
tract obtained from Paullinia curare and certain mem-
bers of the Strychnos family. It is a powerful paraly-
zant of the motor nerves and of the voluntary muscles.
Its active principle is Curarin, CjqH,jN (^Preyer),
dose gr. a^o""!^^' liypodermatically. It is used in S.
America and elsewhere as an arrow-poison. Toxic
doses cause death by paralysis of the organs of respira-
tion. It has been reported effectual in two cases of
hydrophobia, and has been successful in the treatment
of tetanus. Dose by hypodermatic injection gr. ^^\-
Injectio Curare Hypodermatica, 5 grains in 60
minims. Dose 1T\,j-vj.
Curarin [koo-rah'-rin). See Curara.
Curarism, Curarization (koo-7-ah'-rizm, koo-rah-riz-a' -
shun) [S. A., curare'\. The state of one subjected to
the full influence of curare by hypodermatic injection.
The voice and power of motion are generally abol-
ished, but not the sensibility to pain.
Curatio [ku-ra'-shc-o) \cura, care]. The treatment and
nursing of a patient.
Curative [ku'-rat-iv) \_cura, care]. Having a healing
tendency.
Curb (kerb) [ME., courben, to bend]. A hard and
callous swelling on various parts of a horse's leg, as
the hinder part of the hock, the inside of the hoof,
etc.
Curcas (ker'-kas). See Barbadoes Nut.
Curcuma (/!r;-^-/'i/-OTff//) [L.]. Turmeric. The rhizome
of Curcuma longa of India. Its action is similar to
that of ginger. It is employed as a yellow dye ; in
chemistry, as a test for alkalies ; and in pharmacy,
occasionally, to color ointments and other preparations.
Curcumin [ker' -ku-min) \_curcuma, saffron], CuHnO^.
The coloring-matter of turmeric ; it crystallizes in
orange-yellow prisms, and melts at 177° C. It dis-
solves in the alkalies to brownish-red salts. See
Pigments, Conspectus of.
Curd (kerd) [ME., curd, curds]. The coagulum of
milk that separates on the addition of remiet or an
acid.
CURDLING FERMENT, TEST FOR 345
CUSCO BARK
Curdling Ferment, Test for. See Tes/s, Table of.
Cure [kuf] [iiira, care]. The successful treatment of
a disease; also, a system of treatment. See Faith-
cure, Mind-cure, Grape-cure, Water-cure (see Hydro-
pathy), Hunger-ctti-e, Rest-cure, etc. C.-all, a Pana-
cea, q. V. C. , Herb-juice, a method of treating certain
intestinal and gastric troubles. It consists in drinking
daily the fresh juice of various herbs and wild plants.
C, Potato, Cameron's method of treating foreign
bodies in the alimentary tract by the ingestion of
mashed potatoes. The body becomes imbedded in
the potato-mass that is formed. C, Shaking-. See
Slictking-citrc.
Curet {ku-ret') [Fr. ]. An instrument shaped like a
spoon or scoop, for detaching substances from one
another, as the placenta from the uterine wall, etc.
Curettage [ku-ret' -dj). See Curage.
Curling's Operation. See Operations, Table of. C.
Ulcer. See Ulcer and Diseases, Table of.
Currant [ker'-ant) [ME.]. I. Uva passa minor ; the
small, dried, seedless grapes of Greece ; formerly
used in pharmacy. 2. The fruit of various species of
Kibes, as A', nigrum, the black currant, preparations
of which have long been employed in the home-
treatment of sore-throats. Unof C. -jelly Clot, a
soft variety of clot seen in thrombi, the fibrin being
stained by the presence of red cells.
Current [ker'-ent) \_currere, to run]. In electricity, a
term applied to the transference of electric force,
which is arbitrarily likened to the flow of a liquid in
a confined passage. C, Action, the physiologic
current obtained during the activity of a muscle or
nerve. C, After, a current produced in nervous or
muscular tissue when a constant current which has
been flowing through the same has been stopped. C,
Alternating, a term applied to a current which, by
means of an interrupter, is alternately direct and
reverse. This current is employed (in New York) for
the execution of capital sentences. C, Ascending,
the current formed by placing the positive electrode
upon the periphery of a nerve and the negative upon
the surface over the nerve-center in the spinal cord.
C, Axial, a current passing through a nerve in the
direction opposite to that taken by the normal impulse.
C, Battery, a galvanic current. C, Blood, the
stream of blood as it flows from and back to the heart.
C, Centrifugal, a descending current . C . , Centripetal,
an ascending current. C, Constant. See C, Con-
tinuous. C, Continuous, a constant, uninterrupted
current in one direction. C, Critical, the current at
which a certain result is reached. C, Demarcation,
the muscle-current of Du Bois Reymond ; the current
obtained from an injured muscle. C, Derived, a cur-
rent drawn off by a derivation-wire from the main cur-
rent. C, Descending, one passing through a nerve
centrifugally, the anode being placed proximally, the
cathode distally. C, Diffusion of, the power of a
galvanic current to extend its influence in all direc-
tions, the same power never being limited to the
two electrodes. C, Direct, a current constant in
direction, in contradistinction to an alternating cuiTent.
C, Electrotonic, in electro-therapeutics, a current
due to internal polarization in the nerve-fiber between
the conducting core of the nerve and the enclosing
sheath. C, Faradic, the current produced by an in-
duction-coil, or by a magneto-electric machine. C,
Franklinic, a term sometimes used in electro-thera-
peutics for a current produced by the action of a fric-
tional electric machine. C, Galvanic, a current
generated by the decomposition of acidulated water
by means of metallic plates. C, Induced. See C,
Secondary. C, Interrupted, a current that is alter-
nately opened and closed. C, Inverse, an ascending
or centripetal current. C, Labile, moving one or
both electrodes over the surface treated. C, Muscu-
lar or Nerve, Alteration Theory of, a theory pro-
posed by L. Hermann, in which the currents of nerve or
muscular fibers are regarded as a result of their altera-
tion from any original condition ; Molecular Theory
of, a theory proposed by Du Bois Reymond, according
to which every nerve or muscular fiber is regarded as
composed of a series of electro-motive molecules ar-
ranged in series and surrounded by a neutral conduct-
ing fluid. C, Reversed, that produced by changing
the poles. C, Secondary, a momentary current
produced when a coil of insulated wire is introduced
within the field of another coil, through which a con-
tinuous current is passing. When the coil is removed
from the field there is a momentary current in the op-
posite direction. C, Secretion, a current following
stimulation of the secretory nerves. C. -selector, a
device for altering the strength of a current. C,
Stabile, a current applied with both electrodes in a
fixed position. C, Swelling, one that begins weak
and is gradually made stronger, and again gradually
diminished. C, To and Fro, a Faradic current. C,
'Voltaic, the continuous current.
Curry {ker'-e) [Canarese, kari^ A sauce, originally
Anglo-Indian, containing turmeric, coriander, capsi-
cum, garlic, ginger, etc. ; it is much employed as a
relish or appetizer, especially in warm countries ;
also, a dish seasoned with the foregoing.
Curschmann's Spirals. Corkscrew-like threads of
mucin contained in the small, thick pellets that are
expectorated during or at the close of an asthmatic
paroxysm. They are supposed to be casts of the
bronchioles, and have also been seen in simple bron-
chitis and in pneumonia. C. Theory. See Broncliio-
litis exudativa.
Curtate i^ker'-tdt ) \curtatiis, shortened] . See Expecta-
tion of Life. C. Expectation. ^e.e: Expectation of Life.
Curtman's Test. See Tests, Table of.
Curvature (yker' -vat-nr) \_curvare, to curve]. A bend-
ing or curving. C, Angular, "n^tft Spondylitis. C,
Potts', angular curvature of the spine, with a posterior
projection. C. of Spine. See Caries, Kypliosis,
Scoliosis.
Curve {keni) \curvus, bent]. A bending or flexure.
C. of Carus, in obstetrics, a portion of the arc of a
circle the circumference of which lies in the median
line of the pelvis, the center being at the symphysis
pubis ; the curve is that part of the arc that lies
l)etween the planes of the inlet and the outlet.
Curvicaudate {ker-ve-kaw' -dat ) \_curvus, curved ;
Cauda, a tail]. In biology, having a curved tail.
Curvidentate [ker-ve-den' -tat ) \cu7-vus, curved ; dens,
tooth]. In biology, having curved teeth.
Curvifoliate [ke7--ve-fo'-le-at ) \_curvus, caxstA \ folium,
leaf]. In biology, having curved leaves.
Curvinervate [ker-ve-ner'-vdt) [ctirvus, curved;
nervus, nerve]. In biology, applied to leaves the
veins of which are curved and nearly parallel in their
course.
Curvirostral {ker-ve-ros' -tral\ \_curvus, curved;
beak]. In biology, having a crooked bill or beak.
Curvoisier and 'Von Hacker's Method. See Opo-a-
tions. Table of.
Cusack's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Q,M%zacm.\6.Yn. {kus-kam'-id-in')\^cusco ; amid'\. A sub-
stance found in Cinchonas .
Cuscamin [kus' -kam-in) \cusco ; amin\ A crystalline
substance found in Cinchonas.
Cusco Bark [kits' -ko bark). A kind of cinchona ; the
bark of a variety of Cinchona pubescens.
CUSCONIDIN
346
CYANOGEN
Cusconidin [kus-kon' -id-iii^ \_cusco\. An alkaloid
found in Cinchonas.
Cusconin (kns' -ko-nin) \cnsco\, C.^H.^uN^O^. A crys-
talline alkaloid found in Cinchona bark.
Cushing's Operation. See Operations , Table of.
Cushion {knsli'-un) [ME., cuschone, a cushion]. A
soft body used as a pillow, for the purpose of reclin-
ing or sitting.
Q.M'srp (Jiicsp) [rwj/'/.r, a point]. The crown or project-
ing part of a tooth.
Cusparia Bark [kus-pa' -re-ah bark). See Angustura.
Cuspid Teeth [kiis'-pid). The four teeth that have
conical crowns. They are situated, one on each side,
in each jaw, between the lateral incisor and first
bicuspid.
Cuspidate [kus' -pid-at) \_cuspis, a point]. In biology,
tipped with a sharp, rigid point.
Cuspidatus [kiis-pid-a' -tus) \cuspis, a point: //. , Cus-
pidati^. A cuspid tooth.
Cuspidor (kiis'-pid-or') [Pg. , cuspidor, a spittoon]. A
spittoon ; a vessel for receiving the ejecta from the
mouth. C, Sanitary, a small pasteboard or wooden
cup with a cover supported in a rim of metal. These
cuspidors should contain some water or disinfecting
solution, and at the end of the day should be thrown
into the fire. They are used to prevent the dissem-
ination of the germs of tuberculosis.
Cusso (kus' -so). See Brayera and Kooso.
Cat {kut) [ME., cuften, to cut]. To incise, as with a
knife. To castrate. An incision. In biology, a cleft.
C. -velvet. See Velvet.
Cutaneous [ku-ta' -ne-iis') \ciitis, the skin]. Pertaining
to the skin. C. Calculus. See Milium. C. Em-
physema. See Emphysema. C. Horns. See Cornu
cutancum. C. Respiration, the transpiration of
gases through the skin.
Cutch (J;uch) [Anglo.-Ind.]. I. A name given to
Catechu, the dried extract from Acacia catechu, cul-
tivated in India and Burmah,and containing 45 to 55
per cent, of a special variety of tannic acid (catechu-
tannic or mimotannic). It is used in leather-manu-
factures. 2. The tool, or book of parchment leaves,
between which gold is beaten into foil.
Cuticle {ku'-tik-l) [dim. of cutis, the skin]. The epi-
dermis or scarf-skin. See Skin.
Cuticula [ku-tik' -udah) [dim. of cutis, a skin]. The
outer, finely lamellated layer of the wall of hydatid
cysts. C. dentis, the cuticle of a tooth; Nasmyth's
membrane ; the delicate horny envelop that covers
the enamel of young and unworn teeth.
Cuticular (ku-tik'-u-lar) [cuticula, dim. of cutis, the
skin]. Belonging or pertaining to the skin.
Cuticularization [ku-tik-udar-iz-a'-shun) \cuticula,
dim. of cutis, the skin]. The formation of a cuticula.
Cutin [ku'-tin] \_cutis, skin]. In biology, cork-sub-
stance ; a modification of cellulose (Fremy), also called
suberiti.
Cutipunctor [Icu-tc-punk' -tor) \cutis, skin ; punctor,
puncturer]. An instrument for puncturing the skin.
Cutis [ku'-tis) [L.]. The derma, or true skin. C.
anserina. See Goose Skin. C. pendula. Synonym
of Dermafoh'sis. C. testacea, a variety of seborrhea
in which the trunk and e.xtensor surfaces of the ex-
tremities are covered with large, thick plates of greasy,
inspissated sebum, usually greenish or blackish, from
accumulation of dirt upon them. There is no inflam-
mation of the subjacent skin. C. unctuosa. Syn-
onym of Seborrhea .
Cutisation (k^ir-tis-a' -sluing [r?///f, skin]. The acquire-
ment of the characters of true skin by exposed mucous
membrane.
Q,\lX\^^zXo\ (Jzu-ti-s-ek'-tor) \cutis ,'A^\q. \ sector, 3, cutter].
An instrument for taking .small sections of skin from
the living subject for microscopic study.
Cut-off Muscle. A popular designation for the com-
pressor urethrre muscle. See Muscles, Table of.
Cutose [ku'-fos) [cutis, skin]. In biology, the substance
forming the thin outer covering of the aerial organs of
plants (Fremy).
Cuttle, Cuttlebone [kut'd, kut'-l bon). See Sepia.
Cuvier, Angle of. See Angle. C, Canals of. See
Canal. C, Ducts of. See Duct.
Cyanalcohol (si-an-al' -ko-hol) \Kvavoq, dark-blue;
alcoJiol\ Cyanhydrin ; a substance obtained by the
union of an aldehyd with hydrocyanic acid.
Cyanaldehyd {si-an-al'-de-htd ) [Kvavo^, dark-blue ;
aldchvd^. A substitution-compound of acetic alde-
hyd.'
Cyanalkin (si-an-aV -kin') [/ctVi'Of, blue; alkali'^. One
of the products of the action of sodium upon the pure
nitrites. The cyanalkins are crystalline and strongly
alkaline bases, and form salts with one equivalent of
the acids.
Cyanamid [si-an'-atn-id) [/c/'ai'of, blue; «■/«/</], CN. -
NH._,. A white, crystalline body prepared by the ac-
tion of ammonia on cyanogen chlorid.
Cyananilid (si-an-an'-il-id) [Kvarnq, blue; anilin\
C,N-H. Phenylcyanamid, a body formed on conduct-
ing CNCl, into a cooled ethereal solution of anilin. It
is readily soluble in alcohol and ether, but dissolves
with difficulty in water.
Cyanbenzene [si-an-ben' -zen). See Benzonitrile.
Cyanein [si-an-c' -in) \ji'vavo^, dark-blue]. In biology,
the blue pigment found by Krukenberg in Rhizostoma,
Vcllella, Aurelia, and Cyunea. It is soluble in water,
insoluble in benzene, carbon disulphid, and chloro-
form.
Cyanephidrosis [si-an-ef-id-ro' -sis) [nmvor, blue ;
ioidfjuaii:, sweat]. Blue sweat.
Cyanetholin {si-an-eth' -o-lin) [/ci'ax'o?, blue ; ethvl'\. A
liquid of ethereal odor, insoluble in water, and de-
composing when distilled. The cyanetholins are the
esters of the cyanic acids.
Cyanhematin (si-an-hetid -at-in) \K.vam^, blue ; d!ifia,
blood]. A substance produced by adding a solution
of cyanid of potassium to a solution of blood, and
heating gently for some time.
Cyanhydrin (si-an-hi' -drin). See Cyanalcohol.
Cyanhydrosis (si-an-hid-ro'-sis). See Cyanephidrosis.
Cyanic {si-an'-ik) [nhavoq, blue]. Blue or bluish. C.
Acid. See Acid, Cyanic.
Cyanid {si'-an-id) \jivavoQ, blue]. Any compound
of cyanogen with a metal or a radical. Most of the
cyanids are actively poisonous.
Cyanidrosis [si-an-id-ro' -sis). Same as Cyanephidro-
sis.
Cyanin [si' -an-iii) [/ciiavof, dark-blue]. I. In biol-
ogy, the blue pigment of certain flowers, as the corn-
flower, violet, iris, etc. 2. C^H^gNJ. A blue dye
formerly prepared by heating quinolin amyl iodid
with potassium hydroxid. Same as Quinolin-blue.
See Pigments, Conspectus of. C.-blue. See Pigments,
Conspectus of.
Cyanochroia {si-an-o-kroi'-ali) [/cmrof , blue ; ,T/"'"^>
color]. Cyanosis.
Cyanoderma [si-an-o-dcr'-mah) [/ii'oi'of, blue; iepfia,
skin]. Cyanosis.
Cyanodermia (si-an-o-der' -me-ah). See Cyanoderma.
Cyanogen ( si-an'-o-jen ) [ Kvavoc, blue ; ym>av, to
produce]. A radical molecule having the structure
CN, an acid-compound of carbon and nitrogen, exist-
ing as a colorless, combustible gas, exceedingly pois-
onous. With hydrogen it forms hydrocyanic or
prussic acid; with metals, the cyanids ; with oxygen,
CYANOHEMOGLOBIN
347
CYLINDROCEPHALIC
the compound known as fulminic acid. Cyanogen
and hydrocyanic acid are usually distinguished by the
odor of bitter almonds.
Cyanohemoglobin ( si-an' -o-Jieiii-o-glo' -bin ) [/imi'Of ,
blue ; ytvvav, to produce ; aifia, blood ; globus^ a
ball]. A peculiar compound of hydrocyanic acid and
hemoglobin, made by the addition of hydrocyanic acid
to warm blood outside of the body. This substance
is entirely wanting in the ozonizing power of normal
oxyhemoglobin.
Cyanomycosis (^si-an' -o-mi-ko' -sis)\K.'vav(K ^Xvit ; ^lvkik,
fungus]. The production of blue pus, or of pus
charged with Micrococcus pyocyaneiis. See Bacteria.
Cyanopathy [si-aii-op'-a-ihe). See Cyanosis.
Cyanophilous {si-an-off' -il-us) [/crai^of, blue ; (fnAeeiv,
to love] . Stainable with blue coloring-matter.
Cyanophyl {si-an' -o-fil) [/cmw)f, dark-blue; i^vA^vov,
leaf]. Fremy's name for a supposed blue constituent
of chlorophyl.
Cyanopia [si-an-o'-pe-a/i) [(cmi'Of, blue; cii/', eye]. A
perverted state of the visual powers, during which all
objects appear blue.
Cyanosin [si-an' -o-sin) [/f/'oi'Of, blue]. One of the
Fluorescein colors. See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Cyanosis [si-an-o' -sis) [Kvavog, blue]. A bluish dis-
coloration of the skin from non-o.\idation of the blood,
caused by local or general circulatory diseases. It
may be due to the admixture of arterial and venous
blood, as when there is a deficiency of the septum
between the auricles and ventricles. It is seen in
various diseases of the heart and lungs. C, Con-
genital. See Blue Disease.
Cyanospermia [si-an' -o-sper'-ine-ah ) \jivai>oc, blue ;
anepfja, sperm]. A condition wherein the semen has
a bluish tint.
^ Cyanotic [si-an-of -ik) \_iivavoc^, blue]. Relating to or
affected with cyanosis.
Cyanuric Acid [si-an-u'-rik). See Acid, Tricyanic.
Cyanurin [si-au'u' -rin) [/ct'avof, blue; oiipoi', urine].
Uroglaucin or urine-indigo ; indigo found in the urine
in cystitis and in chronic kidney-diseases ; it is also
occasionally found in apparent health.
Cyar [si' -ar) [/cijap, the eye of a needle]. The internal
auditory meatus.
Cyasma [si-as' -mah) \K.vhn', to be pregnant: //. ,
Cyasmata~\. The peculiar freckle sometimes seen
upon pregnant women.
Cyathiform [si' -ath-if-orm) \_cyathus, a cup ; forma,
shape]. In biology, cup-shaped.
Cyclarthrosis [sik-lar-tliro' -sis)\KvtO\0(; ,Cvcc\t. ; apBpuaic;,
a joint]. A pivot-joint ; lateral ginglymus, or rotary
diarthrosis ; an articulation that admits of decided rota-
tion in one of its elements.
Cyclic [si'-klik) \KVKKiKac^, circular]. Having cycles or
periods of exacerbation or change, as cyclic insanity.
In biology, applied to flowers whose organs are ar-
ranged in whorls. C. Albuminuria. See Albumi-
nuria. C. Insanity. See Insanity.
Cyclicotomy [si-klik-ot' -o-me) \k.vk)\.lk.6(;, circular ;
Tkfj.vELv, to cut]. Surgical incision or division of the
ciliary body.
Cyclitic Shell [si-klit' -ik) {liviikiKOi;, circular]. A co-
herent, solid, fibrous mass of exudate, completely
enveloping the crystalline lens.
Cyclitis [sik-li' -tis) [/tfc/c/of , a circle ; itk, inflamma-
tion]. Inflammation of the ciliary body, characterized
by a zone of congestion in the sclerotic coat surround-
ing the cornea. It is a serious condition, often impli-
cating adjacent structures. It may be serous, plastic,
or suppurative. Irido-cyclitis, the involvement of
both iris and ciliary body in the inflammatory process.
Cyclocephalus [si-klo-sef -al-us) \K'vKko<;, a circle ;
/cf^aA?/, head]. I. A species of single autositic mon-
sters characterized by a more or less complete absence
of the olfactory organs, together with an intimate
union of imperfectly developed or rudimentary visual
organs, situated in the median line. 2. A variety of
this species in which there is a fusion of the orbital
cavities and of the eyes, without a vestige of a nose
or of a proboscis.
Cycloid [si'-kloid) [/>y/cAof, a circle; tifioc, form]. In
biology, having a circular form.
Cyclophoria [sik-lo-fo' -re-ah) [«:i'K/!,of, a circle ; (pope'iv,
to bear]. I. A term applied to the circulation of the
fluids of the body. 2. An insufficiency of the oblique
muscles of the eye, giving the eyes a tendency to roll
outward or inward, so that the naturally vertical meri-
dians would diverge either at the upper or lower
extremities.
Cyclopia [si-klo' -pe-ali). See Synophthalmia.
Cycloplegia [si-klo-ple' -je-ah) \ji'vKko<;, circle; TTTirjyfj, a
stroke]. Paralysis of the ciliary muscle of the eye.
Cyclops [si'-klops) \KhK7ioq, circle ; cii/), eye]. A con-
genital malformation consisting in a fusion of the two
e\es into one. See Khinocephahts.
Cyclosis [si-klo' -sis) [kvkaoc, a circle]. In biology,
circulation, as of the protoplasm within a cell.
Cyclothymia (si-klo-fliim'-e-ah) \_ki'k7j)i;, circle ; Ovfioc,
mind]. Cyclic insanity. See Insanity.
Cyclotome [sik'-lo-tbtti) \K.vH.'ko<;, circle ; TOfioQ, cut-
ting]. A kind of knife for performing cyclotomy.
Q,yCioX.ors\y [sik-lof -o-me) [/Ci'/c/'.of , round; ro//^/, section].
An operation proposed for the relief of glaucoma, con-
sisting of an incision through the ciliary body.
Cydonium [si-do' -ne-um) \Kv^i)Vtov, a quince]. Quince-
seed. The seeds of C. vulgaris, employed mainly for
the mucilage contained in the epithelial covering, which
consists of a compound of gum and glucose. C.
mucilago, quince-seeds 2, macerated in water 100
parts, is a bland demulcent, known as Bandolin, and
used as a hair-dressing.
Cyematocardia [si-em-at-o-kar' -de-ali) \_K'viijm, a fetus ;
Kap6ia, a heart]. Fetal rhythm of the heart-sounds.
Cyesiognosis [si-e-se-og-no'-sis) [/c!7/mf, pregnancy;
yvuoK;, knowledge]. The diagnosis of pregnancy.
Cyesiology [si-e-se-ol' -o-je) [^kid/cic, pregnancy ; Aoyvc,
treatise]. The science of gestation in its medical
aspects.
Cyesis [si-e'-sis) \_Kvrjaic, pregnancy]. Pregnancy.
Cyetic [si-et'-ik) \kvi)tik6c^, pregnant]. Relating to
pregnancy.
Cylicotomy [sil-ik-of -o-me) \kv)\,iS,, cup ; rinveiv, to
cut]. Surgical incision of the ciliary muscle.
Cylinder [sil' -in-der) [/vMa'dpof, a cylinder]. A long,
circular body. See, also, Lenses. C.-cone of
Kuhnt, one of the conical sections marked off by the
" incisures" and going to build up the annular seg-
ments of a medullated nerve-fiber. C. -filling, a fill-
ing, the material of which is composed of gold-foil or
tin-foil cylinders, sometimes called block-filling. C.
of Gold-foil, a form of gold-foil for filling teeth,
made by rolling a tape of non-cohesive gold upon a
fine broach, commencing at one end of the tape and
continuing the movement until the desired size of the
cylinder is reached.
Cylindrenchyma [sil-in-dreng' -kim-ali) [/fiiAivrfpof, a
cylinder ; ly^vfia, an infusion]. In biology, tissue
composed of cylindric cells.
Cylindric [sil-in'-drik), or Cylindrical [sil-in'-drik-al)
\_Kij7iiv6po(;, a cylinder]. Pertaining to or like a
cylinder. C. Lenses. See Lenses.
Cylindrocephalic (sil-in'-dro-sef-al'-ik) [Kv'AivSpor,
cylinder; K£(f)a?ir/, head]. Affected with cylindro-
cephaly.
CYLINDROCEPHALY
348
CYRTOCEPHALUS
Cylindroids.
a and />. Cast-like forms.
c. Filamentous forms.
Cylindrocephaly {sil-in' -dro-sef -a-le) ^jivXivufioq, cylin-
der ; Kti)>a'Ai/, head]. A cylindric formation of the
ikull.
Cylindroid {siF-in-droid) \K.v'A,w&poq, cyhnder ; eldof,
likeness]. A name
given to a mucous cast
frequently found in the
urine in scarlet fever,
and other diseases. It
closely resembles a hya-
line tube-cast. Cylin-
droids are ribbon-like
forms, usually of great
length, and of about the
same diameter as renal
casts. They may as-
sume various shapes,
due to bends and twists,
giving them a cork-screw
appearance. The ex-
tremities are narrow and
elongated and often bi-
furcated.
Cylindroma [sil-iii-dro' -
iiiaJi)\ji'v'KivSj)nq, a cylin-
der: pi. ,Cylindroinata~\.
A tumor peculiar to the orbit of the eye, to the face,
and to the stomach, composed of cylindric or club-like
hyaline processes. It is a variety of myxo-sarcoma.
Cylindrosis [sil-iit-dyo'-sis) \_kv'Aiv6i)ovv, to roll]. A
variety of bony articulation, the bone being rolled
upon itself to form a canal and then a suture, as in
the cranium.
Cyllosis (si/-o'-s!s) ^icIMuaig, crippled]. Club-foot ;
lameness from deformity.
Cyllosoma [sil-o-so' -mali) \K.vXK6q, lame ; aujia, a body :
//. , Cyllosomatd\. A variety of single autositic mon-
sters of the species celosoma, in which there is a
lateral eventration occupying principally the lower
portion of the abdomen, with absence or imperfect
development of the lower extremity on that side
occupied by the eventration.
Cyllum [si/' -mil) \_KvXAog , crooked]. Knock-knee.
Cymha. {siin' -bah) [/cy///?;/, a boat]. In biology, a boat-
shaped sponge-spicule.
Cymbiform {siin'-liif-orin) [i-ymba, boat ; forma, shape].
In biology, boat-shaped. C. Bone, the scaphoid bone.
Cymbocephalia (sim-bo-scf-a' -le-ah). See Cymboceph-
aly.
Cymbocephalic, or Cymbocephalous (sim-bo-sef-aF -
ik,ox siiii-bo-sef -al-H^) boat ; KE^aA^, head].
Exhibiting cymbocephaly.
Cymbocephaly {siin-bo-sef -a-le) [Kl'/i8/j, boat ; Kecpa'Ai'/,
head]. The condition of having a boat-shaped
head.
Cyme [sim) [ryi/ie, a young sprout]. In biology, a
loose flower-cluster on the determinate or centrifugal
plan.
Cymene (si'-me?i) \_cyminiim, cumin], C,jH,j. A hy-
drocarbon that occurs, together with cumic aldehyd,
in Roman caraway oil (from Cuminuui cvmimini],
and in other ethereal oils. It is prepared by treating
oil of turpentine with oil of vitriol. It is a pleasantly-
smelling liquid, that boils at I75°-I76° C; its specific
gravity at o° C. is 0.8722.
Cymogene (si' -tno-jeii) ^kv/luvov, cumin ; yevr/^, produc-
ing]. A product obtained from petroleum, gaseous at
ordinary temperatures, but liquefiable by cold or pres-
sure ; boiling at 0° C. (32° ¥.) ; specific gravity 110°
B. It is used in the manufacture of artificial ice, and
is serviceable in the production of great cold for local
or minor surgical purposes.
Cymose (si'-mos) [^Kvfia, a young sprout]. In biology,
pertaining to a cyme ; bearing cymes.
Cynanche [sin-ang' -ke) \_k.\'i^v, a dog; ayx^iv, to
strangle]. An old name for any acute affection of
the throat, as diphtheria, croup, tonsillitis, etc., in
which the patient struggles for breath (as a panting
dog). See also Angina. C. maligna, a fatal form
of sore-throat. C. suffocativa. Synonym of Croup.
C. tonsillaris. See Quinsy.
Cynanthropia [sin-an-thro' -pe-ali) [/c/'oii', dog; avOpuTro^
a man] . A mania in which the patient believes him-
self a dog, and imitates the actions of one.
Cyniatria (si-ne-a-tri' -ali) [k/'gji', dog ; larpeia, med-
ication]. The science or treatise of the diseases of
the dog and their treatment.
Cynic (sin'-ik) \_kvvik6(;, dog-like]. Pertaining to a
dog. C. Spasm, a contraction of the facial muscles
upon one side, so as to expose the teeth in the man-
ner of an angry dog.
Cynobex hebetica {si' -no-beks he-bct' -ik-ah) [/fi'wc,
dog; cough; iilirjTiKog, youthful]. The convul-
sive cough of puberty; aloud, dry, barking cough
that often attacks boys and girls at puberty. General
hygienic treatment is usually curative.
Cynocephalous {sin-o-scf'-al-us) \_k'vuv, Aog; KsifiaAi/,
the head] . With the head dog-shaped.
Cynodontes ( si-no-don' -iez ) [ ki'cjv, dog ; bSoix,
bSovTog, tooth]. The canine teeth, so called from their
resemblance to the teeth of a dog. See Cuspid TectJi.
Cynoglossum [si-no-glos' -iim). See Hound' s Tongue.
Cynolyssa {si-no-lis' -ali) \K.hwv, dog; Xvaaa, rabies].
Hydrophobia; rabies.
Gynophobia {si-no-/o'-bt'-a/i)\_xv(JV, a. dog; (p6(iuc, fear].
I. Morbid fear of dogs. 2. Imaginary hydrophobia.
Cynorexia (si-no-reks' -e-ah) \k'vuv, dog ; ope^ig, appe-
tite]. Canine voracity ; bulimia.
Cynospasmus {si-no-spas' -inus) [/ct'iui', dog ; aizaaiiui;,
spasm]. Same as Cynic Spasm.
Cynurenic Acid {sin-u-ren' -ik) \kvuv, a dog; ovpiw,
urine], C,,(,H,^N.>0,. + 2H.^0. A crystalline acid found
in dog's urine. It is a decomposition-product of pro-
teids. On heating it cynurin is evolved.
Cynurin {sin'-u-rin) [k'vuv, a dog; ovpov, urine],
C,gIIj^N.^O.^. A base obtained by heating cynurenic
acid to 250°.
Cyophoria {si-o-fo' -re-aJi) [«:'''or, fetus ; (pepetv, to
carry]. Pregnancy; gestation.
Cyopin {si'-o-pin) [/.-I'dwof, blue; ttvov, pus]. The
coloring-matter found in blue pus.
Cyphosis {si-fo'-sis). See Ky pilosis.
Cypripedin [sip-rip-e'-din) [/c/)7rp;f , Venus ; tt66iov, a
slipper]. A precipitate from the tincture of Cypripe-
diiim pubescens ; antispasmodic, nervine, narcotic.
Dose '4 to 3 grains. Unof.
Cypripedium [sip-rip- e' -de- u in) [/I'/'Trp/f, Venus ; tt6Siov,
a slipper]. Lady's Slipper. The roots of C. pubes-
cens and C. parvijloruni, American valerian, with
properties due to a volatile oil and acid. It is an
antispasmodic and stimulant tonic, used instead of
valerian, which it resembles. C, Fid. Ext. Dose
ir^x-xxx. Unof
Cypriphobia [sip-rif-o' -be-ali) [/cuTrptf, Venus ; (popo^,
fear]. Fear of sexual intercourse.
Cyprus Vitriol [si'-prus vit'-re-ol). Same as Blue
Vitriol. C. Fever. Same as Alalia Fever.
Cypsela {sip-sel'-a/i) [/cyi/'t/^a, a hollow, cup-like
structure]. In biology, a term sometimes applied to
an achenium which is invested with an adnate calyx
such as that of the Composita;.
Cyron {sir' -on). See Chyron.
Cyrtocephalus {sir-to-sef -al-us) [xiiordf, convex;
(ifiiia/ head]. Having a short head.
CYRTOCORYPHUS
349
CYSTINURIA
Cyrtocoryphus (sir-to-kor' -if-us) [wprof, convex ;
Kopv^r/, the crown of the head]. Lissauer's term for
a skull with a parietal angle between 122° and 132°.
Cyrtograph [sir' -to-graf) [/tu/jrof, curved; ■)pa.<pEiv, to
record]. A recording cyrtometer.
Cyrtoma [sir-to' -mah) [_Kbpru/Lia, a curving: //. , Cyr-
/omata~\. A convexity, especially one that is ab-
normal.
Cyrtometer [sir-torn' -et-er) \_KvpT6g, curved ; fihpov,
a measure]. An instrument adapted for measuring
curves, and especially those of the chest.
Cyrtometopus [sir-to-inet-op' -us) [/cuprdf, convex ;
^homov, the forehead]. Lissauer's term for a skull
in which the angle formed by lines connecting the
nasion with the bregma and the metopion is between
120° and 130.5°.
Cyrtonosus [sir-ton' -o-s us) [/cuprof, curved ; voaog,
a disease]. Synonym for Rhachitis.
Cyrtopisthocranius [sir-to-pis-t/io-kra'-7te-us) [/cwpror,
curved; ottz crflo/ipfii'fot', the occiput]. Lissauer's term
for a skull in which the angle of the summit of the
occiput is between 117° and 140°.
Cyrtosis [sir-to'-sis) [_K.vprtjati;, curvature : //. , Cyrtoses^-
Any deformity, especially one that affects the bones.
Cyrturanus [sir-tur-a' - incs) [Kiiprof, curved ; ovpavoc,
the roof of the mouth]. Lissauer's term for a skull
in v.'liich the angle at the roof of the mouth is between
132° and 147.5°.
Cyst [sist] l_Kv<7Ttc:, a pouch], A cavity containing fluid
and surrounded by a capsule. C., Blood. See
Hematoma. C, Cutaneous. See C, Dermoid. C,
Dentigerous, one containing teeth ; one form is found
in the ovaries. C, Dermoid, a congenital cyst con-
taining bone, hair, teeth, etc. ; the cyst-wall is like
the skin. C, Echinococcus, a cyst formed in
various tissues and organs of man by the larva of the
TcBnia echinococcus of the dog, taken into the stomach.
C, Exudation, one resulting from increase of exuda-
tion, or from exudation into a closed cavity. C,
Hydatid. See C, Echinococcus. C, Meibomian.
See Chalazion. C, Mucous, a retention cyst con-
taining mucus. C, Multilocular, one composed of
many separate compartments. C, Miillerian, a cyst
containing mucus, blood, or pus, developed in the
remnants or rudiments of the inferior or vaginal
portion of the duct of Miiller. C, Piliferous, a
hair-containing or dermoid cyst. C, Primary, one
newly formed, not from distention. C, Retention,
one that is due to the non-expulsion from its duct of
the secretion of a gland, in consequence of closure of
the duct, as in mucous or sebaceous cysts. C, Seba-
ceous, one containing fatty material. C, Secondary,
a cyst within a cyst. C, Sublingual. See Ranula.
C, Synovial, one resulting from the distention of
bursje or synovial sheaths. C, Tarsal. See Chala-
zion. C, Unilocular, one having but a single cavity.
C, Wolffian, a cyst developed in the inferior vestiges
of the canal of Wolff. It is situated in the anterior or
antero-lateral vaginal wall, and is frequently pro-
longed toward the cervix or even into the base of the
broad ligament.
Cystadenoma [sist-ad-en-o' -mah) [/ci'trrif, cyst ; hS'^v,
gland; biia, a. tumor: //. , Cystadenomata'\. An ad-
enoma containing cysts.
Q-y sXaligia. [sist-al'-je-ah) [«:i'iffr(f, bladder ; dAyof, pain].
Pain in the bladder.
Cystatrophia [sist-at-ro' -fe-aJi) \KvaTir, bladder ; arpo-
oia, want of nourishment]. Atrophy of the urinary
bladder.
Cystauchenitis [sist-aw-ken-i' -tis) [/cwoTif , bladder ;
ai';);?/!', neck ; ltic, inflammation]. Inflammation of
the neck of the bladder ; trachelocystitis.
Cystauxe [sist-aiuks' -e) ^ic'tKynj;, bladder ; ai'f;/, in-
crease]. Thickening of the bladder.
Cystectasia [sist-ek-ta' -ze-ah), or Cystectasy [sist-ek'-
taz-e) [/ii'OT^f, bladder; SKTaai^, a stretching out].
Surgical dilatation of the urethra or of its prostatic
portion in certain operations for stone.
Cystein [sist'-e-in) [KiVr/i;, bladder], CgHjNO.^S. A
compound obtained by reducing cystin ; it is a crys-
talline powder, soluble in water, yielding an indigo-
blue color with ferric chlorid ; in the air it rapidly
oxidizes to cystin.
Cystelcosis [sist-el-ko'-sis) [/ct'or/f, bladder ; lAmoai^,
ulceration]. Ulceration of the bladder.
Cystencephalus [sist-en-sef -al-us) S^ki otu:, a bladder ;
eyKe<pa/(j(:, the brain]. A form of monstrosity in which
the brain is replaced by a cyst-like structure.
Cystenchyma [sist-eng' -kim-ah) [k-('(t-/(', a bladder;
t ) Xv/ia, an infusion]. In biology, a connective tissue of
large, oval, thin-walled cells, as seen in certain sponges.
Cysthitis [sis-thi'-tis) [/c/'fT^^of, vulva; trig, inflamma-
tion]. Inflammation of the vulva.
Cystic [sist'-ik) \_K.vaTLQ, bladder]. Pertaining to or
resembling a cyst; pertaining to the urinary bladder or
the gall-bladder. C. Angioma. Synonym of Zj'/«//«-
aiigioma circumscriptum.
Cysticercus [sis-te-ser' -kus) [/cwnf, a bladder ; Kipnoq,
a tail] . The scolex of the tape-worm. An hydatid.
C. bovis, a form of hydatid existing in the muscles
of the ox (mostly in the calf). Its progenitor is the
Tania ?nediocanellata of man. It produces the dis-
ease called Beef Measles. C. cellulosae, the hydatid
found inhabiting the intermuscular connective tissue
of the pig, producing the condition known as
"measles." Its progenitor is the Tcenia solium of
man. See Altcrtiation of Generation . C. cellu-
losae cutis. An hydatid, or immature form of Tccnia
solium, which is sometimes parasitic upon the subcu-
taneous tissues of the skin. C. ovis, an hydatid of
uncertain origin found in sheep in the condition called
ATutton Measles. C. pisiformis, an hydatid found mainly
in the abdominal cavity of the rabbit and of the hare,
and, in its immature state, in the liver of these animals.
Its progenitor is the Tcenia serrata of the dog. C.
tenuicollis, a slender or long-necked hydatid found
in the abdominal and pelvic cavity of the sheep, the
pig, the ox, and the fowl. Its progenitor is the Ticnia
marginata of the dog. See Parasites [Animal) , Table of.
Cystid [sist'-id) [/i/or^f, a bladder]. In biology, the
saccular, ciliated, planula-like embryo of a polyzoan ;
also the cell in wliich the body of an adult polyzoan
is contained.
Cystidomyeloma [sist-id-o-mi-el-o'-niak) [h'l'OT/f, blad-
der; /n'f/,of, marrow]. A medullary carcinoma of the
bladder.
Cystifellotomy [sist-ifel-of -o-me) [kvotic, cyst ; fel,
bile; ro/i//, a cutting]. See Cholecystotomy.
Cystiform [sist' -if arm) \_cystis, a bladder ; forma,
shape]. Encysted, cystomorphous.
Cystin [sist'-in) [id'ariQ, bladder], CjH^NSO,. A sub-
stance found in the urine in small amount. It occurs
in regular, colorless, six-sided tables of very charac-
teristic appearance. It is insoluble in water, alcohol,
and ether, but readily soluble in ammonia. Test :
boil with a solution of lead oxid in sodium hydrate.
If cystin is present, black lead sulphid is precipitated.
Cystinuria [sist-in-u'-re-ah ) [/(for^f , bladder ; ovpov,
urine] . The presence of cystin in the urine. The cystin
may be present in the form of calculi or as a deposit.
The urine has a yellowish-green color and a peculiar
smell, like that of fresh sweet-briar, but rapidly
acquires a putrescent odor on standing, whilst an oily
film forms on the surface.
CYSTIPATHY
350
CYTIN
Cystipathy {sist-ip' -a-the) [(ii'-or/r, bladder ; iraSo^,
disease]. Any disease of tlie bladder.
Cystirrhea [sist-ir-e'-ah ) [/iucrff, bladder ; 'poia, a
flow]. Vesical catarrh.
Cystis [sist'-is). See Cyst.
Cystitic {sist-it'-ik) [kvoti^, a bladder]. Relating to
cystitis.
Cystitis [sist-i'-lis) [/cuor/f, bladder ; itiq, inflammation].
Inflammation of the bladder. C, Exfoliative, that
form of cystitis in which the inflammatory process
has produced a sloughing of the mucous mem-
brane, or a separation of the whole or a portion of the
membrane, which lies loose in the bladder.
Cystitome [sist'-if-dm). See Cystototne.
Cystoblast (sist'-o-blast). See Cytoblast.
Cystobubonocele [sist-o-bu-bon' ■o-sel') [/fwnf , bladder ;
(iovlSuf, groin; Kr/X//, hernia]. Hernia of the blad-
der through the inguinal ring.
Cystocarcinoma [sist-o-kar-sin-o' -7nah ) [KvarLi;, blad-
der; KapKivujxa, a cancer]. Carcinoma with cystic
degeneration.
Cystocarp (sist'-o-karp) \_KvaTL(:, a bladder; KapTzo^,
fruit]. In biology, a name sometimes applied to the
sporocarp of certain algae.
Cystocele (sisi' -o-sel) \_K'vaTiq, pouch; Kr/Xri, a tumor].
A hernia of the bladder into the vagina, pushing the
vaginal wall through the vulvar orifice. In the
great majority of cases it is a sequela of childbirth,
following laceration of the pelvic floor. It may,
however, result from heavy lifting, etc. There is a
feeling of weight, with frequent and difiicult micturi-
tion, and a protrusion between the labia. It is gener-
ally associated with a rectocele, and if left uncorrected
favors the descent of the uterus.
Cystochondroma (sist-o-kon-dro' -maK) blad-
der ; ,-[;oi'(5/jof , cartilage ; a tumor : , Cysto-
chond>-omatd\ . A neoplasm presenting the characters
of both chondroma and cystoma.
Cystocolpitis (sist-o-kol-pi'-tis) [/cwcrrtf , bladder ; koK-
Tof, vagina]. Inflammation of both bladder and
vagina.
Cystocope {sist'-o-kop) [/cwcrtf, bladder ; Koiroq, a
blow]. A urethral sound, having at the proximal ex-
tremity a plate to amplify the sound produced by
striking against a vesical calculus.
Cystocyte (sist'-o-sit) [Kucrr^f, a bladder ; /cyrof , a cell].
In biology, one of the bladder-like cells of the cys-
tenchyma, as in sponges.
Cystodynia [sisf-o-din'-e-ak) [nvaTir, bladder ; bihvri,
pain]. Same as Cystalgia.
Cystofibroma (sist-o-fi-bro' -maJi) \KvaTiq, a bladder ;
Jibra, a fiber; d/za, a tumor: //. , Cystofibromata^. A
neoplasm presenting the character of both a fibroma
and a cystoma.
Cystohemorrhagia [sist-o-hem-or-a' -je-ah) [/ci'iffrzf, the
bladder; aZ/za, blood; priyvhvai, to burst]. Vesical
hemorrhage.
Cystolith (sisf -o-lith) [/cyffTt?, bladder ; XlOoi^, a stone] .
Vesical calculus. In biology, a stalked body mainly
composed of calcium carbonate, found in the cells of
certain leaves, as in those of the nettle.
Cystolithiasis [stst-o-lith-i'-as-is] [/ciianf, a bladder;
/l(V?of, a stone]. Stone in the bladder; also that con-
dition of the system that is associated with the pres-
ence of vesical calculus.
Cystolithic [sist-o-lith' -ik) [Kixrrtf , bladder ; X'lOog, a
stone]. Pertaining to a vesical calculus.
Cystolutein [sist-o-lii' -te-in) [/cpcrr/f , a cyst ; Ititeus,
yellow]. A yellow coloring-matter found in cysts.
Cystoma {sist-o'-mah) [/c/'OTjf, a cyst; 6/za, atumor:
, Cystoinata\ A neoplasm, especially an ovarian
tumor, containing or made up of cysts.
Cystomerocele {sis/-o-mer^ -o-sel) \_KvaTLQ, bladder;
/j'/por, thigh ; K>/Xt/, hernia]. A hernia of the bladder
through the femoral ring.
Cystomorphous (sist-o-mar'-fus) [m'trnf, cyst ; p-opcfi'/,
form] . Having the form of a cyst.
Cystomyxoma (sist-o-}iiiks-o' -ma!i) \kvctl^, a cyst ;
fii'ia, mucus; 6/ia, a tumor: //. , Cystomyxoi?iata'\.
A neoplasm presenting the characters of both myxoma
and cystoma.
Cystoncus [sist-ong^ -ktts) [/crcrr/f , bladder ; ojKog, a
swelling]. Any swelling of the bladder.
Cystonephrosis {sist-o-nc-fro' -sis) \H.v(STiq, sac ; ve(l>pdg,
kidney] . A cystic or cystomorphous dilatation of the
kidney.
Cystoparalysis [sist-o-par-al' -is-is) \_iivaTit;, bladder ;
TrapaXvatg, palsy]. Paralysis of the bladder.
Cystopexy (sisf' -o-peks-e) \_KhaTiQ, bladder ; Tvf/^tg, fixa-
tion]. Fixation of the bladder. An operation for the
cure of cystocele, based upon the principle of the
Alexander- Adams operation.
Cystophotography (sist-o-fo-tog' -ra-fe) [kvotk^, the blad-
der; 0a)f, light ; -ypd(j>etv, to write]. Photographing
the interior of the bladder for diagnostic purposes.
Cystoplastic (sist-o-plas' -tik) [Kt'crr/f, the bladder ;
TrXdaaeii'j to form]. Relating to cystoplasty.
Cystoplasty (sist' -o-plas-te) [/i/'or/c, bladder ; ■KXaaaiv,
to form]. Plastic operation upon the bladder, espe-
cially for vesico-vaginal fistula.
Cystoplegia [sist-o-ple' -je-aJi) [/cijtmf, bladder ; TvXrjyrj,
a blow]. Paralysis of the bladder.
Cystoptosis (sist-op-to' -sis) \_K.haTig, bladder ; -ruaic;, a
fall]. The projection of some portion of the bladder
into the urethra.
Cystopylometer [sist-o-pi-lom' -et-er) \KvaTir, bladder ;
TTvA?!, gate; fierpov, measure]. An instrument for
measuring any obstruction (as an enlarged prostate)
at the entrance to the bladder ; it is called also
pylometer.
Cystorrhagia [sist-or-a' -je-ah). See Cystokemori-kagia.
Cystorrhea (sist-or-e' -ah). Same as Cystirrhea.
Cystorrhexis {sist-or-eks' -is) \kvc!tlq, bladder ; pv^ii,
rupture]. Rupture of the bladder.
Cystoscope [sisf -o-skop) [/cwnf , bladder ; ano-elv, to
examine]. An instrument for examining the interior
of the bladder.
Cystoscopy {sist-os' -ko-pe) [/ct'crnf, bladder; okottcIv,
to examine]. Examination of the interior of the
bladder by means of the cystoscope.
Cystospasmus [sist-o-spaz' -mus) [Kwr/f, bladder ;
airao/ii^, spasm]. Spasm of the bladder.
Cystospastic [sist-o-spas'-tik) [kvotiq, bladder ; awaaTi-
Kdg, pulling]. Relating to spasm of the bladder.
Cystostomy [sist-os' -to-me) [/ctior/f, bladder ; orojia, a
mouth or opening]. The formation of a fistulous
opening in the bladder- wall.
Cystotome [sisf -o-toin) [/cytrnf, bladder ; re/iveiv, to
cut]. A knife used in cystotomy; also a knife used
in rupturing the capsule of the lens in cataract-
operations.
Cystotomia [sist-o-to' -me-ah) [L.]. Same as Cystotomy.
C. hypogastrica. Suprapubic cystotomy.
Cystotomy [sist-of -o-me) [ Kvariq, bladder ; Topi], a
cutting]. Incision of the bladder.
Cyte [sit) [/ci'Tof, a hollow]. Any cell; especially a
nuclear cell (used mostly in composition).
Cythemolysis ( si-tltem-oF -is-is ) [/curof, cell ; aipa,
blood; /'.I'ff/f, dissolution]. Dissolution of the cor-
puscles of the blood.
Cytin [si'-tin) [h/i-oi,-, a cell]. An insoluble cellular
substance that remains in various residues of animal
tissue from which cytoglobin has been removed. By
decomposition it is changed into an albuminoid.
CYTISIN
351
CZUMPELITZ'S TEST
Cytisin [sit' -is-in) [Kurtcrof, a kind of clover], Cj^H^,-
N3O. A poisonous alkaloid obtained from Cytisus
laburntcjn and other species. It occurs in yellowish-
white, deliquescent crystals. It is chiefly used in the
form of the nitrate, a beautiful crystalline salt, pale-
yellow in color and acid in reaction. It is used sub-
cutaneously in paralytic migraine, and as a diuretic in
dropsy and cardiac disease. Dose, grain to ^Vi
hypodermatically.
Cytoblast [si' -to-blast ) \k.vto(;, a cell ; ^XaaToq, a
germ]. In biology, applied to the nucleus of a cell ;
also one of the ameboid cytodes going to make up the
cytoblastema of sponges.
Cytoblastema ( si-to-blas-te' -mah ) [ KVTog, a cell ;
jiXaarijiia, a sprout]. In biology, applied to forma-
tive material or protoplasm, as giving rise to cells or
cytodes ; also to the matrix in which the individuals of
a protozoan colony are imbedded ; the gelatinous ma-
trix of a sponge.
Cytochylema [si-to-ki-le' -ma!i) [/cOrof, a cell ; x^^oq,
juice]. Strasburger's term for the inter-reticular por-
tion of protoplasm ; cell-juice.
Cytochyma, or Cytochyme [si-to-kim'-ah, or si'-to-
klni) [/cwrof, a cell; x^M"Cf juice]. The water-sap
in the vacuoles of the cytochylema of protoplasm.
Cytococcus [si-to-kok' -us) [/ciTof , cell ; kokkoq, ker-
nel: //., Cytococcil. The nucleus of a cytula.
Cytode [si' -tod) [/cirof, a cell ; sldoQ, form]. In biol-
ogy, a term applied by Haeckel to a non-nucleated
cell. The simplest, most primitive form of cell,
without nucleus or nucleolus ; Haeckel therefore calls
the I\Iotiera cytodes.
Cytoderm [si'-to-derm) [/cyrof, a cell; 6ipfia, skin].
In biology, a cell-wall.
Cytodieresis [si-to-di-er' -es-is) [/cirof, cell ; Sialpeiyig,
division]. The process of cell-division.
Cytogenesis ( si-to-jen' -es-is) [xyrof , a cell ; yeveatc:,
production]. The formation or genesis of the cell, or
of cells.
Cytogenetic [si-to-jen-et'-ik) [/cirof , a cell ; -yeveaic,
production]. Relating to cell-formation.
Cytogenic [si-to-jen' -ik). See Cytogenoiis.
Cytogenous [si-toj' -en-us) [xwrof, a cell ; yevrjc, pro-
ducing]. In biology, producing cells.
Cytogeny [si-toj' -en-e). See Cytogenesis.
Cytoglobin [si-to-glo' -biti) [/ci'rof, a cell ; globus, a ball].
An albuminoid, obtainable in the form of a white,
soluble powder. It forms three per cent, of the pulp
of the lymphatic glands. It is partially convertible
into preglobin.
Cytography [si-tog' -ra-fe) \_x'vTog, a cell ; ypdcpcLV, to
write]. A description of cells.
Cytohyaloplasm [si-to-hi' -al-o-plazm) [/cwrof , a cell ;
iJaAof, transparent ; nTiaafia, formed matter]. Stras-
burger' s name for the reticulum of protoplasm.
Qytoidi [si' -toid) [/<{)rof , cell ; £((50?, likeness]. Resem-
bling a cell.
Cytokinetic [si-to-ki-net'-ik) [/cyrof , a cell ; Kivdv, to
move]. In biology, applied to the phenomena of mo-
tion of plasma or cells ; the opposite of Cytostatic
(Ryder).
Cytolergy [si-toF -er-je) [/ciTof, a cell; £p)ov, work].
Cell-activity.
Cytologist [si-toF -o-jist) \_K.vTog, a cell; Aojof, science].
One who is versed in cytology.
Cytology [si-toF -o-je) [/ci'rof, a cell; "^■6)01;, science].
The science of cell-formation and cell-life.
Cytolysis [si-toF-is-is) [/ctirif, cell ; AiV^f , loosening ;
solution]. Cell-catabolism ; cell-destruction.
Cytometer [si-tom'-et-er) [/cf;r;f, cell; fj-eTpiiv, a measure].
A device for measuring cells.
Cyto-mitoma [si' -to-mi-to' -mah) [/ciOrof , cell ; /(/<rof, a
fiber]. The fibrillar part of a cell-body. See Mitoma.
Cytonergy [si-ton' -er-je). Same as Cytolergy.
Cytopathy [si-top' -atk-e) \_kvto<;, a cell ; Trdliog, disease].
Disease of the living cell.
Cytophagous [si-toff' -ag-ns) \kvtoc^, a cell ; (^ayav, to
devour]. Phagocytic; of the nature of a phagocyte ;
cell-devouring.
Cytophosphatid [si-to-fos-faf -id) [/iyrof , cell ; ^uadio-
poc, Lucifer]. A form of nuclein, containing sulphur
and phosphorus and said to be obtainable from brain-
tissue ; gangliocytin.
Cytoplasm, or Cytoplasma [sF -to-plazm , or si-to-plaz'-
?nah ) [wi'irof, cell ; TrXdafia, anything formed]. In
biology, Dujardin's name for protoplasm , q. v.
Cytoproct [si' -to-prokt ) [/ttjrof , a cell ; Trpu\rdf , the
anus]. In biology, an orifice with anal functions in
the Infusoria. Cf. Cytopyge.
Cytopyge [si-to-pF -je) [swrof, a cell; nvyr/, the rump].
In biology, the anal aperture of a unicellular animal.
Cf. Cytoproct.
Cytostasis [si-tos' -tas-is) \KvToq, cell; oTdotg, stasis].
Stoppage or plugging of the capillaries by the blood-
cells.
Cytostatic [si-to-stat'-ik) [/cirof, a cell; crrar(5f, fixed].
In biology, applied to the static or resting con-
ditions of plasma or cells ; the opposite of Cytokinetic
(Ryder).
Cy\.ostomQ [si' -to-std>7t) [KiVof , a cell ; ardfia, mouth].
In biology, the oral aperture of a unicellular organ-
ism.
Cytotaxis [si-to-taks' -is) [kvto^, a cell; rdf^f, order].
The selective, ordering, and arranging function of a
living cell.
Cytotrophy [si-tof -ro-fe) [/cirof , cell ; rpdcpr], nourish-
ment] . The growth of the cell and sustentation of
cell-life.
Cytozoon [si-to-zo' -on) [/cirof, cell; C^ioi', animal]. A
protoplasmic cell-mass, probably parasitic in nature,
with independent movement ; found by Gaule in de-
fibrinated blood and other structures.
Cyttarhagia [sit-ar-a'-je-ah) \iivTTapoq, cell; pi^yvvvai,
to burst forth]. Hemorrhage from the socket of a
tooth.
Cytula [sit'-u-lali ) \_k.vtoq, a cell]. In biology, an im-
pregnated ovum.
Cytuloplasm [sit' -ii-lo-plazm) \_Kvro<;, a cell ; rr'Aaaaeiv,
to form, mold]. In biology, the mingled ovoplasm
and sper/noplasm in a cytula.
Czermak's Spaces. Certain interglobular spaces in
the body.
Czerny's Operations. See Operations, Table of.
Czerny-Lembert Suture. See Sitture.
Czerny-Schrceder Operation. See Operations, Table
of.
Czoker's Alum Cochineal. A solution for staining
microscopic sections. Boil 7 grams of pulverized
cochineal and 7 grams of alum in 700 c.c. of distilled
water, until the quantity of fluid is reduced to 400 c.c. ;
cool, add a few drops of carbolic acid, and filter.
After standing for a few days filter again, after which
the fluid will be ready for use. See Stains, Table of.
Czumpelitz's Test. See Tests, Table of.
D
352
DACTYLOSYMPHYSIS
D. (Dosis). A dose. In Electro-therapeutics an ab-
breviation of Duration and of Density. In ophthal-
mology the letter is used as an abbreviation of
Dexter and Dioptry. It is also used for detttr, let it
be given.
Da Costa's Disease. See Diseases, Table of.
Dacryadenalgia {liak-re-ad-en-al' -je-aJi) [Ja/fpw, tear;
ai'//i', gland; akyoq, pain]. Pain in a lachrymal
gland.
Dacryadenitis {dak-re-ad-en-i' -tis). See Dacryo-
adeiiitis.
Dacryagogue [ilak' -re-ag-og) [fSd/cpu, tear; hyuyoq,
conducting]. I. Inducing a flow of tears. 2. An
agent that induces a flow of tears.
Dacrycystalgia (dak-re-sis-tal'-je-ah). See Dacryo-
cystalgia.
Dacryelcosis {dak-re-el-ko'-sis) [Jd/cpi), tear ; eTiKuaig,
ulceration]. Ulceration of the lachrymal apparatus.
Dacrygelosis [dak-re-jel-o' -sis^f \6aKpv, tear ; yt Auf
laugliter]. Alternate weeping and laughter.
Dacryhemorrhysis (liak-reh-em-or' -is-is) [(Sd/c/jc, tear ;
ai|Ua, blood; pvoiq, a flow]. The weeping of bloody
tears ; a flow of blood from a lachrymal duct.
Dacryin [dak' -re-in) [Sdnpv, a tear]. A peculiar sub-
stance contained in tears.
Dacryma (dak'-re-mak) \_6aKpvua, a tear: pl.,Dacry-
mata\ A tear ; the lachrymal secretion.
Dacryoadenitis (dak-re-o-ad-en-i' -tis) \fiaKpvov, a tear;
d'S;/i', a gland]. Inflammation of a lachrymal gland.
Dacryoblenorrhea [dak-re-o-blen-or-e'-ah) [fiaKpvov,
a tear; ,iAJvvoi;, mucus; poia, a flow]. Chronic in-
flammation and discharge of mucus from the lachry-
mal sac.
Dacryocele [dak' -re-o-sel, or -se'-lc) [Jd/c/awu', tear ;
Kt/Ar/, hernia]. See Dacryocystocele.
Dacryocyst (dak'-re-o-sist) \6aKpvov, tear ; Kvaric,
cyst]. The lachrymal cyst.
Dacryocystalgia (itak-re-o-sis-tal' -je-aK) \&a.Kpvov ,\.t.z.x ;
Kviru;, cyst ; akyoq, pain]. Pain in a lachrymal sac.
Dacryocystitis {dak-re-o-sis-ti' -tis) [fiaupvov, tear ; Kva-
Tii;, a sac]. Inflammation of a lachrymal sac.
Dacryocystocele (dak-re-o-sist' -o-sel) \_&dKpvov, a tear;
Kvc-ic,, a sac; kz/At?, hernia]. Hernia of a lachrymal
sac.
Dacryocystoptosis [dak-re-o-sis-top-to' -sis) \6aK.pvov, a
tear ; Kvarir^, a cyst ; nTcyaK;, a fall]. Prolapse or
downward displacement of a lachrymal sac.
Dacryohemorrhea {daA-re-o-Aem-or-e'-a/i). See Dae-
rylieinorrhysis.
Dacryoid [dak' -re-oid) [SaKpmv, tear; eWof, form].
Resembling a tear.
Dacryolite [dak' -re-o-ht). See Dacryolith.
Dacryolith [dak' -re-o-lith) [Jd«-pwi', tear ; XSoq, stone].
A lachrymal calculus ; a calcareous concretion in a
lachrymal passage or in the palpebral conjunctiva.
Dacryolithiasis [dak-re-o-lith-i'-as-is) [(Wk/jdov, a tear ;
'k'Snq, a stone]. The morbid condition that is at-
tended by the formation of dacryoliths ; also, the
presence of dacryoliths.
Dacryoma [dak-re-o' -mah) \_^aKp\'(iv, to weep]. I. A
lachrymal tumor. 2. The closure or obstruction of
the puncta lachrymalia, causing epiphora.
Dacryon [dak' -re-on) [(fd/cpnov, a tear]. I. A tear.
2. See Craniometric Points.
Dacryops [dak' -re-ops) \_^aKpvov, tear; 01/1, eye]. I.
A watery eye. 2. Cyst of the duct of a lachrymal
gland.
Dacryoptosis [dak-re-op' -to-sis) \6aKpvov, tear ; -rr-ijoic,
D
a fall]. I. The falling or shedding of tears. 2.
Dacryocystoptosis.
Dacryopyorrhea [dak-re-o-pi-or-e' -ah) \J\dKpmv, a tear ;
TTi'ov, pus; poia, a flow]. A discharge of pus from
the lachrymal apparatus.
Dacryopyosis [dak-re-o-pi-o' -sis) \J^aKpvov, tear ; 'kvov,
pus]. Suppuration in the lachrymal apparatus.
Dacryorrhea [dak-re-or-e'-a/i) \_6dK.pvov, tear ; poia, a
flow]. Excessive discharge of tears.
Dacryosolen [dak-re-o-so' -ten) [fiaKpvov, tear ; auXijv,
pipe]. A lachrymal duct or canal.
Dacryosolenitis [dak-rc-o-so-len-i' -tis) \faKpvov, a tear ;
au/.i/v, a pipe; itl^, inflammation]. Inflammation of
a lachrymal duct.
Dacryostenosis [dak-re-o-ste-no'-sis) [t^dapvov, tear ;
crrfi'df, narrow]. Stenosis or stricture of a lachrymal
duct.
Dacryosyrinx [dak-re-o-sir' -inks) [Jd/cpwv, tear ;
(7/p;}'f ,pipe]. I. A lachrymal fistula. 2. A syringe
for use in the lachrymal ducts.
Dactyl [dak' -til) [(Jd/iTi'Xof , a finger]. A finger or toe;
a digit.
Dactylagra [dak-til-a'-grah) [(Jd/crv/^of, a digit ; dypa,
seizure]. An attack of gout or rheumatism in the
fingers.
Dactylate [dak'-til-dt) [(Sd/trDAof, a finger]. Resem-
bling a finger. Possessing five rays or appendages.
Dactylion [dak-til' -e-on). See Syndactylism.
Dactylitis [dak-til-i' -tis) [paKTvkoq, a finger ; ltlq, in-
flammation]. Inflammation of a finger or toe.
Dactylognathite [dak-til-og-nath' -it) \&dKTv\oq, a
finger ; yvdf)o(;, jaw]. In biology, Milne Edwards'
term for the terminal (distal) joint of one of the foot-
jaws of a crustacean. See Dactylos.
Dactylogryposis [dak-til-o-grip-o' -sis) [rSd/friMof, finger;
ypvTToi;, curved]. Abnormal curvature of the fingers
or toes.
Dactyloid. [dak' -til-oid) [(yd/crn/lof, finger ; tMof, form].
In biology, resembling a finger.
Dactylology [dak-til-ol' -o-je) [(W/crtiAof, finger ; "kbyoq,
speech]. Conversation or talking by the fingers.
Dactylolysis [dak-til-ol' -is-is) [f5d«;™Aof, digit ; Xhai^,
loosening]. The falling off of a finger or toe. D.
spontanea. See Ainkum.
Dactylopatagium [dak-til-o-pat-ag' -e-iim) \J)dKTvXo^,
finger; narayeiov, a border to a woman's gown]. In
biology, that part of the patagium of a bat which is
connected with the digits. Cf. Ectopatagiuin.
Dactylopodite [dak-til-op' -o-dit) [(Jd/cri'Xof, a finger;
TTOi'f, a foot]. See Dactylos.
Dactylopore [dak-til' -o-por) [fidnTvloc, finger; Trdpof,
pore]. In biology, applied to the opening of the
finger-like, or tentacular dactylozoid of certain hydro-
zoans.
Dactylopterus [dak-til-op' -ter-us) [fidKTvAog, finger ;
TTTepov, wing]. In biology, applied to fishes in which
certain of the pectoral fin- rays are separate and finger-
like.
Dactylorhiza [dak-til-or-i'-zah] [SdKTvloc, finger;
p/Cn, root]. A disease of the roots of certain vege-
tables, as turnips.
Dactylos [dak'-til-os) \_6dKTvXo^, a finger]. In biol-
ogy, the seventh joint of any crustacean appendage, as
the dactylognathite and dactylopodite of Milne Edwards.
Dactylospasmus ( dak-til-o-spaz'-iniis ) [ (SdfcruAof, a
digit ; CTvaaiwr, a spasm] . Spasm of a digit.
Dactylosymphysis ( dak-til-o-sim' -fis-is ) {pdKTvkoi;,
finger; a'vv, together; ^v^iv, to grow]. Syndactylism.
DADI GOGO
353
DARWINISM
Dadi Gogo {tia' -de go' -go) [African]. See Gogo.
Daemonomania {de-mo-no-ina'-ne-ah). See Deniono-
maiiia.
Daffy's Elixir. A compound aromatic tincture of
senna. Unof.
Dahlia (dahl' -yah). See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Dajaksch {di'-aksli) [Java]. The arrow-poison used
in Borneo. It is beheved to be distinct from the Java
arrow-poison.
Dakryon ((/3/J''-rf-(7«). See Craniotnefric Points.
Dakryops [ilak' -re-ops). Same as Dacryops.
Dalby's Carminative. An old empiric carminative
and mildly opiate mixture, answering nearly to the
misttira canninativa of the National Formulary. It
contains about two and a half minims of tincture of
opium to the fluidounce.
Dalgarno Alphabet. Glove-alphabet ; a method of
manual communication among deaf-mutes, in which
the letters are indicated by touching various parts of
the hand.
Dallas's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Dalmatian Insect Powder. See Buhach.
Dalton's Theory. The atomic theory of compounds.
Dalton-Henry Law. See Law.
Daltonism [dal' -ton-iztii) \_Dalton, a physician].
Color-blindness. See Blindness.
Dam. See Rubber Datn and Coffer Dam.
Damalic Acid idam-al' -ik ). See Acid.
Damaluric Acid {dam-al-u'-rik). See Acid.
Damiana [dam-e-an'-ah ) . The leaves of Turnera
aphrodisiaca, found in Mexico and Lower California;
a stimulant tonic and said to be a powerful aphrodi-
siac. It is the basis of a great number of quack reme-
dies. D., Ext. Dose gr. ij-x. D., Fid. Ext.
Dose TTLx-^j. Dose of the leaves daily. All
unot.
Dammar [dam'-ar) [Hind. , damar, resin]. A gum or
resin resembling copal, produced by various species
of Dammnra and by various other trees. D., True,
is obtained from the Dam/iiara oricntalis, a coniferous
tree, indigenous in the East Indies, and also from
Dammara anstralis, in New Zealand. The latter
variety is also known as Kauri, or cowdic resin. The
former is the variety commonly called dammar in
commerce. It occurs in masses, coated on the exte-
rior with white powder from mutual attrition, while
the interior is pale-amber colored and transparent. It
is harder than rosin, and splits and cracks at the tem-
perature of the hand. It is used in the manufacture
of varnishes. See Cowdie Gum.
Damp. See Choke-damp ; Black-damp ; Fire-damp.
Damping Apparatus. The union of the tympanic
membrane of the ear with the auditory ossicles acting
as a damper to prevent excessive sympathetic vibra-
tion for its own fundamental note.
Dance [dans] [Fr., danser, to dance]. Any measured
tread or system of steps accompanied by music. Also,
any motion of the body caused by an abnormal
nervous stimulus. D., St. Vitus's. See Chorea. D.
Plague. Synonym of Chorea.
Dancel's Method. See Treatment, Methods of.
Dancer's Cramp. SeeCramp. D. Palsy. See Palsy.
Dancing Mania. See Choromania.
Dandelion [dan' -de-li-on). See Taraxacum.
Gundvafi [dan'-druf). See Seborrhea, Pityriasis, and
Alopecia furfuracea.
Dandy (dan'-de) [Hind., dandi, a boatman]. I. In
India, a kind of stretcher or hammock of canvas with
a bamboo frame. It is serviceable in the transportation
of the sick and wounded. 2. See Colic, Pndemic.
D. Fever. See Dengue.
Danforth's Oil. See Naphtha.
23
Daniell (dan'-yel) [Daniell, an electrician]. A unit of
electric measurements equal to 1.124 volts. D.
Cell. See Cell.
Daniella (clan-e-el' -ah) [Dr. Daniell, a traveler], A
genus of leguminous trees of W. Africa. D. thuri-
fera, the only species of this genus affording olibanum,
or true frankincense.
Dantec, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Table of.
Danube Fever (ilan'-iib fe'-ver). A febrile affection
of remittent or relapsing type observed in sailors and
others that have sailed on and have drunk the water
of the Danube River, characterized by symptoms of
gastro-intestinal derangement, albuminuria, hematuria,
edema, uremic symptoms, profuse perspiration, en-
larged spleen, and nervous symptoms. Its precise
nature is unknown ; possibly it is the same as Malta
fever. Rock fever , Cretan fever, Mediterranean fever.
Daphne (daf'-ne) \_6d(pvii, the laurel]. A genus of thy-
melaceous shrubs, mostly poisonous or acrid. See
Mezei'eon.
Daphnetin (daf -net-in) \&a^vri, the laurel], CgH^O^-)-
H.^0. A substance obtained by the decomposition of
the glucosid It crystallizes in yellow needles
or prisms, melting at 255° C.
Daphnin (daf'-itin) \_6d(j>vti, the laurel], Cj5H](^0(,4-
2H2O. I. A glucosid isomeric with esculin ; it is ob-
tained from the bark of Daphne alpina, and forms
prismatic transparent crystals having a bitter taste
and melting at 200° C. 2. See also Pigtnents, Con-
spectus of.
Darier's Disease. Psorospermose foUiculaire vegetante ;
Keratosis follicularis : Ichthyosis sebacea cornea ; a
disease of the skin commencing on the face or trunk,
but ultimately spreading to other parts of the body,
and characterized by the development of papules of
small size and dirty-red color, with firmly-adherent
grayish-brown, black, or gray horny crusts. These
crusts can be squeezed out of the papules by the
thumb-nails. In some places the lesions may become
confluent. The disease progresses slowly, and the
papules may assume considerable size. Ulceration of
their surfaces may occur, or the tumors may suppurate
en masse. The disease occurs usually in males. Its
etiology is obscure. See Diseases, Table of.
Darnel (dar'-nel). See Lolium.
D'Arsonval's Oven. See Oven.
Dartoic, or Dartoid (dar-io' -ik , or dar'-toid) [rfaprof ,
flayed]. Pertaining to or resembling the dartos. D.
Myoma. See Myoma.
Darton's Test. See Tests, Table of.
Dartos (dar'-tos') [(feprdf, flayed]. The contractile
fibrous layer beneath the skin of the scrotum.
Dartre {dar'-tr) [Fr.]. Any herpetic or other chronic
skin-disease ; a term vaguely used in French and the
older English medical literature.
Dartrous {dar'-trus) [Fr. , dartre\ Of the nature of
tetter or herpes ; herpetic.
Dartsac {darf'-sak). A muscular sac containing a cal-
careous or chitinous dart or rod, opening into the clo-
aca of certain gasteropods. (Helix.)
Darwin's Ducts. See Ducts. D. Ear. See Ear,
Deformities of, Dar-annian Tubercle, and Diseases,
Table of. D. Theory of Heredity. See Heredity.
Darwinian Tubercle. A nodule or eminence some-
times seen on the edge of the helix of the ear ; it is
believed to be a relic corresponding to the point of
an ape's ear.
Darwinism {dar'-'win-izm). [Named after Charles
Darwin, a celebrated naturalist]. The theory of de-
scent by evolution, as modified by the doctrine of the
survival of the fittest. See Neo-Darwinism and
Evolution.
DASTRE-MORAT'S METHOD
354
DEATH
Dastre-Morat's Method. See Anesthetic.
Dasyma [itas' -iin-ak). Same as Hirsitties.
Date-disease. See Aleppo Boil. D. -fever. Syn-
onym of Dengue.
Datisca [Ja-tis'-ka/i) [L.]. A genus of herbs, some-
what alhed to the cacti. D. cannabina, of Asia and
tlie Levant, is antiperiodic and antiscrofulous. D.
glomerata is a CaHfornian species.
Datiscin [ila-tis^-in) [^Datisea^, C,jH.^.,0].2. A starch-
like glucosid from Datisca cannaiina ; it is a good
yellow dye.
Datura [da-tti' -raJi) [Hind., dhatftra, a certain plant].
A genus of Solanacea;, or night-shade family. D.
stramonium. See Stranioniiini. D. tatula, a plant
belonging to the nightshade family, closely resembling
stramonium in its therapeutic and physiologic properties.
It has been smoked with advantage in asthma. Unof
Daturin [da-tii' -rin) [Hind., dhatura, a certain plant].
A poisonous alkaloid from the thorn-apple. See
Atropiji.
Daturism {dat'-ii-rizm) [Hind., dhalilra, a certain
plant]. A morbid condition of mind and body in-
duced by excessive dosing with stramonium [Datiu-a);
stramonium-poisoning. It is nearly or quite identical
with atropism.
Daubenton's Angle. See Angle. D. Line. See
Line. D. Plane. See Plane.
Daughter (daiu'-ter) [AS., dohfor, daughter]. A
female child or descendant. D.-cell. See Cell. D.-
cyst, a cyst formed within a cyst. D. -nuclei. See
Kaiyokinesis. D.-star, an amphiaster. See Karyo-
kinesis.
Dauvergne's Apparatus. An apparatus used for treat-
ing old dislocations of the shoulder.
Davat's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Davidsohn, Pupillary Reflex of. The light reflected
through the pupil in translumination, when the electric
light is held in the mouth.
Daviel's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Davier (</(z//'-T'<?-a) [Fr. ]. A tooth-forceps ; a lion-for-
ceps.
Davies and Dale's Carmin Mass. A warm-flowing
mass for injecting tissues. Digest in a flask for thirty-
six hours, at the ordinary temperature, 11.6 grams of
carmin in a mixture of 15 c.c. of ammonia (0.92
strength) and 1 18 c.c. of water. Filter, and dilute
with water to 472 c.c. Dissolve 38.88 grams of po-
tassium alum in 295 c.c. of water, and add, with con-
stant boiling, a solution of sodium carbonate until a
slight precipitate is produced. Boil and add to the
carmin fluid, shaking vigorously. A drop of the fluid,
when placed on a white filter-paper, should show no
color-ring. Allow it to cool and settle for a day or two,
and draw off the supernatant fluid with a siphon.
Wash, by decantation, until the wash-water ceases to
give a precipitate with barium chlorid. So much
water must be kept with the color that it shall measure
1 1 80 c.c. For use soak 100 grams of gelatin in 750
c.c. of this fluid and melt over a water-bath.
Davies-CoUey Operations. See Operations, Table
of
Davis's (Leon) Sign. See Death.
Davy's Method. See Treatment, Methods of. D.
Operation. See Operations, Table of. D. Tests.
See Tests, Table of.
Day's Test. See Tests, Table of.
Day-Blindness. See Nyctalopia ; also Hemeralopia.
Daymare {da'-»iar). A state of temporary distress
and terror, resembling nightmare, but coming on
when the patient is awake. It is thought to be due to
a diseased state of the blood-vessels of the brain.
Dead ((/fi/) dead, dead]. Without life; desti-
tute of life. D.-born. Still-born. D. Finger. See
Sphaceloderma and Night-palsv. D. -house, a morgue;
an apartment in a public institution for keeping
dead bodies. D. Nettle. See Laminin. D. Voice,
a voice without nasal resonance. The so-called nasal
voice.
Deadly [ded'-le) [AS., dead, dead]. Capable of caus-
ing death; fatal; mortal. D. Nightshade. See
Atropa and Belladonna.
Deaf [def or def) [AS. , </<'4/, deaf ]. Without the
sense of hearing. A condition of impaired hear-
ing. D. -dumbness. See Deaf-mutism. D.-
fields, two small triangular planes, converging toward
the external auditory meatus, and in which the vibrat-
ing tuning-fork is not heard. D.-mute, one who
suffers from deaf-mutism. D. -mutism, a condition
of deafness or impaired hearing, accompanied by im-
perfect development (congenital) , or loss of speech.
D. -points, some points near the ear in which a vibra-
ting tuning-fork cannot be heard.
Deafness (def-nes) [AS., deaf, deaf]. The condition
of being deaf; surdity. D., Boilermakers', chronic
labyrinthine deafness resulting from constant exposure
to loud sounds. Bone-conduction is impaired, and
there are destructive and atrophic changes throughout
the cochleae, most marked at the base. D., Mind.
See D., Psychic. D., Music, a variety of psychic
deafness in which, although musical sounds are heard,
they are not recognized as such. D., Paradoxic,
called also Paracoiisia IVillissii, deafness for speech
in silence, but with ability, e. g., to hear the same
voice in a noisy car or street. This is said to be
caused by compression of the labyrinth. It is a form
of otopiesis. D., Psychic, the deafness from de-
struction of the auditory center (Munk). Sounds are
heard, but not recognized or understood. D., Word,
a variety of psychic deafness in which, although words
be heard, they are not comprehended.
Death {deth) [AS., death, death]. The cessation of
life. D., Apparent, a term applied to a cataleptic
state in which respiration and circulation are so feeble
as to be inappreciable. D., Black, an exceedingly
fatal epidemic called the " Plague," which occurred
in Europe during the 14th century, during which it is
estimated 20,000,000 people died. D. Camass. See
Camass. D., Localized. See D., Somatic. D.,
Molecular, caries ; ulceration. D.-rate, a term
arbitrarily expressing the mortality of a place, based
upon the number of deaths for each 1000 of population
during a period of one year. D. -rattle, the pe-
culiar sound produced by the passage of air through
mucus in the throat of a dying person. D., Signs
of, certain indications of death, such as cessation of
the heart's action, and respiration, vigor of the body,
healthiness of the tissues, etc. See D., Tests of. D.,
Somatic, death of the organism as a whole, in dis-
tinction from localized D., or necrosis, and gangrene.
D., Tests of: Dr. Richardson summarizes the more
important as: I. Absence of the pvdsation of the heart.
2. Absence of the respiratory murmur. 3. Pressure
on veins {Fillet test). 4. Electric test for muscular
irritability. 5. The ammonia hypodermatic test
{Monteverde'' s sign). 6. Coagulation of the blood in
the veins. 7. Rigor mortis. 8. Decomposition.
Balfour's Test, a test for the action of the heart in
apparent death. He proposed sticking into the skin
over the heart needles having little paper flags fixed in
their blunt ends. Should there be contraction of the
heart-muscle, such movement would be commu-
nicated to the paper flags. Cloijtief s Needle Test,
a bright needle plunged into the body of the
biceps muscle and left there for a time ; then ex-
DEBILITANT
355
DECIDUA
amined for signs of oxidation. If found, life is pre-
sent. Davis's [Leon) Sign, after death the arteries
are pale or yellowish, and empty of blood,
whilst during life the vessels pulsate, and have
the color of the surrounding tissues. Diaphanous
Test, the scarlet - red color of the finger - edges
when held toward the light, due, if life exists, to
the blood circulating through the tissues. The
scarlet tint does not appear if life is extinct. The test
is not to be relied on in all cases, as in syncope the
red coloration may be absent. Fillet Test : Richard-
son's Test, a fillet applied to the veins of the arm will
not cause filling of the veins on the distal side of the
fillet if death be present. Fotiberf s Test consists in
cutting through one of the intercostal spaces and feeling
the heart with the point of the finger. Laborde'' s Sign.
Same as Cloquef s Needle Test. Larcher^s Sign, soon
after death the conjunctiva exhibit externally gray,
cloudy discolorations, that rapidly become black. They
are due either to the formation of films of mucus, or to
cadaveric imbibition dependent on putrefactive changes.
Levasseur' s Sign, the application of a scarificator and
cupping-glass will fail to draw blood if life has been ex-
tinct for some hours. Magnus's Sign, if a finger be
tightly bound round with a ligature, the part beyond
the constriction will, if the person be living, become
bright red, the tint increasing in depth until it finally
assumes a unifomily bluish-red color. At the spot,
however, where the ligature is applied, a narrow
white ring becomes visible. No change results from
the application of the ligature if life be extinct. Moi-
teverde' s Sign, the injection subcutaneously during life
of a little ammonia solution will be followed by a
port-wine congestion in surrounding parts, which does
not take place in case of death. Ripault Sign, during
life the circular shape of the pupil is influenced by
external pressure only during its actual application.
After life, however, external pressure is capable of
permanently affecting the normal roundness of the
pupillary aperture. D. Trance, trance that closely
resembles death.
Debilitant [de-bil' -it-ant) \_debilitare, \.o vitaktn]. I.
Weakening. 2. A medicine that weakens.
Debility [de-bil' -it-e). See Astketiia.
Debove's Membrane, ^te Aleiiibrane. D. Method.
See Tveattnent, Methods of.
Debridement (da-bred' -tnon(g)) [Fr., debridement'].
The enlarging of a gunshot wound or a hernia with the
knife; the slitting of any constricting tissue or band.
Debrunner's Tests. See Tests, Table of.
Decacerous [de-kas' -er-us) [fiima, ten ; Kcpac, horn].
In biology, having ten horn-like processes, tentacles
or arms.
Decagram (dek' -a-grani) [(Seko, ten; ypafijia, a certain
weight]. Ten grams or 1 54. 32349 grains, 0.353 ounce
avoirdupois, or 0.3215 ounce troy. See Aletric System.
Decagynous (dek-aj'-in-us) [tSf/ca, ten ; yvvr/, female].
In biology, with ten pistils.
Decalcification (de-kal-sif-ik-a'-shun) \_de priv.; calx,
lime; farere, to make]. The loss of the lime-consti-
tuent of bone in some cases of osteitis.
Decalcified Bone-Drain. A drainage-tube made of a
decalcified chicken-bone.
Decalcify (de-kal'-sif-i) \_de priv. ; ealx, lime; faccre,
to make] . To remove lime-salts from tissues previously
to section-cutting for histologic examination. An acid is
usually combined with a hardening agent to prevent
swelling of the tissues. The best decalcifying fluids
are Arsenious Acid, Chromic Acid, Hydrochloric Acid,
Exner's Solution, Hydrochloric Acid and Glycerin,
Nitric Acid, Nitric Acid and Chromic Acid, Picric
Acid. See Reagents and Stains, Table of.
Decalcifying Fluid (ile-kal'-sif-i-ingflu'-id). A solu-
tion used for the purpose of depriving tissue of its
calcium salts. Chromic acid I gram, water 200 c.c. ,
then add 2 c.c. nitric acid, — is commended.
Decaliter, Decalitre (dek' -a-le-ter) \6kKa, ten ; 'khpa,
a pound]. Ten liters, or 2\ imperial gallons, or 2.64
U. S. gallons. See Aletric System.
Decalvant [de-kal' -vant) \_decalvans, depilatory]. Re-
moving hair ; depilatory ; causing baldness.
Decamerous (dek-am' -er-us) \6kKa, ten ; fJ,ipog, a part].
In biology, ten-parted, as a flower.
Decameter, Decametre (dek' -a-me-ter) [df/cn, ten ;
jii-pov, a measure]. Ten meters or 393.7 English
inches, or 32.8 feet. See Metric System.
De Candolle, Canal of. See Canal.
Decandrous (deh-an'-drus) \_dtKa, ten; avi/p, male].
In biology, having ten stamens.
D ecane (dek' -an) [HiKa, ten], CjqHj^. A hydrocarbon
of the paraffin series.
Decantation (de-kan-ta' -shwi) \de, down ; cantus, a
side]. The operation of removing the supernatant
fluid from a sediment. It may be poured off by means
of a guiding-rod, or drawn off by means of a siphon.
Decapetalous (dek-ap-et'-al-its) \_6eKa, ten ; TTeraAov, a
leaf]. In biology, having ten petals.
H&c&'phyWons (dek-af'-il-ics) [6ei<a,\.en; 0r/Ao;', a leaf].
In biology, ten-leaved.
Decapitation (de-kap-it-a'-shiin) \_de, from ; caput,
head]. Division of the neck of the child in labor,
when delivery and version are both impossible. This
is sometimes called decollation.
Decapitator (de-kap'-it-a-tor) \de, from ; caput, head].
An instrument used in performing decapitation.
Decapod (dek'-a-pod) [6!;m, ten ; irorg (ttocS-), foot]. In
biology, having ten feet, rays, or arms.
De Cassis' Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Decay (de-ka') [(/i.', down; caderc, to fall]. I. Putre-
factive change. 2. The ultimate catabolic state ; de-
cline of life, of health, or of any one or more func-
tions.
Dece's Operations. See Operations, Table of.
Decentered Lens (de-sen' -terd lenz). i. A lens thicker
at one side than at the other. 2. A lens so mounted
that the visual line does not pass through its center.
Decentration (de-sen-tra'-shun) \_de, from; centrum, a
center]. Removal from a center.
Decephalization (de-sefal-iz-a' -shun) [_de, away from ;
K£0a?.?/, head]. In biology, applied to retrograde
changes or simplification in the head parts.
Decerebrated (de-ser' -e-bra-ted) \_di , from; cerebrum,
the brain]. Deprived of the cerebrum; said of birds
and other animals that have been thus vivisected for
observational study.
De Chaumont's Formula. A fonnula for determining
the volume of pure air necessary to maintain a certain
standard of purity in the atmosphere. It is as follows :
d = ^ ; d — the volume of air to be delivered per
hour in cubic feet ; e = the quantity of CO., that each
person is assumed to evolve per hour ; p = the amount
of impurity in a cubic foot of air.
Decidua (de-sid' -u-ah) \deciduus, a falling off]. The
membranous envelop of the ovum derived from the
mother and cast off at birth with the placenta, etc.
D., Ovular. See D. reflexa. D., Placental. See
D. serotina. D. reflexa, that part of the decidua
growing about the ovum and enclosing it as a sac.
D. serotina, that part of the decidua vera upon which
the ovum lies, and from which the placenta is subse-
quently formed. D., Uterine. .See D. vera. D.
vera, the thickened, vascular, spongy mucous mem-
brane of the gravid uterus.
DECIDUAL
356
DEELIN^ OLEUM
Decidual {de-sid' -u-al) [deciduus, a falling off].
Belonging to the decidua. D. Cells, a proliferation
of young connective-tissue cells above the uterine
glands, taking place after the ovum is impregnated,
and producing an hypertrophy of the mucous mem-
brane of the uterus. D. Endometritis. See
Endometritis.
Deciduoma (de-sid-u-o' -mah) \_deciduus, a falling off;
fl//a, a tumor: //. Decidiiomata\. An intra-uterine
neoplasm, containing decidual rehcs, and believed to
arise from some hyperplasia of a retained portion of
the decidua.
Deciduous {de-sid' -u-us) \de, away, from; cadere,\.oi2XY\.
In biology, falling off. Applied to leaves that fall in
autumn, and to the caly.x and corolla when they fall
off before the fruit develops. In dental anatoroy, ap-
plied to the milk-teeth or temporary teeth. D. Skin.
See Keratolysis. D. Teeth, the temporary teeth or
milk-teeth are so called because, after subserving the
purposes of early childhood, they are removed by an
operation of the economy, to give place to others of
a larger size and of a more solid texture. See Teeth,
Temporary.
Decigram [des' -e-grani) \decimus , tenth ; gramma,
gram]. One-tenth of a gram or 1. 54 grains troy.
See Metric System.
Deciliter {des' -e-le-ter) \_dcci?iins, tenth; iitra, liter].
One-tenth of a liter, or 3.52 English fluidounces or
3.38 U. S. fluidounces. See Metric System.
Decimeter {des' -e-me-ter) \_decimus, tenth ; fierpov, a
measure]. One-tenth of a meter, or 3.937 inches.
See Metric System.
Decinormal {des-e-nor'-mal) [^decimus, tenth; tiorma,
normal]. Having one-tenth the strength of the
normal, as a solution.
Deck Plug {dek' plug). A short wooden cylinder that
may be of various sizes, used by ship-builders, and
employed in pathologic laboratories for making
paper boxes in which the specimens may be embed-
ded. A strip of thin paper is wound around the plug
and held in place by a rubber band, sufficient paper
projecting above to form a cylindric box with a wooden
bottom.
Declinate {dek' -lin-dt) \de, down ; clinare, to bend].
In biology, bent downward.
Declination {dek-lin-a' -shun) [declinare, to decline].
The dip of the magnetic needle.
Declinator {dek'-lin-a-tor) \_declinare, to decline]. An
instrument for keeping the dura out of harm's way
during the act of trephining.
Decline {de-klin') \_declinare, to bend]. A marked
deterioration ; . weakness of the body ; an enfeebling
chronic state of disease : the decreasing stage, as of a
fever. Also a popular term for Piilnumary tuberculosis.
Declivis cerebelli {de-kli'-vis ser-e-bel'-i) [L.]. The
sloping posterior aspect of the monticulus of the cere-
bellum.
Decoction {de-kok'-shun) \_decoquere, to boil down]. A
decoction, or '• tea." In pharmacy, a liquid prepara-
tion obtained by boiling vegetable substances in water.
Tliere are two official decocta, besides one in the
national formulary, and twelve in the British phar-
macopeia.
Decoctum {de-kok' -turn) [L. : //. , Decocta\ A de-
coction.
Decollated {de-kol'-a-ted) [_de, away, from ; collum,
neck]. In biology, applied to univalve shells the
apices of which have been lost ; beheaded.
Decollation {de-kol-a'-shun'). See Decapitation.
Decollator {de-kol'-a-tor) \_decollare, to behead]. An in-
strument used in embryotomy for decapitating the fetus.
Decoloration {de-kul-or-a' -shun) \decolorare , to deprive
of color]. The operation of discharging the color of
an organic substance, usually by bleaching or by
filtration through animal charcoal.
Decolorize {de-kul' -or-iz) \_decolorare, to deprive of
color]. To remove the excess of coloring-matter
from stained histologic preparations, for purposes of
differentiation.
Decomposition {de-kom-po-zish' -uii) \_decomponere, to
decompose]. The separation of the component prin-
ciples of a body, either by chemic analysis or by
putrefactive fermentation.
Decompound ((/£'-/^ti/«''-/o2/«(/) \_de, away, from ; com-
posilus, compound]. In biology, many times com-
pound, as certain leaves.
Decongestive {de-kon-jes'-tizi) \de, from ; congerere, to
bring together]. Relieving congestion.
Decortication {de-kor-tik-a' -shun) \_de, from ; cortex,
the bark], i. The operation of removing or stripping
the bark or husk of a plant. 2. The stripping off of
portions of the cortical svibstance of the brain from the
summits of the gyri. This lesion is often witnessed in
post-mortem examinations of the brain after death
from paretic dementia, and is partly due to the ab-
normal adhesion of the gray matter to the meninges.
Decrepit {de-krep' -it) \_decrepitus, old]. Broken down
with age.
Decrepitation {de-krep-it-a' -shun) \_decrepitare, to
crackle]. The crackling noise made by certain
crystalline bodies when their water of crystallization
is driven off by heat. It is caused by the conversion
of the imprisoned water into steam.
Decrepitude {de-krep' -it-ad) \_decrepitus , decrepit].
The state of being decrepit ; senility ; the feebleness
of old age.
Decrescent {de-kres'-ent) \_decrescej-e, to decrease]. In
biology, gradually tapering or diminishing from below
upward.
Decubitus {de-ku' -bit-us) \_decumbere, to lie down]. A
term denoting a recumbent or horizontal position.
Also, the position of a sick person while in bed. D.,
Acute, a form of bed-sore, sometimes seen in con-
nection with cerebral lesions.
Decumbent {de-kum' -bent) \_de, down ; cumbere, to
lie]. In biology, bent to one side; reclining.
Decurrent {de-kur' -cut) \_de, down ; currere, to run].
In biology, applied to leaves that are prolonged down
the side of the stem below the point of their insertion.
Decussate {de-kits' -at) \_decussatus, cxo'ii\ In biology,
arranged in pairs that successively cross each other.
To intersect. A term applied to nerve-fibers and to
muscle fibers that interlace.
Decussatio {de-kus-a'-she-o) [L.]. A crossing. D.
pontinalis, in the pons, a decussation of tegmental
fibers from the thalamus.
Decussation {de-kus-a' -shun) [(/<v«j.raz'/«), a crossing].
A chiasma or X-shaped crossing, especially of nerves,
or of nerve-filaments. The principal decussations are
that of the optic 7ien'e, and that of the pyramids : i. e.,
of the anterior pyramids of the oblongata.
Decussorium {de-kus-o' -re-iim) [L.]. An instrument
for depressing the dura after the operation of trephin-
ing, so as to facilitate the removal of pus, blood, or
abnormal effusions.
Dedentition {de-den-tish'-iui) \de, down ; deiis, a
tooth]. The shedding of the teeth, especially the
milk-teeth.
Dedolation {ded-o-la' -shun) \_dedolatio, a hewing off].
The removal of a slice by cutting ; a wound by which
a part is cut off.
Deduplication \de-dn-plik-a' -shun) \deduplicare, to
divide in two]. In biology, the same as Chorisis, q. v.
Deelinae Oleum. A highly refined petroleum oil manu-
DEEMETINIZE
357
DEGRADATION
factured on the Dee River. It is said to be valuable
as a local application in eczema, etc. Unof.
Deemetinize (de-ein-et'-in-lz). To deprive ipecacuanha
of its emetic principle, emetin.
Deep (i/f/) [ME. , (/(T^t']. Not superficial ; not situated
near the surface. Ste. Pi'ofiii2diis. D. Reflexes. See
Rejit'xes, Table of. D. Water, water obtained from a
porous substance beneath the first impervious stratum.
Deer-berry (lier' -ber-e'). A popular name for Gaiiltluria
proiumbens.
Defatigatio [de-fat-ig-a'-she-o) [L.]. Over-fatigue;
overstrain, as of the heart-muscle. D. mentis, brain-fag.
Defecation (def-ek-a' -shim) [</ty</:Vrt ;-<.', to separate from
the dregs]. The evacuation of the bowe.ls, or dis-
charge of feces.
Defect (de-fect') \_defectus, a failure]. A lack or fail-
ure ; absence of any part or organ ; absence or failure
of a normal function.
Defemination ((ie-fem-in-a' -shu>i). See Eviration.
Defensive Proteids. Hankin's name for those sub-
stances formed in the bodies of animals that render
them immune to certain diseases. See also Sozi?!.,
Phylaxin, Mycosozin, Toxosozin, Alycophylaxin, Toxo-
phylaxin, Alexin.
Deferent [def^-er-ent) [deferens, carrying avi^ay]. Car-
rying away or down ; efferent. See Vas.
Deferentitis (def-er-en-ti'-tis) [deferens, carrying away ;
iTi^, inflammation]. Inflammation of a vas deferens.
Defervescence [de-fer-ves' -ens) [defervescere, to cease
boiling]. A term applied to periods during the course
of fevers in which the temperature falls.
Defibrillation [dc-fi-bril-a' -slnai) \_de, from ; fibrilla,
a small fiber] . The tearing of the brain-substance in
the direction of the least resistance, in order to make
cleavage-preparations.
Defibrination [de-Ji-brin-a' -shwt) [de, from; fibra, a
fiber]. The removal of fibrin from blood or lymph.
Definition [def-in-isli'-iin] [definitio ; definire, to bound
by limits]. In optics, the power- of an object-glass to
show clear outlines of area or structure, free from ab-
erration or distortion.
Defixus (de-Jiks' -US') [defigere, to fasten]. Impotent;
sexually powerless ; an old term based upon the idea
of a spell wrought by an enemy being the cause of
the condition indicated.
Deflagration [def-lag-j-a^ -shun) [deflagrare, to be con-
sumed]. A sudden, violent combustion, such as
accompanies the oxidation of certain inorganic sub-
stances by mixing with an easily decomposing salt,
such as the alkaline chlorates and nitrates.
Deflex (de-fleks') [deflextis, to turn aside]. In biology,
to bend down.
Deflorate (ile-flo' -rat) [defloratus, to deprive of flow-
ers]. In biology, said of a plant or anther that has
lost its pollen or flowers, or is past the flowering state.
Defloration (def-lo-ra' -shiui) [de, from ; flora, a
flower]. On the part of the female the first sexual
connection effected by consent, not by rape. The loss
of those marks or features that indicate virginity, as
rupture of the hymen.
Defluvium capillorum {de-flu' -ve-um kap-il-or' -uin).
Synonym of Alopecia simplex.
Defluxion (de-fliik'-shun') [defluxio : de, down ; flitere,
to flow]. I. A catarrh ; a descent of the humors or
secretions. 2. A rapid falling, as of the hair or eye-
brows.
Defcedatio MTi^\i.\\XTCL{de-fe-da' -she-o un' -g^ve-ian) [L.,
" Fouling of the nails"]. Excessive thickness, with
foul appearance of the nails, which often become partly
detached from the matrix.
Defoliate (de-fo'-le-at ) [de priv. ; folium, a leaf]. To de-
stroy the leaves of a plant, or to cause them to drop oft".
Deforestation [de-for-es-ta' -shun) [de , down ; foresta,
a forest]. The stripping of a country or district of
its forests, a process that has a direct influence upon
the public health for good or for evil.
Deformation (de-for-ma'-shun) [deformere, to disfigure
or distort]. A process by which the body or any of
its parts acquires an abnormal shape.
Deformity {de-form' -it-e) [deformitas, a deformity].
Abnormal shape or structure of a body or any part.
D., Anterior. See Lordosis.
Defunctionalization {de-fuuk-shiui-al-iz-a'-shun) . Fail-
ure or deprival of a function.
Degasify (de-gaz'-ifi) [de priv. ; gas"]. To expel
from wood, coal-tar or other substance all moisture
and gaseous material, by means of the application of
heat.
Degener's Test. See Tests, Table of.
Degeneration {de-jen-er-a' -shun) [degenerare, to dift'er
from ancestors]. Deterioration, degradation, or retro-
gression of the molecular or cellular structure of a
tissue, organ, or cell, so that it can no longer maintain
its function ; passage from an anastate to a catastate,
or from one catastate to a lower one. Atrophy is a
form of degeneration. D., Amyloid or D., Albu-
minoid, now regarded as an infiltration from without,
and not as a degeneration of the proper cells and
fibers. See Albuminoid Disease. D., Ascending,
that which takes place in centripetal fibers after a de-
structive lesion of the spinal cord. D., Atheromatous.
See Endarteritis, Chronic. D., Black. Synonym of
Melanosis and of Anthracosis. D., Calcareous, the
deposition of insoluble compounds of calcium and
magnesium within the tissues. Caseation. See Casea-
tion. Cloudy Swelling. See Cloudy S-cvelling. D.,
Colloid, akin to mucoid, the disorganized material
becoming of a structureless, semi-solid, jelly-like con-
sistence. D., Descending, that which takes place
in the centrifugal fibers of the cord after a destructive
lesion between the centra! cortex and the anterior
nerve-roots. D., Fatty, the conversion of the proteids
of a cell or fiber into oil. D., Fibroid, the substi-
tution of fibrous for a higher grade of tissue. D.,
Glassy, the halo-granular change of the heart-muscle
seen in fevers. D., Gray, in nervous tissue a de-
generation due to chronic inflammation, and charac-
terized by the production of a gray color. D.,
Hyaline, the disorganized tissue becomes shining
and translucent. D., Hydropsic, a form of de-
generation in which the degenerating cells imbibe
large quantities of water. D., Lardaceous. See
Albuminoid Disease. D., Mucoid, hyper-secretion
followed by disorganization of the mucus-cells. D.,
Reaction of. See Reaction of Degeneration. D.,
Senile, the widely disseminated degenerative changes,
largely fibroid in character, that mark old age. D.,
System, degeneration of a system of fibers, in con-
tradistinction to insular or scattered degeneration.
D,, Waxy. See Albuminoid Disease. D., Zenker's.
Same as D., Glassy.
Deglutable (deg-lut'-a-bl) [deglutitio, a swallowing ;
ME., able, capable]. Capable of swallowing, or of
being swallowed.
Deglutitio impedita {de-glu-tish'-e-o im-pe-di' -tah).
Synonym of Dysphagia.
Deglutition [deg-lu-tish'-un) [deglutitio, a swallowing] .
The act of swallowing.
Degmus {deg'-mus) [(^//yfjijc, a sting; pain]. A
gnawing pain in the stomach.
Degradation {deg-rad-a' -shun) [degradatio, a. descent
by steps]. Gradual physiologic and histologic change
for the worse ; degeneration ; retrograde . metamor-
phosis.
DEGRAS
358
DELIRIUM
Degras (de'-gras). See Leather.
Degrease (de-gres'^ [Fr-, degraisse!-\. To remove fat,
as from bones in the preparation of slceletons.
Degreasing [de-gres' -ing) [Fr., degyaisser\. Removing
the fat, as from bones.
Degree [de-gi-e') [(/t', from ; ^;v?(/«5, a step]. Position
in a graded series ; quality. The units or intervals of
thermometric scales. Also, a charter or testimonial
of qualification granted by a medical or other college.
In trigonometry the -^^-^ part of the arc of a circle.
Degut [de-giV') [Russ.]. Birch oil or tar. See Bi'reA.
Dehio's Method. A method of outlining the stomach.
About a quart of water is introduced in separate quan-
tities of a half-pint each, and after the ingestion of each
portion, the lower crescentic limit of flatness against
the tympanitic transverse colon is outlined. The
normal stomach with this additional weight will not
quite reach the level of the umbilicus, while in case
of dilatation its descent will be rapid and considerable.
Dehisce {de-Zi/V) [^de, off; hiscere,\.o gape]. In bi-
ology, to split open. Applied to the splitting open of
anthers to shed their pollen, of antheridia to set free
their antherozoids, of sporangia to shed their spores,
of certain fruits to shed their seeds, etc. ,
Dehiscence (de-his'-ens) \de, off ; hiscere, to gape or
yawn]. In biology, the act of dehiscing or splitting
open.
Dehorn \de, away from; ME., honi\. To deprive
cattle of their horns.
Dehumanization (de-hu-man-iz-a' -shiiit) \_de, from;
huiiianiis, human]. I. The loss of the proper char-
acteristics of humanity, either by insane persons, or
by debased criminals. 2. The supposed loss of some
quality pertaining to the human species ; as in the
alleged dehumanization of vaccine virus.
Dehydration (de-hi-dra' -shiui) \_d<', away from ; vSi^p
water]. The necessary removal of water from
microscopic preparations previously to clearing and
mounting in balsam. Absolute alcohol is generally
best ; anilin is used in special cases in which alcohol
is inadmissible. 96 per cent, alcohol will answer if
xylol or cedar oil be used as the clearing-agent, and
should always be used with celloidin sections. It is
also called Anhydration.
Deiters' Cells. Certain cellular structures between the
outer hair-cells of the organ of Corti. Also certain
nucleated cells at the intersection of the fibers of the
white substance of nerves. Deiters' Cells (spider-
cells) are also found in the neuroglia, especially in that
of diseased brain-tissue. D. Nucleus, a nucleus lying
in the direct sensory cerebellar tract of the medulla
oblongata. Its function is unknown. See Nucleus
magno-cellularis. D. Process, the process of a nerve-
cell, that goes to form an axis-cylinder.
Dejection [de jek'-s/iuii) \_dejectio: de, down; jacere,
to throw]. The discharge of fecal or other excremen-
titious matter; the matter so discharged. Also, a
state of despondency.
Dejectiones nigrae [de-jek-she-o'-nez ni'-gre) [L.].
Synonym of Alelena.
Dekagram [dek'-a-grain). See Decagratn.
Dekaliter (dek' -a-le-ter). See Decaliter.
Dekameter [dek'-a-me-te?-). See Decameter.
Del Toro's Operation. See Operations^ Table of.
Delafield's Hematoxylin. "Aee Hematoxylin and Stains.
Delagarde's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Delamination [de-latn-in-a' -shun') \_de, away ; lamina,
a thin metal plate]. In biology, applied to the split-
ting of the blastoderm into two layers.
De la Rue's Method. A method of preparing carminic
acid. Exhaust cochineal in boiling water. Precipi-
tate the extract with plumbic acetate slightly acidulated
with acetic acid, care being taken not to add an excess
of the lead. Wash the precipitate with distilled water
until the wash-water ceases to give a precipitate with
mercuric chlorid ; then decompose it with hydrogen
sulphid ; filter, evaporate the filtrate to a syrupy con-
sistence on a water-bath, and dry ; extract the dark-
purple product with alcohol, which dissolves out the
carminic acid. See Stains, Table of.
De Laval Method. See Lactocrite Method.
Delayed Symptoms. See Shock, Deferred.
'De\e\srio\is [del-et-e'-re-us) [(y^/AT^rz/ptof, hurtful]. Hurt-
ful, injurious.
Delffs' Tests. See Tests, Table of
Delhi Boil [del' -he boil). See Furttnculus orientalis.
Delicate (del'-ik-at) \_delicatus, delicate]. Of a refined
constitution. Feeble. In a condition of poor health.
Deligation [del-ig-a'-shun) \_deligatio, a binding]. Li-
gation, as of an artery; bandaging, as of a wound.
De Lignerolle's Operation. See Operations, Table
of.
Deliquescence {del-ik-7ves' -ens) \deliquescere, to melt
away]. The breaking down as a result of the ab-
sorption of water from the atmosphere, characteristic
of certain substances. Such substances are said to be
Iiyg roscopic.
Deliquescent {del-ik-wes'-ent) \_deliquescere, to melt
away]. In biology, dissolving ; applied to a stem that
divides into branches.
Deliquium [del-ik' -we-um) [L.]. An absence. D.
animi. I. Failure of the mind; mental decay ; melan-
choly; lowness of the spirits. 2. Syncope or fainting.
Delirament (de-lir' -am-ent) \deliramentum, delirium].
Delirium.
Deliration (de-lir-a' -shun) \_Deliratio, delirium]. De-
lirium.
Deliriant [de-lir' -e-ant) \de, out of; lira, the furrow].
An agent that acts on the brain, so as to disorder the
mental faculties and produce confusion of will-power.
Delirifacient [de-lir-e-fa'-she-ent) \_delirium, delirium;
facere, to make]. Producing delirium.
Delirious [de-lir' -e-us) \_delirus, mad, raving]. Af-
fected with delirium ; wandering in mind.
Delirium [de-lir' -e-um) [^delirium, madness]. A dis-
turbance of the cerebral functions manifested by im
paired action of the nerve-centers, characterized by
hallucinations, an incoherence of speech, a staggering
gait, etc. D., Alcoholic. -See D. tremens. D.
ambitiosum, a condition of boastfulness that is some-
times manifest in the course of paretic dementia. D.
cordis, a peculiar condition of the myocardium re-
sulting when chloroform vapor is administered above
a certain point of concentration. The myocardium
fails to contract and rapidly becomes insensitive to
stimulation, being thrown only into fibrillary contrac-
tion. A heart once so dilated beyond the point of its
ability to re-contract never recovers, and death results.
D. ebrositatis. See D. tremens. D., Febrile,
the delirium of fever. D. furibundum, acute ma-
nia. D. of Grandeur, delirium ambitiosum. D.
mussitans, low, muttering delirium. D. nervosum,
the delirium following severe surgical operations, or
injuries. D. palignosticum, that in which the pa-
tient asserts that he has been before in a place to
which he has come for the first time. D. persecu-
tionis, that in which the patient imagines himself
the object of persecution. D. potatorum, synonym
of D. tremens. D., Senile, the delirium of old age;
dotage. D., Toxic, the delirium caused by poisons.
D. tremens, the delirium arising from alcoholic pois-
oning, and usually following some acute sickness,
overwork, or the shock consequent upon an injury
or surgical operation. It is characterized by constant
DELITESCENCE
359
DENDRITIC
tremor, great exhaustion, distressing illusions and
hallucinations. D. vigilans. See D. tremens.
Delitescence {del-it-es' -ejis) \_delitescere, to lie hid].
The sudden disappearance of inflammation by resolu-
tion. Also, the period of incubation of the virus of
contagious diseases, such as smallpox, etc.
Delivery [de-Uv' -er-e) [Er., delivrer ; delibemre, to set
free]. Parturition, childbirth. D., Post-mortem,
the birth of a fetus after the death of the mother,
from an accumulation of gases in the uterine cavity.
Delomorphous [dcl-o-mor' -fiis) [(S?/Aof , conspicuous ;
//opei//, form] . With open or conspicuous form. D.
Cells of Rollet, collections of large, oval, or angular,
well-defined, granular, reticulated, nucleated cells,
between the membrana propria and the adelomorphous
cells of the fundus glands of the gastric mucous mem-
brane. They are called, also. Parietal Cells of
Heidenhain, or Oxyntic Cells of Langley. The
secretory part of the tubes is lined by cells called
Adelomorphous, Central, or Principal Cells.
Delore's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Delpech's Operations. See Operations , Table of.
Delphin (ilel' -fin). Same as Delphinin.
Delphini Oleum [del-fi^-ni o'-le-iim) [L.]. The oil of
the common porpoise, Phoccena communis. It is said
to have all the medicinal virtues of cod-liver oil,
without the disagreeable qualities of the latter.
Delphinin (del' -fin-in) \_6t'k(i}ivt(>v , larkspur], Cj^H^^-
NO.^. A poisonous alkaloid from Staphisagria. See
St a pit isagria .
Delphinium [del-fin' -e-tim). See Staphisagria.
Delphinoidin [del-fin-oid' -in) [fieTuplviov , larkspur;
fZrJof, like]. An amorphous alkaloid derived from
Stavesacre.
Delphisin ((/(?/^-;?^-/«) [i-Je/l^/j'foi', larkspur], C^^H^^N.^Og.
An alkaloid of Stavesacre occMrring in crystalline tufts.
Delta [del'-tah) [rff'/lra, the fourth letter of the Greek
alphabet]. The vulva, from its triangular shape. D.
mesoscapulse, the triangular area at the root of the
spine of the scapula.
Deltidium [liel-tid' -e-um) [the Greek letter A, 8k7.Ta\.
In biology, applied to the triangular space on a brach-
iopod shell, between the beak and the hinge.
Deltoid [del'-toid) \_delta, the Greek letter A; el<)o<:,
likeness]. Having the shape of a delta, or a triangular
form, as the D. Muscle. See Muscles, Table of.
Delusion (de-lu' -zhun) \_de, from; liisiis, play]. A
false judgment of objective things, as distinguished
from illusion and hallucination. It is the result of an
abnormal condition of the brain. A delusion may be
systematized or unsystematized, the former being the
more serious and met with in the chronically insane.
Delusional (de-lu' -zhim-al) \_delnde?-e, to delude]. Of
the nature of a delusion ; characterized by delusions.
D. Stupor. See Insanity, Confiisional .
Demarcation (de-mark-a' -shun) \_demarcare, to set the
bounds of]. A line of separation, as between gan-
grenous and healthy tissue.
Demarquay's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Demembration ((le-mem-bra' -shun) \_de?fie!nbrare, to
deprive of a limb or limbs]. The cutting off of a
member ; amputation ; castration.
Dement {de' -ment) \demens, insane]. An insane per-
son ; one who is demented.
Dementia [de-men' -slie-ak) \_de, out of; mens, the
mind]. A mild form of insanity marked by imper-
fect conception, illogical sequence of expression, loss
of reflection, and impaired perception. There is par-
tial loss of self-control and self-respect. Dementia is
often a final stage of other forms of insanity. It is
described under the various forms of secondary,
senile, organi'c, and alcoholic. There is a general
atrophy of the brain-substance, with a compensatory
thickening of the brain-membranes, and an increase
of the fluid of the brain and of the neuroglia.
Demersal, or Demersed [de-mer'-sal, or de-merst')
\_demersus, plunge into]. In biology, growing beneath
the surface of water, as the eggs of the catfish.
Demi- [dem'-e-). A Latin prefix denoting one-half.
Demilune Cells [dctn' -c-lun selz) \_demiius ,\LsXi ; luna,
moon], iitt Cell. D. C. of Adamkiewicz. A pecu-
liar form of nerve-corpuscle lying below the neuri-
lemma of medullated nerve-fibers ; it is stained yellow
by safranin. D. C. of Heidenhain, half-moon shaped
bodies lying between the cells and the membrana
propria of the alveolus in the salivary glands.
Demme, Bacillus and Micrococcus of. See Bac-
teria, Synonyijiatic Table of.
Demnia [dem' -ne-ah) \_6kiiviov, a bed]. In biology,
the subgenital cavities found in the Discomeduscc ;
they are also called respiratory cavities, genital cavi-
ties, umbrella cavities of the reproductive organs,
infundibula subgenitalia.
Demimonstrosity [dem-e-tnon-stros'-it-e) \dcfni, half;
monstruosus, monstrous]. A variety of congenital
deformity that does not give rise to appreciable
disorder of function.
Demodex [de?n'-o-deks) [frjiiS^, fat,- cJ^/f, an insect].
A genus of parasitic insects. D. foUiculorum, a
minute parasite found in the sebaceous follicles, par-
ticularly of the face. It probably does not produce any
symptoms, though in large numbers it may produce
acne. See Co7nedo, also Parasites [Animal^, Table of.
Demography ( de-mog' -ra-fe) [ Sf/rjoQ, the people ;
ypaipeiv, to write]. The science of peoples collectively
considered ; social science, including that of vital sta-
tistics and the consideration of various questions of
state medicine.
De Moivre's Hypothesis. An hypothesis that the de-
crements of population are in arithmetic proportion,
and that of every 86 persons born, one dies uniformly
every year until all are extinct.
Demonolatry [de-mon-ol' -at-re) \fia'iiiuv, a demon ; 'axit-
l)f:ia, worship] . Insane or delusional worship of devils ;
the morbid assumption of the character of a witch.
Demonomania [de-mo-no-ma' -ne-ah) \faifioiv, a devil;
fiai'ia, madness]. A form of madness in which a
person imagines himself possessed of a devil.
Demonomaniac ( de-mo-no-ma' -ne-ak ) [ daifiwv, a
devil ; fiav'ia, madness]. One who suffers with demo-
nomania.
Demonopathy [de-mon-op' -a-the) [ fiaLfiuv, a demon ;
TTadog, disease]. Same as Demonomania.
Demonstrator [dem' -on-stra-tor) \_demonstrare, to
show]. One who instructs in the practical application
of the arts and sciences.
De Morgan's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Demours, Membrane of. See Descemef s Membrane .
Demulcent [de-mul' -sent) \demulcere, to smooth]. I
Soothing ; locally softening and lenitive. 2. Any
substance that protects the mucous membranes. It is
generally of a mucilaginous nature.
Demutization [de-mu-tiz-a' -shun) [de, not; mutits,
dumb]. The education of deaf-mutes to speak and
to understand spoken language by the movement of
the lips, signs, etc.
Denan's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Denarcotized [de-nar'-io-tizd) \_de, priv.; vapicuriKog,
narcotic]. Having the narcotin removed, as opium.
Dendritic, or Dendroid [den-dp-it' -ih, or den'-droid)
\_(hvSp!.T7!C ; 6ev6poEi6i/c; (Uv6pov, a. tree']. Tree-like or
arborescent. The arrangement of the structures that
make up the arbor -rdta of the cerebellum, or that of
the uterus, is dendritic.
DENDROCELUS
360
DENTES
Dendrocelus {den-dro-se' -/us) \_divt)pnv, a tree ; KoMa,
belly]. In biology, having a branched intestine.
Dendrodentine {den-dro-den' -titi) \_&iv&pov, a tree ;
dentine, tooth-tissue]. In biology, a tooth-tissue
formed by the blending of the dentine, enamel, and
cement of many teeth.
Dendrostyle (deti'-dro-stll) [6iv6pov, tree; arvXoc;,
pillar]. In biology, Huxley's term for the stalk of
the hydroid stage of certain hydrozoans.
Denecke, Spirillum of. See Bacteria.
Dengue [deng'-ga) [West Ind.]. A zymotic disease
somewhat resembling remittent fever, but much more
severe. It is characterized by racking pain in the head
and eyeballs, pain in the back and knees, arthralgia,
catarrhal inflammation of those mucous surfaces that
are exposed to the air, swollen salivary glands and
measly eruptions. Cf. Bacteria, Sytionymatic Table of.
Denidation ((/<?-«/-(/a^-j/n^«) [^/^ priv. ; tiidiis, a.n%i>i\.
During involution after pregnancy, the process of dis-
integration and casting off of the superficial portion of
the uterine mucosa.
Denis's Plasmin. A precipitate of uncoagulated blood
with sodic sulphate, and treated with sodic chlorid.
Denneth's System. See Treatment, Methods of.
Dennis's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Denonvillier's Operation. See Operations , Table of.
De novo [de no'-vo) [L.]. Anew.
Dens (denz) [L. : //. , T>entes']. A tooth. See Teeth.
Density [den'-sit-e) [r/t'wjz'to, thickness] . Closeness;
compactness. In electro-therapeutics, the amount of
electricity accumulated on a unit of surface.
Dent {don(g)) [Fr.]. A tooth.
Dentagra (de/i-ta^-grah) \_dens, a tooth; aypa, a seizure].
I. The Denticeps, an instrument for extracting teeth ;
a tooth-forceps. 2. The term is also applied to tooth-
ache.
Dental (den'-tal) {_dens, a tooth : gen., Dentis^ Pertain-
ing to the teeth. D. Apparatus, the teeth, together
with the alveoli in which they are implanted, and the
jaws ; also a set of artificial teeth. The instruments and
appliances employed in dental operations are likewise so
termed. D. Arches, arcades dentaires. The arches
formed by the teeth when arranged in their sockets in
the alveolar borders, or the arch formed by the alveolar
process of each jaw. D. Arteries, the arteries supply-
ing the teeth. See Arteries, Table of. D. Atrophy,
atrophia dentalis. 'Sii:^ Atrophy of the Teeth. D. Bone,
dentine. The osseous part of a tooth. D. Canals, the
canals that perforate the alveoli, and give passage to
the blood-vessels and nerves that enter the teeth at the
extremities of their roots. See Canal. D. Caries,
caries of the teeth. D. Cavity, cavitas pulpre ; cavum
dentis ; antrum dentale. The pulp-cavity. The cavity
occupied by the dental pulp in the interior of a tooth.
Its shape resembles that of the tooth ; it is larger in
young persons than in old, and when the teeth suffer
great loss of substance, either from mechanical or spon-
taneous abrasion, it sometimes becomes completely ob-
literated. See Abrasion of the Teeth. D. Engine, a
machine first introduced in 1870, but since greatly im-
proved, and which has almost wholly .su]>erseded the
use of hand-burs and drills. It is operated like a dental
lathe, and possesses a flexible cable, or an adjustable
arm and hand-piece, which afford great facility of
movement and adaptation. By means of attachments
to the hand-piece, drills can be operated at a right
angle with the shaft, at an acute angle, or with a back-
ward inclination of nearly forty-five degrees.
Burnishers, discs, etc., are also adapted to these dental
engines. D. Excavator, an instrument employed for
the removal of the decayed part of a tooth, preparatory
to the operation of filling. D. Exostosis. See
Exostosis of the Teeth. D. File, a file manufactured
for operations on the teeth. See File, Dental. D.
Forceps. See Forceps for Extracting Teeth. D.
Glands. See Gland. D. Groove, a furrow on the
lower border of the upper jaw early in fetal life, in
which tiie teeth are developed. D. Laboratory, a
room or place where the operations connected with
mechanical dentistry are performed. D. Necrosis,
odontonecrosis. See Necrosis of the Teeth. D. Neu-
ralgia, a form of neuralgia the immediate exciting
cause of which is owing to some disease of the dental
pulp. See Odontalgia. D. Organism, the organism
of the teeth ; the organic structure of these orgaijs ;
the vital forces that govern them. D. Orthopedia,
the art of correcting deformity occasioned by irregular-
ity of the teeth, or other causes. See Irregularity of
the Teeth. D. Pathology, considers the causes arid
different fonns of the various diseases to which the teeth
are liable. D. Periostitis, periostitis dentium. In-
flammation of the dental periosteum or peridental
membrane. See Odontalgia, and Periodontitis . D.
Pulp, a soft, vascular, and highly sensitive sub-
stance, of a reddish-gray color, occupying the cavity of a
living tooth. It also constitutes the rudiment of a tooth.
The dental pulp is the principal blood-supply and
nerve-supply of the dentine. D. Pulp, Destruction
of; there are two methods of destroying the pulp ; one
by an operation, such as the use of a barbed brooch;
the other by the application of some devitalizing agent,
as arsenious acid. D. Ridges, the projecting borders
of the primitive dental groove. D. Sac, the sac that
encloses the developing tooth in the embiyo. D.
Surgeon (chirurgien dentiste), surgeon-dentist, one
who devotes himself to the study and treatment of the
diseases of the teeth, and their connections, and the
adoption of substitutes for them when, by age, accident
or disease, they are lost. D. Therapeutics, con-
siders the methods and medicaments used in the treat-
ment of diseases of the teeth. D. tubuli, the tubes
occurring in the structure of the dentine.
Dentalgia ( den-tal' -je-ali) [ dens, tooth ; alyng, pain].
Tooth-ache.
Dentalis lapis {den-ta'-lis la' -pis') [L.]. Salivary cal-
culus ; tartar of the teeth.
Dentaphone {den' -taf-on) [(/cmj, tooth ; ^(jiv/, sound].
A modification of the audiphone, q. v., by means of
which the sound-waves are transmitted through the
bones of the head to the auditory apparatus.
Dentarpaga (den-tar' -pa-gaJi) \_dejis, tooth; apuayii,
hook]. An instrument for the extraction of teeth.
Dentate [den'-tat) \_dens, a tooth]. In biology, ap-
plied to leaves, wings, or other flattened organs that
have their margins provided with acute teeth that point
directly outward from the margin.
Dentatum [den-ta' -tuin) [L.]. The dentate nucleus
of the cerebellum. D. olivse. See Dentoliva.
Dentes (den'-tez) [L., the plural of dens\. Teeth. See
Teeth. D. acuti, the incisor teeth. D. adulti, the
teeth of second dentition. D. adversi, the incisor
teeth. D. angulares, the canine or cuspid teeth, so
called, probably, because they are situated at the an-
gles of the alveolar arch, at the corners of the mouth,
or from the angular shape of their crowns. D. bicus-
pidati, bicuspid teeth. D. canini, the cuspid or ca-
nine teeth ; so called from their resemblance to the
teeth of a dog. D. cariosi, carious teeth. D. colum-
ellares, the molar teeth. D. cuspidati, cuspid teeth.
D. exserti \exserte7-e, to thrust out], teeth that
project or are in front of the dental arch, but applied
more particularly to the cuspidati. D. incisores, in-
cisor teeth. D. lactei, the milk, temporary, or de-
ciduous teeth. See Deciduous Teeth. D. molares,
DENTICULATE
361
DENUDATE
molar teeth. D. primores,
the incisor teeth ; so called
because they occupy the front
or anterior part of the dental
arch. D. sapientiae, the
wisdom-teeth. A name given
to the third molar tooth of
each half of the jaws. D.
tomici \_/onuciis, cutting], the
incisor teeth.
Denticulate (den - tik' - it - laf)
\denticuhis, a small tooth].
In biology, having minute
dentations. Furnished with
small teeth.
Denticulus (deii - tik' - ii - his)
' [L.]. A little tooth.
Dentier (i&«(,t,'-)-/^-rt') [Fr.]. A
French word signifying a
base of metal, ivory or any
other substance, employed as
a support or attachment for
artificial teeth. The term is
also sometimes applied to a
set of artificial teeth.
Dentification [den-tif-ik -a'-
shuii) \_dens, a tooth ; facere,
tion of teeth.
Incisors. Canine.
Incisors.
Canine
Molars. Wisdom tooth.
The Teeth of an Adult.
The top section of illustration is the upper set, and the bottom is the lower set.
to make]. The forma-
Milk molars.
The Temporary Teeth.
The top section of illustration is the upper set, and
the bottom section is the lower set.
Dentiform {den'-tif-orm) \_dciis, a tooth ; forma, shape].
In biology, tooth-like.
Dentifrice [den' -tif-ris) \_dens, tooth; fricere, to rub].
A substance used for cleansing the teeth.
Dentigerous [den-tij' -er-us) \_dens, a tooth ; gerere,
to carry]. In biology, bearing teeth.
Dentinal {den'-im-al) [dens, a tooth]. Pertaining to
or composed of dentine.
Dentinalgia {den-tin-al'-je-ah) \_dens, a tooth; a\-)or,
pain]. Pain in dentine.
Dentine [den' -/in) \_dens, a tooth]. The bony structure
of the tooth, lying under the enamel of the crown
and the pericementum of the root. D., Sensitive-
ness of, a hypersensitive condition of the dentine of a
tooth, occasioned by distal irritation of the dentinal
fibrils. See Sensitive Dentine.
Dentinitis (den tiiz-i'-tis) \_dens, &iooXh; /r/f, inflamma-
tion]. Inflammation of the dentinal fibrils.
Dentiphone [den' -tif -on) \dens, atooth ; ^uvrj, a voice].
A form of audiphone in which the vibrating disc is
attached to the teeth.
Dentist {den' -/is/) \_dens, atooth]. Dentista ; odontia-
ter ; a dental surgeon. See Dental Suj-geott.
Dentistry {den'-tis-tre) [dens, atooth]. Odontotechny ;
odontiatria ; odontotherapia ; dental surgery, embrac-
ing everything pertaining to the treatment and re-
placement of the loss of the natural teeth.
Dentitio [den-tish'-e-o) [L.]. Dentition.
Dentition [den-tish'-un) \_dens, a tooth]. The cutting
or first appearance of the teeth in infancy. Also, the
arrangement and evolution of the teeth. Dentition is
primary, that is, the cutting of the temporary or milk
teeth, and secondary, or that of the permanent teeth.
There are always some vague symptoms associated
with the process, such as fretfulness, restlessness, con-
vulsions, diarrhea, painful and swollen gum, which
may be relieved by lancing over the protruding
tooth.
Dentium [den'-she-iim) [L.: gen. of Dentii'\. Of the
teeth. D. cavernae, the sockets of the teeth. D.
cortex, the enamel of the teeth. D. dolor, pain in
the teeth ; tooth-ache. D. nitor, enamel of the teeth.
D. scalptura, lancing of the gums. D. vacillantia,
looseness of the teeth.
Dentography (den-/og' -ra-fe) \_dens, ^ tooth;
a description]. A description of teeth.
Dentoliva {den-/ol' -iv-ah) \_deiis, a tooth ; oliva, an
olive]. Dentatum olivre ; olivary nucleus; a capsule
of cinerea within the oliva of the brain.
Dentology (c/c«-/f/''-f-yf) [(/otj, a tooth ; /1 4}'of, science].
A treatise on the teeth.
Dentonomy [den-ton' -o-me) \_dens, a tooth ; vojio^, a
law]. The arrangement of the teeth into classes.
Dentos [den'-tos) [dens, tooth; os, bone]. Tooth-
bone ; tooth-substance.
Dentrification [den-trif-ik-a' -shun) [dens, a tooth ;
facere, to make]. The deposition of lime- salts on the
enamel and dentine of the teeth.
Dents {dahnt) [Fr.]. Teeth. D. bicuspidees, the
bicuspid teeth. D. coldes, neck of the teeth. D.
canides, the canine teeth. D. de lait, the milk or
temporary teeth. D. machelures, the molar teeth.
D. molares, the molar teeth. D. multicuspidees,
the large molar teeth. D. ceilleries, canine teeth.
Denture [den'-chur) [dens, a tooth]. A complete set
of teeth ; the whole assemblage of teeth in both
jaws.
Denudate [den'-u-da/) [denudare, to strip]. In bi-
ology, lacking covering, as scales, hair, foliage.
DENUDING
362
DERENCEPHALOCELE
Denuding (den-u'-diui;) \_deniidare, to denude]. A
stripping or malving bare. D. of the Teeth, an affec-
tion that consists in the gradual destruction of tlie
enamel of the anterior or labial surfaces of the inci-
sors, cuspidati, and sometimes of the bicuspids ; the
molars are rarely affected by it.
Denutrition (ile-nu-trish' -un) \de, from ; nutriare, to
nourish]. The breaking down or atrophy of tissue
arising from lack of nutrition. The opposite of nutri-
tion.
Deobstruent [de-ob' -stru-eni) \_de, from ; obstruere, to
obstruct]. A medicine that removes functional ob-
structions of the body. An aperient.
Deodand [(Av^jGod; (/arf, to give]. A
fine fonnerly imposed on an inanimate thing or animal
that had caused the injury or violent death of a person.
Deodorant [de-dd'-o!--aitt) \_de priv. ; odorare, to smell].
A substance that removes or corrects offensive odors.
Deodorizer {ile-o'-dor-i-zer') \(ie priv. ; odorare, to
smell]. A deodorizing agent ; a substance that de-
stroys oftensive odors.
Deontology [de-on-tol' -o-je) right, binding ; "koyuq,
science]. The science of duty. D., Medical, medi-
cal ethics.
Deoppilant, or Deoppilative (de-op' -il-ant, or de-op-
pil'-at-iv) \_de, from; oppilare, to stop]. I. Deob-
struent ; aperient. 2. An aperient medicine.
Deorsum [L.]. Downward. D.vergens.
See Vergens.
Deossification (de-os-if-ik-a' -shun) [^^,away; o.f,bone;
facere, to do]. The absorption of bony material; the
deprivation of any part of its bony character.
Deoxidation [cie-oks-id-a' -sJmn) from ; oxidattis,
having oxygen]. In chemistry, the separation of an
element or compound from the oxygen held in com-
bination. Reduction.
Deozonize (de-o'-zon-iz) [_de, from ; bi^etv, to smell].
To deprive of ozone.
Depauperate (de-paw' -pcr-af) \_de, intensive ; paupe/\
poor]. I. To render poor; to pauperize; to im-
poverish. 2. Impoverished ; ill-nourished ; under-
fed, and under-grown.
Depilation [dtp-il-a'-sliun) '\depilatio, removal of hair].
The removal of hairs.
Depilator {de-piU -a-tor) \_depi!nre, to remove the hair].
An instrument for pulling out the hair.
Depilatory (de-pil' -at-or-e) \de, from; pihts, the hair].
1. Having the power to remove the hair. 2. A sub-
stance used to destroy the hair, usually a caustic al-
kali.
Deplethoric (de-pktld -or-ik) \_de priv ; 7r'AT/Hcjp7/ , ple-
thora]. Marked by absence of plethora.
Depletion [de-plc' -shiai) \_diplcre, to empty]. The
process of diminishing the quantity of any tissue or
fluid of the body, especially the blood. It may be
general or local, the former by venesection and purg-
ing, and the latter by leeching, cupping, or scarifica-
tion.
Depletive, Depletory [de-pk' -tiv ,de-ple' -tor-e) \_depkre,
to empty]. I. Causing or tending toward depletion.
2. A medicine that depletes.
Deplumation (de-p!u-ina' -shun) \_de, down, off; phima,
feather]. The loss of the eyelashes.
Depolarization {de-po-lar-iz-a' -shun). Destruction of
1 polarity. The neutralization of the opposite poles of
a magnet. The neutralization or recombination of
light-waves that have been separated by means of a
Nicol prism.
Deposit (de-pos'-il) [f/t', from; ponere, to place]. A
gathering of particles that have been held in suspen-
sion. A gathering of morbid or normal matter in any
part of the body. See Urinary Deposit.
Deposition [de-po-zish'-iin). See Couching.
Depositive [de-poz'-it-iv) \_deponerc, to lay aside].
Tending to or characterized by a morbid deposit ;
exudative.
Depravation [iLp-rav-a' -shun) \_depravari\ to vitiate].
A deterioration or morbid change in the secretions,
tissues, or functions of the body.
Depressant (de-pres'-ant) \_deprimere, to press down].
.\ medicine that retards or depresses the physiologic
action of an organ. A sedative. D., Cardiac, one
that lowers the action of the heart. D., Cerebral,
one that arrests the functions of the cerebrum. D.,
Motor, one that lowers the activity of the spinal cord
and motor apparatus.
Depressio (de-pres' -e-o) [L.]. A depressing. D.
cataractse. Synonym of Couching.
Depression (de-presh' -uii) [depressio ; deprimere , to
depress]. In anatomy, a hollow, or fossa. In sur-
gery, displacement inward of the skull, often giving
rise to pressure on the brain. D. and Elevation,
one of the Swedish movements, either excentric or
concentric, in which, while the part is being raised or
depressed, resistance is made by the patient or operator.
Depressions, Pacchionian. The depressions on the
internal surface of the parietal bone that lodge the
Pacchionian bodies.
Depressor (de-pres'-or) \_deprimere, to depress]. A
name given to a muscle or an instrument that de-
presses. See Muscles, Table of. D. Fibers. See
Pressor. D. of Sims, an instrument for holding bacic
the vaginal wall during exploration with the speculum.
D., Tongue, an instrument for depressing the tongue
in order to examine the throat.
Deprimens ((/;/''-;7'w-^«3) [L. ] . i. Depressing ; press-
ing down. 2. A depressing muscle. D. auriculae,
the retrahens auris muscle. D. oculi, the rectus in-
ferior of the eye. See APuscles, Table of.
Deprived Classes. Those persons collectively who
have lost or are without their reason or any one of
the special senses.
Depurant (dep' -u-rani) \_depurare, to purify]. I.
Purifying ; cleansing. 2. A medicine that purifies
the animal economy.
Depurative (dep'-u-ra-tiv), or Depuratory {dep'-u-ra-
tor-e) \_depiirare , to purify]. Purifying or cleansing.
D. Liver, same as Amyloid Liver.
Depurator (dep' -u-ra-tor) \depurare, to purify]. A
medicine or a device for promoting a depuratory pro-
cess.
DeR. A contraction and symbol of the term Reaction
of Degeneration , q. v.
Deradeiphus (der-ad-el'-fus) [61: pr], neck ; oJeA^i^f,
brother]. A monocephalic dual monstrosity, with
fusion of the bodies above the umbilicus, and with
four lower extremities, and three or four upper.
Deradenitis (der-ad-en-i'-tis) [fifp'i, neck ; ixfir/v, a
gland; iriq, inflammation]. Inflammation of the
glands of the neck.
Deradenoncus (dcr-ad-en-ong' -kus) [6tpri, neck ; aSriv,
gland ; oyKoc, mass], A swelling of a gland of the
neck ; a swollen gland of the neck.
Deranencephalia (dcr-an-en-sef-a' -le-ali) \f>'epri, neck ;
01' priv. ; h/Kt(l>a'Aog, brain]. Teratism marked by
absence of the head and brain, the neck being present.
Derangement (de-rdnj' -ment). See Insanity.
Derbyshire Neck (der'-be-sher nek). See Goiter.
Derencephalia (der-en-sef-a' -le-ali) \fikpri, neck ; sy/cE-
0a? oc, brain]. The condition of being derencepha-
lous ; teratic absence of cranium, the vestiges of the
brain being enclosed in the cervical vertebrse.
Derencephalocele (der-cn-sef -al-o-sel) [ffrpv, neck ;
£>7Cf^aXof, brain ; k?/>j/, tumor], A protrusion of the
DERENCEPHALOUS
363
DERMATITIS
brain through a split in one or more of the cervical
vertebms.
Derencephalous [der-en-sef -al-us) \&tpri, neck ; iy/cf-
(paAog, brain]. Affected with derencephalia ; of the
nature of derencephalus.
Derencephalus fyder-en-sef -al-us) [t5f/3//, neck; iyKt-
fa/.o(;, brain]. A variety of single autositic monsters
of the species anencephalus, in which the bones of the
cranial vault are rudimentary, the posterior portion of
the occiput absent, and the upper cervical vertebrae
bifid, the brain resting in them.
DeRheim's Plaster. A celebrated plaster for chilblains,
made as follows: Capsicum pods ^j, strong alcohol,
^ ij ; macerate several days, then add mucilage of
acacia ^ij. Stir well and brush over sheets of silk
or tissue paper, and apply like court-plaster to the
unbroken chilblain.
Derivant {der' -iv-ant] [(/(?r/'z'art', to derive]. I. Deriv-
ative ; revulsive. 2. A derivative medicine or appli-
cation.
Derivate (der' -iv-at) \_den'vare, to derive] . In chemistry,
a substance that is derived from another.
Derivation [cler-iv-a'-sJmn) \_derivare, to derive]. I.
Derivative action ; the drawing away of a morbid
process from one part to another ; revulsive treatment.
2. The supposed suctional power of the heart, or the
effect of that power upon the circulation. D. Wire,
in an electric battery a wire connecting two points in
a closed circuit.
Derivative (de-riv' -at-h>) \_derivare , to turn aside a
stream]. Diverting or drawing a morbid process from
its seat ; revulsive.
Derm. See Derma.
Derma [der' -mah) \fiEpiia, the skin]. The skin. The
true skin. See Cutis.
Dermad [der'-mad) \_6Epfj.a, the skin; ad, to]. Ex-
ternally ; toward the skin ; ectad.
Dermagra [der-ma' -grah). See Dermatagra.
Dermal (der'-mal) [dfp/ia, the skin]. Pertaining to the
skin.
Dermalaxia {der-snal-aks' -e-ah) \_&kpjia, skin ; fiaka^ca,
softness]. Morbid softening of the skin.
Dermalgia (der-mal' -je-aJi). See Dermatalgia.
Dermanoplasty [dcr-inan' -o-plas-te) \_SEpfia, skin ;
avan'Aaaasiv, to form anew]. Skin-transplantation ;
skin-grafting ; a method of plastic surgery, in which
a piece of the whole thickness of the skin is entirely
removed from one part and transferred to another
distant part to fill up a gap.
Dermanyssus (dcy-man-is' -its') [cSf-p/ia, skin ; vvaoEiv,
to prick]. A genus of itch-mites. D. avium is a
species found on birds and sometimes on the human
subject.
Dermapostasis (de>--map-os' -ias-is') [f5fp^a, skin ; aTrdcr-
Taacg, a falling away]. Any skin-disease dependent
upon some constitutional disorder, and marked by
metastatic dermal deposits.
Dermatagra (der-mat-a' -gyaJi) \pkpim, skin ; aypa,
seizure]. See Pellagra.
Dermatalgia f^der-mat-al' -je-aJi) SJsep^ia, skin; akyoQ,
pain]. Neuralgia of the skin. Rheumatism of the
skin. Pain in the skin not due to any structural change
in it.
Dermataiaxe (der-juat-awks' -e') l_(Upi-ia, skin ; av£?j,
augmentation]. Thickening or hypertrophy of the
skin.
Dermatic {der-maf -ik) \_(hp/LLaTiic6^, pertaining to the
skin]. I. Relating to the skin. 2. A remedy for
diseases of the skin.
Dermatitis [der-mat-i' -tis) [_<Up/ia, skin ; trir;, inflam-
mation]. A generic term used to designate an ill-de-
fined and extensive group of symptomatic inflamma-
tions of the skin, characterized clinically by redness,
heat, swelling, and pain, and terminating in resolution,
suppuration, gangrene, or chronic dermatitis. D. am-
bustionis, the form due to burns and scalds. D. bul-
losa. See Epidermolysis. D. calorica. Synonym
of Chilblain. D. congelationis. Same as Frost-
bite. D. contusiformis. See Erythema nodostun.
D. exfoliativa, an acute or chronic, general or partial,
inflammation of the skin, in which the epidermis is
shed more or less freely in large or small scales. See
Pityriasis rubra. D. exfoliativa infantum vel neo-
natorum. Hitter's Disease ; a severe form of exfolia-
tive inflammation of the skin, usually unattended by
fever, which begins between the second and fifth
weeks of life. About 50 per cent, of those attacked
succumb to marasmus. D. gangrsenosa ; Sphacelo-
derma : gangrenous inflammation of the skin. It
has been observed in cases of cerebral and spinal dis-
orders, diabetes, etc. It may also be primary in those
whose constitutions are depraved. The lesions are at
first reddish or purplish erythematous spots, usually
on the trunk and extremities ; these vesicate, rapidly
become gangrenous, and slough ; they are attended
by fever and constitutional disturbance. Spontaneous
recovery generally ensues with scar-formation. D.
gangrasnosa infantum ; Varicella gangrcBuosa, pem-
phigus gangri£nosus ; rupia escharotica ; a gangrenous
eruption following varicella and other pustular erup-
tions of children. It is a rare condition. If it occur
while the varicellar lesions are still present, it begins
on the head or upper part of the body, and, instead of
the scab being thrown off, ulceration occurs beneath it,
and often a pustular border with a red areola is formed,
the whole resembling a vaccination-pustule. On sep-
arating, a sharp-edged, roundish or oval, conical ulcer
remains, deep or shallow. Death may result if the
lesions are numerous, and constitutional disturbance is
always great. D. herpetiformis, an inflammatory
skin-disease of an herpetic character, the various le-
sions showing a tendency to group. It is a protean
disease, appearing as erythema, vesicles, blebs, and
pustules. Itching and burning are the most marked
symptoms. See Hydroa herpetiforme. D., Malig-
nant, Papillary dermatitis, Paget' s disease of the nip-
ple. Carcinoma of the nipple. D. medicamentosa.
Drug-eruptions ; inflammatory eruptions upon the skin
due to the action of certain drugs taken internally.
The most prominent are the following: A)itifebrin
produces a kind of cyanosis; antipvrin , an erythema
that may be general or partial, but symmetric, af-
fecting the extensor aspects in preference to the flexor,
and the limbs more than the trunk ; papules, vesicles,
and bullae have been noted ; arsenic produces an urti-
carial, erysipelatoid dermatitis of the face and eyelids,
a papular rash on the face, neck, and hands, herpes
zoster, and in large doses pustular, ulcerative, or gan-
grenous eruptions ; belladonna, a diffuse erythema-
tous blush and a scarlatiniform eruption ; boric acid,
an erythema ; borax, psoriasis, eczema, and erythema ;
bromin and bromids, pustular, erythematous, urticarial,
bullous, and squamous eruptions ; cannabis indica, a
vesicular eruption ; chlorate of potash, a fiery, erythema-
tous and papular eruption, and cyanosis ; cliloroform,
purpuric spots ; chloral hydrate, erythema, scarlatini-
form, bullous, erysipelatous eruptions ; chloralamid,
scarlatiniform ; chrysarobin, erythema, vesicles ; cod
liver-oil, vesicular eruption, acne ; copaiba, erythema-
tous, urticarial, papular eruption; cubebs, papular ery-
thema; digitalis, scarlatiniform, papular erythema;
iodin and iodids, pustular, vesicular or bullous, purpuric,
erythematous, urticarial ; iodoform, punctiform, papular
and erythematous ; mercury, erythematous, exfoliative
DERMATOBIA
364
DERMOGRAPHIA
dermatitis; viorphin, erytliematous ; phosphoric acid,
bullous, purpura ; qitiniii, eczema, erythematous, ur-
ticarial, purpuric, vesicular, bullous ; rt'j/w, urticaria ;
7-Jnibarb, hemorrhagic and pustular bullse ; salicylic
acid, erythema, urticaria, bullae, petechice, vesicles,
pustules; santonin, urticaria; j/raw/o/////;;/, erythema ;
strychnin, scarlatiniform, pruritus, miliaria ; siclphonal,
erythema, purpura ; /a««z>2, urticaria ; /«r, erythema,
vesicles and bulls, acne ; ierebene, papular erythema ;
tuberculin, scarlatiniform; turpentine, erythema, pap-
ules, vesicles. D. papillaris capillitii. Same as
D. papilloiiiatosa capillitii. D. papillomatosa cap-
illitii. Acne keloid ; Sycosis frafnbcesiformis ; a rare
form of chronic skin-disease affecting the nape of the
neck and adjacent portion of the skin. The lesions
consist of minute red papules, which occasionally sup-
purate, and are usually traversed by a hair. Ulti-
mately these unite to form extensive, irregular, hard,
white, or reddish keloid-looking growths from which a
few brush-like bundles of atrophied, firmly adherent
hairs protrude. It occurs usually in males of middle
age. D. repens, a spreading dermatitis, usually fol-
lowing injuries, and probably neuritic, commencing
almost exclusively in the upper extremities. D., Seb-
orrheic ; Seborrlieic eczema ; a form of inflammation
of the skin associated with seborrhea of the scalp,
due to the direct transference of the same pathogenic
organism from the head to the region affected. D.
traumatica, those inflammatory changes in the skin
resulting from traumatism. D. venenata, a term
embracing all forms of inflammation of the skin pro-
duced by e-xternal irritating agencies, whether from
the animal, vegetable, or mineral kingdom. This in-
cludes the dermatitis produced by rhus-poisoning.
Dermatobia [der-mat-o' -be-ali) [Jep/za, skin ; fiiovv, to
live]. A bot-fly of Central America, the eggs of
which are not infrequently deposited in the skin and
produce a swelling very like an ordinary boil. See
Macaco Worm and Parasites [Animal), Table of.
Dermatogen {der-mat'-o-jen) l_Sip/ua, skin ; ytm/g, pro-
ducing]. In biology, the layer of cells, in a young
or growing part, that is destined to become epi-
dermis.
Dermatography [der-mat-og' -ra-fe) \&f:pjia, skin ;
ypdtp^ti), to write]. A description of the skin.
Dermatoid (der' -mat-oid) \fiti>fia, skin; fMof, resem-
blance].' Like or resembling skin.
Dermatokeras [der-ntat-o-ker' -as) \_6(pua, skin ; K(pa(;,
a horn]. See Cornu ciitaneum .
Dermatol [der' -mat-ol) [fi//5//a, skin], C|;H.^(OH),,. -
CC\Bi(0H)2. The subgallate of bismuth, which ap-
pears to be a valuable antiseptic agent. It is especi-
ally of service in cutaneous aft'ections or lesions
associated with copious secretion. Dose internally in
aftections of the stomach and intestines, two drams
daily. It is valuable as a drying antiseptic for dust-
ing wounds.
Dermatologist (lier-mat-ol'-o-jist) [rffp//(i, skin ; 'tbyoc,
science] . One who is an adept in the treatment of
skin-diseases.
Dermatology [lier-mat-ol'-o-jc] {fiepim, skin ; 'toyo^,
science]. The science of the skin, its nature, struc-
ture, functions, diseases, and treatment.
Dermatolysis [der-mat-oF -is-is) \fikpiia, skin; Ivaii;, a
loosing]. An exaggerated form of Afo/Z/wa/wyf/'/'f -
marked by large flaps or folds of hypertrophied
skin, their commonest sites being the neck, face, but-
tocks, and chest. The skin-flaps are often deeply
pigmented, thickened, indurated, and warty. Hyper-
trophy of the bones or other subjacent tissues may also
be present.
Dermatoma [der-mat-o' -mah) [(St/jua, skin ; 6/ja, a
tumor: //. , Dermatomata'\. Any tumor of the skin,
or one made up of dermal elements.
Dermatomalacia {der-mat-o-nial-a' -se-aJi) \_iS'tpiia,
skin ; fia'/.aKia, softness]. Morbid softening of the
skin.
Dermatomelasma [der-mat-o-mel-az' -mali) [dfp/ia,
skin ; iii:'AaojjLa, a black color]. Addison's disease.
Dermatomycosis [der-mat-o-7ni-ko' -sis) \Jikpfia, skin ;
l^i'Kii^, fungus]. Any skin-disease caused by a para-
sitic plant-growth.
Dermatomyoma (der-juat-o-mi-o' -mali) [(5ep/;a, skin ;
fivi;, muscle; bjia, a tumor: //. , Dermatomyotnatci\.
Myoma seated upon or involving the skin.
Dermatoneurosis [der-mat-o-nu-ro' -sis) [dep|Ua, skin ;
vfvpov, a nerve]. Any neurosis of the skin.
Dermatonosus [der-!nat-on' -o-siis) [^Sipfia, skin ; i-'ocof,
disease]. Any skin-disease.
Dermato-pathology (der-mat-o-path-ol'-o-je') \Jikpixa,
skin; -aftoc;, disease; /Id j- of, science]. The pathol-
ogy of the skin.
Dermatopathy [der-mat-op' -ath-e) \&tp)ia, skin ; irdHog,
dise.ise]. Any skin-disease.
Dermatophony [der-mat-off' -o-ne) \_^ipiia, skin ; (jiuvi/,
sound]. The auscultation of the skin ; a process by
which, it is alleged, the sound made by the blood
in the vessels of the skin can be heard.
Dermatophyte {der'-mat-o-fit) \_6kpfj.a, skin ; (pvrSv, a
plant]. Any species of fungous vegetation that grows
upon the skin.
Dermatoplasty (der'-mat-o-plas-te) \_rUpfj.a, skin ;
TT2.daaEii', to form]. Plastic surgery of the skin. '
Dermatorrhea [der-mat-or-e' -ah) \J)kpyia, skin ; poia,
a flowing]. An increased secretion from the skin.
Dermatosclerosis [der-mat-o-skle-ro' -sis). See Sclero-
derma.
Dermatosis [der-mat-o' -sis) [f5fp//a, skin ; vduof, dis-
ease: //. Dermatoses^. Any disorder or disease of the
skin. D. Kaposi. Synonym of Xeroderma pig-
mentosu>n.
Dermatosome [der' -mat-o-soni) \jSkpp.a, skin ; atdfia,
body]. A thickening or knot in the equatorial region
of each spindle fiber in the process of cell-division.
Dermatospasmus [der-mat-o-spaz' -miis) [cSf'p//a, skin ;
a7Tna/i6(, spasm]. Cutis anserina, or goose-skin.
Dermatosyphilis [der-mat-o-sif -il-is) \fie.pjia, skin ;
Syphilus, a. Latin proper name]. The cutaneous
manifestations of syphilis. See Syphiloderma.
Dermatotomy [der-mat-ot' -o-me) \fikpfia, skin ; rkfiveiv,
to cut]. The anatomy or dissection of the skin.
Dermatozoon [der-mat-o-zo' -oji) \&kppa, skin ; !iC>ov, an
animal: pl.Dermatozoa'\. Any animal parasitic upon
the skin.
Dermen [der' -men) \Jikpjia, the skin]. Belonging to
the derma itself.
Dermenchysis [der-men' -kis-is) \_6kp/ua, skin; ky;^vaii;,
a pouring in]. Hypodermatic injection.
Dermepenthesis [der-mep-en' -thes-is) \J)kpjja, skin;
kTvkvHEai^, insertion]. Synonym of skin-grafting.
Dermexanthesis [der-mcks-an-the' -sis) [6kp/ia, skin ;
ffdi'fr;?(T/f, eruption : //. Dermexanthescs\ Any skin-
disease marked by a rash-like eruption.
Dermic [der'-mik) [(Upfia, the skin]. Relating to the
skin.
Dermocyma [der-mo-si'-mah) \&kpiia, skin ; nvjia, the
fetus]. A form of double monstrosity in which the
parasite is contained within the skin of the host.
Dermogastric [der-mo-gas' -trik) \fikppa, skin ; yacri/p,
stomach]. In biology, applied to structures having a
connection with the skin and the stomach, as dermo-
gastric pores.
Dermographia [der-nio-graf -e-ali) \6kpii.a, skin ; ypd.-
<l>£iii, to write]. The condition observed in the so-
DERMOGRAPHIC
365
DESPUMATION
called autographic skin ; autographism. See Urticaria
factitia.
Dermographic (i/<.7--W()-i,'-ra/'-//;') [dfp«a, skin; ypdipciv,
to write]. Aft'ected with dermographia. D. pseudo-
urticaria. Same as Derriiograpliia.
Dermographism (lier-mo-graf -iziii) skin ;
ypdfew, to write]. Autographism. See Autographic
Skin and Urticaria factitia,
Dermography {cier-mog' -ra-fc) \jsipim, skin ; ypa.(j>eiv,
to write] . Dermographia ; dermal autographism.
Dermohemal (der-mo-he' -mal) \6ipp.a, skin; alfia,
blood]. In biology, applied to parts of the ventral or
hemal fins of certain fishes.
Dermoid (der'-moid). See Dermatoid. D. Cyst, a tera-
toma.
Dermology (der-moF-o-je). See Dermatology.
Dermoneural (der-mo-nti' -ral) [rffp//a, skin ; vnvpov,
nerve]. In biology, applied to parts of the dorsal or
neural fins of certain fishes.
Dermoneurosis (der-ino-nn-ro' -sis). 'Ss^^ Dennatoneu-
rosis.
Dermoplasty [der' -ino-plas-te) \SkpiLa, skin ; -'Aaoasiv,
to form]. Restoration of skin ; skin-grafting.
Dermorhynchous {der-mo-ring'-kus) [Seppa, skin ;
pvyxoc, snout]. In biology, having a bill or beak
covered with skin, as the duck.
Dermorrhagia [der-tnor-a' -je-ah) skin; prjyvvvai,
to break forth]. Hemorrhage from the skin; bloody
sweat ; hematidrosis.
Dermosclerite [de>--mo-skic'-rii) [Seppa, skin ; gk/itjpoc^,
hard]. In biology, one of the spicular masses found
in certain actinozoans.
Dermoskeleton (der-mo-skel' -et-zm) \6kppa, skin ;
aKe'AeToi', a skeleton]. The exoskeleton of inverte-
brates ; the skin and its appendages.
Dermo-syphilopathy {i{cr->iio-sif-il-op' -a-the) \6kppa,
skin; sypliilis; TrdWof, affection]. A syphilitic skin-
disease.
Dermotomy (tier-mot' -o-/iie). See Derniatotomv.
Derodidymus {der-o-did' -im-iis') ['5fp??, neck ; Sldvpo^,
double]. A sysomic monstrosity with a single body,
two necks and heads, two upper and lower extremities,
with other rudimentary limbs occasionally present.
Derospasmus [der-o-spaz' -mils') \&kpri, neck; a-aop6r,
spasm]. Spasm or cramp in the neck.
Dertrotheca {der-tro-tlie'-Jcali) [(^fprpov, a vulture's
beak ; di]Ki], a sheath]. In biology, the skin of the
dertrum or tip of the upper mandible in certain birds.
Dertrum (der'-trum) \Jikprpov, a beak]. See Dertro-
theca.
De Salle, Line of. See Lines, Table of.
Desanimania {des-an-im-a' -ne-ah) \_des [dis) priv.;
animus, V!\\x\di\ pav'ia, mania]. Mindless insanity;
amentia.
Desault's Apparatus or Bandage. See Bandage.
D. Operations. See Operations, Table of.
Desbassins' Test. Same as Richmond s Test. See
Tests, Table of. D. Splint. See Splint.
Descemet's Membrane. The internal or posterior
lining membrane of the cornea. Also called the Mem-
brane of Demours.
Descemetitis (des-em-et-i'-tis) \_Descemet ; itlq, inflam-
mation]. Inflammation of Descemet's membrane.
Descemetocele {des-em-ef -o-sel) \_Descemet ; Kr/Arj,
hernia]. Hernia of Descemet's membrane.
Descendens [de-sen' -denz) \_descendere, to go down].
Downward. D. noni, a branch of the hypoglossal
nerve. See Nerves, Table of.
Descent (de-sent') \_descensus, a going down]. The
act of going down ; downward motion. D. Stage
of Labor, one of the stages in labor, consisting in
the entrance of the fetal head into the pelvis. D. of
Testicle. See Testicle. D. of "Womb. See Pro-
lapsus.
Deschamps' Angle. See Angle.
Deshler's Salve. The compound resin cerate of the
pharmacopeia.
Desiccant (dts'-ik-ant) [desiccare, to dry up]. I. Caus-
ing desiccation ; drying. 2. A drying medicine or
application.
Desiccation (dcs-ik-a' -shun)'\_desiccare, to dry up] . The
process of removing moisture from solids and organic
tissues.
Desiccative (des' -ik-a-tiv) [_desiccare, to dry up]. I.
Drying; desiccant. 2. A medicine or application
having the property of drying moist tissues, ulcers and
running sores.
Desma (dez' -mali) \_6eapa, a band]. In biology, a
term ajiplied to irregular sponge-spicules.
Desmachyme (des' -mali-kim) (deapa, a band ; ,1'17'df,
juice]. In biology, the connective tissue of sponge.
Desmacyte (des' -mah-sit) \fikapa, a band ; kvto(, a
cell]. In biology, one of the connective-tissue cells
of a sponge.
Desmarres' Operations. See Operations, Table of.
Desmitis (des-mi'-tis) [dea/zof, ligament]. Inflamma-
tion of a ligament.
Desmobacterium (des-mo-hak-te' -re-uni) \_&£ap6q, band;
/?aKr/}p/(H', a small staff : //. Desmobacteria\ A group
of microbes, so-called by Cohn, corresponding to the
genus Bacillus of Klein.
Desmodactylous (des- mo-dak' -til-us) \6eap6c, a band ;
SaKTvlo^, a finger or toe]. In biology, having the
flexor tendons of the toes united.
Desmodynia (des-ino-di}i'-e-ak) [Jecr/idf, a band ; b6vv//,
pain]. Pain in a ligament.
Desmognathism (des-mog'-na-thizm) [iSea/wc, a band ;
yraOog, jaw]. Union of the maxillo-palatine bones
across the middle line ; normal in certain birds, as
hawks, ducks, etc.
Desmognathous (des-mog'-na-thus) [^thiypoc, a band ;
yvadoq, a jaw]. In biology, applied to birds of the
" bound palate " type, in which the vomer is small or
absent, the maxillo-palatines united, and the palatines
and pterygoids articulate directly with the sphenoid.
Desmography (des-mog' -ra-fe') [fJfu/raf, a ligament ;
ypci0siv, to write]. The description of the ligaments.
Desmoid (des' -moid) \_6eapTj, a bundle ; fJtSof, likeness].
Like a small bundle. D. Carcinoma. Synonym of
Hodgkin' s Disease.
Desmoma (des-mo' -mah') [rSecr/idf, a band: //. ,
Desmomafa'\. A connective-tissue tumor.
Desmoneoplasma (des-mo-ne-o-plaz'-mah) \fsap6q,
band ; I'i'of , new ; -irAaapa, plasma : //. , Desmoneoplas-
i?!ata'\. Any neoplasm made up of connective tissue.
Desmopathy (des-mop' -a-fhc) \fsap6i;, a band ; ■KadoQ,
disease] . Any disease of a ligament.
Desmopelmous (des- mo-pel' -m us) \_6eapa, a band;
ni'kpa, the sole of the foot]. In biology applied to
such birds as have the plantar tendons bound together.
Desmosis (des-mo' -sis) [(5e(7//df , a band : pi., Desmoses\
Any disease of connective tissue, especially of the con-
nective tissue of the skin.
Desmotomy (des-mof -o-me) [df(T//df, band; ropii, sec-
tion] . The dissection and anatomy of the ligaments ;
surgical cutting of a ligament.
Desmotrophy (des-mot' -ro-fe) [d£cr/./df , a band ; rpii(^ELv,
to turn]. Tautomerism.
Desoxalic Acid (des-oks-al'-ik). See Acid.
Desprez' Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Despumation (des-pu-ma' -shun) \_despumare, to skim
froth]. The purification of a liquid by removal of the
scum or froth : also the formation of froth ; purifica-
tion ; clarification in general.
DESQUAMATION
366
DEW
Desquamation [des-kwci/a-a^-shiin] '\_desquamare , to
scale oftj. The exfoliation or falling oft of the cuticle
in scales. It is bran-like after measles ; in layers after
scarlet fever.
Desquamative {des-ktiiam' -ai-h<) \_dcsquamaye , to scale
oR]. Characterized by desquamation.
Destructive (de-stnik'-thi) \desfritctivus, destroying].
Hurtful ; tending to destroy. D. Distillation. See
Distillation.
Desudation {des-u-da' -shn>i) [desudatio ; de, away ;
sudare, to sweat] . I . Excessive or morbidly profuse
sweating. 2. Sudamina.
Desudatory {de-su' -dat-or-e) \_desiidatio , a sweating].
A sweating-bath.
Detergent [de-ter' -jent) \_deterge)'e, to cleanse]. I.
Purifying ; cleansing ; abluent. 2. A drug, compound,
or solution used for cleansing wounds, ulcers, etc.
Determinant or Determining Part [de-ter' -tnin-ant)
\_dL'teni!i)iare, to limit]. Weismann's name for one of
the particles of germ-plasm corresponding to a group of
hiophors ; a primary constituent of a cell or group of
cells.
Determinate [de-ter' -mi n-dt) \_detenuiiiare, to limit].
I. Applied in botany to an inflorescence in which the
blossoming takes place centrifugally, the blossoms
being from terminal and not from axillary buds. 2.
Weismann's name for one of the cells or groups of
cells that are independently variable from the germ
onward. They are also called hereditary parts.
Determination (de-ter-iiiin-a' -shtm) \_detenninatio , a
directing]. The direction or tendency to or toward
a part or an organ, as of blood to the head.
Determinism (de-ter' -?nin-iz/n) \_deteriiiiuare, to limit,
prescribe]. In biology, a term introduced by Claude
Bernard to indicate the fatality of the reproduction of
phenomena under similar conditions, as seen in Ex-
perimental Science.
Detersion (de-ter' -zhun) \_detergere, to cleanse]. The
action of a detergent ; a cleansing.
Detersive [de-ter' -siv). Same as Detergent.
Detmold's Method. See Treatment, Methods of.
Detrition [de-trish' -zin) \_deterere, to wear off]. The
act of wearing or wasting of an organ or part, especi-
ally the teeth.
Detritus [def -rit-tts) \_deterere, to wear off]. The
waste matter resulting from any wearing away, or
from a destructive process.
Detumescence (de-tu-mes'-eni) \_detwiiescentia , a sub-
sidence of a tumor] . The subsidence of any swelling.
Deutencephalon (dilt-en-sef -al-on). See Dieneepha-
l07l.
Deuteria (dti-te' -re-aliS \JiEVTkpid\. The secundines.
Deutero-albumose (du-ter-o-al' -bti-mds). See All'ii-
7nose.
Deutero-elastose [du-ter-o-e-las' -tos)\fievTepoQ, second;
D\.aaTiKo<;, elastic]. Elastin-peptone ; one of the pro-
ducts of the digestion of elastin. It is not precipitable
by saturation with sodium chlorid.
Deuteropathy (dtt-ter-op' -a-the') second ;
Tva^or, a disease]. A disease that is secondary to
another.
Deuteropin (du-ter-o' -pin) [Sevrepoq, second ; b-rriov,
opium], C2gH,^jN05. An alkaloid of opium.
Deuteroplasm, or Deutoplasm (du-ter-o' -plaznt , or
did -to-plazni) ['Sfircpof , second ; TxTyaafm, formed
material]. .The food-yolk of an egg; a mass of
granules of proteid and fatty matter occurring in the
ovum.
Deuteroscopy (du-ter-os' -ko-pe) {fie'vTEpoc^ , second ;
(jKOTTe^v, to view]. Synonym of Claii~voyance.
Deuterostoma (du-ter-os' -to-niah) [(Sffirepof, second ;
aTOjia, mouth]. In biology, a secondary blastopore.
Deuterozooid (du-ter-o-zo' -oid) [SevTepoq, second; (,C>ov,
an animal ; eitSof, likeness]. In biology, a secondary
zooid, developed by budding.
Deuthyalosome (du-thi-al'-o-sd>n) [Sevt.epoq, second ;
vaAD(;, glass, crystal; cuiia, body]. The remains of
the germinal vesicle after the polar bodies have been
extruded, formed by the union of portions of the
chromatic stars or discs with portions of the prothyal-
osome.
Deutoleucite (du-to-lu'-sit) [i^Et'irtpof, second; ?.tKi6o(,
the yolk of an egg]. In biology, a tenn applied by
Salensky to the nutritive vitellus of the eggs of stur-
geons ; it is homologous to the secondary vitellus
(Nebendotter) of osseous fishes. Cf. P}-otoleucyte.
Deutomala (du-to-ma' -lalt) [tSeurepof, second; mala,
jaw]. In biology, a term applied by A. S. Packard,
Jr. , to the second pair of mouth-appendages of the
Myriopoda, formerly called labium, laut really homol-
ogous with the first maxillse of insects.
Deutomerite (du-tom'-er-it) [to'Tf^jof, second ; //f/JOf,
a part]. In biology, the posterior segment of a two-
celled organism, as a gregarine, the anterior cell
being called the protomerite, q. v.
Deutoscolex (du-to-sko'-leks) [fSei'irfpof, second ;
aKili'?.!]^, worm]. In biology, applied to secondary or
daughter-cysts or bladder- worms that are derived from
a scolex or primary bladder-worm.
Deutospermoblast (dti-to-sper' -mo-blast ) \&t'vTtpo(;,
second; ankp/m, sperm; /3?iaoT(;f, germ]. Anyone
of the cells produced by the division of a protosper-
moblast.
Deutoxid [du-toks'-id) \_6evTEpog, second ; o^i'f, sharp].
See Dioxid.
Devalgate (de-val'-gdt) \_de, intensive ; valgus, bowleg].
Bowlegged or bandylegged.
Development (de-vel' -op-ment') [Fr. , developper, to
unfold]. The sequence of organic changes, by which
the vitalized ovum becomes the mature animal or plant.
Deventer's Diameter. The oblique diameter of the
pelvis. D.'s Method. See Treatment, Methods of.
Devergie's Disease. See Diseases, Table of.
Deviation [de-vc-a'-shun) \_deviare,to AevisA^l. Turn-
ing from a regular course, standard, or position. D.,
Conjugate, the forced and persistent turning of eyes
and head toward one side, observed with some lesions of
the cerebrum. D., Primary, the deviation of the weaker
eye from that position that would make its visual
line pass through the object-point of the healthy eye.
D., Secondary, the deviation of the healthy eye from
that position that would make its visual line pass
through the object-point of the weaker eye. D. of
Teeth, a faulty direction or position of one or more
teeth.
Devitalization (de-vi-tal-iz-a'-skun) \_de priv.; vita,
life]. Depriving of hfe or vitality. D. of Dental
Pulp. See Dental Pulp, Devitalization of.
Devitalize (de-vi'-tal-tz) [</d', from ; vita, life]. To de-
stroy vitality, as that of living tissue.
Devonshire Colic {dev'-on-sher kol'-ik). See Lead-
Colic.
De Vries' Theory of " Intracellular Pangenesis."
See Heredity.
Devys' Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Dew's Method. See Artificial Respiration.
Dew [du] S^k?^., deaw, dew]. The water deposited
during the night from the atmosphere by the process
of condensation. D.-claw, the aborted hallux of a
domestic dog, or the false hoof of an ungulate. D.-
point, the point at which the air cannot take up more
vapor at the existing temperature, or loses a portion
of its vapor by condensation if the temperature be
but slightly reduced.
dewecker's operation
367
DIABETES
DeWecker's Operations. See Operations, Table of.
De wees' Carminative. See Asafetida.
Dewlap {(lu'-lap) [ME., detulappe, a loose, hanging
piece]. The pendulous longitudinal fold of skin seen
under the throat of most bovine animals and of some
dogs ; the wattle of a turkey ; colloquially, the
similar fold seen occasionally under the chin of old
persons.
Dexicardia (deks-e-kar' -de-ah). See Dexiocardia and
Dextrocardia.
Dexiocardia [deks-e-o-kar' -de-ah) [cJff^of, on the right;
Kapdia, the heart]. Transposition of the heart to the
right side of the thorax.
Dexter {deks'-ter) [L.]. Right; upon the right side.
Dextrad [deks'-trad) \_dexter,x\^t \ ad,\.<o\. Toward
the right side. See Position and Direction, Table of.
Dextral [deks'-tral) [dexter, right]. Pertaining to the
right side; right-handed, "sftft Position and Direction,
Table of.
Dextran (deks'-tran) \_dexter, right], C^Hj^Oj. A
stringy, gummy substance formed in milk by the ac-
tion of cocci, and occurring in unripe beet-root.
Dextren (</c'/Ji'-/r<?«) \_dexter, ng\iX'\. Belonging to the
de.xtral side in itself.
Dextrin [deks'-trin) [dexter, right], QHjgOj. The
soluble or gummy matter into which starch is con-
verted by diastase or by certain acids. It is \Vhite,
insipid, odorless, and is remarkable for the extent
to which it turns the plane of polarization to the
right hand, whence its name. See Carbohvdrates,
Table of.
Dextrins (deks' -trinz) [dexter, right]. Gummy amor-
phous masses, readily soluble in water and precipitated
by alcohol. Their aqueous solutions are dextro-rota-
tory, hence their name. They do not reduce Fehling's
solution, even on boiling, and are incapable of direct
fermentation; in the presence of diastase, however,
they can be fermented by yeast.
Dextrocardia {cleks-tro-kar' -de-ali) [dexter, right ;
KapSIa, heart]. A congenital condition in which the
heart is situated on the right side of the thorax ; either
alone or as a part of a general transposition of the
viscera. See Dexiocardia.
Dextro-compound [deks-tro-com'-pound^ [dexter,
right; coinponere, to set together]. In chemistry, a
compound body that causes a ray of polarized light to
rotate to the right. Dextrin, malic acid, and cinchonin
are dextro-compounds.
Dextrogyrate (deks-tro-ji' -rat'). 'iz.vx&z.i, Dextro-rota-
tory.
Dextrolichenin [deks-tro-li' -ken-in) [dexter, right ;
Xeix'iv, a lichen]. A form of lichenin readily dis-
tinguished from normal lichenin in being colored blue
by iodin, while lichenin is not.
Dextro-rotatory [deks-tro-i-o' -tat-or-e) [dexter, right ;
rotare, to whirl]. Causing to turn toward the right
hand, as a dextro-rotatory crystal.
'Qt.YXxo's,^ [deks' -tros) [(/t'jr/'<'r, right], C^HjjOg. Grape-
sugar. A sugar belonging to the glucose-group, that
crystallizes from aqueous solution with lH.,0 in nodu-
lar masses of six-sided scales. It is readily soluble in
water and alcohol, has a taste less sweet than ordinary
cane-sugar, and directly reduces an alkaline copper-
solution. It is dextro-rotatory to polarized light. It
is found in most sweet fruits, and in large amount in
diabetic urine. See Sugar and Glucose.
Dextro-sinistral [deks-tro-sin-is' -tral) [dexter, right ;
sinister, left] . Extending from right to left.
Dextroversion [deks-tro-ver'-zkun) [dexter, right;
vertere, to turn]. Version to the right side, as when
the fundus of the uterus is tilted dextrally ; dextral
latero-version.
Dezeanneau's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Dhobie's Itch. An Indian name for Ringworm of the
body.
Diabetes (di-ab-e' -tez) [5i.a^ii-r)(; : d<d, through; [Saiveiu,
to go]. The habitual excessive discharge of urine;
used alone the tenii often designates D. mellitus.
D., Artificial, that form produced in the physiologic
laboratory by puncturing the floor of the fourth
ventricle of the brain. D., Cerebral, diabetes in
which cerebrose appears in the urine in place of the
ordinary form of glucose or liver-sugar. It indicates
a cerebral lesion. D., English. Synonym of D.
mellities. D., Fat, a variety in which there is a
tendency to obesity. D. insipidus, polyio'ia, a
disease characterized by the excessive secretion of
a urine of low specific gravity, associated with a
marked degree of thirst, but without the presence
of glycosuria. The urine is pale, almost colorless,
and with a specific gravity but slightly above that
of water, and may be voided in considerable quan-
tities, even as much as fifty pints in a day. Many
of the cases progressively emaciate and finally die
of exhaustion. There is frequently found some
lesion of the central nervous system, as a cerebral
tumor ; or the disease may be due to some lesion of
the vaso-motor system of nerves. It is most frequent
in males, and usually occurs between the ages of
five and thirty years. D., Lean, a variety in which
emaciation is marked. D. mellitus, glycosicria,
a disease of the metabolic functions of the system,
without gross or clearly defined anatomic lesions,
manifesting itself by glycosuria, polyuria, thirst, and
progressive loss of flesh and strength, with a tendency
to a fatal termination. The onset is generally
insidious. The urine is not so excessive as in simple
polyuria, but may be as much as thirty pints in twenty-
four hours. It contains glucose or grape-sugar, varying
in quantity from two to five per cent., but occasionally
reaching as high as ten or twelve per cent. The
specific gravity is increased to between 1040 and
1060 though it may be as low as loio; the quantity
of urea is increased ; in some cases there is an
excess of the phosphates of the urine, and these cases
have been termed ' ' phosphatic diabetes. ' ' The re-
action of the urine is slightly acid ; the smell sweet-
ish. The emaciation is very marked and rapid, and
persists notwithstanding the fact that the appetite
is ravenous and the patient consumes an enormous
quantity of food. Toward the end of the disease
there is a failure of the mental faculties. Among the
complications of diabetes may be mentioned a tuber-
culous variety of pneumonia, eczema and pruritus of the
skin, gangrene of the toes, albuminuria, opacity of the
crystalline lens, coma, and cardiac failure. Conui occurs
most frequently in the young, and is characterized by
an extreme degree of dyspnea both of inspiration and
of expiration; it has been called //«7/<,w " by
Kussmaul. No appreciable cause for the dyspnea can
be found. As regards the morbid anatomy of diabetes
no lesion has as yet been found. The disease occurs
most commonly in young males, and in those of the
gouty and neurotic diatheses. Exposure to cold,
mental strain, injuries of the cerebrum, and the exces-
sive use of starchy and saccharine foods, are given as
exciting causes. D., Mosler's, polyuria due to the
presence of too much inosit in the blood. D., Non-
saccharine. Synonym of D. insipidus. D., Pan-
creatic, a variety of glycosuria associated with and
probably dependent upon disease of the pancreas.
D., Phloretin, that form produced in animals by the
administration of phloretin. D., Phloridzin, that
following the administration of phloridzin. D., Phos-
DIABETIC
368
DIALYSIS
phatic. See D. mcNitus. D., Saccharine. See Z).
niillitits. D., True. Synonym of D. incllitHs.
Diabetic (lii-ah-ef -ik) [(5ai, through ; flahw, to go].
I. Pertaining or l>elonging to diabetes. 2. A person
suffering from diabetes. D. Cataract, an opacity of
the crystalline lens sometimes found in association
with and thought to be a complication of diabetes.
D. Coma. See Diabetes mellitus. D. Gangrene.
See Spha€eloder?na. D. Sugar, CgHj.^O^, a form of
glucose, present in the urine of diabetes mellitus.
It is identical with grape-sugar. D. Tabes, a
peripheral neuritis occurring in diabetic patients,
characterized by lightning-pains in the legs, loss of
knee-jerk, and a loss of power in the extensors of the
feet. The gait is the characteristic steppage.
Diabetin [di-ab-e'-tin) [ciiri, through ; ^aiveiv, to go].
The trademarked name for levulose, which is recom-
mended as an innocuous and palatable sugar, and
nourishing substance for diabetics. It is a white
granular mass, soluble in water, and has a pure sweet
taste.
Diabetometer [di-ab-e-tom' -et-er) \_6iafiiiTi}q, diabetes ;
l-ifrpov, a measure]. A polariscope for ascertaining
the proportion of sugar in diabetic urine.
Diaboleptic {di-ab-o-lep' -tik) \6Lafio'Ko^, devil ; "kafi-
^aveiv, to seize]. An insane or deluded person who
professes to have supernatural communications.
Diabrotic (di-ab-rof -ik) [Jm/J/swr^KOf ; (5;a, through;
Pi/SpuaKeiv, to eat]. I. Corrosive. 2. A corrosive
substance.
Diacatholicon {di-ak-ath-ol' -ik-oii) \pLa., through : kcSo-
AiKur, universal]. Formerly, a purgative compound.
Diacaustic (til-ak-a-cvs'-tik) [iJhI, through; KavariKOC,
caustic], A double convex cauterizing lens.
Diacele, Diacoele {di'-as-el') \pLa, between ; koTKi], a
hollow]. A term for the third ventricle or cavity of
the diencephalon or interbrain. Its walls are the
thalami ; its floor the tuber and diaterma.
Diacetic Acid [di-as-e'-tik'). See Acid.
Diacetin {di-as' -et-iii) \_di, two ; acidum, acid], C3H5-
(OH)(C.Ji30^)2. A liquid derivative of glycerin, with
a bitter taste. It is also called aceiidiii.
Diaceturia (di-as-et-u'-re-ah) \di, two; acidum, acid;
ovftov, urine]. The presence of diacetic acid in the
urine ; it is a precursor of diabetic coma.
Diachorema idi-ak-o-re' -niah') [Jm^(ip7?//a, excrement].
Fecal matter; excrement.
Diachoresis {di-ak-o-j'e' -sis) [^Siaxupijaic, a passing
through]. Excretion or passage of feces.
Diachoretic (di-ak-o-ref -ik) \6iaxuprjTiK6r : 6iaxt)pi:£i.v,
to go through]. Laxative; aperient.
Diachylon (di-ak'-ii-on) [fWri, through ; ,yi'/(jc, juice].
Formerly any emollient plaster composed of the juices
of herbs. D. Plaster or Ointment. See Plutidnnn.
Diacid (di-as' -id) two ; acidus, acid]. In chemis-
try, having an acidity of two; said of an acid or salt.
Diaclasis [di-ak' -las-is) [SiciKkaaic, a breaking in two].
Refraction. A breaking.
Diaclast (di' -ak-last) \fiiaK'kaELv , to break apart]. An
instrument for penetrating and breaking up the fetal
head in craniotomy.
Diaclastic {di-ak-las' -tik) \fimK'/ ativ, to break apart].
Pertaining to diaclasis. D. Amputation. See Alai-
sonnciive's Amputation, in Operations, Table of.
Diacodion {di-ak-o-de' -on), or Diacodium {di-ak-o-de' -
[fS/a, through ; /curSe/wi', of poppy-heads]. Syrup
of poppies or of opium.
Diacoele or Diacoelia (di-as-e' -le-ah). See
Diaecle.
Diacope [di-ak' -o-pe) \fiia, through ; nmrrj, a cut]. A
deep, incised wound, especially of the head or skull ;
a lengthwise fracture or cut, as of a bone.
Diacrisis [di-ak' -r is- is) ['5/d, a part ; Kpivew, to separate
or secrete : //. , Diacrises'] . I . A critical discharge.
2. A change or disorder in a secretion. 3. Any dis-
ease marked by altered secretions.
Diacritic, or Diacritical [di-ak-rif -ik, di-ak-rit' -ik-al)
\&LaKpi(ji<;, a separating]. Diagnostic.
Diactine [di-ak' -tin) [dig, two; a/ir/f, a ray] . In bio-
logy, having two rays.
Diad [di'-ad). See Qtiantivalenee.
Diadelphous [di-ad-el' -fits) [f5/f,two; af!e?.0(5f, brother].
In botany, applied to stamens that are arranged in
two sets or brotherhoods.
Diaderm [di'-a-derm) [f!/c, two; <)ippa. skin]. In bi-
ology, a general term proposed by Minot for that
essential differentiation of the segmenting ovum, char-
acterized by the formation of two plates of cells,
differing in character, joined at their edges and sur-
rounding a segmentation-cavity; the two plates or
lamina are the two primitive germ-layers, the ecto-
demi and entoderm.
Diadermatic, Diadermic [di-ad-er-mat' -ik, di-ad-er'-
mik) \&Ld, through ; i^ipfia, skin]. Administered
through the skin. Cf. Hypodermatic.
Diadexis [di-ad-ek'-sis) [fiMe^iQ, metastasis]. Metas-
tasis of a disease, with a change of its character;
change in the seat and nature of a disease.
Diaeresis [di-er'-es-is). See Dieresis.
Diageotropic [di-aj-e-o-trop' -ik) \fiia, through ; yfj, the
earth ; rpeTreiv, to turn] . In biology, growing at
right angles to the direction of gravitation.
Diagnose [di-ag-nos'). See Diagnosticate.
Diagnosis (di-ag-no'-sis) \_6ia, a. part; ;j'U(T/f, know-
ledge]. The distinguishing, fixation, or interpreta-
tion of a disease from its symptoms. D., Differential,
the qualitative distinguishing between two diseases of
similar character, by comparative symptoms. D.,
Direct, the recognition of a disease from the existence
of one or more signs or symptoms, independently
of or in relation with other symptoms, or with age,
sex, physical and mental characteristics, residence or
occupation, or with the family history. D. by Ex-
clusion, the recognition of a disease by excluding
all other known conditions. D., Physical, the
application of physical methods to the study of
disease.
Diagnostic [di-ag-nos'-tik) [(Vii, apart ; yvuaic, know-
ledge]. Determining or confirming a diagnosis ; ser-
ving as sufficient evidence in a diagnosis. D. In-
cision, an incision (as through the abdominal wall)
made for diagnostic purposes.
Diagnosticate [di-ag-nos'-tik-at) [f!(o, apart; ■}vuntg,
knowledge]. To make a diagnosis.
Diagnostician[di-ag-nos-tis/i'-aii) [tha, through; yfCxjig,
knowledge]. One skilled in making diagnoses.
Diagometer [di-ag-oin' -et-er) transmission;
fiFTpov, a. measure]. An instrument for measuring
the electric conductivity of bodies.
Diagraph [di'-ag-raf) thoroughly; ypd<p£iv, to re-
cord]. An apparatus for recording the outlines of
crania.
Diaheliotropic [di-a-he-le-o-trop' -ik) [f5/o, through;
ilT^inq, the sun ; -poTTTj, a turning]. In biology, hav-
ing a tendency to grow at right angles to the direction
of the light.
DiaXAdin [di-ai'-dan) \_di, Uvo; atdekyd^, C^JA^^O^. A
chemic compound prepared by allowing the mixture
of aldehyd and HCl used for the preparation of aldol
to stand for some time ; it melts at 139° C.
Dialysate [di-a/'-is-dt) [6in, through; '/heiv, to loose].
A substance that has been acted upon by dialysis.
Dialysis (di-a/'-is-is) [Aid, through; /kiv, to loose].
The operation of separating crystalline from colloid
DIALYZED
369
DIAPHRAGM
substances by means of a porous diaphragm, the
former passing through the diaphragm into the pure
water upon which the dialyzer rests.
Dialyzed [iW -al-lzd^ [cStd, through; Tiveiv, to loose].
Prepared, acted upon, or separated, by dialysis.
Dialyzer [tii' -al-iz-er) [tSia, through ; 'kvEi:v,X.o loose].
An apparatus for effecting dialysis; also the septum,
or diaphragm of such an apparatus.
Diamagnetic Bodies [di-a-mag-nct'-ik hod'-ez). Bodies
not susceptible of being magnetized.
Diamagnetism {lii-a-mag' -nt t-izm) [(S/d, across ; fiayvr/g,
magnet]. The east-and-west orientation of certain
substances, notably antimony, copper, and gold, when
placed in the magnetic tield.
Diamesogamous {di-a-ine-sog' -am-iis) \6ta, through ;
fiiaoc, middle ; ya/iog, marriage]. In biology, applied
to such flowers as are fertilized by means of the wind,
water, insects, or other external agency.
Diameter (lii-am' -et-ei-) [ikd, through; fitrpoi', a meas-
ure]. A straight line passing through the center of
a body or figme. D., Baudelocque's. See Baiidc-
locque. D., Bisacromial, that between the acromial
processes. D., Bisiliac, that between the iliac bones.
D. Bistrochanteric, that between the two trochanters.
D., Craniometric, one of several lines connecting
points on opposite surfaces of the cranium. The most
important craniometric diameters are the following :
Auricular ox Biauricular, connecting the centers of the
two external auditory meatuses ; Basilo-bregmaiic , that
joining the basilon and the bregma ; Biglcnoid, that join-
ing the central points of the two glenoid cavities ; Bigo-
niac, that joining the two gonions ; Bijugal, that join-
ing the two malar points ; Bijtigular , that joining the
two jugular points ; Bimalar, that joining the two
malar points; Bimastoid, \\\zX joining the apices of
the mastoid bones ; Biparietal, that joining the pari-
etal eminences; Bistcphanic, see Maximum Frontal ;
Biteviporal , that joining the extremities of the coronal
suture ; Bizygomalic, that joining the most prominent
points of the zygomata ; Cervico-brcginatic , that
joining the center of the anterior fontanel and
the junction of the neck and floor of the mouth ;
Fronlo-nicntal, that joining the top of the fore-
head and the point of the chin ; Fronfo-occipital,
see Occipito-frontal ; Iiiial, that joining the most
prominent points of the inion and glabella ; Maximum
Antero-posterior, the distance from the glabella to the
furthest point of the occipital bone ; Alaxiiimni Fron-
tal, that joining the stephanions ; Maximum Occipital,
that joining the two asterions ; Maximum Transverse ,
the greatest transverse diameter of the cranium, where-
ever found ; Mento-bregmatic , that joining the chin and
the middle of the anterior fontanel ; Mento-frontal ,
see Fronto-mental ; Minimum Frontal, the supra-or-
bital line ; Occipito-frontal, that joining the root of the
nose and the most prominent point of the occiput ; Oc-
cipito-mental, that joining the external occipital protu-
berance and the chin ; Sagittal, see Basilo-bregmatic ;
Stephanie, see Maximum Frontal ; Sub-teuiporal, that
joining the spheno-temporal sutures on either side of
the head ; Trachclo-bregmatic , see Cervico-bregmatic ;
Vertical Diameter, ordinarily the distance from the
basion to the bregma, or what is nearly equivalent,
the distance from the basion to the point where the line
through the basion at right angles to the alveolo-con-
dylean plane intersects the cranial vault ; but some-
times the line is drawn at right angles to the foramen
magnum. D., Deventer's. See Deventer. D., Pel-
vic, any one of the diameters of the pelvis. The
most important are the following : Antero-posterior (of
pelvic inlet), that which joins the sacro- vertebral
angle and the pubic symphysis ; Antero-posterior (of
24
pelvic outlet), see Coccjpubic : Coccypzibic, that
which joins the tip of the coccyx with the subpubic
ligament ; the antero-posterior diameter of the pelvic
outlet ; Conjugate , the antero-posterior diameter of
the pelvic inlet ; Conjugate, diagonal, that connecting
the sacro-vertebral angle and subpubic ligament ;
Conjugate, external, that connecting the spine of the
first sacral vertebra and the middle of the upper bor-
der of the symphysis pubis ; Conjugate, true, that
connecting the sacro-vertebral angle and the most
prominent portion of the posterior aspect of the sym-
physis pubis ; Oblique (of pelvic inlet), left and right,
that connecting one sacro-iliac symphysis with the op-
posite ilio-pectineal eminence; see also Deventer;
Oblique (of pelvic outlet), that extending from the
middle of the under surface of the sciatic ligament upon
one side to the junction of the ischio-pubic rami on the
opposite side ; Sacro-pubic , see Antero-posterior ; Sacro-
subpubic, see Conjugate, diagonal ; Sacro-suprapubic,
that connecting the sacro-vertebral angle and the up-
per portion of the symphysis pubis ; Transverse (of
pelvic inlet), that connecting the two most widely
separated points of the pelvic inlet; Transverse (of
pelvic outlet), that connecting the ischial tuberosi-
ties.
Diametroscopy (di-am-et-ros' -ko-pe) [fuducTpo^, diame-
ter ; CKOKt'tv, to inspect]. Observation or measure-
ment of diameters (as of the retinal vessels).
Diamid {di' -am-id). See Hydrazin.
Diamin [di'-am-in). See Amin.
Diamotosis [di-am-o-to' -sis) \/iia, through ; fJoror,
lint]. The packing of a wound or sore with lint.
Diandrous [di-an' -d?-us) [(J/f, two; dr^p, a man]. In
biology ; having two stamens.
Dianoux's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Diapason [di-ap-as'-on) [AaTraffuj', concord]. A tun-
ing-fork.
Diapedesis [di-ap-ed-e' -sis) \f)iaTT7/6)]ai(; , a jumping
through]. The escape of the elements of the blood,
especially the white corpuscles, through the vessel-
wall. Also a synonym of Hematidrosis.
Diapedetic [di-ap-ed-et^ -ik) [Siarvi/dyiaic, a jumping
through]. Relating to diapedesis.
Diaper {di'-ap-er) [yiY,., dyaper, diaper; ornamented
cloth]. A napkin used as a T-bandage for infants
and menstruating women.
Diaphanometer [di-af-an-oin'-et-er). See Lactoscopc.
Diaphanoscope [di-af-an^ -o-skdp) \_6ia<j>m>Tj<;, translu-
cent ; UKOTrelv, to inspect]. A form of endoscope in
which the walls of the inspected cavity are rendered
diaphanous by means of an intense light.
Diaphanoscopy (di-af-an-os' -ko-pe) \8La^aviiq trans-
lucent; OKoirCiv, to see]. The examination of cavi-
ties of the body by means of an introduced incandes-
cent electric light.
Diaphanous [di-af -an-us) \&La, through ; (palveiv, to
shine]. Transmitting light ; translucent. D. Test.
See Death.
Diaphemetric [di-af-em-et'-rik) [cSm, through ; d<^?/,
touch; j^nrpov, measure]. Pertaining to measure-
ments of tactile sensibility.
Diaphoresis (di-af-o-re'-sis) \_fiia, a part ; (popkeiv, to
carry]. Perspiration, especially perceptible perspira-
tion, or that induced by medical treatment.
Diaphoretic (di-af-or-et'-ik) \fui, a part; fopicni, to
carry]. I. Causing an increase of perspiration ;
sudorific. 2. A medicine that induces diaphoresis.
Diaphragm (di' -afram) \fia, across ; (ppdy/na, wall].
I. The wall, muscular at the circumference and ten-
dinous at the center, that separates the thorax and
abdomen. The chief muscle of respiration and ex-
pulsion. 2. A thin septum, such as is used in
DIAPHRAGM
370
DIARRHEA
dialysis. 3. In microscopy, an apparatus placed be-
tween the mirror and object to regulate the amount of
light that is to pass through the object. D., Central
Stop, in microscopy, a diaphragm having a circular slit
-13
0
I If
■7
V
■15
Diaphragm, Inferior Aspect.
I. Anterior and middle leaflet of central tendon. 2. Right
leaflet. 3. Left leaflet. 4. Right crus. 5. Left crus. 6, 6.
Intervals for phrenic nerves. 7. Muscular fibers, from which
the ligamenta arcuata originate. 8. Muscular fibers that
arise from the inner surface of the six lower ribs. 9. Fibers
that arise from ensiform cartilage. 10. Opening for inferior
vena cava. 11. Opening for esophagus. 12. Aortic opening.
13, 13. Upper portion of transversahs abdominis, turned up-
ward and outward 14. Anterior leaflet of transversalis
aponeurosis. 15, 15. Quadratus lumborum. 16, 16. Psoas
magnus. 17. Third lumbar vertebra.
The Diaphragm in its Rhi.ations to the Heart
AND Lungs.
I. Left ventricle. 2. Right ventricle. 3. Anterior coronary
artery. 4. Left auricle. 5. Right auricle. 6. Superior vena
cava. 7. Pulmonary artery. 8. Origin of aorta. 9. Arch of
aorta. 10. Innominate artery. 11. Right carotid. 12,12.
Subclavian arteries. 13. Scalenus anticus. 14. First rib.
15. Larynx. 16. Trachea. 17, 17. Pneumogastrics. 18, 18.
Phrenics. 19. Right lung. 20. Left lung. 21, 21. Dia-
phragm. 22, 22. Seventh pair of ribs.
just within its margin, the center remaining opaque.
D. Iris, a device for changing or regulating the
amount of light directed upon an object under the
microscope. D. Opening. The opening in the disc
or apparatus of a microscope through which the
rays of light pass. It should be of about the
same size as that of the front lens of the
objective.
Diaphragmalgia [iii-af-rag-inal' -je-ah). See
D iapJi ragiii ata Igia .
Diaphragmatalgia {di-af-rag-tnat-aF -je-ah) {&ia ,
across; (ppayfia, a wall; a/jof, pain]. Pain
in or neuralgia of the diaphragm.
Diaphragmatic [di -af -rag-mat' -ik) [fi/d, across;
ii>liuy/ja, a wall. Relating to the diaphragm.
D. Hernia. See Hernia. D. Pleurisy.
See Pleurisy.
Diaphragmatitis {di-af-rag-mat-i'-tis) \6ia,
across; (ppdy/ja, a wall; irtg, inflammation].
Inflammation of the diaphragm.
Diaphragmatocele (di-af-rag-maf -o-sel') \pia-
(pl>ay/ja, diaphragm ; Kr/?ii/, hernia]. Hernia
through the diaphragm.
Diaphragmitis (di-af-rag-vii' -tis). See Dia-
pliragiiiatitis.
Diaphragmodynia (di-af-rag-mo-din' -e-aJi) [(5«d-
(pimyiia, diaphragm; bSvvi], pain]. Pain in
the diaphragm.
Diaphtherin (di-af'-ther-iii) [_(ha<j)He!peiv, to destroy].
Oxychinaseptol ; a coal-tar derivative composed of
two molecules of oxychinolin and one of aseptol. It
is a yellow powder, with a phenol -like odor. It is
used as an antiseptic and bactericide in solutions vary-
ing in strength from I to 50 per cent. Its chief draw-
back is that it attacks silver-plated or nickel-plated
instruments, turning them black. Unof.
Diaphylactic {lii-af-il-ak'-tik) \_6ia<^v7\aK.TiKb<;,
preserving]. Same as Prophylactic.
Diaphyseitis (di-af-iz-e-i' -tii) [(S(d0w(f, a dia-
physis ; /r/f, inflammation]. Inflammation of
a diaphysis.
Diaphysis (di-af'-is-is) [(5/d, between ; (l>veiv,\.o
grow]. The middle part or shaft of any long,
cylindric bone, as considered apart from the
apophyses and epiphyses. In biology, applied
to an unusually elongated axis, as that of a
flower or flower-cluster.
Diaplex, or Diaplexus (di'-ap-teks, di-np-leks'-us)
[f5/d, between ; plexus., a network]. The cho-
roid plexus of the third ventricle or diacele.
Diapophysial (di-ap-off-iz'-e-al) [Sic, apart;
airSfvcic, an outgrowth]. Relating to a dia-
pophysis.
Diapophysis((//-i7/-o^'-w-/.r) [Ad, apart; an6(pvaL(;,
an outgrowth]. The superior or articular part
of a transverse apophysis, or its homologue.
Diapyema [di-ap-i-e' -tna/i) \_i)iaTTvii/ta ; Sm,
through; -kvov, pus: //., Diapyeniata']. An
abscess.
Diapyesis {di-ap-i-e'-sis) [6iaTTvrjaiq ; fiia,
through ; Tr/V/c/f, suppuration]. Suppuration.
Diapyetic (di-ap-i-ef -ik) [fS/n-w/r/Koc, suppu-
rating]. Promoting diapyesis or suppuration.
Diarch {di'-ark) [A'f , two ; apxoi, rulers]. In
biology, a term descriptive of radial fibro-vascular
bundles having two rays,
Diarrhea (di-ar-e'-aK) [Ad, through ; pitiv, to flow].
An abnormal frequency of evacuation of the feces,
which are watery, and sometimes acrid. D., Acute,
that due to cold, or to the ingestion of improper food or
chemic poisons. In severe forms it is associated with
collapse, and may in rare cases be followed by death.
DIARRHEA
371
DIASTOLE
D., Acute Inflammatory, a term including the se-
verer forms of the catarrhal and summer diarrheas of
children. It is characterized by griping, vomiting,
and the passage of offensive, watery, brown or green-
ish stools. The child in the latter stage of this dis-
ease presents the same appearance as that seen in
advanced tuberculous meningitis — pinched features,
drowsiness, sunken and half-closed eyes, and rapid
irregular pulse — and to this condition the term "
rioiis JiydrocepJiabis''^ has been applied. Death fre-
quently results from this form of diarrhea. D.,
Acute Summer, a term given to sudden attacks of
profuse watery diarrhea occurring in children and
weak adults during the prevalence of hot weather.
(.See Cholera infinitum'). D. alba. See Celiac
Affection. D., Cachectic, that depending on some
diathetic disease, as syphilis, scurvy, malaria, tuberculo-
sis, and carcinoma, or else on chronic intestinal catarrh.
D., Choleraic, severe, acute diarrhea of any form
not readily traceable to any recognized cause. D.,
Choleriform. Synonym of Cholera infantum. D.,
Chronic Inflammatory, a diarrhea of children either
following an acute attack, or developing insidiously.
The stools are of a dark-brown color, thin and foul,
and may occasionally contain a spinach-like material.
There is great emaciation and anemia, and the term
^^consumption of the bowels, has been given to this
condition. The prognosis must be guarded. D.,
Chronic Tro-picul, Hill-diarrhea, "white Jizix,^' of
India, a severe form of chronic intestinal catarrh, and
essentially a tropical disease. In India it develops
often in those who, after dwelling in the heat of the
plains, pass to the changeable temperature of the hilly
country, hence the name '■^Hill-diarrhea.'^ The
stools are copious, light, and frothy ; there is progress-
ive failure of strength ; the temperature becomes sub-
normal ; albuminuria and edema develop, and death
results in many cases from exhaustion. D. chylosa.
See Celiac Affection. D., Compensatory. vSee D.,
Vicarious. D., Dissecting-room, a severe form of
diarrhea resulting from exposure to the animal efflu-
via of the dissecting-room. The discharges are very
fetid and may be accompanied by colicky pains, nausea
and vomiting, and headache. D., Dysenteric, a
form of diarrhea frequently encountered in children in
temperate climates. There are tenesmus and colic,
the passage of mucous and fecal stools, prolapse of the
rectum, and great exhaustion. Death may result. D.,
Fatty, a rare fonn, the result of the imperfect per-
formance of the pancreatic or hepatic function. D.
febrilis. Synonym of Enteritis, Pseudo-membranous .
D., Fibrinous. Synonym of Enteritis, Fsettdo-mem-
branous. D., Gelatinous. See Enteritis, Membran-
ous. D., Heat. See D. , Summer. D., Hill. See
D., Chronic Tropical. D., Infantile, a term
including various forms of diarrhea occurring in
infants and young children. D., Irritative, that
^ue to direct irritation of the intestines by improper food
and drink, purgative medicines, poisons, intestinal
worms, etc. D., Lienteric, a form of diarrhea com-
mon in children over two years of age, and character-
ized by the passage of fluid stools containing scraps
of undigested food, and associated with griping pains.
D., Matinal. See D., Chronic Tropical. D., Me-
chanical, that due to mechanical obstruction to
the portal circulation, with consequent gastro-intesti-
nal hyperemia and catarrh. It is seen in cases of mi-
tral lesion. D., Mucous. See Enteritis, Aletn-
branous. D., Nervous. See D., Liejiteric. D.
pituitosa. Synonym of Enteritis, Fseudo-me?nbra-
nous. D., Secondary, symptomatic diarrhea ; that
secondary to some ulcerative condition of the intes-
tines, as in typhoid fever, tuberculosis, pyemia, etc.
D., Serous, a variety in which the stools are very
watery. D., Simple Catarrhal, a common variety
of diarrhea occurring in infants. It is marked by
watery evacuations containing feculent matter and un-
digested curds. It is due to errors in diet or exposure
to cold. D., Summer, an acute form due to the intense
heat of summer. A synonym of the Summer Corn-
plaint of infants. D., Symptomatic. See D. , Sec-
ondary. D., Tuberculous, that form dependent upon
tuberculous disease of the bowels. D. tubularis.
Synonym of Enteritis, Pseudo-membranous. D., Ul-
cerative, a grave form due to intestinal ulceration.
D., Vicarious, that due to suppression or arrest of the
functions of the skin, kidneys, or lungs, so that the
bowels do the extra or vicarious work. It is also
called Compensatory diarrhea. It is rather salutary
than otherwise.
Diarrheal (cii-ar-e'-al^ \&La, through ; piit^iv, to flow].
Relating to, or of the nature of diarrhea.
Diarthrodial {di-ar-thro' -de-al) [fJra, throughout;
apdpoiat^, articulation]. Relating to or of the nature
of a diarthrosis.
Diarthrosis (di-ar-thro' -sis') \fi(d, throughout; apOpijaiQ,
articulation]. A form of articulation characterized by
mobility. The vaiious forms are : Arthrodia, in which
the bones glide upon plane surfaces ; Enarthrosis , best
known as ball-and-socket joint, with motion in all
directions ; Ginglymus, or hinge-joint, with backward
and forward motion ; and D. rotatoria, with pivotal
movement.
Diary Fever [di'-ar-e). See Fever.
Diastaltic (di-as-tal' -tik) \6ia, apart; cxEkKew, to send].
Reflex ; performed (as are many reflex actions)
through the medium of the spinal cord.
Diastase (di' -as-tds') \_^iaarac>i<;, separation]. A nitro-
genous vegetable ferment that is either contained or
developed in the fermentation of grain, which acts on
the molecules of starch, converting this into grape-
sugar or glucose.
Diastasemia [di-as-tas-e' -me-ah^ \_5ia, apart ; ardaic,
settling; aifia, blood]. Acute anasarca.
Diastasic, or Diastatic (di-as-tas' -ik, or di-as-tat' -ik)
\fiiaaTaai<;, separation]. Relating to a diastasis. D.
Ferments. See Ferments.
Diastasis {di-as' -tas-is) \_SLaaraaii;, separation]. I.
Luxation or dislocation. 2. The separation of an
epiphysis from the body of a bone without true fracture.
Diastema {di-as-te'-maJi) [f!;dffr?/^a, a distance: //. ,
Diastemata'\. A space or cleft. In biology, applied
to the space between any two consecutive teeth.
Diastematelytria (di-as-tem-at-el-it' -re-ah) [SidaTr/fia,
fissure ; ilvTpov,va.g'msi]. Longitudinal and congeni-
tal fissure of the vagina.
Diastematochilia {di-as-tem-at-o-kiF -e-ah) [_6tdaTj]ij.a,
fissure ; x^'^'of, lip]. Congenital longitudinal fissure
of the lip ; hare-lip.
Diastematocystia [di-as-te??i-at-o-sis^-te-ah) [fiLdoTTjiia,
fissure; id'arii;, bladder]. Congenital longitudinal
fissure of the bladder.
Diastematognathia [di-as-tem-at-og-na' -the-ah') [Adcr-
r7?^a, fissure ; yvddo<;, jaw]. Congenital longitudinal
fissure of the jaw.
V)\&%\.&c[^SL'tornQ\.x\a.{di-as-tem-at-o-me' -tre-ahyiJiidGTripLa,
fissure ; fiijTpa, womb]. Congenital longitudinal
median fissure of the uterus.
Diastematosternia {di-as-tem-at-o-ster'-ne-ah) \fnda-
rr/f/a, fissure ; are pi'ov, sternum]. Median congenital
fissure of the sternum.
Diaster [di'-as-ter). See Dyaster and Karyokinesis.
'£)\3CsXq\& [di-as' -to-le') [(J/ao'ro)^?), a drawing apart]. The
period of expansion or dilatation of the heart during
DIASTOLIC
372
DICROTIC
its rhythmic cycle or beat. It is applied also to
the dilatation of the arteries by the heart's con-
traction.
Diastolic {(fi-as-tol' -ik) [fiiaoTnAi/, a drawing apart].
Pertaining to diastole. D. Impulse, the back-stroke.
D. Murmur. See jMurmnr. D. Thrill, the vibra-
tion felt in the region of the heart during the diastole
of the ventricles.
Diastrephia {di-as-tref -e-ali) [cS/d, apart ; brptipEii', to
turn]. Insanity marked by acts of cruelty and by
gross perversion of the moral sense.
Diatactic {(ii-cit-ak' -tik) \6taTa:jctiv , to make ready] .
Preparatory. D. Action, the supposed molecular
establishment of unions between different brain-cells
and nerve-centers preparatory to coordinated motor
activity.
Diatela (di-at-c' -lah) \_6ia, between]. The velum inter-
positum of the brain.
Diaterma (</?'-tf/-tv-'-wd//) [(Wd, between ; rfp//a, end].
A portion of the floor of the diacele. It has a nearly
dorso-ventral direction.
Diathermal or Diathermanous [di-atk-er'-i/ial, di-
ath-ei-' -»ian-us^ [(''a, through ; Oepixri, heat]. Trans-
parent or diaphanous to the waves of radiant heat.
Diathermancy (<//-(7/y4-i';''-;«£?;z-^^) [(5;d, through; Otp/nr/,
heat]. Permeability to rays of heat.
Diathesis {lii-ath' -es-is) [6ia, through ; Tidtvai, to ar-
range]. A state or condition of the body whereby it is
especially liable to certain diseases, such as gout, cal-
culus, diabetes, etc. It may be acquired or heredi-
tary. D., Hemorrhagic, 'ie^a Hemophilia.
Diathetic [di-atk-et'-ik) [6ia, through ; ridivai^ to ar-
range] . Relating to a diathesis.
Diatom (di' -at-oni). One of the Diatomacece , a group
of microscopic Alga.
Diatomic (<//-(7/-w«'-?'/J) [(5/c,two; dro//of, atom]. In
chemistry, consisting of two atoms ; specifically applied
to hydrates that have two hydrogen atoms united to the
nucleus radical by oxygen.
Diatomin {di-a/' -o-tnin) [6ia, through ; Te/nveiv, to
cut]. The yellowish- brown coloring-matter of diatoms.
It is also called Phycoxanlhin. •
Diaxon ((//-<z,^i'-ci«) [d/f , two ; dfoi', axis]. In biology,
having two axes.
Diazo- (^di-a'-zo-) [dif, two ; azoinm, nitrogen]. In
chemistry, a prefix signifying that a compound contains
phenyl, C5H5, united with a radical consisting of two
nitrogen atoms. D.-acid, one of certain volatile
liquids of yellow color and peculiar odor, which
distil undecomposed with steam or under reduced pres-
sure. They are slightly soluble in water, but mix
readily with alcohol and with ether. D. -compound,
in chemistry a compound containing a group consisting
of phenyl (CgHj) united with a radical consisting of
two nitrogen-atoms (whence the name). D. -reac-
tion or test, a urinary test, originally thought to be
especially valuable in the diagnosis of enteric fever. It is
not found in the urine of healthy persons. The test is
made by mixing 200 parts of sulphanilic acid solution
(concentrated solution in water) with 10 parts of pure
hydrochloric acid, and 6 parts of nitrite of sodium
solution (l : 200). To this mixture add an equal
volume of urine with sufficient ammonia to render the
whole alkaline. A bright or carmin-red denotes the
reaction. See Tests, Table of.
Diazobenzene (di-a-zo-bcn' -zeii) \dis, two ; azotum,
nitrogen ; bcnzoin'\ . The nitrogenous body called Tyro-
toxieon, q. v.
Dib [E. dial]. The knee-pan or ankle-bone of a
sheep's leg.
Dibasic ((//-/w'-^z/J) [rSjf, twice ; /JdcKC, base]. Having
two bases. D. Acids. See Acids.
Dibenzyl {di-ben'-zil) [(i/r, twice ; benzoin'], Cj^H,^.
A compound prepared by the action of sodium upon
benzyl chlorid. It crystallizes in large prisms, melt-
ing at 52° C. and boiling at 284° C.
Diblastic [di-blas'-tik) [rJ/f, double ; /3/la(7rdf , germ]
Referring to any theory of disease that ascribes it to a
double agency.
Dibothrium (di-both' -re-um) [L.]. A genus of ces-
tode worms. D. latum. See Bothriocephalus latus.
Dibromindone [di-bro-min' -don) [d/f , double ; jipuiioq,
a stench], CgHjBr20. A compound derived from
dibromcinnamic acid. It consists of orange-yellow
needles, with an odor resembling that of quinone. It
melts at 123°.
Dicephalism {di-sef -al-iztn) [f5/f, two ; Ki<paAr], head].
The condition of having two heads.
Dicephalous (di-sef -al-tis) [rf'f, two; K£(pa\rj, head].
Two-headed.
Dicephalus (di-sef'-al-ics) [(5(f, two ; K(pa7Lri, a head].
A monster having two heads.
Dicerous (dis'-er-zes) [Jif, two; aepa^, a horn]. In
biology, having two antennce.
Dichasium (di-ka' -se-uin) [^dixaaiQ, division]. In
biology, applied to a cyme having two axes.
Dichastasis (^di-kas' -tas-is) [J/^acrif, division]. In
biology, spontaneous fission.
Dichasteres {di-kas-te' -rez) \6ixd^iiv, to divide]. An
old name for the incisor teeth.
Dichlamydeous {di-klam-id' -e-iis) two ; ;i'Aa/^rf, a
mantle]. In biology, applied to flowers having both
floral envelops.
Dichogamy (di-kog' -a-me) \&ixo,, in two ; yaiioQ, mar-
riage]. In biology, a provision for cross-fertilization
of flowers by the maturation of the reproductive ele-
ments of the same flower at different times.
Dichotomous {di-kof -o-nitis) \&ixo., in two ; rifiveiv,
to cut]. In biology, divided, forked or having a
dual arrangement.
Dichroism (di' -kro-izni) [d/f, double ; X9^'^^ color].
The phenomenon of ditterence of color in bodies
when viewed by reflected or by transmitted light.
Dichromatism [di-kro' -mat-izju). Same as Color-
blindness.
Dicinchonin (tii-siji'-kon-in) [A'f, double ; cinchona],
C.jgH^^N^O.^. An alkaloid of Cinchona bark, an
amorphous solid, melting at 40° C, readily soluble in
alcohol and ether.
Diclesium (di-kle'-se-um') [J/f , two ; KAeieiv, close]. In
biology, an achenium having a persistent calyx or
perianth.
Diclinous {di-kli'-mis) [d/f, two; kX'ivi], a bed]. In
biology, having the stamens and pistils in separate
flowers.
Dicochirurgea [di-ko-ki-rer'-je-ah') [J/zi?;, justice;
Xeipovpyla, surgery]. Forensic surgery.
Dicotoin (di-ko'-to-iii) [f!/f , double ; Cotd] . A deriva-
tive of cotoin present in coto bark.
Dicotyledon [di-kot-il-e' -don) [Jif, two; Korvkr/Siiv,
a cavity] . In biology, a term introduced by J. Ray
in 1682, for a plant whose embryo has two seed-leaves
or cotyledons.
Dicranous {di-kra'-nus) [fi'iKpavog, two-headed].
Dicephalous.
Dicranus (di-kra'-nus) [c!/f, double ; Kpavoi>, head].
A dicephalous monster.
Dicrotic [di-krot' -il-)[_6iKpoTo^ , double beating]. Having
a double beat. D. Pulse, a term applied to a pulse
that imparts the sensation of a double beat at each
pulsation. D. Wave, the wave of recoil, or the
second smaller ascending wave of the sphygmographic
tracing. It is generated by closure of the aortic
valves.
DICROTISM
373 DIFFICULTAS INTESTINORUM
Dicrotism {di'-kro-tizni) [tSkporof, a double-beat].
The quality of being dicrotic. A condition of the
pulse in which with every wave there is given to the
finger of the examiner the sensation of two beats. It
is present when the arterial tension is low. The second
shock is due to the recoil of the arterial walls when
the aortic valves are closed.
Dictyitis (dik-te-i' -tis) \JiiKTvov, net, retina]. Retinitis.
Dictyopsia (dik-te-op'-se-aJi) [d/KTOOf, net ; oi/;if , view].
The sensation as if a net were stretched before the eyes.
Dicyanogen [lii-si-an' -o-jen) [Af, double ; cyanogeif^,
NC.CN. Free cyanogen; a colorless, poisonous gas
of peculiar odor, and specific gravity 26 (H=l). It
may be condensed to a mobile liquid by cold of — 25°
C. , or by a pressure of four atmospheres at ordinary
temperatures. In this condition it has a specific
gravity of .566, solidifies at — 34° C. to a crystalline
mass and boils at — 21° C. It burns with a bluish-
purple mantled flame.
Didactic {di-dak' -tik) \Jia\aKriKtiq, apt at teaching].
Teaching by description, rules, or principles ; opposed
to clinical.
Didactylism {di-dak' -til-izm) {pk-, double ; (Jd/trtiAof,
a finger]. The condition of having congenitally but
two digits on a hand or foot.
Diday's Operation. See Operations, Tabic of.
Didot's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Diduction [di-duk'-shun) \jiidiicere, to draw apart].
Abduction of two parts ; the withdrawal of a part.
Didymalgia (did-e-7nal' -je-ali) \6L6viioq, testicle ; akyoc,
pain]. Pain in a testicle.
Didymitis [did-e-uti'-tis) [f5/Jii//of , a testicle ; itk;, in-
flammation] . Orchitis affecting mainly the body of
the testicle.
Didymium [di-dim'-e-iim) [dtdii/iof, twin]. A rare
metal of grayish or yellow color. See Elements,
Table of.
Didymous (did' -im-us) [d/tSyttof, twin]. Arranged in
a pair, or in pairs.
Didymus (did' -im-iis) [J/di'/zof , twin]. A twin; a
twin-monstrosity ; a testis.
Didynamous (di-diiz' -a in-iis)\_6i^ , two; 6vvafiig, power] .
In biology, having the stamens in two pairs, one
longer than the other.
Die ((//) [ME., <&'«]. To cease to live; to become
dead.
Diecious (di-e' -skits') [cS/f , two ; oZ/iOf, house]. In bi-
ology, having the two sexes in different individuals, or
in two households, as staminate and pistillate flowers
separate and on separate plants.
Dieffenbach's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Dielectric (di-e-lek' -trik) [d;d, through ; i/?ieicTpov,
amber]. A non-conducting substance that transmits
electricity by induction.
Dielectrics (di-e-lek' -triks') \&La, through ; rfK^Kxpov,
amber]. The property of certain substances to per-
mit an inductive electric influence to act through or
across them.
Dielectrolysis (di-e-lek-trol'-is-is) [Jm, through ; r/XeK-
r/joi;, electricity ; Aye; v, to dissolve]. Galvanic elec-
trolysis of a compound, the current passing at the
same time through a diseased portion of the body and
carrying one of the elements of the compound with it.
Dien (di'-en) \6id, through ; kyKi<bayoq, brain]. An
abbreviation of diencephalon. The name given to
the line of jimction of the thalamus with the caudatum.
Diencephal (di-en-sef-al' ) . Same as Diencephalon.
Diencephalon (di-cn-sef'-al-on) [61a, between ; kyuecpa-
Aof, brain]. That part of the brain between the
prosencephalon and the mesencephalon. It includes
the optic thalami and the third ventricle.
Dieresis (di-er' -cs-is) \_6ia!.peaig, a division]. A solu-
tion of continuity, as a wound, ulceration, etc. In
biology, the division of the outer branch of the pos-
terior or caudal pleopod of a crustacean. (Bate).
Dieretic (di-cr-et'-ik) \_6iaipt:eiM, to divide]. Destruc-
tive ; escharotic ; corrosive.
Dies and Counter-dies. Metallic casts obtained by
molding in sand or dipping in molten zinc and lead,
or other alloys, such as Babbitt metal, and which are
used for stamping up dental plates ; they are generally
described as male and female castings, between which
the plate is swaged.
Diesel's Test. See Tests, Table of.
Diet (di'-et) \_6iaiTa, a system or mode of living]. I.
An arranged selection of food necessary to meet the
needs of the body. 2. To regulate the amount and
character of the food ingested. D. -drink, a medi-
cated drink, or beverage. D., Lisbon, a draught much
resembling the compound tincture of sarsaparilla.
D., Milk, one consisting mainly of milk. D., Tuff-
nell's, a highly nutritious diet including but a small
amount of liquids, employed in the treatment of
internal aneurysms.
Dietarian (di-ct-a' -re-aii) [c5m(ra, a system or mode of
living]. A physician who pays special attention to
matters of diet.
Dietary (di' -et-a-re) \_6imTa, a system or mode of
living] . A system of food-regulation intended to meet
the requirements of the animal economy.
Dietetic (di-et-et'-ik) [fS/a/ra, a system or mode of
living]. Pertaining to diet.
Dietetics (di-ct-et'-iks) \6iaLTa, a system or mode of
living]. The science of the systematic regulation of
■ the diet for hygienic or therapeutic purposes.
Dietetist (di-et-et'-ist) [iViaira, a system or mode of
living]. One who is expert in questions of diet ; a
dietarian.
Diethylamin (di-eth-il' -am-in) [rf/f, double ; ethyl, arnin] ,
NCjH,,. A ptomaine, obtained from the pike-fish when
allowed to putrefy for six days in summer. It is an
inflammable liquid of strong basic properties, soluble
in water, and boiling at 57.5° C. It is non-poisonous.
Dietic (di-et'-ik) [(S/atra, a system or mode of living] .
Same as Dietetic. D. Diseases, those caused by
errors of diet.
Difference-Theory (dif -er-ens). A theory in explan-
ation of the galvanic phenomena of living tissues.
The theory is an expression of these facts : Protoplasm
when injured or excited in its continuity becomes
negative to the uninjured part ; when heated it becomes
positive ; and the surface-polarization diminishes with
excitement and in the process of dying. It is also
called Alteration-theory (Hermann').
Differential (dif-er-en' -shal) \_differentia, difterence].
Pertaining to or creating a difference. D. Diagno-
sis. See Diag7iosis. D. Rheotome. See Rheo-
tome. D. Tone, a tone produced by two primary
tones when sounding simultaneously ; the number of
the vibrations corresponds to the difference between
the two primary tones. D. Staining, a method of
staining tubercle-bacilli, syphilis-bacilli, etc., founded
upon the fact that if deeply-colored, and especially
with a mordant, they retain the color in the presence of
certain reagents that decolorize the surrounding tis-
sues. Koch, Ehrlich and Weigert, Ziehl and Neel-
son, Fiitterer, Gibbes, etc., have devised various
methods of difterential staining.
Differentiation (dif-er-cn-she-a' -shun) \diffcrentia, dif-
ference]. Specialization of tissues, organs, or func-
tions. The gradual change of homogeneous material
into special tissues or organs.
Difficultas intestinorum ( dif-ik-ul' -tas in-tes-tin-or' -
uni) [L.]. Synonym of Z>)w«to;7.
DIFFRACTION
374
DIGITI MORTUI
Diffraction {dif-rak' -shuii) \_dis, apart ; fractus, bro-
ken]. The deflection suffered by a ray of light when
it passes through a narrow slit or aperture. D. Grat-
ing, a strip of glass closely ruled with fine lines ; it is
often used in the spectroscope in the place of the bat-
tery of prisms.
Diffuse [Ji/-us') \_(h', apart; funderc, to pour over].
Scattered or spread about. In medicine, applied to
diseases that involve a large part of the body. D.
Aneurysm, one caused by a rupture of the walls of a
blood-vessel. D. Cerebral Sclerosis. See Sclero-
sis. D. Inflammation. See Injlaiumatioii.
Diffusible {dif-u' -zih-l) \dis, away; fimdcre, to pour].
Susceptible of being rapidly diffused throughout the
system; applied to certain quickly-acting stimulants,
usually of transient effect.
Diffusion (dif-u' -zkiiii) \_diffunderc , to spread]. A
spreading or dissemination. D., Anodal, same as
Cataphorcsis. D. -circle, the imperfect image formed
by incomplete focalization, the position of the true
focus not having been reached or else having been
passed.
Digastric [di-gas' -trik) double ; yaariip, belly] .
Having two bellies. D. Muscle. See Muscles,
Table of. D. Triangle. See Triangles, Table of.
Digenesis [di-jen'-es-is) [d/f , two ; yfi^effif, generation].
In biology, the alternation of sexual and asexual gen-
eration.
Digenous (dij'-en-us) [(5/f , two ; yfvof, sex]. In biol-
ogy, pertaining to both sexes, or originating from
opposite sexes.
Digerent {dij' -er-eiit) [digerere, to Aigt&i]. A digest-
ant; also a medicine that excites the secretion of pus
in wounds.
Digestant [di-jest'-anl) \_digerere, to digest]. I. A
body or substance that effects solution of the food in
the mouth, stomach, and intestines. 2. A remedy for
indigestion.
Digestibility (di-jes-tib-il' -it-e) \digestibilis , that can be
digested] . Susceptibility of being digested.
Digestible {di-jesf -ib-1) \_digestibilis, that can be di-
gested]. Capable of being digested.
Digestio Difficilis {di-jes' -che-o dif-ik' -il-is) [L.]. Syn-
onym of Dyspepsia.
Digestion (di-jes' -c him') \_digei-ere, to digest]. In bi-
ology, that process whereby the food taken into an
organism is made fit to become part thereof. D.,
Artificial, the production of peptones outside of the
body. D., Primary, gastro-intestinal digestion. D.,
Secondary, the assimilation by the body-cells of their
appropriate pabulum.
Digestive (di-jes' -tiv) \digerere, X.o dixge^ilC^. I. Relat-
ing to or favoring digestion. 2. An agent that pro-
motes digestion. 3. Pertaining to the process of
digestion. D. Apparatus, the organs of digestion
considered collectively. D. Tract, the whole aliment-
ary canal from the mouth to the anus. See Illustra-
tion .
Digit (dij' -it) {digitus, a finger]. A finger or toe.
Digital (dij'-it-al) \_digitus, a finger]. Pertaining to the
fingers or toes. ' D. Arteries, the arteries of the hands
and feet supplying the digits. See Arteries, Table of.
D. Compression, the stoppage of a flow of blood by
pressure with the finger. D. Dilatation, the enlarg-
ing of a cavity by means of the finger. D. Examina-
tion, examination or exploration with the finger. D.
Nerves, the nerves of the hands and feet. D. Pha-
langes, the bones of the fingers or of the toes.
Digitalein (dij-it-a' -le-in) \_digitalis, pertaining to the
fingers]. One of the constituents of digitalis.
Digitalin (dij-il-a' -lin) [dit^^'falis, pertaining to the
fingers]. I. Digitaliuum (U. S. P.) ; C^H^,^ (?), the
active principle of Digitalis purpurea, q. v. Dose gr.
bV^tV- ^' ^ precipitate from a tincture of Digitalis
purpurea. Unof. Besides the foregoing there are
various commercial preparations known by this name.
Digitalis (dij-it-a' -lis) \digitalis, pertaining to the
fingers]. Foxglove. The leaves of /). It
contains an amorphous complex substance, digitalin,
that does not, however, represent the full properties
of the leaves. It is a cardiac stimulant and excito-
motor, and in large doses causes severe gastric dis-
turbance. It is employed mainly in affections of the
heart when the latter is rapid and feeble. Dose of
the leaves gr. ss-iij. D. abstractum, strength twice
that of digitalis itself. Dose gr. ^-ij. D., Ext.,
leaves yield 25 per cent, of extract. Dose gr. Y^-yi-
D., Ext., Fid., strength lOO per cent. Dose TT\,j-iij.
D. infusum, i ^4 per cent, in strength. Dose §ss-j.
D ., Tinct., 1 5 per cent. Dose V<\y- 5 j . See Digitalin.
Digitalose (dij-it-al-oz') \_digitalis, pertaining to the
fingers]. A white crystalline constituent of digitalis.
General Scheme of the Digestive Tract, with the
Chief Glands Opening into It; Together with the
Lacteals Arising from the Intestine and Joining
THE Thoracic Duct. (Landois.)
Digitate (dij'-it-at) {digitus, finger]. In biology, hav-
ing finger-like divisions, as when the leaflets of a
compound leaf are all borne on the apex of the petiole.
Digitation (dij-it-a' -shun) [digitatus, having digits].
A serration; a finger-like process, or a succession of
such processes.
Digiten [dif -it-en) {digitus, a finger]. Belonging to a
digit in itself.
Digiti mortui (dij'-it-i mor'-tu-i) [L.]. Dead-
fingers ; a cold and white state of the fingers, seen in
DIGITIGRADE
375
DIOPTOMETRY
some hysterical women, and in certain types of insan-
ity. It is a manifestation of some vaso-motor disorder.
Digitigrade {dif -it-ig-rad) \_digitus, imgtir; gradi, to
walk]. In biology, walking on the toes.
Digitonin {dij-it-o-nin') \_digitaUs, pertaining to the
fingers], C.j,H-.,Oij. A white, amorphous mass ob-
tained from digitalis. It is easily soluble in water,
slightly so in alcohol ; insoluble in ether and chloro-
form.
Digitoxin (dij-it-oks' -in) \_digi/alis, pertaining to the
fingers; toxicum , ■po\soTC\, CjjHjjO,, or CjjHjjOj^. A
highly poisonous alkaloid from Digitalis purpurea. Its
effects are little understood. Its action is cumulative.
Unof.
Digitule {dig' -it-Ill") \_digittilus, a little digit]. A little
finger, toe, or claw ; a small organ or prominence
resembling a digit.
Digitus [di/ -it-Its) [L.]. A finger or toe.
Diglossia [di-glos'-e-a//) [d/f , double ; y'Auaaa, .ongue].
The condition of having a double tongue.
Digoneutic {iii-go-nu' -tik) [(5/f, two; }(ivoc, offspring].
In biology, producing two broods a year.
Digonoporous (lii-go-nop' -or-iis) [(5/'c, two ; } oi'or , off-
spring; -Kopoq, pore]. In biology, having the genital
pores separate.
Digyn [di'-jin) [(5/?, two; yvvi], woman]. In biology,
having two pistils.
Dihydrolutidin (ili-hi-dro-lu' -tid-iii) [d/f , double ;
iifSuf), water], C,HjjN. One of the alkaloids of cod-
liver oil. See Alorrhuolins.
Dihysteria (ili-his-te' -re-ah) [(5/f, double ; varcpa, the
womb]. The presence of a double womb.
Dilaceratio cataractse [di-las-er-a' -she-o kat-ar-ak' -te)
[L.]. See Dilaceration.
Dilaceration (di-las-er-a' -shun) \_dilaceratio, a tearing
apart]. A tearing apart ; division of a membranous
cataract by a tearing operation.
Dilatatio cordis [di-lat-a' -she-o kor'-dis) [L.]. Dila-
tation of the heart.
Dilatation (<//-/aA(7'-j'/i«w) [^///rt/'ar<?, to spread out]. I.
An increase in the size of a cavity or of the lumen of a
vessel ; expansion of an organ without hypertrophy.
2. Surgical stretching out of the walls of a hollow
organ. D. of Blood-vessel. See Telangiectasis.
D. of Heart, an increase in the size of one or more of
the cavities of the heart, arising from a relaxation or
weakening of the heart-muscle. It is associated with
evidences of failure of circulation, resulting in conges-
tion of the lungs and other viscera and tissues.
Dilatator (di-lat-a'-tor). See Dilator.
Dilator (di-la' -tor) \_dilatare, to spread out]. An instru-
ment for stretching or enlarging a cavity or opening ;
also, a dilating muscle. See Muscles, Table of. D.,
Barnes', an instrument for dilatation of the os and cer-
vix uteri, consisting of a rubber bag, which, when in-
serted, is distended with water. D., Intra-uterine,
for dilating the uterine cavity by means of air or water.
D., Laryngeal, an instrument with two or three blades
that may be separated, for freeing or dilating the larynx.
Dilemma (di-lein' -ak) [_6'i7i7]fifj-a ; 6iq, double ; Aiy/z^a,
proposition]. In experiments to determine the reac-
tion-time of psychic processes, if the person is told
which side is to be stimulated, or what colored disc is
to be presented, etc. , the time is shorter. Lack of such
foreknowledge is called the dilemma.
Dill [dil). See Anetlmni.
Dilmaisch Disease. See Disease.
Diluent {dil'-u-ent) \diluere, to wash away]. An agent
that dilutes the secretions of an organ, or that increases
the fluidity of secretions.
Dilution ((//-/«'-^//«») \_dilnei'e,\.o wash away]. I. The
process of mixing with a neutral fluid or substance, in
order to attenuate. 2. A diluted substance ; the result
of a diluting process.
Dilutionist (di-lu' -shun-ist) \diluere, to wash away].
One who advocates the dilution of medicines. 15.,
High, a homeopathist who advocates the extreme at-
tenuation of medicines.
Dimerosomatous [dim-er-o-som' -at-us) fdtf , two ; jit-
poq, a part ; oufxa, body]. In biology, applied to
animals, as spiders, that have the body divided into
two regions, cephalo-thorax and abdomen.
Dimerous [dim'-er-us) [cS/f, two; /iispoc, a part]. In
biology, bipartite.
Dimethyl Ketone. See Acetone.
Dimethylamin (di-meth-il' -am-in) two ; mefliyl,
a?nitf\, NC.^H,. A non-toxic ptomaine found in putre-
fying gelatin, old decomposing yeast, certain varieties
of fish-decomposition, etc.
Dimethylarsin [di-meth-il-ar' -sin). See Cacodyl.
Dimethylphenylene-green. See Pigments, Conspec-
tus of.
Dimetria [di-ine' -tre-ah) [(^/f, double ; fir/Tpa, the
womb]. The condition of having a double womb.
Dimidiate (di-niid' -e-at) \di, apart ; medius, middle].
In biology, divided into halves, or represented by one
half only ; one-sided. Applied to an anther whose
lobes are widely separated by a broad connective, or
to animals that are male on one side and female on
the other.
Diminished Breathing. See Breath- soimds.
Dimorphism [di-morf -izin) [(5/f, double ; /^op^^, form].
The property of assuming or of existing under two
distinct forms.
Dimorphous (di-morf -us) [(^'f, double ; fJ-opipT], form].
In chemistry, having the quality of two forms of
crystallization. In biology, existing in two forms,
as individuals of the same species that differ in
form, structure, size, or color.
Dimple {divi'-pl) [AS. , f/)'«/]. A slight depression.
Dingee (din'-ge). '$>yaoxvjm oi Dengue.
Dingler's Green. See Pigments, Conspectus of .
Dinic, Dinical [din'-ik, or din' -ik-al) [f^h'Of, whirl].
Pertaining to or useful in the relief of vertigo.
Dinitrobenzene (di-ni-tro-ben' -zen) \_di, two ; nitrum,
niter ; benzene^, CgH^(N02)2- One of the ingredients
of Roburite, q.v.
Dinner Pills. A name applied to various mild cathartic
pills taken after meals. See Lady Webster Pill.
Dinomania (din-o-iua' -ne-ah) [d/x'of, a whirling dance ;
jiavia, mania]. Dancing-mania. Choromania, q. v.
Dinus {di'-nus) [Jh'of, whirl]. Vertigo or dizziness.
Dioecious [di-e'-shus). See Diecious.
Diogenes' Cup. See Poculum diogenis.
Diogmus (di-og'-nms) [c!;(jj , a chase]. Palpitation
of the heart.
Dionsea {di-o-ne' -ah) [A^uij;/, Dione]. A genus of
plants. D. muscipula, a plant of the Sundew family,
growing in the Carolinas ; Venus's fly-trap. It cap-
tures and feeds upon various insects, and is said to
contain droserin and azerin, the same digestive fer-
ments that occur in Drosera, q.v. Unof.
Dionym {di' -o-nim) [fS/c, two; ovv/Lia, name]. A name
consisting of two words, as medulla oblongata ; corpus
callosuj)i.
Diophthalmus [di-off-thal' -mtis). See Diprosopus.
Diopsimeter {di-op-sim'-et-er) [(5/'oi/"C, clear vision ;
fie-pov, a measure]. An instrument for exploration of
the visual field.
Diopter [di-op'-tej-). See Dioptry.
Dioptometer [di-op-tom'-et-er). Same as Optojneter.
Dioptometry (di-op-tom' -et-re) [pLOTTrijp, a watchman ;
/i£Tpm>, a measure]. The measurement of the accom-
modative and refractive states of the eye.
DIOPTRAL
376
DIPHYCERCAL
Dioptral (di-op' -tral) {pioTrriip, a watchman]. Pertain-
ing to a dioptry ; expressed in dioptrics.
Dioptre {di-op' -ter). See Dioptry.
Dioptric [di-op'-trik) [_dia, through; biptodai, to see].
I. Pertaining to transmitted and refracted light. 2.
A dioptry.
Dioptrics [di-op' -triks) [(Sid, through ; oipeodac, to see].
A branch of optics treating of the refraction of light
by transparent media, especially by the media of the
eye.
Dioptry [di-op' -tre) \8ia, through; oipeadai., to see].
The most commonly accepted unit of measurement
for optic lenses. A positive (or pius) spherical (bi-
convex) lens of one dioptry has a focal distance of one
meter ; one of two dioptrics, a focal distance of one-
half a meter, etc. See Lenses, and Spectacle-lenses.
Diorthosis [di-or' -tho-sis) [J(d, throughout ; bf)H6ELV, to
straighten]. The surgical correction of a deformity,
or repair of an injury done to a limb.
Diorthotic [di-or-thol' -ik) \_6ia, throughout; bpOoeiv, to
straighten]. Relating to or effecting a diorthosis.
Dioscorea [di-os-ko' -i-e-ali) \_Dioscoj-ides, a famous
Greek physician and botanist]. Wild Yam, Colic
Root. The rhizome of D. villosa, a creeping-plant,
indigenous to the eastern U.S. It is claimed to be ex-
pectorant, diaphoretic, and stimulant to the intestinal
canal, in large doses causing neuralgic pains and
erotic excitement. It is used successfully for bilious
colic. D., Fid. £xt., of standard strength, dose
rr\^xv-xxx. Unof.
Dioscorein (di-os-ko' -re-i>i) \_Dioscorides, a Greek bot-
anist]. A precipitate from a tincture of the root of
Dioscorea villosa. It is antispasmodic, expectorant,
and diaphoretic. Dose to 4 grains. Unof.
Diosma ((//-fo'-wrt/;) [d/of, divine ; ou^?), odor]. Buchu.
See Barosma.
Diosmin [di-oz'-min) [rS/'of, divine ; bafii], odor]. An
active principle obtained from various species of Buchu.
It is an amorphous, bitter substance. Unof.
Diosmosis [di-os-!?io' -sis). Same as Osmosis.
Diotic [di-oi'-ik) [cSif, two; oif, urdf, ear]. Binaural;
pertaining to both ears.
Dioxid [di-oks'-id) [(5/f, two; o^vq, sharp]. An oxid
containing two atoms of oxygen and one of a metal.
Dipentene [di-pen'-feti), Cj^Hjg. Cinene ; a compound
produced by heating pinene, camphor, and limonene
to 250-300° C. It is present in the Russian and
Swedish turpentine oil. It is a liquid with an agree-
able lemon-like odor; sp. gr. 0.853; boils at 175-
176° C.
Dipetalous [di-pef'-al-us) [^Sic, two; Trf ralov, a leaf ].
In biology, two-petaled.
Diphenyl ((//-/t'w'-//) [(S/f,two; <poivi^, purple-red], Cj.^-
Hjj. Ahydrocarbon resulting from the action of sodium
upon the solution of brom-benzene in ether or benzene.
It is also present in coal-tar. It crystallizes from alcohol
and ether in large colorless leaflets, melting at 71° C. ,
and boiling at 254° C. D. -methane, C,,,H|„. Benzyl
benzene ; a hydrocarbon obtained from benzyl chlorid
and benzene. It is easily soluble in alcohol and ether,
possesses the odor of oranges, crystallizes in needles,
melts at 26.5° C, and boils at 262° C.
Diphenylamin [dif-en-il' -ain-in') \_diphenvl : afnitt],
Cj,Hj,N. A compound produced in the dry distilla-
tion of triphenyl rosanilin (Rosanilin blue) ; it is also
prepared by heating anilin hydrochlorid and anilin to
240°. It is a pleasant-smelling, crystalline compound,
melting at 54° and boiling at 310°. It is almost in-
soluble in water, but readily soluble in alcohol and
ether. It serves in the preparation of various dye-
stuffs. D. Orange. See Pii^ments, Conspectus of.
Diphenylol [di-fen'-il-ol), CijHjgO. Oxy-diphenyl ;
obtained by diazotizing amido diphenyl sulphate. It
sublimes in shining leaflets, melting at 165° C, and
boiling at 305.8° C.
Diphosphatid ((/z'-/(;j'-/«/-/i/) [i//, twice ; phosphorus'].
Any phosphatid containing the phosphorized radical
twice (such as assurin). Diphosphatids exist in the
brain-substance and in other animal tissues.
Diphtheria (dif-, or dip-the'-re-ah) \_6'(xf)depa, a skin or
membrane]. An acute, epidemic, infectious disease,
generally regarded as of specific contagious origin,
attacking especially the mucous membrane of the air-
passages, and producing profound depression of the
vital forces. It is characterized specifically by the
formation of layers of whitish or yellowish membrane
upon the mucous membrane of the pharynx,
nose, and larynx, and upon any existing cutaneous
abrasion. The duration of the disease is from one to
two weeks, death, when it follows, occurring usually
within a week. There are certain grave sequelae
that must be noted ; chief among these are various
forms of paralysis, especially of the palate. The
prognosis is always grave. To stain the microorgan-
isms of diphtheria see Loffler's Method, Gi-a?H's
Method, — a fragment of false membrane being spread
on a cover-glass, dried, and otherwise treated as a
cover-glass preparation. D. circumscripta, a pecu-
liar form of diphtheria described by Barrett, in which
a distinct circumscribed slough appears on one tonsil,
and death often results. D., Cutaneous, a form in-
volving abrasions of the skin. D., Gangrenous, a
gangrene of the skin and mucous membrane some-
times accompanying diphtheria. D., Laryngeal, a
form involving the larynx, threatening death by suffo-
cation. D., Malignant, a very fatal form, beginning
with rigor, vomiting, and attended with typhoid
symptoms. D., Nasal, a form in which the diph-
theric membrane spreads to the nasal passages, and
is accompanied by a fetid, brown discharge. D.,
Secondary, a term designating the occurrence of the
disease in association with other acute affections, such as
typhoid fever, scarlatina, etc. D., Paraffin Treat-
ment of, the membrane is scraped or peeled ofl, and
paraffin is applied to the raw surface every hour by
means of a large camel's-hair brush. The throat usually
gets well in one or two days. The ordinary paraffin used
in lamps is employed. Applied in ointment-form it
adheres better. The ointment may be made by agita-
ting paraffin with ten per cent, of warm water con-
taining one per cent, of saponaria bark.
Diphtheric [dif-ther' -ik) i_6i(pftf/)a, a skin or mem-
brane]. Pertaining to diphtheria. D. Conjuncti-
vitis, a form of conjunctivitis attended with an infil-
tration of coagulable matter or inflammatory products.
D. Membrane, the pellicle forming on the parts
involved in the diphtheric process. D. Paralysis, a
paralysis frequently affecting the muscles of the soft
palate and larynx, after the healing of the lesions of
these parts.
Diphtheritic [dif-thcr-if -ik) [6i<p8epa, a skin or mem-
brane], Same as Diplitheric , q.v.
Diphtheritis [dif-ther-i'-tis). See Diphtheria.
Diphtheroid [dif'-ther-oid) '[(^i(l>Oepa, a skin or mem-
brane]. Resembling diphtheria. D. Throat. Syn-
onym of Herpetic Tonsi/itis.
Diphthongia [dif-thon' -je-ah) [r5/f, double ; <p6dyyog,
a voice]. The production of a double tone of the
voice by the incomplete unilateral paralysis of the re-
current nerve, or by some lesion of the vocal bands
that causes each portion of the glottis to produce its
own sound.
Diphycercal [dif-i-ser' -kal) [fS/0D?/f, double ; mpKoq,
tail]. In biology, applied to fishes that have the
DIPHYGENIC
377
DIPSOSIS
caudal fin-rays arranged equally above and below
the extremity of the spinal column.
Diphygenic [dif-i-gen' -ik) [(5ii/)w/f , of a two-fold nature
or form ; ysvvdv, to produce]. In biology, producing
successively two sorts of embryos.
Diphyllous {iii-fil' -its) [d/f, two; (p'uXXov, leaf]. In
biology, composed of two leaves or sepals.
Diphyodont [dif -e-o-ddiit) \_&Li^vi)q, twofold; otSoijf,
tooth]. In biology, having two sets of teeth, as the
milk-teeth and the permanent teeth.
Diplacusis (dip-lak-u' -sis) [ fim\uo(;, double ; amvaix,
hearing], I. The hearing of a tone as higher by one
ear than by the other ; called D. binauralis. 2. The
hearing of two tones by one ear, when only one tone
is produced ; called D. tiniauralis, or D. nionatmcu-
laris.
Diplanetic {lii-plan-et' -ik) [(J/'f , twice ; Tr'Aavrjrog, wan-
dering]. In biology, applied to organisms that are
twice active with an intervening period of qui-
escence.
Diplastic [di-plas'-tik) [(5/'f> two; ■K'Xaaaeiv, to form].
A term applied to cells having two substances in their
constitution.
Diplegia [di-ple' -je-ali) [tS/f, double; TrXr/yr], stroke].
Coincident paralysis of two corresponding parts, as of
the two arms. Double or bilateral hemiplegia.
Diplegic {di-ple'-jik) [tJ/f, double ; ■K'knyii, stroke]. Re-
lating to or of the nature of diplegia.
Dipleuric (di-pln' -rik) [(5'f, two; TrTievpd, side]. In
biology, bilaterally symmetric.
Diplococcus (dip-lo-kok' -lis) \_&i-k\uo(;, double ; k^kkoq,
kernel]. A micrococcus whose spherules are joined
two and two. See Micrococcus and Bacteria.
Diplocoria {dip-lo-ko' -re-aJi) [JiTr Aoof, double ; KOjirj,
pupil]. That state in which the pupil is double.
Diploe {dip'-io-e) [JiTrAo//, a fold]. The cellular osse-
ous tissue between the tables of the skull.
Diploetic {dip-lo-et'-ik) [(5(7rAo;/, a fold]. Relating to
the diploe ; diploic.
Diplogenesis (dip-lo-jen' -es-is) [dtTrAdof, double ; ykvtaiq,
, production]. The development of a double or twin
monstrosity.
Diploic (dip-lo'-ik) \6m\or], a fold]. Pertaining to the
diploe.
Diploma (dip-lo' -maJi) \_6L-K\ufia, a diploma]. A doc-
ument granted by an authorized body of men, show-
ing that the recipient has performed certain work under
the prescribed conditions, and is entitled to a definite
professional rank and title.
Diplomyelia ( dip-lo-mi-e' -le-ah ) [ imkboq, double ;
[iveMg, marrow]. An apparent doubleness of the
spinal cord, produced by a longitudinal fissure.
Diplophony [dip-loff^-o-ne) [^6ikMoq, double ; ^uf//,
voice]. Same as Diphthongia.
Diplophonia (dip-lo-fo' -ne-ah) double; i^idvii,
voice]. A rare symptom of laryngeal disease in
which a double note is produced in the larynx. It is
stated by Gottstein to occur in some cases of paraly-
sis, or when a small tumor is situated so that on pho-
nation it lies between the vocal bands. Cf. Diph-
thongia.
Diplopia {dip-lo' -pe-ah) \_^i-K\6oq, double ; 6t/«c, sight].
Double vision, one object being seen by the eye or eyes
as two. D., Binocular, the most frequent, is due to
a derangement of the muscular balance, the images of
the object being thereby thrown upon non-identical
points of the retince. D., Crossed, or D., Heter-
onymous, the result of divergent strabismus, the
image of the right eye appearing upon the left side,
and that of the left eye upon the right side. D.,
Direct, or D., Homonymous, the reverse of Crossed
D., due either to paralysis of the external rectus or
over-action of the internal rectus. D., Physiologic,
that produced when an imperfect image is seen beyond
or within the distance of the object accommodated for
and transfixed by the visual axes. D., Monocular,
or D., Uniocular, diplopia with a single eye, usually
due to polycoria or other imperfections of the media.
Diplopia [dip-lo'-pik) [(5/7r/iciof, double ; oi/)(f, sight].
Relating to or affected with diplopia.
Diplopiometer (dip-lo-pe-om' -ct-er) \_SLw\6og, double ;
otI>i(;, sight; fiirpov, measure]. An instrument for
measuring the degree of double vision.
Diploplacula (dip-lo-plak' -ti-lah) [cF;7r2oof , double ;
TT/ldf, a tablet or plate]. In biology, a placula or
discoid embryo composed of two layers of cells.
Diplostemonous {dip-to-stem' -o-niis) [_dnTMo<;, double ;
aTi/jjuv, a thread]. In biology, applied to a flower in
which the stamens are double the number of sepals and
petals.
Diploteratography {dip-lo-ter-at-og' -ra-fe) [tf^TrAdof,
double ; ripaq, a monster ; ypd(peiv, to write] . A
term used by Fisher to denote the description and
diagnosis of special forms of double monsters.
Diploteratology {dip-lo-ter-at-oF-o-je) [(JfTrAdof, double;
Tspag, a monster; Xdyog, science]. The science of
twin monstrosities.
Dippel's Animal Oil. Oleum cornu cervi ; a pyrolig-
neous oil, containing ammonium carbonate, amins,
and aromatic compounds. It is obtained in distilling
bone and deer's horn. It is antispasmodic and stimu-
lant. Unof.
Dipropargyl (^//-/>;-i3-/ar'-7V/), CgHg. One of the hydro-
carbons ; a mobile liquid, of penetrating odor, isomeric
with benzene ; it boils at 85° C. ; its specific gravity at
18° C. equals 0.81. If allowed to stand or if heat be ap-
plied to it, dipropargyl polymerizes and becomes thick
and resinous.
Diprosopia {di-pro-so' -pe-ah) [(5/'f, double ; npdauTvov,
face]. In teratology, the duplication of the face.
Diprosopus {di-pros' -o-piis') [fJ/f, double ; TrpoacjKov,
face]. A monster characterized by a duplicity of the
face and head, frequently associated with hydroceph-
alus, acrania, defective development of the brain,
and spina bifida. The diprosopi have been classified
as follows: I. Diprosopus diophtha/mus. 2. D. dis-
tornus. " Fisher has described the first case of dipro-
sopus diophthalmus, or distornus, reported in English. "
There was anencephalus, a broad duplex nose, two
mouths, one oral cavity, two tongues. 3. D. trioph-
thaliiiiis. In this variety there are three eyes, often
with other deformities of the face and head, such as
acrania, hare-lip, and cleft-palate. 4. D. tetrophthal-
inus. In this variety the differentiation of the two
faces is further advanced, but there are still but two
ears. There are present four eyes. 5. D. triotus. In
this variety there are usually four eyes and always three
ears. 6. D. tetrotus. In this variety, the intermediate
stage between diprosopus and dicephalus, there are
four eyes and four ears, with considerable duplicity in
the cervical region. This is an extremely rare condi-
tion in the human race.
Dipsesis {dip-se'-sis) \J)i^i^aiq, thirst]. Extreme thirst.
Dipsetic {dip-set' -ik) \8i'\\>riTiKdq, causing thirst] . Caus-
ing or attended- with thirst.
Dipsomania {dip-so-ma' -ne-ah) [(5/i/;a, thirst ; fiavia,
madness]. The uncontrollable desire for spirituous
liquors. This is generally considered as a disease.
Dipsomaniac {dip-so-ma' -ne-ak) [rf/i/ia, thirst; fiavia,
madness]. A person affected with dipsomania.
Dipsopathy {dip-sop' -a-the) [fJ/i/)a, thirst ; Tiddoq, affec-
tion]. Any disease depending upon or related to
alcoholic excess.
Dipsosis {dip-so' -sis). See Dipsesis.
DIPTEROCARPUS
378
DISEASE
Dipterocarpus [dip-ter-o-kar' -pus) [fJ/Trrfpof, two-
winged; KaffTTOi;, fruit]. A genus of trees, mostly S.
Asiatic. D. alatus, D. costatits , D. hispidus, D. hrvis,
and D. zeylanicus afford wood-oil or gurjun balsam.
Dipterous [dip' -ter-its) [d/f , two ; Trrspoj', wing]. In
biology, two- winged, as a fly or a seed.
Dipteryx [dip' -tcr-iks) [(S/f , two ; Trr/yjiif, a wing]. A
genus of leguminous trees. D. odorata, the tree that
produces the Tonka Bean, q. v..
Dipygus {d/p'-ig--tes) [rf'f, double; ttv}//, buttocks]. A
monstrosity with more or less duplication of the pelvis
and lower parts of the back.
Dirca {lier'-kah) [Ai/j^;?, a fountain near Thebes]. A
genus of apetalous shrubs. D. palustris, wicopy,
leatherwood, or moose wood ; a N. American thyme-
laceous shrub, with the properties of mezereon. It is
sparingly used in domestic practice for dyspepsia and
hemicrania. Unof.
Direct [di-rekt') \_dircctus, straight]. In a right or
straight line. D. Current. See Current. D.,
Image. See Ima::;e. D. Ophthalmoscopy. See
OphthalDioiiopy. D. Vision, the perception of an
object the image of which falls upon the maculte.
Direction (di-rek' -s/iun) \_dirigere, to direct]. Rela-
tive position considered without regard to linear dis-
tance. D. -spindle, a fusiform body of the ovula,
stretching from the germinal vesicle toward the surface.
Director {di-rek' -tor) \dirigere, to guide]. Anything
that guides or directs. D., Grooved, an instrument
grooved to guide the knife in surgical operations.
Dirigomotor [dir-ig-o-mo' -tor) \dirigere, to direct;
motor, a mover] . Causing or involving motion and
at the same time directing that motion to an end.
Dirt [dert) [ME., drit\ Excrement; feces. D. -eat-
ing. See ChtJionophagia and Geophagisiii.
Dis [(5(V, twice], A prefix used to denote t7vo or
double. Also, a prefix to denote apai-t from.
Disaccharids (di-sak' -ar-ids)- See Carbohydrates.
Disarthral [dis-ar' -thral) twice; apOpov, a joint].
Relating to muscles that pass over two joints, e.g. , the
triceps.
Disarticulation ( dis-ar-tik-ti-la' -shim ) [dis, apart ;
artiiiiltiin, a joint]. Amputation in the contiguity
of a part or at a joint.
Disassimilation [dis-as-sit?i-il-a' -shun) \_disassimilatio'\ .
In ophthalmology, the decomposition of visual sub-
stances in the retina.
Disassociation [dis-as-o-se-a' -shun) \_dis, apart; asso-
r/a/c, to unite with]. In chemistry, the decomposi-
tion of a compound by heat, the molecules reuniting
on the removal of the heat.
Disc {disl;)\i.lisiiis, a quoit or round plate]. A cir-
cular, plate-like organ or body, especially the papilla of
" the eye, the entrance of the optic nerve into the eye-
ball. Its area corresponds with that of the blind spot.
In dentistry, an instrument in the form of a disc,
made of emery, cuttle-fish, bone, or sand-paper, for fin-
ishing fillings on surfaces between teeth. D., Blood.
See Blood-corpuscle. D. -carrier, an instrument ap-
plied to the dental engine for the better application
of corundum discs to the teeth. D., Choked. See
Papillitis. D., Corundum. A device used in den-
tistry for separating teeth, by cutting away a portion ;
it is used with the dental engine, and applied by means
of carriers, that admit of ready adjustment and
change of the disc to any desired angle with the shaft
containing it. D., Cupping of. See Excavation
of the Optic Nerve. D., Germinal, the small disc
of the blastodermic membrane, in which the first
traces of the embryo are seen. D., Hypermetropic,
hazy ; simulating optic neuritis, observed in hyperme-
tropia. D., Proligerous. See Discus proligerus.
Discharge {dis-char/) [ME., dischargen, to unload].
Any evacuation ; that which is evacuated. See also
Pigments, Colors and Dyestuffs.
Discharger {dis-char' -jer). See Electric.
Discharging {dis-char/ -ing) [ME., dischargen, to un-
load]. Unloading, flowing out, as pus, etc. D.
Centers, nerve-centers whence emanate influences
which, according to the structures at the other ends
of the nerves connected with them, may cause move-
ments (muscles), secretion (glands), or contraction of
vessels. D. Lesion, a brain-lesion that causes sudden
discharges of nervous motor influence.
Disciferous {dis-if -er-us)\discus, a disc ; ferre, to bear].
In biology, disc-bearing.
Discifloral {dis' -if-lo-ral) \^discus, a disc ; flos {flor), a
flower]. In biology, applied to such flowers as have
the receptacle expanded into a conspicuous disc.
Discissio cataractae. See Discission.
Discission {dis-ish' -un) \_discissio ; discindere, to tear or
cut apart]. I. Bilateral incision, as of the cervix
uteri. 2. An operation for cataract. See Cataract.
Discoblastula {dis-ko-blas' -tii-lali) [iVicsmq, a disc ;
{YKaaT(n:, a germ]. In embryology, the blastula result-
ing from the development of a discomorula.
Discocarp {dis' -ko-karp) [ddr/eof, a disc ; KapTrog, a
fruit]. In biology, applied to those fruits in which
the expanded receptacle encloses the seeds or achenia ;
also the same as Apothecium.
Discocytula {dis-ko-sif -u-lah) [(S/(tko{, a disc ; k'vto^, a
cell]. In embryology, the cytula resulting from the
reformation of a nucleus in a discomonerula.
Discodactyl {dis-ko-dak' -til) [rf/cr/cof , a disc ; iaKTvko^,
a finger]. In biology, applied to those animals {e.g.,
toads and frogs) the ends of whose toes are provided
with disc-like dilatations.
Discogastrula {dis-ko-gas'-trtt-lah) [(S/c/cof, a disc;
yaa-r/p, belly ; gastrule, a two-layered germ-cup]. The
gastrula resulting from discoid egg-cleavage or discoid
segmentation of the yolk.
Discoid or Discoidal {dis'-koid, dis-koi' -dal) [(S/crTOf , a
disc]. Somewhat disc-shaped.
Discomonerula {dis-ko-mo-ner'-u-lah) [J/ff/fOf, disc;
liovi/pri<;, solitary]. In embryology, a disc-like
monerula of a meroblastic ovum.
'D\scomor\i\a.{dis-ko-mor' -ii-lah) [tS/ffftOf, a disc; morula,
dim. of tnoriim,a. mulberry]. In embryology, a disc-
like morula of a meroblastic ovum.
Discrete {dis-kret') \_discretus, separated]. A term
applied to exanthematous eruptions in which the
pustules or papules remain distinct. The opposite of
confluent.
Discus {dis'-kus) [(Vigkoq, a disc]. A disc. D. prolig-
erus, the elevated cells of the membrana granulosa of
the ovum, whereby the ovum is attached.
Discussion {dis-kush'-un) \_discussio']. The scattering
or driving away of a swelling, effusion, or tumor.
Discutient {di.<:-ku'-shent) [discutere, to shake apart].
I. Capable of effecting resolution or discussion. 2.
A medicine supposed to have the power of scatter-
ing or discussing a swelling.
Disdiaclast {dis-di' -ak-last) [(S/c, double ; (5/d, through ;
Kkatiiv, to break down]. Any one of the (supposed)
small doubly-refractive elements in the contractile
discs changing its position during muscular contrac-
tion and relaxation.
Disease {dis-cz') \dis negative; ease, 3. state of rest].
A condition of the body marked by inharmonious
action of one or more of the various organs, owing to
abnormal condition or structural change. A Table of
Diseases named after men who have described or have
especially studied them is appended. D., Acute, a
disease marked by rapid onset and course. D., Bad,
DISENGAGEMENT
379
DISSEMINATED.
a synonym of syphilis. D., Bleeders', synonym of
Hemophilia. D., Chronic, one that is slow in its
course. D., Constitutional, one in which a system
of organs or the whole body is involved. D., Coarse,
the macroscopic organic lesions in a disease. D.,
Cretinoid. See Myxedema. D. of Ditmarsch, a
form of endemic syphilis that was seen in Ditmarsch
from 1762-1842. D., Fatigue. See Fatigue. D.,
Feigned, the wilful simulation of disease or injury,
through malice or for the purpose of attaining a
desired end. D., Focal, a centrally localized disease
of the nervous system as distinguished from peripher-
ally localized affections. D., Functional, abnor-
mality of function without discoverable organic lesion.
D., Grouse. See Grouse Disease. D.| Idiopathic,
one that exists by itself without any connection with
another disorder ; one of which the cause is unknown.
D., Intercurrent, a disease occurring during the pro-
gress of another of which it is independent. D.,
Knife-grinder's, chronic catarrhal bronchitis met with
in knife-grinders. D., Pearl-worker's, a recurrent
bone-inflammation, with enormous hypertrophy of the
bone, seen in workers in pearl-dust. D., Saint Goth-
ard, a synonym of Anchylostoiniasis or Dochmiasis,
q, V. D., Septic, one arising from the putrefactive
fermentation of some foreign substance within the
body. D.ofSiam. Synonym of Ff//ojc; ivz/tr. D.,
Specific, one caused by the introduction of a specific
virus or poison within the body ; also a synonym of
Syphilis. D., Subacute, one more protracted and less
active than an acute disease. D., Subchronic, one
less protracted than a chronic disease, but more pro-
tracted than an acute disease. D., Symptomatic, a
disease caused by or connected with another ailment
of the body. The opposite of idiopathic disease. D.,
Zymotic, a term used to include the whole class of
germ-diseases, or those arising from the introduction
and multiplication of some living germ within the body.
Disengagement [ciis-en-gaj' -ment) [Fr. , des engager, to
disengage]. Emergence from a confined state ; espe-
cially the escape of the fetus from the vaginal canal.
Disfigurement (dis-fig'-ur-ment^ \dis, priv.; Jigiirare,
to fashion]. Blemish ; deformity.
Disinfectant {dis-in-fek'-tant) \_dis, neg. ; inficere, to
corrupt]. An agent that destroys disease-germs and
noxious properties of fermentation and putrefaction.
Disinfection [dis-in-fek' -shiDi) \_dis, neg. ; inficere, to
corrupt] . The destroying of disease-germs iDy means
of heat, chemic substances, fumigation, or by fresh
air. D., Ransom's Apparatus for, a method of
disinfection by means of dry heat. Washington
Lyon's Apparatus, a method in which steam is em-
ployed as the active agent.
Disinfectol [dis-in-fek' -tol) \_dis, neg. ; inficere, to cor-
rupt]. An antiseptic substance analogous to creolin
and lysol. It is used in the form of a two to five per
cent, emulsion.
Disinfector {dis-in-fek' -tor) \_dis, neg. ; inficere, to cor-
rupt]. An apparatus for the purpose of disinfection.
Disintegrate [dis-in'-te-grat) \_dis, apart ; integer, the
whole]. To break up or decompose.
T>\smva.g\n2L\.ion{dis-in-vaj-in-a'-shHn) [<•&, neg. ; in,
in ; vagina, a sheath]. The reduction or relief of an
invagination.
Disjoint (dis-Joinf) {disjoindre, to disjoin]. To dis-
articulate ; to separate, as bones, from their natural
relations.
Disk. See Disc.
Disklet {disk' -let) [J/a/cof, a disc]. A little disc.
Dislocation [dis-lo-ka' -shun) {dis, apart; locare, to
place]. The luxation or abnormal displacement of
one or more bones of a joint, or of any organ from its
natural position. D., Complete, the bones entirely
separated. D., Compound, the coverings of the
joint ruptured. D., Consecutive, the displaced
bone is not in the same position as when originally
misplaced. D. of Eyeball, displacement of the eyeball
outside of the lids. D. of Lens, the crystalline lens
thrown out of its capsule, or misplaced so that it does
not occupy its proper position beliind the pupil. D.,
Old, inflammatory changes having ensued. D.,
Partial, or Incomplete, the articulating surfaces re-
maining in partial contact ; called, also. Subluxation.
D., Primitive, the bones remaining as originally
displaced. D., Recent, no inflammatory changes
having ensued. D., Simple, without laceration of
the surrounding parts. Diastasis, dislocation of an
amphiarthrotic joint ; also a separation, as of the parts
of a muscle, or of the epiphysis of a bone from the
diaphysis.
Disorder (dis-or'-der). See Disease.
Disorganization [dis-or-gan-iz-a' -shun) \dis, priv. ;
organizare, to organize]. Destruction or loss of or-
ganic structure ; complete pathologic or traumatic
change in the minute structure of any tissue.
Disparate (dis'-par-at) \dispar, unequal]. Not alike ;
unequal or unmated. D. Points, non-identical
points of the two retinse. Diplopia is produced when
the images of a single object fall upon such points.
Dispareunia [dis-par-oo'-ne-ah). See Dyspareunia .
Dispensary (dis-pens' -ar-e) \_dispensare, to distribute].
A charitable institution where medical treatment is
given the poor and medicines are dispensed on pre-
scription.
Dispensatory {dis-pens' -at-or-e) \_dispensatorium , an
apothecary's diary]. A treatise on the materia medica,
and the composition, effects, and preparation of medi-
cines.
Dispensing {dis-pens' -ing) \dispensare , to weigh out].
The measuring, weighing, and issuing of the drugs
ordered in a prescription.
Dispersion {dis-per' -shiui) \dispersio ; dispersus, scat-
tered]. The resolution, discussion, or scattering of
an inflammation or other morbid condition. In phys-
ics, the separation of a ray of white light into colored
rays ; also, any scattering of light, as that which has
passed through ground glass.
Dispirem {di-spi' -rem) \dis, two; spira, a spiral].
In embryology, the two skeins of a dividing nucleus
formed from the nuclear loops and giving rise to the
daughter nuclei. It is the seventh stage of Karyo-
kinesis, q. v.
Displacement {dis-plas'-nwnt) [Fr. , desplacer, to dis-
place]. A putting out of place ; applied to various
organs, as the uterus, heart, etc. D. of Mortality.
See Carnof s Doctrine.
Dispora caucasica {dis'-por-ah kajv-kas'-ik-ah). See
Bacillus caucasicus, under Bacteria, Synonymatic
Table of.
Disposition {dis-fo-sish'-un) \_dispositio, an arranging].
Tendency, either physical or mental, to certain diseases.
Dissection {dis-ek' -shun) [dissectio, dissecare, to cut up].
The disassociation and exposition by means of incis-
ions, cutting apart, etc., of the organs of the body, for
purposes of scientific study. Dissecting Aneurysm.
See Afieurysm. Dissecting Wound, injury during
dissection, with consequent introduction of septic
material. It may become constitutional and result in
septicemia, or it may take the form of warts, Veri-uca
necrogenica. The sore resulting directly from the prick
or abrasion is called Post-morteju pustule.
Disseminated {dis-em'-in-a-ted) \_disseminare, to scat-
ter seed]. Scattered; spread over a large area. D.
Sclerosis. See Insular Sclerosis.
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Synonyms.
Toothache.
Etiology.
Caries, etc.
Pathology.
Neurosis.
Symptoms.
Toothache and pain in the jaws.
Disease.
or Sore Eyes, q. v.
or of Condylomata, q. v.
or Leprosy, q. v.
Tinea, and of Measles of the Hog, q. v.
q.v.
Idiocy, or o{ Epilepsy, q. v.
Plague, q. v.
Part Affected.
Teetli and jaws.
Synonym of Epilepsy, q. v.
Synonym oi Deafness, q.v.
Same as Saint Blasius'
Synonym of Quinsy, q. v.
Synonym of Ophthalmia,
Synonym of Insanity, q.v.
Synonym of Colic, q. v.
Synonym of Hemorrhoids,
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Synonym of Rheumatism,
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Synonym of Carcinoma,
Synonym of Chorea, q. v.
Synonym Hydrophobia,
Synonym of Syphilis, q. v.
Synonym of Chorea, q. v.
Synonym of Epilepsy, q.v.
Synonym of Leprosy, of
Synonym of Scabies, q. v. |
Synonym of Drunkenness,
Synonym of Insanity, of
Synonym of Chorea, q. v.
Synonym of the Bubonic
Synonym of Syphilis, q. v.
Synonym of Epilepsy, q.v.
Name.
Saint Apollonia's dis-
ease. 1
Saint Avertin's disease
Saint Avidus' disease.
Saint Blase's disease.
Saint Blasius' disease.
Saint Clair's disease.
Saint Dymphna's dis-
ease.
Saint Erasmus' disease
Saint Fiacre's disease.
Saint Francis' fire.
Saint Gervasius' dis-
ease.
Saint Giles' disease.
Saint Guy's dance.
Saint Hubert's disease.
Saint Job's disease.
Saint John's dance.
Saint John's evil.
Saint Lazarus' dis-
ease.
Saint Main's disease.
Saint Martin's evil. 1
Saint Mathurin's dis-
ease. ^
Saint Modestus'
dance.
Saint Roch's disease.
Saint Sement's dis-
ease.
Saint Valentine's dis-
ease.
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392
DISTILLATION
03 c
Dissemination {dis-e»i-in-a' -siniii) \_dis, apart ; semin-
are, to sow]. The scattering or dispersion of disease
or disease-germs.
Dissepiment [dis-ep' -e-meni) apart ; stepire, to
hedge in]. A partition, sejitum, or diaphragm.
Dissipation {dis-ip-a' -shun) to scatter] . A
dispersion of matter or of the morbid conditions that
cause disease.
Dissociation (dis-so-se-a' -shun) apart ; sociare, to
associate]. In physiology, the separation of the com-
ponent elements of a compound. In chemistry, the
decomposition of a compound by means of high tem-
perature D. Symptom, anesthesia to pain and to
heat and cold, with preservation of tactile sensibility
and of the muscular sense ; it is observed in syringo-
myelia.
Dissolution (dis-o-hi' -shiiii) \dissolutio ; dissolvere, to
set free]. A solution of the continuity of a part. De-
composition arising from the death of the body or its
parts ; death.
Dissolvent [diz-oF -Tent) \_dissolvere , to loosen, dis-
solve] . A solvent.
Dissonance [dis' -o-naiis) \_dissononare, to disagree in
sound]. The combination of such tones as are so dif-
ferent from each other as to produce beats.
Distad [dis'-lad) \_dista?-i\ to be at a distance ; ad, to].
In the direction of the free extremity of an appendage
or part. See Position and Direction, Table of.
Distal {dis'-tal) \distare, to be at a distance]. At the
greatest distance from the trunk, heart, or mesial line.
See Position and Direction, Table of. D. Clot. See
Clot.
Distally (dis'-tal-e) \_distare, to beat a distance]. Dis-
tad,,^
Distance [dis' -tans) \_distantia, distance]. The
measure of space between two objects. D., Working,
in the microscope, the distance from the front lens
of an objective to the object, when the objective is
correctly focused.
Distemper [dis-tem' -per) \_disteniperare, to dissolve]. I.
Disease ; malady ; indisposition ; most commonly
applied to the diseases of animals. 2. A disease of
young dogs, commonly considered as a catarrhal dis-
order. D. Colors. See Pigments, Colors, and Dye-
stuffs.
Disten [dis' -ten) [(fe/^rc, to be at a distance]. Belong-
ing to the distal aspect in itself.
Distention [dis-ten' -shun) \_distendere, to stretch].
The state of being dilated.
Distichiasis [dis-tik-i' -as-is) {jVii, double ; orixog, a
row]. The condition of a double row of eyelashes,
the inner rubbing against the globe.
Distichous {dis' -tik-tis) [(5/oT/;[-of, having two rows].
In biology, in two perpendicular rows ; applied to the
arrangement of leaves or other organs.
Distillation (dis-til-a' -shun) \destillarc, to drop little
by little]. The double process of vaporization and
condensation of the vapor. This is used mainly in
purifying liquids by separating them from non-volatile
substances. D., Destructive, the decomposition of
a substance in a close vessel in such a manner as to
obtain liquid products. The substances that are sub-
mitted to destructive distillation are in the main solids,
as wood, coal, shales, bones, and animal refuse. D.,
Fractional, a process of decomposition of complex
liquid bodies depending upon the fact that, if a mixture
of liquids, each having a different boiling-point, be
heated, the one having the lowest boiling-point will
pass over first, and if the temperature is not increased
beyond that point at which the distillation of this
fraction takes place, no other constituent will come
over ; if the temperature be gradually increased the
DISTOCIA
393
DOCIMASY
others will follow in the order of their boiling-points.
In cases in which the boiling-points are close, the
action of one substance upon another often prevents
exact separations.
Distocia {dis-to'-se-ak) double; rdjcof, birth].
Delivery or birth of twins.
Distoma (dis-to' -mah), or Distomum {liis-to'-miiiii)
[(J/f, double ; CT^jia, a mouth]. A genus of trema-
tode worms. See Parasites [Animal ), Table of.
Distomiasis [dis-to-mi^ -as-is) [iViQ, double ; oroua,
mouth]. The symptoms produced by the presence of
certain trematodes or flukes in the human system.
Distomum [dis-to' -iniim') double; a-o/ja, mouth].
Same as Distoma. See Parasites [Animal^, Table of.
Distomus [dis-to'-tnus). See Diprosopus.
Distortion (dis-tor^ -skun) \_distorquere , to distort]. I.
A twisted or bent shape ; deformity or malformation,
acquired or congenital. 2. A writhing or twisting
motion, as of the face ; a grimace.
Distorter oris (dis-tor' -ter o'-ris) [L., " the distortor of
the mouth " ] . The zygomaticus minor muscle. See
Aluscles, Table of.
Distribution [dis-trib-ic' -sJum) \_distnbHere, to distri-
bute]. The branching of a nerve or artery, and the
arrangement of its branches within those parts that it
supplies.
Distrix [dis'-triks) [(5/f,two; (^p/f, hair]. The splitting
of the distal ends of the hair.
Disulphate [(//j,two; sulpkur'\. In chem-
istry, an acid sulphate.
Disulphone (lii-snl' -foti) \dis, double; sulphur'\.
One of the solid, crystalline, very stable compounds,
produced on oxidizing the di-thio-ethers or thio-acetals
with a permanganate solution. The disulphones are
not attacked by acids or alkalies.
Disuse-amblyopia. See Argamblyopia.
Disvulnerability {dis-viil-ner-ab-il' -it-e') \_dis, neg. ;
viilnerare, to wound]. The power of abnormally
rapid recovery from wounds, said to be a peculiarity
of many criminals.
Dita Bark [di'-tali) [L.]. The bark of Alstonia scho-
larts, native to the Philippine Islands. It is employed
as a tonic and antiperiodic in intermittent fever.
Dose of the tincture, 3 j-ij ; of the fluid extract, gtt.
ij-v ; of the powder, gr. v. Unof.
Ditain {dit'-a-in) [Dita] , C^^H^^N.p. An alkaloid of
Dita, occurring as a yellow amorphous substance.
Ditamin [dit' -am-iu). Same as Ditain.
Ditana digitifolia {dit-a'-nah dij-it-if-o' -le-ali) [L.].
A Mexican plant said to possess galactagogue proper-
ties. The existence of such a plant has been ques-
tioned.
Dithecal [di-flie'-kal) {fi'iQ, two; Bl/Kr], a case]. In
biology, having two thecre or anther-cells.
Ditokus idit'-o-kits) [(5(f, two ; rfh-f/i', to bring forth].
In biology, giving birth to twins, or laying two eggs.
Ditrichotomous [di-trik-of -o-mus) [f5/f, two; Tpix<i,
threefold; re/jvEiv, to cut]. In biology, divided into
twos and threes.
Dittany {dit'-an-e) [American]. See Ctmila mariana.
Dittei's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Dittopsia {dit-top' -se-aJt). Synonym of Diplopia.
Dittrich's Plugs. Masses of granular matter, degene-
rated epithelium, and crystals of the fatty acids (chiefly
butyric acid) plugging up the ends of the bronchial
tubes in cases of gangrene of the lung. They are
yellowish-brown in color, of very fetid odor, and
vary in size from a millet-seed to a bean.
Diuresis (di-n-re' -sis') \fiia, through ; ovpUii', to make
water]. Abnormal increase in the secretion of urine.
Diuretic [di-u-ret' -ik) [Aa, through ; niipeeiv, to make
water]. I. Increasing the flow of urine. 2. A
medicine that increases the secretion and flow of
urine.
Diuretin (di-it-re'-tin) [<hn, through ; ohpieiv, to make
water] , C,H,NaN/J,^,CV,H/JHCO0Na. Theobromin
sodio-.salicylate, containing 50 per cent, of theobromin
salicylate. It has been found useful as a diuretic in
pleuritic effusion and cardiac dropsy. Dose 90 grains
daily, in 15-grain doses.
Diurnule [di-tirn' -ul) [Fr.]. A form of medicinal tablet
that contains the maximum quantity of a toxic drug
that may be administered to an adult in 24 hours.
Divagation [di-vag-a' -shun) \divagatio,z.
Incoherence of speech or thought.
Divalent [di'-val-ent) [(5/f, twice; valens, having
power]. Having power to combine with two mono-
valent atoms, as a chemic compound. Thus, the
oxygen atom and the radical CH^ are divalent.
Divaricatio palpebrarum [di-var-ik-a' -she-o pal-pe-
bra' -mm). Synonym of Ectropion .
Divergent (di-ver' -jent) \_divergere, to diverge]. Mov-
ing in different directions from a common point. D.
Strabismus. See Strabismus.
Divers' Disease. An affection similar to Caisson-
disease, q. v., common in deep-water divers. D.
Paralysis. See Caisson-disease.
Diverticulum (di-ver-tik'-u-lnm) \_divertere, to turn :
pi ., Diverticula]. I. A small cul-de-sac or pouch ; an
offshoot from a main structure ; an organ supposed to
be a place of lodgment for superfluous blood. 2.
Variation from a normal structure ; malformation.
D., Meckel's, a sacculation of the ileum, owing to
the non -obliteration of the vitelline duct.
Divi-divi (div'-e-div'-e) [S. Amer.]. The seed-pods
of CcFsalpinia coriaria, a small tree found in South
America. The pods are about three inches long,
brownish in color, and generally bent, by drying,
into the shape of the letter S. They contain 30 to
50 per cent, of a peculiar tannin somewhat similar
to that of valonia, but liable to fermentation. They
are used in leather-manufactures.
Division (div-izh' -uti) \_divisio, a dividing]. Surgical
section into two or more parts ; separation into two or
more parts, such as occurs in certain cell-nuclei.
Divulsion [di-viil' -shini) \divulsio, a tearing apart].
The surgical or traumatic division of any part by tear-
ing it asunder.
Divulsor {di-vuF -sor) [L.]. An instrument for effect-
ing surgical divulsion, especially of a urethral stric-
ture.
Dizziness [diz'-e-nes). .See Vertigo.
Dobell's Spray, or Solution. Liquor sodii boratis
compositus (N. P\) ; a solution of borax, sodium bicar-
bonate, and carbolic acid in glycerin and water ; it
is valued as a spray for nasal and throat troubles.
Dobie's Line, or Stripe. See Lines, Table of.
Dochmiasis [dok->ni'-as-is) [f5o;f//«of, crumpled]. The
diseased condition caused by the presence in the body
of parasites belonging to the genus Dochmius. Cf.
Ankylostomiasis .
Dochmius {dok'-me-its) \_S6xi^'^"^i crumpled]. In biol-
ogy, a genus of thread- worms of the family Strongy-
lidse. See Parasites [Afiimal), Table of.
Docimasia (dos-im-a'-se-ak) [fioKLjiaaia ; 6oKifia(,Eiv ,
to examine]. I. Examination, especially a post-
mortem examination. 2. A test, especially a chemic
test, of poisons. 3. In pharmacy, the testing or
assaying of medicines. D. pulmonum, a mode of
determining whether a child has or has not been born
alive, by examination of the lungs.
Docimastic (dos-im-as'-tii) [(hKifiaala ; rhKi/m^eiv, to
examine]. Making use of tests ; testing; proving.
Docimasy {dos'-im-as-e). See Dosimasia.
fr
DOCK
394
DORSIMESAL
Dock {dok'). See Rttmex.
Dockmackamus, or Dockmackie {Jok-mak'-am-iis,ox
dok' -Ilia k-e^ [aboriginal]. The shrub I'ibiiniuin accr-
ifolinm, of N. America ; used in domestic practice in
poulticing tumors, and as an alterative. Unof.
Doctor (dok'-tor) \_doitoj\ a teacher]. A teacher. A
title conferred by a university or college. A physician
licensed to practise medicine. D. Gum, the resin of
Rhus metopium, a poisonous sumach of tropical Amer-
ica; it is said to be purgative and alterative. The name
is given in the W. Indies to various other soft resins.
Dodecadactylitis [do - dek - a - dak - /// - i'- tis) [(5(j Jf/ca,
twelve; dd/crti/t.of, a finger ; ;r/f, inflammation]. In-
flammation of the duodenum.
Dodecadactylon, or Dodecadactylus (do-dek-a-dak' -
til-on, or -lis) [(SufJtha, twelve ; SanTvlog, finger]. The
duodenum.
Dodecagynous (do-dek-aj' -in-us') [(56j(5t7,a, twelve ;
yvvii, a female]. In biology, having twelve pistils.
Dodecamerous [do-dek-am' -er-us) \J)i)i^tKa, twelve ;
//fpof, part]. In biology, having the floral organs in
twelves.
Dodecandrous (do-dek-an' -drns) [J(I»5e/ca, twelve ;
hv'iip {iipi'ip-), a male]. In biology, having twelve
stamens.
Dodecapetalous (do-dek-a-pet' -al-us') \_iStd^tKa, twelve ;
TT£Ta7.ov, a leaf]. In biology, having a corolla con-
sisting of twelve petals.
Doderlein, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Synonyinatic
Table of.
Dodging Time. The popular term among women for
the period of irregular menstruation of varying dura-
tion preceding the full establishment of the menopause.
Dog-button. See Nux vomica.
Dogma [dog' -mail) \Ji6yfxa, opinion ; i^oidtiv, to think].
A tenet or principle taught by authority. A state-
ment of medical science.
Dog-rose [dog' -roz). See Rosa canina.
Dogwood (dog'-wood). See Corniis.
Dohrn's Method. A method of dressing the umbilical
cord. The stump is covered with cotton-wool fixed
with stumps of adhesive plaster. This dressing is
likely to be followed by umbilical ulceration.
Dolabra [do-la' -brah) [L.]. A name applied to
various bandages. D. currens. See Ascia. D.
repens. See Ascia.
Dolabriform [do-lab' -rif-orm) \_dolabra, a kind of
hatchet; forma, shape]. In biology, shaped like an axe.
Dolbeau's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Doliariin [do-le-a' -re-iii) \_dolium, a cask]. A vegetable
pepsin, like papain and cradin, obtained from Ficiis
doliaria, a wild fig-tree of Brazil. It is vermifuge,
purgative, and digestive. Unof.
Doli capax [do'-li ka'-paks) [L. : //. , Doli capaces\ In
legal medicine, one capable of guilt ; one able or old
enough to distinguish right and wrong ; one morally
or legally responsible. D. incapax, one incapable, or
not old enough to distinguish wrong from right, or to
be legally responsible for wrong-doing.
Dolichocephalia [dol-ik-o-sef-a' -le-ah) \6n'kLxiz, long ;
K£(baA.ii, head] . The condition of being dolichocephalic.
Dolichocephalic, or Dolichocephalous [dol-ik-o-scf-
al'-ik, ox -sef -al-us) [f5o// Yor, long; KKpaXi/, head].
Having a relatively long antero-posterior cephalic
diameter (applied to skulls or to persons or races).
See Index.
Dolichohieric [dol-ik-o-hi-er' -ik) \fiokixo<:, long ; [?p6v,
sacrum]. Having a relatively slender sacrum. See
Platyhieric.
Dolichopellic [dol-ik-o-pel'-ik) [Jo/l/jof , long; irii'XXa,
a bowl]. Having a relatively long or narrow pelvis.
See Platypellic.
Dolor [do' -lor) \dolerc ,\.o feel pain]. Bodily or mental
pain or suffering. D. colicus. Synonym of Enter-
algia. D. dentium, pain in the teeth. See Odon-
talgia. Dolores praesagientes, precursory pains
felt by women in advance of labor.
Domatophobia [do-mat-o-fo' -be-ah) [du^a, house ;
ipoiiur, fear]. Insane dread of being in a house ; a
variety of claustrophobia.
Donath's Tests. See Tests, 'Table of. D. and Mayr-
hofer's Test. See Tests, Table of.
Donda Ndugu [African]. Brother Ulcer; a disease
common on the east coast of Africa, due to some
minute organism that infests stagnant water and enters
an abraded joint of the lower extremities, especially
of the lower third of the leg. The part becomes
swollen, and a deep-seated slough occurs that burrows
beneath the healthy tissues. Death may follow from
exhaustion or hemorrhage. Those who recover are
generally permanently lamed.
Donders' Glaucoma. -See Diseases, Table of. D.
Law. See Law. D. Schematic Eye, in optics, a
device for calculating the path of the rays from one
refracting surface to the other. D. Theory, a theory
of the formation of glaucoma, in which the disease is
supposed to originate in an irritation of the choroid
nerves.
Donegana's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Donne's Corpuscles, or Globules. See Globule a.nA
Colostrum Corpuscles. D. Test. See Tests, Table of.
Donovan's Solution. See Arsenic.
Doornick's Horizontal Line. See Line.
Dorcadizant [dor-kad' -iz-ant) \fiopKa6[^tiv, to leap like
a gazelle ; (Sopmq, gazelle]. Leaping; characterized
by leaps ; applied to certain forms of insanity.
Doremus's Method. A method of estimating the
amount of urea in the urine. It is done by allowing
the urine to pass through a solution of sodium hypo-
bromite and measuring'- the gas that is evolved.
Dorsad [dor' -sad) \_dorsum, the back]. Toward the
dorsal aspect ; dorsally. See Position and Direction,
Table of.
Dorsal [dor' -sal) \iilorsum, the back]. Pertaining to
the back, or to the posterior part of an organ. The
term Neural is sometimes used in place of dorsal.
See Position and Direction, Table of D. Artery. See
Artery. D. Decubitus, recumbency in the supine
position. D. -elevated Position. See Postures,
Table of. D. Nerves. See Nerves, Table of. D.-
recumbent Position. See Postures, Table of. D.
Reflex. See Reflexes, Table of. D. semi-recumb-
ent Posture. See Postures, Table of.
Dorsalis pedis [dor-sa' -lis pe'-dis). See Arteries,
Table of
Dorsen [dor'-sen) \_dorsum, the back]. Belonging to
the dorsum in itself.
Dorsicollar [dor-se-koF -ar) \_dorsum, the back; collum,
the neck]. In biology, having to do with the back
and neck.
Dorsicumbent [dor-se-kum' -bent ) \_dorsiim, the back ;
ciibare, to lie down]. In biology, supine; or lying
upon the back.
Dorsigerous [dor-si j'-er-iis) [^/orwm, the back ; gerere,
to carry]. In biology, bearing the young upon the
back.
Dorsigrade [dor' -sig-rad) [_<lorsum, the back; gradi,
to walk]. In biology, applied to animals that walk
upon the back of the toes, as the armadillo.
Dorsi-lumbar [dor-si-liim' -bar). See Dorso-lumbar.
Dorsimesad [dor-si-me' -sad) \dorsum, back ; fiiaov,
the middle]. Toward the dorsimeson. See Position
and Direction, Table of.
Dorsimesal [dor-si-me' -sal) [dorsum, back ; piaov, the
DORSI-MESON
395
DOURINE
middle]. Pertaining to the dorsimeson. See Posi-
tion ami Direction , Table of.
Dorsi-meson [dor-si-me'-son) \j/orsuin, the back ;
lUiCToi', tlie middle]. The dorsal edge of the meson or
median plane of the body. The dorsal, mesal, or
median line. Cf. Ventri/neson ; also Position and Di-
rection, Table of.
Dorsiparous [dor-sip' -ay-us) [(/();-^«/«, the back ; parere,
to produce]. Applied to plants that bear fruit on the
back of the leaves (ferns), or animals hatching young
upon the back (toads).
Dorsi-scapular [dor-si-skap' -ii-lar) \_dorsum, back ;
scapula, the shoulder]. Relating to the dorsum of
the scapula.
Dorso- (dor' -so-) \_dorsiim, back]. A prefix used in
connection with the names of such organs as have
their attachment to or about the back.
Dorsocephalad {dor-so-sef -al-ad) [dorsitin, back;
Kf(/)a///, head]. Toward the dorsal aspect of the head.
Dorsodynia [dor-so-din'-e-ah) \_dorsum, back; bdvi'T/,
pain]. Omodynia ; scapulodynia ; pain in the dorsal
region ; rheumatism of the muscles of the shoulders
and upper back.
Hotso-himhax [dor-so-luin' -bar) \_dorsuin, ha.ck; htin-
biis, loin]. Relating to the back and the loins.
Dorso-sacral Position. See Postures, Table of.
Dorso-thoracic [dor-so-tho-ra' -sik) [^dorsum, back ;
dujia^, thorax]. Relating to the back and the thorax.
Dorstenia (dor-ste' -tie-ali). See Contrayerva.
Dorsulum \do>-' -stt-lum) [dim. of dorsutn, the back].
The second dorsal sclerite of the thorax in certain
insects.
Dorsum (a't>;"'-«<w) [L.]. I. The back. The rounded
part of the back. 2. Any part corresponding to the
back ; as the dorsum of the foot, hand, tongue, scap-
ula, or penis ; in many cases, the upper surface is thus
designated.
Dorsumbonal [dor-stim' -bo-nal) \_dorsuin, the back ;
tunbo, a boss]. In biology, pertaining to both the
dorsal and umbonal regions in a bivalve mollusc.
Dosage (do'-sdj) \&daLq, a portion given]. A 'system or
method of dosing. See Posologv-
Dose (dos) [(W(T;f, a portion]. The measured portion
of medicine to be taken at one time. D., Divided,
a mode of administration in which a drug is to be
taken in fractional portions at short intervals. D.,
Maximum, the largest portion of medicine ordered
to produce a given result, or the largest dose consist-
ent with safety. In this work both minimum and
maximum dosage is given under each medicine or
preparation. D., Minimum, the smallest quantity
of a medicine that will produce physiologic effects.
GAUBINS' TABLE
Of Proportion of Dose According to Age.
For an adult, suppose the dose to be . . i, or 60 grains
An individual under I year will require I'j, " 5 "
" " " 2 years " " \, " 8 "
" 3 E. " 10
" 4 i. " 15
" 7 " " " i, •• 20
" 14 " ' ' i, ' 30
•' " " 20 " " " §, " 40
For one of 21 to 60, the full dose, or • . 1, " 60 "
Above this age, an inverse gradation must be observed.
Dosimeter {do-sim' -et-er) [domf , a dose ; fierpov, a
measure]. A drop-meter ; an instrument for measur-
ing minute quantities of a liquid.
Dosimetric [do-siin-ef -rik) [(Somf , a dose ; fitrpov, a
measure]. Relating to or characterized by dosimetry.
Dosimetry (do-sim' -et-re) [fJomf, dose ; fj-irpov, a
measure]. The accurate and systematic measurement
of a dose or prescribed portion ; the use of drugs in
exact and definite doses.
Dosiology, or Dosology (do-se-ol'-o-je, or do-sol' -o-je)
[(5(j(T/f , dose ; /tiyof, science]. Posology ; the science
of doses.
Dosis [do' -sis). See Dose.
Dossil [dos'-il) [ME., dosil, a spigot]. A pledget or
tuft, as of lint.
Dotage [dot' aj) [ME., dotreti\. Feebleness of mind ;
senility.
Dothienenteritis, or Dothinenteritis [doth-e-en-en-ter-
i'-tis, or doth-in-en-ter-i' -tis) \&odiiiv, aboil ; ivrepov,
bowel ; (Hf , inflammation]. Enteric fever, or the en-
teritis that accompanies it.
Double {dub' -I) [ME., doubkn, to double]. Two-fold.
In pairs. D. Athetosis, a manifestation of infantile
spastic paraplegia. D. Chin. See Buccula. D.
Consciousness, periodic amnesia ; a periodic failure
of memory involving all the intellectual functions and
the character of the individual ; that condition in which
a patient seems to have two distinct but alternating
lives ; it is seen mostly in somnambulists and hyp-
notics. D. Flap Amputation. See Amputation.
D. Hearing. See Diplaatsis. D. Monsters. Same
as Composite Monsters, q. v. D. Personality, an ab-
normal condition in which the subject feels as if he
were two distinct personalities, the one alternating con-
tinually with the other. It is a symptom of insanity
and of poisoning by certain drugs. D. Staining, in
microscopy, the impregnation of a structure with two
colors in order to show its details. Bacteriologically
the application of such staining-reagents as will stain
the spores one color and the rods another. D. Touch,
the exploration of the vaginal and rectal walls by insert-
ing the thumb into the one cavity, and the index finger
into the other, so that, e.g., the presence of any abnor-
mal growth may be ascertained. D. Vinegar. See
Vinegar. D. Vision. See Diplopia. D. Vitriol,
a mixture of copper and iron sulphates crystallized
together. D. Voice. See Diphthongia. D. Wedge,
• an instrument used in dentistry for removing an
artificial crovm from the root of a tooth upon which
it has been set.
Doublet {dub'-ler). See Doubling.
Doublet [dub'-let) [ME., dublet\. In optics, a sys-
tem consisting of two lenses.
Doubling [dub'-ling) [ME., doidden, to double]. A
term given to that duplication of dispensary statistics
that results from patients coming twice or oftener with
different troubles in the course of a year. Such patients
are termed ' ' doubters. "
Doubly (dub'-le) [ME., doublen, to double]. In a
two-fold manner. D. Contoured, in microscopy, an
object is doubly contoured when it is bounded by two,
usually parallel, dark lines with a lighter band between
them.
Doubt {dowt) doute, fear]. Uncertainty; fear.
D., Insanity of, mental disorder in which the
patient is affected by morbid doubts and fears, and sub-
jects himself to introspective questionings.
Doubting [dojvt'-ing) [ME., doute, fear]. Fearing.
D. Mania, a form of volitional disorder in which
the reflexive mechanism of the will is over-irritable
and reacts to slight stimuli, producing a constant suc-
cession of contradictory, absurd, or useless acts.
Douche {doosh) [Fr. ]. A stream of water directed
against a part, or one used to flush a cavity of the
body.
Douglas's Cul-de-sac or Pouch. See Pouch. D.
Line. See Lines, Table of. D. Semilunar Fold,
a thin curved margin that forms the lower part of the
posterior wall of the sheath of the abdominal rectus
muscle.
Dourine (doo'-ritt) [Fr.]. Syphilis in the horse.
D'OUTREPONT'S VERSION
396
DRILL
D'Outrepont's Version. In obstetrics, indirect version,
the head being seized from without by the hand cor-
responding to its position, while the other hand, well
oiled and folded together like a cone, is introduced
into the uterine cavity, grasps the presenting shoulder
and pushes it toward the side on which the breech is
situated.
Dover's Powder. Pulvis ipecacuanha: compositus.
See Opium.
Dowel \do-iij' -el") \y\. ,douiUi', a socket]. In dentistry,
the piece of wood or metal uniting any artificial crown
to the root of a natural tooth.
Dowell's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Doyere, Eminence, Hillock, Papilla, or Tuft of.
See Sarcoglia.
Dracaena [dra-se' -nali) \&pa.Kaiva, dragon]. A genus
of liliaceous plants, often tree-like. D. cinnabari
and D. schizantha (both E. Africa) and D. draco
(mainly W. African) afford a part of the so-called
dragon's blood of commerce. See Dragon^ s Blood.
Dracol (ilra'-kol). Same as Aiiisol.
Dracontiasis (ilra-koii-ti' -as-is) [(Jpd;t(ji', dragon].
Guinea- worm Disease; a skin-disease due to the
presence of the fully developed nematode worm, dia-
cunculus medincnsis, and characterized by the devel-
opment of deep vesicles or abscesses. The disease is
endemic in India and various parts of Africa and
other tropical regions. The female worm is cylin-
dric, inch in diameter and about 30 inches long,
or even much longer. It may be felt like a cord of
soft string under the skin. When about to make its
escape it produces itching and discomfort, followed
by an abscess. The embryo of the worm gains en-
trance into the human body and there develops with
the named results. See Parasites i^Animal) , TabL' of.
Dracunculus (dra-kiin' -ku-lus) [dim. of draco, a drag-
on, serpent]. A genus of thread- worms, belonging
to the family FilariidcE. See Parasites {^Animal),
Table of. D. medinensis. See Dracontiasis.
Draft, Draught [draft) [AS., dragon, to draw], i. A
quantity of liquid, especially a medicine drunk at one
gulp. 2. A mild blister ; a poultice. D., Black,
compound infusion of senna. D., Chopart's, a mix-
ture containing balsam of copaiba, alcohol, peppermint
water, syrup of balsam of tolu, and sweet spirit of niter.
D., Effervescing, one containing sodium or potassium
bicarbonate and a vegetable acid.
Dragee (drah-zha') [Er.]. A sugar-coated pill, bolus,
or comfit ; a sugared confection.
Dragendorff's Tests. See Tests, Table of.
Dragendorff and Kossow's Test. See Tests, Table of.
Dragon Root [drag' -on root). Indian Turnip. The
root oi Aricin triphyllum, acrid, expectorant, and dia-
phoretic. Dose of the fld. ext. tT^xv-^j. Unof.
Dragon's Blood ((?>-(3rt>"'-o«3 i^/W). I. The astringent
resin of Calamus ratany and C. draco, E. Indian rat-
tan-palms. 2. The resin of various species of Di-acccna,
<].v. 3. The resin of Pterocarpus draco, a W. Indian
tree. The various kinds of dragon's blood are astrin-
gent, but are now used mainly in the arts and in mak-
ing court-plasters. See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Drain [ME., drainen, to drain]. A channel that re-
ceives the drainage or waste water of one building or
set of premises. In surgery, a material that affords a
channel of exit for the discharge from a wound or
cavity. D. -throat, a sore-throat produced by the
poison of scarlet fever, and other poisons introduced
into the system by breathing the air from defective
drains.
Drainage ((/raw'-o/') [ME., to drain]. I. The
provision, by means of tubes or strands of fibers, of a
channel of exit for the discharge from a wound or
cavity. 2. See Sewage. D. Anchor, a rubber fila-
ment inserted in an abscess or cavity. D.-tube, a
rubber tube with perforations for draining wounds or
cavities. D.-tube, Decalcified, a decalcified bone
{e.g., of a chicken, etc.) used as a drainage-tube.
Dram, or Drachm [dram) [(ipa^//?/, a Greek weight].
The eighth part of the apothecaries' ounce, equal to 60
grains or 3.8 grams. Also the one-sixteenth part
of the avoirdupois ounce, equal to 27.34 grains. D.,
Fluid, the eighth part of a fluidounce, equal to 60
minims.
Dramatism [dram'-at-izm) \fphi.ia, a drama]. In-
sanely stilted and lofty speech or behavior.
Draper's Test. See Tests, Table of.
Drastic (i/raj'-Zz'/t') [fSpae/i', to draw]. I. A powerful and
irritating purgative, such as scammony or gamboge.
2. Severe, harsh, powerful.
Draught [draft). See Draft.
Draw [ME., draiven, to draw]. To digest and cause
to discharge ; said of a poultice. In dentistry, to re-
move a tooth from its socket. In andrology, to re-
move the urine from the bladder by means of a
catheter. D. -bench, a bench for drawing wire, so
constructed as to confine a wire-plate at one end,
with a roller and windlass at the other end for draw-
ing the wire through the plate.
Drawer, Gold. An apparatus for use in the dental
laboratory to collect gold scraps and filings.
Drayman's Bottom. An enlargement of the bursa
situated over the tuberosity of the ischium.
Dream [drem) [ME., a';r/'«i';z, to dream]. I. An invol-
untary series of images, emotions, and thoughts pre-
sented to the mind during sleep. 2. To be conscious
of such manifestations. D., Waking, an illusion or
hallucination. D., Wet, a term given to the emission
of semen during sleep.
Dreamy [dre'-mc) [ME., dremen, to dream]. Full of
dreams. D. State, a common psychic aura of epi-
lepsy in which the patient experiences a sensation
of strangeness or sometimes of terror. It may be
associated with flashes of light or auditory aurce.
Drechsel's Test. See Tests, Table of.
Drechsler's Test. See Tests, 'Table of.
Drench [ME., drenchen, to drench, drown]. In
veterinary practice, a draught of medicine.
Drepanidium [dre-pan-id' -e-um) \fpfKavq, a sickle].
The sickle-shaped young of certain protozoans. D.
ranarum, a (probably) parasitic cytozoon of frogs'
blood.
Dressed Mouth [drest mowth). That condition pro-
duced by the fraudulent practice of filing the teeth,
used to make an old horse appear young.
Dresser [dres'-er) [ME., dressen, to make straight].
An attendant (in English hospitals, usually a student)
whose special duty it is to dress and bandage wounds,
and attend to other ward work.
Dressing [dres'-ing) [ME., dressen, to make straight].
I. The application of a bandage, lint, or other sub-
stance to a wound or ulcer. 2. The material so
applied. 3. In metallurgy, the mechanical treatment
that an ore receives after being brought to the surface ;
concentration.
Dressler's Disease. See Diseases, Table of.
Drewsen's Test. See Tests, Tabl- of.
Drill [dril) [AS., thvrelian, to pierce]. A surgical
instrument used in perforating bones, calculi, or teeth.
D.-bone, a flat osteoma. D.-bow, a bow and string
for rotating a drill-stock, effected by passing the
string around it, and moving it backward and forward.
D. -stock, an instrument for holding and turning a
drill, either by the thumb and finger or hy a handle.
D. -stock, Flagg's, an instrument for drilling into the
DRIMYS
397
DRYING OILS
pulp-cavity of a tooth for the purpose of giving egress
to matter formed there in the process of suppuration
of the pulp.
Drimys (<iri'->iiis) [dfufibg, piercing]. A genus of
magnoliaceous trees, largely S. American. D. gran-
atensis, D. mexicana, and D. winteri afford l-Vin^er's
Bark, an aromatic and stimulant tonic, formerly in
repute as an alterative. Unof
Drink [ME., drinken, to drink]. To swallow a liquid.
The liquid that is swallowed. A draught.
Dripping Sheet (drip' -ing sket). A means of reduc-
ing temperature in fever, entirely distinct from the wet
pack. The patient is placed erect in a tub containing
twelve inches of water at loo°. A linen sheet (the
coarser the better) is dipped in water at 7q°, which is
reduced daily two degrees until 48° is reached. This
sheet is thrown over the patient from behind, covering
the head and body, so that it clings to the person.
The attendant now makes rapid passes with both hands,
beginning anteriorly and posteriorly, so as to produce
friction and afflux of blood to the surface. Occasion-
ally cold water at from 40° to 70° is thrown on from a
cup and friction renewed. The procedure is also
said to be useful in anemia.
lir\v&\.\mg [driv' -el-ing) [ME., drinckn']. I. An invol-
untary flow of the saliva, as in old age, infancy, idiocy,
and mental stupor. 2. Senile weakness of mind.
HxivGxa' S'paLSm (dri^-verz spazm). See Spasm.
Dromograph [di-oni' -o-graf) [(5po//of , a course ; ypa(pea>,
to write]. An instrument for registering the velocity
of the blood-current.
Drop. See GtMa and Minim. I. To let fall in glob-
ules or drops, as a liquid. 2. To let fall from the
womb. 3. A spheric mass of fluid-material. D.-
culture, in bacteriology, a culture prepared by placing
a drop of the infected material in a culture-medium.
D. -meter. See Dosimeter. D.-serene. See GiUta
sei-ena. D. -shoulder, the condition in which one
shoulder is on a much lower level than the other ;
not uncommonly met with in hysterical girls.
Dropped Hand, or Wrist (dropt hand or ri^t). A
form of paralysis from lead-poisoning, consisting in
the inability to contract the extensors of the forearm.
D. Foot, a deformity, especially observed in alco-
holic peripheral neuritis, and dependent upon weak-
ness of the flexors of the foot.
Dropper [ME. , to drop] . A bottle,
tube, or pipet, fitted for the emission of a fluid drop
by drop. See Mispah-dropper , and Stopper-dropper.
Dropsical [drop' -sik-al) [(jJpui/', dropsy]. Affected
with or pertaining to dropsy.
Dropsy ((/;-o/^-jc) [Wpui/f, dropsy]. See Hydrops. D.
of Belly. See Ascites. D. of Brain. See Hydro-
cephalus. D., Cardiac, that due to failure of compen-
sation in cardiac disease. D., False, an accumula-
tion of liquid in a cavity of an organ from obstruction
of the outlet ; a. retention-cyst. D. of Chest. See
Hydrothorax. D. of Peritoneum, ascites, hydro-
peritoneum. D. of Pericardium, hydropericardium.
D. of Spine. See Spina bifida and Hydrorrhachis.
D. of Testicle. See Hydrocele. D. of Uterus. See
Hydrometra.
Drosera ((//w'-cr-rt/z) [r^pofffpiif , dewy]. Sundew; the
D. rotitndifolia, native of U. S. and Europe. An
antispasmodic, useful in whooping-cough and other
spasmodic coughs. Dose of the fluid extract rr\^v-xx ;
of the tincture fl in ID) TT^v-xv. Unof.
Droserin (dros' -er-in) [rfpoafpdc, dewy]. A ferment
resembling pepsin and found in the digestive secretions
of most of the insectivorous plants.
Drown [ME., drownen, to drown]. To deprive of life
by immersion in a fluid.
Drowning [drown' -ing) [ME., droumen, to drown].
Depriving of life by immersion in a fluid. D., Intra-
uterine. See Intra-nterine.' D., Treatment of. See
Artificial Respiration.
Drowsy (drotv'-ze) [AS., drUsan, to sink]. Inclined
to sleep ; sleepy.
Drug [ME., dntgges\ A substance, simple or com-
pound, natural or prepared, single or mixed with
other substances used as a medicine. D., Antago-
nistic, one that neutralizes the action of another by a
process other than chemic. D. -eruptions. See
Dermatitis medicamentosa . D. -habit, the acquiring
of a tolerance for a drug after long administration,
by which its physiologic action in normal dose is
abolished. This may be avoided by intermitting the
remedy from time to time.
Druggist (drug' -ist) [ME., drngges\ One who deals
in drugs.
Drum [ME., drumme\ The tympanum. The laby-
rinth of a bird. D. -belly. See Tympanites. D. of
Ear. See Tympanum. D.-head. See Membratia
tyinpani.
Drumin (drum' -in) [Drummond, a botanist]. A name
given to the alkaloid extractive of Euphorbia dj'um-
mondiif an Australian plant. It is said to be a local
anesthetic, and is claimed, also, to be an impure
calcium oxalate. Unof. See Anesthetic.
Drummers' Palsy {dmm'-erz pawl'-ze). A form of
occupation-neurosis, dependent upon the constrained
attitude of the hand in beating a drum.
Drummond's Whiff. See Signs and Symptoms , Table of.
Drumstick - bacillus. See Bacteria, Synonymatic
Table of.
Drunkard (drunk' -ard). One given to excessive in-
dulgence in spirituous drinks. D.'s Liver, a cir-
rhotic liver. D.'s Pneumonia, a grave form of
pneumonia occurring in drunkards ; it is usually
fatal.
Drunkenness (drunk' -en-nes') [AS., druncen,
drunken]. Acute or habitual alcoholic intoxication.
See Alcoholism , Dipsoviania, Inebriety.
Drupe (drup) [i^pitmra, an over-ripe olive]. In biol-
ogy, a stone-fruit, as the cherry, peach, and plum.
Drupelet (drup' -let) \_6phnna, an over-ripe olive]. A
little drupe.
Drupetum (dru-pe' -tiinC) \drupa, a drupe]. In biol-
ogy, an aggregation of drupes, as in a blackberry.
Druse (dn'is) [Ger.]. A wound that does not com-
municate with any surface ; a rupture of the tissues
with no superficial lesion.
Dry (dri) [ME., drye]. I. Without moisture. 2.
Barren. 3. To evaporate. D.-ash System. See
Dry-earth System. D. Belly-ache. See Girdle-
pain. D. Caries. See Onychomycosis. D. Cup-
ping. See Cupping. D. -earth System, Dry-ash
Svste?n ; a method of disposing of feces by mingling
with them dry earth or ashes in sufficient quantity to
absorb all moisture from them, so as to render them
inodorous and to prevent decomposition. D. Gan-
grene. See Gangrene. D. Itch. Synonym of
Lichen. D. Labor, one in which there is but a slight
discharge of liquor amnii. D. Mouth. See Xeros-
tomia. D. -nurse, a nurse who attends and feeds a
child, but does not suckle it. D. Pile, a hemorrhoid
that does not bleed. D. Pleurisy, pleurisy without
effusion. D.-scall, a synonym of psoriasis. D.-
swimming, swimming exercise in the air, a useful
gymnastic measure. D. Tetter. See Tsoriasis. D.
Wine, a wine containing little or no sugar. See
Haines.
Dryer's Test. See Tests, Table of.
Drying Oils. See Oils and Fats.
DRYSD ALE'S CELLS OR CORPUSCLES 398
DUCT
Drysdale's Cells or Corpuscles. Certain microscopic,
cylindric, flattened, or polyhedral cells, often swollen
or in a state of fatty degeneration, that have been
considered characteristic of ovarian cysts. They are
not pathognomonic.
Dualin [liu'-al-in) \_dital, of two]. An explosive com-
posed of a mixture of nitro-glycerin 50 parts and
nitrated sawdust 50 parts. Giant powder and rend-
rock are similar mixtures.
Dualism (du' -al-izm) \_duo, two]. A system by which
natural phenomena are explained upon two principles.
D., Chancrous, the theory of the existence of two
forms of chancre — the non-infecting, or soft chancre,
and the infecting, or true (hard) chancre.
Dualistic [iln-al-is'-tik) [dual, of two] . Characterized
by duality. D. Theory of the Composition of
Carbon-compounds ; every chemic compound is
composed of two groups, electrically difterent, and
these are further made up of two different groups
or elements. The Electro-chciitic , dualistii tJieory of
Berzelitis was prevalent in Germany until about i860.
Duality [du-aV -it-e) \dualUas, dual]. Dualism; the
supposed distinction, and potentially independent ac-
tion, of each of the cerebral hemispheres.
Dubini's Disease. " Electric chorea ;" myelitis con-
vulsiva; a malady met with in Italy, differing from
chorea in the character of the movements, which are
sudden and shock-like ; in the course of the disease,
which is progressive and often fatal ; and in the ad-
dition of muscular palsy and wasting. Its etiology
and pathology are obscure. See Diseases, Table of.
Dublin Method. See Treatment, Methods of.
Dubois' Caustic. See Caustic.
Duboisia [du-bois' -e-ah) [after Dubois, a French botan-
ist]. The leaves of D. myoporoides, an Australian
tree. It resembles belladonna in physiologic and
therapeutic effects. D., Ext. Dose gr. D.,
Ext. Fid. Dose rt\, v-x. D., Tinct. Dose TT\^ v-xx.
Duboisin {du-bois' -in)\z.i\.^r Dubois, a French botanist],
CjqHjjNjO. An alkaloid from Duboisia myoporoides,
identical with hyoscyamin.
Dubrueil's Operation. See Operations , Table of.
Duchenne's Disease. See Diseases, Table of. D.
Paralysis. See Diseases, Table of. D.-Aran Type
of Muscular Atrophy. See Diseases, Table of.
Duck-bill Forceps. See Forceps. D. Speculum.
See Speculum.
Duckett's Closet. See Seiaage, Disposal of.
Duck-foot {duk' -foot). Synonym of Flat-foot.
Duck-legged {duk-leg'-ed). Having very short legs.
Duck-weed Disease (duk'-7aed dis-ez'). A German
name for tuberculosis in cattle.
Duckworth's Theory. The neuro-humoral theory of
the origin of gout. It is that there is a basic, arthritic
stock, a diathetic habit, of which gout and rheumatism
are two distinct branches. The gouty diathesis is
expressed in («) an abnormality of the nerve-centers,
which may be inherited or acquired ; and (/') a peculiar
incapacity for normal elaboration within the whole
body, whereby uric acid is formed at times in excess
or is incapable of being duly transformed into more
soluble and less noxious products.
Duct, or Ductus \_ducere, to lead]. A tube for the con-
veyance of the fluids of the body. D., Aberrant, a
small, blind, coiled tube, 2 to 14 inches in length, run-
ning from the lower portion of the canal of the epi-
didymis. D., Aberrant Bile, one of a number of
biliary ducts, occasionally found in the left lateral
ligament of the liver. They are not surrounded Isy
lobules and are the remains of hepatic substance,
present at an early stage of development. D., Acous-
tic, the external auditory meatus. D., Adipose, one of
the sacs in cellular tissue containing the fat. D., Air,
in biology, one of the intercellular spaces in aquatic
plants, containing air. D., Alimentary. See D.,
Thoracic. D., Alveolar, one of the infundibula of
the bronchioles. D., Annular, in biology, one of
the ring-shaped thickenings of the cells of vascu-
lar tissue. D. of Arantius. See D. venosus. D.,
Archinephric. See D., Mesonephric. D., Arterial.
See D. arteriosus. D. arteriosus, a short vessel in
the fetus between the main pulmonary artery and the
aorta. It becomes obliterated at birth. D., Auditory,
the space between the membrana tectoria and the
membrana basilaris of the cochlea. D. of Bartholin,
the larger and longer of the sublingual ducts, opening
into the mouth near to, or in common with, Wharton's
duct. D. of Bellini, one of the excretory tubes of the
kidneys. D., Biliary. See D. , Common Bile. D.
of Botal. See D. arteriosus. D., Branchial, in
Mvzontes, a short tube between the branchial pouch
and the intestinal cavity. D., Canalicular, one of
the smaller galactophorous ducts of the mammEe.
D., Cement, in Cirripedia, one of a number of tubes
that pass through the antennae from the cement-glands.
D. choledochus. See D., Common Bile. D.,
Cochlear. See Canal, Cochlear. D., Common
Bile, a duct about three inches long formed by the
union of the cystic and hepatic ducts, and convey-
ing the bile to the duodenum. D. of Cuvier, in
the fetus, one of two short transverse venous trunks,
o^ either side, opening into the auricle of the heart,
each being formed by the union of a superior vein,
the primitive jugular, and an inferior vein. The right
one becomes the superior vena cava ; the left one
disappears. D., Cysthepatic. See Hepato-cystic.
D., Cystic, the excretory duct of the gall-bladder;
it is about I Vi inches long, runs backward, downward,
and to the left and unites with the hepatic duct to form
the common bile-duct. D. of Darwin. See D.,
Cement. D., Definitive, one of the straight milk-ducts
in the rtipple. D., Efferent. Same as Canal, Deferent.
D., Egestive. Stt D., Fxcreto7y. D., Ejaculatory,
a duct about an inch long, on either side of the body,
formed by the union of the vas deferens and the seminal
vesicle. The semen passes through it into the urethra.
D., Endolymphatic, a tubular process of the mem-
branous labyrinth of the ear, passing through the
aqueduct of the vestibule into the cranial cavity, where
it terminates below the dura mater in a blind enlarge-
ment, the sacculus endolymphaticus. D., Esophago-
cutaneous, in biology, a duct joining the esophagus
with the branchial pore, and thus with the exterior. D.,
Excretory, the tube through which the secretion of a
gland is discharged. D., Galactophorous, one of
the 15 or 20 milk-ducts of the lobes of the mammary
glands. They converge toward the areola, and ter-
minate upon the surface of the nipple in small de-
pressions. D., Gall. See D., Bile, D. , Hepatic, and
D., Cystic. D. of Gartner, the canal of Gartner.
See Canal. D., Genital, the genital canal. See
Canal. D., Guttural, the Eustachian tube. D.,
Hepatic, a duct, I inches long, formed at the margin
of the transverse fissure of the liver by the right and
left hepatic ducts. It unites with the cy.stic duct to
form the common bile-duct. D., Hepatic, Left, a
duct arising from the left lobe of the liver, and joining
the right hepatic duct to form the common hepatic
duct. D., Hepatic, Middle, an occasional branch
of the hepatic duct, conveying the bile from the quad-
rate lobe of the liver. D., Hepatic, Right, a duct
arising from the right lobe of the liver, and joining the
left hepatic duct, to form the common hepatic duct.
D., Hepato-cystic, one of the biliary ducts emptying
DUCT
399
DULCAMARA
directly into the gall-bladder. D.,Hepato-pancreatic,
a duct conveying the secretions of the liver and pancreas
into the intestinal canal ; the common bile-duct. D.,
Hermaphrodite, a duct that in hermaphroditic animals
receives the male and female elements. D., Hemi-
thoracic, an ascending branch of the thoracic duct,
given off high in the thorax, and opening either into
the right lymphatic duct or close to the angle of union
of the right subclavian and right internal jugular veins.
D. inferens, in certain Edentata, one of the ducts
leading from the submaxillary glands to a common
receptacle for the secretion of the gland. D., Inter-
cellular, the intercellular canal. See Canal. D.,
Interlobular, Bile, one of the ducts situated between
the lobules of the liver. They are of twp varieties,
small and large. D., Intralobular, Bile, one of the
intralobular canals. See Canal. D., Lachrymal. See
D., Nasal. D., Lactiferous. 'S&ii D., Galactophorons.
D., Leydig's. See D., Mesoncphric and D., Uro-
genital. D., Lymph, ^^t. D., Thoracic. D., Lym-
phatic. See D. , Thoracic. D., Lymphatic, Left.
See D., Thoracic. D., Lymphatic, Right, the vessel
that receives the lymph from the absorbent vessels of
the right arm, the right side of the head and neck, the
chest, lung and right side of the heart, and also from the
upper surface of the liver. It terminates at the junction
of the right subclavian and internal jugular veins. D.,
Mammary. See/)., Galactophorous. D., Mesone-
phric, an embryonic duct belonging to the mesone-
phron, and formed by the longitudinal fission of a por-
tion of the segmental duct. In the male, it becomes
the vas deferens, while in the female it almost entirely
disappears. D., Metanephric, the Ureter, q. v. D.,
Milk. See D., Galactophorous. D., Muco. See
Canal, mitcoits. D., Mucous. See Canal, nincoiis.
D. of Miiller, a tube (on either side of the body)
formed by the undivided portion of the segmental
duct, and of the longitudinal tubes into which it
divides. From them in the female are developed the ovi-
ducts, uterus and vagina, while in the male they atrophy
and disappear. D., Nasal, the duct, J4 an inch long,
that conveys the tears from the lachrymal sac into the
inferior meatus of the nose. D., Naso-lachrymal.
See D., Nasal. D., Nuckian, one of the excretory
ducts of the orbital gland of the dog. D., Omphalic.
^e.e.D., -Vitelline. D., Omphalo-mesenteric. SeeZ*. ,
Vitelline. D., Pancreatic, a duct that extends from
the pancreas to the duodenum at the point where the
common bile-duct enters the bowel. D., Pancreatic,
Accessory, the excretory duct of the lesser pancreas,
opening into the pancreatic duct or into the duodenum,
close to the orifice of the common bile-duct. D.,
Pancreatic, Supplementary. See D., Pancreatic,
Accessory. D., Parotid. See D. of Stensen. D. of
Pecquet, the thoracic duct. D., Pneumatic, in
fishes, the tube that connects the swimming-bladder
with the esophagus. D., Pronephric. "Aufi D . , Seg-
mental. D., Prostatic, one of the ducts conveying
the secretion of the prostate into the urethra. D.,
Reticulate, in biology, an aggregation of parenchy-
matous tissue-cells, in which the thickenings assume
the form of a network. D. reuniens, a small duct
leading from the saccule to the membranous labyrinth
of the cochlea. D. of Rivini, one of the ducts of
the sublingual gland. D., Roriferous. See D.,
Thoracic. D., Sacculo-utricular, a small canal
connecting the saccule of the internal ear with the
utricle. D. of Santorini. Same as D., Pancreatic,
Accessory. D., Scalariform, in biology, one of numer-
ous parallel narrow and elongated bordered pits in
plant-cells set close together like the rounds of a ladder.
D., Secretory, one of the smaller ducts of a gland,
tributaries of the excretory duct. D., Segmental,
in embryology, a tube, on either side of the body,
situated between the visceral and parietal layers of
the mesoblast, opening anteriorly into the body-cav-
ity, and posteriorly into the cloaca. D., Seminal.
iise D. , £/aculatory. D., Spermathecal, in certain
Alollusca, the duct that connects the spennatheca with
the hermaphrodite duct. D., Spermatic, the Vas
deferens ; q. v. D., Spiral, in biology, the prosen-
chymatous cell-tissue, the walls of which are marked
by spiral thickenings. D. of Steno. See D. of
Stensen. D., Stenon's. See D. of Stensen. D.,
Stenonine. See Z>. of Stensen. D. of Stensen, i.
a duct about 2 inches long, conveying the secretion
of the parotid gland into the mouth, opening on the
inner side of the cheek, about opposite to the second
upper molar tooth. 2. See Canal, Incisive. D., Sub-
lingual. £>. of Pii'i7!i a.nA £>■ of Bartholin. D.,
Tear, the nasal duct. D., Testicular, the vas de-
ferens, q. V. D., Thoracic, a duct 18 to 20 inches
long, extending from the receptaculum chyli, in front
of the vertebra; as far as the seventh cervical vertebra,
where it curves down over the subclavian artery and
empties into the left subclavian vein at its junction with
the left internal jugular vein. It receives the lymph
and chyle not received by the right lymphatic duct.
D., Thyroglossus, in the embrjo, a duct that tenni-
nates upon the tongue as the foramen cecum, and leads
to the rudiments of the thyroid body. D., Trabecular,
in biology, prosenchymatous tissue-cells, in which
thickenings cross the lumen of the cell. D., Uro-
genital, in biology, a duct that receives the urine and
the genital products. D., Uropygial, in birds, a duct
leading from the uropygial gland. D., Uroseminal.
See D., Uro-genital. D. venosus, the .smaller,
shorter, and more posterior of the two branches into
which the umbilical vein divides after entering the
abdomen. It empties directly into the ascending vena
cava. After the birth of the fetus it becomes oblit-
erated. D., Vitellarian, the canal in which an ovum
receives its investment of albuminoid substance. D.,
Vitelline, a temporary channel of communication be-
tween the alimentary canal of the embryo and the
umbilical vesicle. D., Vitello-intestinal. SeeZ*. ,
/ 'itelline. D. of Wharton, the duct, about two inches
long, of the sublingual gland, opening in the mouth at
the side of the frenum lingua;. D. of Wirsung, the
pancreatic duct. D., Wolffian, the mesonephric duct.
D., Yellow. See Canal, Eschricht^ s.
Ductule {duk' -chill) [_ductiihis, a small duct]. A
small duct, as the straight seminal ducts.
Dudgeon's Recipe. A formula for varnish to preserve
sphygmographic and cardiographic tracings. It con-
sists of one ounce of gum dammar dissolved in six
ounces of rectified benzolin.
Dudley's Operation. See Operations, Table of. D.
Tests. See Tests, Table of.
Dufios' Tests. See Tests, Table of.
Dugas' Test. A method of diagnosis in dislocation of
the shoulder. If the hand of the affected side is
made to clasp the opposite shoulder, the elbow cannot
be made to touch the front of the chest.
Dugong Oil {dii'-gong). The fixed oil afforded by the
dugong, Halicore australis, a marine sirenian mam-
mal. It is regarded as a good substitute for cod-liver
oil.
Duhring's Disease, or Impetigo. See Impetigo, Der-
matitis herpetiformis, and Diseases, Table of.
Dulcamara [dul-kam-a' -?-a) [ilnlcamara, bitter-sweet].
Bittersweet. The young branches of D. solatium,
containing several glucosids and an alkaloid. Its
properties are not well understood. It causes nausea,
DULCAMARIN
400
DUPLICANA
emesis and convulsive muscular movements, and in
toxic doses is a narcotic poison. It is now employed
in psoriasis and similar skin-diseases. D., Fid. Ext.
Dose 3j. D., Decoctum, unof., lo per cent,
strength. Dose 5j-ij.
Dulcamarin (dul-kani-a' -rin) \dulcamara, bitter-sweet]
C.^jHj^OiQ. An alkaloid of Bittersweet. It is a yel-
low, amorphous powder, with a sweetish-bitter taste,
sparingly soluble in water, freely so in alcohol and
acetic acid, insoluble in ether and chloroform.
Dulcin [dul'-sin). See Dulcilol.
Dulcite [Jul' -sit). See Diilcitol.
Dulcitol {did' -sit-o!) \_dulcis, sweet] Cf;H,^Og. Dulcin,
dulcite ; an hexahydric alcohol occurring in various
plants, and obtained from dulcitol manna (originating
from Madagascar manna). It is made artificially by
the action of sodium amalgam upon milk-sugar and
galactose. It crystallizes in large monoclinic prisms,
having a sweet taste. It is sparingly soluble in water,
and melts at l8S° C. It is said to be two hundred
times as sweet as sugar.
Dull ((/«/) [ME., stupid], i. Slow of perception.
2. Not resonant on percussion. 3. Not bright in ap-
pearance. 4. Not sharp ; blunt.
Dullness [dul'-nes) [ME., diil, stupid]. The quality
of being dull, in any sense ; lack of resonance on
percussion.
Dulong and Petit's Law. See La-.v.
Dulse (dii/s) [Gael., duileasg, dulse]. A popular name
for various edible sea-weeds, such as Rhodymejiia
palmata. These are popularly esteemed as pectoral
remedies. Unof.
Dumas, Method of. A method for the determination
of nitrogen. In a glass tube (from 70 to 80 cm. long)
sealed at one end, place a layer (about I cm.) of dry,
primary sodium carbonate or magnesite, then pure
cupric oxid (6 cm.) , afterwards a mixture of the sub-
stance with the cupric oxid ; then again pure granular
cupric oxid (from 20 to 30 cm. ), and finally fill the tube
with pure copper turnings (about 20 cm.). In the open
extremity of the tube is placed a rubber cork, bearing
a gas-delivery tube, which extends into a mercury
bath. The back part of the combustion-tube, con-
taining the carbonate, is heated first, to expel the air
from all parts of the apparatus. A graduated cylinder,
filled with mercury, is placed over the extremity of
the exit-tube ; into the tube containing mercury sev-
eral cubic centimeters of concentrated potassium hy-
droxid are introduced by means of a pipet. The
metallic copper and the layer of cupric oxid in the
anterior portion of the tube are first heated and then
gradually the mixture. When the combustion is com-
pleted, heat is applied to another part of the sodium
carbonate layer. The graduated vessel, containing
pure nitrogen, is placed in a large cylinder of water,
allowed to stand a short time until the temperature is
equalized, when the volume of gas is read and the tem-
perature of the surrounding air and the barometer-
height are noted.
V /(h — w) ^ ,
G = \ ! X 0.0012562
yfio 1 1 -1- 0.00367
G the weight of the nitrogen volume in grams. V =
the absorbed volume in cubic centimeters, h = the
barometric pressure, w = the tension of aqueous vapor
at the temperature l°C. 0.0012562 = the weight, in
grams, of I c.c. of nitrogen at o°C. , and 760 mm.
pressure.
Dumb (du/ii) [ME., dumb, mute]. Unable to utter
articulate speech. D. Ague, a popular expression for
ague or malarial sickness marked by obscure symp-
toms. D.-bell, a weight consisting of two iron balls
connected by a shaft, used in exercise for health and
development. D.-bell Crystals, crystals of calcium
oxalate, sometimes seen in the urine. D.-cane, the
Caladizitn scguincum, or Dieffenbachia seguinea, a W.
Indian plant ; when bitten it causes the lips and
mouth to swell, and thus may produce temporary
inability to speak. The plant is used in preparing an
ointment, and is said to be useful in dropsies.
Dumbness [diun'-nes) [MY,. , dumb, mwt&l. Inability
to utter articulate speech.
Dumetose (du' -?net-ds) \_dumus, a bramble]. In biol-
ogy, belonging to a thicket ; bush-like.
Dumont's Blue. Same as Smalts.
T)wrao%&{dti' -mos) \_diimHs, a thorn-bush] . In biology,
bushy, or pertaining to a bush.
Dumoutier's Horizontal Plane. See Platte.
Duncan's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Dung [ME., dung, dung]. Excrement; feces; ordure.
D.-bath. See Pigments, Colors, and Dye-stuffs.
D.-hill, a heap of dung.
Dunga (ihin' -gall). Synonym of Dengue.
Dunging (dung'-ing). See Pigments, Colors, and
Dye-stuffs.
Dunham's Solution. A culture-medium composed
of sodium chlorid, 5 parts; dried peptone, I part;
distilled water, loo parts.
Duodenal [dti-o-de'-nal, or du-od'-en-al) [duodeni,
twelve each]. Relating to the duodenum. D. Ulcer,
ulceration of the duodenum. It may be acute, as
after severe burns or scalds, or after exposure to
extreme cold ; or (more commonly) it may be chronic,
occurring usually in old alcoholic males. Its most
frequent seat is in the first part of the duodenum,
either on the anterior or posterior wall. It is probably
due to the action of the gastric juice upon the intestinal
wall which has been devitalized as the result of some
form of malnutrition. Perforation and fatal peritonitis
may ensue if the ulcer be situated on the anterior wall.
Duodenitis [die-o-den-i'-tis) \_dtwdeni, twelve each ;
ltk;, inflammation]. Inflammation of the duodenum.
Duodeno-cholecystotomy [du-o-de' -no-ko-lc-sis-tot' -
o-me) [duodeni, twelve each ; ,^0'*'/, bile ; kvcjtlq,
bladder; arofia, mouth]. An operation for establish-
ing an artificial communication between the gall-blad-
der and duodenum.
Duodeno-enterostomy ( du-o-de' -no-eit-ter-os' -to-me)
[duodeni, twelve each ; h'TEpov, bowel ; oTo/jta, mouth].
The establishment of an artificial communication be-
tween the duodenum and some portion of the small
intestine.
Duodeno-jejunal [du-o-de' -no-jej-u' -nal) [duodeni,
twelve each ; jcjunus, dry]. Pertaining to the duo-
denum and the jejunum.
Duodeno-renal [du-o-de' -no-Te' -?ial) [duodeni, twelve
each; w?, the kidney]. Relating to the duodenum
and to the kidney.
Duodenostomy [du-o-de-nos'-to-me) [duodenum;
nrd/ja, a mouth]. The operation of opening the duo-
denum, and the attachment of the lips of the intes-
tinal slit to the walls of the abdomen, in order to form
an artificial mouth for the introduction of nutriment.
Duodenotomy [du-o-den-of -o-i/ic) [duodenum ; rifiveiv,
to cut]. Surgical incision of the duodenum.
Duodenum {du-o-de'-num, or dit-od'-en-um) [duodeni,
twelve each ; so called because it is about twelve
finger-breadths long]. The first part of the small in-
testine beginning at the pylorus. The inner surface
is covered with folds of mucous membrane called
vahiiilce connii^entes, or valves of Kerkring.
Dupasquier's Test. See Tests, Table of.
Duplay's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Duplicana {du-plik-a'-nah) [duplicare , to double]. A
double tertian ague.
DUPLICATION
401
DYNE
Duplication [du-plik-a' -skiin). Same as Reduplication,
q. V.
Duplicature [liu' -plik-a-chur) [dnplicare, to double].
The reflection, or folding of a membrane upon itself.
Duplicity [du-plis' -it-e) \_duplicitas, doubleness]. The
condition of being duplex or double.
Dupuytren's Contraction. See Diseases, Table of.
D. Hydrocele. See Diseases, Table of. D. Oint-
ment, an ointment used to correct baldness. It con-
tains ox-marrow 250, lead acetate 4, balsam of Peru
8, diluted alcohol 30, tinct. of camphor, I J/2, tinct.
of cloves and tinct. of cinnamon, each I. D. Opera-
tion. See Operations, Table of. D. Splint, a splint
used in the treatment of Pott's fracture of. the leg.
D. Suture. See Suture.
Dura (du'-rah) \_durus, hard}. The Dura mater, q. v.
D. mater, the outer membrane of the brain and spinal
cord. It is divided into the cerebral and spinal or
rhachidian dura, and its cerebral portion is in part
identical vifith the endocranium. D. m. testis, the
tunica albuginea of the testis.
Duraematoma {i/ur-ein-at-o'-mah). See Durematoma.
Dural (du'-ral) \durus,haiA.'\. Pertaining to the dura.
Duramen [dur' -ani-eri) [(/wrar^, to harden]. In biology,
heart-wood.
Durande's Solvent. A solvent for biliary calculi ; it
consists of three parts of ether and two of turpentine,
administered in capsules immediately before meals.
D. Treatment. See Treatment, Methods of.
Duration (du-ra' -shtm) \_durare, to last]. Continuance
in time. D. of Life, several methods of ascertain-
ing the duration of life are employed: I. The Mean
Age at Death ; 2. the Probable Duration of Life ; 3.
the Mean Duration of Life ; 4. the Expectation of
Life, or mean after-lifetime ; and 5. the number living
out of which one dies annually. According to the
English Life-table No. 3, the mean age at death is
40. 9 years , but this test is, for several reasons, fallacious,
though it is of exceptional interest when the deaths
from various diseases are considered. See Probable
D. of L., Expectation of Life, axid. Life- table.
Durematoma [dur-em-at-o' -mah) \_dura, hard; aifia,
blood; ()//a, tumor : pL, Duremato7nata'\. Hematoma
of the dura ; an accumulation of blood between the
dura and arachnoid.
Durene [du'-i-m] \_durus, hard] Cj^H,^. A hydrocar-
bon, present in coal-tar. It is a crystalline substance
that possesses a camphor-like odor ; it melts at 79-80°
C, and boils at 190° C.
Diirer, Angle of. See Angle. D., Plane of. See Plane.
Durham's Tube. The lobster-tail tube largely used
in tracheotomy.
Durilic Acid {du-ril'-ik). See Acid, Durilic.
Duro-arachnitis [did -ro-ar-ak-ni' -tis) \_durus, hard ;
d/3d;^;i;7?, a spider ; ltic,, inflammation]. Inflammation
of the dura and arachnoid membrane.
Duroziez' Murmur. See Signs and Symptoms, Ta-
ble of
Dusart-Blondlot's Test. See Tests, Table of.
Dust-occupations. Those that from, the nature of
the particles of the dust produced may give rise to
pneumoconiosis, tuberculosis, or bronchitis.
Dutch {duch) [ME., Dutche\ Pertaining to Holland.
D. Bitters. See Latifia. D. Gold, an alloy of
copper and zinc. D. Liquid. See Ethene Chlorid.
D. Mineral, copper beaten out info very thin leaves.
D. White. Same as Hamburg White.
Duval's Operation. See Operations, Tabic of.
Du Verger, Suture of. See Suture. D. Method.
See Operations, Table of.
Duverney, Foramen of. See Foramina, Table of. D.
Glands. See Gland.
26
Dware's Test. See Tests, Table of.
Dwarf {dworf) [ME., dwarf '\. A being characterized
by completed physical development, but having the
various parts of unnaturally small dimensions, owing
to insufficient growth. This condition is frequently
associated with sterility and impotence. See Nanism,
Nanus. D. Elder, the Aralia hispidia. Its root
is a valuable diuretic. Dose of fld. ext. 3j-ij. Unof.
D. Tape-worm. See Tania nana.
Dyad [di'-ad). See Quantivalence.
Dy aster (i/Aaj' -to ) [(S(f, two ; dcrrr/p, star]. In biology,
the karyokinetic figure assumed by the aster of a divid-
ing nucleus before the formation of the stars at the
ends of the nuclear spindle. It is the sixth stage of
A'aryokinesis.'
Dye [di) [ME., dyen, to dye]. To color a substance
by immersing it in some coloring-matter. The ma-
terial used as a coloring-substance. D. -stuffs. See
Pigments, Colors, and Dye-stuffs.
Dyer's Broom. See Pigmcjits, Conspectus of.
Dyerism {di' -er-izm') \_Dyer, the physician who proposed
it]. A simple means of giving exercise to all the
ocular muscles at once. It consists merely in reading
a certain definite small amount daily, and increasing
that amount systematically as the strength of the eyes
increases.
Dyerizing [di'-er-iz-ing). See Dyerism.
Dynam [di'-nam). See Dyne.
Dynamia [di-na'-ine-ah) \f'vvaiuQ, power]. I. Ability
to resist diseases, or to withstand the effects of any
strain, physical or mental. 2. The sthenic character
of any attack of disease.
Dynamic [di-nam'-ik] [SijvamQ, energy]. Pertaining to
energy. In medicine, a synonym of Sthenic, q. v. D.
Squint. See Jnsufficiency.
Dynamics (di-nam' -iks). See Mechanics.
Dynamite (di' -nam-it) [d'vvajuq, power]. An explo-
sive consisting of nitro glycerin incorporated with in-
fusorial earth, to give it consistency. It is eight times
as powerful as gunpowder.
Dynamization (di-nam-iz-a' -shuii) [(Ji'iya/ztf , power].
The so-called potentizing of medicines by comminu-
tion and agitation.
Dynamo (di' -nam-6) [firva/ztf, power]. A dynamo-
electric machine; a machine that generates dynamic,
or current electricity, instead of static electricity ; one
in which the current is generated by revolving coiis
of insulated wire through the field of a magnet inten-
sified by the same current.
Dynamogeny (di-nam-oj' -en-e^ [(Swn/i;f , energy ; ytv-
vav, to beget]. The production of energy; the phys-
iologic generation of force.
Dynamograph [di-nam' -o-graf) \f\]vaiiiq, power ; ypa-
^uv, to write]. An instrument designed to measure
and graphically record muscular strength.
Dynamometer [di-nam-om' -et-er) \f 'vvaiu(;, power ;
ficTpov, a measure]. An instrument designed to
Dynamometer of Mathieu {Landois.)
measure force, or one for the measurement of muscu-
lar strength, particularly of the hand.
Dyne {ctin) [fivvafnc, power]. A force sufficient to
DYS
402
DYSMENORRHEA
impart a velocity of one centimeter per second to a
mass of one gram. See Electric Uiiils.
Dys- ['Suf-,] a prefix implying difficulty, illness, bad-
ness ; it may be represented by bad, hard, difficult,
painful.
Dysacousma [dis-ak-ooz' -mah) \&vi;, painful ; fiKovaia,
hearing]. A sensation of pain or discomfort caused
by loud or even moderate noises.
Dysacusia, or Dysacousis [dis-ak-oo'-ze-ah or -sis)
[(Siif , hard ; a«oi;(T(a, hearing]. Hardness or difficulty
of hearing.
Dyssesthesia (dis-es-thc' -ze-ah'). .See Dysesthesia.
Dysalbumose [dis-al'-bu-mdz). See Albumose.
Dysanagnosia [dis-an-ag-no' -ze-ah) [(Jiif, hard; avay-
vuff/f , recognition, reading]. Word-blindness ; dys-
lexia.
Dysaphe (<&'-(z/-t') [duf, painful ; d(/)//, touch]. Mor-
bid state of the sense of touch.
Dysapocatastasis [dis-ap-o-kat-as'-tas-is) \_6vi:, hard;
aTTDKariiaraair, reestablishment]. Morbid restlessness
and dissatisfaction.
Dysaponotocy {dis-ap-o-not' -o-se') \&v^-, difficult; otto-
rof, painless; Tonoq, birth.]. Painless, but difficult,
labor.
Dysarthria [dis-ar'-thre-ah) \pvi;-, difficult; apHfxir,
articulation]. Impairment of the power of speech-
articulation, from disease of the medulla and pons.
D. literalis. Synonym of Stantmering.
Dysarthrosis (dis-ar-thro' -sis) \6vq-, bad ; ai^dftov, a
joint]. I. A deformed joint. 2. A false-joint. 3.
A dislocation of a joint.
Dysbasia (dis-ba' -ze-ah) [fSi'f-, difficult; /Jdcr^f, a step] .
Difficulty of walking. (Proposed instead of abasia,
as in the affection there is rarely absolute inability to
walk.)
Dysbulia (ilis-bn'-le-ah) [(Juf-, difficult; ftni'/ieaOai , to
will]. Impairment of will-power.
Dyscataposis {^dis-kat-ap' -o-sis). Synonym of Hydro-
phobia.
Dyschroa, or DyschrcEa [dis' -kro-ah or -kre'-ah) \fivq-,
bad; ;tpoa, color]. Discoloration, especially of the
skin.
Dyschromatopsia (dis-kro-jnat-op' -se-ah) [t^uf-, ill ;
Xp(j/ja, color; or/'(t', vision]. Difficulty in distin-
guishing colors.
Dyschromia {dis-kro' -me-ali) \fiv(i-, ill ; ;t-/;(j/ja, color].
Discoloration, especially of the skin.
Dyschylia {dis-ki' -le-ah) [(Si'f-, ill; ;j^u/ldf, chyle].
Disorder of the chyle.
Dyscinesia [dis-siti-e' -ze-ah) [fivg-, ill ; Klvr/ai^, mo-
tion]. Difficult or painful motion.
Dyscoiia {tlis-/eo'-7-e-ah) ['5"f-, bad; ko/j//, pupil]. Ab-
normality of the form of the pupil.
Dyscrasia [dis-kra' -ze-ah) [rfyf-, bad; Kficinig, combi-
nation]. A depraved or abnormal state; an abnor-
mal or impure condition of the blood, due to general
disease.
Dyscrasic, Dyscratic [dis-kraz'-ik, dis-krat' -ik) [fSuf-,
bad ; Kpacjic;, combination]. Of the nature of, or af-
fected with a dyscrasia.
Dysecoea, or Dysecoia (dis-es-e' -ah, or dis-ek-oi' -ah)
\pSva)]mia, deafness]. Hardness of hearing.
Dysenteria [dis-cu-te' -re-ah). See Dysentery. D.
splenica. Synonym of Melena.
Dysenteric (dis-en-ter' -ik) [(Uk;-, bad; tv-epov, the
bowels]. Of the nature of or affected with dysentery.
Dysentery [dis' -en-ter-c) ['5yf-, bad; evrepov, the
bowels]. An acute specific disease marked by inflam-
mation of the solitary glands and follicles of the large
intestine, with tormina and tenesmus, and the frequent
passage of scanty and bloody .stools. Death may
result from asthenia, or peritonitis from perforation.
Toward the close of grave cases of the disease the
stools may become watery, black (the so-called ^^meat-
-<uashings'''), and of an offensive gangrenous odor.
Dysentery is prevalent in all malarious regions, and is
also likely to occur among troops when the food is
poor and irritating, and the drinking-water impure.
D., Algid, that form characterized by great feebleness
or absence of the pulse-beat, cyanosis, aphonia, sup-
pression of urine, cold surface, and an early fatal
issue. D., Amebic, that in which the Ameba coli is
found in tlie stools. D., Hemorrhagic, a grave
bowel-disease in India, marked by profuse hemor-
rhages from the bowels, with collapse. D., Sporadic,
a mild type occurring in temperate climates. D.,
White, an epidemic variety, with mucopurulent
stools.
Y)y%t.T^\i\o\.\c {dis-ep-u-lot' -ik) \6vi--, bad; k-KovkuTiKoq,
healing]. Cicatrizing slowly and imperfectly.
Dysesthesia (<&-<'j--/'//(?'-c<'-a/;) [tStif-, difficult; aiati/iai^,
sensation]. Dulness of any sensation, especially that
of touch. 2. Painfulness of any sensation not nor-
mally painful. D. interna, amnesia. D. receptiva,
pain or distress felt in the vertex or occiput, often with
a feeling " as if the head were being opened and shut."
Dysgenesis (dis-fe/t'-es-is) [f5tif- , hard ; }'tve<T(f, genera-
tion]. In biology, the second of Broca's four degrees
of fecundity — in the union of two species. Cf. Agene-
^ sis, Paragenesis , Eugenesis.
Dysgeusia {dis-ju' -se-ah) ['Si'f-, ill ; yevGi^, taste].
Morbidity or perversion of the sense of taste.
Dysgrammatism (dis-gram' -at-izm) \pvq-, difficult;
ypdfiija, a letter]. Inability to make the proper use of
words. It is a symptom of certain cerebral diseases.
Dysgraphia [dis-graf'-e-ah) ['Suf-, difficult ; ypa^eiv,
to write], i. Inability to write, as a result of a brain-
lesion. 2. Imperfect configuration of an organ.
Dyshidrosis (tlis-hid-ro' -sis). See Dysidrosis.
Dysidrosis (dis-id-ro' -sis) \J)vq-, bad ; ISpamc, sweat-
ing]. Excessive activity of the sweat-glands, in asso-
ciation with a retention of their secretion, probably
due to some neurotic disorder. See Chiropompholy.K,
Poinpholyx.
Dyskinesia idis-kin-e' -se-ah) [f5"f-, difficult ; k!v7/(jic,
movement]. Impairment of the power of voluntary
motion. See Discinesia.
Dyslalia (dis-la' -le-ah) \6vq-, difficult ; XoKuv, to talk].
Impairment or difficulty of speaking, due to some
non-central lesion (such as a defect of the vocal bands
or of the palate).
Dyslexia [dis-leks'-e-ah) ['Si'f-, difficult ; /lff?f , read-
ing]. Morbid or aphasic difficulty or fatigue in read-
ing.
Dyslochia [dis-lo'-ke-ah) [fiv<;-, bad ; Mxia, the lochia].
An abnormal condition of the lochial discharge.
Dyslogia (dis-lo'-je-ah) \_tivc-, difficult; /dyof, speech].
Difficulty in speech, not so much with individual
words as with the expression of ideas ; it is due to
some central lesion. See also Alogia.
Dyslysin {dis'-lis-iii) [five;-, dififlcuk ; '/hsiv, to dissolve],
C„,H3g03. A resinous anhydrid of cholalic acid. It
is insoluble in water, alcohol, and alkalies. It is a
non-crystalline substance soluble in an excess of ether.
Dysmenorrhea [dis-mcn-or-e' -ah) [rScr , difficult; jiijv,
month; pieiv, to flow]. Obstructed or difficult men-
struation. D., Congestive, a form of painful men-
struation in which often no lesion can be found, the
pain being due to an intense congestion of the pelvic
viscera. In other cases there exists some morbid con-
dition that is aggravated by the menstrual congestion.
D., Intermediate, pain occurring regularly each
month, but not at the menstrual period. D., Me-
chanical, i^e^e. D., Obstructive. D., Membranous,
DYSMEROGENESIS
403
DYSSTASIA
painful discharge of the menstrual decidua in one or
more large pieces, instead of after undergoing disin-
tegration. D. Mixture. See Guaiac Mixture, Fen-
nei-'s. D., Neuralgic. See D., Spasmodic. Also, a
term applied to Neuiotic ih'smenorrhca , q. v. D.,
Neurotic, a peculiar form of dysmenorrhea occurring
in women of neurotic temperament and marked by
neuralgic pains, not confined to the pelvis, but dis-
tributed over the body. D., Obstructive, that due
to mechanical obstruction to the free escape of the
menstrual fluid. It is usually due to contraction of
the cervical canal, associated with anteflexion of the
uterus. D., Ovarian, that form in which the pain is
apparently entirely in the ovaries. It is aching or burn-
ing in character and referred to the ovarian center, a
spot at the level of and about two inches internal to
the anterior superior iliac spine. D., Spasmodic,
that form of dysmenorrhea due to spasmodic uterine
contraction. It is often associated with deficient uterine
development.
Dysmerogenesis [dis-wer-o-jen' -es-is) [tJuf-, bad ; //e-
pof, a part; yevvav, to beget]. In biology, a variety
of budding in which the various buds are very dis-
similar.
Dysmimia (dis-mint' -e-ah) ['Sw-, difficult; fiifiaa6ai,
to mimic]. Aphasic difficulty in using signs or sym-
bols in lieu of words.
Dysmnesia [dis-mne' -ze-a/i) [''ff-, difficult ; /ivijaig,
memory]. Impairment or defect of the memory.
Dysmorphia {dis-mor' -fe-aJi) [fJuf-, ill ; //o/)i/)//, fonn].
Deformity.
Dysmyotonia [dis->iii-o-to' -iie-ah) , bad ; //('f, a
muscle; rdcof, tone]. I., Atony of the muscles. 2.
Excessive tonicity in muscles; myotonia.
Dysneuria [dis-nn'-re-ak) [(Jff-.bad; vevpor, nerve].
Nervous disorder or distress ; sense-impairment.
Dysnusia {dis-nii' -ze-ah') \f)vq-, bad ; vovq, mind].
Weakness or impairment of the mind.
Dysodia {dis-o' -de-ali) [f5i)(Ta)f5/a ; t^v<;- , ill; bQetv, to
smell]. Fetor; stench; ill smell. Also a synonym
of Rhinitis atro/'kica, q. v.
Dysodontiasis [dis-o-don-ti' -as-is) [''ff-, bad ; 6(W-
Tiaai^, dentition]. Difficult dentition.
Dysodynia (dis-o-din'-e-ali) ill ; b6'i>v//, pain],
InefTective labor-pains.
Dysopia [dis-o' pe-aJi) [rfwffwTr/a ; (5ti<;-, bad ; ui/), eye].
Defective or painful vision. D. tenebrarum. Syn-
onym of Hemeralopia.
Dysorexia [dis-or-eks'-e-ak] [rfi'f-, ill ; opE^iA^, appetite].
A depraved or unnatural appetite.
Dysosmia (;&-03'-W('-^7//) ill; ou/;//, odor] . I.
An unpleasant or fetid odor. 2. Loss or impairment
of the sense of smell.
Dysosphresia {dis-os-fre' -ze-ali) [tSwf-. ill ; ba(fipTi(sig,
smell]. Impairment of the sense of smell.
Dysostosis (dis-os-to'-sis) [Aif-, ill; oarioi', bone].
Defective formation of bone.
Dyspareunia (dis-par-oo' -ne-ah^ [(hxjTrapeiti'nf, ill-
mated]. Painful or difficult performance of copula-
tion from fihysical incompatibility.
Dyspepsia [dis-pep' -se-a/i) ['ivf-, difficult ; ttc-tsiv, to
digest]. Impaired or imperfect digestion. It may
be acute, from some error in diet, or chronic, due to
catarrh of the mucous coat of the stomach, the presence
of abnormal ferments, or to other slowly-acting patho-
logic conditions of theviscus. D., Atonic, a derange-
ment of the stomach, with disorder of its functions, due
to insufficient quantity or impaired quality of the gastric
juice, or to deficient action of the gastric muscles. D.,
Colonic. See Enteritis, Membranous. D., Duode-
nal. See Enteritis, Membranous. D., Follicular.
Synonym of Enteritis, Membranous. D., Intestinal,
due to defects in the pancreatic, biliary, or in-
testinal secretions, or to deficient peristalsis. It is
marked by borborygmi, flatulence, etc. D., Irrita-
tive, the catarrhal form of imperfect gastric digestion.
D., Nervous, that form characterized by sensations
of distress and uneasiness during digestion, although
the act is accomplished within the physiologic time-
limit. It occurs most frequently in those of the neu-
rotic constitution. D., Smokers'. .See D., Tobacco.
D., Tobacco, that due to excessive use of tobacco.
Dyspepsodynia [dis-pep-so-din'-e-ah). Synonym of
Gastratgia.
Dyspepsy {dis-pep' -se^. See Dyspepsia.
Dyspeptic (dis-pep' -tik) \_<Svr-, difficult ; TrsTrreiv, to di-
gest]. I. Relating to or affected with dyspepsia. 2.
One who has dyspepsia.
Dyspeptone [dis-pep' -ton) \_(hr-, difficult ; ntnTEiv, to
digest]. An insoluble and unassimilable product of
the gastric digestion of proteids. See Afetapeptone
and Hemiprotein.
Dysperistalsis {dis-per-is-lal' -sis) \fivr- , painful ; Trep/,
around ; crakoii;, compression]. Violent peristaltic
action of the intestine.
Dyspermatism (dis-per' -mat-izni) \pvq-, difficult ;
anepjin, seed]. Difficulty of depositing the sperm
within the vagina.
Dyspermia [dis-perm' -e-ah). See Dysspermia .
Dysphagia idis-fa' -je-ah) ['Sff-, ill; i^ayeiv, to eat].
Difficulty in swallowing, or inability to swallow. D.,
Convulsive. Synonym of Esophagismus. D. glo-
bosa, globus hystericus. D. hysterica. Synonym of
Globus hystericus. D. spastica, dysjjhagia due to
hysteric spasm of the esophagus or pharynx.
Dysphasia (dis- fa' -ze-ah) [(Si^f-, ill; (f>aai<;, speech].
Imperfect or disconnected speech, arising from loss of
or faulty arrangement of words, and dependent upon
a central lesion.
Dysphonia ((//>-/(/-«£»-;7//) [fSur-, difficult ; ^wiv/, voice].
A condition of defective voice ; hoarseness. It is due
to some acute or chronic inflammatory condition, new-
growths, paralysis, or ulcerations of the vocal bands.
D. clericorum, chronic glandular laryngitis ; clergy-
man's sore-throat, q.v. D. spastica, speakers' cramp ;
stammering of the vocal bands.
Dysphoria {dis-/o'-re-ah ) l_rh<(- , difficult ; tjitpeiv, to bear] .
Impatience and restlessness ; mental anxiety ; fidgets.
Dysphrasia [dis-fra' -zhe-ah) \Jivq-, ill ; (bpaaig, speech].
Imperfect speech, due to impairment of the mental
powers. Kussmaul's term for a mental condition in
which the emotion is opposed to the words designed
to express it.
Dysphrenia {dis-fre' -ne-ah) [cSi'f-, bad ; mpiir, mind].
Any mental disorder.
Dyspnea [disp-ne' -ah) [('ix;-, difficult; Tzveeiv, to
breathe] . Difficult or labored breathing, arising from
various causes, as laryngeal or tracheal obstruction,
heart-disease, kidney-disease, lung-disease, or anemia.
It may be either inspiratoiy or expiratory , according
as it is mainly dependent upon the muscles of inspira-
tion or expiration ; or it may be genera/, that is, both
inspiratory and expiratory. D., Asthmatic, that due
to asthma. D., Cardiac, that due to heart-disease.
D., Postural. See Orthopnea. D., Renal, that due
to renal disease. D., Uremic, that due to uremia.
D., Rhythmic. See Cheyne-Stokes Respiration.
Dyspneic (disp-ne' -ik) \f>vq-, difficult; Tri'hn', to
breathe]. Affected with or caused by dyspnea. D.
Coma. See Coma diaceticutn.
Dysspermia [dis-sper' -me-ah) \fivc- ,'\\\ ; (77r{'p/i(i, seed] .
An imperfect or abnormal condition of the semen.
Dysstasia, or Dystasia [dis-ta' -ze-ah) ill ;
(TToffK;, standing]. Difficulty in standing. A term
DYSTAXIA
404
EARTH
proposed for astasia, as in this affection there is rarely
absolute inability to stand. p. Dysbasia. See
Astasia-abasia.
Dystaxia (dis-faks'-e-ah) [_Svq-, bad ; rdf;f, regulation,
order]. Ataxia, or partial ataxia.
Dysteleologic {dis-te-le-o loj' -ik) [(5iif-,ill; re/leof, per-
fect; /dyof, science]. Y&xi'a\\\vci^^\.o Dysteleology.
Dysteleology (dis-tc-le-oF -o-je) [(Stii;-, ill ; Tt 'AeoQ,
perfect; MyoQ, science]. The study of rudimentary
and useless organs, such as the vermiform appendix.
Dysthanasia (liis-thau-a' -ze-ah) [rfwf-, painful ; ^ava-
rof, death]. A slow and painful death.
Dysthelasia [dis-ihd-a' -ze-ah) [cSuf-, ill ; QrfAa^tiv, to
suck]. Difficulty in sucking or in giving suck.
Dysthesia (liis-thc' -ze-ali) \_6m(itTktiv, to do, or feel
ill]. I. Ill condition, especially ill health due to a non-
febrile disorder of the blood-vessels. 2. impatience ;
fretfulness ; ill-temper in the sick.
Dysthetic [dis-t/:et' -ik) \_6oGtiEThiv, to do or feel ill].
Of the nature of a dystiiesia ; cachectic.
Dysthymia [dis-fhtm'-e-ah) [c5iif-, bad ; ^'v/idf, mind].
Melancholy or mental perversion. D. algetica, men-
tal perversion due to peripheral nerve-irritation. D.
neuralgica, mental perversion due to facial or other
neuralgias.
Dystithia {dis-tith' -e-a]i) \&vq-, difficult ; tltBti, a
nipple]. Difficulty of nursing or inability to nurse at
the breast.
Dystocia (dis-to' -se-aJi) [(Ur-, difficult; tukoi;, birth].
Difficult labor. D., Fetal, difficult labor due to such
fetal irregularities as displacement of the arm, exces-
sive size, plural pregnancy, monsters, etc. D., Ma-
ternal, due to some defect on the side of the mother,
as pelvic deformity or disease.
Dystonia {dis-to' -7ie-ali) \&vr-, ill ; rdwf, tone]. Dis-
order or lack of tonicity.
Dystopia (dis-to' -pe-ah) [dff-, ill; roTrof, place]. Dis-
placement of any organ.
Dystrophia {dis-tro' -fe-ah). See Distrophy.
Dystrophic {dis-tro' -fik) [(5('f-, bad; rp6(i»/, nourish-
ment]. Poorly nourished.
Dystrophoneurosis [dis-trof-o-nit-ro'-sis) [(Jdc-, bad;
TOfxpi/, nourishment; vevpov, a nerve ; vdcrof, disease].
A disturbance of nutrition caused by abolition or
perversion of nervous influence ; or a nervous disease
caused by ill-nutrition.
Dystrophy (dis' -tio-fe) [fJi'f-, bad ; Tp6(j>r/, nourish-
ment]. Imperfect or faulty nourishment. D., Prim-
ary Muscular. See Atrophy, Idiopathic Muscular.
Dystropodextrin (ciis-tro-po-deks' -triii) [<5yf-, bad ;
TpeKeiv, to turn ; dexter, right]. A starchy material
existing in normal blood, and but slightly soluble.
Dysulotous {dis-u' -lo-ttis) [(Jnffof'jAurof ; 6vc- , bad ; uv7.ri,
scar]. Healing with difliculty.
Dysuria {diz-id -re-ali) [diif-,ill ; ovpov, urine]. Difficult
or painful urination ; it may be due to calculi, cystitis,
spasm, stricture.
Dysuric (diz-u' -rik) \Sv<i-, ill; ohpov, urine]. Affected
with or relating to dysuria.
Dysury {diz'-u-re). Same as Dysuria.
E. Abbreviation of Eye and E??imefropia.
E. M. F. Abbreviation of Elcctro-inotive Force.
Ext. Abbreviation of Extractuin.
Eagle-wood [e' -gl-wood ). See Agallochum .
Ear ((■;-) [ME., ere, ear]. The organ of hearing. It
consists of the outer or external ear, the middle ear or
tympanum, and the internal ear or labyrinth. Il-
lustrated details are shown in the annexed cuts. E.-
ache. See Otalgia. E.-bone, an auditory ossicle.
E., Cat's, a deformity of the ear, causing it to resem-
ble the ear of a cat. E. -cough, reflex cough from
irritation or disease of the ear. E. -crystal, an oto-
lith. E. -deformities. That insane, imbecile, and
idiotic persons often have deformities of the external
ear is a fact well established. Among the named de-
formities are the following : Blainville' s ear desig-
nates asymmetry of the two ears. Cagot ear is an
ear with no lower lobe ; but it is asserted that this is
a peculiarity of the Lapps, and not of the Cagots.
Darwin'' s ear lacks the upper part of the helix, and
the remainder of the helix contains nodules of carti-
lage. Morel's ear is large, flattened down, as if
ironed, with a thin.rim and depressed folds. In SlaliTs
car the helix is flattened and masked with the anti-
helix, neither the fossa ovalis nor the fossa ^scaphoidea
being visible. In Wildermuth'' s ear the anti-helix is
unduly prominent. See also Hceinatoma auris and
Diseases, Table of. E., Drum of. See Tympanum.
E.-dust, the otoconia, q. v. E. -finger, the little
finger. E., Flap, a deformity of the ear in which
E
it is pendulous, as in certain animals. E. -giddiness,
a synonym of Meniere' s Disease. E.-hole, the exter-
nal auditory meatus. E., Inflammation of. See
Otitis. E., Internal, the Labyrinth, q. v. E.-lobe,
the lobe of the ear. E., Middle. See Tympanum.
E. -sneezing, sneeznig produced by inflammation of
the ear. E. -spoon, a curet used in removing cer-
umen. E. -stone. See Otolith. E. -trumpet, an
instrument for gathering a larger number of waves of
sound to a focus, and thus improving the hearing of
those partially deaf. E. -tumor, Hicmatoma auris,
q. V. E. -vertigo, a synonym of Meniere's Disease.
E. -vomiting, reflex vomiting from auditory dis-
■ ease. E.-wax. See Cei-uinen. E.-wig, an insect
[Eorficula auricielaria) erroneously supposed to have
a fondness for secreting itself in the external audi-
tory meatus.
Earth (a-th) [ME., ei'the, earth]. In chemistry, a
name given to various metallic oxids or silicates, not
soluble in water and not affected by great heat. E.,
Alkaline, the oxids and hydrates of calcium, magne-
sium, strontium, barium, and other metals of the same
group. E.-bath, a sand bath. See Bath. E., Ci-
molian. See Cimolian. E. -closet, a privy in
which the dejecta are disposed of by the Dry-earth
System, q. v. E.-cure, the therapeutic use of earth,
soil, mud, or sand. E. -dressing, a dressing of earth
for wounds, bruises, etc. It has marked deodorizing
powers. E., Fuller's, a clay used as an absorbent
dressing for sores. See also Aminothcrapy, Bole.
EAR
405
EAR
E.-worm, a common soil-inhabiting worm, Lumbrinis
terres/ris. An oily liniment prepared from earth-
worms is vulgarly held in high esteem as a relaxant
for contracted tendons. In Russia a preparation of
earth-worms is highly valued as a diuretic.
Osseous Labyrinth of the
Ear (Lamina spiralis
ossea).
I, 2, 3. Semicircular canals. 4.
Vestibule. 5. Ampulla. 6.
Fovea semi - elliptica. 7.
Fovea hemispherica. 8. Coch-
lea. 9. Origin of lamina
spiralis ossea. 10. Foramen
rotundum.
Osseous and Membranous
Labyrinth of the Ear.
I. Vestibular branch of audi-
tory nerve. 2. Branch for
sacculus. 3. Branch for utric-
ulus. 4. Branch for ampulla
of membranous posterior
semicircular canal. 5. Branch
for ampulla of external canal.
6. Branch for ampulla of supe-
perior canal. 7. Cochlear
branch of auditory nerve
8. Cochlea.
The Ear.
Pinna, or auricle. 2 Concha. 3. External auditory canal.
4. Membrana tympani. 5. Incus. 6. Malleus. 7. Manu-
brium mallei. 8. Tensor tympani. g. Tympanic cavity. 10.
Eustachian tube. 11. Superior semicircular canal. 12. Pos-
terior semicircular canal. 13. External semicircular canal.
14. Cochlea. 15. Internal auditory canal. 16. Facial nerve.
17. Large petrosal nerve. 18. Vestibular branch of auditory
nerve. 19. Cochlear branch.
Auditory Ossicles.
. Head of Malleus. 2. Processus
brevis. 3. Processus gracilis. 4.
Manubrium. 5. Long process of in-
cus. 6. Articulation between incus
and stapes. 7. Stapes.
Membranous Labyrinth of the Ear.
Distribution of the vestibular branch of the auditory nerve to
the membranous labyrinth ; membranous vestibule and
semicircular canals. X 3.
I. Vestibular branch. 2. Saccular branch. 3. LItricular branch.
4. Branch to ampulla of external membranous semicircular
canal. 5. Branch to ampulla of superior membranous semi-
circular canal.
Cochlea (Lamina spiralis ossea).
, I, I. Surrounding bony structure. 2. Semi-infundibuliform
lamella. 3. Its concave surface. 4. Concave border in
which it terminates. 5. Anterior extremity of this border.
6. Cupola, superior two-thirds removed. 7. Inferior portion
of base of semi-infundibuliform lamella. 8, 8. Lamina spi-
ralis ossea. 9. Its origin. 10. Its beak or terminal portion,
ri, II. Scala tympani 12. Scala vestibuli. 13. Internal
auditory canal. 14. Fossa at the base of the modiolus.
Cochlea.
I. Scala tympani. 2. Scala vestibuli. 3. Anterior or triangu-
lar canal. 4. Posterior or quadrilateral canal. 5, 5. Spiral
ligament. 6. External spiral sulcus. 7. Membrana tectoria,
or membrane of Corti. 8. Membrana basilaris. 9, Spiral
vessel. 10. Limbus larhinae spiralis. 11. Pillars of organ
of Corti. 12. Branch of cochlear nerve. 13. Ganglion
spirale. 14. Branch of cochlear nerve between the lamellae
of the lamina spiralis ossea. 15. One of the orifices by
which this branch penetrates the canal of Corti. 16. Part
of bony cochlea. 17. Lining periosteum. rS. Membrane of
Reissner.
EASTON'S SYRUP
406
ECHINOPEDIUM
Easton's Syrup. See Fernim.
Eat (et) [AS., etan, to eat]. To masticate and swallow
food.
Eau((?) [Fr. ]. Water. E. de Cologne, cologne water.
E. de Vie, brandy ; alcoholic spirit.
Eberth's Bacillus. See Bacteria, Synonymatic Table
of. E's. Lines. See Lines, Table of.
Ebner's Glands. See Gland.
Eboli's Test. See Tests, Table of.
Ebonite [eb'-on-it) \ebon, ebony]. Black hard rubber.
See llileanite.
Ebracteate [e-hrak' -te-at) \_e, priv. ; bractea, a thin
plate]. In biology, destitute of bracts.
Ebrietas {e-bi-i' -et-as') [L.]. Synonym o{ Alcoholism.
Ebriety, Ebriosity [e-bri'-et-e, e-bre-os^-et-e). Synonym
of Alcoholism.
Ebstein's Theory. A theory as to the origin of gout.
He claims that a nutritive tissue-disturbance is the pri-
mary change, leading to necrosis, and in the necrotic
areas the urates ,are deposited. E.'s Treatment.
See Treatment, Methods of.
Ebullition {eb-id-lish' -un). See Boiling.
Ebur {e'-bur) [L.]. Ivory. E. dentis, dentine, q.v.
Eburnation (e-bnr-na' -shmi) \ebnr, ivory]. I. In-
crease of the earthy constituents of bone causing ^
greater size and density of the same. 2. Ossification
of a cartilage ; calcareous infiltration of a tumor.
Eburneous [e-bur'-ne-us) [ebur, ivory]. In biology,
ivory-white.
Ecalcarate (e-kal' -kar-at') \e, priv. ; calcar, a spur]. In
biology, destitute of a spur or spur-like process.
Ecarinate [e-kar' -in-at) \_e, priv. ; carina, keel]. In
biology, destitute of a carina or keel-like structure.
Ecaudate [e-kaiv' -ddt) \_e, priv. ; cauda, a tail]. In
biology, tailless ; without a tail-like appendage. See
Acaiidal.
Ecballium [ek-bal'-e-twi). See Elaterium.
Ecblepharos (ek-blef'-ar-os) [Ik, out ; P?.e(papoi>, eye-
lid]. An ancient form of artificial eye.
Ecbloma (ek-blo'-mah') out ; /3d^/leti', to cast]. An
abortion ; an aborted fetus.
'EsQ.hoX\t,{ek-bol'-ik') [f/c/fo/l^, a throwing out]. I. Abor-
tifacient. 2. A substance used to produce abortion, or
to facilitate parturition ; an abortifacient.
Ecbolin (ek'-bol-in) [ek, out ; (3oXr/, 2l throw]. An
alkaloid said to be one of the active principles of ergot.
Little is known about it.
Ecbolium [ek-bo' -le-nm') [«/<-/3(5/l;oi' ; f/c, out ; [iaXkzw,
to throw : pi., Ecbolia'\. Any abortifacient drug.
Eccentric (ek-sen' -trik) [ek, out; KkvTpov, center]. I.
.See E.xcentric. 2. Odd or peculiar in behavior, but
free from insanity. E. Amputation. See Amputa-
tion. E. Convulsion, one due to peripheral irritation .
Eccentricity {ek-sen-tris' -it-e') out ; KevTpov, center],
I. Oddness or peculiarity of behavior without true in-
sanity. 2. A peculiarity.
Ecchondroma (ek-kon-dro' -mah') [re, out ; ji^wypof, car-
tilage : pi., Ecchondromata'\. A cartilaginous tumor ;
a chondroma.
Ecchondrosis {ek-kon-dro' -sis') \tK,o\A; x^v^poc, car-
tilage : //. , Ecchondroses'] . A cartilaginous out-
growth.
Ecchondrotome (ek-kon' -dro-tom') [jk, out ; jfivJpor,
cartilage; Ton<)q, cutting]. An instrument for the
surgical removal of cartilaginous growths.
Ecchymoma [ek-e-nio' -mah) [«;(;( yiu/zo, an ecchymo-
sis : //. , Ecchymo?na/a'\. A tumor made up of extrav-
asated blood.
Ecchymosis [ek-e-mo' -sis) \_tKxvit6ea6ai, to extravasate
blood]. An effusion of blood into the subcutaneous
tissues. It is marked by a purple coloration of" the
skin, the color gradually changing to brown, green,
and yellow. It is often the result of traumatism. See,
also, Purpura.
Ecchymotic [ek-e-mot'-ik) [yK^vfiocoOai, to extravasate
blood]. Relating to or looking like ecchymosis.
Ecchysis [ek' -kis-is) [tKxvaLC, a pouring out]. Any
skin-disease characterized by effusion into the dermal
tissue.
Eccoprosis [ek-o-pro' -sis) [ek, out; KOTvpoc:, feces].
Gentle purgation ; defecation.
Eccoprotic {ek-o-prof -ik) [ek, out; Konpoc, feces]. I.
Gently aperient. 2. Any aperient remedy ; a purgative.
'E.ccrmoXogy [ck-rin-oF -o-je) [tupivELv, to excrete; Aoyoc,
science]. The science of excretion, including its
physics, physiology, and pathology.
Eccyesis {ek-si-e'-sis) [tK, out ; nmjaiQ, pregnancy].
Exfra-uterine gestation.
Eccyliosis [ek-se-le-o' -sis) [Ik, out ; Kv7deLv, to roli].
Anydisorder of development.
Ecdemic {ek-aem' -ik) IshcSr/fioc:, away from home].
Applied to diseases originating in a distant locality ;
not endemic.
Ecdemiomania (ek-de-me-o-)iia' -ne-ah), or Ecdemo-
mania [ek-de-ino-ma' -ne-ah) \^kKd7]fiog, away from
home ; fiavia, madness]. Insanity marked by a de-
sire for wandering.
Ecdemionosus (ek-de-me-on' -o-sus) [^iKdij/j.eeiv, to wan-
der ; wiffoc, disease]. Ecdemiomania.
Ecderon (ek'-der-on) \iK, out; (5f'pof, skin]. I. That
layer of skin or mucous membrane that lies outside of
the enderon. 2. The outermost or epithelial layer of
skin or mucous membrane.
Ecderonic (ck-der-on' -ik) [tK, out ; dkpoc,, skin]. Be-
longing to or of the nature of the ecderon.
Ecdysis [ek' -dis-is) \iK.6vEiv, to cast oft]. In biology,
the sloughing or casting off of the skin.
Ecgonin {ek' -go-nin), CgHj.NOg + H.^O. An alkaloid
produced in the decomposition of cocain by HCl. It
is very soluble in water, more sparingly in alcohol,
and consists of prismatic crystals that melt at 205° C.
Echidnin {e-kid'-nin) \_exi6va, viper]. I. Serpent-
poison ; the poison or venom of the viper and other
similar serpents. 2. A nitrogenous and venomous
principle foimd in the poison-secretion of various ser-
pents.
Echinacea {ek-in-a' -se-ali) \kiCivoc, a hedgehog]. A
genus of coarse composite plants of N. America. E.
angustifolia. Black Sampson. The root of a peren-
nial herb growing in the U. S. It is claimed that it
possesses marked alterative value in strumous and
syphilitic conditions. Dose of the fluid extract tt\^xv-
XXX. Unof.
Echinate {ek'-in-at) \_echinatus, prickly, from echinus,
a hedgehog]. Beset with prickles.
Echinochrome {e-ki'-no-ki dm) [f;^?^?, a sea-urchin ;
Xp(')iin, color]. In biology, a brown pigment of
respiratory function found by MacMunn in the peri-
visceral fluid of Echinus.
Echinochromogen {e-ki-no-kro' -mo-jen) [f;i-Z!'Of, a
sea-urchin; xp'->f'"-y color; yhijc, producing]. In
biology, the chromogen causing the deepening of
color in echinochrome on exposure to air.
Echinococcus {e-ki-no-kok'-us) [^x'Wf , a hedgehog ;
k6kko<:, a berry]. In biology, the same as E. veteri-
norum, the hydatid of the Tcrnia echinococcus of the
dog, the most universally distributed of all the hyda-
tids. It is found mainly in the liver and in the lungs
of cattle. See Parasites {Animal), Table of.
Echinopedium {e-ki-no-pe' -de-um) [fjZiioc, a sea-
urchin ; TranVov, dim. of tto/c (7ra/(S-),a child]. In
biology, Huxley's term for the bilaterally symmetric
larva of an echinoderm just as it leaves the egg. It
in many ways resembles a worm-larva. Cf. Pluteus.
ECHINOPLACID
407
ECPHYMA
Echinoplacid [e-ki-no-plas' -id^ [f'X'i'of , a sea-urchin ;
7T>(;f, a plate]. In biology, applied to echinoderms
having spines on the madreporic plate.
Echinorhyncus (e-ki-jio-rin' -kus) \kxn>o'i, hedgehog;
'pi'yX"''y beak]. A worm parasitic within certain ani-
mals and occasionally found in man. E. gigas is
the best-known species. E. hominis is smaller, and
is perhaps an immature form of the other. See Para-
sites [Ann/ml), Table of.
Echinulate (e-kin' -n-lai) \eckiinihis, dim. of echinus, a
hedgehog]. In biology, beset with prickles of small
size.
Echitamin (e-kit' -am-iti), C^jHjsN.^O^. An amorphous
alkaloid of Dita, with a paralyzing power comparable
to that of curare. It is also called Ditain.'
Echitenin {e-kit' -eii-in), CjqH^^NO^. An amorphous,
brown alkaloid of Dita, solulale in alcohol and water.
Echlorophyllose [e-klo-ro-fil' -ds) [f, priv. ; x'A^P^Z,
yellowish-green; (pv'/-?iov, sl leaf]. In biology, desti-
tute of chlorophyl.
Echma (ek'-niah) [t;|;/;a, a stoppage: //. , EiJunata~\.
A stoppage or obstruction.
Echmasis (ek' -mas-is) \_ex/J^ci^eiv, to hinder: //. , jEck-
///ases'] . An obstruction or an obstructive disease.
Echmatic {ek-niat' -ik) \kxi^o,i,ii\>, to hinder]. Due to or
marked by an echmasis or an echma.
Echo [ek'-c^ \jlX^^ a- sound]. A reverberated sound.
E. -sign, a symptom of epilepsy and other brain-
conditions in which there is a repetition of the closing
word or words of a sentence. It is regarded as the
result of perverted will, or impaired or defective inhi-
bition. E. -speech, a peculiar method of utterance in
one type of hypnotism.
Echokinesia, Echokinesis [ek-o-kin-e' -ze-ah ,ox -e' -sis)
[;r}x<^, echo ; Kivj/aig, motion]. Imitative unwilled ac-
tion, like that observed in palmus or latah. See Pal-
mus and Habit-spas7n,
'E,z\\o\3X\3l. [ek-o-la'-le-ali) [//xw,echo; XaA/n, talk]. An
aphasic symptom consisting in a repetition of words
spoken to the patient by others.
Echometer [ek-om' -et-er) [?/;i;"> sound ; //frpoi', a meas-
ure]. A stethoscope.
Echopathy (ek-o/>'-afk-e) \jiX'->: echo; Tvafioi;, disease].
Any automatic and pui-poseless repetition of a word
or sound heard or of an act seen.
Echophotony (ck-o-fot'-o-ne) \_rj xi>, e^cho ; (suf, light;
t6vo<;, tone]. The production of the sensation of color
by the stimulus of aerial waves, or sound. See Phtni-
isni, Photism.
Echophrasia {ek-o-fra' -%e-aJi) \_vx^i echo ; fpaaig,
speech]. Same as Eeholalia.
Echos {e'-kos) [^r/xoc, sound]. Any subjective sensa-
tion, as of a sound that has no objective cause.
Echoscope {ek' -o-skop) \jlX^'>t sound ; ctkottsiv, to ex-
amine]. A stethoscope.
Echuja {ek' -u-jali). An apocynaceous plant, Adetiiinn
hcehinianiim , of Africa. It is extremely poisonous.
Echujin, Echugin [ek' -u-jin). A poisonous glucosid
from the plant called Echuja ; it has much the same
effects as strophanthin.
Eciomania [ek-e-o-ina' -jie-ah). See Oikiomania .
Ecker's Angle. See Angle. E. Fissure. See Eis-
sure.
Eclampsia (ek-himp' -se-ah) [f7f/ld//7rfH', to shine or
burst forth ; from the suddenness of the attack]. I.
A sensation as of a light flashing before the eyes.
[Obsolete]. 2. Any epileptiform seizure, espe-
pecially one in which consciousness is not lost. 3.
Puerperal convulsion. A convulsive or epileptiform
seizure suddenly coming on in a woman prior to or
during labor, or in the puerperal state. The convul-
sions are first tonic and then clonic, and finally affect
the involuntary muscles as well as the voluntary ;
consciousness is lost, and the attack is followed by
coma or sleep. The etiology is obscure, the attack
generally repeated, the prognosis grave. The term
eclampsia is also used as a general designation for
convulsions, and besides the puerperal form described
there are the infantile and uremic types. .See Convul-
sions. E. nutans, the nodding spasm or salaam con-
vulsion of young children. In this affection the head
and upper part of the body are bowed forward several
times in succession. The attacks tend to occur in
paroxysms, during which the child suffers temporarily
from disordered consciousness.
Eclampsic (ek-lamp'-sik). See Eclamptic.
Eclamptic [ek-latnp' -tik) [iKTiafiTreiv , to shine or burst
forth]. Relating to, affected with, or of the nature of,
eclampsia.
Eclectic [ek-lck' -tik) \eK.'Aeii-iK6<5LC, selection]. Pertain-
ing to a choosing or selection. Applied by a certain
school of physicians to themselves, to denote their
principle or plan of selecting or choosing that which
is good from all other schools.
Eclecticism {ek-lek' -tis-izi>i) [iKkcKTiKoaic;, selection].
The doctrine and practice of the Eclectics.
Eclegm [ek'-lem) [t:K'Aer/iJLa, an electuary]. An elect-
uary.
Eclegma, or Ecleigma [ek-leg'-mah, ek-l'ig' -mah) [{«:,
out; TiELxeiVfto lick: , Eclegmata'\. An elec-
tuary.
Eclimia [ek-lim'-e-ah) [f/fAi/zfo]. .Same as Bulimia.
Eclipsis (ek-lip' -sis) [t/cAeii/;;f , a dying out]. A sudden
failure ; trance ; catalepsy ; a sudden and transient loss
or impairment of consciousness.
Eclysis [ek'-lis-is] [e/c/lw/f, a release, a loosening]. Any
loosening, as of the bowels. Also a slight amount of,
or merely a tendency to, syncope. It is present in
anemia of the brain.
Ecmnesia [ek-imie' -ze-ali) [f/c, out ; //I'^a^f, memory] .
The dropping out of the memory of the events of a
certain portion of time.
Ecnea [ek-ne'-ah) [eK, out ; I'oi'f, mind]. Insanity.
Ecoid (e'-koid) [okof, house]. A blood-shadow ; the
colorless stroma or framework of red corpuscles of the
blood that have been deprived of their hemoglobin ; a
shadow-corpuscle.
'Economy [e-kon'-o-me) [oZ/cof, house ; vo/uog, a. law].
A general name for the human being considered as a
whole.
Ecorticate (e-kor' -tik-at) \_e, priv. ; cortex, bark]. In
biology, destitute of a cortical layer.
Ecouvillon (a-koo-ve'-yon{gy)\Yx.^. Stt Ecoiiiiillonage.
Ecouvillonage [a-koo-ve-yon-ahzh') [Fr.]. The opera-
tion of cleansing, and carrying medicinal agents to, the
inside of the uterus by means of a brush.
Ecphlysis (ek'-Jlis-is) \_£K(p/.vC£ir, burst out : //. , Ecphly-
ses\ Any vesicular eruption.
Ecphractic [ek-frak' -tik) \}.Ki^paKTtK()C, clearing ob-
struction]. I. Removing obstructions. 2. An ec-
phractic medicine.
Ecphronia {ek-fro' -ne-ah) [f;(, out of ; ^>p'/)', mind].
Insanity.
Ecphyadectomy (ek-fi-ad-ek'-to-me) [fA-^i'-ar, appen-
dage; i'KTOfir], excision]. Excision of the vermiform
appendix.
Ecphyaditis (rk-fi-ad-i' -lis) [cKcpvac, appendage ; nig,
inflammation].' Inflammation of the vermiform ap-
pendix ; appendicitis. This term has also been used
to include typhlitis, perityphlitis, etc.
E cphy as -^-aj) [f/c^Jyaf, an offshoot] . The vermi-
form appendix.
Ecphyma (ek-fi'-mah) [fw, out ; ifivFrTHai, to grow : pi.,
Ecphy>nata\ An excrescence on the skin.
ECPHYSESIS
408
ECTOPAGUS
Ecphysesis (ek-fiz-e'-sis) [tK, out ; (pvaavetv, to blow].
Rapid breathing.
Ecphysis (ek'-fis-is) [m, out ; ^vaiQ, growth]. In
biology, applied by Bate to the branch of any particu-
lar crustacean limb ; as coxecphysis, a branch spring-
ing from the coxa ; basecphysis, a branch springing
from the base.
Ecptoma {ek-to' -iiiah) [f/c, out; TriKTeiv, to fall: //. ,
Ecptomatd\. Any falling of a part or organ.
Ecpyesis (ek-pi-e' -sis) [t/c, out ; -kveIv, to suppurate : //. ,
]i,kpyeses'\. I. Any suppuration or abscess. 2. Any
pu.-5tular skin-disease.
Ecpyetic (ck-pi-cl' -ik) \tii, out; irvtiv, to suppurate].
Promoting suppuration.
Ecrasernent {a-kra hz' - inon{g)) [Fr.]. Surgical removal
^ of a part or growth by means of the ecraseur.
Ecraseur [a-krak-zc?-') [Fr.]. An instrument used in
the amputation of parts, and consisting of a chain or
wire-loop, tightened by a screw, whereby the tissue is
slowly crushed apart rather than cut, thus rendering
the operation easier and bloodless.
Ecrodactylia (ek-ro-dak-til' -e-ali) [t/cpoof, escape ;
&aiiTv'ki)C., digit]. Same as Ainhtini.
Ecstaltic [ek-staV -tik) [f/c, out; arkXheiv, to send].
Sent out from a nerve-center; applied specially to ^
nerve-impulses originating from the spinal cord.
Ecstasy {i/es' -ta-se) \_kiiOTaatq, a trance]. A derange-
ment of the nervous system characterized by an
exalted visionary state, absence of volition, insensibil-
ity to surroundings, a radiant expression, and immo-
bility in statuesque positions. It is also called Carus-
exiasis and Catalcpsia spuria.
Ecstrophy [ek'-s/i-o-fe) \_(k, out; orpiipeiv, to turn].
Eversion ; the turning inside-out of a part.
Ectad {ek'-tad) [f/irof, external; ad, to]. On or
toward the ectal part.
Ectal [ek'-tal) [t/crof, external]. At some surface or
aspect farther from a supposed center than that with
which a given object is compared. External, super-
ficial. See Position and Direction, Table of.
Ectasia {ek-ta'-se-ah). See Ectasis.
Ectasis [ek' -tas-is) [tvcratT/f, extension]. Abnormal
distention or dilatation of a part.
Ectatic (ek-tat'-i/;) [hiraair, extension]. Characterized
by ectasis.
Ectental (ek-ten'-ta!) [^rof , outward ; evto^, inward] .
Pertaining to the line of union between the ectoderm
and the entoderm. E. Line. See Lines, Table of.
Ectethmoid (ek-teth' -moid) [f/frof , out from ; TjO^otiiSii^,
sieve-like]. Either one of the lateral cellular masses
of the ethmoid bone.
Ecthyma (ek-thi'-mak) [iKflviia, a pustule]. An inflam-
matory skin-disease attended with an eruption of large,
flat pustules, which are usually flaccid and of a yel-
lowish or yellowish-red color. They vary in size from
a ten-cent piece to a silver quarter-dollar, and are sur-
rounded by a distinct inflammatory areola. Brownish
crusts are formed, which on removal leave a slightly
excoriated moist surface. The eruption appears as a
rule on the legs and thighs where the hairs are thick ;
it occurs in crops, and may persist for an indefinite
period. It is probably due to inoculation with
microorganisms, and is prone to occur after local
irritation.
Ecthymiform (ck-thi' -luif-orm) [hiftn/w., a pustule;
forma, form]. Resembling ecthyma.
Ectillotic [e/;-til-ot'-ik) [tK, out ; tiXauv, to pluck].
^Depilatory ; causing the hairs to fall ; removing corns
from the feet.
Ectiris (eli-ti' -ris) \iiiTbq, outward; Ipiq, the rainbow].
That part of Descemet's membrane that lies in front
of the iris.
Ecto- {ek'-to-) [tKrdf, without]. A prefix signifying
without, upon the outer side.
Ectobatic {ek-to-bat' -ik) [tKrof, out; (3aivetv, to go].
Efferent ; centrifugal ; moving ectad or distad.
Ectoblast (el;' -fo-blast) [ih-rdf, outside ; [iXaoTO^, a
bud]. In biology, a simple, sensitive, covering, and
protecting cell-layer ; the ectoderm.
Ectobliquus [ek-to-bli' -k-ints) [e/trdf, outward ; obliquus,
slanting]. The external oblique muscle of the abdo-
men. See Muscles, Table of.
Ectocardia [ek-to-ka?-' -de-a/i) [eKrdf, out ; Kapfiia, the
heart]. Abnormality of position of the heart.
Ectocarotid (ek-to-kar-ot'-id) [j/crdf, out; Kapoq,
stupor]. The external carotid artery. See Ai-teries,
Table of.
Ectocarpous {ek-to-kar' -pus) [i/crdf, outside ; Kapiro^,
fruit]. In biology, applied to such animals as have
the reproductive organs located in the ectoderm.
Ectoceliac,or Ectocelian [ek-to-se' -le-ak, ek-to-se'-le-an)
[f/frdf, out ; noi'Ala, the belly]. Occurring or situated
outside a ventricle of the brain.
Ectocelic (ek-to-se' -lik) [fK-df , outside ; Kouia, a
hollow]. In biology, applied to structures placed
outside the body-cavity in a celenterate.
Ectochoroidea, or Ectochorioidea (ek-to-ko-roi'-de-
ah, or ek-to-ko-re-oi' -de-ah) [e/irdf , out ; ^opiof^tJ^f,
like a membrane]. The outer layer of the choroid,
composed mainly of fibro-connective tissue.
Ectocinerea (ek-to-siti-e' -re-ah) [wrdf, out ; cinereus,
ashy]. The gray substance of the cortex of the brain.
Cf. Etitocinerea.
Ectocondyle (ek-to-kon' -dll) [t/crdf, out; Kiv&vkoq,
condyle]. An external condyle.
Ectocornea {ek-to-kor' -ne-ak ) [ncrdf , out ; corneus,
horny]. The corneal conjunctiva.
Ectocyst (ek'-to-sist) [f/crdf, out; kootk;, a cyst]. The
thick, laminated, translucent, and highly elastic mem-
brane of an hydatid cyst. It is lined by a thin cel-
lular membrane called the endocyst. The outer layer
of the cenecium (or common dermal system) of a col-
ony of Polyzoa.
Ectoderm (ek' -to-derni) [l/crdf, outside ; t^epfia, skin].
In biology, the primitive outer wall of the body ; the
animal germinal layer ; the term was first applied to
the outer of the two membranes of a hydroid zoophyte.
See Blastoderm.
Ectoentad (ek-to-eti'-tad) \jKr6<;, without; frrdf, with-
in; ad, to]. From without inward.
Ectogastrocnemius (ek-to-gas-trok-ne' -me-us) [f^rdf,
without; yanrpoKvrjiiia, the calf of the leg]. The
gastrocnemius externus muscle. See Muscles, Table oj.
Ectogenous (ek-toj' -en-iis) [f«:rdf, out; ytvrai', to pro-
duce]. Developed outside the body (said of cer-
tain pathogenic bacteria and of enthetic poisons).
Ectogiuteus (ek-to-glu-te' -us) [c/crdf, without; yXovrU,
the rump]. The external gluteus muscle. See Mus-
cles, Table of
Ectolecithal {ek-to-les' -ifli-al) [Iktoq, outside ; ItmBo;,
yolk]. In embryology, applied to such eggs as have
the formation-yolk enclosed in a superficial layer of
food-yolk.
Ectomere (ek'-to-tner) [f/crdf, out ; p'tpoq, a share] .
Any one of the cells of the ovum that are destined to
take part in forming the ectoderm.
Ectopagia (ek-to-pa' -je-ah ) [t'/irdf , out ; -rrhyoq, a fix-
ture]. The condition of being ectopagous; an ecto-
pagous monstrosity.
Ectopagous (ek-top'-ag-us) [t^rd?, out ; Trdj of, a fix-
ture]. Of the nature of or pertaining to an ectopagus.
Ectopagus (ek-top'-ag-us) [fATdf, out; Trdjof, a fix-
ture]. A monomphalic twin monstrosity united later-
ally the full extent of the thorax.
ECTOPARASITE
409
ECZEMA
Ectoparasite (ek-lo-par'-as-lt) [inrog, outside; napd-
aiTot;, a parasite]. In biology, a parasite that lives on
the exterior of its host.
Ectoparasitic (ek-to-par-as-W -ik) [s/crof, out ; ivapa-
(jiToc:, a parasite]. Of the nature of or pertaining to
an ectoparasite.
Ectopatagium (ek-to-pat-aj' -e-mii] [tKror, outside ;
■Karayelov, the border of a garment]. In biology,
that part of the wing-membrane or patagium of a bat
which is limited to the manus ; it is also called dacty-
lopatagiuin.
Ectophyte (ek'-to-fit) [f^rof, out; (pvrov, a plant]. An
external parasitic plant-growth.
Ectophytic [ek-to-fit' -ik) [i/itdf, out; (^vruv, a plant].
Of the nature of or pertaining to an ectopfiyte.
Ectopia [ek-to' -pe-ali) [e/croTTOf, displaced]. An ab-
normality of position. K. cordis. See Ectocardia.
E. lentis, dislocation or congenital malposition of the
crystalline lens. E. oculi, abnormal position of the
eyeball in the orbit. E. testis, abnormal position of
the testicle. E. vesicae, protrusion of the bladder
through the wall of the abdomen.
Ectopic {ek-top'-ik) \hKTo-Koq, displaced]. Pertaining
to ectopia; displaced. See also Teratisin. E. Ges-
tation. See Gestation.
Ectoplasm [ek' -to-plazni) [i/crof , without ; 'kXclogiiv,
to form]. In biology, the outer, hyaline, more com-
pact layer of protoplasm in a cell or unicellular or-
ganism, as distinguished from the granular endoplasm.
Ectopy {ek'-to-pe). Same as Ectopia.
Ectoretina [ek-to-ret'-in-ah) [f/crdf, out ; retina, retinsL].
The external and pigmentary layer of the retina.
Ectosarc {ek' -to-sark) [e/irdf, outside; crdpf, flesh].
In biology, same as Ectoplasm, q. v.
Ectoskeleton (ck-to-skeV -ct-mi). Same as Exoskeleion.
Ectosome [ek'-to-sdm) [e/crdf, outside; aufia, body].
In biology, applied to the outer region of a sponge,
which forms the covering of the choanosome, or mid-
dle region, with its flagellated chambers.
Ectosporous {ek-to-spo' -rus') [fATOf, outside ; airupoc,,
seed]. See Exosporous.
Ectosteal (ek-tos' -te-al) [f/crdf, out ; bcrkov, a bone].
Relating to, situated or occurring outside of, a bone.
Ectostosis [ek-tos-to' -sis) [«Tdf, out ; bareov, a bone].
The growth of bone from without ; ossification that
begins at the perichondriuiTi, or future periosteum.
Ectotheca (ek-toth'-ek-ah) [e/crdf, outside; Oijurj, case].
In biology, applied to the capsule of such compound
gonophores as those of Laoynedea ; also to such the-
CEe or asci as are exposed, e. g. those of discomycetous
fungi and gymnocarpous lichens.
Ectoxemia {ek-toks-e' -me-ah) [ek, out ; To^mbv, poison ;
aljia, blood]. Toxemia not originating within the
organism ; blood-poisoning from some cause not ex-
isting within the organism.
Ectozoon (ek-to-zo' -on) [f/crdf, out; Cwoi', an animal:
//., Ectozoa^. An external animal parasite ; an ecto-
parasite.
Ectrodactylia, Ectrodactylism {ek-tro-dak-tiU -e-ah ,
ek-tro-dak' -til-iztn) ^eKvpufia, abortion; fid/cri;/lof,
finger]. Congenital absence of any of the fingers or
toes.
Ectrogenic (ek-tro-jen^-ik) [e/crpu/^a, abortion ; yevvav,
to produce]. Due to some loss of tissue, as from
traumatism or surgical operation. See also Teratisvi.
Ectrogeny (ek-troj' -en-e) \_EKTpo)/Lta, abortion ; yevvav,
to produce]. Loss or absence of any part or organ.
Ectroma i^ek-tro' -mail) [_eKTpw/Lia, abortion: //., Ectro-
mata\ An aborted ovum or fetus.
Ectromelus [ek-trom^ -el-zis) [eKrpuaiQ, abortion ; /it?i.o(,
limb]. A single autositic monster characterized by
the presence of aborted or imperfectly-formed limbs.
Ectropion.
Examples of this anomaly show every degree of
arrested development, from entire absence of the limb
to simple shortening.
Ectropion [ck-tro' -pe-on) [t'/c, out ; rpt-Keiv, to turn].
An everted eye-
lid; abnormal
eversion of an
eyelid ; also, an
everted state of ^
the cervical por-
tion of the endo-
metrium. E.,
Cicatricial, due
to destruction of
part of the skin
of the lid, with
cicatricial con-
traction. E.
luxurians, an
old name for ec-
tropion, with a proud-flesh appearance of the conjunc-
tiva. E., Paralytic, that due to paralysis of the
orbicularis palpebrarum. E., Sarcomatous. See
E. Iuxu7-ians. E., Senile, found only in the lower
lid, due to relaxation of the orbicularis palpebrarum
muscle. E., Spastic, due to spastic contraction of
the fibers of the orbicular muscle lying near the mar-
gin of the orbit.
Ectropium {ek-tro'-pe-um). Same as Ectropion.
Ectrosis {ek-tro' -sis) [f/crpwcr/f, abortion]. An abor-
tion, or the production of an abortion.
Ectrotic iek-trot' -ik) [f^, out; TirpuaKiiv, to wound].
Tending to cut short ; abortive ; abortifacient.
Ectylotic (ek-til-ot' -ik) [f/c, away; rw/lof, callus].
Tending to remove warts or indurations.
'EiZz^vci^ [ek' -ze-mah) [f/cffav, to boil over]. Tetter;
Moist Tetter ; an acute or chronic, non-contagious,
catarrhal inflammatory disease of the skin, character-
ized by multiformity of lesion, and the presence, in
varying degrees, of itching, infiltration, and discharge.
The skin is reddened, the redness shading off insen-
sibly into the surrounding unaffected skin. When
well-marked, the skin is fissured, with crusting,
leathery infiltration, and scaling. Eczema occurs in
skins that are particularly susceptible to the action
of external irritants. E. ani — of the anus — a trouble-
some variety common in children ; it may simulate
condylomata. E. articulorum, eczema of the flexor
surfaces of the joints. E. aurium, a common,
troublesome, pustular form affecting the ears. E.
barbae, a form resembling sycosis, but more superfi-
cial. It attacks the bearded portion of the face, but may
spread. E. capitis, a variety confined to the head.
It is usually seen in children ; is diffuse, pustular, im-
petiginous, not itchy, and may be associated with
pediculi and seborrhea. E. circumscriptum para-
siticum, a name given by Crocker to a form of erup-
tion that looks like a dry eczema, but has a border
more sharply defined than is usual in E. squamosum.
It occurs chiefly on the legs below the knee, and is
constituted of minute papules aggregated into a uni-
form moderately red, scaly patch, with sharply defined
borders. It is a chronic disease, and is probably par-
asitic in origin. E. crurum, a form occurring in old
people as a result of varicosity of the veins of the leg,
and not associated with eczema elsewhere. The skin
is much infiltrated, red, scaly, with indolent ulcers.
E. crustosum, eczema with the formation of thin and
pale-yellowish crusts. If these crusts are thick and
dark in color from capillary bleeding the condition is
termed E. iuipetiginosum . This latter form occurs
frequently on the scalp and face of strumous children.
ECZEMA
410
EDEMA
E., Diabetic, from the irritation of diabetic urine.
E., Epidemic. See Dermatitis^ Epidemic Exfolia-
tive. E. epizootica, a disease of domesticated
animals due to a microorganism, attended with a
characteristic eczematous lesion of the skin and a
catarrhal condition of the respiratory tract. It is also
called Foot-and- ^loicfh Disease. See Sti-eptocytus of
Schottelins under Bacteria, Syiioiiymatie, Table of.
E. erythematosum, the mildest form of eczema,
in which the skin is reddened, slightly swollen,
infiltrated, and tense, from active congestion ; the
color of the patches is more vivid, and their edges
are less well defined, than in true erythema. It is
seen in its most typical form on the face. E. faciei,
an acute or chronic form affecting the face ; it resem-
bles erysipelas, but is attended with no rise of tem-
perature. E. fissum, E. rimosiim: a form affecting the
hands and skin over the articulations, and characterized
by the formation of deep, painful cracks or fissures.
E. folliculare, a form confined largely to the neigh-
borhood of the hair-follicles, where irritable, acumin-
ate papules may persist for prolonged periods. E.
genitalium, an acute form common in men ; it is at-
tended with great swelling and edema, with excoriation.
E. hypertrophicum, E. verrucosum ; a form charac-
terized by permanent hypertrophy of the papillre of the
skin, giving rise to general or limited warty outgrowths.
This variety results from a tendency to passive con-
gestion. See Granuloma fiiiigoides. E. impeti-
ginodes. See E. pitstulosiim. E. impetiginosum.
See iT. crnstosum. E., Infantile, a form commenc-
ing usually within six months of birth, and making
its appearance first upon the head or face. E. inter-
trigo, a form of E. erythematosum occurring in the
groins, on the inner surfaces of the nates, below the
mammce, etc. It is due to uncleanliness. See Eiy-
tkefiia intertrigo. E. labiorum, a very obstinate
variety affecting the lips, and associated with pain-
ful fissures. E. madidans, E. rubruni : weeping
eczema ; large, raw, weeping surfaces studded with
red points. Itfollows.fi'. vesiculositm. E. mammae,
a variety common in nursing primiparas ; it is at first
vesicular, then squamous, with painful fissures and
much crusting. It is very obstinate. E. manuum,
a common form implicating the whole of both
hands. The acute variety is most marked along
the edges of the fingers, where deep-seated vesicles
abound ; the chronic form chiefly involves the palms
and knuckles. E. marginatum, Hebra's term for
the most severe form of ringworm of the body.
Its seats are the groins, axillae, fork, and occasion-
ally the popliteal spaces. Its lesion is marked by a
well-defined, festooned, raised margin. E. meatus,
eczema of the external auditory passage. E. mer-
curiale, that form due to the irritation produced
by mercury. E. narium, a form aftecting the nos
trils. E. palmare, or E. palmarum, confined to
the palm of the hand. It is also called Psoriasis
palmce. E. palpebrarum. Tinea tarsi; an obsti-
nate form affecting the eyebrows ; it is common in
scrofulous children. E. papillomatosum. Same
as E. verrucosum . E. papulosum, Lichen simplex ;
a form associated with the formation of minute
intensely-itching papules of a deep-red color and firm
consistence, arranged in irregularly-shaped groups.
They are about the size of a pin's head, acumi-
nate, of a bright-red color. Vesicles may form on
their summits [Lichen agj-ius). When they are
grouped in oval or roundish patches, a form not
uncommon on the external aspect of the forearm and
hands and on the calves, it is Lichen circumscriflus.
E. pedum, eczema of the feet. E. plantarum, con-
fined to the sole of the foot. E. pustulosum, E.
itnpetiginodes ; the stage of eczema in which the
vesicles develop into pustules that are usually of larger
size than the preceding vesicles. This is most com-
mon in strumous children. E. rimosum. See E.
fissum. E. rubrum. .See E. madidans. E. sclero-
sum, a chronic form of eczema in which there is
induration and thickening of the tissues. E., Sebor-
rheic. See Dermatitis, Seborrheic. E. seborrhoei-
cum. Synonym of Seborrhea. E. solare, that form
due to irritation from the rays of the sun. E. spargo-
siforme, a variety of E. sclerosum in which the
thickening is so very great that a condition indistin-
guishable from Elephantiasis arabum is produced.
E. squamosum, a form in which the surfaces of ill-
defined irregular patches are covered with more or less
adherent scales of shed epithelium. This is often seen
on the neck and limbs. E. sulphure, that form due to
the irritation produced by sulphur. E. tarsi, a form
affecting the edges of the eyelids. E. tuberosum.
Synonym of Granuloma fungoides. E. umbilici, a
tractable form resembling syphilitic disease of the
same part. E. unguium, involvement of the nails
in chronic E. manuum. The nails are rough, dull,
brittle, and punctate. E. unisquamosum, a rare
form having its seat at the root of the nose between
the eyebrows. The secretion takes the form of a
single epidermic lamella that covers the whole of the
affected surface. E. verrucosum. See E. hypertrophi-
cum. E. vesiculosum, a stage of vesicular forma-
tion in the course of eczema. It is the most common
form of the disease. It is best seen on the flexor
aspect of the limbs, between the fingers, back of the
ears, etc. The vesicles, minute at first and closely
aggregated, coalesce and rupture, exuding a clear
plasmic fluid that stains and stiffens linen. The burn-
ing and itching are worse at night, and the excoriated
surfaces continue to weep for a few days, when they
gradually heal by crusting. E., Weeping. See E.
madidans.
Eczematoid (ek-ze»i'-at-oid) [f/cCffn', to boil over].
Resembling an eczema.
Eczematosis [ek-zem-at-o'-sis) [fKCff/i', to boil over:
//. , Eczematoses']. Any eczematous skin-disease.
Eczematous (e/c-zem'-at-us) [fK^hiv, to boil over]. Of
the nature of or aftected with eczema.
Eczemogenous [ek-zem-oj' -en-tt.'^) to boil over ;
yevvav, to produce]. Giving rise to eczema.
Edeagra {e-de-a' -grah) \ai6oia, the genitals; aypa, a
seizure]. Pain or gout in the genitalia.
Edeatrophia [e-de-at-ro' -fe-a}i)\(ii6oLa, genitals; iiTpnfla,
a wasting]. Atrophy or wasting of the genital organs.
Edeauxe {e-de-a-chs' -e)\^aii'ioia, genitals; av^e, increase].
Swelling or hypertrophy of the genitals.
Edebohl's Position or Posture. See Postiires, Tableof.
Edeitis [e-de-i'-tis) [^ahSola, genitals; trig, inflamma-
tion]. Inflammation of the genital organs.
Edema [e-de'-mah') \tn.t\riiLa: oi(5ff/i^ to swell]. Swel-
ling, especially such as is due to the effusion of serous
fluid into areolar tissues. .See Anasarca. E., Acute
Circumscribed. .See E., Angio-neu?-otic and Urti-
caria a'dematosa. E., Acute Idiopathic. See E.,
Angio-neurotic. E., Acute Non -inflammatory.
See E. , Angio-neurotic. E., Angio-neurotic, C.iant
urticaria; a vaso-motor disorder, characterized by the
abrupt occurrence of edematous swelling of variable
extent, sometimes accompanied Ijy gastro-intestinal
crises. There may be a marked hereditary feature
in the disease. Death may result from edema of
the larynx. E., Brown, the brownish fluid that flows
from the cut surface of a lung in the state of l)rown
induration. E., Filtration, a peculiar sort of edema
EDEMATOUS
411
EGERTIC
of the conjunctiva observed after operations or injuries
that have produced a perforation in the most anterior
sections of the sclera. It is due to the oozing of the
aqueous humor between the lips of the wound and
under the conjunctiva. E., Intermittent. See E.,
Angio-neurutii. E., Malarial. See E., Angio-neu-
rotic. E., Malignant, the term applied by Koch to
a parasitic form of gangrenous inflammation that occurs
at times after serious bone-injuries, etc. It is charac-
terized by the rapid spread, the septic character of the
inflammatory product, and the speedy destruction of the
tissue involved, with the formation of gas. It is also
called Gangrenous eiiipJiyscina. E., Menstrual. See
E., Angio-neiirotic. E. neonatoruni, a disease
resembling somewhat sclerema neonatorum, the skin,
however, being less generally involved and less edema-
tous, lilled with a serous fluid, and assuming a livid or
purplish, rather than a whitish tint, as in sclerema. The
disease begins before the third day of life, with drow-
siness, and then the edema appears in the extremities,
especially the legs, gradually spreading upward. E. ,
Solid, a form of edema in which puncture gives exit
not to serum, but to a sanious, stringy, lymphoid
material.
Edematous [e-detn' -at-us) \oi6iiua, edema]. Marked
by edema ; swollen ; puffy.
Edentate (e-den'-ldt) \e, priv. ; de)is, a tooth]. In bio-
logy, toothless, as an entire leaf, or a member of the
Edentata among mammals.
Edentation [e-de?i-ta' -shtin) \_e, without ; dens, a tooth].
A deprivation of teeth.
Edentulous [c-dcn'-tu-lus) \_e, without; aVwj, a tooth].
Without teeth (applied to one who has lost his teeth).
See Caries of the Teeth.
Edeocephalus {e-de-o-sef -al-us') [a«5o(a, genitals ; from
the resemblance of the proboscis to a penis ; KmoAi/,
head]. A variety of single autositic monsters of the
species otocephalus, in which there is synopsia, ab-
sence of the mouth, very rudimentary jaws, and the
presence of a proboscis.
Edeodynia {e-de-o-din' -e-ah) [aJfSom, genitalia ; bfivvrj,
pain]. Any pain in the reproductive organs.
Edeogargalismus [e-de-o-gar-gal-iz' -mus) \a\&ola, gen-
itals ; ynpyaA^cr/zof, a tickling]. Masturbation.
Edeography (e-de-og^ -ra-fe) \_ai6oia, the genitals ;
ypa^eiv, to write]. A description of the genitalia.
Edeology [e-de-oF -o-je^laldo'ia, genitals ; Myoq, science].
A treatise or monograph on the organs of genera-
tion.
Edeomania {e-de-o-ma^-tte-ah) [aifiola, genitals ; fiavia,
madness]. Nymphomania; satyriasis.
Edeomycodermitis ( e-de-o-mi-ko-der-mi' -tis ) [aitSom,
genitals ; uvKog, mucus : lUpiia, skin ; ("if, inflamma-
tion]. Inflammation of the mucous membrane of
any of the genital organs.
Edeopsophy (e-de-op'-so-fe) [a)fiola, genitals ; ■>po<j)e'iv,
to utter a noise]. The emission of sounds from the
genital organs (as from the bladder or vagina).
Edeopsy [e'-de-op-se). Same as Edeoscopy.
Edeoptosis (e-de-op-to'-sis) [al6ola, genitals ; tttuck;,
a fall]. Prolapse of some portion of the genital ap-
paratus.
'E.d&osc.o-py {e-de-os'-kope)\_ai.6oia, the genitals; aKowe'iv,
to inspect]. An inspection or professional examination
of the genital organs.
^Aeotomy [e-de-ot'-o-iite) [oH5oto, genitals ; rd/i^/, a cut-
ting]. The anatomy or dissection of the genital or-
gans.
Edgeweed (ej'-^med^. A composite- flowered plant,
Sericocarpus tortifolius, of the Southern U. S. It is
used as a remedy for colic in horses. Unof
Edible {ed'-ib-l) [edibilis, eatable]. A qualification
applied to food, the condition of which is good and
wholesome.
Edison- Lalande Cell. See Cell.
Edriopthalmous [ed-re-off-thal' -ihus) dim. of
I6pa, a seat; bipOaXnoc, eye]. In biology, having
fixed, sessile eyes, not borne on a movable stalk.
Educt [e'-dukt) \e, out; ducere,to draw]. A com-
pound that exists in any substance and is extracted from
it by a chemic or pharmaceutic process ; opposed to
product, which designates a body that is produced by a
process similar to that used in its extraction.
Edulcorant [e-dul'-kor-ant) \_e, out; dulcorare, to
sweeten]. Sweetening; corrective of acidity or of
acrimony.
Edulcoration (e-dul-kor-a' -shuri) \edulcare, to sweet-
en]. In chemistry, the act or process of sweetening ;
the removal of soluble or saline matters by washing.
Effeminacy (ef-em' -in-as-e^. See Feminism.
Effemination [ef-em-in-a' -shun') \effcminare , to make
womanish] . The state of being effeminate.
Effera (ef'-er-ah) [efferus, fierce, wild]. Sauvage's
name for a certain genus of exanthematous diseases.
Efferent (ef'-er-oit) \_efferens, carrying from]. Of
ner-,ies, conveying impulses from the central nervous
system to some tissue; motor; secretory. Of blood-
vessels, conveying blood from the tissues toward the
heart, veins, or from the gills. Of lynphatics, the
vessels leaving or conveying lymph from the lymphatic
glands. Compare Afferent.
Effervescent (ef-er-ves'-ent ) [effervcscere, \.o boil up].
Susceptible of being made to effervesce, or to dissolve
with foaming and with the escape of a gas, such as
carbon dioxid.
Effervescing [ef-er-ves' -ing) \effervescere, to boil up].
Boiling up; foaming. E. Powders. See Seidlitz
Po7oders.
'E.fRenrai.g& [ef-Jlur-azh') [Fr.]. In massage, centripe-
tal strokings, i. e. , toward the body or heart. These may
be made with the palm of one hand, the palms of both
hands, the thumb, or the tips of the fingers. Effleur-
age increases the circulation in the venous blood-
vessels and the lymphatics, thereby causing absorp-
tion.
Efflorescence (ef-lor-es' -etiz) [efflorescere, to bloom].
I. The flowering of plants. 2. The formation of
minute crystals on the surface of certain crystalline
bodies, due to the loss of a part or the whole of their
water of crystallization. 3. The breaking-out or
characteristic eruption of an exanthematous disease.
Effluent {ef-lu'-ent) \_cfflucre, to flow out]. An out-
flow. The fluid discharged from works for the treat-
ment of sewage.
Effluvia [cf-lid -ve-ah) [L.]. Plural oi Effluvium, q.v.
E., Telluric, emanations arising from the earth.
Effluvium (ef-lu'-vc-um) \effluere, to flow out : //. ,
Effluvia\ Any subtle emanation from a substance or
person, especially one that is offensively odoriferous.
Efflux [cf'-fluks), or Effluxion {ef-fluk' -shun) [effiuxio:
efflnxus, an outflow]. I. An outflow; that which
flows out. 2. Abortion, or the escape of the embryo
from the womb during a very early stage of preg-
nancy.
Effracture {ef-frak' -chfir) \_ex, out ; /r<7(V«;v?, a fracture].
Fracture of the cranium, with depression of one or
more fragments.
Effusion l^ef-ii' -zhim) {effiindere, to pour out]. A
pouring-out. The abormal secretion or transfer of a
liquid from its natural organ or place; effused material.
Effusive [ef-u'-siv) \effundere, to pour out]. Attended
with or of the nature of an effusion.
Egertic [e-jer' -tik) [eyepn/tdf, wakening]. Causing
wakefulness.
EGEST
412
ELASTOSE
Kgest {e-jest'') \_egerere, to discharge]. To void, as ex-
crement ; to defecate.
Egesta (e-ji's' -tall) \_pl. o{ egestum, fecal matter]. The
discharges of tlie bowels or other emunctory organs.
Egestion [e-jes' -chun) \_egestio, that which is voided].
Defecation ; the expulsion of excrements or excre-
tion.
Egg (t'^'") [ME., egge, an egg]. See Ovule. E. -albu-
min, a native albumin, or proteid constituent of the
human body, of whicli the unboiled white of egg is
the type. It is distinguished from serum-albumin by
its precipitation when shaken with ether, and by its
appearance unchanged in the urine when injected
under the skin or into the intestine. E. -apparatus ; in
biology, the oosphere and the two companion-cells
(called the synergidre) in the upper end of the embryo-
sac, are termed the egg-apparatus. E. -cells, primordial
ova : large, spheroidal, granular cells embedded at in-
tervals in the layer of the germ-epithelium of the
ovary. They eventually become the ovules of the
Graafian follicle. E. -cords, dippings inward into
the ovarian substance of the specialized columnar epi-
thelium covering the ovary ; these prolongations carry
highly-specialized cells, each of which develops into
an immature Graafian follicle containing an immature
ovum. E.-nog, a nutritious preparation made by
adding the beaten yolk of egg and a little spirit to
a tumblerful of milk, stirring well, adding sugar and
the white of the egg separately beaten. E. -shell
Crackling, a peculiar crackling produced by pressure
upon a soft tumor springing from the medulla or can-
cellated tissue of a long bone, and surrounded by a
thin bony capsule. E.-tube. See Oviduct. E.-
water, a nutritious food for infants having summer
diarrhea. It consists of the white of a fresh egg, a
pint of cold water (previously boiled) , a teaspoonful
of brandy, and a small pinch of salt.
Egilops [e'-jil-ops) [ai'f, a goat ; wi/', eye]. Abscess,
with perforation, at the inner canthus of the eye,
supposed to be a result of lachrymal fistula. See
A ncliylops.
Eglandular (e-glan' -du-lar) \_e, priv. ; glandula, a
gland]. In biology, destitute of glands.
Eglandulose (e-glan' -dic-los) \_e, priv. ; glandula, a
gland] . -Same as Eglandular.
Egobronchophony (e-go-brong-koff'-o-ne) [aif,a goat ;
ftp6yxfi<;, a bronchus; (puvrj, a voice]. A combina-
tion of egophony and bronchophony.
Egophony [e-goff'-o-ne) [at^, a wild goat ; 0uiv/, the
voice]. In auscultation, a term meaning a modifica-
tion of bronchophony, in which the voice has a
bleating character like that of a kid. It is heard in
pleurisy with slight effusion, usually near the inferior
angle of the scapula.
Egregorsis (eg-re-gor' -sis) \jypijyopai(; ; iyeipeiv, to
wake]. Morbid wakefulness ; insomnia.
Egyptian {e-jip'-shun) \_a\y'irKTioq, Egyptian]. Per-
taining to Egypt. E. Blue. See Pigments, Conspec-
tus of. E. Chlorosis. See Anchylostomiasis. E.
Ophthalmia. See Ophthalmia, Purulent. E. Ul-
cers. See ^-Egyptia Ulcera.
Ehrenritter's Ganglion. See Ganglia, Table of.
Ehrlich's Anilin-water Solution. See Stains, Table
of. E. Method, the use of a saturated solution of
anilin in water, as a mordant for better fixing the anilin
dyes used in staining bacteria. E. Test. See Tests,
Table of . E.-Biondi's Fluid. See Biondi's Fluid.
Eichhorst's Corpuscles. See Corpuscles .
Eichstedt's Disease. Synonym of Tinea versicolor,
q. '<.; see also Diseases, Table of.
Eidam Cheese [i'-dam). See Cheese.
Eidoptometry (i-dop-tom' -et-re) [f^Jof , appearance ;
oTTTeog, seen; /ucrpov, measure]. The estimation of
the acuity of vision.
Eilema (i-le'-mah) elAeiv, to twist: //., Eile-
iiiata'\ . A pain or colic of the bowels ; volvulus ;
tormina.
Eiloid [i'-loid) \_elXuv, to coil; elSog, form]. Having
a coiled texture resembling the coils of an intestine ;
applied to certain skin-tumors.
Einbrodt's Test. See Tests, Table of
Einhorn's Method, i. A method of ascertaining the
condition of the gastric secretion. An apparatus
termed a stomach-bucket, consisting of a small oval
silver vessel, 1 3^ cm. long and cm. wide, is at-
tached to a silk thread, in which at a distance of 40
cm. from the bucket a knot is made. The patient
swallows the bucket, and when the knot enters the
mouth the operator knows that the bucket is in the
stomach. It is withdrawn after remaining there five
minutes, and its contents are tested. Resistance to its
removal may be overcome by having the patient ex-
pire deeply or swallow once. 2. See Gastrodiaphany.
Eisanthema (is-an-the' -mah) [cif, into ; avd//ija, in-
florescence : //. , Eisanthemata'] . Same as Enanthema.
Eisel (i'-sel) [ME.]. An old name for vinegar.
Eisodic [is-od'-ik). Same as Esodic.
Eisophobia (i-so-fo' -be-ah). Synonym of Agoraphobia.
Eisophoria (i-so-fo' -re-ah). Sarne as Esophoria.
Eispnea (is-pne'-ah) \_elaiTvoi/, a breathing into].
Inspiration ; the inhaling of the breath.
Ejaculation (e-jak-u-la' -shun \_eJaculatio , a throwing
out]. The ejection of the semen. E. -center. See
Center.
Ejaculator (e-jak' -u-la-tor) \_ejaculare, to throw out].
The accelerator urina;. See Muscles, Table of.
'&]a.c\i\sL\.or{\im (e-fik-u-la-to'-re-um') [L.]. A syringe.
Ejaculatory (e-jak' -u-la-tor-e) \_ejaculatio, a throwing
out]. Throwing. E. Duct. Set Ductus ejaculatorius.
Ejecta, or Ejectamenta (e-jek'-tah, e-fck-tam-en'-lah)
[L. ,//.]. Things or materials cast out; excretions or
excrementitious matters.
Ejection (e-jek' -shun) \_ejectio, a casting out]. The
casting out of excretions or of excrementitious matters ;
that which is cast out.
Elaboration (e-lab-or-a' -shun) \elaborare, to take pains
with]. Careful and exact working. In physiology,
any anabolic process, such as that of making crude
food into higher tissue-products.
Elaidic Acid (e-la-id'-i/c). See Acid.
Elaidin (e-la'-id-in) [f/ta/'f, the olive-tree], C5,H,(|^0g.
A white, crystalline, fatty substance, isomeric with
olein, produced by the action of HNO3 upon certain
oils, especially castor-oil.
Elain (e-la'-in). See Eleoptene.
Elaphrium (e-la' -fre-um) \j\a(^pb(;, light]. xA genus
of burseraceous trees. E. copalliferum produces a
variety of copal. E. elemiferum is one of the
sources of Mexican elemi ; E. excelsum and E. to-
mentosum, of South America, afford tacamahac.
Elastic (c-las' -tik) \iXa'vviLv, to urge forward]. Re-
turning to the original form after change of form by
external traction or force. E. Bandage, an India-
rubber bandage exerting continuous compression of a
part. E. Stocking, an India-rubber stocking exert-
ing continuous pressure. E. Tissue, a variety of
connective tissue having elastic properties, and of
which some ligaments are composed.
Elastin (e-las'-tin) \_e't\ahveiv, to urge forward]. An
albuminoid substance, the fundamental element of
elastic tissue. It yields 36 to 45 per cent, of leucin
and )4 per cent, of tyrosin. E. -peptone. See
Deutero-elastosc.
Elastose (e-las'-tds) [tTiavveiv, to urge forward]. One
ELATER
413
ELECTRIC UNITS
of the forms of peptone resulting from the gastric
digestion of elastin.
Elater [el' -at-er) \i'AaTr]j), a driver, hurler]. In biology,
(rt) one of the thread-like, usually spirally-coiled,
bodies found in the sporangia of mosses, liverworts,
and equisetum. They serve for the dispersion of spores.
(J?) One of the free filaments of the capillitium of the
slime-moulds, (c) One of the elastic ana! bristles of
the insect called spring-tail.
Elaterin, or Elaterinum (el-at' -er-in, el-at-er-i' -niiin)
[i'Aa-i/pioi;, driving away], CjoH^^Oj. A neutral prin-
ciple obtained from Elatcriiiin ccballium, or squirting
cucumber. It occurs in colorless, hexagonal prisms,
that are odorless and have a bitter taste. It is a power-
ful hydragogue cathartic. In toxic doses, it causes
emesis, spasmodic respiration, and death. Dose gr.
•jlj— ij. E., Pulv., Comp. (B. P.), contains elaterin I,
sugar of milk 39. Dose gr. j-v. E., Trituratio,
elaterin 10, sugar of milk 90 parts, thoroughly mixed.
Dose gr. ss-j.
Elaterium (i-l-at-e'-n'-iiiii) \_t'AaTlif>iitr, driving away].
A powerful hydragogue cathartic, being the dried sedi-
ment from the juice of the squirting cucumber, Ecba-
litini elaterium of Europe. Dose y% gr. every two
hours ; of the tincture, gtt. x-xxx.
Elbow (el' -bo) [ME., elbo7!je\ The elbow-joint; the
articulation of the arm and forearm. That part of the
forearm and arm adjacent to the elbow-joint. E.-
jerk, one of the reflexes. .See Reflexes, 7 able of.
Elcoplasty [el'-ko-filas-te). See Helcoplasty.
Elcosis (el-ko' -sis). See Helcosis.
Elder [el'-der). See Sainbiieits. E., Dwarf. See
Dzua?-/ Elder.
Elecampane (el-e-kain' -pan). See Inula.
Election [e-lek' -shun) \electio, a choosing]. Selection
or choice, as of points [poitits of election) to be oper-
ated upon ; consideration of circumstances , such as age ,
condition in life, occupation, sex, etc., in determining
whether to proceed with a proposed surgical operation
or not. Such operations are called Operations of Elec-
tion or of Complaisattce. E., Triangle of, the Su-
perior Carotid Triangle. See Triangles, Table of.
KlectTepeterle-lei-trep'-et-er) [//> fKrpor, amher ; rpeTTe/p,
to turn]. An obsolete term for " commutator," ^. z'.
Electric, or Electrical [e-lek' -trik, ox e-lek' -trik-al)
\rfktKTpov , amber]. Having the nature of or pro-
duced by electricity. E. Aura, a current of electri-
fied air. E. Brush, a wire brush used as an elec-
trode. E. Commutator, an instrument for automati-
cally interrupting or reversing the flow of an electric
current, making and breaking the same with desired
frequency. E. Chorea. See Dubinins Disease. E.
Depilation, the permanent removal of hair from any
part of the body by the electrolytic destruction of the
hair-follicles. E. Discharger, the instrument that
directs the charge from a condenser through an ob-
ject. E. Endosmosis, cataphoresis. E. Fustiga-
tion, application of electricity through a metallic
brush. E. Head-bath, application of electricity by
means of an umbrella-shaped electrode .surrounding
the head, but separated from it by a distance of from
one-half to one inch. E. Inertia, a term sometimes
employed instead of electro-magnetic inertia. E.
Insolation. See E. Sunstroke. E. Insulation, the
placing of non-conducting material with respect to a
conductor so as to prevent the loss of a charge or
the leakage of a current. E. Irritability, irritability
of nervous or muscular tissue to an electric discharge.
E. Megaloscope, an apparatus for the medical
exploration of the cavities of the body. E. Moxa,
a burn made on the skin by electricity. E. Probe,
a metallic conductor inserted into the track of a
wound in order to ascertain the exact position of a
bullet, or other foreign metallic substance. E. Pros-
tration. See E. Sunstroke. E. Reactions, the
response of muscles and nerves to electric stimulation.
E. Shock, the physiologic shock produced in an
animal by an electric discharge. E. Shower-bath, a
device for general electrization ; one of the poles is
immersed in a tub containing an alkaline solution.
The patient stands beneath this reservoir on a metallic
stoo^ connected with the other pole. The falling
water completes the circuit, dispersing the current
over the whole body. E. Sphygmograph, an instru-
ment for electrically recording the characters of the
pulse. E. Sterilization, sterilizing a solution by de-
priving it of whatever germs it may contain by means
of electric currents. E. Sunstroke, the physiologic
effects, similar to those produced by exposure to the
sun, experienced by those exposed for a long while to
the intense light and heat of the voltaic arc. E. Test,
the application of electricity to ascertain the exist-
ence or non-existence of central lesions after railway
injuries. It must be borne in mind that cutaneous
insensibility or absence of response in the muscles is
not positive proof of organic lesion ; hence the so-
called electric test is not so absolutely relied upon as
fonnerly.
Electric Units. The lowest integral electric values.
They are as follows : — Ampere, the unit of measure-
ment of an electric current. It is the electro-motive
force of one volt produced in a circuit having one ohm
of resistance, equal to j-L C. G. S. electro-magnetic unit.
It is sufficient to deposit .3 grain of copper per minute
on the plate of a copper voltameter, or to decom-
pose sufficient acidulated water to generate 10.32
c. c. of mixed hydrogen and oxygen per minute. For
convenience the y^VcT P'^'''^ used in medicine, name-
ly, the milliampere. This equals I volt divided by
1000. Ampere-hour, a unit of electric quantity
equal to one ampere flowing for one hour ; it is the
equivalent of 3600 coulombs. C. G. S. System,
Centimeter-gram-second Units, — the system of funda-
mental units in which a centimeter is adopted as
the unit of length, a gram as the unit of mass, and
a second as the unit of time. Coulomb, the unit of
measurement of electric quantity ; the quantity of
electricity that passes during one second through a
conductor having a resistance of one ohm, with one
volt of electromotive force. The micro-coulomb is the
millionth part of this amount. Unit of Current, a
conductor one cm. long which, if bent into an arc of
one cm. radius, will act with the force of one degree
on a unit magnet pole at the center. Dyne, the unit
of force ; /. e., the force which if it acted for one sec-
ond on a mass of one gram would, if the mass was
previously at rest, give it a velocity of one centimeter
per second ; or if it was previously in motion in the
direction of the force, would in that time alter its ve-
locity by that amount. Erg. See Unit of Work.
Ergten, 10,000,000,000 ergs. Farad, the unit of
electric capacity. Practically, a capacity sufficient to
hold one coulomb of current having a potential of one
volt. The micro-farad, xoo^oou P'^''' ''""^ \\.\^o-
retic farad, is cornmonly used. A practical form of
condenser of one farad capacity consists of 300 leaves
of tinfoil, each 16 centimeters in diameter, separated
by leaves of mica. The entire surface has an area of
about 1. 1 sq. meters. Joule, the unit of electric energy
or work. The volt coulomb. It equals 10,000,000
ergs. Unit Magnet Pole, a magnet having a strength
of pole sufficient to repel a similar pole at a distance
with a force of one degree. Megalerg, 1,000.000
ergs. Megavolt, 1 ,000,000 volts. Micro-coulomb.
ELECTRICITY
414
ELECTRODE
See Coulomb. Microfarad. See Farad. Micro-
volt, one millionth part of a volt. Milliampere.
See Ampere. Ohm, the unit of resistance. Practi-
tically, it is the resistance of a pure silver wire one
meter in length and one millimeter in diameter. The
theoretic or absolute unit
unit practically used. Volt, the unit of electro-mo-
tive force, or the force sufficient to cause a current of
one ampere to flow against a resistance of one ohm.
The following is the voltage of several popular cells :
Smee, 0.65; Bunsen, 1. 90; Daniel!, 1.05; Callaud,
0.60; Leclanche, 1.50. Volt-ampere, the unit of
electric work. It is the amount ot pressure developed
by a current of one ampere having an electromotive
force of one volt. Its mechanical equivalent is about
44.2 foot-pounds per minute. It is sometimes called
a Watt. Volt-coulomb, the unit of electric work.
Watt. See Volt-ampiri-. Weber, an ampere. Unit
of Work, the erg ; it is equal to the work required
to move a body through one centimeter against a force
of one dyne. The reciprocal relations of these elec-
tric units may be expressed thus : —
I volt X I coulomb = i joule
I volt X I ampere = i watt
I volt X I ohm = ..... I ampere
1 ampere X i ohm = i volt
I volt X I ampere X i ohm = 1 watt
I volt X I ampere X 1 ohm X i second = i joule
I ampere X 1 second = . . . .1 coulomb
Electricity {e-lek-tris' -it-e) \riXeKTpov, amber]. One of
the forces of nature developed or generated by chem-
ism, magnetism, or friction, and probably a mode of
ethereal vibration, closely analogous to and converti-
ble into heat and light. It has been largely employed
in its various forms for therapeutic purposes. Most
animal and vegetable fibers (living) contract when an
electric current is passed through them, and, in fact,
no substance is known that does not offer some resist-
ance to the passage of an electric current. By the
Conducting Fo7ver of a substance is meant the ability
of a given length and area of a cross-section of that
substance to conduct electricity, as compared with an
equal length and area of a cross-section of some other
substance, such as pure silver or copper. This power
may, in various substances, be pronounced, partial, or
absent. Good conductors are silver, copper, other
metals, charcoal ; partial conductors are water, the
human body, cotton, wood, marble, paper; non-con-
ductors, oils, porcelain, dry wood, silk, resins, dry air,
shellac, gutta-percha, ebonite, paraffin, glass. E.,
Animal, free electricity in the body. E., Chemic.
See E., Galvanic. E., Faradic, that produced by
induction. E., Franklinic, frictional or static elec-
tricity. E., Frictional, that produced by friction. E.,
Galvanic, that which is generated by chemic action
in a galvanic cell. E., Inductive, that produced in
a body by proximity to an electrified body without
contact. E., Magnetic, that developed by bringing a
■ conductor near the poles of a magnet. See Current.
E., Medical, that used for therapeutic purposes. E.,
Static, frictional electricity. E., Voltaic, same as
galvanic or chemic electricity.
Electrization {e-lek-triz-a' -shttii) [_>/?ieKTpoi', amber].
The application of electricity to the body. E., General,
the therapeutic application of electricity to all parts of
the surface of the body.
Electrize {e-lck' -triz) \ji\eKrpov, amber]. To treat by
means of electricity.
Electrizer [e-lek' -tri-zcr) \_i/AeKTpov, amber]. A metal
disc of copper and zinc, or silver and zinc applied to the
surface of the body, and connected with copper wire,
exciting, through the perspiration, a feeble galvanic
current.
Electro- (e-lek' -tro-^ [^Ae/crpoi', amber]. A Greek word
used as a prefix to denote connection with or relation
to electricity. E. -anesthesia, inability to perceive
the sensation made by electricity upon the skin.
E. -biology, the science of the electric relations and
laws of organic beings. E.-bioscopy. See Bioscopy.
E.-centesis, the use of electrolysis to cause absorp-
tion of effusions, as in pleurisy. E. -chemistry, the
science of the inter-relations and laws of electricity
and chemistry. E. -cystoscopy, examination of the
bladder by means of electric illumination. E. -diag-
nosis, diagnosis by means of the exaggeration or
diminution of the reaction of the excitable tissues of
the body when subjected to the varying inlluences of
electric currents. E.-esthesia, ability to perceive the
sensation made by the reception of an electric dis-
charge ; it may co-exist with local anesthesia, or
with loss of the power to perceive other sensations.
E. -magnet, a mass of soft iron surrounded by a
coil of wire. E. -magnetic Inertia, a term some-
times employed instead of inductance or the self-
induction of a current. E. -magnetism, magnetism
induced within iron, steel, or nickel, by introducing
it within a coil through which a current is passing.
E. -massage, the transmission of a current of elec-
tricity through a kneading instrument ; the use of
labile currents applied by means of a rolling or wheel
electrode, or by a sponge or brush. E. -motive,
pertaining to the mechanic or motor effects of elec-
tricity. E. -motor Force, that which sets electricity
in motion ; the difference of potential between two
"points. It is estimated in volts. E. -muscular, per-
taining to the action of electricity upon muscles.
E. -muscular Contractility, the contractile response
of a muscle to an electric current. E. -muscular Sen-
sibility, the impression upon a sensory nerve by
electric irritation. E.-otiatria, electricity applied to the
treatment of diseases of the ear. E. -pathology, the
study of morbid conditions by the aid of electric irrita-
tion. E. -physiology, the study of electric reactions,
properties, and relations of organs and organic tissues.
E.-puncturation, or E. -puncture, the use of needles
as electrodes, which are thrust into an organ, or tumor,
e. g., into the cavity of an aneurysm, with the object
of coagulating the contained blood. E. -sensibility,
an effect produced on a sensory nerve by its electriza-
tion. E. -statics, the science of static electricity, or
that developed by friction and induction. E.-thanasis,
a word proposed for death by electricity. E. -thera-
peutic Bath. See Balk. E. -therapeutics, the
science and art of the application of electricity for
therapeutic purposes. E.-therapy. See E. -thera-
peutics. E. -thermometry, the determination of the
radiation of body-heat by means of an electric ther-
moscope. E. -vital, pertaining both to electricity and
to the phenomena of life. E. -vitalism, the theoretic
identification of the vital forces with electricity.
Electrode (e-lek' -trod) [r/'AsKTpov, amber; 6f5o^-, a way].
The instruments, fastened to the conducting cords of a
battery, that are used in the application of electricity
to the body. The standard sizes of electrodes gen-
erally adopted in therapy are, according to Erb, as
follows : —
1. Fine electrode, % cm. diameler.
2. Small " 2 "
3. Medium " 7-5 " "
4. Large " 6X2 "
5. Very large . 8 X16 "
E., Brush, one end fitted with a camel's-hair pencil.
E., Clay, a therapeutic electrode of clay shaped to fit
the part of the body to be treated. E., Electro-
therapeutic, the thera]ieutic electrode is generally
ELECTROGENESIS
415
ELEPHANTIASIS
placed nearer the organ or part to be treated than
the indifferent electrode. E., Indifferent, the elec-
trode that is employed merely to complete the cir-
cuit ; not directly concerned in the treatment or diag-
nosis. E., Non-polarizable, zinc wires treated and
so arranged as to prevent electrolysis. See Anode and
Catliode.
Electrogenesis {e-lek-tro-jeii'-es-is) [?//itAT/ioiJ, amber;
ykvtaiq, production]. Results following the applica-
tion of electricity to the spinal cord or nerve after the
withdrawal of the electrodes.
Electrolysis {e-lek-troU -is-is) '[j/XcK.rpov, amber ; /luaic;,
solution]. The dissolution of a chemic compound by
an electric current ; the discussion of any morbid
growth by means of an electro-chemic current. It is
used in the treatment of hydrocele and some other
surgical affections.
Electrolytic [e-lek-tro-lW -ik) [i/XeKTpov, amber ; Xvat^,
solution]. Relating to electrolysis.
Electrometer (e-lek-trom' -et-er') electricity ;
fikTpt)v, a measure] . ^n instrument for the measure-
ment of differences of electric potential.
Electrophonize {e-lek-t7-of' -oii-lz) \iikEKTiMv, amber;
<l>6voQ, a killing]. To inflict capital punishment by
means of electricity.
Electrophony i^c-lek-trof -o-ne) [//Af/cr/^iov, amber; (^ovoq,
a killing]. Capital punishment by means of electricity.
Electrophorus [e-!ek-tro/' -or-us) [_>/AeKTpov, amber ;
(j>ep£n>, to carry] An instrument used to generate
small quantities of static electricity.
Electropoion Fluid [e-lek-tro-poi' -on) \ifkEK.Tpov^ amber;
notdv, to make]. A battery fluid made by dissolving
I lb. of potassium bichromate in a mixture of water
lo lbs. to sulphuric acid (commercial) 2)4 lbs.
Electroscope (e-lek' -tro-skop) ^//AeKrpov, amber; aKoirelv,
to view]. An instrument for detecting the presence
of static electricity and determining whether it is posi-
tive or negative.
Electrostixis [e-lek-tro-stiks' -is) [//Ae/crpoi', amber; ari^Lq,
puncture]. Electro-puncture, 7/.
Electrothanasize (e-lek-tro-fhan' -as-iz) \jjXEKTpov, am-
ber ; Havaroeiv, to kill]. To produce death by elec-
tricity, but not as capital punishment.
Electrothanatose (e-lek-tt-o-than' -at-ds) \jiXeKTpov, am-
ber; t'oTOrof, death]. '&2LxaR 2i?, Electrothanasize .
Electrothanatosis [e-lek-tro-t/ian-af-o'-sis) {JjXeKTpov,
amber; OavdruaLq, a putting to death]. Death by
electricity.
Electrotisis [e-lek-trot' -is-is) [jjkEKTpov, amber ; t'iglq,
penalty]. Capital punishment by electricity.
Electrotistic (e-lek-tro-tis' -tik) [//Xe/frpoi', amber ; r/'ff/f,
penalty]. Pertaining to capital punishment by means
of electricity.
Electrotistis (e-lek-tro-tis' -tis). An incorrect form of
Electrotisis, q.v.
'^\%c.\xo\.oxw& (e-lek' -tro-tdni) [///f/crpox', amber ; refiueiv,
to cut]. The circuit-breaker of an electric battery;
especially one that acts automatically.
Electrotonic (e-lek-tro-ton' -ik) \_iik(KTpQv , amber ; rovof,
tension]. Relating to or of the nature of electrotonus.
E. Effect, an altered condition of excitability of a
nerve produced when in the electrotonic state.
Electrotonus (e-lek-trot' -o-nus) [i/AEKTpnv, amber ;
Tovoq, tension]. The change of condition in a nerve
during the application of a current of electricity. A
decrease in the electro-motive force of a nerve, effected
by sending a current through the nerve in the opposite
direction to the nerve-current, is termed the net^ative
phase of electrotonus, while an increase in the electro-
motive force of a nerve, effected by sending a current
through a nerve in the same direction as the nerve-
current, is termed the positive phase of electrotonus.
See Anelectrotonus, Catelectrotonus, and Electrogenesis.
E., Law of. See Laio.
Electrovection (e-lek-tro-vek' -shun) \_ifAtiiTp<iv , amber;
vehere, to carry] . Electric endosmosis ; the intro-
duction of medicaments into the system by means of
the electric current ; cataphoresis.
Electrozemia (e-lek-tro-ze' -tne-ali) \jfAtKTpov, amber;
Q-ifiia, penalty]. A word proposed for capital punish-
ment by electricity ; electrotisis.
Electuary (e-lek' -chu-a-re) \_eleituarium, an electuary].
A soft or pasty confection. See Confectio.
Eleidin (el-e' -id-in) \t\a'ia, olive-oil]. A material that
forms the elliptic granules of the superficial cells of the
stratum granulosum of the epidermis. It is called also
keratohyalin.
Element (el'-em-ent) \_elementum , a first principle]. In
chemistry, a body that cannot be decomposed into sim-
pler substances. The recognized elements now num-
ber about 73. See Table of Elements, on p. 416. The
term is applied in biology to the ultimate microscopic
structures of a tissue. In electricity, one of the gen-
erating plates in a galvanic cell. E., Mendelejeff's
Classification of, the classification of elements ac-
cording to their atomic weights. See Elouents, Table
of. Note.
Elementary [el-e-men' -ta-re) \elementnm, a first princi-
ple]. Pertaining to an element. E. Cell, an embry-
onic corpuscle. Also, a synonym of Leukocyte , q. v.
Elemi [Arab]. A concrete resinous exudation
probably derived from the Canarium cotnmune, al-
though its botanic source is still undetermined. It
contains a crystalline resin, Elemin or Ainyrin. Its
action is similar to those of the turpentines generally.
E., Unguent. (B. P.), elemi and simple ointment; it
is used as an application to indolent sores and boils.
Many other resins are known to commerce as elemi.
In general, the elemis are softer than the copals ; and
they may be classed together as a group of somewhat
hard oleo-resins. See Resins.
Eleocharis (e-le-ok' -ar-is) \ikoq, marsh ; x'^'P^"^> to
rejoice]. A genus of sedges or cyperaceous plants ;
the spike-rushes. E. palustris, a plant very common
in Europe, Asia, and N. America, is a popular astring-
ent remedy, useful for diarrhea and for hemorrhages.
The root, tops, and seeds are used. Unof.
Eleoptene (el-e-op'-ten) [_e?Mwv , oil ; Trn/vdq, volatile'].
The permanent liquid principle of volatile oils. See
Stearoptene.
Eleosaccharum (e-le-o-sak' -ar-iini) [L. : pi., Eleosac-
chara]. Same as Oleosacchartiin.
Elephant Leg. See Elephantiasis arabum.
Elephant's Foot (el' -e-f ants foot) . Any plant of the
genus Elephantopns, order Compositse. The U. S.
has several species. Elephantopns tonientosiis is diu-
retic, expectorant, and emetic. Dose of the fld. ext.
n\^v— XXX. Unof. E. caroliniamis is tonic and febri-
fuge, and so are various tropical species.
Elephantiasis (el-e-fan-ti'-as-is) [tAf'^af, an elephant].
Elephantiasis arabnm ; Barbadoes leg ; Tropical big
leg; spargosis ; elephant leg: morbus elcphas ; buc-
nemia tropica ; pachydermia : a chronic affection of
the cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues, often occurring
as an endemic or sporadic disease, due to obliteration
of lymph-vessels, resulting in febrile and other systemic
symptoms, redness, tumefaction, and infiltration of the
affected part, and the eventual production of a well-
marked hypertrophy that may become gigantic. It
is most common in the leg and genitals. E. grse-
corum. See Le/>rosy. E. indica. Synonym of
E. arabum. E. telangiectodes, a rare vascular
form of elephantiasis arabum of congenital origin but
of later development.
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ELEPHANTOID FEVER
418
EMBLICA
Elephantoid Fever [fl-e-fan'-loid). See Fever.
Elephas [el'-e-fas) [L.]. Synonym of Elephantiasis
aralnim.
Eleuthera Bark (e-lu'-ther-ah). See Cascarilla.
Eleutheropetalous (e-ln-thcr-o-pet' -al-us) [^eXevOepo^,
free; rrfraAor, a leaf, a petal]. Polypetalous. The
same as choripetalous.
Eleutherophyllous 'ye-lu-ther-o-fil' -its) [eAewf^fpof, free ;
0(i//,of, a leaf]. In biology, made up of distinct
leaves ; polypetalous or polysepalous.
Elevator {eV -e-va-tor) \elevare, to lift]. I. The same as
Levator. See Muscles, Table of. 2. An instrument
used in surgery and dentistry. E. Disease, one of
the professional neuroses, due to constant traveling in
an elevator.
Elimination [e-lim-in-a' -shun) [c", out ; limen, thresh-
old] . Excretion ; the process of putting forth or out.
Eliquation [el-ik-wa'-shiuz) [eliquare, to melt out]. The
separation of one substance from another by fusion or
melting. ^
Elixir (e-liks' -er) [Arab., el iksir, the philosopher's
stone]. A sweetened, aromatic, spirituous prepara-
tion, which is practically a flavored syrup designed as
an excipient for extracts and tinctures. There are
many elixirs, only one of which is official in the U. S.
P. [^E. aurantii) ; but in the N. F. more than seventy
are described.
Elixirium [e-liks-ir' -e-uni) [L. : //. , Elixiria^. -See
Elijfir.
Elixiviation [e-liks-iv-e-a' -shun). See Lixiviation.
Elkodermatosis (el-ko-der-inat-o' -sis) \yKmc, an ulcer ;
dtpjia, skin ; voao^, disease]. An ulcerative skin-
affection.
Ellagic Acid (el-aj'-ik). See .Acid.
Elliot's Bassorin Paste. A paste used in the treat-
ment of eczema. It consists of bassorin, lo drams;
dextrin, 6 drams ; glycerin, 2 drams ; water, sufficient
to make 25 J-^ drams. It should be prepared cold.
Elliptic, Elliptical {el-ip'-fik, -al) \lXktL\\)i(;, ellipse].
Having the form of an ellipse. E. Amputation.
See Amputation.
Ellis's Curved Line. See Line. E., Ligament of.
See Ligament .
Ellison's Ventilating Bricks. See Ventilation.
Elm. See Ulmus and Fremontia.
Elocution {cl-o-ku' -shun) \e, out of ; loqui, to speak].
The choice, arrangement, and delivery of words and
language, including the use of the voice, the action
of the lungs, diaphragm, gesture, etc.
Elocutionist {el-o-ku' -shun-ist) \e, out of; loqui, to
speak]. One who is skilled in the art of elocution.
E.'s Cramp. See Cramp.
Elodea [el-o-de'-ah) [fA(j(5//f, marshy]. The marsh -St.
John's Worts; a genus of liypericaceous plants. E.
virginica, common in the U. S. and Canada, is a
popular stomachic. Unof.
Elodes (e-lo'-dez) [f)^,(i(S7/f, swampy ; iXoc, a swamp].
Marsh or paludal fever ; malarial fever.
Elsberg, Plastidules of. See Heredity.
Elutriation [e-lu-tre-a' -shun) \elutriare , to wash out].
A water-sifting process whereby the coarser particles
of an insoluble substance are separated from the finer.
Ely's Operation. See Operations, Table of. E.'s
Table. See Pregnancy.
Elythritis {el-ith-ri'-tis). See Vaginitis.
Elytratresia (el-it-rat-re' -ze-ah) \l\vrpov, sheath ;
aTprjToq, imperforate]. Atresia of the vagina; colpa-
tresia.
Elytreurynter (el-it-ru-rin'-ter) \rAvrpov, sheath ;
cvpljvEiv, to make broad]. Same as Colpeurvnter.
Elytritis (el-it-ri' -lis) \i'XvTpov, the vagina ; /nf,
inflammation]. Inflammation of the vagina.
Elytrocele [el'-it-ro-sel) [fAiirpov, sheath ; her-
nia]. Colpocele ; vaginal hernia.
Elytroclasia {el-it-ro-kla' -se-ah) \i'/MTpov, sheath ; /cAd-
nr, to break]. Rupture of the vagina.
Elytroncus [el-it-rong'-i-us). Same as Elytropliyi?ia.
Elytrophyma [el-it- ro-fi' -tnah) \_DivTpov, sheath ; (pvim,
a tumor]. Swelling or tumor of the vagina.
Elytroplastic [el-it- ro-plas'-tik) [iAvrpov, sheath ; nlaa-
aeiv, to form]. Relating to elytroplasty.
Elytroplasty [el' -it-ro-plas-te) \_EkvTpov, sheath ; ■Khaa-
at'iv, to form]. Plastic operation upon the vagina,
especially for vesico-vaginal fistula.
Elytropolypus [el-it-ro-poF -ip-us) \_Ekv7p0v, sheath ;
TroXi'iTTouf , polypus]. Vaginal polypus.
Elytroptosis [el-it- rop-to' -sis) \i'A,vTpov, sheath ; TrTGiaLt;,
a falling]. Prolapse of the vagina.
Elytrorrhagia [el-it-ror-a' -je-ah) \JtxiTpov, sheath;
'p)]yvvvai, to burst forth]. Hemorrhage from the
vagina.
Elytrorrhaphy [el-it-ror' -a-fe) \i'/.vTpov, sheath ; pa^i],
a seam]. Suture of the vaginal wall. An operation
to close the opening of the vagina in procidentia uteri.
Elytrorrhea [el-it-ror-e' -ah) \k'kvTpov, sheath ; poia, a
flow]. A vaginal leukorrhea.
Elytrostenosis [el-it-ro-ste-no' -sis) \i\vTpov, sheath ;
arhuaiQ, a contraction]. Colpostenosis ; vaginal
stricture.
Elytrotome [el-it' -ro-tom) \pKVTpov, sheath ; rojir), a
cutting]. An instrument for performing elytrotomy.
Elytrotomy [el-it-rof -o-me) \¥kvTpov, sheath ; ro/z^, a
cutting]. Surgical incision of the vaginal wall.
Elytrum, Elytron [el' -it-rum, -tron) \iikvTpov, a cover,
case: pl.,Elvtra'\. In biology, one of the wing-covers,
wing-sheaths, or modified fore-wings of beetles ; also
one of the scales on the back of certain worms.
Emaciation [c-ma-se-a' -shun) \_emaciare, to make lean].
Loss of the fat and fulness of the flesh of the body.
Leanness.
Emaculation [e-mak-u-la' -shun) \e>naculare, to remove
spots]. The removal of freckles or other spots from
the face.
Emanation [em-an-a' -shun) \^emanare, to issue]. I.
Emission ; radiation. 2. That which flows or issues
from a si^bstance ; effluvium.
Emandibulate [e-man-dib' -u-lat) [f , priv. ; mandibula,
mandible]. In biology, without mandibles, or at
least with soft and minute mandibles.
Emansio [e-man'-se-o) [L. ]. A failing. E. men-
sium, delayed menstruation ; amenorrhea.
Emarginate [e-mar' -jin-at) \emarginatus, to deprive
of the edge]. In biology, applied to a leaf or feather
the margin of which is broken, notched, nicked, or
otherwise modified.
Emasculation [e-mas-ku-la' -shun) \_emasculare, to
make impotent]. Removal of the testicles; impo-
tence. See, also. Eviration.
Embalming [em-bahm'-ing) [Fr. , en, in; bauma, bal-
sam]. The treatment of a cadaver with antiseptic and
preservative substances to keep it from putrefying.
Embedding [em-bed' -ing). The fixation, in order to pre-
serve it intact, of a tissue-specimen in a firmer medium
before freezing or otherwise hardening and section.
Embelia [em-be' -le-ah) \_Embel, a German traveler].
A genus of shrubs. E. ribes, a myrtaceous shrub
that grows in Asia ; it is reputed to have anthelmintic
properties. Dose of the powdered fruit, ,^j-iv; of
the fluid extract, 3j-iv. Unof.
Emblica [em' -blik-ali) [L.]. A genus of euphorbia-
ceous trees. E. officinalis, a tree of India; its
fruit, the Emblica 7nyrobalan (see Myrobalan), is
astringent and vermifuge, the seed is febrifuge, and
the bark is also medicinal. Unof.
EMBOITMENT
419
EMBRYO
Emboitment [on{g)-bwat' -/non(g)) [OF., einboister, to
inclose, as in a box]. In biology. Bonnet's doctrine
that each germ includes the germs of all generations
that shall succeed it.
Embolemia (eiii-bol-e'-me-ah) \_s iifio'Aor , thrown in;
aifia, blood]. A state of the blood in which it is
said that emboli are readily formed.
Embolic [c/n-bol'-ik) [^e/ifioAor, thrown in]. Relating
to, associated with, or caused by an embolus.
Emboliform (eiii-bol' -if-or))!) [_e/ij3oAO(;, an embolus ;
/or//ia, form]. Resembling an embolus.
Embolism (e)n' -bo-lhni) [_e/Lil3oAo(; , an embolus]. The
obstruction of an artery or capillary, usually by a
blood-clot or embolus, brought from another point by
the blood-current. These emboli may be fragments
of vegetation from the valves of the heart, clots from
a thrombosis or aneurysm, or fragments of atheroma-
tous tissue. Around the seat of an embolus thrombo-
sis occurs with the production of an infarct, t/. v. E.,
Air, by a bubble of air. E., Capillary, obstruction
of capillaries by micrococci. This occurs in pyemia.
E., Fat, the entrance into the circulation of fluid fat
after extensive injuries. Death often follows. The
symptoms are restlessness, anxiety, slight dyspnea,
accelerated breathing, quickening of the pul^e ; cya-
nosis, delirium, and insomnia, followed by coma, are
graver symptoms. The temperature may remain sub-
normal or it may rise. E., Infective, the emboli are
metastatic. This occurs in pyemia and ulcerative
endocarditis. E., Multiple, numerous small emboli.
E., Paradoxical, embolism of an artery by a venous
thrombus, as may occur in a patulous foramen ovale.
E., Pyemic. See E., Infective. E., Retinal, occur-
ring in the arteria centralis retinfe, followed by sudden
loss of vision. E., Venous, occurring in veins, espe-
cially of the lungs and liver.
Emboloid [ein'-bo-loiJ] \_en(ioAo(;, an embolus; tl6og,
likeness]. Resembling an embolus.
Embololalia [em-bo-lo-la' -Ic-ah) [f///?oAof, a thing
thrown in ; A.aAia, talk]. The morbid intercalation of
words, often meaningless, into the speech.
Embolophrasia {em-bo-lo-fra' -ze-ah) [E///3oAof, inser-
tion; di/jacr/r, speech]. Embololalia.
Embolus (em'-bo-his) \_eiuj3o?Mg ; ev, in ; pd'AAeiv, to
throw]. I. A clot of blood, or plug of other material,
brought by the blood-current from a distant artery,
and forming an obstruction at its place of lodgment.
2. Wilder' s term for the >nte/eus eiiiboliformis.
Emboly [e/n/ -bo-le) \_k[ij5oAri, insertion]. In embryolo-
gy, the process of invagination that gives rise to agas-
trula from a blastosphere or vesicular morula.
Embrocation (eiii-bro-ka' -shtui) l_k/itppexeii>, to soak
in]. A fluid external application for some injured or
diseased part.
Embryectomy {em-bi-e-ek' -to-me) \_ejulipvov, embryo ;
EKTOfir], a cutting out]. The surgical removal of the
embryo in extra-uterine pregnancy.
Embryo (em^-bre-o) l_Efij}pvov']. The ovum and the pro-
duct of conception up to the fourth month of pregnancy ;
the fertilized genn of an animal. Applied in botany
to the rudimentary plant within the seed. E.-sac.
In biology, (a) the cell in the nucleus of the ovule
of flowering-plants, that contains the germinal vesicles
and finally the embryo ; {b) the protoconch or primi-
tive shell of certain cephalopods.
Scheme of a Longitudinal Section of an Early
Embryo.
E. Epiblast. m. Mesoblast. e. Hypoblast.
Scheme of the Formation of the Head- and Tail-Folds.
r. Head-fold. D. Anterior extremity of the future intestinal
tract. S. Tail-fold, first rudiment of the cavity of the rectum.
A 0
Scheme of a Longitudinal Section through an Embryo
after the Formation of the Head- and Tail-Folds.
Ao. Omphalo-me.senteric arteries. Vo. Omphalo-mesenteric
veins, a. Position of the allantois. A. Amniotic fold.
r
Scheme of a Longitudinal Section through a Human
Ovum.
Z. Zona pellucida. S. Serous cavity, r. Union of the amniotic
folds A. Cavity of the amnion, a. Allantois. N. Umbilical
vesicle, m. Mesoblast. h. Heart. U. Primitive intestine.
all
Scheme of Human Embryo, with the Visceral Arches
still Persistent.
A. Amnion. V. Fore-brain. M. Mid-brain. H. Hind-brain.
N. After-brain. U. Primitive vertebrae, a. Eye. p. Nasal
pit. S. Frontal process, y. Internal nasal process, n. Ex-
ternal nasal process, r. Superior maxillary process of the
first visceral arch, i, 2, 3, and 4. The four visceral arches,
with the visceral clefts between them. o. Auditory vesicle,
h. Heart, with e, primitive aorta, which divides into the five
aortic arches, f. Descending aorta, om. Omphalic-mesen-
teric artery, b. The omphalo-mesenteric arteries of the um-
bilical vesicle, c. Omphalo-mesenteric vein. L. Liver with
vense advehentes and revehentes. D. Intestine, f. Inferior
cava. T. Coccyx, all Allantois, with z, one umbilical
artery; and x, an umbilical vein.
EMBRYOCARDIA ' 420
EMMENAGOGUE
Embryocardia (^cni-hre-o-kar' -dc-alC) l_iufipvov, embryo ;
KafjiVia, the heart]. An aflection of the heart, char-
acterized by a heart-beat hke that of a fetus. It is
usually associated with tachycardia, and a condition
of collapse and cyanosis. See Cyeiiiaiocardia.
Embryoctony {em-bre-ok' -to-ne) [_£/i(3pvov, embryo ;
KTtivciv, to kill]. The destruction of the living fetus ;
the procurement of abortion.
Embryogenesis {ein-bre-o-jen'-es-is), Embryogeny
(em-hre-oj' -en-i-) \iii^pvov, an embryo ; yevi/g, produc-
ing]. That department of biology which deals with
the development of the fecundated germ.
Embryograph {etn' -bre-o-graf) \iyi\ipvov, embryo ;
ypa<ptiv, to write]. A form of microscope and camera
lucida for use in drawing outlines and figures in em-
bryologic study.
Embryography {em-bre-og' -ra-fe) [_efil3pvov, embryo ;
ypMjieiv, to write]. A description of embryos.
Embryologic (em-bre-o-loj' -ik), Embryological {em-
bre-o-log'-ik-al) \_E/ij3pvov, embryo; Ad)Of, science].
Relating to embryology.
Embryologist (em-bre-ol'-o-jist) \_£/j.ppvov, embryo;
/dyof, science]. A specialist or expert in the science
of embryology.
Embryology {em-bre-ol' -o je) \iii^pvov, embryo ; Aoyof,
science]. The science of the evolution of the em-
bryo, or the study of fetal development.
Embryon [em' -bre-on). Same as Embryo.
Embryonal (em-bre-o'-nal^. Same as Emb>yonii .
Embryonic [em-bre-on' -ik) [^e/ijipvoi', embryo]. Per-"
taining to the embryo. E. Area, in embryology,
an opaque circular spot that forms on the blastoderm.
E. Connective Tissue, the primitive condition of
connective tissue when first formed, consisting of
small, round cells. E. Spot. See E. Area.
Embryotega (em-bre-ot' -e-gah) [_£/j.l3pvov, an embryo ;
rtyof, a roof]. In biology, a small lid or cap cover-
ing the micropyle in certain seeds.
Embryotome (ein' -bre-o-tdiii) [^£/j.j3pmi\ embryo ; rour/,
section]. An instrument used in embryotomy.
Embryotomy [em-bre-ot' -o-me) [_ifj.ppi'ov, embryo ;
Tou/), section]. An operation for reduction of the size
of the fetus to render possible its transmission through
the birth-canal. See Cephalotripsy, Cranioclasiii ,
Basiotribe , Easily st. Decollation, Decapitation, Exen-
teration, Evisceration, Lamination, Perforation , Spon-
dylotomy , Transformation .
Embryotoxon (em-bre-o-toks'-on) ^e/iftpvov, embryo ;
t6^ov, a bow]. A condition resembling arcies senilis,
sometimes seen at birth.
Embryotrophe {em' -bre-o-trof) \lnfipvov, the embryo ;
Tpotpl/, nourishment]. In biology, the food-yolk.
Embryotrophy (em-bre-ot' -ro-fe) \iiiftpvov, embryo ;
Tpcj<pii, nourishment]. The nutrition of the fetus.
Embryulcia (eiii-bre-ul' -se-aJi)\lji\ipvov , embryo ; itXnetv,
to draw]. I. Forcible extraction of the fetus. 2.
The operation of embryotomy
Embryulcus {em-brc-ul' -kits) \jji\ipvovkKuq\. A blunt
hook, or obstetric forceps.
Emerald-green. See Chrome-green, Mittler's Green,
Scliweiii flirt Green, Brilliant Green.
Emergence [e-mer' -jens) [c, out ; mergerc, to merge ;
to rise out]. In biology, one of those structures
occurring in higher plants, analogous to hairs, but
differing from true hairs in not originating from
single epidermal cells ; they constitute a transition
between trichomes in the stricter sense of the term,
and leaves or secondary axes.
Emergency [e-mer' -j en- se) [emergeie, to rise up]. A
sudden , pressing, and unforeseen occasion for action ;
an accident or condition unlooked for, and calling for
prompt decision.
Emergent [e-vier' -jent) \_emeigere,\.o rise up]. Sud-
den, unforeseen, and urgent ; calling for prompt de-
cision and action ; as an emergent case.
Emerod [em'-er-od). See Hemorrhoid.
Emery Strips. Strips made of fine emery cloth and
employed by dentists for cutting down to the correct
shape the excess of gold on proximate fillings.
Emesis [em'-es-is) [i'//t-mf ; tftkew, to vomit]. Vomiting.
Emetatrophia [e-??iet-at-ro'-fe-ah) vomiting;
arpoifiia, wasting]. Atrophy or wasting, due to per-
sistent vomiting.
Emetic [e-met'-ik) [ifieriKOQ, causing vomiting]. I.
Having the power to induce vomiting. 2. An agent
causing emesis, or a dose of such an agent. E.,
Direct, one acting directly on the nerves of the
stomach. E., Indirect, or E., Systemic, one acting
through the blood upon the vomiting-center, or by re-
flex action from other peripheral sources.
Emeticology [e-met-ik-ol' -o-je) [£//£r(/cdf, emetic ; /oj-of,
treatise]. Same as Emetology.
Emetin [em' -et-in). See Ipecacuanha .
Emeto-catharsis (em' -et-o-kath-ar' -sis) \_£ficaic, vomit-
ing ; Ka6aipEiv, to purge]. Vomiting and purgation
at the same time, or produced by a common agent.
Emeto-cathartic [em' -et-o-kath-ar' -tik ) [efxtai^, vom-
iting; Kfiyafpfu', to purge]. Having power to induce
emeto-catharsis.
Emetology [ein-et-ol'-o-je) [t^erof, vomiting; /d}of,
science]. The study or science of the physiology,
pathology, and therapeutics of vomiting, and of the
nature of emetics.
Emetomania [cm-et-o-ma' -ne-ah ) [qisTOQ, vomiting ;
fiavia, madness]. Insane desire for frequent emetics.
Emetomorphin [em-et-o-mor' -fin) [f^Eroc, vomiting ;
Morpheus, the god of sleep]. Apomorphia.
Emetophobia [em-et-o-fo' -he-ah ) [e/iErof , vomiting ;
(l>6po(:, fear]. Morbid dread or fear of vomiting.
Emiction [e-mik' -shun) \e, out; mingere, to void
urine]. Urination.
Emictory [e-mik' -tor-e) [e, out ; mingere, to void
urine]. I. Promoting the secretion of urine. 2. A
diuretic medicine.
Emigration [em-ig-ra' -shun) \e, out ; ynigrare, to wan-
der] . The outward passage of a wandering-cell or leu-
kocyte through the wall of a blood-vessel ; diapedesis.
Eminence [em' -i7i-ens) \eminentia, an eminence].
A rounded or protuberant part of an organ, especially
of a bone. E., Canine. See Canine. E., Col-
lateral, a projection of the lateral ventricle of the
brain between the hippocampi. E. of Doyere. .See
Doyere and Sarcoglia. E. facialis, an eminence in
the angle formed by the stride and sulcus ventriculi.
E., Frontal, the two eminences of the frontal bone
above the superciliary ridges. E., Ilio-pectineal, a
ridge on the upper surface of the pubic bone. E.,
Nasal, the prominence above the root of the nose
between the superciliary ridges. E., Parietal, the
eminence of the parietal bone.
Eminential [em-in-en' -shal) [c/ninentia , an eminence].
Relating to an eminence.
Emissarium [cm-is-a'-re-um) [L.]. A term for any
canal or channel conveying a fluid outward. It is
applied especially to the veins of the skull.
Emissary Veins. See Emissarium and Vein.
Emission [e-mish'-zin) \emittere, to send forth]. An
ejaculation, or sending forth.
Emmena [em-e'-nalt) [yiifuiva, menses]. Menses, 17.''.
Emmenagogue [em-en' -ag-og) [ififiriva, the menses ;
(iyuy6r, leading]. A medicine that stimulates the
menstrual flow. E., Direct, one acting directly on
the generative organs. E., Indirect, one acting only
through other functions and indirectly.
EMMENIA
421
EMPYEMA
Emmenia {em-e' -ne-aSi) [L.]. The menses.
Emmeniopathy (em-en-e-op' -a-the) \_eij.ij.7]va, menses ;
-iiHik;, illness]. Any disorder of menstruation.
Emmenology (em-en-ol' -o-je) [e/jjuz/va, menses ; /loyof ,
science]. That branch of science that treats of men-
struation.
Emmenorrhea ((•w-c«-o;--f'-«//) [«,u////ra, menses ; poia,
a flowing]. The menses.
Emmerich, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Table of.
Emmert's Suture. See Suture.
Emmet's Method. See Treatment, Methods of. E.
Operation. See Trachelorrhaphy, and Operations ,
Table of
Emmetrope [em' -et-rbp) \kv, in ; jMhpav, "measure ;
(ji/;, eye]. A person whose eyes are emmetropic.
Emmetropia (em-et-ro' -pe-ah) \i.v, in; /.(f rpov, measure ;
(ji/i, the eye]. Normal or perfect vision. The con-
dition of an eye whose shape and refractive media are
such that, with suspended accommodation, parallel
rays of light are brought to a focus upon the retina.
For practical tests, rays of light from a point 20 feet
away are considered as parallel.
Emmetropic [em-et-rop' -ik) \kv, in ,• phpov, measure ;
uA>, eye]. Characterized by emmetropia.
Emodin (em' -o-di)i) [Hind. , ^woa'/, rhubarb], CjjHj^-
Oj. A glucosid that occurs with chrysophanic acid in
the bark of wild cherry, in cascara sagrada, and in the
root of rhubarb. It consists of orange-red crystals,
melting at 245-250° C.
Emollient {e-?nol'-_vent) \_emollire, to soften]. I. Soft-
ening ; relaxing and soothing. 2. A substance used
by external application to soften the skin ; or, inter-
nally, to sooth an irritated or inflamed surface. E.
Cataplasm. Same as Species emollie>ites.
Emoptoe [em-op' -to-e) . See Hetnoptysis.
Emotion [e-mo'-shun) \emotio, agitation]. Mental
feeling, or sentiment, with the associated agitation,
and often with more or less bodily commotion. With
the emotions, desire, impulse, and will are intimately
associated.
Emotional [e-mo'-shtm-aP) \emovere, to move out].
Pertaining to the mental condition of feeling. E.
Insanity, insanity characterized by exaggeration and
exaltation of feelings.
Empansement ((7?z(,^)-/o«(^)j''-7«(?«f^)) [Fr.]. A dis-
ease of sheep marked by abdominal swelling.
Empathema (em-pafh-e' -mah) \_kv, in ; ndOr/f/a, suffer-
ing: //. , Empathemata'\. A dqminant or ungovern-
able passion or source of suffering. E. atonicum,
hypochondriasis. E. entonicum, active mania. E.
inane, harebrained and purposeless passion and
excitement.
Emphlysis (em' -flis-is) [kv, in, on ; (pWvaic, eruption :
//. , Emphlyses^. Any vesicular or exanthematous
eruption.
Emphractic (em-frak'-tik) [_kfj.<j>paTTeiv, to obstruct].
I. Obstructive ; closing the pores of the skin. 2.
Any agent that obstructs the function of an organ,
especially the excretory function of the skin.
Emphraxis (em- frays' -is) \_eiLi<ppa^ic, obstruction].
(Obstruction ; infarction ; congestion.
Emphyma (emfi'-mah) in; (pv^a, growth: pi.,
Emphy??iata'\. A tumor.
Emphysema (em- fiz-e' -mah') to inflate].
The abnormal collection of air in the connective tissue
of a part, causing swelling and crepitation, E., Ctlta-
neous, that occurring in the connective tissues
beneath the skin, usually of the face. E., Gangren-
ous. See Edema, Alalignant. E., Interlobular, a
form of emphysema following the course of the inter-
lobular septa. This condition is due to traumatism,
as after tracheotomy, or in direct injury to the lungs.
E., Pulmonary, a chronic condition of the lungs in
which there is a dilatation of the alveoli with destruction
of the alveolar walls, resulting in a loss of the normal
elasticity of the lung-tissue. This is associated with
more or less marked dyspnea, with hacking cough, and
defective aeration of the blood, giving rise to a certain
degree of cyanosis. The chest becomes full and round
— '■^barrel-shaped'''' — and a line of distended veins
may often be seen surrounding the body at the lower
margin of the ribs, constituting the so-called " emphy-
sematous girdle.''' There is a hyper-resonant note
over the chest, with feeble inspiratory sound and num-
erous rales of all kinds. Hypertrophy and dilatation of
the right heart are frequent complications. The margins
of the lungs are often the seat of large bullae due to
extensive destruction of the alveolar tissue. The
most frequent causes of emphysema are whooping-
cough and chronic lung-affections attended with
severe coughing-spells. E., Surgical. See Aeroder-
mectasia.
Emphysematous (em-fiz-em' -at-us) \_eiLi(pvadeiv, to in-
flate]. Afl'ected with or of the nature of emphysema.
E. Girdle. See Emphysema.
Emphytriatreusis (em-fit-re-at-ru' -sis') \_s/j.(pvTog, in-
nate; idrpevaig, treatment]. The treatment of dis-
ease by an untrained person, whether clairvoyant,
medium, trance-doctor, telepathist, mesmerist, or
seventh son of a seventh son.
Empiric (em-pir' -ik) \_EfiTre(piK6(;, experiential, practi-
cal]. One practising medicine without philosophic
or scientific principles, simply from the results of his
own experience, or that of others. As commonly
used it is nearly synonymous with quack.
Empiricism (em-pir'-is-izm) [tuirEipmog, experimental,
]iractical]. I. Dependence upon experience or obser-
vation. 2. Quackery.
Empiricist (em-pir' -is-ist) [_ip7veipiii6g, experimental,
practical]. One who depends upon experience in the
treatment of disease.
Emplastrum (em-plas'-trum) [E/zTrAdcrcrEM', to plaster
up: , Emplastra']. A plaster. In pharmacy, a
cohesive, tenacious substance, insoluble in water, used
as an excipient and containing a prescribed medicinal
substance intended to be spread in a thin layer upon
chamois, kid, or muslin. The excipient is usually
lead oleate or Burgundy pitch. (See Lead and Pix.)
There are 17 official emplastra. E. califaciens. See
Cantharis.
Empresiomania (em-pre-se-o-ma'-ne-ah) [Ipnprjaic,
conflagration; iiavia, mania]. Pyromania ; insane
desire to burn houses or other articles ; maniacal in-
cendiarism.
Empresmomania (em-pres-mo-ma'-ne-ah) [_kfnrp?/afi6g,
a burning ; fiavia, madness] . Same as Empresio-
mania.
Empresmus [etji-pres' -nuts) [tpTrpjiafidi;, a burning].
Inflammation ; phlogosis.
Emprosthotonia (e>n-pros-thot-o'-}ic-ah). Same as
Einprosthotonos.
Emprosthotonos (em-pros-thof -o-nus) [^epTTpoaOev, for-
ward ; rdvof, tension]. Tonic muscular spasm that
bends the upper and lower parts of the body for-
ward ; it is one of the symptoms in some cases of
tetanus, etc.
Emptysis (emp'-tis-is) [kfi-KTwu], to spit upon]. Hem-
orrhage from the lungs ; hemoptysis.
Empyema (em-pi-e'-mah ) \ii>, in ; tt'vov, pus]. Pus in
the pleural cavity or in the chest. It may be primary,
which is rare, or secondary. There is associated a
hectic type of fever, with chills and sweating. If not
treated it will rupture spontaneously through the lung
or chest-wall. Empyema is most frequently encoun-
EMPYEMATOUS
422
ENCEPHALOMALACIA
tered in children, but may occur from pleurisy, tuber-
culosis, septic conditions, and infectious fevers in any
individual. B. necessitatis, an empyema in which
the pus burrows between the interscostal spaces and
appears as a subcutaneous tumor. E., Pulsating,
empyema attended with pulsation of the chest-wall.
Empyematous [em-pi-ein' -ai-us) \iv, in ; tzvqv, pus].
Of the nature of or affected .with empyema.
Empyemic (cin-pi-etn'-ik). See Empyciitatoiis.
Empyesis (em-pi-e'-sis) [f//7ri;£f(v, to suppurate]. A
pustular eruption, as smallpox ; any disease charac-
terized by phlegmonous pimples gradually hlUng with
purulent fluid.
Empyocele {em-pi' -o-sel) [fi', in ; n'vov, pus; '>/////,
tumor] . A purulent scrotal tumor.
Empyomphalus (em-pi-om' -fal-iis) \iv, in ; irbov, pus ;
6/j<[ia?Mi;, navel]. A collection of pus at or about the
navel.
Empyreumatic (<'w-//-;7/-;«(?/'-//& ) \_e/i7rbpevfj.a, alive
coal ; ifiTTvpor, on fire] . Obtained from some organic
substance by the aid of strong heat ; as an empyreu-
matic oil.
Emulgent {e-mtiF -jeut') \_emulgere, to milk out]. I.
Draining ; applied to the renal arteries as draining out
the urine. 2. An emulgent vessel. 3. Any remedy
that stimulates the emunctory organs. E. Veins.
See Vein.
Emulsin {e-miil' -sin) \_cmulgere, to milk out], 10 (C^-
H,yN.^Oj) + S {Bull). A ferment contained in bit--
ter almonds. It is also called Synaptase . Its union
with amygdalin forms hydrocyanic acid. See Amyg-
dalin.
Emulsio [e-mitl' -se-o) [L. : pL, E}jiuhio)ics\. See
Emulsion.
Emulsion (e-inul' -shun) \_emulsio., emulsion]. Water
or other liquid in which oil, in minute subdivision of
its particles, is suspended. The U. S. P. and N. F.
together contain formulae of some 19 emulsioties.
Emulsionize {e-mul' -shun-'iz) \_emulgci-e, to milk out].
To transform into an emulsion. The pancreatic juice
emulsionizes fats.
Emulsive (d'-;;?«/-'-i/z') [tw^/^^rd", to milk out]. Form-
ing or readily entering into an emulsion.
Emunctory (e-munk' -tor-e) (emungere, to blow the
nose, to wipe out]. I. Excretory; excreting or re-
moving effete matters and waste-products. 2. Any
organ or part that has an excretory or purifying func-
tion, as the liver, kidneys, bowel, skin, or lungs.
Emydin (em'-iei-in) [t7/i''f, the fresh-water tortoise]. A
white proteid substance procured from the yolk of the
eggs of turtles.
Enamel (en-atn'-el) [ME., enamaile, enamel]. I.
The vitreous substance of the crown of the teeth. See
Teeth. 2. A vitreous substance used for painting on
porcelain, glass, and for covering metals with various
kinds of ornamental work. It is composed of color-
ing matters which consist of metallic oxids, fluxes of
vitrifiable substances, as silicates, borates, or boro-sili-
cates. See Porcelain Teeth. E.-blue. See Smalts.
E.-cell. 'iiee Ameloblasf. E. -chisel, a dental instru-
ment shaped like a chisel, with a straight or oblique
edge, and used for cutting away the enamel and den-
tine of the teeth. E. -column, E. -fiber, E. -prism,
E.-rod, any one of the minute six-sided prisms of
which the enamel of a tooth is composed. E. -cuticle.
See Culicula dentis. E.-germ, an Ainelohlasf, q. i'.
Enanthema {cn-an-thc' -mah) [f i', in ; mSi/fia. bloom,
eruption: pi. , Ena)ithetnata'\. An eruption within the
body, in distinction from Exanthema.
Enanthematous {en-an-them' -at-us) \jv, in ; avUiiiia,
bloom, eruption]. Of the nature of or accompanied
by an enanthema.
Enanthesis [en-an' -thesis) [kv, in ; avdeiv, to bloom].
I. An eruption of the skin, not connected with an
internal disease. 2. An exanthematous rash.
Enanthylic Acid (en-an-thil' -ik). See Acid.
Enantioblastous (e-nan-te-o-blas' -tus) [fvai'r/of, oppo-
site ; pAaarui;., germ]. In biology, applied to the
embryo of orthotropous seeds when placed at the end
opposite the hilum.
Enantiomorphous {en-an-te-o-jnor' -fus) [t iyiitioc , oppo-
site ; ijoptpii , form]. .Similar but contrasted or reversed
in form. Thus the two hands are enantio?noiphous.
Enarthrodia [en-ar-thro' -de-ah). See Enarthrosis.
Enarthrodial [en-ar-thro' -de-al) \tv, in ; apHpav, a
joint]. Having the character of an enarthrosis.
Enarthrosis [en-ar-lhro' -sis) [ej', in ; apHpnv, joint].
A ball-and-socket joint, like that of the hip ; a variety
of diarthrosis. See Diarthrosis.
Enation (e-na' -shun) \_e?iasci, to be born]. In biology,
having outgrowths resulting from excessive develop-
ment. In ethnology, maternal relationship.
Encanthis [en-kan' -tliis) [jr, in; Kai'Hoc, canthus].
A reddish-colored morbid growth in the inner canthus
of the eye.
Encapsulation {oi-kap-su-la' -shun) \en, in ; capsula,
a capsule]. Fixation as in a capsule; the absorption
of a bacillus in a giant-cell ; the enclosure of a for-
eign body in a tough sheath.
Enceinte [Fr. , 2«(7'«rftf, girdled]. With
child ; pregnant.
Encephal (en-se/'-al). Same as Encephalon, q. v.
Encephalalgia {cn-sef-al-al' -je-ah) [ty/ct^aXof , the
brain; hXynr, pain]. Pain in the head.
Encephalatrophic ( en-sef-al-at-rof -ik ) [ty/c£^aAof,
brain ; iiTpntpia, wasting]. Relating to brain -atrophy.
Encephalic (en-sef-al'-ik) [f}'Kf(paAof, the brain]. Per-
taining to the encephalon.
Encephalin (cn-sef'-al-in) \iyi'.k<^a'Ko(;, the brain]. A
nitrogenous glucosid extracted from brain-tissue.
Encephalion [en-sef-a' -le-on) [dim. of lyKkiba'koq, the
brain]. The cerebellum.
Encephalitic (en-sef-al-it' -ik) [yyKkq>aXoi; , the brain ;
/r/f , inflammation]. Relating to or affected with en-
cephalitis.
Encephalitis (en-sef-al-i' -tis) [jy/cf(^aAof , brain ; /nf,
inflammation]. Inflammation of the encephalon;
brain-fever.
Encephalocele (en-sef'-al-o-sel) \_eyKe^a'koc;, brain;
Krjltj, tumor]. A hernia of the brain through a
cranial fissure.
Encephalocoele {en-sef'-al-o-sel) \fyKk(^aXoq, brain;
KoMn, hollow]. A ventricle of the brain.
Encephalodialysis {en-sef-al-o-di-al' -is-is) \iyK£(^a'koq,
brain ; (S/ri/i i'(T/f, dissolution]. Softening of the brain.
Encephalodynia ( en-sef-al-o-din' -e-ah ) \iyKk^ulo^,
brain; oiSita/, pain]. S3.me a.?, Encephalalgia .
Encephaloid {en-sef -al-oid) [£>/£f0aAoc, brain; fMof,
like]. I. Resembling brain-tissue. 2. Soft carci-
noma. .See Carcinoma .
Encephalolith {en-sef ' -al-o-lith) [i:yKe(l)aXoc, brain ;
A/Wor, stone]. A calculus of the brain ; a brain-stone.
Encephalolithiasis {en-sef-al-o-lith-i' -as-is) [_h/ii£(pa?iog,
brain; 'AiHinai(;, the formation of calculi]. The form-
ation of brain-stones.
Encephalology {en-sef-al-ol' -o-je) [_eyKt(j>aXnc , brain ;
?.o;of, science]. The anatomy, physiology, and path-
ology of the brain.
Encephaloma {en-sef-al-o'-'//ah)\_tyKF(l>aX.or, lirain; iina,
tumor: pL, Encephalomata\ I. Tumor of the brain ;
hernia cerebri. 2. Encephaloid carcinoma.
Encephalomalacia {en-sef-al-o-mal-a' -se-ah) [£yKi(pa-
Anc, brain ; pakania, softening]. .Softening of the
brain-subst.^ince.
ENCEPHALOMERE
423
ENDEXOTERIC
Kncephalomere {en-sef ' -al-o-mer) \iyKk<fakoq, brain ;
nipiK, share]. Any one of the succession of natural
segments of axial parts into which the brain is divis-
ible.
Encephalometer (en-sef-al-oin' -et-cr) [iyKitpakni;, brain;
fUTpov, measure]. An instrument for measuring the
cranium and locating certain brain-regions.
Encephalo-myelopathy (en-sef -al-o-mi-el-op' -ath-e )
[t)/Kf ^a/iof , brain; ^ivs'Ao^, marrow; waOot;, disease].
Any disease that is both an encephalopathy and a my-
elopathy ; any cerebro-spinal disease.
Encephalon (en-sef -al-oti) \kv, in; Kc^a'Aij, the head].
The contents of the cranium. The brain.
Encephalonarcosis [en-sef -al-o-)ia?'-ko' -sis) \_ir)'Kk(paAo(;,
brain; vapKoeiv, to benumb]. Stupor from some
brain-lesion.
Encephaloncus (en-sef-al-ong' -kus) [^eyKefaAof; , brain ;
byKiic, a tumor]. See Encephalophyina.
Encephalopathy (en-sef-al-op' -atli-e) [e/zce^aAof, brain ;
irdHo^, disease]. Any disease of the brain.
Encephalophyma [en-sef-al-o-fi' -inah ) [f}Kf^aAof,
brain ; (pvfia, a growth]. A tumor of the brain.
Encephalorrhagia [en-sef-al-or-a' -je-ah) \j.yKt(^a).oc^,
brain ; p//yv'ui'ai,to break forth]. Cerebral hemorrhage.
Encephalotome [en-sef -al-o-toni) [h/KecpaAoc, brain ;
Tofir/, section]. An instrument for slicing the enceph-
alon for examination or preservation.
Encephalotomy [en-sef-al-of -o-tne') [fy/cf^a/or, brain ;
TO////, section], I. The anatomy or dissection of the
brain ; surgical incision of the brain. 2. Obstetric
craniotomy.
Enchondroma [en-kon-dro' -tnali) [f r, in ; A'''''''pof, car-
tilage ; 6/7a, tumor: //., Enchondroinaid\. i. A tu-
mor arising from or resembling cartilage in texture,
etc.; chondroma. 2. A cartilaginous growth within an
organ or tissue.
Enchondrosis [en-kon-dro' -sis) \tv, within ; x°v6poq,
cartilage : //. , Enchondroses~\ . An outgrowth of cart-
ilage from an osseous or cartilaginous structure ; the
process by which an enchondroma is developed.
Knchylema [en-Zei-Ze'-ma/i) \_ev, in; ;^:D/lof, juice]. In
biology, the basal substance of a cell-nucleus (Kern-
saft) ; it is a hyaline, fluid, granular substance, con-
taining the other nuclear elements.
EnchymaioVLS [en-kim'-ni-ns) \_h,m; j^^Ew, to pour].
In biology, applied to cells that are distended by in-
fusion, as glandular epithelia.
Knclave [en-k/az>' , on{g)-/c/a/!7'')lFr.']. Any substance
enclosed within a foreign tissue, as an oil-globule in a
cell ; any exclave [r/. ?'.) considered in relation to the
part that surrounds it.
Enclavement [on(g)-kh//7i'-mon{g))[_Fr.'\. Retention
due to a constriction ; impaction, as of the head in
the pelvic strait.
Enclitic [en-klif -ik) \j:yKkniK6q, leaning on]. Not
synclitic.
En Clou [on{g)-kloo') [Fr.]. See Culture.
Encoleosis [en-ko-le'-o-sis) \lv, in; /coAeof, sheath].
Invagination.
Encolpitis [en-kol-pi' -tis) \}v, in; Ko/t.Trof, vagina].
Mucous vaginitis.
Encraty [en' -kraf-e) [fy/cparwa, mastery]. Self-control ;
continence or strict temperance.
Encyclic, Encyclical [en-sik' -lik, en-si k' -lik-al) [f in ;
KVK?o(;, a circle]. In biology, applied to flowers having
the organs arranged with an equal number of parts, in
alternate whorls ; isomerous.
Encysted [en-sist' -ed) \iv,vc\ ; Kvc!Ti.g, a bag] . Enclosed
in a cyst, or capsule. Aneurysms, herniie, or tumors
may become encysted.
Encystment [en-sist' -ment) \iv, in ; Kvariq, a bag].
The process of becoming encysted.
End [ME., ende^ The terminal point of a thing. E.-
bud, or E.-bulb, the terminal bulb of a nerve in the
skin. E.-bulb of Krause. See Corpuscle. E. -plate,
the expanded terminal of a motor nerve upon a bundle
of muscular fibers. E. -organ, the general name for
the terminal organ or part of a sensory nerve-fiber, of
whatever kind.
Endangeitis [end-an-je-i' -tis) [ti'tJoi), within ; a-jytlov,
vessel; irig, inflammation]. Inflammation of the en-
dangium.
Endangium, or Endangeion [end-an' -je-nm, -on)
\i\H\ov, within ; ayyeiov, vessel]. The intima or in-
most coat of a blood-vessel. See Intima.
Endanthem [end-an' -them) [iviSov, within ; av6e'iv, to
bloom]. A term applied to a mucous exanthem.
Endarteritis [end-ar-ter-i' -tis) \iv6ov, within ; aprrjpia,
artery; mf, inflammation]. Inflammation of the
intima, or innermost coat of an artery. The acute
form is rare, and only occurs in the aorta and the
larger arteries. Ulceration is very rarely present.
The chronic form, also named Atheroma, and Arteritis
deformans, is a peculiar change or degeneration occur-
ring in the arterial coats of the aged, and is preceded
by a fatty degeneration of the tissues of the arteries.
Syphilis is supposed to play an important part in the
production of this condition. The immediate cause,
however, is mechanical irritation due to the force of
the circulation . The fatty debris and the cholesterin that
are formed during the degenerative process accumulate
in spaces beneath the intima and constitute the so-
called atheromatous abscesses. The so-called athero-
matous ulcer is formed by one of these abscesses break-
ing through the intima. The sequelre of atheromatous
degeneration are very grave. Aneurysm, thrombosis,
embolism, and apoplexy frequently result, and hence,
the ultimate prognosis is bad. Arterio-capillary
Fibrosis, or Arterio-sclerosis, is a peculiar change
occurring in the small vessels throughout the body,
and consisting in a thickening of the adventitia
and intima by a deposit of a hyaline-fibroid material
which diminishes the caliber of the vessels, increases
the arterial tension, and thus gives rise to the hyper-
trophy of the heart that is present in this condition.
Endeictic [en-dik'-tik) [iv, in; SeiKvvvcu, to show].
Symptomatic ; serving as an indication.
Endeixis [en-diks'-is) [£t'fJe(f(f, a pointing out]. A
symptom, sign, or indication.
Endemann and Prochazka's Test. See Tests.
Endemic [en-dem'-ik) [t'l', in ; 6fifio<;, z. people]. A
terra applied to diseases that exist among small num-
bers of persons or within a limited area. An endemic
disease may or may not become epidemic ; it is in
general due to some local cause. E. Colic. See Colic.
Endemicity, or Endemism [en-dem-is'-it-e, or en'-dem-
izm) \fv in; rf'///of, a people]. The quality of being
endemic.
'E.r\.d.&ra\o\o^ [en-dem-e-oU -o-je) [«', in; (%of, a peo-
ple ; Xoyof , science]. The science of 'endemic diseases.
Endepidermis [end-ep-e-der'-mis) [evfSof within ; mi,
upon; fS%/a, the skin]. The inner layer of the epi-
dermis.
Endermatic [en-der-mat'-ik) [?!■, in ; dspfia, the skin].
Within the skin. Pertaining to a method of adminis-
tering medicines through the skin, by rubbing, etc.
Endermic [en-der'-mik). Same as Endermatic.
Enderon [en'-der-on) \iv, in; iipoq, skin]. The true
skin or derm, together with the non-epithelial portion
of the mucous membrane.
Enderonic [en-der-on' -ik) \iv, in ; Jfyjof, skin]. Per-
taining to or of the nature of the enderon.
Endexoteric [en-deks-o-ter' -il{)\fvi)itr ,\^\'i}mn-, nuTepiKdg,
outer]. Due both to internal and external causes.
ENDO-
424
ENDOCHORION
Endo- {end'-o-) \j.v6ov, within]. A prefix, meaning
within.
Endo-arteritis (en-do-ar-ter-i' tis). See Endarteritis.
Endo-auscultation ^en-do-aws-kul-ta' -shii>i) \lv6ov,
within; ausLiiltare, to Hsten to]. A method of
auscultation devised by Bianchi by using the ordinary
esophageal tube passed into the stomach, to auscult
the gullet and stomach, and through them, to a certain
degree, the heart and lungs.
Endoblast [en' -do-l>last) [kvSov, within ; ^'kacroq, a
germ]. The cell-nucleus, or cytoblast. See Hypo-
blast.
Endoblastic [en-do-blas' -tik) \iv&ov, within ; /3/,a(irof,
a germ]. Relating to the endoblast.
Endocardiac, Endocardial [en-do-kar' -de-ak , en-do-
kar'-de-al) \iv(\ov, within; /iapdm, the heart]. Re-
lating to the endocardium ; situated within the heart.
Endocarditic (en-do-kar-dit' -ik) \iv6oi\ within^ KapSia,
the heart]. Pertaining to or affected with endocar-
ditis.
Endocarditis (en-do-kar-di' -tis') \iv6(w, within ; Kap&ia,
the heart; niq, inflammation]. Inflammation of the
endocardium or lining membrane of the heart. Acute
rheumatism is the most frequent cause, though pneu-
monia, gout, or any infectious disease may precede.
The valves are nearly always the parts affected, and
usually those of the left heart. The disease is prone
to terminate fatally or result in permanent injury to
, the valves. Fibrinous deposits or vegetations project
into the cavity of the heart ; the thickened endocar-
dium is liable to become atheromatous, with chronic
ulceration. Acute endocarditis may be divided mto
simple and malignant. Chronic endocarditis includes
chronic disease of the valves of the heart. There is a
fibrous or cirrhotic thickening of the latter, associated
with contraction and calcification. Usually this
chronic disease, like the acute, is confined to the left
heart, and it is generally rheumatic in origin. E.,
Malignant or Ulcerative. Also called diphtheric,
infectious , and septic endocarditis. A rapidly fatal
type due to septic infection. It is marked by high fever,
chills, and profound prostration. This is followed by
the development of a murmur, purpuric skin-eruptions,
hematuria, delirium, convulsions, hemiplegia, enlarge-
ment of the spleen, the typhoid state, and death.
Frequently no cause can be found. Ulcerations are
found around and in the valves, and in these ulcers
micro-organisms are present in large quantities. E.
polyposa, a form of ulcerative endocarditis in which
there is an excessive deposit of fibrin, producing poly-
poid masses. E. pustulosa, a form of ulcerative en-
docarditis in which minute abscesses occur in the
substance of the valves. E., Simple, the ordinary
variety of acute endocarditis, usually associated with a
mitral systolic murmur. E., Chronic, associated with
valvular lesions. The following forms are met with :
I. Aortic Incompetence ; 2. Aortic Stenosis or Obstruc-
tion ; 3. Antral Incompetence ; 4. Mitral Stenosis ;
5. Pulmonary Incompetence ; 6. Pulmonary Stenosis
or Obstruction ; 7. Tricupid Incompetence ; 8. Tri-
cuspid Ste?!Osis ; 9. Combined valvular disease. Aortic
Incompetence is produced by a retraction of the
edges of the valves, which have become rigid and
thickened ; as a result the aorta is not shut off from
the left ventricle during the diastole, and there is a
leaking backward of blood into that cavity. A diastolic
murmur is thus produced. This is frequently associ-
ated with a marked degree of arterio-sclerosis. Sud-
den death occurs in aortic incompetence more
frequently than in any other valvular affection. The
pulse is the so-called Corrigan or water-hammer pulse.
Aortic Stenosis or Obstruction is due to thickening
and curling, with calcification of the valves. This usually
occurs in the aged. A systolic muimur is produced,
accompanied in the late stages of the disease by a
tendency to syncope, giddiness, and anemia. The
pulse is slow and small, but regular. Mitral Incom-
petence, the most frequent of all valvular lesions, is
due to curling of the valve-cusps or to shortening of
the chorda; tendinea;. There is usually produced an
immense hypertrophy of the walls of the ventricles.
Late in the disease compensation fails and general
edema ensues. Dyspnea is a frequent symptom,
associated with cyanosis and albuminuria. The mur-
mur is systolic in time ; the pulse is normal during the
stage of compensation, afterward small and irregular.
This is a common form among children. Mitral
Stenosis, due to fibrous thickening and contraction
of the mitral cusps. The opening may be reduced to
a mere fissure. If due to a thickening and shortening
of the chordiB tendinere the thickened and adherent
valves are drawn in a funnel-shape toward the floor
of the ventricle. Mitral stenosis usually occurs in
women. A presystolic murmur is produced, associ-
ated with duplication of the second sound. Pul-
monary Incompetence, the rarest of valvular
diseases, may be due to congenital abnormalities, or
may follow some diseased condition, as malignant
endocarditis. The murmur is diastolic in time. Pul-
monary Stenosis or Obstruction, usually congenital,
is due to fetal heart-disease. The patients usually die
before they are ten or twelve years old. A systolic mur-
mur is produced. Tricuspid Incompetence is due to
endocarditis or to dilatation of the right ventricle and
tricuspid orifice. Compensation is never adequate, and
hence venous stasis, cyanosis, and dropsy soon follow.
A systolic murmur is produced. Tricuspid Sten-
osis is a rare condition and usually secondary to mitral
stenosis. It is marked by a presystolic murmur. Com-
bined Valvular Disease ; frequently two of the fore-
going murmurs may coexist. The most usual combi-
nations are as follows: I. Aortic obstruction and
regurgitation,; 2. Mitral obstruction and regurgitation ;
3. Mitral obstruction and tricuspid regurgitation ; 4.
Aortic obstruction and mitral regurgitation ; 5-
Double valvular disease at aortic and mitral orifices
(four murmurs). E. ulcerosa, the ulcerative form of
endocarditis. E. verrucosa, a form of endocarditis
characterized by the production of endocardial vegeta-
tions situated mostly upon the curtains of the cardiac
valves. It is seen usually upon the left side of the
heart.
Endocardium ( en-do-kar' -de-wn ) [ ivRnv, within ;
KafM^n, the heart]. The colorless, transparent mem-
brane lining the interior of the heart.
Endocarp (en' -do-karp) \iv&ov, within; /ca^Tof, fruit].
In biology, the inner hard and stony membranous or
fleshy layer of a pericarp ; e. g., the stone of a peach.
Endocarpoid [en-do-kar' -paid). In biology, applied to
lichens that have the apothecia immersed in the thallus.
Endocelarium ( en-do-se-la' -re-u»i ) [ iv&ov, within ;
Kotk'ia, the belly]. In biology, the visceral epithelium
of the body-cavity.
Endocervical [en-do-ser' -vik-al ) \iv(\n>, within ; cei~vix,
neck]. Relating to the inside of the uterine cervix.
Endocervicitis ( en-do-ser-vis-i' -lis ) [ fciSoi', within ;
cer-,'ix, neck; it/c, inflammation]. Inflammation
within the canal of the cervix uteri.
Endochondral [ en-do-kon'-dral) [huhr, within;
,Yoi'f5/K)f, cartilage]. Situated or occurring within a
cartilage.
Endochorion (en-do-ko'-re-on) [fi'(5oi), within ; x^l'""''
the chorion]. The inner chorion ; the vascular layer
of the allantois.
ENDOCHORIONIC
425
ENDONEURIAL
Endochorionic (en-do-ko-re-on' -i/i) \iv^ov, within ;
x6piov, the chorion]. Relating to the endochorion.
Kndochrome [^cn' -do-krom) \tv6ov, within ; [^pu/^a,
color]. In biology, the coloring-matter, other than
green, of the endoplasm of a cell, or that of diatoms
or of flowers.
Endochylema {en-do-ki' -lem-aJi) [ti'cW, within; x^'^o^i
juice]. In biology, the semi-fluid substance filling
the protoplasmic reticulum of a cell.
Endochyme {en' -do-kl»i) [i-i^Joi', within ; ;i-ii/iOf, juice].
In biology, the formative cell-sap elaborated from the
chyme.
Endoclinal [en-do-kli'-nal') \^ev6ov, within; Kkiveiv,
to lean] . In biology, having the clinode, an organ
analogous to the hymenium, inclosed in a conceptacle.
Endocolpitis [en-do-kol-pi' -tis) \lv&ov, within ; noKnoq,
vagina]. Same as Ejicolpitis.
Endocone (en' -do-kon) within ; Kuvog, cone].
In biology, one of the internal cones formed by the
siphon-sheaths in certain cephalopods.
Endocranitis (en-do-kra-ni' -tis) \iv^ov, within ; Kpaviov,
the skull ; ira;, inflammation]. Inflammation of the
endocranium ; pachymeningitis externa.
Endocranium {en-do-kra' -ne-iim') [ wJov, within;
Kpai'ioi', the skull]. That part of the cerebral dura
that adheres to the inner surface of the cranial bones.
One of the processes projecting into the cephalic cav-
ity, as the tentorium or cephalopliragma.
Endocyemate [en-do-si' -ein-at) \tv&ov, within ; KVT]fia,
an embryo]. In embryology, applied to that form of
development in which the embryo is invaginated in a
fold of the blastodermic membrane, an amnion being
formed ; the opposite of Epicyemate.
Endocyesis ( en-do-si-e' -sis ) \iv&ov, within ; kve'iv, to
conceive: pi. , Endocyeses'\. In biology, the process
that gives rise to an endocyemate embryo.
Endocyma (en-do-si' -viah) \lv&ov, within; nv^ia, a fe-
tus]. A form of double monstrosity in which the
parasite is contained within the body of the autosite.
Endocyst (en'-do-sist) \_ev6ov, within; KvaTi(, bladder].
In biology, the endoderm or inner layer of the
cenecium or common dermal system of a colony of
Polyzoa. See Ectocyst.
Endoderm {en' -dp-derm) [evfiov, within; depfia, skin].
In biology, the simple nutritive cell-layer lining the
cavity of the primitive intestine, the enteron, and its
modifications or derivatives. The vegetative germi-
nal layer. See Blastoderm.
Endodermis (en-do-der' -mis) [pvSov. within ; depfia,
skin]. In biology, the layer of cells surrounding a
fibro-vascular cylinder.
Endodontitis (en-do-don-ti' -lis) \iv^ov, within ; o6ov^, a
tooth; niQ, inflammation]. Inflammation of the
lining membrane of a tooth.
Endogastritis (en-do-gas-tri' -tis) \iv&ov, within; yaarijp,
stomach; ltl^, inflammation]. Inflammation of the
mucous membrane of the stomach.
Endogen (en'-do-jen) \lv6ov, within; ytvvav, to pro-
duce]. A plant, the growth of which is by means
of new matter deposited in the interior of the trunk
or branch. A member of one of the great primary
classes of flowering-plants ; a monocotyledon. See
Exogen.
Endogenous (en-dof -en-ns) \iv(^nv, within ; yevrjg, pro-
ducing]. In biology, applied to the stems of mono-
cotyledons and their manner of growth ; also to spore-
formation or cell-formation inside of a parent-cell.
Endognathal (en-dog' -na-thal) \lv&ov, within; yvdOnc.
jaw]. In biology, applied to the pulpiform appenda-
ges formed by the modification of the three terminal
joints of the third thoracic limb in certain crustace-
ans.
Endognathion (end-og-na'-the-on) [fi'(5oi', within ; yva-
6of, jaw]. The middle portion of the superior maxilla.
Endogonium (en-do-go' -ne-um) \iv&uv, within ; yovui;,
seed]. In biology, a gonidium formed inside of a re-
ceptacle or parent-cell, as in the Saprolegniea , AIuco-
rini, Vaucheria.
Endo-laryngeal (en-do-lar-in' -je-al) \j:vfSuv, within;
/Idpvyf, the larynx]. Within the larynx. E. Opera-
tions, operations performed within the larynx.
Endolemma (en-do- lem' -ah ) \_ev6ov, within ; /if'/iua,
husk]. Same as Neuj-iletnma.
Endolymph (en'-do-limf) \_iv6ov, within ; lympha,
water]. The fluid of the membranous labyrinth of
the ear.
Endolymphangeal (eii-do-lim-fan' -je-al) [ivfiov, with-
in ; lympha, lymph ; ayyelov, vessel]. Situated or
belonging within a lymph-vessel ; as an endolym-
phangeal nodule.
Endolymphic (en-do-lim' -fik ) [f I'fW, within ; lympha,
lymph]. Relating to or of the nature of endo-
lymph.
Endomersion (en-do-mei-'-shun^. vSee Objective.
Endomesoderm (en-do-me' -so-demi) \iv(Sov, within ;
iUf(TOf, middle ; dspfia, skin]. In biology, applied to
two cells that appear on the side of the blastopore in
the embryos of molluscs and annelids, giving rise by di-
vision to the two primitive mesoderm cells, and to a
portion of the lining of the mesenteron.
Endometrial (en-do-me' -tre-al) \iv&ov, within; iiijrpa,
the womb]. Pertaining to the endometrium; situ-
ated within the uterus.
Endometritis (en-do-me-tri' -tis) \ivt^ov, within ; firirpa,
the womb; /r;f, inflammation]. Inflammation of the en-
dometrium. E., Cervical, of the cervical portion. It
gives rise to the condition known as erosion, ulceration ,
or gratiular degeneration of the cervix , a very frequent
condition. There is leukorrhea, pain in the back, and
congestion of the cervix and pelvic viscera, with metror-
rhagia or menorrhagia, or both, together with some
failure of the general health. This condition is due
to traumatism, usually in parturition. E., Chronic
Purulent, occurs in old women and is marked by an
accumulation of pus in the uterine cavity with a pur-
ulent leukorrhea. E., Corporeal, that of the body
of the uterus. E., Decidual, of the decidual mem-
brane of the impregnated uterus. It may be diffuse
(thickening and development of connective tissue) or
polypoid (with polypoid growths). E., Fungous,
that in which the lining membrane is hypertrophied,
with the formation of vascular granulations. This is
also called hemorrhagic endometritis. E., Hemor-
rhagic. See E., Fungous.
Endometrium (en-do-ine' -tre-um) \iv&ov, within ; fiij-pa
uterus]. The lining membrane of the uterus.
Endometry (en-dom' -et-i-e) \ev6ov, within ; /xerpov,
measure]. The measurement of the interior of an
organ or cavity, as of the cranium.
Endomyocarditis (en-do-mi-o-kar-di' -tis) \jiv^^n\\ wilji-
in ; //I'f, muscle; mpS'ia, heart; ltk;, inflammation].
Inflammation of both endocardium and myocardium.
Endomysial (en-do-miz'-e-al) \_h>6ov, within; ^I'f, mus-
cle]. Pertaining to or of the nature of endomysium.
Endomysium (en-do-miz' -e-iim) \iv&ov, within ; ^ivr,
muscle]. The extension of the perimysium between
the muscular fibers.
Endonephritis (eii-do-nef-ri' -tis) \ev(^ov, within ; vecppu^,
kidney; ;r/f, inflammation]. Synonym of Pyelitis.
Endoneural (en-do-nu'-ral) [fMov, within; vevpov,
nerve]. Relating to or situated within the interior of
a nerve.
Endoneurial (en-do-nu' -re-al) [si'fJov, within ; vevpnv, a
nerve]. Relating to the endoneurium.
ENDONEURIUM
426
ENDOSTOMA
Endoneurium [en-i/o-nu'-re-mii) [fi'doc, vi\\h.\n;vevpov,
a. nerve]. The delicate connective tissue holding to-
gether the fibrils of a bundle of nerves.
Kndoparasite [en-do-par' -as-lt) \iv&i)v, within ; napd-
aiTog, parasite]. An entozoan or internal parasite ;
one living within its host.
Endoparasitic {cn-do-par-as-if -ik) [tv(Soi', within; ■wapa-
aiToc, a parasite]. Of the nature of an endoparasite.
Endopatagium (en-do-pat-a' -je-uni) \lv6o\\ within ;
■Karaynov, the border of a woman's gown]. In
biology, that part of the wing-membrane of a bat
lying between the body, the humerus, the lower ex-
tremity, and a hypothetic line drawn downward from
the elbow and intersecting the free margin of the
membrane. (Allen.)
Endopathic [en-do-patld -ik) \i.v6oi\ within ; wdOo^, dis-
ease]. Pertaining to the origin of disease from condi-
tions or causes not derived from without, ties' £.vo-
pathic.
Endopericarditis [eti-doper-ik-ar-di' -tis) [f i'(5(j/', within ;
TTf/j/, around ; i<ap()ia, the heart ; iTii;, inflammation] .
Inflammation of both endocardium and pericardium.
Endoperimyocarditis [en-do-per-e-mi-o-k a r-d i'-t i s)
within ; vrep/, around ; /viif, muscle ; i<ap6!a,
heart; (r/r, inflammation]. Inflammation of endocar-
dium, pericardium, and myocardium.
Endoperineuritis {en-do-per-e-nu-n' -tis) [fwW, within ;
Txep'i, around ; veiipov, a nerve ; ("/<;, inflammation].
Inflammation of both endoneurium and perineurium.
Endophlebitis {en-do-fle-bi' -tis) [fi'rSor, within ;
vein ; mc^, inflammation]. Inflammation of the inner
coat of a vein or veins.
Endophleum [cn-do-fte' -uin) \J:v&ov, within; ^'koioq,
bark]. In biology, the liber, or inner bark ; bast.
Endophragm [cn' -do-frain) [fi'tioi', within ; tfpdypa, a
partition]. In biology, a partition formed by the
chitinous plates projecting inward from the lateral
wall of the somites of a crustacean.
Endophyllous [eii-do-fil' -us) \lvi)ov, within ; i^xQCkov,
leaf]. In biology, enclosed within a sheath, as the
young leaves of monocotyledons.
Endophyte (^cn' -do-fit) within ; (pvrdv, a plant].
Same as Entophyte.
Endophytous (en-dof'-it-ies) [JpSov, within ; (pvrdv, a
plant]. In biology, applied to the larvae of certain
insects that bore into the stems and roots of plants.
Endoplasm {en' -do-plazm) ^ivdov, within ; irAdafia, a
thing formed]. In biology, the inner granular pro-
toplasm of a protozoan or of a histologic cell.
Endoplast (en' -do-plast) [f I'tSor, within ; Tr/aordf,
formed]. In biology, the nuclear body of a proto-
zoan ; the homologue of the nucleus of a histologic
cell. (Huxley.)
Endoplastule (en-do-plas' -til! ) \_h>(hv, within ; TrXacrrdr,
formed]. In biology, a small oval or rounded body,
often found attached to the endoplast of a protozoan ;
the homologue of the nucleolus of a histologic cell.
■Cf. Entoblast.
Endopleura (en-do-ploo'-rah) within; ir'Acvpd, a
rib: //. , Endopleiirce\. In biology, the delicate
seed-coat ; it is also called tegmen.
Endopleurite (en-do-ploo' -fit) \iv&ov, within ; TrXevpn,
a rib]. In biology, one of the lateral apodemal par-
titions arising from the interepimeral membrane con-
necting every pair of somites in certain crustaceans.
Endopodite (en-dop' -o-dit) \lviov, within; irovq, foot].
In biology, the inner of the two main divisions of the
crustacean limb ; when fully developed it consists of
seven joints, becoming in the thoracic region an am-
bulatory limb.
Endoptile (en-dop' -til) [fwSoi', within ; tttIXov, feather,
down, leaf]. Same as Monoeotyledonous.
Endorhizal (en-do-ri' -zal) \lvdov, within; p'fa, root].
In biology, applied to monocotyledonous embryos hav-
ing the radicle enclosed within a sheath.
Endosalpingitis (en-do-sal-pin-ji' -tis) \/v^oi>, within ;
aaATTiy^, trumpet, tube ; irtQ, inflammation]. Inflam-
mation of the lining membrane of a Fallopian tube.
Endosarc (en' -do-sark) \iv&ov, within ; (rdpf, flesh]. In
biology, the inner protoplasm of a protozoan ; also ap-
plied by Hincks to a tissue derived from the endocyst
(the inner layer of the common dermal system of a
colony of Polyzoa), and composed, for the most part,
of fusiform cells, constituting the connection between
the polypides.
Endoscope (en'-do-sko^ \Jv6ov, within ; aKondv, to ob-
serve]. An instrument for the examination of a body-
cavity through its natural outlet.
Endoscopy ( e>i-dos' -ko-pe ) [ iv&ov, within ; cKoire'iv,
to observe]. The practice or process of using the
endoscope. The examination of cavities or organs
within the body by means of an endoscope.
Endosiphon (en-do-si' -fiin) \lv&ov, within ; oltpuv, a
tube]. In biology, the inner siphon of a cephalopod.
Endoskeleton ( en-do-skel'-ct-un ) [ iv&ov, within ;
aneAiTov, a dry bodv]. In biology, as distinguished
from exoskeleton, applied to the internal skeletal
structures of any animal, whether they are bony, car-
tilaginous, chitinous, calcareous, or silicious, if covered
by flesh and integument.
- Endosmometer ( en-dos-mom' -et-er ) [ kv&ov, within ;
L)nijdq, a thrusting; /Jfrpov, a measure]. An instru-
ment for measuring endosmosis.
Endosmose (en'-dos-mos). Same as Endosmosis.
Endosmosis (en-dos-mo'-sis) \iv6ov, within ; ojcfidg,
impulsion]. The passage of a liquid from without in-
ward, through a porous septum or diaphragm ; inward
osmosis. See Osmosis. E., Electric, cataphoresis.
Endosmotic (en-dos-mof -ik) \iv6i)v, within ; i)opdi:, a
thrusting]. Pertaining to endosmosis. E. Equiva-
lent, the weight of distilled water that passes into the
flask of the endosmometer in exchange for a known
weight of the soluble substance. This, e.g., for salt
is 4.3; for sugar 7.1.
Endosome (en'-do-sdin) [ivSov, within ; au/ia, body].
In biology, the inner layer of the body of a sponge,
developed from the endoderm and associated meso-
derm.
Endosperm (en' -do-sperm') [j I'fSor, within ; a-rripfia^
seed]. In biology, the albumin of a seed.
Endospore (en' -do-spor) \iv&ov, within ; airdpog, seed].
In biology, (l) a bacterium-spore formed by free cell-
formation, as distinguished from an arthrospore ; (2)
the inner coat of a spore.
Endosteal (end-os'-te-a! ) \_h)6ov, within ; uaTtov, a
bone]. Relating to endosteum.
Endosteitis (end-os-te-i'-tis) \iv&()v, within ; barfov, a
bone; irir, inflammation]. Inflammation of the endos-
teum.
Endosternite (en-do-ster' -nit) \iv&ov, within ; aripvov,
the breast-bone]. In biology, a sternal piece of the
endothorax developed to support a series of muscles in
various arthropods.
Endosteum (end-os' -te-um) \fv6ov, within ; bariov,
bone] . The vascular membranous layer of connective
tissue lining the medullary cavity of bones ; the inter-
nal periosteum.
Endostoma (en-dos'-to-mah) \jvdm\ within ; ardjia, the
mouth: //., Endostomata\ In biology, a structure
found in certain crustaceans behind and giving support
to the labrum.
Endostoma (end-os-to'-ma/i) [f i'(W, within : oartov,
bone : //. , Endostomata'\ . A liony tumor within a bone,
or in a cavity surrounded by bone.
ENDOSTOME
427
ENNEANDER
Kndostome (cn' -do-stbni) \iv&ov, within ; aTd^ia, the
mouth]. In biology, the orifice of the inner coat of
an ovule.
Endostosis {cnd-os-to' -sis) \iv&ov , within ; bareov,
bone : //. , Endosioses'\. Ossification of a cartilage.
Endostracum (en-dos' -trak-iim) \iv6o\\ within ; barpa-
Koi<, shell]. In biology, the inner layer of the e.xo-
skeleton of a crustacean.
Endostyle (en' -do-stil) \ivSoi\ within ; otvaoc, a col-
umn]. In biology, an organ for the secretion of
mucus, forming the ventral edge of the branchial sac,
and extending from the peripharyngeal bands ante-
riorly to the posterior end of the sac of Ascidians ; it
is also called the hypobranchial groove.
Endotheca {en-do-the' -kah) \iv&ov, within ; QfjKq, a
case: pL, Eiidot/ierie\. In biology, the inner layer of
the lining investment of the visceral chamber of a coral.
Endothecium (en-do-t/ie'-se-um) [ivfiov, within ; (i//i^r],
a case]. In biology, the tapetum or inner lining of an
anther-cell.
Endothelial [en-do-the' -le-al) [f I'fSo!', within ; ^ifAt],
nipple]. Pertaining to endothelium.
Endothelioid [en-do-the' -le-oid) [frrSor, within; i^if/.ii,
a nipple ; fttSof, form]. Resembling endothelium.
Endothelio-inoma (en-do-the' -le-o-in-o' -luah) \}:v^ov,
within; ^7?-/), a nipple; tf, a fiber; o)ia, a tumor:
//. , E>idothelio-inoinata\. A malignant inoma or
fibroma of endothelial origin.
Endothelioleiomyoma (en-do-the' -k-o-li-o-?ni-o'-inah)
\ev6ov, within; Or/Tir/, nipple; XfZof, smooth; ^I'f,
muscle; 6,ua, tumor: //. , E7idothelioleiomyomata\.
Endothelial and malignant leiomyoma ; myosarcoma.
Endothelioma (en-do-the-/e-o' -niah) [evSov, within;
dr/lrj, a nipple ; bfia, a tumor : //., Endothelioniata\. A
tumor of the endothelium, usually, if not always, a
sarcoma or malignant growth.
Endotheliomyxoma (en-do-the' -le-o-miks-o' -mah) [iv-
60V, within ; ftrftJ/, nipple ; jih^a, mucus ; bfia, a tumor :
//. , Endotheliomyxoinatd\. Endothelial and malignant
myxoma.
Endotheliorhabdomyoma(dVz-(/o-///d''-/t'-ci-raf(^-(/o-OT2-(7''-
mah) \jvt\(n', within; fi;?/'/, nipple; palSfhg, a rod;
/jiif, muscle; 6//a,atumor: //. , Endotkeliorhahdoinyo-
mata~\. Endothelial and malignant rhabdomyoma.
Endothelium (en-do-the' -k-um) [f I'liov, within ; BiiTir/,
nipple]. The internal lining membrane of serous,
synovial, and other internal surfaces ; the homologue
of epithelium.
Endothermic (en-do-jher'-mik) \_h<flov within ; ftep/UT),
heat]. Relating to the absorption of heat. E. Sub-
stances, or Compounds, those of which the forma-
tion is attended with an absorption of heat.
Endothoracic (en-do-tho-ra' -sik) \iv(Sm', within ; flupa^,
thorax]. Situated or occurring within the thorax.
Endothorax (en-do-tho'-nrks) [f v6ni\ within ; f>6pa^,
a breastplate; the chest]. In biology, the interior
framework, or apodemal system of the cephalotho-
racic region of a crustacean, furnishing processes for
the support of the soft parts.
Endyma (en'-dt'/n-ah) [^evSvfia, garment]. The epen-
dyma, or lining epithelial membrane of the ventricles
of the brain, and of the cavity of the spinal cord.
Endymal (en' -dim-al) [frtSy/za, garment]. Relating to
the endyma.
Endysis (en' -dis-is) [f lYicff/r, a putting on]. In biol-
ogy, the process of acquiring plumage by a bird.
Enecation (en-ek-a'-shzm) [c, out; nee air, to kill].
Destruction of life ; complete exhaustion.
Enechema [en-ek-e' -rnah) \tv, in ; i/x'!!-'"; sound, ring-
ing] Tinnitus aurium.
Enecia (e-ne' -she-ah) [?}!'E/i//r, continuous]. A con-
tinuous fever.
"Enema, (en' -em-ah) [ivefia; ev, in; leva/ , to send :
Ene/natal. A rectal injection for therapeutic or
nutritive purposes.
Enepidermatic, or Enepidermic (en-ep-e-der-mat' -ik,
ox -der' -mik) [ti', in ; futdtyj/zif, the epidermis]. Per-
taining to the treatment of disease by applications to
the skin.
Energy (en'-er-ge) \lrepyeia; h>, in; ipynv, work].
The power or force displayed by an organism. The
capacity for doing work. E., Conservation of, the
law that the various forms of energy can be trans-
formed one into the other without loss. E., Kinetic,
the power of a body in motion. E., Potential, the
possible power of a body at rest. Physiologically, its
measure is the amount of heat that may be obtained
by complete combustion of the chemic compounds
representing the potential energy.
Enervate (e-ner'-vat) \_enerva)'e, to weaken]. To
weaken.
Enervation (e-ne7--va' -shun') \ene7~vati0, weakness].
1. Weakness; lassitude; languor from lack of nerve-
stimulus ; neurasthenia ; the reduction of the strength.
2. The removal of a section of a nerve.
Enervose (e-Jier' -vos) \_enervus, without nerves]. In
biology, applied to leaves destitute of nerves or
veins.
Eneuresis (en-u-re'-sis). See Enuresis.
Engagement-stage of Labor. See Deseent-stage.
Engastrius (en-gas' -tre-ns') \iv, in; yauri/p, belly]. A
monstrosity in which one fetus is included within the
peritoneal cavity of another.
Engelmann's Middle Disc. A light disc, separating
two darker discs of a muscle-case. It is also called
Hensen's disc.
Engenesis (en-jen' -es-is) [fv, in; y^viai^ai, to be pro-
duced]. In biology, the fourth of Broca's four de-
grees of fecundity in the union of two species. Cf.
Agenesis, Dysgenesis, Paragenesis.
Engine (en' -Jin) [ME., engin, a mechanical contriv-
ance]. An apparatus for producing some mechanical
effect. E., Dental, a foot-power machine, embracing
the following devices and combinations : The use of a
flexible wire shaft, with a flexible sheath over it. See
Dental Engine. E., Surgical, an electric or foot-
power machine, used with a flexible wire shaft. It is
employed in surgery, in drilling, boring, and smooth-
ing bone, etc.
Engle System. See Cremator.
English (ing'-glish ) [ME., English\ Belonging or
pertaining to England. E. Cholera. See Cholera.
E. Disease. Synonym of Rhaehitis. E. Position.
See Postures, Table of. E.-red. See Colcotliar and
Venetian-red. E. Sweating Fever. _ 'Aee Angliens
sudor. E. Teeth, artificial teeth with beautiful color-
ing, and soft translucency, rendering them well
adapted for matching the natural teeth.
Engomphosis (en-gom-fo' -sis) [f i', in ; ybfupog, nail].
Gomphosis, q. v.
Engorged (en-gorjd') [P'r. , eitgoi-gement, SiChokmg up].
Congested. E. Papilla. See Choked Disc.
Engorgement (en-gorj' -ment) [Fr. , engorgement, a
choking up]. Over-distention of the vessels of a part,
with stagnation of the circulation. Vascular conges-
tion.
Enlargement (en-larj'-ment). See Auxe, Auxesis,
Hypertrophy. .
Knlarger (en-lar'-Jer). See Amplifier.
Enneagynous (en-e-aj' -in-us) \fwea, nine ; yvvi], a
woman]. In biology, applied to flowers having nine
pistils.
Enneander (en- e- an' -der) [fwea, nine ; aviip, a man].
In biology, applied to a flower having nine stamens.
ENNEAPETALOUS
428
ENTEROCLYSTER
Enneapetalous [eii-e-ap-et'-al-ns) [n'wa, nine; TchaAov,
a leaf]. In biology, applied to a flower having nine
petals.
Enneaspermous [cn-e-as-pei-'-mzcs) [h'via, nine;
airepfj-a, seed]. In biology, applied to fruits having
nine seeds.
Enodal (e-iio' -dal ) [<■, priv.; nodus, a knot]. In biol-
ogy, without nodes or joints.
Enoinomania [cn-oi-no-ina' -ne-ah) [f i', in ; o'n'of, wine;
ixavia, madness]. Delirium tremens.
Enomania {e-no-ma' -ne-ah) [o'/vof , wine ; navia, mad-
ness]. Excessive use of or desire for intoxicating
liquors ; insanity due to intoxication. Also, delirium
tremens. See Mcthomania.
Enophthalmia (cn-off-tliaF -me-ah) \)v, in ; btpdaX/zo^ ,
eye]. Retraction of the eyeball in the orbit.
Enophthalmos (en-off-thal' -mos) \iv, in ; b(l)0qXfi.6^,
the eye]. Recession of the eyeball into the orbit.
Enosomania (cn-os-o-ma' -ne-ah) [ii'off/f, trembling;
imvia, madness]. Insanity marked by terror, the
patient expecting for himself the most dreadful visita-
tions.
Enostosis (en-os-to'-sis) \_h>, in ; boriov, bone]. A
tumor within the medullary canal of a bone, or a bony
tumor originating in bone.
En PiqClre {on{g) pik-eei-') [Fr.]. See Cnl/iire.
Ensate (en'-sdf) \ensis, a sword]. In biology, sword-
shaped ; ensiform.
Ensiform [ett'-sif-ot-m) \_ensis, a. svford; forma, form].
Shaped like a sword. E. Appendix, the sword-
shaped, cartilaginous process of the sternum ; the
xiphoid cartilage.
Ensisternal [en-sis-ter' -nal) \ensi5, sword ; crkpvov,
the breast-bone]. Pertaining to the ensisternum.
Ensisternum (en-sh-ter' -nuin) \_cnsis, sword ; arkprov,
the breast-bone]. The xiphisternum or ensiform
cartilage.
Ensomphalic (en-som-fal' -ik) \tv, in ; crwua, body ;
'ofKpa/Mr, navel]. Pertaining to an ensomphalus. See
also l^eratisin.
Ensomphalus {en-soin'-fal-us) [ti^, in; aujia, body;
biKba'/.oi; , navel]. A double monstrosity, with practi-
cally complete and functional organs, but united by
some more or less superficial bond.
Enstactum {en-stak' -ttim) [t i', in ; (rrdCtn', to drop :
, Enstacta'\ . A liquid collyrium.
Enstrophe {en' -stro-fe) \iv, in; a-p((\>eiv, to turn].
Inversion, as of the margin of an eyelid.
Entad (en'-tad) [eitiIc, within ; ad, to]. From with-
out inward ; toward a center ; the opposite of Ectad.
Ental (en'-tal) \ivTb^, within]. A surface, aspect, or
structure farther from the periphery or nearer the
center than that with which it is contrasted. Deep,
internal, profound. Compare the opposite, Ectal ;
also Position and Direction, Table of.
Entasia, or Entasis (eii-ta' -se-ah , or en'-tas-is) \ivraGic,,
a straining]. A generic term for spasmodic muscular
action ; tonic spasm.
Entatic {en-tat'-ik) \}:\>TartKbr, causing straining].
Causing spasm or strain ; aphrodisiac.
Entera (en' -ter-ah). Plural of Enteron, q. v.
Enteradenography (en-ter-ad-en-og' -ra-fe) \ivTepov,
intestine; «(5//i', gland ; }'/3d(/ie(i', to write]. A treatise
on the intestinal glands.
Enteradenology {en-ter-ad-en-oF -o-je) \fVTipov, intes-
tine ; dff^v, gland; /djof, science]. The anatomy,
physiology, and pathology of the intestinal glands.
Enteragra (en-ter-a'-grah) [f itc/ioi', intestine ; bypa,
seizure]. Gout in the intestine.
Enteralgia [en-ter-al' -je-ali) \ivTepov, intestine ; o/j of ,
pain]. Pain in the bowels. E. infiammatoria.
Synonym of Aciite Intestinal Catarrh.
Enterectasis (en-ter-ek' -tas-is) [firepoy, intestine ;
(KTatiiq, dilatation]. Dilatation of some part of the
small intestine.
Enterectomy (en-ter-ek' -to-nie) \fvTepov, intestine ;
tK-iijiii, excision]. Excision of a part of the small
intestine.
Enterelcosis (en-ter-el-ko'-sis) [_ivTepov, intestine;
£?.K(jai(, ulceration]. Ulceration of the bowel.
Enterepiplocele (en-tcr-ep-ip' -lo-sel) \ivTiipov, intestine ;
eirlTT/Mof, caul ; Ki/?.>/, hernia]. Hernia in which both
bowel and omentum are involved.
Enterepiplomphalocele (en-ter-ep-ip-lom-fal'-o-sel) \iv-
repor, bowel ; f tt/tt/Iooi', caul ; b/Jipa/Mi;, navel ; Ki/hj,
hernia]. Umbilical hernia, with protrusion of the
omentum.
Enteric (fw-to'^-Z/f") [it/reptKog ; EVT£pov,hov/tY\. Per-
taining to the intestines. E. Fever, typhoid fever.
To demonstrate bacilli of enteric fever see Gaffky's
A/ethod and Jl'oodhead' s Method, under Stains, Table
"f- . .
Enterischiocele (en-ter-is' -ke-o-sel) \ivrKpov, intestine ;
lox'tov, ischium ; Kifkri, hernia]. Intestinal hernia
through the great sciatic notch.
Enteritic (en-ter-it'-ik) [h'repof, bowel ; mg, inflam-
mation]. Relating to enteritis.
Enteritis (en-ier-i'-tis) [tvrepov, bowel ; lti^, inflamma-
tion]. Inflammation of the small intestine. E.,
Chronic Exudative. Synonym of E., Pseudo-me7n-
branous. E., Membranous. Synonym of j?. , Pi^Wo-
ntembranotis. E., Pellicular. Hynonymol E.,Fseudo-
niembranous. E., Pseudo-membranous, a non-
febrile affection of the bowel, consisting in a peculiar,
and usually persistent, morbid condition of the intes-
tinal mucous membrane, marked by the periodic
formation of viscous, shreddy, or tubular exudates
composed chiefly of mucin, on the discharge of which
temporary amelioration of the accompanying acute
digestive and nervous symptoms occurs. The disease
appears mainly in middle life and usually in females.
Entero- (cn'-fer-o-) [fwepov, bowel]. A prefix denot-
ing relation to the intestines.
Entero-anastomosis (en' -ter-o-an-as-to-mo'-sis) \ivTe-
pov, bowel; avadTouour, to bring to a mouth]. The
surgical creation of an anastomosis between two parts of
the intestine ; or the union of two parts of the intes-
tine after the excision of a segment.
Enterobrosis (en-ter-o-hro' -sis) [fiTcpor, bowel ; /Jpu-
ff/f, an eating]. Perforation or ulceration of the in-
testine. »
Enterocele (en' -ter-o-sel)\}vTepov, bowel ; nifki^, tumor].
A hernia containing a loop of intestine. E., Rectal,
having a covering of the rectal wall. E., Vaginal,
having a covering of the vaginal wall.
Enterocentesis (en-ter-o-sen-te'-sis) [j-vrepdv, intestine;
Kh'Tijaic, puncture]. Surgical puncture of the intestine.
KnteTOchloTophyl(i'n'-ter-o-klo'-ro-fl)[h'repov, bowel;
x'^iopdg, yellowish-green ; (pvA'Aov, a leaf]. Mac-
Munn's term for a chlorophyl found by him in the
so-called livers of many invertebrates.
Enterocholecystostomy (en-ter-o-ko-lc-sis-tos'-to-me)
\tvT?pov, bowel ; X^'^'l^ bile ; kvctiq, cyst ; arbfia,
mouth]. Same as Cholecystenter ostomy.
Entero-cholecystotomy (en-ter-o-ko-le-sis-tot'-o-me).
Same as Cholecystenterotomy.
Enterocleisis (cn-ter-o-klis' -is) [t iTf/ioi', bowel ; Khsiaiq,
a closing]. Occlusion of the bowel.
Enteroclysis (en-ter-ok' -lis-is) [fiTf^Jor, bowel ; kKvcic,,
a drenching] . Injection of nutrient-material into,
the intestine in cholera, collapse, etc. ; more generally,
any rectal enema or clyster.
Enteroclyster (en-ter-o-klis' -ter) \lvTepov, bowel ; kAi'xt-
lia, a clyster]. A rectal clyster or enema.
ENTEROCOLITIS
429
ENTEROSTOMY
Bntero-colitis {en-ter-o-ko-li'-tis) \ivTepov, bowel ;
Kokov, the colon; (r/f, inflammation]. Inflammation
of the small intestine and of the colon.
Bnterocystocele {en-ter-o-sis' -to-sel) [ti^repop, intestine ;
Kvaric, bladder ; Kr/Ai/, tumor]. Hernia involving the
urinary bladder and the intestine.
Enterodynia (en-ter-o-din'.-e-ali) \ivTepov, bowel ;
b6vv)i, pain]. Pain referred to the intestines.
Entero-epiplocele (eji'-ter-o-e-pip'-lo-sel). Enter-
epiplocele.
Enterogastritis {en-ter-o-gas-tri' -tis) \lvTtpov, intes-
tine ; yaaTtifi, belly ; itlq, inflammation]. Inflamma-
tion of the stomach and intestine.
Enterogastrocele {en-ter-o-gas'-tro-sel') [ftrfpoi', bowel;
yaarr/p, belly; Kijlrj, tumor]. A hernia' containing
the gastric and intestinal walls ; abdominal hernia.
Enterography [en-ter-og' -ra-fe) \ivT(pov, intestine ;
■ypa(j>£n\ to write]. A treatise on or a description of
the intestines.
Enterohematin i^cn-ter-o-he' -mat-in) [wrepov, intestine;
aipciTivoQ, of blood]. In biology, a coloring-matter
found in many invertebrates {e.g., the livers of mol-
luscs), the mother-substance of histohematin. It is
the same as the Hemochiomogen and Helicorubin of
Krukenberg.
Enterohemorrhage (en-ter-o-hein' -or-aj) \ivTEpov, in-
testine ; aijia, blood ; pr/yvhvai, to burst forth]. Intes-
tinal hemorrhage.
Enterohydrocele (en-tei--o-hi' -dro-sel) \svTiLpov, intes-
tine ; h&wp, water; K//A//, hernia]. Hydrocele compli-
cated with intestinal hernia.
Entero-ischiocele {en-tcr-o-is' -kc-o-s~el) [eirfpor, intes-
tine ; laxiov, ischium; kZ/'A?/, tumor], Same a& £nter-
ischiocele.
Enterolith {en'-tcr-o-litli) \iv-epm\ bowel ; Xidn(;, a
stone]. A concretion formed in the digestive-tube.
Enterolithiasis [en-ter-o-lith-i' -as-is) [fxTfpo!', bowel ;
/l/6/ao-/f, the formation of calculi]. The formation of
intestinal calculi.
Enterology [en-ter-oV -o-je) \ivr£po\\ bowel ; /lo}of ,
science]. The science of the intestinal viscera ; the
anatomy, physiology, pathology, and hygiene of the
intestines.
Enteromalacia (en-ler-o-inal-a'-se-ah ) \ivTtpov, bowel ;
(ia}ai<ia, softness]. Pathologic softening of the bowel-
walls.
Enteromenia [en-ter-o-me' -Jie-aJi) \evtepov, bowel ; p-fiv,
month]. Vicarious menstruation by the bowel.
Enteromerocele {en-ter-o-me' -ro-sll ) \ivTepov, bowel ;
//T/po?, thigh ; hernia]. Femoral hernia involv-
ing the intestine.
Enteromesenteric [en-ter-o-mez-eti-fer' -ik ) \ivTipov,
bowel; //fffof, middle; evrepov, bowel]. Pertaining
to the intestine and the mesentery.
Enteron {en' -ter-on) \ivTepQv, intestine : //., Entera'].
I. The intestinal or alimentary canal, exclusive of
those parts that are of ectodermal origin. 2. The
intestine.
Enteroncus [en-ter-ong' -kits) [firfpor, bowel ; ojKor,
mass]. A tumor of the bowel.
Enteroneuria {en-ter-o-nu' -re-ah ) \ivTspa\>, intestine ;
vevpov, nerve]. An intestinal disease dependent upon
some neurosis.
Enteropathy (en-ter-op' -ath-e') \lvT?po\\ bowel ; ■koBoq,
disease]. Any disease of the intestines.
Enteroperistole (en-ter-o-per-is' -to-le) \tvTepnv, bowel ;
iTepi.aTo7Jj , a winding about]. I. Peristaltic motion
of the bowels. 2. Any constrictive obstruction of
■ the intestinal-tube.
Entero-peritonitis {en-ter-o-per-it-on-i' -tis) [^h'rtpov,
bowel; TrepiTovamv , the peritoneum; iTtr, inflamma-
tion]. Combined inflammation of the intestines and
adjacent peritoneum ; inflammation of the peritoneal
coat of the intestine.
Enteropexia {en-ter-o-peks'-e-ah ) [eiTf por, bowel ;
Txfi^Lq, fixation]. Fixation of' a portion of the intes-
tine to the abdominal wall, for the relief of enterop-
tosis, splanchnoptosis, etc.
Enterophlogia (en-ter-o-Jlo' -je-ah ) [hTepor, bowel ;
<j)'/o-yia, a burning]. Synonym of Acttte Intestinal
Catarrh.
Enterophlogosis {en-ter-o-flo-go' -sis') [fi'repor, bowel;
^/o)<jcr/f, a burning] . Synonym of Aciile lutestittal
Catarrh.
Enterophthisis [en-ter-ojf' -this-is) \ivTf:pov, bowel ;
(pdiaiq, wasting]. Intestinal tuberculosis.
Enteroplastic [en-ter-o-plas'-tik ) \tvrtpm>, bowel ;
7r?LaaTiK6i;j formed]. Pertaining to enteroplasty.
Enteroplasty (en'-ter-o-p/as-te) l^evrepov, bowel ; TrXda-
miv, to form]. Any plastic operation upon the intes-
tine to repair injuries of its walls.
Enteroplegia {en-ter-o-ple' -je-ah ) \evTepov, bowel ;
T:lriyij, a stroke]. Paralysis of the bowels.
Enteroplex (en' -ter-o-p/eks) [evrepov, bowel ; n/.e^etv,
to interlace]. See Enteroplexia .
Enteroplexia, or Enteroplexy (en-ter-o-pleks' -e-ah , or
en' -ter-o-plel's-e) [evrepov, intestine ; nM^eiv, to inter-
lace]. A method of treatment of wounds of the in-
testine in which union of the bowel is obtained by
difierent means, but particularly by an apparatus, the
enteroplex , without the use of needle and thread. The
enteroplex is formed of two aluminum rings so con-
structed that they will fit the one into the other.
These are inserted into the cut ends of the bowel,
and then the two are pressed together, the intestinal
walls being brought into apposition.
Enteroproctia (en-ter-o-prok' -she-ali) \evrepov, intes-
tine; TrpuKrds, anus]. The existence of an artificial
anus, or of an opening into the bowel for fecal dis-
charge.
Enteroptosis [en-ter-op-to'-sis) [evrepov, bowel ; ivruaiQ,
a fall]. Glenard's term for a combination of neuras-
thenia with gastro-intestinal disturbance and prolapse
of the abdominal organs, particularly the transverse
colon, with looseness of the mesenteric and peritoneal
attachments. It is also called Splanchnoptosis.
Enterorrhagia [en-ter-or-a'-je-ah) [evrepov, bowel ;
pTjjvvvai, to burst forth]. Intestinal hemorrhage.
Excessive discharge of any kind from the intestine.
Enterorrhaphy {eji-ter-or' -a-fe) [evrepov, bowel ; paibri,
suture]. Suture, or stitching, of the intestine.
Enterorrhea (en-ter-or-e' -alt) [evrepm<, intestine ; poia,
a flow]. Diarrhea.
Enterorrhexis [en-ter-or-ehs'-is) [frrfpor, bowel ; pfi^L<:,
rupture]. Rupture of the bowel.
Enterosarcocele {en-ter-o-sar'-ho-sel) [evrepov, intes-
tine; copf, flesh; Krjltj, a hernia]. Intestinal hernia
with sarcocele.
Enterosepsis (en-ter-o-sep'-sis) [f iTf pop, bowel ; oijil'ig,
putrefaction]. Intestinal toxemia or sepsis. A con-
dition of unusual activity in the contents of the intes-
tinal canal, by which the ptomaines of putrefaction are
produced in such manner, or in such quantity, that they
are absorbed and give rise to a state of intoxication.
Enterosis {en-tei--o'-sis) [evrepov, bowel ; voaog, dis-
ease: pi., Enteroses^. Any intestinal disease.
Enterostenosis (en-ter-o-ste-no' -sis) [evrepov, bowel ;
arevuaic, contraction]. Stricture or narrowing of the
intestinal canal.
'E.nX.&rostomy [en-ter-os'-to-me) [f/'-fpor, bowel ; crbaa,
mouth]. Incision and suture of the small intestine to
the abdominal wall for introduction of food by this
artificial mouth, in case of impossibility of food-
entrance by the normal route.
ENTEROTERATOMA
430
ENTOPLASTIC
Enteroteratoma (en-ter-o-ter-at-o' -inali') [eiTEpov,
bowel; ripat;, monster; o/m, tumor]. A solid tumor
of the umbilicus in new-born infants, composed of the
remains of the omphalic duct.
Enterotome (en' -ter-o-tdm) [tirepoi', bowel ; Tojioi;,
cutting]. The name of various instruments used in
cutting-operations upon the intestine.
Enterotomy (en-ter-of -o-dic) \lvTtpov, bowel ; reixvetv,
to cut]. Incision, dissection, or anatomy of the intes-
tine.
Enterozoon (^en-ier-o-zo'-on')\_£VTepoi>, intestine ; C,C>ov, an
animal : ^L, E)iterozoa~\. A parasite of the intestine.
Entheomania (en-the-o-ma' -ne-aJi) \ivQEo<;, inspired;
fiavia, madness] . Mania in which the patient believes
himself to be inspired ; religious insanity.
Enthetic {en-thd' ■ik') \ivriBivai, to put in]. Intro-
duced ; coming from without ; applied especially to
syphilitic and other .specific contagious diseases.*" The
list of enthetic diseases given by Dr. Hartshorne, in
Pepper's "System of Medicine," is as follows: i.
Only produced by contact or inoculation — primary
syphilis, gonorrhea, vaccinia, hydrophobia. 2. Con-
tagious also by atmospheric transmission through short
distances — variola, varioloid, varicella, measles,
diphtheria, scarlatina, rotheln, mumps, whooping
cough, typhus, relapsing fever. 3. Endemic, occa-
sionally epidemic — malarial fever, dengue, yellow
fever. 4. The zymotic or enthetic diseases — influ-
enza, cerebrospinal fever, erysipelas, puerperal fever,
tropical dysentery, typhoid fever, cholera, plague.
Entiris [jiTof, within ; tp(f, rainbow]. The
uvea of the iris, forming its inner and pigmentary
layer.
Entoblast [en' -to-hlast') [iiTof, within; /SAacrrof, a
bud, germ]. In biology, the nucleolus or- germinal
spot of a histologic cell. Cf. Endoplastule.
Entobliquus (en-to-bli' -kwus) \kvT6^, within; obliqtius,
oblique]. The obliquus internus muscle of the abdo-
men. See Muscles, Table of.
Entobranchiate [en-to-brang'-ke-df) [ivrdf, within;
PpayXia, gills]. In biology, having internal or con-
cealed branchia.
Entocarotid (en-to-kar-of'-id) [kvToc, within; Kapoc;,
stupor]. The internal carotid artery. See Arleries,
Table of.
Entocele (e>i' -lo-sel ) [firof, within ; /i/;A;/, hernia].
Internal hernia (as through the diaphragm) ; ectopia;
morbid displacement of* an internal organ.
Entoceliac, or Entocelian {en-to-se' -le-ak, or en-to-
se'-le-aii) [tirdf, within; Kot/iia, hollow]. Situated
within a brain-cavity or ventricle.
Entochoroidea, or Entochorioidea (eti-to-ko-roi' -dc-ah,
or -ko-re-oi-dc' -all) [fr'rdf, within ; ;^;opof^fi?}(:, like a
membrane]. The inner lining of the choroid mem-
brane of the eye, made up mainly of capillaries.
Entocinerea [en-lo-sin-e' -re-ah) [ri'rdr, within ; ciner-
eus, ashy]. Cineritious or gray brain-substance sur-
rounding the cavities of the brain and spinal cord.
Entocondylar {en-to-kon'-dil-ar) [f i^rdf , within ;
K6v()v'koi;, a condyle]. Pertaining to an inner condyle,
Entocondyle (en-to-kon' -dil) [f!>rdc, within; Kovdv'Xni;,
a condyle]. An inner condyle, as of the humerus
or the femur.
Entoconid (en-to-ko^-nid) [fvrdf, within ; «:6n»of, cone].
The inner and posterior cusp of a lower molar
tooth.
Entocornea [cn-to-kor' -ne-aK) [ti'-of , within ; eorneus,
horny]. That part of Descemet's membrane that
lines and adheres to the inner surface of the cornea.
Entocuneiform (en-to-ku' -ne-iform) [trrdf, within ;
cune2ts,a. wedge; forma, form]. The inner cunei-
form bone of the foot.
Entocyte [en'-lo-s'it) [ti'rdf, within; Krrof, cell]. The
contents of a cell, including nucleus, nucleolus, granu-
lations, etc.
Entoderm (en'-to-derm) [wrdf, within; depfia, skin].
Same as Endoderni.
Entoectad {en-to-ek' -tad) rrdt', within ; tKToq, exter-
nal ; ad, to] . From within outward.
Entogastric (en-to-gas' -trik) [t irof , within ; yaarljp,
stomach]. Relating to the interior of the stomach.
Entoglossal (en-to-glos'-al) [fi'rdf, within ; yAuaaa,
tongue]. Situated within the tongue.
Entogluteus (en-to-glu-te' -us) [t'lirdf, within; jAoyrdf,
the rump]. The gluteus minimus muscle. See Mus-
cles, Table of.
Entojugular Vein {en-to-ju'-gu-lar) [cvtoq, within ;
Jugular, a little yoke]. The internal jugular vein.
See Vein.
Entomere (e)i' -to-mer') \Ivt6<;, within ; pspoQ, a part].
In embryology, one of the cells forming the center
of the mass of blastomeres in the developing mam-
malian ovum, the outer blastomeres being called
ectomeres.
Entomion [en-to' -me-on) \ivTopii, notch]. See Crania-
metric Points.
Entomogenous (en-to-moj'-en-us) [evTopov, an insect ;
yevi/Q, produced]. In biology, applied to fungi growing
upon or within insects. Cf. Entomophytous.
Entomography [en-to-mog' -ra-fe) SjvTopov, an insect ;
ypdyeiv, to write]. A written treatise on insects.
'Entomology {en-to-mol'-o-/'e) [_>:ptouov, insect; Mysiv,
to speak]. That department of zoology devoted to
the description of insects.
Entomophilous ( e7i-to-moff' -il-us ) \fvTopov, insect ;
0(Afe(i', to love]. Insect-loving or insect-attracting. E.
Flowers, flowers attracting insects by their secretions
and thus securing cross-fertilization through the insects
that carry the pollen to other flowers.
Entomophytous (en-to-mof ' -it-us) \ivTopov, insect ;
fvTuc, grown]. In biology, applied to fungi that
grow upon or within the bodies of insects. Cf. Ento-
mogenous.
Entomosis [en -to- mo' -sis) \_f:vTQpov, insect ; voaoq, dis-
ease]. Any disease due to parasitic insects.
Entomotaxy [oi-to-mo-taks' -e) \_kvTOfiov, insect ; rdf^f ,
arrangement]. The systematic preparation and
arrangement of insects.
Entomotomy [en-to-iimt' -o-me) \ivropov, insect ; ropi},
a cutting]. Insect anatomy.
Entomozoaria (en-to-ino-zo-a' -re-ah) \ivropov, an in-
sect ; CiJOi', a living being]. A type of bilateral
animals nearly equivalent to the Arthropoda .
Entonia (en-to' -ne-ali) \ivTovia, tension]. Rigidity or
tension of a voluntary muscle ; tonic spasm.
Entonic (eti-ton'-ik) \_h'Tov'ia, tension]. Characterized
by entonia, or by violent tonic spasm.
Entoparasite (en-to-par'-as-it) \_kvToc, within ; Tvapi'i-
aiTin;. parasite]. An internal parasite ; an entozoan
or entophyte.
Entopectoralis [en-to-pek-tor-a' -lis) [fvroc, within ;
pectoralis, of the breast]. The pectoralis minor mus-
cle. See Muscles, Table of.
Entoperipheral {en-to-per-if -er-al) [n rdf , within ;
■n-fpi(j)ip£iv, to carry around]. Originating or situated
within, and not ujion the periphery.
Entophthalmia (eu-toff-thal' -ine-ah) [f iTof , within ;
b(pHa'/nia, a disease of the eyes]. Inflammation ot
the internal parts of the eyeball.
Entophyte [en' -to-fit) [fi'rdf, within; (iiVTiv, a plant].
An internal parasite of vegetable nature ; as a schizo-
mycete or bacterium.
Entoplastic (en-to-plas' -tik) [t rrdf , within ; ixXaaauv,
to form]. Same as Endoplastic.
ENTOPLASTRON
431
EPENDYMAL
Entoplastron {en-to-plas' -troji) [h'-or, within ; plastron,
a breastplate: //. , Entoplastra\. In biology, the
internal clavicular scute, or anterior median piece of
the plastron of a chelonian.
Entoptic [en-top' -tik') [tirof, within ; otttikoi;, pertain-
ing to vision]. Pertaining to the internal parts of the
eye. E. Phenomena, visual phenomena caused by
peculiarities or imperfections of the eye itself, such as
//lusi'ce volitantes.
Entoptoscopic [en-top-to-skop' -ik) [ti'rof, within ; ui/i,
eye ; oKoirtlv, to inspect]. Relating to entoptoscopy.
Entoptoscopy [en-top- tos' -ko-pe) \kvToi;, within ; iliTp,
eye ; OKonelv, to inspect] . The investigation or
observational study of the interior of the eye, or of
the shadows within the eye.
Entorectomy [en-to7--ek' -to-me) [ivrepov, bowel ; cKTo/ir/,
excision]. Resection of a diseased portion of the bowel.
Entoretina [en-to->-et' -in-ah) [tiTof, within ; retina,
retina]. The innermost layer of the retina, itself com-
posed of five layers, and an inner limiting membrane.
Entorrhagia [en-tor-a' -je-ali) [eirof, within ; pr/yvvvai,
to burst forth]. Internal hemorrhage.
Entosternite [en-to-ster' -nit). See Endosternite.
Entosthoblast [en-tos' -tho-blast ) [^ivdoafte, from within ;
pXaarSq, germ]. The supposed nucleus of a nucle-
olus.
Entostosis, or Entosteosis [en-tos-to'-sis, -tos-te-o' -sis)
\ivT6(;, within; ooriov, bone]. An osseous growth
within a medullary cavity.
Entotic [en-tot'-ik) [iirof, within ; oiV, ear]. Pertain-
ing to the internal ear. E. Phenomena, sounds
caused by abnormalities of the auditory mechanism
itself.
Entotriceps [ en-tot '-re-seps) [frrof, within; rpe^f,
three ; Ke<l>al>/, head]. The internal head or division
of the triceps muscle of the arm.
'E.ntozoaX [en-to-zo'-a/) [trrdf, within ; ftor, an animal].
Caused by or dependent upon entozoa.
Entozoon [en-to-zo' -on) [ti'rof, within ; C^oi', an ani-
mal: pi. , Entozoa'\. An animal parasite living within
another animal.
Entrails [en'-trels) [M.E. , entraile\ The bowels and
abdominal viscera.
Entropium (en-tro'-pe-z<}?i). See Entropion.
Entropion.
Entropion {en-tro' -pe-o?t) [fi', in ; TpeiTfiv, to turn].
Inversion of the eyelid, so that the lashes rub against
the globe of the eye, producing inflammation, pannus,
etc. It may be cicatricial, organic, or spastic in origin.
E., Superciliary, the incurvation of the hairs of the
eyebrow into the palpebral fissure and against the
conjunctiva, causing the same symptoms as are present
in ordinary entropion.
Enucleation [e-nu-kle-a' -slmn) \e, out of; nucleus, a
kernel]. The operation of exsecting or shelling-out
from its seat or capsule a tumor, etc. E. of Eye,
excision of the eyeball from the orbit.
Enucleator [e-nn' -kle-a-tor) [e, out of; micleus, a ker-
nel]. An instrument used in performing enucleation.
Enuresis [en-u-re' -sis) \kvovpiitLv, to be incontinent of
urine]. Incontinence of urine. A frequent affection
of early childhood, due to a variety of pathologic con-
ditions, including the presence of ascarides, phimosis,
and vulvitis. E. nocturna, involuntary emptying of
the bladder during sleep.
Envelop [en'-vel-op) [Fr. , enveloppe']. An investing
membrane, or layer.
Environment [en-vi' -ron-inent)' [Fr. etivirojiner, to
surround]. The totality of influences acting upon
the organism from without. See Evolution, Factors of.
Enzootic [en-zo-ot'-ik) [t i', in, or among ; fuoi', animal].
Affecting beasts in a certain district ; as an enzootic
disease.
Enzooty [en-zo' -o-te) [tv, in, among ; fwoi', an animal].
An enzootic disease.
Enzyme [en'-zlm) \iv, in; C'V'/) leaven]. I. Kuhne's
name for the soluble ferments. 2. Any ferment formed
within the living organism. 3. Any chemic or hydro-
lytic ferment, as distinguished from organized fer-
ments, such as yeast. Enzymes are most active
between 30° and 35° C, and are destroyed by boiling.
Enzymic [en-zi' -mik) \iv, in ; C'V^, leaven]. The na-
ture of the action of an enzyme.
Enzymosis {en-zi-tno'-sis) [kv, in; Cfc//??, leaven]. The
action of an enzyme.
Enzymotic [en-zi-mot' -ik) \kv, in; C^'/"A leaven]. Per-
taining to enzymes.
Eonosos, or Eonosus [e-on'-o-sos, or -stis) morn-
ing; I'ocof, illness]. Ste. Morning Sickness.
Eosin [e'-o-sin) \_i/ua, the dawn], QoHgBrjOj. Tetra-
bromfluorescein ; an important dye produced by the ac-
tion of bromin on fluorescein suspended in glacial
acetic acid. It occurs in red or yellowish-red crystals,
and is used as a stain in histology. See Fuchsin. E.
colors. See Pig7nents, Conspectus of.
Eosinophile [e-o-sin' -o-fil)\_eosin from ?)<jf, dawn; (^iXtTiv,
to love]. In bacteriology and histology, applied to mi-
crobes or histologic elements showing a peculiar affin-
ity for eosin-stain.
Eosinophilous [e-o-sin-off ' -il-iis) \_i/uc, dawn ; (piMetv,
to love]. Staining readily with eosin. Applied to
certain granules in the lymphoid blood-cells that stain
with acid anilin-dyes.
Epactal [e-pak' -tal) [f7ra/<:rof, brought in]. Interca-
lated ; supernumerary ; Wormian. E. Cartilages.
See Cartilage.
Epanetus [e-pan' -et-us) [fTrdi'frof, relaxing]. Remittent
fever.
Epanisognathous [ep-an-is-og' -na-thus) [t Tr/, upon ;
avicoc, unequal ; yi'&Bog, jaw]. In biology, having
the upper teeth narrower than the lower ones.
Epapophysis [ep-ap-off'-is-is) [ett*, upon ; inxoi^vaiQ, ap-
ophysis]. A median process placed dorsad of the
centrum of a vertebra.
Eparterial [ep-ar-te' -re-al) [tTr/, upon ; apTijpia, artery].
Situated above an artery.
Epaxial [ep-aks'-e-al) [pn'i, on ; axes, axis]. Situated
or extending over an axis.
Epencephal [ep-eii' -sef-al^. See Epencephalon.
Epencephalic [ep-en-sef-aV -ik) [fTr/, on ; iyKit^aXoq,
brain]. Pertaining to the epencephalon.
Epencephalon [ep-etz-sef -al-oti) [fV/, on ; 'eyKe(j>aXo^,
brain]. The after-brain or hind-brain; the cerebel-
lum and pons taken together; or, as some define it,
the cerebellum, pons, and oblongata taken together.
Ependyma [e-pen' -dim-ah) [tVf r(iiy/«, an upper gar-
ment]. The lining membrane of the cerebral ventri-
cles and of the central canal of the spinal cord ;
endyma.
Ependymal [e-pen' -dim-al) ^jireviv^ia, an upper gar-
ment]. Pertaining to the ependyma.
EPENDYMITIS
432
EPICYESIS
Kpendymitis {^L--pcn-dini-i' -tis) ^iirkv&vua, an upper
garment; ini;, inflammation]. Inflammation of the
ependyma.
Ephebic (ef-e'-bik^ \jL^ri^iK6c, belonging to puberty].
Pertaining to youtli, adolescence, or puberty.
Ephebology [cf-c-lwl'-o-je] \j<piiji(ic, youth ; Adyof,
science]. The science of youth, adolescence, and
puberty.
Ephedra (ef'-e-drafi ) [i/r/, upon ; ISpa, a seat]. A
genus of gnetaceous plants with four N. American,
several S. American, and many other species. See
Tepopote. E, antisyphilitica, and E. trifurca, of
Texas, etc., are used in gonorrhea, urethritis, and
leukorrhea, and as vulneraries. E. andina, of S.
America, and E. distachia (or vulgaris), E. equi-
setina, E. flava, E. fragilis, and E. monostachya,
of the old world, have similar properties. ,^
Ephedrin [ef ' -e-driii) [ett/, upon ; £fSpa, a seat]. The
active principle of Ephcd)'a vulgaris, proposed as a
mydriatic by Nagai. It is a cardiac depressant and
harmless mydriatic. The dose of the hydrochlorate in
collyria gr. ss in ^ iij distilled water. For instillation
gtt. ij-iij. Unof.
Ephelis (t'f'-d-is) \hi^ifkii^; f-/, on ; //Aof, wart: //.,
Hp/u'Hdc's']. A freckle. See Lentigo.
Ephemera (t'f-ein'-c?--ak) [_t(j>i//jepo(;, daily]. The
name given by old physicians to short and slight
febrile attacks occurring in the lying-in period.
These fevers were of frequent occurrence, and of
slight significance. They indicated a small amount of
septic infection. E. maligna. See Ang/iais sudor.
Ephemeral (e-fem^-er-al) [_t<p///Li>/i>iic, living a day].
Temporary. Applied to fevers that pass away in a
day.
Ephesis (ef -es-is) \j;<beaiq, a longing]. A longing ; lust.
Ephialtes [ef-e-al'-fez) [fipid'Arij^ ; t-/, upon; 'laXTien',
to leap]. See Nightmare.
Ephidrosis (ef-id-ro' -sis) [fir/, upon; 'idpucr/f, sweat-
ing]. Perspiration. See Hvperid?-osis. E. cruenta,
bloody sweat. See Hematidrosis. E. flava, yellow
sweat. E. lactea, white or milky sweat. E. nigra,
black sweat. E. tincta. See Chrotnidrosis. E.
viridis, greenish sweat.
Ephippium [cf-ip' -e-um) [t(j>l7nTiov, saddle-cloth ; f ir!,
on ; ?7r7rof, horse: //. , Ephippia'\. I. Same as Sella
ttirciia. 2. In biology saddle-shaped capsules
formed from the carapace of adult cladocera, and con-
taining the winter (or ephippial) eggs.
Epian [e'-pe-an) [Fr. , a raspberry]. The yaws;
frambesia, q. v.
Epiblast (f/'-t'-Z'/rtj-/) [i/r/, upon; ji'/aaroc, a. sprout].
The external or upper layer of the blastoderm, called,
also, the ectoderm or neiiro-cpidcrmal layer , from which
■is developed the central nervous system and epidermal
tissues, including the epithelium of the sense-organs.
Epiblema [ep-e-ble' -mah) [fTr/, upon; /3d/lAEti', to throw ;
to throw over or to cloak]. In biology, the imper-
fectly-formed epidermis in submerged plants and on
the extremities of growing roots.
Epibole {e-pib'-o-le). See Epiholy.
Epiboly (e-piy -ode) [kn'i, upon; piiXXEiv, to throw].
In biology, a term introduced by Salenka to indicate
the enclosure of the large yolk-mass by the overgrowth
of cleavage-cells. Cf. Embolv.
Epibranchial ((•/-c'-/i;-(?«;,'-'-/'^-(7/) upon; (ipayxi"-,
gills]. In biology, applied to various structures; as
that portion of the carapace of a crustacean that forms
part of the roof of the branchial chamber ; the terminal
horn of the hyoid bone of a bird, etc.
Epibulbar (ep-e-hul'-bar) [t /r/, upon ; [io/iPoc;, bulbus,
bulb]. Situated upon the globe of the eye ; as an
epibulbar tumor.
Epicalyx (ep-e-ka' -liks) [f7r/, upon ; /to/liif , calyx : pi.,
Epicalyces'\. In biology, an involucre resembling an
exterior or accessory calyx.
Epicanthis (ep-e-kan' -this) \j:inKavQk : pi., Epican-
tkides~\. See Epicanthus.
Epicanthus (ep-e-kan' -thus) [f tt/, on ; KavOo^, angle of
the eye]. A fold of skin passing from the nose to the
eyebrow over the inner canthus of the eye.
Epicardium [ep-e-kar' -de-um) [fTr/, upon ; KapSIa,
heart]. The visceral layer of the pericardium.
Epicarp [ep' -e-karp) [fTr;, upon ; KapiToc, fruit]. In
biology, the outer skin of a fruit.
Epicele, Epiccele (ep'-i-sel) [tVj, upon; «oA(a, belly].
I. In biology, applied to such a body-cavity as that
of vertebrates or that represented by the atrium of an
ascidium. 2. The cephalic portion of the fourth ven-
tricle, constituting the cavity of the epencephal.
Epicentral [ep-e-sen'-tral) [f7r/, upon ; Kevrpov, center].
In biology, adhering to a vertebral centrum, as some
of the scleral spines in the herring.
Epicerebral (ep-e-ser' -e-bral) [iVf, upon ; cerebrum,
the brain]. Situated over or on the cerebrum ; as the
epicerebral space between the brain and the pia.
Epichilium [ep-e-kiV -e-um) [f tt/, upon ; xf''''<^f > hP'
brim: //. , Epickilia']. In biology, applied to the
upper portion of the lip of an orchid.
Epichorion [ep-e-ko' -re-on) \}'ki, upon; jdp^oi', the
chorion]. I. The decidua reflexa. 2. The epidermis.
Epiclidium [ep-e-klid' -e-um) [iiri , upon ; Klte'diov,
clavicle: pi., Epiclidia\ In biology, a separate ossi-
fication of flie distal end of the clavicle in birds ; ac-
cording to Parker it represents the precoracoid of rep-
tiles.
Epiclinal [ep-e-kli'-nat) [ett/, upon ; kKivi), a bed]. In
biology, placed upon the receptacle.
Epicoelia {ep-e-sc' -le-ah). See Epicele.
Epicoma, Epicomus or Epicome (e-pik' -o-mah,
e-pik' -o-mus, e-pik' -o-me) [fV/, upon; ko/;)?, hair]. A
parasitic monstrosity having an accessory head united
to the principal fetus by the summit.
Epicondylar (ep-e-kon' -dil-ar) [ett/, upon ; mv^vXoc, a
condyle]. Relating to an epicondyle.
Epicondyle {ep-e-koii'-dll) [f7r/, upon ; Kiiv&vkoe^, a
condyle]. I. Any supracondylar eminence upon a
bone, as the humerus. 2. Less correctly, the external
condyle of the humerus.
Epicondylo - cubitalis [ep-e-kon' -dil-o - ku-hii-a' -lis)
\j-KiK6v(h>'/.cic, an epicondyle ; cubitum, the elbow].
The anconeus muscle. See Aluscles, Table of.
Epicondylo-radialis (ep-e-kon' -dil-o-ra-de-a' -lis) [em-
ii6v(Who(;, an epicondyle ; radius, the radius]. The
supinator brevis muscle. See Muscles, Table of.
Epicotyl (^/-^-/'iV'-//) [fir/, on; /£ori)/\vt5(j/', a cup-shaped
hollow (cotyledon)]. In biology, the stem of a young
plant between the cotyledons and the lowest true leaves.
Epicranial (ep-c-kra'-ne-nl) upon ; upaviov, the
cranium]. Relating to the epicranium.
Epicranium (ep-e-kra' -ite-um) [fir/, upon; upaviov,
cranium]. The structures covering the cranium.
Epicrisis (ep-e-kri' -sis) [cwiKpiai^, determination]. The
phenomena of disease succeeding the crisis ; a sec-
ondary crisis.
Epicrusis (ep-c-kru'-sis) [ini , upon ; Kf)oi>ai.^, stroke].
I. Massage by strokes or blows; percussion; thera-
peutic scourging.
Epicyemate (ep-c-si-e' -mat) \}tz'i, upon; Kvrijm, an
embryo]. In embryology, applied to that form of
development in which the embryo remains outside and
above the yolk -vesicle. It is characteristic of fishes
and batrachians.
Epicyesis (cp-c-^i-e'-sis) [t7r(, over; Kvieiv, to be preg-
naiu]. Superfetation.
EPICYSTIC
433
EPIGLOTTIDITIS
Epicystic {ep-e-sis'-tik) [fTr/, upon ; kvutk;, bladder].
Suprapubic ; situated above the urinary bladder.
Epicystitis {cp-e-sis-ti'-tis) [eiri, upon ; Kvarig, bladder;
mf, inflammation]. Inflammation of the tissues
above the bladder.
Epicystotomia [ep-e-sis-to-to' -ine-ah). Same as Epi-
cystotomy.
Epicystotomy [ep-e-sis-tot' -o-me) [ini, upon ; nvaTig,
a bladder; re fiveiv, to cut]. Suprapubic incision of
the bladder.
Epicyte (ep'-e-sit) [f7r/, upon; kvtoc, cell]. The cell-
wall or hyaline cuticle of cells.
Epidemesis (ep-e-dem-e' -sis) [t-7r«S///(?/(T;f]. Same as
Epideinia.
Epidemia (cp-e-de^-me-ali) [_eTTt6ri/Liia, an epidemic].
Any epidemic disease, or epidemic of disease. E.
puerorum. Synonym of Whooping-cough.
Epidemic [ep-e-dem' -ik) [fTT/, upon; irijioq, people].
A term applied to diseases that involve large numbers
of persons, or spread over a wide area, in contra-
distinction to Endemic.
Epidemicity [ep-e-dem-is' -it-c) [et/, upon ; d?]fio(;, a
people]. The quality of being epidemic.
Epidemiography {ep-e-de-me-og' -ra-fe) [f7r;fS///x(of,
epidemic ; ypdcpeiv, to write] . A description of epidemic
diseases.
Epidemiologic {ep-e-dem-e-o-loj' -ik) [f7r;fi///;wf, epi-
demic; Adyof, science]. Relating to epidemiology.
Epidemiology (ep-e-dem-e-oV -o-je) [^t-idr/fiio^, epidemic;
16yog, science]. The science of epidemic diseases.
Epidemy (ep^-e-dem-e). See Epidemia.
Epiderm {ep' -e-derni). See Epidermis.
Epiderma (ep-e-der' -mah) [tir/, upon ; 6tpfia, skin :
//. , Epidermata\. Any abnormal outgrowth from
the epidermis.
Epidermal [ep-e-der' -ma!) [f-/, upon ; lUpfia, skin].
Relating to or composed of epiderm.
Epidermatic, Epidermic (ep-e-dej--mat' -ik, -der' -mik]
[en-/, upon ; fiepfia, skin]. Relating to the epidermis.
E. Method, a method of administering medicinal
substances by applying them to the skin. It is also
called latraliptic method.
Epidermatoid [ep-e-der' -maf-oid) [fJr/, upon ; 6ipfia,
skin; fMof, likeness]. Resembling the epidermis.
Epidermic [ep-e-der' -mik). Same as Epidermatic. E.
Erythema. See Acrodynia . E. Globes. See Can-
cer-nests. E. Grafting. See Reverdin' s Operation
in Operations, Table of. E. Pearls. See Cell-nests.
Epidermidomycosis [ep-e-der' -mid-o-mi-ko' -sis) [ctti-
Sepfiig, epiderm ; /iviw^, fungus]. A disease due to the
growth of parasitic fungi upon the skin.
Epidermin [ep-e-der' -min) [fTr/, upon ; fitpjia, skin].
A base for ointments prepared by melting one-half
ounce of white wax in a warm mortar and triturating
with this one-half ounce of powdered gum arable
until a homogeneous paste is obtained. To this is
added a boiling mixture of one-half ounce each of
water and glycerin and the whole is stirred until cold.
Epidermin, thus prepared, is a semi-fluid, creamy sub-
stance, which, when exposed to the air in a thin layer,
forms a strongly adherent, flexible pellicle or coating.
When medicaments are to be added they are always
previously rubbed up in glycerin.
Epidermis [ep-e-der' -mis) upon ; Stpfia, the skin].
The outer layer of the skin. The scarf-skin, consist-
ing of a layer of horny cells, that protects the true skin.
It has neither blood-vessels nor nerve-filaments. E.,
Appendages of, a generic name for the hair, nails,
etc. , growing from the epiderm.
Epidermization [ep-e-der-tniz-a' -shun) [f7r;f5ep//(f., epi-
derm]. I. The formation of epiderm. 2. Skin-
grafting.
28
Epidermolysis [ep-e-der-mol' -is-is) [f jr;(Sep|titf, epiderm ;
Ai'cic, separation]. Acantolysis bullosa ; Dermatitis
bullosa ; a rare skin-disease in which bulte form
upon the slightest pressure. The disease shows itself
in infancy, and occurs especially upon the hands and
feet. The lesion begins as a red spot, which is itchy ;
in two hours a bulla forms, enlarges, and then gradu-
ally subsides, drying into a scale. It is most pro-
nounced in summer.
Epididymal, or Epididymic [ep-e-did' -em-al, -im-ik)
[fTr/, upon; 6i6v/wi, the testes]. Relating to the
epididymis.
Epididymis [ep-e-did' -im-is) [f7r/, upon ; SlSvfioi, the
testes]. The small body lying above the testes.
The superior end is the globus major, the inferior,
the globus minor.
Epididymitis [cp-e-did-im-i' -tis) [f7rH5(f5ii///f , epididy-
mis ; iru;, inflammation]. Inflammation of the epi-
didymis.
Epidosis [e-pid' -o-sis) [t7r/'(5oiT/f ] . Enlargement ; in-
crease ; exacerbation.
Epidrome [e-pid' -!-o-me) ^i:Tri6pofii/, a running upon].
Active, or (more often) passive, congestion.
Epidural [ep-e-du' -ral) [f Tr/, upon ; durus, hard].
Upon or over the dura. E. Space, the space outside
the dura mater of the spinal cord and brain.
Epifolliculitis [ep-e-fol-ik-u-li' -tis) [iir/, upon; follicu-
lus, a follicle; ;r;f, inflammation]. Inflammation
seated about the hair-follicles of the scalp.
Epigamic [ep-e-gani' -ik) upon; ya/zof, marriage].
In biology, applied to those bright tints and patterns
displayed by many animals during courtship. Cf.
Allepigamic.
Epigaster (ep-e-gas'-ter) [fir/, upon ; yaari/p, belly].
The large intestine ; hindgut.
Epigastralgia [ep-e-gas-traf -je-ali) [^eKiyiaTpiov, epi-
gastrium; aAyoc, pain]. Pain in the epigastrium.
Epigastric [ep-e-gas'-trik) [tV/, upon; yaariip, belly].
Relating to the epigastrium. E. Reflex. See Rejlexcs,
Table of.
Epigastrium [ep-e-gas' -tre-um) [ett/, upon; ■)aoTl/p,
stomach] . The upper and middle part of the abdom-
inal surface ; the epigastric region.
Epigastrius [ep-e-gas' -tre-us) [fTr/, upon ; yaarr/p, the
stomach]. A form of double-monstrosity, in which
one fetus in an undeveloped condition is contained
within the epigastric region of the other.
Epigea, or Epigaea [ep-e-je' -ah) [fm, upon ; yala,
earth]. A genus of trailing ericaceous plants. E.
repens, trailing arbutus of N. America, has valuable
diuretic properties. See Trailing Arbutus.
Epigeal [ep-e-je' -al) [t7r/, upon ; yc'ia, yta, the earth].
In biology, growing on or out of the ground, or living
near the surface of the ground.
Epigenesis [ep-e-jen'-es-is) [f tt/, upon ; ykvmic., genera-
tion]. In biology, the theory that holds the embryo
to be the result of the union of the male and female
elements, and the fully formed organism the result of
a gradual process of differentiation, in distinction to
the theory of encasement, preformation, or evolution,
which held the embryo to preexist enfolded in a
minute form within the germ.
Epigenous (('-/zy'-f^-zc.f) [ett/, upon ; yfiv/f, produced].
In biology, growing upon the surface or upper side of
a leaf or other part, as many fungi. Cf. Epiphyllous.
Epigeous [ep-e-je' -us) [jm, upon; the earth]. In
biology, growing on or near the ground. Same as
Epigeal.
Epiglottic [ep-e-glot'-ik) \J:Tti, upon ; y/urr/f, glottis].
Relating to the epiglottis.
Epiglottiditis [ep-e-glot-id-i'-tis) [fT/zAor/f, epiglottis;
«r(f, inflammation]. Inflammation of the epiglottis.
EPIGLOTTIS
434
EPI NASTY
Bpiglottis (ep-e-glol'-is) [fTr/, upon ; y?.o>Tri(;, glottis].
A thin fibro-cartilaginous valve that aids in preventing
food and drink from passing into the larynx.
Epiglottitis {ep-e-glot-i'-iis). See Epiglottiditis.
Epignathous (e-pig' -na-thtts) [ett/, upon ; yvaBoi;, jaw].
In biology, hook-billed ; applied to birds in which the
upper half of the beak overreaches the under half
and is deflected over it.
Epignathus (e-pig' -na-t/ius) [fTr/, upon; yvAHoi^, jaw].
A twin monstrosity in which the parasite is united to
the superior maxillary bone of the autosite.
Epigonium (ep-e-go'-iie-um) [fir/, upon ; yow), seed].
In biology, the old archegonium in mosses and Htpa-
ticcE, after the capsule has developed.
Epigynous [epi/'-in-ics) [_eni, upon; ywii, a woman].
In biology, growing upon the ovary.
Epihippic Fever (tp-e-hip'-ik) [tm, upon; 'nv-oc,
horse]. See Fever.
Epilation [ep-il-a' -sJnui) [t% out of; pilus, a hair].
The extraction of hair.
Epilatorium (e-pil-at-o' -Te-itiii)\\^.\ An application for
permanently removing hair.
Epilatory [e-pil'-af-o-i-e) \_e, out of; pilus, a hair].
I. Extracting the hairs ; depilatory. 2. An epilatorium.
Epilemma (:'/-<?-/fOT'-(7/z ) [etta, upon; Ikjiiia, husk: //. ,
Epilemmata'\. The neurilemma of very small
branches or funiculi of nerve-filaments.
Epilepsia iep-e-lep' -se-ah ). See Epilepsy. E. cur-
siva. See Epilepsy, Accelerative. E. gravis. See
Grand mal. E. larvata. See Epilepsy, Masked.
E. mitis. See Petit mal. E. saltatoria. Synonym
of Chorea. E. vertiginosa, F'etit mal, q. v.
Epilepsy [ep'-il-ep-se) [in'iXiiipK;, a laying hold of]. A
nervous affection characterized by sudden loss of con-
sciousness and power of coordination of motion with
tonic and clonic convulsions, the paroxysms lasting
but a short time. This form of the disease is the
" true " affection, the haut mal or grand mal of the
French. The petit mal [abortive epilepsy, epileptic
vertigo) is less severe, and may consist of only a slight
loss of consciousness, with retained coordination of
motion. The so-called epileptiform seizure is a local-
ized convulsion without loss of consciousness. See
Epilepsy Jaeksoizian. An epileptic seizure is often
introduced by an aura, a peculiar sensation preceding
the spasmodic seizure, which is quickly followed by
the characteristic epileptic cry. The origin of the
epileptic attack is in all probability a powerful dis-
charge of energy from the cortical cerebral cells. The
disease is most common in females, and is influenced
by heredity and age ; it is rare for it to occur after
forty years of age. Traumatism and severe mental
strain may act as exciting causes. E., Accelerative,
Epilepsia cursiz'a ; epilepsy in which the patient runs
before falling down in a fit. E., Acute Infantile,
a name given to the eclampsia of infants. E.,
Cardiac, paroxysmal tachycardia. E., Cortical.
See E., Jacksonian. E., Focal. See E., Jack-
sonian. E., Jacksonian, spasmodic contractions
in certain groups of muscles due to local disease of
the cortex, always confined to one-half of the body
and with retention of consciousness. E., Masked,
E. larvata, the less severe form of true epilepsy,
in which the patient does not fall. E., Partial,
E., Jacksonian, q. v. E., Peripheral. Same as
E., Jacksonian. E., Pleural. See Pleural. E.,
Procursive, there is propulsion of the body in some
special direction. E., Reflex, due to some reflex
neurosis. E. of the Retina, a temporary anemia
of the retina occasionally observed during an epilepti-
form seizure. E., Saturnine, epileptiform convulsions
due to lead-poisoning. E., Sensory, Thalamic epilep-
sy : a form of epilepsy in which sensory disturbances
predominate ; it is believed to be due to a lesion of the
optic thalamus. E., Spinal, paroxysms of clonic spasm
in the lower extremities sometimes observed in the
course of spastic paraplegia. E., Symptomatic. See
£., Jacksonian. E., Thalamic. See E., Sensory.
E., Toxic, that induced by toxic substances in the
blood.
Epileptic {ep-il-ep' -tik) l^eTri^r/ipig, a laying hold of].
Pertaining to or like epilepsy. Also one affected with
epilepsy. E. Aura. See Aura. E. Cry, the vocal
sound or cry in epilepsy, from laryngeal spasm. E.
Equivalents, instead of the convulsive attacks in epi-
lepsy there may from time to time be transient psychic
disturbances that consist in states of either excitement
or depression. These are the so-called epileptic equi-t>-
alents. E. Hemiplegia, sometimes follows the fit,
especially after unilateral convulsions. E. Interval, the
period of time between the epileptic paroxysms. During
this period there are in the majority of cases, if not in
all, some abnormal manifestations, as disorders in the
cardiac rhythm, irregularity in the pupils, and cerebral
disorders. E. Mania, slight maniacal tendencies fol-
lowing or taking the place of the fit. E. Seizure.
See Epilepsy. E. State, a state of profound and
sometimes comatose depression, with frequently recur-
ring epileptic attacks, often speedily fatal. E. Ver-
tigo, giddiness is a common sensation of epilepsy, but
is erroneously applied to attacks of minor epilepsy.
Epilepticism {ep-il-ep' -tis-izm) \_t Tri?i^ipig, a laying hold
of]. The epileptic state, or status epilepticus.
Epileptiform [ep-il-ep' -tif-orm) [frr('X//i/«c, a laying hold
of; forma , forta]. Resembling epilepsy in the symp-
toms. E. Tic, a variety of facial neuralgia accom-
panied by spasmodic movements of the face. This
occurs in the degenerative period of life, and espe-
cially in those who present a decided family history
of insanity.
Epileptiginous [ep-il-ep-tij' -in-us). Same as Epilepto-
getions.
Epileptogenous [ep-il-ep-to;' -en-us) [eTriAriTpig , epilepsy ;
-yevvav, to produce]. Producing epilepsy. E. Zone,
Brown- Sequard's term for that portion of the skin of
the face and neck of guinea-pigs which, if irritated
after section of the spinal cord near the twelfth dorsal
vertebra, will give rise in a short time to epileptiform
convulsions.
Epileptoid (ep-il-ep' -toid) \_eirlXtiipic, a laying hold of;
fjf'of, likeness]. I. Resembling epilepsy. 2. A per-
son subject to various nervous attacks of the general
nature of epilepsy.
Epilobium (ep-il-o'-lie-nm) [t-/, upon ; Xof^oc, a pod, a
lobe]. A genus of herbs including the willow-herb, a
demulcent, tonic, and astringent drug.
Epilose [ep'-il-os) [_e, priv. ; pilostis, hairy]. Without
hair ; bald.
Epilymph (ep'-e-limf) [f7r/, upon; lymplia, water].
The fluid between the bony and the membranous laby-
rinths.
Epimerite [ep-e-me'-rlt) [tir/, upon; /nr^poc;, thigh]. In
biology, an anterior, deciduous, proboscis-like, pre-
hensile organ, attached to the protomerite or anterior
segment of a septate gregarine.
EpimeTon (ep-e- me'- ron) [fTr/, upon; thigh]. In
biology, one of the lateral pieces helping to form the
pleuron, or a part of the segment of an arthropod,
often giving attachment to the legs.
Epimylis (e-pim'-il-is) \_t Tri, over ; juliXr/, millstone].
The patella.
Epinasty (ep' -e-nas-te) [fn-/, upon ; vaard^, pressed
close]. In biology, curvature produced by excessive
growth on the upper side of an extended organ.
EPINEPHRITIS
435
EPISIOHEMATOMA
Epinephritis {ep-e-nef-ri' -lis) [fTr/, upon; vf^pdf, kid-
ney; itis\ Inflammation of a supra-renal capsule.
Epineural (ep-e-nu' -ral ) [ett/, upon; vevpov, a nerve].
In biology, applied to structures attached to a neural
arch.
Epineurium i^ep-e-nu' -re-uni) [fV/, upon ; vevpov, a
nerve]. The nerve-sheath, or sheath of any of the
larger fascicles of nerve-tissue.
Epinyctis [ep-in-ik' -tis) [fTri, upon; vv^, night]. A
pustule appearing or becoming worse at night.
Epiopticon (ep-e-op' -tik-on) [tTr/, upon ; oKTtKog, of see-
ing]. In biology, a ganglionic swelling in the optic
nerve of insects (Hickson).
Epiotic {ep-e-of -ik) [fTr/, above; olq, ear]. Situated
above or on the cartilage of the ear.
Epipastic [ep-e-pas'-tik) ^k'Kmaoddv, to sprinkle]. De-
signed to be sprinkled upon some surface ; sprinkled
with some substance ; applied to plasters sprinkled
with some agent, as cantharides, used as a vesicant.
Epipedometer {ep-e-pe-doin' -et-er) \k-K'nxt6ov , surface ;
likrpov, measure]. An instrument for use in measur-
ing various complex deformities of the body.
Epipetalous [ep-epet' -al-iis) [f7r/, upon ; nhaXov, leaf
or petal]. In biology, applied to stamens or other
structures when borne upon the petals.
Epipharynx [ep-e-far' -inks) [tiri, upon ; (jidpvy^, pha-
rynx]. In biology, the median projection on the
internal surface of the upper lip of an insect.
Epiphenomenon (ep-e-fe-nom' -en-on) [t'n-/, on ; <^ai-
. vd/iEfoi', phenomenon : pi. ,Epiphenoinena'\. An ex-
ceptional sequence or unusual complication arising in
the course of a disease.
Epiphora [i7r«/)o/jd; f tt/, upon ; cpepeiv, to
bear]. A habitual or persistent overflow of tears, due
to over-secretion or impeded outflow through the nor-
mal channels of excretion. Lachrymation, i/. v.
Epiphyllous (ep-e-fil' -us) [frr/, upon ; (j>v'A?iOV, a leaf].
In biology, borne on a leaf, as certain fungi. Cf
Epigenons.
Epiphyseal, or Epiphysial {ep-e-fiz' -e-al) [frr/, upon ;
(jivstv, to grow]. Relating to or of the nature of an
epiphysis.
Epiphyseitis {ep-e-fiz-e-i' -tis) [f 7r/(/)ti(T/f , an epiphysis ;
mf, inflammation]. Inflammation of an epiphysis,
or of the epiphyseal part of a bone.
Epiphysis [e-pif -is-is) [tTri, upon ; ^rE/f, to grow]. A
process of bone attached for a time to another bone
by cartilage, but in most cases soon becoming con-
solidated with the principal bone. E. cerebri, the
pineal gland.
Epiphysitis (e-pif-is-i^ -tisy See Epiphyseitis.
Epiphyte (ep'-e-fit) [ett;, upon; ^/Vov, a plant]. In
biology, a plant growing on another plant, but not
nourished by it; also, a parasitic plant living upon
another plant ; also, a plant parasitic upon an animal.
Epiplasm (^ep' -e-plazni) [ett;, upon ; Tr'/idafj-a, plasma].
In the sporangium of many fungi, a part of the proto-
plasm remaining after formation of the spores.
Epiplastron (ep-e-p/as'-tron) [ett/, upon ; ¥., plastron,
a breastplate]. In biology, one of the two anterior
lateral plates of the plastron of a turtle ; probably the
homologue of the clavicle of other vertebrates.
Epiplerosis [ep-e-ple-ro'-sis) [ett/, upon ; ir'Ai/puG/^, fill-
ing]. Engorgement; repletion; distention.
Epipleura (ep-e-plu' -rah) [ett/, upon ; Ti/^evpa, a rib].
In biology, variously used to designate a structure su-
perposed upon a rib, as the spines of certain fishes,
the hooked processes or splint-bones passing from rib
to rib in birds, or the inflexed outer border of a bee-
tle's elytrum.
Epiplexus (ep-e-pleks' -us) [ett/, upon ; plexus, a net-
work]. The choroid plexus of the epicele.
Epiplocele (e-pip' -lo sel) [ETrtTrAooi', caiil ; Krfkri, hernia].
Omental hernia.
Epiploenterocele [e-pip-lo-en-ter^-o-sel)\_ETTinXoov, caul ;
evTEpov, intestine; Kr/h/, hernia]. A hernia contain-
ing both omentum and intestine.
Epiploenterooscheocele [cp-ip-lo-en-ter-o-os'-ke-o-sel)
[f -iTT/looii, caul ; h'Tcpov, intestine ; daxeuv, scrotum ;
K/fAr/, hernia]. Intestinal and omental hernia into the
scrotum.
Epiploic {cp-ip-lo' -ik) \i-K'n\\oov, caul]. Relating or be-
longing to the epiploon.
Epiploischiocele \ep-ip-lois' -ke-o-sel) [ett/tt/Iooi', caul ;
IrsXiov, hip; K///lr/, hernia]. Omental hernia through
the sciatic notch or foramen.
Epiploitis (e-pip-lo-i' -tis) \_i7T'nT2.oov, caul ; irir, inflam-
mation]. Inflammation of the omentum; omental
peritonitis.
Epiplomerocele (^ep-ip-lo-mer'-o-sel) \in'n:'koov , caul;
////pof, thigh ; hv/A//, hernia]. Pemoral hernia contain-
ing omentum.
Epiplomphalocele (ep-ip-loni-faF -o-sel) [etf/tt/Iooi', caul ;
oj-L^aJMq, navel ; hernia]. Umbilical hernia with
protruding omentum.
Epiploon {e-pip' -lo-on) [ett/, upon ; &m'A6oq, double :
//., Epiploa'\. The great omentum. E., Gastro-
colic, the great omentum. E., Gastro-hepatic,
the lesser omentum.
Epiploscheocele (cp-ip-los' -ke-o-sel) [ett/tt/Iooi', caul;
boxEov, scrotum; Kr/?^r/, hernia]. Omental hernia
descending into the scrotum.
Epipodite (e-pip' -o-dit) [ett/, upon; Troi'f (ttoiI-), foot].
A third appendage of the limb of a crustacean, artic-
ulating with the coxopodite, and passing into the
branchial chamber ; it is also called the Jiabellum.
Epipodium (ep-e-po' -de-uvi) [ett/, upon; Troi'if (ttoJ-),
foot]. In biology, one of the lateral appendages of
the foot in certain molluscs, as the wing-like structures
of pteropods.
Epipsyche [ep-is-i'-ke) [ett/, after ; il'^X'h soul]. Ap-
plied by Haeckel to the oblongata proper.
Epipteric (ep-ip-ter' -ik) [ett/, upon ; nTspov, a wing].
Situated over the alisphenoid. E. Bone. See
I{o>ie.
Epipterous (e-pip' -ter-iis) [ett/, upon; nTtpdv, a wing].
In biology, winged at the top ; applied to seeds.
Epirrhizous (ep-e-ri'-zus) [kni, upon; p'i(,a, root]. In
biology, growing upon roots.
Episcleral (ep-e-skle' -ral) [ettj, upon; OKAripo^, hard,
sclerotic]. Situated on the outside of the sclerotic
coat.
Episcleritis (ep-e-skle-ri'-tis) {itri, upon ; aiOiripdc, hard ;
iTtc;, inflammation]. A localized inflammation of the
subconjunctival tissues.
Episeio- (ep-is'-e-o-). For words thus beginning, see
Episio- .
Episeioncus (ep-e-si-ong' -kics) \f.'Kiatiov, pubes ; byaor^,
a mass]. A tumor in the pubic region, or of the
labia.
Episeitis (ep-iz-e-i' -tis). See Episioitis.
Episematic (ep-e-sem-af -ik) [ett/, upon; ofjfia, a sign].
In biology, applied to that form of mimetic coloration
which serves as a signal of recognition to other indi-
viduals and thus enables them to escape ; as the white
tail of the rabbit. (Poulton.)
Episiocele (ep-e-si' -o-sel) [ett/cte/oi', pubes; /c?///;,
hernia]. Pudendal hernia; vulvar protrusion.
Episioclisia (ep-e-si-o-klis' -e-ah) i_eTriaeiov, pubes ;
K/elai(:, locking, closure]. Surgical closure of the
vulva.
Episiohematoma (ep-e-si-o-liem-at-o' -mali) \_t-:Tla£iov,
pubes; aii>a, blood; o/xa, tumor: pi, Episiohemato-
j/tataj. Hematoma of the vulva or pudenda.
EPISIOITIS
436
EPIZOICIDE
Episioitis (ep-e-si-o-i' -tis) [t Tr/tTEwr, pubes ; iric;, inflam-
mation]. Inflammation of the pudenda.
Episioplasty [ep-e-si'-o-plas-te [e7r/o-e;oi', pubes ; 7r/\d(T-
GfLv, to form]. A plastic operation upon the pubic
region, or on the vulva.
Episiorrhagia [ep-e-si-or-a' -je-ah) [iniaeiov, the pubes ;
pip/VLwat , to break forth]. Hemorrhage from the vulva.
Episiorrhaphy (ep-e-si-or' -a-fe) [tTr/'ufioj', pubes ; /la^//,
seam]. An operation for the cure of prolapsed uterus
or procidentia uteri.
Episiostenosis {ep-e-si-o-ste-no' -sis) [^i-rriaeiov, pubes ;
oTevdr, narrow]. Contraction or narrowing of the
vulva, whether surgical or pathologic.
Episiotomy (ep-is-e-ot'-o-ine) \_eKlaeiov, vulva; roft?/,
section]. Incision through the vulva in childbirth, to
prevent rupture of the perineum and to facilitate labor.
Epispadias (tp-e-spad' -e-as") \tm, above ; airdeiv, to
pierce]. Abnormal opening of the urethra upon the
upper part of the penis, either on the dorsum or on
the glans.
Epispasis [e-pis' -pas-is) [tTr/, upon ; andaic, a drawing].
An eruption or skin-affection due to medical treat-
ment ; a drug-exanthem.
Epispastic [ep-e-spas'-ti/c) [fTr/, upon ; andai^, a draw-
ing]. I. Rubefacient, or vesicatory. 2. A vesica-
tory or substance producing a blister.
Episperm [ep' -e-spenn) [ett/, upon; arrep^a, seed]. In
biology, the outer seed-coat, also called the testa.
Episplenitis iep-e-splen-i'-tis) [et/, upon ; a-rr'kijv, spleen ;"
iTLi;, inflammation]. Inflammation of the fibrous coat
of the spleen.
Epistasis (e-pis'-tas-is') [ett/ , upon ; 'iCTraff^a/, to stand] .
A scum or film of substance floating on the surface of
urine.
Epistaxis (<'/-/.f-/<7/5j"'-«) [ETritrrdfeiv, to distil]. Hemor-
rhage from the nose.
Episternite [ep-e-ster' -nit) [ett/, upon ; arepvov, breast-
bone]. In biology, applied to the lateral pieces of
the segment of an arthropod ; a pleurite ; specifically
one of the valves of the ovipositor in orthopterous in-
sects.
Episternum (ep-e-ster' -mint) [ett/, upon ; urtpvov,
breast-bone]. In biology, variously applied to desig-
nate a part above or anterior to the sternum ; as the
presternum of a mammal, the epiplastron of a turtle, or
the anterior of the three pieces of the pleuron of an in-
sect.
Epistoma {e-pis'-to-7nah) [etti, upon; aropa, mouth].
In biology, variously used to designate some part
placed above, or anterior to the mouth, as the osseous
portion of the metope or facies of a macrurous crusta-
cean, that lies immediately in front of the oral aper-
ture.
Epistrophe {e-pis'-tro-fe) [ett/, upon ; arpecpciv, to turn].
In biology, applied to the arrangement assumed by
chlorophyl-grains under the influence of light, on
those surfaces of the cell-wall that are at right angles
to the plane of incident light.
Epistropheus (ep-is-tro' -fe tis, e-pis' -tro-phiis) [ett/ot^jo-
<^ev^\ A synonym of the axis, or second cervical
vertebra.
Epithalline (<'/-<'-///«/•'-?'«) [ett/, upon ; BaXXoQ, a branch].
In biology, growing upon the thallus.
Epitheca (cp-e-the' -kali) [ett!, upon; ^'v/c?;, a case]. In
biology, a secondary calcareous investment ortegumen-
tary secretion surrounding the theca of certain corals.
Epithecium (ep-e-thc' -sc-ttm) [ett/, upon ; ^///c;?, a case].
In biology, the surface of the fruiting-disc in certain
lichens and fungi.
Epithelial [ep-e-tht'' -le-nl) [£7rj, upon ; ^^/l^, a nipple].
Pertaining to epithelium ; made up of the elements of
epithelium. E. Pearls. See Pearls.
Epithelicell {ep-e-the' -le-sel) [£7r(, upon ; QrfKrj, a nipple ;
cella, a cell]. An epithelial cell.
Epithelioid {ep-e-ihe'-le-oid ) [et/, upon ; drjTJ], nipple ;
EiJof, likeness]. Resembling epithelium.
Epithelioma [ep-e-the-le-o' -mah) [ett/, upon; drfki],
nipple ; o/ia, a tumor : pi., Epiilieliomata~\. Carcinoma
involving skin or mucous membrane. E. mollus-
cum. Synonym of Molluscum conlagiosu!?i.
Epithelium {ep-e-the' -le-iim) [ett;, upon ; drfkij, nipple].
The cuticle or cellular-structure of mucous surfaces,
and also of the skin of the body. E. chrotale, the
ectoderm. E., Ciliated, a form in which the cells
bear vibratile filaments or cilia at their free extremities.
E., Columnar, distinguished by prismatic-shaped or
columnar cells. E., Nucleated, consisting of cir-
cular or hexagonal cells, each containing a nucleus.
Goblet-cells.
Squamous-cells.
E., Pavement, or Cuboidal, cubical or polygonal
cells covering the surface like the stones of a pave-
ment. E., Squamous, the cells have been reduced
to flattened, scaly plates. E., Stratified, the cells
are arranged in distinct layers. E., Tessellated.
Same as E., Pavement. E., Transitional, inter-
mediate between simple and stratified.
Epithem {ep' -ith-em) [im^rnia, a poultice : //. , Epithem-
ata\ Any local application ; as a compress, fomen-
tation, lotion, or poultice ; from this definition some
writers exclude salves, plasters, and ointments.
Epithema (ep-ith-e' -mah). See Epithem.
Epithesis \e-pith' -es-is) [tTrmdivai, to lay on]. The
surgical correction of deformed or crooked limbs.
Epithyme [f Tr/, upon ; ^?i')/iOf, thyme]. The
European plant, Ciiseuta epithymum, so called as grow-
ing parasitically upon thyme ; it is said to be useful in
melancholy, jaundice, and constipation.
Epithymia (ep-e-ihi'-me-ah) [tKiOvfiia, longing]. Any
natural longing or desire ; a yearning.
Epitrichium [ep-e-trik'-e-inn) [ett/, upon ; rpixtov,
hair]. A superficial cellular layer of epidermis,
found in embryonic and fetal life.
Epitrochlea [ep-e-trok' -le-ali) [ett/, upon ; Tpoxnkia, a
pulley]. The internal condyle of the humerus.
Epixylous {e-piks' -il-iis) [ett/, upon ; ^vlov, wood].
In biology, applied to fungi or other plants that grow
upon wood.
Epizoicide {ep-e-zo'-is-id) [ett/, upon ; Cwoi', an animal ;
eicderc, to kill]. A drug or preparation that destroys
external parasites.
EPIZOON
437
ERECTION
Epizoon (ep-e-zo' -on) [eir/, upon ; Cvov, an animal :
, Epizoa\. An animal living as a parasite upon
another ; an external parasite, as distinguished from
an Entozooii.
Epizootic {ep-e-zo-of -ik) [fjr/, upon; fwoi', animal].
I. Affecting the lower animals epidemically. 2. A con-
tagious,or generally prevalent disease affecting animals.
Epizooty (^/-f-so'-o-/^) [t'TTt, upon ; fyov, animal]. An
epizootic disease.
Eponychium [ep-o-nik' -e-uni) [f tt/, upon ; hvv^, finger-
nail] . A horny condition of the epidermis from the
second to the eighth month of fetal life, indicating
the position of the future nail.
Eponym {tp'-o-niin) [iiruvviKx;, named after, a person] .
A term derived from the name of a person. See
Table of Eponymic Diseases, under Disease.
Epoophorectomy [ep-o-o-for-ek'-to-me) [fTrud^opov,
epoophoron ; eKTo/ni/, excision]. Surgical removal of
the epoophoron.
Epoophoron (^ep-o-off' -oy-07i) [£7r/,upon; C^oi^opoq, lay-
ing eggs]. Same as Parovai-ium.
Epostoma (ep-os-to' -mali) [ett/, upon ; bartov, bone].
An exostosis.
Epsilon-bacillus. See Bacteria , Synonyinatic Table of .
Epsom Salts {ep'-sitm). See Magnesium.
Epstein's Dressing. A method of dressing the um-
bilical cord. It consists of the ordinary linen quad-
rangular belly-plastron with a central cap-like recepta-
cle for the umbilical stump.
Epulis [ep-u'-lis) [t/T/, upon; nv'ka, the gums]. A hard,
fibrous tumor of the alveolar processes of the jaws.
Epulosis (ep-u-lo' -sis) [tTTOv'Aoaig : ini, upon; ovAri,
scar]. Cicatrization; a cicatrix.
Epulotic (cp-u-lof -ik ) [t-n-/, upon; ov'hrj, scar]. I.
Promoting epulosis or cicatrization. 2. A remedy
or application that promotes the healing of wounds or
sores.
Equation {e-hua^-zkii?i) \j?qiia7-e, to make equal]. In
chemistry, a collection of symbols so arranged as to
indicate that if the bodies represented by the symbols
be brought together a chemic reaction will take place.
E., Personal, an allowance for individual peculiarity
or error in an observer's work, in order to render it
approximately accurate.
Equator (e-kwa'-lor) \ccquare, to make equal]. An
imaginary circle surrounding a sphere. E. of a cell,
the boundary of the plane through which division takes
place. E. of the eye, the eeqtiator oculi ; the
boundary of the transverse and central vertical plane
of the eye. E. of a Lens, the angular edge at the
meeting of the anterior and posterior surfaces of the
lens.
Equatorial (e-kwa-tor' -e-al) \i7quare, to make equal].
Pertaining or belonging to an equator. E. Plate.
See Karyokinesis and Plate.
Equilibration (e-que-lib-ra' -shun) [^rrquilibrare, to bal-
ance equally]. Equipoise ; even balance.
Equilibrism [e-quil' -ib-rizm) \(equilibris , evenly bal-
anced]. The opinion that every voluntary act may be
counteracted by an opposing inhibitory volition.
Equilibrium (e-kwe-lib' -re-urn) [eequus, equal ; libra,
balance]. An even balancing of a body or condition.
E., Stable, when, after slight disturbance, the body
will return to its original condition or position. E.,
Unstable, when it will not so return.
Equination (e-kwin-a'-slnni) \_equinus, of ahorse]. I.
Inoculation with the virus of equine smallpox. 2.
Inoculation with the virus of equinia.
Equinia (e-lrwin' -e-ah) \_equus, a horse]. Glanders.
Farcy. A contagious, specific disease, with both local
and general symptoms, derived from the horse or ass.
It affects chiefly the skin, mucous membranes and
lymphatics, and begins with a purulent nasal discharge,
the respiratory, ocular and oral membranes being fur-
ther successively involved. It is of microbic origin.
See Baeilhis mallei^ in Bacteria, Synonyinatic Table of.
Equinist {ek' -kwin-ist) \_equus, a horse]. One who be-
lieves in the equine origin of a disease, e. g., of tetanus.
Equipollent (e-k-ivip' -o-lent) \jequus, equal ; pollere, to
be strong]. Of equal power or efficiency; said, for
example, of opposing muscles, or of parents in their
influence upon offspring.
Equisetum {ek-iuis-e' -tuni) \equus, a horse ; sccta, bris-
tle]. A genus of cryplogamous plants ; the horse-
tails, or scouring rushes. E. hiemah and E. palustre,
of Europe and N. America, are reputed to be effective
and harmless diuretics.
Equitant {ek'-zvit-ant) \_cquitare, to ride]. In biology,
literally, riding. Applied to leaves, like those of the
iris, which are vertical and folded lengthwise, so that
each leaf, toward the base, overlaps or straddles the
next ; also applied to the longitudinally folded anten-
na; of certain insects.
Equivalence, Equivalency {e-kwiv'-al-ens, e-quiv' -al-
en-se) \_ceqiius, equal ; valere, to be worth]. Equality
of valence or saturating-power. See Valeiice. In
chemistry, the property possessed by an element or
radical of combining with another element or radical
or of replacing it in a compound body in definite and
unalterable proportions. It is sometimes used as syno-
nymous with valence or qiiantivalence.
Equivalent (e-kwiv' -al-ent) \jequus, equal ; valere, to
be worth]. Of equal valency. E. Focus. See
Focus.
Equivocal (e-kwiv' -o-kal) \_cequus,equ.3\. ; w.r, sound].
Of doubtful significance, as equivocal symptoms.
Eradication [e-rad-ik-a'-s/iun) [f, out ; radicare, to
root]. Complete or thorough removal.
Eradiculose {e-rad-ik' -u-l6s) [c, priv. ; radicula, a
rootlet]. In biology, destitute of rootlets or rhizoids.
Erasene {er'-as-en) . \eradere, to scratch out ; from the
power of erasing grease-spots]. A trade-name for
California abietene. See Abietene.
Erasion (e-ra'-zhun) \e, out; radere, to scrape]. The
act of scraping or cureting.
Erb's Point. See Poittt. E. Reaction of degener-
ation. Deviation from the normal formula of muscu-
lar response to galvanism. E. Upper-arm type "
of palsy. A myotrophy characterized by paralysis of
the deltoid and often of the supraspinatus and infra-
spinatus, the biceps, brachialis anticus, and the supin-
ators. See Diseases, Table of.
Erbium [ur'-be-um) [L.]. A rare element; symbol
Er. See Elements, Table of.
Erdmann's Test. See Tests, Table of.
Erdmann and Uslar's Test. See Tests, Table of.
Erect [e-rekt'^ [erectus, set up]. Upright; in the state
of erection. E. Posture. See Postures, Table of.
Erecthites [e-rek-thi' -tez) [fpe^'^'rw > groundsel]. A
genus of composite plants. E. hieracifolia. Fire-
weed ; a coarse composite-flowered plant common in
waste-lands in N. America ; it is astringent and tonic.
Unof.
Erectile [e-rek'-til) [erigere, to set up]. Pertaining to
or possessing the characteristic stiffening, rigidity, or
erection. E. Glossitis. See Glossitis, Parenchy-
matous. E. Tissue, that which is capable of erection ;
consisting of a network of expansile capillaries that
under stimulus becomes engorged with blood.
Erection (e-re¥ -shun) ?>c7r, to set up]. The con-
dition of temporary and functional fulness and firm-
ness of the penis, clitoris, etc., due to sexual excite-
ment, friction, etc., the mechanism consisting in an
overfilling of the blood-vessels with inhibition of the
ERECTOPATENT
438
ERODENT
return circulation. E. -center. See Center. E.,
Persistent. Synonym of Priapism, q. v.
Erectopatent [e-rek-to-pa' -tent) \erectiis, erect ; patens,
spreading]. In biology, intermediate between erect
and spreading, as the fore- wings of a butterfly in
repose.
Erector (e-rek'-tor) \_erigere, to erect]. Any muscle,
the function of which it is to erect or elevate a part.
See Muscles, Table of. E. pili, the unstriped mus-
cular fibers causing the erection of the hair and the
phenomenon called goose-flesh or goose-skin.
Eremacausis (er-em-ak-aw' -sis) \_?ipefia, slowly ; Kaii-
aig, burning]. Slow oxidation or gradual decay,
without combustion.
Eremoblast {er-e' -mo-blast) \_ei>fjfio^, solitary^ jiXaarog,
a germ, sprout]. A unicellular plant.
Eremophobia ( er-cm-o-fo' -be-ah ) [f/)//«of , desolate ;
(poiiloc, fear]. The same as Agoraphobia , q. v.
Erethin (er'-e-thin) [iyjEfc'/fai', to irritate]. The name
given by Klebs to that constituent of tuberculin which
occasions fever.
Erethism {er' -e-thizm), Erethismus [er-e-thiz' -inus)
l_kpeHiaiLi6<;, irritation]. An abnormal heightening of
nervous irritability. E. ebriosorum. Synonym of
Delirium tremens. E. hydrophobia. Synonym of
Hydrophobia. E. tropicus. See Insolation.
Erethismal (er-e-thiz' -mal) [^epeOcafiog, irritation]. Of
the nature of an erethism.
Erethismic (er-e-thiz' -mik), ox Erethistic (er-e-this' -tik) .
[^epeftiafiog, irritation]. Relating to, or affected with,
erethism.
Erg [t7);-oi', work]. See Electric Units.
Ergasiomania [ur-gas-e-o-ma'-ne-ah) [jpyafr/a, work ;
fiavla, madness]. Mania for performing operations.
Ergasiophobia [iir-gas-e-o-fo' -be-ah) [ipyaa'ia, work ;
tjiojhc;, fear]. Timidity in operating. A dread of
operations.
Ergogenesis (ur-go-Jen'-es-is) [^ipyov, work ; ykvtai^,
production]. Same as Ergogeny.
Ergogenetic (iir-go-gen-ef -ik) \lpyov, work ; ykveci^,
production]. Of the nature of, or pertaining to, er-
gogeny.
Ergogeny (iir-goj' -en-c) \ipyov, work ; yivcnic, jjroduc-
tion]. In biology, the energy, both potential and
kinetic, involved in the adaptive processes of living
organisms ; it includes both kinetogeny and statogeny
(Ryder).
Ergograph {iir' -go-graf) \ipyov, work ; ypd(l>eiv, to
write]. A recording ergometer. An instrument for
recording the extent of movement produced by a con-
tracting muscle, or the amount of work it is capable
of doing.
Ergometer [iir-gom' -et-er) \(pyov, work ; jjirpov, meas-
ure]. A variety of dynamometer.
Ergostat [ur'-go-stat) [tpyov, work; 'laravai, to stand].
An apparatus for te.sting muscular strength.
Ergot, or Ergota (z<r''-^'"()/, or ur-go'-tah) [Fr. , ergot, a
spur: gen., Ergota']. I. In farriery, the horny stub
below the pastern joint, hidden by the fetlock of the
horse. 2. The hippocampus minor. 3. A fungus,
Claviceps purpurea, parasitic upon rye. It contains
sphacelinic acid, ergotinic acid, and corn ut in, to which
its properties are due. It is a powerful excito-motor,
hemostatic, and gastro-intestinal irritant, but is used
most frequently to promote uterine contraction in
childbirth. It is valuable internally in amenorrhea
and atonic spermatorrhea ; topically in gonorrhea,
conjunctivitis and inflammations of mucous mem-
branes. Its effects are most prompt by hypo-
dermatic injection. Dose gr. x-gj. E., Ext., Fid.,
prepared with dilute hydrochloric acid, alcohol, and
water. Dose 3ss-ij. E., Ext., Liquid (B. P.).
Dose TT^x-xxx. E., Ext., — Ergotin. Dose gr. ij-xx,
hypodermatically gr. '4;-v. E., Infus. (B. P.). Dose
^ j-ij. Injectio Ergotinae Hypodermica (B. P.),
ergotin I, camphor- water, 2. Dose subcutaneously
TTLiij-x. E., Tinctura (B. P.). Dose tr^^x-gj. E.,
Vinum, 15 per cent. Dose jj-.^j- Sclerotinic
Acid, thought to be identical with ergotinic acid.
'E.tgotin [ur' -go-tin) [Yx., ergot, a iYim]. I. A precip-
itate or extract prepared from the tincture of Secale
cereale ; it is an emmenagogue, and parturient. Dose
T5 \ grain ) repeated as may be needed. Unof.
The name is applied in commerce to many different
preparations of ergot ; often to the extractum ergota,
U. S. P. 2. C5qH-.2N.^05. An amorphous, brown
alkaloid found in ergot. It is probably the same as
ecbolin.
Ergotinin (ur-got'-in-in) [Fr., ergot, a spur], C-^H^-
N^Og. An alkaloid from ergot of rye, occurring in
white needles ; it is effective in hemorrhage, in erysip-
elas, and in certain brain-affections. For hypoder-
matic injection, to j^j gr. is used, dissolved in lactic
acid and water.
Ergotism [ur'-got-izm) [Fr. , ergot, a spur]. The con-
stitutional effects of overdoses of ergot or of the per-
sistent use of food containing ergot. These are mani-
fested by severe cramps, chiefly in the muscles of the
leg, ending in tonic contraction of these muscles — the
spasmodic form ; and secondly by gangrene of the ex-
tremities— the gangrenous form. The symptoms may
be acute or chronic. See Pellagra.
Ergotol [ur'-got-dl) [F"r. , ergot, a spur]. A proprietary
liquid preparation of ergot, recommended for hypo-
dermatic injection.
Ergten (erg'-ten) \ipynv, work]. See Electric Units.
Erianthous {er-e-an' -thus) \ipLov, wool ; avQoq, flower].
In biology, woolly-flowered.
Erichsen's Disease. .See Diseases, Eponymic Table of .
E. Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Ericolin {er-ik'-o-lin) [t/ae/K?;, heath], Q^H-gO^,. A
substance found in Uva ursi. It is an amorphous,
yellowish glucosid with a bitter taste, yielding with
diluted acids sugar and an essential oil — ursone.
Erigeron [er-ij'-er-on) \Jipiyipuv, groundsel: gen.,
Erigerontis'\. Fleabane. The plant E. canadense,
having physiologic actions like those of oil of turpen-
tine, but less irritant. It is efficient as a hemostatic in
menorrhagia. E. bellidifolium and E. philadel-
phicum afford similar oils, and have the same proper-
ties. E., 01., the essential volatile oil of erigeron.
Dose tT\^x-5 ss. Unof.
Eringo [cr-ing'-o). See Eryngo.
Eriodictyon [er-e-o-dik' -te-on) \lpim>, wool ; 6'mrvov,
a net]. Yerba Santa or Mountain - balm. The
leaves of E. glutinosum, a shrub of California, an
excellent expectorant, and valuable as an excipient
for quinin, the taste of which it largely conceals. It
is useful in bronchial affections. E., Ext. Fid.
Dose TT\^xv-3j. E., Ext. Dose gr. ij-x. E.
tomentosum and E. angustifolium have the same
uses. The latter are unofficial.
Eriophorous [er-e-off' -or-us) \fpiciv, wool ; (j>tpeiv, to
bear]. In biology, wool-bearing.
Eriophyllous {er-e-off ' -il-us) \ipinv, wool ; (^vXkbv, a
leaf]. In biology, woolly-leaved.
Erlangen Blue. .Same as Berlin Blue.
Erlau Green. .Same as Bremen Green.
Erlicki's Fluid. A hardening-fluid used especially for
tissues of the central nervous system. It con.sists of
potassium bichromate, 2.5 parts; cupric sulphate, 0.5
parts ; water, 100 parts.
Erodent (c-ra'-^/i'/z/ ) [<■, out ; zWc/r , to gnaw]. I. Caus-
tic; causing erosion. 2. A caustic application or agent.
EROGENIC
439
ERYTHEMA
Erogenic, or Erogenous [er-o-jen' -ik or cr-oj'-eti-iis)
[f/auf , love ; y^vvav, to produce] . Producing or
stimulating tlie sexual appetite.
Eromania [er-o-iiia' -iie-ak). See Erotomania.
Erose [e-?-ds') \_e)-odere, to gnaw off]. In biology,
irregularly toothed, as if gnawed.
Erosion [e-ro' -zhiin) \_erosio ; erodei-e, to eat out] .
Disintegration of tissue by mechanical, chemic, or
morbid action. E. of the Cervix, an ulcerated
condition of the neck of the womb resulting from
chrohic endometritis. It is also caW^A. ulceration or
granular degeneration of the cervix.
Erostrate [e-ros'-trdf) [e, priv ; rostrum, a beak]. In
biology, not beaked.
"E-ioXia. [e-ro' -she-alt) [L.]. A genus of composite-flow-
ered plants. E. lanata, white sage or winter-fat ;
a composite- flowered forage-plant of the Western U.
S. ; valued locally in intermittent fevers. Unof.
Erotic (er-ot'-ik) [t/jwi,-, love]. Pertaining to the sex-
ual passion.
Eroticism {er-of -is-iziii) [t/jwf, love]. An erotic
disposition ; erotic display ; tendency to erotomania.
Eroticomania [er-o-tik-o-ma' -ne-ah) [t'ptJTiKOf , loving ;
jxavia, madness]. Same as Erotomania.
Erotocism {er-of -o-siztu). Same as Erotomania, q. v.
Erotomania (er-ot-o-ma' -ne-ah) \epuc, love ; /uavia,
madness]. Morbid, abnormal exaggeration of love
generally ; more limited to the imaginative than to the
carnal aspect of the sentiment; insanely-perverted sex-
ual feeling. See Nymphomania and Satyriasis. E.
personalis. Synonym of Satyriasis and of Nympho-
mania.
Erotomaniac (er-ot-o-tna' -ne-ak) [i'pwf , love ; fiav!a,
madness]. A patient who is afflicted with erotomania.
Erratic [er-at'-ik) \_erj-aticiis , wandering]. Moving
about from place to place ; irregular ; strange or un-
usual ; eccentric, peculiar.
Errhine (er'-in) [ri', in; piq, the nose], i. Causing
discharges from the nose. 2. A medicine that, applied
to the mucous membrane of the nose, increases nasal
secretions. A sternutatory.
Error [er'-or) [L. , "wandering"]. Displacement or
perversion in any function; aberration, mental or optic.
Erskine's Method. See Treatment, Methods of.
Erubescence (er-jt-bes' -etis) \erubescentia, blushing].
Redness of the skin.
Eruca (f7-w'-/'(7//) [L. ,a caterpillar; a colewort]. A
genus of cruciferous plants. E. sativa, the garden
rocket, an herb of Asia and Europe, used as a salad.
It is a stimulant and diuretic, and is considered to be
aphrodisiac and galactagogue. Unof.
Erucic Acid (er-oo' -sik). See Acid.
Eruciform [er-oo' -sif-orm) [^erztca, a caterpillar ; forma,
form]. In biology, said of larvte, spores, etc., that
are shaped like a caterpillar.
Erucivorous [er-u-siv' -or-us) \_erzica, a caterpillar;
vorare, to eat]. In biology, applied to birds and other
animals that feed upon caterpillars.
Eructation [e-ruk-ta' -shun') [crz/rfari?, to belch] . Belch-
ing.
Erugation [er-oo-ga' -shun) [erugatio ; e, out ; ruga,
wrinkle]. The removal of wrinkles.
Erugatory [er-oo' -gat-or-e) \_e, out; ruga, a wrinkle].
I. Tending to remove wrmkles. 2. A remedy for
wrinkles.
Erugineous [er-oo-jin'-e-us). Same as Eruginous.
Eruginose [er-oo' -jin-os). Same as Eruginous.
Eruginous [er-oo' -jin-tis) \_ceruginostts ; irriigo, rxisi].
Having the nature or the color of verdigris.
Erumpent [e-rtim' -pent) \_erumpere, to break out]. In
biology, applied to parts or organs that appear as if
bursting out.
Eruption [e-rup'-shun) [erumpei-e, to burst out]. A
bursting forth of any kind or from any part, but ap-
plied especially to the chief symptom of certain skin-
diseases, consisting in pimples, vesicles, rash, etc. ;
the breaking forth of a tooth from the gum.
Eruptive [e-rup'-tiv] \erumpere, to burst out]. At-
tended by an eruption, as an eruptive fever.
Eruthrocyte [er-uth' -ro-s\t). Incorrect form of Ery-
throcyte, q.v.
Eryngo [er-ing'-go) [i/pryyt/, a thistle]. Any plant of
the umbelliferous genus Eryngium, especially E.
campestro and E. maritinium of Europe. These
plants, with others of the genus, were formerly made
into sweetmeats, and were regarded as polychrest
remedies, but were especially prized as aphrodisiacs.
Unof.
Erysipelas [ei -is-ip' -el-as) red; Trt'/i'Aa, skin].
An acute, specific, constitutional febrile disease, with a
peculiar redness and inflammation of the skin and
subcutaneous tissue, generally of the face. It is due
to streptococci. The period of incubation varies from
a few hours to three or four days. The symptoms are
an initial chill or rigor, malaise, high temperature,
vomiting or nausea, and the characteristic rash, with
a well-defined margin, upon the skin. It may termin-
ate fatally. Albumin may appear in the urine. At
the conclusion of the attack desquamation takes place,
either branny or in flakes. The development of ery-
sipelas is favored by filth, over-crowding, and defective
ventilation. One attack rather predisposes to subse-
quent attacks. E. carbunculosum. Synonym of
Anthrax. E. malignum internum, an acute, sup-
purative, rapidly spreading inflammation ,of cellular
tissue beginning in the pelvis after parturition. It is
one form of puerperal fever. It is usually rapidly
fatal. Antisepsis properly applied at the time of
delivery will prevent its occurrence. E. migrans,
wandering erysipelas. E. phlegmonodes, a form of
erysipelas in which there is pus-formation, with marked
constitutional symptoms. E., Recurrent, pseudo-ery-
sipelas, a frequent disease in strumous children, but oc-
curring also in adults, and especially in women. It is
entirely confined to the face, especially around the nose
and upper lip, and is unattended with marked consti-
tutional symptoms. It is not amenable to treatment,
and is very prone to recur. E. simplex, the ordinary
facial form of erysipelas. E. suffusum. Synonym
of Erythema. E., Wandering, a chronic or sub-
chronic form in which the process successively disap-
pears from one part of the body to appear at another
part.
Erysipelatous [er-is-ip-el' -at-us) \epvBpb<;, red; ttDJm,
skin]. Of the nature of or affected with erysipelas.
Erysipeloid [er-is-ip-el' -aid) \ipvdp6q, red; neAAa,
skin ; fMor, likeness]. A peculiar affection of the
palms of the hands or soles of the feet, characterized
hy zones of violaceous-red eruption with burning and
itching ; it is due to wound-infection.
Erythanthema [er-ith-an' -the-mah) [epvftpSc:, red ;
ai'drijia, a flowing]. A skin-disease marked by red-
ness. The term is variously applied by some to denote
an eruptive disease depending upon vaso-motor, or
other nervous disorder. It is used to designate a class
of cutaneous efflorescences that have in common a
basis of erythema.
Erythema [er-ith-e' -nuih) [^'EpvOrj/ia, a blush]. Rose
rash : a redness of the skin that may be made to dis-
appear temporarily by pressure. E. ab igne, a form
of E. hvpcremicum produced by the constant irrita-
tion of artificial heat. It occurs as rings and gyrate
patterns on the front of the legs, and is of a deep-red
color, gradually becoming browner in tint. This pig-
ERYTHEMA
440
ERYTHRASMA
mentation is permanent. E. annulare, a form of E.
multiforme in which the lesions shrink and desquamate
at the center, but continue to extend at the periphery
by a raised margin. It is also called E. circinafum.
These rings may wander over the entire body, intersect-
ing each other and forming elaborate figures with cres-
centic edges [E. gyratum). Occasionally new rings
develop concentrically around older ones. The forms
and varieties of color produced give rise to the name
E. iris. E. bullosum. See E. vesiculosum. E.
circinatum. See E. annulare. E. congestivum,
E. hyperiEDiicum ; a mere congestion of the skin ; the
simplest form of erythema. Swelling is absent or in-
significant in the congested areas, and the tint of red-
ness varies from the brightest red to a rosiy or purple
hue. E. endemicum. See Pellagra. E., Epi-
demic. See Acrodynia. E. exudativum, an acute or
sub-acute non-contagious, inflammatory skin-disease,
characterized by the development of symmetrically
distributed, raised erythematous patches, usually dis-
crete, varying greatly in form and size, accompanied
by slight transudation of blood or by copious hemor-
rhage into the skin, occasionally terminating as
vesicles or blebs, and specially liable to relapse. This
may be attended with constitutional rheumatic symp-
toms. E. figuratvim, is marked by efflorescence in
gyrate lines. E. fugax, a variety of E. hypercemicum ;
it consists in a transitory redness of a patchy charac-
ter, suddenly appearing on the face and trunk of young
individuals and gradually disappearing in a few min-
utes or hours. It is frequently associated with indi-
gestion, worms, etc. E. furfuracea. Synonym of
Pityriasis rosea. E. gangraenosum, a term applied
to spontaneous patches of superficial gangrene or
ulceration seen chiefly in hysterical women. They are
undoubtedly self-induced, and are asymmetric, usually
on the left side, and in easily accessible positions.
E. gyratum. See E. annulare. E. hyperaemicum.
See E. congestivum. E. induratum, a variety of E.
exudativum attacking the calf, or the leg immediately
below, more frequently than the front of the legs.
It occurs either in diffuse, ill-defined patches or in
nodules, bright-red at first but gradually assuming a
violet hue. The nodules may be superficial or deep,
a quarter of an inch to an inch or more in diameter,
and may be slowly absorbed, or necrose and slough out,
leaving a very indolent ulcer. The condition is most
common in strumous individuals. E. intertrigo, inter-
trigo ; eczema intertrigo ; a chronic form of E. hy-
percemictim resulting from pressure or the rubbing to-
gether of folds of skin. It is common in infants and
fat adults. E. iris. Herpes iris. See E. annulare.
E. keratodes, a diffuse condition of tylosis of the
palms and soles. E. leve, a common skin-affection, a
variety of E. hyperamicum, likely to appear upon the
tense skin of dropsical parts. It may go on to derma-
titis and sloughing. E. marginatum, an infrequent
variety of E. mnltiforme, which generally begins as a
flat disc a quarter or half an inch in diameter, and very
rapidly enlarges at the periphery, subsiding pari passu
in the center. It joins similar adjacent lesions, and in
a few days traverses the circumference of a limb, or
a large area on the trunk, leaving a fawn-colored pig-
mentation that slowly disappears. E. multiforme,
E. polymorphe ; a variety of E. exudativum, common
in young adults of either sex, and appearing especially
in spring and autumn. The eruption first appears
almost invariably on the backs of the hands and feet
thence spreading to the forearms and legs. In severe
cases the trunk and face, and even the mucous mem-
branes may be affected. The lesions consist of flat or
slightly convex papules, sharply defined, deep-red or
purplish in color, varying in size from a pin's head up,
partially disappearing on pressure. This is the com-
monest form [E. papulatum'). If the papules coalesce
to form larger lesions the condition is described as E.
tuberculatum. E. nodosum, dermatitis contusiformis ;
a further development of E. tuberculatum. Multiple
(seldom more than a dozen) raised, rosy patches,
round or oval in the direction of the limb, from one-
half to three inches in diameter, suddenly develop
along both tibia:, and often along the ulnar side of the
forearms. They are exquisitely tender, tense and shin-
ing. The condition chiefly occurs in children and deli-
cate young women. See Bacillus ofDemme under Bac-
teria, Synonymatic Table of . E. papulatum. See.fi'.
multiforme . E. paratrimma, the erythema that ap-
pears over a bony prominence, etc. , immediately before
the formation of a bed-sore. It is a variety of E.
hypercBmicum. E. pellagrosum. A synonym of
Pellagra. E. pernio. 'A^^ Pernio. E. polymorphe.
See E. multiforme. E. purpuricum, Purpura throm-
botica ; a variety of erythema resembling Peliosis
rkeumatica , but characterized by its erythematous ap-
pearance and the absence of alteration by pressure. It
is attended with no general symptoms, or with slight
pains in some of the joints, or with edema of the legs.
E. roseola, a variety of E. hypercemicuni ; it consists
in the development of congestive patches of a delicate
rose-color, scarcely raised above the surface of the
skin, varying in size from a split-pea to a finger-
nail, and either diffused over the whole surface of the
body or in figured groups. It is common in young
children in association with digestive troubles. Its
different stages have been called Roseola infantilis,
cestivalis, autumnalis, annulata, but these terms are
not now generally used. E. scarlatiniforme, a
variety of E. hypercsmicum ; it appears as a vivid,
punctiform eruption, sharply defined in places, attended
with high temperature, often seen after injuries or sur-
gical operations. It is followed by furfuraceous des-
quamation. E. scarlatiniforme desquamativum,
a more pronounced form of E. scarlatiniforme, with a
greater tendency to be diffuse instead of punctiform,
of longer duration, and with a great liability to recur at
certain seasons. The mucous membranes are often in-
volved and desquamation occurs in large flakes. E.
simplex, a variety of E. hypercetnicuin ; characterized
by a congestive redness of moderate intensity. It
appears as diffuse or circumscribed, variously-sized
lesions, which are usually not raised above the integ-
ument. It may be idiopathic or symptomatic ; and
if the latter, brought about by a great number of
external irritants, including heat and cold, etc. E.
solare, E- simplex due to the heat of the sun. E.
tuberculatum. See E. multiforme. E. tuberosum.
Same as E. tuberculatum. E. urticans, the early or
pink stage of the urticarial wheal. It is a variety
of E. hypenemicum. E. vesiculosum, the occur-
rence of vesication in the progress of E. multiforme .
If the blebs are large the condition is termed E.
bullosum.
Erythematous [er-itk-e/n'-at-us) [_ti>vdr/iua, a blush].
(_)f the nature of erythema.
Erythemoid {er-ith-em' -oid), Erythematoid {er-ith-
em'-at-oid) \jp'v6rju.a, try t\\sma.; diSoQ, resemblance].
Resembling erythema.
Erythrasma (er-ith- raz'- ma h) [^tpvOpdc, red]. A rare
disease of the skin, always attacking the axillae or in-
guinal regions, or the nates. It forms reddish or
brownish, sharply defined, slightly raised, desquamat-
ing patches, that cause no itching or inconvenience.
It is due to the microorganism, Microsporon minutis-
simum, and is readily curable.
ERYTHREMELALGIA
441
ERYTHROXYLON
Erythremelalgia [er-ith-rcm-el-al' -jd-ah). See Ery-
throinelalgia.
Erythremia (er-ith-re' -me-aJi) \ipvd[i6(;, red ; a!//a,
blood]. I. The normal condition of the arterial
blood. 2. Arterial blood in the veins.
Erythrin [er' -ith-i-in) [epyfpdf, red], C2(,H.^20jj. An
ether-like derivative of orsellinic acid. It occurs in
the lichen Roccella fusciformis , and is extracted from
it by means of milk of lime. It crystallizes with I
molecules of water and is soluble with difficulty in hot
water. Exposure to the air causes it to assume a red
color.
Erythrina {er-ith-ri'-nah) \hpvdp6g, red]. A genus of
leguminous trees, shrubs and herbs, of some 25 species,
three or more of which grow in the U. S. ' E. coral-
lodendron, coral tree of tropical America, is sedative,
hypnotic, diuretic, purgative, vermifuge and pectoral.
Other species have similar properties. Unof
Erythrine [er' -ith-rin) [epwW/jof, red]. Red.
Erythrism {er' -ith-rizm) \_tpvOp6g, red]. In biology,
applied to conditions of dichromatism in which the
normal colors of the integument are affected by an
excess of red pigment, as often shown in the plumage
of a bird.
Erythrite [er'-ith-ril). See Erythrol.
Erythroblast [er-ith' -ro-blast ) [f/jnO/jof , red ; /iAadrdf ,
germ]. A rudimentary red blood-corpuscle.
Erythrocarpus ( er-ith' -ro-kar' -pus ) \ipvdp6q, red ;
Kapirdc, fruit]. In biology, red-fruited.
Erythrochloropia (er-ith' -i-o-klo-ro' -pe-ali) [epvfJpdf,
red; xkupoi;, green ; ui/;, eye]. A form of subnormal
color-perception in which green and red are the only
colors correctly distinguished.
Erythrochloropy {er-ith' -ro-klor' -o-pe') [_epvdp6^, red ;
X^(Jp6c, green]. Ability to distinguish red and green
colors only.
Erythrocruorin [er-ith' -ro-kru' -or-iii) \_epvdpdg, red;
cruor, blood]. Same as Hemoglobin.
Erythrocyte {er-ith' -ro-sit) [epvdp6(;, red; KiTOf, cell]
A red blood-corpuscle.
Erythrocytosis {er-ith' -ro-si-to' -sis) \ipv(lp6q,x^A.; kvto^,
cell]. The forrhation of red blood-corpuscles.
Erythrodermia {er-ith' -ro-der'-me-ah) \^epvHp6g, red;
dEpfia, skin]. Abnormal redness of the skin.
Erythrodermitis {er-ith' -ro-der-ini' -tis) [epvftpoc, red ;
dtpfia, skin; mf, inflammation]. A chromoder-
matosis characterized by erythema and superficial
dermatitis.
Erythrodextrin {er-ith' -ro-deks' -trin\ \ipv(^p6(;, red;
dexter, right]. A dextrin formed by the action of
saliva on starch. It yields a red color with iodin.
Erythrogen {er-ith' -ro-jen) [epvftpog, red ; yevuai', to
produce]. A green substance that has been found in
unhealthy bile, and which (apparently without good
reason) has been regarded as ' ' the base of the color-
ing-matter of the blood."
Erythroglucin {er-ith-ro-glu' -siii). See Ervthrol.
Erythrogranulose {er-ith-ro-grati' -it-Ids') \ipvdp6q, red ;
granulwn, a little grain]. A .granular substance,
found in starch-grains, coloring red with iodin.
Erythroid {er'-ith-roid) [ipvdpog, red ; dSog, re-
semblance]. Reddish; of a red color.
Erythrol {er' -ith-rol) [epvOpoc, red], C^H^gO^. Also
called Erythroglucin, Erythrite or PJiycite. A princi-
ple which exists as erythrin (orsellinate of erythrite) in
many lichens and some algae. It forms large quadratic
crystals that dissolve readily in water, with difficulty
in alcohol, and are insoluble in ether. It is a poly-
hydric alcohol with a sweet taste melting at 126° C.
and boiling at 330° C.
Erythrolein {er-ith-ro' -le-iti) \hpvQp6q, red ; oleum, oil],
CjgHjjO^. A fatty liquid compound contained in
litmus. It is soluble in alcohol, ether, and alkalies,
and in dyeing yields a purple color.
Erythrolitmin {er-ith-ro-lit'-miu) \jpvdpdc, xftA; Dan.,
lac, lac; moes, pulp], C.^^nggO,,. A red coloring-
matter obtained from litmus ; it is crystalline and
soluble in alcohol.
Erythromelalgia {er-ith-ro mel-al' -je-ah) [Ipv8p6r,
red; jufXog, limb; iiAyog, pain]. Red neuralgia;
terminal neuritis. A variety of chronic dermatalgia
characterized by burning and then aching pain of a
part, usually one or more extremities, intensified by
warmth and accompanied by flushing and local fever.
Erythrophage {cr-ith'-ro-/dj) \_lpvHpd^, red; (payelv,
to eat]. Any one of the phagocytic cells which,
lying about a hemorrhagic area, take up the pigment
of the blood or even red-corpuscles. They are
remarkable for their brilliant color (red to golden).
Erythrophlein {er-ith-ro/' -le-in) ^Epvdp6^, red ; (j>Aoi.6c,
bark]. A poisonous alkaloid from Casca bark.
Erythrophleum {er-it/t-ro-Jle'-um). See Cascu Bark.
Erythrophobe {er-ith' -ro- fob) [^epvflp6(;, red ; (jxjfielp, to
fear]. One fearing or disliking red colors.
Erythrophobia {er-ith-i-o-fo'-be-ah) [ipv^pnr, red;
<p6l3og, fear]. Morbid intolerance of red colors:
sometimes observed after operations for cataract.
Erythrophyl {er-ith' -ro-fil) \kpvi^p6q, red; (^'vtCkov,
leaf]. In biology, a red coloring-matter found in
autumn leaves, ripe fruits, etc. It is also called Phyl-
lervthrin and Phyterythrin.
Erythropia {er-ith-ro' -pe-ak) [e/jrf'/jdf, red ; ui/', vision].
A condition in which objects appear as if colored red.
Erythropsia {er-ith-rop' -se-ah) \ipv6p6q, red ; dy^f,
vision]. An abnormality of vision in which all ob-
jects appear red ; red vision ; it has been observed in
alcoholic ataxia with optic atrophy, after subcutaneous
injections of strychnin.
Erythropsin {er-ith-rop' -siii) \_epvflp6^, red ; aip,
vision]. An organic substance of the retina. In the
presence of light it is believed to form different com-
binations, constituting color-perception. It is called
visual purple and Rliodopsin , q. v.
Erythrorhetin {er-ith-ro-ret' -in) [fpnffpd?, red ; perivr/,
resin], Cj^H^gOj^. The red resin of rhubarb.
Erythrose {er' -ith-ros) l_epvf)p6g, red], QHj,0,,. Tetrose.
A substance derived from erythrol. It is probably a
mixture of an aldose and a ketose. It is next to the
lowest glucose. See Carbohydrates, Table of.
Erythrosin {er' -ith-ro-sin) \ypvdp6q, red], CgjHjgNjO^.
A compound produced by the action of HNC)^ on tyro-
sin. It is used as a coloring-matter. See Pigments,
Conspectus of.
Erythrosis {er-ith-ro' -sis) [_epvdp6q, red]. Arterial pleth-
ora, or the redness of the skin due to it.
Erythroxylin (er-ith-roks' -il-in) \kpvdp6Q, red ; fi'/lov,
wood] . A precipitate from the tincture of Erythroxy-
lon coca. It is a nervine and stimulant. Dose ^ to
I grain. Unof.
Erythroxylon {er-ith-roks' -il-on') [tpiSpoq, red ; ^h?^ov,
vfooA: gen. , Ervthroxyli']. Coca, Cuca. The leaves
of E. coca, a shrub indigenous to the Andes. (Not to
be confounded with cocoa.) It contains an alkaloid,
Cocain, C,,H.,,N04, q. v., to which its properties are
mainly due. It is an aromatic tonic and cerebral stimu-
lant, developing a remark.ible power of enduring
hunger and fatigue. Large doses cause hallucinations.
Its effects are similar to those of coffee, but are more
intense. It is much used by the natives for sustenance
during long journeys. The leaves, smoked, are bene-
ficial in hay-fever. E. coca (B. P.). Dose gr. ij-
XV. E., Ext., Fid. Dose 3 ss-ij. Extractum
Cocse Liquid (B. P.). Dose '7^ ss-ij. Wines and
elixirs of coca are numerous.
ERVTHRURIA
442
ESOPHAGUS
Erythruria {er-ith-ru' -re-ak ) [ir'/n'f^jdf, red ; nvpov,
urine]. The passage of reddish urine. Hematuria.
Esbach's Test. See Tests, Table of.
Eschar (^es'-kar^ a scab]. The slough or
scab following cauterization, burns, etc.
Escharodermitis (es-kar-o-der-ini' -tis) \t(ix'^po-i a scab ;
(Sfpua, skin; iric, inflammation]. A skin-inflarama-
tion marked by the formation of eschars.
Escharosis i^cs-kar-o' -sis) \i(Jxa(Hdai<;'\. The formation
of an eschar ; escharotic action.
Escharotic [es-kar-ot'-ik) [^coxapi^TiKogl^. l. Caustic;
productive of a slough or scab. 2. A substance that,
applied to the skin, produces an eschar. A caustic.
Eschel Blue. See Smalts. ^
Escherich, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Svnonvmatic
Table of.
Eschka's Test. See Tests, Table of.
Eschomelia [es-ko-me' -le-ak) [fff^-arof, iivorst ; fisAo^,
a limb]. A monstrosity in which there is a defective
limb.
Eschricht's Yellow Canals. See Canals.
Eschrolalia ( es-kro-la' -le-ah ) [nio';cpof, shameful ;
AaXia, speech]. Same as Coprolalia.
Eschromythesis (es-kro-mi-the' -sis) [aiff^ypof , base ;
uvUiCEiD, to utter]. The utterance of obscene language
by delirious or insane patients.
Eschscholtzia (esh-sholts' -e-ali) [after Eschscholtz, a.
German zoologist]. A genus of papaveraceous herbs.
E. californica, California Poppy, a plant growing in
California, is recommended as an excellent and harm-
less soporific and analgesic. Dose of the fluid ex-
tract, Tr\^xv-xxx. Unof.
Esculapian {es-kn-la' -pe-aii) \_.-Escnlapiiis, the god of
medicine]. I. Medical; pertaining to medicine. 2.
A physician.
Esculetin (es-ku-le' -tiii) \_.Esciilus , the Italian oak],
C^H^Oj. A substance present in the bark of the
horse-chestnut, partly free, and partly as the glucosid
esculin, from which it is prepared by decomposition
with acids or ferments. It crystallizes with a mole-
cule of water in fine needles or leaflets.
Esculin [es'-ku-lin] \_^-EschIus, the Italian oak],
Cj.HjgOg. A glucosid contained in the bark of the
horse-chestnut, . Escidus hippocastantim. It crystallizes
in fine needles with IJ^ H.^O, and melts when anhy-
drous at 205 C; it is soluble with difficulty in v/ater
and alcohol.
Eserin (es'-er-in) \_Esere, native name of the plant or
bean], CjjH.jNjOj. A poisonous alkaloid derived
from Physostigma, q. v. It is chiefly used to produce
myosis, to lessen intra-ocular tension, etc.
Esiphonal (e-si' -fun-al) [<% priv. ; at(puv, a tube].
Having no siphons, as certain shells ; asiphonate.
Esmarch's Bandage, or Apparatus. An elastic rubber
bandage used upon a limb to be amputated, in order
to drive the blood out of it by the pressure of progres-
sive application of turns about the limb toward the
trunk. E.'s Operation. See Operations, Table of.
E.'s Paste, a caustic paste composed of one part each
of white arsenic and sulphate of morphin, eight parts
of calomel, and forty-eight of gum arable. E.'s
Tubes, test-tubes lined by a thin layer of gelatin for
culture-purposes.
Esmarching (es' -mark-inf) [after Esinarch, a German
surgeon]. The application of the Esmarch bandage,
so as to drive the blood out of a part or member.
Esocolitis (es-o-ko-li' -tis) [ecu, within ; k6'A<>i', colon].
Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the colon ;
dysentery.
Esoderm \es' -o-derui) [fcru, within ; depfia, skin]. In
biology, the delicate membrane forming the ental sur-
face of the integuments of insects.
Esodic (e-so(l'-ik) [ff, into; ofSof, way]. Afferent or
centripetal ; conveying impressions toward the central
nervous system — applied to certain nerves and nerve-
filaments.
Esoenteritis {es-o-en-ter-i' -tis) inward ; svTepov,
bowel ; /r(f, inflammation]. Inflammation of the
mucous membrane of the intestines.
Esogastritis [es-o-gas-tri' -tis) [laio, inward; -jnari/p,
belly; /r/f, inflammation] . Inflammation of the mu-
cous membrane of the stomach.
Esogenetic [es-o-jen-ef -ik) \lau>, within ; yevvav, to
produce]. Produced or arising within the organism.
Esophagalgia {e-sof-ag-aV -je-ah) [oiao^ayof, esopha-
gus ; aXyof , pain] . Pain in the esophagus.
Esophageal {e-sof-aj' -e-al or e-sof-aj-e' -al) [tMo^iiyoc,,
esophagus]. Pertaining or belonging to the esophagus.
E. Glands. See Gland. E. Plexus. See Plexus.
Esophagectomy {e-sof-aj-ek' -to-me) [oJcroi^nyor, esoph-
agus ; inTofiii, a cutting out]. Extirpation of cancer
of the gullet with resection of the walls of the organ.
Esophagectopy (e-sof-aj-ek' -to-pe) [o/croi/idyof , esoph-
agus; f/croTTOf, away from a place]. Displacement of
the esophagus.
Esophagism {e-sof'-aj-izm), Esophagismus [e-sof-
aj-iz' -/lilts) \_olao<payo<; , esophagus]. Spasmodic con-
traction of the esophagus.
Esophagitis (e-so/'-aj-i^-tis) [o((jo0d}'Of , esophagus ; iric,
inflammation]. Inflammation of the esophagus.
Esophagocele (i'-j(>/"^-(7/'-o-.t^/) [oiooipdyog, esophagus;
Kf//)/, hernia]. An abnormal distention of a portion
of the esophagus or of the entire tube ; hence it may
be general, annular, or pouched.
Esophagodynia {e-sofaj-o-diii'-e-ah) [o(o-o^n> of, esoph-
agus ; 0(5/ 'I';/, pain]. fiZ.xn& a.^ Esophagalgia.
Esophagomalacia (e-sof-aj-o-mal-a' -se-ah) [o;<To0o}of,
esophagus ; iiakania, softness]. Morbid softening of
the esophagus.
Esophagomycosis (e-sofaj-o-mi-ko' -sis) [otcro^dyof,
esophagus; ^r/a/f, a fungus] . Mycotic disease of the
esophagus.
Esophagopathy (e-snf-aj-op' -ath-e) [oicro^dyof , esoph-
agus ; irdHog, disease]. Any disease of the esophagus.
Esophagoplegia [^e-sof-aj-o-ple' -je-ah) \o\aoi^ayoq,
esophagus; 'Kl-.riyri, a stroke]. Paralysis of the esoph-
agus.
Esophagorrhagia (e-sof-aj-or-a' -je-ah) \p\aoi^dyoc ,
esophagus; p'/yvvvat, to break forth]. Hemorrhage
from the esophagus.
Esophagoscope ie-sof-aj' -o-skop) \o\ao(^dyoq, esoph-
agus ; (TKOireiv, to view]. An instrument for examin-
ing the interior of the esophagus by artificial light.
Esophagoscopy [e-sof-aj-os^ -ko-pe) [o'lcoi^ayot;, esoph-
agus ; oKOTTEiv, to view]. Examination of the interior
of the esophagus.
Esophagospasm (e-sof'-aj-o-spazm). See Esophagis-
JllltS.
Esophagostenosis (e-sof-aj-o-ste-710' -sis) [oJcoi/jdjof,
esophagus; ffrfi^uff^f, constriction]. Constriction of the
esophagus.
Esophagostomy [e-sof-aj-os' -to-me') \o\ao<^dyoq, esoph-
agus ; arofia, mouth]. The formation of an artificial
opening in the esophagus.
Esophagotome {e-sof-aj' -o-totii) [o'looifdyoc, esophagus ;
jkpvav, to cut]. An instrument devised for cutting
into the esophagus.
Esophagotomy [e-sof-aj-ot' -o-me) [oJcror/jdyof, esoph-
agus; Topi], a cutting]. Opening of the esophagus
by an external incision.
Esophagus (e-sof'-ag-us) [(pepeiv, olaeiv, to carry ; ^a-
yelp, to eat]. The gullet. The musculo-membranous
canal, about nine inches in length, extending from the
pharynx to the stomach.
ESOPHORIA
443
ESTLANDER'S METJiOD
Esophoria (es-o-fo' -re-ali) [etrw, inward; ^opElv, to bear].
See Heterophoria.
Esorhinus [ti(T6j, within ; /b/f, nose]. Lis-
sauer's term for a skull in which the angle formed
between the lines running from the premaxillary point
and the incisive foramen to the naso-frontal point is
between o° and 20°.
Esoteric {e-so-ter' -ik) [f awrtpof , within ; t<yuTi;piK6(;, se-
cret, mysterious]. Arising within the organism.
Esotropia ie-so-tro' -pe-aJi) inward ; TptTrnv, to
turn]. Convergent strabismus. See Strahisinus.
Essence (cj-'-tv/j-) [cj-idv?//*?, essence]. I. That quality
of a thing giving it peculiarity of power. 2. The pe-
culiar qualities of a drug extracted and reduced to a
small compass. 3. A solution of an essential oil in
alcohol.
Essential (cs-en' -shal^ \_esseniia, essence]. Pertaining
to the essence of a substance. Pertaining to the pecu-
liar and distinctive characteristic of a disease. E.
Oils ; the essential or volatile oils (attars) are found
extensively distributed throughout the vegetable king-
dom. They occur in almost all parts of the plants
except the cotyledons of the seeds. They
impart the peculiar and characteristic
odors to the plants, furnish the perfumes,
spices, and aromatics, and many of them
possess valuable medicinal properties.
Chemically, essential oils are often divi-
ded roughly into three classes, — oils com-
posed of hydrocarbons only, oils contain-
ing hydrocarbons mixed with oxygenated
products, and oils containing sulphur
compounds. A more exact, but still
quite general, chemic division is the
following: I. Oils consisting chiefly of terpenes
(CjqHjp) and oxidized products allied thereto ; exam-
ples, oil of turpentine, oil of lemon, oil of camphor.
2. Oils consisting chiefly of cedrenes (Q.-^^^^^ and
oxidized products allied thereto; examples, oil of
cedar, oil of cubebs, oil of cloves. 3. Oils consisting
chiefly of aromatic aldi'hvds and allied bodies; exam-
ples, oil of bitter almonds, oil of cinnamon. 4. Oils
consisting chiefly of ethereal salts. These may be
either (a) oxygen salts, as in oil of wintergreen, or (/')
sulphur salts, as in oil of mustard, oil of garlic. E.
Paralysis, paralysis without characteristic anatomic
lesions.
Ester (es-ter). Any compound ether in which both an
alcohol radical and an acid radical are present. E.
Halogen, a derivative of the alcohols, obtained by
heating them with the hydrogen haloids, or with
the halogen derivatives of phosphorus. E. Haloid,
also called alkvlogen ; any product of the action of the
halogen hydrid on the alcohols. The haloid esters
are perfectly analogous to the true esters produced by
the action of alcohols and oxygen acids.
Esthacyte [es'-thas-it) \_aladdvtadai, to perceive ; kvtu^,
a cell]. In biology, one of the sense-cells of a sponge,
granular, spindle-shaped, bearing palpocils.
Esthematology {es-them-at-oF -o-je) [aiafttiiia, a percep-
tion; /l(5yof, science]. The science of the sensations
and of the sense-apparatus.
Esthesia [es-the' -^e-ali)\_alaHriaLQ, sensation]. I. Capacity
of perception ; feeling, or sensation. 2. Any nervous
disease that affects the senses or perceptions.
Esthesin [es'-tkcs-iu) \^al(jflr/(jic, sensibility], Cj-li^.^-
NO3. A feebly basic body, said by Thudichum to be
obtainable from brain-tissue.
Esthesiodermia [es-the-ze-o-der' -nie-ali) \_aladrjai<; , sen-
sation ; fi^pfia, skin]. An affection of the skin with
disturbance of the sensory function, which may be
• decreased, increased, or abolished.
Esthesiogen {es-the' -ze-o-jen) \_ciaftr/c!ig, sensation ;
yevvai', to produce]. Any material, as a metal, which
in certain states of the body appears to have a specific
effect upon the sensibility of the patient.
Esthesiogenic {es-the-ze-o-jeii' -ik) \_alaOrjai^, sensation ;
yevvav, to produce]. Relating to the production of
sensations.
Esthesiogeny [es-ihe-ze-oj' -en-e) [_aia6r/aig, sensation ;
yevi'iii', to produce]. The production of altered or
perverted sensations.
Esthesiography (es-tlie-ze-og' -ra-fe') [_aiaft!)("c, sensa
tion ; -yfx'uptir, to write]. A description of the organs
of sensation and perception.
Esthesiology {es-the-ze-ol' -o-je) [aiaOi/ait;, a feeling ;
Ao/of, science]. A treatise on, or the science of, the
senses.
Esthesiomania [es-the-ze-o-ma' -ne-ah) \_niad//aic, feel-
ing; /xavla, madness]. Insanity marked by perverted
moral feeling and by purposeless eccentricities.
Esthesiometer {es-t/ie-ze-o//i'-et-er) \^atoOr/(Tt(;, sensation ;
fiETpov, a measure]. An instrument for measuring
tactile sensibility.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
! t 3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
t 4
I
Esthesiometer of Sieveking. {From Aitkin.)
Esthesiometry (es-the-ze-om' -et-re) \_dir;Oi)rjiq, sensation ;
/xirpor, measure]. The measurement or estimation
of tactile sensibility.
Esthesioneurosis [es-tlie-se-o-nu-ro^-sis) [ciiadrjaii:, per-
ception ; vevpov, nerve]. Any nervous disease in
which there are disorders of sensation.
Esthesis (es-the' -sis) \_<iiaHrjaLg, sensation]. Sensibility;
sense-perception ; a feeling or sense-impression.
Esthesodic [es-the-sod' -ik) \_dL(!driai<;, sensation ; 6d(>f,
a way]. Serving to convey sense-impressions, as to
the brain.
Esthetophore (es-thet' -o-for) \_diadriT6q, sensible ; (j>cpeiv,
to bear]. In biology, the hypothetic physical basis
of consciousness (Cope).
Esthiomene (es-the-om' -en-e) \jiaOiojikvr) , eating]. Lu-
pus exedens ; lupus of the vulva ; a very rare and
chronic disease commencing during the menstrual
period. It is a form of ulceration accompanied by
fibrous overgrowths of the surrounding and adjacent
tissues. It produces hard, cicatricial tissue on healing.
There is a process of imperceptible disintegration of
the tissues, but no sloughing. Death may result from
hemorrhage or perforation into the peritoneal cavity
or bladder.
Esthiomenous {es-the-om' -en-us) \_ka6ioi.uvri, eating].
Corroding ; phagedenic.
Esthophysiology (es-tho-fiz-e-ol' -o-je) ^aladr/air, sensa-
tion ; 0('(T/f, nature ; ildyof, science] . The physiology
of sensation and of the sense-apparatus.
Estival (es'-tiv-al) \a:stas, summer]. In biology, pro-
duced in summer.
Estivation (es-tiv-a' -shun) \_cestivare, to pass the sum-
mer]. In biology, (a) the dormant condition of
certain plants and animals during the summer ; [h)
the arrangement of the floral organs in the bud.
Estlander's Method. See Treatment, Methods of. E.
Operation. See Operations, Table of.
. ESTROMANIA
444
ETHICS
'E.siioma.nisi (es-iro-ma' -iie-ah) [otor/jof, gad-fly; lust;
iMvia, madness]. Same as NympJioiiiania.
Estrual (es' -t?-u-a/) [oloTpog, gad-fly]. Pertaining to
estruation.
Estruation {es-iru-a'-skiin) \_olaTpoi;, gad-fly]. The
condition of being under the influence of intense
sexual passion.
Estrum, Estrus (es' -truin , es-trus] \oluTpnc^, gad-fly].
Any vehement passion or desire ; the sensation in ani-
mals occurring at the crisis of coition. The orgasm.
Estuarium (es-tit-a'-re-itm) \a:stus, heat]. A vapor-
bath. Also a stove designed to apply warm, dry air
to all parts of the body at the same time. ^
Estuation [est- ti-a' -shun) \_astiiatin, heat]. Heat;
boiling ; fever ; a heated state.
Esypus (es'-ip-us) \olovKoq\. The yolk or suint of
wool. See Suint.
Ethal (e'-thal) \a;ther, the upper air], CjgHjjOH.
Cetyl alcohol ; a substance separated from spermaceti
by Chevreul, and named by him. It is a solid, fusible
at nearly the same point as spermaceti, and on cooling
crystallizes in plates. It is susceptible of union with
various bases, with which it forms salts or soaps.
Ethaldehyd {cth-aF -dc-hid). See Acctaldehyd.
Ethane (i'/Z/'-aw) [(("//ztv, the upper air]. Paraffin; any
one of the products of the dry distillation of wood,
turf, bituminous shales, lignite, and bituminous coal,
and other coals rich in hydrogen. The ethanes are
thus present in illuminating gas and the light tar-oils.
Petroleum contains them already formed. The lowest
members, up to butane, are gases at ordinary temper-
atures, soluble in alcohol and ether. The intermediate
members form colorless liquids of faint, characteristic
odor, insoluble in water, but niiscible with alcohol and
ether. The higher members are crystalline solids (par-
affins), soluble in alcohol, and more readily in ether.
The specific gravities of the liquid and solid hydro-
carbons increase with the molecular weights, but they
are always less than the specific gravity of water. The
boiling-points, too, rise with the molecular weights.
The isomerids of normal structure possess the highest
boiling-points ; the lowest are those of the quaternary
hydrocarbons. ( For Table of Ethanes see under Hy-
drocarbo7is .)
Ethane (e'-then). Same as Ethylene. E. Chlorid.
See Anesthetic.
Ether [e'-tlier) [lether ; aWi/p, the upper air]. I. The
tenuous subtle fluid filling space and interpenetrating
all bodies ; the medium of transmission of the vibratory
activities called light, heat, electricity, and magnetism.
2. A thin, colorless, volatile, and highly inflammable
liquid ; in composition a di-ethylic oxid (C.^Hj),^©,
known also as ethylic ether. It is used mainly as a sol-
vent for fats and oils, and as an anesthetic. Internally
it is anodyne, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, and narcotic.
Inhaled it is an anesthetic, and a cardiac stimulant in
toxic doses , paralyzing the respiratory centers. See also
Anesthetic. The term is used also to designate a
large class of organic compounds. See Table an-
nexed. E., Acetic, has properties like those of
ethylic ether. Dose Tr\^ x-gj. E., Commercial, con-
tains 94 per cent, of ether. It is unfit for use except
as a solvent. E. fortior, should contain 94 per cent,
of ethylic oxid. Dose Tr\, x-g j. E., Hydriodic, unof.
Dose for inhalation TTL xv. E., Hydrobromic, unof.
Dose TTLx-^j. E. Oleum, contains equal parts of
ether and heavy oil of wine. E., Spt., Comp.,
commonly known as Hoffman's anodyne. It consists
of ether 30, alcohol 67, ethereal oil 3 per cent. Dose
TTL "v--^ j. E. Nitrosus, Spirit of, sweet spirit of
niter, a solution of ethyl nitrite in alcohol. Dose 3 s.s-
^ss. There is also a large class of mostly volatile
compounds known as ethers which are products of the
union of two monovalent alcohol radicals through the
agency of an oxygen atom. They are the oxids of
the alcohol radicals, and are neutral, volatile bodies,
nearly insoluble in water. The lowest members are
liquid ;• the highest are solids. E. -acids, the so-
called neutral esters. They are not volatile ; are sol-
uble in water, and yield bases with salts. E. -drink-
ing, E. -intoxication, a form of tippling somewhat
common in some parts of Ireland. Thus taken,
ether is similar in effects to alcohol, but more rapid
in action, and its use is attended with profound moral
degeneration. E., Mixed, ether containing different
alcohol radicals. E., Simple, ether containing two
similar alcohol radicals.
TABLE OF ETHERS.
Of the Fatty Compounds.
Name.
Formula.
Physical
Condition.
Boiling-point
(Centigrade).
Specific
Gravity.
Methyl, . , .
(CH3).>0
Gas, nor-
mally. Li-
quid at
-2i° C.
Ethyl
(C2H5)20
Liquid.
35°
0.736 at 0°.
Propyl, . . .
(C3Ht)20
Liquid.
60-62°
Butyl
(C4H9)20
176°
Amyl, , . . .
(C5Hn)20
Liquid.
0 779.
Cetyl
(CoHastsO
Solid.
300°
Vinyl
(C2H3)20
39°
Allyl
(CgHsjsO
85°
Vinyl ethyl, .
C2H3 0 C2H5
Liquid.
35.5°
Allyl ethyl, .
C3H5.O.C2H5
Liquid.
66°
Ethereal {e-the'-re-al) [cether, the upper air]. Per-
taining to the ether or to ether.
Ethereomania (e-thc-re-o-ma' -ne-alt) \eether, ether ;
fiavki, madness]. The mania for drinking ether;
ether-intoxication .
Ethereomaniac {e-the-re-o-ma' -ne-ak ) \a:ther, ether ;
fwvia, madness]. One who is addicted to the use of
ether as a stimulant.
Etherify {e' -ther-if-i) [irther, ether; facere, to make].
To convert into ether.
Etherism (e'-ther-izm)\ccther, ether]. The phenomena
produced upon the animal economy by the adn^inistra-
tion of ether.
Etherization [e-ther-iz-a'-shtin) \(rther, ether]. The
administration of ether to produce anesthesia. This
is effected by inhalation of the vapor.
Etheromania {e-ther-o-ma'-7ie-ah) [.-rf/^^r, ether ; ^avia,
madness]. .See Ethereomania.
Ethics {eth'-iks) [ljt)nin<:, moral]. The science of huni.in
feelings, thoughts, and actions relating to duty or
ETHIDENE
445
EUCALYPTOL
morality. E., Medical, the duties a physician owes
to himself, his profession and his fellow-men.
Ethidene {eth' -id-en) [u-t/ier, ether], C^H^. Ethyli-
dene ; a bivalent radicle. E. Chlorid, or Dichlorid,
a colorless, transparent, oily fluid, tasting and smelling
like chloroform, with a specific gravity of 1.174 at
17° C. , and boiling at 60° C. It is prepared from alde-
hyd by acting upon it with pentachlorid of phos-
phorus ; it is also formed as a bye-product in the pre-
paration of chloral, and is separated by distillation and
subsequent fractionation. It is insoluble in water,
but soluble in alcohol, chloroform, ether, and oils.
It is less inflammable than chloroform, but rapidly
decomposes. It has been used as a general anes-
thetic. Set Anesthetic. E. Diethylate. Acetal.
Ethiopificatioil [e-the-op-if-ik-a' -shun) \_aidto-ip, an
.(Ethiopian; cere, to make]. A darkening of the
skin such as sometimes results from the misuse of
mercurial, silver, or arsenical remedies.
Ethmocephalus (eth-mo-sef'-al-us) \_7/6fi6i', ethmoid;
Ki^aXi], head] . A variety of single autositic monsters
of the species cyclocephalus, in which there is a repre-
sentative of the nose in the shape of a proboscis
terminating anteriorly in two imperfect nostrils or in a
single opening. There are two eyes and two eye-
sockets.
Ethmocranial (eth-mo-kra' -nc-al) \_//dfi(')r, ethmoid;
KpavLov, skull]. Relating to the ethmoid and to the
rest of the cranium.
Ethmofrontal {eth-tno-friin' -tal)\ifinii(; , ethmoid; fron-
talis ,{xqvi.'C\ . Relating to the ethmoid and frontal bones
Ethmoid [elh' -moid) [//fc'//tlf, a sieve; e.l6oc, likeness].
The cribriform bone of the nose, perforated for the
transmission of the olfactory nerve ; it forms a part of
the base of the skull.
Ethmoid or Ethmoidal ( eth'-moid, eth-moi'-dal )
\ridfi6q, a sieve; eWof, likeness]. Relating to the
ethmoid bone.
Ethmoiden (clh-moi' -den) a sieve ; fZtJof, like-
ness]. Belonging to the ethmoid bone in itself.
Ethmoiditis [etk-tnoiii-i' -tis) [_i/tif/6c, a sieve ; sMof ,
likeness; iti^, inflammation]. Inflammation of the
ethmoid bone, or of the ethmoid sinuses.
Ethmoplecosis (etii-ino-ple-ko' -sis) \ti^^i6i;, sieve ; ■K\k-
K£(X', to twine ; vocof, disease]. Any disease attacking
the cellular tissue.
Ethmoturbinal (eth-mo-tnr' -bin-al) a sieve ;
turho, a top]. Relating to the turbinal portions of the
ethmoid bone, forming what are known as the supe-
rior and middle turbinated bones.'
Ethmyphe (eth' -niif-e) [ififiog, sieve; vipij, web]. The
connective tissue.
Ethmyphitis {eth-mif-i' -tis) [Ififioc:, sieve ; v(j>ri, web ;
mf, inflammation]. Inflammation of the ethmyphe or
connective tissue ; cellulitis.
Ethnic (eth'-nik) a race]. Pertaining to race.
E. Idiocy. See Idiocy, Ethnic.
Ethnology [eth-noF -o-je) \ldvo^, a nation ; \6y(i(;,
science]. The comparative study of the races of man-
kind.
Ethoxycaffein {eth-oks-e-kaf' -e-in), C,(,Hi^N^O.,. A
remedy recommended to relieve the pain of herpes zos-
ter, migraine, and neuralgia. In overdoses it has a
toxic effect ; gr. viij causes drunkenness and vomiting.
Dose gr. iv. Unof.
Ethusa (e-thu' -sah) \(uB(iv, to burn]. A genus of um-
belliferous plants. E. cynapium, or fools' parsley,
has poisonous qualities. It was formerly used as an
emmenagogue. Unof.
Ethusin (e-thtt' -sin) \aldeLv, to burn]. A poisonous
alkaloid obtainable from Ethusa cynapium, of fools'
. parsley.
Ethyl [etli'-il) [nlOi/p, ether; v'A//, material], QHj.
The hypothetic radicle of alcohol. E. Blue. See
Pigments, Conspectus of. E. Bromid, C.^HjBr, Brom-
ethyl ; monobromethane. A rapid and transient an-
esthetic. Narcosis is produced in one-half to one min-
ute, and does not last much longer. .See Anesthetic.
E. Bromid, Liq., l in 200, used in angina pectoris.
Dose 5ss-ij. Unof. E. Chlorid, QH5CI, Chloric
Ether. An anesthetic resembling chloroform in action.
It is sometimes followed by corneal opacity. See An-
esthetic. Unof E. Eosin. Same as Primrose. E.
Green. See Pigments, Conspectus of. E. lodid. C^Hj
I. Hydriodic Ether. Used to relieve the dyspnea of
bronchitic asthma and edematous laryngitis. Dose to
be inhaled, TTL v, three or four times daily. Unof. E.
Purple. See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Ethylamin (etJi-if -am-in) [fufl^/p, ether ; ii/'l/;, material ;
amin'\. A non-poisonous ptomai'ne formed in putre-
fying yeast, in wheat-flour, and in the distillation of
beet-sugar residues. It is a strongly ammoniacal
liquid, boiling at 18.7° C. , and is miscible with water
in every proportion ; it is combustible, and possesses
strong basic properties.
Ethylene {eth'-il-en) [ai(?//p, ether ; vAii, matter], de-
fiant gas, CjH^. A colorless, poisonous gas having an
unpleasant, suffocating smell. It burns with a bright
luminous flame, and when mixed with air explodes vio-
lently. It is one of the constituents of illuminating
gas, and has strong affinities, especially for chlorin,
with which it unites to form an oily compound. E.
Blue. See Pigments, Conspectus of. E. Bromid, a
light brownish-colored liquid with the formula, QII^
Brj. It has been used with great benefit in epilepsy
in to 2^4^ minim doses two or three times daily.
Unof. E. Chlorid. See Ethene chlorid.
Ethylidene (eth-il' -id-en). See Ethidene.
Ethylidenediamin [eth-il'-id-en-di'-atn-in). CjH^.
(NHj).^. A poisonous ptomaine obtained from de-
composing haddock. Injections of the ptomaine in
mice and guinea-pigs produce abundant flow of secre-
tion from the nose, mouth, and eyes ; the pupils dilate
and the eyeballs project. Violent dyspnea follows and
continues until death, which does not take place for
twenty-four hours or more. The heart is stopped in
diastole.
Etiolate (e' -te-o-lat) [F. , f//f/tv, to blanch]. In biology,
to blanch or be whitened by the exclusion of light.
Etiolation (^-/£'-o-/(7''-j//;/«) \Yv.,etioler,X.o\>\z.x\c\i\. The
paleness or blanching, in plants or animals, from con-
finement in darkness.
Etiolin (e' -te-o-lin) [Fr., ^/w/fr, to blanch]. The yel-
low pigment of etiolate leaves.
Etiology (e-te-ol'-o-je) [air/a, a cause ; /loyof, science].
A treatise on, or pertaining to, the causes of disease.
'E.X.xoX.omy {e-trof -o-7ne) [//rpor, pelvis ; ro//^, section].
A name proposed for pelvic section. Cf. Pubetrotomy.
Euanthol (z^-^w'-Z/zo/) [tf, well ; ap(?of, a flower ; oleum,
oil], C,H,^0. Euanthylic aldehyd, a product of the
distillation of castor-oil ; it is a liquid of pungent odor,
boiling at from 153° to 154° C.
Eucalin [u'-kal-in) [fr, well ; KaXvTVTetv, to cover],
CpHj^Oj. A glucose arising from the fennentation
of melitose. Its properties are similar to those of
inosite. It is non-fermentable, and dextrorotatory.
Eucalyptol {u-kal-ip' 'tol) {ev, well; KaAvTrreiv, to
cover], Cj^HjgO.,. An antiseptic camphor, prepared
from the essential oil derived from the distillation of
the leaves of E. globulus, and other species of the
genus. It is used in bronchitis and chronic catarrh ;
and also in ear-diseases and in urethritis, and externally
in various liniments and washes. Dose TTLiv, in cap-
sules, three times daily. Unof.
EUCALYPTUS
446
EUPHONIA
Eucalyptus {u-kal-ip'-tus) \_ih, well; mAvn-reip, to
cover]. The leaves (lanceolate, after three years'
growth) of £. globulus, or Blue Gum, native to Aus-
tralia, but now cultivated in California. It contains
a volatile oil, that yields eucalyptol, a camphor,
by distillation. It is an aromatic bitter, promoting
digestion. It is highly antiseptic and anti-malarial,
and is valuable in atonic dyspepsia and in intermittent
fevers. E., Ext. Dose gr. iij-x. E., Fid. Ext.,
alcoholic. Dose tTLx- j. E. Gum (B. P.); also called
Australian Kino ; a red gum from the bark of the E.
carymhosa, E. resinifera, and E. rostrata of Austra-
lia. It is intensely astringent, and valuable ni the treat-
ment of relaxed throat. Dose gr. ij-x. The genus
Eucalyptus embraces many species of trees and shrubs,
nearly all of which appear to have useful medicinal
properties. E. Honey, honey gathered by bees from
the flowers of various species of Eucalyptus. It is
highly aromatic, containing eucalyptol (17 per cent.),
cymol, and a terpene. It is valued in AustraUan
domestic practice as a cure for almost all catarrhal
troubles. E. Manna, a variety of manna produced
in Australia from E. finiinalis, E. mannifera, and
E. dumosa. E. Ol., the volatile oil. Dose TT^v-xxx,
in capsules or emulsion. E., Tinct. Unof. Dose
^ss-ij. E. Unguentum (B. P.). Seldom used.
Eucheuma (ii-ku'-mah) \t'bxviLoq, well-flavored]. A
genus of sea- weeds. E. gelatinse and E. spinosum,
from S. E. Asian seas, afford some part of the agar-
agar of commerce.
Euchlorin [u-klo'-rin) [eJ, well; ;t;/l(jf)of, greenish]. A
mixture of chlorous acid and free chlorin.
Euchroic Acid [u-kro'-iky See Acid.
Euchylia {u-kW -e-ah) \r)v, well; X'''^'>'^i '^e chyle]. A
normal condition of the chyle.
'E,\\.z,\xyra\3i {u-kim' -e-ah) \f v, well; X^'/^"?7 juice]. A
healthy condition of the fluids of the body.
Eucinesia, Eukinesia {u-kin-e' -se-aJi) [?r, well;
Kivriaii;, motion]. Normal power of movement.
Eucrasia {u-kra' -ze-ah) well ; upaaiQ., mixture].
Good health ; a sound constitution ; the reverse of
dyscrasia.
Eucyclic {ti-sik' -lik) [ri), well ; kvkXoc:^ a circle]. In
biology, applied to flowers, the organs in each whorl
of which equal in number, and alternate with, those
of the adjoining whorl.
Eudiometer [u-de-om' -et-er) [ehSia, oalm weather ;
fiETpov, measure]. An instrument for ascertaining the
purity of the air, and for the analysis of gases.
Eudipleural (ti-de-plu' -ral) [tu, well ; (Sff, two ; nXsvpa,
side]. In biology, bilaterally symmetric.
Euesthesia (u-es-the' -ze-ah) [fi', well ; aladr]aLQ, sensa-
tion]. The sense of well-being ; vigor and normal
condition of the senses.
Eugenesis (ii-jen'-es-is) \ev, well: yfi'ecrif, generation] .
In biology, fertility.
Eugenia (ri-je' -ne-ali) [after Prince Eugene of Savoy].
A genus of more than 500 species of myrtaceous trees
and shrubs, mostly tropical. Eucaryophylata yields
cloves, q. v. Pimenta is a product of E. pimenta.
Various other species are medicinal, and some afford
edible fruits. E. cheken. See Cheken.
Eugenic Acid {ii-jen' -ik). .See Eugenol.
Eugenin (ii' -jen-iii). See Caryophyllus.
Eugenol {u'-jen-ol) \cugenia ; oleum, oil], C]|,H,,0.,.
Eugenic Acid ; a substance that occurs in clove-oil,
and in allspice. It is an aromatic oil that boils at
247° C. It is antiseptic, and a local anesthetic in
dentistry. Dose gr. xv, well diluted. Unof.
Eukinesia (u-kin-e' -se-ah). See Eucinesia.
Eulachon Oil, or Eulachoni Oleum [u'-lak-on, or
u-lak-o' -ni o'-le-u/n) [native name in North Pacific
islands]. Candle-fish Oil. The oil of the fish Thale-
ichthys pacificus, or candlefish. It is less disagreeable
than cod-liver oil, for which it is often substituted.
Dose 3j-iv. Unof.
Eulyptol [ii-lip' -tol). An antiseptic substance com-
posed of six parts of salicylic acid and one part each
of carbolic acid and essence of eucalyptus. It does
not produce albuminates when applied to wounds.
Dose internally, 5 ij-iiss per diem. See Eucalyptus.
Eumerism {u' -incr-izm) \ev, well ; iikpoq, a part]. In
biology, opposed to dysmerism ; an aggregate of
eumeristic parts.
Eumeristic (ii-iner-is' -tik) \j.v, well ; fiEpi^eiv, to divide].
In biology, applied to an aggregation of like parts
arranged in a regular series, as a tapeworm.
Eumerogenesis [u-ine-ro-jen'-es-is) [fi, well ; fiepog,
division; yeveaic, generation]. In biology, develop-
ment by fission, or the multiplication of like parts,
producing a regular series.
Eumeromorph [u'->iier-o-morf) [eS, well ; /^tpog, a
division ; fiop<j>ii, shape]. An organism resulting from
eumerogenesis, as an arthrosporous bacillus-filament.
Eunuch (ii'-nuk) [evvovxo<^, guardian of the couch].
One from whom the genital organs have been removed
or mutilated so as to render him impotent.
Eunuchism [u' -nuk-izm) [ehvovxoQ, guardian of the
couch]. The condition of being a eunuch.
Euonymin (ii-on' -im-in^ [f/'ui'i'/iof, having a good
name]. A precipitate from the tincture of Wahoo,
Euonvmus ainericanus ; it is tonic, laxative, and ex-
pectorant. Dose ^ to 3 grains. Unof.
Euonymus {ii-on' -ijti-us') [f I'xji'u^of , having a good
name]. I. A genus of celastraceous shrubs and trees.
2. Wahoo. The bark of E. atropurpureus is an astrin-
gent tonic and purgative, resembling rhubarb, jalap,
aloes, etc., but rather milder. It is beneficially em-
ployed in dropsy and hepatic affections. E., Ext.
Dose gr. j-v. E., Ext., Fid. Dose 3 ss-ij. E.,
Tinct. (l in 5). Dose tT)^x-xl. E. americanus has
similar properties.
Eupareunia {u-par-u' -ne-ah ) [fr, well ; -Kaptwoc,,
spouse]. Sexual compatibility.
Eupathia, or Eupatheia {u-path-i' -ah ) \p>TtM)tia ; rf,
well; -KoBoc^, feeling]. I. Euphoria. 2. Sensitive-
ness to impressions.
Eupatorin (tt-pat-o' -riii) \evivaT6piov , agrimony]. I. A
precipitate from the tincture of Thoroughwort, Etipa-
torium perfoliatum ; it is aperient, emetic, febrifuge
and tonic. Dose I to 3 grains.. Unof. 2. A crys-
talline glucosid from Eupatorium cannabinum of
Europe. See also Eupurpurin.
Eupatorium [u-pat-o'-i-e-um) \_iLVKaT6pLOV, agrimony].
A genus of composite-flowered plants. In pharmacy,
Eupatorium denotes the leaves and flowering-tops of
E. perfoliatum, thoroughwort, or boneset. It is a bitter
tonic, diaphoretic, aperient and emetic, of value in re-
mittent and typhoid fevers, and thought, also, to be a
teniafuge. E., Fid. Ext. Dose Tr\^x-_^j. E. pur-
pureum, trumpet-weed, another American species,
has similar qualities (see Eupurpurin), but is more
markedly diuretic, as is also i:. atnarissimum, oX the
U. S. Many other species of this large genus are ac-
tively medicinal.
Eupepsia (u-pep'-se-ah ) [?i, well ; ■ketvteiv, to digest].
Sound or normal digestion.
Eupeptic (ii-pcp' -tik ) \jv, well ; TTFTrreiv, to digest].
Possessing a good digestion ; promoting digestion.
Euperistalsis (u-per-is-tal'-sis) [ei', well; rrepi, around;
(jrd/l(T(f, compression]. The quiet peristaltic move-
ments of the intestines in health. See Peristalsis.
Euphonia [u-/o'-ne-ah) [fi), well; (povi/, voice]. A
normal, good, and clear condition of the voice.
EUPHONY
447
EUTOCIA
Euphony [ii' -fon-e). See Eiiphonia.
Euphorbia {it-for' -be-ah ) [eipop/Jzoj', an African
plant]. A genus of some 700 species of trees, shrubs
and herbs, mostly with a milky, acrid, or poisonous
juice. E. resinifera, of Africa aft'ords t-itpJiorbium.
E. lathyris, yields oil of euphorbia, an active, but
uncertain cathartic. From E. drummondii, drumin
is prepared. In N. America, E. corollata, E. ipe-
cacuanha, E. vulgaris, E. prostrate, and other na-
tive species have been employed in medicine, there
being about 100 species in the U. S. E. pilulifera,
of S. America and Australia, has reputed value in
asthma and cardiac dyspnea. Dose of the extract
gr. j. ; of the fluid extract 3 ss-j ; of the tinctu^'e 5 ss-j ;
to be used with great caution. E. piscidia, of trop-
ical America, a virulent poison, is locally employed as
a caustic. Many other species are actively medicinal.
Euphorbin (ii-for' -bin) Sjvi^opl^iov , an African plant],
A precipitate from a tincture of the root of Euphorbia
corollata ; it is an emetic, expectorant, vermifuge and
arterial sedative. Dose }{ to ^ grains. Unof
Euphorbium {u-for' -be-uni) l_ev(l>6pl3tov, an African
plant]. An acrid gum-resin afforded by EupJiorbia
resinifera and E. officinarwn. It is strongly purga-
tive and vesicant, and is now mainly employed in
veterinary medicine.
Euphoria (ii-for' -e-ah) [fii^opof, easily carried]. I.
The sense of well-being or health. 2. Ability to
endure pain.
Euphoric (ii-for'-ik) \_€v(popng, easily carried]. Marked
by or pertaining to euphoria.
Euphorin [it' -for-iii) \ev<^opor, easily carried], C^O^Hj,.
Phenyl-urethan, derived from anilin, a white crystal-
line powder, nearly insoluble in water, soluble in
weak alcohol. It ,is recommended as a safe and
rapid antipyretic in doses of from 5 to 30 grains daily.
Unof See Plienyl-urethan.
Euphrasia (ti-fra' -ze-aJi) [_eii<j>pa(yla, delight]. Eye-
bright. A small annual, formerly much used in eye-
affections. It is of utility as an astringent lotion in
conjunctivis, and invaluable in breaking up nasal
catarrh and in hay-fever. E., Tinct., strength 1.9.
Dose tT\^ j-v.
Eupitton {ii' -pit-oil), CjjHjgOg. Eupittonic acid. An
aurin into which six methoxyl groups have been intro-
duced. It forms orange-yellow crystals, melting with
decomposition, at 200° C.
Euplastic (ii-plas' -tik) \e'x\ well; ■K'kaoozi\\\.o form].
Susceptible of being transformed into sound, healthy,
and permanent tissue.
Eupnea {up-iie'-ah) \ev, well; irv'ttiv, to breathe].
Normal and easy respiration.
Eupurpurin (//-/wr'-Zw-r/w) [Eu,well ; /;</z<;v7, purple].
A precipitate from the tincture of Eiipatorium piirpu-
reu7n ; it is diuretic, stimulant, astringent, and tonic.
Dose I to 4 grains. Unof
Eurhipidurous (it-rip-id-ii' -rus) [ev, well ; p^-ff, a
fan; ojjpa, tail]. In biology, applied to such birds
as have a fan-like arrangement of the tail-feathers.
Eurhodins [zc' -ro-ilin:^). Dyes derived from the phena-
zins by the introduction of one or more amido-groups.
They are feeble bases.
European Cholera. Synonym of Cholera.
Europhen -ro-feii). A preparation of iodin recom-
mended as a substitute for iodoform. It is a valuable
antiseptic, antisyphilitic, and antituberculotic. In skin-
diseases, a 5 to 10 per cent, ointment is employed. It
is used hypodermatically in doses of gr. j4^-iss. Chemi-
cally, it contains one atom of iodin joined to two
molecules of isobutylcresol. Unof E.-aristol, a
preparation of europhen with aristol ; a substitute for
iodoform.
Eurycephalic, or Eurycephalous, (u-ris-ef-aF -ih,
u-ris-cf -al-us) \tvpvc,, wide; iit(^a'kii, head]. Broad-
headed ; having a very wide skull.
Eurycerous iyit-ris' -er-us) [riipi'f, broad ; Ktpar, ahorn].
In biology, having broad horns.
Eurychasmus (^u-rik-az' -inus) {t'vp'vi;, broad ; ,-^;a(j/^a, a
chasm]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which the angle
formed between the lines joining the point of the wing
of the vomer and the posterior nasal spine and anterior
margin of the foramen magnum is between 153° and
154°.
Eurycoronine [ii-rik-or-o' -niii) [f/jpt'f , broad ; Kopuv)/,
crown]. In biology, having broad-crowned molar
teeth.
Eurypylous {ii-rip' -il-ns) [fipiJf, wide ; 'Kv'Xri, a gate].
In biology, applied to such structures as have wide
and directly communicating openings.
Eurystomatous [u-ris-to'-jnat-iis) \_f vpv^, wide ; aro/ja,
mouth]. In biology, applied to animals with large,
wide mouths.
Eurythermal {ii-ritli-er' -mal) [fi'pff, wide; Oipfxri,
heat]. Capable of sustaining a great range of temper-
ature.
Eusomphalus (u-som' -fal-tts) good; opupakoQ,
navel]. A double monstrosity in which the vital func-
tions of each individual are independent, and in which
each has a distinct umbilicus.
Eustachian (ii-sta' -ke-an) \EvtsTaxvi;, rich in corn].
Pertaining to the Italian anatomist, Eustachio. E.
Artery. See Arteries, Table of. E. Catheter, an
instrument for dilating and otherwise treating the
Eustachian tube ; it is introduced along the floor of
the nose. E. Tube, the canal extending from the
tympanum to the pharynx. E. Valve, a prolonga-
tion or continuation of the lining membrane of the
post-cava into the right auricle of the fetal heart to
about half of its breadth. Its function is to direct
the blood from the post-cava across the auricle toward
the foramen ovale.
Eustachius, Canal of. See Canal.
Eustomatous [it-sto' -tnat-us) \iv, well ; aTdjia, mouth].
In biology, having a well- formed oral aperture.
Eustrongylus (it-stron'f il-ns) [ev, well ; arpoyyvXoc;,
round]. A genus of parasitic nematode worms. E.
gigas. See Thread-worms, and Parasites (^Animal),
Table of.
Eusystole (it-sis' -to-le) \_ev, well ; ovoToTii], contraction].
A normal contraction of the cardiac cavities.
Eutaxia {n-taks' -e-ah) [fi, well; rdf;?, order]. A
normal condition of the body.
Euthanasia (it-than-a' -ze-ah) [ft', well ; Odvaroc,
death]. An easy or calm death.
Euthycoryphus {ii-thik-or'-ifi(s) straight ;
Kopvcf)!/, the head]. Lissauer's term for a skull in
which the parietal angle is between 142° and 151°.
Euthymetopus [ii-tJiim-et' -o-piis) \tWv^, straight;
jihuTTov, the forehead]. Lissauer's term for a skull
in which the angle between the lines joining the
metopion and bregma and nasion is between 141° and
iSi-5°-
Euthymia {n-thim' -e-ali) \e'v, well ; Qvji6c, mind].
Tranquility ; cheerfulness.
Euthyopisthocranius {ii-the-o-pis-tho-kra'-ne-us) [ei-
^{if, straight ; otrmOoxpnviov , the occiput]. Lissauer's
term for a skull in which the angulus summi occipitis
is between 154° and 172°.
Euthyuranus {u-the-u' -ran-ns)\Ev(fvq , straight ; ovpavoq,
the roof of the mouth]. Lissauer's term for a skull
in which the angulus summi palati is between 163.5°
and 180°.
"EaAocxo. (ti-to' -ke-ah) [fi'i,well ; rdKof, childbirth]. An
easy natural delivery.
EUTROPHIC
448
EVOLUTION
Eutrophic [u-tro' -fik) [fii, well ; Tpe<f>en', to nourish].
Pertaining to eutrophy ; promoting the nutritive pro-
cess ; well-nourished.
Eutrophy, or Eutrophia (ti' -tro-fe, or ii-tro' -fe-ah) \tv,
well ; rpicptip, to nourish]. A state of normal or
healthy nutrition ; the condition of being well-
nourished.
Eutropic {ti-trop'-ik) [ei', well ; Tpeneiv, to turn]. In
biology, turning or revolving with the sun.
Euxanthin {uk-za)i' -thin) \jiv, well ; ^avQ6Q, yellow],
CjgHjgOjQ ; the essential constituent of Purree, q. v.
It forms small yellow crystals.
Evacuant (e-vak'-u-ant) [evaaiare, to empty]. I.
Promoting evacuation. 2. A medicine that increases
the secretion or evacuation of an organ, especially
the bowels. A purgative.
Evacuation [e-vak-u-a' -shun) \evacuatio, a voiding].
Defecation ; the act of voiding ; that which is voided.
Evalvular [e-val' -vu-lar) \_e, priv. ; valva, a valve]. In
biology, destitute of valves.
Evaporation [e-vap-or-a' -shitn) [e, priv. ; 7'apor,
vapor]. In pharmacy, the process of converting a
liquid into vapor by the agency of heat.
Eve and Lingard, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Syno-
nyinatic Table of.
Evectics (e-vek' -tiks) \evtKTiK6<;, in good health]. An
old name for hygiene ; the science of good health.
Even-headed (e' -ven hed'-ed). Neither right-headed
nor left-headed. Even-headedness is a condition-
common among the lower animals, and among idiots,
imbeciles, and races of men of low development.
Evening Primrose iev'-nuig prim' -rdz). The flower-
ing tops of Qitiothera biennis, recommended for
asthma with gastric irritability. Dose of the fld. ext.
gss-gj. Unof.
Eventration (e-ven-tra' -shuii) \e, out of ; venter, the
belly]. Extrusion of the abdominal viscera, es-
pecially in a monstrosity. The term is used also as a
synonym of Pendulous Abdomen, q. v.
Evergreen-oak [ev' -ur-gren-dk). See Oak-bark.
Everitt's Salt. A compound of iron and potassium
cyanid. E.'s Test. See Tests, Table of.
Everlasting [ei'-ur-las'-ting). A popular name for
certain plants of the genera Gtiaphalium and Anten-
naria, small composite-flowered plants. A. divica
of Europe is antibechic. A. margaritarea of N.
America is tonic and astringent, and is considered a
good sudorific. A. plantaginifolia has similar qualities.
See also Life-everlasting.
Evernia (e-vur' -ne-ah) [fi, well ; epvog, sprout]. A
genus of parmeliaceous lichens. E. prunastri. See
Acid, Everninic.
Everninic Acid [ev-ur-nin'-ik). See Acid.
Eversion [e-ver'-shun) \eversio, a turning out]. A
turning outward. E. of the Eyelid, a folding of
the lid upon itself for the purpose of exposing the
conjunctival surface or sulcus. See also Ectropium .
Evertebral {e-ver' -te-bral ) \c, priv. ,vertebra , a vertebra] .
Not vertebral in character, nor derived from vertebra.
Evidence (ez>' -id-ens) [evidens, clear]. In legal medi-
cine, the means by which the existence or non-exis-
tence or the truth or falsehood of an alleged fact is
ascertained or made evident ; proof, as of insanity.
E., Circumstantial, evidence the conclusions based
upon which are beyond actual demonstration. E.,
Conclusive or Positive, evidence that admits of no
doubt. E., Expert, that given before a jury by an
expert in any science, art, profession, or trade.
Evil (e'-vil) [ME., evel, ill]. I. A disease. 2. Syn-
onym of Scrofula.
Eviration (ev-ir-a'-shun) \evirare, to castrate]. I.
Castration. 2. Emasculation ; a form of sexual per-
version in which there is a deep and permanent as-
sumption of feminine qualities, with corresponding loss
of manly qualities. The opposite of this is termed
Defemittation.
Evisceration (e-vis-er-a' -shun) \e, out ; viscera, the
bowels]. The removal of the viscera. E. of the
Eye, removal of the entire contents of the globe of
the eye, leaving the sclerotic intact, — an operation in
place of enucleation, and following which some opera-
tors insert a glass or metallic shell-globe, called an
artificial vitreous, to preserve the shape, etc. , of the
eye-ball. E., Obstetric, the removal of the abdominal
or thoracic viscera of the fetus in embryotomy.
Evolution (ev-o-lu' -shun) \_evolutio ; evolvete,X.o\xx\r(A\\.
1 . The development or temporary growth and organic
change that take place in the uterus during pregnancy.
2. In biology, (l) the doctrine of incasement, or
preformation of the early physiologists, which sup-
posed that all parts of the fully-formed animal or
plant were present in a minute form in the germ.
Cf. Epigenesis. (2) The doctrine of descent often
spoken of as Darwinism, based upon the capacity of
every plant and animal to produce other individuals
of a like kind, but varying to a greater or less degree
according to the differentiation induced by special
environment and natural selection. Cf. Pangenesis,
B histogenesis, Epigenesis, Ontogeny, Phylogeny , Natu-
ral Selection. E., Factors of, the recognized factors
of evolution are at least five, viz. : (l) Pressure of
an environment aff^ecting function and function affect-
ing structure, and the changed structure and function
inherited and integrated through successive genera-
tions. (2) Use and disuse of organs reacting on
growth-force and producing change in form, structure,
and size of parts, and such change inherited and in-
tegrated through successive generations. (3) Natural
selection among individuals of those most in accord
with an ever-changing environment — or, as it has been
otherwise called, '■'■survival of the fittest." (4) Sex-
ual selection : the selection by the female, among vary-
ing male individuals, of the strongest or the most
attractive. Among mammals, the selection is mainly
of the strongest, as decided by battle ; among birds, of
the most attractive, as determined by splendor of color
or beauty of song. (5) Physiologic selection, or se\tc-
tion of those varieties the individuals of which are
fertile among themselves, but sterile or less fertile with
other varieties and with the parent stock. This has
also been called "segregate fecundity" by Gulick
and homogamy by Romanes. These five factors are
not universally recognized. The first two are Lam-
arckian, the second two Darwinian factors. In the
Lamarckian factors the changes occur during indi-
vidual life, and the offspring is supposed to inherit
them unchanged. In the Darwinian factors, on the
contrary, the changes are in the offspring, and the indi-
viduals during life are supposed to remain substanti-
ally unchanged. The fifth factor has been brought
forward by Romanes and Gulick and is not yet uni-
versally recognized. (6) To these recognized factors
of organic evolution must now be added, in human
evolution, another and far higher factor, viz., conscious,
voluntary cooperation in the work of evolution, con-
scious striving for the betterment of the individual and
of the race. This factor consists essentially in the
formation and pursuit of ideals. This is called a factor,
but it is also much more than a factor. It stands in
place of nature herself — it is a higher, rational nature
using all the factors of physical nature for its own
higher purposes. To distinguish the evolution deter-
mined by this factor from organic evolution, it is called
progress. Underlying all these factors as their nec-
EVULSION
449
EXCITATION
essary condition, and therefore themselves not called
factors, are two opposite operative principles, viz. ,
heredity and variability. Like the conservative and
progressive elements in society, one tends to fixedness,
the other to change. The one initiates change, the
other accumulates its effects in successive generations.
• The one tries all things, the other holds fast to what-
ever is good. They are both equally necessary to the
successful operation of any or all of the factors. B.,
Ontogenetic, the development of an embryo from an
egg. E., Phylogenetic, the evolution of species. E.,
Spontaneous, a term expressive of the unaided oc-
currence in childbirth of a series of changes, whereby
a shoulder-presentation is transformed within the pel-
vis into a combined breech-and-shoulder-presentation
and delivery effected.
Evulsion (e-vuF -shuii) \_evnlsio ; evellere, to pluck out].
The forcible tearing or plucking away of a part, as a
polypus, tonsil, etc.
Ewald's Test-breakfast. A method used in ascertain-
ing the condition of the gastric juice. It consists of
35 to 70 grams of white bread and 300 cm. of water,
or a cup of weak tea without milk or sugar.
Ewald and Boas's Method. A method of removing the
contents of the stomach. It is carried out by causing
the patient to make forcible voluntary contraction of
the abdominal muscles, steady pressure being applied
to the epigastrium.
Exacerbation (eks-as-er-ba' -shun^ \_exacerbatio ; exac-
erbare, to be violent]. Increased or paroxysmal
violence of the symptoms of a disease.
Exaggerated (eks-aj' -er-a-ted) [exaggerare, to heap up].
Larger ; more marked ; increased. E. Breathing.
See Breath-sounds. E. Lithotomic Posture. See
Postures, Table of .
Exalbuminous {eks-al-bu' -min-us) [i'.r.priv. ; albumen,
the white of an egg, from albus, white]. In biology,
applied to seeds in which the nutritive matter, endo-
sperm or albumin, is stored within the embryo.
Exalgin (<?/i'i--a/'-y/«) [sf , out ; d/iyof , pain] , CgHjjNO.
Methylacetanilid ; a benzene derivative allied to phen-
acetin. It is a valuable analgesic and antipyretic in
doses of one-half to four grains. Unof.
Exalt (eks-awlf) \_exaltare, to lift up; exalt]. In
chemistry, to purify or refine.
Exaltation [eks-aivl-ta' -shun) [exaltafio, an uplifting].
I. Increase of functional activity. 2. Increase of
mental activity. 3. A morbid mental state char-
acterized by self-satisfaction, ecstatic joy, abnormal
cheerfulness, or optimism, or by delusions of
grandeur.
Examination [eks-am-in-a' -shtat) [examinare, to exam-
ine]. Investigation, as for the purpose of diagnosis ;
it is variously qualified as bimanual, digital, oral,
physical, etc.
Exangia, or Exangeia [eks-an-je' -ah) [ff , out ; ayyeiov,
vessel]. Any dilatation or distention of a blood-vessel,
such as aneurysm, varix, or capillary enlargement.
Exanimation (eks-an im-a' -shtai) [ex, out ; anitna,
spirit]. Real or apparent death ; fainting.
Exannulate (eks-an' -u-ldi) [ex, priv ; annulus, a ring] .
In biology, applied to ferns, the sporangium of which
lacks the annulus.
Exanthema, or Exanthem {eks-an' -them-ah, or eks'-
aw-//;^;//) [tfdv(??/^a, eruption : pi. , Exanthe?nata'\. I.
An eruption upon the skin. 2. Any exanthematous or
eruptive fever. 3. In biology, any irregular spot on
the surface of a leaf or other organ. A Table of the
Exanthemata is appended on page 450. E., Syph-
ilitic. See Roseola, Syphilitic.
Exanthematic {eks-an-them-at' -ik). See Exanthema-
tous. E. Typhus. See Typhus Fever.
29
Exanthematology (eks-an-them-at-ol' -o-je') [e^avdr/fia,
eruption; 'Aoyog, science]. The science of the ex-
anthematous diseases.
Exanthematous (eks-an-them' -at-us) [_s^dvd)/fia, erup-
tion]. Of the nature of or characterized by exanthema,
or eruption ; of the nature of an eruptive fever.
Exanthesis {eks-an-the' -sis) [f',jd!^6//(7(f, a blossoming :
pi., Exantheses']. I. The breaking out or appearance of
an exanthem. 2. Any exanthematous disease. E.
rosalia arthrodynia. Synonym of Dengue.
Exanthinic Acid {cl-s-an-thin'-ik). See Acid.
Exanthropia [eks-an-thro' -pe-ah) [ti, out ; avdpcjiroc,
men]. Morbid dislike of human society ; apan-
thropia.
Exarteritis [eks-ar-ter-i'-tis) [i^, out; dpr;;p(a, artery ;
itk;, inflammation]. Inflammation of the outer coat
of an artery.
Exarthrima [eks-ar-thrim'-ah) [ef, out ; apOpov, joint :
//. , Exarthrimata'\. Luxation or dislocation of a
joint.
Exarticulate (eks-ar-tik' -it-lat) [ex, priv. ; articulare,
to join]. In biology, applied to limbs, antennse,
palpi, or other appendages destitute of joints.
Exarticulation (eks-ar-tik-u-la' -shiin) [ex, out ; articu-
lus, joint]. I. Luxation of a joint. 2. Amputation
at a joint.
Excandescentia (ex-kan-des-en' -she-ah) [ex, out ; can-
descere, to glow]. Angry or furious mania ; a parox-
ysm of insane fury.
Excarnation (eks-kar-na' -shim) [ex, out ; frtro, flesh].
The removal of superfluous tissue from an anatomic
preparation.
Excaudate [eks-kaw' -dat) [ex, priv. ; cauda, tail]. In
biology, tailless.
Excavation [eks-kav-a' -shun) [excavare, to hollow
out]. A hollow or cavity, as in the lungs or in a
tissue. E. of the Optic Nerve, a hollowing or
" cupping" of the disc, or optic nerve-entrance, that
may be physiologic or congenital, and without par-
ticular significance ; or pathologic, the result of glau-
coma, optic atrophy, etc.
Excavator [eks'-kav-a-tor) [excavare, to hollow out].
A dental instrument for opening and forming cavities
and removing decayed matter from them; e. g., the
hatchet, hoe, and chisel.
Excentric (eks-sen' -trik) [ex, out; centrum, center].
I. See Eccentric. 2. Out of the center or median
line. E. Pains, radiating pains, symptomatic of
spinal disease, due to irritation of the posterior nerve-
roots. The pains are felt to be in the peripheral
organs, hence the name.
Excerebration [eks-ser-e-bra' -shun) [ex,c>vX \ cerebrum,
brain]. The removal of the fetal brain in the process
of embryotomy.
Excipient (ek-sip' -e-ent) [excipere, to take up]. In
pharmacy, any substance used to give an agreeable or
convenient form to the ingredients of a prescription.
Exciple (ek'-sip-l) [excipulum, a receiving-vessel].
That part of a lichen forming the rim of the perithe-
cium, or immediately surrounding it.
Excision (ek-sizh'-un) [excisio, a cutting out]. The
operation of removing a part or tissue by cutting ; a
cutting out.
Excitability (ek-sit-ab-il'-it-e) [excitare, to rouse]. The
property of reacting to stimulus.
Excitant [ek-si'-tant] [excitare, to rouse]. A remedy
that stimulates the activity of an organ.
Excitation (ek-si-ta' -shun) [excitare, to rouse]. The
act of stimulating or irritating. E., Direct, in electro-
therapeutics, the excitement of a muscle by placing
an electrode on the muscle itself. E., Indirect, the
excitement of a muscle through its nerve.
EXCITO 450 EXCURVATION
TABLE OF THE EXANTHEMATA.
Name.
Period
OF
Incuba-
tion.
Stage
OF
Inva-
sion.
Time of Ap-
pearance of
Eruption.
Character
of Eruption.
Duration
of Eruption,
Location.
Desquama-
tion.
Dura-
tion OF
Dis-
ease.
Con-
vales-
cence.
Erysipelas.
Few
hours
to 3 or
4 days.
I to 3
days.
Within 24
hours.
Efflorescence ;
b r i g h t-red;
> polished;
with well-de-
fined, raised
margin.
4 to 8 days.
Face.
Branny, or in
large flakes.
I to 3
weeks.
Crisis.
Measles.
10 to 12
days.
4 days.
4th day.
Maculae; small,
dark-red, with
crescentic bor-
ders. Com-
plete in 24
hours.
4 to 5 days.
Face; then
downward
over body.
Branny. 8-11
days.
2
weeks.
Crisis.
Rotheln.
8 to 17
days.
24 to 48
hours.
Within 48
hours.
Maculae ; rose-
colored;
rounded ; dis-
crete.
3 days.
Face and scalp;
then down-
ward over
body.
Slightly bran-
ny.
•4 to 7
days.
Crisis.
Scarlatina.
I to 21
days.
I to 2
days.
Within 24
hours.
Diffuse ; scar-
let ; punctate.
7 to 10 days.
Neck, chest,
face; then
over body.
Scales or large
flakes. About
one week.
2 to 3
weeks.
Lysis.
Typhoid
Fever.
5 to 35
days.
6 to 8
days.
7th day.
In crops. Rose-
colored, len-
ticular spots.
Each crop 3 to
5 days. Last
10 to 20 days
or through-
out the whole
course of the
Abdomen,
chest, and
back.
Slightly bran-
ny or none.
3 to 4
weeks.
Lysis.
Typhus
Fever.
4 to 12
days.
5 days.
Usually 5th
day ; may be
on 3d or not
till 7th day.
Measly spots ;
p e t e c h i ae ;
streaks ; col-
or, mulberry-
red.
Few days, or
may last
throughout
the course of
the disease.
Sides of chest
and abdo-
men ; arms ;
back.
Slightly bran-
ny.
2 to 4
weeks.
Crisis.
Varicella.
4 to 14
days.
I to 2
days.
Within 12 to
24 hours.
In crops.
Vesicles.
5 to 8 days.
Back, chest,
arms.
Crusts. 5-8
days.
2
weeks.
Lysis.
Variola.
8 to 14
days.
3 days.
4th day.
Umbilicated
pustules.
21 to 25 days.
Face, and over
body.
Crusts. 12-22
days.
4 to 5
weeks.
Lysis.
Excito- [ck-si'-fo-) \cxcitare, to rouse]. A Latin prefix
denoting stijnulation or excitation. E. -motor, excit-
ing or arousing motor function ; also, a drug or agent
that increases activity of the motor nerve-centers.
E. -nutrient, arousing or quicl<:ening the processes
of nutrition. E. -reflex, pertaining to a reflex action
that ends in muscular action. E. -secretory, arous-
ing the function or process of secretion. E. -vaso-
motor, carrying stimulus to vaso-motor centers.
Excitor [ek-si'-tor) [excitare, to rouse]. One who or
that which stimulates or excites.
Exclave {eks-kldv' , eks-klahv') [Fr.]. A detached
portion of any organ, as of a pancreas or ovary.
Exclusion {cks-khi' -zhiin) \_exchidere., to shut out]. A
shutting out. E., Diagnosis by, the reaching of a final
or most probable diagnosis by successively excluding
one hypothesis after another, as impossible, from a
consideration of the symptoms.
Excochleation [eks-ko'k-L'-a' -shiiii) [ex, out; cochlea,
shell, spoon]. The scraping out of material with the
curet.
Excoriation (eks-ko-rc-a' -shuti) \_ex, from; coriiiiti
skin]. I. Abrasion or removal, partial or com-
plete, of a limited portion of the skin. 2. A lesion of
the skin in which, as a rule, the surface is denuded
only as far as the stratum mucosum. It heals with-
out leaving a scar. It is usually seen in pruritic dis-
eases.
Excreation [ex-kre-a' -shun). See Exscreation.
Excrement {eks' -kre-menf) [excernei-e, to separate; to
excrete]. An excreted substance ; the feces.
Excrement (eks'-ki-e-ment ) [excrescere, to grow out].
An old name for the hair, nails, etc.
Excrementitious {eks-kre-?ne>i-tish' -t<s) \_exceniere, to
separate ; to excrete]. Pertaining to the excrement.
Excrescence (cks-kres' -e?is) [excrescere, to grow out].
An abnormal outgrowth upon the body. See Cauli-
flower Excrescence.
Excreta (eks-kre'-tah) \_pl. ; exceritere, to separate].
The natural discharges of the body, particularly those
of the bowels ; feces.
Excretin {exs' -kre-titi) [e.rcernere, to separate],
Q„H,„p. One of the constituents of feces. It occurs
in little leaves or tufts mixed with needles, insoluble
in cold or hot water, soluble in hot alcohol and ether ;
its reaction is neutral.
Excretion {eks-kre'-shuii) \excretio ; excernere, to ex-
crete]. The separation of the waste products of an
organ, or of the body as a whole, out of the blood.
The material so excreted.
Excretory [eks'-kre-tor-e) [excretio : excernere, to
excrete]. Pertaining to excretion. E. Duct, a
canal conveying the excretion from the excretory
organ to the discharging point. See Duct.
Excurrent (eks-kur' -enf) (ex, out; currere,io run].
Leading or going outward, as an excurrent canal.
Excurvation [ex-kur-va'-shun) \cx, out; cunmre, to
curve].. A deformity of the eyelid aftecting almost
EXEDENT
451
EXOMETRITIS
exclusively the upper palpebra, and one in which the
tarsal cartilage becomes turned outward. It occasion-
ally develops in protracted cases of granular conjunc-
tivitis.
'E.yL&^&'nX. [ek'-se-dettt) [^exi'iiens ; ex,o\i\.; f (/t';r, to eat] .
Rodent ; eating away the tissues.
Exelcysmos [eks-el-sis'->/ws) [tf , from ; eAKueiv, to
draw]. Extraction, as of teeth.
Exencephalocele (eks-eii-sef -al-o-sel^ [ff, out; kyKhl>-
aXov, brain ; kt/Xi], hernia]. Cerebral hernia ; an
exencephalous tumor ; a mass of brain-substance out-
side of the cranial cavity.
Exencephalon (eks-en-sef -al-on). Same as Exeticeph-
alns.
Exencephalus (eks-eii-sef -al-us) [ef, out ; iv/vf^aAof ,
brain]. A species of single autositic monsters char-
acterized by a malformed brain, situated, at least in
part, without the cranial cavity, the bony walls of
which are themselves imperfect. The specimens of
this nature are divided into two main classes — those
with and those without a spinal fissure. 2. A variety of
autositic monsters of the foregoing species in which
there is an arrested development of the cranial bones,
with protrusion of the brain, associated with an exten-
sive spina bifida.
Exenteratio bulbi. See Exetiteration of the Orbit.
Exenteration [eks-en-ter-a' -shicn) [if, out ; evrepov, in-
testine]. I. Removal of the intestines or thoracic
viscera in embryotomy. 2. In ophthalmology, the
operation of evisceration of the contents of the eyeball,
leaving the globe as a stump in the orbit. E. of the
Orbit, the removal of the contents of the orbital cavity.
Exenteritis (eks-en-ter-i' -iis) [t'f, out; hrepov, bowel ;
iTig, inflammation]. Inflammation of the outer or
peritoneal coat of the intestine.
Exercise (eks'-er-siz) \_exe)-cere , to keep busy]. Func-
tional activity of the muscles ; often applied to such ac-
tivity when its purpose is the preservation or restoration
of the health. E., Active, that exerted by the will of
the patient. E., Passive, when the part is moved by
another, or acted upon, as in massage. E. Bones,
Rider's bones ; osseous growths occasionally found in
the muscles.
Exeresis [eks-er' -cs-is) [ef, out ; alp'teiv, to take].
Surgical removal, as t)y excision or extraction ; evacu
tion.
'S.-x.ltA&XSo-a. [eks-fe-ta' -shun) \exfetatio'\. Ectopic or ex-
trauterine fetation.
Exfoliation (eks-fo-le-a' ■ shun) \t'xfoliatio ; exfoliare, to
shed leaves]. The lamellar (or other) separation of
bone or other tissue from the living structure in Dry
Necrosis, etc.
Exhalant (eks-ha' -lant) \_exhalare, to breathe out]. I.
Serving for exhalation ; exhaling. 2. A pore or organ
of exhalation.
Exhalation (ex-hal-a' -shun) \exhalare, to breathe out] .
The process of giving off or exhaling vaporous or
effluvial matters; the vapor, subtle particles, etc.,
given off by the body through the skin or lungs.
Exhaustion (eg-zawst' -yun) \_cxhaurirc , to pour out].
Great loss of vital and nervous power from fatigue or
protracted disease.
Exhibit [ek-zib' -it) [exhibere, to give]. To administer
as a medicine.
Exhibition (ek-zib-ish' -un) [fj://?7v;Y, to give]. In legal
medicine, the exposing of the genitalia in public places.
Exhibitionism [ek-zib-ish' -un-izm) [exhibere , to give].
A perversion of the sexual feeling that leads the
patient to expose the genital organs.
Exhibitionist (ck-zib-ish' -un-ist) [exhibere, to give].
An insane person who wilfully and indecently exposes
himself.
Exhilarant (ek-zil' -ar-ant) \exhilarare, to cheer]. An
agent to enliven and cheer the mind. E. Gas,
nitrous oxid gas.
Exhumation [ex-hu-ma' -shun) [ex, out of; humus, the
ground]. The digging up after interment of a dead
body, for examination in medico-legal inquiries, or for
reinterment.
Exindusiate {cks-in-du' -se-at) [ex, priv. ; induere, to put
on ; indusiuin , the covering of the fruit-dots in ferns].
In biology, applied to such ferns as lack the indusium.
Exner's Solution. See Stains, Table of.
Exocardiac, or Exocardial {eks-o-kar' -de-ak, or eks-o-
kar'-de-al) [ff<J, out; napiVia, heart]. Originating
or situated outside of the heart.
Exocarditis [eks-o-kar-di'-tis) [e^oi, out; Kapdia, heart;
iTi(;, inflammation]. Inflammation of the outer sur-
face of the heart. Also a synonym of Pericarditis.
Exocarp [eks' -o-karp) [efu, outside ; Kapirdg, fruit].
In biology, the outer layer of a pericarp when the
latter consists of more than one layer.
Exoccipital (eks-ok-sip' -it-al) [ex, out; occiput, the oc-
ciput]. Lying to the side of the foramen magnum.
E. Bone, the neurapophysial or condyloid part of the
occipital bone, with which in adult life it is consoli-
dated.
Exocelar (eks-o-se' -lar) [efw, outside; KO(A/a, body-cav-
ity]. In biology, situated on the outer or somatic wall
of the body-cavity.
Exocelarium [eks-o-se-la-re' -um) [ifw, outside ; KoiXia,
body-cavity]. In biology, the epithelium of the outer
wall of the body-cavity.
Exocelum {eks-o-se' -him) outside ; kol'/i'm, the
body-cavity]. In biology, the extra-embryonic part
of the body-cavity shut off by the somatic and splanch-
nic stalks at the umbilicus. (Sevenka.)
Exochorion (cks-o-ko' -re-on) [t^('>, outside ; ;fop/ov,
chorion]. The external layer of the chorion.
Exocolitis {eks-o-ko-li' -tis) [liu, out ; nolov, colon ;
/r/f, inflammation]. Inflammation of the outer or
peritoneal coat of the colon.
Exocranium [eks-o-kra'-)ie-unt) [ff«, out ; Kpaviov,
craniui>!~\. The outer surface of the skull ; the
pericranium.
Exodic {eks-od'-ik) [ffw, out ; oriof , a way] . Transmit-
ting impulses outward from the central nervous
system; efferent; centrifugal.
Exodontosis [eks-o-don-to'-sis). See Exostosis of the
Teeth.
Exodyne [eks' -o-din) [ffw, out of; b^vv?}, pain]. A
mixture of acetanilid go, sodium salicylate 5, and
sodium bicarbonate 5 ; it is used as an anodyne.
Exogamy [eks-og' -am-e) [ffu, outside ; yapoq, mar-
riage]. The law that forbids marriage between
persons of the same family. (Lang.)
Exogastritis (eks-o-gas-tri'-tis) [efu, out ; yaorz/p, belly ;
iTiQ, inflammation]. See Perigastritis.
^xogen (eks'-o-fen) [ffu, outside; yevi/c, producing].
In biology, one of the two primary classes of flower-
ing-plants, characterized by the growth of the stems
in concentric layers ; more properly called Dicoty-
ledons.
Exogenetic (eks-o-jen-et'-ik) [efw, outward ; ytvvav, to
produce]. Due to an external cause; not arising
within the organism.
Exogenous (eks-o/'-en-us) [eiu, out ; yevvap, to pro-
duce]. Of the nature of an exogen ; growing by
accretions to the outer surface.
Exognathite [eks-og' -nath-lt). See Basecphysis.
Exogonium [eks-o-go'-ne-ujn). See Jalap.
Exometritis (eks-o-me-tri'-tis) [efw, out ; pi/rpa, womb;
(-/f, inflammation]. Perimetritis; less correctly,
parametritis. See Metritis.
EXOMPHALOS
452
EXPIRATORY
Exomphalos {cks-om'-fal-os) [f^, out; hn(^a\6q, navel].
Undue prominence of the navel ; also, umbilical
hernia.
Kxoneural (eks-o-mi' -ml) [f^«, out; vtvpov, nerve].
< )ccurring or situated outside of the nervous appa-
ratus.
Exopathic {cks-o-path' -ik) [ifu, out ; TrdSof, disease].
Pertaining to those causes of disease coming from
without or beyond the organism. S^, also, Endo-
pathic.
Exoperidium {eks-o-per-id' -e-itm) [ejoj, outside ; peri-
diiiiii (from ■Kijpidiov, dim. of rrypa, a leather pouch),
the covering of tlie spore-case]. The outer peridium
of a fungus having more than one, as the earth-star.
Exophoria [eks-o-for'-e-ah). See Heterophoria. E.,
Pseudo-, an outward tending of the eyes excited by
lessening the activity of the accommodative centers, as
when hyperopia has been corrected by convex lenses.
This condition also exists in uncorrected myopia.
Exophthalmic {eks-off-thaV -mik) [if, out ; b<])da/./u6(: ,
eye]. Pertaining to exophthalmos. E. Goiter. See
Go//t'r.
Exophthalmometer (cks-off'-thal-tnoiii' -et-er) [t'f , out ;
bi}6a\ji6(;, eye ; ficrpoi', measure]. An instrument
for measuring the degree of exophthalmus.
Exophthalmos, Exophthalmus (eks-off-thal' -iiws,-miis)
[ff, out ; b(pftaX/u6^, eye].. Abnormal prominence or
protrusion of the eyeballs. E., Pulsating, that
characterized by a bruit and pulsation, due to an aneu-
rysm that pushes the eye forward.
Exoplasm (eks' -o-plazt)i) [tfu, outside ; irXaacstiv , to
form]. In biology, the outer protoplasm of a unicellu-
lar organism or histologic cell.
Exopodite (eks-op' -o-dlt) [ffu, outside ; ivovq (rrotJ-),
foot]. In biology, the outer of the two main divi-
sions of the typical crustacean limb or appendage.
Cf. E)idopodite and Basecphysis.
Exorhinus [cks-or-i' -niis) [cfu, without; p/f, nose].
Lissauer's term for a skull in which the angle between
the lines joining the nasion and the alveolar point and
rhinion is between 1° and 20.5°.
Exormia (eks-or' -me-ah) [_e^opfiden>, to go forth]. Any
papular skin-disease.
Exoskeleton (eks-o-skeV -et-iui) [ffw, outside ; OK^X^rbv,
a dried body]. In biology, the outer envelop of many
of the lower forms of life for the protection and
attachment of organs, representing an integument
modified by the deposition of chitin, lime, or other
hardening substance. See Dermoskeleton.
Exosmose (eks' -os-nws). .See Exosmosis.
Exosmosis [eki-os-mo' -sis) [ff, out ; uafiog, thrust].
Outward osmosis. See Endosmosis and Osmosis.
Exosmotic {eks-os-moi' -ik) [ff, out ; loapbq, thrust].
Pertaining to or characterized by exosmosis.
Exospore [eks^-o-spor) [ffw, outside; mrdpoq, seed].
In biology, the outer coat of a spore.
Exostome [cks'-os-fom) [ifu, outside; aT6fia, mouth].
In biology, the orifice in the outer coat of the ovule,
or the outer peristome of a moss.
Exostosis [eks-os-to' -sis) [ff, out; bareov, bone].
Abnormal enlargement or growth of bone, especially
a deposit of bony tissue upon the surface of a pre-
existing bone. E. of the Teeth, exostosis den-
tium ; exodontosis. An outgrowth from a tooth.
The only part of a tooth subject to exostosis is the
root, and the development of the affection usually
commences at or near the extremity ; extending from
thence upward, it sometimes covers a greater or less
portion of the external surface. E., Ivory, a bony
outgrowth of extreme hardness and of small size,
rarely exceeding that of a small walnut. It springs
usually from the exterior of one of the cranial bones.
Histologically, it is marked by the absence of Haver-
sian canals.
'E.s.osX.oX.ic {eks-os-/ot'-ik) [if , out ; ocrrfof, bone]. Of
the nature of exostosis.
Exoteric (eks-o-ter' -ik) [efurepi/cof, external]. .Synony-
mous with Exopathic.
Exoterorhinus [eks-o-ter-or-i' -nus) [jfwrepof , outside ;
p/f, nose]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which the
angle between tlie lines joining the nasion and the
alveolar point and rhinion is between 22.5° and 45°.
Exotheca (eks-o-the' -kah) [ffw, outside ; i)liKr], a case].
In biology, the proper calcareous investment of the
visceral chamber of a coral.
Exothecium [eks-o-tlie' -se-uni) [ffw, outside ; ^'inr), a
case]. In biology, the epidermis of the anther.
Exothyropexy ( eks-o-thi' -i-o-peks-e ) [ efu, without ;
dvpedi;, a shield; 7r%jf, fixation]. Partial extrusion
of goiter, with subsequent atrophy from constriction,
cicatrization, etc.
Exotic (eks-o/^-ik) [t^ur/Koc, foreign]. Pertaining to
plants and products from another country.
Exotropia [eks-o-tro' -pe-ah). See Strabismus.
Expansive [eks-pan' -sif) \expandere, to spread out].
Comprehensive ; wide-extending. E. Delirium,
insane over-estimation of one's mental or bodily
powers. See Exaltation.
Expectant (cks-pek' -taut) \_expectare, to look out for].
Awaiting or expecting ; applied to a plan of treatment
consisting in watching the progress of a disease, and
not interfering with therapeutic measures, unless war-
ranted by special symptoms.
Expectation {eks-pek-ta' -shun) \t\xpectare, to expect].
Same as Expectant. E. of Life, the average num-
ber of years that persons of a given age, taken one
with another, live, assuming that they die according
to a given table of the probabilities of life. It thus
has no relation to the most probable life of a single
given individual. E. of L., Complete, the addition
of one-half year to the curtate expectation to allow
for that portion of a year lived by each person in the
year of his death. E. of L., Curtate, the average
number of whole or completed years lived by each
person.
Expectorant {cks-pek' -to-rant) [f.r, out ; /('r/^j-, breast].
I. Promoting expectoration. 2. A remedy that pro-
motes expectoration.
Expectoration [eks-pek-tor-a' -shitn) \cx, out ; pectus,
breast]. I. The ejection from the mouth of material
brought into it by the air-passages. 2. The fluid or
semi-fluid matters from the lungs and air-passages ex-
pelled by coughing and spitting. E., Prune-juice.
See Prune-juice. E., Rusty. See Rusty Expecto-
ration.
Expellent [eks-pcF-ent) \expellere, to drive out]. A
medicine that has power to expel a materies morbi.
Experiment [eks-per'-im-ent) [experimentare, to ex-
periment]. A trial or test.
Experimentum (eks-per-im-en' -turn) [L.]. Same as
Experiment. E. mirabile of Kirchner, a hyp-
notic phenomenon in animals, a hen, ^i,'., remaining
in a fixed position when the head is pressed down and
a chalk line made from its beak.
Expert (^/Ji'-Z^r/ ) \expertus, proved]. A person es-
pecially qualified in a science or art. E., Medical,
a physician peculiarly fitted by experience or special
learning to render an authoritative opinion in medico-
legal or diagnostic questions.
Expiration {eks-pi-ra' -shmi) [expirare, to breathe out].
The act of breathing forth, or expelling air from the
lungs.
Expiratory {eks-pi' -rat-or-e) \_expirare, to breathe out].
Relating to or concerned in the expiration of air.
EXPIRE
453
EXTRA-
Expire (eks-pir') \expirare,\.o breathe out]. To breathe
out ; to die.
Explanate [eks'-plan-at) [explanare, to flatten, spread
out]. In biology, spread out, flattened ; applied to
parts usually rolled or folded.
Exploration {eks-plor-a' -shun') \cxplorare, to search
out]. The searching out the condition of a diseased
organ or part by means of auscultation, palpation, per-
cussion, etc. Also the searching of a wound to learn
its nature, course, etc., and if foreign bodies may be
present. Also the examination of the female genital
organs by the finger or instrument for diagnostic pur-
poses.
Explorator, Explorer [eks' -plor-a-to}-, ex-plor' -er') \_ex-
plorare, to search out]. An instrument fbr use in
exploration. E., Electric, an instrument for detect-
ing a bullet by means of the electric current.
Exploratory [eks-plo?-'-at-or-e) \jxplorare, to search
out]. Pertaining to exploration. E. Puncture, the
puncture of a cavity or tumor and extraction there-
from of some of the contents to learn their nature.
E. Trocar, one especially adapted for exploratory
puncture.
Explosion (eks-ph' -zhiin) \_explodere, to drive away].
. I . The sudden expansion of a body of small volume
into great volume, with the resulting effects. 2. The
sudden and violent occurrence of any symptom or
function.
Explosive ieks-plo' -shi) [explodere, to drive away].
See Consonants. E. speech, speech characterized by
suddenness and explosiveness of enunciation.
Exposure (eks-po' -zhur) \exponcrc , to expose]. I. The
act of laying bare, as the genitals. 2. The state of
being open to some action or influence, as of cold or wet.
Expression (eks-presh' -ini) [expressus ; expritnere, to
press out]. 1. A pressing out. The forcible separa-
tion of liquids from solids by pressure. 2. The
recognizable manifestation through the facial linea-
ments or the voice of any subjective feeling. E. of
Fetus or Placenta, assisting the expulsion of fetus
or placenta by pressure upon the abdominal walls.
Expulsion ieks-pul' -shu}i) [expulsio ; expellere, to
drive out]. The act of driving out. E., Spontane-
ous, the extrusion of the fetus or the placenta
without external aid.
Expulsive (eks-pul'-shi) \expeUere, to drive out].
Pertaining to the extrusion or driving out of the fetus
in childbirth, the voiding of the feces, urine, etc.
Exsanguination {ek-sang-gwin-a'-shun) \_ex, priv. ;
sanguis, blood]. The forcible expulsion of blood
from a part, as before amputation.
Exsanguine {ek-sang' -gwin)\ex, priv.; blood].
Bloodless.
Exsanguinity {ek-sang-gtuin' -it-e) \ex, priv. ; sanguis,
blood]. Bloodlessness ; extreme pallor.
Exscinded [ek-sin' -ded) \_ex, out; scindere, to cut].
In biology, terminating abruptly in an angular notch.
Exscreation (ek-skre-a' -shuii) \^ex, out ; screare, to
hawk]. The act of clearing the throat by hawking
and spitting.
Exsculptate (eks-kulp' -tat) \_exscidpere, to carve out].
In biology, presenting a sculptured appearance.
Exsert, Exserted {ek'-sert, ek-ser'-ted) \exserere, to
thrust out] . In biology, projecting, as a stigma beyond
the anthers.
Exsertus [ek-ser' -tus) [L.]. Protruding ; sometimes
applied to teeth that protrude. See Dens exsertus.
Exsiccatse, Exsiccati {ek-sik-at'-e,-i) [exsieeare, to dry
up]. In biology, the dried plants of an herbarium.
Exsiccation (ek-sik-a' -shun) \ex, out; siccus, dry].
The process of depriving a solid of its moisture or
volatile constituents by the agency of moderate heat.
Exsiccative i^ek-sik' -at-iv) \_exsiccare, to dry up]. I.
Having a strong drying tendency. 2. A desiccating
or drying remedy or application.
Exsiccator (ek' -sik-a-tor) \_exsiccare, to dry up]. A
closed glass vessel containing a tray of HjSO^, used
to dry and cool substances preparatory to weighing.
Exspuition {eks-pu-ish' -un) \ex, out; spniere, to spit].
Expectoration ; spitting.
Exstipulate [ek-stip' -u-ldt) [c.v, without; stipula, a
stipule]. In biology , destitute of stipules.
Exstrophy ((?/{'j'-/'r()-_/£') [_(KOTpe(j>£iv, to evert]. I. The
turning of a hollow organ inside out ; the state of
being turned inside out. 2. Congenital absence of
the anterior wall of the bladder and abdomen with
extroversion of the bladder.
Exsuccation {ek-suk-ka'-shu)i) \ex,ovX ; siiccus,\vl\<:.€\.
Same as Ecchymosis.
Exsuccous [ck-suk' -us) \ex, without ; succus, juice,
sap]. In biology, juiceless. Also ^xKtt^n Exuccous.
Exsufflation {ek-suf-la' -shun) \ex, out ; sujjflare, to
blow]. Forced discharge of the breath.
Exta {eks' -tall) [L. ,//.]. The viscera, especially those
of the chest.
Extension {eks-ten' -shim) [extendere, to stretch out].
I. The opposite of fle.xion ; the straightening of a
flexed limb by the natural and functional process ; the
state of a limb that is not flexed. 2. Traction made
upon a fractured or dislocated limb in order to bring
the parts into proper apposition. E., Angular, a
method of reducing and maintaining old dislocations
of the hip. E., Counter-, traction upon the trunk or
the trunk-end of a fractured limb in addition to ex-
tension. E., Double, traction applied to both limbs in
hip-joint disease, etc. E. Stage in Labor, one of
the stages of labor, consisting in the bending of the
fetal head, the occiput toward the back.
Extensor ieks-ten' -sor) [extendere, to extend]. That
which stretches out or extends. E. Muscles. See
Muscles, Table of. E. Tetanus, in general spasms
the extensor muscles overcome the flexors, and the
spasm thus becomes an extensor tetanus.
Extenuation [eks-ten-u-a' -skicn) [^x,out ; tenuis, thin].
Thinness; leanness of body ; delicacy.
Extern {eks' -tern) \_externus, outward], I. Outside;
outside the gates of a hospital. 2. An out-door patient.
3, A medical student, or graduate, who attends to
out-door charity cases. E. Maternity, a lying-in in
a private house,
Externalization [eks-tern-al-iz-a'-shiin) \_externus, out-
ward]. The process of externalizing, or embodying,
E, of Sensation. See Sensitivisation.
Externomedian {eks-ter-iio-nie' -de-an) \jxternus, out-
ward ; tiiedius, middle]. In biology, outside the
median line,
Extesticulate [eks-tes-tik' -u-lat) \ex, out ; testicitlus, a"
testicle]. To castrate.
Extinction {eks-tink' -shuii) \_extinguere , to extinguish].
Complete abeyance or final loss, as of the voice ; also,
incomplete loss.
Extine {eks' -tin) [externus , outside]. In biology, the
outer coat of a pollen-grain. Also E-unc (Schacht),
Extirpation {eks-ter-pa' -shun) [exiirpare, to root out].
Thorough excision or out-rooting of a part, as of a
gland, a tumor, the uterus, the ovaries, etc, E. of
the Eyeball, complete removal of the globe of the
eye. Enucleation,
Extra- (eks'-trah-) [L,], A prefix, meaning outside,
without. E. -axillary, in biology, applied to a branch
or bud somewhat out of the axil, E. -current, the
induced electric current. E. -enteric. In biology,
perivisceral. E, -neural, situated or occurring out-
side of a nerve, A term applied to certain nervous
EXTRACAPSULARIUM
454
EXTROVERSION
affections of which the true seat is more or less re-
mote from the point which manifests the symptoms of
nerve-embarrassment. E. -ocular, outside the eye, or
eyeball ; in biology, applied to those antennce of insects
that are located at a distance from the eyes. E. -pelvic,
situated or occurring outside the pelvis. E. -polar
Region, that lying outside the electrodes, as opposed
to the Intra-polar Region, or area,\hat lying within
or directly beneath the electrodes. E. -uterine, with-
out the uterus. E.-u. Pregnancy. See Pt-egiiaiit v.
E.-u. Life, that after birth.
Extracapsularium [eks-trah-kap-sn-la' -re-uni) \_extya,
beyond, outside ; capsula, capsule : //. , Extra-capsic-
laria\. In biology, that portion of a radiolarian out-
side the central capsule.
Extracardial (eks-trah-kar' -de-al) \cxtra , without;
KapSia, heart]. Situated or occurring outside of the
heart.
Extracloacal (eks-trah~klo-a' -kal) [exi>-a, without ; clo-
aca, a sewer]. In biology, situated outside the cloaca.
Extracostal [eks-trah-kos' -tai) \_extra, without ; casta,
a rib]. Outside of the ribs. E. Muscle, any
external intercostal muscle, i^te ATuscles, Table of .
Extracrureus {eks-trah-krn' -re-its) \_extra, outside ;
(-/•«,r, a leg]. The vastus externus muscle. See
clcs. Table of.
Extract, Extractum {ex'-trak/, -trakt' -uin) [exfractns ;
exlraAere, to extract: pi. , Extracta\ In pharmacy, a
solid or semi-solid preparation, made by extracting the
soluble principles of a drug and evaporating the
solution to a proper consistence. Alcohol and water
are the most common solvents. There are 32 official
extracts. E., Alcoholic, that in which alcohol is the
solvent. E., Aqueous, that prepared by using water
as the solvent. E., Fluid, in pharmacy, an alcoholic
or hydro-alcoholic solution of the solid principles of a
vegetable drug, of such strength that looo grams of
the drug are fully represented by one liter of the fluid
extract. There are 79 official fluid extracts, besides 53
in the N. F.
Extraction {ex-trak' -shtui) \extractio ; (',r,out; trahere,
to draw]. The drawing out of a body, as a calculus,
a fetus, or a tooth. Also, the pharmaceutic process of
making an extract, chiefly by the action of some men-
struum, as alcohol, ether, or water. E. of Cataract,
removal of the cataractous lens by surgical operation.
The methods proposed or practised are almost num-
berless. David's Method, improved by Bee?', consists
in making a semicircular flap (upward in Daviel's,
downward in Beer's) in the cornea, or at the margin,
with rupture of the capsule and expression of the lens.
This method is being revived and, with modification,
adopted by a large number of modern operators, and
is called the Flap -extraction. The Discission-
operation is used in soft cataract, and consists in in-
troducing a needle, whereby the capsule is broken and
the aqueous humor gains access to the lens-substance,
which is then absorbed or removed by suction. In v.
Graefe's Peripheral Linear Method, the Graefe
lance-knife enters the sclerotic 1.5 mm. from the cor-
neal border, and 2 mm. below the horizontal tangent
of the upper border of the cornea, and is at first
directed downward, but the counterpuncture is finally
made opposite the point of puncture. The cut up-
ward is then made parallel to the plane of the iris,
followed by an iridectomy, capsulotomy, and expres-
sion of the lens. The change in v. Graefe's Modi-
fied Linear Extraction consists chiefly in bringing
the section to the corneo-scleral junction. Needling,
or the needle-operation. .See Discission. The Sim-
ple Method, now advocated by many ophthalmic
surgeons, consists in a flap-forming section and an
omission of the iridectomy. The Suction Method
consists in the extraction of soft cataracts by sucking
the lenticular matter through a syringe nozzle intro-
duced into the lens-substance, or by other methods.
See Upei-atioJts, Table of.
Extractive (eks-trak' -tiv) [ex, out ; trahere, to draw],
1. In pharmacy, a substance which, during the process
of making an extract from a vegetable or drug of
vegetable origin, becomes dark, and finally insoluble.
2. Any one of a class of nitrogenous bodies (such as
creatin and xanthin) that may be extracted in small
amount from various animal tissues. By some writers
they are classed as protein compounds.
Extractor (f'/;'^-/'ra/i''-/t;;-) \cx, out; trahere, to draw].
.\n instrument for extracting bullets, sequestrae, etc.
E., Screw, one armed with a screw-attachment ; a
tirefond.
Extractum (eks-trak' -turn). See Extract. E. ferri
pomatum, or E. pomi ferratum, ferrated extract
of apples ; ofticial in the German Pharmacy and given
in the National Formulary ; it is an extract of sour
apples, 50 parts, with iron one part. It contains a
crude malate of iron.
Extrafloral (eks-trah-flo' -ral) \extra, outside; Jlos,z.
flower]. In biology, placed without the flower.
Extrafoliaceous [eks-trah-fo-le-a'-she-zts) [^extra, out-
side; folium, leaf]. In biology, separated from the
leaves.
Extralimital (eks-ti'ak-lim' -it-al)\extra, outside; limes,
bounds, limit]. In biology, not included in a given
area, either on the surface of a plant or animal, or on
the earth's surface.
Extramalleolus [eks-trak-mal-e' -o-lus) [extra, without ;
malleolus, a small hammer]. The outer malleolus of
the ankle.
Extrambulacral [eks-ti-am-bu-la'-kral) \_exfra, with-
out; amhtilacriDu, a walk, alley]. In biology,
located outside the ambulacra.
ExtrameduUary [eks-trah-me-dul' -a7--e) \extra, with-
out ; meditlla, marrow]. Situated or occurring out-
side of the medulla.
Extraneous [eks-fra' -ne-us^ \extraneus, external].
Existing or belonging outside the organism. E.
Body, a foreign or intrusive body, present within the
organism.
Extraordinary [eks-fror^ -din-a-re) [extra, beyond ;
ordo, rule]. Out of the common; special. E. Ray.
See Rav.
Extrathecal (eks-trah-tlie' -kaT) [e.xtra, outside ; theca,
box, case]. In biology, located outside the theca.
Extravasation (eks-trav-as-a' -slain) [cxti-a, outside;
vas, a vessel]. Filtration or effusion of blood, serum
or fluid from any vessel into adjacent tissues.
Extraversio gonadum {eks-trah-ver' -ze-o go-na' -dwn)
[L.]. In biology, pendent external gastro-genital
pouches in certain Mediiscc.
Extremital [eks-trem' -it-aT) \extremus, outermost].
Situated towards, or pertaining to, an extremity ;
distal.
Extremity [eks-frem' -it-e) [extremus, outermost]. An
aiTn or leg ; the distal or terminal end or part of any
organ ; a hand or foot.
Extricate, Extricated [eks'-trik-df, -a' -fed) [extricare,
to disentangle]. In biology, applied to the normally
extruded parts of certain insects, as the ovipositors.
Extrinsic [eks-trin'-sik^ \extrinsicus, from without].
External, outward. E. Muscles, those attached to
the trunk and extending to the limbs.
Extrorse [eks-trors') \extrorsns,to^?ccA the outside]. In
biology, turned outward or away from the body or
central axis.
Extroversion {eks-tro-ver' -shun), ^e.^ Exstrophy.
EXTUBATION
455
EYE
Extubation {eks-tu-ba'-shu>i) [f.r, out ; tubus, 2i pipe].
The removal of a laryngeal tube ; opposed to intuba-
tion.
Extuberance (ex-tu' -ber-aiis) \_cx, out ; tuber, mass].
A swelling or protuberance.
Extumescence {eks-tu-mes' -etis) \ex, out ; tiii?iescere , to
swell]. A projection or swelling.
Exuber (cx-ii'-ber) [ex, from ; uber, breast: //. , Exu-
beres\. A weaned child. Cf. Sububer.
Exudate (eks' -ti-ddt^ \j:xudarL' , \.o sweat]. Material
that has filtered through the walls of vessels into the
adjacent tissues.
Exudation {cks-u-da' -shun) \exudare, to sweat]. Fil-
tration or oozing of the serum of the blood through
the walls of the vessels ; a mass formed by such
filtration.
"Exsid^BXxv^ (eks' -ti-da-tiv) [«u"W(?r<', to exude]. Of the
nature of or characterized by exudation.
Exulceration {eks-ul-ser-a' -shu>i) \ex, out ; ulcerare,
to ulcerate]. A superficial ulceration.
Exumbilication (eks-um-bil-ik-a' -shii>i) \_exumbilicatio ;
ex,o\x\. ; umbilicus, navel]. Marked protrusion of the
navel.
Exumbral {eks-uiii' -bral) \^ex,ovA; jtmbra, shade]. In
biology, all those parts lying above the free margin of
the umbrella of Medusae ; the opposite of subutnbral.
Exumbrella {eks-um-breF -all) \ex, out; umbrella, the
disc of acalephs]. In biology, the convex outer sur-
face of the umbrella in Medusic.
Exuviae (eks-u' -ve-S) [L.]. Cast-off" matters; shreds
of epidermis ; also, sloughed materials.
Exuviate (eks-u' -ve-dt) \_ex, out ; uere, to put on ; from
induviie, clothes]. To moult, shed, or slough off
skin, shells, hairs, or feathers of animals.
Exuviation (eks-u-ve-a' -shun) \exitviic, slough ; exucrc,
to put off]. The shedding of the deciduous teeth, or
other epidermal part.
Eyckmann's Test. See Tests, Table of.
Eye (?) [ME. , eye\ The organ of vision. E., Accom-
modation of. "si^c Accommodation. E., Appendages
of, the eyelids, brows, and lachrymal apparatus. E.,
Apple of, formerly the eyeball ; the pupil. E., Arti-
ficial, a thin shell of glass, celluloid, or other sub-
stance, colored like the natural eye, placed in the
socket after enucleation. E., Compound, the organ
of vision formed of several crystal spheres, as in the
lower crabs. E., Diagrammatic, of Listing, a
diagram of the eye for the more exact calculation of
the passage of rays of light through the eye. E.,
Pineal or Epiphysial, the rudimentary median eye
in some lizards. E., Schematic, an ideal or normal
eye. E.-ball, the globe of the eye. E.-ball, Dis-
location of. See Dislocation. E.-bone, a sclerotal,
q.v. E. -bright. See Euphrasia. E.-brow, the
supercilium, the connective tissue, skin, and hairs
above the eye. The hairs serve chiefly to prevent the
sweat from falling into the eye. E. -cells, cup-shaped
cells of porcelain, enameled black, to place over the
eye after operations. E. -current, the normal electric
current that passes from the cornea (^positive) to the
optic nerve (negative) under the stimulus of light.
E. -doctor, an oculist. E. -drops. See Collyrium.
Also an old name for tears. E. -glass, a lens worn
in one eye. Eye-glasses, pince-nez, worn instead of
spectacles, and held in position by a spring acting upon
the bridge of the nose. E. -ground, a synonym of
the fundus oculi or internal aspect of the vitreous
chamber of the eye. E. -lashes, the cilia ; the hairs
of the eyelid. E. -lashes. Evulsion of, pulling out
the lashes. E. -lashes. Transposition of, shifting
an excised strip of cilia and lid-edge containing the
hair- bulbs to a new position, or otherwise altering the
direction of the lashes by operation. E.-lens, the
lens of a microscope to which the eye is applied ; an
eye-piece. E.-lid, the protective covering of the eye-
ball, composed of skin, glands, connective and muscu-
lar tissue, the tarsus and conjunctiva, with the cilia at
the free edge. E.-lid Closure. See Reflexes, Table
of. E. -piece. Synonym of Ocular. E. -point, the
point above an ocular or simple microscope where the
greatest number of emerging rays cross. E. -salve, a
medicated salve for the eyes. E. -shade. Ward's, a
circular disc of black rubber connected by an arm with
the tube of the microscope. It enables the observer to
keep both eyes open. E. -speculum, an instrument for
retracting the eyelids. E. -stone, a small calcareous
disc, the operculum of various Gasteropod molluscs
(Turbinidre) ; or sometimes a flattened concretion
from the stomach of a European crawfish [Lapillus
caiicri). In domestic practice it is placed under the
eyelid for the removal of a foreign body that has
found its way into the eye. E. -strain, the excess and
abnormalism of effort, with the resultant irritation,
caused by ametropia or heterophoria. It is applied
also to the effects of excessive use of normal eyes. E.-
souffle, a murmur said to be heard in anemia by
means of the stethoscope on the globe of the eye. E.-
teeth, the canine teeth of the upper jaw ; dog-teeth.
E.-wash, a medicated water for the eye ; a collyrium.
E. -water, a collyrium ; also the aqueous humor.
E. -winker, an eyelash.
Muscles of the Eve. Tendon or Ligament of Ztnn.
I. Tendon of Zinn. 2. External rectus divided. 3. Internal
rectus. 4. Inferior rectus. 5. Superior rectus. 6. Superior
oblique. 7. Pulley for superior oblique. 8. Inferior oblique.
9. Levator palpebrse superioris. 10, 10. Its anterior expan-
sion. II. Optic nerve.
Optic nerve. 2. Central artery
of the retina. 3. Short, posterior,
and external ciliary arteries. 4.
Short, posterior, and internal cili-
ary arteries. 5, 5, 6, 6, 6. Ex-
ternal and internal posterior cili-
ary arteries. 7. Posterior long
ciliary artery, and long ciliary
nerve. 8. Artery and nerve of
opposite side. 9, 10. Superior and
external choroid veins. 11. 12. In-
ferior choroid veins. 13. Attach-
ment of inferior oblique muscle.
14. Tendon of superior oblique.
Posterior Hemisphere
OF the Globe of the
Eve.
EYE
456
EYE
Lacrymal and Meibomian Glands, and Adjacent
Organs of the Eye.
, I. Inner wall of orbit. 2, 2. Inner portion of orbicularis
palpebrarum. 3, 3. Attachment to circumference of base of
orbit. 4. Orifice for transmission of nasal artery. 5. Muscle
of Horner (tensor tarsi). 6, 6. Meibomian glands. 7, 7.
Orbital portion of lacrymal gland. 8, 9, 10. Palpebral por-
tion. IT, II. Mouths of excretory ducts. 12, 13. Lacrymal
puncta.
Vertical Section of Eve in its Antero-Posterior Axis.
I. Optic nerve. 2. Middle portion of sclerotic. 3. Posterior
portion. 4. External of optic nerve 5. Internal tunic. 6.
Sclerotic beneath insertion of superior rectus. 7. Sclerotic
in advance of insertion of superior rectus. 8, 8. Superior
and inferior recti. 9 Cornea. 10. Its central portion. 11.
Posterior elastic lamina. 12. Junction of cornea and sclero-
tic superiorly. 13. Inferior junction. 14, 14. Canal of Schlemm.
15. Choroid. 16. Choroidal zone and ciliary processes. 17.
Ciliary muscle. 18. Ciliary body. 19. Retina. 20. Origin of
retina. 21. Its anterior limit. 22. Central artery of retina.
23. Branches of central artery. 24. Hyaloid membrane. 25.
Zone of Zinn. 26. Posterior wall of canal of Petit, formed by
hyaloid membrane. 27. Anterior wall of same canal, formed
by the zone of Zinn. 28. Crystalline lens. 29. Iris. 30.
Pupil. 31. Posterior chamber. 32. Anterior chamber.
Iris and Choroid.
I. Optic nerve. 2, 2, 2, 2. Sclerotic, divided in four equal parts
and turned back. 3, 3. Pigmentary granulation of its inner
layer. 4. Section of lamina fusca. 5, ,s, 5, 5- Cornea, divided
in four equal parts. 6, 6. Canal of Schlemm 7. Outer sur-
face of choroid. 8. Superior and internal trunk of vasa vor-
ticosa. 9, 9. Irregular border limiting the choroid zone
posteriorly. 10, 10. Anterior half of this zone ; ciliary mus-
cle. II, II. Ciliary nerves 12 Long ciliary artery. 13, 13.
13, 13 Anterior ciliary arteries. 14. Iris. 15. Small arterial
circle of iris. 16. Pupillary orifice.
The Ciliary Muscle.
, I. Crystalline lens. 2. Hyaloid membrane. 3, 3 Zone of
Zinn. 4. Iris- 5,5. Radiating portion of ciliary muscle. 6.
Section of circular portion. 7. Venous plexus of a ciliary
process. 8. Sclerotic. 9. Middle layer of cornea. 10. An-
terior hyaline layer of cornea. 11. Epithelial covering of
this layer. 12. Posterior hyaline layer of the cornea, or
membrane of Descemet. 13. Fibers in which this layer ter-
minates, or ligamentum pectinatum. 14. Epithelial covering
of posterior hyaline layer. 15. Junction of sclerotic and cor-
nea. 16. Section of canal of Schlemm.
EYE
457
EYE
5 7 1623(1 '
Relations of the Eye and the Lacrymal Excretory
Apparatus.
I, I. Canaliculi. 2, 2. Puncta lacrymalia. 3, 3. Inner extrem-
ity of tarsal cartilage. 4, 4. Free borders of lids. 5. Lac-
rymal sac. 6. Attachment to maxillary bone of superior
tendon. 7. Bifurcation of lacrymal sac. 8, 8. Two branches.
Section of Ciliary
Body and Iris.
1,1. Ciliary processes.
2, 2. Their base or
rounded extremity.
3, 3. Their apex. 4.
A process with bi-
furcated extremity.
5, 5 . Reticulated
folds, or ciliary pro-
cesses of the second
order. 6,6. Venules
that emanate from
these. 7,7 Oraser-
rata of choroid. 8,
8. Veins of choroid.
9. Section of iris.
10. 10. Circumfer-
ence of iris. II, II.
Small ring of iris.
12, 12. Large ring
of iris.
Vertical Section Through the Upper Eyelid,
a. Cutis. I. Epidermis. 2. Corium. 6,3. Subcutaneous con-
nective tissue, c, 7. Orbicularis muscle D. Loose submus-
cular connective tissue. E. Insertion of H. Muller's muscle.
F. Tarsus. G. Conjunctiva, j. Inner; K. Outer edge of the
lid. 4. Pigment cells. 5. Sweat-glands. 6. Hair follicles.
8,23. Sections of nerves ' 9. Arteries. 10. Veins. 11. Cilia.
12. Modified sweat-glands. 13. Circular muscle of Riolan.
14. Meibomian gland. 15. Section of an acinus of the same.
16. Posterior tarsal glands 18, 19. Tissue of the tarsus. 20.
Pretarsal or submuscular connective tissue. 21, 22. Conjunc-
tiva, with its epithelium. 24. Fat. 25. Loosely-woven pos-
terior end of the tarsus. 26. Section of a palpebral artery.
F.
458
FALLING
F. Abbreviation of Fahrenheit ; also of Fac, make,
and of Fiat, let there be made.
FL, or Fid. Abbreviation of Fluid. '
Ft. Abbreviation of Fiat, let there be made.
Faam ^fah-ahm') [native Asian]. The plant Angra-
cuin fragrans, used in Asia and in France as a sub-
stitute for tea.
Faba Ignatii [fa' -bah ig-na' -she-i) . See /gnat ia.
Fabella [fa-bel' -ah) [dim. oi faba, a bean]. A sesa-
moid fibro-cartilage or small bone occasionally de-
veloped in the gastrocnemius muscle at the posterior
aspect of the knee-joint.
Fabiana [fa-be-an'-ah). See Pichi.
Face {fas) [/^ir/c.r, the face]. A name applied to the
lower and anterior part of the head, including the
eyes, nose, mouth, cheeks, lips, etc. F.-ache.
See Tic dottloureicx. F., Hippocratic. See Fades.
F. -plug, a small layer of cerumen lying on the
membrana tympani. F. -presentation, a presenta-
tion of the fetal face in labor.
Facet [fas'-et) [¥r., faeette, a little face]. A small
plane surface. The articulating surface of a bone.
Also, the flat surface occasionally seen on calculi,
caused by friction upon each other. In biology, a
segment of the compound eye of an insect.
Facial [fa'-shal) \_ facialis, of the face]. Pertaining
to the face, as facial paralysis. F. Angle, the diver-
gence between a line drawn from the upper jaw tangent
to the forehead, and another to the external auditory
foramen. F. Artery. See Arteries, Table of. F.
Nerve. See Nerves, Tabic of. F. Palsy, or Pa-
ralysis. See Paralysis. F. Spasm. See Spasm. F.
Trophoneurosis. Synonym of Atrophy, Progressive
Unilateral Facial. F. Vein. See Vein.
Facias [fi'-she-ez) [L., face]. Appearance, especially
that of the face. F., Cardiac, an anxious expression
occasionally seen in the early stages of chronic val-
vular disease. F. hepatica, a peculiar earthy appear-
ance of the face, often observed in organic disease
of the liver. F. hippocratica, the Hippocratic coun-
tenance, indicative of the rapid approach of dissolution;
the nose seems pinched, the temples hollow, the eyes
sunken, the ears leaden and cold, the lips relaxed, the
skin livid. F. ovarina, the characteristic expression
of women suffering from ovarian disease. The features
are emaciated and sunken, the expression anxious, the
forehead furrowed, the eyes hollow, the nostrils open
and sharply defined, the lips long and compressed, the
angles of the mouth depressed, with wrinkles encirc-
ling them. F. stupida, the typhoid face.
Factitious ( fak-tish'-tis) \_factitius : facere, to make].
Made by art. Artificial, as factitious teeth, etc.
Facultas (fak-ul'-tas) [L.]. See Faculty.
Facultative {fak' -itl-ta-tiv) \_facultas, capability].
Pertaining to acquired power. Possessing a power
that is only incidentally or occasionally exercised.
In bacteriology, amphibious as to oxygen, or capable of
living, either with or without free oxygen. F.
aerobia. See Acrobia. F. anaerobia. See Anae-
robia. F. Hyperopia, a division of manifest hy-
peropia. F. Parasite, applied to such a bacterium,
dipterous larva, etc., as may at times play the part of
a parasite. F. Saprophyte, applied to a fungus that
is normally non-parasitic but occasionally parasitic.
Faculty [fak'-til-tc) [ facultas, capability]. A special
action of the mind through the instrumentality of an
organ or organs ; any function, particularly any
acquired, modified, or facultative function. Also, the
F '
corps of professors and instructors of a university and
its colleges. F., Medical, the corps of professors
and instructors of a medical college.
Faecal, Faeces {fe' -kal, fe' -sez). See Fecal, Feces.
Faecula {fek' -u-lali). See Fectda.
Faex {fcks) [L., " lees" : //. , Faces\ The -dregs or
sediment of any liquid. F. sacchari, treacle or
molasses.
Fag [origin uncertain]. Exhaustion; tire. See Brain-
fag-
Fagara {fag-a' -rait) [L.]. The genus Xanthoxylon,
q. y.
Fagin [fa'-jin) \_/agits, a beech-tree]. A principle
contained in the husks of the nuts of the common
beech [Fagus). It is said to be poisonous and
narcotic.
Fagopyrum {fag-o-pi' -rum). See Buckwheat.
Fagus {fa'-gus) [L., " beech-tree: " gen., Fagi^. A
genus of cupuliferous trees ; the beeches. F. syl-
vatica, the common beech. The bark is said to be
antipyretic, the nuts anthelmintic and anticalculous.
Unof.
Faham {fall' -ahtn) . Same as Faam.
Fahrenheit's Thermometer. See Thermometer.
Faint {fdnt) \_fingere, \.o feign; MM.,faynt, weak].
A condition of languor. Also, a state of syncope or
swooning.
Fainting [fdnt'-iiig) \_fingere,to feign; WE.,faynt,
weak]. A swoon ; the act of swooning. F. Sick-
ness. Synonym of Epilepsy.
Faintness ( fdnt'-nes). See Syncope.
Faith-cure [fdth' -ki'tr). The system or practice of at-
tempting or pretending to cure diseases by religious
faith and prayer alone. "It differs from mind-cure,
in that the faith-curers have no mind, while the mind-
curers have no faith." F.-doctor. See F. -healer.
F. -healer, one who-practises the faith-cure.
Falcate (fal'-kdt) [fair, a sickle]. In biology,
sickle-shaped.
Falcial {fal' -se-al) [falx, a sickle]. Relating to the
falx cerebri.
Falcicula [fal-sik'-u-lah). See Falcula.
Falciform {fal' -sif-orm) \_fal.x, a sickle; forma, form].
Having the shape of a sickle. F. Ligament. See
Ligament. F. Process, a process of the dura mater
that separates the hemispheres of the brain ; the falx.
See also Ligament, Femoral, of LLey.
Falcula ( fal'-ku-lah) [dim. of falx, a. sickle]. The
falx cerebelli.
Fall {faii'l) [ME., fallen, to fall]. To be dropped in
birth, as a lamb. F. -drink, a Swiss and German
cordial, of exceedingly varied composition and fla-
vored with many aromatic and other herbs, as arnica,
achillea, asperula, etc. It is regarded as a sovereign
remedy for bruises and the effects of falls. Unof F.
Fever. Synonym of Typhoid Fever, q. v. F.-
rheotome, an arrangement whereby a weight injures
a muscle, and at the same time breaks and makes a
galvanometer circuit ; by this instrument it was shown
that the demarcation-current took a certain time to
develop.
Fallacia (fal-a'-se-ah) [L.]. An insane delusion ; an
hallucination. F. auditoria, a delusion as to hear-
ing. F. optica, any visual illusion.
Falling {farvl'-ing) [ME., fallen, to fall]. Dropping;
losing one's equilibrium. F. -sickness, a common
term for epilepsy. F. of Womb. See Uterus and
Prolapsus.
FALLOPIAN
459
FARCY
Fallopian [fal-o'-pc-aii] \_Falloppiiis, an Italian anato-
mist]. Of or pertaining to Falloppius. F. Artery.
See Arteries, Table of. F. Tubes. See Ovidiuis.
Utero-ovarian ligament.
Ovary.
Fallopian tube.
Broad ligament
Fimbriated ex-
tremity of tube.
Fimbria ovarica.
Broad ligament.
Right Fallopian Tube. {After Morris.)
Fallopius, Aqueduct of. See Aqueduct. F., Arch
of. See Arcli. F., Canal of. See Aqueduct. F.,
Hiatus of, an opening in tlie petrous portion of tlie
temporal bone, for tlie transmission of tire petrosal
branch of the Vidian nerve.
Fallow Wards. Certain wards in hospitals that are
occasionally cleared of patients and are then tempor-
arily disused.
False [fawis) \_falsus, deceptive]. Not genuine.
Feigning or closely counterfeiting. F. Amnion,
the vesicula serosa, which disappears as the chorion is
developed. F. Ankylosis, ankylosis due to rigidity
of the soft tissues. F. Bittersweet. See Cliinbing
Staff-tree. F. Conception. See F. Genu. F.
Germ, a mole, q. v. F. Gromwell, the root of
Onosmodium virginianum, reputed to be tonic and
diuretic. Dose of the fid. ext. 1TLxv- _:5 ss. Unof. F.
Hearing. See Pseudacousma. F. Image, the image
of the deviating eye, in diplopia. F. Joint, a result
of non-union of a fractured bone. F. Measles.
Synonym of Rotheln, q. v. F. Membrane, a fibrinous
exudate upon a surface, as the fauces. F. Pains,
pains that precede true labor-pains. F. Passage, a
passage formed by the laceration of any canal, e. g. ,
the urethra, caused by the forcible introduction of a
catheter or other instrument in the wrong direction.
F. Pelvis, the portion of the pelvic cavity situated
above the linea ileo-pectinea. F. Peritonitis, hysteri-
cal manifestations simulating' peritonitis. F. Pneu-
monia, peripneumonia notha. F. Pox. Synonym
of Varicella. F. Ribs. See Ribs. F. Water, a
collection of fluid in catarrhal endometritis.
Falsetto [fawl-sel' -o) [Ital.]. A voice both high-
pitched and peculiarly modified as to quality ; the
highest register of the human voice. It is more
obvious in the male than in most female voices.
Falsification i^fawl-sif-ik-a' -shun) \_falsus, deceptive;
facere, to make]. The fraudulent adulteration of
foods or medicines ; counterfeiting.
Falx (falks) [L.]. A sickle. Same as Faljc cerebri.
In biology, variously used to designate falciform
structures ; e. g, the poison-fangs of a serpent or the
chelicerae of a spider. F. cerebelli, the falcula ; a
sickle-like process between the lobes of the cerebellum.
F. cerebri, the sickle-like process of the dura, separat-
ing the hemispheres of the cerebrum.
Famelic [fa?ii-el'-ik) \_fainelicus, hungry]. Marked
by extreme hunger ; eflective in overcoming the sensa-
tion of hunger.
Famelica \_fainclicus, hungry]. Febris
famelica ; fever accompanied by hunger.
Fames [L.]. Hunger. F. bovina, bulimia.
F. canina ("dog-hunger"), bulimia. F. lupina,
{" wolf-hunger"), extreme bulimia.
Family {fain' -il-e) \_familia, a household]. The per-
sons belonging to a household. In biology, a class
of genera similar in organic structure. F. Ataxia.
See Parafiiyoclonus multiplex. F. Diseases, those
diseases that are hereditary.
Famine {fam'-in) [/(iwcj, hunger] . Severe and con-
tinued liunger. Also, a general scarcity of food,
which results in the starvation of many people. F.
Bread, a lichen, Umbilicaria arctica, found in frozen
regions, and serviceable, in extremity, as human
food. F. Fever. Same as Relapsing Fever, q. i'.
Fanaticism [fan-at' -is-isi?i) \_fanaticus, pertaining to
a temple]. Perversion and excess of the religious sen-
timent. It often trenches upon the domain of insanity ;
and is sometimes an outcome, at other times a cause,
of mental disease.
Fang [ME. , feng, a. catch]. In biology, any prehensile
part or organ. See Teeth.
Fantome [faji'-tu?>t). See Phantom.
Far [E. dial.]. The young of swine ; a litter of pigs.
Far [ME., fer, at a distance]. At a distance. F.
Point. See Punctum remotu)ii. F.-sightedness,
a colloquial term for Hypermetropia.
Farabeuf's Operation. See Operations, Table of .
Farad (/«;•''-(?(/) [after Michael Faraday, a chemist].
The unit of electric capacity. Practically a capacity
sufficient to hold one coulomb of current having a
potential of one volt. The micro-farad, xwocJ^o'
of the theoretic farad, is commonly used. A practi-
cal form of condenser of one farad capacity consists
of 300 leaves of tinfoil, each 16 centimeters in diame-
ter, separated by leaves of mica. The entire surface
is about of I.I sq. meters area. See Electric Units.
Faradic {far-ad' -ik) [named from its discoverer,
Michael Faraday]. Pertaining to induced electric
currents. F. Current, the induced electric current.
See Current. F. Induction is brought about by a
current of electricity passing through a wire exciting a
wave of electricity in a second wire placed near or
parallel with it at the instant of opening and closing
the circuit.
Faradimeter (far-ad~im' -et-er) \_Faraday ; /jerpov, a
measure]. An instrument for measuring the strength
of an induced electric current.
Faradism (far'-ad-izm) [after Michael Faraday, a
chemist]. I. Induced electricity. 2. The applica-
tion of induced currents to the treatment of disease.
Faradization, or Faradism {far-ad-iz-a'-shun, or
far' -ad-izm') [after Michael P'araday, a chemist].
The application of the induced current to a diseased
part, or for disease.
Farado-puncture [far-ad-o-punk'-chiir) [Faraday :
puiu'tura, a puncture]. The passage of a faradic cur-
rent into the tissues by acupuncture.
Farcimen l^far-si'-men) \_farcimi?iui}!, {a.rcy : pi., P'ar-
cimiiia'\. Farcy; also, a farcy-bud.
Farcin far' -sin) [Fr.]. Same as Farcy.
Farcinia [far-sin' -e-ah). Synonym of Equinia.
'Pa.rcinomai [far-sin-o'-mah ) [farcimijtum, farcy; bfia,
a tumor.'//., Farcinomata'\. A farcy-bud, or glander-
ous tumor ; less correctly, farcy, or glanders.
¥a.TcX.ns ( fark'-tus) [L. , a " stuffing "]. Emphraxis ;
congestion ; infarction.
Farcy (far'-se). See Equinia and Bacillus of Nocard,
under Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of. F.-bud, or
FARDEL-BOUND
460
FASTING
F. -button. A nodular swelling in the course of a
lymphatic vessel in glanders.
Fardel-bound {far'-del-bo-wiid) [fardel, a load ; ME.,
bounden\ I. A term applied to neat cattle or sheep
affected with inflammation of the abomasum, or of
the omasum, with impaction of feted in the latter.
Fardel-bound cattle are said to have " lost the cud."
Farding-bag far' -ding-hag). The first stomach of a
ruminant animal ; the paunch or rumen.
Farfara [far'-far-ah ). See Coltsfoot.
Farina [far-e'-tiah) [farina, meal]. The ground or
powdered fecula of seeds, especially that of corn,
barley, rye, and wheat. In biology, applied to the
pollen of flowers, and to the powdery substance found
on certain insects.
Farinaceous [far-in-a' -slie-ns) [farina, meal]. Hav-
ing the nature of or yielding flour. Also, applied to
very fine furfuraceous exfoliations.
Farinose [far'-in-os) [farina, meal]. In biology,
covered with a flour-like powder, as certain leaves
and insects.
Farrant's Solution. See Motmting Fluids, and Media.
Farre's Tubercles, 'i&e. Signs ajid Symptoms, Table of.
Farriery [far'-yer-e) [ferraria, pertaining to iron].
The art of treating the diseases of horses ; veterinary
surgery.
Farrow {far'-o) [WY.. , farh, faren,a. little pig], i. A
little pig. 2. To bring forth, as pigs.
Fascia [fash'-e-ali) [ fascia, ^^^\>■^eaA.^. pi., Fasciai^. The
membranous, fibrous covering of muscles and other
organs. In biology, applied to any broad, transverse
band of color on the hair, feathers, scales, or stems.
F., Anal. vSee F., Ischio-rectal. F. of Arm [Brach-
ial), invests the muscles of the arm attached to the
clavicle, acromion, and spine of the scapula. F.,
Cervical, Deep, invests the muscles of the neck and
encloses the vessels and nerves. F., Cervical, Super-
ficial, that just beneath the skin. F., Cloquet's.
See Septum criirale. F., Cranial, a firm, dense layer,
adherent to the skin and occipito-frontalis muscle.
F., Cremasteric, forms a looped, thin covering
of the spermatic cord. F., Cribriform, the sieve-
like covering of the saphenous opening. F. dentata,
a serrated band of cinerea of the hippocampal gyrus
of the cerebrum. F. of the Dorsum of the Foot,
forms a sheath for the dorsal tendons of the foot.
F., Iliac, lines the back part of the abdominal cavity,
covering the psoas and iliacus muscles. F., Infundi-
buliform, the funnel-shaped membrane enclosing the
spermatic cord and testis in a distinct pouch. F.,
Intercolumnar, from the margins of the external ab-
dominal ring, forming a sheath for the cord and testis.
F., Intercostal, a thin, firm layer of fascia covering
the outer surface of the external intercostal and the
inner surface of the internal intercostal muscles. F.,
Ischio-rectal, covers the perineal aspect of the leva-
tor ani muscle. F. lata, the dense fibrous aponeu-
rosis surrounding the thigh, called the Deep F. of the
Thigh. F., Deep, of Leg, continuous with the last,
surrounds the leg. F., Lumbar, the posterior apo-
neurois of the transversalis muscle, divided into three
layers. F. of Mamma, part of the superficial fascia
of the thorax, which divides into two layers, one pass-
ing in front, and one behind the mamma. F. nodosa,
Packer' s Knot, a knotted bandage fonnerly used to
make compression over the temporal artery. F.,
Obturator, continuation of the pelvic, surrounding the
obturator muscle. F., Pelvic, lines the cavity of the
pelvis, continuous with the transversalis and the iliac
fascia. F., Perineal, the deep, called the triangular
ligament, closes the front part of the outlet of the pel-
vis ; it is attached to the pubes and rami of the isch-
ium. F., Plantar, the fibrous membrane of the sole
of the foot. F., Recto-vesical, the visceral layer of
the pelvic fascia, investing the prostate, bladder, and
rectum. F., Spermatic, a thin fascia attached to the
external abdominal ring, and prolonged down over the
outer surface of the chorda testis. F. spirales. See
Ascia. F., Temporal, a strong fibrous investment
covering the temporal muscle. F., Transversalis,
a fascia continuous with the iliac and pelvic fasciae,
and lying between the transversalis muscle and the
peritoneum.
Fascial [fash' -e-al) [fascialis, of a fascia]. Pertain-
ing to or of the nature of a fascia.
Fasciate [fash' -e-dt) [fascia, a bundle or band]. In
biology, banded ; also applied to monstrous stems that
grow flat.
Fasciation [fash-e-a' -shun) [fasciatio ; fascia, a band-
age]. The art or act of bandaging.
Fascicle [fas'-ik-l) [dim. of fascis, a bundle]. In
biology, a bundle, as a compact inflorescence or a
clu.ster of leaves. See Fasciculus.
Fasciculate, or '^z.szxcxAsXe.A. [fas-ik' -u-lat, fas-ik' -ii-
la-ted) [fasicnlus, a little bundle]. Arranged in
fasciculi, or little bundles.
Fascicule [fas'-ik-ui) [fasciculus, a small bundle].
In biology, applied to brush-like bundles of hairs often
seen on caterpillars, etc.
Fasciculus [fas-ik' -u-lus) [dim. of fascis, a bundle:
//. , Fasciculi'\. A little bundle, as the fasciculus of
fibers that compose a nerve. F., Olivary. See Pillet,
Olivary.. F. of Tiirck, the crossed pyramidal tract
of the spinal cord.
Fascination [fas-in-a' -shuii) [fascinatio, a bewitch-
ing]. A form of incomplete hypnotism, intermediate
between somnambulism and catalepsy ; the alleged
controlling influence of one person over another.
Fasciola { fas-i'-o-lalt) [L., a small bandage]. The
dorsal continuation of the fascia dentata of the cere-
brum. F. hepatica. See Trematodes. F. hepati-
cum. See Distoma hepaticum.
Fasciole [fas'-e-dl) [fasciola, a small bandage]. In
biology, a narrow transverse band or stripe.
Fascioliasis [fas-e-o-W -as-is) [ fasciola, a small band-
age]. A term employed in England for Distomiasis
(Wiame), or Distoniatosis (Zundel).
Fasciotomy [fash-e-ot'-o-me). See Aponetirotomy.
Fast [ME., /rt^/, firm, stiff"; fasten, to fast]. Fixed;
immovable ; close ; sound, as sleep ; to abstain from
food ; abstinence from food. F. Color. See Pig-
ments, Colors, and Dye-stuffs F.-blue. Same as
Alkali Blue, Coupler's Blue, Methylene-blue. See
Pigments, Conspectus of . F. -brown. See Pigments,
Conspectus of . F. -green. Stt Pigments, Conspectus of .
F.-red. See Pigments, Conspectus of. F. -yellow.
Same as Acid Yello-v. See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Fastidium [fas-tid'-e-um) [L., "a loathing"]. A
loathing for food or drink.
Fastigatum [fas-tig-a' -turn) . See Nucleus fastigii.
Fastigiate, Fastigiated [ fas-tij'-e-dt, -a'-ted) [fastiga-
tus, sloping, pointed]. In biology, tapering gradually ;
close, parallel. '
Fastigium [L. , "summit"]. I. The
acme of any disease. 2. A dorsal extension of the
adult epicele into the cerebellum ; its cephalic and
caudal slopes meet like a gable-roof, whence its name.
Fasting ( fast'-ing) [ME. , fasten, to fast]. The partial
or complete abstinence from food. F.-cure. See
Limotherapy. F. -mania, a prevalent or epidemic
practice of absolute and complete fasting, mainly for
exhibition and profit, such as occurred in 1890-91.
Fifty-five days appears to be the extreme limit reached
as yet by any professional abstainer from food. F.-
FAT
461
FEBRIFUGAL
girls, hysterical women who, for the sake of gaining
sympathy and attention, pretend to fast, but for the
most part secretly obtain food.
Fat [ME. fat]. ':hefi Adeps, Tissue, a.nd. Oil. F.-
ball, a mass of fatty substance on the dorsal aspect
of the buccinator muscle; called also Bichaf s fat-
ball. F.-cell, a form of connective-tissue cell con-
taining oil-globules. F. -column, a columnar-shaped
space filled with adipose tissue found in the thicker por-
tion of the cutis vera. F. -necrosis, a peculiar form of
Fat-cells. X 340.
necrosis of a tissue occurring in pin-point sized areas of a
dead-white color. It is seen usually in the interlobu-
lar pancreatic tissue, mesentery, omentum, and ab-
dominal fatty tissue generally, and frequently in con-
nection with pancreatic disease. F. -rickets, that
form of rickets in which there is not excessive ema-
ciation.
Fatal [fa' -tat) \_fafalis ; fatum, fate, destiny, death].
Ending with death ; mortal ; deadly ; as a fatal acci-
dent or attack.
Fatigue [fa-teg') \_fatigo, weariness]. Weariness,
tiredness. That condition of diminished capacity for
work produced in a muscle by prolonged activity.
F. -diseases, those caused by constant repetition of
certain movements, such as Tailors^ crainp. Writers''
cramp, Sa-iveners^ palsy, etc. See Cramp, and
Spasm. F. -stuffs, decomposition products that
have accumulated in the muscular tissue during ex-
haustive efforts ; among them are phosphates, phos-
phoric acid, carbonic acid, and perhaps glycerin-phos-
phoric acid.
Fatty {fat'-e) \W^.,fat, fat]. A qualification applied
to certain carbon derivatives, including fats and fatty
acids. They were better called marsh-gas or methane
derivatives, as they can all be obtained from methane,
CH^. See Acids, Fatty. F. Degeneration. See
Degeneration. F. Heart. See Heart. F. Nut-
meg. Same as Nutmeg Liver.
Fatuity [fat-ti'-it-e) \_fatuitas, foolishness]. Amentia
or dementia.
Fauces [faw'-sez] [L.]. The gullet or windpipe.
The space surrounded by the palate, tonsils, and uvula.
In biology, the throat of a monopetalous flower or
the cavity of a gasteropod shell as exposed in the
first whorl. F., Isthmus of, the space at the back
of the mouth enclosed by the margin of the palate,
the back of the tongue, the pillars of the soft palate
and the tonsils. F., Pillars of, the folds of mucous
membrane between the base of the uvula and the
posterior border of the tongue.
Fauchard's Disease. See Diseases, Table of.
Faucial [faw'-se-al) \_fauces, the gullet]. Pertaining
to the fauces.
Faucitis [fazu-si'-tis) \_fauces, the gullet ; ltiq, inflam-
mation]. Inflammation of the fauces ; isthmitis.
Fault [fawlt) \_WE., faut, a lack]. In electricity, any
failure in the proper working of a circuit due to
ground-contacts, cross- contacts, or disconnections.
These may be of three kinds: I. Disconnections;
2. Earths ; 3. Contacts.
Fauna [faw'-nah) \_Faunus, the god of agriculture :
//. , Fauna or Fau7ias~\. The entire animal life of any
geographic area or geologic period.
Faunorum ludibria (^fatvn-o' -rum lu-dib' -re-ah) [L.,
"sport of the fauns"]. An old designation for
nightmare and for epilepsy.
Favaginous [fav-af -in-us) \_favus, a honeycomb].
Resembling favus ; having a honeycombed surface.
Favella [fav-el'-ali) \_favilla, embers: pi., Favelloe^.
In biology, an irregular mass of spores embedded in a
gelatinous material, and constituting a form of sporo-
carp found in the Floridefe.
Faveolate [fav-e'-o-lat) \_favus, honeycomb]. Favose,
honeycombed ; same as alveolate.
Faveolus [fav-e'-o-lus) \_faiius, a honeycomb : //. ,
Faveoli']. In biology, a pit or cell like that of the
honeycomb.
Faviform (fav' -if-or/ii) \_favus, honeycomb ; forma,
form]. Resembling a honeycomb; a designation of
certain ulcerated surfaces.
Favous, or Favose [fav'-us or fav-ds') \_favus,
honeycomb]. Resembling a honeycomb ; resembling
favus ; alveolate ; filled with polygonal depressions.
Favulus [fav' -u-lus) [dim. of favus, a honeycomb :
pi., Favuli\ Any one of the honeycomb-like depres-
sions or alveoli of the gastric mucous membrane.
Favus [fa'-vus) \_favus, honeycomb]. Tinea favosa :
Honeycomb Ringworm, a parasitic skin-disease due to
the presence of a vegetable parasite, the Achorion
Sihonleinii, which, growing in the epidermis, hair,
and nails, causes varying grades of inflammation,
alterations of structure, and, when occurring upon
hairy parts, partial or complete loss of hair. It is
characterized by the presence of variously-sized, sul-
phur-yellow, cup-shaped crusts, having a peculiar
musty odor, which are found on microscopic examina-
tion to be composed almost entirely of the elements
of the fungus. F.-cup, any one of the cup-shaped
crusts that characterize favus.
Faxwax [faks'-waks) \_fax, hair; Ger. , zmchseti, io
grow] . The ligamentum nucha;, or the material of
which it is composed. It is also called pa.x7mx.
Fear [fir) [ME., feer^. An emotion of dread; appre-
hension ; the feeling which in its intenser manifesta-
tions is called terror or fright.
Feather (fetli'-er) [AS. , fed/ier']. One of the epider-
mal appendages of birds. F. Respiration-register.
See Anestlietic .
Feature [fe'-chiir) [factura, a making]. Any single
part or lineament of the face.
Febricity [fe-bris'-it-e) [febris, a fever]. Feverishness.
Febricula {fe-brik'-u-lah) [L., dim. of febris, fever].
A term indicating a slight and short fever, most fre-
quently encountered among children. The rash that
accompanies it is very similar to that of scarlet fever.
Febrifacient [feb-re-fa'-se-ent) [febris, & iever ; facere,
to make] . Causing fever.
Febriferous [fe-brif -er-us) [febris, a fever ; ferre, to
bear]. Causing or conveying fever.
Febrific (/^-i^rz/^-//!') [/i'M>, a fever]. Febrifacient.
Febrifugal [fe-brif'-ii-gal ) [febris, fever ; fugare, to
dispel]. Removing or dispelling fever.
FEBRIFUGE
462
FEMINONUCLEUS
Febrifuge {feb'-rif-ii; ) \_febris, fever; fngafe, io dis-
pel]. 1. Antipyretic; cooling; lessening or relieving
fever. 2. An agent that lessens fever.
Febrile {fe'-hril) \_febriHs ; fehris, a fever]. Pertain-
ing to or having the symptoms of a fever.
Febrility (^ fe-bril' -it-e) \_ fcbris, a fevSr]. The quality
of being febrile ; feverishness.
Febris (y£"'-<5w) [L.]. 'St^ Fever. F. bullosa. Synonym
oi Pemphigus. F. catarrhalis. Synonym of
F. dysenterica. Synonym of Dysentery. F. fame-
lica. See Famelica. F. flava. See Fever, Yellow.
F. nigra. Synonym of Fever, Cerebrospinal. F.
recurrens. Synonym of Fever, Relapsing. F. re-
mittens. See Fever, Remittent.
Fecal iyfe'-kal) \_f<^.x, sediment]. Pertaining to or
consisting of feces.
Fecaline [fe'-kal-en). Same as Fccaloid.
Fecaloid (fe'-kal-oid) \_fie.<:, feces; elSoi;, likeness].
Resembling feces.
Feces (fe^-sez) \_fa:x, sediment]. The dregs of a liquor,
as vifine. Also, the alvine discharges or excretions of
the bowels.
Fechner's Law. See Law.
Fecula (fek'-u-lak) [dim. of fax, sediment]. The
starchy part of a seed. Also the sediment subsiding
from an infusion.
Feculent ( /d"/^'- [ /;^t-«/d'«/«^, impure]. Abound-
ing in or of the nature of feces ; excrementitious ;
sedimentary; muddy.
Fecundate [fe'-kun-ddt] [ fecundare, to fecundate] .
To impregnate ; to render pregnant.
Fecundation ( fe-kiin-da' -shun) \_fecundatio : fecundus,
fruitful]. Fertilization; impregnation; the act of
making fruitful. F., Artificial, impregnation by
means of artificial intromission of the spermatic fluid
into the vagina or uterus.
Fecundity [ fe-kun' -dit-e) \_ feeunditas, fruitfulness] .
The capability of reproduction. F., Segregate. See
Homogamy ■
Fed. See Cross-circiilation Experiment.
Feeble (/c'-('V)[ME.,/t'^/d', weak]. Lacking strength ;
weak. F. -minded, idiotic.
Feed {fed) SJAY.., fedan, to nourish]. I. To supply
with food ; to graze ; to eat. 2. P'ood, especially
that for lower animals ; fodder.
Feeder { fe'-der) \yiY,., fedan, to nourish]. I. An
instrument used in the forcible feeding of insane
patients who obstinately refuse to eat. 2. See Cross-
circulation Experiment.
Feeding {fe'-ding) [WtL., fedan, to nourish]. The
taking of food or aliment. F., Artificial, the intro-
duction of food into the body by means of artificial de-
vices, such as the stomach-pump or in the form of an
enema. Also, the nourishing of a child by food other
than the mother's milk. F-bottle, a glass Hask
armed with a rubber nipple, used in feeding liquid
food to infants. F.-cup, a cup used in the forcible feed-
ing of the insane. F., Forcible, the administration of
aliment by compulsion to such patients as refuse to take
food in the natural manner. F. -gland, a chyle-gland
or " salivary gland " of working bees. F. -groove,
a narrow trougli on the tongue of a worker bee, along
which the honey is brought by compresston of the
honey-sac. F. by the Rectum, the introduction of
food into the rectum in the form of an enema or sup-
pository. F. -system. .See Rest-cure.
Feel {fel) [ME., felen, to feel]. T6 have a sensation
of ; to try by touch ; to have perception by means of
the sense of touch.
Feeler {fll'-er) [ME. to feel]. .See Antenna.
Feeling {fel'-ing) [ME. , yi7c«, to feel]. Thesen.se
of touch ; any emotion or sensibility ; any conscious
state of nervous activity; any sensation.
Feet [fit). The plural of Foot, q. v. F., Frosted. See
Chilblain.
Fegaritis [fig-ar-i'-tis) [Sp.; nii;, inflammation]. An
old name for a form of gangrenous stomatitis.
Fehling's Method. A method of dressing the umbili-
cal cord. The stump ijp wrapped in cotton-wool pow-
dered with a mixture of salicylic acid one part, and
starch five parts. It becomes mummified. F.'s
Solution, a solution for testing for sugar in the urine ;
as this solution does not keep well, Prof Hol-
land advises its manufacture as follows : To be kept
in two distinct parts, {d) Take copper sulph. 34.64
gms. and water enough to make 500 c.c. M. (b)
Pure Rochelle salt 173 gms.; sol. sodium hydrate (sp.
gr., 1.33), ICQ c.c, and water enough to make 500
c.c. For use, mix equal volumes, and thus make
Fehling's solution. Sss Copper. F.'s Test for Sugar.
.See Tests, Table of.
Feigned Disease. See Disease.
Fel[L.]. Bile. F. bovis, or F. bovinum, ox-gall. The
biliary liquid of the domestic ox. Bos taurus. It is a
dark-green, ropy substance, consisting mainly of sodium
glycocholate and sodium taurocholate, together with
cholesterin. It is a tonic, antiseptic, and purgative,
useful in emulsifying the fatty portions of food. F. b.
inspissatum, 100 parts fresh ox-gall, strained and
evaporated to 15 parts. Dose gr. v-xv. F. b. purifi-
catum, ox-gall 3, alcohol l part. This should stand
24 hours before straining ; then evaporate to the con-
sistence of a pilular mass. Dose gr. v-xv.
Fell's Method. A method of forced respiration in cases
of narcotic poisoning or drowning, by means of an
apparatus consisting of a tracheotomy-tube attached to
a bellows. F.'s Paste, Caustic, or Cancer-salve, a
famous salve formerly used in epithelioma. Its formula
was : chlorid of zinc and powdered sanguinaria root,
of each one ounce ; starch, enough to make a paste;
apply on pieces of kid leather or wash-leather.
Fellator [feF -at-or). See Passivism.
Fellatrice ( fel-at-res') [Fr.]. The female agent in irru-
mation, who receives the male organ in her mouth and
by friction with the lips or tongue produces the orgasm.
Fellic Acid { fel'-ik) \_fil, bile], CjjH^oO^. A constit-
uent of the bile.
Fellmongers' Disease. Anthrax; so called as attacking
dealers in fells, or pelts, and skins.
Fellows' Syrup of Hypophosphites. A proprietary
preparation. Each dram contains hypophosph. of iron
gr. j, quinin gr. strychnin gr. ^j, calcium and
manganese aa gr. j, potassium q. s. Dose Jjj. Unof
Felo-de-se (/d'-Zo-i/d'-jc) [Sp.]. A suicide. Also, anyone
who commits an unlawful malicious act, the conse-
quence of which is his own death.
Felon (fel' -on). See Paronychia.
Felt [feltrutn, felt]. A fabric of hair or wool entangled
together by beating and rolling. Felt splints are em-
ployed in surgery.
Female [fe'-tndl) \_fe771inea, fetnella ; fetnina, woman].
Belonging to the sex that conceives and bears young.
In surgery, denoting that part of a double-limbed instru-
ment that receives the complementary part. F. Cathe-
ter, a catheter having a short tube with a slight curve
to correspond to the female urethra.
Feminism [fem' -in-izm) \^femina,a. woman]. Arrested
development of the male organs of generation, accom-
panied by various mental and physical approximations
to the characters of the female sex.
Feminity {fem-in'-it-e), or Femininity {fan-in-in'-
it-e) [y;7«/;?d?, a woman]. The sum of those qualities
that distinguish the female sex.
Feminonucleus ( feiii-in-o-ftu' -kle-its) \_feii!ina,yiom&n ;
nucleus, a kernel]. The embryonic female nucleus,
as distinguished from the corresponding male nucleus.
FEMORAL
463
FERMENTATION
Femoral {fem^-or-al) [femur, the thigh bone]. Per^
taining to the femur. F. Arch, that formed by Pou-
part's ligament. F. Artery. See Arteries, Table of.
F. Canal. See Canal. F. Hernia. See Hernia.
F. Ligament of Hey. See Ligament. F. Ring,
the abdominal end of the femoral canal, normally
The Femoral Ring and Saphenous Opening.
(After Holden )
(The arrow is introduced into the femoral ring).
I. Crural arch. 2. Saphenous opening of the fascia lata.
7,. Saphena vein. 4. Femoral vein. 5. Gimbernat's liga-
ment. 6. External abdominal ring. 7. Position of internal
ring.
closed by the crural septum and the peritoneum. F.
Sheath, a continuation downward of the fascia; that
line the abdomen. It contains the femoral vessels.
F. Vein. See V^ein.
Femoren [fem'-or-en) femur, the thigh-bone]. Be-
longing to the femur in itself.
Femorocele (fem^-or-o-sel) \_femur, femur ; KifAr], her-
nia]. Femoral hernia.
Femoro-rotulian [fem'-or-o-ro-tu'-le-an) \_femur, the
thigh-bone; rotula, the patella]. Pertaining to the
femur and the rotula or patella.
Femoro-tibial (fern' -or-o-til>' -e-al) \_femttr, the thigh-
bone ; tibia, the .shin-bone]. Relating to the femur
and the tibia.
Femur [fe'-}ner) [L.,//., Femora, or Femurs^. The
thigh-bone, the longest and heaviest bone of the
body, articulating with the acetabulum and the tibia.
See Bones, Table of.
Fenestra [fe-nes'-trah) [L., a window]. I. In anat-
omy, a name given to two apertures of the ear, the
F. ovalis and F. rotunda. 2. The open space in the
blade of a forceps. 3. An opening in a bandage or
dressing for drainage, etc.
Fenestral, or Fenestrate ( fe-nes' -tral, fe' -nes-trat )
[yi'Wfj'/ra, a window]. Having apertures or openings.
Fenestrated fe-nes' -tra-ted) \_fenestra, a window].
Perforated. F. Membrane of Henle, the outer
membrane of the inner coat of the arteries.
Fenestrella {fe-nes-treF -ah) [dim. of fenestra, a win-
dow : //. , Fenestrellaf\. In biology, a transparent spot
in the wing-cover of certain insects.
Fenestrule { fe-nes' -triil) \_finestra, a window]. In
biology, a small open space, as between the anasto-
mosing branches of the cenecium of a polyzoan.
Fenger's Operations. See Operations, Table of.
Fennel {fen' -el) fenel\ An umbelliferous plant,
Fo:niculnm vulgare, native to the Old World and com-
mon in cultivation. Its dried fruit {Fanieidum , U. S.
P.) is aromatic and carminative, but is chiefly used as
a corrigent, as for senna and rhubarb. See Foeniculitm.
Fenner's Guaiac-mixture. See Cuaiac-niixture.
Fenugreek {fen'-u-grek) \_fenumgrcecum, fenugreek].
The leguminous plant, Trigonella fa-nuingr<?ctitn ; also
its mucilaginous and oily seed ; it is used in plasters
and poultices, and is valued in veterinary practice,
chiefly as a vehicle for other medicines.
Fenwick's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Feraconitin [ fer-ak-on'-it-in). Same as Pseudaeonitin ,
q. V.
Feral {fe'-ral) [_/;7-«/;^, deadly] . Deadly or fatal ; as
a feral disease.
Fergusson's Method. See Treatment, Methods of. F. 's
Operations. See Operations, Table of.
Ferine [fe'-rin) \_ferinus, wild; fera, a beast]. Nox-
ious, malignant, or violent ; as a ferine disease.
Ferment (/<;"'- [yc";-;//c«/«;«, leaven, yeast]. Any
microorganism, proteid, or other chemic substance
capable of producing fermentation, /. (?.,the oxidation
and disorganization of carbohydrates. Cf. Enzym ;
Zyjnaze. F., Organized, or Living, one that grows
and multiplies at the expense of the substance in which
it occurs — this takes place only so long as the ferment
is living. Yeast is the representative of this class, caus-
ing fermentation by splitting up sugar into CO.^ and
alcohol. See Fermentation. F., Unorganized, or
Non-living, a nitrogenous body produced within the
body by the vital activity of the protoplasm of the cells.
These ferments are soluble in water and glycerin, and
can be precipitated by alcohol. The following is a list
of tliis class : Ptyalin, in saliva, converts starch into
maltose. Pepsin, in gastric juice, converts proteids into
peptones in an acid medium. There are also in the
gastric juice milk-curdling, fat-splitting, and lactic
acid ferments, whose functions are indicated by their
names. In the pancreatic juice, there are F., Diastatic
or Amylopsin, converting starch into maltose ;
Trypsin, converts proteids into peptones in an alka-
line medium ; F., Emulsive, emulsify fats ; F., Fat-
splitting, or Steapsin, splits fats into glycerin and
fatty acids, and F., Milk-curdling. In the intestinal
juice, there are F., Diastatic, which changes maltose
into glucose ; F., Proteolytic, which changes fibrin
into peptone ; Invertase, which changes cane-sugar
into grape-sugar ; and F. , Alilk-curdliiig, and F. , Dia-
static, are also found in blood, chyle, liver, milk, etc.
Pepsin and other ferments are also found in muscle
and urine; and, lastly, a Fibrin-forming F. is also
found in blood.
Fermentation [fer-men-ta'-shun) \_fennentum , leaven].
The decomposition of complex molecules under the
influence of ferments (organized) or zymazes or enzyms
(unorganized), frequently accompanied by the assimila-
tion of one or more molecules of water (hydrolysis).
Processes of oxidation and deoxidatiori sometimes ac-
company fermentation. The ordinary transformation
termed eremacausis or decay, is an oxidation process.
Putrefaction is applied especially to those fermentations
involving nitrogenous matter and accompanied by the
disengagement of offensive gases. In these cases, the
growth of one or more species of microbes is cor-
related with the chemic changes in the medium. F.,
Acetic, the fermentation whereby weak alcoholic solu-
tions are converted into vinegar, caused by the Bacillus
aceti, etc. F., Albuminoid ; the agents of this de-
composition are the Bacillus albuminis, B. catenula,
B. claviformis, B. distoiius, B. fliformis, B. geni-
culatis, B. scaber, B. tentiis, B. urocephalus,(itc. F.,
Ammoniacal ; the agent of the ammoniacal fer-
mentation of urine is the Micrococcus urea. F.,
Butyric, the conversion of butter-fat into butyric acid,
due to a microbe, Bacillus butyricus. F., Gluconic ;
glucose is transformed by the action of the Micrococcus
oblongus. F., Lactic, the decomposition or "sour-
ing " of milk, caused by the microbe. Bacillus lacticus.
FERMENTEMIA
464
FERRUM
F., Propionic ; ihe Bacillus caviciJa decomposes sac-
charine solutions, producing propionic acid. F.,
Putrefactive, tlie decomposition commonly known as
putrefaction, caused by various microbes, especially
the Micrococcus pyogenes [albus, aureus, ciireus,
tenuis, salivarius, etc.). F., Test. See Tests, Table
of. F., Viscous, the change produced in the culture-
medium by the Micrococcus viscosus, a gummy sub-
stance being developed.
Fermentemia (fer-men-ie' -me-ak) \_fermetttum, leaven ;
aifia, blood]. The abnormal presence of a ferment in
the blood.
Fermentogen tyfer-ment'-o-jeii) [feri/ientum, leaven;
)'Evvai>, to produce]. Any substance (like pepsinogen
or trypsinogen) that on the reception of the appro-
priate stimulus is changed into a ferment.
Fern [ME., feme'\. Any cryptogamous plant of the
order Filiccs. See Aspidium.
Ferntickle (fern'-tik-il) [Prov. Eng.]. A freckle;
ephelis.
Ferralum [fer-al' -zc>?i) \_ferrum, iron ; alumen, alum].
A proprietary disinfectant, consisting largely of the
sulphate of iron and aluminum.
Ferramentum [fer-am-en'-tuin) [L., an iron imple-
ment: //. , Ferramenta\ A surgical instrument of
iron or steel.
Ferran, Peronospora of. See Peronospora.
Ferrein, Canal of. See Canal. F., Pyramids of. See-
Pyramid. F., Tubule of. See Pyramid.
Ferri- [fer'-i-) \_ferrum,\Yon'\. A prefix that indicates
the ferric, as distinguished from ferrous compounds.
Containing iron as a quadrivalent element.
Farrier's Snuff. A snuff used in acute rhinitis. Its
formula is hydrochlorate of morphin gr. ij, powdered
acacia gij, and subnitrate of bismuth, Sfvj. See
Bismuth.
Ferro- [fer'-o-) \_ferru?n, iron]. A prefix used with
the names of certain [ferrous) compounds and salts of
iron.
Ferrocyanid [fer-o-si'-an-id)\_ferrt()}i, iron; cyanogen'\.
A compound of ferrocyanogen with an element or
radical. That of potassium [Pofassii fer>-ocvatiidum) is
official ; that of iron was so formerly. That of zinc
(Zinci ferrocyaniditjn) is sometimes given as a medi-
cine. Dose gr. 1-4, in pill. F. of Potassium
and Acetic Acid Test. See Tests, Table of.
Ferrocyanogen [fer-o-si-an'-ofcn') \_ferrum, iron ;
cyanogen'\. The quadrivalent radical, Fe(CN)g.
Ferrous [fer'-us)\_fer?-2t?n, iron]. Containing iron as a
bivalent element. Cf. Ferric.
Ferrozone [fer' -o-zon) \_ferrum, iron; oCen', to smell].
A material consisting in part of iron protosulphate ;
it is used as a precipitant for sewage.
Ferruginous [fer-u'-jin-us] \_ferrugo, rust; ferrutn,
iron]. Same as Chalybeate.
Ferrule [fer'-ul) \_ferrum, iron]. A metallic hoop
placed around a broken tooth ; an instrument used
with an attached lever in aligning irregularly placed
teeth.
Ferrum [L. : , Tvrr/ ]. Iron. ^^=56.
Quantivalence II, iv. A metal having a luster vary-
ing from silver- white to gray. In pharmacy, a fine
non-elastic, soft wire is used. Externally many of
the soluble salts of iron make excellent styptic and
astringent lotions. F. redactum, Quevenne' s Iron,
iron by hydrogen, occurs as a fine powder obtained by
the reduction of ferric oxid by hydrogen. It is a con-
stituent of the blood, to the red corpuscles of which
it gives color. It is an irritant in large or long-con-
tinued doses. In small doses it is a stimulant and
slightly astringent tonic. It is highly valuable in
anemia, but contra-indicated in plethora. Dose gr.
j-v. F. redacti, Trochisci (B.P.), each containing
gr. I of iron. Ferri acetat., Liq., a 33 per cent,
solution in water. F. acetat., Liq., fort (B.P.).
Dose tTL j-viij. F. acetat., Tinct., has liq. ferri
acetat 50, alcohol 30, acetic ether 20 parts. It is styp-
tic and stimulant. Dose ITL ij. F. bromid., Fe-
Br2. Dose gr. v-xx. F. bromidi, 83^., contains 10
per cent, of ferric bromid. It is a sedative tonic, rec-
ommended in nervous disorders. Dose X\ v-xxx. F.
carb. saccharat., contains 15 per cent, of ferrous
carbonate. It is a stimulant to digestion. Dose gr. ij-
X, with food. F. carb., Massa, Vallet's mass ; ferrous
sulphate 100, sodium carbonate 110, honey 38, sugar
25, syrup and distilled water aa q. s. ad fac. 100 parts.
Dose gr. iij to v, after food. F. carb., Pil. (B.P.).
Dose gr. v-xx. F., Mist., aromat. (B.P.). Dose
gj-ij. F., Mistura, comp., Griffith's mixture ; ferrous
sulphate 6, myrrh, sugar, aa 18, potassium carbonate 8,
spt. lavender 50, rose-water 900. This is essentially a
carbonate of iron. Dose^ss. F., Pilulse, comp., Grif-
fith's pill, containing each, ferrous sulphate gr. so-
dium carb. gr. 3^, myrrh gr. iss, syrup q. s. Dose gr. ij
to vj. F. chloridum, Fe2Clg. 12 HjO, strongly acid,
astringent, hemostatic, and styptic. It is never used inter-
nally. F. chlorid., Liq. (Liq. fer. perchloridi, B. P.),
an aqueous solution containing 38 per cent, of the salt.
Dose Tl^ij-x ; rarely used. Liq. fer. perchlor. fort.
(B.P.), a powerful styptic. Fe.^(C6H50,)26H.p. F.
chlorid., Tinct., contains liq. ferri chlor. 35, alcohol 65
parts. It is very commonly used, and is one of the
best tonic preparations. Dose Tt\,v-xx. Tinct. fer.
perchloridi (B.P. ). Dose TTLx-xx. F. citras, solu-
ble in water, insoluble in alcohol ; a mild stimulant.
Dose gr. ij-v. F. citras, Liq., a solution of ferri citrat.,
35 per cent, in strength. Dose TT\^ v-xv. F. citras,
Vinum, ammonio-ferric citrate 4, tinct. orange peel,
syrup, aa 12, stronger white wine 72 parts. Dose 3;j-
ij. F. hypophosphis, Fe.,(H2PO,2)g, ferric hypo-
phosphite, soluble in very dilute hydrochloric acid.
Dose gr. v-x. F. iodidum saccharat., soluble in
water. It is a tonic. Dose gr. v-xxv. F. iodid., Pil.,
contains reduced iron, iodin, liquorice, sugar,acacia, and
water, coated with balsam of tolu in ether. Dose j-ij
pills. F. iodidi, Syr., contains 10 per cent, of the
iodid. Dose 1\ v-xxx. F. lactas, Fe{C3H503)2.3H20,
ferrous lactate, — best solvent, sodium citrate. Dosegr.
j-iij. F. nitratis, Liq., aqueous, contains 6 per cent,
of the salt ; it is styptic and astringent. Dose n\^v-xv.
F. oxalas, FeC.^O^.HjO. Dose gr. ij in pill. F. oxid.
hydratum (Ferri peroxid. hydrat. B.P.), Fe(HO)g,
ferric hydrate, prepared by adding aq. ammonias 8
parts to a solution of ferric sulphate 10 parts. It is an
antidote for arsenical poisoning, and should be prepared
as needed. Dose 3 j. F. oxid. hydrat. cum magnesia,
should be prepared as needed from sol. ferric sulphate
1000 gr. , water 2000 grains, to which is added magnesia
150 gr., water 5 xxxij. It is an antidote for arsenic.
F., Emplastrum, strengthening-plaster; ferric hy-
drate, dried Canada turpentine, Burgundy pitch, aa 10,
lead-plaster 70 parts. F., Trochisci, have each of
ferric hydrate dried gr. v, vanilla gr. -jlj, sugar and
mucilage of tragacanth q. s. Dose j-iij each day. F.
phosphas, Fe3P.jOg.8H2O, an adjuvant to laxative
pills, gr. v-x. F. phosphat., Syr. (B.P.). Dose
3j. Fox's Pill (B.P. ), Blaud's Pill. See j"///. F.
pyrophosphas, tasteless and non-astringent. Dose
gr. ij-v. F. subchloridi, Syr. (B.P. ). Dose ^ss-j.
F. sulphas, FeS04.7H,jO, copperas, protosulphate of
iron, ferrous sulphate, astringent and irritating. It is
an ingredient of pil. aloes et ferri, q. F. sulph.
exsiccat.,FeS04.H20. Dosegr. ss-ij in pill. F. sulph.
praecipitat (Ferri sulphas granulata, B.P. ), FeS-
FERTILE
465
FETUS
O4.7H2O, the foregoing precipitated from its solution
by alcohol. Dose gr. ss-ij. F. subsulph. , Liq., Fe^O
(80^)5, Monsel's solution, an aqueous solution of
basic sulphate of iron, powerfully astringent, styptic
and hemostatic ; it is rarely given internally. Dose
Tt\^iij-x. F. valerianas, Fe2(C5Hg02)g, valerianate of
iron, soluble in alcohol. Dose gr. j-iij, in pill. F. et
ammonii citras, citrate of iron 3, water of ammonia
I part. Dose gr. ij-v. F. et ammonii sulphas, am-
monic sulphate of iron, ferric alum. This is the least
astringent of the sulphates. Dose gr. ij— v. F. et am-
monii tartras (F. tartaratum, B.P.), ammonic tar-
trate of iron. Dose gr. v-xx. F. et potassii tartras,
the least disagreeable of all iron preparations. Dose
gr. v-x. F. et quininse citras, contains 12 per cent,
of quinin. It is astringent and stimulant. Dose gr.
iij-v. F. et quin. cit., Liq., of doubtful value.
Dose TTLv-xv. F., Vinum amarum, bitter wine of
iron, contains sol. citrate of iron and quinin 8, tinct.
orange-peel 12, syrup 36, stronger white wine 44.
It is a good substitute for the various " elixirs of
calisaya and iron." Dose 5j-iv. F. et strych-
ninse citras, contains i per cent, of strychnin. It is
astringent and stimulating. Dose gr. j-iij. F. et
ammonii acetat, Mist., Basham's mixture, con-
tains tinct. fer. chlorid 2, acetic acid 3, liq. ammonii
acet. 20, elixir aurantii 10, syrup 15, water 50 parts.
It is very agreeable, tonic and diuretic. Dose 3 ij-v.
Unofficial preparations. — F. albuminas. Dose gr.
x-xxx. F. arsenias, FegAsjOg (not to be con-
founded with arsenz'/ of iron). Dose gr. j'jj— 5^. F.
dialysatum, dialyzed iron, a ten per cent, oxychlorid
in water. It is astringent and styptic, but only feebly
chalybeate. Dose tt\^x-xxx. Liq. ferri dialyzat.
(B.P.). Dose Tl^ x-xxx. F. et manganesii iodidi,
Syr., containing in each fluid ounce 50 grains of iodids
in proportion of 3 of iron to I of manganese. Dose
ITLx-xxx-gj. F. et manganesii phosphat., Syr.,
syrup of phosphate of iron and manganese. Each
dram contains 2 gr. phosph. of iron and I grain of
manganese. Dose gj. F., Mistura, aromat., pale
cinchona bark 4, calumba 2, cloves I, iron-wire 2,
tinct. cardamom, comp. 12, tinct. orange-peel 2, water
of peppermint 50. Dose ^j-ij. F., Mist., laxans,
ferrous sulphate gr. ij, magnesium sulphate gj, dilute
sulphuric acid ti^^iij, spt. chloroform Tr\^xx, water of
peppermint ad ^j. F., Mist., salicylat., olei gaul-
theriEe tt\^xxxij, tr. ferri chlorid f^iv, sodii salicylat.
giv, acid, citric, gr. x, glycerin. f,^j, liq. ammonii
citrat. (B. P.) q. s. ad f^ iv ; iron to be added last in
mixing, Ferro-salin., Mist., magnesium sulphate ^ j ,
potassium bitartrate ^j, dried sulphate of iron gr. x,
water ^xxxij. Dose a wineglassful. F. phosphatum,
quininas et strychninae, Syr., Easton's syrup, unof.
Each l^j contains gr. j phosph. of iron, gr. j quinin,
and gr. strychnin. F. salicylas. Dose gr. j-v.
Fertile {fer'-til) Ifertilis, fruitful]. Prolific, fruitful.
In botany, applied to flowers having a pistil.
Fertilization [fer-til-iz-a' -shun) \_fertilis, fruitful]. Im-
pregnation ; fecundation ; the initial act of sexual re-
production, which consists essentially in the union of
two cells possessing respectively male and female
qualities. F. of the Ovum. See Fecimdation.
Fertilizing Vonch [fer' -til-iz-ing powch). A curiously-
folded apparatus connected with the oviduct of queen
bees.
^Ferula {fer'-u-Iah) [L., "a rod"]. I. Giant fennel.
A genus of the order Umbelliferre. See Asafetida,
Galbanurn, Sumhul, Sagapenuni. 2. A splint.
Ferulic Acid {fer-u'-lik). See Acid.
Fervor [fer^-vor) [L., "heat"]. Fever-heat; it is
defined as being more than calor and less than ardor.
30
Fessitude [fes'-it-ud) \_fesstts, weary]. A sensation of
weariness.
Y ester [fos'-ter) \lA'E.,/es/c?''\. I. Any small or super-
ficial ulceration. 2. To inflame slightly.
Festination {fcs-tin-a' -shun) \_festinare, to hasten]. A
symptom of paralysis agitans and other diseases in
which the patient shows in walking a tendency to take
quicker and quicker steps. Propulsion or retropulsion
are coincident symptoms.
Fetal (fe'-tal) \_ fetus, an offspring]. Pertaining to the
fetus.
Fetation (yi-z'a'-j/^z^z) [yj'/w,?, a fetus]. I. The forma-
tion of a fetus. 2. Pregnancy.
Fetich, Fetish (fe'-tish). Any material object re-
garded with veneration or awe.
Fetichism, Fetishism {fe'-tish-izm) [Fr., fetich\
The term applied by Binet to the sexual perversion
exhibited by collectors of napkins, shoes, etc. He
maintains that these articles play here the part of the
fetish in early theology. The favors given by the
women to the knights in the Middle Ages were both
tokens of remembrance and sexual excitants of satis-
faction. Fetichism is the association of lust with the
idea of certain portions of the female person, or with
certain articles of female attire. It is designated as
dress-f., hair-/., hand-f., glove-/., shoe-/., etc., ac-
cording to the object worshiped.
Fetichist [fe'-tish-ist) [Fr., felich\ An individual
whose sexual interest is confined exclusively to parts
of the female body, or to certain portions of female
attire.
Feticide (^fe' -tis-id) \_fetus, an unborn offspring ; ccedere,
to kill]. The killing by intent of the fetus in the
womb.
Fetid {fe'-tid, or fet'-id) \_fetere, to become putrid].
Having a foul odor. F. Stomatitis. Synonym of
Ulcerative Stomatitis .
Fetiferous {fe-tif -er-us) [fetus, a fetus ; ferre, to bear].
Pregnant.
Fetiparous i^fe-tip' -ar-us) \_fetus, a fetus ; parere, to
produce]. Giving birth to a fetus.
Fetlock {fet'-lok) [ME., fitlokes\ A tuft of hair grow-
ing behind the pastern-joint of horses. F. -joint, the
joint of a horse's leg next to the foot.
Fetlow [fet'-lo) [E. ,dial]. A kind of whitlow or
felon, seen upon cattle.
Fetometry (^fe-toni' -et-re) [fe/us, offspring ; /xirpov,
measure]. The measurement of the fetus, especially
of its cranial diameters. The measurements usually
made are as follows : ■ —
Table of Measurements.
I. Of the Child.
Length, 50 cm. (20 in)
Bisacromial, 12 " (4.8 ")
2. Head.
Bitemporal, 8 cm. (2% in)
Biparietal 9^ " (3K - )
Occipito-frontal 1154 " {4% ")
" -mental, 13% " (5^ " )
Trachelo-bregmatic 9^ " (3}^ ")
Circumference, occipito-frontal . . . 345^ " (13-8";
Weight of Child 2737 grms. pounds).
Fetor {fe'-tor) [L.]. Stench; offensive odor. F.
narium. Synonym of Ozena.
Fetter-bone {fet'-er-bon). In farriery, the same as
great pastern. See Pastern.
Fettered (^fet'-erd). In biology, applied to animals,
as the seal, which have the hind limbs modified so as
to unfit them for walking.
Fetus i^fe'-ttis) \_ fetus, offspring]. The young of vi-
viparous animals in the womb ; the embryo in the
later stages of development. The following is a table
of the development of the embryo and fetus in the
FETUS
466
FEVER
different months of pregnancy. First Month. Indis-
tinguishable from ovum of other mammals. It is a flat-
tened vesicle. The embryo is nourished by a yelk-
sac which, even at the end of the first month, is
larger than the cephalic extremity of the fetus. The
] Occipito-
frontal.
Sub-occipito
bregmatic.
fcerv ico-bregmatic.
ANTERO-POSTERipR AND VERTICAL DIAMETERS OF THE
Fetal Head. (Tarnier.)
visceral arches are distinct. The heart, first traces of
liver and kidneys, eyes, rudimentary extremities, oral
and anal orifices are formed. The spinal canal closes
(spina bifida results if this fails to occur at this time).
Length, I cm., or .4 inch. Second Month. Grows to
4 cm. in length (1.57 inches), and is about the size of
a pigeon's egg. The visceral clefts close, except the
first, which forms the external auditory meatus, tym-
panum, and Eustachian tube. At this time arrest of
development results in hare-lip, umbilical hernia, or
exomphalos. Eyes, nose, and ears are distinguishable.
The first suggestion of hands and feet appears, and
these are webbed. External genitals also now develop,
but sex is not to be differentiated. Third Month.
Maternal blood affords nourishment; 9 cm. long (3.6
inches), and about the size of a goose-egg. Fingers
and toes lose their webbed character and nails appear
as fine membranes. Points of ossification are found
in most of the bones. The neck separates the head
from the trunk, and sex is determined by the appear-
ance of the uterus. Weight, 30 grins. = 463 grains.
Fourth Month. 1 6 cm. = 6 in. in length. Lanugo
is present. Intestines contain meconium. Sex is
well defined. Weight, 55 grms. = 848.76 grains.
Fifth Month. 25 cm. = 10 in. Vernix caseosa
appears in places. The face is senile in appearance
and wrinkled. Eyelids begin to open. Quickening
occurs. Heart-sounds are heard. Weight, 273 grms.
= 10.8 oz. Sixth Month. 30 cm. = 12 in. Hair
grows longer. Eyebrows and lashes appear. The
testicles approach the inguinal rings. Weight, 715
grms. = 23 oz. Sezientli Month. 35 cm. = 14 in.
Pupillary membrane disappears. Weight,! 213 grms. =
39 oz. Eighth Month. 40 cm. = 16 in. Down on
the face begins to disappear. The left testicle has
descended. Ossification begins in the lower epiphysis
of the femur. The nails do not project beyond the
finger-tips. Weight, 1617 grms. — .4^ lbs. Ninth
Month. 45 cm. =18 in. Subcutaneous fat increases.
Diameters of the head about I to I cm. less than
at term. Weight, 1 990 grms. = 5j lbs. Mature
Lengths and Weights of the Fetus at Different
Stages of its Development.
ist month, i cm. .4 in.
2d
3d
4th
Sth
6th
7th
8th
9th
loth
4
1-57
9
' 3-6 '
30 grms.
55
463
grai
16
' 6
848.76
25
' 10 '
273
10 8
ozs.
30 '
' 12 "
715
23
35
' 14
1213
39^
40
' 16
1617 "
lt)S.
45
' 18
1990
5/3
50
' 20 '
2737
Fetus. 50 cm. long -= 20 inches ; weight, 2737 grms. =
7J/^ lbs. Skin is rosy ; lanugo has disappeared.
The nails are perfect and project beyond the finger
tips. The eyes are opened. The center of ossifi-
cation in the lower epiphysis of femur is 5 mm. in
diameter, while that of the cuboid bone is just be-
ginning to show. Diameters of head are normal. P.,
Amorphous. See Anidcus. F. Anideus. See Ani-
deiis. F. in fetu (fetus within the fetus), the name
applied to those interesting inclusions in which the
stronger fetus in its growth has included within its
organism the parts of the weaker fetus. F. papyra-
ceus, the name given to the malformation resulting in
a twin-pregnancy, when, owing to an inequality in the
circulation of the embryos, the weaker fetus dies, and
by the continually increasing pressure of the growing
fetus is flattened more and more against the uterine
walls, until the mass has a thickness little greater than
stout parchment. F., Position of, the position occu-
pied by the fetus in the mother's womb. It may be
oblique, transverse, or longitudinal. Also, the posi-
tion occupied by the fetus with reference to the
mother's pelvis. See Table (p. 467). F., Presen-
tation of, that part of the fetus that presents in
labor. See Presentation.
Feuillea [fu-il'-e-ah) [after Louis Feuillet, a French
naturalist]. A genus of cucurbitaceous climbing
plants. The seeds of F. cordifolia, of Jamaica, are
emetic and purgative. F. trilobata, of Brazil, has
similar qualities. Unof.
Fever (/e^-ver) \_febris, a fever]. A systemic disease
or symptom of disease whose distinctive characteristic
is elevation of temperature, accompanied also by
quickened circulation, increased katabolism or tissue-
waste, and disordered secretions. F., Abdominal.
See F., Typhoid. F., Adeno-nervous. Synonym
of Plague., q. v. F., Adeno-typhoid. Synonym of
F., Mediterranean. F., African. See F., Yellow,
and Dengue. Also the same as F., Congo. F. and
Ague. See F., Intermittent. F., Amatory. See
Amatory. F., Anomalous, one the symptoms of
which are irregular. F., Aquamalarial. Same as
Malarial. F., Ardent, a non-specific, continued fever
occurring in hot climates, in which the ordinary symp-
toms of febricula are exaggerated. See Ardent. F.,
Articular. See Dengue. F., Asthenic, one with a
low-fever temperature, weak circulation, and great loss
of nervous force. P., Ataxic. See , Typhus. F.,
Atypic. See F., Anomalous. F., Ballast, fever on
shipboard ; said to be due to decaying organic matter
in the ballast. F., Barbadoes. Synonym of F.,
Yellow. F., Barcelona. Synonym of F., Yellow.
F.-bark. See Alstonia. F., Bilious, one accom-
panying affections of the digestive organs. F.,
Black. Synonym of Cerebro-spiiial tnetiingitis. F.,
Blackwater, a fever occurring on the west coast
of Africa, and characterized by attacking only those
who have already suffered from malarial fever.
There is a chill followed by lumbar pain, slight
jaundice, fever, and the passage of porter-like urine.
Bilious vomiting may occur, and death with uremic
symptoms. It occurs in paroxysms — in other words,
it is a paroxysmal hemoglobinuria. F., Bladdery.
I. A vulgar name for Pemphigus. 2. Same as F.,
Catheter. F. -blister, a vesicular or pustular dermal
eruption seen near the mouth, after a febrile disturb-
ance, often occurring after a common cold. See Herpes
facialis and //. labialis. F., Boa Vista. Synonym
of F., Yellow. F., Bona, a form of malignant malarial
fever in Algeria. F., Bouquet. Synonym of Dengue.
P., Brain, fever associated with cerebral disturbance,
or with infiainmation of the cerebral meninges. " •»
TABLE OF THE POSITIONS AND PRESENTATIONS OF THE FETUS.
Frequency
OK Varieties.
Mortality.
Presenta-
tion.
>
u
z
w
p
c
u
0!
b
Varieties.
0
■ Bl
>
Position of Fetus.
Position of Fetal
Heart-sounds.
<
a
-1
<
z
a
u
H
<
S
Vertex.
95 per
cent, of
all cases.
Left occipito-
anterior.
L.O.A
70 per
cent.
Occiput to left acetabulum, fore-
head to right sacro-iliac joint ;
back to left; extremities to right,
above.
One inch below, and
to left of umbilicus.
5 per
cent.
Less
than I
per
cent.
Left occipito-
posterior.
L.O.P.
Occiput to left sacro-iliac joint,
forehead to right acetabulum ;
back in left flank ; extremities
to right, anteriorly.
In left flank, below a
transverse line
through umbilicus.
Over 9
per
cent.
Right occipito-
anterior.
R.O.A.
Occiput to right acetabulum, fore-
head to left sacro-iliac joint ;
back to right ; extremities to
left, above.
Near median line, be-
low umbilicus.
Over 9
per
cent.
Right occipito-
posterior.
RO.P.
30 per
cent.
Occiput to right sacro-iliac joint,
forehead to left acetabulum ;
ijack in right flank ; extremi-
ties to left, anteriorly.
In right flank, below
a transverse line
through umbilicus.
5 per
cent.
Face.
Vz of I
per cent.
Once in
250 cases.
Left m e n 1 0 -
anterior.
L.M.A.
Second
in fre-
quency.
Chin to left acetabulum, forehead
to right sacro-iliac joint ; back
to right ; extremities to left.
Left side of abdomen,
below umbilicus.
13 to 15
per
cent.
6 per
cent.
Left m e n 1 0 -
posterior.
L.M.P.
Chin to left sacro-iliac joint, fore-
head to right acetabulum ; back
to right ; extremities to left.
Left side of abdomen,
below umbilicus.
Right mento-
anterior.
R.M.A.
Chin to right acetabulum, fore-
head to left sacro-iliac joint ;
back to left ; extremities to
right.
Right side of abdomen,
below umbilicus.
Right mento-
posterior.
R.M.P.
Most
com-
mon.
Chin to right sacro-iliac joint,
forehead to left acetabulum ;
back to left ; extremities to
right.
Right side of abdomen,
below umbilicus.
Brow.
l{ of I
per cent.
Once in
1756
cases.
Left fronto-an-
terior.
L.F.A.
Brovif to left acetabulum ; chin to
right sacro-iliac joint ; back to
left ; extremities to right, above.
Left side of abdomen,
below umbilicus.
30 per
cent.
10 per
cent.
Left fro n to-
posterior.
L.F.P.
Brow to left sacro-iliac joint ; chin
to right acetabulum ; back to
left; extremities to right, above.
Left side of abdomen,
below umbilicus.
Right fronto-
anterior.
R.F.A.
Brow to right acetabulum ; chin
to left sacro-iliac joint ; back to
right; extremities to left, above.
Right side of abdomen,
below umbilicus.
Right fronto-
posterior.
R.F.P.
Brow to right sacro-iliac joint ;
chin to left acetabulum ; back to
right; extremities to left, above.
Right side of abdomen,
below umbilicus.
Shoulder.
% of I
per cent.
Once in
250 cases.
Left dorso-an-
terior.
L.D.A.
Most
com-
mon.
Head in left iliac fossa, back an-
terior; extremities on right side,
in upper part of abdomen.
Left side of abdomen,
below umbilicus.
Almost
50 per
cent.
11 per
cent.
Left d 0 r s 0 -
posterior.
L.D.P.
Head in left iliac fossa, back pos-
terior; extremities on right side,
in upper part of abdomen.
Frequently cannot be
heard.
Right dorso-
anterior.
R.D.A.
Head in right iliac fossa, back
anterior; extremities on left
side, in upper part of abdomen.
Right side of abdomen,
below umbilicus.
Right dorso-
posterior.
R.D.P.
Head in right iliac fossa, back
posterior ; extremities on lefl
side, in upper part of abdomen.
Right side of abdomen,
below umbilicus to-
ward the flank.
Breech.
3 to 4 per
cent, of
all cases.
Left sacro-an-
terior.
L.S.A.
Most
com-
mon.
' Sacrum to left acetabulum ; back
to left anterior; abdomen to
right posterior.
Left side of abdomen,
above umbilicus.
30 per
cent.
Less
than r
per
cent.
Left sacro-pos-
terior.
L.S.P.
Sacrum to left sacro-iliac joint ;
back to left posterior ; abdomen
to right anterior.
Left side of abdomen,
above umbilicus and
toward the back.
Right sacro-
anterior.
R.S.A.
Sacrum to right acetabulum ;
back to right anterior; abdomen
to left posterior.
Right side of abdomen,
anove umbilicus.
Right sacro-
posterior.
R.S.P.
Sacrum to right sacro-iliac joint ;
[ back to right posterior ; abdo-
1 men to left anterior.
Right side of abdomen,
above umbilicus and
toward the back.
467
FEVER
468
FEVER
Breslau, a contagious, epidemic disease in Breslau in
the middle of tlie l8th century. Its nature is not
known. F., Brokenwing. Synonym of Dengue.
F., Bucket. Synonym of Dengue. F., Bulam.
Synonym of F., Yellow. F., Burdwan, a form of
Indian malarial fever. F.-bush. Spice-wood. The
bark and fruit of Lindera benzoin, an aromatic stimu-
lant and tonic. Its properties are due to a volatile oil.
Dose of the fid. ext. of the bark ,^j-ij ; of the berries
TrLxx-_5j. Unof. F.-bush, California. See Cfzrrjw.
F., Camp. See F., Typhus. F., Carbuncular.
Synonym of Anthrax. F., Catarrhal, one with
a catarrhal affection of the air-passages. Synonym
of Influenza. F., Catheter, a severe remittent
fever sometimes following the passage of the cathe-
ter or sound. F., Cerebro-spinal, a malignant epi-
demic fever characterized by spasmodic contraction
of the muscles of the neck, retraction of the head,
hyperesthesia, etc., with lesions of the cerebral and
spinal membranes ; it is due to a specific poison.
F., Cesspool. Synonym of F., Typhoid. F.,
Chagres. Synonym of F., Yellow, ox F., Rlalarial.
F., Chickahominy. A synonym of , Typho-
malarial. F., Child-bed. See F., Puerperal. F.,
Colorado. Synonym of Dengue. F., Congestive,
a malignant form of a remittent or intermittent malarial
fever. Also a synonym of Cerebro-spinal Meningitis.
F., Congo, African fever. A form of fever, of mala-
rial origin, and often of pernicious type, that prevails
on parts of the W. African coast. F., Contagious.
Synonym of F., Typhus. F., Continued, one in
which there is a slowly continuous rise of temperature
until a not high acme is reached, whence the fever
ends fatally or slowly subsides. F., Country. See
F, Florida. F., Cretan. Same as F. , Malta. F.,
New, of Crete. Synonym of F., Mediterranean.
P., Dandy. Synonym of Dengue. F., Date.
Synonym of Dengue. F., Deccan. Synonym of
F., Pernicious Malarial. F., Diary. Synonym of
F., Ephemeral. F., Dothienteric. Synonym of
F., Typhoid. F., Dynamic. Synonym of F. ,
Relapsing. F., Elephantoid, a name given to the
severe febrile symptoms that often attend the onset
of Elephantiasis arabuiu. F., Enteric. See F.,
Typhoid. F., Epidemic Catarrhal. Synonym of
Influenza. F., Epidemic Gastro-rheumatic. Syno-
nym of Dengue. F., Epihippic, influenza in the
horse. ■ F., Eruptive, that accompanied or suc-
ceeded by an eruption on the skin. Examples are
F., Scarlet, Measles, Rotheln, Smallpox, Vaccination,
Varicella, Erysipelas, Dengue. F., Eruptive Epi-
demic, of India. Synonym of Dengue. F.,
Essential. See F., Idiopathic. F., Famine. See
F., Relapsing. F., Feco-malarial. See F. , Medi-
terranean. F.-few, the herb Pyrethrutn partheniutn,
a stimulant tonic with emmenagogue and anthelmintic
properties. Dose of the fld. ext. ^j-ij. Unof F.,
Five-day. 'nynowymof F., Relapsing. F., Florida,
Country Fever ; a form of fever occurring in tropical
or sub-tropical countries, resembling malaria or typhoid
fever. It is due to the prolonged action of high
temperatures. F., Gastric, a term used indefinitely
to indicate any febrile ailment associated with abdom-
inal symptoms. It may be a simple febricula or some
graver affection. F., Gastrobilious. See F., Medi-
terranean. F., Gibraltar. Synonym of F., Mediter-
ranean. F., Hay, a disease of the mucous membranes
of the nasal and respiratory passages, also at times
involving the conjunctiva and eyeball. It is marked
by catarrhal inflammation , coryza, and abundant lachry-
mation, with well-marked asthmatic attacks and great
depression. It is due to the pollen of the grains and
other grasses, and to dust, odors, perfumes, and irrita-
ting substances acting upon a hypersensitive Schneide-
rian membrane in those with a marked nervous con-
stitution. It is also attributed to the influence of
microbes that float in the air. Climate seems to be a
potent factor in the etiology in certain cases. F.,
Heat. Synonym of Insolation. F.-heat, the heat
of fever. F., Hectic. Synonym of Tabes mesenterica.
Also the fever that accompanies pulmonary tubercu-
losis and other diseases attended with suppuration.
F., Hemo-gastric. See /'. , Yellow. F., Hospital.
.See F., Typhus. F., Idiopathic, one the cause of
which escapes detection. F., Inflammatory. Syno-
nym of Anthrax. F., Intermittent, one in which the
symptoms intermit, with intermediate periods of free-
dom from the febrile attack. This is the common form
of malarial fever. F., Italian. Synonym oi Influenza
and of F., Mediterranean. F., Jail. Synonym of
F., Typhus. F., Jungle, a remittent fever of India.
F., Kendal. Synonym of F^/Zojc. F., Leghorn.
Synonym of K'/Zfjt/. F., Lent. Synonym of/'.,
Typhoid. F., Levant. Synonym of Relapsing.
F., Low, fever of an asthenic type. F., Lung, acute
croupous pneumonia. F., Lying-in. Synonym of /". ,
Puerperal. F., Maculated. Synonym of Typhus.
F., Malarial, a febrile condition of periodic character
dependent upon the presence of the hematozoa malarise.
F., Malarial Typhoid, typhoid fever modified by
simultaneous malarial infection. F., Malignant, a
severe and fatal form of any fever. F., Malta. See
F., Mediterranean. F., Marsh. Synonym of F.,
Malarial. F., Mediterranean, Gastrobilious Fever;
Feco-malarial Fever ; Malta Fever ; Italian Fever ;
Neapolitan Fever; Cretan Fever; Rock Fever; Gibral-
tar Fever; a specific febrile disease occurring particul-
ary on the Mediterranean coast, and characterized by
long, irregular pyrexia, frequent relapses, rheumatic
complications, constipation, and the absence of ulcera-
tion of Peyer's patches. It has an incubation period of
from six to nine days. The temperature may rise to 104°
or 106° F., and in fatal cases to 1 10° F. The course is
often prolonged to from three months to a year or
more. The mortality rate is about two per cent. F.,
Mesenteric. Synonym of Tabes mesenterica. F.,
Miasmatic. Synonym of F., Malarial. F., Miliary,
an aflection formerly very common, occurring in an
epidemic form, with a prodromal stage of two or three
days, during which there is great irritation of the
skin, debility, and a feeling of suffocation. This is
followed by profuse sweating, high fever, precordial
and epigastric distress, and the appearance on the
third or fourth day of a rash, first upon the neck and
breast, consisting of numerous round or irregular spots,
in the center of which vesicles arise that finally burst
and form crusts. Desquamation and slow convales-
cence follow. F., Military. Synonym of F., Ty-
phzis. F., Milk, a form of slight puerperal septi-
cemia, formerly thought to be due to the formation of
milk in the mother's breast. F., Mountain. Syno-
nym of F., Typhoid. F., Mucous. A synonym of
R, Typhoid, I/. V. ¥., Neapolitan. See F.,' Medi-
terranean. F., New. Synonym of F., Malta. F.,
Night-soil. Synonym of F., Typhoid. F., Och-
lotic. Synonym of F., Typhus. F., Paludal. See
F. , Intej-mittent. F., Panama, an endemic fever on
the Isthmus of Panama ; pernicious malarial fever.
F., Periodic. See/"., Intermittent. F., Pernicious,
a malignant fatal type of remittent or intermittent
malarial fever. F., Peyerian. Synonym of F.,
Typhoid. F., Prison, typhus fever. F., Puerperal,
Metria ; an acute, heterogenetic, contagious febrile
affection of women in child-bed. It is due to the in-
FEVER
469
FEVER
troduction of germs and septic material into the sys-
tem, the poisonous agents finding entrance through
the wounds and lacerations of the genital tract conse-
quent upon parturition. In some cases these wounds
take on an unhealthy condition with the formation
over them of a whitish or grayish pellicle ; they then
form the so-called diphtheric ulcers^ although they
bear no relation to true diphtheria. In other cases
there may start up a gangrenous condition spreading
rapidly to the adjoining tissues. Virchow calls this
variety Erysipelas Mallgnum Internum , q. v. It may
assume a number of other forms, all of which are of a
greater or lesser degree of gravity. F., Puking.
Synonym of Milk-sickness. F., Pulmonic- A syno-
nym of Croupous Pneumonia. F., Putrid. Synonym
of/".. Typhus. F., Pyogenic. Synonym of &rawo-/jf.
F., Pythogenic. Synonym of F., Typhoid. F.,
Quinin, fever produced by large doses of quinin ; it
is attended with hematuria, dysuria, dyspnea, threat-
ened collapse. F., Red. Synonym of Dengue. F.,
Relapsing, Famine Fever ; an acute specific febrile
disease characterized by a short paroxysm of fever,
ending in crisis, followed by a well-marked remission,
and that by a relapse on or about the fourteenth day.
The fever is high and the patient restless ; there is no
characteristic eruption ; but the patient emits a peculiar
musty odor like that of burning straw. Epistaxis, often
profuse, is present. A crisis is usual on the seventh day
and is attended usually by some critical discharge. In
seven days, or a little sooner, the relapse occurs, last-
ing from a few hours to seven days or more. During
convalescence there may be a flaky desquamation.
There is always in this disease marked enlargement of
the spleen ; the liver also is enlarged, as well as the kid-
neys. The disease is due to the presence in the blood of a
specific spirillum, which is only seen during the parox-
ysms. F., Remittent, a paroxysmal fever with exacer-
bations and remissions, but not intermissions ; usu-
ally applied specifically to remittent malarial fever.
F., Rheumatic. See Rheumatism. F., Rock. Syn-
onym of F., Mediterranean. F., Scarlet. See
Scarlatina. F., Septic, one due to the admission of
septic matter into the system. F., Seven-day. ^yn-
onym o{ F., Relapsing. F., Seventeen-day. Syn-
onym of F., Relapsing. F., Ship. Synonym of F.,
Typhus. F., Shoddy, an illness occurring among
shoddy-grinders. The symptoms are headache,
malaise, dryness of the fauces, and difficulty of breath-
ing. The acute symptoms subside in six or eight
hours, but cough and expectoration remain as a
chronic condition. F., Siam. Synonym of F.,
Yellozv. F., Simple Continued, a continued, non-
contagious fever, varying in duration from one to
twelve days , and usually ending in recovery, F. , Solar.
Synonym oi Dengue. F.-sore, a colloquial name for
necrosis of the tibia ; also a fever-blister. F. , Spiril-
lum. Synonym of F., Relapsing. F., Splenic.
Synonym of Anthrax. See Pustula maligna. F.,
Sthenic, fever characterized by abnormal increase of
the cardiac and vital activities. F., Stiff-necked.
^ynovcyva. o{ Dengue. F., Sudoral. Synonym of ,
Mediterranean. F., Summer, hay-fever. F., Sun.
Synonym of Insolation. F., Three-day. Synonym
of Dengue. F., Traumatic, that following trau-
matism, surgical or accidental. F.-twig. See
Climbing Staff-tree and Celastrus. F., Typhoid,
Enteric Fever; an acute continued fever due to a
specific virus, the bacillus typhosis, and clmracterized
by peculiar intestinal lesions, splenic enlargement,
maculae on the skin (rose spots), headache, delirium,
. diarrhea, prostration, etc. The morbid changes are
chiefly in the lower part of the ileum, occasionally
in the upper part of the colon, and consist in a
necrotic inflammatory infiltration of the follicular
structures and neighboring parts, commonly called
" Peyer's patches," with a catarrhal inflammation of
the rest of the intestinal mucous membrane. The
stools are the characteristic liquid ocher-colored pas-
sages, resembling pea-soup. Epistaxis is frequently an
early symptom. The duration of the disease is usually
about four weeks. There may be, however, an abor-
tive form of the disease ending at from the eighth to the
fourteenth day. The afebrile form, which is rare, may
have a normal or even subnormal temperature through-
out the entire course. Perforation of the bowel,
peritonitis, hemorrhage, and tympanites are some of
the complications of the disease. Relapses occur in
a certain proportion of the cases. The poison of
typhoid fever usually enters the system through the
drinking-water, or milk, or by inhaling effluvia from
drains. Direct contagion from the sick to the healthy
plays but a small part in the dissemination of typhoid
fever. See Table of Exanthemata. F., Typhoid,
Ambulatory, the latent form, with illy-defined symp-
toms, so that the patient scarcely feels ill enough to go
to bed. The prognosis in this form of the disease is
often grave. F., Typhoid, Atypical. Synonym of
F., Mediterranean . F., Typhoid, Canine, a peculiar
form of typhoid fever occurring only among patients
who have been previously subject to malaria. The
period of invasion is from one to three days, during
which the patient complains of general discomfort and
constipation. This is followed by a rapid develop-
ment of the fever, the temperature almost immediately
reaching 104° F. After the third day diarrhea, epis-
taxis, and intestinal hemorrhage occur. The fever sub-
sides at the end of the first week, though the diarrhea
and enlargement of the spleen continue. The pulse
is always slow. F., Typhoid, Intermittent. Syno-
nym of F., Mediterranean. F., Typho-malarial, a
malarial fever with typhoid symptoms. F., Typhus,
an acute, specific, epidemic, contagious, exanthematous
fever, probably due to a specific infecting germ, and
characterized by a peculiar petechial eruption, depres-
sion of the vital powers, profound cerebral manifesta-
tions, and absence of any discoverable lesion. It ter-
minates by crisis on or about the fourteenth day, or by
death from exhaustion or coma. See Exanthemata,
Table of. F., Typhus, Abdominal. Synonym of
F., Typhoid. F., Typhus, Walking, typhus fever
in which the vital powers are not greatly reduced, so
that the patient does not go to bed. F., Urinary,
the febrile disturbance that follows the use of the
catheter or bougie, or other operation upon the
urinary organs, or any distinct impression made upon
the urethra or bladder by some other means than
these. Urinary fever varies in severity, from a slight
chill and moderate rise of temperature to a well-
marked chill with considerable rise of temperature.
F., Vitular. See Collapse, Parturient. F., Vitulary.
See Collapse, Parturient. F.-wort. See Triosteum.
F., Wound. Synonym of F., Traumatic. F.,
Yellow, an acute, specific, infectious, contagious,
paroxysmal, malignant fever, occurring mainly in sub-
tropical regions, and characterized by three stages
— the febrile, the remission, and the collapse. The
poison of the disease is destroyed by frost. The
period of incubation varies from one to fourteen
days. The onset is sudden, the temperature high.
There is a tendency to hemorrhage from the nose,
mouth, vagina, kidneys, or stomach ; the skin and
conjunctive acquire a yellow tint or even a deep olive
or mahogany color. There may be vomiting of
altered blood. In fatal cases there is found a granular
FEVERISH
470
FIBROMA
degeneration of the liver-cells. One attack of the
disease protects against subsequent seizures ; negroes
display a peculiar immunity to the disease.
Feverish i^fe' -ver-ish) \_fcbris, fever]. Somewhat
affected with fever ; febrile.
Fexism [^feks' -izni)\_Kv&\x\a.'i\'\. A form of cretinism seen
in Styria (Austria) ; its victims are locally called fexi.
Fiber [Ji'-be>-) \Jibra, a thread] . A filamentary or thread-
like structure. Applied to the thread-like filaments of
muscular, cartilaginous, and tendinous tissues. F.,
Axial, the central or a.xial band of a nerve-fiber;
it is called also the band of Remak and the axis-
cylinder. F., Beale's, a spinal nerve-fiber seen in
sympathetic ganglion-cells. It becomes a medul-
lated nerve. F. , Biihlmann's, peculiar lines formed in
carious teeth due to \!a.t. Bacteriiiin lineola. F., Gott-
stein's, the external ciliated cells and nerve-fibers of
the auditory nerve in the cochlea. F. of Corti. See
Cor/i. F. of Gerdy, a transverse band of fibers
supporting the hand crosswise and forming the
web of the fingers. F. of Miiller, a supporting
connective tissue that unites the various layers of
the retina. F. of Remak, certain pale and non-
medullated nerve-fibers, found mostly in branches
of the sympathetic nerve. F. of Sharpey, delicate
processes or rods that pass through and rivet together
the concentric lamina; of bone. F., Sustentacular.
See F. of MiUlcr. F. of Tomes, elongated and
branched processes of the odontoblasts of the pulp,
filling the dentinal tubules of teeth.
Fibra (fi'-bi-a/i) [L. : //. , Fibni:']. Same as Fiber.
Fibration {Ji-bni'-s/niii) \Jibra, fiber]. Fibrous con-
struction ; arrangement of fibers.
Fibril, or Fibrilla (fi'-bril, or fi-bril'-ah) [dim. of
Jibra, a fiber]. A small fiber or component filament
of a fiber. A name applied to minute nerve-filaments.
Fibrillar {fi' -bril-ar) [[fihri/la, a small fiber]. Pertain-
ing to fibrillre. F. Contractions, spontaneous con-
tractions successively taking place in different bundles
of muscular fibers ; they are characteristically ob-
served in progressive muscular atrophy.
Fibrillary {Ji' -bril-a-re) . Same as Fibrillar.
Fibrillation {fi-bril-a' -shun) \_fibrilla, a small fiber].
The quality of being fibrillar ; also a fibrillar contrac-
tion ; the acquirement of new fibrils. F. of New
Tissue, the appearance of fibrilla; in new-formed
tissue.
Fibrin [fi'-brin) \_fibra, a fiber]. A native albumin or
proteid, a substance that, becoming solid in shed
blood, plasma, and lymph, causes coagulation of these
fluids. It then exists in the shape of innumerable,
excessively delicate, closely packed, microscopic,
doubly refractive fibrils, entangling the blood-corpus-
cles, as in a spider's web, and with them forming the
blood-clot or plaiciita sani^uinis. Fibrin forms about
o. 2 per cent, of the blood and is insoluble in water
and ether. It is changed into syntonin by dilute
hydrochloric acid. F. -ferment, a ferment obtainable
from blood-serum after clotting has occurred. It
does not exist in the living, circulating blood. Its
activity is destroyed by heating to 70° V.
Fibrination [fi-hrin-a'-shiDi) \_libra, a fiber]. The
acquirement of an abnormal amount of fibrin.
Fibrinogen i^fi-brin' -o-jen) \_fibra., a fiber; ytwav, to
produce]. A native proteid of the globulin class,
obtained from blood-plasma, serous transudations, etc.
According to Schmidt it is one of the chief elements
in the formation of fibrin (the other being Faraglobu-
lin), which occurs dissolved in the plasma, aided by a
fibrin-ferment.
Fibrinogenic (fi-brin-o-jen'-ik) [_/?/^r^7, a fiber ; yiwav,
to produce]. Of the nature of fibrinogen.
Fibrinogenous {Ji-brin-oj' -cn-us) \Jibra, a fiber ;
yti'i'di', to produce]. Forming or producing fibrin.
Fibrinoplastic [Ji-brin-o-plas' -tik) \^fibra^ a fiber;
TT/doociv, to form]. Of the nature of fibrinoplastin.
Fibrinoplastin {fi-brin-o-plas' -tin). 'Aee Faraglobulin.
Fibrinous {fi' -brin-us) \Jibra, a fiber]. Of the nature
of or containing fibrin.
Fibrinuria {fi-brin-u'-rc-ali) \Jibra, a fiber; ovpov,
urine]. The presence of fibrin in the urine to an
extent that causes its coagulation after the liquid
has been voided. It usually occurs in the course of
villous cancers of the bladder, or after the use of
cantharides.
Fibro- [fi'-bro-) \_ fibra, a fiber]. A prefix used to
denote fibrous structure.
Fibro-areolar [Ji-bro-ar-e'-o-lar) \_fibra, fiber ; areola,
dim. oiarea,2ci\ open space]. Containing both fibrous
and areolar tissues.
¥\!oxQ\>\&sX{fi' -bro-blast] [/?/;;-<?, fiber ; ^"Kaarbq, germ].
A connective-tissue cell.
Fibro-bronchitis { fi-bro-broitg-ki' -tis) \_fbra, fiber;
Ppoyxoi;, the windpipe ; itk;, inflanimaiton]. Bron-
chitis with the expectoration of fibrinous casts.
Fibro-carcinoma {Ji-bro-kar-sin-o' -mah) \_Jibra, fiber;
Kapft-M'w//a, carcinoma : //, Fibrocarcinomata^. A car-
cinoma with fibrous elements.
Fibro-cartilage [Ji-bro-kar' -til-aj ) [ fibra, a fiber ; car-
tilago, gristle]. Cartilage with more or less copious
intermixture of fibrous elements.
Fibro-cartilaginous [fi-bro-kar-til-aj' -in-us) \Jibra,
fiber ; cartilago, gristle]. Composed of or contain-
ing fibro-cartilage.
Fibro-cellular [Ji-bro-sel' -u-lar) [Jibra, fiber ; cella,
cell]. Both fibrous and cellular ; fibro-areolar.
Fibro-chondritis [_fi-bro-kon-dri' -fis) \_fibra, fiber ;
,^-(5wt/)0f, cartilage ; (r/f, inflammation]. Inflammation
of fibro-cartilage.
Fibrocyst [Ji' -bro-sisf) \_fibra, fiber ; Kvarig, cyst]. A
fibroma that has undergone cystic degeneration.
Fibro-elastic { fi-bro-e-las^-lik) [Jibra, fiber; klaariKdq,
elastic]. Consisting partly of fibrous elastic tissue.
Fibro-enchondroma i^Ji-bro-cji-kon-dro' -7)iah') [fibra,
fiber; kv, \n; ;i;oi'f5pof, cartilage; o//a, tumor: pL,
Fibro-encJiondromata'\. An enchondroma containing
fibrous elements.
Fibro-glioma [Ji-b7-o-gli-o' -Jiiak) [fibra, fiber ; yTua,
glue; tumor : pi. , Fibrogliomaia']. A tumor con-
sisting in part of fibrous and in part of glious elements.
Fibroid [fi'-broid] [fibra, fiber ; ddog, likeness]. A
term applied to such structures as possess a fibrous ap-
pearance, but cannot be separated into fibers. Also,
a fibroid tumor. F. Heart, a chronic form of myo-
carditis in which there is a development of fibrous
connective tissue in the cardiac muscle. F. Indura-
tion. See Induration. F. Phthisis, the very
chronic form of phthisis, in which the inflammatory
products have taken on a fibroid change.
Fibroin {fi'-bro-in) [fibra, fiber], CijHjjNgOg. An
albuminoid ; a white, shining substance, the chief
constituent of the cocoons of insects and spider-web.
.See also Fibrorin.
Fibro-lipoma {fi-bro-lip-o' -mah) [fibra, fiber; /IfVof,
fat; 6/;a, tumor: //. , Fibro-lipo)nata\ A neoplasm
constituted of both fibrous and fatty elements.
Fibroma [ fi-bro'-mah) [fibra, a fiber; ojia, a. tumor:
//. , Fibromata'^. I. Any fibrous-tissue tumor; it is
called also inoma. 2. See Molluscitm. Jibrostim. F.,
Concentric, a soft, red, vascular form of uterine fibro-
ma, forming a general enlargement of the uterus, con-
centrically surrounding the uterine cavity. It contains
a relatively greater abundance of muscular tissue than
the other varieties of fibromata. F. fungoides. See
FIBROMYITIS
471
FILARIA
Granuloma fimgoides and Alycosis. F. lipoma-
todes. Same as Xanthoma, q. v. F. molluscum.
Synonym of Molluscum fibrosum. F. simplex.
Synonym of Molluscum fibrosum.
Fibromyitis ( fi-bro-7in-i'-tis) [ fibra, fiber ; fxvg, mus-
cle ; iTLQ, inllammation]. Inflammation of a muscle,
leading to its fibrous degeneration.
Fibro-myoma [fi-bro-mi-o'-mah) \_fibra, fiber; //i'C,
muscle; d/M, a tumor: //. , Fibro-myomata']. A
tumor composed of fibrous and muscular tissue.
Fibromyxoma [fi-bro-miks-o' -maJi) \_fibra , fiber; //tf«,
mucus ; bfj-a, a tumor : //. , Fibromy.xomatci\. A fibro-
ma that is undergoing a myxoid change.
Fibroplastic [fi-bro-plas'-fik) \_ fibra , fihtr ; jzlaaativ ,
to form]. Showing a tendency toward the formation
of fibers ; a term applied to certain cases of spindle-
celled sarcoma.
Fibrorin [fi-bror'-in) \_ fibra, fiber]. In biology, the
substance of which the webs of spiders are composed.
Fibro-sarcoma [fi-bro-sar-ko' -maJi) fiber ; UQ/jf,
flesh; hjjLci, tumor: pi. , Fibro-sarcomata^ A spindle-
celled sarcoma, with elements that cause it to resemble
a fibroma.
Fibro-serous [fi-bro-se'-nts) \_ fibra, fiber ; serum,
whey]. Having the qualities of a fibrous and serous
structure. F.-s. Membranes, thin, transparent, glist-
ening structures forming closed sacs, that contain
certain organs. They are the peritoneum, the two
pleurje, the pericardium, the tunica vaginalis testis, the
arachnoid, and synovial membranes.
¥ihros\s {fi-bro^-sis) [/?/;;-«, fiber]. The development
of interstitial fibrous tissue ; it occurs as a disease-
process in the coats of the smaller blood-vessels at about
middle life. F., Arterio-capillary. ^a^^ Endarteritis.
Fibrous {/i'-bnc:) [fibra, a fiber]. Containing fibers;
- of the character of a fiber.
Fibula [fib'-u-lah] [L. ,a buckle]. The smaller or
splint-bone at the outer part of the lower leg articu-
lating above with the femur, and below with the
astragalus and tibia. It forms the external malleolus.
Fibulad {fib'-u-lad) \_ fibula, a buckle; ad, to].
Toward the fibula ; on the fibular side.
Fibular [fib'-u-lar) \_ fibula, a buckle]. Relating to
the fibula.
Fibulare [fib-ti-la'-re) [L. : pi., Fibularia'\. Same as
Calcaneum.
Fibulen fibula, a buckle]. Belonging to
the fibula in itself.
Fibulo-calcaneal , ( fib-u-lo-kal-ka'-ne-al) \_fibula, a
buckle ; calcaneum, the heel]. Pertaining to or con-
necting the fibula and the calcaneum.
Ficarin [fik' -ar-in) [_ficus, a fig]. A neutral principle
obtained from the common ficary ; it is used internally
and externally for piles.
Ficary ( fii^-ar-e) [ ficaria ; ficus, a fig; a hemorrhoid].
The Ranunculus ficaria, pilewort, a common European
herb, long a popular remedy for piles.
Fichtelite {field -tel-tt ) [Ger. , fiichtel ] , CigH,,,. A min-
eral resin that occurs, together with retene, in the peat
of fossil pines. It crystallizes in vitreous prisms, and
melts at 46° C.
Pick's Angle. See Angle.
Ficoin ( fi'-ko-in) \_ficzts,3. fig]. Doliariin, or cradin ;
a form of papayin, or vegetable pepsin, obtained from
various species of Ficus.
Ficosis {fi-ko'-sis). See Sycosis.
Ficus [fi'-kus) [L., a fig-tree]. I. The fig. The
fleshy receptacle of F. carica, native to Asia Minor,
and cultivated throughout Europe and tropical Amer-
ica. It contains 62 per cent, of grape-sugar when
. dry. It is somewhat laxative and fairly nutritious,
and is a constituent of Confectio semuc. The genus
Ficus contains many species. Forms of papayin
(cradin, doliariin) occur in several species. Others
afford caoutchouc, lac, etc. 2. A hemorrhoidal or
condylomatous tumor.
Fiddle, Scotch [fid'-l) \W^.,fidel\ The itch.
Fiddler's Muscle. See Fidicinal.
Fidgets [fij'-ets) [dim. of fidge^. Uneasiness; rest-
lessness ; dysphoria, q. v.
Fidicinal Muscle [fid-is' -in-al) \_fidicinus, for playing
on stringed instruments]. Musculus fidicinalis ; any
one of the four lumbrical muscles of the hand. See
Muscles, Table of.
Fidispinalis [fid-is-pi-na' -lis) \_fidicimis, for playing
on stringed instruments ; spina, the back]. The
muscle called multifidus spins. See Muscles, Table of.
Field [field) [WK., fieeld'\. Any space or area, espe-
cially the field of vision. F., Contraction of the,
occurs in certain retinal and cerebral affections. F. -
glass, in an eye-piece, the lens farthest from the eye.
F. -hospital, a temporary liospital on a battle-field.
F. of Vision, sometimes spoken of simply as the field.
0
Field of Vision of the Left Eve.
The extent of indirect vision with fixation of the visual
axis upon one point. Its limit for white light is
about 90° outward, 70° inward and above, and 60°
downward. The F. for Colors is more restricted ;
that for blue is nearly as large as that for white,
while that for red and green is more narrow. F.,
Testing the. See Perimeter.
Fifth Nerve. See Trifacial. F. Ventricle. See Ven-
tricle.
Fig [ME., a fig]. See Ficus. F.-wart. See
Verruca acuminata. F.-wort, the herb Scrophularia
nodosa, an alterative, diuretic, and anodyne. It is
sometimes used in the form of an ointment for piles.
Dose of the fld. ext. .^ss-j. Unof
Figure of Eight. See Bandaq-c.
Fila [fd-lali] [L.]. Plural o{ Filum, q. v.
Filament [ fil' -am-ent) \_ filum, a thread]. A small,
thread-like structure or part of an organ, as a muscle,
nerve, or tendon. F., Spermatic, the caudal filament
of a spermatozoon.
Filaria ( fi-la'-re-alt) \_ filum, a thread]. A genus of
nematode or thread-worms of the family Filariidie.
"^^^ Parasites [Animal) , Table of . F. bancrofti. See
FILARIASIS
472
FIOCCA, BACILLUS OF
Thread-worms and Parasites [Animal) , Table of. F.
conjunctivae has been taken from the human con-
junctiva ; it is found chiefly in Africa. F. lentis has
been found in cataractous lenses. F. medinensis.
See Thread-worms, Guiiiea-'Morm, and Parasites
(Animal), Table of. F. sanguinis hominis, Craw-
craw ; the embryo of a nematode worm native
to the Guinea coast of Africa, wliicli, entering the
blood and lymphatics, causes abscesses in the lymph-
atic glands, certain forms of Elephantiasis, q. v.,
lympli-scrotum, if the lymphatics of the scrotum are
involved, or chyluria, if those of the pelvis are ob-
structed. See Parasites {Animal), Table of. F.
sanguinolenta. See Thread-worms and Parasites
{Animal), Table of.
Filariasis {fi-lar-i' -as-is) \_filum, a thread] . A diseased
state due to the presence in human blood of Filaria
sanguinis, or of an entozoon of some allied species.
File Xfll) SJAY.., file, a file]. See Raspatory, Xyster.
F. -cutter's Disease, a form of pneumonokoniosis.
F., Dental, Odontorine ; Scalprum dentarum ; Lima
dentaria ; a tooth-file ; an instrument for the removal
of a portion of one or more teeth. There are files for
separating incisor, bicuspid, and molar teeth, etc.
Filhos, Caustic of. A cauterizing paste composed of
quicklime and caustic potash mixed with alcohol.
Filices {fil'-is-ez) [L., //. of Filix, a fern]. Ferns.
See Filix.
¥iVdoxm{fil'-iform) \^filu>/t,a thread; forma , ioxm].
Thread-like. F. Bougie. See Bougie. F. Papillae,
the smallest and most numerous of the papillae of the
tongue, occurring over its whole surface. F. Appa-
ratus, in biology, the longitudinally striated, homo-
geneous, strongly refractive, cellulose cap, often
found at the apex of each of the two cells {synei-gida)
forming a part of the germinal apparatus or egg-appa-
ratus of plants.
Filipuncture {fil-e-punk'-clmr) \^filum, thread; punc-
tura, a puncture]. The passing into an aneurysmal
sac of wire-threads, hairs, or the like, to promote
coagulation.
Filix {fi'-liks) [L.: //. , Filices'\. A general name for
any fern. F. femina, or feminea, the fern now
called Asplenium filix femina, female fern or spleen-
wort. See Asplettium. F. mas, male fern. See
Aspidium.
Filixolin {fi-liks' -o-lin) \_filex, fern; oleum, oil]. The
fatty oil of I\/ale Fern.
Filleau's Method. See Treatment, Methods of.
Fillet {fil'-et) [Fr., filet, a thread]. A loop-shaped
bandage ; a tape loop passed through the handles of
an obstetric forceps, or about some part of the fetus,
for the purpose of making traction. Also see Lem-
nicus. F., Olivary, a fasciculus of nerve-fibers
enclosing the olivary body of the medulla. F. Test.
See Deatli, Signs of.
Filling {fil'-ing) [ME., to fill] . The material
used in closing cavities in carious teeth.
Film [ME., fylme, a film]. A pellicle or thin skin;
an opacity of the cornea.
Filoplume ( fi' -lopliim) [ filiim, thread ; plnma, a
feather]. In biology, an extremely slender, thread-
like feather, usually destitute of vane, very abundant
on common poultry.
Filo-pressure ( fd -lo-presh' -ur) \_filniii, a thread ; pres-
sura, a pressing]. Compression of a vessel by means
of a wire or a thread.
Filovaricosis {fi-lo-var-ik-o' -sis) \_filum, a thread ;
varix, a dilated vein]. A varicosity of the axis-
cylinder of a nerve-fiber, or the formation of one.
Filter {fil'-ter) [ filtrum , felt]. An apparatus for
straining and removing from water or other liquid
solutions the impurities it may contain. F. Paper,
a paper of close, firm mesh, much used by phaiiha-
cists for filtration.
Filth [ME., filtlic, foulness]. Foul, oftensive matter.
F. -disease, any disease due to filth. F. -dread. See
Mysophobia and Rupopltobia.
YT\\.xsX\0'S\{fil-tra' -shun) \_filtruiii, felt]. The opera-
tion of straining through bibulous paper. The best
white filter-paper should be used for filtering alkaline
or alkaloidal solutions.
Filtrum [fiF-trum) [L. , felt: pi., Filtra\ I. Felt,
q. V. 2. A filter or strainer.
Filum ( /f'-Zz/w) [L.]. Any thread-like or filamentous
structure ; in surgery, a thread or wire. F. corona-
rium, a cord-like ridge that runs along the auricular
opening of the heart. F. terminale, the terminal
strands of the spinal cord, extending from the first
lumbar vertebra through the Cauda equina.
Fimbria {fim'-bre-ah) [Lat., a "fringe": //., Fim-
briicl^. Corpus fimbriatum ; taenia hippocampi ; a zone
consisting of alba alone, and forming, as it were, a
margin for the hippocamp. There is one in each
hemicerebrum between the hippocamp and the rima.
F. ovarica, one of the fimbria; of the Fallopian tube
nearly double the length of the others, and characterized
by the great size of its secondary fringes. It leads
toward the ovary.
Fimbriae {fim'-bre-e) [fimbria, a fringe]. Threads;
a fringe. F. of Fallopian Tube, the fringe-like
processes of the outer extremity of the oviduct.
Fimbrial ( fim'-bre-al) [fimbria, a thread]. Relating
to the fimbria or to fimbriae.
Fimbriated {fim' -bre-a-ted) \_ fimbria, a thread].
Fringed ; having a shred-like or fimbrial border.
Fimbriocele {fim' -bre-o-sel) \_fimbria, a thread ; kt^Kti,
hernia]. Hernia enclosing some or all of the fim-
briw of an oviduct.
Fimetarious {fim-et-a' -re-iis) \_fimus, dung]. In bi-
ology, growing on dung.
Finckler and Prior, Spirillum of. See Bacteria,
Synonymatic Table of.
Fine {fin) [ME.,y?«, fine]. Opposed to coarse. F.
Adjustment. See Adjustment.
Finger {fing'-ger) [ME., fi^iger']. A digit of the
hand. F., Clubbed. See Clubbed Fingers. P.,
Insane, a finger affected with a variety of chronic whit-
low ; it is seen in certain cases of confirmed brain-
disorder. F., Mallet, a deformity of a finger charac-
terized by deficient extension or undue flexion of the
terminal phalanx. F. -stall, a rubber covering for
a finger. F., Transparent, a small, round plate of
glass set in a metal frame, used by Liebreich in place
of digital pressure in lupus-examinations. A lens may
be used in place of plain glass, thus illuminating the
skin. F., Trigger. See Trigger-finger .
Fingers and Toes, Numbering of. Among anatom-
ists the rule is almost universally followed of number-
ing from the thumb and great toe (pollux and hal-
lux). Occasionally the index finger is considered
number one.
Fining {fi'-ning) [ME. , /«, fine]. A term applied
to the " clearing " of wine. It consists in adding to
muddy wine some albuminous or similar substance
that will mix with the suspended matter and carry it to
the bottom or bring it to the surface. The sub-
stances most generally employed are white of egg, ox-
blood, and milk, or mixtures of these substances.
Finlay's Micrococcus. See Bacteria, Svnonymatic
Table of
Finn (//«). The cysticercus or larva of a tape-worm.
Fiocca, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Synonymatic
Table of.
FIR
473
FISSURE
Fir (/«r) [ME., /r, the fir-tree], 'its Abies. F. -bal-
sam. Set Abies balsa /Ilea. F. -wool, a fiber prepared
in Germany from pine-leaves. It has been recom-
mended as a material for the clothing of invalids.
F.-wool Extract, an extract prepared from the leaves
of Pinus sylvestris in the process of separating fir- wool.
It is used in chronic rheumatism. Unof F.-wooI
Oil [Oieum pini sylvestris, B. P.), the fragrant volatile
oil distilled from the leaves of Pinits sylvestris, used
mainly by inhalation. Dose, for rheumatism, 10-20
drops, four times a day.
Fire (/ir) [ME. , yfr*?]. The visible heat of burning
bodies. F.-damp, the gas contained in coal, often
given off in large quantities, and exploding, on
ignition, when mixed with atmospheric air. F.
measles. Synonym of Rdtheln. F.-weed. See
Erechthiles and Epilobiuin.
Firing [fir'-ing) [ME. ,y?r(?, fire]. The application,
either slight or caustic, of a hot metallic cauter. The
sterilization of a vessel or flask by the combustion of
contained alcohol.
Firming {furm'-ing) \Jirmus, firm]. Hardening of
the flesh of a slaughtered animal. Marked flaccidity
of the flesh is a sign of an unhealthy condition of the
meat.
First [ME.,/rrf]. Before all others; fore-
most in rank. F. Intention. See Healing. F.
Light Oil, the fraction of coal-tar distilling at a tem-
perature up to 170° C. It includes a small percentage
of ammonia-liquor which is mechanically contained in
the tar, and is separated from the tar-oils by being
allowed to stand and settle out, when it is drawn off'.
The specific gravity of this fraction is about .975, and
it is made up of benzene, toluene, and higher homo-
logues, with phenol, cresol, naphthalene, etc.
Fischer's Operation. See Operations, Table of. F.'s
Test. See Tests, Table of.
Fisetin {fi-se'-tiri). Same as Fiistin.
Fish \W&.,fisc}i\. A vertebrate with gills and fins, in-
habiting the water. F. -berry. Stt Cocculus indicus.
F. -gelatin. See Glue and Isinglass. F. -roe Bodies.
See Fungus Foot. F.-skin Disease. See Ichthyosis.
Fisher's Brain-murmur. See Signs and Symptoms,
Table of. F.'s Train-murmur. See Signs and
Symptoms , Table of.
Fissate [fis^-at) \_fissus ; findere, Xo cleave]. In bi-
ology, applied to antennae or other structures having
the terminal portion divided or spht into two parts.
Fissile {fis'-il) \_findere, to split]. That which may
be split or cleft. In biology, formed of plates or
scales closely placed together.
Fission [fish'-tin) \_fissus ; findere, \.o cleave]. In bi-
ology, spontaneous self-division of unicellular organ-
isms or histologic cells, as a process of multiplication.
Fissipalmation {fis-ip-al-ina'-shun) \_fssus ; findere,
to cleave; palma, palm]. In biology, applied to ani-
mals having the toes incompletely webbed.
Fissipara {fis-ip'-ar-ah) [ fssits ; fndere, to cleave ;
parus, produce]. In biology, applied in a general
way to all organisms that multiply by spontaneous
self-division.
Fissiparation { fis-ip-ar-a'-shun) [ findere, to split ;
parere, to produce] . A form of cell-division. See Cell.
Fissiparous {fis-ip' -ar-us) [_ findere, to split; parere,
to produce]. Propagating by fission ; applied to uni-
cellular organisms or histologic cells that undergo spon-
taneous self-division in the process of multiplication.
See Fission.
Fissural Integer [fish'-ur-al in'-te-jer). See Integer.
Fissuration (fish-iir-a' -shiin') \_findere, to split]. Same
as Fission. Also applied to the arrangement of the
fissures of various organs, such as the brain.
Fissure [fisA'-ur) \_fissura ; findere, to cleave]. A
groove or cleft. A term applied to the clefts or
grooves in various organs. F., Abdominal, a sepa-
ration of the recti muscles of the abdomen, either
above and below the umbilicus, or both. F., Ac-
cessory, the inferior end of the cartilaginous por-
tion of the Eustachian tube. F., Adoccipital {of
Wilder'), an inconstant cerebral fissure, extending
across the caudal portion of the precuneus, and
forming an acute angle with the occipital fissure. F.,
Ammon's, during the early fetal period, a pyrifonn
fissure in the lower portion of the sclerotic coat of
the eye. F., Amygdaline {of IP'ilder), a cerebral fis-
sure on the mesal aspect of the tip of the temporal lobe ;
it may be identical with the basirrhinal fissure of Owen ;
it is collocated with the amygdala. F., Anal. See
F. of the Anus. F., Anterior {of Burdach), a cere-
bral fissure, probably the presylvian. F., Anterior
{of spinal cord). See F., Anterior Median {of spinal
cord). F., Anterior Lateral {of spinal cord), a
groove on the ventro-lateral aspect of the spinal cord.
F., Anterior Median {of medulla oblongata), the
continuation of the ventral fissure of the cord into the
oblongata, where it terminates at the pons in the
foramen cecum. F., Anterior Median {of spinal
cord), a deep longitudinal groove in the median line
of the ventral aspect of the spinal cord. F., Antero-
lateral, a slightly marked depression along the ventro-
lateral column of the spinal cord, separating the latter
into the ventral and lateral columns. F., Antero-
median. See F., Anterior Median {of spi>ial cord).
F., Antero-parietal. See F. , Precentral. F., Anti-
tragohelicine, a fissure between the helix and the
antitragus of the external ear. F., Antorbital {of
Owen), a transverse fissure on the orbital surface of
the frontal lobe of the brain near its cephalic margin.
F. of the Anus, a linear ulcer at the muco-cutaneous
junction of the anus, giving rise to intense suff"ering on
defecation. F., Ape, I. The dorsal extension of an
unusually deep occipital fissure. 2. An independent
fissure on the lateral aspect of the cerebrum, between
the occipital and temporal regions {the exoccipital fis-
su?-e of Wilder). F., Auricular, an opening situated
between the vaginal and mastoid processes of the
petrous portion of the temporal bone, through which
passes the auricular branch of the pneumogastric
nerve. F., Basirrhinal {of Owen), a short fissure
near the tip of the temporal lobe of the brain. F.,
Basisylvian {of Wilder), the stem of the Sylvian fis-
sure on the ventral aspect of the cerebrum. F. of
Bichat. See F. , Cerebral, Transverse. F., Branchial,
any one of the visceral clefts. F. of Broca. See /'".,
Limbic. F., Burdach's. See F., Anterior, and
F., Superior. F. of Calamus scriptorius, the ter-
mination of the mesal fissure of the fourth ventricle
at the apex of the calamus. F., Calcarine, a fissure
on the mesal aspect of the cerebrum, extending from
near the occipital end and joining the occipital fissure ;
it is collocated with the calcar or hippocampus minor.
F., Callosal {of Owen), the space between the dorsal
surface of the callosum and the overhanging cortex.
F., Calloso-marginal, one on the mesal surface
of the cerebral hemisphere, dividing the area between
the callosum and the margin into nearly equal parts ;
opposite to the splenium it turns in a dorsal direction.
F., Central, a deep and constant fissure extending
from the dorsal margin in a ventro-cephalic direction,
at an angle of about 67° with the meson ; it crosses
the lateral aspect of the cerebrum at about the middle
of its length ; the fissure of Rolando. F., Cephalic,
in Schizonemej-tines, a longitudinal fissure on each side
of the head. F., Cerebral, Great. See F. , Cerebral,
FISSURE
474
FISSURE
7\ansverse (of the bi-ain). F., Cerebral, Inferior.
See F., Transverse, Inferior. F., Cerebral, Small.
See F., Transverse, Inferior. F., Cerebral, Trans-
verse. Ste F., Transverse [of brain). F., Cervical,
a congenital cleft in the cervical region, produced by
a failure of union of tlie visceral clefts. F., Choroidal.
See/"., Cerebral, Transverse. F., Circuminsular ( if
ll'i/dt'r), the groove surrounding the base of the insula.
F. of Clevenger. See F, Occipital, Inferior. F.,
Collateral, a fissure on the mesal aspect of the cere-
brum between the subcalcarine and subcollateral gyri ;
it is collocated with tlie collateral eminence. F.,
Collateral, Inferior, in lower animals, a slight de-
pression in the spinal cord corresponding to the ventro-
lateral fissure in man. F., Collateral, Superior, in
lower vertebrates, a groove in the spinal cord corre-
sponding to the postero-lateral groove in man. F.,
Constant (of Wilder), any fissure of the adult cere-
brum that is always present in a given species or group.
Among the human constant fissures are : Calcarine,
callosal, central, collateral, circuminsular, olfactory,
hippocampal. Sylvian, transinsular, occipital, orbital,
parietal, postcentral, precentral, subfrontal, supertem-
poral. F., Coronal (of Oiven), on the lateral aspect
of the carnivoral cerebrum, the frontal portion of the
third arched fissure. F., Cruciate, in nearly all the
carnivora, a fissure extending laterad, and forming,
with its opposite, a Roman cross with the intercerebral
fissure. F., Dentate. See F., Hippocampal. F.,
Dorsal, in embryology, the dorsal median fissure
of the spinal cord. F. of the Ductus venosus, a
fissure of the fetal liver, lodging the ductus venosus.
It is indistinct in the adult. F. of Ecker. See F.,
Occipital, Transverse. F., Ectoccipital (of Oweti), an
illy-defined transverse fissure near the tip of the occipital
lobe of the brain. F., Ectofrontal (of Owen), a
fissure corresponding in position with the anterior
fissure of Sylvius. F., Ectorrhinal (of Owen), a
furrow just laterad of the base of the olfactory crus.
F., Ectosylvian (of Oivcn), in Carnivora, the first or
lowest arched fissure. F., Ectotentorial ((/ Owen),
the outer fissure on the ventral surface of the occipital
lobe. F., Endomesognathica, an occasional fissure
in the superior maxilla, between the endognathion and
mesognathion. F., Entoccipital (of O'wen), an illy-
defined fissure on the occipital lobe. F., Entolamb-
doid. See F., Adoccipital. F., Entorbital (of
Owen), an inconstant fissure between the olfactory and
orbital fissures. F., Entorrhinal. See F., Ector-
rhinal. F., Entotentorial. See F., Ectotentorial.
F., Episylvian (of If'ihle?-), an inconstant dorsal
branch of the Sylvian fissure. F., Ethmoid, the
superior meatus of the nares. F., Exoccipital (of
Wilder), the ape-fissure, q. v. F., Falcial (of O-cuen),
a fissure on the mesal surface of the frontal lobe.
F., Fetal, Ocular, in the embryonic eye, a fissure in
the thick wall surrounding the lens. A coloboma re-
sults if it be not closed. F., Fimbrial, a small and
constant depression between the fasciola and the fim-
bria. F., Frontal (of Oiven), the precentral and
supercentral fissures of man. F., Frontal, First.
See F., Frontal, Snpetior. F., Frontal, Inferior,
the subfrontal fissure. F., Frontal, Superior, the
superfrontal fissure. F., Frontal, Vertical. See/'.
of Rolando. F., Fronto-marginal, an inconstant
fissure in the fronto-marginal convolution. F. for the
Gall-bladder, a shallow depression on the lower sur-
face of the right lobe of the liver for the accommoda-
tion of the gall-bladder. F. of Glaser. See F. of
C laser 1 11^. F. of Glaserius, a small fissure in the
outer wall of the tympanic cavity opening into the
glenoid fossa. It lodges the processus gracilis of the
malleus, and transmits the laxator tympani muscle
and the anterior tympanic artery. F., Glenoid. See
F. of Glaserius. F., Hippocampal, a constant fissure
of the cerebrum extending from the splenium to near
the tip of the temporal lobe ; it is collocated with the
hippocamp. F., Horizontal, 'a&e F., Calcarine. F.,
Horizontal, Great (^7'/vz/«). F., Calcaj-ine. F.,
Hyposylvian (of Wilder), an inconstant ventral branch
of the fissure of .Sylvius. F., Incisor, a fissure separat-
ing the intermaxillary bone from the superior maxill«.
F., Infero-lateral. See F., Calcarine. F., In-
flected, an inconstant indentation of the dorsal margin
of the cerebrum, a little cephalad of the central
fissure. F., Infra-orbital. See F., Suborbital,
and F., Spheno-maxillary . F., Insular (of Wilder),
one of the fissures crossing the insula. F., Intra-
gyral (of Wilder) , a small cerebral fissure occasion-
ally developed between the larger fissures. F.,
Intra-orbital, in the dog's brain, a fissure between
the olfactory bulb and the supraorbital fissure. F.,
Intraparietal. See F., Parietal. F., Intrapara-
central (of Wilder), a nearly constant depression
in the paracentral gyrus. F., Intercerebral (of
Wilder), the great longitudinal fissure of the brain.
F., Intergyral (of Milder), a fissure between two
cerebral gyri. F., Interhemispheral. See /'. ,
Longitudinal, Great (of brain). F., Interhemis-
pheric. "bee F. , Lonffi/iulinal, Great (of brain). F.,
Interlamellar, one of the fissures separating the la-
mellKof the cerebellum. F., Interlobar (of Wilder),
the fissures of the brain separating the lobes. F.,
Interlobular, the great longitudinal fissure of the
cerebrum. F., Interlobular, Great. See F. of
Sylvius. F., Intermedial (of Jensen), an inconstant
fissure near the end of the fissure of Sylvius. F.,
Interpalpebral. Site F., Palpebral. F. Interparie-
tal. See F., Parietal. F., Interpeduncular, the
depression between the crura cerebri. F., of Jensen.
See F., Intermedial. F., Lambdoid. I (of Oioen),
the occipital fissure, q. v.; 2 (of Wilder), in the
fetus, between the third and seventh months, a sharply
defined transverse depression in the occipital lobe,
collocated with the lambdoid suture. F., Lateral, a
straight fissure between the suprasylvian and the
longitudinal fissures. F., Lateral (of Owen), an
inconstant fissure on the mesal surface of the frontal
lobe. F., Lateral (of spinal cord). See F.,
Antero-lateral. F,, Lateral, Posterior (of spinal
cora). See F., Posterolateral. F., Limbic (of
Broca), the fissure surrounding Broca's great limbic
lobe. It includes the supercallosal, precuneal, and part
of the collateral fissures. F., Longitudinal (of brain).
See F. , longitudinal, Great (of drain). F., Longitu-
dinal (of liver), a deep fissure on the under surface of the
liver, separating the right and left lobes. F., Longi-
tudinal, Great (of brain), the deep mesal fissure that
divides the cerebrum into two hemispheres. F.,
Longitudinal, Medilateral. See F., Intercerebral.
F., Longitudinal, Posterior (of spinal cord), a deep,
narrow groove, extending the whole length of the
spinal cord, in the middle line posteriorly. F.,
Longitudinal, Superior. Set F., Intercereb?-al. F.,
Marginal (of Oiven), a fissure on the mesal surface of
the cerebrum, forming the cephalic boundary of the
paracentral convolutions. F., Maxillary, a fissure on
the internal surface of the superior maxilla for the
maxillary process of the palate bone. It extends
obliquely downward and forward from the lower por-
tion of the orifice of the antrum. F., Medial, a fis-
sure parallel with and posterior to the fissure of Ro-
lando. F., Median, Posterior (of spinal cord). See
F., Longitudinal, Posterior (of spinal cord). F., Me-
FISSURE
475
FISSURE
difrontal (of Oweri) , an inconstant fissure, subdividing
the medifrontal convolutions. F., Meditemporal [of
Wilder), inconstant and irregular fissures, ventrad of
the supertemporal fissure. F., Meso-exognathic,
an occasional fissure in the superior maxilla between
the exognathion and mesognathion. F., Midfrontal.
See F., Medifrontal. F., Midoccipital. See F.-
Orbital. F., Midorbital. See F., Orbital. F.-
needle, a spiral needle for bringing together the lips
of a wound. F. of Nipple, a linear ulceration radi-
ating from the nipple during lactation. It results from
improper care of the breast. F., Occalcarine (of
Wilder), the common stem of which the occipital and
calcarine fissures are branches. F., Occipital. I (of
Otuen), the mid-occipital fissure, an illy-defined, incon-
stant fissure on the dorso-caudal slope of the occipital
lobe ; 2 (of Pansck), a deep and constant fissure,
situated between the parietal and occipital lobes of the
brain ; the occipito-parietal. F., Occipital, Anterior
(of Schzoalbe) , a fissure between the occipito-temporal
and the inferior temporo-sphenoidal lobes of the brain.
F., Occipital, External. See F., Ape. F., Oc-
cipital, Inferior (of Clevenger) , a small fissure between
the second and third occipital convolutions. F'.,
Occipital, Transverse (of Ecker), a transverse fissure
on the dorsal surface of the occipital lobe of the brain ;
it is part of the paroccipital fissure. F., Oc-
cipito-parietal. See F., Occipital. F., Occipito-
temporal, 'isfio. F., Collateral. F., Olfactory, a de-
pression on the ventral aspect of tlie frontal lobe,
lodging the olfactory bulb and crus. F., Orbital, a
fissure on the orbital surface of the frontal lobe exter-
nal to the olfactory fissure. F., Orbital, Anterior.
See F., Spheno-maxillary. F., Orbital, Posterior.
See F., Sphenoid. F., Orbito-frontal, a partial fis-
sure on the lateral aspect of the brain, separating the
super-frontal and orbital convolutions. F. of Owen.
See Fissures, Antorbital, Basirrhinal, Callosal, Coronal,
Ectoccipital, Ectofrontal, Octorrhinal, Ectosylvian, Ecto-
tentorial, Entoccipital, Entorbital, Falcial, Frontal,
Lambdoid, Marginal, Medifrontal, Occipital, Post-
frojtfal, Posthippocampal, Postoccipital, Postorhital ,
Postseptal, Postsylvian, Rhinal, Septal, Snbfalcial,
Subsylvian, Supercallosal, Supersyh'ian. F., Pal-
pebral, the space between the eyelids extending
from the outer to the inner canthus. F. of Pansch.
See F. , Occipital. F. of Pansch and Dalton. See
F., Parietal. F., Paracentral (of Wilder), 2i fissure
on themesal surface of the cerebrum, surrounding the
paracentral lobule. F., Parallel. See F., Super-
temporal. F., Parietal, i (of Wilder), the parietal
portion of the intraparietal fissure ; 2 (of Pansch
and Dalton) , a fissure between the parietal lobules,
beginning near the ventral end of the central fissure,
and running to near the tip of the occipital lobe ;
it includes the parietal and paroccipital fissures. F.,
Parieto-occipital. See/'', Occipital. F., Parieto-
occipital, External, the lateral portion of the occipital
fissure. F., Paroccipital (of Wilder), the occipital
portion of the intraparietal fissure. F., Peri-
toneal, a fissure of the lateral mesoblastic plates
of the embryo, constituting the rudiment of the great
visceral cavity. F., Perpendicular, External. See
F, Parieto-occipital, External a.r\A F. , Ape. F., Per-
pendicular, Internal, the portion of the occipital fis-
sure on the mesal surface of the hemisphere. F., Petro-
squamosal, or Petro-squatnous, a small fissure be-
tween the petrosa and internal surface of the squamosa.
F., Petro-tympanic, a fissure in the tympanic ring,
lodging the long process of the malleus. F.,
Petroso-angular, a fissure between the apex of the
pyramidal portion of the petrosa and the great wing
of the sphenoid. F., Petro-basilar, a fissure be-
tween the petrosa and the sphenoid and occiput, join-
ing the middle lacerated and jugular foramina.
F. -plane, a term employed to designate the entire
length and depth of a fissure of the brain. F.,
Pomatic (of Wilder), m monkeys, a fissure crossing
the cerebrum opposite the dorsal end of the occipital
fissure ; it forms the margin of the ponia or oc-
cipital operculum. F., Portal. See F., Trarisverse
(of liver). F., Postcalcarine (of Wilde?-), an incon-
stant vertical fissure at the occipital end of the cere-
brum. F., Postcentral, a fissure just posterior and
parallel to the central fissure. F., Postero-inter-
mediary, a slight depression in the dorsal portion of
the cervical region of the spinal cord. F., Postero-
lateral, a groove on the posterior portion of the side
of the spinal cord, corresponding to the line of
emergence of the posterior roots of the spinal nerves.
F., Postero-median (of spinal cord). See F\,
Median, Posterior (of spinal cord). F., Postfrontal
(of Cwfw), the frontal fissure. F., Posthippocampal
(of Owen). See F., Calcarine. ¥., Postoccipital
(of 07ven), an inconstant vertical fissure forming the
anterior boundary of the superior occipital convolu-
tion. F., Postorbital (of Oweti), a portion of the
orbital fissure. F., Postparoccipital (of Wilder),
an inconstant fissure in the occipital portion of the par-
occipital gyrus. F., Postseptal (of Owen), a
small vertical fissure on the mesal surface of the
posterior portion of the occipital lobe. F., Post-
sylvian (of Owen), the supertemporal or parallel
fissure. F., Precentral, a fissure running parallel
with the ventral portion of the central fissure. F.,
Precuneal, a right-angled fissure in the precuneus.
F., Preoccipital, a fissure on the ventral aspect of
the brain, separating the occipital and temporal lobes.
F., Preorbital, the antorbital fissure. F., Preparoc-
cipital (of Wilder), a fissure in the parietal portion
of the paroccipital gyrus. F,, Presylvian (of
Wilder), the anterior branch of the fissure of Sylvius.
F., Pterygoid, the space between the lower ends of
the pterygoid plates of the ethmoid. F., Pterygo-
maxillary, a vertical fissure in the zygomatic fossa,
opening above into the spheno-maxillary fossa. F.,
Pterygopalatine. See P., Pterygoid. F., Purse-
like (of Reil), the vallicula, q. v. F. of Reil. See
F., Purse-like. F., Reticular. See F., Postcentral.
F., Rhinal (of Owen), the fissure separating the ol-
factory bulb and crus from the cerebrum proper. F.
of Rolando. See F., Central. F., Rostral,
in Ungulates, a fissure on the mesal aspect of
the cerebrum. F., Sagittal. See F. , Inter-
cerebral. F. of Santorini, two transverse fissures
in the cartilaginous auditory meatus. F. of
Schwalbe. See F., Occipital, Anterior, and F., Su-
percentral. F., Semilunar. See F. , Calcarine. F.,
Septal (of Owen), an inconstant fissure in the cuneus,
posterior to the calcarine. F., Sphenoid, a tri-
angular fissure between the greater and lesser wings
of the sphenoid bone. It transmits the third,
fourth, sixth, and ophthalmic division of the fifth,
cranial nerves, and the ophthalmic vein. F., Spheno-
maxillary, a fissure between the orbital plate of the
sphenoid and the lateral margin of the superior
maxilla. F., Splenial, a fissure in the brain of the
dog near the splenius. F., Subcentral (o/" Wilder),
an inconstant fissure at the ventral end of the post-
central fissure. F., Subfalcial (of Owe?i\, a small
fissure on the mesal surface of the frontal lobe. F.,
Subfrontal, a fissure between the middle and inferior
frontal convolutions. F., Suboccipital, an incon-
stant fissure in the occipital convolution of the brain.
FISSURE
476
FISTULA
F., Suborbital, a fissure in the superior maxillary
portion of the floor of the orbit. It is the upper
termination of the infraorbital canal. F., Subseptal,
a fissure on the cuneus between the calcarine and the
collateral fissures. F., Subsylvian. I {of Owe^i), an
inconstant fissure on the ventral aspect of the frontal
lobe ; 2 [of IVi/der), the constant horizontal branch of
the fissure of Sylvius. F., Subtemporal, an inconstant
fissure in the middle temporal and subtemporal convo-
lutions. F., Superior {of BurdacJi), a fissure of the
cerebrum between the lateral surface of the insula and
the ental surface of the operculum. F., Supercallosal.
I {of Wilder), the cephalic portion of the calloso-mar-
LATERAL ASPECT.
MESAL ASPECT.
Lateral Aspect. — Preop. Preoperculum. 2. Subcentral
fissure. Mesal Aspect.— 3. Cuneolus ; the fissure cephalad
of it is the adoccipital.
ginal fissure; 2 [of O-iveri), the calloso-marginal
fissure. F., Supercentral [of Schwalbf), the fissure
parallel to and cephalad of the dorsal portion of the
central fissure. F., Superfrontal, a fissure on the
lateral aspect of the frontal lobe, marking off the
second frontal convolution. F., Superoccipital, an
irregular fissure in the upper portion of the occipital
surface of tlie posterior lobe of the brain. F.,
Superseptal, a fissure in the cuneus, almost parallel
with the occipital fissures. F., Supersylvian [of
Owen), in Carnivora, the second arched fissure on
the lateral surface of the cerebrum. F., Super-
temporal, a constant fissure parallel with the fissure
of Sylvius. F., Suprasylvian. 'Set F., Supersylvian.
F. of Sylvius, a deep fissure of the brain beginning
on the outer side of the anterior perforated space, and
extending outward to the surface of the hemisphere.
It presents two short cephalic branches, subsylvian and
presylvian, and a long caudal branch, which separate
the parietal and temporo-sphenoidal lobes. The insula
is situated between the divisions. F., Sylvian. See
F. of Sylvius. F., Temporal, First. See Super-
temporal. F., Temporal, Inferior. See F., Subtetn-
poral. F., Temporo-occipital. See F., Collateral.
F., Temporosphenoidal, a name applied to both
the supertemporal and subtemporal fissures. F.,
Temporosphenoidal, Superior. See Supertem-
poral. F., Tentorial. See F. , Collateral. F., Trans-
verse [of brain), the transverse fissure separating
the anterior from the posterior and middle portions
of the brain. It transmits the folds of pia that form
the choroid plexus. F., Transverse [of cerebellum).
See Horizontal [of cerebelluiii). F., Transverse
[of liver), a fissure crossing transversely the lower sur-
face of the right lobe of the liver. It transmits the
portal vein, hepatic artery and nerves, and hepatic duct.
F., Transverse, Great [of brain). See F., Trans-
verse [of brain). F., Transverse, Inferior, a fissure
between the cerebellum and the oblongata. It transmits
a fold of the pia to the fourth ventricle. F., Trans-
verse, Superior. See F. , Transverse [of brain). F.,
Transinsular [of Wilder), the deepest of the fissures
crossing the insula. F., Transtemporal, one of the
inconstant short fissures on the lateral surface of the
temporallobe. F., Triradiate. See F., Orbital. F.,
Umbilical, the anterior portion of the longitudinal
fissure of the liver, separating the left and quadrate
lobes. F., Uncinate. See F., Collateral. F.,
Ventral. See F., Aledian, Anterior [of spinal cord).
F., Wernicke's, an inconstant vertical fissure on the
lateral surface of the cerebrum midway between the
end of the fissure of Sylvius and the caudal end of the
cerebrum ; the exoccipital fissure. F. of Wilder.
See Fissures, Adoccipital, Amygdaline, Basisylvian,
Circuminsular, Constant, Episylvian, Exoccipital, In-
tercerebral , Insular, Interlobar, Intergyral, Ititragyral,
Intraparacentral, Lambdoid, Mcditemporal, Para-
central, Paroccipital , Pomatic, Postcalcarine , Post-
paroccipital, Preparoccipital, Presylvian, Subcentral,
Stibsylvian, Supercallosal, Tratisinsular , Zygal. F.,
Zygal [of IVilder), any fissure that presents a pair of
branches at either end of a connecting bar. F., Zygo-
matico-sphenoid, a space between the orbital surface
of the great wing of the sphenoid and the malar
bone.
Fissured [fish' -urd) \_fissus ; findere,\.o cleave]. Cleft;
split.
Fist [ME., /j-/, the fist]. l. The firmly-closed hand. 2.
Same as B ovist a.
"Px^wAa. [fis' -tu-lah) [L. , a " pipe " ]. An abnormal,
tube-like passage in the body. F., Aerial, a small
opening in the neck communicating with the larynx,
following imperfect closure of incised wounds of the
throat. The voice is defective in consequence. F.,
Anal, an abnormal channel of communication between
the bowel and the surface in the neighborhood of the
anus. F., Biliary, an abnormal channel of com-
munication with a biliary duct or the gall-bladder.
F., Blind, a variety of anal, urinary, or other abnor-
mal tract with but one opening. F., Blind, External,
an anal fistula with but one opening, and that external.
F., Blind, Internal, an anal fissure with but one open-
ing, and that internal. F., Blind, Urinary, a suppurat-
ing track opening into the urethra, but without external
opening. F., Branchial, an opening that extends
from the surface of the neck to the pharynx ; it is
an unclosed branchial cleft, a relic of fetal life. F.,
Complete, one having two openings, an internal and
external. F., Fecal, an abdominal fistula, communi-
cating with the intestine. F., Gastric, an opening
into the stomach, generally artificial, through the ab-
dominal wall. It is sometimes used for feeding a
patient who cannot swallow. F., Horseshoe, a vari-
ety of fistula in ano, the external opening being on
FISTULAR
477
FLASK
one side of the anus and the internal opening on the
other. F. in Ano. See J''. , Ann/. F., Incomplete,
one with a single opening. F., Mammary, or Milk,
a fistula of the mamma or of its ducts. In F. recto-
labial, recto-urethral, recto-vaginal, and recto-
vesical, the gut communicates by a fistulous track
with the labia majora, the urethra, the vagina, or
the bladder, respectively. F., Thiry's, an artificial
intestinal fistula made by dividing the intestine in two
places ; the loop so cut out is still supplied with blood
and nerves from its mesentery ; it is emptied of its con-
tents, and one end is closed by sutures, while the other
is stitched to the abdominal wound, and the intestinal
juice is thus collected. F., True, one that discharges
the secretion of an organ. F., Valla's, is the same as
Thiry's, except that both ends of the loop are left
free and are sutured to the wound in the abdomen.
F., Vesical, a fistula of the urinary bladder.
Fistular, Fistulate {fis' -tu-lar, -Idt) \_Jistula, a tube].
Fistulous ; of the form or nature of a fistula.
Fistulatome [Jis'-tu-lai-oin) \_fistiila, a fistula; Ti/ivew,
to cut]. A cutting-instrument used in the operative
treatment of fistula.
Fistulous lyfis' -tu-liis) \_fistula, a tube]. Of the nature
of or affected with a fistula.
Fit [ME.,yiV, a struggle]. A popular name applied to
any sudden paroxysm of a disease, but especially to
one of epilepsy. F., Nine-days', Tetanus neonatorum.
Fivefinger i^f'iv-fitig' -er). I. The plant Potentilla
canadensis (see PoteniiHa). 2. Ampelopsis quinqtte-
folia (see American Iz'y).
Fixation [fiks-a' -shun) \_/ixtis, fixed]. A making firm
or rigid. F., Field of, in optics, the region bounded
by the utmost limits of distinct or central vision, and
which the eye has under its direct control through its
excursions, without movements of the head. F. -for-
ceps, those used for fixing or holding a part in posi-
tion during a surgical operation.
Fixator {jiks-a'-tor) [L.]. A term applied to a muscle
that holds a part immovable, as the diaphragm.
Fixature {fiks' -at-iir). See Bandoliii.
Fixed [Jikst) \_fixits, firm]. Firm; immovable. F.
Idea, a morbid belief, opinion, or conception, enter-
tained constantly by certain insane patients, and more
or less permanently dominating the entire mind. F .
Oils. See Olea fixa.
Fixi dentes [ftks'-i den'-tez) [L.]. The teeth of the
second dentition.
Fixing {fiks'-ing) \_fixtis, fixed]. The first stage in
the preparation of tissues for histologic or pathologic
examination. The chief fixing agents are — corrosive
sublimate, nitric acid, alcohol, osmic acid, Flemming's
solution, Fol's solution, Miiller's solution, picric acid,
picro-sulphuric acid, acetate of copper. See Stains,
Table of.
Fixurae {fiks-u' -re) \_fixum, fixure]. In biology, the
fibrils by which lichens and many other thallophytes
attach themselves to their substratum.
Flabby ( //ff^'-t') [E. dial.]. Lax or flaccid ; deficient
in firmness.
Flabellarium [Jlab-el-a' -re-uni) \_flabellum, a fan]. A
vibraculum; a whip-like process of a polyzoan.
Flabellate (y/ff/^-<'/'-«i') [yfc/ZW/^w, a fan]. In biology,
fan-shaped ; applied to leaves, antennre, etc.
Flabellation (y?^/'-?/-^'-,?//?/??) \_Jlabella?-e,Xa fan]. In
surgery, the act of keeping a wound or fracture cool
by fanning.
Flabelliform {fiab-eU -if-orni). Same as Flabellate.
Flabellinerved [flab-el' -in-urvd) [Jlabellum, fan ;
nervus, a nerve]. In biology, applied to leaves,
such as those of the Gingko tree, with veins or nerves
radiating from a common point.
Flabellum [flab-eV -urn) [L. , fan]. The set of white fibers
radiating from the stria terminalis of the cerebrum
into the corpus striatum. See also Epipodite.
Flaccid {Jlak'-sid) \Jlaccidus, flaccus, flaccid]. See
P'labby.
Flaccidezza [flah-che-det'-sah ) [Ital. for flaccidity'\.
Same as Flacker ie.
Flaccidity {flak-sid' -it-e) \_ flaccidus, flaccus, flaccid].
Flabbiness ; lack of normal reaction or firmness.
Flacherie, or Flachery [flash' -er-e) [Fr.]. A disease
attacking silk-worms whose digestive apparatus is
weakened by disease or heredity. It is said to be
caused by a bacterium, Alicrococctts bombycis. See
Micrococcus bombycis and Bacillus S of Hofmann,
under Bactei-ia, Synonymatic Table of.
Flag \yi.Y^. , flagge'\. One of various endogenous
plants with ensiform leaves. In biology, a flagellum ;
a part of the reproductive apparatus of certain gaster-
opods (Helix) projecting from the vas deferens. F.,
Blue. See Iris. F., Sweet. See Acorus.
Flagellate {flaj'-el-df) \Jlagellum, a whip]. In biol-
ogy, furnished with slender, whip-like processes.
Flagellation [flafel-a'-shun) \_flagellare, to whip]. I.
One of the many means used for the purpose of
masochistic gratification in the sense of subjection to
the woman ; the lustful feeling arising from a mechan-
ical irritation of the genito-spinal center. 2. Flogging,
formerly used as a local stimulant and counter-irritant,
and once employed in the control of the insane.
Latterly it has been recommended as a check for post-
partum hemorrhage. See Percussion.
Flagelliform (flaj-el'-iforni) [^flagellum, a whip;
forma, form.] Having the form of a flagellum or
whip-lash.
Flagellula (flafel'-u-lah) [dim. of flagellum, a whip].
A flagellate spore ; a zoospore.
Flagellum [flaj-el'-um) [L. a whip: //. , Flagella\
Any long vibratile cilium. See also 77<?^. In biology,
applied to the various long, slender, lash -like ap-
pendages of bacteria, zoospores, infusoria, etc., and
to slender runners, and tendrils of higher plants.
Flagg's Drill-stock. See Drill-stock.
Flail {flal)\)AY..,flaile\ An arm or leg not under mus-
cular control. F. -joint, a condition of preternatural
mobility frequently following resection of a joint.
Flajan's Disease. Synonym of Exophthalmic Goiter.
Flake {flak) [ME., flake, z. flake]. A small, scale-
like fragment, as of epidermis. F. Manna, the best
and purest commercial manna, so called from its form.
Flambage {flam-bahzh')\Yx.\ The singeing of wounds
for therapeutic purposes.
Flank {flank) \fs\Y!. , flank\ The part of the body
between the ribs and the upper border of the ilium.
Flannagan Garbage-cart. See Garbage-cai-t.
Flannel Rash. See Seborrhea corporis.
Flap [ME., yfa/, a loose, flexible part]. A loose and
partly detached portion of the skin or other soft tissue.
F. Amputation. See Amputation. F. Extraction.
See Extraction of Cataract. F. Operation. See
Operations, Table of.
Flapless {flap'-les) [ME., flap, 2. loose, flexible part ;
less, a suffix signifying without]. Without flaps. F.
Amputation. .See Operations, Table of.
Flash-point. The temperature at which a petroleum oil
gives off vapors which, mixing with air, cause an ex-
plosion or flash of flame, dying out, however, at once.
Flask [(pM(TK?i, a flask]. A narrow-necked, globular
glass bottle. F., Boiling, a small flask, with a wide
neck, provided on the side with an exit-tube ; it is em-
ployed for determining the boiling-point. F. -clamp,
an instrument in the form of a press, employed in
vulcanite work for closing flasks after packing. F.,
FLAT
478
FLOATING
Moulding. See Moulding-Jlask. F. -press, a screw-
press for closing the sections of a vulcanite flask after
packing. F., Vulcanite, in dentistry, an iron,
brass, or bronze box for holding the model and teeth
in the vulcanized-rubber process. It is generally
divided into two sections, one of which is closed by
an adjustable lid, the other having a bottom, and is
locked by pins or boUs.
Flat [ME., y/<z/]. Lying on one plane. F.-ear.
See MorcP s Ear. F.-foot, depression of the plantar
arch ; it differs from splay-foot or talipes valgus in that
the sole is not everted. F.-worm. See Tape-worm.
Flatulence (yf^^^-w-Zt-wj) \_flatulentia ; flatus, breath].
A condition marked by the presence of gases in the
alimentary canal. It arises mainly from the fermenta-
tion of tlie contents of the stomach and intestines.
Flatulent i^flat' -u-lent) \_flatus, breath]. Character-
ized by, or attended with the presence of, flatulence.
Flatus (flat-' us) [L.]. A term applied to gases in the
digestive tract.
Flavanilin (flav-an' -il-iii) \_flavus, yellow; anilin'\,
CjgHj^N2. A beautiful yellow dye produced by heat-
ing acetanilid with zinc chlorid to 270° C. It forms col-
orless crystals that become yellow on exposure to the
air. See Pigments, Conspectus of.
F\a.va\lTin (flav-aw'-rin) . See Pigments, Conspectus of .
Flavescent [flav-es'-eiit) [flavescere ,\.o become yellow].
Yellowish.
Flavin [flav'-in) [y?<zt/«j-, yellow] . A yellow dye-stuff
prepared from quercitron-bark by the action of H.^SO^.
Flavophenin [flav-o-fe'-nin) \_flavus, yeWow \ phenyl'\,
C2gHigN^0g. A yellow coloring-matter. See Chry-
samin.
Flavopurpurin {flav-o-pur' -pu-rin) \Jlavus, yellow ;
purpura, purple], Cj^HgOj. A coloring-matter occur-
ring in golden-yell&w, acicular crystals. See Pig-
ments, Conspectus of.
Flavus {flav'-us) [L.]. Yellow.
Flaw [ME., flaive, a flake]. A disease in which the
skin recedes from the nails.
Flax [flaks] \JA'E.,flax, flax]. The best known and
probably the most valuable of the bast-fibers, derived
from the flax-plant, Linum usitatissimum. The linen
fiber, when cleansed, has a blonde or even white color,
a white, silky luster, and great strength. It is less
pliant and elastic than cotton, but is a better conduc-
tor of heat. Chemically, it is, like cotton, a pure cel-
lulose. F., New Zealand, a fiber obtained from
the leaves of Phormium tcnax, which acquires a
length of one to two meters. The fiber, as prepared
by hand-scraping, is soft, white, and of silky luster.
Its chief value is for rope-making and for coarse tex-
tiles. The rope made from this fiber is, however,
weakened when wet by sea- water, and must therefore
be kept well-oiled. F. -dresser's Phthisis, a form
of pneumonokoniosis. F. -seed. See Linum.
Flay ( fl.i) [ME., Ileen, to skin]. To skin.
Flea (fle) [ME. , flee, a flea] . See Pulex, and Parasites
{.Animal), Table of. F.-bane. See Erigeron. F. -
bite, the bite of a flea. F. -powder. See Buhach.
Fleam {fern) \_(j)'Aeip, a vein]. A phlebotome ; a vet-
erinarian's lancet for venesection.
Flechsig, Method of. A method of differentiating
nerve-tracts in the brain and spinal cord. It consists
in noting the successive periods at which the fibers of
the tracts become medullated during the process of
development. F., Tract of. See Tract.
Fleck's Disinfectant. A disinfectant solution containing
copperas, 70 parts, and chlorinated lime 20 parts, in
1000 parts of water.
Fleece of Stelling. An interlacing of fibers passing
from the cortex about the dentatum of the cerebellum.
Fleischl's Law. See Law.
Fleischmann's Bursa. The sublingual bursa.
Fleitmann's Test. See Tests, Table of.
Flema salada [fla'-inah sal-a'-da) [Sp.]. Synonym
of .-Icrodynia.
Fleming's Tincture. An alcoholic preparation of
aconite, stronger tlian the official tincture. Dose, two
minims.
Flemming's Method. A method of preparing tissue
for histologic study. Small bits of tissue are fixed in
0.1 to 0.5 per cent, solution of chromic acid, and the
hardening completed with alcohol. F.'s Mixture,
a mixture used in histologic investigations. Its com-
position is as follows : One per cent, solution of osmic
acid, 10 parts ; one per cent, solution of chromic acid,
. 25 parts; two per cent, solution of acetic acid, 5 parts,
water 60 parts.
Flesh [ME., flesh]. The soft tissues of the body,
especially the muscles. F. -brush, a brush for rubbing
the surface of the body. F., Goose. See Cutis an-
serina. F. -juice, the juice derived from meat by ex-
pression. F., Proud, a colloquial term for the soft
and inflamed granulations of the edges of a wound.
F.-wound, a slight or superficial wound. F.-worm.
See Thread-worms.
Fleshy {flesV-e) ^WE., flesh, flesh]. Mainly composed
of muscular tissue.
Fleury's Method. See Treattnent, Methods of.
Flexed-toe (flekst' -to). See Hammer-toe.
Flexibilitas [flcks-ib-il' -it-as) [L.]. Flexibility. F.
cerea, a condition of the limbs in catalepsy in which they
resist passive movement and seem as if made ofwax.
Flexible (fieks'-ib-l) \_flexus, bent]. That which may
be bent. F. Catheter, a catheter made of flexible
substance. F. Collodion. See Pyroxylin. F. Pillar.
See Pillar.
Flexile (flex'-il) [^flexilis, pliable]. Easily bent.
Flexion \flck' -shun) \_flcxus, bent]. The operation or
process of bending ; the condition of being bent ; the
opposite of extension. F., Forcible, in surgery, a
mode of treating aneurysm by a forcible bending, as,
for example, of the knee, so as to compress the popliteal
artery, thereby reducing the volume of blood ; also a
means of breaking up articular adhesions by mechanical
bending. F. and Extension, certain passive Swedish
movements used principally for regulating the circula-
tion in certain parts, and for relieving local conges-
tion. F. -stage of Labor, one of the stages of labor,
consisting in a bending of the fetal head forward toward
the chest.
Flexor ( /ieks'-or) \_flextts, bent] . Any muscle that
bends a limb or part. See Muscles, Table of.
Flexuous {fleks' -u-us) [flectere, to bend]. In biology,
alternately curved in opposite directions.
Flexura {fleks-u' -rah) [L. , a bending]. A bending
or curve in an organ. In veterinary anatomy, the
so-called knee (in fact the wrist) of the horse.
Flexure (fleks'-ur) \_flc.xura, a bending]. A bending.
F., Sigmoid. See Sigmoid Flexure.
Flighty [fli'-te) [Dan., vlugtig, volatile]. Slightly
delirious.
Flint's Formula. See Alimentation, Rectal. F.'s
Murmur. See Signs and Symptoms, Table of. F.'s
Pill, a pill containing half a grain of iron combined
with all the inorganic salts found in the blood in the
normal proportion, except chlorid of sodium, which is
in excess.
Floating [flot'-ing) [ME., floten, to float]. Free to
move around. F. Kidney, one that is misplaced or
movable ; wandering. F. Liver, a movable liver. F.
Ribs. See A'ibs. F. Spleen, one that is separate
from its attachments, and displaced.
FLOCCI
479
FLUID
Flocci (fiok'-i) [L.]. Plural of Jlocrus, a tuft. F.
volitantes. Same as Alusca: volitaiites.
Floccillation [Jiok-sil-a'-shun) \JlociUatio\. Same as
Carphology.
Floccitation (^flok-sit-a' -shim) \Jloccitatio\. Same as
Carphology.
Floccose [Jlok'-ds) \_fluccHS, a flock of wool]. In bi-
ology, composed of or bearing tufts of woolly or long
and soft hairs.
Floccular (Jiok'-u-la>-) \_Jlocculus , alittle flock of wool].
Pertaining to the flocculus.
Flocculence {Jiok' -u-lens) \_JIoccus, a lock of wool].
In biology, a soft, waxy excretion, resembling wool,
found on certain insects, e.g, the woolly Aphis.
Flocculent [Jiok'-u-lent) \Jioccus, a flock of wool].
Flaky, downy, or woolly ; coalescing in flocky masses.
Flocculus (y?()/''-//-//«) [dim. of Jioccus,3.\.\x{\. of wool].
1. A bilobular mass attached to the medipeduncle of
the brain at the peduncular sulcus, and wedged, as it
were, between the rounded contiguous angles of the
cephalic and caudal regions of the cerebellum. Along
with it is the parafloccitlus , a single-lobed mass. Their
functions and their representatives in other mammals
are little known. 2. In biology, a small bunch of
stiff hairs.
Floccus i^Jlok'-us) [L., a flock or tuft of wool: //. ,
Flocci^. In biology, a small tuft of woolly hairs.
Flood's Ligament. See Ligament.
Flooding {find' -ing) [ME.,y?tiO(/, a flood]. A copious
bleeding from the womb during, after, or just at child-
birth ; any excessive uterine hemorrhage.
Floor (^flor) [ME.,y?ot>;', floor]. The basal limit of any
hollow organ or open space ; as the floor oi a ventricle,
of the antrum, of an orbit, or of the pelvis. F. -
space, the distance apart of beds required to afford
proper ventilation in hospitals. It should be not less
than of the cubic space.
Flora [flo'-rah ) \_Flora, the goddess of flowers]. The
entire plant-life of any geographic area or geologic
period.
Florence Lake. See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Florentine Lake. Same as Florence Lake.
Flores (^o'-r^s) [L.]. Plural of y7(7j, a flower. I. The
flowers or blossoms of any plant used as a medicine.
2. A flocculent or pulverulent form assumed by cer-
tain medicines and chemicals after sublimation ; as
flores sulphuris, flowers of sulphur ; flores benzoes,
flowers of benzoin, or sublimated benzoic acid.
Florescence [flor-es' -ens) [florescere, to begin to
bloom]. The opening of flowers ; blossoming.
Floret [flor'-et) \_/ios, flower]. In biology, an indi-
vidual flower of a head or cluster of flowers ; it is
also called flosculc.
Florid [flor'-id) \_floridns, abounding with flowers].
Bright-red in color ; rosy ; as a florid cheek, or
countenance. F. Phthisis. See Galloping Con-
sumption.
Florida (flor'-id-ak) \_floridus, abounding with flowers].
One of the Southern states of the United States.
F. Allspice, the leaves of Calycanthzis floridus, a
pleasant aromatic stimulant. Dose of the fld. ext.,
gtt. x-xxx. Unof. F., Fever. See Fever.
Florisugent {^flor-is-u' -jent) \_flos, flower; stigere, to
suck]. Applied to birds and insects that suck the
nectar of flowers.
Flos [L., a "flower"]. A flower. Singular of
Flores, q. 7>.
Floscule {flos'-kid) [dim. of flos, a flower]. See
Floret.
Flour [flo7t'r) [old spelling of flower']. A finely-
ground meal ; this may be from either wheat, rye,
barley, oats, maize or Indian corn, and rice, although
wheat-flour is used in far the largest amount. Wheat-
flour contains starch, dextrin, cellulose, sugar, albu-
min, gliadin or gluten, mucin or mucedin, fibrin,
cerealin, fat, mineral matter, and water. The first
four are carbohydrates, or non-nitrogenous substances,
and they form nearly three- fourths of the entire weight
of the flour. The nitrogenous matter consists of at
least five principles, three of which, gluten (or glia-
din), mucin (or mucedin), and fibrin, constitute the
bulk of the material known as crude gluten, which is
the substance left when flour is kneaded with water
and afterwards washed to remove the starch and any
soluble substance. The remaining two nitrogenous
principles, albumin and cerealin, are soluble in water,
and are carried away with the starch in the process of
washing. Crude gluten possesses a peculiar adhesive-
ness, arising from the presence of gliadin, which is a
highly tenacious body, and which is not present in
the same fonn in other cereal flours. The vegetable
albumin is accompanied also by small amounts of
legumin, or vegetable casein, which is also soluble in
water. The cerealin is a soluble nitrogenized ferment
occurring especially in the husk or bran of wheat and
other cereals. It has a powerful fermentative action
on starch, rapidly converting it into dextrin and other
soluble bodies. The difference in the composition of
Fine White Flour. Co.arse Wheat Bran.
In 100
parts.
In one pound.
In 100
parts
In one pound.
Water, . . .
13.0
2 ozs.. 35 grs.
14.0
2 ozs., 105 grs.
Fibrin, etc., .
10.5
I 02., 297 grs
15.0
2 ozs., 175 grs.
Starch, etc., .
74-3
II ozs., 388 grs.
44.0
7 ozs., 17 grs.
Fat
0.8
0 ozs., 57 grs.
4.0
0 ozs., 280 grs
Cellulose, . .
07
0 ozs., 49 grs.
17.0
2 ozs., 316 grs.
Mineral 1
matter, J ' '
0.7
0 ozs., 49 grs.
60
p ozs , 422 grs.
the several parts of the wheat-grain is seen in the fore-
going table given by Church. F.-ball, a much-
used food for infants suffering from summer-complaint.
It is made as follows : — Two or three pounds of
wheat-flour, tied in a bag, are boiled continuously
for 12 hours ; the outer shell is then scraped oft, and
the inner, yellow portion (mainly dextrin) is grated
and used to make a thin gruel.
Flouren's Doctrine. A theory that the whole of the
cerebrum is concerned in every psychic process.
Flow {flo) [ME., flowen, to flow]. The free discharge
of a liquid, as the blood.
Flower (y?OTf/-<?r) [ME., y?OTwr, flower]. See Flos.
Flower, Angle of. In craniometry, the naso-malar
angle.
Fluctuation {flitk-tu-a'-sln/n) [ fluctuare, to float or
roll]. The wave-like motion of contained fluid upon
pressure, or by succussion.
Fluid {flu' -id) \_fluere, to flow], .\ substance whose
molecules move freely upon one another ; any liquid
constituent, or secretion of the body. See Amniotic,
Condy' s. Culture, Laharraque'' s, and other fluids. F.
Extract. See Extractum Fluidum. F.-ounce. See
Weights. F.-dram. See Weights. F., Scarpa's, the
FLUIGRAM
480
FCENICULUM
endolymph. F. Vein, the name given to the eddies
produced in a cavity of the heart by regurgitating blood
coming in contact with the current entering tlie cavity in
the normal direction. The oscillation of the particles
of blood are attended with a blowing sound or murmur.
Fluigram {floo' -e-gyani) \_fluiJus, fluid ; ypafifia, a
small weight]. In medicine and pharmacy the gram
and the cubic centimeter are the most important metric
units, and to express their close relationship the cubic
centimeter has been very appropriately termed a Fhd-
gram.
Fluke or F.-worm {Jliik) [ME. , /fo/^c, a fliuke]. Any
trematode worm ; especially Distoina hepaticum, q. v.
See Trematodes , and Parasites {^Animal') , Table of.
Flumen dysentericum [fln'-}nen dis-en-ter' -ik-um).
Synonym of Dysentery.
Fluor (jln'-or) [L. , a How]. I. A liquid state. 2.
The menstrual flux. F. albus, white flow ; an old
name for Lctikorj'hea . F. muliebris. Synonym of
Leiikorrhea.
Fluoranthene { fln-or-an'-thcii) [Jfiior, a flow], CjjHjg.
Idryl ; a substance that occurs in the " stubb-fat " ob-
tained from the distillation of the "stubb. " It crys-
tallizes from alcohol in needles or plates, melting at
109-110° C. , and dissolves readily in hot alcohol, ether,
and carbon disulphid.
Fluorene [Jiu-or-e?!') \Jluor, a flow], Cj.jHj|,. A sub-
stance found in coal-tar ; it can be obtained by passing
diphenylmethane through a combustion-tube heated
to redness. It is very soluble in hot alcohol, less so
in cold alcohol ; it crystallizes in colorless plates having
a violet fluorescence, melts at 113° C, and boils at
295° C.
Fluorescein {Jiu-or-es'-e-in) \Jluor, a flow], Cj^H,.,©--
-|- HjO. Resorcinol-phthaleln. An anhydrid of re-
sorcin, prepared by heating phthalic anhydrid with
resorcinol to 200° C. It occurs as a yellowish or dark-
red powder decomposing at about 290° C. From it
are derived the eosin coloring-matters, q. v.
Fluorescence {Jlu-o)--es' -ens) \_fluerc, to flow]. A
property possessed by certain substances, consisting in
the emission of colors while light is being passed
through them. Quinin, fluorspar, and several struct-
ures of the eye, possess this power. See also P/ios-
phorescence.
Fluorescent Resorcinol. Same as Resorcin Blue.
Fluorescigenous {Jln-or-es-ij' -en-us) \Jluere, to flow ;
y£vvhi', to produce]. Giving rise to fluorescence.
Fluorescin [Jlii-o?--es'-i>!) \Jliiere, to flow], C,(,Hj^Oj.
A colorless amorphous product of the reduction of
fluorescein. On account of its neutral quality and
green fluorescence, it has been used to study the
movements of the intraocular fluids.
Fluorid [Jln'-or-id) \Jliiere, to flow]. A basic salt of
fluorin.
Fluorin {^Jlii' -or-iu)\_flHor, a flow]. F= 19; quanti val-
ence I. One of the elements. It has not been isolated,
but is probably a gas. All its salts are highly corro-
sive and poisonous in their full strength. See Ele-
ments, Table of. Ammonium fluorid is recommended
by Lucas for hypertrophy of the spleen. Dose Tt\^v of
a gr. iv to J j solution. Unof. Hydrofluoric acid,
is an antiseptic and antiferment. Inhalations of the
dilute vapor have been recommended in diphtheria
and tuberculosis.
Fluorindenes ( fln-or-in'-denz) \^flitor, a flow]. A
series of dye-stuff^s closely allied to the indulins. They
are produced by the protracted heating of azophenin
or amidophenazin, alone or with orthodiamins. They
dissolve in alcohol with beautiful fluorescence and
form greenish-blue fluorescent salts.
Fluoroform [fu-or' -o-fonn) [fluor, a flow ; forma,
form], CHF3. A gas, the fluorin analogue of chloro-
form.
Flush [origin obscure]. A temporary redness, as the
hectic flush ; it is due in many cases to vaso-motor
paresis.
Flushing (y?2«/z'-?«_^'-) [origin obscure]. I. A frequent
symptom in the subjects of cardiac palpitation, and
especially in Graves' disease. It implies a condition
of vaso-motor irritability with a paresis of the arte-
rioles in certain areas. It is often accompanied by
local perspiration. It is seldom a marked symptom of
organic disease. 2. The process of cleansing by a
rapid flow of liquid.
Flute-player's Cramp. See Cratnp.
Flux [finks) [fluxus, flowing]. I. An abnormal flow of
any of the excretions of the body, especially the feces.
Also, a synonym of Dysentery. 2. In chemistry,
any highly-fusible substance or mixture, as the sub-
borate of soda, employed in the fusion of metals. F.,
Sebaceous. See Seborrhea.
Fluxion i^fluk' -shun) [JIuxus, a flowing]. A gathering
of blood or other fluid in one part of the body ; con-
gestion, or hyperemia.
Fluxus (fluks'-us) [L.]. A flow or a flowing. F.
cruentus. Synonym of Dysentery. F. dysenteri-
cus. Synonym of Dysentery. F. sebaceus. Syn-
onym of Seborrhea. F. splenicus. Synonym of
Melena. F. torminosus. Synonym of Dysentery.
"Fly (Jli) \_M.'E.,flye, a fly]. A dipterous insect. For
parasitic flies, see Parasites [Animal), Table of. F.-
agaric. See Agarieus tnusearius . F. - blister.
Flying Blister. See Blister. F. -poison. See
Amianthium. F. -sickness. See Barcoo.
Foal [fol) [ME., fole, a foal]. The young of the equine
genus of quadrupeds, of either sex.
Focal [fo'-kal) focus, a point ; a fire-place]. Pertain-
ing to or occupying a focus. F. Disease. See Disease.
F. Hemorrhage, localized hemorrhage, in contradis-
tinction to diffuse or disseminated hemorrhage. F.
Meningitis, meningitis involving but a small area of
the membranes. F. Myelitis, localized myelitis, in
contradistinction to difi"use or disseminated myelitis.
F. Sclerosis, the chronic form, sometimes called
Sclerotic Myelitis.
Focil [fo'-sil) \_focile,2L spindle]. Any bone of the
forearm or leg. F. majus, the ulna. F. majus
cruris, the tibia. F. minus, the radius. F. minus
cruris, the fibula.
Focus [fo'-kus) \_ focus, a point : p!.,foei\ The prin-
cipal seat of a disease. The point (called principal
focus) to which converge the rays of light that
pass through a convex lens or are reflected from a
concave mirror. F., Equivalent, in microscopy, when
the real image of an objective of a certain focal length
is of the same size as that produced by a simple con-
verging lens whose focal distance equals that of the ob-
jective, it is said to have an equivalent focus. F.,
Negative, or Virtual, the imaginary focus of an object
placed within the principal focus. Conjugate Foci,
interdependent foci.
Focusing [fo' -kus-ing) [focus, a point]. The mutual
arrangement of an object and the optic parts of a
microscope so that a clear image may be seen. F.
Down, in microscopy, focusing bymoving the objective
down or toward the object, but at the risk of damag-
ing it. F. Up, focusing bymoving the objective up
or away from the object.
Fodere's Test. See Birth.
Foeniculum [fen-ik' -u-lu7n) [L.: gen., Focniculi\
Fennel. The fruit of F. vulgare, with properties due
to a volatile oil. It is a mild stimulant and aromatic
carminative. F., Aq., 2 parts of the oil in looo of
FOERSTER'S SHIFTING-TYPE 481
FONTANEL
water. Dose^^ss-§j. F., Ol., the volatile oil. Dose
TTLij-v. See also Fennel.
Foerster's Shifting-type. See Signs and Symptoms.
Forster's Method. See Cataract, Artificial Matura-
tion of. F.'s Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Foetal {fe'-tal). See Fetal.
Fcetor \fe'-tor\. See Fetor.
Foetus i^fe'-tus). See Fetus.
Fokker's Method. A method of estimating uric acid in
the urine. 200 c.c. of urine are made strongly alka-
line by sodium carbonate, and after an hour 20 c.c. of a
concentrated solution of ammonium chlorid are added.
The mixture is allowed to stand at a low temperature
for 48 hours, when the precipitate that forms is collected
on a weighed filter and washed. The filter is washed
with dilute HCl (l in 10), and the filtrate collected;
this operation is repeated till all the acid urate on the
filter is dissolved. The filtrates are mixed, allowed to
stand for 6 hours, and the uric acid which then
separates is collected on the same filter, washed twice
with water, then with alcohol, till all acid reaction dis-
appears, dried at 110° C, and weighed. To the
weight obtained add 0.03 gram, and subtract the
weight of the filter ; the remainder is the weight of uric
acid in 200 c.c. of urine.
Fol's Fixing-fluid. A modification of Fleming's solu-
tion, used, as is the latter, for the fixation of cells
undergoing indirect cell-division. See Stains, Table
of. F.'s Yellow. See Figments, Conspectus of.
Fold {fold) \WE., fold, a fold]. A term applied to
the plication or doubling together of various parts of
the body. F., Aryteno-epiglottidean, a fold of
mucous membrane stretched between the sides of the
epiglottis and the apex of the arytenoid cartilage. F.,
Palpebral, the fold formed by the reflection of the
conjunctiva from the eyelids on to the eye. There
are two folds, the superior and inferior. F., Recto-
vaginal, the fold of the peritoneum in females de-
scending in front of the rectum and behind the vagina.
It corresponds with the recto-vesical fold of males.
F., Vater's, the plica transversalis or transverse fold of
the duodenum, situated just above the opening of the
pancreatic and biliary ducts.
Folders {fdl'-derz) [MY.., fold, a fold]. English usage
for Pince-nez or "eye-glasses."
Folia [fo'-le-ali) \_pl. of folium, leaf]. I. Leaves; a
term much used in pharmacopeias and dispensatories,
and designating the leaves of such plants as are used
in medicine. 2. The intervening thin plates between
the crevices of greater or less depth (rimulcr) upon the
entire surface of the adult cerebellum.
Foliaceous {fo-le-a' -se-iis) \_f0liu7n, a leaf]. Leaf-like.
Foliation {fo-le-a' -shun) \_foliare, to put forth leaves].
The act of leafing out ; frondescence.
Folic {fo-le') [Fr.]. Insanity. F. a deux {fo-le'-ah
duh'"). [Fr.] See Insanity, Communicated. F.
Circulaire {fo-le' -ser-ku-lar'). Cyclic insanity. F.
du Doute. See Doubt, Insanity of. F., Alternate.
Cyclic Insanity, q. v.
Foliicolous {fo.-le-ik' -o-lus) [folium, a \ea.{ ; colere, to
dwell]. In biology, growing upon leaves.
Foliole [fo'-le-dl) [folium, a leaf.] In biology, a leaf-
let or leaflet-like organ.
Foliose [fo'-le-os) [foliosus, leafy]. Abounding in
leaves, leaflets, or leaf-like appendages.
Folium [fo'-le-um) [L., a leaf: //., Folia']. I. In
biology, a leaf. At the time of Cresalpinus it applied
equally to sepals, petals, or ordinary leaves. 2. Any
lamina or leaflet of gray matter, forming a part of the
arbor vitae of the cerebellum.
Folius, Process of. Process of Rau ; a process at the
junction of the handle with the neck of the malleus.
31
It passes anteriorly into the Glaserian fissure. It
is about three-and-a-half lines long in the new-born
infant. After birth it unites with the under wall of
the Glaserian fissure.
Follette [fol-et') [Fr.]. Synonym of /«/?««?sc .
Follicle [ foF-ik-l) [folliculus, dim. of follis, bellows].
I. In anatomy, a very small secretory cavity or sac, as
one of the follicles of Lieberkiihn. 2. In biology, a
simple pod, splitting only by the ventral suture. F.,
Graafian, one of the small vesicular bodies in the
cortical layer of the ovary, consisting of flattened
granular cells with oval nuclei and membrana propria,
each about -^-q^ inch in diameter. F., Sebaceous,
one of the sacs lying within the skin that secrete the
oily fluid with which the skin is softened.
Follicular {fol-ik' -u-lar) [folliculus, a little follicle].
Relating or appertaining to a follicle.
Folliculitis {fol-ik-u-li' -lis) [folliculus, a follicle ; nic,
inflammation] . Inflammation of a group of follicles, as
of the hair. F. barbae. See Sycosis. F. decalvans,
Quinquaud's Disease : a chronic folliculitis of the hairy
parts, especially of the scalp, which leads to a cicatri-
cial alopecia. The patches are about the size of a
shilling, irregular in outline, and almost smooth and
polished, but with some granular points at the periph-
er)', and red points on the white, atrophied, cicatri-
cially-depressed surface. F. exulcerans. See
Ilyd rosaden it is pit legm on osa .
Folliculium {fol-ik-u' -le-um). The liquor folliculi.
See Liquor.
Folliculose {fol-ik' -u-lds) [follis, a bellows]. Full of
follicles. Having the appearance of follicles.
Fomentation ( fo-mcn-ta' -shun)[fomentarc, to foment].
The application of cloths soaked in hot medicinal
solutions, to reduce inflammation or to allay pain.
Also, the application of hot dry cloths. Also, the
medicament, or other material, so applied.
Femes [fo'-mez) [L. for "tinder": //., Fomites'].
Any substance (as a garment, carpet, letter) capable
of acting as the medium for the transmission of an in-
fectious disease.
Fonifero [fo-nif'-er-o). See Phonophore.
Fons pulsatilis [ fans pul-sat'-il-is) [L. ]. See Fontanel.
Fontaine's Chamber. See AnestJietic.
Fontana, Canals of. See Canal. F.'s Markings, or
Striae of. Delicate microscopic transverse folds of
nerve-fibers, to which is due the fact of the non-
retraction of the fibers when divided. F.'s, Spaces,
those between the processes of the ligamentum pecti-
natum iridis. See Canal.
Fontanel, or Fontanelle [fon-tan-eF) [dim. of fontana,
a spring, from the appearance and feeling]. A
Fontanels of Fetal Skull.
membranous space of the infant's skull, from delayed
ossification of the cranial bones. F., Anterior, that
at the point of union of the frontal, sagittal, and coronal
sutures. See also Bregma. F., Posterior, that at
FONTICULUS
482
FOOT
the point of junction of the apex of the lambdoid and
the sagittal sutures.
Fonticulus {fon-tik'-ti-h(s) [dim. of fans, fountain].
I. The depression at the root of the neck, just
ceplialad of the sternum ; more fully fonticulus gut-
Ittris. 2. A small artificial ulcer or issue.
Food [ME., foode]. Anything used for the nourish-
ment or formation of tissue. The substances ordin-
arily employed as aliments. F., Albumin-spring,
one that diminishes the metabolism of albuminates.
F.-accessories, a term given to the various sub-
stances used as condiments, vi^hich give flavor to food or
ANIMAL FOODS.
Albu- -Nfree Salts,
minoids. org. bodies.
Beef. \_
Pork. (
Fowl. (
Pish. [
Egg. (
Cow's milk. I
ail'.
■0.6
ill 0.4
VEGETABLE FOODS.
Water. Proteids
nig»«Mble. Nou- Salts.
N-freeor- digestible,
gauic bodies.
Rice. I 13
Potatoes. I
White I
turnip. I
Cauliflower, j
Beer. I
Si'"
1.5
1
0.5
1
0.5
stimulate the digestive secretions, as well as to the well-
known stimulants, tea, coffee, cocoa, alcohol, etc.
Foods, Isodynamic. Those producing an equal
amount of heat. F., Plastic, proteids. F., Res-
piratory, fats and carbohydrates. (The nomencla-
ture of the last two rests upon an erroneous theory.)
F., Classification of (according to Yeo) : —
I. Albuminates. — Nitrogenous substances having
the same or nearly the same chemic composition
as albumin. Examples. — Albumin, fibrin, synto-
nin, myosin, globulin, casein, from the animal;
gluten and legumin, from the vegetable kingdom.
(a). Subordinate nitrogenous substances referred to
this class, and known as —
f Gelatin.
Gelatigenous substances, < Casein.
(Chondrin.
2. Fats, or Hydro-carbons, containing carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen ; the proportion of oxygen
being insufficient to convert all the hydrogen into
water. Examples. — Olein, stearin, margarin.
(Butter is a familiar one.)
3. Carbo-hydrates, containing carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen ; the two latter elements in the propor-
tion to form water. Examples. — Starch, dextrin,
cane-sugar, grape-sugar, lactose or milk-sugar.
(a). The Vegetable acids, oxalic, tartaric, citric,
malic, acetic, and lactic, are by some authors
referred to this class.
4. Mineral. — Water. Salts. — Sodium and potassi-
um chlorids, cakium and magnesium phos-
phates, iron, etc.
Inor-
ganic.
substances required for the support and maintenance
of animal life. The only complete food afforded by
the animal kingdom is eggs. F.-cure, dietetic treat-
ment of disease. F. -stuffs or F.-substances, the
materials, from both the animal and vegetable king-
doms, that may be employed for the purpose of sup-
plying nourishment to the body, and providing the
elements necessary for the formation of tissue. F.-
vacuole, a temporary space often noticed in protozoa,
containing nutritive matter. F.-yolk, all that portion
of the yolk that does not undergo segmentation, but
serves to nourish the embryo ; nutritive protoplasm ;
deutoplasm.
Fool's Parsley. See Ethiisa.
Foot [ME., foof\. I. The terminal extremity of the
leg; one of the organs of locomotion. In bimana
and quadrumana it con-
sists of the tarsus, meta-
tarsus, and phalanges, or
toes. 2. The base of a
microscope. 3. A meas-
ure of length equal to
twelve inches or 30.479
cm. F. -clonus. See
Clonus and Ankle-clotiiis.
F.-bath, a pediluvium.
F.-drop, a falling of the
foot due to a paralysis of
the flexors of the ankle.
It is seen in neuritis. See
Dropped Foot. F., Fun-
gus. Madura Foot ;
Mycetoma ; Ulcus grave.
An endemic disease of
India affecting the foot,
which increases in size,
this increase being at-
tended with the develop-
in e n t of mammillated
pustules, in each of which
is a deep-seated sinus.
The sinuses are lined by
a distinct membrane, and
contain characteristic
'■'■fish-roe bodies'''' of a
white, yellowish, red-
dish, or blackish color.
These bodies are com-
posed mainly of fatty and
caseous matters, the re-
sults of decomposition,
encrusted with salts and
blood- pigment. The
bones are slowly ab-
sorbed, and gangrene or
exhaustion may carry off
the patient. The disease
is most common in adult
males. A fungus, C/n'owr-
pha caj-teri, appears to be
the active cause of the
disease. F.-halt, a dis-
ease of sheep, said to be
caused by worms in the
Foot, Plantar Aspect.
Inferior surface of calca-
neum. 2. Inner tuberosity.
3. Outer tuberosity. 4. Angu-
lar depression between these
tuberosities. 5. Inferior por-
tion of head of astragalus.
6. Plantar surface of cuboid,
for attachment of inferior cal-
caneo-cuboid ligament. 7.
Tuberosity of cuboid. 8. Sca-
phoid. 9. Tuberosity of sca-
phoid. 10. Inferior portion
of internal cuneiform. 11.
Apex of middle cuneiform.
12. Apex of internal cunei-
form. 13, 14, 15, 16, 17. First,
second, third, fourth and fifth
metatarsal bones. 18. Tuber-
osity of fifth metatarsal bone.
19. Two sesamoid bones. 20.
First phalanx of great toe.
21. Last phalanx of great toe.
22, 22. First phalanges of
remaining toes. 23, 23. Sec-
ond and third phalanges of
these toes.
P., Complete, a food that contains all the alimentary
foot. F. -mange, a para
sitic disease of the heels and lower parts of the legs,
especially the hind ones, of a horse, giving rise to great
itching and irritation. It is due to an acarus, Svmbiotis
equi. F.-and-mouth Disease, a rare affection that
occurs in sheep, cows, pigs, and horses, and is occa-
sionally transmitted to man. It manifests itself by the
appearance of vesicles and bullae in the mouth and on
FOOT
483
FORAMEN
the feet at the margins of the hoofs, and in cows, on the
udder and teats. In man, vesicles form in the mouth, on
the hands and feet. In two or three days , these rupture ,
discharging an opaque, yellowish fluid, and leaving
dark-red ulcers. There are also fever, anorexia, pain on
eating, swelling of the tongue, fetid breath, salivation,
and derangement of digestion. See Eczema epizodtica,
and Streptocytus of Eczc?7!a epizodtica, Schottelius, under
Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of. F. -phenomenon.
See Ankle-clomis. F.-pound, the work required to
overcome a force equal to raising the weight of a
pound through the space of a foot. See Unit. F.-
poundal, the work done by a poundal acting through
one foot. F.-rot, a disease of sheep, said to be due
to pasturing in wet ground. One form is contagious ;
and the disease is said by some to be tuberculous in
nature.
Footling {foot' -ling) [ME., foote\ With the foot or
feet foremost ; as a footling presentation in obstetrics.
Foramen [fo-ra' -meit) \_forare, to pierce]. A passage
or opening, especially one in a bone. A Table of
Foramina is appended.
TABLE OF FORAMINA.
Name.
Location.
Transmits.
Accessory transverse.
Anomalous foramina in the transverse processes of the cervical
vertebrae.
An anomalous and accessory verte-
bral artery.
Acoustic.
The same as the internal auditory meatus.
The auditory and facial nerves.
Alveolar, anterior.
See Dental, inferior.
Alveolar, inferior.
See Dental, inferior.
Alveolar, posterior.
In the superior maxilla.
Superior posterior dental vessels and
nerves.
Amplum pelveos.
See Obturator.
Anonymous of Ferrein.
See Hiatus Fallopii.
Anteorbital.
In mammals, an orifice in the cheek-bone in front of the orbit,
corresponding to the infraorbital foramen of man.
Superior maxillary division of the tri-
facial nerve ; occasionally the mas-
seter muscle.
Antorbital.
See Anteorbital.
Aortic.
An opening in the diaphragm.
The aorta.
Arachnoid.
See Foramen of Magendie.
Atlantal.
In many animals, a hole through the ventral border of the atlas ;
only exceptionally present in man.
Suboccipital nerve ; vertebral artery.
Atrio-ventricular, com-
mon.
In some animals, an auriculo-ventricular opening common to
both auricles and ventricles.
Blood.
Auditory, external.
The external meatus of the auditory canal.
Sound-waves to tympanic membrane.
Auditory, internal.
See Acoustic.
Auricular.
The mouth of the external auditory meatus.
Sound-waves to tympanic membrane.
Bartholin's.
See Obturator.
Bichat's.
A supposed communication between the subarachnoid space
and the cavity of the third ventricle of the brain.
Of Botal or Botallo.
In the fetus, the opening between the two auricles of the heart,
situated at the lower posterior portion of the septum auricu-
larum.
Blood.
Carotic.
The inferior aperture of the carotid canal.
Carotid vessels.
Carotico-clinoid.
Sphenoid bone ; an occasional foramen, formed by the union of
the apices of the anterior and middle clinoid processes.
Carotico-tympanic.
See Canal, Carotico-tympanic.
Carotid, external.
The external aperture of the carotid canal.
Internal carotid artery and carotid
plexus.
Carotid, internal.
The internal aperture of the carotid canal .
Internal carotid artery and carotid
plexus.
Cavernous.
Sphenoid bone ; a small passage.
The median vertebral vein.
Cecal, anterior.
Also called prepontile fossa; the depression at the cephalic
margin of the pons.
Cecal (of frontal
bone).
Formed by the frontal bone and the crista galli of the ethmoid ;
a small foramen.
A vein, occasionally.
Cecal (of medulla ob-
longata).
See Cecal, anterior.
FORAMINA
484
FORAMINA
TABLE OF YOKhMm A.— Continued.
Name.
Location.
Transmits.
Cecal (of pharynx).
Median line of posterior wall of the pharynx ; a depression in
the mucous membrane.
Cecal, posterior.
A depression just below the pons.
The ventral median fissure terminates
in this.
Cecal (o! retina).
See Fovea centralis.
Cecal, retro-anal.
See Foveola coccygea.
Cecal (of superior
maxilla).
See Incisive,
Cecal (of tongue).
Posterior termination of the median raphe of tongue.
A number of small glands open into it.
Central.
See Fovea centralis.
Central (of the cochlea).
See CochlecE centrale.
Central (of Soeraraer-
ring).
See Central (of the retina).
Cervical.
Transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae.
The vertebral artery and vein.
Clinoideo-carotic.
See Carotico-clinoid.
Cochleae centrale.
The largest of several openings' at the base of the modiolus.
Common, anterior.
See Foramen of Monro.
Conarial.
The orifice of the conarial recess.
Condylar, anterior.
See Condyloid, anterior.
Condylar, posterior.
Behind the condyles of the occipital bone, opening externally
into the occipital fossa.
Veins.
Condyloid, accessory.
A small foramen near the anterior condyloid foramen.
A vein, occasionally.
Condyloid, anterior
(sometimes double).
Anterior to and to the outer side of each occipital condyle,
passing downward, outward, and forward through the basilar
process.
The hypoglossal nerve ; occasionally a
meningeal branch of the ascending
pharyngeal artery.
Condyloid, posterior.
The fossa behind the occipital condyles.
A vein to the lateral sinus.
Coraco-scapular.
In some animals, an orifice formed by the articulation of the
coracoid bone with the scapula.
Cordiform.
In reptiles, the obturator foramen.
Costo-transverse.
The space between the transverse process of a vertebra and
the neck of its corresponding rib.
Branches of intercostal arteries and
nerves.
Cotyloid.
A notch in the acetabulum converted into a canal by a ligament.
Vessels and nerves.
Cribrosa.
Small openings in the lamina cribrosa of the ethmoid bone.
Filaments of the olfactory nerves.
Cruro-popliteal, ante-
rior.
An aperture in the upper part of the tibio-fibular interosseous
membrane.
The anterior tibial vessels.
Dental, inferior.
The external aperture of the inferior dental canal, in the
ramus of the inferior maxilla.
Inferior dental vessels and nerves.
Dextrum.
See Quadrate.
Diaphragmatic.
Several canals through the diaphragm.
The esophagus, aorta, vagus nerves,
inferior vena cava, and other struc-
tures.
Diaphragmatic, left in-
ferior.
See Aortic.
Diaphragmatic, left su-
perior.
See Esophageal.
Diploic.
Small openings in the inner plate of the cranial bones, leading
from the cranial cavity into the diploe.
Veins.
Of Duverney.
See Foramen of Winslow.
Emissary.
The skull.
The emissary veins.
Epiploic.
See Foramen of Winslow.
Epitrochlear.
In many animals, on the inner condyle of the humerus ; some-
times present or represented in man by a groove.
FORAMINA
485
FORAMINA
TABLE OF YO'S.AMm^.— Continued.
Name.
Location.
Transmits.
Esophageal.
The diaphragm.
The esophagus.
Ethmoid, anterior.
A canal formed between the ethmoid and frontal bones.
The nasal branch of the ophthalmic
nerve; anterior ethmoid vessels.
Ethmoid, posterior.
See Canal, Etimwid, posteHor.
Posterior ethmoid artery and vein.
Frontal.
The supra-orbital notch of the frontal bone when it is con-
verted into a canal by an overlying process of bone.
Supraorbital vessels and nerves.
Fronto-ethmoid.
The foramen cecum in the suture between the frontal and eth-
moid bones.
Gland ulosum Mor-
gagni.
See Foramen cecum (of tongue).
Of Buschke.
A perforation often found near the inner extremity of the tym-
p^iiic plSitc 1 it IS du6 to s.i'i'cst of d€V€loj)m£tit>
Connects the glenoid fossa of the tem-
^KivAi uijiic wiLii Liic cxicin^i duuiLury
meatus.
Incisive.
See Incisor.
Jncisor.
Aperture of the incisor canal in the alveolar margin.
Nerves and vessels to the incisor
teeth.
Infra-maxillary.
The inferior dental canal, g. v., under Catial.
Infra-orbital.
In the superior maxilla, the external aperture of the infra-
orbital canal.
The infraorbital nerve and artery.
Infra-pubic.
See Obturator.
Innominate.
Temporal bone.
The Vidian nerve.
Intercarpal.
1 lid V.CI,l^L13 UdLl a,V.lIldillSi
TTitprpliTioiH
middle and posterior clinoid processes of the sphenoid.
Intermaxillary.
Interorbital.
In birds, a space in the bony plate separating the orbits.
Intervertebral, ante-
The aperture formed by the notches opposite to each other in
the lamiiise of adjacent vertebrse.
The spinal nerves and vessels.
J. 11 LCI V Cl LCL/l a I , ^^JSLC
rior.
The space between the articular processes of adjacent verte-
bree, except the first cervical.
Ischiadic, major.
See Sacro-sciatic , great.
Ischiadic, middle.
An open space left between an anomalous and the normal sacro-
spinal ligament.
Ischiadic, minor or
See Sacro-sciatic, small.
Ischio-pubic.
See Obturator.
Jugular.
See Lacerated, posterior.
Jugular, spurious.
An anomalous opening in the squamous portion of the temporal
bone.
A vessel that connects the external jug-
ular vein with an intracranial vessel.
Lacerated, anterior.
See Sphenoid fissure.
Lacerated, inferior.
See Spheno-maxillary fissure.
Lacerated, jugular.
See Lacerated, posterior.
Lacerated, middle.
An irregular aperture between the apex of the petrous por-
tion of the temporal bone and the body and great wing of
the sphenoid, and the basilar process of the occipital bone.
The carotid artery and the large
superficial petrosal nerve.
Lacerated, orbital.
The Sphenoid Fissure, q. v.
Lacerated, posterior.
The space formed by the jugular notches of the occipital and
temporal bones, divided into two portions.
The posterior portion, the internal
jugular vein ; the anterior portion,
the 9th, loth, and iith cranial nerves,
and the inferior petrosal sinus.
Lacerated, superior.
See Sphenoid fissure.
Of Magendie.
An orifice in the membranous roof of the fourth ventricle.
Magnum.
See Magnum occipitale.
FORAMINA
486
FORAMINA
TABLE OF FORAMINA.— CoMfinuec/.
Name.
Location.
Transmits.
Magnum ischii.
The Obturator foramen, q. v.
Magnum occipitale.
A large oval aperture, centrally placed in the lower and
anterior part of the occipital bone.
The spinal cord and its membranes ;
the spinal accessory nerves; the ver-
tebral arteries.
Malar.
The malar bone.
Nerves and vessels.
Mandibular.
See Dental, inferior.
Mandibular, anterior.
See Mental.
Mandibular, posterior.
See Dental, inferior.
Mastoid.
A small foramen behind the mastoid process.
A small artery from the dura ; a vein
opening into the lateral sinus.
Mastoid, posterior.
See Mastoid.
Maxillary, anterior.
See Mental.
Maxillary, inferior.
See Dental, inferior.
Maxillary, posterior.
See Dental, inferior.
Maxillary, superior.
See Canal, Dental, posterior.
Medium.
See Lacerated, middle.
Medullae spinalis.
See Vertebral.
Medullary.
See Nutrient.
Medullary {of the ver-
tebral column).
See Vertebral.
Of Meibomius.
See Cecum (of the tongue).
Meningeal.
An anomalous opening in the squamous portion of the temporal
bone.
A branch of the middle meningeal
artery.
Mental.
A foramen in the inferior maxilla, external to the incisive fossa,
midway between the upper and lower borders of the bone,
and in the interval between the two bicuspid teeth.
Mental nerve and vessels.
Of Monro.
An opening behind the anterior pillars of the fornix through
which the lateral ventricle of the brain communicates with
the third ventricle.
The choroid plexus.
Monro, anterior of.
See Foramen of Monro.
Monro, primitive.
The primitive foramen that connects the third with the lateral
ventricle of the brain.
Morgagni's.
See Cecum (of tongue).
Nasal.
Small canals that perforate the nasal hones.
Vessels and nerves.
Nutrient.
The canal connecting the medullary cavity of the bone with
its external surface.
The nutrient vessels.
Nutrient (of femur).
The aperture near the upper part of the linea aspera of the
femur.
Nutrient artery.
Nutrient (of humerus).
The aperture slightly below the middle of the humerus.
The nutrient artery.
Nutrient (of radius).
The aperture on the anterior surface of the radius.
The nutrient artery.
Nutrient (of ulna).
The aperture on the anterior surface of the ulna.
The nutrient artery.
Obturator.
The large ovoid opening between the ischium and the pubis,
internal and inferior to the acetabulum ; it is partly closed in
by a fibrous membrane.
Obturator vessels and nerves.
Occipital.
See Magnum occipitale.
Occipital, superior.
See Superior occipital.
Occipitale, magnum.
See Magnum occipitale.
Oculi.
The pupil.
Rays of light.
Olfactory.
Numerous foramina in the cribriform plate of the ethmoid.
Olfactory nerves.
Omental, great.
The communication between the cavities of the greater and
lesser omenta.
FORAMINA
487
FORAMINA
TABLE OF YOKAUm A. —Contimced.
Name.
Location.
Transmits.
Omental, lesser or
small.
See foramen of Winslow.
Oodes.
See Obturator.
Optic.
The canal at the apex of the orbit, the anterior termination of
the optic groove, just beneath the lesser wing of the sphenoid
bone.
Optic nerve ; ophthalmic artery.
Optic (of the choroid).
The choroid.
The optic nerve-fibers pass through
this to their expansion in the re-
tina.
Optic (of the sclera).
The sclerotic coat of the eye.
The optic nerve.
Orbital, anterior inter-
nal.
See Ethmoid., anterior.
Orbital, internal.
See Canal, Ethmoid, anterior.
Orbital, superior.
See Supraorbital.
Ossis pubis. j See Obturator.
Oval (of the heart). See Foramen of Botal.
Oval (of the hip). See Obturator.
Oval (of innominate
bone).
See Obturator.
Oval (of the sphenoid).
An ovoid aperture near the posterior margin of the great
wing of the sphenoid.
The inferior maxillary division of the
trigeminal nerve ; the small menin-
geal artery ; occasionally, the small
petrosal nerve.
Pacchionian.
The depressions on the inner surface of the skull.
For the Pacchionian bodies.
Palatine, anterior.
See Canal, Incisor.
Palatine, great poste-
rior.
The Posterior palatine canal, q. v.
Palato-maxillary.
See Canal, Palato-maxillary.
Of Panizza.
The communication between the right and left aortic arches of
reptiles. •
Blood.
Papillaria.
The opening of the uriniferous tubules a{ the apices of the pyra-
mids of Malpighi.
Urine.
Parietal.
Near the posterior superior angle of the parietal bone ; incon-
stant.
An emissary vein of the superior
longitudinal sinus ; occasionally a
small branch of the occipital artery.
Pelvic, large.
See Obturator.
Pneumatic.
In birds, a large aperture near one end of the long pneumatic
bones communicating with the interior.
Permits the entrance of air.
Posterior.
See Lacerated, posterior.
Postglenal.
See Postglenoid.
Postglenoid.
In comparative anatomy, an opening immediately posterior to
the root of the zygoma.
Postpalatine.
The Posterior palatine canal, q. v.
Pre-acetabular.
In the Cheiroptera, an opening formed by a profess extending
from the illo-pectineal eminence to the anterior extremity of
the ilium.
Pro sinu petroso infe-
riore.
An anomalous roundish opening formed by adjacent portions
of the petrous portion of the temporal bone and the occipital
bone.
The inferior petrosal sinus.
Profundum.
See Iter ad infundibulum.
Pterygo-palatine.
The external aperture of the pterygo-palatine canal.
Pterygo-palatine vessels ; pharyngeal
nerve.
Quadrate.
The diaphragm.
The inferior vena cava.
Repugnatoria.
In Cheilognatha, apertures of cutaneous glands on each side
of the back, in rows.
Secrete a defensive corrosive fluid.
FORAMINA
488
FORAMINA
TABLE OF YORk.M.l^P^.— Continued.
Name.
Location.
Transmits.
Retina centrale.
See Fovea centralis.
An opening in the tympanum, the existence of which is dis-
puted.
Rotund um.
See Round.
Round.
A roundish opening in the great wing of the sphenoid bone.
The superior division of the fifth
nerve.
Sacral, anterior (four
on either side).
On anterior surface of sacrum, connecting with sacral canal.
The anterior branches of sacral nerves.
Sacral, posterior (four
OH either side).
The posterior surface of the sacrum, external to the articular
processes.
Posterior branches of sacral nerves.
Sacro-sciatic, great.
The oval space between the lesser sacro-sciatic ligament and
the innominate bone.
The pyriformis muscle, the gluteal,
sciatic, and pudic vessels and nerves.
Sacro-sciatic, small.
The space included between the greater and lesser sacro-
sciatic ligaments and the portion of the innominate bone
between the spine and tuberosity of the ischium.
Internal obturator muscle ; the inter-
nal pudic vessels and nerves.
Saphenous.
See Saphenous Opening.
Scapular.
The supra-scapular notch, when it is converted into a foramen
by a ligamentous or bony structure.
Suprascapular nerve and artery.
Of Scarpa.
Bony canals opening into the incisor canal.
The naso-palatine nerves.
Sclerotic, anterior.
The opening in the sclerotic which is filled in by the cornea.
Sclerotic, posterior.
See Optic (of the sclera).
Of Soemmering.
See Fovea centralis, and Central (of the retina).
Spheno-frontal.
In the cartilaginous basis of the skull, between the labyrinths
of the ethmoid and the alas parvse of the sphenoid and the
anterior sphenoid.
Sphenoidal, anterior.
A rare anomalous opening in the pterygoid process of the
sphenoid bone.
The internal maxillary artery.
Spheno-palatine.
The space between the sphenoid and orbital processes of the
palate and sphenoid sponge bone ; it opens into the nasal
cavity.
Branches from Meckel's ganglion j the
nasal branch of the internal maxil-
lary artery.
Spheno-spinosum.
See Spinosum.
Spinal.
See Vertebral.
Spinosum.
The great wing of the sphenoid bone, near its posterior angle.
The middle meningeal artery.
Spondli.
See Sphenofrontal.
Of Stensen.
See Canal, Incisor.
Sternal.
Near the inferior termination of the sternum ; inconstant.
Vessel.
Stylo-mastoid.
Between the styloid and mastoid processes of the temporal
bone, constituting the external aperture of the aqueduct of
Fallopius.
Facial nerve ; stylo-mastoid artery.
Suborbital.
The orifice at the anterior end of the infraorbital canal.
Infraorbital artery and nerve.
Subsacral.
See Sacral, anterior.
Supersacral.
See Sacral, posterior.
Supracondyloid .
See Epitrochlear.
Supra-orbital.
A notch in the superior orbital margin at the junction of the
middle with the inner third, sometimes converted into a
foramen by a bony process or a ligamentous band. It is the
r^T"ifif**» Q crTCiCwjf^ iti fVif» nr^n**i" wall f\\ \\\f^ r»t"nif
VJllllk-CVJl aglVJDVC 111 kllC^ UJJ^d Weill KjV LllC UlUlt.
Supra-orbital arter^', veins, atid
nerve.
Supratrochlear.
The thin plate of bone between the olecranon and the coronoid ■
fossa of the humerus ; inconstant.
Of Tarinus.
The Hiatus Fallopii, q. v.
Of Thebesius.
Small depressions on the inner surface of the heart, especially
in the right auricle.
Some of these are cul-de-sacs ; others
are the mouths of the venae minimae
cordis.
Thyreoid.
See Thyroid.
FORAMINA 489 FORCEPS
TABLE OF FORAMINA.— Cy«//«W.
Name.
Location.
Transmits.
Thyroid.
I. A foramen in the ala of the thyroid cartilage, more or less
completely covered by perichondrium. 2. See Obturator.
Trachelian.
See Vertebrarterial.
Transverse.
See Vertebrarterial.
Venae cavae.
See Quadrate.
Venae saphenae.
See Saphenous Opening.
Venosum.
See Quadrate.
Vertebral.
The space included between the body and arch of a vertebra.
The spinal cord and its appendages.
Vertebrarterial.
The foramina in the transverse processes of the cervical
vertebrae.
Vertebral artery and vein.
Vesalius.
A minute inconstant aperture at the root of the pterygoid
process of the sphenoid bone.
A small vein.
V ivU u x^^yi o.
See Foramen cecum^ anterior and posterior.
See C^anal f idtan.
\Jl LllC VUIllCl.
A lie jjuaLci lui dpciLuic oi LUC i.txHiii oi Ltic vomcr.
Of Winslow.
An aperture situated between the liver and stomach, bounded
in front by the portal vein, hepatic artery and duct, behind,
by the inferior vena cava, below, by the hepatic artery, and
above, by the liver. It is formed by folds of the peritoneum,
and establishes communication between the greater and lesser
cavities of the peritoneum.
Zygomatic, anterior.
See Zygomatico-facial.
Zygomatic, external.
See Zygomatico-facial.
Zygomatic, internal.
See Zygomatico-temporal.
Zygomatic, posterior.
See Zygomatico-temporal.
Zygomatic, superior.
See Zygomatico-temporal.
Zygomatic, temporal.
See Zygomatico-temporal.
Zygomatico-facial.
The aperture of the malar canal on the facial surface of the
malar bone.
Malar division of temporo-malar
branch of superior maxillary nerve.
Zygomatico-temporal.
The external aperture of the malar canal, on the temporal
surface of the malar bone.
Malar division of temporo-malar
branch of superior maxillary nerve.
Foraminated {fo-ram'-in-a-ted^ \_foramen, an open-
ing]. Containing foramina.
Foraminiferous {^fo-ram-in-if -er-tts). Same as For-
aminated.
Forbes, Micrococcus of. See Bacteria, Synonymatic
Table of . F., Operation of. 9>et Operations, Table of.
Force {fors) \_fortis, strong]. Tliat whicli produces or
arrests motion. The rate of transformation of energy
in time. Whatever may be converted into motion
(Robert Mayer).
Forced (forst) \_fortis, strong]. Accomplished by
an unusual exertion of force. F. Feeding. See Sur-
alimentation and Feeding.
Forceps [for'-seps) \_ forceps, a pair of tongs]. An
instrument with two blades and handles for purposes
of seizing, traction, etc., in surgical, obstetric, and
other operations. F., Angular, one bent for introduc-
tion into a canal. F., Arterial, one specially adapted
for seizing an artery ; many varieties are named after
inventors. F., Bone, one exceptionally strong, for
use in operations upon bones. F., Bull-dog, a
forceps with sharp teeth (as for holding an artery).
F., Bullet, one of peculiar construction, to extract
bullets. F., Cannula, long, slender forceps enclosed
in a tube, that opens by protruding the blades. F.,
Catch, a forceps with a catch on the handle. F.,
Craniotomy, the halves are crossed and adapted to
embryotomy. F., Dental, adapted for extraction of
teeth. This was probably among the first, and, per-
haps, almost the only instrument employed for the
extraction of teeth, until the invention of Garengeot,
in the early part of the eighteenth century. But from
the time of Celsus, down to this period, the forceps
used for the extraction of teeth were so rude in
their construction and so illy adapted for the purpose,
that for the removal of the molar teeth the employ-
ment of the key-instrument became general, both
among dentists and physicians. At the present
time, however, forceps have been so greatly im-
proved that the key is but little used. F., Duck-
bill. See Duckbill. F., Ectropion, adapted for
seizing the lid in operations for ectropion. F., Gouge,
cutting-forceps for operations upon bone. F., Hem-
ostatic, a forceps for controlling hemorrhage. F.,
Iridectomy, a delicate forceps for seizing the iris.
F., Midwifery, or Obstetric, a forceps for grasping
the fetal head in difficult labor and by traction aiding
its exit; there is a great number of varieties. F.,
FORCIBLE
490
FORNICATE
Rat-toothed, a form of forceps used in the removal
Simpson's Obstetric Forceps.
With Poullet Tape-attachment for Axis-traction.
of bullets, or other foreign bodies, from wounds. F.,
Spring, same as F., Catch.
Forcible {for'-sib-l) \_fortis, strong]. With force or
power. F. Bxtension. See Extension.
Forcipate, Forcipated [ for' -sip-dt, -a-ted) \_f creeps,
forceps]. In biology, forceps-like.
Forcipressure [for'-se-presh'-zlr) \_forceps, a pair of
tongs; pressiira, a. pressing]. The arrest of a minor
hemorrhage by catching the end of the divided vessel
with a pair of spring-forceps, the pressure being kept
up for 24-36 hours.
Fore {for) [ME., /Jv-i-, before]. Applied to the part
that is in front or first. F.-arm, that part of the arm
between the wrist and the elbow. F. -brain, the ante-
rior of the encephalic vesicles into which the primary
nervous axis of the embryo divides at an early stage ; at
a later stage, the prosencephalon. F. -finger, the index
finger. F.-foot, the foot of a fore-limb. F. -front,
the forehead. F.-gut, the cavity in the raised ceph-
alic end of the embryo, called also headgut. The
rudimentary pharynx and duodenum, with the inter-
mediate portions of the future alimentary canal, are
included in the foregut. F.-head, that part of the
face between the orbits of the eyes, the hair above,
and the temples at the sides. F.-limb, the pectoral
limb of an animal. F.-milk. I. The colostrum,
g. V. 2. The first part of the milk taken from the
teat at any one milking. It is less rich in butter than
is the after-milk, or strippings. F.-skin, the prepuce,
(J. V. ; the term sometimes designates also the
dewlap occasionally seen upon the throat of an aged
person. F. -waters, a name sometimes given to that
portion of the amniotic sac and its contents in advance
of the presenting part in labor.
Foreign [for' -en) [ME., /<;nw, foreign]. Alien; ex-
otic; not native; irrelevant. F. Body, a substance
in a wound, organ, or cavity not normally present.
Forensic ( for-en' -sik) \_forensis, belonging to the
forum]. Pertaining to a court of law. In medicine,
that part of the science connected with judicial in-
quiry. Also, medical jurisprudence.
Forest's Method. See Artificial Respiration.
Forficate (for'-fik-dt) \_forfex, scissors]. In biology,
deeply-forked.
Fork [ME., fork, a fork]. A name frequently given
to the space between the thighs.
Form [forma, shape]. The external shape or config-
uration of the body, or of a part of a body.
Formaldehyd [form-al' -de-hid) \^formica, an ant;
aidehyd'\. Formic aldehyd. See Aldehyd, Formic.
Formalin {for' -mal-in) [for/niea, an ant], HCOH.
A proprietary germicide composed of a 40 per cent,
solution of formaldehyd. Unof.
Formanilid {form-an' -il-id) \_forinica, an ant ; anilin'\,
C^H^NO. A substance obtained on digesting anilin
with formic acid, or by rapidly heating anilin with
oxalic acid. It consists of colorless prisms, readily
soluble in water, alcohol, and ether, melting at 46° C.
Formatio {for-nia' -slw-o) [L.]. A formation. F.
reticularis, the intercrossing of the fibers of the ante-
rior columns in the medulla.
Formative [/o/v«(7;-c, to form]. Plastic;
molding. F. Cell, a large spheric, refractive cell be-
neath the hypoblast.
Formic Acid {for'-mik). See Acid.
Formicant ( for' -mik-ajit) \_formicare, to crawl like an
ant]. Creeping, or moving with a small and feeble ac-
tion ; applied toAe pulse when it is unequal and scarcely
perceptible.
Formication {for-7nik-a' -shun) \_formica, an ant]. A
sensation like that produced by ants or other insects
crawling upon the skin. F., Cocain. See Cocain-
bug.
YoxraoX {for' -mol) [/(W«?V(r, an ant], CH^O. A name
given to formic aldehyd or formaldehyd. It is a
powerful antiseptic, ranking as one of the best, but
its microbicidal power in a given time is very feeble.
Formula {form'-ii-lah) [dim. of forma, a form:
Formnhe^. A prescribed method. In pharmacy, a
list of the names and respective quantities of substances
entering into a composition. In chemistry, a method
of representing the gravimetric structure of a compound
by symbols. F., Constitutional, or Rational, one
that indicates only the union of individual atoms,
such as are especially characteristic of the compound.
F., Empiric. See F., Unitary. F., Graphic.
Same as F., Coustitittionai. F., Rational. Same as
F., Constitntionai. F., Structural, one that indicates
the complete grouping of all of the atoms, representing
the whole chemic deportment of a given compound.
F., Unitary, or Empiric, one that belongs to an entire
series of bodies that are isomeric, yet wholly different,
and that affords no hint as to the character of the com-
pound.
Formulary {for'-mii-la-re) \_formula ; dim. of forma,
form]. F., National, a collection of widely-used
and well-known preparations, omitted from the U. S.
Pharmacopeia, but collected and published by the
American Pharmaceutic Association.
Formyl ( for' -mil ) \_formica, the ant ; vkr], matter],
CHO. The radicle of formic acid.
Forne's Method. See Anesthetic.
Forneaux Jordan's Operations. See Operatio7is.
Fornicate { for'-nik-at) \_fornix, an arch]. In biology,
bearing fornices ; overarched. To commit fornica-
tion.
FORNICATION
491
FOUR
Fornication [for-nik-(7'-skun) [foniicari , to forni-
cate]. The illicit sexual intercourse of an unmarried
person of either sex with another, whether married or
not.
Fornicolumn (for'-ne-kol-itm) \_fornix, an arch ; col-
ti/ima, a column]. The anterior pillar of the fornix,
one in each hemicerebrum. It is a bundle of fibers
ascending from the albicans and thalamus, passing
just caudad of the precommissure, forming the cephalic
boundary of the porta, and ending in the temporal lobe.
Fornicommissure i^for-ne-kom' -is-shur) \_/ofnix, an
arch; co?niiiisstira, a commissure]. A lamina of
greater or less thickness uniting the two hemifornices
of the brain. It is not a true commissure, nor even
fibrous in structure.
Fornicrista [for-ne-kris'-tah ). See Crista.
Fornix [for' -niks) [fornix, an arch]. I. The project-
ing bundle of the gyrus hippocampi, from which it
collects the meduUated nerve-fibers through the fim-
bria. Through the fornix the transition from the
hemispheres to the diencephalon is established. 2.
In biology, a vaulted or arched arrangement or ap-
pendage, as the scales in the throat of some corollas,
or the hollow beneath the umbo of a bivalve-shell.
F. descendens. See Bundle of Vicij Azyr.
Forster's Method. See Cataract, Artificial Matura-
tion of. F.'s, Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Fortification Spectrum [for-tif-ik-a' -shun spek' -trum).
Teichopsia ; the appearance of a peculiar subjective
visual sensation in migraine. The luminous shape of
its outer edge assumes a zigzag form, with angles like
those of a fortification.
Fosforus (^fos'-for-tts). A commendable orthography
for phosphorus. It has been recommended for adop-
tion by recent spelling-reformers.
Fossa \fos'-ah) [fossa, a. d\\.c\\ : pi.. Fosses']. A de-
pression, furrow, or sinus. F., Canine, the depression
on the external surface of the superior maxillary bone,
giving rise to the origin of the levator anguli oris and
compressor nasi muscles. F., Condyloid, a fossa
behind each condyle of the occipital bone. F. coro-
naris, the boundary between the disc and corona, in
Medusa". F., Cranial, any fossa of the skull. F.,
Digastric, a deep groove on the inner aspect of the
mastoid process for the attachment of the digastric
muscle. F., Digital, a deep depression at the base
of the inner surface of the great trochanter of the femur.
F., Glenoid, the fossa in the temporal bone that receives
the condyle of the lower jaw. F., Hyaloid, a depres-
sion in the anterior surface of the vitreous body for the
crystalline lens. F., Hyoid, a small cavity external
to the ary-epiglottic fold on either side of the larynx.
It is also called the Sinus pyriformis. F., Iliac, the
smooth internal surface of the ilium. F., Incisive,
a depression in the superior maxillary bone just above
the incisor teeth. F., Infraclavicular. See F.,
Mohrenheim'' s. F. innominata. Same as F. sca-
phoidea. F., Jugular, a deep excavation in the pe-
trous portion of the temporal bone, forming part of the
posterior lacerated foramen. F. lachrymalis, the de-
presfion in the frontal bone for the reception of the
lachrymal gland. F., Lenticular. Same as F.,
Hyaloid. F., Mohrenheim's, the infraclavicular
fossa ; a triangular depression beneath the clavicle.
F., Myrtiform. Same as F., Incisive. F., Nasal,
the nostrils. See Nasal Fossce. F. navicularis,
Mo!-gag}ii's fossa, a fossa within the penis, formed by
a dilatation in the spongy portion of the urethral pas-
sage. F., Occipital, a fossa behind the condyle of
the occipital bone. F., Olfactory, the fossa in the
fetus that develops into the nasal fossa. F. ovalis,
an oval depression in the right auricle of the heart. F.,
Palatine, the anterior palatine canal passing through
the palatine process of the superior maxillary bone. It
branches into four compartments, the foramina of Sten-
sen, and the foramina of .Scarpa. F. patellaris, a de-
pression on the anterior aspect of the vitreous humor in
Which rests the posterior surface of the lens. F.,
Pituitary, a depression below the olivary process of
the sphenoid bone lodging the pituitary body. F.,
Prepontile, the anterior foramen cajcum. See Fora-
mina, 'fable of. F., Pterygoid, the notch separating
the external and internal plates of the pterygoid pro-
cess of the sphenoid. F. of Rosenmiiller, a depres-
sion on the posterior wall of the naso-pharynx immedi-
ately behind the Eustachian orifice. F. scaphoidea,
the curved depression between the helix and antihelix
of the external ear. F. sigmoidea, a deep groove on the
internal surface of the mastoid portion of the temporal
bone into which the mastoid foramen opens. F., Sphe-
no-maxillary, a triangular space at the angle of the
spheno-maxillary and pter_}'go-maxillary fissures. F.,
Sublingual, a depression on the internal surface of the
inferior maxillary bone, for containing the sublingual
gland. F., Submaxillary, the oblong depression on
the internal surface of the inferior maxillary bone,
which contains the submaxillary gland. F., Sub-
scapular, a broad cavity on the internal surface of
the scapula. F., Temporal, the fossa on either side of
the head filled by the temporal muscle. It is formed
by parts of the frontal, sphenoid, parietal, temporal,
and malar bones. F., Trochanteric. Same as F.,
Digital. F., Zygomatic, a cavity below and on the
inner side of the zygoma.
Fosset, or Fossette (/(W-i'/'') [Fr.]. A dimple or small
depression.
Fossilin [fos'-il-in) [fossilis, dug up]. A trade-name
for a product resembling vaselin.
Fossula {f>s^-su-lah) [dim. of fossa , a dhch : pl.,Fos-
sulce]. I. In biology, a small fossa. 2. Any one of
the numerous slight depressions on the surface of the
cerebrum. F. olfactoriae, the olfactory depressions
of acraspede medusfe.
Fothergill's Disease, or Faceache. See Diseases,
Table of. F.'s Sore-throat, a synonym of the angi-
noid variety of scarlet fever {^Scarlatina anginosa) .
Foubert's Test. See Death.
Foudroyancy [foo-droi'-an-se) [Fr. ]. The property of
being foudroyant.
Foudroyant ( foo-droi' -ant ) [Fr. ]. Sudden and over-
whelming ; fulminant ; fulgurant.
Foul {fowl) [M.Y,., foul, foul]. Filthy; offensive; dis-
gusting. F.-in-the-foot. See F.-rot. F.-rot, an
inflammatory disease of the hoofs of cattle ; it is at-
tended with suppuration.
Foulage (/c>o-/i7//c//') [Fr., " fulling, or jiressing"]. In
massage, a form of manipulation of the tissues. See
Fulling.
Foulbrood {fowl' -brood). A contagious zymotic dis-
ease of the honey-bee and its larva, due to the
presence of the Bacillus alvei. See Bactei-ia, Syno-
nymatic. Table of.
Foullioy's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Founder {fown'-der) [funderc, to pour]. Laminitis
{(]. V.) of the horse's fore-feet, with the accompanying
disorders of related parts. F., Chest, founder in a
horse, marked or accompanied by atrophy of the chest-
muscles.
Foundling {found' -ling) [Ger. , funden, found]. An
abandoned infant.
Four (y^ir) [ME. , yi'OTOT/;', four]. Twice two. F.-drug
Ointment. See Basilicoji Ointtnent. F. Masters,
Suture of the. See Suture. F. -tailed Bandage. See
Bandage.
FOURCHET
492
FRAMBESIOID
Fourchet, or Fourchette {foor-shcl') [Fr. , a fork].
I. A fold of mucous membrane at the posterior junc-
tion of the labia majora. 2. A forked instrument
used in division of the frenum linguae.
Fournier's Method. See Treatment, Methods of.
Fovea [fo-ve'-ah) \_fovea, a small pit]. Applied to
many depressions in the body or its organs, but more
particularly to the fovea centralis retina, a little pit in
the macula lutea opposite the visual axis, the spot of
distinctest vision, where the retinal cones are massed
together and the rods and some other parts are absent.
It is opposite the center of the cornea. F. hemiellip-
tica, recessus ellipticus ; sinus semiovalis ; a small
fossa on the inner wall of the labyrinth, between the
fovea hemispherica and the orifices of the semicircular
canals. F. hemispherica, recessus sphericus ; a
depression in the forepart of the inner wall of the
labyrinth.
Foveate {fo'-ve-at) \_fovea, a small pit]. In biology,
deeply pitted.
Foveola [fo-ve' -o-la/i) [dim. of fovea, a small pit]. I.
A small pit or depression. 2. The depression at the
summit of each papilla of the kidney. F. coccygea,
a slight depression — a congenital defect — a little above
the anus and at the apex of the coccyx. It is due
to imperfect development. F. inguinalis, a -some-
what funnel-shaped depression in the external in-
guinal fossa. It is open in fetal life, and is the ab-
dominal end of the inguinal canal, through which the
testis descended. F. radialis. See Anatomist' s
Snuffbox.
Fovilla i^fo-vil' -ah) \_fovere, to warm, to cherish : //. ,
Fovillce'\. In biology, the protoplasmic contents of a
pollen-grain.
Fowler's Method. A method of estimating the amount
of urea in the urine. It consists in mixing one volume
of the urine with seven volumes of liquor sodse chlo-
rata; (U. S. P.) and comparing the specific gravity
before and after eff ervescence. See Urea. F.'s Solu-
tion. See Arsenic.
Fox's Apparatus. An apparatus for treating fracture of
the clavicle. It consists of a pad in the axilla with a
suspensory apparatus from the opposite shoulder.
Fox-glove [foks' -gluv). See Digitalis.
Foxination (foks-in-a'-skitn). See Hypnotism.
Fractional ( f-ak'-skun-ai) [ f-actio, a breaking]. Per-
taining to fractions. F. Cultivation, the isolation of
one variety of microorganism from a mixture of several,
in order to study or cultivate it. This is done by at-
tenuation of the medium so that a drop will probably
contain but one organism. Distilled water was first
used as the attenuating medium, but gelatinized media
are now used. Brefeld and Nageli suggested the
procedure, and Lister isolated the first microbe, the
Bacillus lacttcus of Cohn. F. Distillation. See Dis-
tillation.
Fractionation [frak-sknn-a'-slitin) \_fractio, a break-
ing]. Chemic separation by successive operations.
Fractura {frak tur'-ah) [L.]. A fracture. F. dentis,
fracture of a tooth.
Fracture {frak' -tur) '\_fractura ; frangere, to break].
The breaking of a bone, either by external force, or
by the action of the muscles of the body. Applied
also to the breaking of a cartilage. F., Barton's,
an oblique fracture of the lower end of the radius, begin-
ning on the articulating surface. F.-bed, a douljly-
inclined plane used in the treatment of fractures of the
hip. F.-box, a long box with no ends or cover, used in
the immobilization of fractured bones. F., Capillary,
consisting of only a fine crack 06 fissure. F., Commi-
nuted, with shattering of the bone. F., Colles', one of
the lower end of the radius with displacement back-
ward. F., Complete, entirely through the bone. F.,
Comminuted Fracture of Clavicle. (Moullin.)
Complicated, with injury of adjacent parts. F.,
Compound, with a communicating wound of the skin.
F., Depressed, with depression of the fractured part
below the normal level, as in fracture of the skull. F.,
Double, one bone is fractured in two places. F.,
Dupuytren's, fracture of the fibula, with retraction
and displacement outward, and with laceration of the
ligaments of the foot. F., Epiphyseal, with separa-
tion of the epiphysis of a bone. F., Greenstick, one
Greenstick Fracture of the Radius. (Moullin.)
side of the bone is broken, the other bent. F., Im-
pacted, with forcible compression of the fragments
into each other. F., Moore's, fracture of the lower
end of the radius, with laceration of the internal lateral
ligament and detachment of the triangular interarticu-
lar cartilage, which allows of the dislocation of the
head of the ulna and the imprisonment of the styloid
process under the annular ligaments. F., Pott's, same
as /'. , Diipuytreji' s, but without laceration of the in-
ferior tibio-fibular ligaments. F., Shepherd's, a frac-
ture of the astragalus, the outer projecting edge being
detached. F., Simple, without rupture of the over-
lying skin or mucous membrane. F., Smith's, frac-
ture of the lower end of the radius, from a quarter of
an inch to an inch from the articular surface. F.,
Spontaneous, with but a slight force to cause it, as
when there is disease of the bone.
Fraenulum [fren'-u-liim). See Frenulutn.
Fraenum {fre'-num). 'set Fremim .
Fragilitas {fraj-il' -it-as) [L.]. Brittleness. In phy-
siology, a want of flexile strength. F. crinium, an
atrophic condition of the hair in which the individual
hairs split into numerous fibrilki?, the cleavage in many
cases being recognizable as far as to the roots, the
fibrils often curling in several turns away from the
axis of the shaft. F. ossium, abnormal brittleness
of the bones.
Fragmentation ( frag-men-ta' -sluen) \_fraginentum, a.
piece]. The subdivision into fragments; the separa-
tion of certain forms of bacilli, or other microorgan-
isms, into joints which become new individuals; the
division or segmentation of a cell. F. of Calculi,
Spontaneous, the exfoliation and breaking up of a
calculus by the action of the uric acid or other morbid
products in the bladder.
Frambesia {frain-hc' -w-ali) \_framhcesia, raspberry].
Yaws ; Plan ; Amboyna Button ; Parangi ; Coco ;
Endemic Verrugas. A tropical contagious disease of
the skin, of long duration, characterized by dirty or
bright-red raspberry-like tubercles, appearing usually
on the face, toes, and genital organs. It is most fre-
quent in young colored people.
Frambesial ( fram-be'-ze-al) \_ frambcesia,3. raspberry].
Resembling, or ]iertaining to frambesia.
Frambesioid [fram-he' -zc-oid ) \_framha-sia, a raspberry;
fi(5i)(,', likeness]. Resembling frambesia, or one of its
tubercles.
FRANCHIMONT'S TEST
493
FRENCH
Franchimont's Test. See Tests, Table of.
Francis' Test. See Tests, Table of.
Franciscea ( fran-sis'-e-ak). See Manacn.
Franck's Pill. A purgative pill containing aloes 4,
rhubarb 2, syrup of absinthe, q. s.
Franco's Operations. See Operations, Table of.
Frangible [fran' -jib-l) \_frangere, to break]. Liable
to fracture ; breakable.
Yxa.'n.^xsXsLi^fmng' -gn-lali) [origin uncertain]. The bark
(one year old) of Rhamnns fraiigula, or alder buck-
thorn. The fresh bark is a violent irritant ; the old bark is
a non-irritant purgative much used in the constipation of
pregnancy. Ext. Rhamni Frang. (B. P.). Dose
gr. XV- 5 j. F., Ext., Fid. Dose ^ss-ij. Ext.
Rham. Frang. Liq. (B. P.). Dose ^j-iv.
Frangulin [frang' -gu-lin) [origin uncertain], C^^HjgOjg.
Rhamnoxanthin ; a lemon-yellow, crystalline, odor-
less, and tasteless glucosid found in Buckthorn.
Frank [ME., frank,o\)ex\\ Of a benign or favorable
tendency ; as a frank inflammation ; sometimes also
applied to remedies, in a similar sense.
Frank's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Frankel's Apparatus. A pneumatic apparatus. F.'s
Pneumobacillus. See Bacteria, Synonymatic Table.
Frankenhauser, Ganglion of. See Ganglia, Table
of. F.'s Micrococcus. The micrococcus of perni-
cious anemia. See Bacteria , Syno)iymatic Table of.
Frankenia [frang-ke' -ne-ak) [after Johann Franke'\.
A genus of heath-like herbs and undershrubs. F.
grandiflora, of California, called Verba rheuma, is
astringent, and is a popular remedy for nasal, urethral
and vaginal catarrhs. F. portulacifolia, of St.
Helena, has been used as a substitute for tea. Other
species of the genus are aromatic and stimulant. Unof.
Frankfort Black. See Pigments, Conspectus of. F.
Plane. See Plane.
Frankincense [fra?igk' -in-sens) \_francum incensum,
pure incense]. A name given to a variety of resinous
aromatic substances, especially the exudation of Abies
excelsa ; the term was originally, and properly, the
same as olibanum. It is the concrete turpentine
scraped off the trunks of Piniis aiistralis and P. tceda.
It is used externally as a slight stimulant and is con-
tained in Einplastrwn picis (B. P.).
Frankland's Artificial Human Milk. A nutritious
preparation made from cow's milk as follows : — Allow
^ of a pint of new milk to stand 1 2 hours ; remove
the cream, and mix it with of a pint of perfectly
fresh cow's milk. Take the milk from which the
cream was removed, a.nd put into it a piece of rennet
about an inch square (fluid rennet may be employed).
Keep the vessel containing it in a warm place, until
the milk is fully curdled, an operation requiring from
5 to 15 minutes according to the activity of the rennet.
Break up the curd repeatedly, and carefully separate
the whole of the whey, which should then be rap-
idly heated to boiling in a small tin-pan placed over a
spirit-lamp or gas-lamp. During the heating a further
quantity of casein, technically called " fleetings," sepa-
rates, and must be removed by straining through clean
muslin. Now dissolve 1 10 grains of powdered sugar of
milk in the hot whey, and mix it with of a pint of
new milk to which the cream from the other fluid has
already been added. The artificial milk should be used
within 12 hours of its preparation. F.'s Method, a
method of estimating the quantity of organic matter
present in water. The organic carbon is oxidized and
obtained as CO.^, and' the organic nitrogen is liberated
in the free gaseous state and measured.
Franklin [fi-angk'-lin) [from Benjamin Franklin']. A
unit of static or frictional electricity. F. Spectacles.
See Bifocal.
Franklinic [frangk-lin'-ik) [from B. Franklin']. Fric-
tional. F. Electricity, static or frictional electricity.
Franklinism ( frangk' -lin-i:.in). Same as Frankliniza-
tion .
Franklinization {frangk-lin-iz-a' -shun) [after B.
Franklin]. The therapeutic use of frictional or static
electricity.
Frasera [ fra'-zer-ah). See American Columbo.
Fraserin [fra' -zer-in) [after John P'raser, an English
botanist]. A precipitate from a tincture of the root
of Frasera carolinensis ; it is atonic, stimulant, and
mildly astringent. Dose I to 3 grains. Unof.
Fraunhofer's Lines. See Absorption, and LinesTable.
Fraxin [fraks'-in) l^fraxinus, an a.sh-tree], C.^^H.,^0^^.
A glucosid from the bark of certain species of ash
(Fraxinus excelsior, etc.). It forms fine, white, four-
sided prisms, of a bitter taste. It has been proposed
as a remedy for gout, rheumatism, etc.
Fraxinus [fraks-in' -us) [L. ," ash-tree. "]. A genus
of trees, order Oleacece, to which the various species of
the ash belong. F. americana, is useful in dys-
menorrhea. A wine ( Vinuin fraxini americancr,
N. F. ) is prepared from its inner bark. Dose, one
fluidrachm. F. excelsior, of Europe, affords a medici-
nal bark, its leaves, and wood formerly being official.
Chinese wax is collected from the branches of F.
chinensis ; and manna from F. ornus and F. rotun-
difolia.
Freak [frek) [M.'E., freke, bold]. A popular name for
a deformed person.
Freckles [frek'-lz). See Lentigo and Ephelides.
Freestone-hewers' Lung. Synonym of Pneumono-
koniosis.
Freezing [frez' -ing) [M'E. , fi-eesen, to freeze]. The
congelation of liquids, especially of water. F. -fluids,
liquid preparations, with boric acid, syrupy or gummy
in consistence, in which tissue-specimens are immersed
prior to freezing and section-cutting. F. -machine,
an apparatus for producing intense cold by the evapo-
ration of condensed gases. F. -microtome, a micro-
tome attached to a contrivance for freezing artificially
the tissue to be sectionized. It is used with very soft
tissues. F. -mixture, a mixture of salts which absorb
heat in undergoing solution. F. -point, the tempera-
ture at which a liquid freezes.
Freire, Micrococcus of. See Bacteria, Table of.
Fremitus {frem'-it-us) [L. , a murmur]. A tremor
caused by the sympathetic vibration of some part or organ
of the body in consonance with some other vibrating
body. Also, a murmuring. F., Friction, the vibrations
produced by the rubbing together of two dry surfaces of
the pleura, and felt by the hand. It is met with frequently
in dry pleurisy. F., Rhonchal, vibrations produced by
the passage of air through a large bronchial tube con-
taining mucus. It is most often felt in bronchitis.
F., Tactile, the vibratory sensation conveyed to the
hand applied to the chest of a speaking person. F.,
Tussive, the thrill felt when the hand is placed upon
the chest while the patient coughs. F., Vocal.
See I'ocal.
Fremontia ( fre-mo)i' -she-ah) [after John C. Fremont,
an American explorer]. A genus of malvaceous
shrubs. F. californica, Californian slippery elm, is
not related botanically to the true elms, but its bark
is used in the same way as that of the slippery elm.
French {^Prancus, a Frank], Pertaining to France.
F. Blue. See Artificial Ultramarine under Pigments,
Conspectus of. F. Crust, or F. Distemper. Synonym
of Syphilis. F. Green. Same as Schwcinfurt Green.
F. Measles. Synonym o{ Rotheln, q. 7'. F. Method,
the manual method of instruction of deaf-mutes. F.
Mulberry. See Callicarpa. F. Pox. Synonym of
FRENETIC
494
FRONDOSE
Syphilis. F. Purple. Same as Archil. See Pig-
7neiits, Conspectus of. F. Red. See Pigments,
Conspectus of. F. Spirit, Brandy. F. White.
Same as White Lead.
Frenetic (fren-et'-ik) \Yx.,frenetiquc\ Relating to
mental disorder.
'Fx&no-s^zrt.XoTyiyfre'-no-se-ki-c'-tor-e) \_fj-e)tiiiii, bridle ;
secretio, a separation]. Exercising a restraining or
inhibitory power over the secretions.
Frenulum (^fren'-u-lum) \dim., of fretium,^ bridle:
pi. , Frenula\. A small or minute frenum. The name
given to the cephalic 4)ortion of the valvula of the
mesencephal. In biology, a strong elastic bristle on
the upper edge and near the base of the secondary
wing of butterflies and moths, which folds the secon-
daries when at rest ; it serves to lock the wings
together.
Frenum [fre'-tiuin) [L., a curb]. A ligament, fold
of integument, or other part, that checks or limits the
movements of any organ. F. dentis, the socket of
a tooth. F. labiorum, the fourchet or lower com-
missure of the labia pudcndi. F. linguae, the bridle
of the tongue. F., Macdowel's, the accessory fibers
strengthening anteriorly the intermuscular septum of
the deep fascia of the arm attached to the great pec-
toral tendon. F. of Penis, the fold on the lower sur-
face of the glans penis connecting it with the prfepuce.
Frenzy [fren'-ze) \J>pevt]ai<; ; 'f>p'/i', brain; mind]. Ex-
treme and violent mania. F., Transitory, a condi-
tion of impaired consciousness characterized by either
an intense maniacal frenzy or a confused hallucinatory
delirium, the duration of which does not exceed the
period of a day or two.
Frere Come, Arsenical Paste of. Arsenious acid
and animal charcoal, each one part ; mercuric sul-
phid, four parts ; to be used only over a small area
at a time. F. C.'s Operation. See Operations Table.
Fresco Colors. See Pigments, Colors, and Dyestuffs.
Fret [ME., /rftoz, to eat up]. An abrasion; a chaf-
ing; herpes; tetter..
Fretting [ fret'-ing) [ME., freten, to eat up]. A chaf-
ing. Synonym of Tormina.
Fretum [L., a strait]. A constriction. F.
of Haller, in the fetal heart, the constriction between
the auricles and the ventricles.
Freund's Operations. See Operations, Table of. F.'s
Test. See Tests, Table of.
Fray's White Mass. A substance for injecting tissues.
Precipitate from 125 to 185 c. c. of a cold, saturated,
aqueous solution of barium chlorid by adding H.^SO^,
drop by drop. Allow the precipitate to settle for 24
hours, and decant the clear fluid. The remaining mu-
cilaginous mass is mixed with an equal volume of
strong gelatin solution.
Friable ( f-i'-ab-l) \_friare, to rub]. Easily broken or
crumbled.
Friar's Balsam [fri'-a?-z bal'-sam). A name given to
the Balsamum traumaticum, N. F. , and also to the
very similar Tittctura benzoini composita, U. S. P.
See Benzoin , aviA Wade'' s Balsam.
Fricke's Operation. See Operations , Table of.
Friction { frik'-shmt) \_frictio ; fricarc,\.o rub]. I.
The act of rubbing. The process, in medicine, called
shampooing. Also the inunction of a medicinal sub-
stance by rubbing. 2. In massage, firm circular
manipulations, always followed by centripetal strok-
ings. Friction maybe practised with the thumb, with
the tips of the fingers, or with one hand. F.-fremitus.
See Fremitus. F. -sound, the sound observed in
auscultation, as a result of the rubbing together of ad-
jacent parts, as of the pleural folds, the pericardium,
or the peritoneum.
Friedlander, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Synonymatic
Table of F.'s Hematoxylon Solution. See Stains,
Table of. F.'s Method, a method of staining Pneu-
monia-cocci. See Stains, Table of. F., Microbe of.
See Bacteria, Synonymatic I'able of.
Friedreich's Ataxia or Disease. Hereditary Ataxia,
or Hereditary Ataxic Paraplegia, or I'ostero-lateral
.Sclerosis, depending on combined posterior and lateral
sclerosis of the cord, and differing from tabes and
ataxic paraplegia in the early age of its appearance,
its hereditary nature, and some other features. Also
applied to Paramyoclonus multiplex. See Diseases,
Table of. F.'s Sign. See Signs and Symptoms ,
Table of.
Fright ( /)-//) [ME.,/)'/:/, fright]. Sudden and extreme
fear. F. -neuroses, Page's term for certain neuromi-
metic disorders following injury. This class of cases
is generally considered under the name of " trau-
matic hysteria.^'' Fright-neuroses are frequently en-
countered in males as the result of railway injuries.
Frigorific [frig-or-if'-ik ) \_frigus, cold; facere, to
make]. I. Producing extreme cold. 2. That which
produces extreme cold. F. Mixture, A?-nott^s Mix-
ture ; a mixture used as a local anesthetic. It con-
sists of two parts of ice, and one of salt. These are
pulverized separately in a canvas or linen bag, and
then thoroughly mixed and surrounded by a piece of
gauze. As soon as the mixture begins to melt it
should be placed over the part to be anesthetized.
Fringe [frinj) [ME., fringe, a fringe]. See Fimbria.
F.-tree, the bark of the root of Chionanthus
virginica, a mild diuretic, aperient, and reputed
alterative. Dose of the fld. ext. 15 ss-j. Unof. See
Chio>ianthus.
Frog [ME., frogge, a frog]. l. An amphibian of the
family Ranidce. 2. In farriery, an elastic, horny
substance that grows in the middle of the sole of a
horse's foot, dividing it into two branches, and run-
ning toward the heel in the form of a fork. 3. A
popular name for Ranula, q. v. It is also called
Frog-tongue. F., Cohnheim's. See Cohnheim. F.-
face, a facial deformity due to the growth of polypi
or other tumors in the nasal cavities. A temporary
condition of this kind may be due to orbital cellulitis
or facial erysipelas. F.-gait, a peculiar hopping
progression due to contractions of the flexors and ad-
ductors of the thighs, and to paralysis of the adductors.
It is one of the results of infantile diplegia. F.-
headed, the appellation given to anencephalic mon-
sters, from their peculiar contour, which is due to the
imperfect development of the orbits and the consequent
apparent prominence of the eyes. F. -spawn Mat-
ter. Sen Boiled-sago Matter. F. -tongue. See Frog.
Froissement [frwas-mon{g)) [Fr. , bruising]. In mas-
sage, a form of " rough attachement," of the skin
and superficial tissues. See Attachement.
Frolement ( frdl-mon(g)) [Fr.]. A brushing ; in mas-
sage, a succession of slow, backward-and-forward
movements, as from a center to a periphery, and the
reverse. It is done with the palmar surface of the
fingers, or with the roulet.
Fromage de Brie ( fro-mahzli du(r)-bre'). See Cheese.
Frohmann's Lines. .See Line.
Frond {frond) \^frons, a leafy branch]. In biology,
a leaf-like expansion of certain invertebrates, espec-
ially such as resemble plants. A thallus, or organ in
which the functions of leaf and stem are not fully
differentiated.
Frondescence ( fron-des' -ens) \_ frondesco-e, to put
forth leaves]. In biology, the state of bursting into
leaf. Cf. Foliation, and Phyllody.
Frondose {fron'-dos) \_frondosus, leafy]. In biology,
FRONS
495
rULGURANT
having thin, expanded parts. Thalloid, or Hke a
thallus.
Frons {fronz) [L. : gen., Fyontis\. The forehead.
Front [ frunt) \_ frons, the forehead]. The forehead.
F. Combination. See Combination. F.-tap Con-
traction of Gowers. See Contraction, and Reflexes,
Table of.
Frontad {frnn' -tad) \_ frons, the forehead; ad, to].
Towards the frontal aspect.
Frontadiform ( frun-tad' -if-oriii) \_ frons, front ; forma,
form]. In biology, having the body extended in the
direction of the forehead.
Frontal [f-iiiit'-al) \_fronta/is, of the forehead]. I.
Pertaining to the anterior part or aspect of an organ
or body. 2. More often, belonging to the frons or
forehead. F. Bone, the anterior bone of. the skull
and superior bone of the face. F. Crest. See Crest.
F. Eminence. See Eminence. F. Lobe. See Lobe.
F. Section. Section. F. Sinuses, the cavities,
one over each orbit, of the frontal bone. F. Trian-
gle. See Triangles, Table of.
Frontalis Muscle ( fron-ta' -lis ) \_ frontalis, of the
forehead]. The frontal portion of the occipito-frontal
muscle. See Muscles, J able of.
Fronten (^f run' -ten) \_frons, the forehead]. Belong-
ing to the frontal bone in itself.
Frontlet [frunt' -let) [frons, the forehead] . In biology,
applied to the forehead of a bird when distinguished
by some peculiarity.
Fronto- [fnin'-to-) \_frons, the forehead]. A prefix de-
noting anterior position ; or, more often, expressing
a relation with the frons, or forehead. F. -alveolar,
relating to the frontal and alveolar regions. F.-
ethmoid, relating to the frontal and ethmoid bones.
F. -occipital, relating to both forehead and occiput.
F. -triangle. See Triangle. F. -orbital, relating
to forehead and orbit.
Frontodymia [^frnn-to-dim' -e-ali). Same as Cephalo-
pagiis and Cephalodymia.
Frost [old Danish, frost]. In farriery, to sharpen
the front and hind parts of a horse's shoes. F.-bite,
injury to the skin or a part from extreme cold, result-
ing in inflammation and gangrene ; pagoplexia. F.-
itch, a name for Prurigo hiemalis. F.-wort. See
Helia ntJiem u m .
Frosted Feet {fros' -ted fit). See Chilblain.
Froth frothe, froth]. Foam, as from the mouth.
F., Bronchial, that coming from the bronchial tubes,
as in asthma.
Frottage ( frot-ahzh') [Fr.]. A form of sexual perver-
sion in which the orgasm is induced by simply rubbing
against or toying with the clothing of women. An
individual so afflicted is called a frotteur.
'Piolttvii {fro-tair') [Fr.]. See Frottage.
Frown [ME., fro7vncn, to scowl]. To scowl. A
wrinkling of the brow.
Frozen Attitude {fro'-zen at'-it-nd). See Attitude.
Fructiculose [fruk-tik' -u-lds) [ fructiculus, dim. of
friictus, fruit]. In biology, bearing much fruit.
Fructification (fruk-tif-ik-a' -shun) [ fructificare, to
bear fruit]. In biology, fecundation, fertilization,
impregnation ; the act of forming, or the production of
fruit, of whatever sort.
Fructose [fruk'-tos) \_fructus, fruit] , CfiH,.^Oe. Fruit-
sugar, formerly caWeA levitlose ; it is found in almost all
sweet fruits. It is formed, together with grape-sugar, in
the so-called inversion, or decomposition of cane-sugar,
by boiling with acids or by the action of ferments. The
mixture of the two is called invert-sugar. Fruit-sugar
forms a thick syrup, which at 100° C. dries to a
gummy, deliquescent mass. It may be crystallized in
fine, silky needles, fusing at 95° C. It is more slowly
fermented by yeast than grape-sugar. It reduces an
alkaline copper-solution in the same proportion as the
latter. See also Carbohydrates, Table of.
Fruehjahrkatarrh [Ger.]. See Ophthalmia , Spring.
Frugivorous {fru-jiv' -or-us) \_frux, fruit; vorare,\.a
devour]. Fruit-eating.
Friihlingskatarrh [fre'-lings-kat-ar) [Ger.]. See
Vernal Conjunctivitis and Ophthalmia , Spring.
Fruit (yfroot) \_fructus, fruit]. The developed ovary of
a plant, and especially the succulent, fleshy parts
gathered about the same. Also applied to the offspring
of animals. F. -sugar. See Sugar and Fructose.
F.-dots. See Sorus.
Frumentaceous {fru-men-ta' -she-us) \_frumentum,
grain]. Belonging to or resembling grain.
Frumentum (fru-men'-tum) [L.]. Wheat or other
grain. Spiritus frianenti, whisky. See Spiritus.
Frutescent [fru-tes' -cnt) \_frutex, a shrub]. In biology,
somewhat shrubby.
Frutex {fru'-teks) [L. a shrub, a bush: //. Frutices'].
In biology, a shrub ; a woody, perennial plant, gener-
ally having several stems and not exceeding twenty
feet in height.
Fruticose, or Fruticous [fru'-tik-os, or -us) \_frutex,
a shrub]. Shrubby.
Fruticulose {fru-tik' -u-lds) [fruticulus, dim. of fru-
tex, a shrub]. In biology, resembling a small shrub.
Fryer's Apparatus. A transfusion apparatus made of
a single piece of rubber with two bulbs. F.'s Oper-
ation. See Operations, Table of.
Fuchsin {fook'-sin) [after Leonhard /v/f//^], C.,|,Hj(,N3.-
HCl. Rosein, Magenta, Eosin, Anilin-red. The
hydrochlorid of rosanilin, a lustrous, green, crystalline
salt imparting an intense red to solutions. In large
doses it produces violent emesis and purging. In-
jected into a vein it causes staggering and trembling.
It is said to be efficient in reducing albuminuria. Dose
gr. j^-iv. See Pigments, Conspectus of . F. -bodies, the
name given by Russel to certain bodies found in car-
cinomata to which he attributes the causation of the
growths ; he refers them to the sprouting fungi. Other
observers find similar bodies which they hold to be
coccidia, while others consider them as crystals of
safranin or other pigments used in the preparation.
Fuchsinophile [fook-sin'-o-fil) \_fuchsin ; (piMeiv, to
love]. Readily stained by fuchsin.
Fuciphagous {^ fu-sif -ag-us). Same as Ftu ivorozis.
Fucivorous i^fit-siv' -or-us) \_fiieus, a seaweed ; vorare,
to devour]. In biology, applied to such animals as
the dugong, certain marine turtles, etc., that feed on
sea- weeds.
Fucus [fu' -kus) [0i)KOf, seaweed]. A genus of marine
algae, the rock- weeds. F. vesiculosus, bladder- wrack,
sea-wrack ; a marine alga abundant on the seashore ;
it is used as an alterative and tonic. It is employed in
goiter and glandular enlargements, but mainly as an
empiric remedy for the absorption of fatty tissue in
obesity. An extract for such purpose is sold under the
name of anti-fat. Dose of the solid extract, gr. x ; of
the fluid extract, ^j-ij. Unof.
Fuel {fu'-el) [ME., ///tV, a wood-yard]. Combustible
matter. F.-gas, natural gas mixed with air, used
largely for manufacturing purposes as a substitute for
solid fuel. Artificial gas, of the water-gas type, not
enriched with hydrocarbons for rendering it illuminant,
is also sold as fuel-gas.
Fugacious {fi-ga'-shus) \_fugere ,\.o 'Aee\ In biology,
falling off, or fading early ; fleeting ; fugitive.
Fugitive Color {fu'-jit-iv kul'-or). See Pigments,
Colors, and Dye-stuffs.
Fulgurant (^ ful' -ju-ratit) \_fulgurare, to flash ; fulgur,
lightning]. Severe and terrific; as fulgurant pains.
FULGURATION
496
FUNICULUS
Fulguration {fnl-ju-ra' -sJiun) \_fiilgiira/io, a stroke of
lightning]. I. Lightning-stroke. 2. A sensation of
swiftly darting pains.
Fuliginous i^fu-lij' -in-iis) \_fnliginosiis, full of soot].
Smoke-like ; very dark ; soot-colored ; applied to lips
that are covered with dry, black crusts, as a " fuligin-
ous coating. "
Fuligo {fn-li'-go) [L.]. Soot; sordes. F. ligni, the
soot of a wood-fire ; ointments and tinctures of it are
popularly esteemed. It is a good disinfectant. F.
kali, a preparation of soot boiled in caustic potash, and
used in skin-diseases. Cf. Anthrakokali.
Full [ME., >/, full]. I. Replete; filled. 2. Intoxi-
cated. 3. Entire. F. Bath. See Bath.
Fullers' Earth [ful'-erz tirtli). A siliceous non-fictile
clay, used in the fulling of cloth, on account of its
soapy quality ; it was formerly used as an absorbent,
like bole.
Fuller's Lotion. A lotion for rheumatic joints, com-
posed of carbonate of soda, 6 drams ; laudanum, I
ounce ; glycerin, 2 ounces, and water, 9 ounces.
Saturate hot cloths with this and apply. F.'s Pill, a
purgative pill, containing aloes, senna, asafetida, gal-
banum, myrrh, sulphate of iron, saffron, mace, oil of
amber, honey, and alcohol.
Fulling { ful'-iug) [i\IE., /////)'«!,■■(', fulling]. In mas-
sage, a valuable method of kneading, named from the
motion used by fullers in rubbing linen between their
hands. It consists in holding the limb between the
palms of both hands, with the fingers fully extended,
and making a rapid to-and-fro movement with each,
the result being that the limb is rolled back and forth
between the hands.
Fulmar Oil { ficF-iiiar) [ME. , /«//««;■]. Oil cast up
from the stomach of the fulmar [Proce/laria glacialis) ,
a sea bird of the N. Atlantic. It has the general
qualities of cod-liver oil.
Fulminant, or Fulminating {ful' -ttiin-ant, or fid'-
min-a-ting') \_fidininare, to lighten]. Sudden, severe,
and rapid in course ; as fulminant glaucoma. Same
as Foiidroyajit, q. v.
Fulminate [fitl'-inin-af) [////Wd'w, lightning] . A com-
pound of fulminic acid with a base, usually silver,
gold, or mercury, characterized by highly explosive
qualities.
Fulminating ( fuV -min-a-ting^. See Fulminant.
Fulvous [fnl'-V!is) \_fiilvus, deep-yellow, tawny, flame-
colored]. Having a tawny-yellow color.
Fumaria {fii-iiia' -re-ah ). See Funiitorv.
Fumarin \fu' -mar-bi) \_fuinus, smoke]. An alkaloid
from Fumaria officinalis ; recommended as strongly
antipyretic. Unof.
Fumigation [ fu-mig-a'-sliun) \_fumigare, to smoke].
Disinfection by exposure to the fumes of a vaporized
disinfectant.
T?\im\lory( fu' -mit-or-e) [fu?uus, smoke ; terra, earth].
The plants Fufnaria officiitalis, and F. bullosa, herbs
native to Europe : formerly esteemed as polychrest
remedies, but now neglected ; they are actively deob-
struent and antifebrile. Unof.
Fumous {fu'-mus) \_fuiuus, smoke]. In biology,
smoke-colored ; fuliginous.
Fumus {fu'-mus) [L.]. Smoke. F. terra, old name
for Fumitory.
Function {fungk'-s/iuti) [ fungi, to perform]. The
noiTnal or special action of a tissue, organ, or part of
the body.
¥\incX.\ona.\ {fungk'-shun-al) [/«;/§■/, to perform]. Per-
taining to the special action of an organ, whether
physiologic or pathologic. F. Disease, one without
appreciable organic alterations. F. Spasm, a term
applied to any of the so-called Fatigue-diseases.
Functionalization [funk-shun-al-iz-a'-shun) \_functio,
a function]. Restoration of a lost or diseased func-
tion.
Fundal {fun'-dal) [fundus, the bottom]. Relating
to a fundus.
Fundament {fun' -dam-ent^ \_fundamentnm : fundus,
bottom]. I. The foundation or base of a thing. 2.
In embryology, the rudiment. 3. The anus.
Fundamental [fun-dam-cnt'-al) [ fundamentuni :
fundus, bottom]. Pertaining to the foundation. F.
Tissue, in biology, unspecialized parenchyma ; those
tissues of a plant through which the fibro-vascular bun-
dles are distributed.
Fundus {fun'-dus) \_fundus, the bottom]. The base
of an organ. F. Glands, microscopic tubular glands
of the cardiac portion of the gastric mucous mem-
brane. F. oculi, the posterior and interior portion
of the eye seen by the ophthalmoscope, comprising
chiefly the retina, papilla, retinal vessels, etc. F.
uteri, the part of the womb remotest from the cervix^,
and situated cephalad from the outlets of the oviducts.
F. vesicae, the basis, floor, or bas fond of the urinary
bladder.
Fungate {fting'-gdf) \_fungus, a toadstool]. To grow
up with a fungous form or appearance. Also to grow
rapidly like a fungus (applied to certain pathologic
growths) .
Fungi ( fun' fi ). See Fungus.
Fungicide {fu>i'-jis-id) [y//«^''«j', a toadstool ; cadere,
to kill], I. Destructive to fungi; bactericide. 2.
An agent that destroys fungi or bacteria.
Fungiform (fun'-Jiforni)\_ fungus, a mushroom ; forma,
form]. Having the form of a mushroom. F. Papillae,
elevations upon the middle and back part of the tongue.
Fungin (fiin' fin) \_ fungus, a toadstool]. A peculiar
principle found in most of the fungi. It is a whitish,
soft, insipid, fleshy substance, insoluble in water, alco-
hol, ether, or weak HjSO^, soluble in heated hydro-
chloric acid.
Fungoid [futig'-goid ) \_fungus, a toadstool; eldoq,
likeness]. Resembling a fungus ; fungous.
Fungosity [fung-gos'-it-e) \_fungus, a toadstool]. A
fungous growth ; the quality of being fungous.
Fungous [fuitg' -gus) [ fungus, a toadstool]. Having
the appearance or qualities of a fungus ; excrescent,
soft and swiftly-growing. F. Endometritis. See
Fndometritis.
Fungus [fung' -gus) \_ fungus, a toadstool : //. , Fungi\
1. An order of plants without stems, leaves or roots,
consisting of juxtaposed cells, without chlorophyl.
They reproduce by spores. The chief classes are the
Hymenomycetcs , Basidiomycetes, Ascomycetes, Schizo-
inycetes, and Oomycetes. 2. A spongy, morbid ex-
crescence, as proud-flesh. F. of Brain, hernia cerebri.
F. of Dura Mater, a tumor of the skull, of malignant
nature, originating in the layers of osteal ceils. F.
Foot. See Foot. F. haematodes, a bleeding tumor, '
generally a soft cancer.
Funic {fu'-nik) [ funis, a rope]. Pertaining to the
funiculus or umbilical cord.
Funicular (fu-nik'-zi-lar) [y"«««, a rope]. Relating to
the funiculus. F. Souffle, a hissing sound syn- 1
chronous with that of the fetal heart, heard in auscul- l|
tating the pregnant abdomen. It is heard in only from
14 to 15 per cent, of cases, and is referable to the
umbilical cord. j
FMnicvAitis {fu-nilc-u-li'-tis) [funiculus, the spermatic I
cord; (r;r, inflammation] . Inflammation of the sper- I
matic cord. I
Funiculus {fu-nik'-it-lus) [L., a cord; dim. bf funis, |
a rope]. I. In biology, applied to various cord-like
structures, as the spermatic cord, the umbilical
FUNIFORM
497
FUSIFORM
cord of mammals or its analogue in lower animals,
the ultimate nerve-bundles, the attachment of the
base of the stomach of a polyp with the bottom
of its cell, the slender part of the clubbed antenna
of an insect, the stalk of an ovule or seed, etc.
2. A bundle of nerve-fibers in a sheath of perineurium.
3. A name, variously qualified, for the different
columns of the spinal cord and oblongata ; as the
F. cuneatus, F. gracilis, F. of Rolando, F. teres.
F. cuneatus. See Column of Burdach. F. gra-
cilis. See Column of Coll.
'Fnniiorra [fu'-nif-orm) rope ; yorwa, shape].
In biology, resembling a rope or cord.
Funis [fu'-nis) [L.]. A cord; applied to the umbili-
cal cord.
Funnel (/««^-(?/) [Old Fr. i. A wide-mouthed,
conic vessel ending in a tube, designed to aid in the
speedy and safe transfer of liquids from one vessel to
another. It is also used as a support for paper-filters.
2. An infundibulum. F. Mitral, a condition of the
mitral valve in mitral stenosis in which the left auricle
and the valve-structures are transformed into a hollow
cone. This condition is also called Button-hole Mitral.
F., Muscular, the funnel-shaped space bounded by the
four straight muscles of the eye ; its apex is at the optic
foramen, the eyeball forms its base, and along itj a.xis
runs the optic nerve. F. -shaped Pelvis, a congenital
deformity of the pelvis, in which it retains its fetal or
funnel shape. F., Vascular, the light-hued depres-
sion at the center of the disc of the retina; if exag-
gerated, it forms a so-called physiologic cup.
Funny Bone [fun'-e hon). The internal condyle of the
humerus. Being crossed superficially by the ulnar
nerve, blows upon it give an unpleasant sensation to
the hand ; whence the name.
Fur [ME. ,/"«;-;-(', fur]. A coating of morbid matters,
including an increased amount of epithelium, seen
upon the tongue in various conditions of disease.
Furan [fur' -an) [furfur, bran], C^Y^^O. Furfuran ;
tetrol ; a product of the destructive distillation of pine-
wood ; it is also produced synthetically by the dis-
tillation of pyromucic acid. It is a liquid, insoluble
in water, with a peculiar odor, and boiling at 32° C. It
yields bluish-violet dyestuffs with isatin and sulphuric
acid, and violet-red with phenanthraquinone.
Fiirbringer's Method. A method of cleansing the
hands and nails of operators. The hands and forearms
having been thoroughly cleansed by scrubbing with
soap and warm water and the nails carefully cleansed,
the hands and forearms are dipped for at least a min-
ute in absolute alcohol, then immediately into warm
bichlorid of mercury solution (l : 1000) and well
scrubbed with a nail-brush, the nails receiving partic-
ular attention.
Furca [L., a fork]. A fork. F. orbitalis,
the orbital fork ; one of the earliest signs of the
orbit seen in the embryo ; it is a mere trace of bifur-
cated bony tissue.
Furcate {fur'-kat) \_fui 'ca, a fork]. In biology,
forked ; divided into two equal branches.
Furcula [L. , dim. of a fork]. In
biology, applied to various forked structures, as the
united clavicles (wish-bone or merry-thought) of a
bird, or the bifid processes of certain insects.
Furfur(/«;-'-/«r)[L.]. Dandruff or perrigo ; scurf ; the
bran of flour. F., Microsporon. ':ryfte.Tinea versicolor.
Purfuraceous [fir-fur-a'-she-us) \_fiirfiir, bran]. Re-
sembling bran. Applied also to dandruff-covered skin.
Furfuran {fur' -fit-ran). See Furan.
Furfurin [fur' -fu-rin) [furfur, bran], CjsHjjN^O,,.
A basic crystalline principle derivable from furfurol ;
It has been proposed as an antipyretic and tonic remedy.
32
Furfurol [fur'-fu-rol] [fiirfur, bran; oleum, oil].
CjH^Oj. The aldehydof furfuryl alcohol is produced
in the distillation of bran with dilute H,SO^, or of
sugar, etc. It is also derived from arabinose or xylose
and occurs in the decomposition-products of albumi-
noid bodies, as meat, cheese, urine, etc. With phenyl-
hydrazin it forms a nearly insoluble compound, fur-
firol hydrazon. It is a colorless volatile oil, with an
aromatic odor. Its specific gravity at 130° C. is 1.163.
It boils at 162° C. It combines with dimethylanilin
to form a green dye-stuff, corresponding to malachite
green. It exists in certain new whiskies ; but as the
spirit becomes older the furfurol gradually disappears.
Furibund ( fu' -re-lnuid )\_ furil)undus,r&gmg']. Raging ;
maniacal (applied to certain insane patients).
Furor [fu'-ror) [L.]. Madness; fury; a maniacal
attack. F. genitalis. Same as Erotomania. F.
epilepticus, epileptic insanity. F. transitorius.
See A/ania, Transitory. F. uterinus. See Nym-
phomania.
Furred ( /7/r(j')[ME. ,furre, fur]. Having an abnormal
coating of granular or epithelial scales and other mat-
ter; as a furred tongue.
Furrow (fur'-o) [ME., furwe, a groove]. A groove
or trench. F., Auriculo-ventricular, the great
transverse groove separating the auricles of the heart
from the ventricles. F., Digital, one of the trans-
verse lines or furrows on the palmar surface of the
fingers. F., Genital, a groove appearing on the
genital tubercle of the fetus at the end of the second
month. F., Interventricular, two longitudinal
grooves separating the two ventricles of the heart.
F., Jadelot's. See fadelot^s Lines, or F'urroivs.
Furrowing (fiir'-o-ing) [ME., furive, a groove]. In
biology, the process of segmentation of the yolk of an
egg in some animals, as Amphibia.
Furuncle [fi'-rung-kl). See Furunculus.
Furunculosis ( fu-rung-/cu-lo'-sis) [furunculus, a
boil]. The morbid condition that is associated with
the production of furuncles.
Furunculous (fu-rung'-hu-lus) [furunculus, a boil].
Characterized by a continuous production of furuncles.
Furunculus [fu-rung'-ku-his) [L.]. A boil. A local
inflammatory afl^ection, commonly involving a skin-
gland or hair-follicle, ending in necrosis and central
suppuration of adjacent parts. It begins with painful
induration, followed by swelling, finally suppu-
rating and sloughing at the " core." F. orientalis.
Oriental Boil, Aleppo Boil, Delhi Boil, Biscara But-
ton, Gafsa Button, Kandahar Sore, Pendjeh Sore,
Natal Sore. A local disease, marked by the succes-
sive formation of papule, tubercle, scab, and sharply
circumscribed ulcer on the face, especially the cheeks
and angle of the mouth. It is common along the
shores of the Mediterranean .Sea.
Fuscescent (fus-es'-e7tt)[fuscus, dusky]. In biology,
of a dark-brownish tinge.
Fuscin [/}«<•?«, dark]. Retinal melanin. A
pigment found as minute granules imbedded in the
cell-substance and professes of the retinal epithelium.
Fuscoferruginous [fus-ko-fer-oo' -Jin-us) [fuscus,
dark ; /tv-r«n-moz«, rusty]. Brownish; rust-colored.
Fuscotestaceous [fus-ko-tes-ta' -she-us) [fuscus, dark,
dusky; testa ceus, hricV-colored'}. Dull reddish-brown.
"FuscovLS { ftis'-kus) [fuscus, dusky]. Grayish-brown.
Fusel Oil (fu'-zel). See Alcohol.
Fusible [fu'-zib-l) [fusiis, melted]. That which may
be fused or melted. F. Calculus. See Calculus.
Fusiform [fu' -si form) [fusus, a spindle ; forma,
shape]. Spindle-shaped; larger in the middle and
diminishing in diameter toward either end ; applied to
cells, fibers, etc.
FUSION
498
GALACTOPHLEBITIS
Fusion [fit' -zhiDi) [fusio ; fundere^ to pour out]. The
process of liquefying a solid by the agency of heat.
Fuso-cellular [fu'-so-sel'-ii-lar) \_fusus, a spindle ; cella,
a cell]. Spindle-celled ; as a fuso-cellular sarcoma.
Fustic {fus'-tik ) \yx. , fustoc\. A yellow dye-stuft', the
wood of Cholorophora tinctoria, an urticaceous tree of
tropical America. The wood of Rhus cotinus, or
Venetian sumach, is called young fustic.
Fustigation {fiis-tig-a' -sJmn) \_fustigare, to beat].
Flagellation. F., Electric, an application of elec-
tricity in which the surface of the body is rapidly
tapped with the electrodes of an induced current.
Fustin {fits' -tin) a knotted stick], Ci^Hi^Og.
A yellow crystalline coloring-matter obtained from
Rims cotinus. See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Fuzzball (fuz'-binc<l). See Bovista.
G. Abbreviation of gram.
Gabbett's Method. A method of detecting tubercle-
bacilli in cover-glass preparations. See Stains, Table of.
Gabian (ga'-be-an) [Fr.]. A variety of naphtha or
petroleum from Gabian, a town of France, in He-
rault ; oleum gabianum.
Gaboon Chocolate {gab-oon' chok' -o let). See Iba.
Gad-fiy {gad' fi) {_gad, a goad ; ME., flye, a fly]. A
dipterous insect belonging to the genus Tabanus.
Also applied to flies of the genus CEstris.
Gadinin {gad' -in-iii) [from Gadus cat/arias, haddock],
CjHj7N0.2. A ptomaine obtained from decomposing
haddock, and also from cultures of the bacteria of human
feces. It acts as a decided poison when given in large
doses.
Gaduin {gad' -u-in^ \_gadus, the codfish], C.^jH^gOg. A
fatty principle occurring in cod-liver oil ; it is a dark-
brown, brittle substance.
Gadus {ga'-dus) [yddof, the whiting]. A genus offish.
G. morrhua, the cod ; a fish from the livers of which
cod-liver oil is obtained. See Morrhua.
Gaeophagia {je-o-fa'fe-ah). See Geophagy.
Gaertner, Ducts of. See Duct.
Gaftky's Method. A method of staining the bacillus
of typhoid fever. See Stains, Table of.
Gafsa Button {gaf'-sah but'-n). See Furunciclus
orientalis.
Gag \_gaggen, to suffocate]. An instrument, generally
made of flexible rubber, placed between the teeth to
prevent closure of the jaws during the administration
of nitrous oxid gas, or in operations on the mouth.
Gage's Solution. Stu Stains, Table of.
Gaiac {ga'-yak). Same as Guaiacunt .
Gaillard's Suture. See Suture.
Gait (gat) [AS.]. The manner of progression by walk-
ing. The peculiarities of the gait may assume great
diagnostic importance in cases of central nervous dis-
order. G., Cerebellar, a gait in which the feet are
widely spread apart for support, and associated with a
staggering movement. It is due to disease, usually
tumor, of the middle lobe of the cerebellum. G.,
Equine, a gait in which the foot hangs down and can-
not be moved, progression being accomplished by
flexing the thigh on the abdomen. It is seen in pero-
neal paralysis. G., Frog, the characteristic hopping-
gait of infantile paralysis.
Gal. Abbreviation gallon.
Galactacrasia {gal-ak-tak-ra' -ze-ah) \_)a)-n, milk; a,
priv. ; Kpaoiq, mixture]. Defect or abnormality in the
composition of the milk.
Galactaemia {gal-ak-te' -ine-ah). See Galactheinia.
Galactagogue {gal-ak' -tag-og) \_yaXa, milk; ayuyot;,
leading]. I. Inducing the secretion of milk. 2. An
G.
agent that increases the secretion of milk in the
breast.
Galactangioleucitis {gal-ak-tan-je-o-lu-si' -tis) \yaKa,
milk; ayyE/oi', vessel ; \t\)K6<;, white]. Lymphangitis
associated with lactation.
Galactapostema {gal-ak-tap-os-te'-mah) \ya)ia, milk;
iiTvoaTrijxa, abscess: //. , Galactapostemata~\. Milk-
abscess ; mammary abscess associated with lactation.
Galactedema {gal-ak-te-de'-mah) \yaka, milk; olSrjfja,
a swelling]. Swelling of the mamma due to accumu-
lation of milk within it.
Galacthemia {gal-ak-the' -me-ah) [ydAa, milk ; (iiiia,
blood]. I. A milky state or appearance of the blood.
2. Bloody milk, or the giving of bloody milk.
Galactia {gal-ak' -te-ah) \ya.'Ka, milk]. A genus of
diseases, according to Good's Nosology, embracing
defective or abnormal secretion of milk. G. virorum,
the secretion of milk by the male.
Galactic {gal-ak' -tik) \yakaKTLKl)q, milky]. Relating
to or promoting the flow of milk.
Qis\2Si\.\Axos\% {gal-ak-tid-ro' -sis) [ydZa, milk ;
sweat]. The sweating of a milk-like fluid.
Galactin {gal-ak' -tin) \yaka, milk], i. Same a% Lactose.
; 2. An amorphous alkaloid or base, reported to be ob-
tainable from milk. 3. A wax obtained from the sap
of the S. American cow-tree, Galactodendron tdile ;
it is used locally in candle-making. 4. C-H,|,0., a
carbohydrate from the seeds of leguminous plants.
' Galactirrhea {gal-ak-ter-e' -ah). See Galactorrhea.
Galactoblast {gal-ak' -to-blast) [ydAa, milk ; B'AaaTo;,
a germ]. A peculiar fat-containing globule found in
the acini of the mammary gland.
Gai\.aiQXoce.\& {gal-ak' -to-sel) [yala, milk; KfjAr/, t-amox].
I . A cystic tumor of the female breast due to a collec-
tion of milk and resulting from closure of a milk-duct.
; 2. Hydrocele with milky contents.
Galactodendron {gal-ak-to-den'-di-on) \_yaAa, milk ;
! Sevdpoi', z. tree]. The cow-tree. See Brosimum.
I Galactoglycosuria {gal-ak-to-gli-ko-su' -re-ah) [yaka,
' milk; y'kvKv^, sweet; ovpov, urine]. Glycosuria de-
, pendent upon lactation.
Galactoid {gal-ak' doid) [;«?.«, milk ; fJrSof, form].
' Resembling milk.
Galactoma (gal-ak-to'-mah) [ja'Aa, milk; 6/i(z, a
tumor : //. , Galactoi?iata'\ . Same as Galactocele.
Galactometer {gal-ak-toni' -et-er). See Lactometer.
Galactoncus {gal-ak-tong' -kus) \_yaka, milk ; oy/cof, a
, swelling]. Same as Galactocele.
• Galactonic Acid {gal-ak-ton'-ik). See L.actonic Acid.
Galactophagous {gal-ak-toff' -ag-us) [ydAa, milk;
(j>ayE'n', to eat]. Milk-eating.
Galactophlebitis {gal-ak-to-fle-bi' -tis) [jdAn, milk;
I ip'Aif, vem; iri^, inflammation]. I. Milk-leg; phleg-
GAL ACTOPH LYSIS
499
GALENIC
masia alba dolens ; phlebitis associated with lactation.
2. Phlebitis in a suckling child.
Galactophlysis fygal-ak-loff ' -lis-is) \yaka, milk; (pdiaii;,
eruption]. A vesicular eruption containing a milk-like
fluid, and associated with a suppression of lactation.
Galactophora iygal-ak-toff' -or-ali) [yd'A.a, milk ; cpipeip,
to bear] . Remedies that increase the secretion of milk.
Galactophoritis i^gal-ak-toff-or-i' -tis) \yaKa, milk ;
ij)speii>, to bear ; itc(;, inflammation]. Inflammation of
a milk-duct.
Galactophorous {gal-ak-toff' ■o)--tts) \yaAa, milk ;
fcpeiv, to bear]. Milk-bearing. G. Ducts, the ex-
cretory ducts of the mammae.
Galactophorus {^gal-ak-tojf ' -or-us) \yaXa, milk ;
(j>£petv, to bear]. An artificial nipple placed. over the
natural organ in order to facilitate suckling and also
to protect the natural nipple when abraded.
Galactophthisis iygal-ak-toff' -tJiis-is) [yd/la, milk ;
<p0iaig, consumption]. Emaciation and debility due
to excessive secretion of milk.
Galactophyga (ga/-a&-/q^^-ig-a/i)l_ydXa, milk; iptvyELv,
to shun]. Remedies employed to arrest the secretion
of milk.
Galactophygous iygal-ak-toff' -ig-us) \yaka, milk; (^vyii,
flight]. Having the power to reduce or arrest the se-
cretion of milk.
Galactoplania i^gal-ak-to-pla' -ne-ali)\yaka, milk; nAavt],
a wandering] . The metastasis of milk ; any secretion
or discharge of a milky fluid consequent upon a sup-
pression of lactation.
Galactoplerosis ^gal-ak-io-ple-ro'-sis) [ya/ln, milk;
'K'A.ijpuaiQ , a filling]. Distention of the mamma from
hypersecretion of milk, or from closure of the milk-
ducts.
Galactopoietic [gal-ak-to-poi-ct'-ik) [_yaXa, milk ;
7ro;«/i;, to make]. Inducing the secretion of milk;
concerned in the secretion of milk.
Galactoposia i^gal-ak-to-po' -ze-ah) [j dAa, milk ; iroai^,
drinking]. " Milk-cure." The treatment of diseases
by the use of a milk-diet.
Galactopyretic [gal-ak-to-pi-ref' -ik) [yaka, milk ;
TTDperdf, fever]. Relating to milk-fever.
Galactopyretus i^gal-ak-to-pi' -7-et-Hs) \_yaKa, milk ;
■Kvperoc:, fever]. Milk-fever ; the febricula that may
attend the establishment of lactation ; it is a form of
septic infection.
Galactorrhea (^gal-ak-tor-e'-aJi) \_ya\a, milk; poia, a
flow]. An excessive secretion and flow of milk in a
nursing woman.
Galactoschesis [gml-ak-tos^-kes-is) \_yaAa, milk; axeoi^,
retention]. The retention or suppression of the milk.
Galactoscope [gal-ak'-to-skdp). See Lactoscope.
Galactose {gal-ak' -tds)\_yd'Aa, milk],C5Hj20g. Lactose;
the aldose of dulcitol. It is formed on boiling milk-
sugar with dilute acids, and is obtained from such
gums as yield mucic acid when oxidized. It crystal-
lizes in nodules of grouped needles or leaflets, that
melt at l66° C. Its solution is dextro-rotatory. It
readily reduces alkaline copper-solutions and is fer-
■ mentable with yeast. See Cai-bohydrates, Table of.
Galactosis {gal-ak-to' -sis) \yaAaKTuai(;; yaka, milk].
The secretion of milk.
Galactostasis {gal-ak-tos' -tas-is) \yaka, milk ; crrdcr/f ,
stoppage]. A morbid collection or stoppage of the
milk.
Galactosyrinx {gul-ak-to-sir' -iiigks) [yaka, milk ;
ovpiy^, a pipe]. Lacteal fistula.
Galactotherapy {gal-ak-to-ther' -ap-e) \yaka, milk;
Oepanetp, treatment]. I. The treatment of dis-
ease in suckling infants by the administration of the
remedies to the mother or wet-nurse. 2. Milk-cure ;
galactoposia.
Galactotrophy ^gal-ak-tot' -ro-fe) \yaka, milk ; Tpo(j>rj,
nourishment]. Nourishing with milk only.
Galactozemia [gal-ak-fo-ze' -jiw-a/i) [}dAa,milk; (r/fi'ia,
loss]. I. Loss, diminution, or suppression of the
milk by failure of secretion. 2. Loss of milk by
wastage ; oozing of milk from the nipple.
Galactozyme {gal-ak' -to-zim) [}d/a, milk; ^hprj,
leaven]. I. A drink made by the fermentation of
milk, as kefir, or kumiss ; also milk fermented with
common yeast.
Galacturia (^gal ak-tit' -re-aJi) \yaka, milk ; ovpov,
urine]. Milkiness of the urine ; chyluria.
Gala-heptose i^ga-lah-hep' -tos). See Carbohydrates ,
Table of.
Galanga, or Galangal i^gal-ang' -gah, or gaV -an-gal^
[Chin.]. The rhizome of Alpinia officinaritm, and
of KtCDipferia galganga (great galangal), much re-
sembling ginger. It was formerly brought from China
and India, but is now little used. Unof.
Galax [ga'-lal's) [yaka, milk]. A genus of diapen-
siaceous plants. G. aphylla, of N. America (carpen-
ter's leaf, " galax," beetle-weed), has an astringent
root, and the leaves are said to be vulnerary. Unof.
Galazyme {gal' -az-lni) \_ya7.a, milk; ^vyiii, leaven].
A fermented drink, made on the Continent, from milk
by adding to it sugar and a special ferment.
Galbanum {gal'-ban-wii) [Heb., khelbenah, white
milk]. I. A gum-resin of Ferula galbaiiifliia , and i'^.
j-ubricaulis, native to Asia. It is expectorant, stimulant,
and antispasmodic, and is useful in chronic bronchitis
and catarrh. Dose gr. x-xx. G., PiL, Comp., each
pill contains galbanum gr. iss, myrrh gr. iss, asafetida
gr. ss, and syrup. Dose ij-iij. G., Emplastrum,
galbanum l6, turpentine 2, Burgundy pitch 6, lead-
plaster 76 parts. 2. Locally, in the U. S., Burgundy
pitch is popularly called galbatiiim and is sold under
that name.
Galbiati Knife {gal-be-al'-e') \_Galbiati, an Italian •
obstetrician] . A special knife used in the operation
of symphysiotomy.
Galbulus {gal' -bu-lns) [L., the nut of the cypress-tree:
pL, Galbuli~\. In biology, a closed, fleshy, berry-like
cone, as the fruit of the juniper.
Gale ( gal ) [M E. , gawl, gale] . I . A shrub, Rlyrica gale,
sweet gale of cool regions ; it has an aromatic odor,
and is used locally for external parasites. See Sweet
Gale. 2. The fern-gale, or sweet fern. See Sweet
Fern. G. bedouine. Lichen simplex.
QisX&z. {ga' -le-ali) \_galea, yakia, helmet: , Galea'\.
I. A form of head-bandage. 2. Headache extending
all over the head. 3. The aponeurotic portion of the
occipito-frontal muscle. 4. In biology, applied to
various helmet-shaped parts or organs. G. capitis,
a fascial investment covering the crown of the head.
Galeamaurosis {ga-le-am-aw-ro' -sis') \_-)a'kii, cat, wea-
sel ; afjavpoeiv, to darken]. See Amaurotic Caf s Eye.
Galeanthropy {ga-le-an' -thro-pe) \yakii, cat, weasel;
avdpuTTo^, man]. A form of zoanthropy in which the
patient believes himself to be transformed into or in-
habited by a cat.
Galeati, Glands of. See Crypts of Lieberkiihn.
Galen (^(7'-/f«). An ancient physician, A. D. 130-200.
G.'s Anastomosis, that between the superior and in-
ferior laryngeal nerves. G.'s Bandage. See Bandage.
G.'s Cerate, a cerate composed of white wax, I ; oil
of almonds, 4; rose-water, 3. G., Veins of. See
Vein.
Galena {ga le'-na/i) [yakrjvr], lead ore], I. A remedy
for poison. 2. Native lead sulphid.
Galenic, Galenical {ga-len'-ik, -al) \_Galen, an ancient
physician]. Relating to or consistent with the teach-
ings of Galen. Medicines were said to be galenic
GALENISM
500
GALVANIC
(a) when they were of vegetable origin, and not
chemic or spagyric ; (/') when they were designed for
the use of human patients, and were not veterinary ;
(ir) the term was often nearly equivalent to officinal,
or official, in the modern sense of the latter word.
Galenism i^ga' -len-izni) [Galeii, an ancient physician].
The system or theory of medicine taught by Galen
and his followers.
Galeopsis [ga-Ie-op'-sis) [ya'Atr/, a weasel; oi/j/f, ap-
pearance]. A genus of labiate plants ; hemp-nettle.
G. ladanum, of Europe, is a popular remedy for
coughs. The oil of the seeds of G. tetrahit, of
Europe and N. America, is said to be a vermifuge.
Unof.
Galeropia, or Galeropsia [ga-ler-o'-pe-ak, ox ga-ler-op' -
se-ak) \_ya'Aej)6(;, cheerful ; 6i/^(f, vision]. A preternatur-
ally clear and light appearance of objects due to some
perversion of the visual apparatus.
Galianconism ( ga-le-a>i' -ko-niziii) \ya\LayKuv , a short-
armed person ; ya\hi, weasel ; ayKLv, elbow]. Atro-
phy of the arm, with shortening.
Galipe's Test. See Tests, Table of.
Galipea [gal-ip-c'-ali) [L.]. A genus of tropical Amer-
ican rutaceous shrubs and trees. G. cusparia and
G. officinalis afford angustura bark, q. v. , also called
cusparia bark.
Galipein (gal-ip-e'-in) \_Galipea'\, C.^qHjiNOj. An
alkaloid from cusparia bark.
Galipot [gaF -e-pol) [Fr.]. Crude Burgundy pitch. Cf.
Gallipot.
Galium i^ga' -le-uiii) l_ya,liov, milk-wort]. A genus of
rubiaceous plants of many species, several of which
are used in popular medicine. Among them are G.
californicum, G. circaezans, G. pilosum, and G.
trifedum, in N. America, and G. moUugo, G. crucia-
tum, and G. verum in Europe. See, also, Ladies'
Bedstraw. G. aparine, goose-grass, cleavers, or
clivers, a succulent plant, the juice of which is a
popular remedy in strumous affections, and is said to
be actively diuretic. Dose of the juice^ v ; of the fluid
extract 3j-ij. Unof.
Gall [gaiol) [ME., galle : ^O'^'?, bile]. The bile. The
juice normally secreted by the liver. See Galla. G.-
bladder, the pear-shaped sac in the right lobe of the
liver, constituting the reservoir for the bile. See Chole-
cyst. G. -cyst, the gall-bladder. G-duct. SetDiict.
G. -fever, a synonym of intermittent fever. G. -stones,
the calcareous concretions occasionally formed in
the gall-bladder and its ducts. They are usually of
small size, but maybe as large as a pigeon's egg.
They are composed of the bile-pigments and acids,
cholesterin, various salts, especially of lime and mag-
nesia. Cholesterin is the chief constituent. They
give rise to acute attacks of intense pain, the so-called
biliary colic.
Galla \gaV-afi) [I-]. Nut-gall. An excrescence on
the leaves of dyer's oak, Querciis hisitanica, caused
by the deposited ova of an insect. It contains tannic
acid from 10-75 per cent., gallic acid 5 per cent.
Dose gr. v-xv. G., Tinct., 20 per cent. Dose ,^ ss-iij .
G., Unguentum, 10 per cent. See Acid, Ta7inic.
G., Unguentum, cum opii (B.P.), an astringent and
sedative ointment.
Gallacetophenone [gal-as-et-o-fe'-ndn) \_ galla, gall;
acidiim, acid; F. , pjienyle\ A yellow powder with
the formula CH3CO.CpH.3(OH)3, prepared from pyro-
gallic acid. It is used as a 10 per cent, ointment in
dermatology.
Gallein [gal'-e-in), Cj^Hj^O,. Pyrogallol-phthalei'n ;
one of the coal-tar colors, obtained on heating pyro-
gallic acid with phthalic anhydrid to 200° C. It
dissolves with a dark-red color in alcohol, and with a
beautiful blue color in alkalies. It is an important
dye-stufif, producing tolerably fast shades of purple and
violet on cotton, wool, and silk. Sae Pigments.
Gallic (gal'-ik) \_galla, an oak-gall]. Pertaining to the
oak-gall or nut-gall. G. Acid. See Acid, Gallic.
Gallipoli Oil {gal-e-po'-le). See Turkey-red Oil.
Gallipot lygaF-e-pot) [OI). , gleypot, a gallipot]. An
apothecary's pot for holding ointments or confections.
Gallisin (gal^-is-i/i) [_galla, an oak-gall], Cj2H.^^0,|,.
An unfermentable carbohydrate found in starch-sugar.
It is prepared by fermenting a 20 per cent, solution of
starch-sugar with yeast at 18° or 20° C. for five or
six days. In the pure state it is a white, amorphous,
extremely hygroscopic powder ; its taste is at first
sweet, but afterward becomes insipid ; it is easily
decomposed by heat ; is readily soluble in water, nearly
insoluble in absolute alcohol. It is dextro-rotatory
and reduces copper-solutions.
Gallium [gal'-e-u///) \_Gallia, Gaul]. A rare metal
(symbol Ga.,sp. gr. 5.935), extremely fusible, and
related in chemic properties to aluminum, like which
it is capable of forming a series of alums. Some of
its compounds are poisonous. See JElements, Table of.
Gallivorous {gal-iv'-or-iis) a gall-nut ; vorare,
to eat, devour]. In biology, applied to the larvse of
gall-producing insects that feed on the inside of the
nut-gall.
Gallization [gal-iz-a' -slinit). A method of improving
wine, by which the must of a bad year is brought up to
the standard found to belong to a good must (24 per
cent, of sugar, 0.6 per cent, of acid, and 75.4 per cent,
of water) by correcting the ratio of acid to sugar.
This is done by adding sugar and water in sufficient
quantity.
Gallocyanin [gal-o-si'-aii-itt) \_galla, ga\\ (-nut) ; Kvavnc,
blue], CjjHjjNjOj. A compound produced by the
action of nitroso-dimethyl-anilin upon gallic acid,
catechuic acid, etc. It forms shining green needles,
and serves as a beautiful violet-colored lake in calico
print. See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Galloflavin [gal-o-Jiav'-in). See Pigments.
Gallois' Test. See Tests, Table of .
Gallon {gal'-on) \y\.Y.., galon, a gallon]. A standard
unit of volumetric measurement, having in the United
vStates a capacity of 231 cu. in., and equivalent to a
weight of 58,328.8 grains of distilled water at maximum
density. In Great Britain its capacity is 277.27 cu. in.
G., Miniature, in water-testing, a name given to 70
c.c.
Gallop Rhythm {gal' -up rit/im). A peculiar form of
cardiac arrhythmia, in which the sounds resemble the
footfall of a horse in cantering. It is expressed by the
words " rat-ta-tat." It is most frequently heard in
interstitial nephritis and arterio-sclerosis. It is said
to be met with also in healthy persons.
Galloping Consumption. 'Hie popular term for that
very rapidly fatal form of pulmonary tuberculosis, in
which there is rapid destruction of the lung-tissue on
both sides. It is also called Florid Phthisis. G.
Paresis, rapidly progressive general paralysis.
Galton's Whistle. An instrument used for testing the
perception of high tones by the ear.
Galvanic {gal-van' -ik) [Galvani, an Italian physician
and scientist]. Pertaining to galvanic or chemic elec-
tricity. G. Battery. See Battery. G. Belt, a belt
composed of alternate plates of copper and zinc, sepa-
rated by pieces of felt moistened with a dilute acid. It
is designed to be worn around the waist for the con-
tinuous application of galvanism. G. Cautery. J^ee
Cautery. G. Discs, discs of two dissimilar metals
arranged alternately, between which a comnuuiication
is established when moistened and placed on tlie skin.
GALVANISM
501
GANGLION
G. Poultice, minute pieces of zinc and copper
wrapped in cotton-wool, each pair separated by Han-
nel, all inclosed in a bag, one side of which is made
of rubber-cloth and the other of cotton. The cotton
side is placed next the skin, perspiration exciting gal-
vanic action.
Galvanism [gal'-'ian-izm] \_Galvani ^ an Italian physi-
cian and scientist]. Primary dynamic or current elec-
tricity.
Galvanization {gal-vaii-iz-a' -slmn) \_Galvani, an Ital-
ian physician]. The transmission of a current of low
electro-motive force through any part of the body for
the purpose of diagnosticating or curing disease. G.,
Central, a variety of general galvanization in which
the kathode is placed in the epigastrium • and the
anode is moved over the body. G., General, galvan-
ization of the entire body.
Galvano- [gal-vmi^ -o-) [Galvani, an Italian physician].
A prefix denoting connection with chemic or current
electricity. G. -caustic Amputation, an amputation
in which the soft parts are divided with the galvanic-
cautery loop, the bone being sawn through. G. -cau-
terization, the application of the galvanic cautery.
G. -cautery. See Caiitciy. G. -contractility, mus-
cular contraction produced by the galvanic current.
G.-emesis, the production of vomiting by galvanism.
G. -faradization, the simultaneous excitation of a
nerve or muscle by both a voltaic and a faradic cur-
rent. G. -hypnotism, a hypnotic state induced by
an electric current. G. -magnetism, same 2a Electro-
magnetism. G. -puncture, the introduction of fine
needles, that complete an electric circuit, into the
skin or other tissue. Also, a form of galvano-cautery
employing a current of the necessary electro-motive
force to heat the needles to whiteness. G. -therapeu-
tics. See Electro-therapeiitics .
Galvanometer [gai-van-o!?i' -et-er) \_Galvani, an Ital-
ian physician; jikrpov, a measure]. An instrument
used for the qualitative determination of the presence
of an electric current.
Galvanoscope (^gal-van' -o-skop) \_Galvani, an Italian
physician ; okottuv, to view]. An instrument for de-
tecting the direction and presence of a galvanic cur-
rent.
GiZ\wz.'no^zo^y [^gal-nan-os' -ko-pe') \_Gahiani, an Italian
physician; aicoTrew, to examine]. The use of the
galvanoscope.
Galvanotonus [gal-i>an-ot' -on-us) \_Galvatii, an Italian
physician ; r(5i^of, tension]. I. Q&me. as, Electrotomis.
2. The ' ' closing tetanus. " The continued tetanus
of a muscle between the make and break contraction.
Galvanotropism {gal-van-of -ro-pizm) [after Galvani ;
rpkizzw, to turn round]. In biology, the turning
movements of growing organs under the influence of
a current of electricity.
Gambir, Gambier [gam-ber') \_Malayan']. A kind of
catechu produced from the leaves and shoots of Un-
caria gambir, a rubiaceous plant of the Malayan
region. It has the general properties of official cate-
chu. See also Pigments, Conspectus of. Unof.
Gamboge {gam-bozh'). See Cambogia and Pigments.
Game Leg [ ga/n'-leg). A popular term for a lame leg.
Gamenomania [gam-en-o-ma'-ne-ah) . See Gattioma-
nia.
Gametangium [gam-et-att'-je-um) [yafiET?], wife;
ayyeinv, a vessel]. In biology, a cell or organ produc-
mgor containing sexual elements, or gametes.
Gamete (na;«'-is/) to marry]. In biology, any
sexual reproductive body.
Gametophyte [gam'-et-o-flt] [ya/ur?/, a wife ,• yafteTr/g,
a husband ; (jyvrSv, a plant]. In biology, the sexual
jbrm of such plants as exhibit alternate generation.
Gamgee Tissue (gam'-ge). Absorbent cotton-wool.
Gamic {gam'-ik) [yafioq, marriage]. In biology, sexual.
Gammacism [gam'-as-izm] \_gammacismus ; yanfia,
the letter G]. Difficulty in pronouncing any guttural
consonant ; guttural stammering.
Gamogastrous [gam-o-gas' -trus') [yd/zof, marriage;
yaoTi/i), the womb]. In biology, applied to a com-
pound pistil in which the ovaries only are united.
Gamogenesis [gam-o-jen'-es-is) [ydfioQ, marriage;
■ycpeaig, origin] . Sexual reproduction.
Gamogenetic iygam-o-jeji-et' -ik) \_yajioQ, marriage;
yeveaic;, origin]. Relating to gamogenesis.
Gamomania {gavi-o-ma'-Jie-ali) [yd/vof, marriage;
jiavia, mania]. Insane desire of marriage.
Gamomorphism {gam-o-mor' -fizm) [yd/iOf, marriage ;
/^op^i//, form]. Puberty; sexual maturity.
Gamopetalous ( gam-o-pet' -al-us) [jd//of, marriage ;
~fTa?iO)', a leaf ]. In biology, sympetalous; having
the petals more or less united.
Gamophyllous [gam-o-Ji/^ -us) [yd/zof , marriage ;
(pv'A'Aov, a leaf]. In biology, symphyllous ; having
the floral envelops united into a single perianth-whorl.
Gangliac, Ganglial, Gangliar (^gang' -gle-ak, gang' -le-
al, gang' -le-ar). Same as Ganglionic.
Gangliasthenia [gattg'-gle-as-the'-ne-a/i) [yayyTiwv,
ganglion; d(J(?f^'e^a, weakness] . Ganglionic asthenia ;
neurasthenia due to defect of ganglionic function.
Gangliform {gang' -glif-orm) \jayy'kiov, ganglion;
forma, form]. Formed like, or having the nature
of, a ganglion.
Gangliitis [gang-gle-i'-iis) [yayyltov, a ganglion ; trig,
inflammation]. Inflammation of a ganglion.
Gangliocytin {gang-gle-o-si' -tin') \yayy'kiov, nucleus ;
KVTOQ, cell]. Same as Cytophosphatid.
Ganglioma {gang-gle-o' -mah) \_ydyy'?iiov , ganglion ;
bfia, a tumor: , Gangliomata'\. A tumor or enlarge-
ment of a lymphatic ganglion.
Ganglion (^gang' -gle-on) [yayy'X.LOP, a knot : //. , Gang-
lia']. I. A separate and semi-independent nervous
center communicating with other ganglia or nerves,
with the central nervous system, and peripheral organs.
2. An enlarged bursa in connection with a tendon.
3. A lymphatic gland. G. -capsule, the envelop of
a ganglion containing the ganglion-cells or nerve-cells.
G.-cell, any one of the nerve-cells characteristic of
Multipolar Ganglion-cell.
a. Axis-cylinder process, b. Pigment.
the ganglia, whether found in a ganglion or not. G.-
corpuscle, a ganglion-cell. G. -globule, a ganglion-
GANGLIA 502
cell. An alphabetic table of the principal ganglia is
appended, showing their location, roots, and distribu-
tion. Ganglia, Basal, the ganglia at the base of
GANGLIA
the brain, comprising the corpora striata (caudate
and lenticular nuclei), thalami, and corpora quadri-
geinina.
TABLE OF GANGLIA.
Name.
Location.
Roots.
T^ICT D ITiTTrTr\M
Abdominal, maximum.
See Seniilmiar.
Acoustic.
In grasshoppers, the termination of
the acoustic nerve.
Ganglionic chain.
Organ of hearing.
Andersch's.
See Petrous.
Anterior (of thalamus).
The anterior tubercle of the thala-
mus.
Arnold's.
See Otic.
Auerbach's.
Several minute ganglia situated in
Auerbach's plexus, q. v.
Sympathetic.
Sympathetic.
Auricular.
See Otic.
Auricular, posterior.
See Temporal.
Auriculo-ventricular.
See Bidder's.
Azygous.
See Impar.
Basal.
At base of cerebrum ; they include :
corpora striata, thalami, corpora
geniculata, corpora quadrigemina,
locus niger, nuclei tegnienti.
Basal optic.
See Optic, basal.
liezola s (Von).
In the auricular septum of the frog's
heart.
Sympathetic.
Heart.
Bidder's (2).
In the auricular septum of the frog's
heart.
Termination of the cardiac branches
of the vagus.
Heart.
Bochdalek's.
Above the root of one of the upper
incisor teeth, at the point of commu-
nication between the posterior nasal
branch of Meckel's ganglion and the
anterior dental nerve.
Dental nerves.
Dental nerves.
Branchial.
In Mollusca, near the branchia.
Ganglionic chain.
Branchia.
Buccal.
In Mollusca, at the point of union of
the esophagus with the buccal mass.
Cerebral ganglia.
Nerves to the mouth
and alimentary canal.
Cardiac, lesser.
See Cardiac, superior.
Cardiac, superior (Wris-
berg).
Beneath the arch of the aorta
Superficial cardiac plexus.
Cardiac plexus.
Carotid.
In the lower part of the cavernous
sinus, beneath the carotid artery.
Filaments from the carotid plexus.
Carotid plexus.
Carotid, inferior.
Lower portion of the carotid canal.
Carotid plexus.
Filaments to the
carotid artery.
Carotid, internal.
See Carotid, superior.
Carotid, superior.
Upper portion of the carotid canal.
Carotid plexus.
Filaments to the
carotid artery.
Casserian.
See Gasserian.
Celiac, lateral.
Near the spleen.
Splenic plexus.
Filaments to the
spleen.
Celiac, left.
The left semilunar ganglion {q. v.").
Celiac, middle.
In front of the aorta above the celiac
axis.
Hepatic plexus.
Filaments to the liver.
Celiac, right.
The right semilunar ganglion (q. v.).
Cephalic.
Sympathetic ganglia of the head. They
include the ciliary, spheno-palatine,
otic, and submaxillary.
Cerebral.
In Mollusca, above the esophagus.
Ganglionic chain.
To the head.
GANGLIA
503
GANGLIA
TABLE OF Gh-iiGlAA. — Continiied.
Name.
Location.
Roots.
Distribution.
Cerebral, anterior.
A name for the corpus striatum.
Cervical, first.
Cervical, great.
Cervical, inferior.
R*it\«r*3fin f Vifi n far"!/' c\\ tViA fifd" fi}*\ ?anH
JJC L W cell LlIC tV \J\ LllC lllSL IIU, dllLt
the transverse process of the last
cervical vertebra«
Three lower cervical, first dorsal.
^
Cardiac nerves and
plexus, etc.
Cervical, lower.
See Ccvuxcaly xtt^syioy^m
Cervical, middle or thy-
roid.
Opposite the fifth cervical vertebra ;
near the inferior thyroid artery.
Fifth and sixth cervical nerves,
spinal nerves and ganglia.
Thyroid gland, cardiac
nerve, cavernous
plexus.
Cervical, oval.
See Cervical, superior.
Cervical (of vagus nerve).
See Inferior {of vagus).
Cervical, second.
See Cervical, middle.
Cervical, stellate.
See Cervical, middle.
Cervical, superior.
Opposite the second and third cervical
vertebrae.
Four upper cervical, petrosal, vagus,
glosso-pharyngeal, and hypoglos-
sal nerves.
Superior, inferior, ex-
ternal, internal
branches j carotid and
cavernous plexuses.
Cervical, third.
See Cervical, inferior.
Cervical, upper.
See Cervical, siiperior.
Cervical (of uterus).
Near the cervix uteri.
Filaments from the hypogastric
plexus, sacral ganglia, and sacral
nerves.
Uterine nerves.
Of the chorda tympani.
In Invertebrata, above the Glaserian
fissure.
Chorda tympani nerve.
Chorda tympani.
^jj—
See Ophthaltnic.
Of the circumflex nerve.
On the branch of the circumflex nerve
I'lf^'ii TTiflpY x\e^r\jf^
Filaments to teres
minor, deltoid, and
fascia.
ui ^.^loquet.
Incisor foramen.
aso-palatine nerves.
^TasO'palatine nerves
Coccygeal .
See Ttnpar.
Cochlear.
See Spiral.
Corti's.
See Spiral.
Cranio-cervical.
See Cervical, superior.
Diaphragmatic.
See Phrenic.
Ehrenritter's.
See Jugular.
Extraventricular.
A name for the lenticular nucleus.
Facial.
See Geniculate.
Of Frankenhauser.
See Cervical, uterine.
Frontal.
In Invertebrata, the ganglion from
which arises the pharyngeal nerve.
Ganglionic chain.
Phflryng^esI nerve
Fusiform.
See Cervical, superior.
Gasser's (A. P.).
See Gasserian.
Gasserian, or semilifnar.
Fossa on the anterior part of the
petrosa, near the apex.
Fifth cranial nerve, carotid plexus.
Ophthalmic, superior
and inferior maxillary
nerves.
Geniculate.
Aqueduct of Fallopius.
Large and small superficial petro-
sal.
Facial.
Great.
See Cardiac, superior.
Of the habenula.
A ganglion situated in the trigonum
habenulae near the thalamus.
Hepatic.
Around the hepatic artery.
Hepatic branches of the semilunar
ganglion.
Liver.
GANGLIA
504
GANGLIA
TABLE OF GKnGlAP^.—Contimted.
Location.
Distribution.
Hirschfeld's.
A name for the hippocampal gyrus.
Hypogastric.
See Cervical {of iiteins).
Impar, or Coccygeal.
Anterior surface of the tip of the coc-
cyx, uniting the two sympathetic
nerves.
Sympathetic.
Sympathetic.
Inferior (of vagus).
Near jugular foramen.
Hypoglossal and cervical nerves
and various plexuses.
Vagus.
I rifra-esophageal .
In Mollusca, beneath the esophagus.
Ganglionic chain.
Foot.
Inframaxillary, anterior.
Near the incisor teeth.
Inferior maxillary nerve.
Filaments to the teeth.
Inframaxillary, posterior.
Near the last molar tooth.
Inferior maxillary nerve.
Filaments to the teeth.
Intercarotid.
Bifurcation of the common carotid.
Carotid plexus.
Sympathetic.
Interoptic.
The gray matter of the interoptic
lobes.
Interosseous.
Back of the wrist
Interosseous nerve.
Nerves to the carpus.
Intervertebral.
-
Near the intervertebral foramen.
Spinal cord.
Dorsal root of spinal
nerve.
Jugular (Ehrenritter's).
Upper part of the jugular foramen.
Glossopharyngeal.
Continuation of the
glossopharyngeal.
Jugular (of vagus).
Jugular foramen.
Vagus.
Vagus.
Lateral (several in num-
ber).
Surrounding the subclavian artery.
Branches of the inferior cervical
ganglion.
Subclavian artery.
Lenticular.
See Ophthalmic.
Lingual.
See Submaxillary.
Ludwig's.
Right auricle of the heart.
Cardiac plexus.
Cardiac plexus.
Lumbar (4 or 5).
On each side and behind the abdom-
inal aorta.
Sympathetic.
Sympathetic.
Maxillo-tympanic.
See Otic.
Meckel's.
See Spheno-palatine.
Meckelian.
See Spheno-palatine.
Meissner's.
Intestinal sub-mucosa.
Sympathetic.
Sympathetic.
Mesenteric, inferior.
The inferior mesenteric artery.
Inferior mesenteric plexus.
Mesentery and intes-
tine.
Mesenteric, lateral.
Left side of the body.
Superior mesenteric plexus.
Mesentery and bovv-el.
Mesenteric, superior.
Near the origin of the superior mes-
enteric artery.
Superior mesenteric plexus.
Sympathetic.
Of Meynert.
See Optic, basal.
Muller's.
'Si^^ Jugular and Prostatic.
Nasal.
See Meeker s.
Neph ro-aortic .
See Renal.
Nephro-lumbar.
Junction of the branches of the lum-
bar and spermatic nerves.
Lumbar and spermatic nerves.
Kidney and lumbar re-
gion.
Ophthalmic.
Posterior part of the orbit.
Nasal branch of the ophthalmic,
third, cavernous plexus, and
Meckel's ganglion.
Short ciliary.
Optic.
See Ophthalmic.
Optic, basal (of Meynert).
Beneath the third ventricle, near the
optic tract.
Gray matter of the cerebrum.
Optic tract.
Optic, inferior.
See Optic, basal.
Orbital.
See Ophthalmic.
Otic (Arnold's).
Below the foramen ovale.
Inferior maxillary, auriculo-tempor-
al, glosso-pharyngeal, facial, sym-
pathetic, and internal pterygoid.
Tensor tympani, ten-
sor palati , chorda
tympani.
GANGLIA
505
GANGLIA
TABLE OF GK^GIAP^.—Contijiued.
Name.
Location.
Roots.
Distribution.
Pedal.
See Infra-esophageal.
Petrosal.
See Petrous.
Petrous (Andersch's).
Petrous portion of the temporal bone,
lower border.
Glosso-pharyngeal.
Tympanic, sympathet-
ic, and vagus.
Pharyngeal.
Near ascending pharyngeal artery.
Carotid plexus.
Carotid plexus.
Pharyngeal, soft.
On the lingual artery, near the
pharyngeal ganglion.
Carotid plexus.
Lingual plexus.
Phrenic.
Under the diaphragm at the junction
of the right phrenic nerve and
phrenic plexus.
Sympathetic.
To the diaphragm, in-
ferior vena cava, su-
pra-renal capsule,
hepatic plexus.
Phrenic, major.
Point of union of the phrenic nerves
with the spinal and sympathetic sys-
■ tems.
Phrenic, spinal, and sympathetic.
Filaments to the dia-
phragm.
Phrenic, secondary.
Near the diaphragm.
Anterior, superior, transverse
plexus.
Filaments to the dia-
phragm.
Phrenico-hepatic.
Lower surface of the diaphragm.
The phrenic plexus.
Filaments to the dia-
phragm and liver.
Plexiform.
See Gasserian.
Pneumogastric.
See Vagus.
Of the portio dura.
See Geniculate.
Post-esophageal.
In insects, around the gullet.
Cephalic ganglia.
Nerves to the mouth.
Postoptic.
See Optic, basal.
Pre-esophageal.
See Cephalic.
Prostatic {of MuUer).
On the prostate.
Prostatic plexus.
Filaments to seminal
vesicles and caver-
nous tissue of penis.
Pterygo-palatine.
See Meeker s.
Remak's.
Tissue of the heart, near the superior
vena cava.
Sympathetic.
Sympathetic.
Renal.
Around the renal artery.
Renal plexus.
Renal artery.
Renal, anterior communi-
cating.
In front of the renal artery.
Renal plexus.
Kidney.
Renal, left aortic.
Point of origin of the renal artery.
Renal plexus.
Kidney.
Renal, posterior communi-
cating.
Behind the renal artery.
Renal plexus.
Kidney.
Reticulate.
Medulla oblongata.
The gray matter scattered through
the medulla.
Rhinic.
See MeckeVs.
Of Ribes.
Anterior communicating artery of the
brain. (It is the upper termination
of the sympathetic.)
Branches from the two superior
ganglia.
Sympathetic.
Sacral (4 or 5).
Ventral surface of the sacrum.
Sympathetic.
Sympathetic.
Sacral, accessory (4).
Along the middle sacral artery.
Sympathetic.
Middle sacral artery.
Scarpa's.
Near the internal auditory meatus, at
the point of junction of the facial
nerve and the vestibular branch of
the auditory nerve.
Facial and auditory nerves.
Internal ear.
Schacher's.
See Ophthalmic.
Schmiedel's.
In the carotid plexus.
Fifth nerve, third branch.
Sympathetic.
Semilunar (2, right and
left).
Near the supra-renal bodies, in front
of the crura of the diaphragm.
Solar plexus and great splanchnic
nerves.
Solar plexus.
Semilunar.
See Gasserian.
Solar.
See Semilunar.
GANGLIA
506
GANGLIA
TABLE OF GANGLIA.— Coiitimied.
Name.
Location.
Roots.
Distribution.
Spermatic, inferior.
On the spermatic artery, near the
internal abdominal ring.
Sympathetic.
Cord and testicle.
Spermatic, superior.
Around the spermatic artery.
Sympathetic.
Sympathetic.
Spermatico-renal.
In a plexus formed by the inferior
branches of the renal plexus.
Renal plexus.
Spermatic artery and
kidney.
Sphenoid.
See Meeker s.
Spheno-palatine ( M e c k -
el's).
Spheno-maxillary fossa, near the
spheno-palatine foramen.
Superior maxillary, facial, sympa-
Anterior, posterior,and
external palatine, na-
so-palatine, superior
nasal, Vidian, pharyn-
geal.
§pinal.
See Intervertebral.
Spiral.
Spiral canal of the modiolus
Cochlear nerve.
Filaments to the os-
seous lamina and to
the organ of Corti.
Splanchnic.
See Semilunar.
Stellate.
The first thoracic (g v.).
Stomato-gastric.
In Mollusca, the upper surface of
the stomach.
Sympathetic.
Sympathetic.
Sub-esophageal.
See Infra-esophageal.
Sub-intestinal.
See Meissner's.
Sublingual.
See Submaxillary.
Submandibular.
See Submaxillary.
Submaxillary.
Above the submaxillary gland.
Gustatory, chorda tympani, sub-
maxillary, sympathetic.
Mouth, submaxillary
gland, and Wharton's
duct.
Superior.
See Jugular.
Superior (of Vagus).
Jugular foramen.
Superior cervical and petrous gan-
glia, and spinal accessory.
Vagus.
Supra-esophageal.
In Mollusca, above the esophagus.
Ganglionic chain.
Esophagus.
Supra-maxillary.
Above the canine tooth.
Anterior superior dental nerve.
Anterior superior den-
tal nerve.
Supra-renal .
Junction of the great splanchnic
nerves
Solar plexus.
Supra-renal plexus.
Temporal.
External carotid artery, near the
parotid gland.
Superior cervical ganglion and
carotid plexus.
Temporal region.
Thoracic (12).
Between the transverse processes of
the vertebrae and the heads of the
ribs.
Sympathetic.
Splanchnic nerves and
branches to spinal
nerves and plexuses
Thyroid, inferior.
See Cervical, middle.
Thyroid, superior.
See Ceruicaly superior.
Transverse.
See Semilunar.
Tympanic.
Canal between the lower surface of
the petrosa and the tympanum.
Tympanic branch of the glosso-
pharyngeal.
Tympanum.
Vagus : (i) of the root, see
Ju^iilar ; (2) of the trunk
( Vagus).
Below the jugular foramen.
Vagus .
Vagus.
Valentin's.
Above the root of the second bicuspid,
at the junction of the middle and
posterior dental nerves.
Posterior and middle dental nerves.
Filaments to the teeth.
Ventricular.
See Bidder's.
Vertebral.
See Cervical, inferior.
Vesico-vaginal.
Ventral wall of the vagina.
Vesico-vaginal plexus.
Sympathetic.
Vestibular.
Aqueduct of Fallopius.
Geniculate ganglion.
Vestibular nerve.
Walter's.
See Impar.
Of Wrisberg.
See Cardiac.
GANGLIONIC
507
GAS
Ganglionic {gang-gle-on'-ik) [jayyliov, a ganglion].
Pertaining to or of the nature of a ganglion. G.
Centers, masses of gray matter of the brain lying be-
tween the floor of the lateral ventricles and the decus-
sation of the anterior pyramids of the cord. They
include the optic thalami, corpora striata, and others.
Ganglionitis \^gang-gle-on-i' -tis). See Gangliitis.
Gangliopathy {gang-gle-op' -alh-e) \_ydyy'A,iov, a gan-
glion; ■n-firtof, disease]. Any disorder dependent upon
a diseased condition of a ganglion ; any diseased state
of a ganglion.
Gangrsena {^gang-gre' -nah) [L.]. Gangrene. G.
contagiosa. See Gatigt-ene, Hospital. G. noso-
comialis. See Gangrene, Hospital. G. oris. See
Stomatitis.
Gangraenosis {gang-gre-no' -sis). See Gangrenosis.
Gangrene l^gang' -gren] [yayypaiva, a sore, from ypaiv-
eiv, to gnaw]. Mortification or death of a part of the
body from failure in nutrition. The putrefactive fer-
mentation of a dead limb or tissue. G., Circular, a
form of mortification occurring usually on some part
of the lower extremity, and not exceeding in size a
silver half-dollar. It involves the skin and subcuta-
neous tissues and is accompanied by signs of
exhaustion. G., Constitutional, that dependent upon
systemic disease, such as diabetes, or circulatory dis-
ease. G., Diabetic. See Sphaceloderma. G., Dry,
shriveling and desiccation from insufficiency of blood.
G., Embolic, that caused by an embolus that cuts off
the supply of blood. G., Hospital, a contagious form
arising under crowded conditions without antiseptic pre-
cautions. G., Moist, a form with abundance of serous
exudation and rapid decomposition. G., Nosocomial,
hospital gangrene. G., Primary, that without preceding
inflammation of the part. G., Pulpy. See G., Hos-
pital. G., Secondary, a form with preceding inflamma-
tion. G., Senile, that attacking the extremities of the
aged. G., Symmetric, that attacking corresponding
parts of opposite sides. It is called, also, Raynaud' s
G. See, also, Sphaceloderma . G., White, a moist
gangrene of chronic form, in which there is a serous
exudate with lymphatic obstruction, followed by com-
plete anemia. It is unaccompanied by the characteristic
color- change of other varieties of gangrene.
Gangrenopsis (^gang-gren-op'-sis) [yayypaiva, gan-
grene; oi/)/f, the face]. Synonym of CancruDi oris.
Gangrenosis [gang-gre^t-o' -sis) [yayypaiva, gangrene;
vdffof, disease]. The condition of being or of becom-
ing mortified or gangrenous.
Gangrenous { gang' -gren-zes) [ydyypaa>a, gangrene].
Pertaining to or being of the nature of gangrene. G.
Emphysema. See Edema, Malignant.
Ganja [gan'-jah) [Hind.]. Synonym of Cannabis in-
dica.
Gannal's Solution. A preservative fluid containing
one part of aluminum acetate in 20 parts of water.
Ganoin [gan'-o-in) \yavoq, brightness]. In biology,
the dense enamel-like form of bone of the plates of
a ganoid fish.
Gant's Line. See Lines, Table of.
Gantelet [gant'-let). See Gauntlet.
Gape {gap, ox gap) [ME.,^<7/;'«, to yawn]. To yawn ;
the act of yawning.
Gapes {gaps) DAK. , gapen, to gape]. A disease of
young fowls, caused by the presence of a nematode
worm, Syngamus trachealis, in the trachea. See
Parasites, {Animal) Table of.
Gaping {gap' -ing). See Pandiculation and Yaiming.
Gaps, Cranial {gapz) [ME., gapen, to gape]. Certain
occasional congenital fissures of the skull.
Ga.ta.nzin {gar-an'-sin) [origin unknown]. The product
obtained by the action of concentrated H.^S04 on pul-
verized madder, at a temperature of 100° C. (212° F.).
It is a valuable dye. See Pigments Conspectus oj.
Garbage {gar'-haj) [ME., garbage, the entrails of
fowls]. The refuse materials of kitchen-cookery, etc.
G. and Waste. See Sewage, Disposal of. G.-cart,
Flannagan Automatic, a variety of cart much used
for the collection of garbage. G. -furnace, a fur-
nace in use in cities and towns to consume the waste
material of the place.
Garbling {gar' -bling) [OF. , garbeler, to sift] . The
assorting of a drug and its separation into grades of
different quality.
Garcinia {gar-sin' -e-ah) [after Laurent tr'arnw, a French
botanist]. A genus of guttiferous trees of Old-world
tropical regions. G. hanburii, G. morella, G. pic-
toria, and G. travancorica afford gamboge. G.
mangostana yields the palatable fruit called mango-
steen.
Garden Rocket. See Eruca sativa.
Garel, Sign of. See Signs and Symptoms, Table of
Gargarism {gar' -gar-izm) \_yapyapiC,f.iv, to gargle: //. ,
Gargarismata'\. A gargle.
Garget {gar' -get) [ME., gargat, the throat]. I. A
swelling of the throat in swine or cattle. 2. A hard,
knotty condition of the udder in cows, that sometimes
follows calving, due to the sudden distention of the
bag with milk ; it is attended with inflammation. At
times it is tuberculous in nature. It is also called
" ITeed" and iMa/n/nitis. G.-root, a name improp-
erly given to the root of Phytolacca decandra (see
Phytolacca) ; so called because it is regarded as a cure
for garget in cows.
Gargle {go->''-gl) [Fr. , gargouille, the throat]. To
rinse or wash the interior of the throat and upper part
of the pharynx. Also, a wash for the throat.
Gargling {gar'-gling) [Fr. , gargouille, the throat].
Rinsing the throat. G., von Troltsch's Method of,
the patient takes a mouthful of fluid, throws back the
head, and then, instead of making the customary
"gurgle," allows the liquid to pass as far down as
possible. The act of deglutition is then performed,
without, however, letting the fluid be swallowed.
Garland {gar' -land) . See Karyokinesis.
Garlic {gar' -lik). See Allium.
Garnet-brown. See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Garretson's Bandage. See Bandage.
Garrod's Theory. The theory that gout is due to an
increase in the uric acid in the blood, either from in-
creased production or diminished elimination. The
alkalinity of the blood is also lessened ; hence the
urates are deposited in the tissues. G.'s Test. See
Tests, Table of.
Garrot {gar'-ot) \Yx. , garotter, to bind]. An instru-
ment for compression of an artery by twisting a cir-
cular bandage about the part.
Garroting {gar' -ot-ing) [Sp. , ^ar^'i^/t', strangulation by
means of an iron collar]. In forensic medicine,
a term used in England to signify the forcible com-
pression of a victim's neck by robbers or criminals.
Garrulity {gar-00' -lit-e) [garrire, to prattle]. Talka-
tiveness. G. of the Vulva. See Vulva.
Garrya {gar' -e-ah) [after Garry, a botanist]. Cali-
fornia fever-bush ; skunk-bush, or quinin-bush. The
leaves of G. fremotitii, a bitter antip^odic, popular
on the Pacific coast as a remedy fur malarial diseases.
Dose of the fld. ext. TT\,x-xxx. Unof
Qtaxxy'vn {gar'-e-in) [Crtrz-j, a botanist]. An alkaloid
said to exist in the leaves of Garrya fremontii.
Gartner, Canals or Ducts of. See Cattal.
Gas {gaz). Any substance that is normally aeriform.
Substances normally in a liquid or solid state are
usually called vapors when changed to the aeriform
GASKELL'S CLAMP
508
GASTROCEPHALITIS
. condition. G. -black. See Pigments, Conspectus of.
G., Nitrous Oxid. See Nitrous Oxid.
Gaskell's Clamp. See Clamp.
Gasolene [gas'-o-len) [gas']. Canadol. A product ob-
tained from petroleum, boiling at 70° to 90° C ; speci-
fic gravity, .660 to .690, or 80° to 75° B. It is used
in the extraction of oils from oil-seeds and in car-
buretting coal-gas.
Gasp \JA\L. , gaspen, to yawn]. To catch for breath.
To breathe spasmodically with open mouth.
Gasser's Arteries. See Ar/ei-ies, Table of. G.'s Gang-
lion. See Ganglia, Table of. G., Nerve of. See
Nerves, Table of.
Gasserian Arteries. See Arteries, Table of. G. Gang-
lion. See Ganglia, Table of.
Gaster (gas'-ter) [yacrr^p, stomach]. The stomach ;
the abdomen. G. basalis, the apical canal, pedun-
cle-tube, or tubus capularis of hydroid polyps. G.
buccalis, the esophagus of MedusEe. G. centralis,
tlie central cavity of Medusse. G. coronaris, the
perogaster of MedusK. G. principales. See Axo-
gaster.
Gasterangiemphraxis (^gas - ter- an- je- em - fraks' - is)
[yaaTr/fi, stomach; ayyciov, vessel ; e/iipjia^i^, obstruc-
tion]. I. Congestion of the stomachic blood-vessels.
2. Pyloric obstruction.
Ga.steTSiSthenia.[gas-ter-as-tlie^-ne-a/i) [yaarr/p, stomach ;
(laOiveia, weakness].' Weakness or debility of the
stomach.
Gasterataxia (gas-ler-at-aks'-e-a/i) [yaff-z/p, stomach;
ara^la, disorder]. Disordered state of the functions of
the stomach ; that state of the stomach-walls in which
some parts are hardened or thickened, while others
are softened or inflamed.
Gasterechema [gas-ter-ek-e'-ma/i) [yaari/p, stomach;
f/XV/^<i, sound]. A sound heard in the auscultation of
the stomach.
Gasterectasis i^gas-ter-ek' -tas-is) [yaori/p, stomach ;
iKTaaig, dilatation]. Dilatation of the stomach ; it is
usually due to pyloric obstruction, but may also result
from muscular weakness, and from over-distention
from excessive eating and drinking.
Gastero- {gas'-ter-o-) [-jaari/p, belly]. See Castro-.
Gasterotheca (^gas-ter-o-the'-kali) [yaari/f), stomach;
Of/Kr/, case: //. , Gasterotheas']. In biology, the part
of the pupa or chrysalis-case that covers the abdomen.
Gasterozooid, Gastrozooid [gas-ter-o-zo' -oiJ , gas-tro-
zo'-oid) [yaoT/jp, stoms.ch.; Cyoi', animal ; eMof,form].
In biology, one of the nutritive zooids of a polyp-
colony.
Gastrsea (^a^-/r^"'-(7/;) [yaariip, stomach ; pL, Gastmtg].
In biology, Haeckers term for a hypothetic, primeval,
two-layered, saccular organism ; the supposed ancestral
type of the gastrula stage of the present Metazoan.
Gastraemia {gas-tre^-me-a^). See Gastremia.
Gastral {gas'-tral) \jaaTtjp, the stomach]. Pertaining
to the gaster or stomach ; gastric.
Gastralgia, Gastralgy [gas-tral'-Jr-ah, -je) [jaariip,
stomach; a/tjof, pain]. Pain in the stomach. A
mild form is sometimes called ,i,w/rf)(/)'«/a.
Gastread (gas'-t?-e-aJ ) [yracrr?/^, stomach]. In biology,
an animal the morphologic development of which
stops at the gastrula stage.
Gastrectasia [gas-trek-fa' -ze-nh). See Gastrectasis.
Gastrectasis ( gas-trek' -tas-is) [yacTr/p, stomach ;
iKTaai^, a stretching out]. Dilatation of the stomach.
Gastrectomy [gas-trek' -to-?ne) [yacri/p, stomach ;
kKTOfiT], a cutting out]. Resection of any diseased
part of the stomach.
Gastrelcobrosis [gas-trel-ko-bro' -sis) [yaar^/p, stomach ;
E/lKOf, ulcer; 0p£)ai(, an eating]. Ulceration of the
stomach.
Gastrelcosis [ gas-trel-ko'-sis) [yaar/ip, stomach;
fAKuaic;, ulceration]. Ulceration of the stomach.
Gastremia [gas-tre' -me-ah) [yaaTr/p, stomach; alfia,
blood]. Congestion of the coats of the stomach.
Gastrenteralgia [gas-tren-ter-al'-je-ah] [yaoTr/p, stom-
ach; evrepov, intestine; aXyog, pain]. Neuralgia of
the stomach and bowels.
Gastrenteromalacia [gas- tren - ter- 0 - mal-a' - se-ah)
[;fiTr///;, stomach ; ivrepov, intestine ; fioAania, soften-
ing]. Softening of the stomach and intestines (as-
serted by some to be merely a post-mortem condi-
tion).
Gastreum [gas' -tre-um) \_yaarrip, stomach]. In biol-
ogy, the under or ventral surface of a bird.
Gastric [gas'-trik) [yaari/p, stomach]. Pertaining to
the stomach. G. Artery. See Arteries, 'Table of. G.
Crisis, a severe, paroxysmal attack of pain in the
stomach, accompanied by obstinate vomiting, faintness,
and occasionally by slowness and irregularity of the
pulse. These crises are met with in locomotor ataxia,
V. G. Digestion, that part of the digestion of food
performed by the gastric juice ; the conversion of albu-
minous bodies into peptones. G. Fever. See Feiier.
G. Fistula, a perforation or communication other
than the normal one between the stomach and peri-
toneal cavity, or with the outer part of the body. G.
Follicles. See Glands, Peptic. G. Insufiiciency,
a term applied to the early stages of dilatation of the
stomach. G. Juice, the normal secretion of the tubu-
lar, peptic glands of the stomach. It is a clear, colorless
liquid, having an acid reaction, and containing from .5
to 2 per cent, of solid matter in solution. A small amount
of hydrochloric acid, .2 to .4 per cent., and a ferment
called pepsin, are the essential elements. G. Plexus,
a subdivision of the solar plexus distributed to the
stomach. It joins branches of the left pneumogastric
nerve. See Plexus. G. Veins, two veins of the
stomach ; the lesser one is called the pyloric, the greater
the coronary. See Vein.
Gastricism (^^<7j''-i';-/j--?2OT) [yacrr^/p, stomach]. I. The
theory that ascribes most diseases to some gastric de-
rangement. 2. A gastric disorder.
Gastrimargia, or Gastrimargism [gas-trim-ai-'-je-ah,
or -jizm) [yacTi/p, belly; fiapyog, greedy]. Insane
or furious gluttony.
Gastritic (gas-trit'-ik) [yauTr/p, stomach]. Pertaining
to or affected with gastritis.
Gastritis [gas-tri'-t/s) [yatrrr/p, stomach ; trig, inflam-
mation]. Inflammation of the coats of the stomach.
It may be acute or chronic. G. polyposa, that form
associated with a rough, wrinkled, mammillated
condition of the gastric mucous membrane.
Gastro- [gas'-tro-) [yaari/p, stomach]. A prefix de-
noting some relation with or complication of the
stomach.
Gastro-adenitis [gas' -tro-ad-en-i' -tis) [yaon/p, stom-
ach; ofS^r, gland ; /7(f, inflammation]. Inflammation
of the glands of the stomach.
Gastro-arthritis [gas-tro-ar-t/iri' -tis) [} nar^/p, stomach ;
iiliHpnv, a joint; irir^, inflammation]. Gout in the
stomach and joints at the same time.
Gastrobrosis (A'''7.f-/''"-'^''<''--r") [yoT-i/p, stomach; /?piy-
iT/f , a gnawing]. Perforating ulcer of the stomach.
GastTocele [gas'-tro-sel) [yntrr^/p, stomach ; her-
nia]. A hernia of the stomach.
Gastrocelus [gas-tro-se'-lus) [ynorz/p, stomach ; imlog,
hollow]. In biology, applied to one of the depres-
sions at the base of the second abdominal tergita in
certain insects.
Gastrocephalitis [gas-tro-sefal-i' -tii)\yaaTr]p ,s\.omac\\ ;
Kt-m'/i/, head; mc, inflammation]. Concurrent in-
flammation of the stomach and of the brain.
GASTROCHOLIA
509
GASTRO-PERICARDITIS
Gastrocholia ( gas-tro-ko'-le-ah ) [yacr^p, stomach ;
xb'/^V, bile]. Concurrent gastric and bilious disorder.
Gastrocnemius (^gas-irok-ne' -}ne-iis) [yaoT//p, stomach ;
nvi/tir], leg]. See Muscles, Table of.
Gastrocolic [gas-tro-kol'-ik) [} acr^p, stomach ; k6Xov,
the large intestine] . Pertaining to both the stomach
and the colon.
Gastrocolitis [gas-tro-ko-li'-tis) [yaarfip, stomach;
KoXov , coXon ; ;r(f, inflammation]. Concurrent inflam-
mation of the stomach and large intestine.
Gastrocolotomy [gas-tro-ko-lot'-o-me) \_yaaTr]p, stom-
ach; K.6\ov, colon; re/nvEiv, to cut]. The establish-
ment of an artificial communication between the stom-
ach and the colon.
Gastrocolpotomy fygas-tro-kol-poi' -o-me) [yaur^p, stom-
ach ; kuAttoc:, vagina ; rejiveiv, to cut] . The operation of
Cesarean section in which the opening is made through
the linea alba into the upper part of the vagina.
Gastrocystis [gas-tro-sis' -lis) \_yaaTijp, belly; kvoti^,
bladder]. In biology, the single-layered blastodermic
vesicle of mammals.
Gastroderma ( gas-tro-der' -mah ) \yacrrjp, stomach ;
dep/ia, skin]. In biology, the lamina gastralis, or
intestinal epithelium.
Gastrodialysis (^gas-tro-di-aF-is-is) [yaorz/p, stomach ;
Xiiaiq, a loosening]. A solution of continuity in the
gastric wall.
Gastrodiaphane lygas-tro-di' -af-dn ) \yaorrip, stomach ;
&ia, through ; (paiveiv, to show]. See Gastrodiaphany .
Gastrodiaphanoscopy ( gas' -tro-di-af-a7i-os' -ko-pe )
[yacrr^p, stomach ; &ia, through ; (paivEiv, to show ;
OKOTretp, to inspect]. The examination of the stomach
by means of the diaphanoscope.
G3.stTodisipha.ny{giis-t)v-di-a/'-arz-e)\j'aar?/p, stomach ;
did, through ; (paipeiv, to show]. A method of ex-
ploration of the stomach by means of the gastrodia-
phane. This consists of a soft stomach-tube, at the
gastric extremity of which is placed an Edison's hard-
glass lamp, from which conducting wires, containing
a current-interrupter, run to a portable storage-battery.
The stomach should be free from food and moderately
distended with water. The gastric extremity of the
gastrodiaphane, after being lubricated with oil or gly-
cerin, is introduced into that viscus, and the circuit is
closed. If no pronounced thickening of the anterior
stomach wall exists, trans-illumination in a dark room,
with the patient erect, permits the outlines of the
stomach to be seen as a zone of reddish hue on the
abdominal wall.
Gastrodidymus [gas-tro-did'-ijjt-its) [yaaTt/p, stomach;
diSvfiog, double]. A double monstrosity with one ab-
dominal cavity.
Gastroduodenal i^gas-tro-du-o-dc' -nal^ \_yacriip, stom-
ach ; duodeni, twelve each]. Pertaining to the stom-
ach and the duodenum.
Gastroduodenitis {gas-tro-dii-od-en-i'-tis') [jaurz/p,
stomach ; duodeni, twelve each ; iTiz, inflammation].
Inflammation of the stomach and duodenum.
Gastroduodenostomy [gas'-tro-du-od-en-os'-to-me )
[yaoTrjp, stomach ; duodeni, twelve each ; arbfia,
mouth]. A surgical operation upon the stomach and
the duodenum, in which a new passage from the one to
the other is established.
Gastrodynia [gas-lro-din'-e-ah) \_yaGTrjp, stomach ;
o6vvT], pain]. A mild pain in the stomach. See also
Gastralgia.
Gastroectasis l^gas-tro-ck' -/as-is). Same as Gastrec-
tasis.
Gastro-electrization ( gas-tro-e-lek-triz-a'-shuii) [}ao--
rijp, stomach ; rfktKTpov, amber]. The therapeutic ap-
plication of electricity to the stomach.
Gastroelytrotomy [gas-tro-el-it-rol'-o-me) [yaa-T/p,
stomach ; elvrpov, a sheath ; TOfir/, a cutting]. A
method of performing Cesarean section. An incision is
made into the vagina (after the abdominal section), in-
stead of into the uterus, and if the child cannot be ex-
tracted in this way, an incision is made into the os uteri.
Gastroenteralgia ( gas-tfo-en-ter-al' -je-ali) \_yaGTrjp,
stomach; fi'-fpou, bowel ; aXyog, pain]. Concurrent
pain in the stomach and bowels.
Gastroenteric [gas-tro-cn-/ey'-ik) [yaartjp, stomach;
tvTepov, bowel]. Pertaining to both stomach and
bowels.
Gastroenteritis i^gas-tro-en-ter-i' -tis) \_yaci-iip, stom-
ach ; evTEpov, bowel ; mc, inflammation]. Concurrent
inflammation of stomach and bowels.
Gastroenterostomy (^gas-tro-en-ter-os' -to-me) [yaari/p,
stomach ; cvrepov, bowel ; oro/ia, mouth]. Formation
of a fistulous communication between the stomach and
the small intestine in obstruction of the pylorus.
Gastroenterotomy [gas-tro-i'ti-ier-ot' -o-me) [jaori/p,
stomach ; tiTfpof, bowel ; Ttfivei.v, to cut]. Intestinal
incision through the abdominal wall.
Gastroepiploic i^gas-tro-ep-ip-lo' -ik) [yaaT/jp, stomach;
i-K'm'koov, caul]. Pertaining to stomach and omentum.
Gastro-esophageal [gas-tro-e-so-fa' -je-al ) ^yaarr/p,
stomach; o'laocjjayo^ , the esophagus]. Pertaining to
both the stomach and the esophagus.
Gastrofaradization ( gas' -tro-far-ad-iz-a' -shun) [jaa-
Tr/p, stomach ; Faraday\. The application of farad-
ism to the stomach.
Gastrogalvanization {gas' - fro - gal- van - iz - a' - shun')
\ja(5Tijp, stomach; Galvani\ The application of
galvanism to the stomach.
Gastrohepatic (gas-tro-he-pat'-ik) [yaarijp, stomach ;
Tjirap, the liver]. Relating to both stomach and liver.
Gastro hyst ere c tomy ( gas' -tro-his-ter - ek'-to-me)
[_yaaTr/p, the stomach; varipa, the womb; enTO/ir/,
a cutting out]. The Porro-Cesarean operation. See
Operations, Table of.
Gastrohysterotomy [gas-tro-his-ter-ol'-o-me) [_yaaT7/p,
stomach; vartpa, womb; ri/jveiv, to cut]. The
Cesarean section, ^. ?/.
Gastrolith (gas'-lro-l/lh) [yaorz/p, stomach ; 'Xldo^, a
stone]. A calcareous formation in the stomach ; gas-
tric calculus ; bezoar.
Gastrolithiasis [gas-tro-li/h-i' -as-is) [yaoTi/p, stomach ;
ISiaai^, the formation of calculi]. A morbid con-
dition associated with the formation of gastroliths.
Gastrology (gas-trol' -o-je) [yaariip, stomach ; Adyof ,
science]. A treatise on the stomach and its functions.
Gastromalacia (gas-tro-tnal-a'-se-ah) ^yaori/p, stom-
ach ; iiakania, softening]. An abnormal softening of
the structural tissue of the stomach ; it is generally be-
lieved to be due to post-mortem acidity.
Gastromelus [gas-trom' -el-us) l_yaaT>/p, stomach; fteXog,
limb]. A monster with accessory limbs attached to
the abdomen.
Gastromenia (^ff^-/;'(7-;«<"'-«<'-<7^)[7Q;(TT^p, stomach ; fii/v,
month]. Vicarious menstruation by the stomach.
Gastrometritis [gas-tro-me-ti-i' -lis) [;ac7r?/p, stomach ;
jJLrjTpa, womb; iri^, inflammation]. Gastritis con-
current with metritis.
Gastromycetes [gas-tro-mi-se' -tez) [yacrrz/p^ stomach ;
fivKrji;, mushroom]. A group of fungi, the spores of
which are enclosed in a cavity or pouch.
Gastropancreatic {gas-tro-pan-kre-af -ik) [yaaTr/p,
stomach ; naynpeag, pancreas]. Both gastric and
pancreatic.
Gastropathy (gas-trop' -ath-e) [jaarr/p, stomach ; Tradof ,
disease]. Any disease or disorder of the stomach.
Gastro-pericarditis [gas-tro-per-ik-ar-di' -tis) \_yaarijp,
stomach ; ■Rtpi, around ; Kapfiia, heart ; iri^, inflam-
mation]. Gastritis concurrent with pericarditis.
GASTROPERIODYNIA
510
GAZEOL
Gastroperiodynia [gas-tro-per-c-o-din' -e-ah) [j'aarlip,
stomach ; irtpiodot;, period ; bdiwr/, pain]. Periodic
gastralgia.
Gastrophrenic [gas-ti-o-fi-cn' -ik) [/affT//p, stomach ;
ifpiiv, diaphragm]. Relating to both stomach and dia-
phragm.
Gastroplegia lygas-tro-ple' -je-ali) [_yaaT/)p, stomach;
TrAz/y//, stroke]. Paralysis of the stomach.
Gastropore {gas' -tro-por') \j'aaTiip, stomach ; -Kopog,
pore]. In biology, the mouth-opening of a gaster-
ozooid.
Gastroptosis (gas-trop-to'-sis) [j aaT/jp, stomach : nroyan;,
fall]. A prolapse or downward displacement of the
stomach.
Gastro-pylorectomy {gas-tropi-lor-ek' -to-7ne) \_yaaTrip ,
stomach; nv'Aupug, a. gate-keeper; sKrojur/, excision].
Surgical excision of the pyloric portion of the stomach.
Gastropyra {gas-trop' -ir-ah) [yaoriip, stomach ; "Kvp,
fire]. Inflammation or phlegmasia of the stomach.
Gastrorrhagia {gas-tror-a'-je-ah) [yaari/p, stomach;
p!/yvbvai, to break forth]. See Heinateincsis.
Gastrorrhaphy {gas-tror' -a-fe) [_}'aaTfjp, stomach; pa<pr/,
suture]. Suture of wounds of the abdominal wall or
stomach.
Gastrorrhea (gas-tror-e'-a/i) [yaari/p, stomach ; poia,
a flow]. Excessive secretion, or regurgitant flow, of
gastric mucus or liquid.
Gastrorrhexis {gas-tror-eks'-is) {jacrlip, stomach;
pi/iiC, a breaking]. Rupture of the stomach.
Gastroscope {gas' -tro-skop') [jaorz/p, stomach ; aaoKeiv,
to see]. An instrument for viewing the interior of the
stomach. It consists essentially of a tube with an in-
candescent electric light and reflecting prisms.
Gastroscopy ( gas-tros' -kope) [jaffrz/p, stomach ;
OKOTTelv, to see]. The inspection of the interior of the
stomach by means of the gastroscope.
Gastrosis [gas-tro'-sis) [_yaaTiip, stomach; ^'do•of, dis-
ease : //. , Gastroses~\. A general term for any disease
of the abdomen or of the stomach only.
Gastrosphongioma (gas-tt'o-sfon-je-o'-iiiah) [yaaTi/p,
stomach ; a(t>oyytd, sponge ; b/ia, tumor : //. , Gastro-
spho>igio/na/a'\. A fungosity of the stomach.
Gastrosplenic {gas-iro-splen'-ik) [;a(jr;)p, stomach;
GiTAriv, spleen]. Relating both to the stomach and
the spleen.
Gastrosplenitis {gas-lro-splen-i' -tis) [jaor^p, stomach ;
c-K'kiii\ spleen ; ltl(;, inflammation]. Inflammation of
both stomach and spleen.
Gastrostege {gas' -tro-stej) [yacrrz/p, stomach ; areyoc,
a roof]. In biology, one of the short, wide, trans-
verse scutes or scales that cover the ventral surface of
a snake.
Gastrostenosis {gas-tro-ste-no' -sis) [yaurz/p, stomach ;
CTd'bc, narrow]. A stricture or morbid contraction
of the stomach.
Gastrostomy { gas-tros' -to-?iie) [yauTi/p, stomach ;
(jTofia, mouth]. The establishing of a fistulous open-
ing into the stomach.
Gastrosuccorrhea {gas-tro-sttk-or-e' -aJi) \_yaaTf/p,
stomach; szecats, juice ; poia, a flow]. Reichmann's
disease ; hypersecretion of the gastric juice.
Gastrothoracic ( gas-iro-tho-ra' -sik) \_yaaT>/p, belly ;
dupa^ , thorax]. Pertaining both to the abdomen and
the thorax.
Gastrotome {gns'-fro-fdin) {jaoTT/p, stomach; to/iI/,
a cutting]. A cutting instrument used in gastrotomy.
Gastrotomy [ gas-trot' -o-me) {jaarijp, stomach ; Tc/xveiv,
to cut]. Incision of the abdomen or the stomach.
Gastrotrichous {gas-trof -rik-iis) [yaariip, stomach;
Opi^, hair]. In biology, having the ventral surface of
the Ijody ciliated.
Gastro-typhoid {gas' -tro-ti' -foid) [}a(Tr//p, stomach ;
TV(l>ni;, smoke]. Typhoid fever with pronounced gas-
tric symptoms.
Gastrovascular {gas-tro-7/as'-i!t-tar)\_yauT7/p, stomach;
vasculiiiii, a. little vessel]. Common to the functions
of digestion and circulation, as the body-cavity of
some animals.
Gastroxia {gas-troks' -e-ali) [_yaaTr/p, stomach; ofi'f,
acid]. Abnormal acidity of the contents of the
stomach.
Gastroxynsis {gas-troks-in'-sis) [p/aarlip, stomach ;
b^bveiv, to irritate]. Rossbach's term for hyperchlor-
hydria ; a periodic form of nervous dyspepsia with
hyperacidity of the gastric juice. It is, in fact, a
neurosis of secretion that may be quite independent of
the time of digestion. It is a rare condition, and is
associated either with profound neurasthenia or with
locomotor ataxia. It is marked by a gnawing, un-
pleasant sensation in the stomach, severe headache,
and the vomiting of a clear, watery, intensely acid se-
cretion.
Gastrula (gas'-tne-la/i) [yaarf/p, belly: //. , Gastridte\.
In biology, a stage in the development of Metazoans,
in which the germ consists of a two-layered sac, pro-
duced by the invagination of the one-layered, hollow
germ-sphere, the blastula.
Gastrulation {gas-trit-la' -shun) \_ya<jTr'/p, belly]. In
biology, the process of formation of the gastrula by
the invagination of the blastula.
Gastruria {gas-tru'-re-ah) \ja(jTi]p, stomach; ovpov,
urine]. A supposed passage of urine into the stomach.
Gate-vein {gat' -van). An old name for the portal vein.
Gathering {gath'-er-ing) SJAY,. , gadering, a gathering].
A popular name for an abscess, pustular inflammation,
or suppurating sore.
Gattine {gat-en') [F.]. A disease of the silk-worm.
Gaubins' Table. See Dose.
Gaule's Experiment. See Cytozodn.
Gaultheria {ga^ol-the' -re-ah) [after Dr. Gaidtier, a
Canadian physician]. Wintergreen, Teaberry. The
leaves of wintergreen, G. procumbetts , an evergreen
plant, with properties due to a volatile oil, methyl
salicylate, which is also found in black birch and several
other plants. It is stimulant, astringent, and antipy-
retic, and is used in rheumatism and gout, or when
salicylic acid is indicated. G., Ol., oil of winter-
green, much used as a flavor. Dose, Tr\^iij-x. G.,
Spt., oil of wintergreen 3, alcohol 97. Dose, gss-ij.
G. fragrans, of India, affords an identical oil.
Gaultherilene {gawl-ther' -il-en) [after Dr. Gmdtier, a
Canadian physician], C[„H,p. A peculiar hydro-
carbon found in the oil of gaultheria. It is a colorless,
yellow or reddish liquid, of a peculiar strong and aro-
matic odor, a sweetish, warm, and aromatic taste, a
slightly acid reaction, and a specific gravity of about
1. 180. It is readily soluble in alcohol.
Gaulthier's Reagent. See Tests, Table of.
Gauntlet {gahnt'-let, ox gawnt' -let) [OF. , gantelet, dim.
oi gant, a glove]. A surgical bandage that covers the
hand and fingers like a glove. See Bandage.
Gauze {gawz). A thin, open-meshed cloth used for
surgical dressings. When impregnated with antiseptic
solutions or substances it is called antiseptic gauze., or,
according to the substance used, it is spoken of as
iodoform-gaiize , snblimate-gaitze , etc. See Carbasus.
Gavage ( o-ff7'-(7/z://') [Fr.]. I. The regular feeding of
an infant with freshly-drawn mother's milk, through a
small, soft catheter passed into the stomach at each
feeding. 2. The administration of liquid nourish-
ment through the stomach-tube.
Gavard's Muscle. See Muscles, Table of.
Gay-Lussac's Laws. .See Laio.
Gazeol {gaz'-e-ol) \Yx.,gazeol\ A mixture of naph-
GEBER'S GLOMERULES
511
GEMINOUS
thalin, I part ; benzene, lo parts; acetone, lo parts;
coal-tar, loo parts; aqua ammoniae (20 per cent.),
1000 parts ; it is recommended as affording a vapor
for inhalation in whooping-cough.
Geber's Glomerules. The convolutions of the terminal
branches of the nerves supplying the epithelial lining
of the mouth.
Geddes' Fluid Extract. See Abies.
Geissler's Apparatus. An apparatus for estimating the
quantity of carbonic acid in a carbonate.
Geissospermin, or Geissin [gi-so-sper'-miii, or gi'-
sin) [_yda<joi' , cornice; aTrep/m, seed], Cj9H24N20.2 +
HjO. An alkaloid from the bark of Geissospermiim
lave; it is a depressant of the respiration and of the
cardiac action.
Geissospermum [gi-so-sper' -mu?>i) [yelaaov', cornice ;
airepfia, seed]. A genus of apocynaceous trees. G.
Iseve and G. vellosii, of Brazil, afford Pao-pereii a
("pear-tree") bark, an active febrifuge and astrin-
gent. Unof.
Geitonogamy [gi-ton-og'-a!?i-e) [ yetrwy, a neighbor ;
ya/io^, marriage]. In biology, fertilization of one
flower by pollen from another flower of the same
plant.
Gelasma {Jel-az'-mak) [yr^Aaana, laughter], or Gelas-
mus {jel-az' -mus) \^e.'kacr6Q, laughable]. Insane or
hysteric laughter.
Gelatin ( /c/'-^A/w) to congeal]. An albumi-
noid substance of jelly-like consistence, obtained by
boiling skin, connective tissue, and bones of animals
in water. The glue of commerce is an impure variety.
See C/z/?. G.Bath. 'Ae&Bafh. G., Blasting. See
Blasting Gelatin. G. Capsules, capsules of gelatin
designed for containing medicines of nauseating taste.
G. Culture-medium, a jelly made by a solution of
the best commercial food-gelatin in the proportion of
6, 8, or 10 parts to 100 of water, with I or 2 parts of
dried peptones or glucose (the latter not to be used if the
culture is to be made on slides) for increased nutri-
tive value. Bicarbonate of soda is used to neutralize
the acid reaction. This, in bacteriology, is simply
known as Gelatin. G. -dynamite. See Blasting
Gelatin. G., Liquid, a substance for fastening paper
to glass, wood, or paper ; its formula is : —
Gelatin or clear glue, 75 to 100 grams (3S)
Commercial acetic acid (No. 8) 100 c.c. (3.4 fS)
Water 100 c.c. (3.4 f 3)
95 per cent. Alcohol 100 c c. (3.4 f S)
Glycerin, . . • 15 to 30 c.c. (% to i f 3)
Crush the glue and put it into a bottle with the acid ;
set in a warm place and shake occasionally. After
three or more days add the other ingredients. G.,
Medicated, a soft basis consisting of gelatin 3, zinc
"'^'d 3> glycerin 5, water 9 parts, to which antiseptic
or other medicaments may be added. It is preferable to
greasy ointments. All unof G. Sugar. See Glycin.
Gelatinigerous {jel-at-in-i/-er-iis) \_gelatina, gelatin ;
gerere, to hea.r']. In biology, applied to such organ-
isms as secrete a gelatinous investment.
Gelatinoid [jel'-at-in-oid ) \_gelare, to freeze; eMof,
likeness]. I. Resembling gelatin. 2. Any member
of a class of nitrogenous substances, including chon-
drin, collagen, elastin, gelatin, etc.
Gelatinous [jel-at'-itt-us) \_gelare, to freeze]. Resem-
bling or having the nature of gelatin. G. Tissue.
See Ajiimal Tissue.
Gelatio [jel-a'-she-o] [L.]. Synonym of Frostbite.
Gelation [Jel-a'-shtm) \_gelafio, a freezing], i. Freez-
ing; congelation ; also frost-bite, or chilblain. 2.
Catalepsy.
Geld {WE., gelden, to castrate]. To castrate; to emas-
culate.
Ge\A\Tig [gel' -ding) [ME., ^c'/(/z«^, a eunuch]. I. Cas-
tration. 2. A castrated person or animal.
Gelidium i^jel-id' -e-um) \_gelum, cold]. A genus of
seaweed. G. corneum, affords gelosin, and others,
as G. spiniform, supply some portion of the agar-agar
of commerce.
Gelle's Kxperiment. A diminution of the bone-con-
duction of sound resulting from compression of the
air in the external auditory canal.
Gellert's Green. Same as Rinmann'' s Green.
Gelose [jel-oz') \_gelare, to freeze]. I. The gelatiniz-
ing principle of agar-agar. 2. A culture-medium
used in bacteriologic investigation. Gelatin liquefies
at 23° or 24° C, and is thus inferior to gelose for
those cultures that require a higher degree of heat for
their proper development. Agar-agar contains a con-
siderable proportion of chemic gelose. Of the agar-
agar a jelly is made, 2 to 3 parts (to 100) of dried pep-
tone added; 10 to 15 parts of this substance to 50
parts of water, with I to 5 of glycerin, form a nutri-
tive jelly which is called ^v/(?jiv, from its essential in-
gredient. It is also called Parabin.
Gelosin [jel' -o-sin) [_gelare, to freeze]. A mucilage
resembling gelose, and extracted from some kinds of
agar-agar and from various species of alga?. It is sol-
uble in water and alcohol, and is an excellent excipient
for powders, tinctures, and salts, and is serviceable in
bacterial cultures. Unof.
Gelsemin i^jel' -sem-iii) \_gelseininum, jasmine], i.
C\]H[gN02, a poisonous alkaloid from Gelsemium,
q. V. 2. A precipitate or resinoid from a tincture
of the root-bark of Gelsemium sempervirens ; it is a
febrifuge, antispasmodic, emmenagogue, and nar-
cotic; dose 5- to I grain. Unof
Gelseminin ( jel-se?n'-in-in) \_gelseminu>n, jasmine].
An alkaloid of Gelsemiuin. It is an amorphous yel-
lowish-white, bitter, very po'isonous powder, soluble
in ether and chloroform, less so in alcohol and water.
Dose gr. ^-^-25.
Gelsemium [jel-se'-me-um) \_gelseminum, jasmine],
CjjHj^NO.^. Yellow Jasmine. The root of G. sem-
pervirens, abundant in the southern U. S., with prop-
erties mainly due to an alkaloid, gelsemin, a powerful
motor depressant, antispasmodic, and diaphoretic. In
toxic doses it produces diplopia, extreme muscular
weakness, and anesthesia, death occurring from as-
phyxia. It is useful in exaltation of nerve-action and
in cerebro-spinal meningitis, and is especially valuable
in remittent and malarial fevers. Dose gr. ij-xx. G.,
Ext., Alcoholic (B. P.). Dose gr. X->2- G., Ext.,
Fid., alcoholic. Dose n\,ij-xx. G., Tinct., 15 per
cent, in strength. Dose HLx-^j. Gelseminin, the
alkaloid. Dose gr. e^o^^o- Hydrochloras,
freely soluble in water. Dose gr. gV^uV • ^-i Hydro-
chlorat., Liq., one grain in one dram. Dose TTLj-
iij, hypodermatically.
Gely's Suture. See Suture.
Gemellus (^jem-el' -us) [dim. oi geminus, twin]. Double.
In pairs. G. Muscle, the gastrocnemius muscle, on
account of its double origin. See Muscles, Table of.
Gemina {jem'-in-ah) [L. , twins]. A name for the cor-
pora quadrigemina, or optic lobes. They^constitute
the larger part of the mesoccelian roof
Geminate {jem' -in-at) \_geminus, a twin]. In pairs.
In biology, parts that are disposed in pairs.
Geminiflorous {jetn-in-if-lo'-rus) \_geminus, twin;
flos, flower]. In biology, applied to plants that pro-
duce flowers in pairs.
Geminous [jem'-in-us) \_geminus, a twin]. Same as
Geminate. G. or Connate Teeth, twin-formation
of two teeth from the occurrence of a double dental
germ in a single sac, from which are developed two
GEMMA
512
GENITALIA
teeth of the same class, when normally there should be
but one.
Gemma {jcin'-ali) [L., a swelling bud, a germ: //. ,
Gemma:\ In biology, one of the various asexual re-
productive bud-like processes of cryptogams.
Gemmation [ /d/n-a'-s/iiin) \_ gem mare, to put forth
buds]. In biology, asexual reproduction by budding,
as distinguished from fission and free-cell formation.
Gemmation occurs in certain cryptogams and in the
Cixlenterata, Polyzoa, and Tiinicata among animals,
in which the bud arises as an evagination of the ecto-
derm only. Cf. Idioplasm, Blastemic, and Bud-
ding.
Gemmipara, Gemmiparae [/ciii-ifi'-a>--ah,-e) \_gemma,
a bud ; parere, to produce] . In biology, organisms
that reproduce by budding.
Gemmuie [/em'-nl) \_gciniHula, a little bud ; dim. of
gem?na , a bud]. In biology, {a) one of the small
buds produced by a gemmiparous organism. {!>)
In Darwin's theory of pangenesis, one of the invisible
granules or atoms, being given off continually by all
the cells of the body, conveyed into the blood and cir-
culated through the body to finally settle down in
other cells, especially the germ-cells. Each gemmuie
is supposed to reproduce the cell from which it is de-
rived, and the gemmules of the different cells become
active in the same order as that in which the corres-
ponding cells followed each other in the ontogeny
of the parent. Gallon accepted the " gemmuie hy-
pothesis," but denied the circulation of the gemmules.
Brooks attributes to the male germ-cell a particularly
strong power of attraction for the gemmules, so that
it collects a special mass of them and stores them up.
Cf. Anlage, Biophor, Determinant, Id, Idioplasm,
Heredity.
Gena. (Je' -na/i) [L. , the cheek : //., GencE'\. In biology,
applied to a rather poorly defined region on the side
of the head of various animals ; the cheek.
Genal (^Je'-nal) [yivvQ, the cheek]. Relating to the
gena, or cheek.
Genepi [jen'-ep-e). See Genipi.
Genera \ jen' -er-alt) [L.]. Plural of Genus, q.v.
General {jen' ■er-al') [_f£'«(V-rt//j, of a kind]. Common
to a class ; universal. G. Anatomy, histology, es-
pecially comparative histology. G. Anemia,
oligemia ; also, deficiency of hemoglobin in the blood.
G. Paralysis, or Paresis. See Paralysis, General,
of the Insane.
Generale [ ja-ne-}-al'-e) [Fr. ]. i^ynonym. o{ Influenza .
Generate ( jen'-er-at) \_generare, to beget]. To beget ;
to produce of the same kind.
Generatio aequivoca {jeii-er a' -she-o e-kwiv' -o-kah)
[L. ]. See Generation, Equivocal.
Generation {jeti-e}'-a' -shun) \_generatio, a begetting].
The begetting or production of offspring. G., Altern-
ate, in biology, tlie alternation of asexual with sexual
generation, the ofl'spring of one process difiering from
that of the other, e.g., the asexual fern and the sexual
prothallium, the asexual hydroid-polyp and the sexual
medusa. G., Alternations of. See Alternations of
Generation. G., Equivocal, spontaneous generation ;
birth from parentage of another form ; abiogenesis.
G., Fissiparous. See Fission. G., Organs of, those
that are functional in reproduction ; the genitalia. G.,
Spontaneous, abiogenesis ; the generation of living
from non-living matter.
Generator [jen' -er-a-tor) \_generare, to generate]. One
who, or that which, begets or causes. G.-gas, a gas
formed from coal, varying in composition according to
the kind of coal employed and the manner of work-
ing ; it is used to gasify coke and for the production of
heat and power.
Generic [jen-er' -ik) \_genus, a kind]. Pertaining to
the same genus.
Genesial [jen-e'-ze-al) \_ykvec!i(;, origin]. Pertaining
to generation. G. Cycle, the periods of ovarian,
uterine, and mammary activity into which the re-
productive life of the female is divided ; the first ex-
tending from puberty to conception, the second from
conception to gestation, and the third from gestation
through lactation.
Genesiology ( jen-e-ze-oF -o-je) \_yivtaiq, reproduction ;
'kuyoq, science]. The science of reproduction.
Genesis (y(?«'-«-/j)[yii'scr(f, production]. The act of be-
getting ; development ; origin ; formation ; generation.
Genetic [jen-et'-ik) [ytx/fff/f, generation]. Pertaining
to generation, or to anything inherited. G. Affinity,
relationship by direct descent.
Genetous ( jen' -el-US') \_ykvtaLq, generation]. Congenital;
existing from some point or period in fetal life ; as
genetous idiocy.
Genevrette (zhen-a-vret') [Fr.]. A drink made by
the fermentation of wild fruits with juniper-berries and
wine ; it is popular in parts of Switzerland.
Genga's Bandage. See Bandage.
Genial {je'-7ie-al) [gena, chin]. Pertaining to the chin.
G. Tubercles, four prominent tubercles on the inter-
nal surface of the lower jaw.
Genian [^w^f?; yfVEioi', chin] . Pertaining to
the chin.
Geniculate, Geniculated [jen-ik'-u-lat, -ed) \_genicu-
lare, to bend the knee]. In biology, kneed, or ab-
ruptly bent. G. Bodies, the corpora geniculata ; two
oblong, flattened bodies on the outer side of the cor-
pora quadrigemina and under the back part of the
optic thalamus. See Geniculum. G. Ganglion.
Same as Intumescentia gangliformis.
Geniculum {jen-ik' -zi-luin) \_genu, knee]. One of
the two eminences on the latero-caudal aspect of the
diencephal ; the post-geniculum is mesad and more dis-
tinct, and the pre-geniculum, laterad and less distinct.
Genio- [/e'-ne-o-) [yeveiov, the chin]. A prefix denot-
ing connection with the chin. G.-hyoglossus Mus-
cle. See Muscles, Table of. G.-hyoid Muscle.
See Mziscles, Table of.
Genioplasty i^je' -ne-o-plas-te) [ytffwi', chin ; Tr'Adaaeiv,
to form]. Plastic surgery, or a plastic operation, upon
the chin.
Genipap (jen'-e-pap) [native Guiana, Genipapo']. The
agreeable edible fruit of Genipa americana,z. rubiaceous
tree of tropical America. Cataplasms are made of the
unripe fruit.
Genipi {jen'-ip-e) [Yr. , genepi']. A green bitter-sweet
cordial, or liquor, made from Alpine herbs of the
genera Artemisia, Achillea, etc.
Genista {jen-is'-tah) [L.]. A genus of leguminous
plants. G. canariensis, affords some part of the so-
called oil of rhodium. G. purgans, of W. Europe,
is purgative and emetic. G. tinctoria, dyer's broom,
is diuretic and purgative. Unof.
Genital [jen'-it-al) [genitalis, pertaining to genera-
tion]. iPertaining to the organs of generation or to re-
production. G. Cord, the union of the two ducts of
Wolff and of Miiller to form a common cord in the
embryo. G. Eminence, or Tubercle, an elevation
appearing about the sixth week of embryonic life, in
front of the cloaca, and from which the penis or clito-
ris is developed. G. Fissure, a furrow extending
from the genital eminence of the embryo to the cloaca.
G. Folds, two plications at the side of the orifice of
the cloaca. G. Furrows. Same as G. Fissure. G.
Sense, the degree of vigorousness of the development
of ovisacs.
Genitalia (jen-it-g'-le-ah) [genitalis, pertaining to gen-
GENITALIST
513
GENYPLASTY
eration]. The organs of generation. In the male
these consist of two testicles or seminal glands, with
their excretory ducts; a musculo-glandular organ, the
prostate, which provides a material for the dilution of
the semen ; an organ of copulation, the penis ; and a
canal, the urethra, piercing the jirostate and penis, and
I. Labia majora of right side. 2. Fourchet. 3. Labia minora.
4. Clitoris. 5. Urethral orifice. 6. Vestibule. 7. Orifice of
thevagina. 8. Hymen. 9. Orifice of the vulvo-vaginal gland.
10. Anterior commissure of the labia majora. 11. Orifice of
the anus.
serving for the transit of the generative and urinary
secretions. The female genitals include an external
part, the vulva, and the vagina, or passage-way leading
to the internal organs ; the latter include the ovaries,
or organs of ovulation, with their ducts or Fallopian
tubes, and the uterus, a musculo-mucous sac in which
the ovum undergoes development and by which the
fetus is ultimately expelled.
Genitalist ( jen' -it-al-ist) [genitalis, pertaining to gen-
eration]. One who is a specialist in the treatment of
diseases and affections of the genital organs.
Genito- [jen' -it-o-^ \_genitus, begotten, irom gignere, to
be born] . A prefix denoting connection or relation to
the genital organs. G.-anal, pertaining to the geni-
tals and the anus. G. -crural. Ste. Nerves, Table of.
G. -enteric, relating to the genitals and to the intes-
tine. G. -spinal Center. See Center. G. -urinary,
relating to the genitals and the urinary organs.
Gennari, Line of. See Lines, Table of.
Genoblast [jen'-o-blast) [yf^of , sex ; pT^aarS^, germ].
I. The nucleus of the impregnated ovum, regarded as
bisexual 2. An ovum or spermatozoid.
Genocatachresia ( jen-o-kat-ak-re' -ze-ali) [yfi'of , sex ;
Karaxp^oiC, misapplication]. Perversion of the sexual
instinct.
Genometabole [jen-o-me-tab'-o-le) [ytvof, sex ; /xera-
PoXtj, change]. The modification of sexual character
that may follow the menopause.
Gentele's Green. See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Gentian, or Gentiana [jen' -she-an, or jen-she-a' -naJi)
\_gentiana, gentian]. The root of G. lutea, a Euro-
pean, and of G. catesba:i, an American species, a sim-
ple, non-astringent bitter. It is highly esteemed as a
33
stomachic tonic in convalescence from acute diseases
and malarial fever. G.-blue. Same as Spirit-bine.
G., Ext. Dose gr. j-v ; dose of the British extract
gr. ij-x. G., Ext., Fid. Dose gss-j. G., Infu-
sum, Comp., unof. , gentian 10, bitter-orange peel 2^,
coriander zYz, alcohol 40, water to make 320. Dose
G., Mist., Alkalin., unof. , dil. hydrocyanic
acid H\iij, sodium bicarb, gr. xv, infus. gentian, comp.
to make 3]. Dose ^^j. G. et Sennae, Mist., unof.,
infus. of senna giij^comp. tinct. cardamom ^j, comp.
infus. of gentian 3 vj. Dose 3 x. G., Tinct., Comp.,
contains gentian 8, bitter-orange peel 4, cardamom 2,
dil. alcohol to make ICQ. Dose gss-ij.
Gentiogenin [jen-she-oj' -en-in). See Gentiopicrin.
Gentiopicrin [jen-she-ofik' -rin') \_ge7ttiana, gentian;
TTiKfjog, bitter], C^oHg^Oj.^. The principal constituent
of Gentian. It is a peculiar, intensely bitter, crystal-
line glucosid, forming clear, radiate, or clustered
needles, soluble in water and dilute alcohol, insolu-
ble in ether. Diluted acids separate it into sugar and
gentiogenin, a yellow, bitter, neutral powder.
Gentisin [jen'-tis-in) [gentiana, gentian], Cj^Hj^Og.
A coloring-matter contained in gentian-root ; it crys-
tallizes in yellow needles.
Genu [je'-nii) [genu, the knee: pi. , Getitta'\. I. The
knee. 2. Any bent or knee-shaped structure ; as the
genu of the coijiz/s callosum, or of the optic tract.
G. corporis callosi, the cephalic reflected part of the
corpus callosum. G. -cubital, relating to the knee
and the elbow ; as the Genucitbital Posture, in surgery.
See Postures, Table of. G. extrorsum, out-knee ;
outward bowing of the knee ; bow-leg. G. facialis,
the curved portion of the bundle of rootlets emerging
from the subnuclei of the Nidus facialis, and causing,
together with the underlying nidus of the abducens,
the Eniinentia facialis on the floor of the fourth ven-
tricle. G. -pectoral, relating to the knee and the
chest. G.p. Posture, t\\e (so-called) Knee-chest Pos-
ture. See Postures, Table of. G. recurvatum, the
backward curvature of the knee-joint. G. valgum,
inward curving of the knee ; knock-knee ; in-knee.
G. varum. Same as G. extrorsiim.
Genual [ jeii'-u-al) [genu, the knee]. Pertaining to a
knee or to a genu.
Genuclast {jen' -u-klast) [genu, knee ; K7iaEiv, to break] .
An apparatus for the forcible correction of knee-joint
deformities or adhesions.
Genuflex [jen-ufleks') [genu, knee; fexus, bent].
Bent at, or like, the knee. Also, bent at any joint.
Genuflexion, Genuflection [jen-u-fek'-sliun) [genu,
knee ; plexus, bent]. The bending or flexion of the
knee.
Genuflexuous [jen-ufleks' -ti-us) [genu, knee ; flexus, a
bending]. In biology, zig-zag, with knee-like bend-
ings.
Genus [je'-nus) [gemis, a family: //., Genera^ A spe-
cies or a number of species marked by one or more
common characteristics that distinguish them from
other groups of species.
Genyantralgia [jen-e-an-tral' -je-ali) [yivvq, jaw ,
hvTpov, cave ; aXyoq, pain]. Pain or neuralgia in the
antrum of Highmore. ^
Genyantritis ( jen-e-an-tri'-tis) [yevv^, jaw ; avrpov,
cave; ;7(f, inflammation]. Inflammation of the geny-
antrum.
Genyantrum, or Genyantron (jen-e-an'-trum, or -Iron)
[-}kvvr, jaw; avrpov, cave]. The maxillary antrum, or
antrum of Highmore.
Genyplasty (jen'-e-plas-te) [y/iw, cheek, chin, jaw;
TzXaaaeiv, to form]. An operation for reforming or re-
storing the cheek or jaw, imperfect either from injury
or from congenital malformation.
GEOBLAST
514
GERM
Geoblast {je'-o-blast) [y//, earth; fDMaror^, germ]. In
biology, a plumule that in germination rises above the
ground, leaving the cotyledons buried, c. g. , that of
the pea.
Geoffroya i^je-off-roi' -yati) [after Gcoffroy, a French
physician]. A genus of leguminous trees. G. spin-
ulose and G. vermifuga are S. American trees
with anthelmintic seeds. Unof.
Geogenous (^je-oj' -en-its) [)?/, earth; yevrjc;, pro-
duced]. In biology, applied to such plants as grow
on the ground, rather than on other plants ; specifically
applied to fungi.
Geographic Tongue. An eruption on the dorsum of
the tongue, which becomes covered with sinuous, map-
like lines. It is very chronic and obstinate in its
nature, and most frequently attacks young children.
It is probably the expression of a tropho-neurosis.
Geography {^je-og' -I'a-fe) [y/, earth ; 'ypd(peiv, to
write]. In medicine, a description of the earth's
surface with reference to climatology and the distri-
bution of disease, with relation to origin and locality.
Geolin i^jc' -o-liii) \_yfi, earth ; oleum, oil]. A trade-
name for a petrolatum resembling vaselin.
Geology [^je-ol' -o-je) [y?/, earth; Myoq, science]. The
science treating of the structural development of the
earth.
Geomalism [je-om'-al-izm) [)//, earth; o/Ma^Ux;,
even]. In biology, the tendency of organisms to ad-
just themselves to the attraction of gravitation by sym-
metric growth in horizontal planes.
Geomaly iyje-om' -al-e). Same as Geomalism.
Geometry [/e-om'-et-re) [y?/, earth ; fiirpov, a measure].
That branch of mathematic science that treats of the
relations of magnitudes.
Geophagia {je-o-fa' -je-ah^. See Geophagism.
Geophagism i^Je-off' -aj-izm) [y?/, earth ; (payslv, to eat].
The practice of earth-eating or clay-eating ; chthono-
phagia.
Geophagist [je-off' -aj-isf) [yv, earth; (jiayelv, to eat].
A dirt-eater.
Geophagous ( je-off' -ag-tis) [; earth ; <payeiv, to
eat]. Addicted to dirt-eating.
Geophagy (^je-off'-aj-e). See Geopkagism.
Geophilous {je-off' -il-iis) [y?/, earth; ip/Aof, loving] .
In biology, ground-loving, e.g., certain snails.
Georgia Bark [jor'-/e-ak ) [after King George, of
England]. The bark of Pinckneya piibens, a tree
of N. America ; it is said to be febrifuge. Unof.
Geotropic [ je-o-trop'-ik) [y//, earth; rgi-Kuv, to turn].
Affected by or turning toward the earth ; exhibiting a
tendency to grow toward the earth. The roots of
plants are geotropic.
Geotropism (^je-of -ro-piziii) [y?/, the earth ; Tpt-weiv,
to turn]. In biology, the tendency of roots and other
parts to grow downward toward the earth.
Geotropy i^/'e-ol'-rope). Same as Geotropism.
Gephyrocercal [jef-ir-o-ser' -kal) \_yf(jtvpa, a bridge;
KtpKog, tail]. In biology, applied to fishes in which
the aborted tail -fin is replaced by the union of the
dorsal and anal fins.
Geraniin (je-ra^-ne-in) [^yepdvini', geranium]. A pre-
cipitate from the tincture of Cranesbill, Geranium
maeulatum. It stimulates and conti-acts the caliber
of the capillary vessels of the mucous membranes, etc.
Dose I to 3 grains. Unof.
Geranium {Je-ra'-ne-um) \_y(:pavtov, geranium: ge)!.,
Geranii'\. Cranesbill-root. The root of G. maciila-
lutii, with properties due to tannic and gallic acids.
It is usefvil in diarrhea, infantile colic, etc. G., Ext.,
Fid. Dose »T\,v-3j.
Geratic (y>r-a/''-z/& ) [y?/par, old age]. Relating to old
age.
Geratology { jer-at-ol' -o-je) [}'?/paf, old age ; \iyuv, to
speak]. That department of biology that treats of
the decadence and gradual extinction of a group of
organisms.
Gerber's Food. A variety of infantile milk-food having
the following composition: Water, 6.78; fat, 2.21 ;
grape-sugar and milk-sugar, 6.06; cane-sugar, 30.50;
starch, 38.48 ; soluble carbohydrates, 44. 76 ; albumi-
noids, 9.56; ash, 1. 21.
Gerdy, Fibers of. See Fibers. G., Ligament of.
See Ligament.
Gerhardt's Sign. See Signs and Symptoms, Table of.
G.'s Test. Ssii Tests, Table of. G., Type Theory
of, the molecules were considered as residues that
remain unaltered in certain reactions.
Gerlach's Ammonia-carmin. See Stains, Table of.
G.'s Carmin Mass, a warm-flowing mass for injecting
tissues. Dissolve 5 gm. of carmin in a mixture of 4 c.c.
of water and 0.5 c.c. of ammonia. Allow the solution
to stand several days, and mix with 8 parts of a solution
of gelatin, I to 2. Filter and inject at a temperature
of 40°C. G.'s Network, or Plexus, an exceedingly
delicate fibrous network of the finest nerve-fibrils in
the gray matter of the cord. G.'s Theory, pertains
to the connection of the nerve-fibers and ganglionic
cells of the cord. G. 's Tubal Tonsil, a granular con-
dition sometimes noticed at the orifices of the Eusta-
chian tubes in chronic inflammations in this region,
and due to swelling of the muciparous glands of the
tube. G.'s Valve, the fold of mucous membrane that
surrounds the mouth of the vermifonn appendix.
Gerlier's Disease. An affection (of farm-hands) charac-
terized by sudden paroxysms of ptosis, vertigo, mus-
cular paresis, and cervico-occipital pain. See Diseases,
Eponymic Table of.
Germ [jerm) [L. , germen, sprig, offshoot, em-
bryo]. In Ijiology, («) a portion of matter potentially
vital and having within itself the tendency to assume
a definite living form (Harvey) ; a spore, a seed, an
embryo, (b) A microbe or bacterium. G.-area,
the germinal area, the germinal disc, area germinativa,
the spot on an ovum where the development of the
embryo begins. G., Asexual, or Unisexual. See
Partlienogcnesis , Germ-plasm, Evolution , and Repro-
duction. G.-band, in embryology, one of the bands
that unite to form the primitive streak. G.-cell. I.
The germinal vesicle in a non-fertilized ovum. 2. The
ovum that has been impregnated, but which is still a
single cell ; a cytula, or a blastomere ; a simple sphere.
See also Heredity. G., Dentinal, a tooth-papilla, or
tooth-pulp. G. of Disease, the special virus or spore
through which a disease becomes communicable. G.-
disc. See G.-area. G. Epithelium, cylindric cells
on the surface of the median plate of the mesoblast.
G. -flesh. Sarcophyte. G. -gland, a gland-produ-
cing germ ; an ovary or a testicle. G. -history, ontog-
eny, q. "'. G. -layer, in biology, any one of the mem-
branesof a developing germ, as the blastopliylla, epiblast,
mesoblast, hypoblast, endoderm , ectoderm, mesoderm,
so7?iatopleure , splatuhnopleure. G. -plasm, in biology,
a term introduced by Weissmann to indicate the repro-
ductive or hereditary substance of living organisms.
It is held to contain all the primary constituents of the
entire organism ; it is never produced neogenetically,
but is ever passed on from the germ-cell in which an
organism originates in direct continuity to the germ-
cells of succeeding generations. It causes the pro-
duction of the new individual by directing the process
of division in ontogeny, in the course of which it be-
comes changed in a regular manner. It is composed
primarily of biophores {<]. v.) or bearers of vitality, the
smallest units that exhibit vital force. (Cf pangenes
GERMAN
515
GIANTISM
of De Vries, physiologic units of Herbert Spencer,
plastidiiles of Elsberg, and plasomes of Wiesner.)
These biophores unite into groups called de/ei'minants
[q. v.), each of which is a primary constituent of a
cell. Groups of determinants in turn combine to form
ids (Cf. ancestral gcr/u-plasms), which correspond to
the small granules hitherto called ?/iicro-somata [q.v.).
The ids again form groups called idants [q. v.), which
correspond with the chroDiatosomes [q. v. ) or rod-like
granular masses of chromatin in the nucleus. G.-
plasma, the protoplasm of the ovum or germ, sup-
posed to determine the character of the resultant off-
spring ; the physical basis of heredity and of the
conservation of the species. Its alleged unchange-
ableness is called ' ' the immortality of the germ-
plasma." See Protoplasm. G. -plasms, Ancestral,
Weismann's term for bodies of a highly complex con-
stitution, each containing all the primary constituents
that are necessary to the formation of an organism
Ahnenplasfnen" ), afterward supplanted by the
word id, q. v.). G.-pore, in cryptogamic botany,
a simple pit in the coat of a spore or an opening
that serves as a place of exit for the tubular out-
growths from the spore at the time of germination
{De Bary). G.-sac, the vesicle constituting the
blastoderm of mammals. G., Specific, same as
Germ. G. -theory, the doctrine of the origin of every
organism from a germ or genii-plasm; blastogenesis ,
as distinguished from neogenesis, or spontaneous gen-
eration. Also the doctrine that certain diseases are de-
pendent upon the presence of certain microorganisms.
G.-tube, in cryptogamic botany the filamentous growth
of a spore upon germination. G. -vesicle. See
Germinal Vesicle.
German [jer^-man) \_Germamis, Germnnl. Pertaining
or belonging to Germany. G. Breast-tea, a decoc-
tion of althea, q. v. G. Black. Same as Frankfort
Black. G. Chamomile. See Matricaria. G.
Disease. Synonym of Influenza. G. Ichthyol.
See Thiol. G. Measles. See Rubeola. G.
Method, the oral method of instruction for deaf-
mutes. G. Tinder. See Amadou.
Germander {jer-man' -der, or jer'-?na?i-der) [ME.,
germawnder, germander] . A popular name for plants
of the labiate genus Teucrium. T. chamadrys , of
Europe, is a popular polychrest remedy. T. narinn
is diaphoretic, tonic, and emmenagogue. Unof.
Germarium {jer-ma' -re-um) \_germen, germ]. In
biology, applied to the ovary of certain invertebrates.
Germicidal ( jer' -7nis-i-dal) \_germen, a germ ; ccedere,
to kill]. Destructive of germs.
Germicide [jer' -mis-id) \_germen, germ ; cczdere, to
kill]. A microbicide ; an agent that destroys germs.
Germiculture i^jer' -me-kul-chur^ \_germen, germ; cul-
lura, culture]. The artificial culture of bacteria.
Germifuge (/tV''-;«?y^?7/') \_ger/nen, a. germ ; ftegare, to
banish]. I. Having the power of expelling germs.
2. An agent that expels germs.
Germinal ^jer' -inin-al^ \_germen, a germ]. Pertain-
ing to a germ or the genesis of a tissue or organ. G.
Area, the Area germinativa, or embryonal shield, a
white round spot upon one side of the vitelline mem-
brane in which the blastoderm becomes double. G.
Disc. Use Disc. G. Matter. See Protoplasm. G.
Membrane, the blastoderm. G. Spot, the nucleolus
of the ovule. G. Vesicle ; (a) the blastosphere or
blastodermic vesicle ; (/;) a lacuna in the substance of
the germ; (<) the imperfectly formed germ-cell in the
embryo-sac previous to fertilization. Cf. Gastrocystis.
Germination [Jer-min-a'-shun) \_gerniinatio, sprouting,
budding]. In biology, the development of an embryo
from the ovum. Sprouting of a seed or spore.
Germule [jer'-miil) \_gertnen, a germ]. An incipient
germ.
Gerocomia, or Gerocomy i^jer-o-ko' -me-ah, or jer-ok'-
o-me) [j tpup, old man ; Ko/j.eiv,to care for]. The hy-
gienic and medical care of old people.
Gerocomium ( jcr-o-ko' -me-iim) \_yt:po)v, old man ;
KOfieiv, to care for] . A home or institution for aged
people.
Geromarasmus iyjer-o-inar-az' -mils') \ykp(jiv, old man ;
^apaaiior, a wasting]. Emaciation and weakness
characteristic of extreme old age.
Geromeninguria i^jer-o-men-in-gid -re-aJi) \yiipuv, old
man ; fif/vLy^, membrane; ovpov, urine]. That senile
condition in which the urine contains membranous
shreds.
Geromorphism [jer-o-mor^ flzm) [jf/pac, old age ;
fiopipi/, form] . Decrepitude of the cutaneous system ;
appearance of age in a young person.
Geroni speciosa {jer-o'-ne spe-she-o'-sah) [L.]. An
Andean plant, having a local reputation as a remedy
for syphilis and rheumatism. Unof.
Gerontoxon i^Jer-on-toks' -on). See Arczts senilis.
Geropigia [jer-o-pij' -e-ah) \^Poi-t.'\. A strongly sweet-
ened and colored mixture of brandy and grape-juice,
used in adulterating and fortifying wines.
Gerst's Method. See Treatment, Methods of.
Gestation {jes-ia'-shtm) \_gestatio ; gesiare, to bear].
Same as Pregnancy. G., Abdominal, the form of
extra-uterine gestation in which the product of con-
ception is developed in the abdominal cavity. G.,
Double. I. Twin pregnancy. 2. The coexistence of
uterine and extra-uterine pregnancy. G., Ectopic.
Same as G., Extra-uterine. G., Extra-uterine,
pregnancy in which the product of conception is not
contained in the uterine cavity. G., Dorsal, the
hatching of eggs on the back, as occurs in certain
batrachians, i". n. , the Surinam toad. G., Mammary
or Pouch, the completion of growth in a pouch, as in
marsupials. G., Oral, applied to the hatching of eggs
in the mouth, as occurs in some fishes.
Q&um [je'-ti?n). See Avens.
Gheel System [gel sis'-tetn) [from Gheel, a town in
Belgium]. The colony-plan of housing, boarding,
and treating the insane, which prevails at Gheel, in
Belgium.
Giacomi's Method. A method of staining the bacil-
lus of syphilis. See Stains, Table of..
Giacomini's Method of Preserving the Brain. Im-
merse the brain in a saturated solution of chlorid of
zinc ; turn several times daily and inject 6oo grms. of
the liquid through the carotids. Remove the mem-
branes in 48 hours. Allow the brain to remain in the
solution until it begins to sink, then immerse in alcohol
for 10 days. Immerse in glycerin until it sinks ;
remove, allow to dry, and varnish.
Giampetro-Lowenberg Method. A method of intro-
ducing the Eustachian catheter. The catheter is
passed into the pharynx, and the beak is then turned
toward the opposite tube and the catheter withdrawn
until it catches on the posterior edge of the septum
narium, when it is rotated in the opposite direction
through an arc of at least 180° into the tube which it
is desired to catheterize.
Giant [ji'-ant) [y'lya^, large or ponderous]. An adult
of a species excessively developed in stature and pro-
portions. G.-cell. See Cell. G. Pelvis. See Pelvis,
Female, Deformities of. G. -powder. See Dualin.
G. -swelling. See Angio-neurotic Fde?/ia scnA Urtica-
ria tuberosa. G. Urticaria. See Urticaria a:dema-
tosa. i
Giantism [ji' -an-tizm) \_yiyaq, large]. Excessive over-
growth ; the quality of being gigantic. Gigantism.
GIANUZZI, CELLS OF
516
GIZZARD
Gianuzzi, Cells or Crescents of. Granular protoplas-
mic cells found in mucous glands between the mucous
cells and the basement-membrane ; they play an im-
portant part in the functional activity of the gland.
They are also called demilune cells. See Cell.
Gibbes' Method. A method of staining tubercle-bacilli.
See Stains, Table of.
Gibbon's Hydrocele. See Diseases. Table of.
Gibbositas [gib-os'-if-as) [L.]. Gibbosity; the con-
dition of being a hunchback.
Gibbosity (^gib-os' -if-e) \_gibber, a hunch, a hump]. In
biology, a hump or irregular protuberance.
Gibbous [gib'-tis] \_gibber, hunched]. Swollen, con-
vex, protuberant, especially upon one side.
Gibert's Pityriasis. See Diseases, Table of. G.'s
Syrup. See Hydrargyritin.
Giblets { jib' -lets) \0¥ ., gibelet, giblets'\. The entrails
of fowl.
Gibraltar Fever. Synonym of Yellow Fever and of
Med it err a neaii Fever.
Gibson's Bandage. See Bandage.
Gid [gid) [yiY,., gidie, dizzy]. Staggers in sheep, a
disease caused by a cystic worm in the brain, formerly
called Cceniirus cerebralis, q. v. See under Parasites
(^Animal), Table of.
Qiddvaess {gid'-e-Ties) [ME. , ^/a'?V, dizzy]. A sensa-
tion of whirling or unsteadiness of the body, usually
accompanied by more or less nausea. See Gid.
Giesbrecht's Method. A method of mounting serial
sections. Make a solution of brown shellac in alco-
hol ; filter and paint on warmed slides ; allow to dry.
Over this paint a thin layer of creasote and put the
sections in place. Then heat the slide on a water-bath
for fifteen minutes at the melting-point of paraffin.
Allow to cool ; dissolve the paraffin in turpentine ;
mount in balsam. The tissue must have been stained
eti masse before embedding.
Gigantism (ji-gan'-tizm) [y/yaf, giant]. Abnormally
exaggerated size ; excessive overgrowth ; great hyper-
trophy or auxesis. Giantism.
Gigantoblast [ji-gan'-to-blast) [yiya^, giant ; jS'/iaardc,
a germ]. A large germ said to exist in the blood in
cases of pernicious anemia. It somewhat resembles
the larger megalocyte.
Giganto-cellular {ji-gan' -to' -sel' -ti-lar) [y/yaf, giant;
cella, cell]. Characterized by giant-cells ; as Giganto-
cellular Endothelioma .
Gigartina {jig-ar-ti'-nah\ [L.]. A genus of sea-
weeds, several species of which are used in the same
way as Carragheen, for human food. Some of the
agar-agar of commerce is believed to be the product
of plants of this genus.
Gigerium [ji-je'-re-nm) \_gigeria, the entrails of poul-
try]. In biology, the gizzard of birds, or the thickened
muscular portion of the stomach in certain mammals.
See Gizzard.
Gigg&r [jig'-er). See P/tlex.
Gila monster. See Heloderma.
Gill ( gil) [ME. , gile, gylle, a gill]. One of the respira-
tory organs of such animals as breathe the air that is
mixed with water. The gills first appear in the Poly-
ehceta. Cf. Branchia. G. -hearts, contractile expan-
sions, with but a single cavity, at the base of the
blood-vessels conducting the blood to the branchiae in
the higher Crustacea.
Gillenia [Jil-e'-ne-ah ) [after Dr. Arnold Gill, a Ger-
man botanist]. A genus of rosaceous herbs. G.
stipulacea (Bowman's root, Indian physic) and G.
trifoliata, both of N. America, are good, safe, and ef-
fective substitutes for ipecac. Unof.
Gillenin {jil'-en-in) [after Dr. Gill, a German botan-
ist]. The active principle of A7nerican Ipecac. It
is a bitter, slightly odorous, permanent powder with
emetic properties.
Gimbernat's Ligament. See Ligament.
Gin (jin) [ME., gynypre, juniper]. Common grain-
spirit distilled and aromatized with juniper-berries.
The finest gin, known as " Holland," is made in the
distilleries of Schiedam, whence also the name
" Schiedam Schnapps." See Spiritus juniperi. G.-
drinker's Liver. See Cirrliosis, and Hobnail Liver.
G. -liver. See Cirrhosis.
Gingelly Oil [jin-jel'-e oil). See Sesami, Olezim.
Ginger [jin'-Jer). See Zingiber.
Gingiva {;in-jiv'-ah) [L. " the gum G^?'«!^?W].
The vascular tissue surrounding the necks of the teeth
and covering the alveoli.
Gingival {jin' -jiv-al) \_gingiva, the gum]. Pertaining
to the gums. G. Line, a blue or purplish line
along the gums where they meet the teeth, indicative
of chronic lead-poisoning; also, the reddish line on
the gums sometimes seen in tuberculosis, etc. G.
Margin, the line or edge of the gums where they meet
the teeth ; the free edge of the gums.
Gingivalgia {jin-jiv-al' -je-ah) [^gingiva, gum ; aAyof,
pain]. Neuralgia of the gums.
Gingivitis (jin-jiv-i'-tis) [gingiva, the gums ; iTi^, in-
flammation]. Ulitis ; inflammation of the gums.
G., Expulsive, osteo-periostitis of a tooth, which is
gradually expelled from its socket.
Gingko (ging'-ho) [Jap.]. A genus of taxaceous
trees. G. biloba, a native of Eastern Asia, is now
common in the U. S. Its edible seeds are astringent
and are said to restrain or to slow the secretion of
urine. Unof.
Ginglymoid (ging'-glim-oid) [jiyy?iv/iog, a hinge ; f Mof,
likeness]. Resembling a hinge-joint.
Ginglymus (ging'-glim-ns). See Diarthrosis.
Ginseng [jin'-seng) l_Chmes.e,jintsan, ginseng]. The
fleshy root of several species of Pana.x or Aralia. A.
ginseng, of Eastern Asia, and A. qiiinqitefolia , of the
U. S., are the best-known species. Ginseng is an aro-
matic bitter with tonic properties. Unof.
Giraffe, Girafy [jir-af, -aj'-e). See Endemic Colic and
Dengue.
Giraldensian Organ or Organ of Giraldes. The par-
epididymis. It is composed of a number of flat, white
bodies, each of which consists of a collection of
tubes blind at each end. It is situated at the posterior
portion of the epididymis, between the head and the
vas deferens.
Girdle (gir'-dl) [ME., girdel, a waistband]. Any
band designed to go around the body. G., Emphy-
sematous. See Emphysema. G., Neptune's, an
abdominal bandage used in applying the wet-pack.
G.-pain, a sensation as if a girdle were drawn tightly
around the body. When not hysteric, it is charac-
teristic of disease of the myelon, or of the nerve-
roots. G., Pelvic, the bones (or cartilages) forming
the support for the lower limbs of vertebrates. In
mammals they consist of the ilia, ischia, and os pubes.
G. -sensation. Same as G.-pain. G., Shoulder,
the system of bones designed for the support of the
upper limbs or arms. In man, the scapuLu and clavi-
cles compose this structure.
Girgensohn's Method. A method of removing pro-
teids from a liquid. Mix the solution with half its
volume of a solution of common salt ; add tannin in
slight excess, and the proteids will be entirely precipi-
tated.
Girmir (gir'-mir) [Arab]. Tartar of the teeth.
Girofle {jir-o-/la'). See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Gxzzaxd^giz' -ard)\Qi'? ., gesier ; Y,., gigeriunt]. The
strong muscular stomach of birds ; also, the corre-
GLABELLA
517
GLAND
spending organ at the pylorus of certain mammals. G.-
skin, the lining membrane of a gizzard. Pigeons'
gizzard-skins, dried and triturated, are a popular
remedy for dyspepsia. See Ingluvin:
Glabella ( gla'bel' -aJi) [dim. of glaber, smooth] . The
triangular space between the eyebrows. Sse Ci-anio-
mdric Points.
Glabellad (^'•/<?-/v/'-<?(/) [dim. of ^'-A/^cr, smooth ; ad,
to]. Toward the glabellar aspect of the head.
Glabellar (^/(z-/;!'/'-;?;-) [dim. of glaber, smooth; ad,
to]. Pertaining to the glabellum.
Glabellen (_f'-/<2-i('/'-d';z) [dim. of glaber, smooth]. Be-
longing to the glabella in itself.
Glabello-inial {gla-bcl'-o-m'-e-al^ [dim. oi glaber,
smooth; \v'toi\ the nape of the neck]. Included
between the glabellum to the inion.
Glabello-obeliac [gla-bel' -o-o-be'de-ak) [dim. oi glaber,
smooth ; ufSt/idc;, a spit] . Included between the glabella
to the obelion.
Glabello-occipital (ygla-bel'-o-ok-sip'dt-al') [dim. of
glaber, smooth ; occiput, the occiput]. Included be-
tween the glabellum to the occiput.
Glabellum [gla-bel'-um) \_glaber, smooth]. Same as
Glabella.
Glabrate [gla'-brdt) \_glabrare, to make smooth]. In
biology, becoming or tending to smoothness or bald-
ness.
Glabrous [gla'-brtis) \_glaber, smooth]. Smooth. In
biology, destitute of hairs or down.
Glacial [gla'-she-al) \_glacies, ice]. Icy; resembling
ice in appearance, as glacial acetic or phosphoric acid.
G. Phosphoric-acid Test. See Tests, Table of.
Glacisdin (gla-s/ie-a^-lin) \^glacies, ice'^. An antiseptic
substance used for the preservation of foods. It con-
sists of borax, boric acid, sugar, and glycerin.
Glaciation {gla-she-a' -slnai) \_glacies, ice]. A condi-
tion like that of ice ; erosive effect like that of moving
ice.
Gladiate {glad'-e-dt) \_gladius, a sword]. In biology,
ensiform, or sword-shaped.
Gladiolin i^gladd' -o-liii) [gladius, a sword. An alka-
loid from brain-tissue.
Gladiolus [glad-e-o'-lus) [dim. oi gladiiis, a sword]. I.
The middle or second piece of the sternum. 2. A
genus of iridaceous flowering-plants. G. segetum,
of Europe, is said to be aphrodisiac and emmenagogue.
Unof.
Glair {glar) [ME., glayre, the white of egg]. The
white of egg ; any thin, viscous substance, as a mu-
cous discharge.
Glairidin [gldr^-id-in). Same as Glairin.
Glairin {glar'dii) [ME., glayre, the white of egg].
A peculiar organic, gelatinous substance found on the
surface of some thermal waters. It is also called
baregin, plonibierin, zoogene, glairidin, sulphurain,
and zoidin. See Baregin.
Glairy [gldr'-e) [glayre, the white of *|g]. Slimy;
also, albuminous.
Glaisher's Factors. A table of figures for calculating
the dew-point. ;
Glama [gla'-malt) [L.]. Lippitudo. An accumula-
tion of gummy or hard material at the inner canthus
of the eye ; the material so accumulated.
Gland [glans, an acorn]. A name given to numer-
ous bodies or organs of the body, both secretive and
excretive in function, withdrawing from the blood
material for other purposes, or that is injurious or
of no use to the economy. In structure they may
be simple, saccular, or tubular. Also, the bulb-
ous end of the penis and clitoris. G., Abdominal
Salivary, a term for the pancreas. G., Absorbent.
See G., Lymphatic. G., Accessory Lachrymal.
See G. of Krause. G., Accessory Lactiferous.
See G. of Montgomery. G., Accessory (of Pan-
creas). See G., Brunner' s. G., Accessory (of
Parotid). See Socia parotidis. G.. Accessory (of
Rosenmiiller). See G.- , Posen?niiller' s. G., Acces-
sory Supra-renal, a small gland sometimes connected
with and resembling the supra-renal capsules. G.,
Accessory Thyroid, a small mass of gland-tissue con-
nected with the thyroid gland. G., Acinose, one com-
posed of acini. G., Acinous. G., Racemose. G.,
Aggregate. See G. , Covper'' s. G., Aggregated (of
Bruch), a number of follicles in the conjunctiva, at
the palpebro-sclerotic reflection. G., Agminated.
See G., Beyer's. G., Albumin, in Ct-^to/^z, the gland
that secretes the albuminous coating of the ovum.
G., Anal, a lymphatic and odoriferous gland situ-
ated near the anus. G., Angular. See G. , Sxb-
maxillary. G., Anomalous. 'See G., Dtictless. G.,
Anteprostatic. See G., Cojiper's. G., Aporic.
See G., Ductless. G.-area, the depressed area, from
the alveolar epithelium of which the mammary gland is
developed. G., Arterial, one of a number of small
gland-like bodies connected with the arterial system.
G., Arytenoid, a small muciparous gland in front of the
arytenoid cartilage. G., Atrabiliary, an old name for
the Supra-renal Capsule. G., Auricular, Anterior,
a lymph-gland anterior to the external auditory meatus.
G., Auricular, Posterior. See G., Subauricular.
G., Axillary, one of the lymph-glands situated in
the axilla. G. of Bartholin. I. A small gland
on either side of the vagina, opening through a
duct, on the inner side of the nympha. 2. See
G., Sublingual. G., Bauhin's. See G., Ntihn's.
G. of Benham. .See G., Lophophoral. G., Blan-
din's. See G., Nuhn's. G., Blind. See G., Duct-
less. G., Blood. See G., Hematopoietic. G.,
Blood-vascular. See G. , Hematopoietic. G. of
Boerhaave. 'nee G., Miliary. G., Bowman's, one
of the tubular glands of the olfactory region. G.,
Brachial, one of the lymph-glands of the arm and the
fore-arm. G., Branchio-tympanic. See G., Tym-
panic. G., Bronchial, i. One of the lymph-glands of
the bronchi and root of the trachea. 2. See G., Thyroid.
G. of Bruch. See G., Aggregated. G., Brunner's,
one of the granular racemose bodies found in the wall
of the duodenum. G., Buccal, one of the glands
between the buccinator muscle (of the cheek) and the
adjacent mucous membrane. G., Buccal, Inferior.
See G., Molar. G., Bulbo-cavernous. See G.,
Cowper's. G., Bulbo-urethral. See G., Goicper's.
G., Byssus. See G., Byssys. G., Byssys, in
Lamellibranchiata , a gland near the foot, secreting
the substance that forms the byssus. G., Calcifer-
ous, in the earth-worm one of several pairs of lateral
glandular bodies in the esophagus whose function it is
to secrete a calcareous substance. G., Camphor,
one of the camphor-secreting glands of the camphor-
tree. G., Cardiac, one of the acinous glands in the
mucosa at the distal extremity of the esophagus. G.,
Cardiac Gastric. See G., Oxyntic. G., Cardiac
Lymphatic. See G., Mediastinal, Superior. G.,
Carotic. See G., Intei'carotid. G., Carotid. See
G., Intercarotid. G., Cecal, one of the lymph-
glands around the cecum. G., Celiac, one of the
lymph-glands on the abdommal aorta, above the supe-
rior mesenteric artery. G., Cement. I. One of
certain glands in insects whose function it is to secrete
the sebum that surrounds the ova prior to their dis-
charge. 2. In Cirripedia, one of the glands in the
antennae secreting a sticky substance. G., Cerumi-
niparous. See G., Ceruminous. G., Ceruminous,
one of the convolute glands secreting the cerumen of
GLAND
518
GLAND
the ear. G., Cervical, one of the lymph-glands of
the neck ; these are also called cervical ganglia. G.,
Cervical, Deep, one of the lymph-glands contained
in two groups, superior and inferior, that are deeply-
seated in the neck. They empty into the right lymph-
atic duct, through the jugular lymphatic. G., Cervical,
Inferior, Deep, the lower group of deep cervical
glands in the supra-clavicular fossa. G., Cervical,
Middle, one of the lymph-glands in the neck, corre-
sponding to the lower portion of the larynx. G.,
Cervical, Posterior, any one of the deep lymph-
glands situated along the anterior border *of the
trapezius muscle on either side of the neck. Enlarge-
ment of these glands is one of the earliest evidences
of the secondary stage of syphilis. G., Cervical,
Superficial, one of the superficial lymph-glands in
the upper anterior portion of the neck. G., Cervical,
Superior, Deep, the upper of the deep cervical
lymph-glands, near the bifurcation of the common
carotid artery. G., Cervical, Upper, Deep. See
G., Cervical. Superior, Deep. G., Choroid, in certain
Teleostei, a vascular plexus around the optic nerve.
G., Choroideal. See G., Choroid. G., Circumanal.
See G., Anal. G., Closed. See G., Ductless. G.,
Coccygeal (or Liisckka' s). I. A small arterial gland
on the top of the coccyx, ventrally. 2. See G., Uro-
pygial. G., Colic. See Crypts of Lieberkiihii. G.,
Colleterial. See Colleteriiim. G., Compound, one
in which the secreting surface is contained in numbers
of small pouches. A gland whose duct is branched.
G., Concatenate. See G., Cervical, Deep. G.,
Conglobate. .See G., Lymphatic. G., Conglomer-
ate, 'ae.e. G., Racemose. G., Congregate. See G^. ,
Peyer^s. G., Coniferous, an old name for the dis-
coid tracings in the wood-cells of gymnosperms. G.,
Convoluted, a tubular gland with a highly convoluted
blind termination. G., Cowper's (or Alery s), in the
male, one of two small acinous glands, situated be-
tween the two layers of the triangular ligament, ante-
riorly to the prostate gland. G., Cowperian. See G..
Cowper's. G., Cubital, one of the lymph-glands of
the elbow. G., Cubital, Deep, any one of the deep
lymph-glands around the elbow-joint. G., Cubital,
Superficial, any one of the lymph-glands situated
over the inner condyle of the humerus in the subcu-
taneous connective tissue. G., Cutaneous, any one
of the various glands of the skin. They include the
hair, sudoriparous and sebaceous glands. G., Cy-
athiform, in biology, small, fleshy, cup-like glands, se-
creting a viscid fluid. G., Decidual, any one of the
glands of the decidua. G., Dental (of Serres), one
of the small, white epithelial bodies on the mucous
membrane of the jaw, over the point of emergence of
the teeth. G., Diapnogenous. See G., Sudorip-
arous. G., Digestive, in biology, one of certain
glands situated on the leaves or other portions of some
insectivorous plants ; they secrete a fluid capable of
digesting albuminoid substances. G., Dorsal. See
G., .'Scapular. G., Ductless, a gland withouta duct.
G., Duodenal. l. See G.. Bruinter's. 2. One of the
lymph-glands of the duodenal mesentery. G., Du-
verney's. See G. of Bartholin. G., Ebner's, one
of the acinous glands of the tongue situated in the
region of the circumvallate papilhu. G., Enteric.
See Crypts of Lieberkithn. G., Epiglottic, one of
the muciparous glands about the posterior surface of
the epiglottis. G., Esophageal, one of the acinous
lymph-glands under the mucous membrane of the
esophagus. G., Excretory, one of the glands that
secrete the excrementitious matters of the body. G. ,
External, in botany, one of the glands on the outer
surface of a plant-organ. G., Facial, one of the
lymph-glands of the face. G., Facial, Deep, one of
the lymph-glands beneath the buccinator muscle. G.,
Facial, Superficial. See G., Auricular. Anterior.
G., Femoral. G. , Inguinal. G. -fever, an infec-
tious constitutional disorder characterized by rapid and
painful enlargement of the cervical lymphatic glands,
with considerable elevation of temperature. G.,
Floral. See G., Nectariferous. G., Follicular,
one consisting of or beginning in follicles. G., Fol-
licular (of the tongue), one of the lymph-glands in
the mucous membrane at the base of the tongue. G.,
Fundus. See G. , Oxyntic. G. of Galeati. See
Crypts of Lieberki'ihn. G., Gastric, any one of the
glands of the stomach, tubular or peptic. Those
lining the fundus of the stomach are the true pepsin-
secreting glands. G., Gastro-epiploic, Inferior,
one of the lymph-glands surrounding the greater
curvature of the stomach. G., Gastro-epiploic,
Superior, one of the lymph-glands in the gastro-
phrenic ligament. G., Genal. See G., Buccal. G.,
Genital. See G., Sexual. G., Globate. See G.,
Lymphatic. G., Globular [of Mirbcl), in biology,
one of the spheric glands forming a pulverulent surface
upon the calyx, corolla and anthers of many labiate
plants. G., Glomerate. See G., Racemose. G.,
Green, in Crustacea, a gland on the side of the ante- j
rior portion of the body. Its duct opens on a cervical j
eminence, just below the antenna. G., Guerin's.
.See G., Skene's. G. of Guettard. See G., Miliary.
G., Guttural. See G., Pharyngeal. G., Hair, the
sebaceous gland of a hair-follicle. G., Harder's.
See G., LLarderian. G., Harderian, a small gland
in the nictitating membrane of many of the lower
animals. G. of Havers (also called synovial fringe),
one of the fatty bodies lying behind the highly vascu-
lar fringe-processes that project from a synovial mem-
brane into the cavity of a joint; these were formerly
believed to be the glands that secreted the synovia.
G., Haversian. See G. of Havers. G., Hemat-
opoietic, any one of the glands that are supposed to
take part in the formation of the blood, as the spleen,
thymus, supra-renal capsules, etc. G. of Henle.
See G ., Aggregated [of Bruch). G., Hepatic, one
of the lymph-glands in the ligaments around the liver.
G., Hermaphrodite, in hermaphroditic animals, a
gland answering both as ovary and testicle. G.,
Hibernating, in hibernating animals, one of the
masses of fatty tissue, supposed to aid in sustaining
life during hibernation. G., Honey-comb. See
G ., Peyer' s. G., Hydrophorous. See G., Sudorip-
arous. G., Hypogastric. See G., Iliac, Internal.
G., Iliac, Anterior, one of the lymph-glands anterior
to the iliac arteries, and situated between the fifth
lumbar vertebra and the femoral ring. They receive
the lymphatic and efferent vessels of the inguinal
glands. G., Iliac, External. See G., Iliac, Ante-
rior. G., Iliac, Internal, one of the lymph-glands '
in the course of the hypogastric artery and vein. G., |
Iliac, Superior, one of the lymph-glands near the 1
crest of the ilium. G., Infraclavicular, one of the
small lymph glands situated below the clavicle, be-
tween the deltoid and pectoral muscles. G., Inguinal,
Deep, one of the lymph-glands in the crural ring,
around the femoral artery and vein. G., Inguinal,
Superficial, one of the lymph-glands in the superficial
fascia just above Poupart's ligment. G., Infundibu-
lar, the infundibulum of the brain. G., Intercarot-
id, a minute body of glandular structure, of unknown
function, situated at the bifurcation of the common
carotid artery. G., Intercellular, one of the multi-
cellular vegetable glands, supplying the walls between
the cells. G., Intercostal, one of the lymph-glands
GLAND
519
GLAND
in the posterior portion of the intercostal spaces. G.,
Internal, in botany, a gland below the surface of a
plant-organ. G., Interocular, in comparative anat-
omy, the ectocranial portion of the epiphysis cerebri.
It is regarded as the rudmient of the third eye. G.,
Interungulate, in sheep, a muciparous gland between
the hoofs. G., Intestinal, Solitary, one of a num-
ber of peculiar white isolated lymph-glands distributed
through the intestinal mucous membrane. G., Jugu-
lar, Inferior. See G., Cervical, Deep. G., Jugular,
Superficial. See G., Cervical, Superficial. G.,
Jugular, Superior. See G., Cervical, Superior,
Deep. G. of KoUiker. See G., Bowman'' s. G.
of Krause, one of a number of acinous glands in the
orbital portion of the conjunctiva. G., Labial, one
of several racemose glands near the edges of the lips.
G., Lachrymal, a compound racemose gland in the
upper and outer portions of the orbit, whose function
it is to secrete the tears. G., Lachrymal, Inferior,
the lower portion of the lachrymal gland. G.,
Lachrymal, Superior, the upper portion of the
lachrymal gland. G., Lactiferous. See G., Mam-
mary. G., Laryngeal, Anterior, Posterior, one of
the acinous lymph-glands in the laryngeal mucous
membrane. G., Lateral, in Cestodes, one of the
glands situated on either side of the uterus. G.,
Lenticular. l. In botany, one of the oily or fatty
glands found in plants. 2. One of the conglobate
glands in the mucous membrane of the stomach. G.
of Lieberkiihn. See Lieberkiihn, Crypts of. G.,
Lingual, Anterior. G., Nuhn s. G., Lingual,
Lateral, one of the acinous glands at the edge of the
tongue. G., Lingual, Lymphatic, one of two or three
glands on the outer surface of the hyoglossus muscle.
G., Lingual, Posterior, one of the acinous lymph-
glands on the dorsum linguee near the foramen cecum.
G. of Littre (or of Morgagni), one of the small race-
mose muciparous glands in the mucous membrane of
the cavernous portion of the urethra. G., Lobulated.
See G., Racemose. G., Lophophoral (of Benham),
in biology, a border of glandular tissue, surrounding
the lophophore. G., Lumbar, one of a number of
lymph-glands, situated in the lumbar region, behind
the peritoneum. G., Luschka's. See G., Coc-
cygeal. G., Lymph. See G., Lymphatic. G.,
Lymphatic, a small oval mass of lymphoid tissue in
the course of a lymphatic vessel. There are supposed
to be between 500 and 600 in man. The chyle and
lymph pass through them to the blood. G., Lymphat-
ic, Solitary. l. A simple isolated lymph-gland. 2.
See G., Intestinal, Solitary. G., Mammary, one of
the glands, in mammals, that secrete milk. G., Mas-
toid. See G., Subauricular. G., Maxillary, In-
ternal. See G., Facial, Deep. G., Mediastinal,
one of the lymph-glands in the mediastinum. G.,
Mediastinal, Anterior, one of several small lymph-
glands in the lower portion of the anterior mediasti-
num. G., Mediastinal, Posterior, one of the lymph-
glands in the posterior mediastinum surrounding the
esophagus and thoracic aorta. G., Mediastinal,
Superior, one of the lymph -glands in the upper por-
tion of the mediastinum. G., Meibomian, one of
the minute sebaceous follicles between the cartilage
and conjunctiva of the eyelids. G. of Meibomius.
See G., Meilwmian. G., Mery's. See G., Cozv-
per's. G., Mesenteric, one of the lymph glands of
the mesentery, G., Meseraic. See G., Mesenteric.
G., Mesocolic, one of the lymph-glands in the mes-
entery of the colon. G., Miliary. I. (of Boer-
haave) any one of the sudoriparous glands. 2. (of
Mirbel) in biology, one of the minute granules on
the green parts of plants. 3. (of Guettard) a stoma.
G. of Mirbel. See G., Miliary, and G., Globular.
G., Molar, one of the large buccal glands situated
near the molar teeth, between the masseter and bucci-
nator muscles of the cheek. G., Moll's, one of the
modified sweat-glands on the free margin of the eye-
lids opening into the hair- follicles of the eyelashes.
G., Montgomery's, one of the microscopic sebace-
ous glands of the areola of the breast. G. of Mor-
gagni. See G. of Littre. G., Moriform. See G.,
Racemose. G., Morrenian, in biology, one of cer-
tain glands of worms, as the earth-worm, whose func-
tion is that of assimilation. G., Mucilaginous, a
name given to one of the fringed processes of synovial
membranes. See G. , Haversian. G., Muciparous.
See G., Mucous. G., Mucous, one of the glands in
mucous membranes, secreting mucus. G., Mucous,
Salivary, a salivary gland mainly secreting mucus.
G., Mushroom-shaped, a peculiar accessory male
genital organ in certain insects, probably the analogue
of the seminal vesicle. G., Musk, the glandular
structure in certain animals secreting musk. G. of
Naboth (also called follicle of Naboth), a pathologic
vesicle in the mucous membrane of the uterine cer-
vical canal. G., Nabothian. See G. of Naboth.
G., Nasal. I. See G., Supra-orbital. 2. [of
Rathke). Jacobson' s Organ. G., Nasal, Exter-
nal, in birds, a gland in the frontal or nasal bone
emptying into the nasal cavities. G., Nectar. See
G., Nectariferous. G., Nectariferous, in biology, a
gland secreting honey or nectar. G., Nerve, the
supra-renal capsule. G., Nervous [of the pelvis).
See G., Coccygeal. G., Nidamental, in biology, a
gland secreting a peculiar viscid material that invests
the ova. G., Nuck's. See G., Nuhn's. G., Nuhn's,
one of the acinous glands near the apex of the tongue.
They are also called Nuck's, Bauhin's, and Blondin's
glands. G., Occipital, one of the lymph-glands situ-
ated over the occipital insertion of the trapezius. G.,
Odoriferous, one of the glands secreting odoriferous
substances, as behind the cervix of the penis, secret-
ing the smegma. G., Oil. See G. , Sebaceous. G.,
Oviducal, in Elasmobranchia, a gland connected
with the oviduct. G., Oxyntic, one of the glands of
the cardiac region of the stomach, supposed to secrete
the acid of the gastric juice. G. of Pacchioni. See
Pacchionian Bodies. G., Pacchionian. See Pac-
chionian Bodies. G., Palatal. See G., Palatine.
G., Palatine, a small acinous gland that with others
forms a continuous layer beneath the mucous membrane
of the hard and soft palate. G., Palpebral. See G.,
Meibomian. G., Pancreatico-splenic, one of the
lymph-glands following the course of the splenic artery
and vein. G., Papillary, in biology, a papilla-like
gland on the under surface of a leaf of labiate
plants. G., Parotic. See G., Parotid. G., Parotid,
a large salivary gland situated in front of the ear.
G., Parotid, Lymphatic. See G., Auricular, An-
terior. G. of Pecklin. See G., Peyer's. G., Pec-
toral, one of the lymph-glands on the lower portion
of the pectoralis major muscle. G., Pepsin. See
G., Oxyntic. G., Peptic. See G., Oxyntic. G.,
Perspiratory. See G., Sudoriparous. G., Petiolar,
in botany, a -gum-secreting gland occurring on the
petiole. G., Peyer's, one of a number of lymph-
follicles of the bowel occurring mainly in the ileum.
They are especially involved in typhoid fever. G.,
Peyerian. See G., Peyer's. G., Pharyngeal, one
of the racemose glands in the pharyngeal mucous
membrane. G* Phrenic, one of the lymph-glands
in the lower portion of the anterior mediastinum. G.,
Pilous. See G., Hair. G., Pineal. See Pineal
Gland. G., Pituitary, a term for the hypophysis of
GLAND
520
GLANDERS
the brain. See Pituitary Body. G., Plexiform.
See G., Peyer's. G., Poison, a gland in venomous
insects and snakes that secretes the poisonous sub-
stance. G., Popliteal, one of the lymph-glands sur-
rounding the popliteal vessels. G., Precrural, in com-
parative anatomy, one of the lymph-glands following
the course of the nervus circumflex ilii. G., Prehyoid,
an accessory thyroid gland above the hyoid bone. G. ,
Prelaryngeal, a lymph-gland on the crico-thyroid
membrane, between the crico-thyroid muscles. G.,
Prepectoral, in comparative anatomy one of the
lymph-glands surrounding the lower portion of the jug-
ular vein. G., Preputial. See G., Tysoii's. G., Pre-
scapular, in comparative anatomy, one of the lymph-
glands situated beneath the elevator humeri nmscle.
G., Prostate. See Prostate Gland. G., Prostatic.
See Prostate Gland. G., Pulmonary, one of the lymph-
glands in the pulmonary substance. G., Purple, in
Gasteropoda, one of the glands secreting the so-called
Tyrian purple. G., Pyloric, one of the glands of
the stomach mainly situated near the pylorus and se-
creting the gastric juice. G., Racemose, a compound
follicular gland resembling a bunch of grapes. It is
composed of a number of acini with a single excretory
duct. G. of Rathke. See G., Nasal. G., Renal,
the suprarenal capsule. G., Reticulate, a lymph-
gland containing reticular tissue. G., Retroperito-
neal, one of the lymph-glands behind the peritoneum.
G., Rivini's. See G., Siiblin^j^ual. G., Rosenmiil-
ler's. I. The inferior lachrymal gland {accessorv of
Poseniniillcr). It is the fore part of the lachrymal
gland, which is separated from the rest of the gland
by a fibrous septum. It is also called the palpebral
portion of the lachrymal gland. 2. The lymph-gland
situated in the crural ring. G., Saccular, a gland
formed by a sacculation of a mucous or serous mem-
brane. G., Sacral, one of the lymph-glands on the
anterior face of the sacrum. G., Salival. See G.,
Salivary. G., Salivary, a gland whose function it
is to secrete saliva. G., Salivary, External. See
G., Parotid. G., Scapular, one of the lymph-glands
near the axillary border of the scapula. G., Scent.
See G., Odoriferous. G., Sebaceous. I. One of the
minute saccular glands in the corium of the skin, se-
creting sebum. 2. See C. , Cement. G., Sebiferous.
See G., Sebaceous. G., Sebiparous. See G., Seba-
ceous. G., Secreting. See G., Secretory. G.,
Secretory, any gland of the body yielding a secretion.
It is an arrangement of cells by which certain ele-
ments are separated from the blood that circulates
in the capillary vessels which are in contact with the
cells. G., Seminal, the testicle. G., Septal, in
biology, one of the secreting glands in the septa be-
tween the loculi of the ovaries of liliaceous plants.
G., Serous. See G., Albuiiiinoics. G., Serous,
Salivary, one of those salivary glands the secretion of
which contains a characteristic albuminous substance,
with little or no mucin. G. of Serres. .See G.,
Dental. G., Sexual, the ovary or testis. G., Sim-
ple, a gland composed of but one secreting sac, with
a single and unbranched tube. G., Skene's, one of
the two mucous glands just within the meatus urina-
rius of the female ; they are frequently the seat of
latent gonorrhea. G., Solitary, one of the glands
scattered through the mucous membrane of the small
intestine. G., Spinning, one of the tubular glands
near the anal or oral orifice of certain spiders and
other insects; it secretes a viscid material that
hardens on exposure to the air. G., Stalked, in
botany, a gland situated upon a stalk. G., Staphyl-
ine. See G., Palatine. G., Sternal, one of the
lymph-glands on the upper costal cartilages, near the
sternum. G., Subauricular, one of the lymph-glands
situated below and behind the ear. G., Sub-caudal,
a gland located near the base of the tail, the secretion
from which yields the peculiar penetrating odor of the
fox and other animals. G., Subconjunctival. See
G., Aleiboinian. G., Sublingual, the smallest of
the salivary glands. There is one on either side be-
neath the tongue. G., Submaxillary, a large sali-
vary gland situated in the submaxillary triangle. G.,
Submaxillary Lymphatic, one of the lymph-glands
in the submaxillary triangle. G., Suboccipital. See
G., Occipital. G., Substernal. Hee G., Sternal. G.,
Suburethral. Same as G. of Cowper. G., Su-
doriferous. See G. , Sudoriparous. G., Sudorip-
arous, one of the peculiarly convoluted glands in
the subcutaneous connective tissue that secrete the
sweat. G., Supraclavicular. See G., Cenncal,
Inferior, Deep. G., Supra-hyoid, one of the
small lymph-glands between the anterior bellies of the
digastric muscles. G., Supra-orbital, in biology, a
gland in the orbit of birds communicating with the
nasal passages. G., Suprarenal, the suprarenal cap-
sules. G., Sweat. See G. , Sudoriparous. G.,
Tarsal. See G., Meibomian. G., Tarso-conjunc-
tival. See C. , Meibomian. G., Tartar, one of the
hypothetic glands thought to secrete the tartar of the
teeth. G., Temporary, the name occasionally given
to the Graafian follicle. G., Thoracic, Deep, one
of the lymph-glands situated on the outer surface of
the serratus magnus muscle. G., Thoracic, Super-
ficial. See G., Pectoral. G., Thymus, a tempo-
rary organ lying mainly in the neck, attaining its full
growth at two years and practically disappearing at
puberty. G., Thyroid, a ductless lobulated gland
situated in the lower middle ventral portion of the
neck, in front of the trachea and below the thyroid
cartilage. G., Tibial, Anterior, a lymph-gland on
the anterior surface of the interosseous ligament of the
leg. G., Tracheal, one of the minute ovoid acinous
■ glands in the tracheal mucous membrane, especially
on its posterior surface. G., Trachoma {of Henle).
See G. , Ao^regated [of Bruch). G., Tubular, a
gland composed mainly of a tube-like structure. G.,
Tubular, Compound, one composed of a number of
small tubules with a single duct. G., Tympanic, a
swelling upon the tympanic nerve, situated near or
within the tympanic canal, and believed to be of the
same nature as the coccygeal gland. G., Tyson's,
one of the sebaceous glands on the corona of the
glans penis and on the prepuce. See G., Odorifer-
ous. G., Urethral. See G. of Littre and G.,
Skene^s. G., Uropygial, the oil-secreting gland sit-
uated over the coccyx of birds. G., Uterine, one of
numerous tubular follicles in the uterine mucous
membrane, secreting the so-called uterine milk. G.,
Utricular. I. In biology, one of the spaces in the
epidermis filled with a colorless fluid. 2. See C. ,
Uterine. G., Vaginal, one of the acinous glands in
the vaginal mucous membrane. G., Venenific. See
G., Poison. G., Veneniparous. .See G., Poison.
G., Vesalius's, one of the pulmonary and bronchial
mucous glands. G., Vesicular. See G. , Utricular
[ist def). G., Vulvo-vaginal. See G. of Bartho-
lin. G., Wax, in insects, one of the glands of the
surface secreting a wax-like material. G., Weber's,
one of the tubular mucous glands of the tongue situated
chiefly near the root. G., Yolk, the vitellarium, q. v.
G., Zeiss's, one of the sebaceous glands of the eye-
lashes. G., Zygomatic. G. , Auricular, Anterior.
Glanderous {glan'-der-us), or QXanAery (glan'-der-e)
[ glandula, a gland]. Affected with glanders.
Glanders (^glan'-derz). A contagious disease of horses.
GLANDILEMMA
521
GLEOGENE
sometimes communicated to man. For staining the
microorganism of glanders see Schutz' s Method,
Kiihiie's AletJiod, or Lcejjfier'' s Alethod, under Stains,
Table of. See Eqtiinia.
Glandilemma iyglaii-dil-em' -ali) \_glans, gland; Aefiixa,
husk]. The capsular covering of a gland.
Glandula (g/and'-u-la/i) [L. : //., Glandidu:\ A
little gland.
Glandular [gland' -u-lar) \_glandula, a gland]. Re-
lating to, or of the nature of, a gland. G. Hypertro-
phy, a term used to indicate an enlargement of a
lymph-gland, without any appreciable cause. G. Pes-
tilence, synonym of the Plague, q. v. G. Plague,
synonym of the Plague, q. v.
Glandule(^'-Az«(A-«/)[^/a«(/i</(;,agland]. A small gland.
Glandulin [gland' -ttdin) \_glandula , a glahd]. Ex-
tract of gland-tissue.
Glans [glanz) \_glans, a corn]. I. The head of the
penis or of the clitoris. 2. A gland; an enlarged
gland. 3. A suppository or pessary. 4. In botany,
a nut. The name applied to fruits like the filbert,
acorn, chestnut, etc. G. clitoridis, the small round
tubercle of the clitoris analogous to the glans penis of
the male. G. penis, the conical-shaped body form-
ing the head of the penis.
Glareose {gldr'-e-oz) \_glarea, gravel]. In botany,
growing in gravel.
Glaser's Fissure. See Fissure.
Glaserian Artery. See Arteries, Table of. G. Fissure.
See Fissure.
Glaserius, Fissure of. See Fissure.
Glasgow Committee. See Anesthetic.
Glass [glas) {M-Y.., glas, glass]. A brittle, hard, and
transparent substance consisting usually of the fused,
amorphous silicates of potassium and calcium, or
sodium and calcium, with an excess of silica. When
glass of a high refractive index is required, lead silicate
is also added. G. -blowers' Cramp. See Cramp.
G. -blowers' Disease, a term formerly used to desig-
nate any infectious disease of the lips, especially syphi-
litic eruptions. Also, applied to pulmonary emphy-
sema. G. -blowers' Patch, a condition of the dor-
sum of the tongue very similar to smokers' patch,
and due to an analogous cause. G., Crown, a very hard
glass, made from sodium sulphate or lime, without
lead. It has a low refractive index, but consider-
able chromatic dispersion. It is used for making
lenses for optic instruments. G., Flint, that com-
posed of lead and potassium silicates. It has a very
high refractive index. G. Slides. See Slides. G.,
Soluble, potassium or sodium silicate.
Glasses (glas'-es) [ME., ^/^j-, glass]. A synonym of
spectacles or eye-glasses. G., Bifocal, those that have
a different refracting power in the upper part from that in
the lower. G., Hyperbolic, those ground in the fonii
of an hyperbola. G., Periscopic, those in which the
curvature of one surface exceeds that of the other.
See A/eniset/s. G., Prismatic, those formed of prisms;
used in insufficiency and paralysis of the ocular muscles.
G., Protective, for shielding the eyes against light ;
they are made of London smoke or blue glass. G.,
Spheiic, those ground in the form of a sphere. G.
Stenopaic, those consisting of a blackened disc of
metal in which is placed a small round hole or a narrow
slit ; tliey are used for examining astigmatic eyes.
Glassy Degeneration. See Degeneration. G.
Swelling, a synonym of amyloid infiltration.
Glauber's Salt. See Sodium.
G\z.\izt.&.o [glaw-se' -do) [E.]. Glaucoma.
Glaucescence [glaw-ses' -ens) \_glaucesLens\ A bluish-
gray or sea-green luster or bloom ; the quality of
being somewhat glaucous.
Glaucescent (glaw-ses'-ent) [y/iavKoc,, silvery]. In
biology, slightly glaucous, or bluish-gray.
Glaucin [glaw' -sin) [jPiamof, sea-green]. Cow-pox ;
so-called from the color of the pocks.
Glaucium [ghnv' -se-uin] \_y'Ka\>Kmv , horn-poppy]. A
genus of papaveraceous herbs ; horn-poppy. G. luteum
and G. corniculatum are acrid herbs, with diuretic
and alterative properties. Unof.
Glaucoma [gla-M-ko'-mah )![}'Zau/idf , sea-green]. A dis-
ease of the eye the essential and characteristic symp-
tom of which is an abnormally heightened intraocular
tension, resulting in hardness of the globe, excavation
of the papilla or optic disc, a restriction of the field of
vision, corneal anesthesia, colored halo about lights,
and lessening of visual power that may, if unchecked,
proceed to blindness. The etiology is obscure. G.
absolutum, or consummatum, the completed glau-
comatous process, with blindness. G. acutum, the
first or the renewed attack, with the characteristic and
inflammatory symptoms, generally intermitting after a
few days. G., Auricular, a disease of the middle ear
characterized by a great increase in the intra-labyrinth-
ine pressure. G. evolutum, the second stage of glau-
coma. G. fulminans, an acute attack coming on
with great suddenness and violence. G. haemorrha-
gicum, or apoplecticum, that associated with retinal
hemorrhage. G. malignum, a grave form, attended
with violent pain and rapidly leading to blindness. G.,
Secondary, that consequent upon other oculardiseases.
G. simplex, that form without inflammatory symptoms.
Glaucomatous [glaiv-kom' -at-us) [yAaiiffdc, sea-green].
Affected with or pertaining to glaucoma.
Glaucosis [glaw-ko' -sis) \_y'kavK6c, sea-green]. The
blindness resulting from glaucoma.
Glaucosuria [glaw-ko-su' -i-e-ah ) \_y'AavK6^, sea-green ;
ovpov, urine]. The presence of indican in the urine,
which is thereby discolored.
Glaucous [glaw'-kus) [jAay/cd?, sea-green]. Of a
blue-gray or dull sea-green tint ; having a blue,
or pale-green luster covered with a silvery bloom,
as the leaves of the cabbage.
Glaukuria [glaw-ku'-re-ah). See Glaucosuria.
Glaux {glawks) [yAaiif, y^.df, the milk-vetch]. A genus
of primulaceous herbs. G. maritima, salt-wort, is
said to be an effective galactagogue. Unof.
Glea [gle'-ah) \_y7.oia, glue]. A mucilaginous sub-
stance secreted by many inferior organisms, and which
frequently serves as a matrix in which they lie em-
bedded.
Glean (glen) [origin obscure]. The afterbirth of a
domestic animal.
Gleet (_cr/^i/) [ME., glet, gleet]. The chronic stage of
urethritis, with muco-purulent discharge.
Gleety {gle'-te) [ME., ,<,'-/rf, gleet]. Thin and ichor-
ous; resembling the discharge of gleet.
Glenard's Disease. See Diseases, Table of.
Glene {gle'-ne) \_y1fiv7], pit], i. The glenoid cavity.
2. The interior of the eye. Obsolescent.
Gleno-humeral [gle' -no-hu' -mer-al) [y/r/vr;, pit; hu-
merus, the humerus]. Pertaining to the glenoid cavity
and to the humerus.
Glenoid [gle'-noid) [y/'t'/w/, a cavity ; fi(5o<-, form]. Hav-
ing a shallow cavity ; pertaining to a shallow cavity. G.
Cavity, the articular depression in the head of the
scapula. G. Fossa. See Fossa.
Glenoin [gle-no'-in). Same as Trinitrin.
G{&r\QV&xX€t>\z\K{gle' -no-ver' -te-bral) [yA?;r;?, a cavity ;
vertebra, a vertebra]. Pertaining to the glenoid and
vertebral borders of the scapula.
Gleogene [gle'-o-jen) [ylioiA^, a sticky substance ; glue ;
yei''/(;, producing]. In biology, secreting a glairy,
mucilaginous substance.
GLIA
522
GLOCHIDIUM
Glia [gli^-ak) \j'Aia, glue]. The neuroglia; bindweb.
It contains peculiar cells called glia-cells. G. -cells.
See Deilci's' Cells.
Glia-cell. X 800.
CX\&&Sx\. i^gW -ad-ill) [^/i/'a, glue]. A proteid obtainable
from wheat-gluten ; it is tenacious and gelatinous
when moist, brittle and glassy when dry. Also a syno-
nym of Hematiii. See Glulen.
Gliding Movement {gli'-ding moov' -ment). The most
simple kind of movement that can take place in a
joint, one surface gliding or moving over another, with-
out any angular or rotary movement.
Glioma [gli-o'-inah) [yA/a, glue; bixa, a. tumor: //. ,
Glioiiiata\. A variety of round-celled sarcoma, con-
sisting of a tumor of neuroglia-cells, occurring in the
central mass of the brain or of the spinal cord. G.
of the Retina ( " encephaloid of the retina" ), a
glioma springing from the connective tissue of the
retina, usually occurring in the young, and involv-
ing the choroid, optic nerve, and extending finally
into the brain. G., Pseudo-, of the Retina, meta-
static purulent choroiditis, simulating the appearance
of retinal glioma.
Gliomatosis (gll-o-mat-o' -sis) [>/'«, glue ; 6//a, a tu-
mor: pi., Glioina/oses'\. The aggregation of exuber-
ant masses of glioma-like tissue in the spinal cord — a
condition thought to precede the development of
syringomyelia.
QliomaXous {gli-o^-mat-ns) [y/i/'a, glue ; 6//a, a tumor].
Of the nature of, or affected with, glioma.
Gliomyxoma [gli-o-miks-o' -mah) [yA/a, glue ; i-iv^a,
mucus; o/hj, a tumor : pi. , Gliomyxomata\. A tumor
having the characters of both glioitia and myxoma.
Gliosarcoma {gli-o-sar-ko' -mah) \yXia, glue; cdpf,
flesh; 6//a, a tumor: //. , Gliosai-co!nala~\. A tumor
with both the neuroglia-cells of glioma and the fusi-
form cells of sarcoma.
Gliosis [gli-o' -sis) [yWin, glue ; iioaoQ, disease]. A brain-
disease marked by foci of sclerosed gray substance,
with the formation of lacunar spaces w.ithin the foci.
It differs from ordinary diffused sclerosis in its histol-
ogy and symptomatology.
Glischruria {glis-krn'-re-ah) [y'luaxpoc, viscid; ovpov,
urine]. Mucous degeneration of the urine, supposed
to be due to the presence of a microorganism, the
Bacterium glischrogenum.
Glisson's Capsule. See Capsule.
Glissonian Cirrhosis. Synonym of Perihepatitis.
See also Diseases, Table of.
Glister (glis'-ter). A clyster or enema.
Globe of the Eye. The eyeball.
Globiferous [glo-hif'-er-us] \_glolncs, a ball; ferre, to
bear]. In biology, applied to antennas or similar
structures bearing a large globose joint.
Globin [glo'-/>in) [globus, a globe]. A proteid deriv-
able from hemoglobin. There is also a class of
similar proteids grouped together as globins.
Globinometer {glo-hin-oui' -et-er) [globus, a globe ; //f--
piiv, a measure]. An instrument devised with special
reference to the calculation of the percentage-amount
of oxyhemoglobin in a given amount of blood.
Globo-cellular [glo'-bo-sel'-u-lar] [globus, a globe ;
eella, a cell]. Round-celled, as globo-cellular sarcoma.
Globoid [glo'-boid) [^7<»/'«.?, a round body ; f«ior, form].
In biology, a globular or amorphous particle of the
double pho-sphate of calcium and magnesium, often
found associated with crystalloids in protein-granules.
Globose [glo-bos') [globosus, round as a ball]. Spher-
ic in form, or nearly so.
Globular iyglob' -u-lar) [dim. oi globus, a globe]. Hav-
ing the shape of a globe or sphere.
Globularia [glob-u-la' -re-ah) [globulus, a little ball].
A genus of selaginaceous herbs and shrubs. G. aly-
pum, of the old world, affords leaves that are a good
substitute for senna. G. puticosa and G. vulgaris
have similar properties.
Globule [glob'-ul) [dim. of globus, a ball]. A small
globe ; a blood-corpuscle or lymph-corpuscle. In bi-
ology, any ininute spheric structure. In pharmacy,
a small pill or pellet. See also Oil-globule. G. of
Donne. See Blood-plates and Heinutoblast. G. in
Pulp, a globular mass of dentine within the sub-
stance of the dental pulp.
Qi\o\iW\\<:,\As\ {glob-ii-lis-i' -dal) [globulus, & little ball;
tiedere, to kill]. Destructive to the blood-corpuscles.
Globulicide [glob-u' -lis-ia) [globulus, a globule ; cadere,
to kill]. I. Destructive of blood-cells. 2. An agent
that destroys blood-cells.
Globulimeter [glob-u-lim' -et-er) [globulus, a little ball ;
utTpni', a measure]. An instrument for estimating the
corpuscular richness of blood.
Globulin {glob' -u-lin) [globulus, a little ball]. I. A
general name for various proteids comprising globulin,
vitellin, paraglobulin, or serum-globulin, fibrinogen,
myosin, and globin, which differ from the albumins in
not being soluble in water ; one species, existing in the
crystalline lens, is specially designated as globulin.
They are insoluble in distilled water, but soluble in
dilute neutral saline solutions. These solutions are
coagulated by heat, and precipitated by a large amount
of water. They yield acid-albumin when acted upon
by dilute acids, and alkali-albumin when acted upon
by dilute alkalies. Vegetable Globulins have been
studied, and named vegetable iiiyosiit, vitellin, and
paraglobulin ; they are found in the seeds of plants.
2. A blood-platelet.
Globulinuria [glob-u-lin-u'-re-ah) [globulus, a little
ball ; ovpov, urine]. The presence of globulin in the
urine.
G\6b\i\.ism {glob'-u-lizm) [globiilus, 2L\\ti\e hzW]. The
administration of medicine in globules ; homeopathy.
Globulose {glob' -It-Ids') [globulus, a little ball]. Any
product of the gastric digestion of a globulin.
Globulus { glob'-u-lus) [L.]. The Nucleus globuliformis
of the cerebellum. It is a mass of gray matter between
the fastigatum and the embolus.
Globus {glo'-bus) [L.]. A ball or globe. G. epidid-
ymis. See Epididymis. G. hystericus, the " lump"
or choking sensation occurring in hysteria, caused
probably by spasmodic contraction of the esophageal
and pharyngeal muscles. G. major, the larger end
or head of the epididymis. G. minor, the lower end
of the epididymis. G. pallidus, the inner and lighter
part of the lenticular nucleus.
Glochidiate {glo-kid'-e-at) [yXux'i<:-, a projecting point].
In biology, barbed. Tipped with barbs, or with a
doubly-hooked point.
Glochidium {glo-kid' -e-um) [j/^uxT) ^ projecting
point: //., Gloc/iidia']. In biology, a stage in the
development of lamellibranchiate molluscs [CJnio,
Anodonl^, the ova of which develop up to a certain
stage in the gill-pouches of the parent, and remain
there as glochidia until some fish or wading-bird comes
into their vicinity, when the glochidia issue forth, and,
swimming as Pectens by the flapping of their valves,
GLOCHIS
523
GLOSSOTHECA
attach themselves, like external parasites, to the animal
whose presence has stimulated their efforts ; here they
become encysted and transformed into young Unios
or Anadons.
Glochis [glo'-kis) \_y'/iax'^, a projecting point : //.,
Glochities\. In biology, a barbed spine or point.
Glome [glom) \_glo?ims, a ball]. Same as Glo?nerule.
Glomerate {glom' -er-at) \_glonierare, to wind aroUnd].
A descriptive term applied to any gland consisting of
vessels bunched together like a ball of thread ; con-
glomerate.
Glomerule [glom'-ei'-ti/) [dim. of glomus, a ball of
yarn]. In biology, a capitate cyme; a cluster of
spores.
Glomerulitis (glom-cr-u-li' -lis) [glomemh'is, a small
ball ; /rtf, inflammation]. Inflammation of the glom-
eruli of the kidney.
Glomerulo-nephritis {glom-er' -u-lo-nef-ri' -lis) \_glom-
erulus, a little ball ; vt<pp6^, the kidney ; ircg, inflam-
mation]. Inflammation of the Malpighian bodies of
the kidney.
Glomerulus, or Glomerule {glom-er' -u-lus, or glom' -
er-ul) [dim. of glomus, a ball]. A knot or small
rounded mass. A coil of arterial blood-vessels pro-
jecting into the capsular widening of the lumen of
each uriniferous tubule and with it composing the
Malpighian body peculiar to the vertebrate kidney. G.
Malpighii. See Malpighian Bodies. G., Olfactory, a
group of nerve-cells, a number of which are embedded
in the olfactory nerve-fibers.
Glonoin (glo-ito'-in). See Nitroglycerin.
Gloriosa [glo-re-o' -sah) \_gloriosus, glorious]. A genus
of splendid liliaceous plants with poisonous juices. G.
superba, of India, is alterative and tonic, and its
starch is said to cure hemorrhoids. Unof.
Glossa [glos'-a/i) [yTiCiaaa, the tongue]. The tongue ;
also the faculty of articulate speech.
Glossagra (glos-a'-gra/i) [yXwcaa, tongue; aypa, seiz-
ure]. Gouty pain in the tongue.
Glossal (glos'-al) [_ylaaaa, tongue]. Pertaining to
the tongue.
Glossalgia {glos-al' -je-ali) \y'Xwciaa, tongue ; dXyof,
pain]. Any pain in the tongue, especially neuralgia
of the tongue.
Glossanthrax {glos-an'-thraks). Synonym of An-
thrax.
Glossarium { glos-a' -re-ttni) [yAwcca, a tongue: //. ,
Glossaria']. In biology, the slender, elongated labrum
of a dipterous insect, as the mosquito.
Glossate (glos'-at) [y/^wcraa, tongue]. In biology,
having a tongue or glossa ; applied to suctorial as dis-
tinguished from mandibulate insects.
Glossauxesis (glos-awks-e' -sis) [y^iuaaa, tongue; a&f-
??(T(f, increase]. Enlargement of the tongue.
Glossectomy [glos-ek' -to-me) [y/lucTcra, tongue ; iKTOfiij,
excision]. Amputation or excision of the tongue.
Glossitic [glos-if -ik) [yAutrcra, tongue ; irit;, inflamma-
tion]. Pertaining to or affected with glossitis.
Glossitis [glos-i'-tis) [yAuffffa, tongue ; /Tig, inflamma-
tion]. Inflammation of the tongue. G., Dissect-
ing, a form of chronic superficial glossitis character-
ized by deep furrows upon the tongue that appear to
penetrate into the mucous membrane. G., Idiopath-
ic. Same as G., Parenchymatous. G., Interstitial.
Same as G., Parenchymatous. G., Parasitic, an in-
flammation of the tongue said to be due to parasitic
vegetations. It is also called CAwo/'/z v/'/fZ. G., Paren-
chymatous, an inflammation of the tongue involving
its substance as well as the mucous membrane.
Glosso- [glos'-o-) [yluuoa, tongue]. A prefix denot-
ing connection with the tongue.
■ G\.ossoc€\.& [glos'-o-sel) [yAwCTcra, tongue ; /ciyA;?, tumor].
Swelling or edema of the tongue, with consequent ex-
trusion of the organ.
Glossodesmus [glos-o-dez'-mus) \jACicaa, tongue;
6(C[i6(;, bond]. The frenum linguas.
Glossodynia (glos-o-din'-e-ah) [^/kucan, tongue;
odiji'i/, pain]. Pain in the tongue, sometimes accom-
panied by exfoliation of its epithelium.
Glosso-epiglottic (glos'-o-ep-e-glot'-i/e) [} /i-wtTcra,
tongue ; t-iyTiuTTic, epiglottis]. Pertaining to both
tongue and epiglottis.
Glosso-epiglottidean Ligament. See Ligament.
Glossograph {glos' -o-graf) [j/Micaa, tongue ; ypa<peiv,
to write]. An instrument for registering the move-
ments of the tongue in speech.
Glossography {glos-og' -ra-fe) [yAwcua, tongue ; ypd^-
eiv, to write]. A descriptive treatise upon the tongue.
Glossohyal (glos-o-hi'-al) [yAutJcra, tongue ; voeidi/g,
the hyoid bone]. Pertaining to the tongue and the
hyoid bone.
Glossoid (glos'-oid) [yAwcrcra, tongue; fWof, appear-
ance]. Resembling a tongue.
Glossolalia. (glos-o-la'-le-ah) [y/wccra, tongue ; AoA(d,
speech] . The alleged speaking in foreign or unknown
tongues by somnambulists.
Glossology (glos-ol'-o-;e) [yTiuaaa, tongue; Ad; of, a
treatise]. A treatise concerning the tongue.
Glossolysis (glos-ol'-is-is) [jAuaaa, tongue; //vaic, a
loosening]. Paralysis of the tongue.
Glossomegistus (glos-o-me-jis'-tus). Synonym of
Glossitis, Parenchymatous.
Glossoncus {glos-ong'-kus) [yXuaaa, tongue; bynog,
tumor]. A swelling of the tongue.
Glossopathy (glos-op'-ath-e) [} A offtra, tongue ; tt6.6o<;,
disease]. Any disease of the tongue.
Glosso-pharyngeal (glos'-o-far-in'-je-al) [yAtjcua,
tongue ; <papvy^, pharynx]. Pertaining to the tongue
and the pharynx. See Nerves, Table of.
Glosso-pharyngeus (glos'-o-far-in'-je-us) [jAucrffo,
tongue ; ^apvy^, pharynx]. A portion of the superior
constrictor muscle of the pharynx. See Aluscles,
Table of.
Glossophyte {glos'-o-fit) [yTiiiann, tongue; (pvrov,
plant]. A parasitic vegetation growing on the
tongue.
Glossophytia (^/w-o-/"z/''-<'-a/;)[) Awcrtra, tongue; (pvrov,
a plant]. Black tongue. A dark discoloration of
the tongue, due to accumulations of spores, dead epi-
thelium, and accidental impurities.
Glossoplasty (glos' -o-plas-te) [yAoiffca, tongue ; TvAaa-
af.Lv, to form]. Plastic surgery of the tongue.
Glossoplegia [glos-o-ple'-je-ah) [y'ACjoca, tongue;
TTMjyri, stroke]. Paralysis of the tongue.
Glossoptosis [glos-op-to' -sis) [yAwcrffa, tongue ; ivTijaLg,
a fall]. Synonym of Macroglossia.
Glossorrhagia [glos-or-a'-Je-ah) [yTiuaaa, tongue;
pTiyvvvai, to burst forth]. Hemorrhage from the
tongue.
Glossorrhaphy [glos-or'-af-e) '[y'kwaca, tongue ; pac^ri,
suture]. Surgical suturing of the tongue.
Glossoscopy [glos-os'-ko-pe) [yXuaaa, tongue ; anorrelv,
to inspect]. Diagnostic inspection of the tongue.
Glossosemeiotics [glos - o - sem - e - ot' - iks) [yXuaaa,
tongue ; arfpetoeiv, to mark]. The study or science of
the diagnostic and prognostic signs exhibited by the
tongue.
Glossospasm, 'or Glossospasmus [glos'-o-spazm, or
glos-o-spaz'-mus) [y'Auaaa, tongue ; c-aapoq, spasm].
Spasm of the tongue.
Glossosteresis ( glos-o-ster-e'-sis) [^yluaaa, tongue;
arepr/dK;, privation]. Surgical excision of the tongue;
absence of the tongue.
Glossotheca (glos-o-the' -kah) [y/oircra, tongue ; Winr),
GLOSSOTILT
524
GLUMACEOUS
a case : //. , Glossotlwca^. In biology, that part of a
pupa-case inclosing the sucking-organ of an insect.
Glossotilt [glos'-o-tili) [jTiCiaaa, tongue; TiXkeLv,
tiXt6(;, to pull]. An instrument by which the tongue
is drawn forward during the process of artificial respi-
ration.
Glossotomy i^glos-ot' -o-ine) [;/lwff(7(z, tongue ; rkfivetv,
to cut]. The dissection of the tongue. Also, the ex-
cision of the tongue.
Glossy Skin. A peculiar neurosis of the skin, charac-
terized by a smooth, shining, red appearance, accom-
panied by intense burning pain. See Alropliodeyma
neiiriticuin.
Glossypertrophia, or Glossypertrophy {glos-e-pe>--
tro' -fe-a/t , or -per' -ti-o-fi')\_y'Xiiaaa, Xongns; vKcp, over ;
rpoip}/, nutrition]. Hypertrophy of the tongue.
Glottagra {glo/-a'-grah) [yXwrra, tongue ; aypa, seiz-
ure]. Glossagra.
Glottal [glot'-al) [yAwrr/f, glottis]. Pertaining to the
glottis.
Glottalgia i^glot-al' -je-ali) [yAurra, tongue ; akyo^,
pain]. Glossalgia.
Glottic [glot'-ik) [y/lurra, tongue]. I. Pertaining to
the tongue. 2. Pertaining to the glottis.
Glottid [glot'-id) [y'/.uTTK;, glottis]. An act of the vo-
cal bands whereby the form of the glottis is changed ;
also, any sound produced by such a change.
Glottidean {glot-id' -e-an) [yAurr/f, glottis]. Pertain-
ing to the glottis.
Glottis {glot'-is) [}'Acjrr/f ; y'kidJTa, tongue]. The
7-ima glottidis. The opening between the arytenoid
cartilages, or the interval between the vocal bands ;
also, the structures collectively that surround that
opening. Over it is the epiglottis, a thin lamella of
cartilage covering the larynx during deglutition.
Glottiscope iyglot' -is-kop) [ylurr/f, glottis ; okottuv, to
inspect]. A form of laryngoscope.
Glottitis {glot-i' -tis). See Glossitis.
Glottology {glot-oF -o-je). See Glossology.
Glove (glini) [^MK. , gloi'e, a glove]. A protection for
the hand, with separate partitions for each finger ; it is
used therapeutically in certain skin-diseases of the hand ;
also as a guard against septic poisoning. G. Alpha-
bet. See Dalgarno Alphabet.
Glovers' Stitch {^gluv'-erz stitch). The continuous
suture in surgery. See Suture.
Glucinum (glu-si'-num). See Beryllium.
Glucogen [glu'-ko-Jett). See Glycogen.
Glucohemia [ghi-ko-he' -me-ali). See Glycohemia .
Gluco-heptose (glu'-ko-hep'-tds). See Carbohydrates,
Table of.
Glucometer (glu-koin'-et-er). See Glycymeter.
Gluconic Acid (glu-kon'-ik). See Acid.
Glucose {glu'-kos) [yAiJKiif, sweet], C„H].,0^, Grape-
sugar, Starch-sugar. A substance obtained from
starch by the action of the natural ferment, diastase,
and by the catalytic action of mineral acids. It
is less soluble, and therefore less sweet, than cane-
sugar, but equally nutritious. It is much used as an
adulterant of cane-sugar. Its varieties are numerous,
dextrose and levulose being the best known. Dextrose
differs from levulose in its behavior to the polarized
ray of light, which is turned by the former to the right,
and by the latter to the left. Glucose crystallizes in
nodular masses, melting at 86° F. See Carbohydrates ,
Table of. G. Vinegar. See Vinegar.
Glucosid (glu'-ko-sid) sweet]. Any member
of a series of compounds that may be resolved by the
presence of an acid into glucose and another principle.
Glucosin (glu'-ho-sin) [y'AvKvg, sweet]. Any one of a
series of ptomai'ne-bases obtained by the action of
ammonia on glucose. One of these, Cj^HjgN.^(C = 6j,
corresponds in formula and general properties with a
remarkable unnamed base formed during the alcoholic
fermentation of sugar or molasses, — Alorin's base,
C^HjijN^ : a colorless, strongly refracting, very mobile
oil, with a nauseous, pyridin-like odor. It causes
stupor, paralysis, impairment of sensibility, dilatation
of the pupils, slowing of the pulse and depression of
the temperature, coma, and death. Similar alkaloidal
bases have also been found in petroleum, paraffin-oil,
chloroform, benzole, ether, amyl alcohol, and in most
solvents in common use.
Glucosis [glu-ko' -sis). Same as Glycosuria .
Glucosuria [glu-ko-su' -re-ah) . See Glycosuria.
Glue {gill) \_gluere, to draw together]. A decomposi-
tion-product of many nitrogenous animal tissues.
These lose their organized structure, on heating with
water, swell up, and gradually go into solution.
The solutions, even when very dilute, gelatinize on
cooling, forming a jelly that dries to a horny translu-
cent mass. This mass is glue, or gelatin, as the finer
grades are termed. It dissolves in hot water and
forms a liquid possessing notable cementing-povver.
Two proximate principles seem to be present as char-
acteristic in all preparations of glue : glutin, ob-
tained chiefly from the hide and larger bones, and
chondrin, from the young bones while yet in the soft
state, and the cartilages of the ribs and joints. Of
these the former much exceeds the latter in adhesive
power. Hide-glue is the variety that shows most
strongly the adhesive property. Its color may vary
considerably without any impairment of its adhesive
power. It is usually of a gray to amber or brown-
yellow color, and translucent or partially opaque. It
should be clear, dry, and hard, and possess a glassy frac-
ture. It should swell up but not dissolve in cold water,
but should dissolve in water at 62.5° C. (144.5° F-)-
Cologne Glue is manufactured from scrap-hide which,
after liming, is carefully bleached in a chlorid-of-lime
bath and then thoroughly washed. Russian Glue con-
tains some inorganic admixture. It is of a dirty- white
color, and contains from four to eight per cent, of white
lead, chalk, zinc-white, or barytes. Size-glue and
Parchment-glue are both skin-glues prepared with
special care. Bone-glue or Botie-gelatin is a clear
product free from offensive odor. It is much used for
culinary purposes and for medicinal applications,
and for fining or clarifying wines, etc. It is largely
used in the manufacture of gelatin capsules, of
court-plaster, and of gelatin emulsions with bromid
and chlorid of silver for coating photographic dry
plates. Patent Glue is a very pure variety of bone-
glue of deep dark-brown color. It is very glossy and
swells up very much in water. Isinglass, or Fish-gel-
atin, is the finest and best of animal glues. It is pure
white, nearly transparent, dry and horny in texture,
and free from smell. It dissolves in water at from
35° to 50° C. (95° to 122° F.) without any residue,
and in cooling produces an almost colorless jelly.
Liquid Glue. By the action of nitric or acetic acid
upon a solution of glue its power to gelatinize may be
completely dissipated, while its adhesive power is not
at all interfered with.
Gluge's Corpuscles. Compound granular corpuscles ;
compound granule-cells. Larger or smaller cells
densely crowded with droplets of fat, occurring in
tissues that are the seat of fatty degeneration. By
transmitted light the globules of fat .show as black
dots, and the whole corpuscle looks like a mulberry.
They are the only pathognomonic evidences of soften-
ing of nerve-tissue.
Glumaceous {glu-ina'-she-us) [gluma, a husk]. In
biology, possessing chaft-like bracts or glumes.
GLUME
525
GLYCOCYAMIN
Glume [g/iliii) \_gluina, ahull or husk]. In biology,
one of the floral envelops in the grasses.
Glumellule {^glu-meV -fU). Same as Lodiade.
Glusidum iglu' -sid- taii) VyAvnv^, sweet], CgH,-
CO
<^t^Q ;> NH. Saccharin. Benzoyl-sulphonic-imid,
a coal-tar derivative. It is an intensely sweet, white
powder, 200 times as sweet as cane-sugar. It is anti-
septic, and is used to disguise the taste of nauseous
medicine. It may be used as a sweetening-agent in
diabetes and in the treatment of corpulency.
Glutaric Acid [glii-tar'-ik). See Acid.
Gluteal (yglu'-te-al) [yAourdf, the buttock]. Pertain-
ing to the buttocks. G. Artery. See Arteries, Table
of. G. Muscles. See Muscles, Table of. G. Nerve.
See Nerves, Table of. G. Reflex. See Reflexes,
Table of.
Gluten \glu'-ten) \_gluten, glue]. A substance re-
sembling albumin, with which it is probably identical.
It occurs abundantly in the seed of cereals, in the form
of cubic cells surrounding the starchy fecula of the
seed. It consists mainly of gluten-fibrin, gluten-
casein, gliadin, and mucedin. G. -bread, a variety
of non-starch-containing bread for use by diabetics.
It is made as follows : Take one quart of sweet milk,
or milk and water, one heaping teaspoonful of good
butter, one-fifth of a cake of compressed yeast beaten
up with a little water, and two eggs well beaten.
Stir in the gluten-flour until a soft dough is formed,
knead as in making ordinary bread, put in pans to
raise, and when light, bake in a hot oven. G.-soap,
a bland and soothing variety of soap, containing a
considerable proportion of gluten.
Gluteo-femoral [glic' -fe-o-fe»i' -or-al) [yAourdf, the but-
tock ; feiiiiir, the femur]. Relating to the buttock
and the thigh.
Gluteus {glii-/e'-iis) \y7iOVT6c, the buttock]. One of the
large muscles of the buttock. See Muscles, Table of.
Glutin [ght'-liii). See Ghte.
Glutition i^glu-tish' -uii) \_glutirc, to swallow]. Deglu-
tition.
Glutitis {ghi-li'-tis) [yTiovTO^, buttock; ;r(f, inflamma-
tion]. Inflammation or suppuration of a buttock.
Glyceleum [gli-se'-le-um) \_y'A.vKv<;, sweet; eXawv, oil].
A mixture of glycerin 2 parts, olive oil 6 parts, al-
mond-meal I part ; it is used as a base for ointments.
Glycemia i^gli-se' -?>ie-ah ) [y/lmi'f, sweet; dip.a, blood].
The presence of glucose in the blood.
Glycerid {glis'-er-id) [yAmepof, sweet]. A compound
ether of the triatomic alcohol, glycerol or glycerin.
Some of the glycerids e.^ist ready-formed, as natural
fats, in the bodies of plants and animals, and many
more may be produced artificially by the action of
an acid upon glycerol.
Glycerin, Glycerinum [glis'-er-iii, glis-er-i' -mmi) \y1.v-
KEpof, sweet], C.5H-(HO)3. Propenyl hydrate. A vis-
cous, syrupy, colorless substance derived from certain
fats — mainly palm-oil — by decomposing them with
superheated steam. Pure glycerin is an emollient ; the
impure article an irritant to the skin. Dose ^j-ij. It
is an efficient internal remedy in acne and flatulence,
and may be used in rectal enemata or in suppositories
with soap or gelatin (y j), in chronic constipation. See
Glycerol. Glycerinum acidi carbolici (B. P.),
glycerin 4, carbc^lic acid I. G. acid, gallici (B.
P.), gallic acid I, glycerin 4. G. acid, tannici
fB. P.), tannic acid I, glycerin 4. G. aluminis
(B. P.), alum I, glycerin 5. G. boracis (B. P.),
borax i, glycerin 4, distilled water 2. G. plumbi
subacetat. (B. P.), acetate of lead 5, oxid of lead
3K> glycerin 20, distilled water 12. G. traga-
canthse (B. P.), tragacanth 3, glycerin 12, distilled
water 2. Glycerini, Suppos. (B. P.), each contains 70
per cent, by weight of glycerin. Glycerin-Cupric
Test (for sugar) ; to an inch of potassium hydrate
in a test-tube add a few drops of copper sulphate
and a few drops of glycerin Boil and add the sus-
pected urine by small amounts up to less than one
inch in the tube. Sugar will throw out the cuprous
oxid, red or yellow. G. -Jelly, a valuable preparation
for the treatment of eczema. It is made as follows :
Gelatin, 4 drams ; oxid of zinc, 2^ drams; glycerin,
'■2 ounce ; water, 6 drams. Heat the water, Dissolve
the gelatin in it, then add the glycerin and zinc, and
stir till cold. Before using, the jelly is melted by
gentle heat in a water-bath, and applied with a soft
brush. See Motinting-ntedia.
Glycerina {glis-er-i' -nah ). Plural of Glycerimim, q. v.
Glycerinum [glis-er-i' -iituii) [ylvKspo^, sweet: //. ,
Glycerina~\. I. Glycerin, q. v. 2. A solution of some
medicinal agent in glycerin, q. v.
Glycerite, or Glyceritum {glis' -er-it ox glis-er-i' -iuiii\
[)'?.iiKf/)Of , sweet]. A mixture of medicinal substances
with glycerin. There are two official glycerites, be-
sides several others in the National P'omiulary. Glyc-
eritum amyli. See Ainylunt. G. vitelli. See
I 'itelhis.
Glycerize [glis'-er-tz) [y/liwfpof, sweet]. To treat or
mix with glycerin.
Glycerol [glis'-er-dl) [yZti/cfpof, sweet], CjHgO.,. Glyc-
erin ; a substance produced in small quantities in the
alcoholic fermentation of sugar. It is prepared exclu-
sively from the fats and oils. It is a thick, colorless
syrup, of specific gravity 1. 265 at 15° C. It has a
pure, sweet taste, hence its name.
Glycerose [glis'-cr-os) [yAiwEpof, sweet], C^HgOa.
Triose ; a substance derived from glycerol. It is the
lowest glucose, and is a mixture of glycerol aldehyd
and dioxy-acetone. See Carbohydrates, Table of.
Glyceryl (glis'-er-il) \_ y'/.vKepSg, sweet]. A designation
applied to the trivalent group CH^.CH.CHj. It is
the hypothetic triatomic radicle of glycerol and the
glycerids, and is also called propeityl. G. Borate.
See Boroglyceriti.
Glycid [gli'-sid) [>Atwyc, sweet], CjHgOj. An anhy-
drid of glycerin, not yet isolated. G. Compounds,
certain compounds fonned from glycerol-derivatives by
the loss of H^O or HCl. These are again readily
converted into glycerol-derivatives.
Glycin (gli'-sin) \j'kvKv(;, sweet], CjHjNOj. Also
called Glycocol and Glycocin, Amido-acetic Acid, or
Gelatin-sugar. It does not occur in the free state in
the animal body, but enters into the composition of
several important substances, as hippuric and glycochol-
ic acids. It is acid in reaction, and has a sweet taste.
It crystallizes in large, colorless, hard rhombohedra, or
four-sided prisms, easily soluble in water. See Gly-
cocol.
Glycina {glis-i'-itak). Soya-bean. See Soja.
Glycocholic Acid [gli-ko-koU -ik) {ylvn'v^, sweet;
Xi'it'l, bile]. An acid found in the bile. See Acid.
Glycocid (gli'-ko-sid). See Glucosid.
Glycocin \gli'-ko-sin). See Glycin.
Glycocol [gli'-ko-iol) [ylvKv^, sweet; koXau, glue].
The same as Glycin, q. v. The Glycocols, Alanins, or
Amido-fatty Acids are crystalline bodies, usually of a
sweet taste, an* readily soluble in water.
Glycocyamin [gli-ko-si'-am-in) \}1vkv<;, sweet ; Kvavoc;,
blue; a>i!in'\, C^H-NjO.^. Guanido-acetic Acid ; a
substance obtained by the direct union of glycocol
with cyanamid. It is soluble in 120 parts of cold
water and rather readily in hot water; insoluble in al-
cohol and in ether. It forms crystalline compounds
with acids and bases.
GLYCODRUPOSE
526
GNATHIDIUM
Glycodrupose [gli-ko-dni' -f>ds) \_y'AvKi^, sweet ; dpim-
Tra, an over-ripe olive]. The substance forming the
stony concretions of pears.
Glycogen (^gli'-ko-jen') [y/luKi'f , sv»reet ; vfi'i'di', to pro-
duce], CgHjjOj. A white, amorphous powder, taste-
less and odorless, forming an opalescent solution with
water, and insoluble in alcohol. It is commonly known
as animal-starch. It occurs in the blood and the liver,
by which it is elaborated, and is changed by diastasic
ferments into glucose. See Carbo/iyd rales. Table of.
Glycogenesis [gli-ko-Jeii' -es-is) [y'AvKvq, sweet ; ytv-
eaig, production]. The formation of sugar in the animal
economy, whether normal or pathologic.
Glycogenic [^gli-ko-jen' -ik) \j'kvK'i'q, sweet; ykvEaix;,
production]. Pertaining to glycogen or to glycogen-
esis.
Glycogeny i^gli-koj' -eii-c^ [y/lm/if, sweet ; yivEai^, pro-
duction]. The normal production of glycogen.
Glycohemia iygli-ko-he' -me-ah) \_y'AVK'v(i, sweet; al^a,
blood]. The presence of sugar in the blood, espe-
cially its presence in excessive quantity ; glycemia.
Glycol (gli'-kol) [y'liVKvQ, sweet; alcohol\. A diva-
lent alcohol ; a compound intermediate in its proper-
ties and chemic relations between monohydric alcohol
and trihydric glycerol. The glycols are neutral, thick
liquids. The solubility of a compound in water in-
creases according to the accumulation of OH groups in
it, and it will be correspondingly less soluble in alcohol
and especially in ether. There will also be an appreci-
able rise in the boiling-temperature, while at the same
time the body acquires a sweet taste, inasmuch as there
occurs a gradual transition from the hydrocarbons to
the sugars. In accord with this, the glycols have a
sweetish taste, are readily soluble in water, slightly
soluble in ether, and boil at a much higher point
(loo° C.) than the corresponding monohydric alcohols.
They contain two hydroxyl groups united to different
carbon atoms.
Glycolamid {gli-kol' -ani-id) [y/fKi'f, sweet; amid'\,
CjHjNO,. A substance crystallizing in needles that
melt at 120° C. ; it possesses a sweet taste, and dis-
solves easily in water, but with difficulty in alcohol.
Glycollic Acid [gli-koF-ik). See Aezd.
Glycoluric Acid (^gli-kol-ii' -rik). See Acid.
Glycolysis (^gli-kol' -is-is) [jAn/cwf, sweet; "kvaiq, dis-
solution]. The process of decomposition into glycols.
Glyconin, Glyconon [gW -ko-nin,-on) [;/ v/ci'f, sweet].
The Glyccritam vitelli of the U. S. Ph. It is a mixture
of yolk of egg 45, and glycerin 55.
Glyco-polyuria {gli-ko-pol-e-u' -re-ah) [y/.wir, sweet;
■KokvQ, much ; nvpov, urine]. Bouchardat's term for dia-
betes, attended with a moderate quantity of sugar in the
urine and with an increase of lithic acid in the blood.
Glycosamin [gli-kos' -ani-in). See Chitin.
Glycoses [ gli-ko' -sez). Same as Glucoses, q. v.
Glycosometer [gli-ko-som'-el-ey] \_y'AvKvg, sweet; fitr-
l>uf, a measure]. An instrument for use in the esti-
mation of the percentage of sugar in diabetic urine.
Glycosuria (gli-ko-sii' -re-a/i) [javk'vc, sweet; ohpov,
urine]. The presence of grape-sugar in the urine.
See Diabetes. G., Tests for. See Boettger's, Feh-
ling' s, Glycerin-cupric, Ittdigo-carinin, Pavy' s, Picro-
saccharimeter, Phenyl-hydrazin, Roberts^ Differential
Density, Saccharoineter, Trommer s, and others in
Tests, Table of. G., Hepatic, a temporary glycosuria
due to excessive formation of glycogen in the liver. G.,
Irritative, that produced by irritation of the diabetic
center on the floor of the fourth ventricle. G., Para-
lytic, that produced by dividing the anterior columns
of the spinal cord at the level of the fourth cervical
vertebra.
Glycuronic Acid [gli-kti-ron' -ik). See Acid.
Glycyrrhea [gli-sir-e'-ah) [yXvKvg, sweet ; pdv, to flow].
Any discharge of glucose from the body. Glycyr-
rhoea urinosa. Synonym of Diabetes mellitus.
Glycyrrhetin {gli-sir-e' -tin)\_yA.viivi;, sweet; 'pi(.a, root],
CjgH.^gO^. An amorphous bitter substance in liquorice-
root.
Glycyrrhiza i^gli-sir-i' -zaJi) \j'kvKvq, sweet; p/fa, root:
gen., Glycyrrhiz(e\. Liquorice-root. The root of 6'.
glabra, a demulcent and mild laxative, of sweet taste.
In combination with other medicaments it is an excel-
lent expectorant, and is much used as an excipient in
pills, troches, etc. G., Ext., the liquorice of com-
merce, occurring in black rolls. G., Ext., Liquid
(B.P.). Dose 3j-ij. G., Ext., Purum, made with
aqua ammonia; and water by percolation and evapora-
tion. G., Ext., Fid., prepared with water and alco-
hol. G., Mist., Comp., Brown mixture, pure extract,
sugar, acacia, aa 3 parts, tinct. opii camph. 12, vin.
antiraonii 6, spt. nitrous ether 3, water 70. Dose 2[j
- ^ ss. G. et Opii, Trochisci, have each ext. of glycyr-
rhiza, gr. ij, ext. of opium gr. acacia, sugar, oil of
anise q. s. Dosej-ij. G., Pulv., Comp., compound
liquorice powder, senna 18, glycyrrhiza 16, fennel 8,
washed sulphur 8, sugar 50 parts. Dose gj.
Glycyrrhizin [gli-sir-i'-zin). See Glycyrrhizimini.
Glycyrrhizinum lyglis-ir-iz-i' -mini) \y'kvKvq, sweet ;
p'i(,a, root: gen., Glycirrliizini~\. A sweet principle
derived from liquorice-root. G. ammoniatum (U.
S. P.), ammoniated glycyrrhizin, a sweet preparation
used as a substitute for liquorice. Dose gr. v-xv.
G\.yoyi&\ {gli-oks' -al) \y'KvK'vc, sweet; h^akiq, sorrel],
CjH.^O.^. A substance formed by oxidizing acetalde-
hyd with HNO3. It is an amorphous non-volatile
mass that deliquesces in the air, and is soluble in al-
cohol and in ether.
Glyoxalin [gli-oks'-al-in] [y/lmiff, sweet ; b^akiq, sor-
rel], CjlI^Nj. A substance produced by the action
of ammonia upon glyoxal. It is easily soluble in
water, alcohol and ether, and crystallizes in brilliant
prisms, melting at 89° C. and boiling at 255° C.
Glyoxim [gli-oks'-iin) [jAvuvq, sweet], QH^NjO.^. A
compound produced by the action of hydroxylamin
upon trichlorlactic acid. It is soluble in water, alco-
hol, and ether; crystallizes in rhombic plates; melts at
178° C. ; sublimes without difficulty ; has a faintly acid
reaction, and forms salts with bases.
Glyoxylic Acid [gli-oks-il'-ik). See Acid.
Gmelin's Test. Same as Guielin-Heintz Reaction.
Gmelin-Heintz Reaction. A test for bile-pigments
in the urine. See Tests, Table of .
Gmelina [mel'-iii-ali) [after Gmelin, a Russian scien-
tist]. A genus of verbenaceous shrubs and trees. In
India, G. arborea, G. asiatica, G. parvifolia, G.
villosa, and other species, are employed in catarrhal
disorders and in fevers and rheumatism. Unof.
Gnaphalium {nafa' -le-iitn) . .See Life-everlasting.
Gnat gnat , 2l gnat]. A dipterous insect,
the Culex pipiens, diff^ering but slightly from the com-
mon mosquito, with which it is popularly confounded.
The "bite " consists in a piercing of the skin and the
withdrawal of a minute quantity of blood. The gnat
has no sting or poison-glands.
Gnathalgia {nath-al'-je-ali) [ywSof, jaw ; d/yof, pain].
Pain or neuralgia of the jaw.
Gnathankylosis {nath-ang-kil-o' -sis') \_yvaBoq, jaw ;
aj/i/'/; u(T(f, ankylosis]. Ankylosfs of the jaw.
Gnathic (natli'-ik) [jvadoi;, the cheek-bone]. Per-
taining to the cheek or jaw. G. Index. See Alveo-
lar and Index.
QrisXhidinm (n at h -id' -e-um) \j'va(hq, jaw: //. , Cnalh-
idia']. In biology, one of the rami of the lower
mandible of a bird.
GNATHION
527
GOLD
Gnathion [iiath' -e-on^ . See CranioDieti ic Points.
Gnathite [ndlh'-i/) [yvaOoi-, the jaw]. Tn biology,
one of the jaw-feet of an arthropod ; a gnathopodite.
Gnathitis [nalh-i' -tis) \_yvatioi;^ jaw; irit;, inflamma-
tion]. Inflammation of the jaw or cheek.
Gnathogramma [nath o-grain' -ah ) \_yva(loq, jaw,
cheek; yinififia, line]. Jadelot's genal line. See
Jade /of s Lines ox Fun-ows.
Gnathoneuralgia (iiaf/i-o-nu-ral'-je-ah) [yvaSvQ, jaw ;
vevpov, a nerve ; h'kyoi;, pain] . See Gnathalgia.
Gnathoparalysis [tiai/i-o-par-aF -is-is) [_yva6o(;, jaw ;
napaAvoK;, paralysis]. Paralysis of the jaw.
Gnathoplasty [ndth' -o-plas-tc) cheek ; -k'/Ao-
aeiv, to shape]. Plastic surgery of the cheek.
Gnathoplegia ( nath-o-ple' -je-ah ) \yvaBo<;,^ cheek ;
wliiyii, stroke]. Paralysis of the cheek.
Gnathopodite {ndth-op' -o-dit ) [yvd&of , jaw ; Troi'f,
foot]. Same as Gnathite.
Gnathorrhagia [nath-or-a'-;e-ah) [jya^Jof, the cheek;
priyviwai, to burst forth]. Hemorrhage from the
mucous membrane of the cheek.
Gnathoschisis (ndth-os'-kis-is) [jvddug, jaw ; axKeiv,
to split]. Cleft -jaw.
Gnathospasmus [ndth-o-spaz' -niiis) [yi'dflof , jaw ;
awaa/uoi;, spasm]. Locked jaw ; trismus.
Gnathostegite (nath-os' -tej-it) [/fdfof, jaw; oreyof,
roof]. In biology, the cover to the mouth-parts of a
crustacean formed by the expansion of parts of the
third thoracic limbs.
Gnomonic [no-??ion'-ik) [yyu/zui', a carpenter's square].
In biology, bent at right angles.
Gnoscopin [nos'-ko-pin], C.j^HggN.^Ojj. A crystalline
alkaloid of opium, melting at 233° C.
Goa Ball, or Goa Stone \_Goa, in Portugal]. A mass
of drugs made up into a large bolus, from which
enough for a dose is scraped as needed; it is said to
have originated at Goa. G. Powder. See Ara-
roba.
Goadby's Solution. A solution of salt and corrosive
sublimate in water, for preserving meat against putre-
faction.
Goanese Ipecacuanha [go-an-ez' ip-e-kak-u-an'-ah).
See Naregamia.
Goat's-voice [ gotz' -Tois) . See Egophony.
Goblet Cells. Chalice-like cells lying between the epi-
thelial cells of the intestinal villi.
Goddard's Astringent Gargle. An astringent gargle
composed of alum 2 drams, pomegranate bark ^
ounce, red rose petals I dram, honey I ounce, boiling
water 6 ounces.
Godfrey's Cordial. A non-official preparation of
opium containing from half a grain to a grain and a
half of opium to the ounce.
Goggle-eyed {gog'-I-id} \W^., goggleyed\ A vulgar
synonym of Exophthalmos and of Strabismus.
Goggles (gog'-tz) [ME., gogelen, to look asquint].
Spectacles with colored lenses and wire or cloth sides,
to protect the eyes from excessive light, dust, etc.
Gogo {go' -go) [African]. The rhizome of Phrynitim
beaumetzii, a marantaceous plant indigenous to
the western coast of Africa. It is a powerful vermi-
fuge and purgative. It is used in the form of a de-
coction, ^ ijss to the Oj. Unof.
Gogul (go'-gi/i) [Beng. or Hind.]. A name for
various balsamic resins, the product of Asiatic trees
of the genus Balsamodendron : it is sometimes classed
as Elemi, and also as Bd<-niiun.
Goiter [goi'-ter) \_gicttnr, throat]. Enlargement, par-
ticularly if hypertrophic, of the thyroid gland. It is
called, also, Bronchocele and Tracheocele. It gener-
ally accompanies cretinism. G., Anemic. Synonym
of G., Exophthalmic. G., Exophthalmic, Basedow's
Disease, Graves' Disease. A disease characterized
by cardiac palpitation, goiter, exophthalmos, tremor,
palpitation usually being the initial symptom ; the pulse
ranges from 90 to 120. Occasionally the exophthal-
mos is so extreme as to produce spontaneous disloca-
tion of one or both eyes. There are present Graefe' s
/id-sign, namely, inability of the upper lid to follow
perfectly the downward movement of the eye ; and,
usually, Stelhoag's sign, viz. , apparent widening of
the palpebral aperture, due to retraction of the upper
lid. The disease is usually encountered in women ; its
course is chronic, and the ultnnate outcome recovery.
Death, however, occasionally results. The etiology
is obscure, but the disease occurs frequently in those
of the neurotic habit. The theories proposed for the
explanation of exophthalmic goiter may be placed in
three divisions : I. The cardio-vascular theories,
which locate the seat of the disease in the heart it-
self, the vessels, and the blood. 2. The mechanical
theories, which connect the symptoms with compres-
sion of vessels or nerves in the neck by a primarily
hypertrophied thyroid. 3. The nei'vous tlieories,
which attribute the disease to disturbance in the
vagus nerve, in the sympathetic nerve itself,
or in the central nervous system proper. G., Pulsat-
ing. Synonym of G ., Exophthalmic. G. -stick, the
coarse stem of certain kinds of sea-weed {Sargasstim
bacciferum, etc.), used in various places as a cure for
goiter.
Goitrous [goi'-triis) \_gutinr, throat]. Pertaining to
or affected with goiter.
Gokeroo [gook'-er-oo). See Gokhrn.
Gokhru {gok'-rii) [E. Indian]. Gokeroo. The fruit of
Pedaliiim murex, found in the East Indies, much used
by the natives for enuresis and spermatorrhea. It is
used in infusion of ^j to Oj of boiling water. Dose
ad lib. Unof.
Gold [ME., gold]. S>ttAiirum. G., Bichlorid of,
so-called, has been vaunted in the treatment of drunk-
enness and the opium-habit. The compounds of chlorin
and gold are the monochlorid and the trichlorid.
G. -beaters' Cramp. See Cramp. G. -beaters' Skin,
a thin membrane prepared from the cecum of the
ox for gold-beaters' use. It has a limited use in
surgery. G., Annealing of, the softening of gold
by means of heat, to reduce the hardness caused by
the mechanical forces to which it has been subjected
in its manufacture. See Annealing. G. -brown.
Same as Phoiylene-broTvn. G. Cinnabar. Same
as Miniiiin. G. Crowns, portions of the natural
crowns of teeth capped with gold, thereby restoring
the contour. G.-foil, Dentists' (aurum foliatum),
gold-leaf. Gold-foil, as used by dentists for filling
teeth, is gold hammered into a thin leaf, but finer
in quality and of much greater thickness than the
article ordinarily known as gold-leaf. G. -ochre.
Same as Ochre. G. -orange, an anilin dye employed
by Unna for staining lepra-bacilli and tubercle-
bacilli. See Stains, Table of, and Pigments, Conspec-
tus of. G. -plate, for dental uses, may be made by
the following formulas : —
iS-Karat Gold-plate.
Gold,. . . , iSdwt.
Silver, 2 "
Copper, 4 "
20-Karat Gold-plate.
Gold coin, 20 dwt.
Silver, 2 "
Copper, 2 "
G. of Pleasure. See Camelina. G. -purple. Same
as Cassius' Purple. G. -solder, gold alloyed with one
or more metals. The following table exhibits the rela-
GOLDEN
528
GONOBLASTIDIUM
live proportions of the metals most frequently em-
ployed : — -
2 dwts., 22-karat gold.
i6 grs., fine silver.
I2grs., roset copper.
6 dwts., pure gold.
2 dwts,, roset copper.
I dwt., fine silver.
G. -thread. See Coptis.
Golden {gold' -en) [ME. , ^W^/, gold]. Of the nature or
color of gold. G. Hair-dye. 'i^t Bleach. G.-rod,
the leaves of Solidago oJora, an aromatic stimulant
and carminative. A volatile oil distilled from the
plant is used in flatulence. Dose of the fld. ext.
^]'-\] ; of the oil TtLij-x. Unof. G.-seal. See Hy-
drastis. G. -yellow. Same as Rlartius^ Yellow.
Golgi's End-plate. A reticulated ending of nerve-
fibers in tendons, sometimes embedded in granular-
looking matter. G.'s Method, a method of staining
nerve-cells. See Stains, Table of .
Goll, Columns of. See Column.
Goltz's Balancing-experiment. Animals lose their
power of equilibrium with removal of the mid-brain
or corpora quadrigemina. G.'s Croaking-experi-
ment, a pithed male frog croaks when the skin of its
back or flanks is stroked. G.'s Embrace-experi-
ment, during the breeding-season the body of the
male frog between the skull and fourth vertebra em-
braces every rigid object with which it is brought into
contact. G.'s Static-theory, every position of
the head causes the endolymph of the semicircular
canals to exert the greatest pressure upon some part of
the canals, thus in varying degree exciting the nerve-
terminations of the ampullfe.
Gomphia {gom'-fe-ak) [y<5//^of, a nail]. A genus of
ochnaceous trees and shrubs, partly natives of tropical
America and partly of India. The leaves and bark
of various species are tonic, astringent, and aromatic.
Unof.
Gomphiasis [go)n-Ji'-as-h) [yoiKp'iaaig, toothache].
Looseness of the teeth.
Gomphodont {gom' -fo-dont) [yd/i^of, a bolt; b^olx,
tooth]. In biology, having the teeth set in sockets.
Gomphosis {goin-fo'-sis) [yoi^tpog, nail]. See Syn-
arthrosis.
Gonacratia [gon-ak->-a' -she-ali ) [yovi/, semen ; aKpa-
reia, incontinence]. Spermatorrhea.
Gonad [yor/;, semen]. A spermary or ovary ;
a sexual gland.
Gonades [gou'-ad-ez) [yovrj, generation]. In biology,
the reproductive organs ; genitalia ; sexualia.
Gonaduct [gon'-ad-tikt) [gonad, seed,- ductus, a
duct]. In biology, the excretory duct of a reproduc-
tive gland ; an oviduct or a sperm -duct.
Gonagra [gon-a' -grah) [)'Oi'ii, knee ; aypa, seizure].
Gout of the knee or knee-joint.
Gonalgia [gon-al' -je-ali) \y6vv, knee; akyoq, pain].
Pain in the knee-joint.
Gonangium {go-nan' -je-uvi) [jdvoq, generation ; a>'}f-
\ov, a vessel: //. , Gonai7gia'\. In biology, the repro-
ductive capsule of certain hydroids (thecophora) , bear-
ing within it a modified hydranth that produces, by
budding, many sexual individuals.
Gonapophysis {gon-ap-off'-is-is) [yovnc;, generation;
a;TO(/)w/f, an outgrowth : //. , Gonapop/iyses']. In biol-
ogy, one of the paired appendages forming the external
sexual organs of insects, as the ovipositor, or the
clasping-organs.
Gonarthritis ( gon-ar-f/n-i' -fis) \j6vv, knee ; apOpnv, a
joint ; (TIC, inflammation]. Inflammation of the knee-
joint.
Gonarthrocace (jgon-ar-tJu'ok' -as-e) knee ;
ap^poT', joint ; aoa'^, evil]. A cancerous or ulcerated
affection of the knee-joint, popularly known as white
swelling.
Gonarthrotomy {gon-ar-throt' -o-me) [j ovu, knee ;
apOpov, joint ; Tejiveiv, to cut]. Incision into the knee-
joint.
Gonecium [gon-e'-se-zan) [yovog, generation, seed ;
o'liiia, house]. A modified zoecium set apart in the
Polyzoa for reproductive functions.
Gonecyst [gon'-e-sist) \_}ovi/, semen; k'votk;, cyst]. A
seminal vesicle.
Gonecystic {gon-c-sis'-fik) [yovij, semen; /iiW^f , cyst].
Pertaining to a gonecyst.
Gonecystitis (gon-e-sis-ti'-tis) [)oi7/, semen ; Kvam;,
cyst ; ltk;, inflammation]. Inflammation of a gone-
cyst.
Gonecystolith [gon-e-sis' -to-lit/i) [yovi/, semen ; kvoti^,
cyst; A/W)f, stone]. A sympexion, q. v.
Gonecystoncus {gon-e-sis-to7ig'-kus) [yovij, semen;
KVGTic, cyst; oyKog, tumor]. Any tumor of a seminal
vesicle.
Gonepoiesis (gon-e-poi-e'-sis) [yovi/, semen ; -rroihv,
to make]. The secretion or elaboration of semen.
Gonepoietic {gon-e-poi-et'-ik) [yovi/, semen ; iroiiiv, to
make]. Pertaining to the secretion of semen.
Gongrona { gon-gro' -nali) [yo-^ypuvi/, a ganglion].
Synonym of Goiter.
Gonic [gon'-ik) [yovtK6(;, pertaining to semen]. Per-
taining to semen or to generation.
Gonid [go-nid'). Same as Gonidiiini.
Gonidangium (gott-id-an'-je-um) [yovi/, generation;
n'}'}'fioi', a vessel : //. , Gonidangia~\. In biology, a sac
or sporangium containing asexually-produced spores.
Gonidimium [gon-id-iin'-e-um) [)oi7/, generation : //. ,
Gonidimia'\. Applied to gonidial cells ; certain
lichens intermediate between gonidia proper and
gonimia.
Gonidiophore [go-nid' -e-o-for) [yot'v, seed; <j)epeiv, to
bear]. In biology, the fruiting-organ of certain fungi
producing spores asexually.
Gonidium [go-nid' -e-um) [yor^, seed : //. , Gonidia'].
In biology, (a) one of the grass-green algal elements
of the lichen thallus. (i) Also called Gonid, and applied
to various asexually-produced reproductive bodies.
Cf. Pseudocyst.
Gonimium (go-ttiin'-e-um ) [ydvifiog, able to produce:
//. , Gonimia\ In biology, glaucous-green or bluish-
green gonidia.
Gonioautecious {go-ne-o-aw-te' -she-us) [yuvla, an
angle ; aD-df, the same ; okof, house]. In biology,
apphed to plants producing both male and female in-
florescences, as mosses with the bud-like male organs
growing on a female branch.
Gonion [go'-ne-oJi) [yufia, an angle]. See Cniniome-
trie Poitits.
Goniotheca [go-ne-o-the' -kaJi ) \yu>via, an angle ; ^i/KCj,
a case : Goniotltecic]. Sue Macrosporangium.
Goniotropous [go-ne-ot'-ro-pus) [yuvia, an angle;
Tptireiv, to turn]. In biology, applied to certain quad-
rangular stems, in which two of the angles are anterior
and posterior, and the others lateral. Cf. Plcurotrop-
ous.
Gonio-zygomatic [go-ne-o-zi-go-mat'-ik ) [joi'm, an
angle; £vy6v,a. yolk]. Relating to the gonion and
the zygoma.
Gonitis (go-ni'-tis) [y6vv, knee ; mc, inflammation].
Inflammation of the knee-joint.
Gonoblast [gon'-o-blast) [yuvnc;, generation; fiAacToc,
germ]. A sperm-cell or germ-cell; any cell con-
cerned directly in reproduction ; a spermatozoon ; an
ovum.
Gonoblastidium {gon-o-blas-tid' -e-ujii) [jdrof, genera-
GONOBOLIA
529
GOSSYPIIN
tion, seed; /S/aurof, germ: //. , Gouohlastidia'\. A
term applied by Huxley to the organs set apart for the
production of generative buds in the Fhysflphoridts
and other Hydrozoa. Cf. Blastostyje.
Gonobolia (^goji-o-bo'-le-ak) \_yovij, semen; f^a?i'/.eiT,
to throw]. I. The ejaculation of semen. 2. Sper-
matorrhea.
Gonocace [goii-ok'-as-e) \j6vv, knee; Kt'iKJ], evil].
Same as Gonarthrocace.
Gonocalyx {gon-o-ka' -liks) [)di'Of, generation, seed ;
KdAvf, a cup : Gonocalices, Gonocalyxes\. In biol-
ogy, a teiTn applied by Huxley to the investment of the
reproductive organs of many of the Hydrozoa, having
more or less the structure of a nectocalyx, but from
whose walls those of the actual genital sac, the 7naH-
iibritim of Allman, tend to become independent.
Gonocele (^j-ow'-o-j'^/) [ydfn, knee ; kv'^^, tumor]. A
swelling of the knee.
Gonocele [gon'-o-sel) [yovi/, semen; KrjXT], tumor]. I.
A tumor of a testis, or of a spermatic cord, due to
retention of semen. 2. Synonym of Gonorrheal
Rheumatism.
Gonocheme {gon'-o-kem) [ydi'or, generation, seed;
oXi^v, to carry, hold]. In biology, hydroid medusse
bearing genitalia.
Gonochorismus [gon-o-kor-iz' -mzts) \_y6vo^, generation,
sex ; ,YU|0(0'//df , separation]. In biology, the special-
ization of sex ; the differentiation of male or female
genitalia in a developing embryo ; the separation of
the sexes in phylogeny.
GonoCQCCMS [ gon-o-kok'-zis) [yov^, semen ; /cd/c/cof, ker-
nel]. A microbe thought to be the specific cause of
gonorrhea. See Gonorrhea, and Bacteria, Synonym-
atic Table of.
Gonocyst [gon'-o-sist) [yovog, generation, seed ; kvotiq,
a pouch]. In biology, the inflation of the surface of
the zoarium in which the embryos are developed in
certain of the Polyzoa. See Gonecysi.
Gonoid [go^-noid) [ydi^of, semen ; eirfof, appearance].
Resembling semen.
Gonolohus (gon-o-lo^-bus) [)wof, semen; Ao/?df, pod].
A genus of asclepiadaceous plants, all American. G.
macrophyllus, of the U. S. , has a cathartic and poison-
ous root. Unof. Some varieties of condurango are
furnished by plants of this genus.
Gonophore [gon^-o-/or) \_y6vog, seed ; (popog, bear].
In biology : I, a stipe below stamens. 2. The ultimate
generative zooid of the Hydroid-medusce, that which
immediately produces the generative elements. It
may be either medusiform or sacciform.
Gonoplastn [gon' -o-plazm) [yovnr, seed; nXaa[xa, any-
thing formed]. In biology, that portion of the pro-
toplasm of the male fertilizing element in certain
cryptogams that penetrates and fertilizes the oosphere.
Gonopod [gon'-o-pod) [ydi'of, generation ; Troif, foot].
In biology, one of the specialized abdominal feet of
certain male crustaceans, functionating as auxiliary re-
productive organs.
Gonopoiesis ^gon-o-poi-e' -sis) . See Gotiepoiesis.
Gonopoietic [gon-o-poi-et'-ik) [ydraf, generation, seed;
mi/;TiK6g, productive]. In biolog)', productive of re-
productive elements, as ova or spermatozoa.
Gonorrhea [gon-or-e^-ali ) [ydvof, semen; Jiola, a
flow]. Etymologically, an involuntary discharge
of semen, but generally applied to a specific infectious
mflammation of the mucous membrane of the urethra
and adjacent cavities. The gonococcus of Neisser is
believed to be the specific microbe of gonorrhea. It is
a diplococcus, found in clumps of from 10 to 20, sur-
rounded by a mucous envelop. G. balani, affects
the glans penis. G., Bastard. See G., Mucous. G.,
Pry, a form unassociated with discharge. G., Mu-
34
cous, the so-called abortive or slight superficial ca-
tarrh. The inflammation never runs high, and sub-
sides in from seven to fourteen days. G. preputialis.
See Balanitis. G. sicca. See G., Dry.
Gonorrheal [gon-or-e' -al) [ydi'Of, semen; poia, a
flow]. Relating to gonorrhea. G. Ophthalmia.
See Ophthalmia. G. Rheumatism, inflammation
of one or more joints as a sequel of gonorrhea. G.
Wart. See Venereal Wart.
Gonoscheocele [goti-os^-ke-o-sel)\yovr], semen; baxcj",
scrotum; K//'Ar/, tumor]. A distention of the testicle
with semen.
Gonosome (go)t^-o-sdm) [ydi'of, generation, seed;
aijua, the body]. In biology, the entire assembly
of generative zooids in a hydroid colony.
Gonospherium ( gon-o-sfe' -re-iim^ \_ywo<;, generation,
seed; a^aZpa, sphere : //., Gonosphcria'\. In biology,
a form of o5gonium in which the protoplasm is con-
densed at the center of the cell and separated by a
space from the cell-wall.
Gonostroma {gon-o-stro'-malt) \_ yovnr, offspring;
arpufia, stroma]. The proligerous disc.
Gonotheca i^gon-o-the' -kah) [ydwf, generation , seed ;
ft/K//, case: //. , Gonothecce\. In biology, the chitin-
ous hull of the reproductive capsules of certain hydro-
zoans.
Gonozemia [gon-o-ze' -me-ak) \_ydvor, semen ; (r/pia,
flow]. Excessive secretion or discharge of semen.
Gonozooid {^gon-o-zo'-oid) \j6vog, generation; L,Cjnv,
animal ; elSoc, form]. In biology, one of the sexual
zooids of an ascidian.
Gonyagra [gon-e-a' -grah). See Gonagra.
Gonyalgia (^gon-e-aF -je-ah). See Gonalgia.
Gonybatia i^gon-e-ba' -she-ali) [jdm, knee ; (iaiveiv, to
go]. Walking upon the knees ; a symptom encountered
in some paralytic and paretic cases.
Gonycampsis i^gon-e-kamp' -sis') \y6vv, knee; Ka/arpig,
curve]. Deformity of the knee by curvation.
Gonyocele [gon'-e-o-sel) [yovv, knee; kt/Xtj, tumor].
Same as Gonyonciis.
Gonyoncus i^gofi-e-ong' -kits) [ydrii, knee; oyKoc,
tumor]. A tumor or swelling of the knee.
Gonys (go'-?tis) \_ytvvi;, the chin]. In biology, the line
of symphysis of the mandibles of a bird.
Gonytyle [gon-e-ti'-le) \_y6vv, knee; tvIii, pad]. A
prominent thickening of the skin upon the knee.
Goodyera [good-ye'-rah) [after John Goodyer, an Eng-
lish botanist]. A genus of orchidaceous plants. G.
repens of Asia, Europe, and America, is a popular
medicine. G. pubescens of N. America (rattlesnake
plantain, cancer-plant) is applied to sores, cancers,
etc. Unof.
Goose [goos) [ME., goos, a goose]. A bird of the
family of Atisej'jnes. G. -flesh. See G.-skin. G.-
foot. See Pes anserinus. G. -grass. See Galium
aparine. G.-skin, Cutis ansera. Goose-flesh, a popu-
lar name for a well-known condition of the skin
marked by prominence about the hair-follicles. See
A r rector pili Aluscle.
Gore [gor) [MK., gore, gore]. Thick or clotted blood.
Gorged Stomach ( gorjd stum'-ak) . See Stomach
Staggers.
Gorgeret {^gor-jer-et') \Yx. , gorge, throat]. A surgeon's
gorget, especially a small gorget.
Gorget {gor'-jet) \_gurges, a chasm]. A channeled in-
strument similar to a grooved director. It may be
blunt, sharp, hooked, etc. In biology, a throat-
patch, as the brilliant throat of the humming-bird.
Gorgon's Head. See Caput medusce.
Gosselin's Fracture. A V-shaped fracture of the distal
extremity of the tibia, involving the ankle-joint.
Gossypiin [gos-ip'-e-in) \_gossypium, the cotton-tree].
GOSSYPINE
530
GRAHAMITE
A precipitate from a tincture of the root-bark of Gos-
sypium Jierbaceuin, recommended as an emmenagogue
and diuretic. Dose, I to 5 grains. Unof.
Gossypine [gos'-ip-iu) [_gosiVpiit"i, cotton]. In biol-
ogy, cottony, flocculent.
QoBsypvim \gos-ip'-e-um) [L. , cotton-tree : gen., Coj-
sypii'\. Cotton. The hairs of the seed of G. herba-
ceum. Freed from impurities and deprived of fatty
matter, it becomes the absorbent cotton of surgery. It is
soluble in an ammoniacal solution of copper sulphate.
The root is thought to have emmenagogue properties.
The oil is a substitute for olive-oil. G. rad.. Cortex,
cotton-root bark. Dose, gr. xxx- 5 j. G. rad.. Ext.,
Fid., prepared with glycerin and alcohol. Dose,
tTLxxx-^^^j. G. seminis, Ol., the expressed oil, con-
stitutes most of the so-called olive-oil of commerce.
G., Tinct., I in 4. Dose, ^j. See, also, Pyroxylin.
Gothard 'Worm[gotk^-ard wtinti). See Anchylostomum.
Gothic Palate. An enormously high palatal arch.
Gottinger's Line. See Lines, Table of.
Gottstein's Basal Process. The filiform basal ex-
tremity of Corti' s organ . It is connected with the fine
nerve-filaments of the cochlear nerve. G.'s Curet,
a curved curet for the removal of post-nasal growths.
G.'s Fibers. See Fiber.
Gouge ( goo; or g02oJ) [Fr.]. An instrument for cutting
or removing bone or other hard structures.
Goujeers (goo'-jers) \^OF., gouge, a soldier's mistress].
An old name for syphilis.
Goulard's Cerate. See Plumhiun. G.'s Extract.
See PlunibiitH.
Gould, Methods of. See Treatment, Methods of.
Gourand's, or Goyrand's, Disease. See Diseases,
Table of. G.'s Hernia. See Hernia.
Gourdy [gor'-de or goor'-de') [ME., gourd, a gourd].
In farriery, having swollen legs (said of horses).
Gout [gowt) [ME., gotite,Xhe: gout; gutta,a. drop].
A constitutional disease characterized by an excess
of uric acid or alkaline urates, especially sodium
urate, in the fluids of the body. Sodium urate
is first deposited about the articular surfaces of
the small joints, but in time the arteries, cardiac
valves, and connective tissue of the kidneys may
be involved. The metatarso-phalangeal joint of the
great toe is, curiously, the favorite point of attack, and
the helix of the ear is another favorite seat. Tophi
form about the affected part. To diminished solubility
of the urates, due to increased acidity of the blood ; to
increased formation of uric acid, and failure in function
of the kidneys ; to persistent plethora of the digestive
organs, — is variously ascribed the cause of gout. The
symptoms of the acute form are malaise, intense pain in
the affected part, with swelling and redness, pyrexia,
chills, scanty and acid urine, irritability and sleepless-
ness. The paroxysm usually occurs in the night.
Other attacks almost invariably follow at irregular in-
tervals. G., Diaphragmatic, angina pectoris. G.,
Latent or Masked, a condition ascribed to a gouty
diathesis, but not presenting the typical symptoms of
gout. G.,' Retrocedent, that form that is manifested
by severe internal manifestations, without the cus-
tomary arthritic symptoms. See Da Costa's Disease.
G., Rheumatic. See Arthritis, A'kciiinatic.
Gouty {go7o'-te) [ME., goute, the gout]. Of the nature
of gout ; affected with gout. G. Kidney. See
Bright' s Disease.
Goux, System. See Serciage, Disposal of.
Gowers' Column. See Column. G.s' Front-tap
Contraction. See Contraction, and Reflexes, Talde
of. G.'s Method, the method of counting the corpus-
cles of the blood by the hemocytometer. G.'s Pupil.
See Signs and Symptoj?is, Table of.
Gowland's Cosmetic, Lotion, or Wash. A famous
lotion used in the treatment of acne, and said to have
contained oxymuriate of mercury in an emulsion of
bitter almonds.
Gr. Abbreviation of grain.
Graafian Follicles, or Vesicles. Peculiar vesicular
bodies existing in the cortex of the ovary as well as in
Graafian Follicle and Ovule, with Pkoligkrous Disc.
the ovarian stroma. Within them the ova mature.
See Vesicle.
Gracilis [yras' -il-is) [L. , slender]. See Muscles, liable
of. G. Experiment, an experiment performed upon
the gracilis muscle of the frog, showing that pure
muscular excitation does not travel backward from the
muscle to the nerve.
Gradient { gra' -de-ent) \_gradi, to step, to go]. In biol-
ogy, walking, rather than creeping or jumping.
Graduate (grad'-u-dt) \_gradus, a step]. To take a
degree from a college or university. Also, a person
on whom a degree has been conferred. Also, in
pharmacy, a glass vessel upon which the divisions of
liquid measure have been marked.
GT:a.d\xa.\.e.d{grad'-u-a-ted)\_g!-adits, a step]. Arranged
in degrees or steps. G. Compress, a compress
made of pieces decreasing progressively in size, the
apex or smallest piece being applied to the
focus of pressure. G. Cones. See Cones.
G. Full Bath. See Bath.
Graefe's CoUyrium. The celebrated eolly-
riuni adstringens luteum. It was made as
follows : Camphor, ID grains ; alcohol, I
ounce; chlorid of ammonium, 15 grains;
sulphate of zinc, 30 grains; croci pulv.
hispanici, 2 grains ; distilled water, 5 ounces.
One drop of this, after filtration, is used
morning and evening. G.'s Knife, a
knife for the performance of the operation
for cataract. G.'s Operations, "^^n Opera-
lions, Table of. G.'s Signs or Symp-
toms. See, Sii;ns and .Symptoms, Table
of
Grafenberg System. See Hydrotherapy
Graft [ME. , ,i,'V77^c, graft]. A .sm.all portion of skin,
bone, periosteum, nerve, etc., inserted into or upon a
raw surface or tissue deficient in the special structure
desired. G. -sponge, the insertion of antisepticized
sponge to act as a framework for the granulations.
Graham Bread. Brown bread ; wheaten bread made
from unbolted flour.
Grahamism [gra'-am-izm) [after Sylvester Graham,
an American reformer]. Vegetarianism; a theory of
dietetic and medical reform started in 1839.
Grahamite [gra'-am-tt) [after Sylvester Graham']. A
vegetarian ; a follower of the teachings of Sylvester
Graham, 1794-1851.
Graefe's
Knife.
GRAHE'S TEST
531
GRANULOMA
Grahe's Test. See Tesh. Table of.
Grain [g?-dn) [granin/i , corn]. A general name ap-
plied to starch-producing seeds, or to those of the
cereals. Also, any small seed. In pharmacy, a small
pill. Also, the -j^^q part of the Troy pound.
Graining-colors. See Pigments, Colors, and Dycstuffs.
Grains of Paradise \_Grana paradisi, " grains of para-
dise"]. The unripe fruit of Amomuin iiielegueia,
and of A. gianum pa?-adisi, brought from W. Africa.
It is an aromatic stimulant and diuretic, useful in
some cases of neuralgia. Unof.
Grallatorial (gral-at-o' -re-al) \_grallator, one who
walks on stilts]. In biology, applied to wading-birds.
Gram, Gramme [gram) \_ypafj.fia, a Greek weight].
The weight of a cubic centimeter of distilled'water at
its maximum density. The gravimetric unit of the
metric system of weights and measures. See Metric
System. G. [Anglo-Indian.] A commercial name
for the chick-pea, Cicer arietinum, and for other varie-
ties of pulse.
Gram's Fluid. See Grain^ s Solution. G.'s Method,
I. See Gram'' s Solution. 2. See Treatment, Methods
of. G.'s Solution, a test for amyloid liver, and a mor-
dant in staining for tubercle-bacilli, consisting of iodin
I part, potassium iodid 2, water 300. The preparation
is taken from the color-bath, washed and plunged into
this solution until it takes a blackish tinge, then
washed in alcohol until decolorization is complete.
This process is called Gram'' s Method. See Stains,
Table of.
Gramineous [grai?i-in' -e-us) \_gramen, grass]. In
biology, grass-like.
Graminifolious [gram-in-if-o' -le-tis) \_gramen, grass;
folium, a leaf]. In biology, having grass-like leaves.
Graminivorous [gra?>i-in-iv' -or-us) \_gramen, grass;
voraj-e, to devour]. Feeding upon grass.
Grammatic Acataphasia [gram-at'-ik ak-at-af-a'-
ze-ah). The faulty use of words, due not to ignor-
ance, but to some central brain-lesion. .See Acata-
phasia.
Grammopetalous [gram-o-pet' -al-iis) [ypafifiii, a
stroke or line ; rrhakov, a leaf]. In biology, having
petals like leaves of grass, linear.
Grana paradisi {grati'-ah par-ad-i' -si) [L.]. See
Grains of Paradise.
Granatum {gran-a' -turn) \_granum, a grain : ge7i.,
Granati ] . Pomegranate. The cortex of the root of
Punica granatum contains a liquid alkaloid, /cZ/rf/^;-//;,
CgHj^NO, one of the most efticient anthelmintics
against tapeworm, rarely failing to bring away the
whole worm. G., Fid. Ext. Dose ^ss-jss. G.,
Decoctum, fresh bark ^xvij, water ^xvij, boiled to
,^xij and strained. Dose 3iv-vj. Pelletierin
tannas, tannate of the alkaloid, CjH,3N0.C]^H,|,0^.
Dose gr. v-xx followed by a quick purgative. P. sul-
phas, very hygroscopic. Dose v-x. All unof.
Grancher's Sign. See Signs and Symptoms, Table of.
Grand Mai [ grand ina(h)l) [Fr.]. A term for fully-
developed epilepsy ; major epilepsy.
Grandeau's Test. See Tests, Table of.
Grandeur, Delirium of, or Delusions of. Insane
exaltation of mind, with false opinions as to one's own
greatness and dignity.
Grandidentatus [gran-de-den-ta' -tus) \_grandis, large;
dens, a tooth]. Having large teeth.
Grandin [gran' -din) [ ,i^;-rt«</ci, a hailstone]. A peculiar
substance found in the urine of pregnant women. It
is supposed to produce kyestein by its decomposition.
Grandry's Corpuscles. A variety of sensitive nerve-
terminations consisting of delicately punctate and
sharply defined cells that are flattened and lens-like in
form, and have a nucleus, the latter being the so-called
Tactile Cells of A/erkel. They occur in the beak and
tongue of the duck and goose, in the epidermis of man
and mammals, etc. They are the same as the Cor-
puscles of Krause.
Graniticoline [ gran-it-ik' -o-lin) \\X.,granito, granite;
colere, to inhabit]. In biology, applied to such lichens
as grow upon granite.
Granny Knot [gran'-e not). A tie of a cord in which
in the second loop the end of one cord is over and
the other under its fellow, so that the two loops do
not lie in the same line. This knot can easily be
converted into a slip-knot. See Knot.
Granular [gran' -ii-lar) \_granum , a grain]. Made up
of, containing, or bearing granules. G. Casts. -See
Casts. G. Corpuscles. See Grantde-cell. G. De-
generation. See Cloudy Swelling. G. Degenera-
tion of the Cervix. See Erosion. G. Kidney, a
kidney afi'ected with diffuse or insterstitial nephritis. G.
Lids. See Trachoma. G. Liver, a cirrhosed liver.
See Cirrhosis. G. Pharyngitis, follicular pharyngitis.
Granulated [gran' -u-la-ted) [^rajiula, a little grain].
Characterized by the presence of granulations or
granules.
Granulation [gran-u-la'-shun) [^grariula, dim. of gra-
nuin, a grain]. I. The operation of reducing coarsely
crystalline substances to particles of uniform size by
solution and rapid evaporation, with constant stirring.
Some substances, like ferrous sulphate, are best gran-
ulated by filtering a strong solution into alcohol. 2.
The formation of new or cicatricial tissue in the repair
of wounds or sores, the surface of which has a granu-
lar appearance ; also, any one of the elevated points
of such a surface or foniiation. G., Miliary, a mili-
ary tubercle. G. -tissue, new or cicatricial tissue
made up of granulations, or by the process of granu-
lation.
Granulative [gran' -u-la-tiv) \_graniila, a little grain].
Pertaining to or marked by the process of granulation.
Granule [gran' -til) \_granula, a little grain]. In anat-
omy, any small rounded grain, such as is found in the
Malpighian bodies of the spleen. Also a spore or an
isolated cell. In pharmacy, a small pill. G., Ele-
mentary, irregular protoplasmic bodies in the blood,
smaller than ordinary blood-corpuscles. G., Seminal,
any one of the solid particles of the semen, consisting
of round, granular corpuscles. G.-cell, any one of a
variety of round cells found in pathologically softened
brain-ti.ssue, and densely filled with fat-globules. G.-
mass, a giant-cell.
Granulia [Fran-id -le-ah) \_granula , a little grain]. Em-
pis' name for an acute inflammatory condition dis-
tinct from tuberculosis, but, like it, characterized by the
development of granulations within organs and on
serous surfaces.
Granulistics [gran-u-lis'-tiks) \_gramila , a little grain].
That branch of physics employed in the estimation of
the volume or capacity of a body by means of seed,
shot, sand, granules, etc.
Granulitis [g'ran-ii-li'-tis) \_granula, a little grain ; ing,
inflammation]. Acute miliary tuberculosis.
Granuloma [gran-u-lo' -mah) \_granulum, a small grain ;
6//a, a tumor : pi. , Xrramilomata'] . A term used by
Virchow to include such a neoplasm as does not advance
beyond the stage of granulation-tissue. G. fungoides ;
Mycosis fungoides ; Fibroma fungoides ; a rare, chronic
inflammatory disorder, probably of specific origin, that
affects the superficial and deep layers of the skin, and
occasionally the mucous memlsranes. It is marked by
the appearance of urticarial, erythematous, or eczema-
tous patches, of irregular shape and size, with well-
defined margins, usually upon tiie scalp and skin of
the trunk. Itching is intense, and frequently the
GRANULOMATOUS
532
GRAY
patches become hypertrophic, and firm, hard nodules,
varying in size from that of a pea to an apple, either
sessile or pedunculated, develop on them. These
eventually break down, to form deep, unsightly ulcers
that contain sensitive, fungating granulation-tissue,
and discharge thin pus and serum. Death results
from a progressive cachexia. See Mycosis.
Granulomatous {gran-ti-lo' -mat-its) \_graniila , a little
grain ; o/^a, a tumor]. Pertaining to, of the nature
of, or affected with granuloma. G. Inflammation.
See Injlammation.
Granulosa [gran'-u-los) \_g>-ami/a, a.gra.inj. The ma-
terial that forms the inner portion of starch-granules ;
it is enclosed by coats of cellulose.
Granum i^gra'-mim). See Grain.
Granville's Lotion. A compound liniment of ammonia.
Grape-cure [grap'-ki'ir). A cure for pulmonary tuber-
culosis, consisting in the ingestion of quantities of
grapes. Some patients should not take more than
an average of two pounds daily, beginning with
about a pound, and other patients should not exceed
four pounds. The laxative influence of the grapes is
also beneficial. Irritation of the gums produced by
the treatment should be relieved by rinsing the mouth
with cold water to which a little bicarbonate of sodium
is added. G. -disease, a vulgar synomyn for tuber-
culous disease of cattle. G. -sugar. See Glucose
and Dextrose.
Grapes [grdj>s). Same as Grape-disease.
Graphite [graf'-it) [_ypa(j>En>, to write]. Plumbago, or
black lead, an impure allotropic form of carbon. It
has been applied externally in skin-diseases ; its dilu-
tions are also used by homeopathists. Unof.
Graphology (^graf-ol'-o-je) [^ypacpf/, writing; Tidyor,
science]. The study of the handwriting or of written
sentences, for the purpose of diagnosticating nerve-
disease or brain-lesion.
Graphomania ( graf-o-ma'-ne-ah ) [_ypa(j)r/, writing ;
fiaina, madness]. An insane desire to write.
Graphomaniac (gra/-o-»ia^-!ze-ai) [ypd^f/f, to write ;
iiavia, madness]. One affected with graphomania.
Graphospasm {graf^-o-spazin) \_ypa<pf/,\\!r\\.mg; anaa-
/j.6g, spasm]. Writers' cramp.
Grass (gras) [ME., gras, grass]. Herbage. G.-oil.
See A)itlioxanthiim. G. -staggers, indigestion of
cattle. G.-tree Resin. See Xanthorrhea.
Grating {gra' -ting') ^grata, a grating]. A frame or
screen composed of bars. Also a sound produced by
the friction of very rough surfaces against each other.
In optics, a glass ruled with exceedingly fine parallel
lines to produce chromatic dispersion in the rays of
light reflected from it.
Gratiola {gra-ti' -o-lafi) \_grafia, grace]. A genus of
scrophulariaceous herbs. G. aurea, G. carolinensis,
G. virginiana, and other N. American species are
actively medicinal, but are little used. G. officinalis,
of Europe, is cathartic, emetic, and diuretic, and is a
decided poison. Unof.
Gratiolet's Angle. See Angle. G.'s Bundle, optic
radiations running into the occipital cortex.
Gratiolin {gra-ti' -o-lin) \_gratia, grace], C2„H3,0,. A
crystalline, bitter glucosid from Gratiola ojficinalis. It
was formerly used as a hydragogue.
Gratiolirrhetin [gra-te-o-lir-et'-in) [gratia, grace;
prjTivr/, resin], C,,H2803,. A resinoid substance; a
decomposition -product of gratiolin.
Grattage {gra//-ta (A) z/i') [Fr.]. A method of remov-
ing morbid growths, as polypi or trachomatous granu-
lations, by rubbing with a harsh sponge or brush.
Grave (grav) \_M.E. , grave, a grave]. An excavation
in the earth for burying the dead. G.-wax. See
Adipocere.
Gravedo {grav-e' -do)\\^.'\. I. Muscular rheumatism of
the head. 2. Coryza.
G\av€\.(^grav'-el) [ME. , ^razv/, gravel]. In surgery, a
common name for the larger calculi or urinary concre-
tions. Also, difficult or painful micturition. G.-
plant. 'S^^i Trailing Arbutus. G. -root, Queen of the
Meadow, the root of Eitpatorium purpureuin, or of
Collinsonia canadensis. See Eupaforitim and Collin-
sonia.
Graveolent [grav' -e-o-lent) \_gj-a7'is, heavy ; olerc, to
smell]. Having a strong, unpleasant odor ; fetid.
Graves' Disease. See Goiter, Exophthalmic, and
Diseases, Table of.
Gravid {grav' -id) [gravare, .to load]. With child,
pregnant. G. Uterus, the womb during pregnancy
or gestation.
Gravida (grav'-id-ah) \_gravidus, pregnant]. A preg-
nant woman.
Gravidin [grav'-id-in) [^rsT.'z'a'z^j-, pregnant]. A pecu-
liar substance occurring in white transparent globules
on the surface of the urine voided by pregnant women.
G.-test, a worthless sign of pregnancy. After the
first month of pregnancy the urine of the gravid woman,
if allowed to stand from thirty hours to eight days,
will have formed upon it a pellicle with a cheesy odor
and an appearance like the " fatty scum of cooled
broth." Examined microscopically and chemically
the pellicle shows fungi, triple phosphates, fat-globules,
and sometimes a peculiar form of albumin. It may
be found in urine from men, young girls, and very old
women, hence is of no value as a test of pregnancy.
The test is also called the Kyesteln Test.
Gravidism, or Gravidity [grav'-id-izm, or grav-id'-
it-e) \_gravidiis, pregnant]. Pregnancy, or the total-
ity of symptoms presented by a pregnant woman.
Gravimeter {grav-iiii' -et-er) [^rat^/j, heavy ; fiirpor,
measure]. An instrument used in determining spe-
cific gravities ; especially a hydrometer, aerometer, or
urinometer.
Gravity (gra-''-it-e) [gravis, heavy]. The property
of possessing weight. Also, a condition of serious im-
port. G., Specific, the measured weight of a sub-
stance compared with that of an equal volume of an-
other taken as a standard. For gaseous fluids, hydro-
gen is taken as the standard ; for liquids and solids,
distilled water at its maximum density.
Grawitz's Theory. A theory as to the immunity con-
ferred by inoculation. The cells of the body and the
bacteria take their nutrition from the same places, and
it is a true fight for existence between them. If the
cells come out victorious, they become habituated to
the struggle with the bacteria, and are more able to
resist a second attack, and this quality is transmitted
to the succeeding generations of body-cells by heredity.
This theory is purely hypothetic.
Gray (gra) [ME., gray, gray]. I. Of a color between
white and black. 2. Having gray hairs. G. Hepatiza-
tion. See Hepatization and Pneumonia. G. Indura-
tion. See Induration. G. Infiltration. See Infiltration.
G. Lanolin Ointment. See G. Oil. G. Matter,
the cinerea. See Brain. G. Oil, Oleum cinereum,
a semifluid, fatty, mercurial liquid introduced into
medicine by Lang, of Vienna, in 1886. It is used in
the treatment of syphilis by injections. It is prepared
as follows : A given quantity of lanolin — I or 2
drams — is rubbed up with sufficient chloroform to
emulsify it. This mixture is to be thoroughly triturat-
ed, during which operation the chloroform will evap-
orate. While the mixture is still in a fluid state,
metallic mercury to the amount of double the quantity
of the lanolin is to be added, the trituration being
meanwhile continued. As a result, a pomade of mer-
GREASE
533
GROCERS' ITCH
cury is left, which represents two parts of mercury and
one part of lanolin. This is called strong gray lanolin
ointment. From this salve-basis a 50 per cent, oleum
cinereum, or gray oil, may be obtained by mi.xing three
parts with one part of olive-oil. A mild gray
lanolin ointment may be made in the same manner as
the strong, by taking equal parts of lanolin and mer-
cury and thoroughly mixing them. From this salve-
basis a 30 per cent, gray oil may be made by mixing
six parts with four parts of fresh almond-oil or olive-
oil. G. Powder, hydrargyrum cum creta. See Hy-
drargyriim.
Grease (^gres) [ME., ^g-ra?, grease]. Soft or oily ani-
mal fat. In farriery, a swelling and inflammation in
a horse's leg, with excretion of oily matter and the for-
mation of cracks in the skin. G.-trap, a contrivance
employed to prevent clogging of waste-pipes, as well
as to save the grease, which has considerable commer-
cial value.
Great ME., ^^r;?/, great] . Large. G. Laurel, the
leaves of RJiododendron inaximitni, an expectorant,
useful in obstinate coughs. Dose of the fld. ext. tTLv-xv.
Unof. G. Mortality. Synonym of the Plague. G.
Pox. Synonym of Syphilis, to distinguish it from
smallpox.
Green [gren) [WE. , grene, green]. I. Verdant; of the
color of grass. 2. Unripe; not mature. G. Blindness.
Achloropsia, q. v. G. Dragon, the corm of
Arum draconiiuiu , an expectorant and diaphoretic.
Dose of the fid. ext. H\j-x. Unof. G. Bice. See Bre-
men Green. G.-blue. Same as Soluble-blue. G.
Cinnabar. See Pigments, Conspectus of. G. Gland,
one of the excretory organs (kidney) of a decapod crusta-
cean formerly supposed (in Astacus) to be an auditory
organ. The secretions contain uric acid and traces of the
has,^ guanin. G. -heart, 'ne.^ Bebeeru. G.-man. See
Aceras. G. Osier, the bark of Cornus cireinata.
an astringent, tonic, and febrifuge. Dose of the fid.
ext. TT\^ xx-;5 j. Unof. G., Paris, cupric arsenite. G.,
Scheele's, cupric arsenite. G., Schweinfurth's,
a compound of cupric arsenite and cupric arsenate.
G. -sickness. See Chlorosis. G. Smalt. Same as
Rinmann'' s Green. G. -stick Fracture. See Frac-
ture. G. Verditer. See Bremen Green.
Green's Test-types. A slight modification of Snellen'' s
Test-types , q. v.
Greenhow's Cholera-mixture. A mixture containing
guaiacum, cloves, cinnamon, each I ounce ; brandy,
2 pints.
Greffotome [gref -o-tom) [Fr. , greffe, graft; Tofidg,
cutting]. A knife used in cutting slips for surgical
grafting.
Gregarina (greg-ar-e'-nah) [grex, a herd]. A genus of
parasitic protozoa, of extremely simple nature. It is
not certain that any true Gregari?icz infest the human
subject, most of the supposed protozoan parasites of th'e
human species being now referred to other classes or
groups. See Parasites [Animal), Table of.
Gregarinosis [greg-ar-in-o' -sis) [grex, a herd ; voaog,
disease]. A morbid condition due to infestation by
Gregarina.
Gregarious [gre-ga' -re-us) [grex, a flock, a herd]. In
biology, clustered, but not matted together, as the
fruit-spots of a parasitic fungus ; e. g., the cluster-cups.
Gregory's Powder. Compound powder of rhubarb.
G.'s Salt, crude hydrochlorate of morphin containing
codein.
Grenacher's Alcoholic Carmin. See Stains, Table of.
G.'s Alum-carmin. Stt Stains, Table of. G.'s Pur-
purin Solution. See Stains, Table of G.'s Solu-
tion. See Stains, Table of.
Grenade [gren-ad'). Synonym of Influenza.
Grenet Cell. See Cell.
Gressorial [gres-o' -re-al) [gressus, p.p. of gradi, to
walk]. In biology, adapted for walking; gradient.
Griesinger's Disease. Cachexia aquosa.
Griffe (grif) ['H-p. , grifos , frizzled hair]. I. In biology,
the offspring of a mulatto and a negress, or of a mulat-
tress and a negro. See Mulatto. 2. See Main engi-iffe.
Griffin Hand [grif -in hand). Same as Chnv-hand.
Griffith's Mixture. See Ferrum. G.'s Pills. See
Ferrui/i. G.'s Snow-white. Same as Zincolith.
Grin [ME., grinnen, to show the teeth]. To smile, at
the same time showing the teeth.
Grindelia [gi-in-de'-le-ah) [after H. Cr/w^/t'/, a German
botanist]. The leaves and flowering top of G. robus-
ta. Wild Sunflower, or Gum-plant, found in California,
an anstipasmodic and motor-depressant, in large doses
producing mydriasis. It is valuable in asthma, bronchi-
tis, and whooping-cough. Dose of the fld. ext. n\,x-
3j ; of the alcoholic extract, gr. iij. G. squarrosa,
common ague-weed, an herb popular in the western U.
S. as a remedy for ague and malarial diseases. It has
proved serviceable in chronic rheumatism. Dose of the
fld. ext. tT\^xv-xxx. Unof. G. hirsutula and G.
integrifolia of the Pacific States have similar qualities.
These plants are all highly resinous ; their tinctures or
infusions are said to cure the dermatitis of rhus-pois-
oning.
Grindelin [grin'-del-in). An alkaloid reported to exist
in Grindelia robusta.
Grinder (^'■;7«''-;/^r) [ME., .^/■j'/^ffo'c, a miller], i. See
Quizzer. 2. A molar tooth.
Grinders' Asthma. A chronic affection of the lungs
resulting from the inspiration of metallic or siliceous
dust, accumulating in the lungs, and producing symp-
toms similar to those of tuberculosis. It is called also
G.'s Pot and G.'s Disease. G.'s Disease. See
G.'s Asthma. G.'s Phthisis. See G.'s Asthma.
G.'s Rot. See G.' s Asthma.
Grinning [grin'-ing) [ME., grinnen, to snarl]. Draw-
ing back the lips, so as to show the teeth. G. -mus-
cle . See Muscles, Table of.
Grip or Grippe [grip). See Influenza.
Gripe {grip) [ME., gripen, to seize], i. To suffer
griping pains. 2. A spasmodic pain in the bowels ;
cramp-colic.
Gripes {grips) [ME., gripen, to seize]. Colic; tor-
mina.
Grippal {grip'-al) [Yr., gripper, to seize]. Pertaining
to influenza.
Grippo-toxin {grip-o-toks' -in) [la grippe, an epidemic
form of influenza; toxicum, poison]. A term intro-
duced by Althau* to designate the toxin of influenza.
Griseous {gris'-e-us) [griseus, gray]. Gray or bluish-
gray.
Grisolle Sign {gre-zoF sin). A sign said to be a cer-
tain means of diagnosis of smallpox. If, upon stretch-
ing an afiected portion of the skin, the papule becomes
impalpable to the touch, the eruption is caused by
measles ; if, on the contrary, the papule is still felt
when the skin is drawn out, the eruption is the result
of smallpox. ,
Gristle {griY-l) [ME., gristel, cartilage]. The popu-
lar name for cartilage.
Gristly ( ,^r?y-/^) [ME., gristel, cartilage]. Cartilagin-
ous ; like gristle.
Groan {gron) [ME., gronen, to groan]. To utter a
low, moaning sound, as when in pain. The sound so
uttered.
Grocers' Itch {gro'-serz ich). Eczema of the hands,
due to irritation from flour, sugar, etc. It is said to be
due, in some cases, to the presence of sugar-mites
upon the hands.
GROIN
534
GUACIN
Groin [origin obscure]. The depression between the
belly and the thigh.
Groove (_L;ro(n') [D., groof, a channel]. A furrow or
channel. G., Auriculo-ventricular. See Furrow.
G., Bicipital, the deep groove on the anterior surface
of the humerus separating the greater and lesser tub-
erosities. G., Cavernous, a broad groove on the supe-
rior surface of the sphenoid bone lodging the internal
carotid artery and the cavernous sinus. G., Dental.
See Dental Groove. G., Infraorbital, the furrow at
the posterior portion of the superiormaxillary bone on its
orbital surface, which finally develops into a canal of
the same name. G., Lachrymal, a groove in front
of the opening of the antrum, on the inner surface of
the superior maxillary bone. G., Medullary, a long
shallow furrow that appears along the dorsal line
of the neural tube of the embryo. G., Mylo-hyoid,
the groove on the inner surface of the inferior maxil-
lary bone running from the submaxillary fossa to the
inferior dental foramen. G., Nasal, the groove in
the nasal bone for the nasal nerve. G., Occipital,
the groove in the mastoid portion of the temporal
bone, that lodges the occipital artery. G., Optic, the
groove on the superior surface of the sphenoid bone
terminating on either side in the optic foramen. G.,
Sacral, the channel on the back of the sacrum between
the spinous and transverse processes. G., Subcla-
vian, the longitudinal groove on the under surface of
the clavicle for the attachment of the subclavius mus-
cle. G., Spiral. See Sulcus spiralis. G., Verte-
bral, the groove running along the spine on each side
of the spinous process.
Groping-test [grbp' -ing-tesf). In ophthalmology, a
test for false orientation in paralysis of the ocular
muscles. The affected eye does not locate objects in
their true place, and if asked to point quickly at an
object the patient's finger will be carried to one side of
it.
Gros Mai (n-rtJ-^wf//)/) [Fr.]. The well-marked form
of epilepsy ; major epilepsy.
Gross {gros) \y' gros., great]. Coarse; great. G.
Anatomy, anatomy considered without reference to
histology or the details of minute structure. G. Ap-
pearances, macroscopic appearances.
Grote's Test. See Tests, Table of.
Grough, Grouph (gruf ). See Gruff'.
Ground {grozniui) [Jsi'E. , ground, gvomdJ]. The bot-
tom ; soil ; earth. G. Ivy, a popular name for Gaul-
theria proeuinbens. G. Laurel. See Trailing Arbu-
tus. G.-nut. See Apios. G.-nut Oil, peanut oil.
A fixed oil expressed from the embryo of the seed of
the peanut, Araehis liypogtea. It resembles olive-oil
in general properties, and for which it is often substi-
tuted. G. -water. See Subsoil-water.
Groundseltree. See Baccharis.
Grouse [groios') \_OY., griesehe, gray]. A bird of the
genus Tetrao. G. -berry, a popular name for Gaul-
t/ieria proeuinbens. G. -disease, a disease that attacks
and destroys great numbers of red grouse [Lagopus seo-
iieus) of Europe ; it is believed to be due to the over-
stocking of its haunts and the propagation of the
species by depauperized parents. It is said by some
writers to be due to the presence of a parasite, Stron-
gylus pergracilis, in the bronchial passages. See Para-
sites {Animal^, Table of .
Grove Cell. See Cell.
Grow (gro) [ME. , _^;-(7rfv«, to grow]. To increase by
a natural process of development.
Growing [gro'-ing') [ME., gro7ven, to grow]. In-
creasing in size. G. -fever, pyrexia associated with
rapid growth. G. -pains, a term applied to neuralgic
or rheumatic pains in the limbs occurring during
youth, apparently of varied origin and character.
G. -point, in botany, the tissue immediately about the
apical cell ; the tip of the stem or other point where
cell-division is active ; the Funetum vegetationis.
Growth (grotli) [ME., growen, to grow]. I. The
augmentation of the body that takes place between in-
fancy and adult age. Also, the increase of any part of
the body by addition to the number of its cellular ele-
ments, without tlie production of structural abnormality
or difterentiation into unlike tissues. 2. Any tumor
or adventitious structure.
Grub [ME., grubben, to dig]. I. A dwarf. 2. See
Comedo. G.-in-the-head. See CEstrus oi'is , under
Farasites {^Animal ), 'Fable of. G. -worms. See
Comedo.
Gruber's Experiment. An experiment for detecting
anomalies of tension in the ear-membrane. A mem-
brane already excessively tense will give no alteration
during Valsalva's experiment {q. v.), but if the mem-
brane has been previously unduly relaxed, Valsalva's
experiment will, according to Gruber, restore its ten-
sion, and the vibrating fork will be heard better by air-
conduction, and worse by bone-conduction than be-
fore or after. G.'s Gelatin Bougies, medicated al-
mond-shaped pieces of gelatin for insertion into the
auditory meatus. G.'s Method. I. A method of
washing out the tympana. Syringe the fluid into one
nostril with the other closed, the fluid entering the
tympana by way of the Eustachian tubes. 2. A
method of inflating the middle ear. The patient is
required to phonate at the moment the inflation-bag is
compressed. A short word, ending in a guttural con-
sonant, is advised, as " hie" or "hook."
Gruel [gru'-el) [dim. of grulum, meal]. A decoction
of corn-meal or oat-meal boiled in water to a thick
paste.
Gruff (gruf) [D., grof, coarse]. Any crude drug;
also the coarse part of a drug that will not pass through
a sieve ; the term is used also adjectively, as gruff
sulphur or saltpeter.
Grume (groom) \_gru?nus, a little heap]. A clot, as of
blood ; a thick and viscid fluid.
Grumose [gru'-mos) \_grumzis, a little heap]. Same as
Grumous.
Grumous ( grid -mus) \_f:^ru?nus, a little heap]. Knotted,
clotty, or in granular masses. Formed of coarse,
clustered grains.
Grutum [gru'-tum) [grufuni, grit]. A small, hard
tubercle of the skin, usually seen on the face, and due
to retention of sebaceous matter. It is also called
Miliary Tubercle and Fearly Tubercle. See Milium.
Gruyere Cheese (gru-yai-'.'). See Cheese.
Gryposis ( gri-po'-sis) [/pt'-ucr/f , curvature]. Curvature.
See Arthrogryposis and Onychogryposis.
Gscheidlen's Method. A method of preparing hemo-
globin crystals. Take defibrinated blood that has
been exposed for 24 hours to the air, and keep it in a
closed tube of narrow caliber for several days at 37°
C. When the blood is spread on glass the crystals
form rapidly.
Gtt. Abbreviation of gutta, or guttie, drop, or drops.
Guachamaca {^g'toatci-shaw-ma'iu'-ka/!) [S. America].
The bark of an apocynaceous tree. G. toxifera,
or Malouetia nitida, of S. Aiiterica, furnishes a
virulent arrow-poison, .somewhat resembling curare;
it has been employed in tetanus and hydrophobia.
Unof.
Guachata, or Guachacata [gwaw-cha^o' -tah, ox gwaw-
chaw-kat'-ah) [Mex.]. The flowers of a Mexican
plant, containing several bitter tonic principles. Unof.
Guacin [g-coara'-sin) \_guaeo']. A bitter resin from
guaco ; it is diaphoretic, stimulant, and emetic. Unof.
GUACO
535
GUMMA
Guaco {g^ciara'-ko} [S. Amer.]. The leaves of /l/Zi'aMW
^Hcuo, much used in S. America for snake-bites. It is
thought to be of value in chronic rheumatism. Dose
of the fld. ext. 3 ss-j. Unof. Various species of yl/'/f'rt-
nia and Aristolochia are locally known by this name.
Guaiac iyg-dni'-ak) [S. Amer]. See Guaiacum. G.-
mixture, Fanner's. The Tinctura antacrida [N.
F.], a tincture of the resin of guaiacum and Canada
turpentine, in which each fluidram contains '3 of
a grain of the corrosive chlorid of mercury. G.-
test. See Tests, Table of.
Guaiacol [gwi'-ak-ol) [S. Amer.], C^Yi^O.^. A sub-
stance that occurs in wood-tar, and is also produced on
heating pyrocatechin with potassium hydroxid and po-
tassium methyl-sulphate to 180° C. It is a' colorless
liquid that boils at 200° C. , and has a specific gravity
of 1. 117. It is readily soluble in alcohol, ether, and
acetic acid, and is recommended instead of creasote in
pulmonary tuberculosis. Dose vr[j-ij, or gr. y^—lj-
Sciolla(l893)found that topical applications of guaiacol
reduced bodily temperature, and J. Solis Cohen and
Da Costa (1894) have applied the method successfully
in cases of high temperature in typhoid fever and other
febrile diseases. The dose is about 30 drops slowly
rubbed on the skin of the abdomen or thigh. Unof.
Guaiacum [g^vi'-ak-Mi:) [S. Amer.: gen. Giiaiaci'\.
Lignum vitte. The heart of the tree, and also the
oleo-resin, of G. officinale, a prompt diaphoretic, ex-
pectorant, and alterative, efficient in tonsillitis, neural-
gic dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, and rheumatism, and
formerly much used as an antisyphilitic. Dose gr.
x-xxx. G.,Mist. (B.P.) Dose ,^j-iss. G., Tinct.,
strength 20 percent. Dose TTLv-r^j in mucilage. G.,
Tinct., Ammoniat., contains guaiac 20, and aromatic
spirit of ammonia 80 parts. Dose tTLv- 5 ss.
Guanin [gwaw'-nin) [Sp., ^z^tfwo, dung], CjH^NjO.
A leukomaine discovered by Unger in 1844, as a con-
stituent of guano. Since then it has been found in
small quantities in the pancreas, liver, and muscle-ex-
tract, and has been shown to be one of the decomposi-
tion products of nuclein in both animal and vegetable
, organisms. In the case of the lower animals it is evi-
dently the end-product of katabolic change. It is a
white, amorphous powder, insoluble in water, alcohol,
ether, and ammonia. Guanin and kreatin appear to
mutually replace each other — -both being substituted
guanidins. Guanin is an intermediate product in the
formation of urea. It is non-poisonous and a muscle-
stimulant. See Capranica^ s Tests.
Guano (gwaiv^-no) [Peruv. , hiianii, dung]. The ex-
crement of sea-fowl found on certain islands in the
rainless regions of the Pacific Ocean. It consists es-
sentially of alkaline urates and phosphates. It is used
externally in certain skin-diseases. Unof.
Guarana (gwmo-rak'-7ia/i) [Braz.]. A dried paste
prepared from the seeds of Patdlinia sorbilis, found in
Brazil. It contains an alkaloid, guaranin, CgHj^N^Oj.-
HjO, identical with caffein. It is employed chiefly
in nervous sick-headaches. The commercial prepara-
tions are not always trustworthy. Dose of the fluid
extract, v-xxx ; of guaranin gr. j-iij ; of the solid
extract gr. iij-x ; of the tincture (I in 4) 3; ss-j.
Guaranin (gwauu-ran' -iii). See Guarana.
Guard (gara) [garde?-, to keep]. An appliance on
a knife to prevent too deep incision. G.-cell, in
biology, one of the two semilunar epidermal cells,
inclosing the opening of a stoma in plants.
Guardian-cells {gar' -de-an-sek). Same as Guard-cell.
Guarinari's Agar-gelatin. A culture-medium com-
posed of agar-agar 3-4 gms., sodium chlorid 5 gms. ,
peptone 25-30 grms., gelatin 40-60 gms., water 50
c.c. , meat-infusion 950 c.c.
Guaycuru {gun-ku-ru'') [Sp.]. The S. American name
of various plants, 2ci Statica brasilunsis and S. antarc-
tica. The root is a very powerful astringent. Unof.
Gubernaculum testis [gu-ber-nak' -ti-lu/n tes'-tis)
[L.]. The conical-shaped cord attached above the
lower end of the epididymis and governing the descent
of the testes in fetal growth.
Gubler's Tumor. A prominence over the carpus of
the dorsum of the hand in chronic wrist-drop from lead-
poisoning. See Signs and Sv//!/>toms , Table of.
Gudden's Atrophy Method. A method of demon-
strating the connection of a'nerve-trunk with a center.
If a portion of a nerve-trunk is destroyed in a young,
growing animal, the peripheral fibers will undergo
Wallerian degeneration, while the proximal cells and
fibers connected with the destroyed portion will atro-
phy and disappear. G.'s Commissure, a mass of fibers
forming the upper (dorsal) part of the optic tracts.
They cannot be demonstrated in man except in cases
of complete degeneration of the optic fibers proper.
G.'s Ganglion, the cephalo-dorsal ganglion of the
mamillary body of the brain. G.'s Law. See
J^aw.
Guerin's Glands. See Gland. G.'s Method. See
Treatment, Methods of.
Guernsey Blue. See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Guettard, Glands of. See Gland.
Guidi, Canal of. See Canal.
Guignet's Green. Same as Chrome-green.
Guillotine {gil'-o-ten) [after Dr. J. I. Guillotin']. A
surgical instrument for excision of the tonsils or growths
in the larynx, etc.
Guimet Blue. Same as French Blue.
Guinea {gin'-e) [African]. The name of a district on
the west coast of Africa. G. Fever, a form of inter-
mittent fever. G. -green. See Figments, Conspectus
of. G. Pepper. See Grains of Paradise. G. -pig, an
animal of the genus Cavia, used in bacteriologic in-
vestigation. G.-worm, the Filar ia medinetisis, a
nematode worm of tropical countries, that in the
human tissues in which it burrows may, unless re-
moved, develop to a length of several feet, produc-
ing inflammatory ulceration. See Tliread-ivorm. G.-
worm Disease. See Dracontiasis.
Gula [gu'-lah) [L. : //. , Gula:'\. The gullet; the neck
and throat, or the pharynx and esophagus. In biology :
I. An exoskeletal piece on the under side of the head
of certain insects, behind the mentum and between the
gense. 2. The upper portion of the front of the neck
of a bird.
Gulancha {^goo-lcm' -kaJPs [E. Ind.]. The plant,
Tinospora cordifolia, of India. Its stems and roots
are diuretic, tonic, and antiperiodic. Unof.
Gular [gu'-lar) \_gula , the gullet]. Pertaining to the
throat, pharynx, or gula.
Gulinula (gu-lin'-u-lah) \_gida, throat]. In biology,
applied by Hyatt to that stage in the development of
an actinozoan in which the actinostome or gullet is
formed; it follows the hydroplanula stage.
Gullet [gul'-et). S»e Esophagus.
Gum [iAY,., gufume, gum]. A name loosely applied to
the concreted juices of plants. Chemically, a substance
yielding mucic acid when treated with nitric acid. See,
also. Gums, and the names of the various gums. G.
Arabic. See Acacia. G. Benjamin. See Benzoin.
G.-boil, abscess of the gum. G. Dammar. See
Dammar. G. -plant. See Grindclia. G. -resins.
See Resins. G. Tragacanth. See Tragacanth.
G.-wood Tents. See Tupelo.
Gumma (gum' -ah) [Fx., gomme: pi., Gummata'].
A soft, elastic tumor resulting from a peculiar kind of
caseation of tertiary syphilitic inflammatory deposits.
GUMMATOUS
536
GYMNODONT
Gummatous [guni'-at-us) [Vv. , ,i^ivniiu-, gum]. Of
the nature of or affected with guminata.
Gummosis [gum-o'-sis) [guinmi, gum]. In biology,
the transformation of plant-tissue into gum.
Gums {gniiiz) [ME. , gum]. I. Amorphous,
transparent substances widely disseminated in plants.
They form sticky masses with water, and are precipi-
tated by alcohol. They are odorless and tasteless.
2. See Gingiva.
Gun-cotton. See Pyroxyli^i.
Gunjah (gun' -ja/i). See Cannabis.
Gunstock Deformity. A defonnity caused by fracture
of either condyle of the humerus, in which the long axis
of the fully extended forearm deviates outwardly from
that of the arm.
Giinzburg's Test. See Tesfs, Table of.
Gurgling Sound. The peculiar sound caused by a gas
passing through a liquid. It is heard in breathing,
when the bronchi or pulmonary cavities contain fluid,
and is observed upon palpation of the abdomen in
enteric fever and other conditions in which the bowel
is distended with gas and contained liquid.
Gurjun Balsam [ger'-jun) [E. Ind.]. BaLamum
dipterocarpns, wood-oil. An oleo-resin obtained from
several species of Dipferocai-pus , trees native to South-
ern Asia. It is similar to copaiba but more decided
in therapeutic effects, and is less unpleasant. It is an
admirable expectorant, useful in true leprosy. Dose
tTLx-_^ ij, in emulsion. Unof.
Gussenbauer's Suture. See Suture.
Gustation [gus-/a' -shun) \_gustare, to taste]. The
sense of taste ; the act of tasting. G., Chromatic, the
symptom of luminous sensations aroused by the sense of
taste of certain substances.
Gustative [gus' -tat-iv) . See Gustatory .
Gustatory { gus'-tat-o-re) \_gustare, to taste]. Per-
taining to the special sense of taste and its organs.
G. Bud, a taste - bud. G. Cell, a spindle - cell
from the interior of a taste-bud. G. Nerve. See
Gut [ME. intestine]. A common name for intes-
tine. G. Suture. See Catgut. G.-tie, volvulus as
occurring in the horse.
Gutta (gu/'-a//) [L. : //., Gutter}. A drop. Also,
freely used as a minim or sixtieth part of a fluid
dram. G. nigra, or Black-drop, a dilute acetic
acid containing saffron, and flavored with sugar and
nutmeg. Unof. G. rosacea. See Acne. G. rosea.
Synonym of Acne rosacea. G. serena, a synonym
oi Ama2irosis. G.-percha, a substance obtained from
the milky juice of different trees of the genus Di-
ckopsis (Isonandra). It forms a fibrous mass, varying
in color from nearly white to reddish or brownish,
looking like leather-clippings cemented together; it has
a specific gravity of .979. Hard and somewhat elastic
at the ordinary temperature, at 25° C. (77° F. ) it becomes
soft, and at 50° C. (122° F. ) it can be kneaded or
rolled into plates. It is largely used in insulating
wires and cables ; the best solvents are oil of turpen-
tine, chloroform, and carbon disulphid. G.-p., Liq.,
a solution in 91 parts of commercial chloroform with
9 parts of lead carbonate. It is employed as a pro-
tective application to slight wounds and eruptions.
See, also. Trauiuaticin.
Guttate (gut' -at) [gu/ta, a drop]. In biology, spotted
as if by drops of something colored.
Guttatim (gut-a' -tiin) [gutfa, a drop]. A pharma-
ceutic term signifying c/roJ> by drop.
Gutter-water Passages. The liquid stools of a
brownish color discharged in typhoid fever.
Guttula (gitf -u-lah) [L. , dim. of gutta, a drop : //. , Gut-
tu/te~\. In biology, a small spot of color.
Guttulate {gut' -u-ldt) \_guttula, a small drop]. In bi-
ology, resembling small drops of oil or resin.
Guttur (gut'-er) [guttur, the throat]. The throat
with reference to the trachea. G. tumidum. Syno-
nym of Goiter.
Guttural (gut'-u-ral) \_guitura/is, pertaining to the
throat]. Pertaining to the throat. G. Pouch, in the
horse one of the large air-sacs, diverticula from the
Eustachian tubes and lying behind the upper part of
the pharynx.
Gutturomycosis (gut-u-ro-mi-ko' -sis) \_guttur, throat ;
fj-'uKi/g, fungus]. An ulcerative affection of the guttural
pouches of horses and mules, produced by the parasitic
fungus, Gutturoinyces equi.
Gutturo-palatine (gut' -u-ro-pal' -at-in) \_guttur, the
throat ; palatum, the palate] . Relating to the pha-
rynx and the palate.
Gutturo-tetany (giit' -u-ro-tet' -an-e) \_guttur, throat;
tetanus, tetanus] . A form of stuttering in which the
pronunciation of such sounds as g, k, q, is difficult.
Guyon's Sign. See Signs and Symptoms, Table of.
Gymnanthous ( jim-nan' -thus) [yu//i'df , naked ; avdog,
flower]. In laiology, applied to flowers wanting in
floral envelops.
Gymnasium (Jim-na'-ze-um) \_-yvjuv6(, naked]. A
place designed and fitted with appliances for the
systematic exercise of the muscles and other organs of
the body. Also, in Germany, a high-school.
Gymnastic (jim-nas'-tik) [yw/^i'df, naked]. Pertaining
to bodily exercise, or to the science of preserving
health by bodily exercise.
Gymnastics (jim-nas' -tiks) [yvfivo^, naked]. The
science of preserving (and of restoring) health by
bodily exercise. G., Medical, any physical exercise
designed to restore or promote health. G., Ocular,
regular muscular exercise of the eye to overcome
muscular insufficiency. G., Swedish, a system of
exercises to restore strength to paretic muscles, and
found useful in a great variety of abnormal chronic
conditions.
Gymnaxony (jitn-naks'-on-c) \_yv^v6<;, naked ; a^uv,
axis]. In biology, a monstrous flower in which the
placenta, with its ovules, protrudes from the ovary.
Gymnoblastic (jim-no-hlas'-tik) [yjj/ifof , naked ;
jiXaoToi;, germ]. In biology ; applied to those hydroid
polyps in which the zooids are not inclosed in horny
receptacles.
Gymnobranchiate (jim-no-brang' -ke-at) [yu/zi'df, na-
ked; l^payx'C; gills]. In biology applied to those
molluscs that have naked gills ; nudibranchiate.
Gymnocarpous (jim-no-kar' -pus) \_yvfiv6^, naked;
KapKu(;, fruit]. In biology, having the fruit naked;
applied to lichens and fungi in which the apothecia
and hymenia are naked or exposed.
Gymnocaulus ( jim-no-kaiv' -liis) [yu/zi'df, naked ;
Kav\6q, stalk]. In biology, the immature contractile
cord or stalk of a polypid.
Gymnoceratous ( jim-no-ser' -at-us) \_yvfiv6c^, naked ;
Kifmi;, horn]. In biology, applied to certain insects
with prominent antenna?.
Gymnocidium ( jim-no-sid'-e-um) [yvfivdc, naked :
//., Gvmnocidia^. In biology, the swelling at the
base of the spore-case in certain mosses.
Gymnocladus (jim-nok' -lad-us). See Chicot.
Gymnocyta(yVw-«y-,f?'''-/(?//) [ J !'//J'df , naked ; «:/'rof,a hol-
low]. In biology, a naked-celled, unicellular organism.
Gymnocytode ( jim-no-si' -tod ) \_yvjiv6<;, naked ; ki'toc, a
hollow]. In biology, a naked, non-nucleated, unicellu-
lar organism, as a gregarine while in the monerad stage.
Gymnodont (jim'-tio-dont) \jviiv6^, naked; otSocf,
tooth]. In biology, having naked teeth; applied to
certain fishes, as the parrot-fish, the globe-fish, etc.
GYMNOGEN
537
GYRUS
Gymnogen [jim' -no-jen) \_yvfiv6q, naked ; ytvrjq, pro-
ducing]. Same as Gymnosper?7i.
Gymnogenous [jim-noj' -en-tis) \yviiv6(;, naked ; ysvijq,
producing]. In biology, applied to birds that are
naked when hatched.
Gymnogynous [jim-noj' -iii-iis) [^yv/ivog, naked ; yvv/j,
female]. In biology, applied to such plants as have
the ovary uncovered.
Gymnomyxine (j/m-no-mi^s'-iu) [^vfivog, naked ;
/jrfa, slime]. In biology, applied to the lower pro-
tozoa.
Gymnorhinal (/ii?i-nor-i'-nal) [yvjivog, naked; p/f,
nose]. In biology, applied to birds having the nos-
trils naked or unfeathered.
Gymnosomatous [jiin-no-so' -mal-its) [jn/ziJOf, naked ;
aufia, body]. In biology, applied to certain molluscs
that produce no shell ; specifically, naked pteropods.
Gymnosperm ( ji in' -no-sperm) [}-c//vof, naked ; OTzipim,
seed]. In biology, a plant characterized by having
naked seeds (not inclosed in a pericarp), as in the
coniferae.
Gymnospore ( jim' -no-spb)-) \yvu.v6Q, naked ; airupoc,
a seed]. In biology, a naked spore.
Gymnostomous i^jini-nos'-to-nms) \yv^v6q, naked;
OTOfm, mouth]. In biology, applied to such mosses
as have the mouth of the sporangium destitute of a
peristome.
Gynse- [jin'-e). See Gyne-.
Gynaecology ( jm-e-kol' -o-je) . See Gynecology.
Gynsecomastia (^jin-e-ko-i)ias'-te-ah). See Gyneco-
mastia .
Gynander [jin-an' -dej-') \ym<ii, woman; aviip, man].
A man of effeminate or woman-like qualities.
Gynandria [jin-an'-dre-a/i) [yvv>/, woman ; avi/p,
man]. The same Hermaphroditistn.
Gynandrism, or Gynandromorphism {jin-an'-drizm
or jin-an' -dro-moy' -fizm) \_yw>/, woman ; aw/p, man ;
liop<b>l, form]. Hermaphroditism.
Gynandromorphism {jin-an-dro-morf'-izni) \ywri,
female; aviip, male; pop<f'j, form]. In biology, ap-
plied to such insect-monstrosities as combine both
male and female characters.
Gynandrophore iyjin-an' -dro-for) \yvvri, female ; avijp,
male; <ptpe(v, to bear]. In biology, a stalk raising
the stamens and pistils above the insertion of the
corolla.
Gynandrosporous (^jin-an-dros' -por-us) \_yvvr], female ;
av7p,male; an6pog, a seed]. In biology, applied to
certain algce that bear both male and female reproduc-
tive organs (oogonia and androspores) on the same
plant.
Gynandrous ( jiii-an' -dnis) [yvvavSpoc;, of doubtful
.sex]. In biology, having the stamens and pistils more
or less intimately united.
Gynantherous [jin-an' -t/ier-ns) [yvvij, female ; av6>/p6g,
flowering]. In biology, applied to flowers in which
the stamens have been converted into pistils.
Gynatresia [jin-at-re' -ze-ah) \j'vvii, woman ; arprjaia,
atresia]. Vaginal atresia.
Gynecatoptron [ jin-ek-at-op'-tron) \jvvfj, woman;
mroTTTpov, mirror]. A vaginal speculum.
Gynecian [jhi-e' -se-an) \_yvvii, a woman]. Pertaining
to women.
Gynecic [jin-e'-sik) \_yvvi], woman]. Relating to
women.
Gynecium (Jin-c'-se-um) [} in'//, female ; okof, house].
In biology, the name applied to the pistils of a flower
taken as a whole.
Gynecologic (jin-e-ko-loj'-ik) \_yvvrj, a woman;
Aoyoq, science]. Relating to gynecology.
Gynecologist [jin-e-kol' -o-jist) \_yvv7/, a woman ; /dyof,
science]. One who practises in gynecology.
Gynecology {jin-e-kol'-o-je) \_yvvii, a woman ; 'koyaq,
science] . The science and therapeutics of the diseases
of women.
Gynecomania [jin-e-ko-ina' -ne-ak) [; fi-''/, woman ;
fiavta, madness]. Satyriasis.
Gynecomastia iyjin-e-ko-mas' -te-ali) [yww/, woman ;
//acrrdf, breast]. I. The excessive development of the
breast of a man, either with or without atrophy of the
testicles. 2. The secretion of milk by the male.
Gynecomasty i^jin' -e-ko-mas-te'). .See Gynecomastia .
Gynecomazia [jiJi-e-ko-ma'-ze-ak) \_ywii, woman ;
juai^oc, breast]. Same as Gynecomastia.
Gynecopathy [jin-e-kop'-afh-e) \jvvrj, woman; ttMoc,
disease]. Any disease of, or peculiar to, women ; the
study of diseases of women.
Gynecophore [jin' -e-ko-for) \yvvTj, female ; <ikpEiv,
to bear]. In biology, the canal or receptacle in certain
male worms, in which the female is retained, as in Bil-
harzia.
Gynephobia [jin-e-fo'-be-ah) \_yvv>j, woman; tpojioq,
fear]. Morbid aversion to the society of women.
Gyniatrics {jin-e-a'-triks) \_yvvr/, woman; larpeia,
therapy]. Gynecology, or gynecologic therapeutics.
Gynobase [jin'-o-bds) [yiiw), a female ; jiaoix;, base].
In biology, an elevated portion of the receptacle of a
flower, bearing the ovary.
Gynocardia {jin-o-kar' -de-ah). See Chaulnioogra.
Gynodiecious {jin-o-di-e'-se-ns) \_yvvr/, female ; (5/f ,
two; olKog, house]. In biology, having pistillate
flowers on one set of plants and perfect flowers on an-
other set.
Gynomonecious {jin-o-mo-ne' -se-its') [} I'l'^, female ;
fi6vo^, single ; okof, house]. In biology, having both
pistillate and perfect flowers upon the same plant.
Gynophore [jin' -o-for) {yvvri, female; (^EpeZi', to bear] .
In biology : (a) The stalk of a pistil raising it above
the receptacle ; [l>) The branch of a hydroid gono-
blastidium that bears only generative buds containing
ova.
Gynoplastic ( jin-o-plas'-tik) \_yvvrj, woman ; Ti'/MOTLKog,
suitable for moulding]. Pertaining to the closing of
unnatural openings, or to the dilatation of contracted,
narrow openings in the female organs of generation.
Gynostegium [Jiti-o-ste' -je-um) [yvvij, female ; areyrj,
a roof]. In biology, the sheath or covering of the
gynecium, or female portion of a flower taken as a
whole.
Gypsum {jip' -sunt) [yii/'Of, lime]. Native calcium sul-
phate. See Calcium.
Gyral [ji'-ral) [gyrare, to turn or whirl]. Pertaining
to a gyrus or to gyri.
Gyration [ji-ra' -shun') \_gyj'are, to turn or whirl]. A
turning in a circle ; also, giddiness.
Gyre {p'') [gyrus, a circle]. A convolution, and a
more commendable word than the polysyllable.
Gyrophora(y/-r<)^'-w-a/;)[}'wpof , ring ; fopelv, to bear].
A genus of lichens, some species of which afford the
tripe de roche, a rock-tripe of Northern Canada.
Though tough, acrid, and unpalatable, these lichens
are sometimes eateij when other food is not to be had.
Gyropsoriasis ( ji-ro-sor-i' -as-is ) \_yvp6q, round ;
fupiaaic, a skin-disease]. Psoriasis occurring in cir-
cular patches.
Gyrosa [ji-ro'-sah) [ji'pof, a circle]. A variety of
gastric vertigo in which, when the patient is standing,
everything turns around him, and he must close his
eyes to avoid falling.
Gyrospasm (ji' -ro-spazm) [yvpoQ, circle; o-aa^w^,
spasm]. A peculiar rotary spasm of the head, and
sometimes a nodding spasm.
Gyrus (ji'-rus) [gyrus, yvpoQ, a circle : //., Gyri"]. A
convolution of the brain. See Convolution.
H
538
HALF
H. Abbreviation of Hyperinctropia. In chemistry, the
symbol of hydrogen. In pharmacy, the symbol of
Hanstiis, a draught.
Haarlem Blue. Same as Mineral Blue.
Habena (^hab-e' -nah) [L. , "a rein"]. I. A peduncle
of the conarium. A slight ridge at the dorsal margin
of the mesal surface of the thalamus, with a dorsal
convexity, extending from the porta to the supracom-
missure, vifhich unites it with its opposite. 2. A
bandage or strip of plaster for a wound.
Habenal, or Habenar [kab-e'-iial, or hab-e' -7iar) \_ha-
bena, a rein]. Relating to the habena.
Habenula \_habeua, s,k\x\'\. A ribbon-
like structure. The superficial gray nucleus of the
optic thalamus in front, and superior to the posterior
commissure. H. conarii. Same as Habena. H.
pectinata, perforativa, and tecta (or arcuata),
names of different zones, or portions of the basilar
membrane of the internal ear ; called also Zona pecti-
nala, etc.
Habenular {liab-en' -u-lar) [habena, a rein]. Pertain-
ing to an habenula.
Habit {/lab' -it) \Jiabei-e, to have]. I. That condition or
quality that one naturally possesses, or that may be ac-
quired. 2. The tendency to repeat an action or condi-
tion. 3. In biology, the general aspect of a plant or
animal and its mode of growth. H. -chorea. See
H. -spasm. H., Full, of a plethoric constitution. H.-
spasm ; Habit-chorea ; Convulsive Tic ; Gilles de la
Tourette' s Disease. A choreic disease characterized
by simply localized spasmodic movements, or such
movements combined with explosive utterances and
psychic symptoms (cotivulsive tie). Habit-spasm
is confined chiefly to young girls, and is marked mainly
by spasmodic action of the facial muscles or of the
head. Convulsii'e Tic or Gilles de la Toiirette^s Disease
is a psychosis allied to hysteria, and occurring usually in
children of a neurotic tendency. It is marked by
involuntary muscular movements, usually affecting the
facial or brachial muscles, and by explosive utterances
that may resemble a bark or an inarticulate cry. A
word heard may be mimicked at once and repeated
over and over again, usually with the involuntary
movements. To this the term Echolalia has been ap-
plied. Coprolalia, or the use of bad language, is
another symptom, and occasionally actions are mim-
icked [echokinesis). These may also be associated with
curious mental disturbances, the patient becoming the
subject of a form of obsession or a fixed idea.
Habitat {hab'-it-at) \Jiabitare, to dwell]. The natural
locality, or geographic range of an animal or plant.
Habitation {hab-it-a' -shun) a dwelling]. A
dwelling-place. The home, dwelling-place, or natural
locality of an animal or a plant.
Habitus [hab'-il-its) \Jiabere, to have]. A habit ; gen-
eral appearance or expression.
Habromania {hab-ro-ma' -ne-ah) [a/?pof , graceful ;
fiavla, madness]. Insanity with pleasant or agreeable
delusions.
Hachement [hahsh-momg)') [Fr., hacking, or chop-
ping]. In massage, a succession of strokes, usually
with the ulnar edge of the hand, sometimes with
the border of the percutor.
Hackberry (hak'-ber-e). See Celfis.
Hacking [hak'-ing). See Tapoteinent and Haehe-
ineiit.
Haddock {had' -ok) [ME., haddok, haddock]. A
fish, Gadus ceglcjinus, closely allied to the cod. It
H
is said that the oil of the liver of the haddock is some-
times mixed with cod-liver-oil ; but such admixture is
probably rare, as it greatly impairs the market
value of the oil. Unof
Haeckel's Law. See Law.
Hsema- {hem' -ah-) [aJ/za, blood]. A prefix signifying
some relationship with the blood. For words (unless
unanglicized) thus beginning, see Hema-.
Haemal {hem'-al). See Hemal.
Haemanthin {hem-an' -thin). See Hemanlhin.
Haematoxylin {hetn-at-oks' -il-in). See Hematoxylon.
Haemin {hem' -in). See Hemin.
Haemo- {hem'-o-). For words thus beginning see
He mo-.
Haemorrhage {hem' -or-aj). See Hemorrhage.
Haeser and Neubauer's Formula. A formula for
estimating from the specific gravity the total amount
of solids in the urine ; it is sufficiently accurate for
clinical purposes. The estimation is made by multiply-
ing the last two figures of the specific gravity by the
factor 2.33, the product of which represents the num-
ber of grams of solids in 1000 c.c. of the urine ; this
must be multiplied by the number of c.c. of the urine
under examination and divided by looo in order to
obtain the correct amount of solids.
Hagenia {haj-e' -ne-ah). See Kusso.
Hager's Reagent. A reagent for the, detection of
sugar in the urine. It consists of the ferrocyanid
of iron and caustic potassa.
Hahnemannism {hahn' -e-man-izm). See Home-
opathy.
Haidinger's Brushes. A visual phenomenon seen
upon directing the eye toward a source of polarized
light, due to the doubly-refractive character of the
elements of the macula.
Hair {har) [ME., here, hair]. The hirsute appendage
of the skin. Each hair consists of a bulb and a shaft.
The former is situated in the true skin, but is enveloped
in a sheath of epidermis. H. -blanching. See Can-
ities. H.-bulb, a whitish, soft, bulbous enlargement
at the proximal extremity of the root of the hair. H.-
cap Moss, Robin's Rye ; the leaves and stems of
Polvtrichum juniperum, a powerful diuretic. Dose of
the decoction ad lib. : of the fld. ext. .^j-ij- Unof.
H.-despoiler, an individual who is afflicted with a
form of sexual perversion, in which the feelings are
aroused during the act of mutilating or cutting-off the
hair of the victim. H. -follicle. See Follicle. H.-
gland, a minute sebaceous gland of the hair-root.
H.-knob, Henle's term for a hollow, bulbous hair-
root. H. -papilla, the nipple-like process of the
corium from which the hair grows. H. -pigment,
the coloring-matter of the hair. H.-pith, the medulla
of a hair. H.-root, that portion of a hair contained
in the follicle. H. -shaft, the part of a hair above the
root. (See illustration, page 539.)
Hairy {har'-e) [ME., here, hair]. Covered with hair;
consisting of hair. H. Heart. See Trichocardia and
Corvillosum. H.Tongue. See jVig7'ities.
Halberd-shaped {hal' -berd-shapt). Same as Hastate.
Hale {hal) [ME., heil, in good health]. Sound;
healthy ; robust.
Half (/m(//)/) [ME., //rt'//, half]. One of two equal parts.
H.-bath. See Bath. H. -breed, a popular term
applied to offspring whose parents belong to different
races. H. -lying, in massage, reclining at an angle
of about 45°. H. Neck-rest, in massage, haying
one hand supporting the neck posteriorly. H.-wit, a
IIALICORE
539
HAMANN'S ACID CARMIN
weak-minded person ; an idiot. H.-witted, idiotic ;
weali in intellect.
Root of a Hair and its Epidermic Sheath.
I, I. External layer of epidermic sheath. 2, 2. Its inferior ex-
tremity. 3, 3. Internal layer. 4, 4. External layer of cuticle
of fiair. 5. Root of hair. 6 Bulb of root. 7,7. Its periph-
eral or fibrous portion. 8. Its central or medullary portion.
9, 9. Internal layer of cuticle of hair.
Halicore (hal-ik'-or-e) \h\q, sea ; K6pr), maiden ; mer-
maid]. vSee Dugong.
Halisteresis (hal-is-ter-e' -sis) [aAf, salt ; cTeptjaic,
privation]. The loss by fully-formed bones of to
their lime-salts, resulting in osteomalacia.
Halituous [hal-it'-u-iis) \Jialitiis, breath]. Moist, as
if from having been breathed upon ; applied to the skin.
Halitus {hal'-it-us) [L., a vapor]. A vapor. Also, ex-
pired breath. H. oris fcetidus, tainted or foul breath.
H. sanguinis, the characteristic smell of the blood,
peculiar to each kind of animal.
Hall's (Marshall) Disease. See Diseases, Table of.
H.'s Method. See Artificial Respiration .
Haller, Ansa of. See Ansa. H., Circle of. See Cir-
cle and Circiilns. H., Cones of, the Coni vasculosa.
H., Fretum of. See Fretum. H., Line of. See
Lines, Tal>le of. H., Network of, the Rete vascu-
losum of the testis. H., Passage of, in the embryo
the narrovy passage joining the auricle and ventricle
of the heart.
Hallex {hal'-eks) [L.]. See Hallux.
Hallucal {hal' -ii-kal) [hallux, the great toe]. Per-
taining to the hallux, or great toe.
Hallucinatio [hal-le7ii-sin-a'-she-o)\_'L.~\. Hallucination.
H. hypochondriaca. Synonym of Hvpochondriasis.
Hallucination (lial-leiv-sin-a' -s/nin) \Jiallncinari , to
wander in mind]. The highest degree of subjective
sensation, dependent alone upon morbid stimulation
of the sensory cortical centers. There is the percep-
tion of non-existent objects or impressions, creations
. of the imagination. Hallucinations are variously
classed as hypochondriac, hypnagogic, motor, nega-
tive, pseudo-sensorial, unilateral, visual, auditory,
gustatory, olfactory, tactile, hemiopic, epileptoid, etc.
Hallux, or Hallus {hal'-uks or hal'-us) [L.]. The
great toe. The great toe when overriding the second
toe. H. dolorosus. See H. Jiexus. H. flexus ;
Halbcx rigidns ; Hallux dolorosus ; a condition allied
to and perhaps identical with hammer-toe, in whicli
there is flexion of the first phalanx of the great toe.
The second phalanx is usually extended upon the first,
and there is more or less rigidity of the metatarso-
phalangeal joint. H. rigidus. See //. flexus: H.
valgus, displacement of the great toe toward the
other toes. H. varus, displacement of the great toe
away from the other toes.
Halo (/^a'-Zy) [a/iuf, a threshing-floor]. I. The brown-
i.sh circle about the female nipple, called also the
areola. 2. The luminous or colored circles seen by the
patient about light in glaucoma.
Halogen [hal' -o-jeii) \j-Oc, salt; ^fi'iiai', to produce].
In chemistry, an element that forms a compound of a
saline nature by its direct union with a metal. The
halogens are chlorin, iodin, bromin, and fluorin,
to which cyanogen may be added as a compound
halogen.
Halogenic {kal-o-jen' -ik) [aXf, salt ; yevvav, to pro-
duce]. Salt-producing; producing haloids.
Haloid fial'-oid) [a^r, salt; e«5()f, likeness]. Anyone
of those compounds that consist of a metal directly
united to chlorin, bromin, iodin, fluorin, or cyanogen.
Halophilous {hal-off'-il-us) [a/if , salt ; (/)(7,oo, loving].
In biology, applied to plants growing in salt marshes
and along sea-coasts.
Halstern's Disease. See Diseases, Table of.
Halt {Jiaivlt) [ME., halt, lame]. I. Lame. 2. To
limp. 3. A disease in sheep.
Halter {hawU -ter) \JikTTip, a leaping weight : //. Halteres'\.
In biology, one of the rudimentary hinder wings of a
fly ; it is also called poiser or balancer.
Halteripterous (hal-ter-ip' -ter-us) [aTiri/p, a leaping
weight; 7rrf/joi', wing]. Having halteres ; applied to
dipterous insects.
Halved {halnul) [ME. , half half]. In biology, applied
to bilaterally symmetric organs in which one side is
wanting, as in certain leaves.
Halymeter {Jial-i>n' -et-er) \a'KvKiq, saltness ; fiirpov, a
measure]. An instrument for estimating the propor-
tion of water in milk by means of its power to dis-
solve common salt.
Ham [ME., hamnw, the ham]. That part of the leg
between the knee-joint and the hip-joint. H. -string,
one of the tendons of the posterior muscles of the
thigh. Also, to cripple by cutting the tendons of the
muscles of the thigh. H., Inner, the tendons of
the semimembranosus, sartorius, and semitendinosus
muscles. H., Outer, the tendons of the biceps flexor
cruris.
Hamamelin fiam-atn-e' -li>i) [^afiafi7j/iic, a kind of med-
lar or service-tree]. A precipitate from a tincture of
the bark of witch-hazel, Hainamelis virginica ; it is
astringent, tonic, and sedative. Dose gr. j-iij. Unof.
Hamamelis {ham-ani-e'-lis) [a//a, together with;
pff/Mv, apple-tree: gen., Hamamelidis~\. Witch-
hazel ; the leaves of H. viiginica, with properties not
fully known. It is thought to be tonic, styptic, and
sedative, and appears to aflect the circulation in a
manner similar to aconite. It is highly recommended
as a hemostatic. A preparation of this drug is sold
under the name of Pond's Extract. H., Fid. Ext.
Dose TT\^j-3j. H., Tinct. (B. P.) (ale), I in 10.
Dose TTLij-v.
Hamann's Acid Carmin. See Stains, Table of.
HAMARTHRITIS
540 HANDKERCHIEF-DRESSING
Hamarthritis (lia>n-ar-thri' -tis) [a^a, together ; apflpov,
a joint; ;r(f, inflammation]. Gout involving all of the
joints.
Hamate or Hamose {ha'-mat, ha'-mos) \Jiamus, a
hook]. In biology, hooked, uncinate.
Hamburg Blue. Same as Berlin Blue. H. White.
See Pigments, Conspectus of. H. Yellow. Same as
Cliroiite-yellow .
Hamilton's Bandage. See Bandage.
Hammarsten's Theory of Coagulation. A theory
that claims that fibrin is formed from one body only,
namely, fibrinogen.
Hammer [ham'-ei-) [ME., hatner, a hammer]. In
anatomy, the malleus. H. -bone, the malleus. H.-
cramp. See Cramp, Blacksmitlis\ H., Thermal.
Same as Cautery Button. H.-toe. See Hallux.
Hammerman's Cramp. A spasmodic, and sometimes
painless, affection of the muscles of the upper extrem-
ity. It is seen in those that use a hammer, and is due
to over-use.
Hammock {ha?ii'-ok) [Span. , ha/iiaca, a hanging mat].
A couch or bed made of netting or canvas, suspended
at the ends. It is much used aboard vessels
and in tropical regions ; it has been used latterly in
the transportation of the sick and wounded. Slings
for fractured legs, etc., are sometimes called ham-
mocks.
Hammond's Disease. See Athetosis, and Diseases,
Table of.
Hamular (/ia??i'-u-lar) \_ha/?ius, a hook]. Pertaining
to or shaped like a hook.
Hamulate, Hamulose {ham' -zi-lat, -Ids) \Iiamus, a
hook]. Hooked or hook-shaped.
Hamulus (Jiam' -u-lus) [dim. of hamus, a hook : //.
z.y\dL ge7i.. Hamuli^ In anatomy, a hook-shaped pro-
cess, as of a bone ; any unciform process. H. of
the Cochlea, the hook-like process of the osseous
lamina at the cupola.
Hamus {ha'-mus) [L.,
a hook: pi., Hami^.
In biology, a hooked
process found on the
wings of certain in-
sects, which, together
with the tendo, helps
to keep the wings to-
gether during flight.
Hamy's Plane. See
Plane.
Hanchinol (kan'-chin-
ol). .See Ileimia.
Hancock's Opera-
tions. SttOperations,
Table of.
Hand [ME., hand,
hand]. The organ of
prehension in bimana
and quadrumana, com-
posed of the carpus,
the metacarpus and the
phalanges. H., Ape.
See Main en griff e. H.,
Claw. See Main en
griffe. H., Dropped.
See Dropped. H.-
gout. See Chirai^ra.
H. -litter. ^&<i Stretch-
er. H., Monkey. See
Main en griffe.
Handkerchief {hang'-ker-chif) [ME., hand, hand;
kerchef, a kerchief]. A square piece of cloth for
wiping the face or nose. H., Barton's ; a handker-
Hand, Palmar Surface.
I. Scaphoid. 2. Semilunar. 3.
Cuneiform. 4. Pisiform. 5.
Trapezium. 6. Groove for ten-
don of flexor carpi radialis. 7.
Trapezoid. 8. Os magnum. 9.
Unciform. 10, 10. Metacarpal
bones. 11, 11. First phalanges
of fingers. 12, 12. Second
phalanges. 13, 13. Third phal-
anges. 14. First phalanx of
thumb. 15. Second phalanx.
chief is folded in the form of a cravat, and the body
is so placed on the point of the heel that the portion
on the outer side of the foot is one-third longer than
the other portion. The short part is held parallel
with the sole of the foot while the long part is carried
across the instep, turned round the inner part, carried
back under the sole of the foot and looped round its
own side. The two ends are then tied together for
the purpose of exerting traction.
Handkerchief-Dressing. A form of temporary dress-
ing for wounds and fractures made of handkerchiefs.
There are two varieties, viz. , cravats, in which the
handkerchiefs are folded into rolls like cravats ; and
triangles, the handkerchiefs being folded diagonally in
the form of triangles. The most important cravats are
the following : C, Abdomino-inguinal ; two hand-
kerchiefs are folded into cravats and their ends
tied together. The body of one is placed beneath the
thigh, close up to the nates ; the ends are brought to
the front, crossed over the groin, then carried round the
opposite sides of the body, and tied together on one
side rather than behind, so that the knot shall not press
injuriously upon the back. C, Axillo-acromial.
See C, Parieto-axillaris. C, Axillo-cervical ; the
body of the cravat is placed in the axilla, the ends
crossed over the shoulder, and tied on the opposite sides
of the neck. C, Cervical ; a handkerchief is formed in-
to a cravat, the body placed on the front, back, or sides
of the neck, according to the part to be dressed, the ends
are carried around, crossed on the opposite side and re-
turned, and fastened with pins. C, Compound Bis-
axillary ; for this two handkerchiefs in cravat form are
required. One is tied as an axillo-acromial cravat through
one axilla, while the body of the other is placed in the
opposite axilla, and its ends, being brought across the
chest, one in front and the other behind, are passed
through the loop of the first and tied in front of the
breast. C, Compound Bis-axillo-scapulary ;
form two handkerchiefs into cravats. Tie one as a
loose ring, or form the axillo-acromial cravat of one
side, and, placing the body of the other in front of the
opposite shoulder, bring the ends back, one over the
shoulder and the other through the axilla ; then form
these into a single knot, and complete the dressing by
passing the ends through the ring or loop of the other
cravat, and tying them into a knot. C, Fronto-oc-
cipito-labialis ; the handkerchief is formed into a cra-
vat and the middle portion is placed upon the forehead ;
the ends are carried back, crossed upon the posterior
part of the neck, brought forward under the ears and
crossed over the upper lip. This is used to approximate
lip-wounds. C, Ilio-inguinal, a double cravat, also
called the sacro bi-crural cravat of Mayor. The body
of a long cravat is placed over the body of the sacrum,
the two extremities are brought around the body down
in front of each groin and around the thighs, to be fastened
on the opposite side of the body. C, Ilio-inguinal,
or the cruro-pclvic cravat of Mayor. The body of a
large cravat is placed over the inguinal region, the up-
per extremity is carried around the body, the lower ex-
tremity around the thigh, and the two ends knotted in
front. C, Metatarso-malleolar ; place the body of
the cravat obliijuely across the dorsum of the foot;
carry one end under the foot and up in front of the
ankle, and the other around the leg above the mal-
leoli, fastening them together in front of the joint.
C, Parieto-axillaris ; one handkerchief is formed
into a cravat, and its body is placed in the axilla, the
ends tied over the shoulder, forming the axillo-acromml
cravat. A second handkerchief is made into a tri-
angle, and its body placed over the side of the head,
and its ends tied into the first over the shoulder. It is
HANDKERCHIEF-DRESSING
541
HANDKERCHIEF-DRESSING
used to approximate wounds on the side of the neck
and to prevent contraction after burns. C, Simple
Bis-axillary ; place the body of the cravat in the
axilla, cross the ends over the shoulder, and after
carrying one across the back and the other
across the breast, tie them together at the an-
terior border of the axilla of the opposite side. C,
Simple Bis-axillo-scapulary ; this is a posterior fig-
ure-of-eight, and is best formed with a strip of muslin
three inches wide and ten yards long. Place the center
of the strip in front of the shoulder and the axilla ; bring
one end back over the top of the shoulder and the
Bi-temporal Triangle. Fronto-occipitat Triangle.
other *hrough the axilla, cross them between the
scapulae, carrying the axillary end over the shoulder of
the opposite side and back through the axilla, and the
humeral end forward through the axilla, the two over-
lapping each other ; then fasten their ends front and
back. This is an extemporaneous dressing for fracture
of the clavicle. C, Tarso-patellar; this requires
three handkerchiefs, all in cravat-form. One is to be
placed about the knee as a figure-of-eight ; a second
round the foot in front of the ankle ; the third is passed
through the loop of the latter, the ends being carried
on either side through the figure-of-eight of the
knee, and pinned or tied as they are turned downward.
C, Tibial ; place the body of a handkerchief, folded
into a cravat, obliquely across the posterior surface of
the leg, and carry the extremities around the limb, the
one below the knee, and the other above the malleoli.
Mayor's Bandage for Fractured Clavicle ; the arm
is flexed at a right-angle and confined to the side of the
chest by a triangular handkerchief, the base being
placed above the forearm and the two extremities
fastened on the back, the apex hanging down in front.
The two folds forming the apex are carried up between
the arm and the body and the under one is passed to
Auriculo-occipital Triangle. Triangular or Hunter's
Cap of the Head.
/ j
■icle.
'Or.)
the sound shoulder, while the upper one is carried to
the affected shoulder. A broad piece of bandage is
fastened to one apex and carried beneath the handker-
chief at the back and is then brought up and fastened
to the other apex on the opposite shoulder.
The most important triangles are the following : T.,
Auriculo-occipital, a variety of handkerchief-dress-
ing for the head, used in keeping an application to the
ear in proper place. The base of the handkerchief is
placed in front of the ear to be covered, and the apex
directed backward. The lower end is next carried
under the jaw and up over the face in front of the
HANDKERCHIEF-DRESSING 542
HAPTODVSPHORIA
ear on the sound side, where it is made to meet the
upper end, tire two being tied together. T., Bi-tem-
poral, a form of handkerchief Iread-dressing, the base
being placed over the temporal region upon one side and
the apex over the other. The ends are carried round to
the opposite temple, crossed, brought back, and secured
with pins, and the summit or apex is turned up and
pinned above the temporal ridge. T., Fronto-occi-
pital, a variety of handkerchief-dressing in which the
base is placed over the forehead, while the summit is
allowed to hang down over the occiput. The ends are
next .carried backward along the sides of the head,
above the ears, and either tied behind the occipital pro-
tuberance, or crossed, brought forward, and pinned at
each side. The apex is then turned forward and pinned
to the body of the handkerchief. T., Malleolo-
phalangeal ; form the handkerchief into a triangle ;
place the base under the foot opposite to the instep ;
fold the summit back over the toes and the dorsum of
the foot, and carry the ends round the malleoli, mak-
ing them fast in front. Tie the ends in front, or cross
them over the dorsum and tie under the sole of the foot.
T., Mammary; fold a handkerchief into a triangle ;
place its base under the breast and its apex over the
corresponding shoulder ; then carry one end under the
axilla and the other over the opposite side of the neck,
tying the two behind the scapula of the aftected side,
and pin to these the summit. T., Oblique, of the
Arm and Chest ; the base of the triangle is placed
under the wrist, the apex being allowed to project
beyond the elbow. The extremity that is next to the
chest is carried over the opposite shoulder, the other
extremity being passed through the axilla of the injured
side and tied with the first extremity over the sound
shoulder. The apex is folded backward around the
elbow and fastened. T., Occipito-frontal ; the same
as the froiito-occipital, only that the handkerchief is re-
versed, the base being placed over the occiput. T.,
Occipito-sternal ; one handkerchief is formed into a
triangle and another into a cravat. The latter is tied
around the chest, forming the sterno-dorsal cravat.
The body of the former is placed over the occiput and
its apex over the forehead. The ends are brought
down on each side of the face and fastened to the cravat
about the chest. The apex is turned backward over
the vertex, and pinned. T., Palmar ; the base of the
handkerchief is placed across the back or the front of
the wrist, according as it is designed to dress the palm
or dorsum of the hand ; the summit is folded back upon
the wrist, and secured there by carrying the ends
around the same. T., Scroto-lumbar. See Z! ,
Suspensory. T., Simple Brachio-cervical ; the arm
being flexed at a right-angle the base of the triangle is
placed under the wrist, and the two extremities are tied
around the neck, the knot being thrown to one side.
The apex is brought round the elbow and pinned in
front. T., Suspensory ; Scroto-htmhar Triaiigk;
fold one handkerchief into a cravat and tie it around
the loins ; form another into a triangle, the base of
which should be placed under the scrotum, and the
extremities brought up, passed beneath the circular
cravat and tied in front. The apex is next carried up,
passed beneath the abdominal cravat and turned down in
front, where it may be fastened with a pin. T., Vertico-
mental, a form of handkerchief head-dressing in
which the body of the handkerchief is placed over the
vertex, the ends brought down over the ears and crossed
under the chin, carried upward and pinned to the de-
scending portion of the handkerchief. The apex is
brought round one side of the head, and secured with
a pin. The Triangular or Hunter's Cap of the
Head ; a piece of material is secured, with the side
sufficiently long to pass over the head and fasten under
the chin. First fold it transversely across until one
side is within an inch of the opposite side ; the short side
is then placed beneath ; the two corners of the folded
edge are turned inward, forming a triangle. The two
extremities of the triangle are taken in either hand, and
while kept tense are twisted and rolled up to the extent
of two inches. Lifting the bandage and approxi-
mating the hands cause the two sides to separate. It
is placed on the head with the thin edge over the fore-
head and the rolled edge around the back of the neck.
The ends are brought under the chin, and tied.
Handwriting {hand' -i-i-ting). See Graphology.
Hanging {Jiang' -ing)\}A.'^.,hangy)ige, hanging]. Death
by suspension of the body from the neck, by a rope
provided with a slip-noose. The immediate cause of
death may be asphyxia, cerebral hemorrhage (from
strangulation), or dislocation or fracture of the cervi-
cal vertebra;.
Hangnail {hang' -nal) [AS., angnagl, a sore by the
nail]. A partly detached piece of epidermis at the
root of the nail, the friction against which has caused
inflammation of the abraded surface.
Haouwa [E. Ind.]. Synonym, in Bagdad, of Asiatic
Cholera.
Hapantismus {Iiap-an-tiz' -miis) [a-af, entire]. Com-
plete adhesion between parts or surfaces.
Haphalgesia {haf-al-je' -ze-ah) [d0?/, touch ; aAyof,
pain]. Painful touch by bodies ordinarily not pain-
ful.
Haphemetric {haf-e-?ncl'-rik) [d(ji;/, touch ; fierpov,
measure]. Relating to esthesiometry. See Esthe-
siometer.
Haphephobia {haf-e-fo'-be-ah) [d*?/, contact ; (pojio^,
fear]. The morbid dread of touching persons or
things ; mysophobia.
Haphonosus {hay-on' -o-si/s) [^a<pr/, touch ; I'dcof , dis-
ease]. Any disorder of the sense of touch.
Haplodermitis {hap-lo-der-ini' -lis) \Jnr'K6oq, simple ;
lUpfia, skin ; irig, inflammation]. A simple or un-
complicated skin-inflammation.
Haplodont {hap'-lo-donf) [_d-'/.6og, single ; bdov^,
(ofSdi'r), tooth]. In biology, applied to animals
whose molar teeth have simple or single crowns.
Haplolichen {hap-lo-li'-hen) [d7r/\dof , single ; Auxvv,
lichen]. Same as Liclieii simplex, q. v.
Haplomelasma {hap-lo-t/n-l-az'-»iah) [d^^dof, simple;
ficAaapa, a livid spot]. Simple melasma.
Haplomorphous {hap-lo-mor' -fits) [d~Adof , simple ;
/lopcpi/, form]. In biology, applied to the simpler
forms of certain groups.
Haploophone {hap-lo'-o-/on) [d-/dof , single ; fuvi/,
voice]. In biology, applied to the form of the
syrinx in certain birds {e.g., Xenicid<e) which have
but one intrinsic syringomyon.
Haplopathy [hap-lop' -ath-e) [d-/ldof, simple; jrdfcf,
illness]. Any uncomplicated disease.
Haplopetalous {hap-lo-pe/'-al-tis) [dn-/dof, single;
rrha/jiv, leaf]. In biology, having but a single
circle of petals.
Haplophyma {hap-lo-fi' -niah) \an'A6oi;, simple ; ifvjiti,
a tumor]. A simple tvmior.
Haploscope {hap' -lo-skop) [d;rAdof , single ; OKo-tiv, to
see]. An instrument for measuring the visual axes.
Haplostemonous (hap-lo-ste' -mon-us) [drr/ldof, single ;
a-i/uuiv, a thread]. In biology, having but a single
circle of stamens.
Haplotomia, Haplotomy, {hap-lo-to' -me-ah, hap-lol'-
o-»ie) [uTrXdof, simple; rnai/, a cut]. A simple inci-
sion.
Haptodysphoria {liap-to-dis-fo' -re-ah) [aTrrdf, tactile,
touched; (Si'f, difficult ; (jd/jof, bear]. The disagree-
HARAMAITISM
543
HATTERS' DISEASE
able sensation aroused hy touching certain objects, as
velvet, a peach, or a russet apple.
Haramaitism (^har-am-a' -il-iziii) [AngloTndian ; from
HariDii i/taiti, the name of an Hindu offender in this
way]. Child-marriage in India; also, the collective
physical evils that result from that system.
Hard [ME., /uird, hard]. Solid; firm to the touch.
H.-hack, the leaves and twigs of Spima tonicii-
iosa : it is astringent and tonic, and a popular New Eng-
land remedy in diarrhea and cholera iiifantuiii. Dose
gr. v-xv, in decoction; of the fid. ext. ^ ss-j. Unof.
The shrub Poteiitilla p-iiticosa is locally called hard-
hack ; its properties are the same as those of the
species named. H. Palate. See Palate. H.
Pitch. See Pitch. H. Resins. See Resins. H.-
tack, a form of biscuit used in the navy and army.
Hardenbergia [Jiar-den-hcr' -je-ah) [after Countess
Hardenbefg^. A genus of Australian leguminous
plants. The root of H. monophylla, called lilac,
and sarsaparilla, is said to be a good substitute for
true sarsaparilla. Unof.
Hardening [hard' -en-ing) [ME., hard, hard]. A
stage in the preparation of tissues for microscopic ex-
amination. See Alcohol, Ammonium Chromate,
Ammonium Bichromate, Potassiuni Bichroviate,
Mailer's Fluid, Erlicki's Fluid, Chromic Acid,
Klein's Fluid, Pabl's Fluid, Corrosive Sublimate,
Picric Acid, in Stains, Table of. Alcohol for pieces
under I inch square, and the bichromate solutions for
larger masses, are best for general use ; others in special
cases ; but in all, full twenty times the bulk of the
object should be used. See Stains, Table of.
Harder's Glands. See Gland.
Hare's Method. A method of determining the posi-
tion on the skull corresponding to the fissure of
Rolando. The pre-Rolandic region occupies 55.7
per cent, of the distance from the glabella to the
inion.
Hare-eye (liar'-i). See Lagophtlialmos .
Harelip (Jiar'-lip). Congenital fissure of the lip due to
arrested facial development. The scheme of the
formation of cleft is shown in the annexed illustrations.
H., Complicated, with cleft or malformation of the
superior maxillary bone also. H., Double, two clefts
of the lip, or one of each lip. Twisted or Harelip
Suture, a figure-of-8 suture about a pin thrust through
the lips of freshened edges of the cleft. For opera-
tions for single harelip see Clemof s, Collis' s, Dieffen-
baclis, Giraldes' , Graefe's, Hagedorn' s, Alalgaigne' s,
Miraulfs, Nelaton's, Pares, Rose's, Stokes' Opera-
tions ; and for operations for double harelip see Barde-
leben's, Blandin's, Butcher's, Dcsatdt's, Franco's,
Gensoul' s, Lange7ibeck' s, Rose's, Sedillot's, Smith's
Operations, in Operatiotis, Table of.
Harlequin {liar' -le-kwin') \_Qi¥ ., harlequin, a harlequin].
Variegated ; party-colored. H. Fetus, a fetus with
congenital ichthyosis, general seborrhea, or diffuse
keratoma. Such subjects are always born prematurely,
and have no external ears, eyelids, or lips.
Harmalin {har'-mal-in) [ap/^aXa], Cj^Hj^Kp. A
yellowish crystalline substance used as a dye. .See
Pigments, Conspectus of.
Harmonia (Jiar-mo' -ne-ali) [dp//oi'/a, harmony]. A
suture (also a mode of suture) between two bones
that are apposed closely and immovably upon each
other.
Harmonics {har-ino7t'-iks). See Over-tones.
Harpoon [har-poon') [Fr., harpon, a grappling-iron].
An instrument for the removal of bits of living tissue
for microscopic examination.
Harrison's Groove. A transverse curve passing out-
ward from the level of the ensiform cartilage toward
the axilla. It may be deepened at each inspiration
in certain diseases, e.g., rickets.
Hartig's White Mass. A substance for injecting
tissues. Dissolve 125 gms. of lead acetate in enough
water to m^ke the whole weigh 500 gms. Dissolve 95
gms. of sodium carbonate in enough water to make
the whole weigh 500 gms. One volume of each of
these solutions is mixed with two volumes of strong
gelatin solution.
Hartmann's Elixir. An elixir containing camphor
50 parts, and saffron I part, in alcohol 350 parts.
H.'s Tubes, small tubes devised to be passed through
a perforated drum-membrane for the purpose of irriga-
ting and draining the middle-ear cavity.
Hartshorn {harts' -horn'). I. Cornu cervi. 2. A
name popularly given to ammonium hydrate. See
Ammonium.
Scheme of Formation of the Face and Arrest of
ITS Development.
A. First appearance of the face, i, 11, iii, iv. The four vis-
ceral arches, f. Frontal process, i. Innernasal process. 2.
Outer nasal process. 3. Superior maxillary process. 11. In-
ferior maxillary process, b, c. First and second visceral
clefts, a. Eye. z. Tongue. B. Normal union of the em-
bryonic parts. Z. Intermaxillary bone. A''. Nasal orifice.
O. Nasal tear-duct. U. Lower jaw (>«, abnormal dilatation of
the mouth, constituting makrostomia). C Arrest of the
development, constituting oro-nasal cleft. D. Arrest of de-
velopment showing an " oblique facial cleft " {Q).
Harvest-bug. See Leptus autumnalis.
Hashish (hash' -esh). .See Cannabis.
Hasner's Valve. A fold of the mucous membrane of
the nasal duct at the tower orifice. It is not of con-
stant occurrence. See Valve.
Hassall, Concentric Corpuscles of. Peculiar bodies
found in the medulla of the thymus gland. They
consist of a central granular part, around which are
disposed layers of flattened nucleated endothelial cells
arranged concentrically.
Hastate {has'-tdt) \_hasta, a spear]. In biology, shaped
like the head of a spear ; halberd-shaped.
Hastifolious {has-tif-o' -le-us) \_hasta, a spear ; folium ,
a leaf]. In biology, having hastate leaves.
Hatters' Disease. A form of constitutional mercurial
poisoning occurring in the makers of hats ; also a
HAUNCH
544
HEART
skin-disease, arising from the use of mercury and ar-
senic ; also an acute irritation of tlie respiratory tract
caused by the fumes of nitrogen tetroxid ; all of these
chemicals being used in hat-making. H.'s Con-
sumption, a form of pneumonitis occurring in hatters
from inhalation of the fur and dust arising during the
process of " finishing and pouncing."
Haunch [haicnch or haliiick) [Fr. , hanche, haunch].
The part of the body including the hips and the buttocks.
Haustellum (haxi's-tcF -mn') \_haustruin, a machine for
drawing water: Haitstclla'^. In biology, the
sucking-apparatus of an arthropod.
Haustorium (Jiaws-to' -re-ii»i) \Jiaustus', hatirire, to
draw: //. , Haustorid]. In biology, the penetrating
organs of certain parasitic plants, by means of which
they obtain nourishment from their host.
Haustus {ha-ius'-tits) \Jiaurire, to draw]. In phar-
macy, a draft. A portion of medicine in the form of
a draft.
Haul Mai {Jw-inahl'). See Epilepsy.
Havanna-brown. Same as Phenyl-brown.
Havers, Canals of. See Canal. H., Glands of. See
Gland. H., Spaces of, large and irregular spaces
found in growing bone mainly, though also to a lim-
ited extent in adult bones.
Haversian Canal (hav-er' -zhe-un'). See Bone and
Canal. H. System, a system in bone, consisting
of a central opening, or Haversian canal, surrounded
by a number of concentric rings.
Haw [ME., haw, an excrescence in the eye]. I. The
third eyelid, nictitating membrane, or winker of a
horse. 2. A diseased or disordered condition of the
third eyelid of the horse.
Hawking (/ia7f'-/6/«^'- ) [ME., to hawk]. Clearing
the throat by a peculiar expiratory current of air.
Hawley's Food. A variety of Liebig's foods for
infants. Its composition is : Water, 6.60 ; fat, 0.61 ;
grape-sugar, 40.57; cane-sugar, 3.44; starch, 10.97 !
soluble carbohydrates, 76.54; albuminoids, 5.38;
ash, 1.50.
Hay (Jia) [ME., hay, hay]. Grass, cut and dried.
H. -asthma. See Fever, Hay. H.-cold. Same as
Hay-fever. H. -fever. See Fever.
Hay's Method. See Treatment, Methods of. H.'s Re-
action. See Strassburg^ s Test, in Tests, Table of.
H.'s Test. See Tests, Table of
Haya Poison (ha' -yah) [said to have been named after
Mr. John Hay']. A powerful toxic agent from tropical
Africa, said by some to be derived from some species
of erythrophleum ; but this has been disputed. A
solution of its impure alkaloid ( I to 2 per cent.) is a
powerful local anesthetic, more persistent in its effects
tlian cocain.
Haycraft's Method. A method for the estimation of
uric acid in solutions. When uric acid is precipitated
by an ammoniacal solution of nitrate of silver in the
presence of the ammonio-magnesic mixture (see
Salko7vski- Litdwig Method), the precipitate is stated
to contain one atom of silver to each molecule of uric
acid. The uric acid is then determined by dissolving
the precipitate in UNO.,, in which solution the silver
is finally estimated volumetrically with a standard
solution of potassium sulphocyanate. See Uric Aeid.
Hayden's Viburnum Compound. See Viburnum.
Hayem's Corpuscles. See Blood-plates. H.'s Fluid,
a fluid used in hematology. It consists of distilled
water, with the addition of sul|)hate of .sodium, two
and one-half per cent.; pure chlorid of sodium, one-
half per cent.; and bichlorid of mercury, one-fourth
per cent.
Hayward's Treatment. After the operation of arthrec-
tomy for tuberculous disease, Hay ward packed the
cavity with lint saturated with dilute sulphuric acid,
one-third the official strength, to hasten the separation
of diseased tissues, to stimulate granulations, and to
secure ankylosis.
Head (hed) [M.Y,.,hed, the head]. The anterior or
upper part of the body. That part of the body con-
taining the brain or central nerve-system. Also, the
upper end of a long bone, as the femur. H.-ache,
any pain in the head, general or local, arising from
any cause whatever. According to Hughlings- Jack-
son, frontal headaches, such as " sick " and "bili-
ous " headaches, are due to disorders of the digestive
system ; headache at the vertex, to cerebral troubles ;
and occipital headache, to anemia. Eye-strain is a
frequent source of headache, especially in the frontal
region. H. -breeze. Electro-therapeutic, a device
for general static cephalic electrization by a head-plate,
with numerous insulated pencils for subdividing and
accumulating strong currents, and giving more grad-
ual effects. See Static Breeze. H. -birth, the birth
of the fetal head first. H.-drop, a peculiar nervous
disease seen in Japan during the spring and early sum-
mer, supposed to be miasmatic in origin. It is at-
tended with inability to hold the head erect, paralytic
symptoms in the limbs, and optic disorders. One at-
tack predisposes to others. H.-fold, an inflection or
tucking-in of the layers in front of and beneath the head
of the embryo. H.-gut. See Fore-gut. H. -kidney.
Same as Pronephros. H. -light Oil. See Burning
Oil. H. -locking, a term in obstetrics denoting the
entanglement of the heads of twins at the time of
birth. H. -measurements. See Craniometry.
Heal [hel) [ME., helen, to heal]. To make whole or
sound ; to cure. H.-all. See Collinsonia.
Healing {he' -ling) [ME., helen, to heal]. Union and
cicatrization of a wound ; applied generally to the
cure of disease. H. by First Intention, without the
granulating process. H. by Second Intention, by
the intermediation of granulations. H. by Third
Intention, the direct union of two already granulat-
ing surfaces.
Health {helth) [ME., helth, health]. That condition
of the body and its organs necessary to the proper
performance of their normal functions. A hale or
whole condition of body. H.-lift, an apparatus for
exercising those muscles by which weights are lifted
directly upward.
Hear (her) [ME., heren, to hear]. To perceive by the
ear.
Hearing (/ifr'-w^) [ME. , /z^rf«,tohear]. The special
sense by which the sonorous vibrations of the air are
communicated to the mind. The cerebral center is
excited by the vibration of the fluid contents of the
labyrinth, or terminal organs of the auditory nerve.
Sound presents three elements, pitch, intensity,
and timbre. The first depends upon the number of
the aerial vibrations; the second upon their amplitude ;
the third upon their form.
Heart (hart) [ME., hart, heart]. The organ giving the
initiative and chief impulse to the circulation of the
blood. It is enveloped by a membranous tissue called
the pericardiuDi. It consists essentially of four cavities,
a right auricle and ventricle, and a left auricle and
ventricle. The movements of the heart may be re-
corded by means of the cardiograph, and these tracings,
or cardiograms , may be of value in the study of
diseased conditions. H., Dilatation of, the abnormal
increase in size of any or all of the cavities of the
heart. H.-burn, a burning feeling at the epigastrium
and lower part of the chest, caused by the acetic or
putrefactive fermentation of the gastric contents. H.-
clot, coagulation of the blood in the cardiac cavities ;
HEART
cardiac thrombosis. H. -disease, any functional or
organic pathologic condition of the heart. H., Fatty,
a name given to two distinct pathologic conditions of
the heart-tissue. In the first there is a true fatty de-
generation of the muscular fibers of the heart ; and in
the second there is an increase in the quantity of sub-
pericardial fat — a fatty infiltration. The former and
Anatomy of the Heart, Right Side.
I. Cavity of right auricle. 2. Appendix auriculae. 3 Superior
vena cava. 4. Inferior vena cava. 5. Fossa ovalis ; the
prominent ridge surrounding it is the annulus ovalis. 6.
Eustachian valve. 7. Opening of the coronary vein. 8.
Coronary valve. 9. Entrance of the auriculo-ventricular
opening. Between the figures i and 9, several foramina
thebesii are seen. a. Right ventricle, d, c. Cavity of right
ventricle. e,f. Tricuspid valve, g. Long columiia carnea.
h. The "long moderator band." i. The two columnae
carneae of the right curtain, k. Attachment of chordae
tendineae of the left limb of the anterior curtain. /, /. Chordae
tendineae of the " fixed curtain " of the valve, m. Valve of
the pulmonary artery, n. Apex of left appendix auriculae.
n. Left ventricle, p. Ascending aorta. 9. Its transverse por-
tion, r. Descending aorta.
Anatomy of the Heart, Left Side.
I. Cavity of left auricle. 2. Cavity of the appendix auriculae.
3- Opening of the two right pulmonary veins. 4. The sinus
into which the left pulmonary veins open. 5. Left pulmon-
ary veins. 6. Auriculo-ventricular opening. 7. Coronary
vein. 8. Left ventricle. 9, 9. Cavity of the left ventricle,
a. Mitral valve, i, b, b. Columnae carneae. c, c. Fixed
columnae carneae. d. Arch of the aorta, e. Pulmonary
artery. /. Obliterated ductus arteriosus, g. Left pulmon-
ary artery, h. Right ventricle, i. Point of the appendix of
right auricle.
35
545 HEART
most serious condition is due to a deficiency in the
supply of oxygenated blood to the heart, arising
either from local or general causes. It gives rise to
asthma, angina pectoris, and a tendency to syncope and
sudden death. The second condition is usually asso-
ciated with general obesity, and may present the same
symptoms as the first. H. -hurry. Paroxysmal.
See Tachycardia . H., Hypertrophy of, an abnor-
mal increase in the muscular tissue of the heart. See,
5
Horizontal Section of Lungs and Heart.
I, I. Upper lobes of lungs. 2, 2. Lower lobes. 3 Dorsal ver-
tebra. 4, 4. Two ribs. 5. Heart. 6. Right auricular
appendix. 7. Superior vena cava. 8. Aorta. 9. Pulmonary
artery. 10. Left auricle. 11. Left auricular appendix. 12.
Mouths of right pulmonary veins. 13. Mouths of left pul-
monary veins. 14. Thoracic aorta. is. Esophagus. {See
also pp. iij andj'^o.)
B.Pr—
Scheme of the Blood-pressure.
H. Heart, a. Auricle, t/. Ventricle. A. Arterial ; C, capillary ;
V, venous areas. The circle indicates the parts within the
thorax. B, P. Pressure in the aorta.
also, Hypertrophy. H. -murmurs. See Murmur.
H. -scald, ^ame as H.-buni. H. -shock, Latham's
term for sudden cardiac breakdown during exertion,
not due to rupture of a valve. H., Sounds of, the
sounds observed in auscultation of the heart, occurring
synchronously with systolic contraction and the closure
of the valves, etc. H., Valves of. See Valve.
H. -starvation, Fothergill's term for a form of cardiac
asthenia occurring in adult age, and characterized by
feeble circulation, cold extremities, tendency to ver-
tigo, and pseudo-apoplectic attacks, but with absence
of arcus senilis. It is due to general ill-nutrition,
HEART
546
HEDERIC ACID
worry, over- work, and loss of sleep. Cardiograms of
some pathologic conditions of the heart are appended
P, y. Hypertrophy and dilatation of the left ventricle. E.
Stenosis of the aortic orifice. F. Mitral insufficiency. L.
Exophthalmic goiter,
(a, b. Contraction of the auricles, b, c. Ventricular systole.
rf, Closure of aortic valve, e. Closure of pulmonary valves.
e,f. Diastole of the ventricle.)
Heat (Jiet) [ME., hecte, heat]. A mode or rate of
vibration of ethereal, atomic, or molecular, or wave-
motion. Within certain limits of intensity it is essential
to the development of all organized beings ; above a
certain degree, it is destructive to all organization and
life. As regards the body, heat indicates a temperature
above 98.6° F. Also, in physiology, the period of
sexual excitement in the females of many animals.
H., Animal, the heat generated within the bodies of
living animals by the liberation of the latent heat con-
tained in the food. H. -apoplexy. See Insolation.
H. -asphyxia. Same as Insolation. H. -centers,
certain points situated al)out the mesal and lateral
aspects of the corpus striatum, supposed to have the
function of regulating or inhibiting the production of
body-heat. H. -eruption. Synonym of Eczema.
H. -fever. See Insolation . H., Latent, physiolog-
ically, the potential energy existing in a complex
proteid molecule, and which is liberated by the sim-
plification of the latter, or the katabolic processes of
the organism. H., Prickly. See Urticaria. H.,
Specific. .See Specific. H.-spot, a freckle. Also
a synonym of Eczema solare. H. -stroke, a nervous
affection characterized by sudden syncope, enfeebled
circulation and respiration, caused by exposure to
intense heat. It is called also Siaistroke. H.-unit,
the unit quantity of heat. It is the amount of heat
necessary to raise one pound of water through one de-
gree of temperature.
Heaves (//ft'c) [ME.,//cw«, to raise]. A disease of
horses, characterized by difficult and laborious respira-
tion. It is also called " broken ivind."
Heavy Oil. See Creosote Oil.
Hebephrenia (he-be-fre' -ne-ah) li/[3>/, puberty ; (j>p>/y,
mind]. A special form of mental derangement
occurring in young persons at or soon after the age of
puberty.
Hebephreniac {he-be-fre'-7ie-ak) [rjP>i, puberty ; (j>pi/v,
the mind]. One who is affected with hebephrenia.
Hebephrenic {he-be-fren'-ik) [?//?//, puberty; the
mind]. I. Affected with hebephrenia. 2. One who
is affected with hebephrenia.
Heberden's Asthma. See Asthma, and Diseases,
Table of. H.'s Rheumatism. See Diseases, Table
of. H.'s Nodes. See Nodes, and Signs and Symp-
toms, Table of. H.'s Nodosities. See Signs and
Symptoms, Table of.
Hebetic {lie-bef -ik) [^i/fti/riKoq, relating to puberty].
Relating to puberty or to adolescence.
Heheiud^ {heb' -e-tad ) [liebetudo ; Iiebes, h\m\i\. Dul-
ness of the senses and intellect. A term applied to
the state of partial stupor in affections of the brain.
Hebetudinous {heb-e-tn' -din-tis) \_hebetiido ; hebes,
blunt]. Affected with hebetude.
Hebra's Arsenical Paste. A paste also known as
Cosiness Paste. It is used in treating lupus vulgaris.
It consists of arsenious acid, 10 grains ; artificial cin-
nabar, ^ dram ; ointment of rose-water, ounce.
It is spread on linen and applied accurately by means
of a pad and bandage. H.'s Erythema. See Dis-
eases, Table of. H.'s Pityriasis. See Diseases,
Table of. H.'s Prurigo. .See Diseases, Table of.
Heckle-cell {hck'-l-sel) [ME., hekele, a heckle; cella,
a cell]. An epidermal cell having minute, hard,
horny projections from its cell- wall.
Hectic (lick^-tik) [t'/crwrff, habitual or consumptive].
Habitual. A word now commonly used in connection
with certain constant symptoms of pulmonary tuber-
culosis, as H. Fever, the febrile symptoms concurrent
with pulmonary tuberculosis. H. Flush, the flushed
cheek accompanying pulmonary tuberculosis. H.
Spot. Same as //. Flusli.
Hectocotylization (Jiek-to-kot-il-iz-a' -slum') [f/cardv, a
hundred ; kotvI.ti, a small cup]. In biology, applied
to the peculiar sexual modification of the arm of the
male cephalopod, or its use as a fertilizing-organ.
Hectocotylus {hek-to-kof -il-us) [f/iaro;', a hundred ;
KOTvhi, a cup]. In biology, a specialized arm in
certain male cephalopods, which contains the sperm-
cells, and is detached and deposited within the mantle-
cavity of the female.
Hectogram (hek'-to-gram) [ffta-dr, one hundred ;
yf)d/ifja, a weight]. One hundred grams, or 1543.2349
grains.
Hectoliter {liek' -to-le-ter) [tA-ardi', hundred ; Xnpa, a
pound]. One hundred liters, equal to 22.009 imperial
gallons, or 26.4 U. S. gallons.
Hectometer {/lek'-to-me-ter) [f hariji', hundred ; fihpov,
a measure]. One hundred meters, or 328 feet, I inch.
Hedeoma [he-de-o'-ma/i) [//drf, sweet ; ocr////, smell].
American Pennyroyal. The leaves and tops of //.
piilegioides, distinguished by their aroma. Its proper-
ties are due to a volatile oil. It is stimulant and
carminative, and has some value as an emmenagogue.
It is useful in the flatulent colic of children. Its odor
is extremely repulsive to fleas and mosquitoes. H.,
01. the volatile oil. Dose TTLij-x. H., Spt., unof , 10
per cent, of the oil in alcohol.
Hedera {hed' -er-a!i) [L.]. A genus of woody vines.
H. helix, the true or European Ivy. Its wood is
used in making issue-peas. A decoction of the
leaves has been used as an alterative and antibechic.
The berries are purgative and emetic. The gum is
emetic and stimulant, and is useful in toothache. Unof.
Hederic Acid (lied-er'-ik) \_hcdera , European Ivy].
An acid derivable from the leaves of Hedera lielix, of
which it shares the medicinal qualities. Unof.
HEDERIN
547
HELICORUBIN
Hederin [hed' -er-iii) \_licdera, European Ivy]. An in-
tensely bitter alkaloid from the seeds of Hedera helix.
It is said to be actively febrifuge. (The gttm of ivy
has also been called liedei-in.)
Hedge-hog Crystals. Crystals of urate of soda found
as a urinary deposit. The crystals are globular, with
spiny projections, and may cause severe vesical irrita-
tion.
Hedge-hyssop (hej-his' -up) . See Gratiola.
Hedonia (Jie-do'-ne-aJi) \J]6ovii, pleasure]. Abnormal
cheerfulness ; amenomania.
Hedonism {hcd'-o-nizm) [;/(5oiv/, pleasure]. The pur-
suit of pleasure; in psychic medicine, the unreasoning
pursuit of some hobby or whim.
Hedrocele [ked'-ro-sel) \k6pa, anus; nrfAii, tumor]. A
hernia in which the part protrudes through the notch
of the ischium. Also, prolapsus of the anus.
Hedrosyrinx (Jied-ro-si' -rinks) [erSpa, anus ; funda-
ment ; avpn/^, pipe] . Fistula in ano.
Hedwigia {hed-tuij' -e-ah) [after Johann I/edivig]. A
genus of amarydaceous trees. H. balsamifera, of
the W. Indies, affords a resin, not unlike copaiba in
its uses. The bark is antiperiodic, and contains a
convulsivant alkaloid, which would appear to be a
powerful heart-depressant and antithermic.
Hedyosmon [//tSt'c, sweet ; ou//?/, odor].
A genus of tropical chloranthaceous trees and shrubs.
H. arborescens, a tree of Jamaica, affords a remedy
for dyspepsia. H. nutans, a shrub of the W. Indies,
has leaves that are good for headaches.
Heel {hel) [ME., heel, heel]. The hinder part of the
foot. H.-bone. See Calcaneum.
Hegar's Sign. See Signs and Symptoms, Table of.
Hegar-Kohrn Method. See Treattnent , Methods of.
Heidenhain, Demilune Cells of. See Demilune and
Crescent of Gianuzzi. H.'s Method. See Stains,
Table of. H., Parietal Cells of. See Delomorphons.
H., Rods of. "^e-t Rods. H.'s Solution. See Stains,
Table of.
Heimia [him' -e-ah) [after Ludwig Heim, a German
botanist]. A genus of lythaceous shrubs of N. and
S. America. H. salicifolia (hanchinol), found in
Texas and far to the South, is resinous, antisyphilitic,
hemostatic, and febrifuge. Unof
Heintz's Method. A method of estimating uric acid
in the urine. Take loo c.c. of urine. Add to thi.'s
5 c.c. of HCl. Lay the mixture aside for 24 hours.
Collect the crystals on a weighed filter-paper, wash
with dilute HCl; dry at 100° C. , and weigh. The
increase in weight will give the percentage of uric
acid.
Heisch's Test. See Tests, Table of
Heister's or Heisterian Valve. A fold of mucous
membrane in the cystic duct arranged in a spiral.
Heitzmann's Theory. The theory that the axis-cyl-
inder of a nerve-fiber is ordinary connective tissue
modified for the transmission of special impulses.
Hekistotherm (Jiek-is' -to-thenii) \jiKwroi;, least, worst ;
OkpiiT), heat]. In biology, a plant that can subsist
with a minimum of heat, e.g., a member of the Arctic
or Antar';tic flora.
Helcoid (liel'-koid) \p\Kor, ulcer; s/rSof, likeness].
Resembling an ulcer.
Helcology [hel-koV -o-je) [f/lKor, ulcer; /o)'of, science].
The pathology and treatment of ulcers.
Helcoma (hel-ko'-mah) [f^Kfj/zn, an ulcer: //. , Helco-
mata\ An ulcer.
Helcomenia [liel-ko-ine' -iie-ah') [f/l/cof, ulcer ; piiv,
month]. Vicarious menstrual discharge from an
ulcer.
Helcoplasty (lieF-koplas-te) [eXkoc, ulcer ; TrXcirjaeiv,
to shape]. The treatment of ulcers by skin-grafting.
Helcopoiesis {hel-ko-poi-e' -sis) \k'hKor^, ulcer ; nairjaL(;,
making]. The surgical formation of an issue, for
counter-irritation.
Helcosis [hel-ko'-sis) [f/t/«j(T;f, ulceration]. The forma-
tion and development of an ulcer.
Helcotic {hel-kot'-ik) [E/lK6jr(K((f, pertaining to an ulcer].
Ulcerative ; of the nature of or accompanied by ulcera-
tion.
Helenin [hel'-en-in), C^HgO. Alant Camphor ; Inulol ;
the active principle of inula. It is a faintly odorous
and nearly tasteless, volatile substance, insoluble in
water, but soluble in ether, oils, and hot alcohol. It
is antiseptic and germicidal, and is recommended for
use in diphtheria and tuberculosis. Unof.
Helenium (hel-e'-ne-2i/?i) \j'Ai;vlov, elecampane]. I.
Same as Inula, q. v. 2. A genus of composite North
American herbs. H. autumnale, sneezewort. H.
nudiflorum, and H. bolanderi are strongly errhine,
and are substituted for arnica. H. puberulum is
tonic, alterative, and errhine. H. tenuifolium, of
the Gulf .States, is said to be a destructive cattle-
poison. Unof.
Helianthella [he-le-an-theU -ah) ['/A/of , the sun ; Mnc
flower]. A genus of North American composite herbs.
The root of //. tennifolia is aromatic, expectorant,
antispasmodic, and, in large doses, emetic. It is of
reputed service in pulmonary complaints. Dose of
the fld. ext. n\_v-xxx. Unof.
Helianthemum (lie-le-an' -them-iim) [?/A(of , sun ; avSoc,
flower]. Frost wort ; Rock Rose. The herb // eana-
dense, astringent, aromatic, tonic, and alterative. It
is useful in diarrhea, scrofula, and secondary syphilis.
Dose of the fld. ext. tTLv-xx. Unof.
Helianthin {he-le-an' -thin) the sun ; avQoq, a
flower], CsH^SO,Na,N:N.C5H^N(CH,)2. Methyl-
orange ; an orange-yellow powder used as a dye and
as a test in analyses. See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Helianthus {he-lc-an' -thus) [?;>.(0f , sun ; avHoc, flower].
A genus of composite-flowered plants. The sun-
flower. H. annuus, a commonly cultivated species,
affords highly useful, oil-bearing seeds, the seeds of
some varieties being also edible. H. tuberosus, the
Jerusalem Artichoke, has large tuberous roots, some-
times eaten when cooked or pickled. .Several of the
species are medicinal.
Helichrysum {he-le-kri' -sum) \fihioc, sun ; xpvctx;,
gold]. A genus of old-world composite plants. The
European species (as H. arenarium, H. stoechas)
are aromatic stimulants, used in domestic practice.
Several South African species (H. auriculatum, im-
bricatum, nudiflorum, etc.) are used as pectoral
teas.
Helicin [hel'-is-in), Cj^HjgO,. A glucosid, produced
by oxidizing salicin with HNO3. It dissolves with
difficulty in water, crystallizes in small needles, and
melts at 175° C.
Helicine (hel'-is-in) [e'/u^, a spiral]. I. Tortile, or
spiral in structure. 2. Pertaining to the helix. H.
Arteries, arteries proceeding frem the profunda penis
branches of the pudic,and from the dorsal arteries of
the penis. See Arteries, Table of.
Helicogyrate {hel-ik-o-ji' -rat) [fA;f, a spiral; yvpog, a
ring]. In biology, having a spiral annulus, as the
spore-cases in trichomanes.
Helicoid {hcl' -ik-oid) [eAif, a spiral ; tliSoc, form].
Spiral ; coiled like a snail-shell or helix.
Helicopepsin {hel-ik-o-pep' -sin) \pvii, a spirally coiled
snail ; -t ih/r, digestion]. A peptic ferment found by
Krukenberg in snails.
Helicorubin [hel-ik-o-ru' -bin) a spiral, the snail ;
pnv^'ivi, ruby]. A pigment of certain invertebrates;
the same as Hemochromogen and Enterohe7natin , q. v.
HELICOTREMA
548
HEMABAROMETER
Helicotrema [hel-ik-o-tre'-mak) \jhi, helix, coil ;
Tpf/jia, hole]. The opening connecting the scalit tym-
pani and vestibuli of the spiral canal of the cochlea.
Heliencephalitis {Jic-le-en-sef-al-i' -lis) \jfkLo(;, sun ;
h/Kt(pa?Loc, brain ; trie, inflammation]. Encephalitis
caused by exposure to the sun's rays.
Heliodorus's Bandage. See Bandage.
Heliomyelitis {Iie-k-o-mi-el-i' -tis) [?/A(of, sun ; five7i6^,
marrow; ;r;f, inflammation]. Myelitis caused by ex-
posure to the sun's rays.
Helionosus [he-le-on'-o-sm) [ifAiog, sun; I'dtrof, disease] .
Sunstroke.
Heliophag {he' -le-o-fag) [?)Afo^-, sun ; (payeiv, to de-
vour]. A narne given to the animal pigment-cell, as
being a supposed absorber of the radiant energy of the
sun's light and heat.
Heliophobia {he-le-o-fo' -bc-aJi) \r)'Kioq, sun ; <po^o<;,
fear]. Morbid fear of exposure to the sun's rays.
Heliosis (Jie-le-o' -sis) [?//'«<:, sun]. A sun-bath ; also,
sunstroke.
Heliotherapy [he-le-o-fher'-ap-e) [IjTiio^, .sun ; Hepa~Eta,
treatment]. The treatment of disease by exposure of
the body to sunlight. Sun-bathing.
Heliotrope [Jie' -le-o-irop) [j/Aiof , sun ; rpf tteh', to turn] .
Any plant of the boraginaceous genus Heliotyopiitni.
H. europseum is aperient, and is said to cure warts
and ulcers. Unof.
Heliotropin (Jie-le-ot' -ro-piii) \Jfkinq, the sun ; rpmnv,
to turn]. I. Stt P/peronaL 2. A poisonous alkaloid
from Ilcliotropiitm eiiropieum, a European species of
heliotrope. Its action is little known. Unof.
Heliotropism {lie-le-ot' -ro-pizni) [)yA;of ,the sun ; rpiirtiv,
to turn]. In biology, that property of a plant or
plant-organ by virtue of which it bends toward or
away from the sunlight.
Heliotropy {he-le-of ■ro-pe') \jfkio<;, the sun ; Tpoizi/, a
turning]. Same as Heliotropism.
Helix {he'-liks) [eAff, a coil]. The margin of the ex-
ternal ear.
Hellebore, Black. See Hellebonis. H., White. See
Ve?'a/ruiii album.
Helleborein (liel-eb-or-e' -in). See Hellebonis.
Helleborin {hel' -e-bo-rin) [sA/lf/Sopoi;, hellebore], C.,^-
H^jOfi + 4H.^0. A crystalline glucosid of Helleborits
viridis, insoluble in water. It is a cardiac and ner-
vous poison of great intensity. See Hellebori/s.
Helleborism [liel'-eb-or-iziii) \_Dle(iupiC,eiv, to dose with
hellebore]. The treatment of disease with hellebore ;
the morbid condition induced by the free exhibition
of hellebore.
Helleborus (Jiel-eb'-or-us) \_k'k\kl'inpo<;, hellebore: gen.,
Hellebori\ The root of H. niger, black hellebore,
with properties due to two glucosids, helleborin, Cg„-
H^jOo' helleborein, C.^^H^^O,-. It is a drastic
hydragogue cathartic, and emmenagogue, and was for-
merly a popular remedy for insanity, dropsy, and
amenorrhea. Helleborein is sometimes used in cardiac
affections as a substitute for digitalis, its action being
obtained by smaller doses and with less irritation. H.
nigri.. Ext. Unof. Dose gr. j-x, cautiously. H.
nigri., Ext., Fid. Unof. Dose tt\^ij-xv. Helle-
borein. Unof. Very soluble in water. Dose gr.
1 1
Heller's Tests. See Tests, Table of.
Hellmund's Ointment. A narcotic ointment composed
of acetate of lead, lo parts; extract of conium, 30
parts; balsam of Peru, 30 parts; Sydenham's lauda-
num, 5 parts ; and cerate, 240 parts.
Helmerich's Ointment. An ointment used in the
treatment of scabies. It consists of .sublimated sul-
phur, I dram; potassium carbonate, dram; and
lard, 6^ drams. The ointment should remain in
contact with the diseased surface for four or five
hours.
Helmholtz's Apparatus. A galvanometer consisting
of two equal and vertical coils, with a magnetic needle
midway between them. H.'s Ligament. See Liga-
ment. H.'s Line. See Lines, Table of.
Helminth (JieU -minth) [t/i/i«'f, worm]. A worm; an
intestinal or entozoic worm.
Helminthagogue (hel-minth' -ag-og). See Anthel- ■
mintic.
Helminthiasis (liel-viiti-thi' -as-is) \kXjiu'(iLav, to suffer
from worms]. A condition marked by the presence
of parasites in the body, especially intestinal worms.
Also, a disorder or lesion caused by worms.
Helminthicide [hel-minth' -is-id) \f'kfiLvq, a worm ;
C(cdere, to kill]. See Vermicide.
Helminthics (liel-min'-thiks). See Anthelmintics.
Helminthochorton (hel-min-tho-kor'-ton) [tXfuv^, a
worm; ;i'd/)rof, grass]. See Corsican Afoss.
Helminthoid (Jiel-min' -thoid) \}}vp.ii)q, a worm ; £!(5of,
likeness]. Shaped like a worm.
Helminthology (liel-min-thoV -o-je) \k'kiuvq, a worm ;
/loyof, science]. A treatise on worms, especially
those parasitic within the body.
Helminthoma {liel-min-tho' -mah) ^pifiLvq, a worm;
d/m, a tumor: //. , Helminthomata'\. A tumor
caused by the presence of a parasitic worm. See
Bulam Boil and Guinea-worm.
Helminthoncus (liel-minth-ong'-kus) \fkp,iv(;, a worm;
oyKoq, a tumor]. An old term for a parasitic skin-dis-
ease.
Helminthophobia {fiel-min-tho-fo' -be-ah) \piu.iv<;
{e?ifiivd-),a worm; ^6jioc, fear]. A nervous state
produced by the presence or thought of parasitic
worms.
Helminthous (hel-min' -thus) [iXfuvi;, a worm].
Wormy.
Helocerous (lie-los' -er-us) [^Aof, a nail ; Kipac, horn].
In biology, having capitate antennre.
Heloderma (he-lo-der' -mah) [lyAof , wart ; f^kpfia, skin].
A genus of lizards. H. horridum, of Mexico, and
H. suspectum, of Arizona (called Gila Monster) , are
said to be the only known species of venomous lizards.
Helodermatous {lie-lo-der' -mat-us) [///of, a nail, wart;
iMppa, skin]. In biology, having a warty or tuber-
culous skin.
Helodes [he-lo'-dez) [e/lof, a swamp]. Swampy, or
marshy. Also, a fever attended with profuse sweat-
ing. Also, marsh-fever.
Helonias [hel-o'-ne-as) [f/or, a marsh]. A genus of
monocotyledonous plants. H. dioica. .See Chantte-
lirion.
Helonin (hel-o'-ni)i) [fAoc, a marsh]. A crude precip-
itate from the tincture of Chaniielirion caroliitianiim.
It is prescribed for uterine affections, and is tonic and
diuretic. Caution should be observed in its use.
Dose, gr. ij-iv. Unof.
Helopyra (hel-op'-e-rah) [fAof, marsh; -hp, fever].
Malarial fever.
Helosis (^^-/-o'-.cm) [?)/lof, nail, bract]. I. .\ genus of
tropical American plants. H. brasiliensis, cayen-
nensis, and jamaicensis, are styptic and vulnerary
remedies. Unof. 2. An old name for inversion of
the eyelids ; strabisnnis ; eye-spasm ; plica polonica ;
the term is now seldom employed.
Helvetia Green. See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Helvolous (hel'-7'o-liis) [dim. of helvus, yellow].
Tawny, or reddish-yellow.
Helweg, Triangular Tract of. A tract that appears
either in juxtaposition with, or as the most ventral |>art
of, the ventro lateral tract of the spinal cord.
Hemabarometer (Jieni-ab-ar-om' -et-er) \j:upa, blood ;
HEMACELINOSIS
549
HEMATHERMOUS
paphq, heavy ; fierpov, measure]. A contrivance for
the approximate determination of the specific gravity
of the blood.
liema.ct.\\r\.osis {kem-as-el-eti-o' -sis) [aJ/za, blood ; ktia'k;,
spot ; I'ocof, disease]. A synonym of the disease,
Purpura.
Hemachroin (Iiem-ak-ro' -iti) \aiy.a, blood; XP^'^'y
color]. Same as Hematosin.
Hemachrome [ke/ii'-ak-ro/n) [a!/;a, blood; XP"/"^'
color]. The coloring-matter of the blood; hematin.
Hemachrosis {Jiem-ak-ro' -sis) [aJ/za, blood ; xpuaiq,
coloring]. I. Redness of the blood. 2. Any disease
in which the blood is abnormally colored.
Hemacyanin {Iicm-as-i' -an-iti) [ra/ua, blood ; Kvavor,
blue]. A blue coloring-matter found in the blood
and the bile.
Hemacytometer [Jiem-as-i-tom' -et-er). See Hemocytom-
etcr.
Hemad [/wm'-ad) [aipia, blood]. I. Toward the
hemal aspect ; opposed to neurad. 2. A blood-cell or
blood-corpuscle.
Hemadonosos [hem-ad-on' -o-sos) [a/'//df, blood-stream;
TOiTof , disease]. A disease of the blood or of the
blood-vessels.
Hemadostenosis [heyn-ad-o-ste-no' -sis) [aiudf, blood-
stream ; (7-f vdf , narrow] . Stricture or narrowing of
a blood-vessel.
Hemadosteosis [hem-ad-os-te-o'-sis) [aliiai;, blood-
stream; bareov, bone]. Ossification or calcification
of blood-vessels.
Hemadrometer {hem-ad-rom' -et-er). See Hemadro-
niomefer.
Hemadrometry [hem-ad- rom'-et- re). See Hemadro-
movietrv.
Hemadromograph {Jieni-ad-rom' -o-graf) [aJ/za, blood ;
(Spd/zof, course ; ypcKpeiv, to write]. An instrument for
registering changes in the velocity of the blood-stream.
Hemadromometer [hem-ad-ro-mom' -et-er) \_aijxa,
blood; r5pd//of, course ; |«erpo(', measure]. A device
for measuring the velocity of the blood-current.
Hemadromometry {hem-ad-ro-7nom' -et-re) [ai/m, blood;
6p6p.o^, course ; perpov, measure]. Measurement of
the speed of the blood-current.
Hemadynamics [hem-ad-i-)iain' -iks) [f////n, blood ;
(iri'a«(f, power]. Dynamics of the blood-current.
Hemadynamometer [hem-ad-i-nam-om' -et-er) [az/zo,
blood"; Svvapic:, strength; perpov, a measure]. A
contrivance for measuring the tension or pressure of
blood within the arteries. Careful experiments show
that, in man, the pressure of blood in the carotid
artery is equal to about that of six inches of mercury.
Hemafecal [hem-af-e'- kal) \_a\pa, blood ; fcex, dregs].
Characterized by bloody stools. H. Jaundice. See
Jaundice.
Hemagogue [heni' -ag-og) [aJ/za, blood ; hyuybq, lead-
ing]. I. Promoting the menstrual or hemorrhoidal
discharge of blood. 2. An agent that promotes the
catamenial or hemorrhoidal flow of blood.
Hemahysteria (Iiem-a-his-te' -re-ah) [al/za, blood;
iarepa, uterus]. Synonym of Afenorr/iauia.
Hemal {heni'-al) \_a\pa, blood]. I. Pertaining to the
blood or the vascular system. 2. See Ventral.
Hemaleucin [hem-al-oo' -sin) \(Xiua, blood ; /f i'/>df,
white]. Fibrin ; the white portion of a washed blood-
clot.
Hemaleukosis [/icm-al-oo-ko' -sis) [^a'lpa, blood; ?icmdf,
white]. The formation of the buffy coat of a clot.
Hemalopia {Jiem-al-o' -pe-ali) [aJ^ua, blood ; wi/;, the
eye]. Effusion of blood in the eye ; erythropsia.
Hemameba [hem-am-e' -bah) [a5,ua, blood ; iipoijiii, a.
change]. A white blood-cell so called from its re-
semblance to an ameba.
Hemangioma [hem-a7i-je-o' -mah) [a/ua, blood ; dy^'e-
(01;, vessel ; opa, a tumor : pi. , Hemangiomata'\. An
angioma made up of blood-vessels, as distinguished
from lymphangioma.
Hemanthin [hem-a)i' -thin) \_aipa, blood ; apOoc, a flow-
er]. An alkaloid from Hcinantliiis coccineiis . it is
poisonous, with the general properties of atropin.
Hemanthus [hc^m-an' -thus) [aipa, blood ; arHor, flow-
er]. A genus of amaryllidaceous plants; blood-
flower. H. coccineus, of S. Africa, affords an arrow-
poison, with the general properties of atropin. The plant
is a diuretic and cardiant. It affords hemanthin. Unof
Hemaphein [hem-af-e' -in) \aipa, blood; ipaior, dusky].
A brown coloring-matter from blood, regarded as a
decomposition-product of hematin ; it is probably the
same as urohematin.
Hemaphobia {hein-af-o' -be-ah). See Hematophobia.
Hemapoiesis [fiein-ap-oi-e' -sis). See Heinatopoiesis.
Hemapoietic {Jietn-ap-oi-ef -ik). See Hematopoietic.
Hemapophysis {hem-ap-off' -is-is) \cLijia, blood ; arrop-
vEiv, to put forth]. That part of an ideal or perfect
vertebra which forms the antero-lateral part of the
hemal arch. In man, all the hemapophyses are either
cartilaginous or detached.
Hemaparia {hem-ap-o' -re-ah) [rnun, blood ; <i~npia,
distress]. Any disorder of the blood, t'. ^. anemia.
Hemarthron, Hemarthros [hem-ar'-thron, hem-ar'-
thros) [n(«a, blood; apBpov, joint]. Effusion of blood
into the synovial sac of a joint.
Hemarthrosis (liem-ar-thro'-sis) [a//za, blood ; apOuaig,
a joint]. Effusion of blood into a joint.
Hemastatic (Jiem-as-tat' -ik). See Hemostatic.
Hemastatics (hem-as-taf -iks) [al/za, blood ; cranKOf,
standing] . That branch of physiology treating of the
laws of the equilibrium of the blood.
Hemasthenosis [hcm-as-then-o' -sis) {aipa, blood ;
aaHiticia, weakness]. A weakening or deterioration of
the blood.
Hematachometer [Jiem-at-ak-om' -et-er). See Hemo-
tachometer.
Hematangionosus ihem-at-an-je-on' -o-siis) \a\pa,
blood; d7}'E?oi', vessel ; I'dcrof, disease]. Any disease
of the blood-vessels.
Hematangiosis [hem-at-an-je-o' -sis) [aJua, blood ;
ayyeiop, vessel]. Any disease of the blood-vessels.
Hemataporia [Iiem-at-ap-o' -re-ah). See Hemaporia.
Hematapostasis (hetn-at-ap-os' -tas-is) \_aipa, blood ;
h-oaraair, a standing away from]. Unequal distribu-
tion or pressure of blood, with congestion or efiusion
in some part of the body.
Hematapostema (hem-at-ap-os-te' -mah) [a/^a, blood ;
dTdf7r7///a, abscess : pL, Hemapostemata'\. An abscess
containing extravasated blood.
Hemataria (Jietn-at-a' -re-ah) \_aipa, blood]. The so-
called blood-animals.
Y\.&cnaL.\.&dL&mz.(hem-at-e-de' -mah) [a///n, blood ; olSjjpa,
a swelling]. Swelling due to the effusion of blood.
Hematein [hem-at-e'-in) [aipa, blood], C,gH,,,Og. A
crystalline principle derivable from, and reconvertible
into, hematoxylin.
Hemateleum \hem-at-el-e' -nm) \aipa, blood ; e'Aaiov,
oil]. A yellow or brownish oily fluid obtained by
the dry distillation of blood.
Hematemesis [hem-at-cm' -es-is) [a!/za, blood ; kphiv,
to vomit]. The vomiting of blood from any cause.
It may be due to general or constitzitiona! pathologic
conditions, or to local conditions.
Hematencephalon [hem-at-en-sef -al-on) [al^a, blood;
h/iiE(l)a2og, brain]. A hemorrhage or bleeding within
the brain ; cerebral apoplexy.
Hemathermous {hem-ath-er' -mns) [a/ua, blood ;
fcp//d(,-, hot]. Having warm blood.
HEMATHIDROSIS
550
HEMATOGRAPHY
Hemathidrosis {hc/n-ath-id-ro'-sis). Same as Heniati-
drosis.
Hemathorax i^hem-ah-tho' -raks). See Hemotliorax .
Hematic {Ju-m-af -ik) \aifia, blood]. Bloody; per-
taining to, full of, or having the color of, blood.
Also, a blood-tonic.
Hematidrosis {heiii-at-id-ro' -sis) [ol^n, blood ; tSpumg,
sweat]. Bloody sweat. Ephidrosis cruenta. A san-
guineous perspiration caused by the extravasation of
blood into the coils and ducts of the sweat-glands,
whence it is carried to the surface, mixed with sweat.
See also Cliromidrosis.
Hematimeter [hein-at-im' -ef-cr) \_aifia, blood ; /xirpov,
measure]. A device for counting the corpuscles in a
given volume of blood.
Hematimetry {hem-at-iin' -et-re) \aijia, blood ; iitTpov,
measure]. The estimation of the number or propor-
tion of the blood-corpuscles, as by the hemocytometer
or hematimeter.
Hematin (kcin'-at-in) [a///n, blood], C.j,H.,-N^Fe05.
A substance produced by decomposing oxyhemoglobin
either by acids or alkalies. It occurs as a scaly but
non-crystalline mass of bluish-black color and metallic
luster, strongly resembling iodin. It is a very stable
substance, and is insoluble in water, alcohel, ether,
chloroform, or benzol, but dissolves freely in dilute
acids and in alkaline solutions. For test, see Tests,
Table of. Also a synonym for Henieitoxylon, q. v.
Hematinic [heiii-at-in' ik) [az/^a:, blood]. I. Relating
to hematin, or serving to increase the proportion of
hematin in the blood. 2. An agent, such as iron,
which tends to increase the proportion of hematin or
coloring-matter in the blood.
Hematinometer [hem-at-iii-om'-et-er). Same as
Flemoglobinotiieter.
Hematinuria [hem-at-in-zi' -re-ah) [a'lfia, blood ; ovpov,
urine]. Same as Hemoglobinuria. See also Hema-
turia .
Hemato- [he/n'-at-o-) [f(!//a ; alfiaroc, blood]. A prefix
signifying blood.
Hematobious {hem-at-o' -be-iis) [a//ia, blood; fi'ioq,
life]. Living in the blood.
Hematobium (hem-at-o' -be-uiii) \_aijxa, blood; /3/of,
life]. I. A blood-corpuscle. 2. A blood-parasite.
Hematoblast [hein'-at-o-blast) [aVa, blood ; /iAaorof ,
germ]. Blood plate ; a rudimentary or immature red
blood-corpuscle.
Hematocausis (/lem-at-o-kaiv^ -sis) [aJ/ia, blood ; Kaieiv,
to burn]. The normal oxidation of certain elements
of the blood.
Hematocele {hem' -at-o-sel) blood; nifhi), a
tumor]. A tumor formed by the extravasation and
collection of blood in a part. H., Pelvic, an effusion
of blood into the pelvis, usually due to rupture of
a Fallopian tube, the seat of an extra-uterine preg-
nancy. It may also be due to the rupture of an ovary,
or of a vein in the broad ligament ; it may follow
an abortion, the blood escaping through the Fallo-
pian tube ; or it may be due to retention of the
menstrual fluid with escape of the blood. Physical
examination, whatever may be the cause, reveals a
boggy swelling in Douglas's cul-de-sac.
Hematocelia (Jiem-at-o-se' -le-ah) \aifi.a, blood ; Koik'ia,
a. cavity]. An effusion of blood into the peritoneal
cavity.
Hematocephalus {hem-nt-o-sef -al-us) [a)/ia, blood ;
KC<l>nAr/, head]. An effusion of blood into, or a san-
guineous tumor of, the brain. Also a monstrosity
characterized by an effusion of blood into the cere-
bral hemispheres. Also a vascular tumor that is
sometimes observed in the pia mater of anencephalic
monstrosities.
'Hema.toch.ezia{/iem-a/-o-ie'-ze-a/z)[aifia, blood; ;:(i^etv,
to defecate]. The passage of hemorrhagic stool's.
Hematochrosis {hem-at-o-kro' -sis) blood; ;t;pfc)(Ttf,
coloring: pi., Hematochroses^. I. Any disease char-
acterized by discoloration of the skin. 2. A discolor-
ation of the skin.
Hematochyluria {hem-at-o-ki-lu' -re-ah) [aJ/za, blood;
^l^i'/lof, chyle ; ovpov, urine]. The presence of blood
and chylous material in the urine. It is usually an
intermittent condition.
Hematocolpos {hein-at-o-kol' -pos) [ai//a, blood; k.6\-koc,
vagina]. Hemorrhage into the vagina. Also a
collection of menstrual discharge within the vagina,
due to atresia or imperforate hymen.
Hematocrit (liem' -at-o-krit)\aifLa,\AooA; npirriq, judge;
Kpivuv, to separate, to judge]. An instrument for
making volumetric estimation of the blood by sepa-
rating by centrifugal action the corpuscles from the
serum. A volume of blood and one of Miiller's
liquid (to prevent coagulation) are placed together in
each of four small, thick-walled glass tubes, gradu-
ated in fifty parts. The tubes rest on brass holders
which are fixed on the axes of a revolving apparatus.
After some eight thousand revolutions in from five
to seven minutes, the process is complete. The
corpuscles and the salt-plasma are separated by a
narrow band of leukocytes. The instrument is useful
in comparing the blood of different individuals.
With a little practice the total error is not more
than one per cent.
Hematocryal [kem-at-ok'-re-al) [ai/M, blood ; upmq,
cold]. In biology, of or pertaining to the cold-
blooded invertebrates.
Hematocrystallin [hem-at-o-kris' -tal-in). Same as
Hemoglobin.
Hematocyanosis [liem-at-o-si-an-o' -sis). Synonym of
Cyanosis.
Hematocyst (liem' -at-o-sist) [al/za, blood ; kv(jti(,
bladder]. A cyst containing blood. Also an effu-
sion of blood into the bladder.
Hematocyte [lietti' -at-o-sit) \ai\ia, blood ; Kurig, cell].
A blood-corpuscle.
Hematocythuria {hem-at-o-si-thu' -re-ah) [a(//a, blood; j
A'l'irof , cell ; ovpov, urine]. The presence of blood- '
cells in the urine.
Hematocytometer {heiit-at-o-si-tom' -et-er). See Hemo-
cytometer. I
nematodes [hem-af-o' -dez) [aifiaTut^ri^, bloody].
Bloody ; gorged with or appearing like blood.
Hematodiarrhea [Jiem-at-o-di-ar-e' -ah). Synonym of
Dysentery.
Hematodynamics (Iwm-at-o-di-nam' -iks). See Hema-
dynamics.
Hematodynamometer (hent-at-o-di-naui-om'-et-er).
See Hemadvnaiuometer. |
Hematodyscrasia [hem-at-o-dis-kra'-se-ah) [al/ia,
blood; (5y(7A7jacr/'(/, bad temperament]. A diseased or
dyscrasic state of the blood. \
Hematogenesis [hem-at-o-jen' -es-is) [difia, blood; |
;f'i'f(Tzf, production]. The development of blood or
of blood-corpuscles ; the making of blood.
Hematogenic (hem-at-o-jen' -ik) \aijia, blood ; ytvvav,
to produce]. Pertaining to the formation of blood.
Hematogenous (hem-at-o/'-en-us) [a'//za, blood ; yevt/g,
producing]. Derived from, or having origin in, the
blood.
Hematoglobin (hem-at-o-glo'-bin). See Hemoglobin.
Hematoglobulin (hem-at-o-glob'-u-lin). Same as i
Hemoglobin . '
Hematography (hem-at-og' -ra-/e)[ai/j.a , blood ; ypo^f"',
to write]. A description of the blood ; hemat-
ology.
HEMATOHIDROSIS
551
HEMATOPORPHYRIN
Hematoidin Crystals.
Same as Hematoporphyrin .
Hematohidrosis ijiem-at-o-hid-ro'-sis). See Hematid-
yosis.
Hematoid {^hcm'-at-oid^ blood; tidof, form].
Resembling blood.
Hematoidin (Jiem-at-oi' -di>i) [al/za, blood ; ficSof ,
resemblance], Cjg-
HigN^Oj. A deriva-
tive of hemoglobin,
identical with biliru-
bin, the pigment of
the bile. It occurs
as reddish or orange
rhombohedral crys-
tals,in old blood-clots,
as of cerebral hemor-
rhages, in corpora
lutea, and in the
urine of hematuria.
Hematoin {hein-at-o' -in)
Hematokrit {/iein'-at-o-kri(). See Hematocrit.
Hematolin {liem-at' -o-lin) [a///a, blood], C^gH-gNgOj.
An iron-free derivative of hematin.
Hematology (Jiem-at-oF -o-je) [ai//n, blood ; Ao^of,
science]. The science of the blood, its nature, func-
tions, and disorders.
Hematolysis {hein-at-oV -is-is) \a>ixa, blood ; /.vatc;, a
solution]. A solution, or an imperfect coagulation, of
the blood ; diminished coagulability of the blood ; a
diseased condition marked by destruction of the cor-
puscular constituents of the blood ; impoverishment of
the blood.
Hematolytic {hem-at-o-lif -ik) [a(/ia, blood ; Avai^, a
solution]. Marked by or tending to impoverishment
of the blood.
Hematoma [hein-at-o' -ma/i) [«!//a, blood; bfia, tumor:
//. , Hematomatd\. A tumor, fungus, or swelling
containing blood. H. auris. Insane Ear ; an eftu-
sion of blood or serum between the cartilage of the
ear and its covering, occurring in various forms of
insanity. It may be either acute or chronic, if the
former reaching the size of a pigeon's egg in a day or
two. It is an elastic tumor, generally painless, with
some local heat. It may suppurate and burst, or may
shrivel up, in either case leaving considerable defor-
mity. In the majority of cases the left ear is involved,
and the condition occurs most frequently among men.
H. of the Dura mater, an effusion beneath the dura
mater, fprming membranous sheets. H., Pelvic, an
effusion of blood into the cellular tissue of the pelvis ;
it is frequently due to traumatism, or occurs as a
complication of pregnancy and the puerperal state,
from rupture of dilated veins ; it is often the result
of rupture of an extra-uterine pregnancy.
Hematomantia {hem-at-o-man'-ske-a/i) [aJy/a, blood ;
/lavTsla, divination]. The arriving at a diagnosis
from examination of the blood.
Hematomatous iyhem-at-o' -inat-us.) \_alfia, blood; o/ia,
a tumor] . Relating to or of the nature of a hema-
toma.
Hematomediastinum {hem' -at-o-mc-de-as-ti' -mim')
[o(|Ua, blood; mediastinum, the mediastinum]. An
effusion of blood or bloody serum into the mediastinal
cavities.
Hematometer {he»!-at-om' -et-er) . See Hemoglobino-
jneter.
HtmaloTneiTa (hem-at-o-r/ie'-trah) [a!//rt, blood ; /li/rp/:,
womb]. Hemorrhage in the womb. Also, an accu-
mulation of menstrual discharge within the uterine
cavity, as a result of obstruction.
Hematometry [hem-at-om' -et-re) \_aiiia, blood ; fikr{>ov,
measure]. The measurement, or estimation of the
measure, of the blood.
Hematomonas [hem-at-o-mo'-nas) [ai//a, blood ; j-wvac,
a unit]. .V genus of microscopic organisms infesting
the blood. See Ague and Plasmodium.
Hematomphalocele {hem-at-om-fal' -o-sel') [fil^ua,
blood; navel ; tumor]. A tumor or
a hernia at the navel, distended with blood.
Hematomyces [hem-at-o/id -is-ez) [ai//a, blood ; fji io/c,
a fungus]. A hematoid variety of encephaloid carci-
noma; medullary sarcoma. It is called, also, Fwigns
hematodes.
Hematomyelia [kem-at-o-mi-e' -le-ah) [ciifia, blood ;
//w/of, marrow]. Hemorrhage into the spinal cord ;
an accumulation of blood in the central canal of the
spinal cord. The symptoms vary with the seat, but
paralyses, vaso-motor and trophic changes, loss of
sensation, etc., are common.
Hematomyelitis {hem-at-o-mi-el-i' -tis) [al/za, blood;
/yue/of, marrow ; itic^, inflammation]. An acute
myelitis attended with an effusion of blood into the
spinal cord.
Hematoncus (hem-at-ong' -kus) \_aifia, blood ; hyiwr,
tumor]. Blood-tumor; hemangioma; hematoma.
Hematopathy [hem-at-op' -afh-e) [alfia, blood ; waOoc;,
disease]. Any disease of the blood.
Hematopedesis {hem-at-o-ped-e' -sis) \aifia, blood;
7r7;(5;?(T/f, a leaping]. Cutaneous hemorrhage ; hemat-
idrosis.
Hematopericardium [hcm-at-o-per-ik-ar' -de-tim)\_d!iaa,
blood; TTti)ii\iijifiiov, pericardium]. An effusion of
blood into the pericardium, due to rupture or perfora-
tion of the walls of the heart.
Hematophagous {Jiem-at-off' -ag-tis) [a!//a, blood ;
(payeii', to eat]. Blood-eating ; pertaining to insects,
such as the gnat, mosquito, etc., that suck the blood.
Hematophilia (Jiem-at-o-Jil' -e-ah). See Plemophilia.
Hematophobia [hem-at-o-fo'-be-a/i) [aifia, blood;
<j>6ftoc, fear]. Morbid dread of the sight of blood.
Hematophore {hem' -at-o-for) \aiyia, blood ; (j)tpeiv, to
bear]. An instrument used in the transfusion of
blood.
Hematophthalmia {hcm-at-off-thaF -me-ah). See Hem-
oplillialmia.
Hematophyte [hem'-at-o-flt) [«///«, blood; <px'-uv,
a plant]. A vegetable organism, such as a bacillus,
living in the blood.
Hematopinax (//^7;/-«Ai9/''-/;7-(2/;',t) [az/^a, blood ; niva^,
tablet: pL, IIematopiiiaces\ A "blood-plaque.
Hematopisis {Jiem-at-op' -is-is) \_a\jm, blood; izivziv, to
drink]. I. The drinking of blood. 2. A morbid
collection of blood in any cavity of the body.
Hematopisy {Jiem-at-op' -is-e). .See Hematopisis.
Hematoplanesis {Iiem-at-o-plan-e' -sis) [a(/;«, blood ;
7r/la!7/(T/,f, vs^andering] . See Hematopilania.
Hematoplania (hem -at-o-p/a' -7ie-ah) [aifJ.(t, blood ;
■a'^avT), a wandering]. Vicarious or aberrant course
or flow of the blood.
Hematoplasma (hem-at-o-plaz'-mah) [fufta, blood ;
rrT^aafia, plasma]. The plasma of the blood.
Hematoplast [hem'-af-o-ptast). Sajne as Hematoblast.
Hematoplastic (hem-at-o-pias'-tik) [a)//a, blood ;
-XaariKix;, plastic]. Blood-forming.
Hematoplethora {hem-at-o-pleth' -or-ah). Synonym of
Plethora.
Hematopoiesis (hem-at-o-poi-e' -sis) [nl/za, blood ;
7Toihn\ to make]. The making of blood. See
Hematosis.
Hematopoietic [hem-at-o-poi-et' -ik) \ama, blood ;
TTodeiv, to make]. Relating to or forwarding the pro-
cesses of blood-making.
Hematoporphyrin {hem-at-o-por'-fe-ri}i) \aipa, blood ;
-op<^iY)or, purple] , C^gH-^NgO,,. Iron-free hematin,
a metabolitic decomposition-product of hemoglobin.
HEMATOPORPHYRINURIA
552
HEMIALBUMINOSE
It is produced by dissolving hematin in concentrated
H,^S04. It occurs occasionally in urine and in egg-
shells of certain birds. See Polypervtlirin.
Hematoporphyrinuria {^h,^m' -at-o-por' -fe-rin-ii' -re-ah)
[a/y/a, blood ; •KOpi^vpoi;, purple; oi)/)oi', urine] . The
presence of hematoporphyrin in the urine.
Hematoporphyroidin {^hem-at-o-por-Ji>--oid' -iii) [al/xa,
blood; TTopifv/jot:, purple]. A substance similar in
origin and character to hematoporphyrin, but less
soluble. Like hematoporphyrin, it is sometimes found
in the urine.
Hematoposia {Jiein-at-o-po' -ze-aJi) \aifia, blood ; ttogii;,
a drinking]. Blood-drinking as a therapeutic meas-
ure ; hematopisis.
Hematopsia {hcni at-op' -se-ali) [aJ/za, blood ; ui/i, eye].
An extravasation of blood in the subconjunctival tis-
sues of the eye.
Hematoptysis {hem-at-op' -tis-is). Same Hemoptysis.
Hematorrhachis [hfm-at-or' -ak-is) [a!//a, blood ; paxn;,
spine]. Hemorrhage within the vertebral canal.
Hematorrhea {kem-at-or-e'-ah) [al/za, blood ; poia, a.
How]. A copious passive flow or discharge of blood ;
a hemorrhage.
Hematorrhosis [kem-at-or-o' -sis) \_a'ifia, blood ; b'ppui^,
serum]. Separation of the serum of the blood.
Hematosac \hem' -at-o-sak) [a///rt, blood ; sacczts, a
bag]. A blood-cyst.
Hematosalpinx Qiein-at-o-sal' -pinks') [a///a, blood;
<ja\-KLy^, a trumpet]. A hemorrhagic distention or ob-
struction of a Fallopian tube.
Hematoscheocele Uiem-af-os' -ke-o-sel') \aijxa, blood ;
oax^oi', scrotum; K//?t/, tumor]. A hemorrhagic tumor
or distention of the scrotum.
Hematoscope {licin' -at-o-skop) [ai//a, blood ; amntlv,
to inspect]. A modified form of, or an attachment to,
the spectroscope, for use in examination of blood.
Hematoscopy (//t'OT-a/-i)j"'-/^o-/d') [«//ia, blood ; OKOTreh',
to inspect]. Spectroscopic examination of the blood
and blood-discs.
Hematose {hem' -at-os) [az/zo, blood]. Full of blood.
Hematosepsis {hem-at-o-SLp' -sis). See Stpticetnia.
Hematosin (hcin-at-o^ -sin). See Hematin.
Ylt.ma.tosm {hem-at-o^ -sis)[_nLfiaTo)ai^ ; al/m, blood]. I.
The process of the formation of blood and the de-
velopment of blood-corpuscles. 2. The arterializa-
tion of the blood.
Hematospectroscope (hem-at-o-spek'-tro-skdp) [al/za,
blood; speitrum, an image; aumrelv, to view]. A
spectroscope adapted for use in the study of the
blood.
Hematospermia (him-at'o-sper' -me-ah) [oJ/zn;, blood ;
fTn-fp//a, seed] . The discharge of bloody semen.
Hematospongus {hem-at-o-spim' -gus) {atfia, blood ;
nivuyyoq, sponge]. Medullary sarcoma.
Hematothorax {hem-at-o-tho' -raks). See Hemothorax.
Hematoxic [hem-at-oks' -ik) [a(//a, blood ; to^ikov, a
poison]. Pertaining to a poisoned or impure condi-
tion of the blood.
Hematoxin (Jiem-at-oks' -in) \ai(ia, blood ; to^imv,
poison]. Any blood-poison or poisonous principle
developed in the blood.
Hematoxylin [liem-at-oks' -il-in\ \ania, blood; ^vkm\
wood], CjgHj^Og. The coloring-matter of logwood ;
it is very soluble in water and alcohol, and crystallizes
in yellowish prisms with 2H.^O. It dissolves in alkalies
with a violet-blue color. It is a valuable stain in
microscopy. See Pigments, Conspectus of. H.,
Delafield's. See Stains, Table of . For other hema-
toxylin stains, including Bohmer's, Kleinenberg's,
Mayer's, Friedlander's and Cook's, see Stains.
Table of.
Hematoxylon [liem-at-oks' -il-on) \_(iiiia, blood ; ^v7mv.
wood]. Logwood. The heart-wood of H. caiiipe-
chiaimm ; it occurs as dark brown ras]3ings or a coarse
powder, and contains tannic acid and a coloring-prin-
ciple, hematoxylin, Cj^Hj^CJ^, that becomes grayish-red
by the action of light. It is a mild astringent. H.,
Ext. Dose gr. v-xx. H., Decoctum, strength I to
17. Dose ^j-ij. Unof.
Hematozoic {hem-at-o-zo'-ik) \_aijia, blood; fwov, an
animal]. Pertaining to a hematozoon.
Hematozoon [hetn-at-o-zo'-on) [aifia, blood; ft^oi',
animal; pi. , Hematozoa\ Any living organism or
animal in the blood.
Hematozymotic (hem-at-o-zi-mot' -ik) \a\jia, blood ;
~,6fLi}, leaven]. Relating to a blood-ferment, or to
fermentation in the blood of a living organism.
Hematuresis {hem-at-ti-re' -sis) \iujia, blood ; ovpov,
urine]. The passage of bloody urine.
Hematuria [heni-at-ii' -re-ah) \_aqia, blood ; ovpov,
urine]. Hematuresis. Blood in the urine. It may be
due to injury, local disease, general disorder, or the
presignce of entozoa. When only the coloring-matter
of the blood is found in the urine, it is termed hemo-
globimiria or hematinuria. The color of the urine
in hematuria varies from bright-red to a dingy, smoky
color, or to merely a tinging of the urine. The urine
may be examined for blood-corpuscles by means of the
microscope ; the presence of blood may be demon-
strated by the spectroscope. Almeii' s, or the giiai-
aeitm test, or Hellei-' s test may be made. See Tests,
Table of. H., Intermittent, that form due to
malarial poisoning. H., Paroxysmal. Same as
//. , Intermittent.
Hemautogram [liem-a-co' -to-gram) \aijia, blood ; avro^,
self; ypcififia, a tracing]. The tracing made in hem-
autography.
Hemautograph (Jiem-aw' -to-graf). Same as Hem-
autogram.
Hemautography (Jiem-aiv-tog' -ra-fe) [al/va, blood ;
avTi'tc, self; ■}pa<peiv, to write]. The tracing of the
pulse-curve by the jet of blood from a divided artery
caught upon paper drawn in front of it.
Hemeralopia (^heiii-er-al-o' -pe-ali) \jip.kpa, day; wi/',
eye]. Day- vision or night-blindness ; a symptom of
pigmentary degeneration of the retina, failure of
general nutrition, etc. Vision is good by day or in
a strong light, but fails at night.
Hemeraphonia [hem-er-af-o'-ne-ali) [Ijiiepa, day; h,
priv.; 0017/, voice]. Loss of voice during the day,
with return of the power of phonation at night.
Hemerythrin (hem-er' -ith-rin) [a!//a, blood ; ipvftpnc,
red]. The ]iigment found by Krukenberg in the
blood of Sipiinculus niidus.
Hemerythrogen [hem-er-itl/'-ro-gen) [o///a, blood ;
kpvOpog, veA; yew/c, producing]. The chromogen of
liemervthrin.
Hemi- [liem'-e-) [?///', half]. A jirefix, meaning one-
half. In anatomy and physiology it is ajiplied to one of
the two lateral halves of the body.
Hemiablepsia (//(■w-<'-«i^-/('/'-jv-rt//) [/////, half ; iiStefia,
blindness]. See Ifemianopsia.
Hemiacephalus (hem-e-ah-sef -al-iis) {i)fJi, half; a,
priv. ; Ktmafi/, head]. A variety of omphalositic
monsters of the species J-'aracepIialus. It is the
lowest grade of development in paracephalus, closely
approaching true ace]ihalus.
Hemiachromatopsia [liem-e-ah-kro-mat-op' -se-ali)\jipi ,
half ; {'(, priv. ; ;i7)(j//a, color ; 6i/"^'' vision]. Subnormal
or absent color-vision in corresponding halves of the
field of vision.
Hemialbumin (liem-e-al' -btt-min). See Anti-albumin.
Hemialbuminose [liem-e-al-bu' -min-ds). The same as
Heniialbuinose.
HEMIALBUMOSE
553
HEMIHYPERESTHESIA
Hemialbumose (hem-e-al ' -hii-iuds\ [?///^ half ; albu-
men, the white of egg]. The most characteristic and
most frequently obtained by-product of proteid zymo-
lysis. It is the forerunner of hemipeptone. It is
frequently found in the urine, and occurs normally in
the marrow of bones and in cerebro-spinal fluid. See
Peptones.
Hemialbumosuria {hem-e-al-bii-i)ids-u' -re-ah). Same
as Propeptonuria.
Hemialgia {hem-e-al' -je-ali) ['//^', half; dAyof, pain].
Unilateral neuralgia.
Hemianalgesia {hem-e-an-al-je' -se-aJi) [^/J-i, half; av
priv. ; (j/)of, pain]. Insensibility to pain throughout
one lateral half of the body and limbs.
Hemianasarca (Jieni-e-an-as-ar' -kah) half ; ava,
through; a(//jf, flesh]. Edema of one-half ofthe body.
Hemianesthesia (hem-e-an-es-the-ze' -ah) {jj/J-i, half;
avaiaOijaia, want of feeling]. Partial or complete loss
of the sense of feeling in a lateral half of the body.
Hemianopia (Jieiu-e-an-o' -pe-ali). See Hemianopsia.
Hemianopsia {hein-e-an-op'-se-ali) half; ai',
priv. ; 6i/)/f, sight]. Blindness in one-half of the
visual field. It may be bilateral (binocular) or mono-
lateral (monocular or uniocular), according as it aftects
one or both eyes. H., Binasal, due to anesthesia of
the temporal halves of the retina, the nasal fields
thereby failing to be visible. H., Bitemporal, the re-
verse of the last. H., Crossed or Heteronymous, a
general term for either binasal or bitemporal hemianop-
sia. H., Homonymous, right, or left, the most com-
mon form, affecting the inner half of one field and the
outer of the other. H., Inferior and Superior, the
upper or lower halves of the retina are insensitive.
Hemianoptic {liein-e-an-op' -tik") \_i/ui, half; av, priv. ;
bipig, sight]. Affected with hemianopsia.
Hemiataxia {hein-e-at-aks' -e-ali) \r)iJL, half; a, priv. ;
rnf/f, order]. Inability to produce orderly or system-
atic movements on one side of the body.
Hemiathetosis (Jiem-c-ath-et-o' -sis) half ; aQtror,,
without fixed position]. A term for athetosis or in-
voluntary rhythmic movements of one side of the body
only.
Hemiatrophy {Iiem-e-at'-ro-fe) half; arpoipta, lack
of nourishment]. Imperfect or impaired nutrition
confined to one side of the body.
Hemiazygous {Jiem-e-az' -ii^-its) half ; a, priv. ;
a yolk]. Partially paired ; imperfectly azy-
gous. H. Veins. See I'ein.
Hemibranchiate {hem-e-brang' -ke-St) \_rii^i, half ;
l^payxM, gills]. In biology, having an incomplete bran-
chial apparatus.
Hemic Qiein'-ik) \_aijm, blood]. Pertaining to the
blood ; hemal.
Hemicardia (hem-e-kar' -de-ah) half; KapcHa,
heart]. Half of a four-chanibered heart.
Hemicarp (^hem' -e-karp) half; Kap-6c^, fruit]. In
biology, one of the separable carpels of a dicarpel-
lary fruit.
Hemicatalepsy (//('OT-?-/f'^7/'-(7/-(?/-.r(') [?///(, half; Kara-
^eijiia, catalepsy]. Catalepsy affecting only one lateral
half of the subject.
Hemicentrum \hem-e-sen'-truni) half; KtvTpmi,
center]. Either one of the two lateral elements of
the centrum of a vertebra.
Hemicephalia {hein-e-sef-a'-le-ah). Synonym of
Heiiiicrania.
Hemicephalus (hem-e-sef -al-tis) [')/", half ; Ke^a7ii,
head]. A monster fetus in which the cerebral hemi-
spheres and skull are absent or undeveloped. It is a
synonym of Anencephaliis.
Hemicerebrum (hem-e-ser' -e-bnun) [ijui, half ; cere-
brum, cerebrum]. A cerebral hemisphere.
Hemichordate (Jiem-e-kor'-dat) \_Iie/ni, half ; chorda,
a string]. In biology, of or pertaining to such animal
forms as are intermediate between the Chordata and
the Achordata , e.g. , Palanog/ossus.
Hemichorea (lieni-e-ko-re' -ali) \j)fi(-, half; xopsia,
chorea, dance]. Unilateral chorea; a form of chorea
in which the convulsive movements are confined to
one side of the body only.
Hemicollin (Jiem-e-koU -in) \Jiju, half; KuA'Aa, glue],
C^jHjqN^O,,,. a peptone-like substance derived
from collagen. It is soluble in 70-80 per cent,
alcohol, and is not precipitable by platinum tetra-
chlorid.
Hemicrania (Jiem-c-kra' -ne-ah) [iijii, half ; Kpavtov,
head]. Neuralgia or headache of one-half of the
head.
Hemicranic ijieni-e-kra' -nik) ['//", half; Kpavidv,
skull]. Pertaining to half the skull. H. Equiva-
lents, a name given to isolated symptoms — flitting
scotomata, vomiting, vaso-motor disturbances, etc. —
in cases of aborted migraine.
Hemicyclic (!iem-e-si' -klik) \jiju, half; Ki'/c^of, a circle].
In biology, having certain of the floral organs ar-
ranged in whorls, and others in a spiral.
Hemidesmus [liem-e-dez' -inits) \Jiiu, half ; fieafidg, a
band]. Indian sarsaparilla. The dried root of //.
iudicus, imported from India. It is atonic, alterative,
diaphoretic, and diuretic. H., Syr. (B.P.). Dose 5 j.
Hemidiaphoresis {Iieni-e-di-af-or-e' -sis) \Jiiu, half ;
(Sm(/<6p7/ff(f, sweating] . Sweating of one lateral half
of the body only.
Hemidrosis [licni-id-ro'-sis). See PIcmatidrosis.
Hemidysesthesia (Jiem-e-dis-es-the' -ze-ah) [jipi, half ;
rfff , difficult ; aiaOr/atc, sensation]. linfeebled or
dulled sensation in a lateral half of the body, or in
half of one of the organs of sense.
Hemidystrophia (Jiem-e-dis-lro' -fe-ah) half ; 6v<j,
ill; Tpo(j»'/, nourishment]. In biology, the state of
being imperfectly nourished.
Hemi-elastin (Jiem-c-e-Ias'-tin). See Proto-elastose.
Hemielytrum, Hemielytron (Jiem-e-eP -it-riim, -troti)
half ; f /I'rpor, a sheath : pL, He}jiielytra\ One
of the fore-wings of hemipterous and heteropterous
insects, or one of the dorsal scales of certain marine
annelids, as in Ilerniioni.
Hemiencephalon (Jiem-e-en-seft -al-on) \_t'ipi, half;
k)'Ki(paXoc, brain]. Either lateral half of the brain.
Hemiencephalus {Jiem-e-eti-sef -al-us) \Jijxt, half ;
h/KC(pa?ioc, brain]. A monstrosity without organs of
sense, but possessing otherwise a nearly normal brain.
Hemiepilepsy (Jicjn-e-ep' -il-ep-se) [i/pL, half; eTri'Ai/ipla,
epilepsy]. A form of epilepsy in which the convul-
sions are confined to one lateral half of the body.
Hemifornix (^liem-e-for^-niks) ['//", half; fornix, an
arch, vault]. A name used to designate the irregular,
elongated portion of either paracelian floor, composed
of hippocamp, fimbria, and fornicolumn.
Hemigamous (iiem-ig'-am-us) Jialf ; yapoQ, mar-
riage]. In biology, applied to grasses in which one
floret is neuter and the other male or female.
Hemiglossitis (hem-e-glos-i' -tis) half; y'/uaaa,
tongue; ;r/f, inflammation] . Inflammation of one-half
of the tongue only. A definite nodule or lump may be
present in the substance of the tongue.
Hemignathous [hem-ig'-na-tlius) SJipi, half; yvoBoq,
jaw]. In biology, applied to such birds as have one
mandible shorter than the other.
Hemihidrosis (hem-e-hid-ro'-sis) half; l&pLc,
sweat]. The same as Hemidiaphoresis.
Hemihyperesthesia [hem-e-hi-per-es-f he' -ze-ah) \Jiiii,
half; iVfp, over ; oftr'^/'O'^f, sensation]. Hyperesthesia
confined to one lateral half of the body.
HEMIHYPERTROPHY
554
HEMITERATIC
Hemihypertrophy (Jiciii-c-hi-per' -tro-fe) \jij-u, half;
(■n-f/j, over ; t/j"^'/, nourishment]. Hypertrophy of
half of tlie body.
Hemihypesthesia [hem-e-Jii-pes-thi-' -zc-ah) [»///(, half;
iVo, under ; nlaOtjuic, perception]. Impairment of
sensibility in one lateral half of the body.
Hemilethargy (licm-e-leth'-ar-jc) [////(, half ; A^/fc'apym,
lethargy]. A state of partial lethargy.
Hemimelus {hcin-iin' -d-us) [////', half; //t/ of, limb].
An ectromelic monstrosity having deficient or atrophied
forearms, legs, feet, and hands, and normal arm.s and
thighs.
Hemimetaboly (Jtcm-i--mct-ab' -o-lc)\jiiu , half ; ii^Tciiio'/ ij,
transformation]. In biology, incomplete or imperfect
metamoq^hosis ; hemimetamorphosis.
Hemimetamorphosis {Ju-m-c-met-am-cr' -fo-sis) [/////,
half; inTa/ioptlxjaig, transformation]. In biology, in-
complete metamorphosis ; hemimetaboly.
Hemimyasthenia fyhem-e-ini-as-the' -ne-ah'] \_>ifti, half;
//(If, muscle ; aaHsvia, weakness]. Myasthenia of
one lateral half of the body.
Hemimyoclonus {liefii-e-mi-ok' -lo-niis) \_'iifti, half; //I'c,
muscle; kXovo^, commotion]. Clonic spasm of the
muscles of one lateral half of the body.
Hemin {hem' -In) [«<//«, blood], Cs^H^-N^FeOv HCl.
Teichmann's crystals, or hydrochlorid of hematin. A
doubly-refractive pleochromatic crystalline substance
derived from blood. It is obtained by heating under
a cover-slip, a drop of fresh blood on a glass-slide with
a little glacial acetic acid. In the case of blood that
has been dried, or in old blood-clot or stain, the resi-
Hemin Crystals.
I. Human. 2. Seal. 3. Calf. 4. Pig. 5. Lamb. 6. Pike. 7.
Rabbit.
due should be powdered as finely as possible with a
trace of NaCl. Some of this powder is then placed
on a slide and glacial acetic acid added, and heat care-
fully applied. The crystals are dark -brown or black,
elongated rhombic plates and prisms belonging to the
triclinic system; they are insoluble in water, alcohol,
ether, chloroform, or dilute acids.
Hemineurasthenia {liem-e-nu-ras-the' -ne-ah) ['//",
half ; vevpnv, a nerve ; acBev'ia, weakness]. Neuras-
thenia peculiar to one lateral half of the body.
H&mioTpia. (/ie»i-e-dp'-c-ah) [/////, half; eye]. The
older term for hemianopsia. Ilemiopia refers to the
seeing-half of the retina, hemianop.sia to that part of
the field not seen.
Hemiopsia, Hemiopy (Jicm-e-op' -sc-ah , hem' ■e-dp-e).
.See Httmiopin.
Hemipagus [hem-ip'-nt^'-ns) half; -rjyv'vvaL, to
unite]. A monomphalic monstrosity united by the
thoraces, and with a common mouth.
Hemiparaplegia {hem-e-par-afi-lc' -je-ah) \Jiiu. half ;
TTapanXriyia, paralysis of the limbs]. Paralysis of a
lower limb on one side only.
Hemiparesis [hem-e-par'-es-is] [///", half ; Trnpeai^, im-
pairment of strength]. Paresis, or weakening of the
strength on one side of the body only.
Hemiparesthesia (Jiem-c-par-es-the' -ze-ah) [?///t, half;
-(Lph, beside ; alatiiiaii;, sensation]. Numbness or
paresthesia of one lateral half of the body.
Hemiparetic [hem-e-par-et' -ik) [')/«, half; -apeaii;, im-
pairment of strength]. Affected with hemiparesis.
Hemi-peptone {hcm-c-pcp'-tdn). See Peptones.
Hemiphalacrosis {hem-e-fal-ak-ro'-sis) half ;
0(1/ iiKpuaic;, baldness]. Baldness affecting one lateral
half of the head.
Hemiphonia {liein-e-fo' -ne-ah) \jiiu, half ; c^wvii, voice].
Speech having the characteristics of half-voice, half-
whisper ; used by patients in great weakness and ex-
haustion.
Hemipinic Acid {hem-e-pin' -ik). See Acid.
Hemiplegia (liem-e-ple' -je-nh) \J]fii, half ; irXriyij,
stroke]. Paralysis of one side of the body, due
usually to a lesion of some part of the corpus striatum
and internal capsule, of the crus cerebri, or of the cor-
tex or subcortex of the opposite side of the brain. H.,
Alternate, paralysis of the facial muscles upon one
side, with paralysis of the trunk and extremities upon
the opposite side of the body. H., Bilateral Spastic.
See Paraplegia, hifantile Spasmodic. H., Cere-
bral, the ordinary form first described. H., Crossed.
Same as H. , Alternate. H., Facial, motor paralysis
of one side of the face. H., Hephestic, from the
use of the hammer by smiths, a form of occupation neu-
rosis. H., Spastic, a form occurring in infants, in
which the affected extremities are subject to convul-
sive twitchings. H., Spinal, paralysis of one side or
of the whole body, with loss of sensation of the
opposite side. It is due to disease of the spinal
cord.
Hemiplexia [hem-e-pleks'-e-ah). Same as Hemiplegia.
Hemiprosoplegia {hem-e-pro-so-ple'-je-ah) [?///<, half;
TTpoGunov, face; Tr'Ar/yi/, stroke]. Paralysis of one
side of the face.
Hemiprotein {!iem-e-pro'-te-in). Set. Ajttialhumare.
Hemipterous {heni-ip'-ter-iis) \^i//ii, half; Trrepov,
wing]. In biology, applied to certain insects that
have the fore-vvings partly membranous and partly
coriaceous or chitinous.
Hemirheumatism {Jiem-e-rii' -mat-izm) \Jiiu, half ;
pev/mrifffwc, liability to rheum]. Rheumatism con-
fined to one lateral half of the body.
Hemisection [liem-e-sek' -shun) \riju, half ; sectio, a
cutting]. Bisection; chiefly applied to division into
two lateral halves. See Aledisection.
Hemiseptum [hem-e-scp' -turn) \_tini, half; septum, a
partition]. The lateral half of a septum, as of the
heart ; the lateral half of the septum lucidum.
Hemispasm {liem' -e-spa'^m) ['/,«/, half ; airaajiac,, a
spasm]. A spasm or convulsive movement affecting
only one side of the body.
Hemisphere [hem' -is-fer) , half; a<l>aipa, a ball].
Half a sphere. H., Cerebellar, either lateral half
of the cerebellum. H., Cerebral, either lateral half
of the cerebrum.
Hemisystole (Jiem-e-sis'-to-le) , half ; avarnlii, a
contraction]. A peculiar kind of irregular action of
the heart-muscle, in which, with every two beats of
the heart, only one beat of the pulse is felt.
Hemiterata {hcm-it-cr' -ai-ali) [///«, half ; r*y)«f, mon-
ster]. A class of malformations, including all human |
bodies presenting any abnormality of development, not
grave enough to be called monstrous, nor of the spe-
cific character to be classed as heterotaxic or herma-
phroditic.
Hemiteratic (hem-it-er-at'-ik) [?//i;,half; rtpaf, a mon-
ster]. Pertaining to Hemiterata.
HEMITIS
555
H EMOGLOB I N EM I A
Hemitis [hem-i'-tis) \aifia, blood; uii;, inflammation].
A condition of the blood associated with inflammation.
Hemitriteus [hein-it-rit-e' -iis) half; rpelc, three].
The semi-tertian form of ague.
Hemitropous (Jiem-if -ro-ptis) \_i)fii, half ; Tfjoiri/, a
turning over]. In biology, amphitropous ; half ana-
tropous ; applied to the plant-embryo when much
curved. '
Hemizonia (Jiem-iz-o' -uc-ah) \_>/fi( , half; ^i)vr], girdle].
A genus of composite-flowered herbs and shrubs, of
which some 19 species are Californian ; they are
called tar- weeds and resin-weeds. They are generally
strongly fragrant, resinous plants, locally esteemed for
their balsamic qualities. Unof.
Hemlock lyliein'-lok). See Coiiium. H.-bark, a bark
used in the manufacture of leather. It is taken from
Abies canadensis of Canada and the United States,
and contains nearly fourteen per cent, of tannin. It
is said to produce a leather harder than oak-bark, but
which is less pliable and more pervious to water. H.-
extract, a strongly astringent, solid extract of hem-
lock-bark, q. I'. It is principally employed in the
arts. H. Spruce. See Abies.
Yi&mo-[hem'-o-)\_a\fia, blood]. A prefix denoting blood.
Hemocelum (hem-o-se' -hiiii) [aijia, blood; KoiKia, a
cavity]. A blood-cyst.
Hemochromogen {hetn-o-kro' -
mo-jen) [a/^i/a, blood ; ;i;p&)^a,
color; yevri(;, producing]. An
excretory pigment of certain
invertebrates. In some bee-
tles it has a respiratory func-
tion. It is the same as En-
terohematin and Ilelicoi-ubin.
Hemochromometer (liem-o-
kro-?nom' -ef-er) \_a'ifia, blood ;
Xpu/ua, color ; fierpov, meas-
ure]. Colorimeter ; an instru-
ment for estimating the
amount of oxyhemoglobin in
the blood, by comparing a
solution of the blood with a
standard solution of picrocar-
minate of ammonia.
Hemochyle {hem' -o-kil^\aipia,
blood; ;t^Adc, juice]. The
blood-lymph of vertebrates.
Hemocrystallin {hein-o-kris' -
/al-in). See Hemoglobin .
Hemocyanin (/lem-o-si'-an-in)
[aI|Ua, blood; Kvo.vog, blue],
C867Hi363N228CuSp.^.g (Grif-
fiths). A blue proteid pig-
ment, having a very constant
percentage composition. It
is analogous to hemoglobin,
but contains copper instead of iron, and forms the
chief constituent in the blood of many invertebrates,
in which it acts as the carrier of oxygen.
Hemocyne [hem' -o-sin) \(uua, blood ; kvuv, kwoc,
dog]. The .serum of dogs' blood.
liemocyte(hem'-o-s}f)[n'i/ja,h\ood ; kI'toc,3. cell]. One of
the protistan organisms found in the blood of man and
animals, the parasite of malarial fever, as studied
by Lavaran, Celli, Machiafava, Golgi, Councilman,
Osier, and Pfeiffer. See Parasites [Animal) Table of.
Hemocytolysis (hem-o-si-tol'-is-is) [oi/za, blood ; kvtoc,
cell; lveiv,io unloose]. The dissolution of blood-
corpuscles by means of heat.
Hemocytometer [hem-o-si-tom'-et-er] \_nina, blood ;
W'TOf, a cell; /lerpov, a measure]. A device for
estimating the number of corpuscles in the blood.
blood ;
up of
The instrument of Gowers, illustrated below, and that
of Thoma are those most frequently employed.
Hemocytotrypsis [hem-o-si-to-trip'-sis) [az/^a,
/iiTOf, cell ; TpijSeiv, to rub]. The breaking
blood-corpuscles under strong pressure.
Hemodiapedesis {hem-o-di-ap-eil-e'-sis) [aifia, blood;
(haK/jSz/aii;, an oozing through]. The transudation of
blood through the skin.
Hemodromograph [hem-o-dro' -mo-graf). Same as
Ilemotadiomcler.
Hemodromometer [hein-o-di-o-mom' -et-er). See Ilema-
dromoineter.
Hemodynamometer [hem-o-di-nam-otn' -el-er). See
Ilemadyiiamometer.
Hemogallol [hem-o-gal'-ol) [«///«, blood; galla, gall-
nut]. A proprietary substance occurring as a brownish-
red powder, and formed by oxidizing the hemoglobin
of the blood by pyrogallol. It is used in anemia in
doses of gr. iss-viiss. Unof.
Hemogastric (hem-o-gas'-lrih) \_aipa, blood ; yaari/p,
stomach]. Pertaining to blood in the stomach.
Hemogenesis [Iiem-o-jen' -es-is) [a)//a, blood ; yifsai^,
generation]. The formation of blood.
Hemogenic (//d7«-y-/£'«'-//^') [ai//n, blood ; ■yfi'to'tf, gen-
eration]. Pertaining to the formation of blood ; blood-
producing.
GOWERS' HKMOCVI OMHTKR.
A. Pipet for measuring the diluted solution. B. Capillary tube for measuriug the hlood.
C. Cell with divisions on the floor, mounted on a slide. D. Vessel in which the dilution
is made. E. Glass stirrer. F
Guarded spear-pointed needle.
Hemoglobin [hem-o-glo'-bin) [a}//a, blood ; globus, a
round body]. Hematoglobin, Hemocrystallin. A
doubly-refractive, pleochromatic colloid or crystalline
matter, existing in the corpuscles of the blood, and to
which their red color is due. In man the amount is
^3-77 per cent., in woman 12.59 per cent., reduced
by pregnancy to from 9 to 12 per cent. It is an oxygen-
carrier or respiratory pigment. The crystals of hemo-
globin have a dark-red appearance with a strong
purple or bluish tint ; they are very soluble in water.
Hemoglobinemia (hem-o-glo-bin-e'-me-ah) [a///o,
blood ; globus, a round body ; difia, blood]. A con-
dition in which the hemoglobin is dissolved out of the
red corpuscles, probably as the result of the destruc-
tion of the latter, and is held in solution in the serum.
The blood is " lake ''-colored. It occurs in some in-
HEMOGLOBINIFEROUS
556
HEMOPHTHISIS
fectious diseases, and after injecting certain substances
into the blood.
Hemoglobiniferous {)iem-o-g!o-hin-if'-er-us) [a(//a,
blood ; globus, a round body ; ferre, to bear]. Yield-
ing or carrying hemoglobin.
Hemoglobinocholia {Jiem-o-glo-hin-o-ko' -le-ali) \a\jia ,
blood ; globus, a round body ; ;fo/'i?/, bile] . The pres-
ence of hemoglobin in the bile.
Hemoglobinometer {Jiem-o-glo-bin-om' -et-er) [al^ua,
blood; globus, s. round body; /utTpov, sl measure].
An instrument for the quantitative estimation of hemo-
GowERs' Hemoglobinometer.
A. Pipet-bottle for distilled water. B. Capillary pipet C.
Graduated tube. D. Closed tube containing standard dilu-
tion. F. Lancet for pricking the finger.
glpbin by comparing the color of a solution of blood of
unknown with a color of a known valuation.
Hemoglobinuria ()iem-o-glo-bin-j(' -re-ali) [al/ia, blood ;
a round body ; oi/jov, urine]. The presence of
hemoglobin, the red coloring-matter of the blood,
in the urine, due either to its solution out of the
red corpuscles, or to disintegration of the red corpus-
cles. It occurs after transfusion of blood, during cer-
tain stages of septicemia, and after severe burns. It
is unattended with the presence of the corpuscular ele-
ments of the blood in the urine, thus differing from
hematuria. Hemoglobin Test : to a suspected sam-
ple add a drop of acetic acid and boil ; a red coagulum
indicates hemoglobin. See, also, Almen's Test, Hemin,
and Heller. H., Epidemic, a condition of the new-
born marked by jaundice, cyanosis, and nervous symp-
toms. H. Intermittent, 'fite. H., Paroxysmal. H.,
Paroxysmal, a form characterized by recurring peri-
odic attacks. It is related to cold, and is also closely
associated with Raynaud's Disease. H., Toxic, that
form occurring in consequence of poisoning by various
substances, e. g. , potassium chlorate.
Hemoglobulin (heni-o-glob'-ii-liii) [aifia, blood ; globus,
a ball]. Same as Hemoglobin .
Hemoid (kem'-oiJ) [al^a, blood; eMof, likeness].
Having the appearance of, or resembling, blood.
HtmoXogy [liem-ol'-o-je] [«l//a, blood ; /lo;of, science].
The science treating of the blood.
Hemolutein {liem-o-lu' -te-iii) \_atfia, blood ; luteus, yel-
low]. A yellow coloring-matter obtained from corpora
lutea.
Hemolymph (liem' -o-limf) \a))ia, blood ; lyinpha,
clear water]. The blood of the higher invertebrata,
containing more albuminoids and less water than the
hydrolymph of lower forms. H. Glands, a variety
of glands which, according to W. F. Robertson, are a
kind of cross between the hemogenic glands {e. g. the
spleen) and the lymphatic glands. The small prever-
tebral glands are examples.
Hemolysis (hem-ol'-is-is) [nl/.;a, blood ; 'Avaig, solution].
Destruction or breaking-up of the red blood-corpuscles.
Hemolytic {lie??i-o-lit'-ik) [aifia, blood ; Avaig, solu-
tion]. Pertaining to hemolysis. ^
Hemometer ()ietn-om' -et-er') [o///a, blood; /xtrpoVy
measure]. See Hemoglobinometer. Also, an appa-
Fleischl's Hemometer.
K. Red-colored wedge of glass moved by R. G. Mixing ves-
sel with two compartments a and a'. M. Table with opening
to read off the percentage of hemoglobin on the scale P. T.
To move K through R. S. Reflector of Plaster-of-Paris.
ratus for ascertaining the amount of hemoglobin in
normal or diseased blood.
Hemometra (kem-o-me^ -trail). See Hematometra.
Hemoophoritis (/;fw-o-d)^-();--/''-//.5) blood ; moi),
egg ; <?fpf'i', to bear]. Oophoritis with hemorrhage.
Hemopericardium {liem-o-per-ik-ar' -de-ujn) [at//a,
blood; TTf/)/, around; KapSIa, the heart]. An effu-
sion of blood into the pericardial cavity. It is due
usually to the bursting of an aneurysm of the aorta,
but may also follow rupture of the heart, or the burst-
ing of an aneurysm of one of the coronary arteries.
Hemophagic ijiem-o-faj' -ik) [«)//«, blood ; <^ayuv, to
eat]. Feeding upon blood; applied to certain animal
parasites.
Hemophagocyte {hetn-o-fag' -o-slt) [a/^a, blood ; (payeiv,
to eat; ki'tiic, a cell]. Any phagocyte of the blood ;
a white blood-corpuscle.
Hemophilia {liem-o-fil'-e-ali) \_aiiia, blood; (pilelv, to
love]. The hemorrhagic diathesis ; an abnormal ten-
dency to hemorrhage, or ease of bleeding. It usually
first appears at about the period of the second denti-
tion, and is most frequent among males. Heredity
plays a prominent part in this affection.
Hemophthalmia (Jiem-off'-thaF -me-ah) \(itua, blood ;
omBaXjidr, eye]. A hemorrhage into the interior of
the eye. It may arise from contusion, from iridec-
tomy, or by rupture of a vessel.
Hemophthalmos (liem-off-thal' -mos) [al/ia, blood ;
tKfiHaX/ioc, the eye]. Blood in the vitreous chamber
characterized by a reddish refle.x from the pupil.
Hemophthisis {hem-off' -lliis-is) [aJ/zn, blood ; i^O'ian;,
wasting]. Anemia dependent upon undue degenera-
tion of the red blood-corpuscles.
HEMOPLASMODIUM
557
HEMP
Hemoplasmodium (hem-o-plaz-?no' -de-iim) [ni//a,
blood ; Tv'AdoiJ.a, a moulded figure ; eWof, form]. The
Plasmodium of malaria. See Parasites [Anima/),
Table of.
Hemoplastic [he»i-o-plas' -ti/^) [a/^/a, blood ; T^'Xaaaeiv,
to form]. Same as Hematoplastic.
Hemopneumothorax [hem-o-mt-mo-tko'-raks) [aifia,
blood; nvcvfia, wind; Oupa^, the chest]. An effu-
sion of air and blood within the pleura.
Hemopoiesis {hcm-o-poi-e' -sis). See Hematopoiesis.
Hemoptysis (Jiem-op' -iis-is) [aJ/va, blood; nrvciv, to
spit]. The spitting of blood. The term is confined
usually to the expectoration of blood from the lungs.
It may be slight or profuse, and death may result from
suffocation. The blood is frothy and bright-red. H.,
Parasitic. See Distoma ringeri.
Hemorhodin (/leni-or-o^ -Jin) [a}//a, blood ; poihr, a
rose]. A rose-colored albuminoid found in the blood
of Aplysia depilans : it was discovered by L. Cuenot.
Hemorrhage [Iiem' -or-aj) [al/^a, blood ; piiyvhuai, to
burst forth]. The flowing of blood from wounded or
ruptured vessels. H., Accidental, during pregnancy
from premature detachment of the placenta when
normally situated. H., Capillary, oozing of blood
from a wound without a flow from large vessels. H.,
Collateral, bleeding occurring in the course of acute
inflammations. H., Complementary, succeeding up-
on another hemorrhage that has been cut short. H.,
Concealed, a variety of accidental hemorrhage in
which the bleeding takes place between the ovum and
the uterine walls, without escape from the genital tract.
H., Consecutive, ensuing some time after injury.
H., Critical, occurring at the turning-point of a dis-
ease. H., Petechial. See Purptira. H., Post-
partum, primary, within 24 hours after labor ; second-
ary., after 24 hours. H., Primary, that immediately
following any traumatism. H., Secondary, that oc-
curring some time after the traumatism, and usually
due to the sloughing of the tissues. H., Unavoidable,
from detachment of a placenta previa. H., Vicarious,
suppression of the menses with abnormal discharge of
blood from some other part of the body than the vagina.
Hemorrhagic [hein-or-a'-jik) \_aifia, blood; pi/yvhvai,
to burst forth]. Relating to or accompanied by
hemorrhage H. Diathesis. See Hemophilia. H.
Endometritis. See Endometritis. H. Infarct.
See Infarct. H. Pneumonia, a form of pneumonia
occurring in elderly people and in certain weakened
states of the constitution, characterized by the pres-
ence of a large amount of blood in the expectoration.
Hemorrhaphilia [liem-or-afiV -e-ali) [_ai.fioppayia, hem-
orrhage ; ^//lof, loving]. Synonym oi Hetnophilia.
Hemorrhea [hem-or-e'-ali) \_aijia, blood; poia, a flow].
A hemorrhage; a flow of blood. H. ventriculi.
See Hetnateinesis.
Hemorrhelcosis (lietn-or-el-ko' -sis') \_aifioppoic:, a hemor-
rhoid ; t?iKuaic, ulceration]. The formation of an
ulcer upon a hemorrhoid.
Hemorrhinia (^kem-or-in' -e-a/i)\_aijia, blood; p/f, nose].
Epistaxis; nose-bleed.
Hemorrhoid ijiem' -or-oid') [^al/ioppoog, flowing with
blood]. Pile. An enlarged and varicose condition of
the vessels in the tissues around the anus, sometimes
associated with eversion of the rectal mucous mem-
brane. There is always more or less pain and tender-
ness, with discomfort in sitting. Hemorrhoids are
caused by sedentary habits, constipation, obstruction
to the portal circulation, or violent purging. H.,
External, situated without the sphincter ani. H.,
Internal, within the anal orifice.
Hemorrhoidal {hem-or-oi' -dal) \_a\p6ppnoq , flowing with
blood]. Pertaining to or affected with hemorrhoids.
Hemoscope {hem' -o-skop). Same as Hematoscope.
Hemosialemesis {hem-o-si-al-em' -cs-is) \_a\jia, blood ;
aia'Aov, saliva ; ephiv, to vomit]. A form of vomit-
ing sometimes observed in hysterical women with
dysmenorrhea, the vomited matter consisting largely
of saliva and a small quantity of blood, in addition to
the ordinary contents of the stomach.
Hemosiderin (liem-o-sid' -cr-in) [aJ/za, blood ; ai<]ripor,
iron]. Neumann's name for a pigment often found
in extravasations and thrombi with hematoidin, but
differing from the latter in containing iron.
Hemospasia [Jiem-o-spa' -ze-ali) \_aipa, blood ; mrdeLv,
to draw] . The drawing of blood to a part ; derivative
action ; the process of dry-cupping, especially when
thoroughly carried out.
Hemospastic Uiem-o-spas'-tik) \_aijm, blood; a-Kaeiv,
to draw]. Effecting or pertaining to hemospasia.
Hemostasia, or Hemostasis [Item-o-sta' -se-ah , or
hem-os' -tas-is) [o///n, blood; araaic, a standing]. I.
Stagnation of the blood-current. 2. Arrest of a flow
of blood.
Hemostatic (Iiem-o-stat'-ik) [ol/^a, blood; araTiKor,
stationary]. Having the power to arrest hemorrhage.
Also, an agent or remedy that arrests or restrains bleed-
ing.
Hemostatics {hem-o-stat' -iks). Seft Hemns/nfics.
Hemotachometer [hetn-o-tak-om' -et-e;-) [alpa, blood ;
ra;(;of, swiftness ; //erpoi', a measure]. An instrument
for measuring the rate of flow of arterial blood.
Hemotexis {hcm-o-teks' -is) [al/za, blood ; ti/^k;, a melt-
ing]. The dissolution of putrid blood.
Hemothorax [hem-o-tho'-raks) [f/I/^^a, blood; Oupa^,
the chest]. An accumulation of blood in a pleural
cavity. It may occur under many varied conditions.
Hemotrophy {hem-ot'-ro-fe) [^aljia, blood; rpocpr/,
nourishment]. Synonym of Plethora, q. v.
Hemp [ME. , hemp, hemp]. The hemp-fiber is the pro-
duct of the Cannabis saliva, which is grown for textile
purposes chiefly in Russia and Italy, while the seed is
grown in India. It is a bast-fiber similar to that of
the flax-plant, but coarser and stronger, and of deeper
color, and less luster. It is used chiefly for the manu-
facture of ropes and cordage, and the fabric woven from
it, known as canvas, is used in sail-making. Hemp is
a mixture of cellulose and bastose. H., Manila, is a
tropical fiber obtained on the Philippine Islands from
the leaves of the wild plantain. It furnishes a very
superior rope-making fiber, because of its combined
lightness and strength, and the finer grades are used
for woven goods. The color is yellowish or white,
and the white variety has a fine silky luster. H.,
Suron, is grown in India, and furnishes a fiber of
light-yellowish color. It resembles jute, although less
lustrous. It is well adapted for cordage and netting.
{ox henequen'), is derived from the fleshy
leaves of a species of agave grown in Yucatan and
the West Indies. It is used largely in the United
States as a substitute for jute in the pianufacture of
bagging and for cordage, being stronger and lighter
than jute. See also Cannabis. H. -nettle. See
Galeopsis. H.-seed Calculus, a small rounded
urinary concretion composed of oxalate of lime. It
may vary in size from a pin's head to that of a hemp-
seed, and is smooth and dark-colored. H.-seed
Oil, oleum cannabis, is obtained from the seeds of
the Cannabis saliva or common hemp. It has a
mild odor, but mawkish taste, and greenish-yellow
color, turning brown with age. Its specific gravity
at 15° C. is .9276. It is freely soluble in boiling
alcohol, has weaker drying properties than linseed
oil, but is used in paint and varnish manufacture and
in making soft soaps.
HEMURESIS
558
HEPATOCYSTIC
Hemuresis [kem-zt-re'-sis). Synonym of Heinattiria.
Hen [ME., hoi, a hen]. The female of the domestic
fowl. H.-bane. See Hyoscyamus. H. -blindness,
a popular name for night-blindness. H. -cluck
Stertor, a form of stertorous respiration heard in some
cases of retropharyngeal abscess.
Henequen {/te!i'-e-ken). See Hcinp, SisaL
Henle's Ansa. See Ansa. H.'s Canals. See Canal.
H.'s Fenestrated Membrane, the layer of longitud-
inal elastic fibers of the inner coat of the arteries. H.'s
Fibers, the elastic fibers forming the fenestrated mem-
brane of Henle. H.'s Glands. See Gland. H.'s
Layer, a layer of flat, horny, polygonal, non-nuclea-
ted cells situated between the cuticula and the ex-
ternal root-sheath of a hair-bulb. H.'s Loop, a
loop in the uriniferous tubules. See Tiibiili iiriniferi.
H.'s Muscle. See Musdes, Table of. H.'s Sheath,
a connective-tissue sheath, surrounding terminal
nerve-fibers. H.'s Tubular Tumor. See Siphon-
oina .
Henna {hen' -ah) [Arab., A'hanna, henna]. A cosmetic
much used in the Orient ; it is prepared from the leaves
Lawsonia alba, and is sometimes used externally and
internally in leprosy and in skin-diseases. Unof.
Henocardia [hen-o-kar' -de-ah) [t/f , kv, one ; Kapd'ia,
heart]. The condition of having but one auricle and
one ventricle in the heart ; it is normal in some of the
lower animals.
Henoch's Purpura. See Diseases, Tabic of.
Henogenesis [hcn-o-jen' -es-is) (kv-'), one ; yiveaig,
origin]. In biology, the developmental history of an
individual organism ; ontogenesis.
Henosis [heii-o'-sis) [evunig, uniting]. I. Healing or
uniting. 2. Symblepharon.
Henotic (Jicn-ot' -ik) \ivuTiK6(, ; sir, one]. Tending to
heal or to promote union.
Henry's Law. See La7ii.
Hensen's Disc. ':^e.e. Engelmann' s Middle Disc. H.'s
Experiment, an experiment proving that the so-called
auditory hairs of the crustacean Mysis vibrate to a
particular note. H.'s Prop-cells. Stt H.'' s Support-
ing Cells. H.'s Stripe, a glistening band in the mid-
dle of the under surface of the membrana tectoria of
the ear. H.'s Supporting Cells, tall columnar epi-
thelial cells on the outer side of the outermost of
Deiters' cells of the ear.
Hepar (Jie'par) \ji-ap,\}i\Q\\\^x ; gen. Hepatis^. The
liver ; jecur. H. adiposum, a synonym of fatty liver.
H. amyloideum, amyloid degeneration of the liver.
H. sulphuris, the liver of sulphur; potassium sul-
phid ; formerly much employed in medicine ; now
used mainly by homeopathists.
Hepatalgia (Jiip-at-al'-je-ali) [//ttk/j, liver; a/} of, pain].
Pain in the liver, but more especially the paroxysmal
pain occasionally affecting the right hypochondrium.
Hepatalgic [hep-af-al'-jik) [?}7ra/), the liver ; aXyw:,
pain]. Relating to or affected with hepatalgia.
Hepatapostema (liep-at-ap-os-te' -mah) [f/Trap, liver ;
(tnuarrijia, abscess: //., Hepatapflsteinata\ An abscess
of the liver.
Hepatauxesis {hep-at-awks-e' -sis) [rjTran, liver ; av^r/aic,
enlargement]. Enlargement of the liver.
Hepatectomy [hep-at-ck' -to-iiie) [//-(J/j, liver ; eK-ojiri, a
cutting out]. Excision of the liver, wholly or in
part.
Hepatemphractic (hep-at-em-frak' -tik) \ji-ai>, liver ;
f uitixiiic, obstruction]. Relating to hepatemphraxis.
Hepatemphraxis (hep-af-eni-praks'-is) [//Tap, liver ;
e/Kpfiftiic, obstruction]. Hepatic obstruction.
Hepathelcosis (hep-ath-el-ko' -sis) [//Tra/i, liver; sAKuair,
ulceration]. Ulceration of the liver.
Hepatic iyhep-at' -ik) [?/7rar«(J? ,• ^Trnp, liver]. Pertain-
ing or belonging to the liver. H. Aloes. See Aloes.
H. Duct. See Duct. H. Lobes, the natural an-
atomic divisions of the liver, usually designated as
right, left, quadrate, spigelian, and caudate lobes. H.
Plexus. See Plexus. H. Zones, certain areas in
an hepatic lobule. The central area, capillaries and
cells form the Hepatic-vein Zone, specially liable to
congestive changes ; the area next the periphery of the
lobule is the Portal-vein Zone ; and the area betvv'een
the two the Hepatic -artery Zone. H. Starch, a
synonym of Glvcogen.
Hepatica [liep-al' -ik-ah) [;/7rn:r«of ,• ijirap, liver]. The
liverwort ; a genus of ranunculaceous plants. H.
triloba and H. acutiloba were fonnerly esteemed in
hepatic, renal, and pulmonic complaints. Unof.
Hepaticell (Jiep-at' -is-el) [r/Trar/Kof .• ijirap, liver; cella ,
cell]. An hepatic or liver cell; a cell of the liver
tissue.
Hepatico-ductitis {Jiep-at' -ik-o-duk-ti' -lis) \JiKaTLmq,
pertaining to the liver ; ductus, duct ; iriq, inflamma-
tion]. Inflammation of the hepatic ducts.
Hepatic o-pancreatic (licp-at' -ik-o-pan-kre-at' -ik)
[//7rar//cof , pertaining to the liver ; i^ayKprnq, sweet-
bread]. Relating to the liver and the pancreas.
Hepaticous [hep-at' -ik-us) [//Trarwdf , of the liver].
In biology, resembling liver.
Hepaticula {hep-at-ik'-u-lah) [Ijirap, liver]. I. A small
liver. 2. A slight degree of hepatitis.
Hepatin (hcp'-at-in) [ijKap, liver]. Same as Glycogen.
Hepatirrhagia (Jiep-at-ir-a' -je-ali) \j)vap, liver; piiyvvvai,
to burst forth]. Hemorrhage from the liver.
Hepatirrhea (Jiep-at-ir-e' -ah). See Hepatorrhea.
Hepatism [hep'-at-iz/n) [//Tap, liver]. Derangement
of various functions of the body, due or ascribed to
some functional or other disorder of the liver.
Hepatitic {hep-at-if -ik) [r/Tap, liver ; iTiq, inflamma-
tion]. Affected with, or relating to, hepatitis.
Hepatitis [hep-at-i' -lis) [//Tap, liver; mq, inflamma-
tion.] Inflammation of the liver. H. chronica in-
terstitialis, cirrhosis of the liver. H., Parenchy-
matous, Acute, acute yellow atrophy of the liver.
H. suppurativa, abscess of the liver.
Hepatitopyitis (hep-at-it-o-pi-i'-tis) [^Tap, liver; irvov,
pus; /r/f, inflammation]. Hepatitis characterized by
the formation of abscesses.
Hepatization [hep-af-iz-a'-shiin) [ijrrap, liver]. An
abnormal change in lung-tissue, in which it becomes
solid and friable, somewhat resembling the tissue of the
liver. H., Gray, the condition of a lung in the third
stage of pneumonia. H., Red, that in the second
stage of pneumonia. H., White, the condition of
the lungs in stillborn syphilitic children. H., Yellow,
the condition of the lung in the third stage of pneu-
monia when tinted by the presence of numerous pus-
cells. See Pneumonia.
Hepatocace (liep-at-ok' -as-e) [?/Tap, liver; /caraf, ill].
Gangrene of the liver.
Hepatocarcinia (kep-at-o-kar-sin'-e-ah) [//Tap, liver;
Kapmvoq, cancer]. Malignant disease of the liver.
Hepatocele (hep' -at-o-sel) [//Tap, liver ; k// A//, a tumor].
A form of hernia in which the liver protrudes through
an opening in the abdominal wall.
Hepatochromate (hcp-at-o-kro' -niat) [//Tap (//Tor-),
the liver ; Ypu/za, a color]. Krukenberg's name for
Enteroclilorophyl.
Hepatocirrhosis (hep-at-o-sir-o' -sis) [//Tap, liver;
lappor, yellow]. Cirrhosis of the liver.
Hepatocolic (hep-at-o-kol'-ik) [i/rrnp, liver; kuAov,
colon]. Relating to the liver and the colon.
Hepatocystic (hep-at-o-sis'-fik) [//Tap, liver; Kvanq,
bladder]. Pertaining to the liver and the gall-
bladder.
HEPATODIDYMOUS
559
HERAPATH'S METHOD
Hepatodidymous [hep-at-o-did' -iiii-us) [iinaf), tlie
liver ; SiSvfiot;, double] A monster with a double
body from the liver up.
Hepatoduodenal {kep-al-o-dn-od' -en-al) [//n-a/j, liver ;
duodeni, twelve each]. Relating to the liver and the
duodenum.
lA.&'^aXoA.ynKsi {Jicp-at-o-din' -e-ali) [//-<;/.>, liver; 6tV.iv//,
pain]. Pain in the liver.
Hepatogastric {Jiep-at-o-i:;as' -trik) [//-a/j, liver ; yaariji),
stomach] . Pertaining to the liver and the stomach.
Hepatogastritis (Jiep-at-o-gas-tri' -tis) liver ;
yaaTi/iJ, stomach; irig, inflammation]. Inflammation
of both liver and stomach.
Hepatogenic {)iep-at-o-jen' -ik) \rjTiap, liver ; yEvvav, to
beget]. Produced by or in the liver. H. Icterus,
also called absorption-icterus or jaundice, is c'aused by
the absorption of bile already formed in the liver.
Hepatography [hep-at-og' -ra-fe) \_linap, liver; ypa^eiv,
to write]. A description of the liver.
Hepatoid (/iep'-a/-oid) [ijnap, liver; eldoQ, likeness].
Resembling a liver or liver-substance.
Hepatolith (/;('/'-(2/-«>-//M) [?}7rap, liver; A/ftjf, stone].
Biliary calculus ; gall-stone.
Hepatolithiasis [kep-af-o-litk-i' -as-is) [?/7rap, liver ;
lidiaaiq, presence of calculus]. A disease character-
ized by gall-stones or concretions in the liver.
Hepatolithic [Iiep-at-o-lith' -ik) \j)-ap, liver; XSoi;, a
stone]. Affected with biliary calculi.
Hepatology [Jiep-at-oF o-je) [^ttq/j, liver; /lojw;,
science]. The science of the nature, structure, func-
tions, and diseases of the liver.
Hepatomalacia (hep-at-o-mal-a'-se-ah) [ijnap, liver ;
paAaKKi, softness]. Softening of the liver.
Hepatomegalia {hep-at-o-meg-a' -le-ali) \_q-irap, liver ;
- pkyaq, large]. Auxesis of the liver.
Hepatomyeloma [hep-at-o-mi-el-o' -mali) [^Trap, liver ;
//ve/ldf, marrow ; a tumor: //. Hepatomyelomata'\.
Medullary carcinoma of the liver.
Hepatoncus {hep-at-ong' -kits) [//Trap, liver; oyKo^, a
tumor]. A tumor or swelling of the liver.
Hepatonecrosis (hep-at-o-ne-kro' -sis) [r/Trap, liver ;
vkKpucii;, death]. Gangrene of the liver.
Hepatopancreas {Jiep-at-o-pan' -kre-as) [_r/Trap, the liver ;
TrdyKpea^, the pancreas: //. //ipaiopann-eaies']. In
biology, a glandular organ of many invertebrates which
exercises a digestive action upon starch and albumin,
and at the same time secretes matters similar to those
found in the bile of vertebrates.
Hepatopathy {^Iup-at-op'-ath-c)\r)-Kap, liver; irddog, dis-
ease]. Any hepatic disease or disorder.
Hepatoperitonitis {Jiep-at-o-pcr-it-on-i'-tis) [^Jrap, liver;
TTfp/roi'aioc, peritoneum ; «-/<•, inflammation]. Inflam-
mation of the peritoneal or serous coat of the liver.
Hepatopexia, or Hepatopexy (Jup-at-o-peks' -e-ali ,
hep' -at-o-pcks-c) [rjTzap, liver; Tr^f^f, fixation]. The
suturing of a floating liver in its proper position.
Hepatophage {Jiep' -at-o-faj) [r/Trap, liver; <payehi, to
eat]. A giant cell of a type peculiar to the liver; it
is said to absorb and to destroy liver-cells.
Hepatophyma [Iiep-at-o-fi' -mali) [//Trap, liver; (j>v/ia,
growth]. Any tumor of the liver.
Hepato-portal (hep-at-o-por' -tal) [//n-np, liver ; porta,
a gate] . Relating to the portal circulation in the liver ;
portal as distinguished from reniportal.
Hepatoptosis {hep-at-op-to' -sis) [^jrap, liver ; ■KTuair, a
falling]. Synonym of Floating Liver, q. v.
Hepatorrhagia [hep-at-or-a' -je-ah). Same as Hepatir-
rhagia.
Hepatorrhaphy (hep-at-or' -a-fe^ [^Trap, liver ; paibii,
.suture]. Suture of the liver.
Hepatorrhea [hep at-or-e' -ali) [^-rrap, liver ; pola, flow] .
Morbid or excessive secretion of bile by the liver.
Hepatorrhexis (hep-at-or-eks'-is) [//Trap, liver; pf/^ir, a.
rupture]. Rupture of the liver.
Hepatoscirrhus (//ep-at-o-skir'-us) [?/7rnp, liver ; aKip-
I'liir, an induration]. Scirrhous carcinoma of the liver.
Hepatoscopy ijiep-at-os' -ko-pe) \_f/Kap, liver ; aKone'iu,
to examine]. Visual examination of the liver.
Hepato-splenitis (hep-at-o-spien-i'-tis) [fjirap, liver-;
n-'tl/i', spleen ; itu:, inflammation]. Inflammation of
lioth liver and spleen.
Hepatotomy [kep-at-of -o-i/ie) [//-op, liver; Tt/Livetv, to
cut]. Incision of the liver.
Hephestic [hef-es' -tik) \_PIeplia:stus, Vulcan]. Prevail-
ing or occurring among hammermen. H. Cramp. See
Hammermen' s Cramp. H. Hemiplegia. See Ileiin-
plegia.
Heptacosane {hep' -tak-o-san) \k--a, seven], €2,115^.
A hydrocarbon contained in beeswax.
Heptad (Jiep' -tad) [sTrrd, seven]. In chemistry, an
atom whose equivalence is seven atoms of hydrogen,
or that can be combined with, substituted for, or re-
placed by, seven atoms of hydrogen.
Heptagynian {kep-taj-in'-e-an). See Heptagynoits.
Heptagynious (hep-taj-in' -e-us). See Jleptagynous .
Heptagynous (hep-taj' -in-zts) [etftq, seven; yvi'i/,
female]. In biology, having seven pistils or styles.
Heptamerous {liep-tam' -er-us) [s-rd, seven ; fiepoc;, a
part]. In biology, consisting of seven parts; having
the organs in sevens.
Heptandrous {Itep-tan' -drits^ [fTrrd, seven ; di'//p,man].
In biology, having seven stamens.
Heptane (kep'-tan) [f/rrd, seven], CjH,,,. A paraffin
existing as a mobile, colorless liquid. It is contained
in petroleum, and is also obtained from the resin of
Finns sabitiiana by dry distillation. It is also called
abietene, theoUn, erasene, and aitrantiti. See Hydro-
carbons, Table of.
Heptapetalous [hep-tah-pet'-al-ns) [fTrrd, seven;
TviTiilov, a leaf]. In biology, having seven petals.
Heptaphyllous (//f/-/(?//y?/'-?/j') [fTrrd, seven ; (pv'AXof,
a leaf]. In biology, having seven leaves.
Heptatomic {Iiep-tat-om' -ik) [f-rd, seven ; (iroiiog, an
atom]. Same as HeplavaleJit , q. v.
Heptavalent {hep-tav-a'-lent) [firrd, seven; valens,
having power]. In chemistry, equal to seven atoms
of hydrogen in combining or saturating-power ; ap-
plied to an atom that can be substituted for, or re-
placed by, seven atoms of hydrogen.
Heptolactone [hep-to-lak'-tdn) seven; lae,
milk], C.Hj.jO.^. A substance formed from teracrylic
acid by reducing with hydrobromic acid. It melts at
11° C, and boils at 220° C.
Heptoses (kep-tos' -ez) [fTrrd, seven]. A division of
the glucoses, of the composition C,H,,0.. They are
prepared by reducing the corresponding heptonic
acids, C^H,,0„ (their lactones), with sodium amalgam.
They have similar propeities to the hexoses, and are
not fermented by yeast. See Carbohydrates, Table of.
Heracleum [her-ak-le'-um) ['Hpd/i/,f(Of,_Hercules]. A
genus of umbelliferous plants, the cow-parsnips.
Several species, especially H. lanatum, in North
America, and H. tauricum, in Europe, are diuretic
and expectorant, and the roots and seeds are recom-
mended for use in epilepsy. Unof.
Herapath's Method. A method for determining the
presence of minute quantities of quinin. For a test-fluid
use —
Metric. Apoth.
Glacial acetic acid 12 c.c. (3,24 f3).
Ninety-five percent, alcohol, . . . 4 c.c. (1.08 f 5).
Dilute sulphuric acid 7 drops.
A drop of this is put on the slide, and a very minute
amount of the quinin-containing substance added.
HERAPATHITE
560
HERMAPHRODITE
When dissolved, add an extremely minute drop of an
alcoholic solution of iodin. The first effect is the
production of the yellow, cinnamon-colored compound
of iodin and quinin, which forms as a small circular
spot ; the alcohol separates in little drops, which, by a
sort of repulsive movement, drive the fluid away ;
after a time the acid liquid again flows over the spot,
and the polarizing crystals of sulphate of iodoquinin
are slowly produced in beautiful rosets. This test suc-
ceeds best without the application of heat.
Herapathite \hcr' -ap-atli-it) [from Herapath, an Eng-
lish chemist]. An iodid of quinin-sulphate, occur-
ring in rhomboid lamince. It has been used as a
remedy in scrofula and in febrile cases ; in micros-
copy, it is employed in polarizing light.
Herb (erb or herb^ \lierba, an herb]. An annual, bien-
nial or perennial plant, the stem of which contains
but little wood and dies down to the ground at the
end of the season. H. -doctor. See Herbalist.
H. -juice Cure. See Cure.
Herbaceous (Jier-ba' -se-us) \_kerba, grass]. In biology :
I. Applied to stems or other organs that have a
tender, juicy consistence and perish at the close of the
growing-season. 2. Feeding upon herbs.
Herbal [ker'-bal] \_herba, grass]. An old name for a
book on herbs ; chiefly designating a book on the
medicinal virtues of herbs.
Herbalist (/^^'/-''-^^/-^^^' ) [//<?r^(7, grass]. An herb-doc-
tor or simpler ; a so-called botanic physician.
Herbarium (Jier-ba' -re-ztni) \Jierba, grass]. A col-
lection of dried plants arranged for study ; a hortus
siccus.
Herbicarnivorous {Jier-be-kar-niv' -or-us') \_herba, herb-
age ; caro, flesh: vorarc, to eat]. Omnivorous;
living upon both animal and vegetable food.
Herbivora [her-biu'-or-ah) \_herba, grass ; vorare, to
devour]. A name given to a division of mammalia.
Animals that feed on vegetation.
Herbivorous {/ier-biz/-or-us) \_herba, grass ; vorare,
to devour]. A descriptive term applied to animals
that subsist on vegetation.
Herbst's Corpuscles. A variety of sensory end-organs
found in the mucous membrane of the tongue of the
duck ; they resemble small Vater's corpuscles, but
their lamellee are thinner and closer to each other, while
the axis-cylinder within the central core is bordered
on each side by a row of nuclei.
Hercogamy {her-kog'-a;n-e) [f/j/cof, a fence; yd/no^,
marriage]. In biology, the prevention of impregna-
tion or fertilization by some structural obstacle ;
applied to flowers.
Herculeus morbus {her-kulc' -us inor'-bus) [I-.].
Synonvm of Epilepsy.
YLsr&Ai\.a.xy [he-red' -it-a-re) \_lieres, an heir]. Acquired
by inheritance. H. Disease, one transmitted from
parent to oft'spring. H. Parts. See Deterjninate.
H. Syphilis. See Syphilis.
Heredity [he-red' -if-e) \_hereditas, heredity]. The
principle or fact of the transmission of physical or
mental (]ualities or tendencies from ancestor to offspring.
Darwin's Theory of Heredity, or the Hypothesis
of Pangenesis, supposes that each of the different
cells of the body ^\\'ii^>o^ geminules ( Plastidules of Els-
berg), ox germinal particles, that are capable of repro-
ducing their kind, and which are included in and consti-
tute the generative cells, and thus reproduce all of the
peculiarities of the cjriginal organism. Weissmann's
Theory of the Continuity or " Immortality ' ' of
Germ-plasma, is developed from Nussbaiim' s proposi-
tion that germ-substance is directly abstracted from the
developing ovum and preserved, without essential
alteration, to become, by giving rise to sexual elements,
the germ-substance of another generation, by the
corollary that the whole nature of the animal or plant
depends upon its germinal substance, and that the
resemblance of the oft'spring to the parent is due to
every gonoblast containing some germinal matter.
According to Nussbaum and Weissmann the cells of
the embryo are separated into two kinds: (l) The
gerin-cells, which become the sexual elements ; (2)
The somatic cells or body-cells, used as building-material
[Somatoplasm) of the individual. Kolliker and others
have demonstrated that no sharp distinction exists be-
tween germ-cells and somatic cells, so that speculations
based on such assumed difference necessarily fall to the
ground. Naegele's Theory ofldioplasm and Nutri-
tive Plasma, is a definite theory of germinal continu-
ity ; he assumes the formative force to reside in a specific
material substratimi, /. e., idioplasm — essentially iden-
tical with Weissmann's germ-plasma. Minot as- j
sumes idioplasm to be the nuclear substance, chro-
matin, the essential factor in the function of heredity, j
and the nucleus, therefore, the organ of hereditary j
transmission. De Vries' Theory of Intracellular
Pangenesis, suggests that the nuclear substance of j
the germ-plasm is composed of minute particles. Pan-
genes, not cells, but the bearers of the properties of j
the cells. There are also in the nucleus Nuclear
Rods, called also Idants, and Chromatin Rods, which 1
are built up of a series of ancestral plasms, called Ids,
each representing " an individuality." The doubling
and multiplication of these idants prior to fertilization
is in the interest of variety, or variation of form and
character of the subsequent individual. This theory
claims the same independence for all constituent parts
of the cell-body as Weissmann claimed for those of
the nucleus. The entire cell is called the Protoplast,
and its various living, independent parts are called
Pangenes. The cell is thus likened to a compound '
organism or colony.
Hering's Experiment. A delicate test of stereoscopic
vision in which the perception of degrees of depth is I
tested by means of falling bodies, seen through a long \
tube. H.'s Theory. See Color-sensation. I
Hermann's Difference-theory. See Difference. H.'s J
Theory, a theory as to the causation of muscular con- I
traction ; he claims that the formation of carbonic
anhydrid on contraction is not simply due to oxida-
tion, but rather to the decomposition of inogen, with
the formation of certain simpler products, of which
carbonic anhydrid is one, and sarcolactic acid and
myosin the others.
Hermaphrodism, or Hermaphroditism [her-maf-
ro-dizm, her-maf ' -ro-dit-izm) ['E(j//7>;, Mercury;
'Aij4/w(5/r//, Venus]. The co-existence in a single in-
dividual of completely developed ovaries and testicles, ;
or of at least one of each gland. H., Bilateral, an |
ovary and a testicle on each side. H., Complex, a
rare instance of hermaphrodism in which there arc pres-
ent both the internal and external organs of either sex.
H., Double. Same as // , Complex. H., Lateral,
an instance in which male organs (especially a testicle)
are more or less developed on one side, and female
organs (especially an ovary) on the opposite side. ^
H., Protandrous, applied to the phenomenon as ex- J
hibited by most hermaphrodite platode worms, of I
developing the male sexual products before the female.
H., Spurious, doubtful, but not double, sex. H .
Transverse, an instance in which the external organs
indicate the one sex, and the internal the opposite.
H., Unilateral, on one side an ovary and a testicle,
on the other an ovary or a te.sticle. H., Vertical.
Same as //. , Complex.
Hermaphrodite {her-maf ' -ro-dit) ['E/J//i7C. Mercury;
HERMAPHRODITIC
561
HERNIA
' k<t>po(yiTr], Venus]. An individual affected with her-
maphrodism, (/. v. ; usually the condition is due to
some congenital malformation of the genital organs,
such as epispadias, hypospadias, cleft of the scrotum,
etc. , that makes the determination of sex somewhat
doubtful. For varieties, see Heniiaphrodisnt.
Hermaphroditic (hcr-iiiaf-ro-dif -ik) ['Ep//?/;;, Mercury ;
'A<j)po()iT>/, Venus]. Pertaining to hermaphroditism,
^. 7'. See also Teratism.
Hermaphroditism {Jier-maf -ro-dit-iz)ii). Same as
Hermaphrodisni.
Hermetic, Hermetical [Jicr-met' -ik, her-met'-ik-al)
['E/j////f, the god Mercury, the reputed founder of al-
chemy]. Pertaining to chemistry. Also, having resist-
ance to chemic action. Also, protected from exposure
to air. H. Medicine, alchemistic or spagyric practice.
H. Sealing, the closure of an outlet by cementation or
fusion, so that it is impervious to air. Also, the
closing or covering of a wound by impervious dress-
ings.
Hermodactyl {Jier-mo-dak' -tW) ['E/j/"/f, Mercury ;
c!d/c-i'/tof, finger]. The root or bulb of Colchiiiiiit
variegahtm, or C. aiituiiinale ; also of Iris tuherosa.
It was formerly prized in medicine, but is now little
used, except in India. Unof.
Hernia (Jwr' -ne-ah) \Iieniia, from epvog, sprout]. A
tumor formed by the protrusion of the contents of a
cavity (usually the abdominal) through its wall. Her-
nias may be called after their locality. Epigastric,
Fetnoral, Inguinal, Perineal, Scrotal, Umbilical, etc. ;
according to their condition, Encysted, Reducible,
Strangulated, Purulent, etc. ; according to their con-
tents, Cerebral, Intestinal, Omental, Vesical, etc. ;
or, lastly, according to their origin. Acquired, Con-
genital, Infantile, etc. H., Abdominal, a protrusion
of a portion of the abdominal viscera through some
portion of the parietes. H., Beclard's, a hernia
through the saphenous opening. H., Birkett's, a
hernia of the synovial membrane of a joint, following
laceration of the capsular ligament. H. of the
Bladder, the protrusion of a part of the bladder
through one of the openings of the abdominal cavity,
viz. : the femoral ring, or external adominal ring ; or
it may form part of a ventral hernia after celiotomy or
injury, or it may take place through an opening in the
floor of the pelvis ; the term was Sso formerly applied
to cystocele, q.v. H. of Brain. See Fungus cerebri.
H., Bruggiser's. Same as //. , Properitoneal. H.,
Bursal. Same as H., Birketfs. H. carnosa.
Synonym of Elephantiasis arabum. H., Cecal, a
hernia containing the cecum (with or without other
parts of the bowel). H. cerebri. See Fungus
cerebri. H. , Chronic, an old hernia. H. of Cloquet.
See H., Pectineal-crural and Diseases, Table of. H.,
Complete, a hernia in which the sac and its contents
have passed the hernial orifice. H., Congenital, a
form of indirect inguinal hernia in which the vaginal
process of the peritoneum having remained patulous, the
bowel descends at once into the scrotum, in direct con-
tact with the testicle. See also //. of the Cord. H.,
Cooper's, a variety of femoral hernia with a diver-
ticulum through the superficial fascia. See, also. Dis-
eases, Table of. H. of the Cord, a congenital condition
resulting from arrest of development of the lateral plates,
with persistence of the omphalic duct. If the latter does
not wither away, the fetal intestines are drawn out into
the cord, giving rise to congenital umbilical hernia.
H., Crural. See H., Femoral. H., Cruro-pro-
peritoneal, a variety in which an additional sac exists
between the peritoneum and abdominal wall, in the
cellular tissue of the pelvis, and at the side of the blad-
der. H., Cystic. '?,s.vc^e.2A Cystocele, q.v. H., Dia-
36
phragmatic, a protrusion of a portion of some of the ab-
dominal viscera into the thorax, through a congenital
defect in the diaphragm, or through a dilatation
or laceration of one of the natural openings. H.,
Direct Inguinal. See H., Inguinal, Direct. H.,
Dorsal. Synonym of H., Lumbar. H., Encysted
(of Cooper") ; this form occurs when the ventral orifice
closes, but the tunica vaginalis remains patulous,
allowing the hernia to descend within the latter, push-
ing before it the thin septum. H., Epigastric, a
hernia in the linea alba, between the ensiform cartilage
and the umbilicus. H., External, one appearing,
upon the external surface of the body. H., Femoral,
a protrusion of the abdominal contents through the
femoral canal, the tumor appearing on the upper
inner aspect of the thigh, below Poupart's ligament.
H. of the Foramen ovale. tieeH., Obturator. H.
into the Foramen of Winslow, a lodgment of a
portion of intestine in the foramen of Winslow. H.,
Funicular, a hernia into the umbilical cord. See H.,
Infantile. H., Gastric. See Castrocele. H., Goyrand's
or Gourand's. See //., Inguino-intcrstitial. H.,
Guttural. Synonym of Goiter. H. of Hesselbach,
a femoral hernia with a diverticulum through the cribri-
form fascia, the hernia presenting a lobulated appear-
ance. See, aho. Diseases, Table of. H. of Holthouse.
See //., Figuino-cmral. H., Humoral. Synonym
of Epididymitis, or Swelled Testicle. H., Incar-
cerated, an old irreducible hernia which has become
occluded by the accumulation of gas, feces, or un-
digested food, thus causing obstruction of the bowels.
H., Incomplete, one that has not entirely passed
through the hernial orifice. H., Infantile, that form
of direct inguinal liernia that occurs when the
funicular portion of the vaginal process of peritoneum
has remained patulous. H., Infantile (of Hey).
See H. , Encysted. H., Key's. See H., Encysted.
H., Infrapubic. Same as //. , Obturator. H.,
Inguinal, a hernia occupying wholly, or in part, the
inguinal canal. H., Inguinal, Direct, a protrusion
of the abdominal viscera through the parietes at the
site of the external abdominal ring, without hav-
ing traversed the inguinal canal. H., Inguinal,
External. See H. , Inguinal, Indirect. H., Inguinal,
Indirect, one in which the protrusion occurs at the
internal ring, and passes along the inguinal canal. H.,
Inguinal, Internal. See H. , Btguinal, Direct . H.,
Inguinal, Oblique. .See II., Inguinal, Indirect.
H., Inguino-crural, or H. of Holthouse, a variety
of suddenly-developed oblique inguinal hernia, in
which, owing to the non-descent of the testicle, or to
other causes, the hernia protrudes outward along the
fold of the groin. H., Inguino-interstitial, an
incomplete inguinal hernia. H., Inguino-labial, a
variety of oblique inguinal hernia in the female, corre-
sponding to the inguino-scrotal hernia of the male.
H., Inguino-properitoneal, or H. of Kronlein, a
hernia, with a prolongation of the hernial -sac in various
directions, within the abdominal walls. H., Inguino-
scrotal, the common form of oblique inguinal hernia
in men past middle life. H. , Intermuscular. Same
as H., Inguino-properitoneal. H., Interparietal.
Same as II., Inguino-properitoneal. H., Inveterate.
See II., Chronic. H. of Iris, a prolapse of a portion
of the iris after iridectomy, trauma, etc. H., Irreduc-
ible ; a hernia is called in'educible when the protruded
viscera cannot be returned to the abdomen by manipu-
lation, with complete disappearance of the symptoms.
H., Ischio-rectal. Ssme a.s II. , Perineal. H.,Ischi-
atic, a protrusion of the bowel through the great sacro-
sciatic foramen. H. -knife, a probe-pointed knife for
incising the constriction of a hernial sac. H. of
HERNIA
562
HERNIA
Kronlein. See H. , Inguuio-properitoneal. H.,
Labial, a protrusion of the bowel between the vagina
and the ramus of the ischium into a labium majus.
H. of Laugier, a femoral hernia through Gimbernat's
ligament. See, also, Diseases, Table of. H. of
Littre, a hernia of the bowel in which only a portion
of the lumen is constricted in the hernial orifice.
There is not, therefore, complete obstruction. H. of
the Liver. See Hepatocele. H., Lumbar, a pro-
The pillars open, the cord held up. The pillars sutured,
the cord held up.
Radical Operation for Inguinal Hernia. (Afler
at which the fascia is deficient. H., Obstructed.
See H., Ineairerated. H., Obturator, a protrusion
of bowel through the obturator foramen. H., Omental,
a hernia containing omentum. This condition is also
called Epiplocele , q. v. H. of Ovary, a hernia
including ovary, wholly or in part. H., Para-
inguinal. Same as //., Properitoneal. H. of
Partridge, a femoral hernia, external to the femoral
vessels, iitt, aXio, Diseases, Table of . H., Pectineal-
The deep fascia An Unstrangulated
closed over Hernia.
the cord.
Bassini.)
A Strangulated Hernia.
Oblique Inguinal Hernia.
Bubonocele on right side, but passing through
external ring on left.
Direct Inguinal Hernia.
Femoral Hernia.
trusion of the intestine through Petit' s triangle — a
space bounded by the external oblique and latissimus
dorsi muscles and the crest of the ilium. H. of the
Lung. See Pnenmocele. H., Malgaigne's. Same
as //., Congenital. H., Mesenteric (of Cooper) ; the
passage of a portion of gut through an opening in the
mesentery. H. of Muscles; occasionally, owing to
imperfect healing of the deep fascia after wounds, a
limited protrusion of the muscle occurs at the point
crural, or H. of Cloquet, a variety in which, after pass-
ing the femoral ring, the hernia turns within and behind
the femoral vessels, resting on the pectineus muscle.
H., Perineal, a protrusion of the abdominal contents
between the fibers of the levator ani muscle, in front
of or to one side of the anus. H., Petit's. Same
as II., Lumbar. H., Pharyngeal. See Pharyn- \
gocele. H., Phrenic. Same as H., Diaphragmatic.
H., Pleural. See Pleurocele. H., Properitoneal,
a hernia occupying a position between the planes of
the abdominal wall, in front of the parietal peritoneum.
H., Pudendal. Same as //. , Z^?/w/. H., Reducible,
one that may be returned or reduced by manipulation.
H., Retroperitoneal ; in this form of hernia the
small intestine lodges in the fossa duodeno-jejunalis. j
H., Sciatic. Same as H. , Ischiatic. H., Scrotal, if
that form of inguinal hernia in which the protrusion «
has entered the scrotum. H. of the Spleen. Seelj
Spleiiorele. H. of the Stomach. -Same as C^i/'w/;'.
H., Strangulated ; a hernia is said to be strangulated
when it is so tightly constricted at its neck as to inter
fere with its return, with the circulation of blood, and
the passage of feces. H., Synovial. See //. , Bn -
Art/'s. H. of Testis, a protrusion of the seminiferous^
HERNIAL
563
HETERADELPHIA
tubules through a fistulous opening following abscess
of the testicle. H. of the Tongue. See Glossocele.
H. of the Trachea. See Tracheocele. H., Thyroid.
See H., Obticrator. H., Umbilical, a protrusion
of the abdominal contents through the umbilicus.
H. of the Uterus. See Hyslerocele. H., Vaginal,
a protrusion of the abdominal viscera between the
uterus and rectum, forming a tumor on the vaginal
wall. H.,Velpeau's, a femoral hernia in front of the
femoral vessels. H., Ventral, the name applied to
protrusions of the abdominal contents through the
abdominal walls in situations not usually subject to
hernias ; e.g., not at the abdominal rings or the
umbilicus. H., Vesical. 'Aee H. of the Bladder.
Hernial {^/ler'-ne-al) \Jier)iia, a rupture]. Pertaining to
hernia. H. Sac, the diverticulum of the peritoneum
that accompanies a hernia.
Hernio-celiotomy (Jier' -nc-o-se-le-ol' ■o-ine') \Jieniia, a
rupture; KOiAm, belly]. Abdominal section for the
relief of hernia.
Hernio-enterotomy (^lier' -ne-o-eti-ter-ot' -o-me) \_kernia,
a rupture ; sirffjoc, bowel ; to/^?/, a cutting] . Herni-
otomy combined with enterotomy.
Hernio-laparotomy {Jicr' -ne-o-lap-ar-ot' -o-me^ \_keriiia,
a rupture; 'Aarrapa, the flank; to/j?'/, a cutting].
.Same as Hernio-celiotomy.
Herniology [ker-ne-ol' -o-Je) \_heriiia, hernia; /d)o<,
science]. That department of surgery which treats of
the causes, diagnosis, and treatment of hernia.
Herniopuncture (lier-ne-o-punk' -c h nr) \Jiernia, hernia;
//«zrf«r;7, a pricking]. The puncture of a hernia.
Herniotome i^her'-ne-o-td?ii) \Jieriiia, hernia ; Tofioi;,
cutting]. A hernia-knife.
Herniotomy {Iier-ne-of -o-ine) \Jiernia, hernia ; rtfivciv,
to cut]. Operation for the relief of hernia by section
of the constriction.
Heroic [he-ro'-ik) \Ji(>u(;, a hero]. Bold or daring;
rash or unusually severe ; as heroic treatment or
measures.
Herophilus, Torcular of. See Torcular.
Herpes {Jier'-pez) \ip-ri<; ; epTreiv, to creep]. An acute
inflammatory affection, characterized by the develop-
ment of groups of vesicles on a patch of inflamed
skin or mucous membrane. H. catarrhalis, herpetic
fever ; a form of herpes accompanying the onset
or crisis of acute febrile disorders, and frequently fol-
lowing a rigor, of which it may be the sole sequel. It
is most common in spring and autumn. Its forms are
//. facialis a.nd //. progenitalis. H. circinatus. .See
Tinea circinata. H. circinatus bullosus. See Hy-
droa herpetiforme. H. desquamans. See Tinea im-
bricata. H. esthiomenos. .See Lupus. H. facialis.
Herpes labialis ; Herpes febrilis ; Hydroa febrile : an
acute, non-contagious, inflammatory disorder of the
skin that appears in the form of one or more groups of
vesicles. It is commonly called yi'?vr-/'//i/£'/-^. Its usual
seats are the lips, angles of the mouth, and the face,
generally below the forehead. Owing to its relation
to digestive derangements the ulcers are often termed
"■dyspeptic ulcers.'''' H. febrilis. .See H. facialis.
H. gestationis. See Hydroa herpetiforme. H. iris,
a form of erythema in which a vesicle is seated on an
erythematous base. It is usually seen on the backs of
the hands and feet. H. labialis. See H. facialis.
H. miliaris. Synonym of Eczema. H. phlycteno-
des, Willan's name for Herpes zoster occurring else-
where than on the trunk. H. preputialis. See //.
progenitalis. H. progenitalis, PIcrpes preputialis : a
form of H. simplex, in which vesicles occur upon the
glans and prepuce, from the size of a pin's head to
that of a small pea. They number from two or three
to a dozen. The condition is most common in males.
H. pyaemicus. See Impetigo herpetiformis. H. sim-
plex. A synonym of //. catarrhalis. H. tonsurans.
^esTinea tonsura>is. H. tonsurans maculosus. See
Pityriasis rosea. H. zoster, Zoster ; Zona ; Shingles ;
Ignis sacer : an acute inflammatory disease of the skin,
which consists of grouped vesicles on a reddened
base, the lesions being distributed in relation to the
course of the cutaneous nerves, and, as a rule, uni-
lateral. They are usually seen in the course of the
intercostal nerves, but may follow the course of any
nerve. The outbreak of the eruption is usually pre-
ceded by severe neuralgic pain. The condition occurs
most frequently in young people and in the autumn
and spring of the year. H. z. ophthalmicus, follow-
ing the course of the ophthalmic nerve.
Herpetic {lier-pef -ik) (_i:pTV)/c, herpes]. Pertaining to
heqjes. H. Bridge. See Bridge. H. Fever. See
Herpes catarrhalis. H. Sore-throat. See Tonsil-
itis. Herpetic.
Herpetiform (herpet' -if-orm) [ipne^, herpes ; forma,
form]. Having a likeness to herpes.
Herpetism [her'-pet-izm] [tpm/c, herpes]. The her-
petic diathesis ; a constitutional predisposition to her-
pes.
Herpttograp'iiy^her-pet og''-ra-fe). Same as Herpetology .
Herpetoid (her'-pet-oid) \_ipnerdv, a reptile ; eZdof,
likeness]. In biology, resembling a reptile.
Herpetology [herpet-ol'-ofe) [kpnijc, herpes ; /Idyof ,
treatise]. The science of skin-diseases, especially
those of an herpetic nature.
Herpetology [herfet-ol' -o-je) [ip-Trfrdi', a reptile; 71yEuv,
to speak]. The classified knowledge of reptiles.
Hertwig's Theory. A theory of immunity founded
upon the chemotactic action of certain chemic sub-
stances. The fact of cardinal importance in this theory
is that negative chemotropism may, under certain con-
ditions, become positive.
Hesperetinic Acid {hes-per-et-in' -ik). See Acid.
Hesperidin (liesper' -id in) ["EcrTrtpof, Hesperus].
C,^.^H.,gO],^. A glucosid present in the unripe fruit of
oranges, lemons, etc. It separates from alcohol in
fine needles, and melts at 251° C.
Hesperidium (lies-per-id' -e-um) ["EaTrepof, Hesperus (in
allusion to the golden apples of the Hesperides) : //. ,
IIesperidia'\. In biology, an orange-like fruit, having
a succulent flesh covered with a leathery rind ; a va-
riety of berry.
Hesse's Apparatus. An apparatus for air-analysis.
Hesselbach's Hernia. .See Hernia, and Diseases, Table
of. H.'s Triangle. See Triangles, Table of.
Hessian Crucible [hesh'-yan kru^-sib-l). A crucible
made of fine clay and sand, and used for melting gold,
silver, and their alloys in the manufacture of gold and
silver plates and solders. H. Purple. See Fig-
ments, Conspectus of. H. Violet, and H. Yellow.
.See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Hesthogenous {hes-thoj'-en-tis) [f(7f?//f , dress, clothing ;
}di'Of, offspring]. In biology, applied to birds that
are hatched with a covering of down ; ptilopedic,
opposed to gymnogenous , psilopedic.
Heteracanth (liet' -er-ak-anth) [erepof, other ; anavda,
spine]. In biology, applied to fishes in which the
dorsal and anal fin-spines are asymmetric.
Heteracephalous {het-er-a-sef -al-ns) [f -f/jor, other ;
KfrnLtJ/, head]. See Heterocephalous.
Heteracmy [het-er-ak'-me) [prepot;, other, different ;
(;/>7/?/, prime, maturity]. In biology, applied to plants in
which cross-fertilization is secured by the heterochron-
ous maturing of the stamens and pistils.
Heteradelph (liet'-er-ad-elf). See Heteradelphus.
Heteradelphia {het-er-ad-el'-fe-ah) [irepoc, other;
d(itA(/)df, brother]. Heteradelphous teratism.
HETERADELPHOUS
564
HETEROGENESIS
Heteradelphous (Jict-er-ad-ct' -fus) [f repof , other ;
dfSfA(j»($f , brother]. Relating to an heteradelphus, or to
an autosite and its parasite.
Heteradelphus {het-er-ad-d' -fus) [irejoof , other ; a(5eA-
^(5f, brother]. A joined twin-monster, consisting of
an autosite with an attached parasite, the head of the
latter being absent.
Heteradenia (Jiet-er-ad-e' -nc-ah) other; aiMjv,
gland]. I. Normal glandular structure occurring in a
part normally not provided with glands. 2. Gland-
ular structure departing from the normal type.
Heteradenic (Iict-er-ad-e' -iiik) [erepof, other; adt/v,
gland]. Pertaining to or consisting of tissue that is
unlike normal glandular tissue, though essentially
glandular.
Heteradenoma {Jiet-er-ad-cn-o' -mah) [frepof, other;
d(5^i\ gland ; tumor: pi., Heteradenomata\. A
tumor formed of heteradenic tissue.
Heteralius [/let-er-a'-L'-iis) [irepof, other; dAwf , a disc].
A double monster in which the parasite is very incom-
plete— usually merely a head — and inserted at a dis-
tance from the umbilicus of its host, and with no direct
connection with the umbilical cord of the latter.
Heterauxesis [/let-cr-awks-e' -sis) [krepoi;, other, differ-
ent; ah^>iai<:, increase]. In biology, any unsymmetric
growth, normal or abnormal.
Heterecious (/let-er-e' -se-tis) [ere/jor, other, different ;
okof, a house]. In biology, parasitic upon different
hosts at diflerent .stages of growth.
Hetero- (Jut' -er-o-) [frf/jof, other]. A Greek prefix
denoting diversity or unlikeness.
Hetero-albumose [Jiet' -er-o-al' -bii-mos). See Albu-
moses.
Hetero-autoplasty [lief -e7--o-atu' -to-plas-te) [erepof,
other ; a'uroc, self ; rr/idaaeiv, to form]. Grafting of
skin from one person upon the body of another.
Heterobiophorid (Jiet-er-o-bi-off'-or-id) [frepof, other,
different; biophorc, a bearer of vitality, from /3(0f, life;
(j)epeiv, to bear]. In biology, Weismann's name for a
primitive organism, the constituent biophores of which
have been differentiated, in connection with a division
of labor, and combined in various ways to form the
body of the organism. See Ilomeobiophorid .
Heteroblastic [Iiet-er-o-blas' -tik) [Ere/jof, other, differ-
ent; P'AaoTog, germ, bud]. In biology, arising from
a different or abnormal source.
Heterocarpous [het-er-o-kar'-pus) [trepof, other, dif-
ferent ; /.rr/)-dr, fruit]. In biology , having more than
one sort of fruit.
Heterocele {liei' -ey-o-sel) [f-fpof, other; ka/X;?, hernia].
A hernia existing in some prolapsed organ, as in a
rectocele.
Heterocephalous (Jit't-er-o-sef -al-iis) [(7fpof, other,
different; Keipa'///, head]. In biology, applied to
plants bearing flower-heads of more than one kind, as
pistillate and staminate.
Heterocephalus {het-er-o-sef -al-tis) [trfpof , other ;
Ke(j)cMj, the head]. A fetal monstrosity with two
heads of unequal size.
Heterocercal (Jwt-er-o-ser' -kal) [frfpor;, other; ntpKor,
tail]. In biology, having an asymmetric or unequally
divided tail-fin.
Heterocerous [/u't-er-os'-er-us)\JiTepo(;, other, different ;
KEpn(, horn]. In biology, applied to a group of in-
sects, the members of which vary as to the form of
their antennas.
Heterochromia [hct-er-o-kro' -iiic-ah) [tTf/jor, other;
Xp/'ii^a, color]. A diflerence in color (as between the
irides of the two eyes).
Heterochromous {!ict-ey-o-kro' -mus) [trfpor, other ;
Xp(jpa, color]. In biology, having different colors.
Heterochronia (het-er-u-kro' -iw-ah) [tTf/jo^-, other;
Xpdi'of, time]. The production of a structure or the
occurrence of a phenomenon at an abnormal period
of time.
Heterochronic, Heterochronous [Jiet-er-o-kron'-ik,
het-er-ok' -ron-iis) [trtpoi;, other ; ,\'p(5i'oc, time]. Ir-
regular in occurrence. Occurring at different times,
or at other than the proper time.
Heterochrony (Jiet-er-ok' -ro-ne) [erfpof, other; XP"'^"?)
time]. In biology, out of order as to time, as organs,
organisms, or hereditary traits that occur out of the
true ontogenetic sequence. Cf. Homcochronoiis.
Heterocline (Jiet' -ey-o-klin) \jL-rtpo^, other, different ;
K'Mvt], bed]. Same as Heterocephalus.
Heterocrania [Iiet-er-o-kra' -ne-ah) [frepof , other ;
Kpai'iov, skull]. Headache involving but one side of
the head.
Heterocyst [Iief -er-o-sist) [frepof, other, different;
KvoTLq, a bag, pouch]. In biology, applied to individ-
ual cells in the moniliform rows of roundish, chloro-
phyl-bearing cells of the Nostocacea: , which, appar-
ently without any definite law, vary in size and color
from those among which they are intercalated ; a
limiting-cell.
Heterodactyl (liet-er-o-dak' -til) [irfpof, other; (Mik-
Tvko^, a finger or toe]. An animal in which the
digits are in some way peculiar or irregular.
Heterodermotrophy \jiet-er-o-der-inot' -iv-fe) [frfpof,
other; ()i;pjm, skin; rpoipi/, nutrition]. Disordered
or perverted nutrition of the skin.
Heterodont [liet' -er-o-dont) VtTspo^, different ; o6ohq
(b6ovT-), tooth]. In biology, having more than one
sort of teeth, as incisors, canines, molars ; the oppo-
site of Homodont .
Heterodromous (Jiet-er-od' -ro-mus) [frfpof , other ;
dpa/nelf, to run]. In biology, growing or turning in
opposite directions, as a tendril that coils first one
way and then the other.
Heterodromy [hef-cr-od'-ro-me) \irepoq, other ; 6p6pn^,
a running]. In biology, a change in the direction of
the spiral in the leaves of the branches and stem.
Same as Antidromy.
Heterodymus {Jiet-er-od' -im-us) [frepof, other ; &'ifiv\ioq,
twin]. A double monster, the accessory part being
but an imperfect head, with a neck and thorax by
which it is implanted in the anterior abdominal wall
of its host.
Heterogamous {het-er-og' -am-us)\j:TEpnq., other; ycifw^,
marriage]. In biology, bearing male and female
flowers in the same inflorescence or plant.
Heterogamy (Jict-er-og' -ani-e) \}T?puc, other ; yafwc,
marriage]. In biology, a term applied to different forms
of sexual development arising from difference in nutri-
tion or environment. It is typified in the Phylloxera
vastatrix, the development of which is far more com-
plex when the insects are bred under ground, on the
roots of the grape-vine, compared with that when the
insects breed upon the leaves of the vine. In the
latter case the successive generations consist of apter-
ous, oviparous females only ; in the former the cycle
consists of male insects, apterous females for perpetuat-
ing, and winged females for spreading the species.
Heterogeneity {het-er-o-jen-e'-it-e) [fTEpof, other;
yevor, kind]. The condition or quality of being
heterogeneous.
Heterogeneous [hct-er-o-je'-ne-us) {cTupoq, other; jfvoc,
kind]. Differing in kind or nature ; composed of
different substances ; not homogeneous.
Heterogenesis {het-er-o-jen' -es-is) [frfpof, different;
yh'eair, generation]. I. Organic deviation in the
situation or character of organs, etc. 2. In biology,
a mode of biogenesis, by which the living parent gives
rise to offspring that pass through totally different
HETEROGENETIC
565
HETEROPHYADIC
series of states from those exhibited by the parents,
and do not return into the cycle of the parents (Hux-
ley). Milne-Edwards has substituted the word Xeno-
i^enesis, q. v.
Heterogenetic [!iet-er-o-jen-et' -ik) [txEpof , other ;
ytverjic, generation]. Pertaining to heterogenesis.
Heterogenist ijiet-er-oj' -en-ist). See Abiogenesis.
Heterogeny (Iiet-er-oj' -en-e). Same as Heterogenesis.
Heterogenous (liet-er-og'-o-tms) [erf-po?, other ; yovoq,
generation]. In biology, having several kinds of
flowers as regards the length of the stamens and
styles ; hetero-styled. Cf. Dimorphous, Triiitorphotis.
Heterogeny (liet-er-og' -o-ne^ [trepof , other ; yuvog,
generation]. A form of reproduction that consists
in the occurrence, in the cycle of development, of in-
dividuals differing in structure from the parent forms
and existing under special conditions of nutrition.
Heterogynous (Jiet-er-oj' -in-tts) \tTepoc,, other, differ-
ent; y'vvri, female]. In biology, applied to certain
groups of insects among which there are two kinds of
females, one sexually perfect, the other not.
Heteroinfection (liet-er-o-in-fek' -shtDi) [frepof, other;
z';{^<Yrt", to taint] . I. Infection transmitted by a person
who is himself not infected. 2. Infection of any
organism by a poison not produced within itself ; op-
posed to auto-infection.
Heteroinoculation {Jiet-er-o-in-ok-it-la' -sJiun') [frepof ,
other; an ingrafting]. Inoculation of one
person by another.
Heterokinesis {het-er-o-kin-e' -sis') [trf/jof, different ;
KLveiv, to move]. In biology, Weismann's term for that
kind of nuclear division in which the two daughter-
nuclei contain different kinds of idioplasm, i.e. , nuclear
division depending upon a heterogeneous grouping of
the primary constituents and resulting in parts contain-
ing dissimilar hereditary tendencies. Cf. Homeokinesis.
Heterolalia [Iiet-er-o-la' -le-ah') [erepof, other; AaMa,
talk]. The utterance of words other than those in-
tended by the speaker ; heterophemy.
Heterologous (Jiet-er-ol' -o-gus) [erfpof, other ;
relation]. Differing in structure or form from the
normal. H. Series, a series derived from each other
by chemic metamorphoses. H. Tissues, morbid tis-
sues that have no structural relation with the normal
tissues of the part. H. Tumors, tumors constituted
of a different tissue from that of the part in or on which
they are situated.
Heterology (/let-er-ol' -o-je) \j:Tiipo(;, other ; Adyo^, rela-
tion]. Abnormality in nature, form, or structure ; de-
velopment of an abnormal structure.
Heterolopia, Heterolopy [Iiet-er-o-lo' -pe-ah, het-er-ol'-
o-pc) [e-Epof , other ; AoTrdf , scale] . The presence of
abnormal scales, crusts, or scabs.
Heteromastigate [hef-er-o-mas'-fig-dt) [erepof, other,
different ; fidarig, a whip]. In biology, having more
than one kind of flagellum.
Heteromerous [lict-er-om' -cr-iis') [erfpof , other ; fiepog,
a part]. In biology, having homologous parts di-
versely composed.
Heteromorphism (Jiet-er-o-mor' -fizt/i) [Jrepog, other ;
pop(p//, form]. A condition marked by difference in
form, as compared with the normal form. In chem-
istry, the property of crystallizing in different forms.
In biology : I . A state of deviation from a type or
norm. 2. Exhibiting different forms at different
stages in the life-history.
Heteromorphosis {)iet-er-o-mor-fo' -sis') [frcpoc, other ;
/idp0(j(T(f, formation]. Malfonnation or deformity ;
any disease characterized by deformity.
Heteromorphous [het-er-o-mor'-fus) [krepo^, other ;
fiop(fir/, form]. Differing from the normal in form.
Heteronephrotrophy [liet-er-o-nef-rot'-ro-fe) [hepoc,
other; va^pog, kidney; Tpo(fiii, nutrition]. Malnu-
trition or degeneration of any part of the kidney.
Heteronomous (liet-er-on' -o-mus') [trepot', other; vofio^,
law]. In biology, diversification in any series or set
of morphologically related structures through special-
ization.
Heteronomy [liet-er-on' -o-me) [f-Epof, other; v6po<;,
law]. I, Subordination to a law of adaptive modifi-
cation. 2. The presence of segmentation. Cf. Atttoii-
omy and Hoiiionomy .
Heteronym (Jiet' -er-o-niiii) [trepof, other; 6vy//a, name].
An unrelated synonym; a name in one language that
corresponds to the same name in another language, but
has no near derivative relationship thereto.
Heteronymous (Jiet-cr-on' -im-iis) [frtpof, other ; tii^u/za,
name]. Not homonymous ; applied to crossed double
visual images, such as are seen when there is a rela-
tive divergence of the eyes.
Heteronymy {Iiet-er-oii' -iin-e) [f-fpof, other; bvviia,
name]. A system of polyglot nomenclature in which
exact synonyms are used in each language to repre-
sent corresponding but unrelated words in other lan-
guages ; compare pai-onymy.
Hetero-osteoplasty {Jief -er-o-os' -le-o-plas-te') [frepof,
other; bo-ioi', bone ; nAacaeiv, to form]. The surgi-
cal grafting of bone, especially with a graft taken
from a bone of one of the lower animals.
Heteropagus {het-cr-op' -ag-us) [trfpof, other ; -K-qyvvvai,
to unite]. A monstrosity with normal head, upper
and lower extremities, but with a parasite attached to
the anterior abdominal wall. The parasite has a head
and extremities.
Heteropathic {Jiet-er-o-path' -ik) [ercpof , other ; TrdOoc,
disease]. Pertaining to or making use of hetero-
pathy.
Heteropathy (Jiet-er-op' -ath-e') [£rEpof , other ; vadoc,
affection] . The treatment of a disease by inducing a
different morbid condition to neutralize it. Abnormal
reaction to stimulus or irritation.
Heteropelmous {het-er-o-peV -jiius) [f rfpof , different ;
■KcXfia, the sole of the foot]. In biology, applied to
birds in which each of the flexor tendons of the sole
of the foot splits into two.
Heterophagous (Jiet-er-off ' -ag-us) [frfpof, other, differ-
ent; (/laypw, to eat]. In biology, applied to young
animals that require to be fed by the parents ; altri-
cial.
Heterophemism (Jiet-er-off ^ -em-izni). See Heterophemy .
Heterophemy {het-er-off'-em-e) [frfpof, other ; <piip-ri,
utterance]. The utterance of one thing when another
is intended ; heterolalia.
Heterophonia [het-er-o-fo'-ne-ah) [frepof, other ; (puvij,
voice]. Abnormal quality or perversion of the voice.
Heterophoralgia (Jiet-er-o-for-aV -je-ah) [frtpof, other ;
<pnp6g, tending; aTiyog, pain]. Eye-strain or ocular
pain caused by heterophoria.
Heterophoria {het-er-o-fo'-re-ah) Sjrepoq, different ;
^op6<;, tending]. A tending of the visual lines in
some other way than that of parallelism. It may be
Esophoria, a tending of the lines inward ; or Exo-
phoria, outward ; or Hyperphoria, a tending of the
right or left visual line in a direction above its fellow ;
Hyperesophoria, a tending of the visual lines upward
and inward ; Hyperexophoria, upward and outward.
Heterophoric {het-cr-o-fo'-rik) [irfpof , other ; <t>op6(:,
tending]. Due to heterophoria.
Heterophthongia {Jiet-er-off-thong' -e-ah) [frfpof , other ;
<p66yyo(;, sound]. Synonym of Ventriloquism.
Heterophyadic (liet-er-o-Jfi-ad' -ik) [trcpof, other, dif-
ferent ; (pi'fadat, to grow]. In biology, characterized
by producing two kinds of stems, e. g., one fertile, the
succeeding one sterile.
HETEROPHYLLOUS
566
HEXANE
Heterophyllous(/;f'A(7--<)^'-//-/«) [fTf^;or, other, ilifl'erent;
(l>vX?^ov, leaf]. In biology, producing more than one
kind of leaves on the same stem, as in Jwiipcyiis sabina,
var. procumbens, or having the leaves different in the
several species of a genus.
Heteroplasia (Jict-cr-o-pla' -zt'-ah") [frepoc; other; n'Kacic,
shaping]. I. Development of abnormal tissue; the
presence in a part where it does not normally belong,
of tissue that may, or may not, be normal. 2. The
gradual removal of the material of an engrafted part,
and its replacement by material normal to the part in
which it is engrafted.
Heteroplasm (/irf'-iv--c-//i73w) [trfyjoj-, other; 7r/,a(T//rt,
something formed]. Heteroplastic material.
Heteroplastic [lu-t-cr-oplas' -tik) [ire/jof, other ;
ir'Kaaaciv, to form]. I. Relating to heteroplasia. 2.
Differing in structure.
Heteroplastid {hct-er-o-plas' -tid) [trt/jnf, other;
-'/xwndv, to form]. A surgical graft.
Heteroplasty {het' -ei--oplas-te) [srspof, other; ■KXaaosiv,
to form]. I and 2. Same as Heteroplasia, q. v. 3.
Surgical grafting, especially of parts taken from another
species.
Heteroprosopus (Iiet-er-o-pro-so' -pus) [erepof, other ;
-l)i'iaoj-(n>, face]. A fetus with two faces; janus or
janiceps.
Heteropsychology {het-er-o-si-kol' -o-je) [erepof , other ;
i/'U)'/, soul; Atij'of, treatise]. The study or science
of psychology, as based upon facts other than those of
one's own subjective experiences.
Heteropterous {Jtet-er-op' -ter-iis) [trfpof, other, differ-
ent; TTTt:ii<)i\ wing]. In biology, having the wings
composed of several distinct parts, as in the bugs.
Heterorexia [het-er-o-yeks' -e-ali) [{repor, other ; bpe^i^,
desire]. Perversion of the appetite.
Heteroscopy [het-er-os'-ko-pe) [krepor, other ; nKo-eiv,
to examine]. Same as Deuteroscopy .
Heterosomatous [het-er-o-sdin' -at-iis) [rrfpor, other,
different; ailiiia, body]. In biology, having the body
bilaterally asymmetric, or otherwise varying from a type.
Heterosporous (Jiet-er-os' -po-rus) [frspof , other, differ-
ent; OKopot;, seed]. In biology, bearing spores of
more than one kind, as iiiacrospores and microspores.
Heterostrophy [/let-er-os'-tro-fe) [frepoc, other, differ-
ent ; a-poiptj, a turning]. In biology, a reversal in the
direction of the twist, as in certain spiral shells.
Heterostyled [Iief -er-o-stild) [trfpor, different ; ar'iiKnc,
a pillar, style]. See Heterogonous.
Heterotaxia [het-er-o-taks' -e-aJi). See Heterotaxis.
Heterotaxis {het-cr-o-taks' -is) [f-fpof, other ; raf(f, or-
der]. The anomalous disposition or transposition of
internal organs ; a form of malformation occasionally
seen in the human species — situs inversus visceriiin.
The transposition is most commonly seen in the abdo-
men. There is no interference with nutrition or func-
tion by the abnormal arrangement of the parts. The
opposite of Pfomotaxis.
Heterotopia {het-er-o-to' -pe-ah) [f-epof, other ; roTor,
place]. I. Any misplacement of normal tissue,
especially a congenital malformation of the brain, in
which masses of gray matter are found transplanted
into the white. This condition is invariably associated
with idiocy. 2. The same as Heteroehronia. 3. In
biology, a mode of acceleration or change during
growth, characterized by the transfer of cells from one
part of the organism to the other.
Heterotopic {/let-er-o-top'-ik). See Heterotopons.
Heterotopous {Jiet-er-of -o-piis) \i-iipQ<;, other ; ro/ror,
place]. Characterized by heterotopia ; misplaced.
Heterotopy {liet-er-ot'-o-pe). Same as Heterotopia.
Heterotrophia, or Heterotrophy [het-er-o-tro' -fe-ah ,
or het-er-ot' -ro-fe) [trfpof, other ; Tpo<p!i, sustenance].
Any perversion or disorder of nutrition, local or
general. In biology, obtaining nourishment by some
abnormal or unusual arrangement.
Heterotropia (Jiet'-er-o-trop' -e-ah). See Strabismus.
Heterotropic [/wt-er-o-trop'-ik) [frcpof, other, different ;
rpoTof, a turning]. In biology, applied to plants the
different organs of which behave differently under the
same form of irritation- Cf. Anisotropic.
Heterotropous (jLel-er-ot^-ro-pus) [t-fpof, different ;
TpuTToc, turning]. In biology, applied to any organ or
part which is turned in an unusual direction, as an
embryo transverse to the axis of the seed ; ampliitro-
pous.
Heterotypic (Jiet-er-o-tip' -ik), Heterotypical (Jiet-er-o-
tip'-ik-al) [f-fpoi', other; rt'^-cr, pattern]. Applied
to a monstrosity consisting of a well-developed fefus
from which grows an immature secondary fetus.
Heterotypus [/let-er-o-ti' -pus) [prepoc, different ; rvKog,
a type]. .\ double monster having the parasitic
fetus hanging from the ventral wall of the principal
subject.
Heteroxanthin (liet-er-o-zan'-thin) [trfpof, other;
^ai'fdf, yellow], C^HgN^Oj. A leukomaine isolated
from urine in 1884. In composition it is methyl-xan-
thin, and it is intermediate between xanthin and para-
xanthin or dimethyl -xanthin ; it exists in the urine of
man in the same proportion as para-xanthin. It occurs
in larger amount in the urine of leukemic patients.
It is crystalline, soluble in hot water, insoluble in
alcohol and ether. It is thought by Solomon to have
its origin in the kidney. Its physiologic action is not
yet fully known. Xanthin, heteroxanthin, and para-
xanthin form normally an homologous series of xan-
thin-bodies in the urine.
Heubner's Disease. Syphilitic disease of the cerebral
arteries. See Diseases, Table of.
Heuchera [lin'-ker-ali). See Alum-root.
Heurteloup [licr' -tel-iip) [after Baron Heurtelottp, the
inventor]. An artificial leech or cupping-apparatus.
Hewitt's Mixture. A mixture used in treating chlo-
rosis. It consists of compound spirit of ether, com-
pound tincture of lavender, and aromatic spirit of
ammonia, each 2 drams ; water sufficient to make 2
ounces. Of this one dram is given every two or three
hours.
Hewson's Dressing. An application for wounds,
tumors, etc., consisting of dry earth containing about
50 per cent, of clay. H.'s Experiments, experi-
ments made to prove that the blood-vessels exert a
restraining influence on coagulation.
Hexabasic {heks-ah-ba' -sik) [t-f, six; ^dm.f, a base].
Replaceable by six basic atoms.
Hexactinal {heks-ak' -tin-al) [ff, six; d/tr/f, ray]. In
biology, bearing six rays.
Hexad {/leks'-ad) [p^ac, six]. In chemistry, an
element the atoms of which have six times the saturat-
ing power or equivalence of the hydrogen atom.
Hexadactylism [heks-ail-ak' -tit-izm) [ff fff, six ; (Sikru-
/of , a finger]. Having six fingers or toes.
Hexagynian [heks-apin' -e-an) [if, six ; yi'vij, female].
In biology, having six pistils or styles.
Hexahydric Alcohols {hcks-ah-hi' -drik). See Alco-
hol.
Hexamerous (li,-ks-nm'-er-us) [tf, six ; /dpoc, part].
In biology, having six parts, or the parts in sixes.
Hexandrous (lieks-au'-drus) [ff, six ; (iiv/p, male]. In
biology, having six stamens. It is also called Hexan-
drious, Ilexandrian.
Hexane (keks'-an) [/faf, six],CgHi^. The sixth mem-
ber of the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It is a
liquid, boiling at about 71° C, found in various natural
oils.
HEXAPETALOUS
567
HIGH
Hexapetalous {/uks-ap-ef -al-us) [ff , six ; niThXnv, a
leaf]. In biology, having six petals.
Hexaphyllous [hcks-af-il'-tis) [ff, six; i^u/l/.of, leaf ].
In biology, having six leaves or leaflets.
Hexapod (flicks' -ap-od) [ef, six; 'kovq, foot]. In
biology, having six feet, as the true insects.
Hexapodan ijieks-ap' -o-da>i). -Same as Hexapod.
Hexapterous [Iieks-ap' -ter-us) [tf , six ; mep^v, a
wing]. In biology, having six wings or wing-like
appendages.
Hexastemonous [Iieks-as-teiii' -o-nus) [fj , six ; ari/fiuv,
warp, taken as stamen]. Same as Hexandrous.
Hexastichous ijieks-as' -tik-iis) {i^aarixoq, of six rows].
In biology, having the parts or organs arranged in six
rows.
H-Cxatomic [hcks-a/-oiii'-ik) [ffof, six ; arojioc, an
atom]. In chemistry, consisting of six atoms; also
applied to atoms that are hexavalent, and to alcohols
or other compounds having six replaceable hydrogen
atoms.
Hexavalent i^hcks-av' -al-ent) [ifdf , six ; valcns, having
power]. In chemistry, having the same saturating or
combining-power as six hydrogen atoms, or a valence
of six.
Hexicology (Jieks-ik-ol'-o-jc). See Ilcxiology.
Hexiology (lieks-e-ol' -o-je) [t'fif, habit ; Aoyof, science].
The science of the relations of the organism to its
environment.
Hexoses [heks-o'-sez) [tfnr, six]. The aldehyd or
ketone derivatives of the hexahydric alcohols. They
occur frequently in plants, especially in ripe fruits.
They are formed by the hydrolytic decomposition of
all disaccharids and polysaccharids when they are
boiled with dilute acids, or acted upon by ferments.
They possess feeble reducing-power. They precipitate
cuprous oxid from warm alkaline cupric solutions, one
molecule of hexose precipitating about five atoms of
copper. This is the basis of the method for the vol-
umetric estimation of glucose by means of Fehling's
solution. When exposed to Scliizomycetes the hexoses
readily undergo fennentation. See Carbohydrates,
Table of.
Hexylamin (Iieks-il' -am-ifi). See Cnproylamin.
Key's Hernia. See Hernia, Encysted. H.'s Liga-
ment. See Ligament.
Hiation (lii-a' -shun) \_hiare, to gape]. The act of gap-
ing or yawning. Cf. Pandiculation.
Hiatus [lii-a'-tus) \_hiaj'e, to gape]. A space or open-
ing. Also, the vulva. H. aorticus. See Aortic
Opening. H. of Fallopius, the shallow groove on
the petrous portion of the temporal bone. H.
sacralis, a slit-like opening on the posterior surface
of the sacrum. It is continuous above with the spinal
canal. H. semilunaris, a crescentic furrow upon
the outer wall of the middle meatus of the nose.
Hibernaculum [hi-ber-nak' -n-him) [L., a winter resi-
dence : pi. ,Hibcrnacttla'\. In biology, an organ fitted to
protect delicate parts during the winter ; a winter bud.
Hibernation (/^/-(^£7--?z«''-,f//««) \_hiberuus , winter]. The
dormant condition or winter-sleep of certain animals,
notably bears, hedgehogs, etc., in which animation is
almost suspended. Respiration and circulation are
greatly reduced, and nutrition is performed mainly at
the expense of the fatty tissues of the animal.
Hiccup, or Hiccough (hik'-np) \_hic, a mimic word ;
ME., couoh, a cough]. A spasmodic contraction of
the diaphragm causing inspiration, followed by a
sudden closure of the glottis.
Hickory [hik'-or-c) [an American Indian name]. The
bark of shellbark hickory, Hicoria, or Carya alba :
it is tonic and- anti-intermittent, and useful in malarial
fevers. Dose of the fid. ext. .^s.s-j. Unof.
Hicks (Braxton), Method of. In obstetrics a method
of performing version. It is the bipolar or combined
internal and external method. H., Sign of. See
Sig}is and Symptoms, Table of.
Hidden Seizure. A popular name for various forms of
slight or sudden epileptiform attacks.
Hide [hid) [ME., hide, skin]. The skin of an animal.
The skins of the ox, cow, buffalo, horse, etc., that are
utilized in the manufacture of leather, are especially
so termed. If obtained from younger animals of the
same kind, they are called kips. H. -bound Disease.
See Scleroderma. H. -bound Skin. See Sclero-
derma. H.-glue. See Glue.
Hidro- (lii'-dro-) [(VSpwf, sweat]. A prefix signifying
sweat.
Hidroa {hid-ro'-ah) \l6pua, sweat-spots; sudamina].
Sudamina ; any dermal lesion associated with or
caused by profuse sweating.
Hidrocystoma (Jiid-ro-sis-to' -iimh) \\6pua, sudamina;
KvcTic, 3. cyst; bna,a. tumor: pi. , Hidrocystomata'\.
A variety of sudamina appearing on the face, especi-
ally in women in middle and advanced life.
HiAromaLTLCy [hid^-ro-man-se) [(dpof, sweat; juavreia,
divination]. The forming of a prognosis from exami-
nation of the perspiration.
Hidronosus (hid-ron'-o-sus) [(cJ/juf, sweat ; iwof, dis-
ease]. Any disease of the sweat-glands.
Hidropedesis [hid-ro-ped-e^-sis) [ifSpuf, sweat ; nf/firjaK;,
a leaping]. Excessive sweating.
Hidroplania [hid-ro-pla'-nc-ah) [hS/iwc, sweat ; ■K^.avri,
a wandering]. Sweating in an unusual portion of the
body.
Hidropoiesis [hid-ro-poi-e' -sis) \j6pi)Q, sweat ; iroihiv,
to make]. The process of the formation and excre-
tion of sweat.
Hidropoietic {hid-ro-poi-et' -ik) \l6puq, sweat ; ■troiknv,
to make]. Relating to hidropoiesis ; sudoriparous.
Hidrorrhea [liid-ror-e' -all) [((S/jwf, sweat ; poia, a flow].
Excessive flow of sweat.
Hidrosadenitis [hid-rds-ad-en-i'-tis) [wSpuf , sweat ;
afiijv, gland ; irig, inflammation]. Inflammation of
the sweat-glands.
Hidroschesis [hid-ros'-kes-is) [jUpuQ, sweat ; <7;cffr(r,
retention]. Retention or suppression of the sweat.
Hidrosis [liid-ro' -sis) [tdpwf, sweat]. I. The forma-
tion and excretion of sweat. 2. Abnormally profuse
sweating. 3. Any skin-disease marked by disorder of
the sweat-glands.
Hidrotic [hid-rot'-ik) [ifSpuri/cdf, producing sweat]. I.
Diaphoretic or sudorific. 2. A medicine that causes
sweating.
Hidrotopathic [hid-ro-to-path'-ik) [Wpuf, sweat ; nadoQ,
disease]. Relating to a morbid state of the perspira-
tory function.
Hidrotopoiesis [hid-ro to-poi-e'-sis) [tdpcjf, sweat ; Troit-
eiv~\. Same as Tlidropoiesis.
Hidrotopoietic [hid-ro-to-poi-et'-ik). See Hidropoietic.
Hidrozymases (lii-dro-zi-ma' -sez) [«5/j(jf, sweat : fvp/,
ferment]. Sweat-ferments, including amylase, emul-
sin, and pepsin.
Hiera picra [hi'-er-ah pi' -krah) [L. , sacred bitters].
Pulvis aloes et canellse. See Aloes.
Hieracium [hi-er-a' -se-icm) [iepdmov, hawk- weed]. A
genus of composite-flowered herbs. In the old world,
H. murorum and H. pilosella, and in the U. S.,
H. scabrum and H. venosum are popularly esteemed
as useful remedies. They have astringent and pectoral
qualities. Unof.
Hieralgia [hi-er-aF -je-ah) [lep6v, sacred, sacrum ;
o/;of, pain]. Pain in the sacrum.
High (/;/) [ME., high, high]. I. Elevated far above
a base. 2. Intensified in physical quality, as temper-
HIGHGATE RESIN
568
HIRCIN
ature. H. Pelvic Posture. See Postures, Table of.
H.-ride Sitting, in massage, sitting astride a high stool
or narrow bench in order to fix the pelvis.
Highgate Resin {hi' -gat rez'-in). See Copalin.
Highmore, Antrum of. A cavity in tlie superior max-
illary bone. H.'s Antrum of the Testicle. See
Antrum.
Highmorianum, Corpus {hi-?nor-e-an' -urn kor'-pus)
[1^.]. See Corpus.
Hilar {hi'-lar) \Jiilum, a little thing]. In biology,
pertaining to the hilum.
Hill Diarrhea. Hill colic. A peculiar type of diarrhea
prevailing in certain hill-districts of India, marked by
pernicious fever, extreme pain, and often speedy death.
Hill's Stopping. A preparation consisting principally
of bleached gutta-percha, carbonate of lime, and quartz,
used for filling teeth.
Hilton's Law. See Law. H.'s Line. See Lines,
Table of. H.'s Muscle. See Muscles, Table of.
H.'s Sac, a laryngeal pouch.
Hilum (hi'-lum) \_kiliii/i , a. little thing: pl.,LIila\
In biology : («)the point of attachment of an ovule or a
seed to its funiculus, or if sessile, to the placenta ; (/')
a small pit, scar, recess, or opening in an animal
structure, especially the notch on the internal or con-
cave border of the kidney.
Hinckes-Bird Method. See Ventilation.
Hind (///«,/) \}A.^.,hindere, hinder\ Pertaining to the
rear or posterior extremity. H. -brain, a division of
the brain, developing from a funnel-shaped tube in the
embryo to an anterior lobe that becomes the cerebel-
lum, and a posterior lobe that becomes the medulla
oblongata. H.-gut, that part of the embryonic intes-
tine from which the extreme aboral part of the large
intestine is developed. ':^fi^ Epigaster. H. -head, the
occiput. H.-limb, one of the posterior limbs of a
quadruped.
Hinge-joint (liinj' -joint) . See Diartlirosis.
Hinoid (Jiin'-oid) [/f-CJp.i, strength; d6oc,, form]. In
biology, applied to leaves the veins of which are
parallel and undivided and set at right angles to the
midrib.
Hip [ME., ////>£', hip]. I. The upper part of the thigh
at its junction with the buttocks. 2. The hip-joint.
3. The coxa or first joint of an insect's leg. 4. To
sprain the hip. 5. The fruit of the rose. Confection
confectio rosoe canin«. H.-bath. Se.&Batk.
H.-bone, the ischium. H. -girdle, the pelvic arch.
H. -joint, the articulation of the femur with the
haunch-bone or innominate bone. H. -joint Dis-
ease, an arthritis of the hip-joint ; an affection of
early life, and according as it begins in the head of
the femur, the acetabulum, or in the synovial mem-
brane and proper structures of the joint, divided
respectively into Femoral, Acetabular, and Arthritic.
Its etiology is obscure, its symptoms pain (coxalgia),
swelling, and deformity. Coxalgia is incorrectly used
as a synonym.
Hipling (hip' -ling) [ME., hipe, hip]. In obstetrics, a
hip-presentation of the fetus.
Hippanthropy {Itip-an' -thro-pc) [iTTTror, horse ; avOpu-
irnr, man]. A form of zoanthropy in which the
patient believes that he is a horse.
Hippiater (hip-e-a' -ter) [(Trrrof , a horse ; larpo^, a phy-
sician]. A horse-doctor ; a farrier.
Hippiatric (Jiip-e-at' -ric) [iTrTrof, a horse ; larpdf , a
lihysician]. Pertaining to veterinary surgery.
Yi.vp'^iaXxy [Iiip-i' -at-re) \^nxT!:oc, horse; iarpe/a, medical
art]. Veterinary medicine, in so far as it relates to
the horse ; farriery.
Hippocamp (hip' -o-kamp) [(T;rof, horse; KafiKOQ, a
sea-monster]. The hippocampus major.
Hippocampal {Iiip-o-kam' -pal) [in-n-of, horse; Kd/tiroc:,
a sea-monster.] Relating to the hippocampus.
Hippocampus (hip-o-kain' -pus) [jTrTrof , horse ; Kafii^o^,
a sea-monster]. A name applied to two elevations,
//. major and //. minor, the former situated in the in-
ferior, and the latter in the posterior horn of the
ventricles of the brain. When the name LLippocam-
pus is used alone, the //. majors meant.
a'vp^ocoxyza. (hip-o-ko-ri' -zah) . .Synonym of Equinia.
Hippocras (Jiip' -o-kras)\j.T^TTO(;, horse ; uparoi;, strength].
An old-fashioned cordial or liquor, made of red wine,
sweetened and flavored.
Hippocrates' Bandage. See Bandage.
Hippocratic (hip-o-krat'-ik) \_Hippoci-ates , a Greek
physician of the fourth century]. Pertaining to Hip-
pocrates. H. Expression, an anxious expression of
the countenance, described as characteristic of peri-
tonitis. H. Face. See Fades. H. Finger. See LT.
Nail. H. Nail, a peculiar curvation of the nails
seen in pulmonary tuberculosis and other lung- dis-
eases. They are curved, longitudinally striated, over-
lapping the finger like the beak of a parrot. The
condition is also called Hippocratic Finger. H.
Sound. See Succussion-soitnd.
Hippocratism (hip-ok' -rat-izm) \_PIippocrates, a Greek
physician]. Hippocrates' doctrine of imitating nature
in the treatment of disease.
Hippocrepian (hip-o-kre' -pe-an) [tTrirof, ahorse ; uprimq,
a boot]. In biology, horse-shoe-shaped ; hippocrepi-
form, as a certain deformity of the kidney.
Hippocrepiform (hip-o-krep' -if-orm). See Hippocre-
pian.
Hippolith (hip'-o-lith) [iTr-or, horse; A'iBuq, stone]. A
calculus or bezoar found in the stomach of the
horse.
Hippology (hip-ol' -o-ie) [(TfTrof, horse ; Adyof, knowl-
edge]. The anatomy, pathology, etc., of the horse.
Hippomane (hip-om' -an-e) [('7rTo//fjw'f ; Itt-kdc, horse;
iiav'ia, madness ; the ancients believed that horses
were madly fond of a plant called by this name]. A
genus of euphorbiaceous trees. H. mancinella and
H. spinosa, the manchineal trees of tropical America,
are extremely acrid and poisonous, even to the
touch. They are used locally in medicine, especially
in skin-diseases. Unof.
Hippomelanin (Aip-o niel' -an-in) [/rrTror, horse ; fiilai,
black]. A pigment found in melanotic tumors in
horses.
Hippopathology (hip-o-path-ol'-o-je) [(Trrrof, horse;
TTfiHn^, disease; /ld}Of, science]. The science of the
diseases of the horse.
Hippophagy (hip-off ' -a-je) [t-7rof , horse ; (payelv, to
eat]. The eating of horse-flesh.
Hipposteology (hip-os-te-ol'-o-je) [(Trn-of, horse ; barhv,
bone; Aoyof, science]. The science of osteology as
applied to the horse.
Hippotomy (Iiip-ot' -o-tne) [i/TTror, horse ; Topi/,n cut-
ting]. The anatomy or dissection of the horse.
Hippurate (hip'-u-rat) [(irTrof, horse; ohpov, urine].
Any salt of hippuric acid, q. v.
Hippuria (hip-u'-re-ah) [Jn-7rof, horse; oypov, urine].
Excess of hippuric acid in the urine, e.g., after medi-
cation with benzoic acid.
Hippuric Acid (hip-u'-rik). .See .4cid.
Hippuris (/;//-//'-r?V) [iTrrroiyj/r, horse-tail]. I. A genus
of halorageaceous aquatic herbs, common in all cool
regions. H. vulgaris is astringent. Unof 2. The
Cauda equina, y.
Hippus (hip' -us) [i-TTOf, horse, from analogy to the
movement of this animal]. Spasmodic pupillary move-
ment, independent of the action of light.
Hircin (her'-sin). See .Acid, Hircic.
HIRCINOUS
569
HOARSENESS
Hircinous {Jier-si' -nus) \Jiircinus, of a goat]. In biology,
having a goat-like odor.
Hircismus {Jier-siz'-tiius) \_hirciis, a goat]. The goat-
like odor sometimes emitted by the human axilla.
Hircus (Jier' -kus) [L. ,"goat"]. The tragus.
Hirschfeld's Ganglion. See Ganglia, Table of.
Hirsute [ker-sut') \Jiirsntus, rough, shaggy]. In bio-
logy, thickly covered with rough, shaggy hair.
Hirsuties ijier-su' -te-ez) \Jiiysutiis, shaggy]. Hyper-
trichosis ; hypertrichiasis ; polytrichia ; trichauxis ;
that condition in which the hairs of the body are in-
creased in number or size, or grow in unusual situa-
tions, or in normal situations in unusual length or
number. H. gestationis, a growth of hair about the
chin and lips in women in the course of pregnancy.
Hirsutocinereous [Iier-su-to-sin-e' -re-us) \Jiirsutus,
hairy; dn^reoiis, ashyl. In biology, having a hairy
coat of an ashy-gray color.
Hirtellous (Jier-teF -us) \Jiirtus, hairy]. Minutely hir-
sute ; stiffly pubescent.
Hirudiniculture {hi-ru'-din-c-knl-chiir) \_hiriulo, leech ;
lultura, culture]. The artiticial breeding and rearing
of leeches.
Hirudo [ln-n{'-do)\_L. : pi. , IIiyiulines\ The leech, 17.7'.
His, Bursa of. A dilatation of the end of the archen-
teron described by His in a human embryo. H.'s
Granule-cell, a granular cell resembling a leuko-
cyte, found in the ovarian stroma. H.'s Tissue, a
synonym of Adenoid Tiisiie.
Hispid (Jiis'-pid) \_//is/>idits, bristly]. In biology,
bristly. Beset with rigid, spreading hairs or minute
spines.
Hispidulous {Jiis-pid' -n-lui) \_liispidiis, hairy]. In
botany, minutely hispid ; having short, stiff hairs.
Histioid (Jiis' -te-oid). 'Att Histoid.
Histochemic (his-to-kem' -ik) tissue ; x'll^^^o.<
chemistry]. Relating to histochemistry.
Histochemistry []iis-to-kein' -is-tre) [tcrrdf, tissue ;
XVf'fid, chemistry]. The chemistry of the histologic
elements of the body.
Histodialysis [kis-/o-di-al'-is-is) \_'iaT6i;, web ; didTivai^,
a resolution]. The dissolution of organic tissue.
Histogenesis (his-to-jen' -es-is) [('(jrof, web ; ykvtaiq,
generation]. In biology, the process of formation of
cells and cell-products.
Histogenetic [his-to-Jen-ef'-ik) [/droi;, web; jfjn'ai', to
produce]. Relating to histogenesis.
Histogeny (liis-toj' -en-e). See Histogenesis.
Histography [his-fog'-ra-fe) [iffrdf, tissue ; yf}d<p£ii>, to
write]. A description or written account of the
tissues.
Histohematin (^Iiis-to-heni'-at-in^ [(crdf, web ; aifia,
blood]. I. A pigmentary extractive of the suprarenal
bodies ; it is found also in various other tissues in the
lower animals. 2. One of a class of respiratory pig-
ments; the intrinsic coloring-matters of the organs and
tissues of invertebrates. The !iislohcmati)is are of
wide-spread occurrence in the tissues of both verte-
brates and invertebrates. The best known is that found
in muscles, viz., myohematin, q. v.
Histoid (liis'-toid) \_i(TT6<;, web; Eldor, likeness]. Per-
taining to tissue derived from the mesoblast, as a his-
toid tumor. See Neoplasm.
Histokinesis (Jiis-to-kin-e'-sis) \_iaT6r, tissue ; KivijaK;,
movement]. Movement that takes place in the
minute structural elements of the body.
Histologic, Histological {his-to-loj'-ik, his-/o-loj' -ik-al)
[ioTor, tissue ; Adyof, science]. Relating to histology.
Histologist (/i/j'-/o/'-y-;VjV)[i(T7"dr, tissue ; XoOog, science].
One who is expert in histology.
Histology (/;w-;'(7/'-f-/c') [('crrdf, tissue ; /dj of, science].
The study of the intimate structure of tissues.
Histolysis [liis-tol' -is-is) [laru^, tissue ; '/I'vaig, dissolu-
tion]. Disintegration and dissolution of organic tissue.
Histolytic {Jiis-tol-it' -ik) [/ffrdf, tissue ; /ii'cr/f, dissolu-
tion]. Pertaining to histolysis.
Histomorphology [kis-to-morf-ol' -o-Je) [/'crrdr, tissue ;
/lo/xji//, form ; ?m-)0(;, science]. The morphology of
the histologic elements of the body.
Histon (^his'-ton) [/'crrdt', tissue]. A proteid prepared
from the nuclei of cells. It belongs to the group of
proteids known as albumoses or propeptones.
Histonomy (his-ion' -o-iiie) [/'ordf, tissue ; vofwc, a law].
The laws of the development and arrangement of or-
ganic tissue.
Histopathology [his-to-path-oF -o-je) \jaTU(;, tissue ;
TxMoi;, disease; /idyof, science]. The study of minute
pathologic changes or states.
Histophysiology {Jiis-to-fiz-e-ol' -o-je") ['ffrdf, web, tis-
sue; </)i'(J/f, nature ; /d} of, science]. The science of
the functions of the various tissues.
History [his' -tor-e) [^lOTopia, a learning by inquiry]. A
narrative ; story. H., Biologic, the life-story of any
animal. H., Medical, the account obtained from a
patient as to his health, past and present, and the
symptoms of his disease.
Histotome [/'irrdf, tissue ; ro/idf, cutting].
A microtome or other apparatus for cutting tissue
for the study of its minute structure.
Histotomy ijiis-tot' -o-vie) [Jardf tissue ; Ttp'tiv, to cut].
The dissection of any organic tissue.
Histotripsy [kis-lo-trip'-se) ['(irdf , web ; Tpifig, a
crushing]. The crushing of tissues by an ecraseur.
Histotromy {his-tot' -ro-uie) [('ffrdf, tissue ; Tp6fioi;, tre-
mor]. Fibrillary contraction.
Histotrophic [liis-to-trdf -ik) [iordr, tissue ; rpofri,
nourishment]. Concerning the nutrition of the tissues.
Histozyme [his' -to-zini) [(crrdf, tissue ; Ci'',w;?, leaven].
A ferment found by Schniiedeberg in the kidneys of
pigs, and concerned in splitting up hippuric acid.
Histrionic [his-tre-on' -ik) \histrio, an actor]. Dram-
atic. H. Mania, insanity with affectation and lofty
manner. H. Muscles, the expressional muscles of
the face. H. Spasm, spasm of the histrionic mus-
cles.
Histrionism [his' -tre-on-izm) \_hislrio, a player].
Dramatic action in insanity or in hysteria.
Hitooch [hit-oosh'). See Hitouch.
Hitouch {hit-oosh') [Heb.]. Hitooch; the first step
in the Jewish rite of circumcision. It consists in cut-
ting ofl the prepuce.
Hives [hlvz) [origin uncertain]. A name loosely ap-
plied to almost an)' papular eruption of the skin. In
Cireat Britain, the term is applied to croup, laryngitis,
and to cJiiiken-pox ; in the United States it is limited
to a transitory form of urticaria, q. v.
Hive-syrup. See Scilla and Antimojtiiim .
Hoang-nan, or Hwang-nao {hmang-noiv') [Chinese].
A Chinese preparation obtained from the bark of
Strvchnos gaultheriana. Its properties are due to a
small percentage of strychnin. It is recommended as
an alterative in syphilis, leprosy, and similar diseases,
and is an alleged preventive of hydrophobia if given
in large doses (gr. xv) during the period of incubation.
Dose of the powdered drug gr. iij-v ; of the aceto-al-
coholic extract gr. yi-Yz ; of the tinct. tl\j-v.
Hoar (//(>;•) [ME., hoar]. Gray; old.
Hoarhound [hor'-hownd). Marrubium.
Hoariness [hor' -e-nes) . See Canities.
Hoarse {hors) [ME. , //o^irj-, harsh]. Harsh; grating;
discordant ; applied to the voice.
Hoarseness [hors'-nes) [ME., //o<?;'j««jt', hoarseness].
Harshness of the voice depending on some abnormal
condition of the larynx or throat.
HOB-NAIL LIVER
570
HOLOTETANUS
Hob-nail Liver, or Hob-nailed Liver. A liver covered
with small bosselations like the heads of hob-nails ; it
is the result of cirrhosis, or of an old and persistent
hyperemia. It is called also Gin-drinkers' Liver.
Hobokenius, Valves of. Crescentic or ring-like ridges
on the inner surface of the umbilical vessels, produc-
ing constrictions upon their outer surface.
Hock [Iio/i) [Ger. , Hoi-hheii)ier~\. White Hochheimer
wine ; any German white wine.
Hock, Hough {hok) [ME., hoiiz, heel]. The joint on
the hind-leg of a quadruped between the knee and the
fetlock, corresponding to the ankle-joint in man. In
man, the back part of the knee-joint ; the ham.
Hodgen's Apparatus. A modification of Smith's
anterior splint.
Hodgkin's Disease. See Lyinphadenotna and Dis-
eases, Table of.
Hodgson's Dilatation, or Disease. Dilatation of
the aorta. It commences with inflammatory and
sub-inflammatory changes in the tissues, going on
to extreme degeneration, with dilatation of the hrst
part of the aorta. There is sometimes involvement of
the aortic valves, with hypertrophy and dilatation of
the heart. See Diseases, Table of.
Hoe (Jio) [ME., home, a hoe]. A scraping-instrument
used in operations for cleft-palate, or in dentistry.
Hoffmann's Anodyne. See Ether. H.'s Violet.
Same as Dahlia. H.'s Method. See Treatment,
Methods of.
Hofmeier's Method. A method of expression of the
fetal head. It is carried out by pressure on the head
alone, by directly pressing from without upon the oc-
ciput and the face from both sides.
Hofmeister's Method. A method of removing pro-
teids from a liquid. To the liquid, rendered faintly
acid and heated to boiling, add a solution of ferric
acetate, made by saturating acetic acid with recently
precipitated ferric hydrate. After boiling for a few
minutes and filtering, a solution is obtained which
contains neither proteids nor iron. This method does
not precipitate peptones.
Hog [ME., hog, a gelded hog]. I. A gelded pig; a
barrow-pig. 2. A glutton. H. -cholera, a specific,
highly contagious fever of swine, attended with in-
flammation of the lungs, stomach, intestines, and
other organs, usually diarrhea, frequently cough, and
extravasations of blood in the skin and mucous mem-
branes. It is called also Pneumoenteritis. See Baeilliis
ex pnenmo-enteritide stiis, under Bacteria, Table of.
H.-gum, a name for various West Indian resins. See
Gum. H.'s Potato. See Camass. H.-weed. See
Ambrosia.
Hohl's Method. A method of preserving the peri-
neum in labor. It consists in applying resistance to
the presenting part, the thumb being applied anteriorly
to the occiput and the index and middle fingers pos-
teriorly upon that portion of the head lying nearest
the commissure.
Holagogue [hoT-aff-og) [o/.of, whole; ayuyo^, leading].
A medicine or remedy that expels or drives out the
whole of a morbid substance. A radical remedy.
Holarrhena (hol-ar-e' -nah). See IVrightia.
Holcodont (liol' -ko-dont) [o/a-oc, a furrow; oiSorf
(ijr5(ii'r), tooth]. In biology, applied to teeth planted
in a continuous groove.
Holden's Line. See Lines, Table of.
Holder (//o/f/'-cv) [ME., //oMvr, a holder]. A device
for holding instruments, sponges, etc., in surgical op-
erations.
Holder's Plane. See Plane.
Hold-fast {hold' -fast). A " lumpy-jaw " tumor. See
A ctinomy costs.
Hollands {hol'-ands). See Gin.
Hollek {hoF-ek). Same as Hollyhock.
Hollow-foot [hoi' -0- foot). See Cainis.
Holly (//o/'-f). See/A'.r.
Hollyhock [hol'-e-hok) [AS., holihoc, hollyhock]. A
name given to the Althea rosea and other species of
Atthea. See Althea.
Holmgren's Test. The worsted test for color-blind-
ness. One of the worsteds is placed before the per-
son to be tested, and he is asked to match it as nearly
as possible.
Holo- (hol'-o-) [(i/of, entire]. A prefix signifying
entirety.
Holoblast [hoi' -o-blast) \o7^o^, whole; /S/laorcif , germ].
In biology, an ovum that undergoes complete seg-
mentation while germinating.
Holoblastic [hol-o-blas'-tih) [oAof , whole ; ^Xaaro^,
germ]. In biology, applied to eggs in which the
entire yolk is included in the process of segmentation ;
one in which there is no separate food-yolk.
Hologastrula {Jiol-o-gas' -trii-lah) [6/lof , whole ; yaoTi/p,
stomach: pi., ILologastrtiloe']. In biology, the gas-
trula resulting from the development of a holoblastic
ovum.
Holometabolian (Jiol-o-met-ab-o' -le-an). Same as LLolo-
metabolic.
Holometabolic {hol-o-met-ab-ol'-ik) [o/lof, whole;
LKTapoTiOi; , changeable]. In biology, applied to ani-
mals that undergo complete metamorphosis or trans-
formation, as insects.
Holonarcosis [hol-o-nar-ho'-sis) [o/'-Of , complete ;
I'apKudff:, stupor]. Complete narcosis.
Holopathy [hol-op' -ath-e) [o/lor, entire ; ttoBoc, disease].
I. A general or constitutional disease of which a local
disorder is but a manifestation. 2. The theory that
local diseases are manifestations of a general disorder.
Holophanerous [Iwl-o-fan' -er-iis) whole;
(pavepo^, visible]. In biology, discernible through-
out, as the transformation of insects.
Holophytic ifiol-o-fit' -ik) [oAof, whole ; (/iird)^, plant].
In biology, apphed to certain protozoa and other
animals that, in their mode of nutrition, closely resemble
plants.
Holoplexia [hol-o-plehs' -e-ah) [jAof , whole ; ttIt/^iq, a
stroke]. Complete or general paralysis.
Holopneustic {hol-op-nu'-stik)\_(Ao<;, whole ; ttvevotiko^,
TTVEii', to breathe]. In biology, applied to such in-
sect larvae as possess many pairs of open stigmata, as
distinguished from those having no open stigmata,
apneustic larvae.
Holorhinal [hol-o-ri' -nal) {o'/oq, whole; pic, the nose].
In biology, applied to the Gallimr and other birds
having the anterior margin of the nasal bone con-
cave, with two cornua directed forward, the processes
being continuous behind with the body of the bone
and with one another.
Holoschisis [hol-os'-his-is] [u^of , whole ; ax'ioLQ,
cleavage]. Amitotic or indirect cell-division ; ami-
tosis.
Holosericeous {hol-o-ser-is' -e-tis) [o^^of, whole ; aripind^,
of silk]. In biology, covered with very minute silky
hairs.
Holosteous ifiol-os' -te-us) \p7oq, whole ; bareov, a
bone]. In biology, having a completely bony
skeleton.
Holostomatous [hol-o-sto' -mat-us) [o^of , whole ; OTo/ia,
mouth]. In biology, having the mouth entire, neither
notched nor with parts missing.
Holostomous {hol-os'-to-mus). Same as Holostoma-
tous.
Holotetanus {hol-o-tef -ati-us) [Wof, whole; Teravog,
tetanus]. General tetanus ; called also Holotonia.
HOLOTHECAL
571
HOMICIDE
Holothecal [hol-o-the' -kal^ \h7.oq, whole; fc/K//,case].
In biology, booted ; applied to birds in which the tar-
sal envelop is entire.
Holotomy \hol-ot' -o-mc) [o/iof, whole ; rijiveiv, to cut].
Complete surgical excision of a part or organ.
Holotonia, or Holotony {Jiol-o-to' -ne-ah^ hol-ol' -o-ne)
[6/lof, entire; reiveii', to stretch]. Same as Holotet-
aiius.
Holotonic {Jwl-o-ton' -ik) [6/lof, entire ; reweiv, to
stretch]. Relating to, or characterized by, holotet-
any.
Holozoic [Iiol-o-zo' -ik) [6/lof, whole ; (^(mv, an animal].
In biology, entirely resembling animals in mode of
nutrition.
Holthouse, Hernia of. See Hernia.
Holting [hdlf'-ing) [after Holt, the inventor of the
method]. The divulsion of an urethral stricture by
Holt's dilator.
Holtz Machine. A particular form of electro-static
induction-machine.
Homalocephalus (Jwm-al-o-scf -al-tcs) [6//a/lof , flat ;
KeipaAi/, the head]. Lissauer's term for " flat-
headed."
Homalocoryphus {hom-al-o-kor' -if-us) [6/^a/!(if , flat ;
Kopvfr/, the head]. Lissauer's term for a skull in
which the angle formed by two lines drawn from the
bregma and the occipital point to the highest point
above is between 132° and 142°.
Homalogonatous [Jiom-al-o-gon' -at-us) [6//a/lof, even,
level; yovv, knee]. In biology, applied to such birds
as possess an accessory femoro-caudal muscle and a
tufted oil-gland and cocca ; the opposite of Ano7iia-
logonatous, in which this combination is never found.
Homalographic (Jiom-al-o-graf -ik) [o//a/1(5f , same ;
ypcKpew, to write]. Pertaining to homolography. H.
Method, a method of showing the structure of the
body by means of plane sections of a frozen body.
Homalography (Jiom-al-og' -ra-fe) [o/i(2A(5f, level ;
7pd0f/i', to record]. Anatomy by sections ; the repre-
sentation of structure by means of sketches of various
sections.
Homalometopus (liotti-al-o-met-o' -pus) [oua/ldc, flat ;
/leruKov, the space between the eyes]. Lissauer's
term for a skull having a frontal angle between 130.5°
and 141°.
Homalopisthocranius (kom - al - o-pis-tho - kra' -ne-us)
flat; oTr/cfev, behind ; Kpavlov, the skull].
Lissauer's term for a skull in which the angle formed
by lines joining the external occipital protuberance
and the occipital point with the highest point of the
skull is between 140° and 154°.
Homalosternal {Jioin-al-o-ster'-iial^ [6//a/ldf, even,
level; trrfpyov, sternum]. In biology, having a raft-
like or keelless sternum ; ratite, as certain birds.
Homaluranus {Jioin-al-ti-ra' -iius) [d^/aXdf , flat ; ovpa,
a tail]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which the
angle formed by lines joining the occipital point and
the bregma with the highest point of the skull is
betwen 147.5° ^"^ ^63. 5°.
Homatropin [/idi>t-at'-ro-pin). See Atropin.
Homeo- {ho' -nie-o-^ [6//o«)f, like]. A prefix signifying
like or similar.
Homeobiophorid (Iw-me-o-hi-off' -or-id^ \hjioioq, like;
|3('of, life ; <l>fpeiv, to bear]. In biology, Weismann's
name for the lowest and most primitive undifferentiated
organism conceivable, having the form of a single
biophore, or of a number of similar biophores, in which
multiplication and transmission would occur together,
no special apparatus being required for the latter pro-
cess, as a reproduction by binary fission must result
m two corresponding halves, each containing similar
biophores, and each of which, simply by the multipli-
cation of its units, is able to give rise to a compact
organism like the parent. Cf. Heterobiophorid.
Homeochronous (Jio-iue-ok' -ro-nus) [o^o(of, like, simi-
lar ; ;t/-"'''"t'> time]. In biology, true ontogenetic
sequence ; appearance in proper order in time ; applied
to animals, organs, or hereditary traits. H. Heredity,
pertaining to the appearance of an organ, trait, ten-
dency or function, whether psychologic, physiologic,
or pathologic, at a similar time of life in a series of
descendants.
Homeodont ijio' -me-o-dont') [o/vo/of, like ; ofSduf, tooth].
In biology, applied to teeth that are simple cones.
Homeokinesis {//o-ine-o-kin-c'-sis) [o/^o^of, like ; Kivelv,
to move]. In biology, Weismann's term for that kind
of nuclear division in which the two daughter-nuclei
contain similar idioplasm ; /. e. nuclear division de-
pending upon a perfectly uniform distribution of the
primary constituent and resulting in parts containing
similar hereditary tendencies. Cf. He/ej-oki?ies?s.
Homeomerous {ho-ine-om' -er-us) [6//o/of , like ; /-dpog,
part]. In biology, having given organs or parts dis-
tributed uniformly throughout.
Homeomorphous {Jio-me-o-mor' -fus) [6|Uowf, like ;
fiopfi/, form]. Like or similar in form and structure.
Homeopathic {ho-iiie-opath' -ik) [d/io^oc, like; Tcd6oq,
feeling]. Relating to homeopathy.
Homeopathist [ho-ine-op' -ath-ist) [d//o;of , like ; ixadoq^
feeling] . A practitioner of homeopathy.
Homeopathy {ho-me-op' -ath-e) \piioi-0<;, like ; Tvadoc,
ailment or disease]. A system of treatment of dis-
ease by the use of agents that, administered in health,
" would produce symptoms similar to those morbid
conditions for the relief of which the agent or medi-
cine is given." The hypothesis expressed by the
adage, " simi/ia siinilibus iiiranttiry Stt Regular
and Allopathy.
Homeoplasia [ho-me-o-pla' -ze-ah) [bfioLoi;, like ;
n'XaGOiii.v, to shape]. The growth of tissue resem-
bling the normal tissue, or matrix, in its form and
properties ; also the tissue so formed.
Homeoplastic [ho-me-o-plas'-tik) [6/io<of, like;
TTAaaaeir, to form]. Pertaining to a neoplasm re-
sembling its matrix-tissue in texture. One differing
widely in this respect is heteroplastic. If separated
in position, it is said to be heterotopic ; in date,
heterochronic.
Homeoplasty i^ho' -me-o-plas-te). See Homeoplasia.
Homeosis, or Homoiosis {ho-i?te-o'-sis, or ho-inoi-o'-
sis) [d/zo/uff/f ; hfiOLOi;, like]. The assimilation of
nutrient material.
Homeo-therapeutics [ho-me-o-ther-ap-it' -tiks) [d^t/ozof,
like; Otparrtveiv , to serve]. The homeopathic doc-
trine of therapeutics.
Homeothermal, or Homoiothermal (Jw-tne-o-ther'-
nial, ho-iiwi-o-thcr' -mal) [d/./o/of, like ; Otp/ii/, heat].
Pertaining to animals that are " warm-blooded," or
that maintain a uniform temperature despite variations
in the surrounding temperature.
Homeozoic [ho-nie-o-zo'-ik^ [d//owf, the same, similar ;
Cwr/, life]. In biology, applied to geographic areas,
zones, or belts, having similar forms of life.
Homesickness (hom'-sik-nes). Nostalgia. An urgent
desire to return to one's home. It may be accom-
panied by a morbid sluggishness of the functions of
the various organs of the body, and may develop into
profound melancholy.
Homicidal (hoiit-is-i'-dal) \_homo, a man; cadere, to
kill]. Pertaining to homicide. H. Mania, insanity
characterized by murderous impulses.
Homicide [ho/ii'-is-td) [homo, a man ; ccedere, to kill].
The killing of a human being without malice or in-
tent, as distinguished from murder or manslaughter.
HOMICULTURE
572
HOMOLOGOUS
Also, the taking of human Hfe in general by another.
Also, one who takes the life of another.
Homiculture [lio' -mik-ul-chui-) \_komo, man ; ciiltura,
culture]. The proposed improvement of the human
species by attention to the laws of breeding ; stirpi-
culture.
Hominisection {Jw-min-is-ek' -shun) \Jiomo, hominis,
man; sectio, a cutting]. Dissection of the human
body ; anthropotomy.
Homo {Jio'-itio) [L.]. Man. The sole genus of the
order Biinana.
Homoblastic {Jio-jno-blas'-tik) [6,(/(5f , the same; [SXaaToc,
a bud, germ]. In biology, derived from like germs or
cells.
Homocarpous [^lio-mo-kar' -pus) , the same ;
napnor^, fruit]. In biology, bearing fruits all of one
kind.
Homocentric [ko-ino-sen' -trik) [o/zof , same ; KEvrpov,
center]. Concentric. Having the same center. H.
Rays, a pencil of light-rays either cone-shaped or
rod-shaped.
Homocerc {ho' -mo-serk) [6/idf, the same ; KtpKog, the
tail]. Same as Homocercal.
Homocercal (ho-mo-ser' -kal) [d//df, the same ; KtpKO(;,
the tail]. In biology, applied to fishes in which the
caudal fin-rays are so disposed as to give the tail an
appearance of symmetry with respect to the axis of
the body.
Homocerebrin (Jio-)}io-ser' -e-brin) [6/idf, like; ce>'e-
bnim, cerebrum]. A substance derivable from brain-
tissue, closely resembling cerebrin, but more soluble
in alcohol.
Homochromous [ho-nio-kro' -mus) [d//of , the same ;
Xpo)/^a, color]. In biology, all of one color, as the
florets in a flower-head, or an entire organism.
Homocinchonidin (lio-mo-sin-koii' -id-in) [6/idf, the
same; c/wc/zow*/], CjgH.^.jNjO.^. An alkaloid derived
from South America?! Red-bark, one of the Cin-
chonas.
Homodermic {ho-mo-dcr' - iiti k) [d/^df , the same ;
6ipim, the skin]. In biology, of similar blastodermic
origin ; applied to tissues or organs.
Homodesmotic [ho-?iio-des-mof'-ik) [d/^df, like; deofiog,
bond]. Connecting centers of equal importance (as a
nerve-fiber).
Homodont [ho' -mo-don/) [_6p6r, the same ; dJduf ,
tooth]. In biology, having the teeth alike through-
out.
Homodromous {ho- mod' -ro- mus) \J)ji6q, the same ;
(^pdfux;, a course]. In biology, applied to plants in
which the spiral arrangement of the leaves on the stem
and branches is alike throughout.
Homodynamy (Jio-t>io-di' -nam-e) [d/^df, the same ;
(Si'm/«f, power]. In biology, serial homology; ap-
plied to homologous parts (somites or metameres)
arranged along the long axis of the body.
Homoeo- {ho'-me-o-). For words thus beginning, see
IIot>ii-o-.
Homogamous [ho-moi^' -ai/i-ns) [dudf, the same ;
yd/vor, marriage] . In biology, having all the florets
of the inflorescence alike in sex.
Homogamy {ho-mog' -am-c) [d//d(,', same ; yajio(;, mar-
riage]. I. Romanes' term for that method of evolu-
tion by physiologic selection of those varieties, the in-
dividuals of which are fertile among themselves, but
less fertile or sterile with other varieties and with the
parent-stock. It is called also Segregate Fecu)idityhy
Gulick. See Evolution. 2. In biology, applied to
hermaphrodite flowers that mature their stigmas and
anthers at the same time.
Homogen {Jio' -mo-jen) [d^dr, the same ; yfvof, race].
In biology: I. Derived from the same or similar
parents ; having a common ancestor. 2. One of two
organs or organisms having a common ancestor or an-
cestral part. H., Ancestral, i. e. , homogenetic homo-
logues that do not arise similarly, though probably
descended from common ancestral \i2LX\.i, e. g., the legs
of flies of diverse development. H., Developmen-
tal, /. e., homogenetic homologues that arise similarly,
whether descending from the same ancestral part or
not, e.g., some of the cranial bones of a Teleostean
and of a mammal.
Homogeneity [Iio-mo-jen-e' -it-e) [d//df , like ; y'tvo^, a
kind]. The condition of being homogeneous.
Homogeneous (Jio-ino-je' -ne-us) [d//,df, like; ykvoq,
kind]. Having the same nature or qualities. Sim-
ilar or identical in structure. H. Immersion. See
Immersion. H. Triplets. See Homogeneous Twins.
H. Twins, in embryology, when the cleavage -force
is exerted to its fullest effect, the entire embryonal
trace is completely divided ; each resulting part may
be capable of independent development, whereby two
fetuses are produced remarkable for their great simi-
larity ; such offspring are known as homogeneous
twins. They are always of the same sex and possess
almost perfect identity of physical characteristics. So
also may a secondary fission of one of the halves take
place, as an extremely rare occurrence, homogeneous
triplets resulting from such twofold division of the
original area. Such fetuses usually lie within a single
chorion, enclosed by a separate or a common amni-
otic sac, the increased pressure arising from the
unusual contents of the limited uterine cavity favoring
absorption and disappearance of the amniotic parti-
tions.
Homogenesis (Jw-mo-jen' -es-is) [d//df, like ; yevvav,
to beget]. Univocal generation ; reproduction in
which a living parent gives rise to offspring that
pass through the same cycle of changes as itself.
Homogenization {ho-mo-jcn-iz-a'-shun) [d//df, the
same; yevvav, to produce]. The act or process of
rendering or of becoming homogeneous ; reduction to
a common standard ; the process of rendering the
objects of microscopic study transparent and fixed.
Homogenous (ho-moj'-cn-us) [d//dc;, the same; yfvof,
race]. In biology, applied to structures that are
genetically related, in so far as they have a single
representation in a common ancestor.
Homogentisic Acid {hom-o-jen-tiz'-ik). See Acid.
Homogeny (lio-moj' -en-e) [d«oyei'?/f , of the same race or
family]. In biology, an agreement among organisms
depending on the inheritance of a common part or
having a common ancestor. See Homogenesis .
Homogonous {ho-mog' -on-us) [d/idf , similar ; yovoc,
offspring]. In biology, having the stamens and pistils
alike in all the flowers of the species ; homostyled.
Cf. Heterogonous.
Homoio- (ho'-moi-o-). For words thus beginning, see
Homeo-.
Homoiosis [lio-moi-o' -sis). See Homeosis.
Homologize (Jio-moF -o-jlz) [d,ud(.-, the same; Xtyuv, to
speak]. In biology : I. To recognize as homologous ;
2. To exhibit homology ; to correspond in structure.
Homologous (ho-mo/'-o-gus) [d//d(;, the same ; TityeLv,
to speak]. In biology, corresponding in structure,
either directly or as referred to a fundamental type. In
chemistry, being of the same chemic type or series;
differing by a multiple or an arithmetic ratio in certain
constituents, while the physical qualities are analogous,
with small differences, as if corresponding to a series
of parallels. H. Tissues, those identical in type of
structure. H. Tumor, a name given by Virchow to
a tumor consisting of tissue identical with that of the
organ whence it springs.
HOMOLOGUE
573
HOMOTHERMOUS
Homologue (Jiom'-o-log) [o/'o^, same; /6}()f, propor-
tion]. An homologous organ common to any number
of species, classes, or orders of animals ; that which
has the same relative structure, position, or develop-
ment as another. The same organ in different organ-
isms under every variety of form and function. We may
have: I. Homogenetic Homologues, i.e., parts
which, on the evolutionary theory, have a genetic rela-
tion, e. i;\, the humerus of a horse and that of an ox.
2. Homoplastic Homologues, /. e., parts closely
similar as to relative position, but with no genetic af-
finity, or only a remote one, c. , the ventricle of a bat
and that of a bird. 3. Homogenetic Serial Homo-
logues, i.e., dift'erent parts of one individual, the
correspondence between which is to be accounted for
by the influence of external conditions (the " superin-
duced segmentation " of Mr. Herbert Spencer), e.g.,
the fore-limbs and hind-limbs of one side of any animal.
4. Vertical Homologues, i. e., different correspond-
ing parts of one individual, of which one part is dorsal,
the other ventral, e. g. , dorsal and anal tins of certain
fishes. 5. Lateral Homologues, /. e. , difterent cor-
responding parts of one individual, of which one part
is right and the other left, e. g. , the right and left arms
of a man. 6. Antero-posterior Homologues, i. e.,
different corresponding parts of one individual, of
which one part is anterior, the other posterior, e.g.,
the mouth and the cloaca. 7. Radial Homologues,
i. e., different corresponding parts of one individual
which radiate from a central axis, e.g., any two arms
on the same starfish. 8. Homotrophic Homologies,
i. e., parts of an individual, the correspondences be-
tween which are regarded as due to internal modifying
influences, e. g., the eyes and the ears. 9. Actinol-
ogous Homologues, i. e. , succes.sive subdivisions,
parts, or regions of a part or segmented organ, e.g.,
two successive joints of an antenna of a lobster, or
the vertebral and sternal parts of the same costal ele-
ment. 10. Special Homologues, /. e., parts of two
organisms belonging to the same special skeletal cate-
gory, e.g. , the basi-occipital of man and the cod. II.
General Homologues, i. e. , parts of two organisms
belonging to the same general skeletal category, e.g.,
the vertebral center of man and that of the cod, or the
lateral .appendages of the lobster and those of the scor-
pion. (Mivart.)
Homology (Jio-inol' -o-je) [o/idf,same; /Idyof, proportion].
The quality of being homologous ; also, the morpho-
logic identity of parts or organs in different animals.
In biology, a term introduced by R. Owen to indicate
a close resemblance between parts, depending upon
relations of relative position. (Mivart.)
Homomalous (Jw-nioui'-al-tts) \h\iaKoq, even, level,
equal]. In biology, applied to parts or organs that
are all turned to one side.
Homomorphism (^ho-mo-mor' -fizm) [o/idf , the same ;
IJ-op^ij, form]. In biology, superficial resemblance,
without true homology ; mimicry or adaptive resem-
blance.
Homomorphous (Jio-ino-inor' -fits) [d/i(5f , the same ;
/io/)0?/, form]. In biology, exhibiting superficial
resemblance, but not truly homologous.
Homonomous (Jio-tnon' -o-mtts) [d//df, same ; v6j.Lo<;,
law]. Governed by or under the same law.
Homonym (Jiom' -o-7iiiti) [o/^dcr, same ; bvvfia, name].
That which is homonymous.
Homonymous [Iw-inon' -int-tis) [cl//df, same; dvvua,
a name]. I. A term applied to names that have the
same sound or pronounciation, but different meanings.
2. Coming under the same general designation
(thus the two external recti muscles are homony-
mous) ; occurring on 01 within the same lateral half
of the body; not heteronomous. H. Diplopia,
occurs when the image seen by the right eye seems to
be on the right side and that seen by the left eye seems
to be on the left side. H. Hemianopia, occurs when
all points in the visual field of each eye lying to the
right (Right H. H.) or to the left (Left H. H.) of
the fixation-point are not seen.
Homophthalic Acid (Iioni-off-thal' -ik). See Acid.
Homophthalimid [hom-off-tJial' -itn-id ) [ofioc,, same ;
()(j>tia'Afiog , eye ; iinid'\, C^HjNOj. A substance produced
when the ammonium salt of homophthalic acid is
heated. It crystallizes in minute needles, melting at
233° C.
Homophyadic [ko-i/io-fi-ad'-i/c) [d//df, the same;
f'veatlai, to grow]. In biology, having but one kind
of stem, as distinguished from heterophyadic.
Homophyly {Jio-iiioff'-il-c) [o/zdr, the same ; (^vkij,
race]. In biology, correspondence in genetic rela-
tionships.
Homoplasis [ho-mo-pla' -sis) [o//(if, the same; TTXaaic,
formed]. In biology, Lankester's term for structural
agreement or modification resulting from the action of
identical or nearly similar forces or environments on
two or more parts of an organism, or on two organisms,
which parts are exactly or nearly alike, or perhaps
homogenetic. The same as the " superinduced seg-
mentation " of Spencer.
Homoplasmic {Jio-mo-plaz' -niik). Same as Himio-
plastic.
Homoplasmy {lio' -mo-plaz-nic) [d//df, the same ;
n'Adafia, a thing moulded]. In biology, homoplastic
or homomorphic, /. e. , showing mimetic resemblances.
Homoplast [ho'-mo-plas/) [d/'dr, the same ; Tr'Aaaruc,
formed, moulded]. In biology ; i. One of any aggregate
or fusion of plastids. 2. An organ or part showing mere
superficial or mimetic resemblance to another.
Homoplastic [ko-mo-plas'-tik) [o//df, the same ; ttMkjtoc,
formed]. In biology, .showing close agreement, de-
pendent upon the common action of evoking causes
or moulding environment upon homogeneous parts, or
on parts that, for other reasons, offer a likeness of
material to begin with. (Lankester.)
Ylomo^XaLSy {ho' -mo-plaz-e) [fj//df, the same ; n'Anaic^, a
forming, moulding]. In biology, agreement in the
form, structure, and perhaps function, of organs or
parts in the same or separate organisms, dependent
upon evoking causes other than genetic affinity.
Homopterous (//o-W(7/''-/('r-//j-) [d//df, the same ; Trrepov,
wing, feather]. In biology, applied to insects having
wings of the same texture throughout.
Homorgan {Jiom' -or-gaii) [o/^df, the same ; bpyavov,
organ]. In biology, an organ resembling another ; a
homoplast.
Homosexual (Jio-mo-seks' -u-al^ [o/'df, same ; se.xiis,
sex]. Pertaining to the same sex.
Homosexuality (ko-ino-seks-ie-al'-if-e) [d//df , same ;
sexiialis, of a sex]. That form of sexual perversion,
acquired or congenital, in which the individual con-
ceives a violent sexual passion for one of the same
sex, and gratifies it either by sodomy, by titillation, or
platonically.
Homosporous (Jw-nios' -por-us) \l)jt(ic, similar : nnopoc,
seed]. In biology, producing but one kind of spores ;
isosporous.
Homostyled (Ito' -mo-stild^ [''/"dr, the same; orV/.oq,
pillar]. Sec Homogouous.
Homothermic [/io-ino-//icr' -mik) [ufio^, same ; 6ipu7/,
heat]. Having uniformity of temperature or bodily
heat.
Homothermous {ho-mo-lher' -nuts') [d/idr, the same;
i^epfnj, heat]. In biology, applied to animals showing
the same degree of bodily heat.
HOMOTONIC
574
HORIZONTAL
Homotonic (Jio-iiio-ton' -ik) [o/zof, same; rorof, tone,
teiibion]. Having a uniform or even course; ap-
plied to diseases.
Homotopia {Jio-ino-to' -pe-ali). See Honiotopy.
Homotopy {/to-?/iof'-o-pe) [ofiog, the same ; rdjrof ,
place]. In biology, the usual or normal mode of
acceleration or change of parts during growth,
characterized by the exact or modified repetition or
multiplication of cells or segments already present ;
also called repetition. Autonym of Heterotopy.
Homotropal [Iw-mot' -ro-pal ) . Same as Honiotropous.
Homotrophe {Jio' -ino-trof) [d^of, the same ; rpo(j)>/,
nourishment]. In biology, one of two or more
homologous parts or organs the structural correspond-
ences of which are due to corresponding internal,
modifying conditions, rather than to external environ-
ment. I. Serial Homotrophes, /. e., homotrophic
homologues, the correspondence between which is
antero-posterior, e.g., an extra thumb and an extra
great toe on the same side of the body. 2. Ver-
tical Homotrophes, /. c. , homotrophic homologues
that correspond vertically. 3. Lateral Homo-
trophes, I. e., homotrophic homologues of the two
sides of one individual, e.g., the right and left eyes.
4. Antero-posterior Homotrophes, /. <?. , homo-
trophic homologues that correspond antero-posteriorly .
(St. Geo. Mivart.)
Homotrophic (lio-mo-trof'-ik) [o^or, the same; rpo^lj,
nourishment]. In biology, exhibiting homotrophy.
Homotrophic Homologues, /. c. , parts of an
individual, the correspondences between which are
regarded as due to internal modifying influences, e. g. ,
the eyes and the ears.
Homotrophy (Iw-mot' -ro-fc) [o^of, the same; Tpo(l>ii,
nourishment]. In biology, correlations of growth;
homoplasy due to internal conditions rather than ex-
ternal environment.
Homotropous {Iw-mot' -ropns) [o/zoc, the same ; rpOTrof,
turn]. In botany, said of the embryo when curved
the same as the seed containing it.
Homotype [Iio'-mo-tip) [o/zot, same ; ri'-of, a pattern].
A part corresponding and similar to another part, as
the humerus to the femur, a serial homologue, or an
antitype.
Homotypic [ho-nw-tip' -ik) [o/zor, the same ; tvttoc,
type]. In biology, showing serial correspondence or
bilateral symmetry.
Homotypical (Iio-mo-tip' -ik-al). Same as Homotypic.
Homotypy (Iio'-mo-ti-pe) \_uijoTvrria, sameness of form].
In biology, serial or bilateral homology.
Homunculus {Iw-tiiiin' -kn-lus) [L., dim. of homo,
man]. The fetus ; a dwarf.
Honduras Bark {hon-dii' -ras hark). See Cascara
amarga.
Honey [Iiun'-e) [ME., Iwiiy, honey]. See J/cA H.-
berry. See Celtis. H.-comb, the waxy structure
formed by bees as a repository for the honey that they
produce. H.-comb Glands, .'^ee Gland. H.-
comb Ringworm. See Fotus. H.-cyst. .See
Meliceris. H.-dew, a glutinous liquid exuded by
aphides, and frequently to be noticed covering the
leaves of the bass-wood, sycamore, oak, ma|)le, plum,
apple, box, currant, etc. Its taste is mawkish, its
odor unpleasant, and its color often as dark as molas-
ses, especially that found in the oak and sycamore.
H. -stone. See Mellitic Acid.
Honorarium (on-or-a'-rc-tim) [L.]. A professional
fee ; especially one that is in theory a gift, no formal
professional charge having been made.
Hoof (hoof) [ME., hoof, a hoof]. The casing of hard,
horny substance that .sheathes the ends of the digits or
incases the foot in many animals. H. -bound, in far-
riery, having a dryness and contraction of the hoof,
resulting in pain and lameness. This condition is
also called Contracted Heels.
Hook [ME., hok, a hook]. A curved instrument. See
Hamus. H., Blunt, an instrument described by its
name, for exercising traction upon the fetus in an ar-
rested breech-presentation. H., Tyrrel's, a blunt,
slender hook for operations upon the eye.
Hooke's Law. See Law.
Hooper's Pill. A pill containing aloes, crystallized
sulphate of iron, extract of hellebore, myrrh, soap,
canella, and ginger.
Hooping-cough [hoop'-ing-kawf). See Pertussis.
Hoose [hooz) [ME., hose, hoarse]. Sheep-cough. A
disease of sheep, lambs, etc., due to the presence of
Strongylus filaria, a nematode worm, in the lungs and
air-passages (see under Parasites, Ani??ial), and
characterized by a husky cough, anorexia, dry muzzle,
constipation, and dyspnea.
Hoove, Hooven (Iioov, hoov'-en) [dial., hoovejt^. Dis-
tention of the stomach of a ruminant animal with
gas, caused by the fermentation of food. It is gen-
erally due to eating too much green food.
Hop. See Humuhis.
Hope's Camphor-mixture. A mixture containing nitric
acid, camphor- water, and tincture of opium. It is
used in the treatment of serous or choleraic diarrheas.
Hopea (Iw-pe' -ah) [after John Hope, a Scotch botanist].
A genus of dipterocarpaceous trees of S. Asia.
Several species afford resins known in commerce as
Dammar. Unof.
Hopein (Ito-pe' -in). See Humulus.
Hoppe-Seyler's Method. A method of preparing
hemoglobin crystals. Mix defibrinated blood with ten
volumes of a 20 per cent, salt-solution, and allow it
to stand for two days. Remove the clear upper fluid
with a pipet, wash the thick deposit of blood-cor-
puscles with water, and shake it for a long time with
an equal volume of ether, which dissolves the blood-
corpuscles. Remove the ether, filter the lake-colored
blood, add to it one-fourth of its volume of cold
alcohol (o°C.) and allow the mixture to stand in the
cold for several days. The crystals can be collected
on a filter and pressed between folds of bibulous paper.
Hordeiform (//(?r-rf^''-//"-orOT) [^hordeum, har]ey ; forma,
form]. Shaped like a grain of barley.
Hordein (hor'-de-in) \^Iwrdeum,ha.T\ey'\. A mixture of
a proteid with starch-cellulose ; it exists in barley-
starch, but is not soluble.
Hordeolum {hor-de' -o-lnm) \_hordeiim, a grain of bar-
ley]. A stye ; a furuncular inflammation of the
connective tissue of the lids, near a hair-follicle.
H., External, //. zeissianum ; one produced by sup-
puration of one of Zeiss's glands. H., Internal, //
tneibomiannm ; one produced by suppuration of one
of the Meibomian glands. H. meibomianum. See
H., Internal. H. zeissianum. H, External.
Hordeum (hor' -de-wn) [L.]. Barley, q. v. H.
decorticatum, barley deprived of its husk ; com-
monly called pearl barley. H. germinatum, malt.
Also, one of several granular elevations described by
Spitzka on the floor of the fourth ventricle.
Horehound (Jwr' -ho7ond). See Marnibium.
Horizon (//o;--?''-;o«) [op/fui', horizon]. I. Thelinesep-
arating the visible from the invisible part of the earth
from a single point of view. 2. In craniometry, a
line that extends around the skull, touching the lower
border of the orbital cavities and passing through
the auricular points.
Horizontal (Iwr-iz-ou' -tal) \liiiK<^f' , the horizon]. Par-
allel to the horizon. H. Posture. See Postures,
Table of.
HORLICK'S FOOD
575
HOT
Horlick's Food. A variety of Liebig's foods for in-
fants. Its composition is : Water, 3.39 ; fat, 0.08 ;
grape-sugar, 34.99 ; cane-sugar, 12.45 ; no starch ;
soluble carbohydrates, 87.20; albuminoids, 6. 71 ; ash,
1.28.
Hormion [kor'-/iu--on) [_oij/^'/, the first]. See Cranio-
me/ric Points.
Hormogone, Hormogon [hor'-mo-gdn). Same as //y; -
mogoniuiH.
Hormogonium {hor- mo-go' -Jie-uni) [6p//of, a cord,
chain; y6vof, offspring : pL, Hormogonia\. In biol-
ogy, a short, moniliform reproductive body, found in
the Nostocs.
Horn [ME., horn, horn]. The hard projection, used
as a defensive weapon, growing on the heads of cer-
tain animals. Horns may be permanent, as in the ox ;
or deciduous, as in the deer. Also, the hardened
epithelial substance of which the horn is composed.
H., Cutaneous. See Cotmii ctitaneiim. H. -blende,
a common mineral, occurring massive or in prismatic
crystals, of various colors, from white, through green
shades, to black. It is a silicate of lime, magnesia,
or iron. It is sometimes used in the manufacture of
porcelain teeth for shading the body or enamel. H.-
distemper, a disease of cattle affecting the core of the
horn. H.-pock. See Warty Smallpox. H.-pox,
a variety of varicella in which the lesions resemble
papules. See also Warty Smallpox.
Horner's Mixture. See Jied Mixture. H.'s Muscle.
See Muscles, Table of.
Horny (lioni'-e) [ME., horn, horn]. Composed of,
or resembling, horn. H. Band of Tarinus, a band
of white fibers running between the optic thalamus
and the corpus striatum. See Band. H. Epithelium.
See Trachoma.
Horologic [hor-o-loj'-ik) [wpoAoyof , lit. , telling the
hour]. In biology, applied to such flowers as open or
shut at certain hours.
Horological [hor-o-lo/-ik-al). Same as Horologic.
Horopter [hor-op' -ter) [opof, boundary; oKTr/p, an ob-
server]. The sum of all the points seen singly by the
two retinae while the fixation-point remains stationary.
" A circle passing through the center of rotation of
each eye and through the apex of the point of fixation
of the visual lines. " (A/ueller.) ' 'A line representing
the curve along which both eyes can join in sight."
(Noyes.)
Horopteric (Jior-op-ter' -ik) [opof, boundary ; oKvlip,
observer]. Pertaining to an horopter.
Horrida cutis {lior'-id-ah ku'-tis) [L.]. Goose-skin.
Cutis anserina.
Horripilation [hor-ip-il-a' -shmi) \Jiorrere, to stand on
end; pilus, the hair]. A sensation as if the hairs of
the skin were stiff' and erect.
Horripilator [hor-ip-il-a'-tor). Same as Arrector pili .
Horrors (Jior'-orz) \Jiorror, a shaking, terror]. A popular
name for Delirium tremens, ij. v.
Horse [hors) [ME., hors, a horse]. A member of the
genus Equus ; a domestic beast of burden. H.-
chestnut. See Aisculus hippocasiajium . H.-
chestnut bark, the bark of the horse-chestnut {^ALscu-
lus hippocastanuiii), said to be used in leather-manu-
factures for the production of an extract under the
simple name of chestnut extract. H. -distemper,
mfluenza. H. -doctor, a farrier ; a veterinary surgeon.
H. -drench, a dose of physic for a horse. H.-foot.
See Talipes equinus. H. -leech, a large leech, the
Haemopis of Southern Europe and Northern Africa ;
also a horse-doctor. H. -power. See (/nit. H.-pox. I.
A pustular disease of horses, which, communicated to
cows, produces cow-pox. It is also called pustular
grease. 2. See Coitus Disease. H. -radish, the fresh
root of CocJtlearia armoracia , with properties due to
a volatile oil. It is stimulant, diuretic, and externally
a rubefacient, and is much used as a condiment. Dose
of the fld. ext. ,^j-ij. Armoraciae, Spt., Comp.
(B.P.). Dose 3j-ij. H.-shoe Fistula, a name ap-
plied to a fistulous track surrounding the rectum in a
semicircle, either in front or behind. H.-shoe Hy-
men. See Hymen. H.-shoe Kidney, the union of
the lower ends of the two kidneys, so that they appear
to form a single organ of a form somewhat like that of
a horse-shoe. H. -sickness. See Anthrax. H.-tail.
See Equisetum. H.-weed. See Collinsonia cana-
densis.
Horsikin [hor'-sik-in) [ME., hors, a horse]. A model
used in teaching the anatomy and surgery of the
horse.
Horsley's Method. A method of determining the
position of the fissure of Rolando. It is carried out by
means of an instrument made to encircle the head,
and having an arm fixed at an angle of 67°, which
indicates the position of the fissure. H.'s Test.
See Tests, Table of.
Horst's Eye-water. Collyrium adstringens luteum.
An eye-.solution prepared as follows : Take of
ammonium chlorid, 50 centigrams, and zinc sulphate,
125 centigrams, dissolve in 200 grams of distilled
water, and add a solution of 40 centigrams of camphor
in 20 grams of dilute alcohol, and 10 centigrams of
saffron. Digest for 24 hours with frequent agitation,
and filter.
Hospital [hos'-pit-al) \liospitale, a large house]. A
building for the care and treatment of sick or infirm
people. H. Fever, a feverish condition formerly
common in hospitals, due to ill-ventilation and un-
sanitary conditions. Also, the fever symptomatic of
gangrene. Also, a synonym of Typhus Fever. See
Fever. H. Gangrene, a contagious, phagedenic
gangrene occasionally attacking wounds or open sores.
It is confined mainly to military hospitals, and is of
microbic origin.
Hospitalism [hos' -pit-a/-izm) \Jiospitale, a large house] .
The morbific influence arising from the gathering of
diseased persons in a hospital, a condition that seems
to have a tendency to produce septic diseases.
Hospitalization (hos-pit-al-iz-a'-shun) \Jiospitale, a
large house]. Confinement in a hospital for treat-
ment.
Hospitalomania {hos-pit-al-o-ma' -ne-ah ) \_hospitale, a
large house ; fiav'ia, madness]. A mania for founding
or visiting hospitals.
Host (host) \_hostis, a stranger, a landlord]. The or-
ganic body upon which parasites live.
Hot [ME., hot, hot]. Having or yielding the sensa-
tion of heat; stimulating; biting. H.-air Bath.
See Bath. H.Bath. See Bath. H. -blanket Pack,
a rubber sheet and one or two woolen blankets are
placed upon the bed. A heavy woolen blanket is
wrung out of water at 110° ¥., spread ypon the dry
blanket, the patient placed upon it and wrapped with
it like a mummy. The dry blankets and rubber sheet
are wrapped over this, and the patient is allowed to
remain in this pack from half an hour to two hours.
It is useful in suppression of urine. Hot-box, Jap-
anese, a device for applying dry heat to a part. H.
Drops, the linctura capsici et myrrhce, N. F. ; they
are useful in many painful conditions of the stomach
and bowels, when there is no inflammation or organic
disease; it is called also ^'■number six." H. Eye,
Hutchinson's tenn for a persistent hyperemia of the
conjunctiva seen in gout. H. -spots. See Tempera-
ture-sense. H. Wet-pack, instead of wringing the
linen sheet out of cold water, as in the Wet-pack, it
HOTTENTOT APRON
570
IIUMMING-TOr MURMUR
is dipped into water at I lo° V. , well wrung out
and spread upon the blanket, as in the cold-pack.
The patient is wrapped in this and allowed to remain
for an hour. Then he is removed to the side of the
bed upon which he is to lie, lightly rubbed over with
a rough wash-rag dipped into water at 65° F. , squeezed
out by the hand, quickly dried and left alone. This
method is useful only in obstinate insomnia. H.-wind
Stroke, a form of heat-fever, not unlike sunstroke,
but caused by hot winds, and far more fatal than sun-
stroke ; it is common in India.
Hottentot Apron [Jiot' -n-tot). See I'elainen vulvtc.
K. Deformity. See Steatopygia.
Hottentotism (Jiot'-n-tot-izm). An extreme form of
stammering, sometimes congenital, and often due to
or associated with deformity of the vocal organs.
Hough (Jiuf) [AS., hoh, the hough]. The lower part
of the thigh.
Hound's Tongue (Jwwndz tung). The leaves and root
of Cvnoglossiim officinale, an anodyne, demulcent,
and astringent. Dose of the Hd. ext. ^ss-j. Unof.
Hour-glass Contraction. See Uterus.
House {liows) [ME., hous, a house]. In biology, a
cuticular secretion, representing the cellulose coat of
higher ascidians, in which the lowest Tniticata, as
represented by Appendiciilaria , shelter themselves. H.-
maid's Knee, iee Abscess, Bursa/. H. -physician,
the re-sideiit physician in a hospital. H. -refuse, the
ashes, dust, food-scraps, both animal and vegetable,
waste-paper, and other waste material from a house-
hold, and which does not enter the drains. H. -sur-
geon, the resident surgeon in a hospital.
Houston' s Folds, or Valves. Three folds of mucous
membrane within the rectum. They are directed
obliquely. H.'s Muscle. See Muscles, Table of.
Hove, Hoven [kov, ho'-ven). See Hoove and Bhnvn.
Hovius, Canals of. See Canal. H., Plexus of. See
Plexuses, Table of.
Howard's Method. See Artificial Respiration.
Howship's Lacunae, or Pits. Certain deep or shallow
depressions, sometimes simple, and at times quite
complex, occurring in bones undergoing absorption, at
the edges of the bone bordering on vascular surfaces,
and seen on making a microscopic examination.
These lacunns are usually tilled or lined by larger and
smaller granular, frequently multinuclear cells — the so-
called osteoclasts.
Hoyer's Alcoholic Carmin. See Stains, Table of.
H.'s Carmin. See Stains, Table of. H.'s Solution.
See Stains, Table of.
Huanokin (ruhah' -no-kin') [from Huanuco, a place-
name]. An alkaloid from Cinchona nitida, said to be
strongly febrifugal. Unof.
Hubbell's Wheat Food. A variety of farinaceous
food for infants, with the following composition :
Water, 7.78 ; fat, 0.41 ; grape-sugar, 7.56 ; cane-sugar,
4.87 ; starch, 67.60; soluble carbohydrates, 14.29;
albuminoids, 10.13; £ish, l.o; gum, cellulose, etc. ,
undetermined.
Huchard's Diet. .See Treatment, Methods of.
Huckle-bone (huk' -l-bon) [ME., huccle-bone, the as-
tragalus]. The Astragalus, q. v.
Hudson's Apparatus. An apparatus to support the
fingers and hands in the treatment of wrist-drop.
Hueter's Bandage. See Bandage. H.'s Method, a
method of inducing premature labor. It consists
in applying a bladder filled with water or decoction
of ergot to the neck of the womb.
Hiifner's Method. A method of obtaining glycocholic
acid. A little HCl is added to fresh bile, the mixture
shaken, and the mucinoid material so precipitated is fil-
tered off. Ethyl ether and HCl are added to the
filtrate ; the proportions of the filtrate, acid, and ether
are respectively 100, 5, and 30. The mixture is
shaken and allowed to remain some hours, when crys-
tals form, which are then collected on a filter, washed
with water holding HCl and ether in solution, and
dried in the air. By recrystallization the crystals are
obtained perfectly colorless.
Hufeland's Cerate. A preparation used in treating sore
nipples. It consists of zinc oxid and lycopodium each
2 parts, simple cerate 30 parts.
Hughes Bennett's Diuretic. A diuretic mixture em-
ployed in chronic nephritis, composed of pulverized
potassium acetate, 2 drams ; sweet spirit of niter,
half an ounce ; water sufficient to make two ounces ;
one dram of this is given three times daily.
Huguier's Canal. See Canal. H.'s Disease. See
Diseases, Table of. H.'s Glands, two small glands
opening into the vagina.
Huingan (7vhin' -gan) [S. Amer.]. The seed of a
plant [Duvarra dependens) native to the Andes. The
infusion is used in urinary affections. Unof.
Human [hu^ -man) \_huma)ius, human]. Pertaining to
or characteristic of man. H. Dolphin, a monster
with complete union of the lower limbs. H. Milk,
mother's milk. It derives its origin from an over-
growth of epithelial cells lining the lactiferous ducts,
with infiltration with fat, and subsequent rupture. Its
specific gravity is 1024-35, reaction alkaline. Each
minute fat-globule is surrounded by a pellicle of
serum-albumin. The chemical composition of human
milk is as follows : —
Meigs. Vogel. Gautrelet.
Water, 87.163 89.5 88.1
Fat 4.283 3.5 4.0
Casein 1.046 20 2.2
Sugar, 7.407 4.8 5.2
Ash, o.ioi 0.17 0.5
Humation [hu-ma'-shun) \Jiumare, to inter]. Inter-
ment ; inhumation.
Humboldt Blue. Same as Spirit-blue.
Hume's Test. See Tests, Table of.
Humectant (liu-mekt-tant) [^liumectare ,to make moist].
I. Moistening; like a poultice ; diluent. 2. A diluent ;
a substance used to moisten.
Humeral (Int'-mer-al) \Jiumertts, the shoulder]. Per-
taining to the humerus.
Humeren (hu'-mer-en) \Jiumerus, the shoulder]. Be-
longing to the humerus in itself
Humero- (Im'-mer-o-) [//«»/<■/-/«, the shoulder]. A pre-
fix signifying relationship with the shoulder. H.-
cubital, relating to the humerus and the ulna. H.-c.
Amputation, amputation at the elbow-joint. H.-
radial, relating to the humerus and the radius. H,-
scapular, relating to the humerus and the scapula.
H.-s. Amputation, amputation at the shoulder-joint.
H. -ulnar, relating to the humerus and the ulna.
H.-u. Amputation, amputation at the elbow-joint.
Humerus (hu'-mer-us) [L.]. The bone of the upper
arm. Also, the shoulder.
Humid {hu'-mid) [^httmidus, moist]. Moist ; damp.
H. Tetter. See Eczema.
Humidiiy {lui-mid'-if-e) moisture]. The state
or quality of being moist. H., Absolute, the actual
amount of water present in the air at any moment,
regardless of saturation. H., Relative, the relative
amount of water present in air which is not saturated,
as compared to what the air should contain at the ex-
isting temperature were its condition that of saturation.
Humifuse [hu'-mifus) [Jiumus, the ground ; fundere,
to pour]. In biology, spread over the surface of the
ground.
Humming-top Murmur or Sound. See Bruit de
diablc.
HUMOR
577
HYALOID
Humor {hu' -mor or u'-mor) [L.j. Any fluid or semi-
fluid part of the body. H., Aqueous, the trans-
parent fluid that fills the anterior chamber of the eye.
H., Crystalline. See Lens, Crystalline. H., Vitre-
ous, the transparent gelatin-like substance filling the
posterior chamber of the eye.
Humoral [liii' -mor-al^ \Jiumor, moisture]. Pertain-
ing to the natural fluids of the body. H. Pathol-
ogy, an obsolete theory that all diseases result from
a disordered or abnormal condition of the fluids or
humors of the body.
Humoralism [kti'-mor-al-izm), or Humorism [hu'-
mor-izm). Same as Humoral Pathology.
Humoralist (hu'-inor-al-ist) \_hiimor, moisture]. The
name given to one who was an advocate of the
supreme importance of the blood in the processes of
health and disease.
Humoro-vitalism {/m' -ino-ro-vi' -tal-izni) \_kiimor,
moisture ; vita, life]. The obsolete belief that the
fluids of the body are the seat of life.
Humpback [hut?ip'-bak). See Kyphosis.
Humulin [liu' -mu-lin) \_humiilus, hop]. I. The same
as Lupulin. 2. A concentrated preparation from
the tincture and decoction of hops. Unof.
'ti\xm\ihis(/iu'-mii-lits)[y,.: gen., Hu?Huli'\. Hop. The
fruit-cones of H. liipuliis. It contains various principles,
hopein and lupulin being the most important. It is a bit-
ter stomachic tonic and feeble hypnotic, increasing the
cardiac action. A poultice of hops is a favorite remedy
for painful conditions and in inflammations. H., In-
fusum, unof., ^ss-Oj. Dose ^j-iv. H., Tinct., 20
per cent, in strength. Dose ^j-ij. Lupulinum, the
glandular powder. Dose gr. v-xv. L., Ext. (B.P.)
Dose gr. v-x. L., Fid. Ext., alcoholic. Dose ti\,x-
5j. L., Oleoresina, ethereal. Dose gr. ij-v. L.,
Tinct., unof., strength 12}^ per cent. Dose gss-ij.
Humus (hu'-tmis) [L., the earth, ground, soil]. Vege-
table mold. It contains ulmin and ulmic acid, humin
and humic acid. H. Pigments, certain pigmentary
bodies of a more or less dark-brown color, produced
when carbohydrates are treated with acids or alkalies.
When urine is treated with acids in the presence of oxy-
gen, it becomes darker from the formation of some of
these humus-pigmented substances by the action of
the acids on the carbohydrates.
Hunchback {liimch'-hak). See Kyphosis.
Hungarian {/lung-ga'-re-an) \^Hungaria, Hungary].
Pertaining to Hungary. H. Balsam, or H. Tur-
pentine, a thin turpentine from the branches of
Pinus pumilio. H. Disease. Synonym of Typhus
Fever.
Hungary Blue. Same as Cobalt-blue.
Hunger [hing'-ger) [ME., /^^z/^^-r, hunger]. A con-
dition marked by a sensation of emptiness of the
stomach, with intense desire for food. H.-cure. See
Nestiatria. H.-pest. Synonym of Relapsing Fever,
q.v. H. -typhus, 'iiynonyraoi Relapsing Fever, q. v.
Hunter, Canal of. See Canal. H.'s Line. See Lines,
Table of. H.'s Method, a method of treating aneur-
ysm by ligating the artery on the proximal side of the
sac.
Hunterian Chancre. See Chancre.
Huntingdon's Chorea. Hereditary Chorea. An affec-
tion characterized by irregular movements, disturbance
of speech, and gradual dementia. It is frequently
hereditary, is associated with psychic troubles, and
occurs between the thirtieth and fortieth years. The
disease has no connection with Sydenham's Chorea.
See Chorea, Hereditary , and Diseases, Table of.
Huntsman's Cup. See Trumpet Plant.
Hunyadi janos [hun-yah' -de) [irom the name of the
Hungarian national hero, otherwise called John Cor-
37
vinus^ An aperient mineral water from Buda-Pesth,
in Hungary. It is an effective laxative or cathartic.
It should be taken in the quantity of from a half to
one wineglassful, fasting.
Hura [hu'-rah) [S. Amer.]. A genus of poisonous
euphorbiaceous trees of tropical America. H. bra-
siliensis, H. crepitans, and H. strepens, are the
best-known species. They have the general acrid,
pustulant, and cathartic properties of nearly all
euphorbiaceous plants. Unof.
Huschke, Auditory Teeth of. Nipple-like projections
along the free border of the labium vestibulare of the
ear. H., Canal of. See Canal. H., Foramen of.
See Foratnen. H., Valve of, the fold of mucous
membrane at the point where the common canal
formed by the junction of the canaliculi enters the
lachrymal sac.
Husky lyhus'-kc) [E. dial., hasky, rough, dry]. Harsh,
rough, as the voice.
Hutchinson's Lotion. A lotion used in the treatment of
eczema. It has the following composition : Liquor
plumbi subacetatis, ounce ; liquor carbonis deter-
gentis, 21^ ounces. Of this one teaspoonful is mixed
with a pint of water, and used as a lotion. H.'s
Patch. See Signs and Symptoms, Table of. H.'s
' Teeth, a notched or furrowed condition of the free
edges of the permanent teeth, especially the central
incisors of the upper jaw, due to inherited syphilis.
See Signs attd Sympio7ns, Table of. H.'s Treat-
ment. See Treatment, Methods of. H.'s Trio of
Symptoms. See Signs and Symptoms, Table of.
Unttonm^ [hut' -on-ing) [ySt^r Uutton, the: inventor].
A method of manipulating a luxated joint, introduced
by one Hutton, a bone-setter.
Huxham's Tincture. See Cinchona.
Huxley's Angle. See Angle. H.'s Layer, Mem-
brane, or Sheath, a layer of nucleated, elongated,
polygonal cells lying within Henle's layer of the inner
root-sheath of hairs.
Huygenian Ocular {hi-je' -ne-an). See Ocular.
Huygens, Theory of. The undulatory theory of light.
Hyalin [Jii'-al-in) [milof, glass]. A translucent sub-
stance, called also canalized fibrin, that sometimes
occurs in miliary tubercle. Also, the membrane or
sac forming the walls of hydatid cysts. Also, a substance
found in echinoderms and other invertebrates. Its
centesimal formula is, C = 45.3 1044.1; H = 6.5to
6.7 ; N = 5.2to4.5; 0 = 43 to 44.7.
Hyaline (Jii' -al-in) [ya/lof, glass]. Resembling glass
in transparency. H. Cartilage. See Cartilage. H.
Cast, or Cylinder, a clear, nearly transparent urinary
tube-cast. H. Degeneration, a degeneration of
fibrous tissue, which becomes transparent, jelly-like, and
homogeneous in structure.
Hyalinosis (lii-al-in-o' -sis) [i;aAof, glass]. Hyaline or
waxy degeneration.
Hyalinuria (Jii-al-in-u' -re-ah) \ya\oQ, glass ; ovpov,
urine]. The presence of hyalin in the urine.
Hyalitis [lii-al-i' -tis) [iiaAof , glass ; ltiq, inflammation] .
Inflammation of the hyaloid membrane. It is also
used as a synonym of inflammation of the vitreous
humor.
Hyalogen (hi-aF -o-jen) [tV/Aof, glass ; yevvav, to pro-
duce]. One of the albuminoids found in cartilage ;
it is readily changed into hyalin, whence the name.
Hyaloid Qii' -al-oid) [i'a^of, glass; eWof, form].
Transparent ; like glass. H. Artery, in the embryo,
a branch of the arteria centralis retina, traversing the
vitreous humor to the posterior capsule of the lens.
Its hyaloid sheath forms the Canal of Cloquet. Per-
sistence of this artery after birth has been observed.
H. Membrane, a delicate, transparent membrane
HYALOIDITIS
578
HYDRANGIOLOGY
surrounding the vitreous humor, except in front,
where it becomes fibrous and strong and forms a leaf-
let of the zonula of Zinn.
Hyaloiditis {hi-al-oid-i' -tis). See Hyalitis.
Hyalonyxis [lii-al-o-niks' -is) [iia/lof, glass; vv^ic, a
pricking]. Puncture of the vitreous body of the eye.
Hyalophagia [^Iii-al-o-fa' -je-ah) [ixi/'iOf , glass ; (payeii',
to eat]. The practice of eating glass, sometimes seen
among insane persons.
Hyaloplasm [lii' -al-o-plazm) \ya\oi;, glass ; nXaaiia,
plasm]. The clear, fluid, homogeneous portion of the
protoplasm surrounding the spongioplasm of a living
cell. The term is also used as a general synonym of
protoplasm.
Hybrid {hi'-brid) [!)/3/j/r, insult]. The offspring of
two individuals of distinct but closely related species.
Among animals, the mule is the best known hybrid.
H. Measles. Synonym of Rotheln, q. v.
Hybridism, or Hybridity (Jii'-hrid-izm, hi-brid' -it-e)
[i)/jp/f, insult]. Cross-breeding; mixture of races;
the combination of various diseases.
Hybridization (Jii-brid-iz-a' -shim) \Jiybrid, 2l mongrel ;
vftpK;, insult]. Cross-breeding.
Hydantoic Acid [Iii-dan-to' -ik). See Acid, Glyco-
hiric. ^
Hydantoi'n CjH^N.^Oj. Glycolyl urea.
A substance that crystallizes from hot water and from
alcohol in needles that melt at 206° C, and have a
neutral reaction and sweet taste.
Hydarthrosis (hi-dar-thro' -sis). See Hvdt-arthrosis .
Hydatenterocele (ki-dat-en-ter'-o-sel) [wJu/j, water;
f iTfpoi', bowel ; (c^A^, a tumor]. Hydrocele with in-
testinal hernia.
Hydatid [/li'-daf-id) [iVtan'f, vesicle]. A cyst with
aqueous contents formed by the larva of a tenia, Echi-
nococcus polymorphus, the larva of a small tapewonn,
Tcenia echinococcus , which, in its adult (strobila) con-
dition is only known to infest the dog and the wolf,
while the larvce (hydatids) are of frequent occurrence in
man and other mammals. Three principal forms of
hydatids are recognized, viz. , exogenous, endogenous,
and multilocular. The first is sparingly found in
man, but is extremely common in the lower animals,
whilst the second is most frequently developed in the
human subject, the third kind being found only in
man. (Cobbold. ) 's>t.^ Parasites {Animal), Table of.
The term hydatid is frequently, also, loosely applied to
vesicular tumors and cysts of many kinds. Hydatids
are most frequent in the liver, but are found in almost
any tissue, even in bone. H. Disease, a disease
characterized by the presence in various portions of
the body of cysts containing the embryo of the Tcenia
echinococcus. The symptoms vary according to the
location of the tumor. H. Fremitus, a modified
sense of fluctuation occasionally obtained on palpating
an hydatid cyst. Placing the palm of one hand
upon the tumor, and striking the dorsum with the
fingers of the other hand, a tremor or thrill is per-
ceived. This is doubtless due to the physical condi-
tions of a cyst containing fluid, and provided with a
tense elastic wall. H. Mole. See Chorion, Cystic
Degeneration of , and Mole. H. of Morgagni, one of
certain short processes of the tunica vaginalis testis ;
also a similar structure connected with the fimbriated
extremity of the Fallopian tube. These hydatids are
the remnants of the Miillerian duct. H. Tapeworm.
See Tenia echinococcus.
Hydatidiform (hi-dat-id'-iform) [itSaWf, hydatid;
forma, form]. Having the form of an hydatid.
Resembling an hydatid. H. Degeneration of the
Chorion, or Vesicular Mole. See Mole and
Chorion, Cystic Degeneration of.
Hydatidocele {hi-dat-id'-o-sel) [I'l-Snr/f , hydatid ; Krj7ir],
tumor]. Oscheocele with hydatid cysts.
Hydatidoma [Jii-dat-id-o' -mah) [('fVtr/f, hydatid; bfia,
a tumor] . Any hydatid cyst or tumor.
Hydatidosis (Jii-dat-id-o' -sis) [itSar/f, hydatid]. The
condition of being affected with hydatids.
Hydatogenesis [Jii-dat-o-jen' -es-is) \y6up, water;
ykveau;, production]. The formation of water within
the tissues or cavities of the body.
Hydatoncus (lii-dat-ong' -kus) [iuSu/j, water; byKog, a
tumor]. Any cyst, or watery tumor.
Hydatorrhea [lii-dat-or-c' -ah) [ixiu/j, water; po'ia,
flow]. A copious flow of water.
Hydatotherapy (hi-dat-o-ther'-ap-e). See Hydro-
therapy.
Hyderabad Commission. See Anesthetic.
Hydnocarpus (liid-no-kar' -pus) \y^vov, mushroom ;
mpKoi;, fruit]. A genus of poisonous bixaceous trop-
ical trees. H. (or Gynocardia) anthelminthicus,
is anthelmintic and useful in skin-diseases. H.
inebrians and H. wightianus have similar uses.
Unof.
Hydracetin (Jii-dras' -et-in) [uttpa, a water-serpent],
CgHjN2H2(C2H.jO). A derivative of coal-tar and a
powerful antipyretic and antirheumatic ; its use,
however, is attended with danger. Dose gr. to ij.
An ointment (10 per cent.) is recommended in pso-
riasis. Unof.
Hydracid {hi-dras' -ia) [yi^up, water ; aciduin, acid].
A term sometimes used in chemistry to denote an
acid formed by a combination of hydrogen and some
acid element or radicle other than oxygen. Hydro-
chloric acid, HCl, and hydrogen or hydric sulphid,
H2S, are examples.
Hydradenitis (lii-drad-en-i'-tis) \\<(^ap, water ; arf^v,
gland; ir^f, inflammation]. I. Same as Hidrosad-
enitis. 2. Lymphadenitis. H. destruens sup-
purativa. See Hydrosadenitis plilegmonosa.
Hydradenoma (Jii-drad-en-o' -ma). Same 2& Hidrad-
enoma.
Hydraemia {lii-dre' -me-ah). See Hydremia.
Hydraeropericardium (Jii-drah-e-ro-per-ik-ar' -de-um)
water; aijp, air; Trep/', around ; mprf/a, heart].
The presence of fluid and gas in the pericardium.
Hydraeropleuria {hi-drah-e-ro-plu'-re-ah)\hfiup, water;
ai]p,a.\x; TrXeiipf!, side]. Sa.mea.i Hydropneumotho/'ax.
Hydragogue [hi'-drag-og) \h6up, water ; ayuyo^,
leading]. I. Expelling water. 2. A purgative that
causes copious liquid alvine discharges.
Hydramin [lii' -dram-in) [wJw/), water ; amin\ Any
one of the oxyethyl bases produced by the action of
aqueous ammonia upon ethylene oxid. The hydra-
mins are thick, strongly alkaline liquids, that decom-
pose upon distillation.
Hydramnios [hi-dram' -ne-os) [yrfup, water ; auviov,
fetal membrane]. An abnormal amount of amniotic
fluid.
Hydrangea (Jii-dran' -je-ah) \hdap, water ; ayytlov,
vessel]. A genus of saxifragaceous shrubs. The root
of H. arborescensis, much used by the Cherokee
Indians for calculi in the bladder, is said to be of
some utility. Dose of the liquid extract gss-ij; of
a decoction ,^j-ij. Unof.
Hydrangeion {Jti-dran' -je-on) [yiSup, water, lymph ;
ayytim, vessel : //. , Hydrangeia']. A lymphatic
vessel.
Hydrangeitis {hi-dran-je-i'-tis) [('(Swp, water ; ayymv,
a vessel ; irtg, inflammation]. Inflammation of a lym-
phatic vessel ; lymphangitis.
Hydrangiology (hi-dran-je-ol'-o-je) [wJup, water ; ay-
ytiov, vessel; /Idjof, science]. The science of the
nature, functions, and diseases of the lymphatics.
HYDRANTH
579
HYDRASTIS
Hydranth {Iii' -drantJi) [Mpof, hydra ; fof^of, flower].
In biology, the proper nutritive zooid of the Hy-
drozoa.
Hydrargism {hi-drar' -gizni). See Mercurialism.
Hydrargyria {Jii-drar-jir' -e-aJi). See Mercurialism.
Hydrargyriasis {Jii-dra7--jir-i' -as-is). See Alercurial-
ism.
Hydrargyrism (Jii-drar' -jir-izni). See Mercurialism.
Hydrargyromania (lii-drar-jir-o-ma' -ne-ali) \y6pap-
yvpoi;, mercury ; fiav'ia, madness]. Insanity due to
the unwise use of mercury.
Hydrargyrophobia (Jii-drar-jir-o-fo' -be-ali) \h&pap-
yvpog, mercury; (p6l3oc, fear]. Morbid dread of mer-
curial medicines.
Hydrargyrophthalmia [lii - drar - jir - off-thai' -me-aJi)
[i)(J/)dpyiipof, mercury ; o^Sa/'i^m, ophthalmia']. Oph-
thalmia due to mercurial poisoning.
Hydrargyrum [Jii-drar' -jir-iuti) [(idpdpj iipof, mercury :
gen., Hydrargyri'\. Mercury. Quicksilver. Hg =
200; quantivalence II, IV. The only liquid metallic
element, hence the common name, quicksilver. See
Elements, Table of. In medicine, the metal, its
nitrate, oxids, chlorids, and iodids are the salts most
commonly, the sulphid and cyanid less frequently,
used. In small doses continued not too long a time
it is a tonic, purgative, and alterative. In larger
doses, or too long continued, it is likely to produce
pytalism. In "biliousness," mercurial purgatives have
long been a favorite remedy, blue-mass, and mercur-
ous chlorid or calomel being usually employed. In
syphilis, mercuric chlorid and mercuric iodid are
generally considered specific. Mercury in the form
of calomel is useful in glandular inflammations. Form-
erly it was much used in the same form in typhoid
fever and malarial fevers. The soluble salts of
mercury are highly poisonous. H. ammoniatum,
ammoniated mercury, "white precipitate," mercur-
ammonium chlorid, NHjHgCl, is used externally.
H. ammoniati, Ung., " white precipitate ointment "
—ammoniated mercury lo, benzoated lard 90 parts.
H. benzoas, Hg(CgHjC02).2. Dose, in pill, gr. J^.
H. carbolas, easily absorbed. Dose, in pill, gr. \-\.
H. chloridum corrosivum, HgCL_j (H. perch-
loridum, B. P.), corrosive chlorid of mercury,
mercuric chlorid, " bichlorid of mercury," "corrosive
subhmate. " Soluble in water and alcohol; anti-
syphilitic. Dose gr. -jo-rV- Very poisonous. Liq.
hydrarg. perchlorid. (B. P.), contains gr. ss of
the mercurial salt to the ounce. Dose ^ss-ij. H.
chloridum mite, HgjCl, (H. subchloridum, B.
P.), mild chlorid or subchloridof mercury, mercurous
chlorid, " calomel," — laxative, tonic, and antipyretic.
Insoluble in water and alcohol. Dose gr. -j— x.
H. subchlor., Ung. (B. P.), i to b\ of benzoated
lard. H.cum ammonia, Emplastrum. See Am-
monium. H. cum creta, mercury with chalk,
"chalk-mixture," " gray powder," contains mercury
38, sugar of milk 12, prepared chalk 50, ether and
alcohol q. s. Dose gr. ss-x. H. cyanidum,
Hg(CN).2, mercuric cyanid. Soluble in water and
alcohol. It is recommended, with aconite, in diph-
theria. Dose gr. T^^xV- Poisonous. H., Em-
plastrum, mercurial plaster, — mercury 30, olive oil
10, resin 10, lead-plaster 50 parts. H. et arsenii
iod., Liq., Donovan's Solution. See Arsenic. H.
flav., Lotio, unof. , "yellow wash" for syphilitic
sores — corrosive sublimate gr. xviij, lime-water ^ x.
Gilbert's Syrup, unof, hydrarg. biniodid. gr. iij,
potass, iodid. gr. cij, water 3 iij, syrup q. s. ad ^ x.
H. iodid. viride, Hg^I.,, green iodid of mercury,
mercurous iodid. Dosegr. yL-i. H. iodid. rubrum,
Hglj, red iodid or biniodid of mercury, mercuric
iodid. Soluble in a solution of potassium iodid.
Poisonous. Dose gr. ^V~tV- iodid. rub.,
Ung. (B. P.), one in 28. H., Liniment (B.
P.), contains one part of mercury in six. H., Massa,
" blue mass," " bluepill," hasmercury 33, liquorice 5,
althea25, glycerin 3, confection of rose 34. It is used
mainly as a purgative. Dose gr. ss-xx. H. nigra,
Lotio, unof., "black wash" for syphilitic sores —
calomel gr. xxx, lime-water ^ x. H. nitrat., Liq.,
solution of mercuric nitrate. It is used as an escharotic.
H. nitrat. rub., Ung., unof., red ointment of mer-
curic nitrate, brown citrine ointment ; it is made with
cod-liver oil. H. nitrat., Ung., citrine ointment, —
mercury 7, nitric acid 17, lard-oil 76. H. nitrat.,
Ung., Dil. (B. P.), citrine ointment and soft paraffin,
I in 2. H. cleat., contains yellow oxid 10, oleic
acid 90. H. oxid. flav., yellow oxid of mercury.
Insoluble in water ; soluble in nitric and hydrochloric
acids. It is used in the preparation of ointments, etc.
H. oxid. flav., Ung., contains 10 per cent, of the oxid.
H. oxid. rub., red oxid of mercury. Dose gr. ^J^-
H. oxid. rub., Ung., contains 10 per cent, of
the oxid. H. salicylas, HgCgH^COO. Dose gr.
\, in pill. H. subsulph. flav., Hg(HgO)2SO^,
yellow subsulphate of mercury, basic mercuric sul-
phate, " turpeth mineral." Soluble in nitro-hydro-
chloric acid. Dose, for emesis, gr. ij-v. H.
succinimidum has been recommended for hypo-
dermatic use. H. sulph. rub., red mercuric sulphate,
"cinnabar," is used only by fumigation. H., Sup-
positoria (B. P.), each contains gr. v of mercurial
ointment. H. tannas, a green powder, rapidly ab-
sorbed. Dose gr. j, in pill. H., Unguent., mer-
curial ointment, "blue ointment," — mercury 450, lard
225, suet 225, comp. tinct. benzoin 40, old mercurial
ointment 100 ; these are triturated until the globules
of mercury disappear under a magnifying glass. It
is used to produce the physiologic effects of mercury
by inunction.
Hydrarthrosis [ki-drar-thro'-sis) \_h6up, water; apOpov,
joint]. Anefiusionof fluidintoa joint, usually the result
of chronic synovitis. It is called also Hydrops ar-
ticuli, dropsy of the joint, white swelling, etc.
Hydrarthrus \lii-drar' -thrtis). See Hydrarthrosis.
Hydrastin {Jii-dras' -tin) [weJwp, water ; Jpdi', to act],
C.^jHjgNOg. I. An alkaloid occurring together with
berberin (CjoHj^NO^ -f- 4^H20) in the roots of Hy-
drastis canadensis [g. v.) ; 1 4-4 grains may be given per
diem, in divided doses. In overdoses it may have
poisonous effects. 2. A precipitate from a tincture of
the root of Hydrastis canadensis ; it is laxative, chola-
gogue, alterative, tonic, antiseptic, etc. Dose gr. j-
ij. Unof.
Hydrastinin [hi-dras' -tin-in) \Ju6up, water ; dpav, to
act], CjjHjjNO.j. An alkaloid obtained by the
oxidation of hydrastin. It is useful in chronic metritis
and in salpingitic states, controls hemorrhage, and is
a good substitute for ergot. It stimulates- the cardiac
muscle and causes contraction of the lumen of arteries.
Dose of thehydrochlorate gr. ij-iv, preferably by hypo-
dermatic injection.
Hydrastis {hi-dras'-tis) \y6up, water; rSpdc, to act].
Golden seal. The roots of H. canadensis, with pro-
perties due to several alkaloids, the principal being
hydrastin, q.v. It is a simple, bitter tonic, with anti-
periodic properties, and arrests the movements of white
blood-corpuscles. It is an excellent remedy in catarrh
of the stomach and urinary organs, and is useful as a
lotion in gonorrhea and gleet. Dose of the fld. ext.,
Tr\^v-xxx ; of the tinct. — 20 per cent.— 5 ss-ij. H.,
Ext., Liquid. (B. P.). Dose li\,v-xxx. H., Tinct.
(B. P.) Dose n\,xx-_:^j. Unof.
HYDRATE
580
HYDROBIOSIS
Hydrate {Jii'-drat) [idwp, water]. A compound of an
elementary atom, or of a radical, with the radical
hydroxyl H-O- or -O-H , as the hydrogen atom may
be positive or negative. Practically a hydrate is con-
sidered as a molecule of water with its basic atom of
hydrogen replaced by another electropositive atom, e.g.,
potassium hydrate, K-O-H, is derived from water,
H-O-H.
Hydration ijii-dra' -shiDi) [tVJwp, water]. The process
by which a body or substance becomes impregnated
or saturated with water.
Hydrazin [!ii-draz' [ixSwp, water ; azofum, nitro-
gen], H^No. I. Diamid; a colorless, stable gas,
soluble in water, having a peculiar odor and a strong
alkaline reaction. Orthin is prepared from it. See
Phenyl-hydrazin. 2. One of a class of bodies de-
rived from hydrazin by replacing one or more of its
hydrogen atoms by a compound radical.
Hydrazones [ki'-draz-ons) [iiJcjp, water ; azottim,
nitrogen] . Phenylhydrazones ; a group of chemic
bodies produced by the action of phenylhydrazin
upon carbonyl compounds. They are usually crystal-
line compounds, insoluble in water. They are yellow
or brown in color, and almost invariably decompose
upon fusion.
Hydrecium {ki-dre' -se-uttt) \y6u>p, water ; ol/cof , house :
pi., Hydrecia\. In biology, the sac for the reception
of the retracted cenosarc attached to the swimming-
bell of certain hydrozoans.
Hydrectasis (/ti-drek^ -las-is) [ydup, water; CKTaat^,
a stretching out]. Distention by water or by a watery
fluid.
Hydremesis {/li-drem^-es-i's) [lirfwp, water ; efieaiq,
vomiting]. The vomiting of a watery material.
Hydremia (Jii-dre' -me-ah) [tiJw/j, water ; al/^a, blood].
A watery condition of the blood due to defective
renal secretion or to imperfect fibrination. It accom-
panies albuminuria and certain other exhausting dis-
eases.
Hydrencephal (Jii' -dren-sef-al') [titJup, water; iyKk-
i^akoq, brain], A hydrocephalic brain.
Hydrencephalitis {Jii-dren-sef-al-i'-tis') \y&up, water;
i/Kf^aPiOf, brain ; (r/f, inflammation]. Inflammatory
hydrocephalus.
Hydrencephalocele (Jii-dren-sef'-al-o-sel) [iiAjp, wa-
ter; fy«(/)a/lof, brain ; /c?/^)?, hernia]. Encephalocele
in which the tumor is in part composed of a watery
fluid. H. palatina, a variety of hydrencephalocele
in which the dura mater, distended with serum, pro-
jects into the mouth, forming a tumor possibly as
large as a small apple.
Hydrencephalus {Jii-dren-sef -al-us'). See Hydro-
cephalus.
Hydrenterocele {hi-dreii-ter'-o-sel) [yrfup, water;
evTepov, intestine; Kr/Arj, hernia]. Intestinal hernia,
the sac of which contains some extravasated fluid.
Hydrenterorrhea (lii-dren-tey-or-e' -alt) \y&up, water ;
evrepop, intestine; poia, flow]. A watery diarrhea.
Hydriasis (lii-dri'-as-is). See Hydro-therapeutics.
Hydriatic [hi-dre-at'-ik) [hdup, water; 'iaTM6(;, heal-
ing]. Pertaining to the cure of disease with water.
Hydriatric {hi-dre-at' -rik) \\i6ap, water ; iarpdf , physi-
cian]. Relating to the treatment of disease with
water.
Hydriatry (lii'-dre-at-re). See Hydro-therapeutics.
Hydric Qii'-drik) [txSojp, water]. Containing water.
Hydrid \hi'-drid) [i'fSup, water]. A chemic compound
containing hydrogen united to an element.
Hydriodic {hi-di-e-od'-ik) [y6o)p, water ; 'Mrj^, like a
violet]. Containing hydrogen and iodin. H. Acid,
HI, a heavy, colorless gas, with a suffocating odor and
an acid reaction. It freezes at — 55° C. The syrup of
hydriodic acid contains I per cent, of absolute HI.
Dose, 2j-iv, well diluted.
Hydro- Qii'-dro-) [iVSu/i, water]. A prefix signifying
water, or that water forms a structural part. See,
also, Hydrate.
Hydroa [lii-dro' -ah) \y&u>p, water; Liov, egg]. A
term including a group of vesicular and bullous skin-
affections presenting many points of affinity with vesi-
cating erythemata, herpes, and pemphigus. The group
includes the diseases described as Dermatitis herpeti-
formis. Pemphigus pruriginosiis. Urticaria vesicans,
and Herpes gestationis, and is by no means uncommon.
Hydroa occurs in individuals of the neurotic tempera-
ment; its course is chronic, but with a decided tendency
toward ultimate recovery. [Hydroa, as the name of a
skin-disease, is much confused in meaning with Hidroa,
q. V.) H. bullosa. See H. pruriginostim. H.
sestivale. See H. vacciniforme. H. febrile. See
Herpes facialis. H. gestationis, that of pregnancy.
H. herpetiforme. Also called Dennatitis herpeti-
formis : Herpes gestationis ; Herpes circinatus bttllo-
sits ; Pemphigus circinatus. See Pemphigus prurigi-
nosiis. ri. pruriginosum. Hydroa bullosa; a very
rare form, attended at its development with intense
itching, and sometimes preceded by slight febrile
symptoms, followed by the formation of small bulhie
not exceeding the size of a split pea, and commencing
as vesicles, without any antecedent lesion. Slight
umbilication occurs, followed by desiccation, and the
formation of scales or crusts. Successive crops are
formed, the bulla; being discrete or grouped irregu-
larly, but never in circles. H. puerorum. See //.
vacciniforme. H. vacciniforme. Hydroa cestivale ;
Hydroa puerorum ; Recurrent summer eruption ; a
recurring summer eruption of boyhood, usually with
vesicles that leave scars. The disease generally
begins in the first, second, or third year of life, and is
often preceded by articular symptoms. The eruption
develops chiefly on the uncovered parts, and is generally
preceded by burning or pain, fulness of the region at-
tacked, anorexia, and insomnia. Red spots appear, and
on these rounded vesicles develop, singly or in groups,
varying in size from that of a millet-seed to that of a
large pea. They may coalesce into an irregularly out-
lined flattish bulla. The redness remains as an areola.
These bullae dry up, rupture, or become umbilicated,
and form crusts which, on separating, leave slightly
depressed scars resembling those of smallpox. The
pathology is unknown.
Hydroadipsia (lii-dro-ad-ip' -se-ah) [Drfwp, water; a,
priv. ; fi/i/'a, thirst]. Absence of thirst, or of desire
for water.
Hydrobenzamid [lii-dro-hen'-zam-id) [y(5up, water;
benzoin; amid'\, C^iHjgN.^. Azobenzoyl hydrid, a
crystalline compound, soluble in alcohol.
Hydrobenzoin {/li-dro-ben-zo' -in) [I'fSup, water ; ben-
zot'«] , Cj^Hj^Oj. A compound prepared by the action
of sodium amalgam on benzoin. It dissolves with
difficulty in water, is readily soluble in alcohol, and
crystallizes in large, shining, rhombic plates, melting
at 134° C.
Hydrobilirubin {hi-dro-bil-e-rti'-bin) [yJup, water;
bills, bile; ruber, red], C,2H^(,N^Oj. A rose-red or
brown-red pigment formed by treating a solution of
bilirubin or biliverdin in dilute alkali with sodium
amalgam. It is slightly soluble in water, easily so in
alcohol, ether, and chloroform. It is a coloring-
matter of feces, said to be identical with stercobilin,
and is sometimes found in urine.
Hydrobiosis [lii-dro-bi-o' -sis) [w5<jp, water; /^f, life].
In biology, the origin and maintenance of life in fluid
media.
HYDROBROMATE
581
HYDROCARBON
Hydrobromate [hi-di-o-bro'-mSt) [M<j/i , water ; Ppoi/ioc:,
a stench]. A basic salt of hydrobromic acid.
Hydrobromic (^hi-dro-bro' -iiiik) [iJwp, water ; /3pw//of ,
stench]. Composed of hydrogen and bromin. H.
Acid. See Acid, Hydrobromic. H. Ether, C.^H^Br.
Bromidof ethyl. A colorless, translucent liquid, with
a neutral reaction, ethereal smell, and a pungent,
sweet taste; its specific gravity is 1.4733 ; it boils at
104° F. (40.7° C), and burns with diificulty with a
green, smokeless flame. It is prepared by distilling
alcohol with either bromin, hydrobromic acid, or bromid
of phosphorus. It is only slightly soluble in water,
but freely so in ether or alcohol. It is used as an
anesthetic. See Anesthetic.
Hydrobromid [hi-dro-bro'-mid ). Same as Hydrobro-
mate.
Hydrocaffeic Acid (ki-dro-kaf-e'-ik). See Acid.
Hydrocarbon [)ii-dro-kar' -boii) [wtu/), water ; carbo,
charcoal]. A name applied to any one of a multitude
of compounds composed mainly of hydrogen and car-
bon, but also under certain conditions containing other
elements as substitution-products. The possibilities
of the number of such compounds may be seen in the
following series, perhaps the simplest, carbon, C, being
a tetrad, and requiring four monad atoms to saturate
its quantivalence : —
Methane, CH^. "l In either of these one or more
Ethane, C^Hg. | atoms of hydrogen may be
Propane, C.,Hg. replaced by other atoms or radi-
Butane, C^Hj^. | cles without altering the struc-
Pentane, C^H,.,. J ture of the compound.
It will be noticed that the members of the series differ
by CHj in the present case. The various members of
the Fat-series are usually indicated as follows : —
Paraffin Series, CnHjn -i- .2, ~) in which n stands for any
Olefins, CjH^n, J- number of carbon atoms.
Acetylenes, C,j}:i.^^_^, ) Thus, if ?z = 3, the corre-
sponding member of the Paraffin series would be
CjHj, etc. All the hydrocarbons are inflammable.
They occur in nature as marsh-gas (fire-damp), natural
gas, naphtha, petroleum, asphaltum, ozocerite, etc., in
a multitude of forms. They, with their derivatives,
form the subject-matter of organic -chemistry. A
liable of the Hydrocarbons is appended.
TABLE OF HYDROCARBONS.
I. PARAFFINS (ETHANES), CnH2n + 2.
Name.
Formula.
Physical Con-
dition.
Melting-point
(Centigrade).
Boiling-point
(Centigrade).
Specific Gravity
(at the Melting-
point).
Methane, . . .
CH4
Gas
0-5598
Ethane
C2H6
Gas
Propane, . . .
C3H8
Gas
Butane
C4H10
Gas
0°
Pentane, , . •,
C5H,2
Liquid
37-39°
Hexane, . . .
C6H]4
Liquid
71-5°
0.663
Heptane, . . .
C7H16
Liquid
99°
0.6967
Octane
Liquid
125°
0.718
Nonane, . . .
CgHjo
Liquid
-51°
149-5°
0.7330
TABLE OF HYDROCARBONS.—
I. PARAFFINS {^TUXH'E.S).— Continued.
Name.
Formula.
Physical Con-
dition.
Melting-point
(Centigrade).
Boiling-point
(Centigrade).
Specific Gravity
(at the Melting-
point).
Decane, . . .
C10H22
Liquid
-32°
Under y6o mm. pressure.
'173°
0.7456
Undecane, . .
C11H24
Liquid
— 26.5°
194-5°
0-7745
Dodecane, . .
C12H26
Liquid
— 12°
214°
0-773
Tridecane, . .
C13H28
Liquid
— 6.2°
234°
0-775
Tetradecane, .
C14H30
Liquid
+ 4.5°
252-5°
0-775
Pentadecane, .
C16H32
Liquid
-1- 10°
270.5°
0-775
Hexdecane,
C16H34
Solid
+ 18°
287.5°
0-775
Hepdecane, . .
Solid
+ 22.5°
303°
0.776
Octdecane, . .
Solid
28°
317°
0.776
Nondecane, . .
C19H4U
Solid
32°
. 330°
0.777
Eicosarie, . . .
C20H42
Solid
36.7°
1 Under 15 mm. pressure. |
' 205°
0 777
Heneicosane, .
C21H44
Solid
40.4°
215°
0778
Docosane, . .
^22^46
Solid
44-4°
224-5°
0.778
Tricosane, . .
C23H48
Solid
47-7°
234°
0.778
Tetracosane, .
C24H.'-,n
Solid
51 1°
243°
0.778
Pentacosane, .
^25^52
Solid
Hexcosane, . .
C26H54
Solid
Heptacosane, .
C27H66
Solid
59 5°
270°
0.779
Octcosane, . .
C28H58
Solid
Noncosane, . .
C29H00
Solid
Hentriacon-
tane, ....
C31H64
Solid
68.1°
302°
0.780
Dotriacontane,
C32H66
Solid
70°
310°
0.781
Pentatriacon-
tane, ....
C35H72
Solid
74-7°
.331°
0.781
Hexacontane,
C60H122
Solid
102°
2. ALKYLENS (OLEFINS), CnH2D.
Methylene, . .
CH2
Does not exist in the free state.
Ethylene, . . .
C2H4
Gas
-105°
Propylene, . .
C3H6
Gas
Trimethylene,
C3H6
Gas
Butylene, . . .
C4H8
Gas
=^5°
Amylene, . . .
C5H10
Liquid
+ 37°
Hexylene, . .
C6H12
Liquid
Heptylene, . .
C7Hi4
Liquid
Cetene, ....
QHie
Liquid
Liquid
C10H20
Liquid
Gil H 22
Liquid
Dodecylene, .
C12H24
Liquid
-31.5°
96°
0-7954
C13H26
Liquid
HYDROCARBON
582
HYDROCARBON
TABLE OF HYDROCARBONS.—
2. ALKYLENS Continued.
TABLE OF HYDROCARBONS.—
5. HYDROCARBONS.— CoK/;«2<^<f.
Na.me.
Formula.
Physical Con-
dition.
Melting-point
(Centigrade).
Boiling-point
(Centigrade).
Specific Gravity
(at the Melting-
point).
Tetradecylene,
C14H2S
Liquid
— 12°
127°
0.7936
C15H30
Liquid
Hexadecylene,
C16H32
Solid
+ 40°
154°
0.7917
Heptadecylene,
C17H34
Solid
Octodecylene,
Solid
-f- 18°
179°
0.7910
Melene, . . .
C30H60
Solid
3. ACETYLENE SERIES, CnH2n— 2.
Acetylene, . .
C2H2
Gas
Allylene, ...
C3H4
Gas
Crotonylene,
C4H6
Liquid
180°
Valerylene, . .
CjHs
Hexoylene, . -
C7H]2
C8H^4
IVlenthene • .
Liquid
167°
Dodecylidene,
C12H22
! -9°
J. At ij mm. pressure. 1
(■105°
0.8097
Tridecylidene,
C13H24
Tetrad ecyl i -
C14H26
+ 6.5°
134°
0 8064
Pentadec yli-
dene, ....
C16H28
Hexadecyli-
dene
C16H30
20°
160°
08039
Hepta dec yl i-
dene, ....
CnH32
Octadecyli-
dene, ....
4-
Vinylacetylene,
C18H34
HYDRC
C4H4
)CARBONS
Not yet isol
30°
CnH2a-
ated.
,184°
0.8016
Valylene, . . .
CgHg
Liquid
50°
Camphene, . .
CioHio
Solid
Citrene, . . .
CioH]6
Liquid
175-176°
0.846
Dipentene, . .
CioHio
Liquid
175-176°
0.8.S3
Pinene, ....
C10H16
Liquid
175-176°
Sylvestrene, .
CioHio
Liquid
175-178°
Terpinene, . .
C10H16
Liquid
180°
Fichtelite, . .
5-
Diacetylene, .
C1SH30
HYDR(
CiHs
Solid
3CARBONS
Gas
46°
, CnH2n-
-6.
Dipropargyl, .
CgHe
Liquid
85°
0.81
Benzene, . . .
CeHe
Liquid
+ 6°
80.5°
0.899
Toluene, . . .
C7H8 ! Liquid
110.3°
0.882
Name.
Formula.
Physical Con-
dition.
Melting-point
(Centigrade).
Boiling-point
(Centigrade).
Specific Gravity
(at the Melting-
point).
Cumene, . . .
C9H12
Liquid
153°
0.879
Mesitylene, . .
C()Hi2
Liquid
163°
Pseudocumene ,
CciH]2
Liquid
166°
0.8722
Cymene, . . .
C10H14
Liquid
175-176°
Durene, . . .
C10H14
Solid
79-80°
190°
Prehnitol, . .
6
Methyl, ....
C10H14
OTHE
CH3
Liquid
R HYDROC
Does not ex
:ARBOh
st in the
204°
IS.
free state.
Allyl,
Does not exist in the free state.
Butyl
C4H!,
Does not exist in the free state.
Benzyl
C7H7
Does not exist in the free state.
Styrol, ....
Liquid
144-145°
0-925
Indene, ....
C H
Liquid
177-178°
1.040
Naphthalene, .
CioHs
Solid
79°
218°
Terpinolene, ,
C10H15
Liquid
185-190°
Acenaphthene,
C12H10
• Solid
95°
277°
Diphenyl, . . .
C12H10
Solid
71°
254°
Fluorene, . . .
C13H10
Solid
113°
295°
Diphenyl
methane,
C13H12
Solid
26.5°
262°
Anthracene,
Ci4Hin
Solid
213°
Phenanthrene,
,Ci4H]o
Solid
99°
340°
Tolane, ....
C14H10
Solid
60°
Stilbene, . . .
C14H12
Solid
120°
Dibenzyl, . . .
C14H14
Solid
52°
284°
Fluoranthene,
C15H10
Solid
109-110°
Methyl
anthracene,
C,5Hl2
Solid
190°
Pyrene, ....
CieHto
Solid
148°
Chrysene, . .
C]8Hl2
Solid
250°
436°
Retene, ....
Cl8H]8
Solid
98°
390°
Triphenyl
methane.
C19H1C
Solid
93°
Picene, ....
C22H14
Solid
338°
519°
Ceryl
C27H55
Does not exist in the free state.
Benzene, CeH^, . .
Toluene, C6H5.CH3,
Benzene Series.
Bo,nr,^-poi„t.
80.4° C. .884 at 15° C,
110.3° C. .872 " "
f o-Xylene 142° -143° C.
Xylene, CeHi.fCHsla < m- " 139.8° C. .866
[p- " 136° -137° C. .862
Pseudocumene \ w mu ^ / 169.8° C. .8s3
Mesitylene f '-6H3-(CH3)3 | 164.5O c. .869
Durene, CoH2.(CH3)4 189° -191° C.
Pentamethylbenzene, CoH.(CH3)5, -230° C.
Hexamethylbenzene. CcfCHaV. • -264° C.
19.5° C.
.20"C.
9.8° C.
HYDROCARDIA
583
HYDRODIURESIS
Hydrocardia {Jii-dro-kar' -de-ah). See Hydropericar-
dium.
Hydrocaulus {Jii-dro-kaw' -lus) [yrfu/j, water ; /cauAdf, a
stem : //. , Hydrocaidi^ In biology, the main stem of
a hydrozoan colony.
Hydrocele (hi'-dro-sel) \y6up, water; Krjh], tumor].
A collection of serous fluid in the tunica vaginalis
testis, or in connection with the testicle or cord. The
term is applied, also, to a serous tumor in other loca-
tions.
Hydrocelia [lii-dro-se' -le-nli) [i'fSw/i, water; aoiKia,
belly]. Dropsy of the belly or abdominal region.
Hydrocellulose (hi-dro-sel'-u-lds) [ikJw/j, water ; celltda,
a little cell], C,2H220,,. A body formed by moisten-
ing cellulose with a dilute mineral acid, and then dry-
ing. It is used in photography.
Hydrocelodes {hi-dro-sel-o'.-dez) \y&i^p, water; k?/?i^,
tumor; fitSof , form] . A tumor resembling hydrocele,
but due to an extravasation of urine.
Hydrocenosis [Iii-dro-sen-o' -sis) [kJup, water; Ktvuat(;,
evacuation]. An evacuation of water either by the
use of hydragogue cathartics or by the operation of
" tapping ' ' the cavity containing the accumulation of
fluid. See Paracentesis.
Hydrocenotic [Iii-dro-sen-ot' -ik) \y&up, water ; Kh'uaig,
evacuation]. Relating to or causing hydrocenosis.
Hydrocephalic {lii-dro-sef-aU -ik) [Mu/j, water ; /ce^aA?/,
head]. Pertaining to or affected with hydrocephalus.
H. Cry, the shriek of pain of the hydrocephalic
child during the exacerbations.
Hydrocephalitis (Iii-dro-sef-al-i' -tis). Hydrenceph-
alitis.
Hydrocephalocele (Jii-dro-sef'-al-o-sel') [t'Jw/i, water;
Kti^akri, head ; k?/A;/, a tumor]. Congenital hydro-
cephalus in which the encephalon protrudes through
the ununited or undeveloped cranial wall.
Hydrocephaloid [hi-dro-sef'-al-oid) [ySup, water;
Ke(j)aHi, head ; EitSof, form]. Pertaining to or resem-
bling hydrocephalus. H. Disease, Marshall Hall's
Disease ; a disease resembling hydrocephalus, some-
times observed in poorly-nourished infants just after
weaning. It is a condition of nervous exhaustion,
generally coming on after a prolonged illness, or fol-
lowing premature weaning. There is a stage of irrita-
bility and one of torpor. The pulse is irregular,
the fontanel flaccid and hollow, and there is no, or
but slight, tendency to vomiting. Stimulants and tonics
arrest the progress of the condition.
Hydrocephalus [lii-dro-sef -al-us) [Mwp, water ; ke-
i^aU], head]. A collection of fluid in the cerebral
ventricles (internal hydrocephalus') or outside the brain-
substance (external hydrocephalus), preventing closure
of the fontanels and causing enlargement of the skull.
The head may measure as much as thirty inches in cir-
cumference. Wormian bones develop in the sutures and
fontanels ; the eyeballs are rendered prominent and at
the same time their axes are depressed. Often there is
a retardation of the mental development, and the patient
usually dies within a few years. An acute hydrocephalus
occurs in meningeal inflammation. The chronic form is
congenital or infantile.
Hydrochinone [Mwp, water; ^z^Vzowc],
CpHgOj. A substance existing in urine as an ethereal
compound with H.,SOj, ; it is largely the cause of the
dark color that this excretion assumes after the ab-
sorption of phenol on exposure to the air.
Yi.y&xo<Mio\aX& (lii-dro-klo' -rat) [i'rJw/i, water; ;j'/l(j/)Of ,
green]. Any salt or compound of hydrochloric acid.
Hydrochloric Acid (Jii-dro-klo' -rik). See Acid, Hy-
drochloric.
Hydrochlorid ijii-dro-chlo' -rid) [tiJup, water; x^^[>OQ->
green]. Same as Hydrochlorate.
Hydrocholecystis [Iii-dro-ko-le-sis' -tis) [irfop, water ;
Xo'kii, bile; Kwor^f, bladder]. Dropsy of the gall-
bladder.
Hydrocinnamic Acid {lii-dro-sin-ani' -ik). 'Afte.Acid.
Hydrocirsocele [hi-dro-sir'-so-sel) [Jidw/j, water ; KipaSc,
venous enlargement; K^^r/, tumor]. Hydrocele ac-
companied with varicose veins of the spermatic cord.
Hydrocoelia [hid-ro-se' -le-ah). See Hydrocelia.
Hydrocoeroulignone (hi - dro - sc-rii-lig' -non) [{icJwp,
water ; ca:ruleiis, blue ; lignuDi, wood] .CigHj^Og. A
divalent phenol, crystallizing from alcohol and glacial
acetic acid in colorless leaflets, and melting at
190° G.
Hydrocollidin (hi-dro-koU -id-iti) [tWwp, water; Ko'A'Aa,
glue]. A highly poisonous ptomaine-base, so named
by Gautier and Etard, and declared by them to be
identical with the hydrocollidin obtained by Cahours
and Etard from the action of selenium on nicotin.
Nencki, on the other hand, asserted its identity with a
base (collidiji) isolated by him in 1876, to which he
had ascribed the formula CgHjjN. The formula of
Gautier and Etard's hydrocollidin is CgHjjN. This
ptomaine was obtained from chloroformic extracts,
from putrefying mackerel, and putrefying horse-flesh
and ox-flesh. The free base is an almost colorless,
alkaline, oily fluid, having a strong, penetrating odor
like syringa. So small a dose as 0.0017 gram of the
hydrochlorid, injected into birds, produced dizziness,
paralysis, and death. The pupils remain normal, and
the heart stops in diastole.
Hydrocolpocele (hi-dro-koF -po-sel) \y&up, water;
ko'attoq, vagina ; Krf}ai, tumor]. A serous tumor of the
vagina.
Hydrocotarnin (hi-dro-ko-tar' -nin) water ; co-
iarnitt'] , Cy^-^^O^ -\- H^O. A crystalline alkaloid
occurring in small amount in opium. It melts at 50°
C.,and is readily soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloro-
form.
Hidrocotoin (hid-ro-ko' -to-in) [{irfup, water; Sp., coto,
a cubit], CjjHj^Oj. An alkaloid of coto-bark, occur-
ring in yellowish crystals without taste.
Hydrocotyle (hi-dro-kof -il-e) \y6up, water ; mrvl^rj, a
cup]. Pennywort; a genus of umbelliferous herbs.
The leaves of H. asiatica serve as a bitter tonic and
alterative, and are very serviceable in skin-diseases,
syphilitic sores, and leprosy. H. centella, of S. Africa,
H. umbellata, of America, and H. vulgaris, of
Europe, have been employed in medicine, but their
properties are little known. H. bonariasis, of S.
America, is diuretic. All unof.
Hydrocrania (hid-ro-kra' -ne-ah). Same as Hydro-
cephalus.
Hydrocyanic (hi-dro-se-an'-ik). See Cyanogen, and
Acid, Hydrocyanic.
Hydrocyst (hi'-dro-sist) \ySap, water; Kvarig, blad-
der]. A cyst containing a water-like liquid. Some-
times it is synonymous with hydatid. In biology,
Huxley's name for singular organs found^in certain of
the Hydrozoa (especially the Physophoridcr). They are
pyriform sacs of ectoderm and endoderm, closed at
their distal ends, but in free communication with the
somatic cavity at their proximal ends ; they are ar-
rested polypites in which the mouth has never become
developed.
Hydroderma (hi-dro-der' -viaJi) [Ldop, water ; dipfia,
skin]. Dropsy of the skin.
Hydrodictyotomy (hi-dro-dik-te-of -o-me) [i;(5tjp, water ;
SiKTvov, net; ro/ii/, section]. Surgical incision of the
retina for the relief of edema.
Hydrodiuresis (hi-dro-di-ti-re'-sis) [iVJup, water; 6ia,
through ; obpseiv, to make water]. A copious flow of
watery urine.
HYDRO-ELECTRIC
584
HYDRONAPHTHYLAMIN
Hydro-electric {hi-dro-e-lek' -irik) [iJtSup, water ; 7//\f/c-
Tpov, electricity]. Pertaining to electricity developed
by the physical action of fluids or in connection with
water. H. Bath, a bath in which the metallic lining
of the tub is connected with one pole of a battery, the
other being in contact with the person of the patient.
Hydrofluoric Acid [lii-dro-Jlu-or' -ik). See Acid.
Hydrogaster {^hi-dfo-gas'-ter). Synonym of Ascites.
Hydrogen (Jii' -dro-jeii) [ixJu/j, water ; ytwav, to pro-
duce]. H = I. Quantivalence I. A gaseous element,
one liter of which weighs .0896 gram. It is
feebly basic and occurs in nature combined with oxy-
gen in the form of water HjO. It has been liquefied
at a temperature of — 286° F. under a tension of 650
atmospheres — a pressure of about 4.7 tons per square
inch. In combination with carbon, oxygen, and
nitrogen, it forms a multitude of radicles formerly
known as " organic" compounds, but now often syn-
thetically formed. It is used largely in the qualitative
determination of arsenic and antimony, and for com-
bustion with oxygen to produce intense heat. It has
also been used by inhalation in pulmonary tuber-
culosis. See Eleiiienis, Table of. H. peroxid, or
dioxid, an unstable compound having the composition
HjOj. It is a powerful antiseptic and germicide, and
is used as a disinfectant in diphtheria, glandular
swellings and suppurative inflammations, and as an
antispasmodic to relieve the paroxysms of whooping-
cough. It is the basis of most hair-bleaching
solutions. Dose gss-ij. Unof H. sulphid. See
Acid, Hydrosulphnric.
Hydrogenesis (Jii-dro-jen' -es-is) [lidu/j, water ; yevvav,
to produce: //. , Hydroge7teses'\. I. The collection or
formation of a watery fluid. 2. Any disease in which
there is a predominance or degeneration of mucous
secretion, fat, bile, or milk.
Hydroglossa (hi-dro-gios'-ak). Synonym of Ranida.
Hydrohematocele iylii-dro-hein' -at-o-sel ) [i(5wp, water ;
difia, blood; KifAij, tumor]. Hematocele associated
with hydrocele.
Hydrohemia {lii-dro-hem' -e-ali). Same sls Hydremia.
Hydrohemostat (Jii-di-o-hem'-o-stat) \y6up, water;
a///(7, blood ; crrarof, stopped] . A device for stopping
hemorrhage by means of hydrostatic pressure.
Hydrohemothorax {hi-dro-hem-o-tho' -raks) [Mup,
water; a!//a, blood; f(jpa.j, thorax]. An effusion of
hemorrhagic fluid into the pleural cavity.
Hydrohymenitis [hi-dro-hi-men-i' -tis). See Hydry-
nicnitis.
Hydrohystera {hi-dro-his' -ter-ah). See Hydroineh-a .
Hydroid {lii'-droid) \y6idp, water; eitJof, form]. i.
Like water. 2. Living in water.
Hydrolactometer {hi-dro-iak-tom'-ct-er) [vSufi, water ;
lac, milk; /lerpov, measure]. An instrument used in
estimating the percentage of water in any given sam-
ple of milk.
Hy drolatum (ki-dro-la^ -turn) [idup, water: gen., Hy-
drolati : pi., Hydi-olata\ A medicated water.
Hydrolein {hi-droF -e-iti) [ijdwp, water; oleum, oil].
A proprietary remedy consisting of an emulsion of cod-
liver oil with pancreatin and borax.
Hydrology [ki-drol'-o-je) [hfiwp, water ; /loyof , sci-
ence]. A treatise on the nature and uses of water.
Hydrolymph [hi' -dro-limf) \_h6up, water ; lymplia,
water]. A term applied to the blood of certain ani-
mals which is composed largely of the salt or fresh
water in which they live, and containing a small
amount of corpuscular elements.
Hydrolyst (Jii' -dro-list) \y6t,ip, water; Xvau;, dis-
solving]. A substance that, like sulphuric acid,
diastase, emulsin, etc., induces hydrolysis ; an
hydrolytic agent.
Hydrolyte [hi' -dro-Iit) [_hfiup, water; /licff, dissolving].
The substance hydrolyzed.
Hydrolytic {hi-dro-lii'-ik) [hSup, water; Xveiv, to dis-
solve]. Pertaining to the decomposition of water, or
the liberation of water during a chemic reaction. H.
Ferments, those causing a combination with the ele-
ments of water in the substances they decompose.
Hydroma [hi-dro' -mali) \yApwp.a ; v&up, water; hpa,
a tumor: //. , Hydromata~\. A tumor containing
water. A cyst or sac filled with water or serous fluid.
Also, an edematous swelling. Also, the cystic dilata-
tion of a lymphatic of the neck.
Hydromania [hi-dro-ma' -tie-ah) \_vfiup, water ; fiavia,
madness]. I. Intense or maddening thirst. 2. Ma-
nia with desire for suicide by drowning.
ttydTomel [hi' -dro-//iel) [i'dtjp, water ; //fPa, honey]. A
fermented mixture of honey and water, whether medi-
cated or not ; a kind of mead or metheglin.
Hydromeningitis [hi-dro-mcn-iii-ji' -tis) \y6up, water ;
p'/vL)^, a membrane; irii^, inflammation]. Inflam-
mation of the membranes of the brain or cord, ac-
companied by effusion of watery fluid.
Hydromeningocele [hi-dro-men-in'-go-sel) \ydup,
water ; pf/viy^, membrane ; a tumor]. A cystic
tumor of the meninges, protruding through the skull.
Also, a cystic tumor in the arachnoid cavity or in the
continuation of the subarachnoid space.
Hydrometer [hi-di-om' -et-er) [vtSup, water ; pirpov, a
measure]. An instrument for determining the specific
gravity of liquids or solutions containing water.
Hydrometra (lii-dyo-me'-ti-ah) [i'dup, water; p'jTpa,
the womb]. A collection of water or mucus in the
womb. It may result from congenital atresia in in-
fants, but usually follows an endometritis with stenosis
of the cervix.
Hydrometrectasia [hi-dro-me-ti-ek-ta' -ze-ali) [iidup,
water ; fU/Tpa, womb ; tKraaig, a stretching out].
Hydrometra causing distention of the uterus.
Hydromicrencephalia [hi-dro-mi-kren-sef-a'-le-ah') or
Hydromicrencephaly [hi - dro - mi - kren - sef - al-e)
\\)6up, water; piKpoi;, small; £}'Kf0a/< of, the brain].
Micrencephaly leading to, or complicated by, a serous
effusion within the cranial cavity.
Hydromphalocele ( hi-di-om-fal'-o-sel) [ydc^p, water;
bp<paX6^, navel; Kr]?irj, hernia]. Cystic tumor in the
sac of an umbilical hernia.
Hydromphalus {hi-droiii'-fal-us) [hdup, water ; bp(f>a-
16(;, navel]. A tumor at the navel distended with
water. It may arise either from ascites or umbilical
hernia.
Hydromyelia [hi-dro-mi-e'-le-ali] or Hydromyelus
[hi-dro-mi' -el-us) [liAjp, water ; pvEkoq, marrow].
Dilatation of the central canal of the spinal cord
with an accumulation of fluid. It may be moderate
or extreme.
Hydromyelitis [hi-dro-mi-el-i' -tis) \y6up, water; pvi-
koq, marrow; iriq, inflammation]. Same as Hydror-
rhachis interna.
Hydromyringa, or Hydromyrinx [hi-dro-mir-iti' -gah
or hi-dro-mi' -rinks) [('(5wp, water; myrinx, the tym-
panic membrane]. I. The distention of the mem-
brana tympani with water effused within its substance.
2. Less correctly, the same as Hydrotympanum.
Hydronaphthol [hi-dro-naf -thol) [ytSup, water; vai^a,
asphalt]. A proprietary preparation recommended as
an odorless, non-poisonous, and non-corrosive antisep-
tic. It is regarded by some as identical with beta-
naphthol. Dose gr. ij-v. Unof.
Hydronaphthylamin [hi-dro-naf-thil' -am-iti)
water; I'dftia, asphalt; rtw/;/], C,pII,. H^. NH,2. A
compound, called also tetrahydrobetanaphthylamin ;
a solution of I to 5 per cent. , whether used topically
HYDRONCUS
585
HYDROPYOSALPINX
or hypodermatically, causes great dilatation of the
pupil.
liydioncus (Ai-drong^ -/.'us) l^Mcop, water; oy/cof, mass].
A distention or swelling caused by an accumulation
of water. See, also, Edema and Anasarca.
Hydronephrosis {Jii-dro-nef-ro' -sis) \y6up, water ;
vf0pdf, kidney]. A collection of urine in the pelvis of
the kidney from obstructed outflow. The obstruction
may be caused by an impacted calculus, a stenosed
ureter, congenital deformities, or new-growths. The
cyst may vary in size, being either very small or
enormous. Hydronephrosis is marked clinically by
the presence of a tumor in the renal region, soft and
fluctuating, and usually painless. H., Intermittent,
one in which there is from time to time the occurrence
of a free discharge of urine, with diminution in the
size of the renal tumor ; ordinarily the retention is the
result of twisting or kinking of a ureter.
Hydronephrotic {hi-dro-nef-rof -ik) \h&<jp, water ; v£0-
pof, kidney]. Relating to, affected with, or of the
nature of, hydronephrosis.
Hydronosos \hi-dyon' -o-siis) [Mup, water ; I'dcrof, dis-
ease]. A disease attended with dropsy.
Hydroparesis [hi-dro-par' -es-is) \_vflui>, water; ndp-
f(T;f, paralysis]. A paretic affection characterized by
watery effusions, such as are seen in beriberi.
Hydropathy [Iii-drop' -ath-e) \y6up, water ; TzdOog, dis-
ease]. The treatment of diseases by the use of water,
externally and internally.
Hydropedesis {hi-dro-ped-e' -sis). See Hidropedesis.
Hydropericarditis [lii-dro-per-ik-ar-di' -tis) \yRup,
water ; Trtp/, around ; Kap6ia, heart ; itl(;, inflamma-
tion]. Pericarditis accompanied by serous effusion into
the pericardium.
Hydropericardium (Iii-dro-per-ik-ar' -de-tim) \y6up,
water; tte///, around; Kapdia, heart]. A collection
of water within the pericardium. It may be active,
passive, or mechanical, but is generally the result of
kidney-disease, valvular lesions of the heart, or chronic
affections of the lungs.
Hydroperididymia (Iii-dro-per-e-did-irid -e-ah) [ildwp,
water; irep;', around ; didvfioc, testicle]. Hydrocele.
Hydroperitoneum (Jii-dro-per-it-on-e' -u?n). See As-
cites.
Hydrophallus {hi-dro-fal' -us) [Mw/), water ; <^aXK6Q,
penis]. A dropsical swelling of the penis.
Hydrophilous ( hi-droff' -il-us) [ifSup, water ; i^'ikoq,
loving]. In biology, applied to plants that are fertil-
ized through the agency of water.
Hydrophlegmasia (//A(/r<?^f^'--;«(7'-ai'-a/i) [iAjp, water;
(pXry/zaaia, inflammation]. Any phlegmasia or inflam-
mation characterized by serous effusion.
Hydrophobe (^lii' -dro-fob) [ixSup, water; (pSffo^, fear].
A person who is affected with rabies.
Hydrophobia [hi-dro-fo' -be-ah) [itSup, water; (l)6j3og,
dread]. A symptom of rabies in man, consisting in
fear of, or inability to swallow, water. The term is
used commonly as a synonym of Rabies, and particu-
larly of the disease in man. H., Pseudo-. See
Pseitdo- hydroph ob ia .
Hydrophobic [hi-dro-fo' -bik) [i'dwp, water ; ^dfioq,
dread]. Pertaining to, or having the nature of, hy-
drophobia. H. Tetanus. See Kopf-tetanus.
Hydrophobophobia [ki-dro-fo-bo-fo'-be-ak] [vSup,
water; (boQoi;, fear]. A morbid and intense dread of
hydrophobia.
Hydrophone [hi'-dro-fdii) [idup, water; (^uvij, the
voice]. An instrument used in auscultatory percus-
sion, the sound being conveyed to the ear through a
column of water.
Hydrophthalmia (lii-droff-thal'-me-ah) \y&wp, water;
b^Qa'kfioq, eye]. An increase in the fluid contents of
the eye, resulting in glaucoma, keratoglobus, staphyl-
o>?ia, etc.
Hydrophthalmos [hi-di-off-thal'-mos). See Kerato-
globits.
Hydrophyllium (Iii-dro-fiF -e-um) [firiwp, water ; (pvAAuv,
leaf]. In biology, one of the protective envelops of
the nutritive zooids in a colony of hydrozoa.
Hydrophyr (/li'-dro-fer) [i'fiwp, water]. Briicke's
name for a variety of peptone insoluble in alcohol.
See Peptone.
Hydrophysocele (Jii-dro-fi'-zo-sel) [tirSup, water ; (pvaa,
air; Krj'Ar/, tumor]. Hernia containing both serous
fluid and a gas.
Hydrophysometra {hi-dro-fi-zo-vie' -trah) [tkSup, water ;
(pvaa, wind; /^//rpa, womb] . An abnormal collection
of water, or other fluid, and gas, in the womb.
Hydrophyton (Iti-droff' -it-on^ [t'rJwp, water ; (pvTov, a
plant: pi. , HydropJiyta~\. In biology, the branching
structure furnishing support to a colony of hydrozoa.
Hydropic {hi-drop' -ik) \y&pLnnK6q, dropsical]. Per-
taining to dropsy.
Hydropica {hi-drop' -ik-ali) [iffpuTr/Kof, dropsical].
Medicines useful in dropsy ; especially diuretic reme-
dies.
Hydroplanula (Jii-dro-pla7i'-ti-lali) \Jiydra, a genus of
hydrozoans ; plantila, a stage of the embryo]. In
biology, an embryo hydrozoan between the planula
and the tentaculated actinula.
Hydroplasm (hi' -dro-plazm) [ijJwp, water ; TTTidafia,
plasma]. A fluid constituent of protoplasm, or of any
plasma.
Hydropneumatosis (hi-dro-nu-niat-o' -sis) [ i'(5up, water ;
nvev/iaTuaic, inflation]. An abnormal or morbid col-
lection of water, or other fluid, and air, within any of
the tissues of the body. See, also, Hydropneumonia .
Hydropneumonia (Jii-dro-nu-nio' -ne-ah) [i'fSup, water ;
■KVEvfiuv, the lung]. A disease thought to consist of a
serous infiltration into the lung ; pulmonary edema ;
also, an effusion within the pleura sometimes accom-
panying pneumonia.
Hydropneumopericardium (hi-dro-nu-mo-per-ik-ar' -
de-uin) [tiJup, water; irvevfia, air; TrepwdpAoi', pericar-
dium]. A morbid collection of air and water within
the pericardium. It causes the clacking sound com-
monly known as the " water-wheel " sound.
Hydropneumothorax {hi-dro-ttu-mo-tho'-raks) [yfiup,
water; nvevfia, mr ; 6'd)pof, thorax]. Air (or gas) and
water (or serous effusion) in the pleural cavity.
Hydropolyp (Jii-dro-pol' -ip) [^(Scjp, water; ■Ko'Xvnnvi;,
polyp]. In biology, a hydroid polyp ; a nutritive
zooid of a hydrozoan colony.
Hydrops (hi' -drops) [ySpuTp, dropsy]. Dropsy; an ab-
normal collection of fluid in a cavity or part of the
body. See Anasarca. H. articuli, a watery effusion
into the synovial cavity of a joint. H. cerebri, hydro-
cephalus. H. fibrinosus, effusion into a joint,
with fibrinous deposits. H. oculi. Same as
Hydrophthalmia . H. paralyticus, that in paralyzed
parts. H. renalis. See Hydronephrosis. H. spu-
rius, from obstruction of the natural outlet of a secret-
ing organ. H. tubae. Same as Hydrosalpinx , q. v.
H. tubarum. See Hydrosalpinx. H., Tuberculous,
a copious effusion into a joint from tuberculous affection
of the synovial membrane. H. vesicae felleae,
dropsy of the gall-bladder.
Hydroptic (hi-drop' -tik). Same as Hydropic.
Hydropyopneumothorax (hi-d7-o-pi-o-nu-mo-tho'-raks)
[i'cSwp, water ; -l oi'.pus ; Tn'fry./a,air ; flwpaf, chest]. Hy-
dropneumothorax , associated with the presence of pus.
Hydropyosalpinx (hi-dro-pi-o-sal' -pingks) [i'lrfwp, water ;
TTvov, pus; aa'/iTTiy^, tube]. An accumulation of
water and pus in an oviduct.
HYDROPYRETIC
586
HYDROZOON
Hydropyretic {hi-dro-pi-ret' -ik) [ikSu/j, water; Trvptruq,
heat]. Pertaining to, or affected with, hydropyretos.
Hydropyretos (Jii-dro-pir' -et-os) \y&up^ water; ■Kvptroq,
heat]. Sweating fever.
Hydroquinin (Jii-dro-kunn' -in) [ixSu/j, water; qitiiia,
Peruvian bark] , C.2gH2gN20.2. An alkaloid obtained
from cinchona, said to be an admirable antipyretic.
Unof
Hydroquinone (hi-dro-kwin' -dii) [wSw/), water; quina,
Peruvian bark], QHgO.^. Quinol, a divalent phenol
that results on boiling arbutin with dilute H.^SO^, or
from the o.xidation of anilin. It crystallizes in mono-
clinic leaflets and hexagonal prisms, that melt at 169°
C. It is readily soluble in water, alcohol, and ether,
and is valuable as an antipyretic, without producing
injurious after-effects ; it is also used as an antiseptic.
Dose gr. xv-xx. Unof.
Hydrorhiza {hi-dro-ri' -zali) [i'f^up, water; 'piC,a, root].
In biology, the disc of attachment of a Hydra or the
homologous organs in other Hydrozoa.
Hydrorrhachiocentesis {hi - dror - ak -e- 0- sen - te' - sis)
[ixSwp, water ; paxif:, spine ; Khrr/aiq, puncture]. Punc-
ture of the spinal meninges in the treatment of hy-
drorrhachis.
Hydrorrhachis [Jii-dror'-ak-is') \y&up, water ; pax'^,
spine]. Dropsical effusion within the vertebral canal.
H. interna, syringomyelia, q. v.
Hydrorrhachitis (Jii-dror-ak-i'-tis) [J'tSup, water ; pdxi<;,
spine ; trig, inflammation]. Hydrorrhachis with in-
flammation. See Spina bifida.
Hydrorrhea {)ii-dror-e' -ah) [ixSup, water ; po/a, flow].
A flow of water. H. gravidarum, a condition oc-
curring occasionally in the pregnant woman, in which
there is a periodic discharge from the uterus of thin
mucus that accumulates as a result of hypertrophy of
the uterine glands with excessive secretion.
Hydrosadenitis {hi-dros-ad-en-i' -tis) [yJwp, water ;
a&i]v, gland; (r/f, inflammation]. See Hidi-osad-
enitis. H. phlegmonosa, a furunculus beginning
in a sweat-coil. It is also called Hydradoiitis destru-
ens suppurativa (Politzer), Acnitis (Barthelemy), and
Folliculitis exidcerans (Lukasiewicz).
Hydrosalpinx {Jii-dro-sal' -pinks)\hf^up, water ; cdlniy^,
trumpet]. A distention of the Fallopian tube with a
fluid substance, and its obstruction at the fimbriated
extremity, caused by inflammation. It is frequently
a result of gonorrhea.
Hydrosarca {hi-dro-sar' -kah) . See Anasarca.
Hydrosarcocele {hi-dro-sar' -ko-sel) [iVSwp, water;
cdpf, flesh; nipit], hernia]. Sarcocele with dropsy of
the tunica vaginalis testis, or with true hydrocele.
Hydroscheocele {hi-dros' -ke-o-sel) [Wup, water ; uax^ov,
scrotum ; Kr/Ar/, a tumor] . Dropsical hernia of the
scrotum.
Hydrosoma {hi-dro-so' -mali) \y&wp, water ; aijfia, body:
//., Hvdrosoinata^ In biology, the entire double-
walled body of a hydrozoon.
Hydrospermatocyst {hi-dro-spcr' -mat-o-sist) [wJwp,
water; airepiia, seed; kvoti^, cyst]. A hydrocele
whose fluid contains spermatozoa.
Hydrosphygmograph {hi-dro-sfig' -mo-graf) [&(5wp,
water; (j(^y;//df, pulse ; }'pd(^t(i', to write]. A sphyg-
mographic apparatus, in which the registering device
is actuated by the fluctuations of a body of water.
Hydrostatic, or Hydrostatics {hi-dro-stat'-ih, or -iks)
[('((up, water ; (rrr/n/c//, standing]. The science treat-
ing of the conditions and properties of liquids in a
state of equilibrium. H. Test. See Birth.
Hydrostomia {lii-dro-sto' -inc-ah) [(i(5(jp, water; oropa,
mouth]. Excessive excretion of water from the mouth.
Hydrosudopathy {hi-dro-su-dop' -ath-e) [ii('(jp, water;
sudor, sweat; naHog, disease]. The treatment of dis-
ease by sweating and the use of water internally or
externally, or both.
Hydrosulphuric acid {hi-dro-s7il-fu' -rilt). See Acid.
Hydrotheca {hi-dro-the' -kah) [(;(}(jp, water ; Wiki^, a
case : //., Hydrothccce']. In biology, a polyp-cell; the
cuticular investment of a hydroid polyp, forming a
cup-like receptacle allowing the protrusion of the
distal moiety of the polypite.
Hydrotherapeutics {hi-dro-thcr-ap-u' -tiks) \y6wp, wa-
ter ; Otpaireveu', to heal]. That part of balneology
treating of the hygienic use of water, and of its thera-
peutic application to the body. See,aho,Bath and Aqua.
Hydrotherapy {hi-dro-ther' -ap-c). See Hydrothercipeii-
tics.
Hydrothion {hi-dro-thi' -on) \y6up, water ; iitiov, sul-
phur]. Hydrogen sulphi(i.
Hydrothionammonemia {hi-dro-thi- on - am - o-ne' -
mc-ah) \y6up, water ; OeIou, sulphur ; ammonia,
ammonia; a)fia, blood]. The presence of hydro-
sulphid of ammonium in the bloocl.
Hydrothionemia {hi-dro-tlii-on-e'-me-ah) [(VS(jp, water;
tieiop, sulphur; ai/ua, blood]. The presence of hy-
drogen sulphid in the blood ; also, the train of mor-
bid symptoms resulting therefrom.
Hydrothionuria {hi-dro-thi-on-u' -re-ah ) [tJ(5(jp, water ;
^inlov, sulphiar ; ovpov, urine]. Hydrogen sulphid in
the urine.
Hydrothoracic {hi-dro-tho-ra' -sik) [(WStjp, water ; Hupa^,
thorax]. Pertaining to hydrothorax.
Hydrothorax {hi-dro-tho' -raks) \h&up, water ; Oupa^,
chest]. A non-inflammatory dropsy of the pleura,
usually involving both sacs. H. purulentus. Syn-
onym of Empyema.
Hydrotis {hi-dro'-tis) [('j(((jp, water ; oiif , ear]. Dropsy
of, or effusion into, the ear.
Hydrotomy {hi-drot' -o-me) [ii(S(jp, water ; ripveiv, to
cut]. A method of dissecting certain tissues by the
forcible injection of water into the arteries and capil-
laries, whereby the structures are separated.
Hydrotropism {hi-drot' -ro-pizm) [ii(5(jp, water ; rpovoi;,
a turn]. In biology, that state of a growing plant or
organ which causes it to turn either away from, or
toward, moisture.
Hydrotympanum {hi-dro-tim'-pan-um) [(i(5(jp, water ;
tympanum, the ear-drum]. Dropsical effusion into
the cavity of the middle ear.
Hydrovarium {hi-dro-va' -re-um) \l>6iop, water; ova-
rium, ovary]. Ovarian dropsy, or cystoma.
Hydroxid {hi-droks' -id) \y6up, water; dftif, sharp].
A metallic or basic radicle combined with one or
more hydroxyl groups. Hydroxids may be regarded
as formed from water (HOH) by the substitution for
one of its hydrogen atoms of a metal or basic radicle.
Hydroxyl {hi-droks' -il) \y&h)p, water; ofwf, sharp].
A compound radicle, OH, that has never been iso-
lated, but which is a factor in a vast number of cheraic
compounds. Thus, the oxygen bases are regarded as
compounds of hydroxyl with electropositive atoms or
radicles, e.g., sodium hydroxid, NaOH. Water may
be regarded as hydroxyl hydrid, HOH.
Hydroxylamin {hi-droks-il' -am-in) [(.i(5(jp, water ; ofuf,
sharp; amin']. A basic substance (NOH.j) known
only in solution in water or in combination with acids.
It is prepared by passing nitric-oxid gas through a
solution containing nascent hydrogen. The aqueous
solution is colorless and odorless, with a strong alka-
line reaction. Hydroxylamin hydrochlorid is recom-
mended as a good substitute for chrysarobin in the
treatment of skin -diseases.
Hydrozoon {hi-dro-zo' -on) [(i(5(jp, water ; ftjov, an ani-
mal]. A cnidarian of the sub-class j'/j''^'''''^'"''' contain-
ing the orders I/ydridic, Hydromeduscv , Siphonophora.
HYDRURESIS
587
HYMENOMALACIA
Hydruresis (Jii-dru-n'' -sis) [i'tSu/a, water ; ohpi/oig, orpov,
urine]. The passage of a relatively large proportion
of water in the urine.
Hydruria (Iii-dni' -re-ah) [ii(5(jp, water ; oi'poi', urine].
Excessive excretion of water by the kidneys, with or
without decrease in the amount of the solid constit-
uents of the urine. The urine is pale, limpid, and of
low specific gravity. The amount of water discharged
in the twenty-four hours is enormously increased. The
condition occurs most frequently in men, usually
under twenty years of age.
Hydrurilic Acid (ki-dru-riF-ik). See Acid.
Hydrymenitis {hi-dri-men-i' -tis) [ixSup, water ; v\xr]v,
membrane; <r(f, inflammation]. Any inflammation
of a serous membrane or surface.
Hygeia [hi-je'-ah), or Hygieia {ki-Je-i'-ak) \yyleia,
health]. The state or condition of health.
Hygiene {hi'-je-en) \hyitLv6q, good for the health].
The science that treats of the laws of health in its
broadest sense.
Hygienic [hi-je-en'-ik) [hyieLvog, good for the health].
Pertaining to health, or its maintenance. H. Vinegar,
a vinegar composed of oils of clove and lavender, each
4.0; oil of marjoram, 2.0; oil of benzoes, 50.0; spir-
itus vini, 500; concentrated acetic acid, 1000.
Hygienist [hi-je-en'-ist) [iiy(«a, health]. One who is
a student of, or an expert in, hygiene.
Hygieology (ki-je-ol' -o-je) [yyieia, health ; 'Aoyog, rela-
tion]. The science of health ; hygiene.
Hygrechema [lii-grek-e' -inali) [(')pof, moist; iix'/f^a-,
sound: //. , Hygrechcmata\. The peculiar sound
produced by a liquid, as heard upon mediate or im-
mediate auscultation.
Hygrin (hi'-grin') [/'jpof, moist; from its liquid form],
CjjHjjN. A liquid, oily alkaloid, derived from coca
[q. v). It has the power of strongly dilating the pupil,
but has no anesthetic properties.
Hygrinic (Jii-gri)i' -ik) [i'j/sof, moist]. Pertaining to,
or composed of, hygrin. H. Ether, a substance of
uncertain composition, said to have mydriatic proper-
ties. Unof.
Hygro- (hi'-g)-o-) \_vyp6i;, moist] . A prefix denoting
moist or wet.
Hygroblepharic {hi-gro-blef'-ar-ik) \hyp6<;, moist;
jSXetfiapov, eyelid]. Serving to moisten the eyelid, as
a hygroblepharic duct.
Hygrocele [hi' -gro-sel') \yyp6g, moist; Krfkr), a tumor].
Same as Hydrocele.
Hygrodermia (hi-gro-der' -me-ali) \hyp6Q, moist; iepfia,
skin]. An edematous non-inflammatory skin-affec-
tion.
Hygrology (hi-groF -o-je) \_vyp6<;,m6vsX; Xdyof, science].
The science of the fluids, or so-called humors, of the
body.
Hygroma [hi-gro'-ma/i) [_hyp6g, moist; bp.a, tumor:
pL, Hygroinata\. A serous bursa or cyst.
Hygromatous {Jii-gro' -tnat-iis) \yyp(ig, moist ; ojia,
tumor]. Pertaining to, or characterized by, a hygroma.
Hygrometer [hi-groiid -el-er) [('ypof, moist ; pirpor,
measure]. An instrument for determining quantita-
tively the amount of moisture in the air. This amount,
constantly varying, is expressed in terms of the per-
centage required to saturate the air at the particular
temperature observed.
Hygrometric (Jii-gro-met' -}-ik) \hyp6g, moist ; pirpnv,
measure] . I. Pertaining to hygrometry, or the
quantitative determination of atmospheric moisture.
2. Readily absorbing water, as a hygrometric salt ;
hygroscopic.
Hygrometry {hi-grotn' -et-re) moist ; perpov,
measure] . The measurement of the moisture of the air.
Hygrophanous {hi-grof -an-zis) [rypo?, moist ; 0d/v/f ,
show]. In biology, applied to such plant-structures
as are transparent when wet, but opaque when dry.
Hygrophila [lii-grof -il-ali) \hyp6r, moist ; (piAoc, lov-
ing]. A genus of dicotyledonous gamopetalous plants.
H. spinosa, is a shrub used in Ceylon and India as
a diuretic in dropsy. Unof.
Hygrophobia {hi-gro-fo' -be-aJi) \l>yp6c, moist; (pofioc,
fear]. Insane dislike of water or of moisture.
Hygroplasm, or Hygroplasma (Jii' -gro-plazin or hi-gi-o-
plaz'-Diali) [(i; p<if, moist ; rrAdapa, anything formed].
In biology, the fluid part of protoplasm (Nagelij. Cf.
Stereoplasma.
Hygroscope [hi'-gro-skop) \_vyp6c, moist ; aKonelv, to
inspect]. An instrument that indicates variations in
the moisture of the air.
Hygroscopic (hi-gro-skop'-ik') [t'ypcif, moist ; CKonftv,
to see]. Having the property of absorbing moisture
from the air.
Hygroscopy {hi-gi-os'-ko-pe) [iypdf, moist ; aiioneh',\.o
view], '^i&me SlS, Hygrome/ry.
Hylogenesis {hi-lo-jen'-es-is) [y/l;?, matter ; ytveaig,
formation]. The formation of matter.
Hylogeny (Iii-loj' -en-e). Same as Hylogenesis.
Hylopathism {hi-lop' -ath-izm) [wA^, matter ; -raBoc,
disease]. Any disease arising from defect or disor-
der of the body-substance.
Hylophagous {lii-loff'-ag-us) [i'A??, wood ; (pa-^eiv, to
eat]. In biology, applied to certain animals that feed
upon wood.
Hymen (lii'-meii) \hpriv, membrane]. The fold of
mucous membrane at the vaginal entrance. H., Im-
perforate, a congenital abnormality, the hymen not
having an opening, and thus closing the vaginal outlet
or inlet. H., Forms of: l. Bifencstrate, or hy»ien
biforis, with two openings. 2. Bilobate, with two
lobes. 3. Circular, with a small foramen. 4.
Cribriform , with many holes. 5. Denticular, with
a serrate edge. 6. Double (rare). 7. Fimbriate,
with fringed edges. 8. Horseshoe, with its convexity
downward. 9. Imperforate. 10. Normal. H.
Semilunar, same as 10, or normal. 12. Hymen
septus, divided across by a slit. 13. Hymen sub-
septus, covering only the anterior and posterior portions
of the passage.
Hymenal [lii-i?ie'-nal) [/y/'/r, membrane]. Pertaining
to the hymen. H. Tubercles. See A/yrtiform Car-
uncles.
Hymenea (hi-men-e'-ali) \ypriv, membrane]. A ge-
nus of leguminous trees. H. courbaril, locust-tree,
indigenous to tropical America ; is a good arterial
sedative and astringent in hemoptysis, hematuria,
dysentery, etc. Dose of the fluid extract gtt. x-xx.
This tree and others of the genus afford copal and
anime. Unof.
Hymeniferous (hi-men-if -er-us') {_vpr/v, membrane ;
ferre, to bear]. In biology, having a hymenium.
Hymenitis (hi-men-i' -lis) \ypi]v, membrane ; cjiq, in-
flammation]. Inflammation of the hym^en, or of any
membranous structure.
Hymenium [ki-me'-ne-um) \_vuhiov, dim. of vpiiv, a
membrane: //. , Hymenia'\. In biology, the spore-
bearing surface in fungi.
Hymenocallis [hi-men-o-kaU -is) [vpi/v, membrane].
A genus of amaryllidaceous plants. H. rotata, grows
in the southern tj. S. This and other species afford
bulbs that may be substituted for squill. Unof.
Hymenography {hi-men-og'-ra-fe) ['epip', membrane;
ypaipeiv, to write]. Same as Hymenology ■
Hymenology (hi-men-ol'-o-je) \_hpiiv, membrane ; Adyof,
science]. The science of the nature, structure, func-
tions, and diseases of membranous tissue.
Hymenomalacia {hi-?nen-o-mal-a' -se-ali) \_hp>/v, mem-
HYMENOMYCETES
588
HYPERALGESIC
brane ; fiakaKia, softness]. An abnormal softening of
membranous tissues.
Hymenomycetes [ki-nien-o-ini-se' -fes) [vfitjv, mem-
brane ; fJ,'vK)ig, fungus]. An order of fungi having
a hymenium or umbrella. All the edible mush-
rooms belong to this class.
Hymenoptera [Jii- men-op' -ter-ali^ \y)iriv, membrane ;
TTTepov, wing]. An order of insects distinguished by
two pairs of membranous wings. It includes ants,
bees, wasps, ichneumons, flies, etc.
Hymenopterous {Jii-inen-op' -ter-us) \hfifjv, membrane ;
nrepov, wing]. In biology, applied to insects having
membranous wings.
Hymenorrhaphy [Jii-men-or'-a-fe) [_vjut/p, hymen ;
pa(pt/, suture]. Closure, more or less complete, of the
vagina by suture at the hymen.
Hymenotome [Iii-nien' -o-tdni) \_hfj.7]v, membrane ; Tefi-
veiv, to cut] . A cutting instrument used in operations
upon membranes.
Hymenotomy {hi-men-ot' -o-me) \yiiiiv, membrane ;
TefiveLv, to cut]. I. Surgical incision of the hymen.
2. Dissection or anatomy of membranes.
Hyo- (Jii'-o-') [!'0t7cS//f, hyoid]. A prefix denoting
attachment to or connection with the hyoid bone.
Hyoepiglottic {hi-o-ep-e-glof -ik) [iof«S//f, hyoid ; iin-
yTiuTTic, epiglottis]. Relating to the hyoid bone and
the epiglottis.
Hyoglossal {hi-o-glos' -al^ \hotL6ij<;, hyoid; yTiCiaaa,
tongue]. Pertaining to the hyoglossus. Extending
from the hyoid bone to the tongue.
Hyoglossus [hi-o-glos' -us). See APuscles, Table of.
Hyoid (Jii'-oid) [io«c5;?f, similar to the Greek letter
upsilon]. Having the form of the Greek letter
upsilon. H. Bone, a bone situated between the root
of the tongue and the larynx, supporting the tongue
and giving attachment to its muscles. See Bones,
Table of. H. Fossa. See Fossa.
Hyoplastron ifii' -o-plas-tron). See Hyosternal.
Hyoscin {lii'-os-in) \yoi5K.va\xoq, henbane], Cj^HjjNOj.
A viscous liquid found in henbane ; it is a good
soporific and valuable mydriatic. Dose, to 23 of
a grain. See Hyoscyamiis .
Hyoscyamin (Jii-o-si' -am-in) [voaKha/uo^ , henbane],
Cj^HjjNO.,. An alkaloid occurring in the seeds of
Hyoscyamiis nigei^, in Atfopa belladonna, and in Datu-
ra stramonium. It is isomeric with atropin, and
identical with daturin and duboisin. It crystallizes
in shining needles, and melts at 108.5° C. It is a
mydriatic, narcotic, and sedative. Dose, gr. y^j,
gradually and cautiously increased, even to I grain.
See Hyoscyamiis.
Hyoscyamus (hi-o-si'-am-us) [I'f, hog; Kvaiioc,, bean].
Henbane. The older leaves of H. niger. It contains
an alkaloid, hyoscyamin, isomeric with and similar to
atropin ; also, a derivative, hyoscin, Cj^Hj^NOj. It
is an excellent narcotic, calmative, and hypnotic, less
irritating than belladonna and stramonium, and is
useful in mania and the delirium of fevers. Hyoscy-
amin is useful whenever atropin is indicated. It is a
powerful but uncertain mydriatic. H., Abstract.
Dose gr. iij-v. H., Ext. (B. P.) Dose gr. ij-v. H.,
Ext., Alcoholic (of uncertain strength). Dose gr. j.
H., Ext., Fid. Dose n\^v-xx. H., Succus (B. P.)
Dose 3ss-j. H., Tinct., 15 per cent, in strength.
Dose 5j-iv; as a hypnotic ss-j. Hyoscyamin.
sulph. (C,7N,^3NO.,)N.^SC\. i5ose, hypodermatically,
gr. Yijj-TjV; by the mouth gr. }(-]■ Injectio hyos-
cyamin hypodermicse. Strength I in 120. Dose
rt\j-iv. Hyoscin. hydrobrom. Unof Dose, gr.
Tiju sty- Injectio hyoscin. hydrobromat. hypo-
dermicae. l4 pe"" cent. Dose TTLj-ij.
Hyosternal [lii-o-ster'-nal\ [(W((5//f, hyoid; aTqn'oi/,
sternum]. I. Relating to the hyoid bone and the
sternum. 2. In biology, the second lateral piece of
the plastron of a turtle ; it is also called Hyoplastron.
Hyp (hip) [I'TTo, under]. A popular name for hypo-
chondriasis, or persistent depression of spirits ; hypo.
Hypacousis, Hypacusia, Hypacusis, or Hypakusis
[Jiip-ak-u' -sis) [iJTTo, under; aKovaig, hearing].
Hardness of hearing from defect of the auditory nerve.
Hypsesthesia [liip-es-the' -ze-ah). See Hypesihesia.
Hypalbuminosis [hip-al-bu-min-o' -sis) [imd, under ;
albumen']. Morbid diminution in the proportion of
albumin in the blood. It is caused by anything that
gives rise to an increased consumption of albumin on
the part of the organism.
Hypalgesia [liip-al-je' -ze-ali) \inT6, under ; okyiqaK;,
painfulness]. Diminished sensitiveness to pain.
Hypalgia (hip-al' -je-ah) [i'itto, under ; aKyo^, pain].
Slight or moderate pain ; diminished sensibility to pain.
Hypalgic (/lip-al'-jik) [wtto, under ; a'kyog, pain].
Slightly painful ; experiencing slight pain.
Hypanisognathism (hip-an-is-og' -natk-izm) \{m6, un-
der ; hviaoq, unequal, uneven; yvaOoi;, the jaw]. In
biology, a lack of correspondence between the teeth
of the opposite jaws. Cf. Anisognatliism and
Epan isogn at/i ism .
Hypanisognathous (Jiip-an-is-og' -na-ihus) \\m6, un-
der; aviaog, unequal, uneven; yvadoc;, the jaw]. In
biology, having the upper teeth broader than the lower.
Hypanthium ifiip-an' -the-um) \yn6, under; dp(?of, a
flower: //. , Hypanthia\ In biology, an enlarged
receptacle.
Hypanthodium {Jiip-an-tho' -de-u7n [ird, under ; av-
fof , a flower ; tl6o<;, form]. See Synconium.
Hypapophysis (liip-ap-off' -is-is) \yT^6, under; aird^-
[w/f, apophysis: //. , Hypapophyses']. An anterior
or ventral apophysis from the centrum of a vertebra in
the human skeleton ; the atlas is held by some to have
an hypophysis, which is blended with the ring of that
vertebra.
Hypapoplexia [kip-ap-o-pleks'-e-ah)[y'Kd,unAe.T : ano-
Tr'Aii^'ia, apoplexy]. A slight apoplexy.
Hypatonia (hip-at-o'-ne-ah) [i'tto, under ; arovia, at-
ony] . A slight amount of atony.
Hypemia (hip-e'-me-ah). See Hyphemia.
Hyper- {hi' -per-) [ynsp, above]. A Greek prefix sig-
nifying above, beyond, or excessive.
YLyp&ra.cidiX.y [hi-per-as-id' -it-e) [yTrrp, over; acidutn,
acid]. Excess of acidity.
Hyperacousis, Hyperacusia, Hyperacusis, or Hy-
perakusis [hi-per-ak-ii' -sis, hi-per-ak-ii' -ze-ah) \imip,
over ; aKovai^, hearing] . Morbid acuteness of the
sense of hearing ; auditory hyperesthesia. Also, a
highly developed capability of the discernment of pitch
and timbre of musical sounds.
Hyperactivity {h i-per-ai-tiv' -it-e) \_vTrep, over ; agere,
to do]. Excessive or abnormal activity.
Hyperadenosis (hi-per-ad-en-o'-sis) [I'rrip, over; a<h'/u,
gland; wcrof, disease]. Enlargement of the lymph-
glands ; Hodgkin's disease.
Hyperaemia (hi-per-e-me-ah). See Hyperetnia.
Hyperaesthesia [hi-per-es-tke' -ze-ak). See Hyperesthe-
sia.
Hyperakusis [hi-per-ak-u'-sis). See Hyperacousis.
Hyperalbuminosis [lii-per-al-bu-min-o'-sis) [iVf/),
over; albumin]. An increase in the amount
of albumin in the blood, which may be either relative
or absolute. It is often due to the excessive ingestion
of albuminous food, with insufiicient exercise.
Hyperalgesia ifii-per-al-je' -ze-ah) [vrrfp, over ; alyii-
atQ, pain]. Excessive sensibility to pain.
Hyperalgesic [hi-per-al-je' -zik) {i'lrip, over; hlyipii,
pain]. Exhibiting or appertaining to hyperalgesia.
HYPERALGIA
589 HYPERERYTHROCYTHEMIA
Ylyp^TaXgia. [ki-per-al'-je-ak) [iVf/j, over; a7iyriai^,
pain]. Excessive pain. H., Acoustic, excessive
hyperakusis.
Hyperalonemia (Jii-per-al-on-e' -me-ah^ [^VTrep, over;
a/if, salt ; u)/;a, blood]. Excess of blood-salts.
Hyperamnesia [hi-per-ani-ne' -ze-ali). See Hyperm-
nesia.
Hyperanabolism [Jii-per-an-ab' -o-lizni) \yTrip, over ;
avajiciMttv, to build up]. Hypertrophy or excess of
construction of a tissue or part.
Hyperanthraxis i^hi-per-an-thraks' -is). Synonym of
Asiatic Choleia.
Hyperaphia [Iii-per-a' -fe-ali) [yTrep, over ; d0^, touch].
Excessive sensitiveness to touch.
Hyperaphrodisia [hi-per-af-ro-diz' -e-ah) \imep, over;
w^po&iaia, aphrodisia]. An over-strong venereal ap-
petite.
Hyperapophyseal [hi-per-ap-o-fiz' -e-al) [iVf'p, over;
aTrdpw/f, apophysis]. Pertaining to a hyperapophy-
sis.
Hyperapophysis [ki-per-ap-off'-is-is) [wTrtp, over; otto-
(pvaig, apophysis]. A process projecting backward
from a neural spine.
Hyperarthritis Qii-per-ai-th-ri' -tis) [tiirsp, over ; apdpov,
joint; mf, inflammation]. Severe arthritis.
Hyperasthenia {Iii-per-as-the' -ne-ali) [("rfp, over ;
aatievaa, weakness]. Extreme weakness.
Hyperauxesis i^hi-pe7--awks-e' -sis') \yT:ip, over ; av^r/aic,
increase]. Extreme increase in the size of a part.
Hyperbolic {Iii-per-boF -ik) [iTri/o, over ; ^oXKtLv, to
throw]. Exaggerated.
Hyperbrachycephalic (hi-per-brak-e-sef-al' -ik) \yTr'sp,
over; ppaxvc, short; KEcfiaXfj, head]. Extremely
brachycephalic.
Hyperbrachyceph'aly (Jii-per-byak-e-sef'-al-e) \inxip,
over; /?pa;j:i)f, short ; K£0a A?/, head]. Extreme brachy-
cephaly.
Hyperbulia {lii-pcr-bii'-lc-ah) [i)7rfp, over ; jicwHj, will].
Exaggerated wilfulness or obstinacy ; abnormal or in-
sane development of will-power.
Hypercardia {Jil per-kar' -de-ah) [_v7:ep, over; mpSia,
the heart]. Cardiac hypertrophy.
Hypercatabolism (Jii-per-kat-ab' -o-lizm) \hnkp, over ;
/card, down ; liaWtiv, to throw]. Wasting or excess
of destruction of a tissue or part.
Hypercatharsis (lii-per-kath-ar' -sis) [iVep, over ; mOap-
aig, cleansing]. Excessive purging, or the result of
too free use of cathartic medicines.
Hypercedemonia {^hi-per-se-de-mo' -ne-aJi) [inrep, over;
K?/(5£,uoi'/a, anxiety] . I. Extreme anxiety or grief. 2.
Excessive care on the part of the physician.
Hypercele {Iii' -per-sel) [iTr/p, over; Koilia, belly]. The
dorsal portion of the epicele.
Hypercenosis (Jii-per-sen-o' -sis) [iVfp, over ; Kcpuaic,
evacuation]. Excessive evacuation, as by purging or
bleeding.
Hyperchlorhydria {Jii-per-klor-hi' -dre-ah) [^Trtp, over ;
;i;/l6)pdf, green ; v6up, water; yfi'i'dv, to form]. Ex-
cess of hydrochloric acid in the gastric secretion.
Rossbach's Disease. Stt Diseases, Epottymic, Table of.
Hypercholesteremia [hi-per-ko-les-ter-e'-me-ak) [vTvip,
over; ^(;oX//, bile ; wrfap, fat ; aijia, blood]. Excess
of cholesterin in the blood.
Hypercholia (!ii-per-ko' -le-ah) [uTrtp, over; ;j;o/l7, bile].
An excessive secretion of bile.
Hyperchroma (Jii-per-kro' -mali) [I'lTrep, over; xp'^l^'^i
color] , The excessive formation of the pigment of the
skin, as in phthiriasis or syphilis.
Hyperchromatemia (lii-per-kro-mat-c' -me-ah) \hTxip,
over; XP'^I-"^, color; alpa, blood]. An increase in the
color of the blood ; excess of coloring-matter in the
blood.
Hyperchromatic {hi-per-kro-jnaf -ik) [i'Trf'p, over;
Xpi^jJ-a, color]. Exhibiting hyperchroma.
Hyperchromatism (Jii-per-kro' -mat-izm). Same as
Hy perch roma .
Hyperchromatosis {Iii-per-kro-mat-o' -sis) \ynep, over ;
Xpiipa, co\ox\. Excessive pigmentation, as of the skin.
Hypercinesia {/li-per-sirt-e' -ze-ah) . See Hyperkinesia.
Hypercrinia [hi-per-krin' -e-afi) l_VTrep, over ; Kpiveiv, to
separate]. Abnormal or excessive secretion.
Hypercyesis (ki-per-si-e^-sis) [inrep, over; kvijciq, con-
ception]. Superfetation.
Hypercyrtosis (ki-pc?--sir-to'-sis) [iijrfp, over ; Kvpruaic,
curvature]. Extreme curvature, as of the back or a
limb.
Hyperdactylia (lii-per-dak-til' -e-ah) [t'Trfp, over ;
^an.rvT'oq, finger]. Polydactylism.
Hyperdermatosis \Jii-per-der-mat-o' -sis) [iVfp, over;
Slppa, skin]. Hypertrophy of the skin.
Hyperdicrotic {hi-per-di-krot'-ik) [i7rfp,over; 6iKpoToq,
a double beat]. Affected with marked or delayed
dicrotism ; pertaining to the pulse when the pulse-
curve shows the aortic notch below the base-line.
Hyperdicrotism [lii-per-dik' -rot-iziii) [iVfp, over;
6iKpoTO(;, a double beat]. Strongly marked or exces-
sive dicrotism.
Hyperdistention (hi-per-dis-tett' -shun) \ynTip, over ;
distendere, to stretch]. Forcible or extreme distention.
Hyperdiuresis(///-/d»r-^/z-«-rd"'-j/j-) [tiTrfp, over ; diovphiv,
to pass urine]. Excessive secretion of urine.
Hyperdynamia [hi-per-di-nam^-e-ah) [_vTrep, over ;
(^bvapig, energy]. Excessive strength or exaggeration
of nervous or muscular function.
Hyperdynamic (^Iii-per-di-nam' -ik) [(j7T£p,over; Svva/M(,
energy] . Pertaining to, or marked by, hyperdynamia.
Hypereccrisia [hi-per-ek-kris^-e-ah) [i'mp, over; £/c,
out; Kpiveiv, to separate]. Excessive excretion.
Hyperechema (hi-per-ek-e' -mah) [I'Trtp, over ; rjxvpo.,
sound : Hyperechematd^. A normal sound ab-
normally exaggerated.
Hyperechesis ijii-per-ek-c' -sis) \imkp, over; rjxvf't^t
sound]. Abnormal loudness of voice.
Hyperemesis [hi-per-em'-es-is) [imep, over; epeaic,
vomiting]. Excessive vomiting. H. gravidarum.
See AIor}iiiig Sick/iess.
Hyperemetic {hi-per-eni-et'-ik) [I'lTifp, over; tpecig,
vomiting]. Pertaining to, or characterized by, ex-
cessive vomiting.
Hyperemia [/li-per-e'-me-ah) [imep, over; aiua, blood].
A condition of plethora or congestion. H., Active,
caused by an excessive supply of blood. H., Pas-
sive, caused by an impediment to the removal of the
blood. H. of the Dental Pulp, a condition due
to the overfilling of the vessels of the pulp with blood,
the resulting pain being sharp and lancinating, and
paroxysmal in character, especially in its earlier stages.
Hyperencephalus {lii-per-en-sef -al-us) \hivkp, over ;
tynii^akoQ, brain]. A variety of single autositic mon-
sters of the species exencephaliis, in wl«ch there is
the same deformity as in podencephalus, but in a
higher degree. There is often hydrocephalus, and
the body is likely to be deformed in other regions.
Hyperenterosis (lii-per-en-tcr-o' -sis) [wTrep, over;
ivTspov, bowel]. Hypertrophy of the intestines.
Hyperephidrosis (^hi-per-ef-hid-ro' -sis) [i^rfp, over ;
i:(f>i.6pwai.g, perspiration]. Excessive or long-continued
sweating.
Hypererethisia, or Hypererethism [lii-per-er-eth-iz'-
c-ah, or hi-per-er' -etii-izm) [iVfp, over; epeftiapoc, irri-
tation]. Excessive nervous or mental irritability.
Hypererythrocythemia [lii-per-er-ith-ro-si-the' -ine-ali)
[(Wp, over; epvOpoc, red; k'vtoq, cell; alpo, blood].
Excess of red corpuscles in the blood.
HYPERESOPHORIA
590
HYPERODONTOGENY
Hyperesophoria {hi-per-es-o-fo' -re-ah). See Hetero-
pki>ria.
Hyperesthesia (hi-per-es-the' -ze-ah) [vnsp, over ; a'/c-
Ht/Gig, sensation]. Excessive or exalted sensibility of
the skin. It may be symptomatic or idiopathic.
Hyperesthetic [Iii-pei--es-thet' -ik') [t)7r£p, over ; a'Mi/(jtg,
sensation]. Pertaining to hyperesthesia.
Hyperexophoria {Jiiper-eks-o-fo' -re-ah). See Hetero-
pkoria.
Hyperfecundation (Jii-per-fe kim-da' -shim). Same as
Super fecundation .
Hyperflexion ihi-per-flek' -shun) \\mkp, over; Jlexio,
a bending], Overflexion, as of a limb. This is one
method of treating aneurysm.
Hypergenesis {Jii-per-jeii' -es-is) [('Jrtp, over; -yiveatg,
generation]. Excess or redundancy of the parts or
organs of the body. It may be normal, as in the in-
crease of the tissue of a muscle ; or abnormal, as seen
in monstrosities. Also, an excessive production of
the elements of a tissue or organ.
Hypergenetic (Jii-per-jen-et' -ik) \hTTip, over ; ytveaii;,
generation]. Marked by enlargement or increase of
size. See also Teratism.
Hypergeusia {hi-per-gu' -se-ah) [('ttep, over ; yemtc,
taste]. Abnormal acuteness of the sense of taste.
Hyperglobulia (Jii-per-glo-bu' -le-ah) \yTxkp, ovtx ; glo-
bus, a ball]. Polycythemic plethora. An abnormal
increase of the red blood-corpuscles ; hypererythrocy-
themia.
'H.ypeTglycemia{Ai-per-gli-se^-!ne-ah) [tVfp, over; yXv-
Ktif, sweet; ai/ia, blood]. Excess of sugar in the
blood.
Hyperglycogenia {hi-pergli-ko-je' -ne-ah) over;
y/iw/'f, sweet ; yevi/i;, producing]. The excessive
production of glycogen.
Hyperhidrosis, or Hyperidrosis [Jii-per-hid-ro' -sis, or
Iii-per-id-ro' -sis) ^vrrep, over; idpug, sweat]. Ex-
cessive sweating. A functional disorder of the sweat-
glands marked by excessive secretion. It may be
general or local.
Hyperhydremia {hi-per-hi-dre' -me-ah) \\mkp, over ;
ij(5u/), water; aifia, blood]. Excess of water in the
blood.
Hyperhypnosis (hi-per-kip-no'-sis) \_hni:p, over ; inrvoc:,
sleep]. Excessive or frequent drowsiness and sleep.
Hypericum [hi-per-i'-kiaii ox hi-per'-ik-itin) \_v7repeiKov,
" under heath "]. St. John's wort; a genusof plants,
mostly herbs or shrubs, with a resinous juice. H.
perforatum, one of the commonest of the l6o spe-
cies, has styptic, stimulant, and diuretic properties,
but is now used mainly in domestic practice. Dose of
the ext., gr. .\-xx ; of the fid. ext., .^j-ij. Unof.
Hyperideation [hi-per-i-de-a'-shun) [(Vt-p, over ; idea,
idea]. Excessive or morbid mental activity.
Hyperidrosis (hi-per-id-ro'-sis). See Hyperhidrosis.
Hyperino-epithelioma {Jii-per' -in-o-ep-ith-e-le-o' -tnah)
[I'TTf /j, over ; if , a fiber ; £7r(', upon ; y^y/l^, nipple ; o^a,
tumor : //. , Hyperino-epitheHomaia\ Scirrhous car-
cinoma with an abundance of fibrous elements.
Hyperinosemia (hi-per-in-o-se' -ine-ah) [iVf'p, over ; if,
fiber; aifia, blood]. An exaggerated tendency to
the formation of fibrin in the blood.
Hyperinosis {hi-per-in-o' -sis) [('TTf-p, over ; tf, muscle].
I. Over-activity of the muscular fiber. 2. Abnormal
increase in the fibrin-factors in the blood ; hyperino-
semia.
Hyperinotic (hi-prr-in-ot' -ik) \h-Kkp, over; tf, fiber].
Characterized by hyperinosis.
Hyperinvolution (hi-per-in-vo-Iii' -shun) IpTtp, over;
involvere, to roll around]. An extreme diminution in
size of the uterus, due to abnormally excessive involu-
tion occurring after pregnancy.
Hyperisotonia {Jii-per-i-so-to'-ne-ali) [iTrtp, over; itrof,
equal; r(5i'of, tone]. Unusual equality of tone or ten-
sion ; applied to muscles.
Hyperkeratosis [hi-per-ker-at-o' -sis) [iVep, over; KEpa^,
horn, cornea]. Hypertrophy of the cornea either in
extent or thickness.
Hyperkinesia {Jii-per-kin-e' -zc-ah) \h%kp, over; Kivrjai(;,
energy]. I. Any exaggerated spasm or muscular
contraction. 2. Excessive irritability. 3. Impulsive
insanity.
Hyperkinesis (Iii-per-kin-e'-sis) l_m8p, over; KivrjaiQ,
energy]. I. See Hyperkinesia. 2. A disease or
diseased condition marked by hyperkinesia.
Hyperkinetic {hi-per-kin-et' -ik) [(Wtp, over ; idvqoiq,
energy]. Pertaining to, or marked by, hyperkinesia.
Hyperlactation {hi-pei--lak-ta' -shun) \_inTip, over ; lac-
tare, to give milk]. Prolongation of lactation beyond
the ninth month. If persisted in, it produces an ex-
hausted physical condition of the mother known as
Tabes lactealis. This condition is marked by anemia,
with cramp-like pains of the upper extremities when
the child is put to the breast.
Hyperleukocythemia (Iii-per-lu-ko-si-the'-ine-ah)\yvip,
over; Atu/iof. white; K^rof , cell ; o!/za, blood]. Ex-
cess in the proportion of white cells in the blood ;
leukocythemia.
Hyperleukontemia (lii-per-lu-kon-te'-7ne-ah) \imkp,
over; JitvKov, albumin; diiia, blood]. Increase in
the albuminous elements of the blood.
Hyperlipemia (Jii-per-lip-e' -me-ah) \imkp, over; I'moc,,
fat ; (iL^ia, blood]. Excess of fat in the blood ;
lipemia.
Hyperlithuria (hi-per-lith-u'-re-ah) [i'Trep, over ; Xiduq,
stone; ohpov, urine]. Excess of lithic acid in the
urine. Same as Lithuria.
Hyperlogia {hi - per- lo^-je- ah) [I'TTfp, over; ^(iyof,
speech]. Excessive or maniacal loquacity.
Hyperlymphia (^hi-per-limf -e-ah) [(Vtp, over; lympha,
water]. An increase in the amount of lymph in the
body.
Hypermastia (Jii-per-mas' -te-ah) \hiTsp, over ; fiaarb^,
breast]. Excessive development or hypertrophy of
the mammary gland, which remains normal in structure.
Hypermetamorphosis [hi-per-met-am-or-fo'-sis) [('Trt'p,
over; fiETaii6p(j>uai<;, a transformation]. In biology,
applied to insects that undergo transformation more
completely or having more stages than ordinary.
Hypermetropia {hi-per-tne-tro' -pe-ah). Same as Hy-
peropia, q. V.
Hypermetropic (Jii-per-me-trop' -ik) \hTrEp, over; fihpov,
measure; ioip, eye]. Affected with, or pertaining to,
hypermetropia. H. Disc. See Disc.
Hypermnesia, or Hypermnesis Uii-perm-ne' -ze-ah, or
hi-per>n-ne' -sis) [vTrip, over ; fivf/aii;, memory]. Abnor-
mal exaltation of the power of memory.
Hypermotility [hi-per-tno-til'-it-e) [uTrip, over ; motilis,
motile]. Excessive action. H., Gastric, excessive
churning action of the gastric walls, often accom-
panied with hyperacidity due to increased secretion of
HCl.
Hypernervia {Jii-per-ner' -ve-ah). See Hyperneuria.
Hyperneuria (hi-per-nu' -re-ah) [iiirep, over; vivpov,
nerve]. Excessive nerve-action.
Hypernidation {hi per-nid-a' -shun). See Supernida-
tion.
Hypernea [hi-per-ne' -ah) or Hypernoia [lii-pcr-
noi'-ah) [/'n-t'p, over; vnteiv, to think]. Excessive
or abnormal mental activity ; also, the uncontrolled
and incongruous activity of the imagination in some
cases of insanity.
Hyperodontogeny {hi-per-o-don-toj' -en-e) [yirip, over ;
ofSoif, tooth ; yevvdv, to beget]. The phenomenon of
HYPEROITIS
591
HYPERTROPHY
a third dentition late in life. It is supposed to be due
to the development of one or more superfluous tooth -
germs that have remained dormant.
Hyperoitis i^hi-per-o-i' -lis) \imtpM, palate ; LTiq, in-
flammation]. Inflammacion of the palate.
Hyperonychia (Jii-per-o-7iik' -e-ali) [(Ve/j, over; ovvi,,
nail]. Hypertrophy of the nails.
Hyperope -pcr-Op^ ^iiTrep, over; utji, sight]. One
who is affected with hyperopia.
Hyperopia i^hiper-o' -pc-a/i) [i"re/j, over; wi/', sight].
That condition of the refractive media of the eye in
which, with suspended accommodation, the focus of
parallel rays of light is behind the retina ; it is due to
an abnormally short antero-posterior diameter of the
eye, or to a subnormal refractive power of its media.
H., Absolute, that which cannot be corrected com-
pletely by accommodation, so that there is indistinct
vision even for distance. H., Axial, that due to ab-
normal shortness of the antero-posterior diameter of
the eye, the refractive power being normal. H.,
Facultative, that which may be corrected by the
accommodation, so that there is distinct vision al a
distance. H., Latent, that part of the total that can-
not be overcome by the accommodation, or the differ-
ence between the manifest and the total hyperopia. H.,
Manifest, that which the accommodation can over-
come, or that corrigible by a convex glass aided by
the accommodation. H., Relative, a high hyperopia
in which distinct vision is possible only when excessive
convergence is made. H., Total, the entire hyperopia,
both latent and manifest.
Hyperorthognathy [lii-per-or-thog' -na-the) \yTckp, over;
bpd6g, straight; yvddog, the jaw]. Excessive orthog-
nathy ; the condition of having a cranial index greater
than 91°.
Hyperosmia [Jii-per-oz' -me-aJi) [tVfp, over; bafiij,
smell]. An abnormal or morbidly acute sense of
smell ; also, the presence of olfactory illusions.
Hyperosphresis (Jii-per-os-fre'-sis) \_mkp, over ; ba<fpr)-
GLQ, the power of smelling]. Exaggeration of the
sense of smell.
Hyperostosis (lii-per-os-to' -sis) [/'Jrf p, over ; oryrtnv,
bone] . Exostosis or general hypertrophy of bony tissue.
Hyperparasite (Jii-per-pay' -as-it) l^!>~ip, over ; Tvapd-
anoQ, parasite]. In biology, a parasite including in
itself another parasite.
Hyperparasitism {ki-per-pai-^-as-it-izm) \_vKep, over;
TTapaaiTo<;, parasite]. The infestation of parasites by
other parasites.
Hyperpepsia {hi-per-pep' -se-ah) [I'Trtp, over; 7rfi/'/f, di-
gestion]. Hayem's term for a form of dyspepsia
characterized by an excess of chlorids in the gastric
juice, without an excess of free hydrochloric acid.
Hyperphagia (Jii-per-fa' -je-a!i) [/'/Tfp, over; fayelv, to
eat] . Excess in eating. See Bulimia.
Hyperphasia (^hi-per-fa' -se-ah') [I'Trtp, over ; (paaic,
saying]. Hyperlogia ; insane volubility; lack of con-
trol over the organs of speech.
Hyperphoria {hi-per-fo'-re-ah). See Heterophoria.
Hjrperphrasia {hi-per-fra' -ze-aJi) \hntp, over ; (ppdaig,
utterance]. The incoherent and exaggerated utter-
ance ot an insane person.
Hyperphrenia (^lii-per-fre' -ne-ali') ^v-rrep, over; (pp'/^',
mind]. Passionate mental exaltation of the insane.
Hyperphysemia ijii-per-ji-ze' -me-aJi) [I'Trsp, over ; (fvoa,
air; at/ia, blood]. Excess of gases in the blood, or
the abnormal conditions associated with such excess.
Hyperplasia [Jii-per-pla'-ze-ah) [t'Trtp, over; -K'/ddK;,
moulding]. The excessive deposit or augmentation
of the elements of the tissue composing an organ.
Hyperplastic (Jii-per-plas' -tik) \h-Kkp, over ; ■K\a<5-iK6<;,
fit for moulding]. Pertaining to hyperplasia.
Hyperplerosis (Jii-pcr-ple-ro' -sis') \imtp, over; ■KXi/ptjaLr ,
fulness]. Excessive repletion or fulness.
Hyperplexia [Jii-per-pleks' -e-ah) \yntp, over ; irlii^i^,
stroke]. I. Ecstacy. 2. Melancholia with stupor.
Hyperpnea, or Hyperpnoia {Iii-per-p7ie'-ah, or hi-per-
pnoi'-ali) \h-Ktp, over; tti'o//, breath]. Panting or
labored respiration ; dyspnea.
Hyperporosis (Jii-per-po-ro' -sis) \hTzip, over ; TTuipucrix:,
cementing or uniting]. An excessive formation of
callus in the reunion of fractured bones.
Hyperpraxia {lii-per-praks' -e-ah) [(Wcp, over ; npaSi^,
exercise]. The excessive restlessness of movement
characterizing certain forms of mania.
Hyperpresbyopia (Jii-per-pres-be-o' -pe-ah) [iVfp, over ;
7rpfcr/3vf , old ; eye]. Excessive presbyopia. Obs.
Hyperpselaphesia {Jii-per-sel-af-e' -ze-mh) [ijirep, over ;
iji>/'Ad(p>/air, touch]. Abnormal increase of tactile sen-
sibility.
Hyperpyretic [hi-per-pi-ref -ik) [I'Trtp, over ; i^vp, fire].
Pertaining to hyperpyrexia.
Hyperpyrexia [hi-per-pi-reks' -e-ak) [v-rrep, over ; Tup,
fire; ix^''"-> to have]. A condition marked by exces-
sively high temperature or aggravated febrile symptoms.
Hypersarcoma, or Hypersarcosis [hi-pei'-sar-ko'-ma,
or hi-per-saT-ko' -sis) \_VTrep, over ; odp^, flesh ; bpa, a
■ tumor]. I. Excessive granulation, fungosity, or proud-
flesh. 2. Obesity ; hypertrophy.
Hypersecretion {lii-per-se-kre' -shim) [t'Trfp, over ; se-
cretio, a secreting]. Excessive secretion.
Hypersomnia {lii-per-som' -ne-ali) [iirfp, over ; som-
nus, sleep]. Excessive sleep.
Hyperspasmia (Jii-per-spaz' -me-ah). Synonym of Con-
vulsions.
Hypersplenia (hi-per-sple'-ne-ah). Ste Spieiiomega/ia.
Hypersthenia [Jii-per-sthen' -e-ah) [v-rrep, over ; a6evo(;,
strength]. A condition of exalted strength or tone
of the body.
Hypersthenic (Iii-per-sihen' -ik) \imtp, over ; adevoc,
strength]. Characterized by hypersthenia.
Hypersystole [Jii-per-sis' -to-lc) \yTTkp, over ; cvaToTii/,
systole]. An excessively strong systole.
Hyperthermia (/;z'-/i?;--//z£V-'-OTt'-(7/^) \ynep, over; depfiTj,
heat] . Excessive elevation of temperature.
Hyperthymia (Iii-per-thi' -me-ah) [I'Trfp, over ; Ovfio^,
mind]. I. Mental hyperesthesia; morbid over-sen-
sitiveness. 2. Vehement cruelty or foolhardiness as
a symptom of mental disease. 3. Moral insanity.
liy^&rlonia. {hi-pe7--to'-7ie-ah) [iVf-p, over ; r<5i^of , tone] .
I. Excess of muscular tonicity. 2. Increased intra-
ocular tension.
Hypertonic (/«'-/><?;--/o7?''-//J') [r-fp, over; -dvog, tone].
Characterized by hypertonia.
Hypertrichiasis (}ii-pe7--trik-i'-as-is). See Hirszities.
Hypertrichosis Qii-pei'-trik-o' -sis). See Hi7-suties.
Hypertromos (Jii-per' -ti'o-mos') \_vTvep, over ; rpo/Lco^,
tremor]. Excessive tremor or fear.
Hypertrophia (lii-pei--i7-o'-fe-ah) \yiv'ep, over; Tpo(pT/,
nourishment]. Same as Hypei-t7-ophy. H. cordis,
hypertrophy of the heart.
Hypertrophic (Jii-per-ti-of'-ik) \_vTrep, over ; Tpo(pij,
nourishment]. Marked by hypertrophy or excessive
size.
Hypertrophy (hi-pe7''-t7'o-fe) [I'Ttp, over ; Tpo<pr/, nour-
ishment]. This word etymologically denotes simply
over-nourishment, but it has unfortunately become
synonymous with excessive growth or size of an organ
or part (auxesis), whether this is due to over-nourish-
ment, over-use, or to any other condition. H., Cardiac,
may follow dilatation of the heart, or be caused by
valvular disease, diseased condition of the aorta,
diseases of the kidneys and other distant organs,
by constitutional disease, by excessive use of tobacco
HYPERTROPIA
592
HYPNOTISM
and of some drugs, or excessive muscular action. It
is attended with violent action of the heart, increase
in the cardiac area of dulness and increased arterial
pressure, headache, vertigo, dyspnea, palpitation, and
pain in the heart. H., Compensatory, that following
dilatation of the heart, or obstructive or regurgitant
valvular disease, and produced by the efforts of that
organ to make good the deficiency resulting from
failing cardiac power. Let the circulation be restored,
and the previous distressing symptoms will disappear.
H. , Concentric, increase in the thickness of the cardiac
walls, without increase in the size of the organ, but with
diminution in the capacity of its chambers. H., Ex-
centric, cardiac hypertrophy, with dilatation. H.,
False, the thickening of the heart- wall is due to some
extent to an adventitious fibrous growth. H., Idio-
pathic, that developing In the absence of other disease
of the heart's structure, or of the structure of other
organs. H., Numerical, an actual increase in the
number of the constituent muscle-cells of the heart-
walls. H., Simple, the walls are thicker than usual,
the size of the cavities remaining unchanged. H.,
True, the hypertrophy consists in an increase in the
muscular tissue itself.
Hypertropia {hi-per-t7'o' -pe-aJi). See Strabismus .
Hyperuremia [/li-pcr-ii-re'-jne-ak) [iinkp, over ; ovpov,
urine ; dipa, blood]. Excess of urea in the blood.
Hyperuresis (Iii-per-u-re' -sis). Same as Polyuria and
liniirL'sis.
Hyperuricemia (Jii-per-u-ris-e' -me-ah) \yT:kp, over ;
(ii'pav, urine ; aifia, blood]. Excess of uric acid in
the blood.
Hyperventilation {^lii-pcr-ven-til-a' -shiai) \_uKep, over;
vent Hare, to fan]. A method of treating some dis-
eases by exposing the body to drafts of air.
Hypesthesia {hip-es-the' -ze-ali) [wtto, under; dia-
f^iioir, sensation]. Impairment of sensation ; lessened
tactile sensibility.
Hypha [hi'-fah) [_lif>/, a weaving, web: //. , Hyph(z\.
In biology, the filament or thread of a fungus; the
matted hyphis form the mycelium.
Hyphemia [hi-fe'-iiie-ah) \_v-6, under; difia, blood].
I . Oligemia ; deficiency of blood. 2. Hemorrhage
within the globe of the eye.
Hyphidrosis (hip-hid-ro'-sis) [inrd, under ; 'iSpuaic,
sweating]. Deficiency of perspiration.
Hyphodrome {hi' -fo-droni^ [(^^"/, a weaving ; 6p6jjiX)q,
a running]. In biology, a leaf in which the veins
are more or less concealed in the thick mesophyl.
Hyphology (Jii-fol' -o-je) [_v<pi/, web; 'Aoyoc;, science].
Same as Histology.
Hyphomycetes {^lii-fo-ini-se' -tez) \y<^r), web ; fivniig,
fungus], A group of fungi having the spores naked,
on prominent threads.
Hyphostroma [hi-fo-stro' -mah) [iV/i//, a web; aTj)C>fia,
a bed]. Same as Mycelium.
Hyphotomy [hi-fof -o-me) \_h^li, a web ; TOfxi/, a cut-
ting]. The dissection of tissues.
Hypinosis (hipdn-o'-sis) [/itto, under ; if , ivof, fiber].
.-V deficiency of fibrin in the blood.
Hypinotic (liipdii-ot' dk) \_vtt6, under; ig, iv6g, fiber].
Pertaining to, or affected with, hypinosis.
Hypnagogic (/lip-iiag-og' dk) [i'-cof, sleep; ayuyoc,
leading]. I. Inducing sleep ; pertaining to the incep-
tion of sleep. 2. Induced by sleep.
Hypnal (liip'-nal) [i^irfof, sleep]. A drug composed
of antipyrin and chloral hydrate, proposed as an
hypnotic. It is tasteless, odorless, and crystalline,
and soluble in water. Dose gr. xv. Unof.
Hypnepagogue [hip-iup'-ag-og) [iin-i'of, sleep ; knayu-
}'";, enticing]. A medicine that induces sleep ; an
hypnotic.
Hypniater (Jiip-ne' -a-tcr') [I'Trvof, sleep ; 'lari/p, practi-
tioner]. A somnambulistic or clairvoyant doctor; a
hypnotizer or mesmerist.
Hypnic ijiip'-nik) \imvLK6Q, producing sleep]. I. Per-
taining to or inducing sleep. 2. An agent that induces
or influences sleep.
Hypnobat, or Hypnobate [Jiip' -no-bdt) [t'-rof, sleep ;
[iaroq, walking]. A sleep-walker; somnambulist.
Hypnobatia {hip-iio-ba' -she-ali) [yTrvof, sleep ; jiarog,
walking]. Somnambulism.
Hypnocyst (/lip'-no-sist) [imvog, sleep ; Kvarig, bladder].
In biology, an encysted unicellular organism not un-
dergoing sporulation.
Hypnogenetic, Hypnogenic, Hypnogenous {liip-no-
jen-et'-il\ hip-no-jen' -ik , hip-noj' -en-us) [iiTri'of , sleep ;
yEfvdi', to produce]. I. Producing or inducing sleep.
2. Inducing hypnotism.
Hypnography {hip-nog' -ra-fe). Same as Hypiiology.
Hypnolepsy [hip' -no-lep-se) \_'vTTvi)g, sleep; td/TpiQ, seiz-
ure]. Narcolepsy ; morbid sleepiness.
Hypnology [hip-nol' -o-/e) [uTi'Of, sleep ; Aoyog, sci-
ence]. The science of sleep, its disorders, and its
hygienic effects.
Hypnone [hip' -non). See Acetopkenone.
Hypnopathy (Jiip-nop' -ath-e) \yTTvoq, sleep ; -dHog, dis-
ease]. Sleep due to a diseased or morbid condition
of the body, brain, or mind ; also, narcolepsy ; sleepy
disease.
Hypnophobia (liip-no-fo' -be-ah) [i)7rwf, sleep ; <^6^og,
fear]. Morbid dread of sleep; also, nightmare or
night-terror.
Hypnosis (hip-no' -sis) [ynvoQ, sleep]. An artificial
condition produced by hypnotizing. Also, the grad-
ual approach of sleep. H., African. See African
Lethargy.
Hypnosperm [hip' -no-sperm) [t'lTn'Of , sleep ; cwepjia,
seed]. In biology, a resting spore. Cf Hypnospore.
Hypnospore [hip' -no-spor) [h-KVog, sleep ; anopa, a
spore]. In biology, a resting spore.
Hypnotherapy (hip-no-ther'-ap-e) \_inTvoQ, sleep;
tieparrtdi, healing]. Hypnotic treatment of disease.
Hypnotic (Jdp-not' -ik) [iiTtvof , sleep]. A remedy that
causes sleep. A soporific. Also, pertaining to hyp-
notism.
Hypnotism [hip'-not-izm) \_'imvoq, sleep]. A state of
artificial somnambulism ; it may be produced by va-
rious means, as, for example, by having the subject
look with concentrated attention at any small object so
near that effort is required to converge the axes of the
eyes. It is characterized by a partial or complete absence
of volition, sensation, and self-consciousness, except so
much as comes from the hypnotizer or some dominat-
ing will or idea. There are four main methods of in-
ducing hypnotism, all originating in France. These
are as follows: Charcot's Method; it consists in
making gentle pressure over the eyeballs, and, finally,
rubbing the top of the head. Lays' Transference
Method ; the hypnotism is induced by having the
patient sit with his back to the light and look steadily
at a rapidly revolving mirror placed two or three feet
from him, on which the light is directly shining. The
constant flash of the light soon wearies the eyes and
produces sleep. Nancy Method ; in this method
hypnotism is induced by means of suggestion entirely,
the patient submitting to the will of the operator.
Voisin's Method ; Braidism ; the patient lies
upon the broad of his back and gazes steadily at
a bright silvered ball, suspended from the ceiling
and at a distance of about nine inches from his eyes.
The method of fascination is also used, the operator
gazing fixedly in the subject's eyes at a distance of
about a foot. See, also. Somnambulism.
HYPNOTIZABLE
593
HYPODERM ATOMY
Hypnotizable {hip-not-lz' -ah-l) [yTri'of, sleep]. Sus-
ceptible of being hypnotized.
Hypnotization [Jiip-)iot-iz-a' -shun)\[iv:vo^ ; facere,
to make]. Tlie employment of the means used to
hypnotize a person ; the induction of hypnotism.
Hypnotoid [flip' -not-oid) [i'Trvof, sleep ; £i(5of, form].
Resembling hypnotism.
Hypo- (/u'-po-) [iiTTo, under]. A prefi.x denoting defi-
ciency or lack.
Hypo (Iiip'-o) [iVo, under]. A popular name for hy-
pochondriasis, lowness of spirits, or imaginary illness,
or exaggeration of slight ailments.
Hyposemia (Jii-po-e'-me-ali). See Hyphemia.
Hypoalbuminosis [Jii-po-al-bu-inin-o' -sis). See Hyp-
albuminosis and Hypo/eukontemia.
Hypoalonemia [hi-po-al-o-iie' -me-ah) [v-ko, under ; aAf,
salt, alOiv, of salts; aifia, blood]. A deficiency of
the salts of the blood.
Hypoaria [hi-po-a'-re-ah) [wtto, under ; udpiov, dim. of
Lidv, an egg]. In biology, a pair of oval ganglia found
on the ventral side of the region of the thalami in
most fishes.
Hypoblast (Jii' -po-blast) [/'tto, under ; ftXaarog, sprout].
The internal layer of the blastoderm, or the ental
layer of cells of the embryo of a metazoan ; it is called,
also, the endoderm, endoblast, entoderm, or epithelio-
glandular layer ; from it is developed the intestinal
epithelium (except that of the mouth and anus) and
that of the glands opening into the intestines ; also,
the epithelium of the air-passages.
Hypoblepharon (Iii-po-bkf -ar-on) \hn6, under ; /3/t-
(l>apov, lid]. I. An artificial eye. 2. A swelling
under the eyelid.
Hypobromite [hi-po-bro' -niit) \h'K6, under ; Ppo/xn^,
stench]. A salt of hypobromous acid. H. Method,
a method of estimating the quantity of urea in urine,
based upon the fact that when urea is acted upon by
sodium hypobromite (or calcium hypochlorite) it is
decomposed into nitrogen, carbon dioxid, and water.
Hypobulia {hi-po-bu' -le-ah) [irro, under ; (3oy/l//, will].
Loss or deficiency of will-power.
Hypocardia [hi-po-kar'-de-ah) [ijtto, under ; KapSia,
heart]. Downward displacement of the heart.
Hypocatalepsis [lii-po-kat-al-ep' -sis) [(itto, under; /card,
down; /la/z/Sdwri', to seize]. Slight catalepsy, or epi-
lepsy.
lA.y^ozz.\^s.\^\s [hi-po-kath-ai'^ -sis') [(''Trd, under ; Kofl-
aipuv, to purge] . A gentle purgation.
Hypochilium [hi-po-kiF -e-Mii) \hT:6, under; ;|;f(/lof,
the lip: pL, Hypochilia\ In biology, the lower part
of the lip of certain orchids.
Hypochlorhydria (hi-po-klor-hi' -dre-ah) [tVd, under;
;t;/lupdf, green; vfiup, water]. A condition in which
there is a diminished amount of HCl in the gastric
juice. It is usually associated with an overproduction
of lactic acid, and is often due to a state of lowered
general nutrition.
Hypochlorite {hi-po-Ido' -rif) [iV(5, under; ;>-?.wp(5r,
green]. Any salt of hypochlorous acid. Calcium
hypochlorite is the essential constituent of bleaching-
powder.
Hypochlorous Acid {hi-po-klo'-riis). See Acid.
Hypocholesteremia {hi-po-ko-les-ter-e' -me-ah) [iVd,
under; ;t:oA//, bile; ariap, fat; al//ra, blood]. Decrease
or deficiency of the cholesterin of the blood.
Hypochondria (hi-po-kon'-dre-ah) [ii-o, under; x<^i'- '
<5pof, cartilage]. I. The regions below the costal
arches on either side. 2. Same as Hypochondriasis.
Hypochondriac [hi-po-kon'-dre-ak) [tVd, under; ^df-
^poQ, cartilage]. I. Pertaining to the hypochon-
drium. 2. A person who is affected with hypochon-
driasis.
38
Hypochondriasis [hi-po-kon-dri' -as-is) \y-Ko-)(ov^piaKb(;,
aftected in the hypochondria]. A disturbance of the
functions of the nervous system similar to that in mel-
ancholia, in which the patient believes himself suffer-
ing from bodily disease. It is characterized by alternate
spells of moodiness and excitability. H. pituitosa.
Synonym of Membranous Enteritis.
Hypochondrium [hi-po-koii'-dre-um] [(Vd, under ; x''^'-
d/)Of, cartilage : pL, Hypochondria'\. The upper lat-
eral region on either side of the mesial line of the
abdomen.
Hypochromatemia (lii-po-kro-mat-et -me-ah) [tVo, un-
der; xi>'^f"> color; ai/ia, blood]. Deficiency of the
coloring-matter of the blood.
Hypochromatic {hi-po-kro-maf -ik)\h-n:6 , under; xP"fn,
color] . Deficient in coloring-matter.
Hypochromia. [hi-po-kro'-me-ah) [('-d, under ; ;j-pd)//a,
color]. Abnormal pallor or transparency of the skin,
occurring in certain skin-diseases.
Hypochrcsis (hi-po-kro^-sis) \_vtt6, under ; xp"'^'?!
coloring]. Abnormal paleness; lack of normal col-
oration.
Hypochyma {hi-po-ki'-ma/i) [(Vd, beneath ; ;t;ff<i', to
pour]. An old name for cataract.
Hypocist (Iii' -po-sist) \yix6, under; idaroc;, cistus]. I.
The plant Cytinus hypocistis, of the old world. 2.
The dark astringent extract prepared by drying the
sap of the foregoing plant and the juice of its ber-
ries. It is useful for hemorrhages and diarrhea. Unof.
Hypoclidium (hi-po-kli' -de-i/m) [y-6, under ; KAeic:, a
key; the clavicle : //. , Hypoclidia\ In biology, the
inferomedian process formed at the junction of the
clavicles of a bird.
Hypoclysis (hip-ok'-Iis-is) [iVd, under; a'kvGfioQ, a
clyster]. The administration of an enema.
Hypocotyl (Jii-po-kot' -il) [tVd, under; /cornAz/dwv, coty-
ledon]. A short term for Plypocotvledonotts stem.
Hypocotyledonous {hi-po-kot-il-e' -don-us')\hTT6, under ;
lioTvJrifiuv, cotyledon]. In biology, situated below
the cotyledons.
Hypocraterimorphous [hi' -po-kra-ter-im-or' -fits') [(Vo-
«:/jar^p(of, the stand of a crater ; /zop^);, form]. Applied
to certain flowers the corolla of which have a flat, spread-
ing limb surmounting a straight tube ; salver-shaped.
Hypocyrtosis (hi-po-sir-fo'-sis) [/'-d, under ; Kvpruaic,
curvature]. A slight amount of curvature.
Hypocystotomy (Jii-po-sis-tot' -o-me) [(Vd, under ; Kva-
r(f, bladder; Tofiij, a cut]. Perineal cystotomy.
Hypoderm [hi' -po-derm) [wd, under; dipfia, skin].
I. Subcutaneous tissue. 2. A hypodeiTnatic injection.
3. In biology, applied to the epithelial membrane
lining the cuticular, crustaceous, or chitinous invest-
ment of arthropods ; also called Hvpodermis.
Hypoderma [Jii-po-der' -maJi) [(Vd, under; (5fp/;a, skin].
In biology: I. A layer of cells, usually collenchyma,
just beneath the epidermis of a leaf or stem. 2. A
genus of dipterous insects, the bot-flies. See parasites
(Animal), Table of.
Hypodermatic [hi-po-der-maf -ik) [iVd, under ; 6epfia,
skin]. Pertaining to that which is under the skin, or
to the introduction of medicines beneath the skin.
Hypodermatoclysis [hi-po-der-mat-ok'-lis-is) , or Hy-
podermoclysis [hi-po-der-mok' -lis-is), [iVd, under;
Sepfia, skin; K/vaic, injection]. A method of supply-
ing fluid to the body to replace that lost through ex-
cessive purging, as in cholera, or in cases of hemor-
rhage. It consists in the introduction into the subcu-
taneous tissues of certain quantities of normal saline
solution.
Hypodermatomy [hi-po-der-mat'-o-me) [iVd, under;
Sipfia, skin ; Tefivetf, to cut]. Subcutaneous surgical
section of parts.
HYPODERMIC
594
HYPONASTY
Hypodermic [hi-po-der'-mik). See Hypoderinatic.
Hypodermis (Jii-po-der' -mis) [in-o, under; fSi/j/;(i, skin].
See Hypoderm.
Hypodermoclysm {Jii-po-dL'r' -ino-klizm). Same as
Ilypodennatoclysis .
Hypodicrotous [Jii-po-dik' -ro-ttis) [t'lro, under ; diKpo-
Ti)<;, double beat]. Dicrotic in a small degree.
Hypodipsia {Jii-po-dip' -se-ah) [/iTry, under; dttpti;, drink-
ing]. The drinking of too little water or fluid.
Hypodynia {hi-po-din' -e-ah) [tVo, under; bd'ui'//, pain].
Slight or trifling pain.
Hypoemia [hi-po-e' -me-ah) [i/TO, under; aifia, blood],
Insufiiciency of blood.
Hypoerythrocythemia [ki-po-er-itk-ro-si-the'-me-ak)
[i/TTo, under; epv6pu(;, red; kvtoc, cell; alfia, blood].
Deficiency in the normal number of red corpuscles in
the blood.
Hypogala [hi-pog' -al-aJi) \yir6, under; yakn, milk].
The collection of a milk-like fluid in the eye.
Hypogastralgia (Iii-po-gas-traU -je-ali] [iTrd, under;
yanriip, stomach; akyoQ, pain]. Pain in the hypogas-
trium.
Hypogastric [Jii-po-gas' -trik) [(Wo, under ; yaariip, the
belly]. Pertaining to the hypogastrium. See Abdo-
men, Artery, Ganglion, and Plexus.
Hypogastriotomy (lii-po-gas-tre-of -o-me) [wtto, under;
yaari^p, belly ; rojir], section]. The surgical opening
of the abdomen through the hypogastrium.
Hypogastrium (/i?'-/o-_j-(Zj''-/;-£'-z^/«) [iVo, under; yaari/p,
stomach]. The lower median anterior region of the
abdomen. See Abdomen.
Hypogastrocele (hi-po-gas'-tro-sel)[hn6,\xx\&e:r\ yaaTtjp,
stomach ; Ki]%7], hernia]. A hernia in the hypogastric
region.
Hypogastrodidymus [lii-po-gas-tro-did' -im-its) [yn-d,
under; yaari/p, stomach; di6v/j.oc, twin]. A double
monstrosity in which the two fetuses are united at the
hypogastrium.
Hypogastrohemia (lii ■ po - gas - tro - he' - me - ali) [iWd,
under; yaari/p, stomach; aifia, blood]. Hemorrhage
in the hypogastrium.
Hypogastrorrhagia [lii-po-gas-tror-a' -je-ali). Same as
Hypogastrohemia.
Hypogastrorrhea {hi-po-gas-tror-e' -ali) [yird, under ;
yaaTijp, stomach ; po'ia, a flow]. A slight amount of
gastrorrhea.
Hypogastrorrhexis [hi-po-gas-tror-eks' -is)\_hK6 , under ;
yaoTijp, stomach ; pe^ii;, rupture]. Eventration.
Hypogeal, Hypogaeal [hi-po-je'-al) \yn6yeio(;, under
ground]. In biology, growing beneath the surface of
the ground. Also, Hypogaan^Hypogaous, Hypogeau,
Hypogeoiis.
Hypogenesis {lii-po-jen' -es-is) [('ird, under ; yevcai^,
production, generation]. In biology, direct develop-
ment, without alternation of generations.
Hypogenous {hi-poj' -en-its') \h-n:b, un4er ; yevi/g, pro-
duced]. In biology, growing below the surface or
on the under side.
Hypogeusia (hi-po-gi/ -se-ah) [h-Ko, under; yehaig,
taste]. Diminution in the sense of taste.
Hypoglossal {hi-po-glos' -al) [wTrd, under ; yXiioaa,
tongue]. Under the tongue. H. Nerve. See
Nerves, Table of.
Hypoglossiadenitis [hi-po-glos-e-ad-en-i'-tis) \_im6, un-
der; yXunaa, tongue; di5//i', gland; ;r<f, inflamma-
tion]. Inflammation of the sublingual gland.
Hypoglossis {Iii-po-glos' -is). See Hypoglottis.
Hypoglossitis (/^/-/o-^/oj-/'-//^) [iVd, under; yluaaa,
tongue; iTtg, inflammation]. Inflammation of the
tissue under the tongue.
Hypoglossus (Iii-po-glos' -us) [utto, under ; y?.<jaaa,
tongue]. The hypoglossal nerve.
Hypoglottis [hi-po-glof -is) [iVd, under ; -/Atjrra,
tongue]. The under part of the tongue, attached to
the lower jaw. Also, a swelling at the under part of
the tongue.
Hypoglycemia (Jii-po - gli - se' -me-ah) [i'tto, under;
y?.vicv^, sweet; al//a, blood]. Deficiency of sugar in
the blood.
Hypognathadenitis (Jii-pog-nath-ad-en-i' -tis) \yK6, un-
der ; yraf^of, jaw ; a&i]v, gland; (r/f, inflammation].
Inflammation of the submaxillary gland.
Hypognathous (Jii-pog' -na-thns) \_hn6, under; yvaldoq,
jaw]. In biology, applied to animals in which the
lower mandible is longer than the upper.
Hypognathus (lii-pog' -na-thus) \hix6, under; yvdflog,
jaw]. A double monstrosity in which the parasite is
attached to the inferior maxillary bone.
Hypogynia ijii-po-jin' -e-ah) \hivu, under; yvvi), a
woman] . The state of being hypogynous.
Hypogynous (Jti-poj' -in-us)\yi:6, under; yw/;, female].
In biology, growing beneath the pistil ; applied to
stamens or other floral organs that are inserted be-
neath the pistil.
Hypohaemia {hi-po-he' -me-ah). See Hyp\hemia.
Hypohematosis (^hi-po-hem-at-o'-sis)\y-K6,\m.A^x ; dijia,
blood]. A diseased condition marked by hyphemia,
or deficiency in the amount of blood ; also, the produc-
tion, or process of inducing such a condition.
Hypohidrosis (hi-po-hid-ro' -sis) [iitto, under ; IdpucLi;,
sweating]. Scanty perspiration.
Hypohydremia {hi-po-hi-dre' -me-ah) \hiT6, under;
!«5(jp, water; aip.a, blood]. Deficiency of water in
the blood.
Hypohypnosis [hi-po-hip-no' -sis) \hTx6, under; mvo^,
sleep]. Imperfect or partial sleep.
Hypoinosemia (/^/-/o■/«-^^-^£''-OT^-^z/^) [iTrd, under; if, i
fiber; dtfia, blood]. Decrease in the tendency to!
the formation of fibrin in the blood.
Hypokinesia, or Hypokinesis {Jii-po-kin-e' -se-ah, or (
hi-po-kin-e' -sis) [i'tto, under; nivrjaiq, motion]. De-
ficiency in motor reaction under stimulation.
Hypoleukocythemia {hi-po-lii-ko-si-the' -me-ah) [uTTii,!
under ; /Ifn/cdf, white ; Kvroq, a cell ; dipa, blood].
Deficiency of white corpuscles in the blood.
Hypoleukontemia {hi-po-lti-kon-te' -me-ah)\ym6, under ; .
'kevK.6v, albumin ; dijia, blood]. Deficiency or decrease'
in the albumin of the blood. '
Hypolipemia {hi-po-lip-e' -iiie-ah) [tiTrd, under ; /lOTOf,
fat; a'(/ia, blood]. Deficiency of fat in the blood. '
Hypologia (Jii-po-lo' -ge-ah) [/iird, under; 'k6yo(;, word].
Poverty of speech as a symptom of cerebral disease.
Hypomania {hi-po-ma' -ne-ah) \y-K6, under; /zaw'o
madness]. A moderate degree of maniacal ex
altation.
Hypomelancholia [hi-po-mel-an-ko'-le-ah)\hn6, under
fie'kayx'Ma, melancholia]. Moderate or reasoning;
melancholia.
Hypomenous [hi-pom'-en-tis) [iiTrd, under ; iiheiv, U
remain]. Same as Hvpogenous.
Hypomere (Jii' -po-tner) [()/rd, under; pepo^, a part]. Ii
biology, the lower half of certain sponges (rhagon)
which consists of all three fundamental layers. '
Hypometropia {Jii-po-me-tro' -pe-ah) [(irrd, under
//fT/joj', measure ; wi/;, vision] . Myopia.
Hypomnesis [hi-po>n-ne'-sis) [hndfivijat^, memory]
Memory or recollection.
■ Hypomoria [hi-pv-mo' -re-ah) \l>-(t, under; pup'ia, folly]*
.Slight mental disorder.
Hypomyosthenia [lii-po-mi-os-the' -nc-ah) [iVd, under^
/iiif, muscle ; aOiro^, strength]. Deficiency in musi
cular power.
Hyponasty, or Hyponastic Curvature {hi' -po-nas-t'
[('TTo, under; vaarui;, close pressed]. In biology,
HYPONEURIA
595
HYPOTHECIUM
curvature produced by growth on the under side of
an extended organ. Cf. Epinasty.
Hyponeuria (Jii-po-mi' -re-ali^ ['"ru, under; vevpov,
nerve]. Slight or diminished nerve-power.
Hyponoetic(/«'-/<?-«<?-f/"-//J') [wTTo, under ; w)7/r;«:(if, under-
standing]. Under the control of the will.
Hyponome [Jii' -po-nonC) [iTrd, under; vEfxetv, to dwell
in, to inhabit]. In biology, the exhalant funnel of a
cephalopod.
Hyponomous {ki-po?i'-o-mus) \_vnd, under ; vc/aeiv, to
feed] . .Spreading or eating below the surface ; applied
to certain ulcers, etc.
Hypopepsia (Jii-po-pep' -se-a!i)\hn6, under; ne^l/ii;, diges-
tion]. A disorder of digestion in which there is a
notable diminution in the functional activity, glandular
and chemic, of the stomach.
Hypophemia, Tropical. See Ankylostomiasis.
Hypophlceodic (Jii-po-Jle-od' -ik) [iitto, under ; <^\oi6q,
bark]. In biology, situated beneath the bark.
Hypophlceous [ki-po-Jic'-us). Same as Hypophlceodic.
Hypophosphite [hi-po-fos' -fit)[y-K6,VLnA&r\ phosphorits^.
Any salt of hypophosphorous acid. Several hypo-
phosphites (as of calcium, potassium, sodium) are offi-
cial, and many others are used to a limited extent.
Hypophosphorous Acid [ki-po-/os-fo'-rus). See Acid.
Hypophrasia {hi-po-fra' -ze-ali) [i/Trd, under ; <j>pa(ji<;,
phrase, utterance] . Meagerness or poverty of speech,
as a sign of cerebral disease.
Hypophyllium {hi-po-fil'-e-um) \h-K6, under; ^'vWov,
a leaf: pL, Hypophyllia\. In biology, a sheath-like
petiole, without laminse.
Hypophyllous {hi-poff' -il-us) [irrd, under ; (^vaXov,
leaf]. Same as llypogenous.
Hypophysemia (Jii-po-fi-se' -tne-ali) [iTrd, under ;
^iiua, air; aJ/ia, blood]. Deficiency of gaseous ele-
ments in the blood.
Hypophysis [hi-poff' -is-is)\_hn6, under; (phuv, to grow].
The pituitary body, q. v. ; sometimes called the H.
cerebri.
Hypoplasia (Jd-po-pla'-ze-ali) \yi:6, under; iz'kaootLv,
to mould]. Deficiency or arrested development of
any organ or tissue. See Aplasia.
Hypoplastemia {Jii-po-plas-te'-me-ah'). ^tte. Hypoplas-
' tic e mi a.
Hypoplasticemia (Jii-po-plas-tis-e' -me-ali) \yn6, under;
7rAa!Tr(K(5f, plastic ; a'i/ia, blood]. Deficient plasticity
of the blood.
Hypopraxia (lii-po-praks' - e-aJi) \jnx6, under ; jrpaftjf,
doing]. Inactivity; listlessness ; inefficiency as a
sign or result of cerebral disorder.
Hypopselaphesia [lii-pop-sel-af-e' -ze-ali) \_v-k6, under ;
iln/Xdfijaig, touch]. Diminution of sensitiveness to
tactile impressions.
Hypoptilum (Jii-pop' -iil-uni) \y-K6, under ; ■kt'iXov,
feather : //. , Hypoptila'] . In biology, the entire
after shaft of a feather, including the vanes ; hypo-
rachis.
Hypoptyalism ijii-pop-ti' -al-izni) [wTrd, under; TVTvaXia-
fj.d(;, ptyalism]. A mild or slight ptyalism.
Hypopygium {hi-po-pij' -e-ia7i) [wtto, under ; Trvyri, the
rump: pi., Hypopygia'\. In biology, the male clasp-
ing-organ of dipterous insects.
Hypopyon (lii-po'pe-o?!) [iVd, under; ttvov, pus]. A
collection of pus in the anterior chamber of the eye,
secondary to inflammation of adjacent tissues.
Hypoquebrachin {ki-po-kwe-lu-ak'-in) \yn6, under ;
quebracho'] , Cj, H.jgN.^O.^. An alkaloid of Quebracho,
occurring in yellow masses, melting at about 80° C,
and soluble in alcohol and ether.
Hyporachis {hi-por'-ak-is) [fiTrd, under ; paxtg, the
spine]. In biology, the stem or rachis of the after-
shaft ; the hypoptilum of a feather.
Hyporadioli (hi-po-ra-di'-o-li) [hn6, under ; radius,
radius]. In biology, the barbules of the after-shaft of
a feather.
Hyporrhea (hi-por-e'-ah) [iVd, under; pe'iv, to flow].
A slight hemorrhage.
Hyposmia. [hi-poz' -i/ie-ah) [tJird, under ; 6(t////, smell].
Diminution of the sense of smell.
Hypospadia, or Hypospadias {hi-po-spa'-de-ah, hi-po-
j/a'-j/c-rtj) [tiTTo, under ; dTrdi', to draw]. An abnormal
opening and ending of the urethra upon the under
surface of the penis, or in the under wall of the urethra.
It is variously classed, according to the position of its
opening, as glandular (or balanic), balano-penile,
penile, peno-scrotal, scrotal, or perineal. Certain
tribes of the Arabs, Africans, and native Australians
produce an artificial hypospadias.
Hypostaphylitis [hi-po-staf-ili'-tis) \_'vku, under;
aTa(f)v'Ai^, uvula; iric, inflammation]. Slight inflam-
mation of the uvula.
Hypostasis {hi-pos'-tas-is)\_i>K6aTaai(;, a standing under].
A word loosely used to denote feces, or any sediment
falling from a liquid, especially the sediment of urine.
Also, a form of passive hyperemia caused by the de-
pendent position of the part affected.
Hypostatic (fii-po-stat' -ik) \_InT6aTaiy/c, a standing
under]. Due to, or of the nature of, hypostasis. H.
Congestion. Same as Hypostasis, q. v. H. Pneu-
monia, Piorry's term for the variety of pneumonia
secondary to most of the acute febrile diseases, and
occurring in the final stage of many chronic diseases.
It is in part due to the mechanic gravitation of blood
to the part affected, as to the back, in cases of long-
continued dorsal decubitus.
Hyposternum [Iii-po-ster' -nutii) [iWd, under ; arepvov,
the breast: //. , Hyposte7-na\ In biology, the third
lateral piece of the plastron of a turtle ; also called
Hypoplastron.
Hyposthenia (hi-po-sthe'-ne-ah) [('tto, under ; aSivoc;,
strength]. Weakness ; subnormal strength.
Hyposthenic [hi-po-sthen' -ik) [uTrd, under; afitvo<;,
strength]. I. Tendency to, or characterized by, hy-
posthenia ; applied to diseases that are more than or-
dinarily enfeebling. 2. A medicine that reduces the
action of the heart without affecting its rhythm.
Hypostoma (lii-pos'-to-mah) [iTrd, under; arofia,
mouth://., Hyposiomata']. In biology, applied {a)
by Meigen and Bouche to the clypeus of Diptera, and
by Meinert to a curved broad sclerite behind the lamina
labialis of the inner stipes in the mouth of Myriopods ;
(i) to the proboscis of Hydroidea.
Hypostomatous {hi-po-sto' -mat-us) or Hypostomous
[hi-pos'-to-iiiiis) \_'v~6, under; tjrSfia, mouth]. In
biology, having the mouth inferior or ventral.
Hypostome [Jii' -po-stom). Same as Hypostoma.
Hypostyptic [hi-po-stip'-tik) \yn6, under; o-vktlkS^,
astringent]. I. Moderately or mildly styptic. 2. A
mildly styptic medicine.
Hyposynergia [lii-po-sin-er' -je-ah) [iVd, undef ; avvep-
yia, cooperation]. Defective coordination.
Hyposystole [hi-po-sis' -to-le) [iVd, under; avarolii,
systole]. Deficiency of the cardiac systole.
Hyposystolia {hi-po-sis-to' -le-ah). See Hyposystole.
Hypotension {lii-po-ten' -shun) \_vn6, under; tensio,
a stretching] . Diminished or abnormally low tension ;
hypotonia.
Hypothallus [hi-po-fhaV -us) [i'-d, under; ^aAAdf, a
young shoot or branch, a frond : //. , Hypoihalli ]. In
biology, a delicate filamentous mass upon which is
developed the thallus of a lichen.
Hypothecium {hi-po-the'-se-um) \_v-6, under ; fiijKTi. a
case]. In biology, that portion of a lichen thallus
immediately around or beneath the apothecium.
HYPOTHENAR
596
HYSTERIC
Hypothenar {Jd-potli' -en-ar) \h~(i, under; tikvap, palm].
The fleshy eminence on the palm of the hand over
the metacarpal bone of the little finger. Also, the
prominences on the palm at the base of the fingers.
Also, the ball of the thumb.
Hypothermal (Jii-po-ilwr' -mal ) [iVo, under ; dtpfir;,
heat] . Tepid ; denoting a temperature placed ar-
bitrarily between 59° and 68° F., or 15° and 25° C.
Also, pertaining to the reduction of the temperature
of the body.
Hypothermia {Jii-po-thcir'-me-ah ) or Hypothermy
{/li'-po-dier-me) [(Vo, under; Oepju?/, heat]. De-
ficiency in the heat of the body.
Hypothesis {lii-poth' -es-is) [yTrd, under; (^£(Ttf, a posi-
tion]. A supposition set forth for discussion or
demonstration. A theory assumed as true.
Hypotonia, or Hypotonus (Jii-po-to' -ne-ah, or hi-pot'-
o-ntts) [uTTii, under ; Tovoq, tension]. Decrease of nor-
mal tonicity ; diminution of intraocular pressure.
Hypotony [ ('tt (5, under ; t6voi;, tension].
.Same as Hypotonia. H., Gastric, the reverse condi-
tion of gastric hypermotility, q. v.
Hypotreme (Jii' -po-trem') [iVo, under ; rprifia, a hole,
(here, a spiracle) : //. , Hypotremata^. In entomology,
one of a pair of strong fusiform processes extending
obliquely across the anterior coxo-sternal foramina to
the lower borders of the anterior spiracles in certain
insects {e. g. , Dipfera) ; they strengthen the anterior
part of the thoracic wall. iyLowne.)
Hypotrichous {hi-pot' -rik-us) [ii/rd, under; Qp'i^, hair].
In biology, applied to such infusoria as have the
locomotor cilia on the under side of the body.
Hypotrophy (lii-pot' -ro-fe) [utto, under; Tpe<lieiv, to
nourish]. Subnormal nutrition. A defect in the con-
structive or tissue-building powers of the organism. It
may be congenital or acquired, and varies much in
degree in different individuals, or even in the same
individual at different times.
Hypouremia [Jii-po-ii-re' -me-ah) \h-K6, under ; ovpov,
urine; a}//o, blood]. Diminution of the urea nor-
mally present in the blood.
Hypouricemia [hi-po-n-ris-e'-ine-ah) [h~6, under;
ohpov, urine; atfia, blood]. Decrease in the uric acid
of the blood.
Hypourocrinia {hi-po-u-ro-krin' -e-aJi) [iiTrd, under ;
ovpov, urine ; KpivEiv, to separate]. A deficient or too
scanty secretion of urine.
Hypoxanthin (lii-po-zan' -thui) [i'tto, under ; ^avd6<;,
yellow], Cr,H^N^O. A leukomaine, also known as
Sarcin or Sarkin. It occurs, accompanying adenin
and guanin, in nearly all the animal tissues and organs
rich in nucleated cells. In minute quantities it is a
normal constituent of urine. It has also been found
in plants, seeds, ferments, and wines. It is a crystal-
line body, soluble in cold and boiling water, insoluble
in cold alcohol and ether. Hypoxanthin appears to
be one of the products formed by the decomposition
and successive oxidation of proteid matter previous to
the formation of uric acid and urea. It is produced
from adenin by the action of nitrous acid. It is non-
poisonous. See Kossct s Test, and Sardn.
Hypsicephaly {hip-sis-ef -al-e) [i'l/", on high ; Ke^aTitj,
head]. The condition of a skull with a cranial index
of over 75.1°.
Hypsicranius (/i/)i-j//('-ra''-«c-?/.v) [t'i/"> on high ; Kpav'iov,
skull]. Lissauer's term for a skull having the ratio
between length and height of 82.5° to 90.4°.
Hypsiliform {hip-sif -if-orm). See Ypsiliform.
Hypsodont {hip' ■sfl-dont') [v^{ii, on high ; 6(5o/>f, tooth].
In biology, applied to such animals as have teeth fur-
nished with long crowns and short roots.
Hypsonosus (fiip-so7i' -o-sus) [liVT) height; vonor, ill-
ness]. Mountain-sickness; balloon-sickness ; charac-
terized by nausea, headache, epistaxis, etc.
Hypsophobia {hip-so-fo'-bc-ah) [/'i/'of, height; ?>o/3of,
fear]. Morbid dread of being at a great -height ;
aerophobia.
Hypsophyl, {hip' -so-fil) [tW'', on high ; <^\'Xkov,2L leaf].
In biology, one of the leaf-like or bract-like structures
subtending a flower or an inflorescence.
Hypsopisthius {hip-so-pis'-the-us) on high ; bmc-
610V, occiput]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which
the angle included between the radius fixus and the
line joining the hormion and lambda is between 33°
and 41°.
Hypural {hip-u'-ral) [tVo, under; o'vpa, tail]. In bi-
ology, located beneath the tail.
Hyraceum {hi-ra' -se-um) [iipaj, a mouse]. A product
from South Africa, somewhat resembling castoreum,
and believed to be an excretion, perhaps fecal, of
Hyrax capensis, the so-called South African cony or
cliff-badger. Its use is the same as that of castor.
Hyssop {his' -op) [yaauTvot;, an aromatic plant]. Hedge-
hyssop. The leaves and tops of Hyssoptts officinalis,
an aromatic stimulant, carminative, and tonic, much
employed in chronic catarrh of the respiratory tract.
Dose of the 'fld. ext. 3j-ij- Unof. See also Zo/,^(7«-
thus and Gfatiola.
Hystera {his'-ter-ah) [wrspa, womb]. The uterus or
womb. Also, the vulva. Also, the placenta or after-
birth.
Hysteralgia {his-ter-al'-Je-ah) \_baTq)a, womb; d/lyof,
pain]. Pain in the womb.
Hysteranesis {his ter-aii'-es-is) \_hrjTepa, womb; aveaig,
relaxation]. Relaxation and atony of the uterus.
Hysteranthous {his-ter-an' -thus) \haTtpoq, later; avQoc,
a flower]. In biology, applied to plants in which the
leaves do not appear till after the flowers have appeared.
Hysteratresia {his-ter-at-re' -ze-ah) \ya-kpa, womb;
ciTpsroc, imperforate]. An imperforate or impervious
condition of the mouth of the womb.
Hysterauxesis {his-ter-a-vks-e' -sis') [_vGTepa, womb;
ah^r/oic, enlargement]. Enlargement of the uterus,
normal (as in pregnancy) or abnormal.
Hysterectomy {his-ter-ek' -to-me) \_vaTipa, womb;
iKTOfj)/, a cutting out]. Excision or removal of the
womb by surgical operation. H., Vaginal, removal
of the womb through the vagina.
Hysterelcosis {his-ter-el-ko' -sis) [_v(7Tepa, womb ; e?i-
Kuaic, ulceration]. Ulceration of the uterus.
Hysteria {his-te' -re-ah) \_v<TTf:pa, womb]. A functional
disturbance of the nervous system, supposed by early
physicians to be due to a disordered condition of
the womb. It is now often considered a neurosis;
it is not with certainty known whether it is due to
structural alteration in any part of the central nervous
system, or to abnormal blood-supply. Paralyses, impair-
ment of vision, convulsions, sensory disturbances, and
psychic manifestations, are usually prominent symp-
toms. Major and minor types are differentiated.
The popular significance of the term is that of feigned
disease, but the physician usually considers the
affection real. It is more frequently encountered in
females than in males. H., Epileptiform, a synonym
cti Hystero-epilepsy. H., Major, hystero-epilepsy. H.,
Minor, hysteria of a mild form.
Hysteric, Hysterical {his-tcr'-ik, his-tcr' -ik-al)\_vaTtpo,,
womb]. Pertaining to hysteria, ^. f. Also, pertaining
to the womb. H. Temperature, 'i^et Thermal Ataxia.
H. Breast, a condition of the breast in neurotic
women marked by excessive superficial tenderness,
diffuse swelling, constant variation in size and hard-
ness, and by the recurrence of these symptoms at the
menstrual epochs. H. Dyspnea, intensely rapid
HYSTERICISM
597
HYSTEROPSOPHY
breathing, 50 to 150 respirations per minute, occurring
in neurotic individuals, without corresponding altera-
tion of the pulse-rate. H. Somnolence, the early stage
or lighter form of //. Trance. H. Trance, a peculiar
condition in which the patient sinks into a lethargic,
corpse-like condition, lasting from a few hours to several
days.
Hystericism {liis-ter' -is-izni) [vartpa, womb]. The
hysteric diathesis or temperament ; proneness to the
exhibition of hysteric symptoms.
Hysterics (/iis-ft'/'^-!A's)\_vcrTepa,womb']. A popular term
for hysteric or convulsive movements and conditions.
Hysteriencephalitis (Jiis-ter-e-eti-sef-al-i' -tis ) [^iiorepa ,
womb; t) Kkipa'/An' , brain; LTig, inflammation]. En-
cephalitis and meningitis following repeated attacks of
hysteria.
Hysterionica [his-tei'-e-on' -ik-aJi) [_vaTepa, womb]. A
composite -flowered herb of South America (//. bayla-
huen) of considerable efficacy in the treatment of
acute and chronic affections of the respiratory appar-
atus. It is also a stomachic and intestinal antiseptic
of value in the treatment of flatulent dyspepsia. Dose
of the fluid extract rr\,v-xv. Unof.
Hysteritis {his-ter-i' -tis). See Metritis.
Hysterizable (Jiis-ter-iz' -a-hl^ \harkpa, womb; able,
able]. Capable of being thrown into a hysteric con-
dition.
Hystero- [his'-ter-o-) [haTiipa, uterus]. A prefix sig-
nifying relation to the uterus, or to hysteria.
Hysterocatalepsy (Jiis-ter-o-kat' -al-ep-se) [yarepa,
womb; KaTa/j/iiiig, catalepsy]. A form of hysteria
accompanied by catalepsy.
Hysterocele (Jiis' -ter-o-sel ) \[taTkpa, uterus ; KifKq, her-
nia]. Hernia containing the uterus, or part of it.
Hysterocleisis (Jiis-ter-o-kli' -sis) [iioTtpa, womb ;
lOieimg, closure]. The closure of the os uteri by scari-
fying and suturing the labia ; an operation formerly
employed in the treatment of vesico-uterine fistula.
Hysterocyesis (/lis-ter-o-si-e' -sis)[^vart pa ,womh ; Kvr/aig,
pregnancy]. Uterine pregnancy.
Hysterocystocele [Jiis-ter-o-sis' -to-sel ) \haTkpa, womb ;
KudTii;, bladder ; m/lr/, hernia]. Hysterocele compli-
cated by cystocele ; hernia of the womb and the
bladder, or parts of them.
Hystero-demonopathy (/lis - ter - o- de -mon-op' -aih-e')
[wfTTfpa, womb; 6wjiuv, a demon; TraOog, disease].
Hysteric demonopathy or demonomania.
Hysterodynia {Jiis-ter-o-din' -e-aJi) \haTipa, womb ;
bdvvr/, pain]. Pain in the womb.
Hystero-epilepsy (.Jiis-ter-o-ep' -il-ep-se)\yaTipa, womb ;
eKilTjTp'ia, epilepsy]. A form of hysteria accompanied
by convulsions resembling those of epilepsy. Gowers
advises the term Iiy steroid in reference thereto.
Hystero-epileptogenous {Jiis' -ter-o-ep-il-ep-toj' -en-us)
[wrfpa, womb; iT:ikiii\na, epilepsy; yevvav, to pro-
duce]. Producing hysteric epilepsy.
Hysterogenic [his-ter-o-Jen' -ik)\_'i'aTipa, womb; yEvvav,
to beget]. Causing or producing hysteria.
Hysterogenic (Jiis-ter-o-jen' -ik) [wrfpof, later; jevEia,
produce, bear]. In biology, applied to intercellular
spaces or structures appearing late in the life of a
plant. Ct. Protogenic.
Hysterogeny (liis-ter-oj'-en-e') \yaTkpa, womb ; ytwav,
to produce]. The induction of the hysteric state or
paroxysm.
Hysteroid (liis' -ter-oid') \l'aripa, womb; f JJor, form].
Resembling hysteria. Hystero-epilepsy. H. Con-
vulsions, convulsive movements with hysteric symp-
toms in various organic diseases of the brain, in
epilepsy, and in hydrophobia.
Hysterolith [his'-ter-o-lith) [voTtpa, womb; X'ldog,
stone]. Calculus or stone in the womb.
Hysterolithiasis {his-ter-o-lith-i' -as-is) [varepa, womb ;
'Aidiaaig, the formation of calculi]. The formation of
hysteroliths.
Hysterology {liis-ter-ol' -o-je) ^varipa, womb; Aojor,
science]. The anatomy, physiology, and pathology,
of the uterus.
Hysteroloxia [his-ter-o-loks' -e-ali) \haTtpa, womb ;
/^-ofof, oblique]. Oblique displacement or position of
the uterus.
Hysteromalacia (Jiis-ter-o-mal-a' -se-ali) l_vaTepa, womb ;
fia'/aKia, softness]. Softening of the tissues of the
womb.
Hysteromalacoma {Jiis-ter-o-inal-ak 0' -mali) \_i<aTtpa,
womb; fia'/aKOQ, soft]. Softening of the womb or of
any part of it.
Hysteromania (Jiis-ter-o-ma' -ne-ali) \ha-ipa, womb;
fiavia, madness]. Hysteric insanity ; also, nympho-
mania.
Hysterometer (his-ter-oiii' -et-er)\_vaTepa , womb ; furpov,
measure]. An instrument for measuring the length
of the intra-uterine cavity.
Hysterometry [liis-ter-om'-et-re) \_voTtpa, womb; ^itT-
pov, measure]. The measurement of the womb or of
its internal space.
Hysteromyoma {liis-ter-o-mi-o' -maJi) \yaTkpa, womb ;
uii(,-, muscle ; 6//a, tumor : pi. , JJysteroi?tyomata'\. My-
oma or fibro-myoma of the womb.
Hysteromyomatous {his-ter-o-mi-o'-mat-tis) [j'OTepa,
womb; muscle ; 6//a, tumor]. Of the nature of
or pertaining to hysteromyoma.
Hysteromyomectomy {his' - ter- o- mi-o- mek' - to - me)
\_raTtpa, uterus; //t)f, muscle; eKrofii/, excision].
Removal of a hysteromyomatous growth. Removal
of the body or supravaginal portion of the uterus for
fibroid tumor.
Hysteroncus {his-ter-ong' -kits) [iWepo, womb ; ojkoc,
a tumor]. A tumor or swelling of the uterus.
Hysteroneurasthenia [Ais'- ter - 0 - mi- ras-the' -ne-ali)
[('tTTiyja, womb ; vivpov, nerve; aadevEia, weakness].
Neurasthenia resulting from womb-disease.
Hystero-neurosis [Ids' -ter-o-nii-ro' -sis) \i'mkpa,
womb; i^rripoi', nerve ; voooq, disease]. A reflex ac-
tion resulting from irritation of the uterus.
Hystero-oophorectomy [Ids' -ter-o-o-off-or-ek' -to-me)
\_vaTtpa, womb; c)6<popo(;, egg-bearing; CKTo/iij, a
cutting out]. The surgical removal of the uterus and
ovaries together.
Hystero-paralysis {Ids-ter-o-par-al' -is-is) [i/arepa,
womb; Tra/jd/lDff/f, palsy]. Paralysis or weakness of
the walls of the womb.
Hysteropathic (Jds-ter-o-path' -ik) \y(STkpa, womb ;
■Kadoc^, disease]. Of the nature of, or pertaining to,
hysteropathy.
Hysteropathy (Ids-ter-op' -ath-e)\yaT'epa, womb ; ■Kadnq,
disease]. Any disease or disorder of the womb. Also,
hysteria.
Hysteropathy {Ids-ter-op' -atk-e) [I'ffrepof, latere; Trddog,
illness]. Same as Deuteropathy.
Hysteropexia, Hysteropexy (//w-to'-o-Zt'/V-f-a/;, his'-
ter-o-peks-e) [i'dripa, womb ; liii^iq, a fastening]. Ab-
dominal fixation of the uterus by a surgical operation.
Hysterophore [Ids'-ter-o-for) \j'aTkpa, womb ; ipop6g,
bearing]. A form of uterine pessary.
Hysterophrenic [Ids-ter-o-fren'-ik) \yaTkpa, womb ;
ippijv, the mind]. Opposed to hysterogenic.
Hysteroplegia {Jiis-ter-o-ple' -je-ah) [i'Grkpa, womb ;
irTiriyij, a stroke]. Same as Hystero-paralysis.
Hysteropnix [Ids-ter-op' -tiiks) \_v<j-tpa, womb; ttv'i^,
suffocation]. Globus hystericus.
Hysteropsophy lylds-ter-op' -so-fe) [I'wrepa, womb;
Tp6(l)oc:, sound, utterance]. The escape of air from the
uterus with an audible sound.
HYSTERO-PSYCHOPATHY
598
ICAJIN
Hystero-psychopathy (his-ter-o-si-kop' -ath-e) [vartpa,
womb; ijwK>;, the mind; ■Ka6o(;, disease]. Mental
disorder secondary to disease of the uterus.
Hysteropsychosis (Jiis-ter-o-si-ko' -sis) [iWfpa, womb;
T\>VKri, the mind]. Mental disorder associated with
uterine disease.
Hysteroptosis (his-fer-op-to' -sis) \_i'OTl;pa, womb ;
TTTuaig, a falling]. Falling of the womb. See Pro-
lapsus.
Hysterorrhaphy (Jiis-tcr-or' -ra-fe) [/arfpa, womb ;
pa^rj, suture]. The closure of a uterine incision or
rent by suture.
Hysterorrhea {Jiis-ter-or-c' -ali) \_u(jTipa, womb ; pola,
flow]. A discharge from the uterus.
Hysterorrhexis (Jiis-ter-07--eks' -is) \yaTkpa, womb ;
pV^i^, rupture]. Rupture of the womb.
Hysterosalpinx [Iiis-ter-o-sal' -pi^igks) \yaTtpa, womb ;
aaXniy^, pipe]- A Fallopian tube or oviduct.
Hysteroscope [liis' -tei--o-skbp) [t'orfpa, womb ; unoKdv,
to view]. A uterine speculum, with a reflector.
Hysterospasm (Jiis' -tcr-o-spaz)ii) [iVrfpa, womb ; arraa-
p6(;, spasm]. Uterine spasm.
Hysterostomatome i^his-ter-o-sto' -mat-dm) [iVrfpa,
womb; ar6jia, mouth; ro///;, section]. A knife for
use in hysterostomatomy.
Hysterostomatomy, or Hysterostomatotomy {/lis-
ter-o-sto-mat' -o-me , or his-ter-os-to-niat-ot' -o-iiti-) \_va-
rspa, womb ; ardfia, mouth ; TOfii], section]. Surgical
incision of the os uteri, or its enlargement by a cutting
operation.
Hysterotokotomy (Iiis - ter - o - to - kot' -o-me) l^varipa,
I. The symbol of lodin.
lamatology [^i-am-at-ol' -o-je) \iap.a, remedy; Ao^of,
science]. The science of remedies, or of therapeutics;
aceology. Obsolete.
lasis ii-a'-sis) [^taaif;, treatment, cure]. Medical or
surgical treatment.
lateria, or latoria (i-at-e'-re-ah, or i-at-o' -re-ali) [iar;/-
p'la, laropla, therapeutics]. Therapeutics ; the art or
practice of medicine.
latraliptic [i-at-ral-ip' -lik) [Jar/jof, physician ; aXt'iTrrrji; ,
an anointer]. Curing by using ointments and fric-
tions. I. Method. Same as Epidennatic Method.
latreusiology (i-at-rii-se-ol' -o-je) [idrpEUOTf, practice of
medicine; Adyof, science]. The science of medical
or surgical treatment; therapeutics. Obsolete.
latreusis [i-at-ru' -sis) [Idrpevair, treatment] . Medical
or surgical treatment.
latric {i-tit'-rik) \_laTpiKtic, medical]. Pertaining to the
physician or to the science of medicine.
latro- [i-at'-ro-) \^ia-p6(;, physician]. A Greek prefix
signifying relation to medicine or to physicians.
latrochemic, latrochemical [i-at-ro-kem'-ik, i-at-ro-
kei>i' -ik-al) [J«r/)Of, physician ; ;i;7;/i£(n, chemistry].
Pertaining to the obsolete chemic school of therapeu-
tists ; spagiric.
latrochemist {i-at-ro-kcm' -ist) [iarpiif , physician ;
X'ljiein, chemistry], A follower of iatrochemic or
spagiric doctrines.
latrol {i^-at-rol) \_Mrpov, surgery]. Oxy-iodo-methyl-
womb ; tuko^, birth; Topij, section]. Cesarean
operation, or delivery through an incision into the
womb.
Hysterotome [his' -ter-o-tom) \hoTepa, womb ; To/77/, a
cutting]. A hysterotomy-knife or cutting-instrument
for use in hysterotomy.
Hysterotomotocia {his-ter-o-to-vio-to' -se-ah) [I'drfpa,
womb; ro/y//, cutting; r(5/cof, birth]. An incision
into the womb for the removal of a fetus ; hysteroto- j
kotoniy.
Hysterotomy [his-ter-ot'-o-me) \_l:(7Ttpa, womb; to//^,
section]. I. Surgical incision of the uterus. 2. Cesa- I
rean section. See Cesarean Operation. j
Hysterotrachelorrhaphy [his - ter-o - tra-kel-or' -ra-fe) ■
[rff-fpa, womb ; rpaxipog, neck; pai^ij, suture]. A '
plastic operation for the restoration of a lacerated
cervix uteri.
Hysterotrachelotomy (Jiis-ter-o-tra-kel-ot' -o-tne) \h(s-
Ttpa, womb ; Tpii x'ftoQ, neck ; TOfiTj, section]. Surgi-
cal incision of the neck of the womb.
Hystero-traumatism [his-ter-o-traw'-mat-icm) [harepa,
womb ; rpnvpa, wound]. Hysteric symptoms due to
or following traumatism.
Hysterotrismus (Jiis-ter-o-triz' -miis) \yaTkpa, womb ;
rpiap6(;, a creaking]. Spasm of the uterus.
Hystriciasis [his-tris-i' -as-is) [i'ffrp/f. a hedgehog].
A disease of the hair in which the latter " stares" or
stands stiffly out like the hair of the hedgehog.
Hystricismus [his-tris-iz' -unis). See Ichthyosis hystrix.
Hystrix [his' -t>iks) Y^a-pi^, porcupine]. Same as
Ichthyosis hystrix.
I.
anilid; an odorless afid non-toxic antiseptic agent, said
to be three times as effective, weight for weight, as
iodoform. Unof.
latroliptic (i-at-ro-lip' -tik). See latraliptic.
latrology (i-at-rol' -o-je) [iarptif , physician ; "kiyoq,
science]. The science of medicine ; an account of,
or treatise on, physicians.
latromathematician [i-at - ro - math - em - at - ish'- an)
[^'larpor, physician ; pa6)//iariK6c, a mathematician].
A physician of a 17th century school (chiefly Italian)
which ascribed vital activities to the sizes of pores
and particles, to friction and consequent retardation,
and to other mechanical causes. He asserted that
all vital phenomena are mechanical.
latrophysics {i-at-ro-fiz' -iks) [Jarpor, physician ; <^vbi-
Aof, pertaining to nature]. The relation of physics to
medicine orthe appUcation of physics to disease or thera-
peutics. The materialistic explanation of disease ; ap-
plied especially to an obsolete theory of the 17th cen-
tury, that sought to explain physiologic and therapeutic
facts by means of the principles of physics (dynamics
and statics).
latrotechnics [i-at-ro-tek' -niks) [)r/r/)(if, physician;
7f;i'r?/, art]. The art of healing.
Iba {e'-bah) [African]. Gaboon chocolate; a .substi-
tute for chocolate froin Irvingia gabonensis, a simaru-
baceous tree of W. Africa. Unof.
Icajin {ik'-aj-in) [African, icaja'\. A poisonous alka-
loid derived from an African ordeal-drug called icaja.
ICE
599
ICHTHVOTOXICUM
It somewhat resembles brucin, and is probably derived
from some species of Strophatitlius. Unof.
Ice its) [ME., ise, ice]. Water in its solid state, to
which it is reduced by a temperature of o° centigrade,
or 32° Fahrenheit. I. -bag, a bag of waterproof ma-
terial filled with ice, for application to any part of the
body. I. -cap, a bladder or rubber cap filled with
pounded ice for application to the head in case of con-
gestion. I. -cot, a bed cooled by ice, so as to reduce the
temperature of the patient. I. -cradle, a device that
consists in the suspension over a febrile patient in
bed, by means of iron frames or barrel-hoops, of a
number of zinc buckets kept half-filled with ice and
enclosed in a light covering. The patient is covered
with a muslin sheet and provision is made for the circu-
lation of pure air in the cradle. The temperature of
the patient is to be taken at least every four hours, and
if it falls to 100° the apparatus is to be removed. If a
sense of chilliness appears hot bottles are to be applied
to the feet. I. -poultice, or I. -compress, an applica-
tion of broken ice used for local refrigeration.
Iceland i^is'-land) [ME., zj^, ice; yV¥..,land, land].
An island of the Arctic Ocean. I. Moss. See Cetra-
ria. I. Spar, a transparent calcium carbonate, crys-
tallized in rhomboidal prisms. It has the property of
dividing and doubly refracting a ray of light.
Ichor (i'-kor) [i^w/J, serum, or pus]. An acrid and
thin puriform discharge from an ulcer or wound.
Ichoroid, or Ichorous {i'-ko!'-oid, i'-kor-us) [',,vwp,
serum, or pus; A&or, like]. Resembling or relating
to pus containing serum and disintegrated tissue.
Ichorrhea (i-kor-e'-ah) [i/cup, pus; poia, a. flow]. A
copious flow of ichor.
IchoTihemia. [i-kor-e^-me-ij/i) [l;c(if5, ichor; a]/za, blood].
The presence in the blood of ichorous matter; septice-
mia; pyemia.
Ichthiasis [ik-tki'-as-is). See Ichthyosis.
Ichthidin [ik' -ihid-iii) [i;i;6uf, fish]. A substance re-
sembling lardacein, but obtained from the eggs of
cyprinoid fishes.
Ichthin [ik'-tliiii] \}x^Hi fish]. An albuminous sub-
stance obtained from the eggs of some fishes, and also
from cartilaginous fishes and frogs.
Ichthulin (ik' -thti-lin) [<;t'^t'f, a fish; vki], matter]. A
lardaceous substance, with the percentage-composi-
tion, C52.5HgNj5.2SiP„.p, found in the eggs of fishes
and in salmon. It is akin to ichthin and ichthidin.
Ichthyiasis {ik-the-i'-as-is). Same as Iclitliyosis.
Ichthyic [ik'-ike-ik) [Iix6vik6<;, of a fish, fishy]. Per-
taining to, or resembling, a fish; piscine; ichthyoid;
ichthyo-morphic ; icthyopsidan.
Ichthyisation {ik-the-iz-a'-shuit) \}X^'^"^i fish]. In
biology the process of intensification of fish-like char-
acters.
Ichthyocolla [ik-the-o-kol'-ah') [q'^/'C , fish ; koXaq,
glue]. Isinglass. The air-bladder of the sturgeon,
Acipenser huso. It occurs in horny, translucent, white
sheets, that form a jelly with hot water. It is the
purest form of gelatin, and is used as a food, for clari-
fying liquids, and as a test for tannic acid. I., Em-
plastrum, court-plaster ; it consists of isinglass 10,
glycerin I, alcohol 40, water and tinct. benzoin q. s. ,
spread upon fine white silk bolting-cloth and dried.
Ichthyography (ik-the-oi;' -ra-fe) [';t:'^rf, fish ; ypa(j)en',
to write]. A description of fishes ; ichthyology.
Ichthyoid [ik'-the-oi J) [ix'^wf, fish ; dSuc, form]. Re-
sembling a fish ; fish-like.
Ichthyol {ik'-the-oV) [;,tf^i''C, fish ; oleum, oil], Q^Hs^-
S.,Na,0^. .Sodium sulpho-ichthyolate. A preparation
obtained from certain varieties of fossiliferous shale oc-
curring in the Tyrolese Alps. It has a characteristic
bituminous odor and taste. It is a good antiphlogistic,
and has proved efficient in eczema and psoriasis, and
in gynecology. It is used in the form of a ID to 20
per cent, ointment, as a solution in glycerin, equal
parts, or in the pure state. I., German. See Thiol.
Ichthyology (ik-the-oV -o-je) \}x^^'1i fish ; Aoyor, science].
The science of fishes, their anatomy, distribution,
and biology.
Ichthyomorphic {ik-thc-o-nioy' -Jik") [«;);6t'f , a fish ; fiop^r/,
form]. In biology, having the morphologic characters
of a fish ; ichthyopsidan.
Ichthyophagous {ik-the-off' -ag-zis) [q'^'t , fish ; (payeir,
to eat]. Fish-eating. A word applied to such ani-
mals as subsist on fish.
Ichthyopterygium [ik-the-op-ter-ij' -e-tu)i) [Jj^t'f , a fish ;
irrepvyiot', a wing or fin]. The fore-limb or hind-
limb of a vertebrate, modified as a fin.
Ichthyosis (ik-the-o'-sis) [' v^' f > fish ; v6aoq, disease].
Xeroderma iehthyoides, le/ithyosis vera, fish-skin dis-
ease ; a congenital skin-disease, usually involving the
entire surface of the body, aggravated by cold, and
characterized by extreme dryness of the skin and by
the development of epidermal plates coarsely resem-
bling the scales of a fish, and forming in some cases
verrucous growths, sessile and pedunculated, freely
projecting from the surface. I. congenita. See
Seborrhea squamosa nco>iatoruin. I. foUicularis,
a form in which the sebum and epithelium are heaped
up around the orifices of the hair-follicles ; it is
especially seen upon the extensor surfaces of the arms
and legs. I. hystrix ; Hystrieismtis ; a rare skin-
disease characterized by warty-looking growths, con-
sisting of elongated and hypertrophied papillae, covered
by greatly thickened, dark-brown, horny epidermis,
and forming flat-topped or pointed, spinous projections.
These are grouped together to form patches, often
unilateral and distributed along the course of cutaneous
nerves. They are seldom present on the face. Usu-
ally they offer no subjective symptoms. I. linguae,
an acquired affection of the tongue in which it be-
comes dry and scaly. I. nacree. See /. simplex.
I. nigricans. See /. simplex. I. nitida. See /.
simplex. I. palmae vel palmaris et plantaris,
the exceptional form cojifined solely to the palms and
soles. I. sauroderma. See /. simplex. I. scutel-
lata. See /. simplex. I. sebacea. Synonym of
Seborrhea. I. sebacea cornea. See Darier'' s Dis-
ease. I. serpentina. See /. simplex. I. simplex,
the common form of ichthyosis in which the whole
surface has atesselated appearance, from being covered
with large, angular, dirty-white, finely corrugated,
papery scales that are adherent, and therefore slfghtly
depressed in the center (/. scutellata') , while the edges
are detached, transparent, and shining (/. nacree or
/. nitidd). In still higher grades the scales adhere
together to form thin plates, and being of a greenish
tint, resemble a serpent's skin (/. serpentina') ; when
there are still thicker plates, the appearance of a
crocodile hide is produced (/. saurodei'ma). The
older the plates the darker they become, so that they
may vary from olive-green to black (/. 7iigiicans).
The hair is dry, harsh, and dull-looking, and the
scalp branny ; the nails may be pitted and brittle.
Itching is frequent. Warmth ameliorates the condition
by favoring sweating. I. spinosa, a form of /.
hystrix, in which the scales are spiny. I. vera. See
Ichthyosis.
Ichthyotic (ik-the-ot'-ik) ['A'^^i'f, fish]. Relating to or
affected with ichthyosis.
Ichthyotomy [ik-the-ot'-o-me) {^ix^v^, a fish ; rcfifi, a
cutting]. The dissection or anatomy of fishes.
Ichthyotoxicum (ik-tlie-o-toks' -ik-um) [(j6rc> fish ;
rof«oi', poison]. A name loosely given to poisoning
ICHTHYSMUS
600
IDEOMOTION
from eating the flesh of certahi fish, and also to the
poisonous principle. It may be a natural poisonous
principle, or the result of putrefactive fermentation of
the substance of the fish. It is probably a ptomaine.
Ichthysmus [ik-thiz' -iiuis) {j-x^^'-''^-: fish]. Poisoning by
shell-fish and other fish. It is due to the absorption of a
poison known as inyiilotoxiti, that exists chiefly in the
liver of the mussel. The symptoms are numbness
and coldness, apyrexia, dilated pupils, rapid pulse,
and death from collapse, at times within two hours.
Ichthy toxin (ik-the-toks' -i7i) [^ixOi'Q, fish ; to^ikuv, poi-
son] . A poisonous substance obtained from the blood-
serum of eels.
Icica (is^-ik-ak) [S. Am.]. A genus of amyridaceous
trees, mostly of tropical America. Varieties of elemi,
caranna and tacamahac are produced by trees of this
genus. Unof.
Icmacratia (ik-mak-ra' -she-a/i) [(/c//df , moistness ; d/cpa-
Tia, weakness]. I. Inability to retain the fluids of
the body. 2. Depraved or enfeebled state of the
bodily fluids or humors. Obsolete.
Icmastic (ik-mas' -tik) [i/c//df, fluid]. Relating to the
fluids or humors of the body.
Icon [i'-kon) [fi/iuv, image]. An image or model.
Iconography (i-kon-og' -ya-fe) [fiKwc, image ; ypa^uv,
to write]. A description by means of pictorial illus-
tration.
\z,o^a.nA.&x [i-ko-san' -del-) [fkom, twenty ; dv^p, male].
In biology, a plant having twenty or more perigynous
stamens.
Icterepatitis (ik-ter-ep-at-i' -tis)\li\T(poz, jaundice; i]Kap,
liver; (r(f, inflammation]. Inflammation of the liver
attended with jaundice.
Icteric (ik-icr'-ik) [^iKTspiKuc, pertaining to jaundice].
Pertaining to jaundice.
Icterine (ik'-ter-in) [i/crfpof, jaundice]. Yellow, or
with yellow marks.
Icteritia [ik-ter-ish' -e-aJi) [L.]. I. Same as Icterus.
2. Discoloration of the skin.
Icteritious (ik-fer-ish'-iis) [^icteritia, jaundice]. Af-
fected with icterus or icteritia.
Icterode (//{•''-/(';--o<;') [;«:rfp(J(5)yf, jaundiced]. Icteroid.
Icteroid {ik' -ter-oid) [t/ire/jof, jaundice; eidof, form].
Resembling or having the nature of jaundice.
Icterophthisis {ik-ter-off ' -this-is) \lKTtpoc, jaundice ;
wasting]. Pulmonary tuberculosis with yellow
discoloration of the skin.
Icterus i^ik' -ter-us) [iMe/jof, jaundice]. Jaundice, q. v.
I. gravis, Acute Yellow Atrophy of the Liver.
A rare disease of the liver in which there is a rapid
wasting of the liver-substance, with marked jaundice,
and death. It may be either primary or secondary.
Associated with the jaundice are headache and marked
cerebral symptoms, hemorrhage from the mucous sur-
faces, and rise of temperature. The urine contains
leucin and tyrosin. The liver is much reduced in
weight, flattened, soft, its capsule wrinkled ; microsco-
pically there is an extensive destruction of the liver-
cells, due to fatty degeneration. The disease occurs
most frequently in females, and in early adult life.
The primary form of the disease is usually encountered
in pregnancy and during the puerperium. The second-
ary form may follow other morbid conditions of the
liver, and phosphorus-poisoning. I., Hematogenic,
See Jaundice. I., Hepatogenic. See Hepatogenic .
I. neonatorum, that which is sometimes observed in
an infant during the first few days afterbirth; it is pos-
sibly an indirect result of tying the umbilical cord, or
may be due to a breaking-down of the red blood-cor-
puscles from exposure to cold. I., Urobilin, a form of
jaundice, so called, due to the production in the body
of an excess of urobilin by oxidation of the bile-pig-
ments. The skin and conjunctivie are colored yellow,
the urine dark-brown, but no true jaundice exists.
Ictus {ik'-ttis) [L., a stroke]. A sudden or unforeseen
attack. I. epilepticus, an epileptic fit. I. paralyti-
cus, a paralytic stroke. I. solis, sunstroke.
Id \idits, the dividing or division]. In biology, ac-
cording to Weismann's theory of the germ-plasm, a
vital unit of the third degree, having a definite struc-
ture of determinants, which in their turn are made up
of biophores ; an " ancestral germ-plasm," or unit
containing all the primary constituents of the species.
Each id represents an individuality, and is probably
identical with the " microsome " of the nuclear rod.
Cf. Idioplasm ; Idant.
-id, or ide (id) \idiis, a term]. A suffix used in chem-
istry to denote a combination of two elementary sub-
stances.
Idant (i'-dant^ \idiis, the dividing or division]. In
biology, according to Weismann's theory of the germ-
plasm, a vital unit of the fourth degree ; a group of
ids, differing from the latter in not being perfectly
invariable quantities, but only relatively constant,
their constitution being modified from time to time, so
that the ids which previously belonged to the idant A
may later cake part in the composition of the idant B
or C. A chromosome {cliromatosome^ or nuclear rod,
composed of vital units or ancestral plasms, termed
ids or microsomata (inicrosomes').
-ide [ficSof, resembling in form]. A suffix denoting
resemblance to the object with the name of which the
designated body is combined.
Idea (i-de'-ah) [iJf, icSaz, form or semblance]. A men-
tal representation of something perceived. I. -chase,
a condition in acute mania in which disconnected ideas
and fancies flow rapidly through the mind. It is a term
much used by German authors. I., Fixed, that form
of mania in which one dominant idea controls all
actions. I., Imperative, a morbid idea or insane
suggestion imperiously demanding notice, the patient
often being painfully conscious of its domination over
his will.
Ideation [i-de-a^-shun) [Msa, form or semblance]. The
formation of a mental conception ; the cerebral action
by which, or in accord with which, an idea is formed.
Identical (i-den' -tik-al) \identicus, the same]. The
same. I. Points, corresponding points of the two
retinx, or the two positions in normal eyes where the
image of an object is focused upon the retinre.
Identism {i-den' -tizni) [idem, the same]. The theory
that chancre, chancroid, and gonorrhea are due to one
and the same poison or virus.
Identist [i-den'-fist) \_idcin, the same]. A term applied
to one who believes in the identity of certain diseases,
e. g. , that gonorrhea and hard and soft chancre are
due to the same specific virus, or that typhus and
typhoid fevers are identical.
Identity {i-den'-tit-e) [idem, the same]. Absolute
sameness. I., Personal, one's personal existence;
the continuity of one's state as a person ; the reality
of the existence of any person ; latv, the fact of
one being the person he is assumed to be ; that which
is commonly proved by the establishment of simi-
larity or sameness of age, sex, physical characteristics,
marks, and peculiar habits.
Ideo-dynamism {i-de-o-di' -nam-izvi) \\Ria, idea;
^'wafuq, force]. The domination of an idea; the
control exercised by a suggested idea over the subse-
quent acts of a person who is, or has been, hyp-
notized.
Ideomotion [i-de-o-mo'-s/iun) [itJea, idea; jnotio, a
moving]. Motion or action due to some idea, and
neither purely voluntary nor reflex.
IDEO-MOTOR
601
IDIOPLASM
Ideo-motor (i-de-o-nio'-tor) [idea, a mental image ;
inovere, to move]. Pertaining conjointly to ideation
and movement. I. Center, that part of the gray
matter which, influenced by ideation, excites muscu-
lar movement. I. Movements, unconscious move-
ments, due to impulses of the mind when the attention
is otherwise absorbed.
Ideopegma (i-de-o-peg' -mah) [Jdta, idea ; Trfiyim, a thing
fixed: //., Ideopeginatd\. A fixed or dominant idea
that colors all the thoughts of the patient and thus
creates a monomania.
Ideophrenia (i-de-o-fre' -ne-ah) [tJsa, form ; '^prjv,
mind]. Insanity with marked perversion of ideas.
Ideophrenic (i-de-o-fren' -ik) \\6ka, form ; i^priv,
mind]. Relating to, or marked by, ideophrenia.
Ideoplastic {i-de-o-plas' -tik) \\&ka, idea; irlMaatw , to
■ form]. Giving shape to the ideas ; that stage of hyp-
notism in which the idea impressed on the brain of the
subject is translated into action.
Ideosynchysia, or Ideosynchysis {i-de-o-sin-ki' -ze-ah ,
ox i-de-o-sin' -kis-is) [itJta, idea ; avyxvOKl, a pouring
together]. Confusion of ideas ; delirium,
-ideus [-id^-e-Ms) \16ioq, one's own]. A suffix having
the sense of possession or ownership.
Idianoia [id-e-an-oV -ali) \l6Loq, own, peculiar ; v6Qq,
mind]. Same as Idiocy.
Idiempresis [id-e-em-pre' -sis) [i'tJ/of , own ; ijinprjaii;,
burning]. Spontaneous combustion. Also, sponta-
neous inflammation.
Idio- [id'-e-o-) [t(5(0f, own]. A prefix signifying indi-
vidual peculiarity.
Idiobiology (id-e-o-bi-oV -o-je) peculiar ; /3tof , life ;
"kkytiv, to speak] . The physiology of any particular
organized body, as opposed to Biontology , q. v. (J.
Aitken Meigs.)
Idioblast {id'-e-o-blast) [W;of, peculiar ; pTiaardq, oft-
shoot]. In biology, a histologic cell having a charac-
ter different from that of the surrounding cells, owing
to a difference either in its form or its contents,
the stellate hair in the interior of the tissue of Nym-
phcscece (Sachs).
Idiocrasy (id-e-ok' -ras-e) \^L^ioKpaaia : l&ioq, own ; Kpaaiq,
mixture]. Same as Idiosyna-asy.
Idioctonia {id-e-ok-to' -ne-aO) \l&Loq, own ; n-ovoq, kill-
ing]. Self-murder; suicide.
Idiocy {id' -e-o-se) [iAurT^f, a private person]. A con-
dition of mental deficiency, usually accompanied by
physical degeneracy. It is characterized by a pecu-
liar coarse, brutal, and cunning nature, with marked
physical peculiarities. It is more common in males
than in females. I. of Deprivation, that in which
from birth there is a loss of two or more of the senses,
with consequent lack of external impressions. I.,
Eclampsic, that following infantile convulsions.
Fourteen per cent, of cases of idiocy are said to be
of this origin. I., Epileptic, that associated with
epilepsy. Such cases are the subjects of epileptic
convulsions through life. I., Ethnic, a characteristic
of certain idiocies of the Caucasian race, in which in-
dividuals are seen who present a kind of mimicry of
various other races of mankind. Among the types of
genetous idiocy thus characterized, writers have de-
scribed the American- Indian type, the Ethiopian or
negroid, the Kabnuck, the Malayan, and the highly
characterized Mongolian type, which includes about
ten per cent, of all cases of idiocy. I., Genetous,
those cases in which, although the causation is indefi-
nite, the condition dates from fetal life. I., Hydro-
cephalic, that dependent upon hydrocephalus. I.,
Inflammatory. See /. , Traumatic. I., Micro-
cephalic, that associated with smallness of the head.
A circumference less than eighteen inches implies
idiocy. I., Paralytic, that from paralysis following
injury before or after birth. I., Traumatic, that due
to injury during labor or in early childhood.
Idioderma (id-e-o-der' -mah). Same as Dermatitis tu-
be rosa.
Idiodinic (id-e-o-din' -ik) [t(i/of, one's own ; 6'lvoc^, ro-
tation, a round area, taken in the sense of " pore "].
In biology, applied to animals that bring forth or re-
produce by means of a special genital pore.
Idio-electrics {id' -e-o-e-lek' -triks) [it5;of , own; rpitKTpov,
amber]. A name formerly applied to such bodies as
amber, resin, or glass, which are readily electrified by
friction, and which were then supposed to be electric
in themselves.
Idioglossia [id-e-o-glos' -e-ah) \l6wq, own, peculiar ;
y'kuaaa, tongue]. Extremely defective utterance, but
one in which the same sound is used to express the
same idea, even though the sounds used belong to no
known language.
Idiologism {id-e-ol' -o-jizm) [W/of , own ; Adyof, utter-
ance]. A characteristic expression or form of utter-
ance peculiar to any person, especially to an insane
person.
Idiometritis (id-e-o-me-tri'-tis) \l6toQ, own; nr/rpa,
womb ; iriq, inflammation] . Inflammation of the
parenchymatous substance of the womb.
Idiomiasma [id-e-o-mi-az' -ma/i) [W/of, own; piaafia,
stain, defilement : //. , Idio7niasmata'\. A term for
any noxious exhalation from the body.
Idiomology {id-e-o->nol' -o-je) [id/u/za, a peculiar phrase-
ology, idiom; 71yeiv, to speak]. The study of the
peculiarities of speech of various races.
Idio-muscular [id-e-o-mtts' -kti-lai-) [ifi/of, own; muscul-
us, muscle]. Peculiar to muscular tissue ; not involving
any nerve-stimulus or any function of the organism,
except those of the muscle itself. I. Contraction,
the contraction of a fatigued or tired muscle under
certain conditions of extraneous stimulus.
Idioneurosis {id-e-o-tiu-ro' -sis) [Idioc, own ; vevpov, a
nerve; rdcof, disease]. An affection due to some dis-
turbed or abnormal condition of the nerves supplying
the affected part ; a simple and uncomplicated neurosis.
Idionym [id' -e-o-nim) [irfwf, own ; bvvfia, name].
A term restricted in its application to a particular
organ.
Idiopathic {id-e-o-path' -ik) [idwf, own ; Trafof, disease].
Not consequent or dependent upon another disease,
or known or recognized cause. The antithesis of
sympathetic, deuteropathic. I. Dysmenorrhea, pain-
ful menstruation unassociated with organic lesion or
displacement.
Idiopathy (id-i-op' -ath-e) [tiJiOf, own ; Trd&of, disease].
I. An idiopathic disease or condition. 2. The fact or
quality of being idiopathic.
Idiophrenic (id-e-o-fren'-ik) [Wwf , own ; (fipi/v, mmA'].
Due to disease of the brain ; a term used to designate
certain forms of insanity.
Idioplasm (id' -e-o-plazm) [/f'iOf, peculiar; ix'/Acyia, a
thing formed]. In biology, a term introduced by
Nageli for a special hereditary reproductive substance
not contained in the body of the cell, but in the chrorno-
somes of the nucleus, controlling and determining the
acttial characters of the particular cell, and also those
of all of its descendants. Each idioplasm is com-
posed of several or many ids [q. v.), which are capable
of growth and multiplication by division ; although
much smaller in bulk than the rest of the living sub-
stance of the cell or body (tropkoplasm), idioplasm
is the active element in the process of formation, and
determines the detailed construction of the tropho-
plasm, which is the passive element. I., Accessory
(Neben-idioplasm), a special, minute group of" supple-
IDIOPSYCHOLOGY
602
ILEOLOGY
mentary determinants" enclosed within the id in the
neighborhood of the determinants which control the
cell in question, and rendering the cell capable of
regeneration of tissues other than that of which it is a
component. I., Bone, that form of idioplasm which
contains the determinants of bone-cells. Cf. Germ-
plasm. I., Nageli's. See Heredity.
Idiopsychology [id-e-o-si-koV -o-je') [tdtof, own ; i'vx'/,
soul]. Psychology based upon introspective study of
one's own mental acts. Cf. Heteropsychology.
Idioretinal [ia-e-o-ref -in-al) \\.&Loq, own ; rc//«<?, ret-
ina]. Peculiar or proper to the retina.
Idiospasm [id'-e-o-spazm] [/Aof, own ; CTTratj/zdf, spasm].
A spasm or cramp confined to one part.
Idiospastic {id-e-o-spas' -tik) [idmf, one's own ; a-aart-
K(jc, stretching]. Pertaining to Idiospasm.
Idiosthenia [id-e-o-sthe' -ne-ali) [tdwf, one's own ; aOevog,
strength]. Having innate or spontaneous strength or
power.
Idiosyncrasy {id-e-o-siii' -kra-se) \_lSwavyKpaai<;, peculi-
arity of temperament]. Any special or peculiar char-
acteristic or temperament by which a person differs
from other persons of ordinary habits. I., Hemor-
rhagic. Set Hemophilia. I., Imaginary, a hysteric
aversion to certain foods or medicines. I., Olfac-
tory, a perversion of the sense of smell.
Idiosyncratic (id-e-o-sin-krat' -ik) [^iSinavyKpaai^, peculi-
arity of temperament]. Pertaining to idiosyncrasy.
I. Coryza, a synonym of Hay -fever.
Idiot (id'-e-ot) [iJiur^/f, a private person]. A person
of imperfect, deficient or arrested mental develop-
ment, either congenital or due to causes arising soon
after birth. I. savant, an idiot who has a con-
siderable or even remarkable mental development in
certain directions, as in musical art, in mathematics,
in memory, or in mechanical ingenuity.
Idiotcy [id'-c-ot-se], Idiotism (id' -e-ot-izm), Idiotry
[id' -e-ot-ry) [((Sfwr^/f, a private person]. Idiocy, q. v.
Idiothalamous [id-e-o-thal' -am-its) [i'5;of, one's own ;
doAafioq, a room]. In biology, applied to such lichens
as have certain parts of a different character from the
thallus.
Idiotia (id-e-o' -she-ah) [»5«wrf/a, the condition of an
idiot]. A state of idiocy; idiotism.
Idolum [id-o'-lum) [tidw/.oi', an image]. An illusion
or hallucination.
Id^odermia(^^/-;■o-^^t'^'-;«!.'-^^/^ ) [/rfpwf, sweat ; (Sfp//a,skin].
An affection of the sudoriferous glands of the body.
Idromania (id-ro-ma'-ne-ah) \_v6i)p, water; fiavia,
mania]. Hydromania ; insane desire for water, or to
commit suicide by drowning.
Idrosadenitis (id-ros-ad-en-i'-tis) . See Hidrosadenitis.
Idrosis [id-ro'-sis). See Hidrosis.
Idryl [id'-ril). See Fhioranthene.
Igasuric Acid [ig-as-id -rik) [Malay, igasiir ; ignatia].
An acid occurring in St. Ignatius' bean, and certain
other plants containing strychnin.
\^a.s\iX\n (ig-as-u' -rin) \JA^\?Ly , igasiir ; ignatia]. An
alkaloid from ignatia, said to be more poisonous than
brucin. Its existence as a definite compound has
been denied.
Ignatia {ig-na' -she-ali) [from Igiialius, the founder of
the Jesuits: gen., Ignali,r'\. St. Ignatius' bean.
The seed of Strychnos ignatii, with properties due to
the alkaloids strychnin and hriiein, of which the plant
contains of each about I per cent. It is said by some
to contain igasurin, q. v. Its therapeutic effects are
similar to those of nu.v vomica, q. v. It is recom-
mended in hysteria, and is highly efficient in controlling
the functions of the cerebro spinal axis. I., Ab-
stractum. Dose gr. ss-j. I., Tinct., contains lo per
cent, of the drug. Dose TTLij-x.
\%na.v\aL (ig-na'-ve-ah) [L.]. Sluggishness; abnormal
slowness of function.
Ignipuncture (jg-ne-pimk' -tur') [ignis, fire ; punctiira,
puncture]. A method of cauterization employed in
the treatment of certain forms of hypertrophy by the
introduction of platinum needles heated to whiteness
by the electric current.
Ignis (ig'-nis) [L. ]. Fire. Combustion distinguished
by rapid oxidation. I. actualis, actual cautery. I.
fatuus, the phenomenon known as Jack o' Lantern,
Will o' the Wisp, etc. I. sacer, an obsolete name
for erysipelas. See Anthrax and Herpes zoster. I.
sancti Antonii, Saint Anthony^ s Fire, a common
name for erysipelas.
Ignition (ig-nish' -nn^ \_ignis, fire]. The process of
heating solids, especially inorganic compounds, until
all volatile matter has been driven off.
Ihering's Line. See Lines, Table of.
Ihle's Paste. A modification of Lassar's paste. It
is composed of resorcin, gr. lo to 60 ; lanolin, vase-
lin, oxid of zinc, and powdered starch, each, 2 drams.
It is used in eczema.
WoXSi (ik-o' -tah) [Siberian]. A form of religious and
hysteric mania, prevailing among the women of Siberia.
Ileac {il'-e-ak) \yl'/Mv, to roll]. Pertaining to the
ileum. I. Passion, an ailment characterized by
severe griping pains and vomiting of fecal matter,
together with spasm of the abdominal muscles.
Ileadelphus {il-e-ad-eF -fus) [ei'Aiiv, to roll ; ade^of ,
a brother]. A monstrosity double from the pelvis
downward.
Ileitic iid-e-it'-ik) [e'lkeiv, to roll ; niq, inflammation].
Pertaining to or affected with ileitis.
Ileitis (il-e-i' -tis) \_nk(iv, to roll ; niq, inflammation].
Inflammation of the ileum.
Ileo- (il'-e-o-) \_uAeiv, to roll]. A prefix signifying con-
nection or relation to the ileum. I. -cecal, pertaining
or belonging to both ileum and cecum. I.-c. Fossa,
a depression in the lower part of the small intestine at
the base of the vermiform process. I.-c. Valve, a
valve consisting of two folds of mucosa that guards
the passage between the ileum and cecum. I.-costalis.
i-lee Muscles, Table of. I. -lumbar, pertaining to the
ileum and the lumbar region. I. -1. Ligament. See
Ligament. I. -typhoid, a synonym for typhoid or
enteric fever.
Ileo-cleisis yil-e-o-kli' -sis') [fikeiv, to roll ; iO\£kiv, to
lock]. Obstruction or closure of the ileum.
Ileo-colic [il-e-o-kol'-ik) [elXsiv, to roll ; k6?ov, colon].
Pertaining conjointly to the ileum and the colon. I.-c.
Valve. See Valve.
Ileo-colitis {il-e-o-ko-li'-tis) [eVX-civ, to roll ; Kdlov,
colon ; /r(f, inflammation]. Inflammation of the
lower part of the ileum and the colon. It is com-
monly known as intestinal catarrh.
Ileo-colostomy [il-e-o-ko-los'-to-me) [elXeiv, to roll ;
h(i>oi', colon ; crro/irt, mouth]. The surgical establish-
ment of an artificial communication between the ileum
and the colon.
Ileo-colotomy (il-e-o-ko-lof -o-ine) \fiXiiv, to roll ; kqIov,
colon; Tiiiveiv, to cut]. A surgical operation upon
the ileum and the colon.
Ileodicliditis [il-e-o-dik-lid-i' -tis) {fiksiv, to roll ; (5(kA(C,
valve; /r/c, inflammation]. Inflammation of the ileo-
cecal valve.
Ileo-ileostomy [il-e-o-il-e-os' -to-me) [fv'/ltvr, to roll ;
fv/f/r, to roll ; rjro/ja, mouth]. The surgical operation
of establishing an artificial communication between
two different parts of the ileum.
Ileology [il-e-ol' -o-je) [elluv, to roll; 'ly/iyoq, science].
The anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the
ileum.
ILEOPISOLITIS
603
ILLUMINATION
Ileopisolitis (il-e-o-pis-o-li' -tis) \t.l'ksiv, to roll ; pisum,
a pea ; (Tif, inflammation]. Inflammation of Peyer's
patches or glands.
Ileoproctostomy [il-c-o-pi-ok-tos' -to-me) \jl'ktLv, to roll ;
TTpuKToc, rectum; OTOfia, mouth]. The surgical estab-
lishment of an artificial communication between the
ileum and the rectum.
Ileorectostomy (il-e-o-rck-tos' rto-me). See Ileoproctos-
tomy.
Ileos (il'-e-os). See Ileus.
Ileostomy (il-e-os'-to-t/ie) [ffAsn', to roll ; arSfia, mouthl.
The surgical establishment of a passage through
the abdominal wall into the ileum, or from the ileum
to some other hollow organ.
Ileotyphus [il-e-o-ti' -fus) [ei'/lfn', to roll ; rd^o^, smoke].
Enteric or typhoid fever.
Ileum {il'-e-u/n) \_d\elv, to roll]. The lower portion of
the small intestine. It receives its name from its
peristaltic movement.
Ileus (il'^-e-zis) [dXedg ; tlTiew, to roll]. Same as Ileac
or Iliac Passion ; volvulus. I. inflammatorius.
Synonym of Acute Intestinal Catarrh. I. spasmod-
icus. Synonym of Enteralgia.
Ilex (i'-leks) [L. , the holm-oak]. A genus of aqui-
foliaceous trees and shrubs of many species ; the hol-
lies. I. aquifoliurrj, common European holly; the
bark and leaves have medicinal uses. I. cassine. See
Cassena. I. opaca, American holly ; it has the proper-
ties of /. aquifolium. I. glabra, and I. verticillata,
of the U. S. , are tonic, febrifuge, and astringent. See
also Mate. All unof.
Ilia (il'-e-ah) [L. : //. of IliHm\ The iliac bones ; the
flanks or loins.
Iliac {il'-e-ak) \ilia, the flanks]. Pertaining to the ilium
or to the flanks. I. Aneurysm, one occurring at the
groin. I. Artery. See Arteries., Table of. I. Crest,
the upper free margin of the ilium to which the ab-
dominal muscles are attached. I. Fascia. See
Fascia. I. Fossa. See Fossa. I. Muscle. See
Muscles, Table of. I. Region, one of the regions into
which the abdomen is conventionally divided. See
Abdotnen.
Iliaco- (il-i'-ak-o-) [///«, the loins]. A prefix signifying
relation to the loins. I. -femoral, relating to the
ilium and the femur. I. -trochanteric, relating to
the ilium and the great trochanter of the femur.
Iliacus {il-i'-ak-tis). See Muscles, Table of.
Iliadelphus [ile-ad-el'fus) \_ilia, flanks ; a.6e\<j)6z, bro-
ther]. A monstrosity double from the pelvis up-
ward.
Ilicin [il'-is-in) [ilex, the holm-oak]. A crystalline
febrifugal principle from the leaves of Ilex aquifo-
lium.
Ilien [il'-e-eii) \_ilia, the loins]. Belonging to the ilium
in itself.
Ilio- (il'-e-o-) the ilium]. A prefix to denote rela-
tion to or connection with the ilium. I.-capsularis,
a muscle occasionally found in man, originating at
the anterior inferior spine of the ilium and in-
serted into the ilio-femoral ligament. See Muscles,
Table of. I. -femoral, pertaining conjointly to the
ilium and the femur. I.-f. Crease. Hts Crease. I.-f.
Ligament, an inverted V-shaped ligament extending
obliquely across the hip-joint, from the anterior inferior
spine of the ilium to the trochanters of the femur, pre-
venting over-extension of the joint. I.-f. Triangle,
a triangle of which the base is a line drawn from the
summit of the great trochanter to the anterior superior
spine of the ilium, and the apex is formed by lines drawn
backward from the anterior superior spine and upward
from the summit of the trochanter. See Triangles,
Table of. I. -hypogastric, pertaining conjointly to
the ilium and the hypogastrium. I.-h. Nerve. See
Nerves, Table of. I. -inguinal, pertaining to the
ilium and the groin. I. -i. Nerve, 'att Nerves, Table
of. I. -lumbar, pertaining conjointly to the ilium and
the loins. I.-l. Artery, a branch of the posterior
division of the internal iliac artery, supplying the
iliacus, and also the psoas and quadratus lumborum
muscles. See Arteries, Table of. I.-l. Muscle, that
part of the quadratus lumborum muscle that is inserted
into the tips of the processes of the lumbar verte-
brte. Muscles, Table of. I. -pectineal, pertaining
conjointly to the ilium and the pubes. I. -p.
Ligament, that part of the iliac fascia by which
Poupart's ligament and the sheath of the crural
vessels are attached to the os pubis. I. -p. Line,
the ridge reaching from the spine of the os pubis
to the auricular surface of the ilium. See Lijies,
Table of. I. -pelvic, pertaining conjointly to the
ilium and the pelvis. I. -p. Abscess, suppuration
sometimes occurring over the iliacus muscle during
labor, and commonly due to the laceration of mus-
cular fibers. I. -perineal, relating to the ilium and
the perineal region. I.-polymelius, a monstrosity
with supernumerary limbs attached to the ileum. I.-
psoas, pertaining conjointly to the ilium and the
loins. I. -p. Muscle. See Muscles, Table of. I.-
pubic, relating to both ilium and pubes. I. -spinal,
relating to the ilium and the spinal column. I.-
tibial, pertaining to or connecting the ilium and the
tibia. I.-t. Band, a thickened portion of the fascia
lata extending from the outer tuberosity of the tibia
to the iliac crest. I. -trochanteric, pertaining to the
ileum and a trochanter.
Ilium (il'-e-uni) [L.]. The upper part of the osinno-
ininatuin. The haunch-bone.
Ilixanthin {il-iks-aii' -thin) [ilex, holly ; fav^^df, yellow],
^n^2-fiu ■ ^ yellow crystalline coloring-matter found
in holly. The crystals melt at 198° C, and are soluble
in hot water and alcohol.
Ill {il) [ME., ?7/^, ill]. Sick; diseased; unwell.
lUacrimation (il-lak-rim-a' -shun) [illacriviatio ; in, on ;
lacrima, a tear]. Same as Epiphora.
lUaqueation [il-lak-we-a'-shtm] [illaqueare, to en-
snare]. A method of changing the direction of mis-
placed cilia, by withdrawing them, by a noose, through
an opening in the adjacent tissue of the lid.
Illegitimacy [il-e-jit' -im-a-se) [in, not ; legitimus, ac-
cording to law]. The condition of being unlawful,
or not legitimate.
Illegitimate (il-e-jif -im-at) [in, not ; legitimus, accord-
ing to law]. Not in accordance with statutory law.
I. Child, one born out of lawful wedlock ; a bastard.
inequation [il-e-kwa' -shun). See Illaqueation.
Illicium [il-is' -e-uni) [illicere, to entice]. Star Anise.
The fruit of Illicium anisatum, with properties due to
a volatile oil identical with oil of anise. Illicium is
properly the name of a genus of magnoliaceous trees
and shrubs. I. floridanum, of the Gulf States, has
poisonous leaves. I. religiosum, of Asia, is said to
be highly poisonous. I. verum, is said to yield the
star anise of commerce. Unof
Illness {il'-nes) [ME., ille, ill]. Sickness; disease;
an attack of disease.
Illumination (il-oo-min-a'-shun) [illum.inare, to make
light]. A light produced by a luminous body, and
reflected by surrounding objects. In photometry, the
unit of intensity of illumination is that given by a
standard candle at a distance of one foot. I., Dark-
ground, in microscopsy, a condition in which the
object appears self-luminous on a dark back-ground.
This occurs when the rays of light are too oblique to
enter the front lens of the objective, except such as
ILLUMINATOR
604
IMMUNITY
are reflected or refracted from the object itself. I. of
Eye, the lighting up of the interior of the eye by
means of the ophthalmoscopic mirror. I., Oblique,
in microscopy, an illumination produced by throwing
the rays of light upon an object at any angle of inclina-
tion. In ophthalmology, oblique illumination of the
cornea consists in focusing a pencil of rays obliquely
upon the part.
Illuminator (il-oo' -min-a-tor) \ilhtminare , to make
light]. In microscopy, an optic apparatus for con-
centrating light. I., Abbe, an illuminating apparatus
for the microscope designed by Professor Abbe. Abbe's
Condenser.
Illuminism [il-oo' -tnin-izm') \iniiminare , to make
bright]. Insane exaltation; especially exaltation
with belief in one's communion or direct intercourse
with supernatural or heavenly beings.
Illusion \il-lu' -zhiin) [iUiisio, a mocking]. A false or
deceptive mental impression. Illusion differs from
hallucination in that it is the false interpretation by the
mind of a real sensation. The senses are not at fault
in case of illusions, and the defective process is purely
psychic. The distinction between illusion and halluci-
nation is, however, by no means a constant one.
Illusional (il-lu' -zhnn-al) \illusio, a mocking]. Of
the nature of an illusion.
W\\xXaX\ori{il-lH-ta' -shtm) \Jn, in; mud]. Treat-
ment of disease by the mud-bath.
Image (im'-aj) \imago, a likeness]. The picture of an
object formed by the focused rays of light proceeding
from it. I., After. See After-image. I., Diffusion
of. See Diffusion. I., Direct, or I., Erect, that
of the fundus oculi as seen with the ophthalmoscope,
the details of the fundus presenting their natural rela-
tions. I., Inverted, that obtained by interposing
between the ophthalmoscope and the observed eye a
high-power lens ; it is an aerial image at the focus of
the lens used. I., Real, that made by the focused re-
flected rays. I., Refraction, an image due to the
refraction of light upon entering and leaving an object.
Two things are involved : I. The form of the object.
2. The relative refractive power of the object and the
mounting-medium. I., Subjective, a photism ; also
a visual hallucination, I., Virtual, that produced by
the imaginary focus of the rays, as, e. g., behind a
mirror.
Imaginal [im-aj'-in-al) \imago, an image]. Pertain-
ing to the Image, q. v. I. Discs, in entomology, the
name given by Weismann to curious encapsulated
groups of embryonal cells, connected with the nerves
and nerve-centers of certain insect larvre [Dipfera).
They are the rudiments from which the nymph is
developed.
Imagination (i»i-aj-in-a' -shitn) \_imaginatio, imagin-
ation]. The picture-making power of the mind.
The faculty by which one creates ideas or mental
pictures by means of the data derived from experience,
ideally revivified, extended, and combined in new
forms.
Imago {iin-a'-go) [L.; gen. , /maginisl. An image.
Also, the final, adult, or reproductive stage of an
insect.
Imbalance [im-baV -ans') \in, not; hilancia, a balance].
Lack of balance ; lack of the power of keeping the
erect position ; lack of muscular balance (as between
the muscle of the eyes).
Imbecile(/w'-^d'^-z7)[z'OT(^ft77/z<j,weak]. Feeble in mind.
Imbecility (im-bes-il' -it-e) \imbedllitas, imbecility].
Mental weakness or defect, similar to that of idiocy,
but of less degree.
Imbibe {im-bib') \imbibere , to drink in]. To drink or
suck in.
Imbibition (iin-bib-isk' -un) \Jmbibitio, a drinking in].
The sucking up, or capillary absorption, of moisture,
liquids, or gaseous substances by inorganic, or by
dead or torpid organic bodies.
Imbowelling [im-boiv' -el-ing^. Same as Eviscer-
ation.
Imbricate (iin' -brik-at) \inibricare, to cover with tiles].
Applied to that arrangement of scales, feathers, leaves,
or floral organs in the bud, in which they overlap like
shingles on a roof
Imbricated [im' -brik-a-ted) \imbrex, a roof-tile]. Dis-
tinguished by overlapping. Applied to the position
and arrangement of scales in certain squamous diseases
of the skin.
Imitation (J??i-it-a' -skiin) [imitari, to imitate]. A
production that is similar to, or a copy of, another ob-
ject or process. I., Morbid, the occurrence of a
convulsive or mental aftection brought about by ob-
serving a similar affection in another ; mental con-
tagion.
Immaculate {im-ak' -ii-ldt) [/«, not; macula, a spot].
Pure ; spotless.
Immarginate (im-ar'-jin-at) [/«, not ; marginare,\.o
furnish with a border]. In biology, having no well-
defined border.
Immature [im-at-ilr') [_i/iiinaturus, unripe]. Not ripe;
not yet of an adult age or growth.
Immediate [im-me' -de-at) \in, not; Jiiedio, the middle].
Direct. Without anything intervening, as immediate
auscultation or percussion. I. Contagion, that from a
direct source. I. Ligature, Ligature. I.Union,
union by first intention, or without suppurative granu-
lation.
Immedicable [im-med' -ik-ab-l) [in, not ; medicare, to
cure]. That which does not yield to medicine or
treatment. Incurable.
Immersion [im-mer' -shun') [?'«, in ; mergere, to dip].
The plunging of a body into a liquid. In medicine,
treatment by a continued bath. See Oil-iinmersion,
Water-immersion. I. -bath, the liquid employed for
immersion. I. -battery, a form of battery in which,
by inclining the cell, the elements are immersed in
the liquid. I., Homogeneous, a fluid between the
objective of a microscope and the cover-glass, having
about the same refractive and dispersive power as the
glass. I., Objective, a microscope-objective, usually
of high power, the lower lens of which is immersed
in a drop of water, glycerin, or oil, placed on the
cover-glass of the object under examination.
Immissio (/OT-w/e'-i'-o) [L.]. Insertion. I. catheteris.
See. Cathetejism. I. penis, introduction of the penis
into the vagina.
Immission (im-mish' -un) \_i>nmissio , a letting in].
Introduction, as of a catheter.
Immobilization (im-mob-il-iz-a'-shun') \immobilis, im-
movable ; facerc, to make] . The surgical fixation ot
a part (as a fractured bone) by means that prevent
any local motion.
Immortality [i/n-mor-tal'-it-e) \_immortalitas, undying-
ness]. Exemption from death ; unending existence.
I. of Germ-cells. 'Aee Heredity ; aXio, Germ-plasma.
Immune [im-mtin') \Jmmunis, safe]. I. Safe from at-
tack ; protected by vaccination, or some analogous
procedure, or by previous illness. 2. A person who is
protected against any special virus. I. Animal. See
Control-experiment.
Immunity (iin-mnn'-it-e) \immunitas, exemption]. The
condition of an organ, or of the body, whereby it resists
the development of infectious or morbid processes.
The inoculation of attenuated virus and of chemic
compounds are examples of methods by which im-
munity is acquired. It has also been shown that inflam-
IMMUNIZATION
605
IMPLANTATION
matory action is inhibitive of bacterial development.
I., Acquired, that derived from a previous attack of
the same disease or from a modified form, as varioloid,
or artificially produced by inoculation. I., Artificial,
that produced by inoculation with the virus of a disease.
I., Natural, the natural resistance of the tissues or
system. Immunization may be transient or perma-
nent, relative or absolute.
Immunization {im-mitn-iz-a' -skmi) \immiinitas, ex-
emption]. The act or process of endowing with im-
munity.
Immunize {im' -iniiii-iz) [iminitnis, exempt]. To give
or to acquire immunity.
Impact [i?ii'-pakt) \impaitits : impingere, to drive into or
against]. A forcible striking against.
Impacted [im-pak' -ted) [impactus ; impingere', to drive
into or against]. Driven against and retained, as a
wedge. I. Fracture, one in which the fragments of
bone are driven into one another in such a manner as
to cause shortening.
Impaction (int-pak' -shun) \iiiipactio, impact]. The
state or quality of being impacted ; fracture with fixa-
tion of the fragments ; obstinate constipation ; the
wedging of the fetal head in the pelvic canal.
Impalement (im-pdl' -inent) \in, in ; pal, a pale or
picket] . The perforation of the body or a part by a
rod or stake.
Impalpable [im-pal'-pa-bl) \impalpabilis, impalpable].
That which cannot be felt ; unappreciable by touch.
I. Powder, a powder so fine that its separate particles
cannot be felt.
Impalsy (iiii-pawF -ze') \in, in; '^Y,.,palsey, palsy].
To paralyze.
Impaludism (im-pal'-u-dizni) \in,\x\; /a/z^j, a marsh].
Chronic malarial poisoning.
Impar (im'-par) [?'«, not; equal] . Odd or unequal.
I., Ganglion, a small ganglion on the coccyx. See
Ganglia, Table of.
Imparipinnate [im-par-ip-in' -at) [iinpar, unequal ;
pinnatus, feathered]. In biology, unequally pinnate ;
having an odd leaflet at the apex.
Impatiens [i/ii-pa' -she-enz) [L., impatient]. Touch-
me-not ; jewel-weed or balsamine ; a genus of gera-
niaceous plants. I. balsamina and I. lutea, of
the old world, and I. fulva and I. pallida, of the
U. S., are diuretic, emetic, and cathartic. Unof.
Impatiinid [im-pa' -te-in-id) \impatiens, impatient]. A
resinous emetic principle obtainable from Impatiens
lutea. Unof.
Impennate (im-pen'-dt) \_in, not; pennatiis, winged].
In biology, applied to such birds, as the penguin, as
have short wings covered with scale-like feathers.
Impennous (im-pen'-us) [/«,not; penna, wing]. In
biology, without wings.
Imperative [im-per' -at-iv) \_iinperativus , imperative].
Peremptory ; absolute ; binding. I. Idea. Sec Idea,
Imperative.
Imperatoria (im-per-at-o' -re-ali) \imperatoriiis, be-
longing to a commander] . A genus of umbelliferous
plants; masterworts. I. ostruthium, false pellitory
of Spain, is an aromatic stimulant, once prized as a
polychrtst remedy, but now little used. Unof.
Imperfection (im-per-fek' -shun) \imperfectus, imper-
fect]. A physical defect.
Imperforate (im-per' -for-at) \in, not ; perforare, to
pierce]. Congenitally and abnormally closed ; applied
to an opening of the body, as the anus, vagina, etc.
See Occlusion and Obstruction.
Imperforation {im-per-for-a' -shun) \_imperforatio ; in,
not ; perforare, to bore through] . (Jcclusion ; applied
especially to the anus, hymen, vagina, etc.
Imperial {im-pe'-re-al) [imperialis, pertaining to an
empire]. Sovereign ; commanding. I. -blue. Same
as Spirit-blue. I. Drink or Draft, potus imper-
ialis, a solution of a half-ounce of potassium bitar-
trate in three pints of hot water, to which are added
four ounces of sugar and half an ounce of fresh lemon-
peel. It is a good diuretic and refrigerant drink.
Unof. I. granum, a farinaceous food for infants.
Its composition is: Water 5.49, fat 1. 01, a trace
each of grape-sugar and cane-sugar, starch 78.93,
soluble carbohydrates 3.56, albuminoids IO.51, gum,
cellulose, etc., 0.50, ash 1. 16. I. -green. Same
as Schweinfurth-green. I. -violet. Same as Rosan-
ilin-violet .
Imperialin {im-pe' -re-al-in) [imperialis, pertaining to an
empire]. An alkaloid from Fritillaria imperialis, or
crown imperial ; it acts upon the heart. Unof.
Impermeable [im-per' -me-a-bl) [/«, not; per, through;
meare, to go]. Not capable of being traversed.
Impervious (i??i-per'-ve-tts) [in, not ; pervius, capable
of passage]. Not permitting a passage through.
Impetiginoid [im-pet-ij '-in-oid) [impetigo, impetigo;
impetere, to attack; eMof, like]. Same as Impetigi-
nous.
Impetiginous (im-pet-ij ' -in-us) [impetigo ; impetere, to
attack]. Affected with or resembling impetigo.
Impetigo (im-pet-i'-go) [impetigo ; impetere, to at-
tack]. An acute inflammatory skin-disease character-
ized by one or more pea-sized or finger-nail sized,
discrete, rounded, and elevated firm pustules, unat-
tended, as a rule, by itching or other subjective symp-
toms. The pustules are rounded, with thick walls,
and are surrounded by areolte. They appear suddenly,
and come out one after another during the first week
of the attack, attain full size, and then undergo ab-
sorption or crusting. No scar or pigmentation fol-
lows. The disease is likely to occur in children. I.
annua. See Aleppo Boil. I. capitis. Same as
Eczema capitis. I. contagiosa, Porrigo contagiosa :
an acute, inflammatory, contagious disease, due to the
presence of a microorganism, and characterized by
the appearance of vesico-pustules or blebs, that dry
into flat, straw-colored, granular-looking crusts. The
disease occurs usually in children. The vesicles vary
in size from minute points to that of a quarter of a
dollar, and the contents, at first serous, become sero-
purulent, and then dry up. The disease is most prone
to attack the face and hands. I., Duhring's, differs
from the foregoing by being non-infectious. See Dis-
eases, Table of. I. erysipelodes, an old term for
Eczema pustulosum, with deeper inflammation than
usual. I. granulata. Same as Pediculosis. I. her-
petiformis. Herpes pyccmicus ; a very rare disease of the
skin, characterized by the formation of superficial mili-
ary pustules, that may be discrete, but are usually closely
set. The contents of the pustules are at first opaque,
but become greenish -yellow, and dry up into dirty-
brown crusts. The disease spreads until the whole
surface is covered with swollen, crusted, and excori-
ated patches. It develops first on the inner side of
the thighs, and about the groins, navel, breasts, and
axilla?, and is mainly seen in pregnant women. The
termination is fatal, as a rule. I. rodens, an old term
for a carcinomatous disease of the skin. I. scabida,
an old term for Eczema pustulosum , with unusually
thick crusting. I. sparsa, an old term for small,
scattered patches of Eczema pustulosum. I., Syph-
ilitic. See Syphilid, Impetiginous.
lm^eX\is{im'-pe-tus) [L.]. I. Force or momentum. 2.
The onset or attack of a disease, or of a paroxysm.
Implantation [im-plan-ta' -shun) [implantatio ; in, in;
plantare, to set]. The act of setting in. Also, the
transplantation of a tooth from the jaw of one person
IMPLEXOUS
606
INCARIAL BONE
to that of another. Also, the engrafting of epidermis
from tlie skin of one person upon the body of another.
The surgical repair of a wounded intestine by unit-
ing the divided ends. I., Bnd-to-end, the approxi-
mation of the ends of a divided structure, as of the
bowel, or a nerve. I., Hypodermatic, the intro-
duction of a medicine in the form of a soluble
solid under the skin for therapeutic purposes. I.,
Teratologic, a fetal monstrosity consisting of an im-
perfect, joined to a perfect fetus.
Implexous (im-pleks' -us) \implccteye, to entwine, en-
tangle]. In biology, entangled.
Implumous [iin-plii' -mus) \in, without ; pluiiia,
feathers]. In biology, featherless.
Imponderable (im-pon' -dcr-a-bl) [/«, not ; potidera-
bills, that which can be weighed.] That which
cannot be weighed. I. Fluids, an obsolete term,
formerly applied to light, heat, and electricity.
Importation (im-poi'-ta'-shiin) \in, in ; portare, to
carry]. Transference from another locality or foreign
country. I. of Disease, the carrying of the conta-
gion of disease.
Imposthumate {im-pos' -tii-mat) [corrupt form of apos-
temate\. To suppurate.
Imposthume {im-pos' -tuiii) [a corrupt form of apos-
tema'\. An abscess.
Impotence (im' -po-ti-ns) \in, not ; possum, to be able].
Lack of power, applied especially to male incapacity
of procreation. It is variously qualified as atonic,
when due to spinal or central exhaustion ; paralytic
or paretic, when the impulse that leads to the perform-
ance of the function is abolished ; psychic, when due
to fear, bashfulness, or mental disturbance ; symp-
tomatic, when due to some drug, or to a disturbance of
the health.
Impregnation (im-preg-na' -shim^ \Jmpycegnatio, the
state of being with child]. The state of being preg-
nant ; the act of impregnating ; fecundation ; fertili-
zation.
Impressio [im-presk' -e-o) [L.]. An impression. I.
colica, an impression on the under surface of the right
lobe of the liver for the hepatic flexure of the colon.
I. renalis, an impression behind the /. colica for the
right kidney and suprarenal capsule.
Impression [im-pres/i' -iin) [_impressio : imprimere, ,to
press upon]. A hollow or depression. I. -cup, in
dentistry, a cup or tray of metal, porcelain, gutta-
percha, or other substance, used for conveying to the
mouth and holding in position the material for impres-
sions. I., Digital, the mark made by the pressure
of a finger upon an edematous limb, or upon the neck
in strangulation. I., Rhomboid, a broad impression
on the inferior surface of the clavicle, near the sternal
end, for the attachment of the rhomboid ligament.
Impressionable [im-prcsh'-jin-a-bl] l_imprcssio, an im-
pression]. Readily susceptible to impressions. I.
Heart, the condition of the heart in which it is very
liable to functional disturbance.
Impressorium (im-pres-o' -re-um) [L.]. The seat of
impressions ; sensorium.
Impuberal (im-pit' -ber-al) \_impiibei-, impiibes ; in, not;
piibes, pubes]. Destitute of hair on the pubes. Not
of adult age.
Impulse {i?n'-piils) \impulsus ; impcllcre, to drive
against]. Any communicated force. Also, the shock
and reverberation on the chest- walls caused by the
beating of the heart. Also, a sudden spontaneous
emotion of the mind or influence acting upon it. I.,
Cardiac, the systolic beat of the heart occurring at
the apex, and felt in the fifth intercostal space to the
left of the sternum. I., Morbid, any strong, unnatural
impulse, especially one of an insane character. Morbid
impulses are variously qualified, as animal, destructive,
homicidal, suicidal, tincontrollable, etc.
Impulsion {im-pul'-shun) [impello-e, to impel]. The
act of driving or urging onward, either mentally or
physically.
Impurity (im-pu' -rit-e) \in, not ; pitriis ,yi\x& or clean].
Want of purity or cleanliness. In chemistry, the con-
dition of containing some substance other than that
desired. Adulteration. In medicine, a want of clear-
ness in the sounds of the heart, but not sufficient to
cause a murmur.
Imputability {im-pu-tab-il' -it-e) \imputabilitas, imput-
ability]. In legal medicine, that degree of mental
soundness that makes one responsible for his own acts.
In- [L.]. A prefix signifying in or within. Also, a
particle signifying negation.
-in, or -ine (in). A suffix seen in the names of the hal-
ogen elements, chlorin, bromin, iodin, and fluorin.
Also, a distinctive termination used to distinguish or-
ganic bases, particularly the class known as alkaloids.
It is also loosely applied to certain organic radicles,
and to many glucosids.
Inadequacy (iii-ad' -e-qwa-se') \in, not ; adieqiiare, to
make equal]. Same as Insufficiency. I., Renal,
that state of the kidney in which it is unable to remove
from the blood a sufficient proportion of the effete
matters that are normally excreted by it.
Inanagenesis [in-ati-aj-en' -es-is) [(f , fiber ; ava, again ;
yevEaic;, production] . The renewal or regeneration of
muscular fiber.
Inanaphysis (in-an-af'-is-is) [if, fiber; di;d, again ;
<pvaig, growth]. Same as Inanagenesis.
Inanimate [in-an'-im-at) [in, not; animus, life]. Not
animate ; dead ; without life.
Inanition {in-an-ish'-un) \inanire, to make empty].
Emptiness of the organs of digestion from want of food.
Also, wasting of the body from starvation or disease.
Synonym of Fasting.
Inantherate (in-an'-ther-at) \in, without; anthera,
anther]. In biology, destitute of anthers.
Inantinial [in-a}i-ti7t'-e-al) \^lvlov, the nape of the neck ;
avTi, against; 'iviov,t\\t nape of the neck]. Inio-an-
tinial ; pertaining to the inion and the antinion.
Inappendiculate (in-ap-en-dik' -u-ldt) \in, without ;
appendiciila, dim. of appendix, an appendage]. In
biology, destitute of appendages.
Inappetence (in-ap' -et-ens) \in, not ; appetere, to de-
sire] . Loss or want of appetite.
Inappetentia [in-ap-et-en' -she-ali) [L. ]. Synonym of
Anorexia.
Inarticulate [in-ar-tik'-u-lat) \_in, not; atiicuhis, a
joint]. Not jointed or articulated. Also, vocal sounds
not capable of arrangement into syllables, or of being
understood.
Inassimilable (in-as-i»i' -il-a-bl) \in, not; assimuhtre,
to make like]. Incapable of assimilation.
Incandescent (in-kan-des'-ent') \incandescere , to be-
come white-hot]. Emitting luminous heat-rays;
heated to the degree of emitting light. I. Electric
Light, one consisting of a film of carbon of high re-
sistance enclosed in a vacuous glass globe. The film
emits a white light when the current passes through it.
Incapacity (in-kap-as' -it-e). See Doli incapax; also
Impotence.
Incarcerated [in-kar'-ser-a-ted] [^incarcerare, to im-
prison]. Imprisoned; closely constricted.
Incarceration [in-kar-ser-a'-s/iun) [incarceratio ; "i,
in; carcerare, to imprison]. The condition of im-
prisonment or confinement of a part, as of the pla-
centa. See also Hernia.
Incarial Bone (/«-Xv?'-;v-«/) [Peruvian, Inca, a prince].
The interparietal bone ; usually in adult man a part
INCARNATIO
607
INCREMENT
of the occipital bone. It is called vicarial, because,
in the skeletons of ancient Peru, the land of the In-
cas, it is often persistent as a distinct bone.
Incarnatio {in-kar-na' -she-o) [L.]. Conversion into
flesh. I. unguis, the ingrowing of a nail. See
Onychogryphosis.
Incarnation (in-kar-na' -shiai). l. Granulation ; heal-
ing process. 2. See Conception.
Incarnification [in-kar-nif-ik-a' -sluing . Same as In-
carnatio7i.
Incasement (in-kds' -ment^ \in, in ; ME., casse, a box].
The act of inclosing in a case. Incasement, Encase-
ment, Theory of, the doctrine that the ovum or sper-
matozoid of the first animal of each species incased the
germs of all subsequent individuals of the species.
This theory was also called that of Preformation. Cf.
Evolution.
Incest (in'-sest) \_incestus, not chaste]. Carnal inter-
course between persons of near relationship.
Inch [ME., incite, inch]. The twelfth part of a foot.
It equals 25.39954 millimeters.
Incidence [in' -sid-ens) [incidere, to fall upon]. A
falling upon. The direction in which one body strikes
another. I., Line of, the path of a ray or a projec-
tile. I., Point of, the point upon which the ray or
projectile is reflected or strikes.
Incident [in'-sid-ent) [incidere, to fall upon]. Falling
upon.
Incineration (in-sin-er-a'-sliiin) [in, in ; <r?;/f;Yj, ashes].
The process of heating organic substances in contact
with the air until all organic matter is driven oft, and
only the mineral ash remains.
Incised (in-slzd') [incidere, to cut]. Cut or notched.
I. Wound, one made by a sharp-edged instrument.
Incisiform (in-si' -sif-orm) [incisor, incisor; forma,
form]. In biology, resembling an incisor tooth.
Incision (in-sizh' -un) [incisio, or incistira, an incision].
The act of cutting into any tissue of the body.
Incisive [in-si'-sii<) [incidere, to cut]. Having the
quality of cutting. Pertaining to the incisor teeth.
I. Canal. See Canal. I. Foramina. See Foramen.
I. Fossa. See Fossa. I. Teeth. See Incisor.
Incisor [in-si' -soi-) [incidere, to cut]. Any cutting in-
strument. I. Nerve, the branch of the inferior dental
nerve supplying the incisor and canine teeth. See
Nerves, Table of. I. Teeth, the four most anterior
teeth in each jaw.
Incisura [in-si-sn' -rali) [incidere, to cut into]. A
notch. Also, an incision. I. cerebelli, one of two
notches separating the hemispheres of the cerebellum,
the one in front and the other behind. I. inter-
tragica, the deep notch in the pinna of the ear separ-
ating the tragus and the anti-tragus. I. santorini,
a fissure extending in a vertical direction through the
cartilage of the auditory canal.
Incisure (in-sizk' -it7-) [i)tcisus, p. p. of incidere, to cut
into]. A slit or notch. I.'s of Schmidt and Lau-
termann, oblique lines running across the white sub-
stance of the inter-annular segments of stretched me-
dullated nerve-fibers.
Inclaudent (in-klaw' -dent) [in, not ; claudere, to close].
In biology, not closing.
Included [in-klad'-ed) [in, in; f/az<(/t';r, to shut in].
Applied to stamens or pistils that do not project be-
yond the corolla, but are contained within it.
Inclusio fcetalis (in-klu' -ze-o fe-ta'-lis) [L.]. A form
of fetal parasitism in which the parasite is more or
less included and overgrown by the tissues of the au-
tosite.
Inclusion [in-kln'-zlmn) [includere, to enclose or shut
in]. The state of being shut in. Also, the act of
shutting in ; that which is shut in.
Incoagulable [in-ko-ag' -ti-la-hl) [in, not; coagiilare, lo
curdle]. That which will not curdle or coagulate.
Incoherence (in-ko-her' -ens) [incoliu'reniia ; in, not;
cohccrere, to cling together]. The quality of being
incoherent ; absence of connection of ideas or of lan-
guage ; incongruity or inconsequence of diction.
Incoherent (in-ko-lie' -rent) [in, not; .colnrrere, to stick
together]. Not connected or coherent ; without
ability to preserve that sequence of words or of ideas
that is necessary to convey meaning.
Incombustibility [in-com-bus-tib-il' -it-e) [in, not ;
combnrere, to burn up]. The state of being incombus-
tible.
Incombustible (in-cotn-biis'-iib-l) [in, not; combnrere,
to burn up]. Incapable of burning.
Income (in'-kum) [ME., income, income]. The
amount of food taken per diem.
Incompatibility (in-kom-pat-ib-il' -it-e) [in, not ; com-
patibilis, compatible]. That relation between medi-
cines that renders their admixture unsuitable This
incompatibility may be physiologic, chemic, physical,
or therapeutic .
Incompatible [in-kom-paf -ib-l) [in, not ; cotnpatibilis,
endurable]. Incapable of mixture without undergo-
ing such chemic or physical changes as impair or
destroy the usefulness of the compound ; physiologi-
cally antagonistic, and therefore useless to prescribe.
Incompetence, Incompetency (in-kom' -pet-ens, in-
kom' -pe-ten-se) [in, not ; competere, to be capable ; in-
co7npetens, insufficient]. Incapacity; inadequacy.
Inability to perform natural functions. I., Mental, a
disorder of mind sufficient to produce irresponsibility.
I., Aortic, Mitral, Pulmonary, Tricuspid. See
Endocarditis. I., Valvular. See Insufficiency.
Incomplete {in-kom-plet') [in, not ; completus, com-
plete]. Partial, as an incomplete hernia. I. Cop-
ulation. See Coitus reservalus. I. Hernia. See
Hernia.
Incongruence (in-kon' -gru-ens^ [incongruens, incon-
sistent]. Lack of congruence. I., Retinal, lack
of correspondence in the situation of the percipient
elements of the two retinse.
Incongruity (in-kon-gru' -it-e) [in, not; congruere, to
go together]. Absence of agreement or of needful
harmony.
Incontinence (iti-koji' -tin-ens) [/«, not, coniinere, to
contain]. Inability to control the evacuation of the
feces or the urine ; involuntary evacuation. This term
is sometimes used as a synonym of venereal indulgence,
lewdness. I., Seminal. See Spermatorrhea.
Incoordination [in-ko-or-din-a' -slnin) [in, not ; con,
together; ordinare, to order]. In pathology, the
inability to produce voluntary muscular movements in
proper order or sequence ; lack of harmony between
the will and the muscular activity. I. of Ocular
Muscles. See Insufficiency.
Incorporation (in-kor-po!--a' -shun) [ii2, in ; corpus, a
body]. The process of intimately mixing the particles
of different bodies into a practically homogeneous
mass.
Incrassate [in-kras'-at) [in, in; crassare, to make
thick]. In biology, thickened or swollen.
Incrassation [in-kras-a' -shun) [incrassatio ; in, in;
cj-assus, thick]. The process of making thick, as by
inspissation ; enlargement of a part, due to fatness.
Incrassative [in-kras' -at-iv) [incrassare, to make
thick]. I. Having the power to make thick or
thicker. 2. Formerly a medicine supposed to correct
a thinness of the humors.
Incremation [in-kre-Dia' -shun). See Cremation.
Increment (in' -kre-ment) [incremejitum, growth]. In-
crease or growth.
INCREMENTAL
608
INDIA
Incremental (in-kre-men' -tal) \jncycmentum, growth].
Pertaining to increment or growth. I. Lines. See
Salter' s Lines, in Lities, Table of.
Incrustate (in-kriis' -tat') \incrustare , to incrust]. In
biology, forming a crust, or coated with some brittle or
granular substance.
Incrustation [in-kj-us-ta' -shun) \incriistare, to cover
with rind]. The formation of a crust. Also, the for-
mation of a calcareous deposit in organic tissue as a
result of senility or disease.
Incubation iin-ku-ba' -shun) \Jneiihare, to sit on eggs].
In medicine, the period between the implanting of the
contagium and the development of the disease. For
the periods of incubation of some of the most import-
ant diseases, see Exanthemata, Table of.
Incubator {in' -kii-ha-tor)\Jniubare, to sit on eggs]. A
device for the artificial hatching of eggs or cultivation
of microscopic plants; a cottveiise (q. v.) for the pre-
servation of the life of children prematurely born. I.,
Crede's, a copper tube made with double walls, be-
tween which water at the desired temperature may be
kept, and withdrawn by means of pipes and stop-cocks.
I., Tarnier's, an apparatus for the rearing of prema-
ture children, consisting of a bo.x with two compart-
ments, one containing the child, the other, and lower
compartment, being filled with warm water, so as to
keep a uniform temperature of 86°-88° F.
Incubator or Couveuse.
(From Fullei-ton's " Obstetric Nursing.")
Incubous [in' -kii-bus) \inetibtts, lying upon]. In biol-
ogy, with the tip of one leaf lying flat over the base of
the next above.
Incubus (in'-ku-btis) [L.]. I. Nightmare ; ephialtes.
2. Formerly, a supposed male demon that beset
women, just as the succuba was supposed to consort
with men. I. vigilantium. 'Atn Day mare.
Incudal (ing' -kti-dal') \incus, anvil; incus]. Relating
to the incus.
Incudate (ing'-hu-dat) \_ineus, incus]. In biology,
having an incus.
Incudo- (ing' -kti-do-^ \inctts, incus]. In composition,
signifying relationship to the incus. I.-malleal, re-
lating to the incus and the malleus. I.-orbicular, re-
lating to the incus and the orbicularis. I.-stape-
dial, relating to the incus and the stapes. I.-tym-
panic, relating to the incus and the tympanum.
Incuneation (in-kti-ne-a'-shnn) \inciineatio, a wedg-
ing]. I. The impaction of a fracture or of the fetal
head. 2. The same as Gomphosis.
Incurable (in-kiir' -a-bl) [in, not; curare, to care for].
That which cannot be cured or restored to wholeness.
Incurvation [in-kiir-va' -shun) \incurvare, to bend].
The state of being bent or curved in.
Incus {ing'-kus) [L. ,an anvil: pi. , Inciides'\. In bi-
ology : [a) The middle one of the chain of bones in
the middle ear of a mammal ; (/;) A portion of the
mouth-parts of a rotifer.
Indazole [in' -da-zdl), C,HgN,^. A substance formed
by heating hydrazin-cinnamic acid. It crystallizes
from hot water in colorless needles, melting at 146°
C. , and boiling at 270° C.
Indecent (in-de' -sent) \indecens, unbecoming]. Not
decent ; obscene. I. Exposure, 'as.^ Exhibitionism.
Indecision (in-de-sizh' -iin) [in, not; decisio ; decidere,
to decide]. Morbid irresolution ; want of firmness or
of will ; abulia or hypobulia.
Indehiscent (in-de-his' -ent) [in, not ; hiscere, to gap].
In biology, not opening spontaneously.
Indene (in-den'), CgH^,. A hydrocarbon that occurs
with coumarone in that fraction of coal-tar boiling at
i76°-i82° C. It is a clear oil, boiling at I77°-I78°
C. Its sp. gr. is 1.040 at 15° C.
Indentation (in-den-ta'-shiui) in ; ^/cwj, a tooth].
A condition of being notched or serrated. I. of
Tongue, the notching of the borders of the tongue
made by the teeth, and visible especially during in-
flammation of the tongue.
Index (in'-deks) [L.]. The first finger. Also, the re-
lation or ratio of one part to another, taken as a
standard. I., Altitudinal, the height of a skull
multiplied by 100 and divided by its length. I.,
Alveolar, the degree of prominence of the jaws,
measured by the basi-alveolar length multiplied by 100
and divided by the basi-nasal length. When the
alveolar index is less than 98, the skull is orthognathic,
when more than 103, prognathic, when intermediate,
mesognathie. I., Basilar. Same as /. , Alveolar.
I. of Breadth. Same as / , Cephalic. I., Cephalic,
the breadth of a skull multiplied by 100 and divided
by its length. When this is below 75, the skull is
called dolichocephalic, when above 80, it is called
brachycephalic, between these limits, mesaticephalic.
I., Cephalo-orbital, the ratio of the solid contents
of the two orbits to the contents of the cranial cavity,
multiplied by loo. I., Cephalo-spinal, the ratio of
the measure of the foramen magnum in square milli-
meters to that of the cranial cavity in cubic centi-
meters, multiplied by 100. I., Cerebral, the ratio of
the greatest transverse to the greatest antero-posterior
diameter of the cranial cavity, multiplied by 100.
I. -digit, the forefinger. I., Facial, the ratio of the
distance of the ophryon from the alveolar point to the
transverse diameter measured from one zygoma to the
other, multiplied by 100. I.-finger, the forefinger. I.,
Gnathic, the ratio of the distance between the basion
and the alveolar point to the distance between the
basion and the nasal point, multiplied by 100. I.,
Nasal, the greatest nasal width multiplied by 100, and
divided by the nasal length. When the nasal index ex-
ceeds 53i the nose is platyrhine, when less than 48, it
is said to be leptorhine, if between these numbers, meso-
rhijie. I., Orbital, the orbital height multiplied by 100
and divided by the orbital width. If the orbital index be
above 89, it is called megaseme, if under 84, microseme,
if between, mesoseme. I., Refractive, the coefficient
of refraction. I., Thoracic, taken at its widest part is
100 times the sagittal, divided by the transverse
measurement. I., Vertical, of Height, the ratio of
the vertical diameter of the skull to the maximum
antero-posterior diameter, multiplied by 100.
India [in'-de-ah) [Asiatic]. A country of Asia. I-
Liver, a condition of hyperemia and enlargement of
the liver, associated with general anemia and cachexia,
cyanosis, anasarca, and irritable and irregular pulse.
I. -rubber, the prepared concrete juice obtained mainly
from an Indian tree, Ficits elasticits, and a South
American tree, Siphonia elastica . It is valuable
INDIAN
609
INDIVIDUAL
chiefly for its elasticity and its insolubility in water. It
is with difficulty soluble in oil of turpentine, but is highly
soluble in carbon disulphid. It melts at 248° F. , and
remains unchanged up to 500° F. It is hardened and
used in mechanical dentistry as a base for artificial
teeth. It is also called Caoiitihouc , q. v.
Indian [ui' -dc-an') \_India'\. Pertaining to India, the
West Indies, or to the aboriginal Americans. I. Bas-
ket, a hollow cylinder woven of twigs of the willow,
or of strips of other wood, used in applying extension to
a dislocated limb. The greater the extension, the more
firmly does the device cling to the surface. I. -blue.
Same as Indigo. I . Black-root, the root of Pte)-ocaulo>i
pycnostachium. It has reputed alterative properties.
Dose of the fluid extract tTLxv-xxx. Unof. I. Corn.
See Zea mays. I. Hemp. See Cannabis. I. Liquo-
rice. See Abriis. I. Physic, American Ipecac-
uanha, the bark of the root of Gillenia trifoliata, a
mild emetic and cathartic. Dose of the fluid extract,
TT|_,x-xl. Unof. L Sarsaparilla. See Hemidcsmus.
L Tobacco. See Lobi-lia. I. Turnip. See Dragon
Root. I. Madder. Same as Mungeet. L Meal,
corn-meal. L Ochre. Same as Ochre. I. Plague.
Synonym of the Plague, q. v. \. Potato. See
Apios. L-purple. See Pigments, Conspectus of.
L-red. Same as Colcothar and Ochre. I. -yellow.
Same as Purree.
Indican (in' -dik-an) \indicum , indigo], CjgHjjNOj,.
The natural glucosid by the decomposition of which
indigo-blue is produced from the various species of
indigo-producing plants. It forms a transparent brown
syrup, the aqueous solution of which has a yellow
color, bitter taste, and slightly acid reaction. It is
occasionally detected in the urine.
Indicant {in' -dik-ant) \jndicans ; indicare, to indicate].
I. Serving as an index or as an indication. 2. A fact
or symptom that indicates a certain treatment ; an indi-
cation.
Indicanuria (in-dik-an-ti'-re-ah') \indicum, indigo;
oipoii, urine]. The morbid excess of indican in the urine.
Indication (in-dik-a' -s/iun) \indicatio, an indication].
A sign or symptom, especially when it points out the
proper course of treatment ; the inference drawn from
the various symptoms or signs in any particular case.
Indicator [in' -dik-a-tor) \indicare, to point out]. I.
The index-finger. 2. The extensor indicis muscle.
See Muscles, Table of.
Indicium {in-dish' -e-tmi) [L. : //., Indicia']. A symp-
tom or sign ; a discriminating or diagnostic mark.
Indifferent [in-dif'-er-eitt] [in, not ; diffcrens, differ-
ent]. I. Not specially differentiated. 2. Not acted
upon in a special way by any reagent.
Indifferentism [in-dif'-er-ent-izm) \_in, not ; differens,
different]. Lack of special differentiation.
Indifulvin (in-de-ful'-vin) \\.vt^ui6v, vcv^xgo ; fiilvus,
yellow]. A yellowish substance occurring in two vari-
eties, and produced by the action of dilute acids on
indican.
Indifuscin (in-de-fus'-in) \\vi\k6v, indigo ; fuscus,
dark], C,^H.^„N,Py. A substance produced by the ac-
tion of dilute acids on indican.
Indigenous {in-dij'-en-us) [indu, in ; gignere, to be-
get]. Native, and not exotic. Originating or belong-
ing to a certain locality or country.
Indigestion {in-di-jes' -chun) \indigestio : in, not ;
digerere, to digest]. Same as Dyspepsia.
Indigitation iin-dij-it-a' -sliun) \in, in ; digitus, a fin-
ger], A displacement of a part of the intestine by in-
tussusception.
Indiglucin [in-de-glu'-sin) [^ivi'iiKln', indigo ; y2.vKvc,
sweet], QH,||Og. A yellow syrup, one of the decom-
position-products of indican.
39
Indiglycin (in-de-gli'-sin). Same as Indiglucin.
Indigo (in'-dig-o) \_h'6iK6i>, indigo]. A blue pigment
formed during the fermentation of Indigofera anil, I.
tinctoria, and other species. It is insoluble in alcohol
or water, but freely soluble in strong sulphuric acid;
it is used mainly in the arts as a dye-stuff. Chemic-
ally, it is a mixture of several principles, the chief
being a blue coloring-matter, indigotin. Therapeutic-
ally, it is an irritant to the mucous membrane of the
alimentary tract, producing intense nausea. It has
been used advantageously in epilepsy, chorea, and
convulsions, in doses varying from ^ij-r^ij daily.
Unof. I. -blue, Cj|;Hi|,N.j02. Indigotin ; a chromo-
gen found in ordinary indigo, of which it constitutes
the principal ingredient. It is also derived from
wood [Isatis tinctoria). It occurs in the plant as
a glucosid, /«rfr(7«. Indigo-blue is a dark-blue pow-
der with a reddish glimmer; it becomes metallic and
copper-like under pressure. It is insoluble in water,
alcohol, and ether, and is odorless and tasteless. It
dissolves in hot anilin with a blue color, and crystallizes
from hot oil of turpentine in beautiful blue plates.
I. -brown, a resinous substance of a brown color, ob-
tained by boiling an aqueous solution of indican with
an acid. It is composed of a mixture of indihnmin ,
C]|,HyNO.j, and indirhetin , C,^H,,N05, the former
soluble and the latter insoluble in alcohol. I.-car-
min, a sodium salt of indigotin-disulphonic acid ; it
is used as a blue dye, a washing-blue, and is a delicate
test for sugar. I.-carmin Test for Sugar ; put
in 30 minims of water one part each of indigo-carmin
and sodium carbonate ; heat gently to solution ; add
one drop of urine, and boil quietly. A change to red
or yellow indicates sugar. See Tests, Table of. I.
Extract. See Indigo-car?nin. I. -red. See Indi-
rzibin. I. -white, t-'u^HuN.^O.^. Indigogen; a sub-
stance obtained by the reduction of indigo-blue. It
occurs as a white crystalline powder, soluble in alco-
hol, ether, and the alkalies, with a yellowish color.
It rapidly reoxidizes to indigo-blue by exposure to the
air. I., Wild. See Baptisia.
Indigogen [in' -dig-o-jcn). See Indigo-white and Uro-
xanthin.
Indigotin (in-dig-o' -tin). See Indigo-blue.
Indigouria [in-dig-o-u'-re-ah) [^iv()ik6v, indigo; orpov,
urine]. The presence of indigo in the urine ; it is
due to a decomposition of indican. See Cyanurin.
Indihumin [in-de-lm' -miti). See Indigo-brown.
Indirect {in-di-rekt') [in, not ; dirigere, to be in a
straight line]. Not direct. I. Division of Cells.
See Karyokinesis. I. Segmentation. See Karyo-
kinesis. I. Vision, that perception of an object in
which the image falls on some other spot than the
macula.
Indirhetin [in-dir-e'-tin). See Indigo-brown.
Indirubin (in-de-ru' -bin) [JriS^hoi', indigo ; r// /'«;«, red],
CjgHjijNjO.^. A substance isomeric » with indigo-
blue, and very similar in its entire character to this
substance. It is produced by effecting the conden-
sation of indoxyl with isatin by means of a dilute
soda-solution. It is also called indigo-red.
Indisin [in' -dis-in). Same as Mauvein , q. v.
Indisposition [in-dis-po-zish' -iin) [indispositio, unsuit-
ableness]. Any slight illness or disturbance of the
functions of the body.
Indissoluble (in-dis'-o-lu-bl). .See Insoluble.
Indium (in' -de-um) [indictiiii, indigo, so-called from
its indigo-blue spectral line]. A rare metal. Symbol
In., atomic weight, 113. 7. It is very soft, and resem-
bles lead in its properties. .See Elements, 7'able of.
Individual (in-div-id'-u-al) [in, noi; dividere, to di-
vide]. A single being; one of a group or species.
INDOGEN
610
INFANTILISM
In biology, the total result of the development of a
single ovum. I. Prepotency. See Prepotency .
Indogen {in' -do-jen). Same as Uroxanthin.
Indoin (in'-do-hi)\ijidicHiii,\nd\^o'\. A blue substance
produced from propiolic acid on adding metallic iron,
zinc, or copper.
Indol (in'-dol) \i)idiium, indigo], CgH,N. A product
of intestinal putrefaction, and occurring in the feces, to
which, with skatol, it imparts the unpleasant odor. It
is also formed when proteids are heated with alkalies,
or by superheating with water to 200° C. It is a crys-
talline bo.dy melting, when pure, at 53° C. It is solu-
ble in boiling water, alcohol, and ether.
Indolemia {in-do-le' -ine-ali) [(I'ddf, Indian ; 'koijiug,
pestilence]. Asiatic cholera.
Indolent (in' -do-lent) [in, not ; do/ere, to feel pain] .
Sluggish. Without pain ; applied to ulcers, tumors,
etc.
Indophenin (i>i-do-fe' -nin^ \jndiciini, indigo; phenyl'^,
CjjH^NOS. A bluish compound foniied by the ac-
tion of a solution of isatin, I part to 30 parts of H.^SO^,
on benzene.
Indophenol [in-do-fe' -jtol), \Jndicuin, indigo ; phenyl'\.
Same as Naphtliol-hliie. I. -blue. See Pigments,
Conspectus of.
Indosynclonus (in-do-sin'-k/o-mis) [ii'tJdf , Indian ;
avyKXovelv, to dash together]. Same as Beriberi.
Indoxyl [in-doks'-il) \\v&ik6v, indigo; ofi'f, sharp],
CgH^NO. A substance isomeric with o.xindol. It re-
sults on the elimination of carbon dio.\id from indoxylic
acid. It is an oil, not volatile in aqueous vapor,
readily soluble in water, showing yellow fluor-
escence.
Indoxylic Acid [in-doks-il'-ik). See Acid.
Induced (in-dusd ') \_inducere , to lead into]. Made
or produced by the agency of any means. I. Cur-
rent. See Current.
Induction {in-duk' -s/iun) \inductio ; inducere, to lead
in]. The establishment of an abstract law or pro-
position drawn from specific or particular facts.
I. -balance, in physics, an instrument used for the
detection of currents too weak to affect the galvano-
meter. I. -current. See Current. I., Faradic.
See Faradic. I. of Labor, the bringing on of labor
by artificial means. I. -coil. .See Coil.
Inductorium (in-dnk-to' -re-u)}i) [L., a covering]. A
magneto-induction apparatus for physiologic purposes.
Indulin-blue. Same as Coupier's Blue.
Indulins [i7i' -du-linz) [ii'iSz/idi', indigo ; vXr], matter].
Members of the safranin class of dye-stuffs. They
are violet-blue to gray-blue in color, and are formed
upon heating various azo-azobenzenes and amido-azo-
benzenes with anilin hydrochlorids. They are also
called nigrosins. They are used to impart a blue color
to wool, cotton, and silk. See Pigments, Conspectus
of.
Indumentum (in-du-inen'-tum) \Jnduere, to put on
(clothes)]. In biology, the plumage of a bird or the
pubescence of a plant.
Induplicate (in-du'-plik-at) [/«, in, on; duplicare, to
doulile]. In biology, applied to leaves, petals, or
sepals while in the bud, which have their edges bent
or rolled inward.
Indurascent [in-du-ras'-enl) [in, in; durare, to
harden]. In biology, gradually hardening.
Indurated (in' -du-ra-ted) [indurare , to harden].
Hardened. I. Bubo, a hard inflammation of the lym-
phatic glands, usually of syphilitic origin.
In&MXSiXio (in-dii-ra'-she-o)\i^.'\. Induration. I. telse
cellulosae. See Sclerema neonatorum .
Induration (in-du-ra'-sliun) \induratio, an induration].
The hardening of a tissue without alteration of struc-
ture ; a hardened mass or lump. I., Black. See/.,
Gray. I., Brown, a hardening of lung-tissue, with
deposition of pigmentary matter. I. of Chancre,
a hard nodule, or a cup-like ring, about the margin of a
chancre or syphilitic ulcer. I., Fibroid. See/. ,C?;vy,
and Cirrhosis. I., Granular. See Cirrhosis. I.,
Gray, the appearance of the lung in chronic pneu-
monia, the cut-surface of the lung being smooth,
glistening, gray, and dense. It is also called black or
fibroid induration. I., Red, a firm, resistant, red-
dened condition of the lung in chronic pneumonia.
Indusiate (in-du' -ze-at) \induere, to put on]. In bi-
ology, having an indusium.
Indusium (in-du' -ze-um) \induere ,{0 put on: //., In-
dusia'\. I. In biology : (a) that portion of the epider-
mis of a fern-frond that covers the fruit-dots orsori;
(b) the case or covering of an insect larva. 2. The
vestigial layer of the cerebral cortex existing with
greater or less distinctness upon the dorsal surface of
the callosum ; it is also seen in many other mammals
beside man. It is called also Indusium griseum.
Vci^\i.v\3£. (in-du' -ve-e). [L. : //.Clothes]. In biology,
persistent withered leaves.
(in-du' -ve-ai) \induvice ,Q{o\!t\^%\. In biology,
clothed with old or withered parts.
Inebriant (in-e' -bre-ant)\_inebrians ; inebriare, to make
drunk], i. Intoxicant; causing inebriation. 2. An
agent or drug that causes inebriation.
Inebriation (in-e-bre-a'-shun) \inebriatio ; inebriare,
to make drunk]. The condition of drunkenness.
Inebriety (in-e-bri' -et-e) \_inebrietas , drunkenness]. In-
ebriation ; especially habitual drunkenness.
Inedia (in-e' -dc-ah) \in, not; edere, to eat]. Synonym
of Fasting.
Inein (in'-e-in). A crystalline substance obtained from
the hairs of the seeds of Strophanthus.
Inenucleable (in-e-nu'-kle-a-bl) [in, not ; enucleare,
to shell out]. Not removable by enucleation.
Inequivalve (in-e-kwi' -valv) \in, not ; equus, equal ;
valva, the leaf of a door]. In biology, applied to
shells having unequal valves.
Inerm (in-er/n') [in, without ; anna, arms]. In biol-
ogy, without hooks, thorns, or prickles ; unarmed.
Inertia (in-er'-she-ah) [iners, inactive, unskilled ; in,
not; skill]. .Sluggishness. In physics, the ina-
bility of matter to change its condition except by
means of an external force. In physiology, inactivity
of any organ or function of the body. I. of Drugs,
lack of power, from inferior quality, to produce cus-
tomary physiologic reactions. I., Intestinal, torpor
of intestinal action, or peristalsis. I., Time. See
Time. I., Uterine, the failure or sluggishness of
uterine contractions in labor.
In extremis (in eks-tre' -mis) [in, in ; extremis, last].
A Latin phrase, meaning at the end ; at the point of
death or in extreme danger of speedy death.
Infancy (in'-fan-se) [in fans, a little child]. Early
childhood. I., Diseases of, those to which infants
are peculiarly liable.
Infant (in' -fant)[infans,a.\M\s c\\\\A']. A babe. Accord-
ing to English law, one not having attained the age of
twenty-one. I., Overlaying of, suffocation of an
infant by the lying upon it of an adult in sleep.
I. -shelter, a day-nursery where the infant-children
of working mothers are kept at a moderate expense
during the hours of labor. In France, a creche.
Infanticide (in-fimt'-is-id) [infans, a little child ;
c<edere, to kill]. The murder of an infant.
Infantile (in' -fan-til) [infantilis, of an infant]. I'cr-
taining to infancy. I. Paralysis. See Paralysis.
Infantilism (in-fan' -til-izm) [infatts, a little child].
The persistence of the characters of childhood into
INFARCT
611
INFLORESCENCE
the period of normal adolescence or even into adult
life.
Infarct (in-farkt^) \infarcire, to fill in]. An obstruc-
tion or plug. I., Anemic, a pale wedge-shaped area
in an organ due to the occlusion of a blood-vessel
by an embolus, the tissues in the distribution of the
vessel undergoing coagulation-necrosis. I., Hemor-
rhagic, a dark-red wedge-shaped area in an organ due
to the occlusion of a vessel by an embolus, with the
subsequent extravasation of blood into the tissues be-
yond the point of obstruction. The base of the wedge
is toward the periphery, the apex toward the hilum of
the organ. The condition is most common in the
spleen, the kidney, and the lung. I., Uric Acid, the
deposition of crystals of uric acid in the renal- tubules
of the newborn.
Infarction (in-fark'-skuii) \infarcire,\.o ^"mSi in]. The
plugging of a vessel by an embolus ; the masses of
extravasated blood in the tissues in embolism ; obstruc-
tion ; infarct.
Infarctus (?«-y3;-/"'-/«j). S&s Infarct.
Infect [in-fekt') [injiccre, to put in, or corrupt]. To
communicate or transmit the specific virus or germs of
disease.
Infection (iii-fek' -shtai) \infectio, infection]. The
communication of disease-germs or virus, by any
means, direct or indirect.
Infectious (in-fek' -shus) \_infectio, infection]. Having
the quality of transmitting disease or the agents that
cause disease. See also Contagious. I. Kndocardi-
tis, ulcerative endocarditis ; malignant endocarditis.
I. Pseudo-rheumatism. See Pseudo-rheumatism.
Infective [i>i-fek'-tiv) [infectio, infection]. Infectious.
I. Angioma. See Angio7na serpiginosum.
Infectivity (in-fek-tiv' -it-e) \_inficere, to infect]. In-
fectiousness ; the quality of being infectious.
Infecundity (in-fe-kun'-dit-e) [in, not ; fecundus, fruit-
ful]. Sterility, barrenness.
Inferent [in' -fer-ent ). vSame as Afferent.
\ Inferior {in-fe'-re-or) [comp. of inferus, low]. Lower.
ilnferius [in-fe'-re-us) [L.]. Inferior.
Infero-lateral [in'-fer-o-lat'-er-al) [inferus, low;
latus, side]. Situated below and to one side.
Infero-posterior (in' -fer-o-pos-te' -re-or) [inferus, low ;
posterius, posterior]. Situated backward and below.
Infertility \in-fer-til' -it-e) [in, not; fertilis, fertile].
Same as Sterility.
Infibulation (in-fib-u-la' -sliu)i) [/«, in; yf^«/«, a clasp] .
An operation formerly employed to prevent the retrac-
I tion of the prepuce over the glans penis in order to
I prevent copulation. It consisted in passing a ring
through opposite edges of the prepuce. In a similar
manner a ring was passed through the labia of the
vagina in order to insure the chastity of females.
Infihrate [in'-fil-trat) [in, in ; filtrare, to strain]. To
ooze into the interstitial spaces of a tissue ; also, the
substance thus having passed.
Infiltration [in-fl-tra'-shun) [infiltratio, infiltration].
The abnormal diffusion of any fluid from without into
an organ or tissue, affecting it mechanically so as to
destroy its function. I. of Bone, a tuberculous in-
filtration of bone, consisting either of matter that
becomes puriform, or else of gray cancellous matter.
I., Calcareous, deposits of lime or other calcium
salts within any tissue of the body. I., Cellular,
the primary exudation into a tissue, conveying white
corpuscles. I., Fatty, the presence of oil or fat-
globules in the interior of a cell. I., Gray, an opaque
condition of the lung found after death from acute
tuberculosis, the lung being of a dirty ash-gray color,
with no appearance of lobulation or of the normal pul-
monary structure. I., Plastic, that of a character from
which new normal growth may develop. I., Red, a
form of infiltration of the lung in acute tuberculosis in
which the lung presents a more or less hyperemic ap-
pearance, and is soft and granular. I., Sanguineous,
an extravasation of blood. An ecchymosis. I., Tu-
berculous, a confluence of tuberculous granulations.
Infinite {in' -fin-it) [infinitus, boundless]. Immeasur-
ably or innumerably great. I. Distance, a term in
optics to denote parallelism of the light rays. Absolute
parallelism does not exist, but, practically, rays from
an object 20 feet away are so considered and so called.
Infinitesimalism (in-fin-it-es' -im-al-izni) [infinitus,
boundless]. The doctrine that favors the infinitesimal
dilution of drugs with the view of potentizing them,
or developing their power over disease.
Infirm [in-fcrtn') [infirmus, not strong or firm]. Weak
or feeble.
Infirmary (in-fer' -ma-re') [infirmarittm , an infirmary].
A hospital. An institution where ill and infirm people
are maintained during the period of treatment.
Infirmity [in-fr'-mit-e) [infirmitas, weakness]. Weak-
ness. Feebleness due to disease or senility.
Inflame (jn-fldm') [inflammarc, to set on fire]. To
undergo inflammation. To become unduly heated
and turgid with blood, owing to a morbid condition.
Infiammatio (in-fiam-a' -she-o) [L.]. A burning. I.
ventriculi. See Gastritis.
Inflammation {in-fiam-a' -shun) [infiaintnatio , a burn-
ing]. A condition of nutritive disturbance character-
ized by hyperemia, with proliferation of the cells of a
tissue or organ, and attended by one or more of the
symptoms of pain, heat, swelling, discoloration, and
disordered function. I., Adhesive, a synonym of
Healing by First hitention. I., Aplastic, and I.,
Plastic. See Lytnph. I., Granulomatous, a chronic
form of inflammation occurring usually in scrofulous or
syphilitic individuals, with the formation of granulation -
tissue of low vitality. This tissue breaks down into
small abscesses, the latter uniting to form fistulous tracks
without any tendency to the formation of cicatrices. I.
of the Periosteum of a Tooth, periodontitis. See
Odontalgia, and Periostitis, Dental. I., Pyo-gangren-
ous, a form of rapidly progressive inflammation, with
the production of a gangrenous focus, surrounded by a
zone of suppuration. I., Regenerative, that form of
inflammation which is followed by cicatrization. See
also Theories of Inflammation.
Inflammatory {in-flam' -at-o-re) [injlammare, to in-
flame]. Pertaining to inflammation. I. Blush,
synonym of Erythema. I. Corpuscle. See Cor-
puscle, Gluge's. I. Exudation, the fluid exuded
from an inflamed part. I. Fever. See Traumatic
Fever. I. Focus, the central or culminating spot of
an inflamed part, or that at which suppuration begins.
I. Fungoid Neoplasm. See Mycosis. I. Infiltra-
tion, the exudation escaping into the interstices of an
inflamed tissue and not removed by the lymphatics.
I. Zone, the area of gangrenous formation bounded
by the line of demarcation between dead and living
tissue. Also, the line of demarcation.
Inflation {in-fla' -shun) [inflatio : inJlare,\.o puft" up].
Distention with air. In surgery, distention of the
bowels with air, to relieve obstruction ; or of the lungs,
for artificial respiration ; or of the Eustachian tube, for
therapeutic purposes.
Inflected {in-fiek' -ted) [in, in ; fiectere, to bend]. In
biology, bent inward or downward.
Inflexed (in-fieksf) [inflectere, \.Q)\ier\A'\. In biology,
bent. .Same as Inflected.
Inflorescence {in-fior-es' -ens)[in ,m\ fiorescere, to begin
to blossom]. In biology: (a) blossoming, flowering ;
{b) a flower-cluster.
INFLUENZA
612
INFUSUM
Influenza (in-flu-en' -zah) [Ital., an influence, formerly
thought to be due to the stars]. A specific, conta-
gious, epidemic affection characterized by catarrhal in-
flammation of the mucous membrane of the respiratory
tract, accompanied by a muco-purulent discharge,
fever, and prostration. There is a strong tendency to
the development of broncho-pneumonia. At times
symptoms referable to the gastro-intestinal system pre-
dominate ; at other times the symptoms are mainly re-
ferred to the nervous system. The aged, weak, and
young often succumb. The disease is popularly called
by its French name, la grippe. See Bacillus of In-
Jluenza, under Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of.
Influx [in'fluks) in; fltiere, to flow]. An inflow.
The act of flowing in.
Infossous (in fos' -us] [/«, in ; fodcrc, to dig]. In bi-
ology, sunk in or depressed. Cf. Introvenium.
Infra- (in'-frah-) [infra, below]. A Latin prefix
meaning below or beneath.
Infra-axillary (in' -frah-aks' -il-at.re') \infra, below ;
axilla, the arm-pit]. Below the arm-pit.
Infra-branchial (in-fra-brang' -kc-al) \infra, below;
bronchia, gills]. Beneath or below the gills.
Infra-buccal (in-fra-buk'-al) \_infra, below; bucca,
the cheek]. In molluscs beneath the buccal mass.
Infraclavicular (in-frah-klav-ik' -u-lar) [infra, be-
low; clavicula, the collar-bone]. Below the collar-
bone.
Infracommissure (in-frah-coin' -is-ur) [infra, below ;
coinmittere, to unite]. The inferior commissure of the
brain .
Infraconstrictor (infrali-/con-sfrik'-/or) [infra, be-
low; constringcre , \.o bind together]. The inferior
constrictor of the pharynx. See Muscles, Table of.
Infracortical (in-frah-kor' -tik-al) [infra, below;
cortex, a bark]. Lying beneath the cortical substance
of the brain.
Infracostal (in-frah-kos'-tal) [infra, below; casta, a.
rib]. Below the ribs.
Infracostales (in-frah-kos-ta' -lez). See Muscles, Table
of
Infraction (m-frak'-shnn') [in, in; fractio, breaking].
Incomplete fracture of a bone. Also, an indentation
or driving forward.
Infradiaphragmatic (in frah-di-af -rag-mat' -ik^ [in-
fra, below; d/d, across ; (ppajfia, wall]. Situated
below the diaphragm.
Infrahyoid (i)i-frah-hi'-oid) [infra, below; hoEi6rj(;,
hyoid]. Situated below the hyoid bone.
Inframammary (in-frah-mam' -ar-e) [infra, below ;
mamma, i\\<i breast]. Situated beneath or below the
mammary apparatus.
Inframaxillary (in-frah-maks' -il-a-re) [infra, below ;
maxilla, the jaw]. Below or under the jaw.
Infraorbital (in-frah-or' -bit-tal) [infra, below; or-
orbit]. Beneath or below the orbit. I. Artery,
the branch of the internal maxillary artery traversing
the infraorbital canal. I. Canal, the canal in the
superior maxillary bone that transmits the infraorbital
vessels and nerve. I. Foramen, the aperture in the
superior maxillary bone through which the infraorbital
artery passes. I. Groove, the groove in the superior
maxillary bone leading to the infraorbital canal. I.
Nerve, the name of the superior maxillary nerve at
its entrance into the infraorbital canal.
Infrapubian (in-frah-pu' -be-aii) below ; pubes,
the pubes]. Situated beneath the pubes.
Infrarectus (in-frah-rck' -tus) [infra, below ; rectus,
straight]. The inferior rectus muscle of the eye.
See Muscles, Table of.
Infrascapular (in- frali-skap' -u-lar) [infra, below ;
scapula, shoulder-blade]. Below the shoulder-blade.
Infraspinatus (in-frah-spi na'-tus). See Muscles, Tabl"
of
Infraspinous (in-frah-spi' -nus) [infra, below ; spina,
a. spine]. Beneath a spine, as of the scapula or a ver-
tebra. I. Fascia, the dense membranous fascia cov-
ering the infraspinous muscle. I. Muscle. See
Muscles, Table of.
Infrasternal (in-frah-ster'-nal) [infra, below; ster-
num, breast-bone]. Below the sternum. I. De-
pression, the depression of the ensiform cartilage,
commonly called the pit of the stomach.
Infratemporal (in-frah-tem' -po-ral) [infra, below;
tempora, the temple] . Situated beneath the temporal
bone.
Infrathoracic (in-frah-tho-ra' -sik) [infra, below ; 66-
pa^, thorax]. Below the thorax.
Infratrochlea (in-frah-trok'-le-ah) [infra, below;
trochlea, a pulley]. Below the trochlea. I. Nerve.
See Nerves, Table of.
Infraturbinal (in-frah-tur'-bin-al) [infra, below ; tur-
bo, a wheel, top]. Inferior turbinal. See Bones,
Table of.
Infravaginal (in-frah-vaj' -in-al) [infra, below;
vagina, sheath]. Situated below the vaginal vault.
Infriction (in-frik'-shun) [infrictio, a rubbing in]. The
rubbing of a surface with an ointment or liniment.
Infundibula (in-fun-dib' -u-lah) [L.]. Plural of
dibulum, q. v. I. of Kidneys, the calices or the
divisions of the pelvis of the kidney formed by the
confluence of the calices. I. of Lungs, the elongated
sacs (set about with air-cells) in which the smallest air-
passages terminate. I. subgenitalia. Sie&Demniet.
Infundibular (in-fun-dib' -u-lar) [infundibulum , ^ fun-
nel]. Of the nature of or belonging to an infundi-
bulum.
Infundibuliform (in-fun-dib-u' -lif-orm)[infundibtdum ,
a funnel ; forma, a form]. Funnel-shaped. I.
Fascia, the funnel-shaped membranous layer that
invests the spermatio cord.
Infundibulum (in-fun-dib'-u-lum) [infundere, to pour
into]. In biology, a term frequently and variously ap-
plied to funnel-shaped organs orparts. I. of Brain, a
funnel-shaped mass of gray matter attached to the
pituitary body. I. of Cochlea, a small cavity at the
end of the modiolus. I. of Heart, the arterial cone
from which the pulmonary artery arises. I. of Ovi-
duct, the cavity formed by the fringes at the ovarian
end of an oviduct.
Infuscate (in-fus'-kat) [infiiscare , to make dark or
dusky]. In biology, clouded or darkened.
Infused {/«-/«2</') [infindere,Xo-^Qi\xx \x\'\. Extracted;
steeped. I. Oils. See Olea infusa.
Infusion (in-fu'-zhun) [infusio, infusum, an infusion].
I. See Infusum. 2. The slow and gentle injection
of water or of a medicated liquid into a vein, or into
parenchjonatous tissues.
Infusor (in-fu'-zor) [L.]. An instrument by means of
which water or a medicated liquid may be made to How
slowly into a vein, or into the parenchymatous tissues.
Infusoria (iu-pi-so' -re-ah) [infusum, an infusion]. A
class of microscopic, ciliated organisms belonging to
the order of Protozoa. They are so called because
they often develop in great numbers in organic infu-
sions. They reproduce by fission.
Infusum (in-fu'-sum) [L. : gen., Infusi ; pi., liifiisa\
An infusion. In pharmacy, a preparation made by
treating a vegetable substance with hot or witli cold
water, without boiling. Infusions should, in the ab-
sence of specific directions, contain I part of tlie sub-
stance to 10 of water. There are five official iiificsa,
and two in the " National P'ormulary," besides a large
number in the British pharmacopeia.
INGESTA
613
INJECT
Ingesta (in-jes' -taJi) \ingerere, to carry into]. Sub-
stances introduced into the body, especially for pur-
poses of alimentation.
Ingestion (in-jes' -c/mn) \_!Hges/io, ingestion]. I. The
introduction of food or nutrition into the mouth or
stomach. 2. The process by which a cell takes up
foreign matters, such as bacilli or smaller cells.
Ingluvial [in-glti'-ve-al) \ingluvies, the crop]. Per-
taining to the ingluvies.
Ingluvies (in-glu'-ve-ez) \_in, in ; glutire, to swallow].
In biology, the most anterior dilatation of the alimen-
tary canal, as the crop or craw in birds, the paunch or
rumen in mammals, the sucking-stomach of insects.
Ingluvin [in' -glu-viii) \_inglnvies , crop or craw of a
bird]. A preparation obtained from the gizzard of the
fowl, Pullus gallinaceus, used as a substitute -for pep-
sin and pancreatin. It is very efficient in the vomit-
ing of pregnancy. Dose gr. x-xx.
Ingot [ing'-got) [ME., ingot, a. mold for molten metal].
A bar of gold, silver, or other metal, cast in a
mold.
Ingrassias, Processes, or Wings of. The lesser
wings of the sphenoid bone.
Ingravescent [in-grav-es' -eiit) \ingravescere, to become
heavy]. Increasing in weight or in severity. I.
Apoplexy. See Apoplexy.
Ingravidation (in-grav-id-a' -shmi). See Impregna-
tion.
\a^\&A\&nX (in-gre' -de-ettt) [ingredi, to step into]. Any
substance that enters into the formation of a com-
pound.
In-growing Nail. See Onychogryphosis.
Inguen [ing'-g-cien) [L.]. The groin, (/. v.
Inguinal (in'-gwin-at) \^i >igue?t, the gro\n\. Pertaining
to the groin. I. Arch, the crural arch. I. Canal,
the canal transmitting the spermatic cord in the male,
and the round ligament in the female. It is situated
parallel to and just above Poupart's ligament. I.
Glands, the superficial and the deep glands of the
groin. I. Hernia. See Hernia. See, also. Liga-
ment, Region, Ring. I. Plague. Synonym of Plague.
Inguino- \in' -gwin-o-") \ingtten, the groin]. In com-
position, pertaining to the groin. I. -abdominal,
pertaining conjointly to the groin and the abdomen.
I. -crural, relating to the groin and the thigh. I.-
cutaneous, relating to the integument of the groin.
Ingurgitation [in-gur-jit-a' -s/nm) \ingurgitatio, a swal-
lowing]. I. The act of swallowing; deglutition. 2.
Excess in eating or drinking.
Inhalation (in-ha-la' -shun) \inhalatio ; inhalare, to
draw in]. The in-breathing of air or other vapor.
• I. -diseases, those due to the inspiration of air contain-
ing dust or any finely divided matter. See Grinders''
Disease. I. of Medicines, the introduction into the
air-passages or lungs of medicinal substances in the
form of vapor or fine spray.
Inhale [in-kdl') [inlialare, to breathe in]. To inspire
or draw air or other vapor into the lungs.
Inhaler [in-ha'-lcr) \_in/ialare, to breathe in]. An in-
strument for inhaling a gas or the vapor of a liquid
medicine. I., Nitrous-oxid, a breathing-tube for the
mhalatiop of nitrous-oxid gas ; it is constructed of
vulcanized rubber or metal. See Anesthetic.
Inhe^T^ni (iji-he'-rent) [/////(f'Wf, to cleave to]. Con-
stitutional ; innate ; natural to the organism ; not
casual or derivative.
Inheritance [in-hej-' -it-ans) [F. , inheriter, to inherit].
The act of inheriting. I., Particulate, the reappear-
ance of single peculiarities in the offspring. I., Use,
the inheritance of acquired characters ; the acquisition
by the offspring of changes in the body-cells of the
parent.
Inherited [in-her' -it-ed) [in, in, to; heres, heir]. De-
rived from an ancestor. I. Disease, a disease that
has been transmitted to a child by its parent.
Inhibit (in-hib' -it) \_inhibere, to check]. To check,
restrain, or suppress.
Inhibition (in-hib-ish' -im) \_inhibitio, restraint]. The
act of checking, restraining, or suppressing ; any in-
fluence that controls, retards, or restrains. Inhibitory
nerves and centers are those intermediating a modifi-
cation, stoppage, or suppression of a motor or secretory
act already in progress. I., Mental, the involuntary
restraint that active mental states exercise over bodily
functions, normal or otherwise. I., Vasomotor, an
influence exerted on the contractile walls of the blood-
vessels, that causes their dilatation by a diminution of
their tone. I., Voluntary, the checking or temporary
restraint of a reflex by force of will.
Inhibitive (in-hib' -it-iv). See Inhibitory.
Inhibitory (in-hib' -it-o-re) \inhibitorius, inhibitory].
Having.the power to restrain or hold in check. I. Cen-
ter of Setschenow, a cerebral center in the optic lobes
of the brain of the frog, the stimulation of which checks
spinal reflexes. I. Nerves of the Heart, those of
the vagus supplied by the cardio-inhibitory center,
through the spinal accessory nerve. I. Nerves of
Respiration, certain afferent fibers in the laryngeal
branches of the vagus nerve, that exert an inhibitory
action on the inspiratory act of respiration. I. Cen-
ters, nerve-centers that inhibit, restrain, or even
arrest the action of other centers. I. Fibers, centri-
fugal nerve-fibers that affect other centers so as to
moderate or nullify their action.
Inhumation (in-hu-ma' -slum) \Jnliutnare, to put in the
ground]. Burial of the dead in the ground. See
Ilumation.
Iniad (in'-e-ad) [^iviov, the occiput]. Toward the
inial aspect.
Inial (in'-e-al) [(w'oi', occiput]. Pertaining to the inion .
I. Aspect, the posterior aspect of the head.
Inien (in'-e-en) [Ivlop, occiput]. Belonging to the inion
in itself.
Iniencephalus (in-e-eti-sef -al-us) \\viov, occiput ;
kyiikcpaAog , brain]. A variety of single autositic mon-
sters of the species Exencephalus in which there is the
same deformity of the skull as in notencephalus, with
the addition of a spinal fissure involving the cervical
and thoracic vertebrae.
Iniodymus (in-e-od'-im-us) [iv/oi', occiput ; 6ifiv/ioi;,
double]. A teratism with one body and two heads
joined at the occiput.
Inio-glabellar (in' -e-o-gla-bel' -ar) \\\nov, occiput ;
glaber, smooth]. Relating to or joining the inion and
the glabella.
Inion (in'-e-07i) l_ivtov, occiput]. The external protu-
berance of the occipital bone. SeeCraniometric Points.
Iniops (in'-e-ops) [ii'/or, occiput ; 61/;, face]. A cata-
didymous monstrosity with the parts below the navel
double, the thoraces joined into one, and one head
with two faces, the one incomplete.
Inirritative (in-ir' -it-a-tiv) \in, not ; irritare, to irri-
tate]. Not irritant ; soothing.
Initial into ; /;Y,togo]. Beginning or
commencing. I. Cells, genn-cells. I. Sclerosis, the
primary induration of a hard chancre. I. Stage of
Labor. See Labor, Stages of.
Initis (in-i'-tis) [(f, muscle, fiber; itk;, inflammation].
Inflammation of fibrous or muscular tissue.
Inject (///-/('/J/') [/«, into ; y(7(-^;v, to throw]. To effect
the introduction of a liquid into any cavity of the body,
natural or artificial, by means of a syringe or similar in-
strument. In pathology, to produce a condition of
distention of the capillaries with blood.
INJECTA
614
INOSCULATION
Injecta [in-jek'-iah) [L.]. Things introduced, as into
the alimentary canal (correlated with ejectd).
Injection (in-jek' -shun) [injectio, a throwing in]. An
aqueous or other solution thrown into the vessels, be-
neath the skin or into any cavity of the body ; the intro-
duction of such a liquid ; a condition of capillary disten-
tion. I., Anatomic, filling the vessels of a cadaver
or of an organ with preservative or coagulating solu-
tions, for purposes of dissection, I., Coagulating,
injection of coagulating solutions into the cavity of an
aneurysm. I., Hypodermatic, into the subcutaneous
connective tissue, by means of a syringe. I., Nutri-
ent, injection of nutritive fluids into the rectum or
other cavity of the body. I., Opaque Naked-eye,
for anatomic or microscopic purposes, made of plaster-
of- Paris, tallow, vermilion and gelatin, plumbic acetate
and potassium bichromate (yellow injection), or
plumbic acetate and sodium carbonate (white). I.,
Transparent Microscopic, made with carmin for
red, potassium ferrocyanid for blue, potassium bi-
chromate for yellow. I. -pneumonia, a condition of
the lung somewhat resembling pneumonia, following
injections of Koch's tuberculin.
Injector {in-jek' -tor) \injicere, to throw in]. An ap-
paratus, as a syringe, used in injecting any material
into the organism, or into any of its cavities.
Injury [in'-ju-rc) [injuria ; in, not ; Jus, a right].
Any damage or harm to the body or any of its parts.
In-knee [in'-ne). Knock-knee, or genu valgum, q. v.
Inlet [in' -let). The place where the air of ventilation
is admitted into a room. I. of the Pelvis, the heart-
shaped space within the brim of the pelvis ; the supe-
rior pelvic strait.
Inman's Myalgia. See Diseases, Table of.
Innate [in-ndt' or in'-ndt) [innatus, born in]. Con-
genital ; native to the organism ; intrinsic. In biology,
applied to anthers that appear to be supported by the
very apex of the filament.
Innervation (in-ner-va' -shun) \in, in; nervus, nerve].
The discharge of nervous impulses from a ganglionic
center ; the supply of nervous influence bestowed
upon any part or organ ; the distribution of nerves
within a part or organ ; the manifestation of nervous
force.
Innominata [in-noin -in-a' -tah). Plural of Innoinina-
tum. The innominate bones.
Innominate (in-nom' -in-at) [/;/, without ; nomen, a
name]. A term applied to several parts of the body
to which no other definite name has been given. I.
Artery. See Arteries, Table of. I. Bone, the ir-
regular-shaped bone forming the sides and anterior
wall of the pelvic cavity. See Bones, Table of. I.
Foramen. See Foramina, Tables of. I. Veins. See
Vein .
Innominatum (/«-«()w-/«-«'-/'w«) [L. , nameless : //. ,
Innoininata'\. The innominate bone.
Innutrition [in-mc-tris/i'-un) [/«, not ; nutrire, to
nourish]. Want or deficiency of nutrition or nourish-
ment.
Inoblast {in' -o-blast) [if, fiber; ft'kaard^, germ]. Any
one of the cells, or corpuscles, from which connective
tissue is derived.
Inocarcinoma {iii-o-kar-sin-o' -7nah) [if , fiber ; mfjKivog,
a crab ; h/ta, tumor: //. , /noeareino>na/a'^. A car-
cinoma with a preponderance of fibrous tissue.
Inoccipitia {in-ok-sip-it' -e-ah) [/«, negative ; occiput,
occiput]. Deficiency of the occipital lobe of the brain.
Inochondritis (in-o-kon-dri'-tis) [if, fiber ; xoo'h'^K,
cartilage; ir/r, inflammation]. Conjoined inflamma-
tion of tendons and cartilages.
Inoculability {in-ok-u-la-bil'-it-e) \inoculare, to im
plant]. The quality of being inoculable.
Inoculable (in-ok' -u-la-bl) \_inoculare, to implant].
Susceptible of being inoculated.
Inocular [in-ok' -u-lar) \_in, in; oculus, eye]. In bio-
logy, applied to those insect antennse that arise from
notches in the inner margins of the compound eyes.
Inoculation [in-ok-u-la'-shun) \inoculatio, an ingraft-
ing]. 'The introduction into the circulation of the
virus of infectious diseases, or of certain medicinal
agents. I., Jennerian, vaccination, or the inocula-
tion of cowpox-virus. I. of Smallpox, inoculation
with the contagium of smallpox to produce a mild type
of the disease. I., Preventive, inoculation with some
virus to act as a preventive of a more serious disease
or type of the same disease.
Inoculator {in-ok' -u-la-toi-) \inoculatio, an ingrafting].
One who or that which inoculates ; an instrument used
in inoculation .
Inocyst {in'-o-sist) [if, a fiber; /ciW^f, bladder]. A
fibrous capsule.
Inoendothelioma {in-o-en-do-the-le-o' -maJi) [tf, fiber ;
lv6ov, within; ^>f/ii, nipple; 6/;a, tumor: //. ,
Inoendothelio!nata\. Round-celled fibro-sarcoma.
Inoepithelioma {in-o-ep-ith-e-le-o' -inah) [if , fiber ; fm,
upon; difhij, nipple; oua, tumor: Inoepithelio-
niata\ Medullary carcinoma containing fibrous tissue.
Inogen {in'-o-jen) [if, (gen. Ivoq), fiber; ysvvav, to
produce]. A hypothetic substance believed to occur in
muscular tissue, and to be decomposed, during
contraction, into carbon dioxid, sarcolactic acid, and
myosin. Because of this behavior it is considered as
the energy-producing substance of muscle.
Inogenesis {iii-o-jen' -es-is) [if, muscle ; yhtcsLq, gen-
eration]. The formation of fibrous muscular tissue.
l-nohym&n\\.\s {in-o-hi-mett-i' -tis) [if , fiber ; {i/i^x;, mem-
brane ; ltk;, inflammation]. Inflammation of any
fibrous structure.
Inoleiomyoma {in-o-li-o-mi-o'-mak) [if, fiber ; ^dof,
smooth; /iiif, muscle ; o/za, a tumor : //., hioleiomyo-
mata\ A myoma made up of, or containing, un-
striped muscular fibers.
Inoma [in-o' -niali) [if, a fiber; bfia, a tumor: //.,
Inomata'\. Same as Fibroma.
Inomyxoma {in-o-?niks-o' -mah) [if, fiber ; /^'fa,
mucus; bfia, tumor: //. , Inoinyxomata'\. Same as
Fibro-myxoma.
Inoperculate {in-o-per' -ku-ldt) \in, without; operctduni,
a cover, lid]. In biology, having no operculum or lid.
Inopexia, or Inopexy {in-o-peks' -e-ah, or in'-o-peks-e)
[if, fiber; Tvr'iitr, coagulation]. A tendency in the
blood toward spontaneous coagulation.
Inophlogosis [in-o-Jlo-go'-sis) [if, fiber ; ^16y(jai^, in-
flammation]. Inflammation of any fibrous tissue.
Inopolypous [in-o-pol'-ip-us) [if, fiber; polypus,
polyp]. Of the nature of an inopolypus.
Inopolypus {in-o-pol'-ip-us) [if, fiber ;/o/)'/«^, po'yp]-
A fibrous polypus.
Inorganic {in-or-gan' -ik) \in, not ; organum, an instru-
ment]. A term applied to a body or a substance that
possesses none of the possibilities of development,
growth, or life. I. Constituents. See Constituents.
Inorrhabdomyoma {in-or-ab-do-mi-o' -mah) [if, fiber ;
pn[36(i(:, rod ; //()f, muscle ; 6/Lia, tumor: //., Inorrhab-
domyomata\ A fibrous rhabdomyoma.
Inosclerosis {in-o-skle-ro'-sis) [if, fiber ; aiiki]p6(;, hard].
Sclerosis or hardening of fibrous tissue.
Inosculate (iit-os'-ku-ldt) [in, in, on; osculuti/, dim.
of OS, mouth]. In biology, to unite by small open-
ings ; to anastomose.
Inosculation {in-os-ku-la' -shun) \Jn, in; osculare,\.o
kiss]. The joining, at their mouths, of the branches of
blood-vessels, especially the extremities of the arteries
with the origins of veins.
INOSINIC ACID
615
INSANITY
Inosinic Acid {in-o-sin' -ik). An ammonium derivative
from muscle, of unknown constitution.
Inosis (in-o'-sis). See Inogenesis .
Inosite {in'-o-slt) [tf, fiber], CgH,,,Og -}- 2 H./J. A
saccharine substance occurring sparingly in the human
body, especially in the muscles. It also occurs in
diabetic urine and in the urine of chronic nephritis.
It is found in abundance in the vegetable kingdom,
particularly in unripe beans. It forms large efflor-
escent crystals (rhombic tables) ; in microscopic pre-
parations it is usually obtained in tufted lumps of fine
crystals. It is readily soluble in water, but insoluble
in absolute alcohol and ether.
Inosituria {in-o-sit-u' -re-ali) [if , fiber ; ohpov, urine].
The presence of inosite in the urine.
Inost&aXoma. (in-o-ste-at-o'-nia/i) [«f, fiber ; arcap, fai ;
ofia, tumor: pi. , Inosteatomata^ A steatoma with
fibrous elements.
Inosuria (jn-o-su'-rc-aJi). See Inosituria .
Inotagmata (in-o-tag' -luat-ah) \lq('iv), strength, force;
rayiia, a regular arrangement, as of soldiers]. In
biology, Engelmann's name for hypothetic, contractile
elements that generate the force of protoplasmic
motion ; they are held to be uniaxial and doubly
refractive ; also written Isotaginala.
Inquest (in' -kwest) [inqtiesita ; in, into ; quarere, to
ask]. A judicial inquiry. I., Coroner's, an inquiry
concerning the cause of the death of one who has
died by violence or in some sudden or unknown way.
Inquiline {in'-kwil-in) [L., inquiliniis. an inhabitant
of a place that is not his own]. In biology, a com-
mensal or messmate ; an animal inhabiting an abode
that it does not produce.
Inquination [in-kwin-a' -s/iim) \inqitinatio, pollution].
Pollution ; infection ; corruption .
Inquisition [in-kwiz-ish' -tin') \_iiiquisitio, an inquiry].
The inquiry or hearing before a jury or commission
concerning the sanity or lunacy of a criminal or a
person charged with crime.
Insaccation (in-sak-a' -shun) in ; saccns, sac].
Encystment ; enclosure in a sac.
Insalivation [in-sal-iv-a' -shun) \in, in ; saliva, the
spittle]. The mixture of the food with saliva during
mastication.
Insalubrity {in-sal-n' -hrit-e) \in, not; salubris, whole-
some]. Unwholesomeness of air or of climate.
Insanability {in-san-ab-il'-it-e) \in, not; sanabilis,
curable]. Incurableness ; the quality or state of
being incurable.
Insane [in-sdn') [/;/, not ; sanus, sound]. Deranged
or diseased in mind. I. Ear. See Hematoma auris.
Insaniola [in-san-i' -o-lah) [dim. of insania, insanity].
A slight or minor degree of insanity.
Insanitary (in-saii'-it-a-re) [m,not; sanitas, health].
Not sanitary ; not in a proper condition as respects the
preservation of health (said of houses, buildings, and
their surroundings).
Insanitation [in-san-it-a' -shim) \Jn, not ; sanitas,
health]. Lack of proper sanitary conditions ; defect
of sanitation.
Insanity (in-san'-it-e) \_insanitas, insanity]. A de-
rangement or abnormal condition of the mental facul-
ties, with or without loss of volition and of conscious-
ness. Insanity may be due to defective development,
to acquired disease, or to natural decay. It is char-
acterized, according to its form, by a variety of symp-
toms, the most common of which are change of char-
acter and habits, moroseness, confusion, elation,
melancholy, mania, delusions, and hallucinations.
The psychotic tendency is the chief predisposing cause,
and on this some one of the many exciting causes will
act and result in the final break-down. The vast
majority of cases of insanity occur between the ages
of twenty-five and forty-five. Melancholia, mania,
delusional insanity, and dementia are the four principal
types of the affection. According to Kraftt-Ebing, in-
sanity may be divided into two great groups, accord-
ing as the disorder is the result of a disturbance of the
developed brain or of an arrest of brain-development.
He places insanity ordinarily so-called under the first
head ; his subdivisions are as follows : —
A. Mental affections of the developed brain.
I. Psychoiieuroses.
1. Primary curable conditions.
a. Melancholia
<i. Melancholia passiva.
(3. Melancholia attonita.
b. Mania.
a. Maniacal exaltation.
3- Maniacal frenzy.
c. Stupor.
2. Secondary incurable states.
a. Secondary monomania.
b. Termnial dementia.
a. Dementia agitata,
p. Dementia apathetica.
II Psychic degenerative states.
a. Constitutional affective insanity ( folie raison-
ante).
b. Moral insanity.
c. Primary monomania.
a. With delusions.
aa. Of a persecutory tinge.
(33. Of an ambitious tinge,
p. With imperative conceptions.
d. Insanities transformed from the constitutional
neuroses,
a. Epileptic.
|3. Hysteric.
y. Hypochondriac.
e. Periodic insanity.
III. Brain diseases with predominating mental symp-
toms.
a. Paralytic dementia.
Cerebral syphilis.
c. Chronic alcoholism.
d. Senile dementia.
e. Acute delirium.
B. Mental results of arrested brain-development: idiocy
and cretinism.
I., Acquired, that arising after a long period of life
of mental integrity. I., Alcoholic, that induced by
alcoholic excess, usually a result of hereditary tenden-
cies. I., Alternating. See /., Circular. I., Cir-
cular, cyclothymia ; alternating insanity ; a form of
insanity recurring in cycles varying in length from a
few days to many months. The arrangement of the
cycle varies in different individuals, but is constant in
a given case. Thus melancholia may be followed by
mania, and this by a lucid interval, the passage from
one mental condition to the other being abrupt or gradual.
I., Climacteric, insanity occurring at or near the
menopause. I., Communicated, that transmitted by
association with an insane person. I., Confusional,
stuporous insanity; delusional stupor; mania hallu-
cinatoria ; surgical insanity ; puerperal mania ; post-
febrile insanity ; an acute insanity produced by nervous
shock or exhausting disease, without distinct constant
emotional depression or exaltation, witlv marked fail-
ure of mental power or complete imbecility, often
accompanied by hallucinations and loss of physical
power. Recovery is usually complete. I., Doubting,
a form of melancholia according to Regis, but accord-
ing to others a psycho-convulsive mental disease
closely allied to delusional insanity, which consists in an
uncontrollable doubt and indecision regarding the oc-
cupations, duties, or events of the day, of religion, etc.
I., Epidemic, a form occasionally manifested among
a number of people in common association, as in con-
vents or schools. I., Febrile, a maniacal form, occa-
sionally occurring in the course or as a sequel of acute
inflammation or fever. I., Hereditary, that trans-
mitted from parent to child, and not induced by other
INSATIABILITY
616
INSTINCTIVE
apparent cause. I., Ideational, a term applied to
any form in which there is marked perversion of tlie
reasoning powers. I., Impulsive, a form in which
the patient possesses an uncontrollable desire to commit
acts of violence. I., Moral, a form marked by perver-
sion and depravity of the moral sense, apparently with-
out impairment of the reasoning and intellectual fac-
ulties. I. of Pregnancy, a form occurring during
pregnancy, characterized by melancholia, suicidal in-
tent, and abhorrence of friends and relatives. I., Pri-
mary, a form, often congenital, that arises with the
development of the body. It may also proceed from
injury or disease of the brain in early life. I., Puer-
peral, a term sometimes applied to the delirium of
childbirth, but more properly to the mania occurring
after delivery. I., Simultaneous, when two or more
persons hereditarily inclined become affected at the
same time. I., Menstrual. See /., Periodic. I.,
Periodic, a condition dependent upon original or ac-
quired psychopathy, in which attacks of insanity occur
at regular or irregular intervals. If occurring in women
at tlie menstrual epoch it is called Menstrual Insanity.
I., Stuporous, the primary acute form of dementia; a
disease chiefly met with in youth and early maturity.
It is usually due largely to masturbation, and is also
called Aneigic Stupor. See also /. , Co)ifusional. I.,
Surgical. See/., Confusional. I., Volitional, such
forms as are marked by derangement of the will.
Insatiability (in-sa-she-ab-il' -it-e) [?«, not; satiare, to
satisfy]. The property of being insatiable. SesAeoria.
Insatiable [in-sa'-she-nh-l) \_insatiahilis, that which
cannot be satisfied]. Inordinately greedy ; incapable
of being satisfied. I. Appetite. See Bulimia.
Inscriptiones tendineae (iii-skrip-te-o'-nlz ten-din' -e-e').
The lineaj transversre of the rectus abdominis muscle.
Insculpt (^in-skulpf) \_insetilpere, to cut or carve in].
In biology, applied to lichens that grow in the de-
pressions in rocks.
Insect (in'-sekt) \_insectuin, an insect]. Any mem-
ber of the class of animals called Insecta. I.-
powder, the powdered flowers of several species of
Pyrethruin or " buhach," an insecticide in common
use. In the United States the flowers of P. cinem-
foliiim are extensively grown for this purpose. See
Biihach. I. Wax. See Chinese IVa.x.
Insected [in-sek' -fed) \_insectus, p. p. c>{ insecure, to cut
in]. Incised or cut into.
Insecticide (in-sek'-tis-id) \_insectuin,'ms,tc\.\ cccdere,
to kill]. A substance that is destructive to insects.
Insectiform {in-sek' -tif-omi) \_insectum, an insect ;
forma, form]. Resembling an insect.
Insectivora {in-sek-tiv' -o-i-ali) \^insectnin, an insect ;
Torare.io devour]. An order of plantigrade animals
belonging to the A/aminalia , nuA. living upon insects.
Insectivorism [in-sek tiv' -or-izm) \_insecfiim, an insect ;
vorare, to devour]. In biology, the property of
capturing and devouring insects, such as is possessed by
certain plants.
Insectivorous {in-sek-tiv' -or-iis) \_insectum, insect ;
7'orai-e, to devour]. In biology, feeding upon insects.
Insectology (in-sek-tol'-o-je) \insectiim, insect ; /Idyof,
science]. The science treating of insects.
Insemination {in-scm-in-a' -slii/n) \_tnseminare , to plant
seed]. The planting of seed. The introduction of
semen.
Insenescence {in-sen-es' -ens) \Jnsenescentia : in, not,
or upon; senex, old]. I. Vigorous age; old age
without its ordinary infirmities. 2. The approach of
old age.
Insensibility (in-sens-ib-iF -it-e) \in, not ; sentire, to
feel]. The condition or state of being insensible ;
absence of consciousness ; anesthesia.
Insensible [in-sen'-sib-l) \_in, not ; sentire, to feel].
Without the sense of feeling. Incapable of being
perceived or recognized by the senses. Unconscious.
Insertion (in-ser' -s/inn) \insertio ; inserere, to set in].
The act of setting or placing in ; or, that which is set
in ; the point at which a muscle is attached to the part
that it moves ; the place or the mode of attachment
of an organ to its support. I., Velamentous, the
attachment of the umbilical cord to the margin of the
placenta.
Insidious (in-sid' -e-iis) \insidice, an ambush]. Deceit-
ful, stealthful. Hidden from external view. I. Dis-
ease, one, the onset of which is gradual or inappre-
ciable.
Insipid (in-sip' -id ) \_insipidus,\msa.\Qry'\. Tasteless.
Insitio dentis {in-sish' -e-o den'-tis) [L.]. Implantation
of a tooth.
In situ [in si'-tu) \_in, in ; situ, position]. A Latin
phrase meaning in a given or natural position.
Insolatio (in-so-la' -she-o) . See Sunstroke.
\TiSQ)\sX\or\. (in-so-la' -shun) \insolatio ; in, in; sol, sun].
I. Exposure to the sun, either as a prophylactic treat-
ment or as a cause of disease. 2. Sunstroke. 3. In
pharmacy, the drying or bleaching of substances by
exposure to the sun.
Insolubility [in-sol-u-bil ' -it-e) \_insolubilis , insoluble].
The quality of being insoluble ; lack of solubility.
Insoluble [in-sol'-u-bl) \in, not; solubilis, soluble].
Incapable of solution.
Insomnia {in-som' -ne-ah) \in, not; somnus,^tf^\
Want of sleep ; inability to sleep.
Inspection [in-spek' -shun) [inspectio, or inspecttis, a
beholding]. In medicine, the examination of the
body or any part of it.
Inspergation [in-sper-ga' -shun) \inspergere, to sprinkle
into]. The sprinkling or dusting of a part with a
fine powder.
Inspiration (?«-jry>/;--(7''-j-/^««) \_inspiratio ; ?'«,in; spir-
are, to breathe]. That part of respiration consisting of
the drawing in of the breath.
Inspiratory [in-spi' -rat-or-e) [in, in; spii-are, to
breathe]. Pertaining to the act or function of inspir-
ation. I. Spasm, a rare form of hysteric spasm of
the larynx occurring only during inspiration, the
vocal bands instead of separating, tending to approach
one another.
Inspissant (?'«-.f/?>''-(7«/') \Jnspissans ; in; spissare,
to thicken]. I. Tending to thicken ; thickening the
blood or other fluids. 2. An agent that tends to in-
crease the thickness of the blood or some other fluid.
Inspissate (in-spis'-at) \_inspissare, to thicken]. To
make thick by evaporation or by absorption of the
liquid menstruum.
Instaminate (in-stam'-in-at) \in, not ; stamen , a sta-
men]. Without stamens.
Instauration [in-staio-ra'-shun) [instauratio, renewal].
The first appearance of a physiologic condition ; the
establishment of a new function.
Instep {in'-step\ [/w^/o/, the bend of the foot]. The
arch of the foot, or its dorsal aspect.
Instillation (in-stil-a'-shun) \Jnstillatio ; instillare, to
put in little by little]. The pouring of a liquid ,('7</C<7-
tim, or little by little. To introduce into a cavity,
canal, or sac, drop by drop.
Instinct (in-stingkf) \instinguere ,\a \m^f^\ In biol-
ogy, organic habits registered in the nervous system
of the race (Grant Allen). An inherited natural im-
pulse, unassociated with a reasoning conception as to
cause and effect.
Instinctive [in-stingk'-tiv) \jnstinguere, to impel].
Prompted or determined by instinct ; of the nature of
instinct.
INSTIPULATE
617
INTENSITY
Instipulate [in-stip' -u-/d/) [/«, without ; slipiila, a
stalk]. In biology, without stipules.
Institute [in' -stit-ut) \insiitiiere, to set up]. A state-
ment of principles. Also, any establishment for the
statement or dissemination of principles. Institutes
of Medicine, the explanation or philosophy of the
laws of the science of medicine, physiology, pathol-
ogy, therapeutics, and hygiene, or the general and
elementary principles of the same. The term is used
sometimes as a synonym of physiology.
Instrument {in' -stru-ment) \Jnstrumentttin ; instrueft' ,
to build]. Any mechanical tool or device used in
operation or treatment. I., Exploring, for examin-
ing teeth to ascertain the work necessary to be done ;
more especially for determining the presence of caries
of the teeth.
Instrumentarium (in-s/ni-men-ta' -re-tun) [L.]. A
supply or collection of surgical, dental, or other in-
struments.
Instrumentation {in-sti-u-men-ta' -s/inn) \jiutrttineii-
tum, an instrument] . The care and management of a
surgeon's instruments.
Insuccation {in-suk-a' -shmi) [/«, into; juice].
The steeping of a drug for a considerable time in water
before using it in any pharmaceutic process.
Insufficiency [in-suf-JisJi' -en-se) \_insufficientia ; in,
not; sub, under; facere, to make]. Incapacity of
normal action, on account of some deficiency, as of
size ; the quality of not being sufficient for a special
function or duty. In ophthalmology, a disturbance of
equilibrium of the ocular muscles, that is overcome by
the effort of binocular vision, and so does not produce
strabismus. It is also called latent or dynamic squint.
I., Aortic. See Endocarditis. I. of the Cardiac
Valves, imperfect closure, permitting regurgitation.
I. of the Externi, or esophoria ; the internal recti
ocular muscles are more powerful than the externi, or
more accurately, the power of adduction, or conver-
gence, is excessive. I. of the Interni, or exophoria;
the external recti are predominant or the power of ad-
duction is subnormal. I. of Muscles, Active, a phe-
nomenonof amuscle actingon two ormore joints when
the joints over which it passes are so changed that it
cannot contract actively any further than to the extent of
the shortening from which it begins to be active. I. of
Muscles, Passive, the analogue of the phenomena
of active insufficiency whereby motion of the part is pre-
vented from the position of the joint, the muscle being
too short to act under such circumstances. I. of the
Ocular Muscles, heterophoria, or unbalance ; high
degrees result in strabismus, diplopia, asthenopia,
etc. I., Mitral. See Endocarditis. I., Pulmon-
ary. 'S)e.e. E7tdocarditis. I., Tricuspid. See Edno-
carditis.
Insufflation [in-snf-fla' -shun') \insufflare ; in, in;
sufflare, to puff]. The blowing of any finely divided
substance upon a surface or into a cavity, or the filling
of any cavity with air, gas, or vapor.
Insufflator [in' -siif- la-tor) [?';/, in; sufflare, io blow].
A small instrument for blowing fine powders into a
cavity or on a surface. Also, one for blowing air into
the lunfs.
Insula (in' -sii-lah') [L.]. I. In anatomy, the island of
Reil. 2. Any detached part or exclave of an organ.
3. A blood-islet, or island. See Island.
Insular {in'-su-lar) \_insula, an island]. Isolated in
condition ; also, pertaining to the Island of Reil. I.
Sclerosis, Disseminated, Cerebrospinal , or Multiple
Sclerosis. A disease characterized by scattered islets
of sclerosis in the brain and cord. It is called sclerose
en plaques dissemin^es by the French, and multiple
sclerosis by the Germans. It is distinctly a disease of
early adult life, and is of about equal frequency in the
two sexes. The causes are obscure. The disease has
been observed to follow infectious diseases, exposure
to wet and cold, and traumatism. In some cases a
neuropathic predisposition has been present. The
symptoms vary according to the situation of the islets ;
the most common are motor derangement, a jerky
tremor, paresis or paralysis, and ocular symptoms, as
diplopia and amblyopia, with nystagmus, and occasion-
ally atrophy of the discs. The tremor is ordinarily
absent during repose, but appears on attempted move-
ment, and is hence designated, intention-tremor. The
speech is a characteristic one, very slow, each syllable
being pronounced with difficulty ; hence it is said to
be of a " scanning ' ' nature. Vertigo is also a very fre-
quent symptom, and in the advanced stage the mind
undergoes deterioration, and dementia may make its
appearance. The knee-jerks are exaggerated and ankle-
clonus is present. The lesions of the disease are small
grayish or yellow gelatinous patches scattered through-
out the brain and in both the white and gray matter
of the cord.
Insulate [in'-su-lat) j^insulare, to make like an island].
To isolate or separate from surroundings. In elec-
tricity, to surround a conductor with a non-conducting
substance or with one having an exceedingly high
degree of resistance.
Insulation {in-su-la'-sl/un) \_insulatio : insulare, to
make like an island]. The process of insulating ; the
state or quality of being insulated.
Insult (in' -suit) [^insulins.- in, upon; saltare, to
leap]. The beginning of a paroxysm or of an
attack of a disease. I., Apoplectic, an apoplectic
stroke.
Insusceptibility [in-sus-sep-tih-il' -it-e) \_insusceptibilis,
not susceptible]. Absence of contagious quality; it
differs from Immunity in being applied to the disease
instead of the person.
Integer (in'-tc-ger) [L.]. An entity. I., Fissural,
a term designating a fissure of the brain, which
is independent in some species or individuals,
and deepest at or about the middle of its length,
corresponding nearly with the place of first appear-
ance.
Integral (in'-te-gral) [integer, whole]. Entire; es-
sential.
Integration [in-te-gra' -shun) [integratio, a renewing].
The blending of separate parts into one, as in the
embryo.
Integrity {in-teg' -rit-e) \integritns ; integer, whole].
Wholeness ; entirety. Also, virginity.
Integument (in-teg' -ii-ment)\jntegumentzim ; in, upon;
tcgere, to cover]. A covering, especially the skin.
In botany, the envelop surrounding the ovule of
phanerogamous plants. I., Fetal, the fetal mem-
branes.
Intellect (in'-tel-ekt) [intellectus ; [inter, between;
legere, to choose]. The mind or reasoning power.
I., Deranged. See Insanity.
Intelligence [in-tel'-ij-ence) [intelligentia, intelligence].
The understanding that comes from the perception of
qualities and attributes of the objective world, and is
manifested in the purposive employment of means to
attain an end.
Intemperance (in-tent' -per-ans) [in, not ; tetnperan-
tia, mildness]. Want of moderation ; immoderate
indulgence, especially with reference to alcoholic
liquors.
Intensity (in-ten'-sit-e) [intensus, stretched, strung].
Concentration of energy or activity. Also, a high
degree of energy or power. I., Specific. See Spe-
cific.
INTENSIVE
618
INTERFILAR
Intensive [in-tcn' -siii) \_inteiisiis, stretched; strung].
Gradually increased in force or energy. Strengthen-
ing or increasing the sexual passions. I. Method of
Pasteur. See Pasteur.
Intention [in-ten' -shun) \intentio, a stretching out].
See Healing. I. -tremor, a tremor coming on when
attempts at voluntary motion are made.
Inter- [in'-ter-) [_iuter, between]. A Latin prefix signi-
fying between.
Interaccessory {in-ter-ak' -ses-or-e) [inter, between ;
accedere, to go to]. Situated between accessory pro-
cesses of the vertebrre. I. Muscles, short lumbar mus-
cles connecting the accessory processes of the vertebra;.
Interarticular {in-ter-ar-tik^-u-lar) [inter, between ;
arlieiilus, a joint]. Situated between joints. I.
Fibro-cartilage, the flattened cartilaginous plates,
irregular in shape, between the articular cartilages of
certain joints.
Interarytenoid [in-ter-ar-i'-ten-oid) [inter, between;
dphraiva, a pitcher; fMof, likeness]. Between the
two arytenoid cartilages. I. Muscle. See Museles,
Table of.
Interauricular [in-ter-aiv-rik' -u-lar) [inter, between ;
auricula, auricle]. Situated between the auricles or
auriculas.
Interbrain {in'-fer-bran). See Dienceplialon and
Tkalaineneephalon.
Intercadence (in-ter-ka'-dens) [inter, between ; cadere,
to fall]. The irregular beating of the pulse, which
seems occasionally to have an additional beat between
normal pulsations.
Intercadent [in-ter-ka'-dent) [inter, between ; cadere,
to fall]. Exhibiting the quality of intercadence.
Intercalary [in-ter' -kal-a-re) [inter, between ; calare,
to insert]. Placed or inserted between. I. Growth,
a growth of new material interstitially deposited.
Intercalatum (in-ter-kal' -at-um) [inter, between;
calare, to insert]. Substantia nigra : locus niger ; a
dark mass of crescentic outline situated between the
ventral crusta and the dorsal tegmentum of the crus
cerebri.
Intercapillary [in ter-kap'-il-a-re] [inter, between ;
capillus, a hair]. Between capillaries.
Intercarotic, Intercarotid (in-ter-kar-of -ik, in-ter-kar-
ot'-id) [inter, between; Kapieiv, to produce sleep].
Situated between the external and internal carotids.
I. Ganglion. See Ganglia, Table of.
Intercavernous [in-ter-kav-er' -nus) [inter, between ;
caverna, a cave]. Situated between two antra, or
between the two cavernous sinuses.
Intercellular [in-ter-sel' -u-lar) [inter, between ;
cellula, a small cell]. Among or between cells.
Intercentral ijn-ter-sen' -tral) [inter, between; cen-
trum, a center]. Between centers.
Intercerebral (in-ter-ser' -e-bral ) [inter, between ; cere-
brum, cerebrum]. Between the right and left cerebral
hemispheres.
Interchondral [in-ter-kon' -dral) [inter, between ;
^^(irit/joi;, cartilage]. Between cartilages; by means
of the interposition of cartilages.
Intercilium (in-ter-sil'-e-um). See Glabella.
Interclavicle {in-ter-klav' -ik-l ) [inter, between ;
clavus, a key]. A membrane-bone which in all ver-
tebrates below the rank of mammals, and also in the
monotremes, is developed either ventrad of the
sternum, or between the clavicles. In the typical
mammalia no true interclavicle exists ; but some
theorists have given the name to certain extra-sternal
structural elements in the true or placental mammals.
Interclavicular [in-ter-klai'-ik' -u-lar) [inter, between;
claTicula, the collar-bone]. Between the clavicles.
Interclinoid [in-ter-kli' -noid ) [//z/t'/-, between ; K/uvi/,
bed ; eiiSor, resemblance]. Between the clinoid pro-
cesses of the sphenoid bone.
Intercolumnar [in-ter-kol-um'-nar). See Fascia.
Intercondylar, or Intercondyloid (in-ter-kon' -dil-ar ,
in-ter-kon' -dil-oul) between ; /coi'tSi'Xof , a knob ;
f((?of, likeness.] Between condyles. I. Eminence,
the spine or knob separating the two condylar portions
of the tibia. I. Fossa, the notch between the condyles
of the femur. I. Line, a transverse line crossing above
the intercondyloid fossa, and joining the condyles.
I. Notch. Same as /. Fossa.
Intercostal [in-ter-kos'-tal) between ; casta, a.
rib]. Pertaining to the space between ribs. I. Arteries,
the aortic arteries of the intercostal spaces. See
Arteries, Table of. I. Muscles. See Muscles, Table
of. I. Nerves, the anterior divisions of the dorso-
spinal nerves. See Nerves, Table of.
Intercosto-humeral [in-ter- kos' -to-hu' -mer-al ) [inter,
between ; costa, rib ; humerus, the bone of the upper
arm]. Pertaining to the arm and the space between
the ribs.
Intercourse [in' -ter-kors) [intercurstis, commerce].
Communication. I., Carnal, sexual connection; coi-
tion. I., Sexual. Same as /. , Carnal.
Intercoxal [in-ter-koks'-al) [inter, between ; coxa,
hip]. .Situated between the coxre or hips.
Intercurrent [in-ter-kur'-enf] [inter, between; cur-
rere, to run]. Occurring or taking place between.
I. Disease, a term loosely applied to diseases occur-
ring sporadically during a period of prevailing endemic
or epidemic diseases. Also applied to a disease arising
or progressing during the existence of another disease in
the same person.
Interdental [in-ter-den'-tal) [inter, between ; dens, a
tooth]. I. Between the teeth. 2. An interdentium.
I. Splint, a splint used in fracture of the jaw, con-
sisting of a metallic frame at the neck of the teeth,
held by wire sutures passing between the teeth.
Interdentium (in-ter-dcn'-ske-um) [inter, between;
I lens, a. iooi\\\ . The space between any two of the teeth.
Interdiction [in-ter-dik'-skun) [interdictio, a prohibit-
ing]. A judicial or legal process that deprives an
insane person or one suspected of insanity of the man-
agement of his own affairs or of the affairs of others.
Interdigital {in-te?--dij'-it-al) [inter, between; digitus,
a finger]. Between fingers. I. Membrane, the
skin between the toes of palmate-footed animals.
I. Space, that between adjacent fingers.
Interdigitation {in-ter-dij-it-a' -shun) [inter, between;
digitus, sl finger]. The locking or dovetailing of
similar parts, as the fingers of one hand with those of
the other ; or of the ends of the obliquus externus
muscle with those of the serratus magnus.
Interfascicular [in-ter-fas-ik' -u-lar) [inter, between;
fasciculus, a bundle]. Situated between fasciculi.
Interfemoral [in-ter-fem'-or-al) [inter, between;
femur, the thigh]. Between the femurs or thighs.
Interfere {in-ter-fer') [inter, between; feiire, to
strike]. In horses, to strike one hoof or the shoe of
one hoof against the opposite leg or fetlock.
Interference {in-ter-fer' -ens) [inter, between ; ferire,
to strike]. Interposition. I. of Light, the mutual
neutralization of waves of light, as shown in Newton's
rings, when the crest of one wave falls upon the
trough of another. I. of Sound, the neutralizatioa
of two sound-waves, one by the other.
Interfibrillar [in-tcr-fi'-bril-ar) [inter, between ; fbra,
a fiber]. In biology, situated between the fibrill* of
tissues.
Interfilar {in-ter-f'-lar) [inter, between ; flum, a
thread]. In biology, existing between the filaments
of a reticulum.
INTERGANGLIONIC
619
INTERPARIETAL
Interganglionic (in-ter-gang-gle-on'-ik) \inh r, between ;
yayy7aov, a tumor, ganglion]. Connecting one
ganglion with another ; lying between ganglia.
Interglandular (in-ter-gland' -ii-lar] \inter, between ;
glandula, a gland]. Situated between glands.
Interglobular (in-ter-glob' -u-lar) [infer, between ;
globulus, a ball]. Situated between globules. I.
Spaces, irregular cavities seen in a section of den-
tine, after the earthy matter has been removed by
putting a tooth in dilute acid. They are so called
because surrounded by minute globules of dentine.
Intergyral {in-ter-ji' -ral) \_mter, between; gyrus, a
gyre]. Situated between two or more gyri.
Interhemicerebral {in-ter-hetn-e-ser' -e-bral^ \inter,
between; i]ai, half; cerebrum, cerebrum]. Situated
between the cerebral hemispheres.
Interhemispheric [^in-ter-hem-is-fer' -11!) [infer, be-
tween; half ; (J0ai7ja, sphere]. Situated between
hemispheres.
Interinhibitive (in-tcr-in-hib' -{t-ii>) [inter, between ;
inhibere, to inhibit]. Mutually inhibitory.
Interjectional [in-ter-jek' -sluin-al) [inter, between ;
/ViTfr^, to throw]. Interjected; thrown between. I.
Speech, the expression of emotions by inarticulate
sounds.
Interlaminar {in-ter-lam'-in-ar) [inter, between ;
lamina, a leaf]. In biology, situated between lamina;.
Interlobar (in-fer-lo'-bar) [infer, between ; lobus, a
lobe]. Situated between lobes.
ln\.&T\6bn\as(in-fer-lob' -u-lar) [/wto-, between ; lobulus,
a lobule]. Between lobules. I. Emphysema.
See Emphysema.
Intermalar {in-fer-ma'-lar) [inter, between ; tnala, the
cheek-bone]. Situated between the malar bones.
Intermarriage iin-ter-mar' -aj) [/«/^r, between ; niari-
tus, a husband] . Marriage between persons related by
consanguinity, or between persons of different races.
Intermastoid [in-ter-mas' -foid)[inter, between ; //awrof,
breast; eMof, likeness]. Situated between or con-
necting the two mastoid processes.
Intermaxilla [in-fer-ttuiks-il' -a/i) [inter, between ;
i}iaxilla,i?,vf'\. The premaxilla ; the intermaxillary
bone.
Intermaxillary [in-fer-maks'-il-a-re) [infer, between ;
?naxilla, jaw-bone] . Between the maxillary bones.
I. Bone, the small bone that receives the incisors,
situated between the superior maxillary bones of the
fetus. It also occurs in most mammals.
Intermediate [in-fer-me' -de-af) [inter, between ; me-
fl'zW, the middle]. Situated between. I. Dysmenor-
rhea. See Dysmenorrhea. I. Carbon-atoms, those
connected with two other carbon-atoms, having two
valence-units that may be saturated by two hydrogen-
atoms (or other elements).
Intermeningeal [in-ter-men-in' -je-al) [infer, between ;
lirjviy^, membrane]. Between the dura and the
arachnoid; or, between the latter and the pia. I.
Hemorrhage, a hemorrhage between the meninges
of the brain or spinal cord.
Intermenstrual {in-fer-men'-stru-al) [infer, between ;
mensfrualis, menstrual]. Between the menstrual pe-
riods.
Interment [in-ter'-menf) [in, in ; terra, the earth].
The burial of the body.
Intermetacarpal {in-fer-met-ak-ar' -paV) [infer, be-
tween; |UErd, beyond ; Kaprrdg, the wrist]. Between
the metacarpal bones.
Intermetatarsal (Jn-ter-mef-at-ar' -sal) [infer, be-
tween; |Uerd, beyond; rapcrdr, tarsus]. Between the
metatarsal bones.
Intermission [in-fer-mish' -iin') [inferinissio, a breaking
off]. The interval between the paroxysms of a fever.
Also, an interval in which the pulse fails to beat in
rhythmic time.
Intermittent {in-fer-7nit'-enf) [inter, between ; mittere.
to send or occur]. Occurring at intervals. I. Fever.
See Fever. \. Insanity. See Insanity, Cyclic. I.
Ligature. See Ligature. I. Pulse, one the rhythm
of which is interrupted by pauses at irregular intervals.
I. Hemisystole, a very rare condition sometimes en-
countered in cases of mitral insufficiency, in which
with every two beats of the heart only one beat of the
pulse is felt.
Intermuscular [in-fer-mus'-ku-lar) [infer, between ;
inusculus, a. muscle]. Situated between muscles.
Intern [in-fertt') [Fr. , interne^. An in-door or resident
physician in a hospital ; a member of an in-door
staff of physicians.
Internal [iji-fer' -nal) [internus, inward]. Situated
within or on the inside. I. Capsule, the band of
white nerve-matter between the thalamus and the
interventricular portion of the striatum. I. Capsule,
Knee of, the angle formed by the junction of the two
divisions of the internal capsule. I. Cell-formation,
free cell-formation ; endogenous cell-formation. That
mode of cell-division in which new cells are formed
within the walls of an old cell, as distinguished from
fission and gemmation.
Internarial [in-ter-na'-re-al) between ; nares,
nostrils]. Situated between the nostrils.
Interneural (in-fer-mi^-ral) [inter, between; vevpov,
nerve]. Situated between neural spines.
Internode (in' -ter-nod) [infer, between; nodus, a
knot]. The space between adjacent joints or knots,
as the phalanx of a finger or a toe. That part of a
nerve-fibril between Ranvier's nodes is called the
infernodal segment.
Internodium (in-ter-no' -de-um). Same as Internode.
Internuclear \in-ter-nu' -kle-ar) [infer, between ; nu-
cleus, a kernel]. Situated between nuclei.
Internuncial (in-fer-nun'-shal) [inter, between;
nuncius, a messenger]. Serving as a connecting or
announcingmedium, , the nerves in their relation to
the muscles and the will.
Internus {in-fer' -nus). See Infernal.
Interoptic {in-fer-op' -tik) [inter, between ; opticus,
optic]. Between the optic lobes, tracts or nerves of
the brain.
Interorbital (in-ter-or' -bit-al) [infer, between ; orbita,
the orbit]. Situated between the orbits. I. Bone, the
median bone of fishes. I. Plate and I. Septum, a
structure of the fore-brain, with its extension, found
in certain fishes and reptiles.
Interosseous (in-fer-os' -e-tis) [inter, between ; ossa, a
bone]. Between two bones. I. Arteries, a name given
to various branches of the dorsal, palmar, plantar, and
metatarsal arteries of the hand, foot, and forearm.
See Arteries, Table of. I. Muscles, a name given
to certain muscles of the hand, foot, and forearm.
See Muscles, Table of. I. Nerves, the nerves sup-
plying the interosseous muscles. See Nerves, Table of .
Interpalpebral (in-ter-pal' -pe-bral) [inter, between;
palpebra, the eyelid]. Between the palpebrce. I.
Spot. See Pinguecula. I. Zone, that part of the
cornea and of the scleral conjunctiva that ordinarily
is not covered by the lids.
Interpapillary [in-tcr-pap'-il-a-re) [infer, between;
papilla, a papilla]. Between papillse.
Interparietal (in-ter-par-i'-et-al) [infer, between;
paries, walls]. Between walls. I. Bone, a term
sometimes applied to the upper, squamous, and non-
cartilaginous part of the occipital bone. I. Fissure.
See Fissure. I. Suture, the sagittal suture, or that
formed by the approximation of the parietal bones.
INTERPEDUNCULAR
620
INTESTINAL
Interpeduncular [in-ter-pe-dung' -ktt-lar) [inter, be-
tween ; a little foot]. Situated between the
cerebral or cerebellar peduncles. I. Space, the pons
Tarini, or posterior perforated space that forms the
posterior portion of the floor of the third ventricle.
Interphalangeal (in-tcr-fa-lan'-je-al) [inter, between;
(pa'Aay^ , a finger]. Between the fingers or the toes.
I. Articulations, the ginglymoid articulations of the
fingers and of the toes.
Interplacental {in-ter-plas-en' -tal) [inter, between ;
placenta, a cake]. Between the placental lacunse.
Interpolation {in-terpo-la' -shun') [interpolare, to fur-
bish up]. Tlie surgical transfer of tissue to anew
part, or from one subject to another.
Interpubic (in-ter-pii'-bik) [inter, between ; pubis,
pubis]. Situated between the pubic bones. I. Disc,
the fibro-cartilaginous mass forming the symphysis of
the pubis.
Interradial (/w-to'-ra'-ot-;?/) [?'«/«-, between ; radius,
a ray]. Situated between two rays.
Interramicorn (in-ter-rain' -ik-orn) [inter, between ;
ramus, a branch; cornu, a horn]. In biology, a
portion of the horny sheath of the bill in certain
birds.
Interrenal (in-ter-re'-nal) [inter, between; ren, the
kidney]. Situated between the kidneys.
Interrupted (in-ter-up' -ted^ [interrumpere , to break
apart]. Broken; irregular. I. Breathing. See
Breath-sounds.
Interrupter {in-ter-up' -ter') [interrumpere, to break
apart]. One who, or that which, interrupts ; specific-
ally, a device for breaking an electric current.
Interscapular [in-ter-skap' -u-lar) [inter, between ;
5r<7/«/a, the shoulder-blade]. Between the shoulder-
blades. I. Region, the part of the chest between
the two shoulder-blades. I. Reflex. See Rejlexes,
Table of.
Interscapulum (in-ter-skap' -u-lum) between ;
scapuhe, shoulder-blades: //. , Interscapula'\. In bi-
ology, the region of the back between the shoulder-
blades.
Interspace [in'-ter-spas] [/«/fr, between ; spatium, a
space]. An interval between the ribs, or between
the fibers or lobules of a tissue or organ.
Interspinal [in-ter-spi'-nal) [inter, between; spina, a
spine]. Between spines ; specifically, between the
spines of the vertebroe. I. Muscles. See Muscles,
Table of.
Interspinous [in-ter-spi'-nus) [inter, between ; spina,
a spine]. .Situated between spinous processes, as of
the vertebms.
Interstice (in-ter' -stis) [interstitium, a space between].
A space or interval. Also, a pore.
Interstitial [in-ter-stish'-al) [interstitium, space be-
tween: Interstitial Pertaining to any space or
interval between parts or organs, and especially ap-
plied to that which is placed between parenchymatous
structures, I. Absorption, the absorption of the
partitions of a multiloculated cyst or abscess. Also,
any similar absorption. I. Atrophy, a condition
observed in certain diseases of the bones {arthritis
deformans), in which the mineral matter has been
absorbed to such an extent that only reticulated
lamincB remain. I. Hypertrophy, a condition in cer-
tain diseases of the bones in which there is an excessive
deposit of mineral matter in the Haversian canals and
lacunK. It is often accompanied by diminution in the
size of the bone. I. Keratitis. See Keratitis. I.
Pregnancy. See Pregnancy .
Intertransversales (in-ter-trans-ver-sa' -lez) [inter,
between; /?V7;m/('r.r«,t, turned across] . A name given
to the short bundles of muscular fibers extending
between the transverse processes of contiguous ver-
tebra. See Muscles Table of.
Intertriginous [in-ter-trif -in-us) [inter, between ;
terere, to rub]. Of the nature of or affected with
intertrigo.
Intertrigo (in-ter-tri' -go) [i7iter, between ; terere, to
rub]. An erythematous eruption or lesion of the
skin produced by friction of adjacent parts. See
Krythema.
Intertrochanteric (in-ter-tro-kan-ter' -ik) [inter, be-
tween; r/jo ^^aiTz/p, trochanter]. Between the trochan-
ters. I. Line. See Lines, Table of.
Intertubular [in-ter-tu'-bu-lar] [inter, between ;
tubuliis, a tube]. Between tubes. I. Substance,
the translucent, granular substance of the dentine of
the tooth, containing most of its earthy elements.
Interureteric {in-ter-u-ret-er' -ik) [inter, between;
ovpr/Ti/p, ureter]. Situated between the ureters or
their outlets.
Intervaginal {in-ter-vaj' -in-al) [inter, between ; va-
gina, sheath]. Between sheaths. I. Space, that
found within the sheaths of the optic nerve.
Interval (in'-ter-val) [inter, between ; vallum, a ram-
part]. A space or lapse either of time or distance,
as the interval between the paroxysms of a fever, or
between two organs or parts of the body. I., Focal,
the distance between the anterior and posterior focal
points. I., Sacro-cotyloid, a space existing between
the promontory of the sacrum and the posterior part
of the cotyloid cavity or acetabulum.
Intervenium (in-ter-ve'-ne-um) [inter, between ; vena,
vein: //. , lntervenia'\. In biology, the space between
the veins of leaves.
Interventricular {in-ter-ven-trik' -u-lar) [inter, be-
tween ; I'entriculum, a ventricle]. Between ventricles,
e. g., of the heart. I. Septum, the fibrous septum or
partition between the ventricles of the heart.
Intervenular [in-ter-ven' -u-lar) [inter, between;
venula, a little vein]. In biology, situated between
the veins of an insect's wing.
Intervertebral {in-ter-ver'-tc-bral) [inter, between;
vertebra, 2l bone of the spine]. Between the verte-
brae. I. Discs, the lenticular discs of fibro-cartilage
between the adjacent surfaces of the bodies of the
vertebra. I. Foramen. See Foramen. I. Notch,
the notch at the base of the pedicle of the lamina; on
the sides of the body of each vertebra. I. Substance.
Same as /. Discs.
Intervillous (in-ter-vil' -us) [inter, between ; villus, a
tuft of hair]. Situated between villi.
Intestinal [in-tes'-tin-at) [intestinum, the intestine].
Pertaining to the intestine. I. Absorption, the ab-
sorption of the peptonized products of digestion by the
capillaries, veins, and lacteals of the mucous membrane
of the intestines. I. Anastomosis. See Anasto-
mosis. I. Arteries, the arteries of the intestines, of
which the principal trunks are the celiac axis and the
mesenteric branches. The lower part of the rectum
is supplied by the hemorrhoidal branches of the iliac
and pudic arteries. See Arteries, Table of. , I.
Canal, the entire intestinal passage from the begin-
ing of the duodenum to the anus. I. Cast.
Same as /. Mole. I. Concretion. See Entero-
lith. I. Fever. Synonym of Typhoid Fever.
I. Fistula, a fistula or unnatural aperture in any
part of an intestine. I. Glands, the glands found in
the /. Canal. See Gland. I. Juice, the liquid
secretion of the intestinal glands. I. Mole, the
menabranous discharge from the bowel in Pseudo-
membranous Enteritis. I. Obstruction, arrest of or
interference with the progress of the feces. !■
Tract, or Tube. Same as /. Canal.
INTESTINE
621
INTRAMURAL
Intestine {in-fes'-fin) [intestinus, intestine]. The part
of the digestive tube extending from the beginning
of the duodenum to the anus. I., Large, comprises
i
The Large Intestine.
Entrance of the small intestine, b. Appendix vermiformis.
c. Caput caecum coli. d. Transverse colon, e. Descending
colon. /. Sigmoid flexure, h. Rectum, i. Anus.
the cecum, colon, and rectum. I., Small, consists
of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
Intestinorum inflammatio [ht-tes-tin o' -rtmi in-
Jlavi-a' -she-o) [L. ," Inflammation of the intestines "].
See Enteritis.
Intestinulum {in-tes-tin' -u-luni) [L., a small intes-
tine: //. , Intesti7iula\. I. The small intestine. 2.
A cerebral convolution or gyrus. 3. The umbilical
cord or navel-string.
Intextine (in-teks' -tiii) \_inttcs, within ; externus, with-
out]. In biology, a supplementary inner layer of the
extine of the pollen-grains of certain plants.
Intima {in' -tim-ah) \intimiis, inmost]. A term used
instead of ticnica intima : the innermost coat, or thin,
transparent endothelial lining of the heart and blood-
vessels, consisting of a layer of irregular, long, fusi-
form, nucleated, squamous cells.
Inline {in' -tin) \_intiis, within]. In biology, the inner
coat of the pollen-grain.
Intolerance {in-tol'-er-aiis) \intolerans ; in, not ;
tolerere,\.o bear]. Want of endurance or ability to
stand pain. Impatience. Also, the inability to endure
the action of a medicine.
Intonation {in-to-na' -shtin') \intonere,\a thunder]. I.
The rumbling or gurgling sound produced by the
movement of flatus in the bowels. 2. The tone of the
voice.
Intortion {in-tor' -shiui) [infortus, p. p. of intorquere ,
to curl, to twist]. In biology, the winding, bend-
ing, or twisting of a part or organ.
Intoxicant {in-toks'-ik-unt) \intoxicaye, to intoxicate].
I. Intoxicating; capable of producing intoxication
or poisoning. 2. A drug or agent capable of produc-
ing intoxication.
Intoxication {in-toks-ik-a' -shtm) \intoxicare , to poi-
son]. A word popularly used to denote the effect of
the excessive use or of an overdose of an alcoholic
liquor; in a wider sense, any poisoning ; the state re-
sulting from an overpowering dose of any poison. I.,
Septic. See Septicemia. I., Uremic. See Uremia.
Intra- {in'-trah-) \intra, within]. A Latin prefix sig-
nifying within. I. -abdominal, within the cavity of
the abdomen. I. -arachnoid, within the arachnoid
space. I. -articular, within a joint. I. -capsular,
within the capsular ligament of a joint.
Intrabiontic {in-trah-bi-on' -tik) [intra, within ; /3/of,
life; Zjv (ovt), being]. In biology, applied to phe-
nomena occurring within, and detennined by, an indi-
vidual organism. I. Selection, Weismann's term
for the principle formulated by Roux, of the struggle
of the parts concerned in ontogeny.
Intracardiac {in-trah-kar' -de-ak) [intra, within ; Kap-
6ki, heart]. Situated or produced within the heart-
cavity.
Intracartilaginous {in-trah-kar-til-aj' -in-tis) [intra,
within ; eartilago, cartilage]. Within a cartilage. I.
Ossification. See Ossifcation .
Intracellular {in-tra-scl'-u-tar) [intra, within; cellula,
a little cell]. In biology, existing or happening
within the cell. I. Digestion, also called parenchy-
matous digestion ; digestion as exhibited by imicel-
lular organisms. I. Pangenesis. Set Heredity and
Pangenesis.
Intracerebral {in-trak-ser'-e-bral) [intra, within ; cere-
brum, cerebrum]. Within the cerebrum.
Intracervical {in-trah-ser' -vik-al) [intra, within ; cer-
vix, cervix]. Within the cervical canal of the uterus.
Intraciliary (in-trak-sii' -e-a-re) [intra, within; cilium,
an eye-lash]. Situated within the ciliary region.
Intracranial {in-trah-kra' -ne-al ) [intra, within ;
/cpai^/o!^, the skull]. Within the skull. I. Hemor-
rhage, an escape of blood within the cranial cavity ;
cerebral hemorrhage.
Intracutaneous {in-trah-ku-ta' -nc-iis) [intra, within ;
cutis, the skin]. Within the skin-substance.
Intracystic {in trah-sis' -tik) [intra, within; kvctlq, a
cyst]. Situated or occurring within a cyst.
Intradermic {in-trah-der' -mik) [intra, within ; &kpfia,
skin]. Same as Intra cntaneotcs.
Intradural {in-trah-dii'-ral) [intra, within; durus,
hard]. Situated or occurring within the dura.
Intrafetation {in-trah-fe-ta' -sJinn) [intra, within ; fetus,
a fetus]. The formation of a fetus within another fetus.
Intragyral {in-trah-ji' -ral) [intra, within ; gyrus, a
gyre]. Within a gyre of the brain.
Intrahepatic {in-trah-ke-pat'-ik) [intra, within ; r]vap,
liver]. Within the liver-substance.
Intralamellar {in-trah-lam-el'-ar) [intra, within ;
lamella, a thin plate]. In biology, within the
lamella;.
Intraligamentous {in-trali-lig-am-en'-tiis) [intra, with-
in ; ligainentum , a ligament]. Within or between
the folds of a ligament, as a cyst.
Intralingual {in-tt-ah-ling'-gival) within ; lin-
gua, tongue] . Within the substance of the tongue.
Intralobular {in-trali-lob'-n-lar) [intra, within ; lolnilus,
a little lobe]. Within a lobe or lobule. I. Vein, a
vein traversing a liver-lobule. I. Plexus, a net-
work of vessels in a liver-lobule.
Intramembranous {in-trah-mem'-bran-us) [intra,
within; membrana, a membrane]. Within a mem-
brane.
Intrameningeal {in-trah-men-in' -je-al^ [intra, within ;
lifjviyS,, membrane]. Situated within the substance of
the membranes of the brain or spinal cord. I.
Hemorrhage, an effusion of blood into the sac of the
dura mater.
Intramolecular {in-trah-mo-lek'-u-laj-) [intra, within;
molecula, a molecule]. Within the molecules of a
substance.
Intramural {in-trah-rmt'-ral') [z'w/ra, within ; t?iura,a.
wall]. Intraparietal. Within the substance of the
walls of an organ.
INTRAMUSCULAR
622
INTUSSUSCEPTION
Intramuscular (ht-trah-mus'-ku-hir) \_intra, within ;
musculus, a muscle]. Within the substance of a
muscle.
Intranasal {in-trah-na' -sal) \intra , within; nasus,
nose]. Within the cavity of the nose.
Intranuclear ( in - trah - nu'- kle - a?-) \_inti-a, within ;
nucleus, a kernel]. Within a nucleus.
Intra-ocular (in-trah-ok' -zi-lay) \intra, within; oculus,
eye]. Within the globe of the eye. I. Hemor-
rhage, an effusion of blood into the globe of the eye.
I. Pressure, or Tension. See Tension.
Intra-orbital [in-l?-ah-or'-bit-al) [/«/ra, within ; orhi/a,
orbit]. Within the orbit. I. Aneurysm, an aneu-
rysm within the orbit of the eye, and usually involving
a branch of the ophthalmic artery. I. Hemorrhage,
a hemorrhage taking place within the orbit, but behind
the capsule of Tenon.
Intraosseous (in-trak-os'-e-us) \intra, within; os, a
bone]. Within the substance of a bone.
Intraovarian {in-trah-o-va' -7-e-an') [intra, within ;
ovarium, ovary]. Within the ovarian stroma.
Intraparietal [in-trah-par-i'-et-al ) [intra, within ;
paries, a wall]. I. Within the wall or the substance
of the wall of an organ. 2. Within the parietal region
of the cerebrum", e. g. , the /. Fissure.
Intrapelvic (in-trah-peV -vik) [intra, within ; pelvis,
basin]. Within the pelvic cavity.
Intraperitoneal [in-tra-per-it-on-e' -al) [intra, within;
TvepiToraiov, the peritoneum]. Within the peritoneum
or membranous sac that covers the abdominal viscera.
Intraplacental {in-trah-plas-en' -tal) [intra, within;
placenta, cake]. Within the placental tissue.
Intrapleural {in-trah-plu' -ral) [intra, within ; TrAfupd,
a rib]. Within the pleural cavity.
Intrapolar (/«-i'ra/^-/o'-/(2T) within ; polus, pole].
Between the poles or ends of an axis. See, also,
Extrapolar.
Intrapulmonary (in-trah-piil' -mo-na-re) [intra, within;
pulmo, the lung]. Within the substance of the lung.
Intraretinal (in-trah-ret'-in-al) [intra, within , retina,
retina]. Within the substance of the retina.
Intrascleral (in-trah-skle'-ral) [intra, within; aalr/por,
hard]. Situated, occurring, or performed within the
sclera.
Intrascrotal {in-trah-skro' -tal) [intra, within; scro-
tum, scrotum]. Within the scrotal sac.
Intraspinal (in-trah-spi' -nal) [intra, within; spina,
spine] . Within the spinal canal.
Intratesticular {in-trah-tes-tik' -u-lar) [intra, within ;
testicitlus, a testicle]. Within the testicle.
Intratubal [in-trah-tu' -bal) [iiitra, within; tuba, a
trumpet]. Within a Fallopian tube.
Intratympanic {in-trali-tim-pan' -ik) [intra, within ;
tymfia)ium, the ear-drum]. Within the tympanic
cavity.
Intraurethral (in-tra/i-u-ret/i'-ral) [intra, within ;
ovi>i/t)jja, urethra]. Within the urethra.
Intra-uterine {in trah-u' -ter-in) [/«/;■«, within ; uterus,
womb]. Within the womb. I. Amputation, a spon-
taneous amputation occurring occasionally to some part
of the fcctus in utero that becomes constricted by the
umbilical cord or from other causes. I. Drowning,
death of the fcetus in iitero from efforts at respiration,
liquor amnii instead of air being drawn into the
air-tubes. The cause of the respiratory efforts is an
arrest of fetal circulation in the cord or placenta. I.
Fracture, that which occurs to a fcetus in utero. I.
Life, that period of the existence of an animal
between conception and birth.
Intravasation (in-trav-as-a' -shun) [intra, within ; I'as,
vessel]. The entrance of extraneous matter, as pus,
into a blood-vessel. Cf. Extravasation.
Intravascular (in-trah-vas' -ku-lar) [intra, within ;
vasculum, a small vessel]. Within the blood-vessel
system.
Intravenous (in-trak-ve' -nus) [intra, within ; vena, a
vein]. Within, or into the veins. I. Infusion, or
Injection, the introduction of a saline solution or
other liquid into the veins.
Intravertebral [in-trah-ver'-te-bral) [intra, within;
vertebra, a vertebra]. Same as Intraspinal.
Intravesical [in-tra-ves' -ik-al) within ; vesica,
bladder]. Occurring or situated within the bladder.
Intrinsic (iii-trin' -sik) [intrinsecus, on the inside]. In-
herent, inward. Peculiar to a part, e.g. , certain muscles.
Intro- (in'-tro-) [//z/z-o, within]. A Latin prefix signify-
ing within.
Introcession [in-tro-ses' -shun) [introcedere, to go into].
A depression or sinking in, as of a surface.
Introflexion [in-tro-Jlek' -shun) [intra, within ; Jlexio,
a bending]. A bending in ; inward flexion.
Introitus [in-tro'-it-us) [intro, within ; ire, to go].
Any aperture or opening in the body. I. pelvis, the
inlet of the pelvis. I. vaginae, the external aperture
of the vagina.
Intromission {Jn-tro-misJi' -un) [intro, within ; mittere,
to send]. The introduction of one body within the
walls of another, as of the penis into the vagina.
Introrse (i>i-trors') [intro, within; versus, p. oiver-
tere, to turn]. In biology, applied to stamens that
turn toward the axis of the flower.
Introspection {in-tro-spek' -shun) [intro, within ;
spicere, to look]. The act of looking inward. I.,
Morbid, the morbid habit of self-examination ; insane,
or quasi-insane, dwelling upon one's own thoughts,
feelings, impulses, fears, or conduct.
Introsusception {in-tro-sus-sep' -shun) [intro, within;
suscipere, to receive]. The slipping or telescoping of
one part of the intestine upon another part ; intussus-
ception .
Introvenium (in-tro-ve' -ne-u>n) [intro, within ; vena,
vein]. In biology, a condition of leaves in which the
veins are infossous, or sunk and embedded in the
parenchyma.
Introversion (in-tro-ver' -shmi) [intro, within ; vertere,
to turn], A turning within, as, introversion of the
uterus. I. of the Iris, a bending backward of the
iris in such a way that it lies upon the ciliary body.
Introvert [in-tro-vert') [intro, within ; vertere, to turn].
In biology, turned in.
Intruse (in-trus') [intrusus, p.p, of intrudere, to
thrust in]. In biology, projecting inward.
Intubation [in-tu-ba' -shun) [in, in ; tubus, a pipe].
The passage of a tube into or past the larynx, to allow
the entrance of air into the lungs in croup, diphtheria,
etc, or to dilate a stricture, etc.
Intumescence [in-tu-mes' -ens) [intumescentia ; intit-
mescere, to swell]. A swelling, of any character
whatever. Also, an increase of the volume of any
organ or part of the body.
Intumescentia (in-t2i-mes-en' -she-ah) [L.]- A swell-
ing. I. gangliformis, the reddish gangliform swelling
of the seventh nerve in the aqueductus Fallopii in the
petrous portion of the temporal bone.
Intussusception [in-tus-sus-ep' -slum) [intus, within;
suscipiere, to receive]. Invagination or involution of
one part of the intestine within another part. Il
is of frequent occurrence in the young. It is caused
by undue peristalsis. The site of the intussusception
varies; thus, it may be — I. /Av)-<V(y?/, the ileum with
the ileocecal valve descending into the cecum
and colon ; this is the mo.st common variety ; 2. Colu.
the invagination being limited to the large intestine ;
3. Ileal, vi\itn the ileum alone is involved ; 4. Ileo-
INULA
623
INVOLUTION
colic, when the ileum prolapses through the lips of the
ileo-cecal valve.
Inula {in'-u-lah) [L.]. P^lecampane. The root of /.
helenium. It contains a crystalline substance, helenin,
CgHgO, the dose of which is gr. 5 - |, and from 20 to
40 per cent, of a starch, known as inu/in. It is a gentle
stimulant, and is employed in bronchitis and to hasten
the appearance of the skin-symptoms in exanthematous
fevers. Dose gr. xx - gj of the root, or - ij of a
decoction, ^ ss to the Oj. The genus Inula contains
various coarse composite-flowered herbs of the old
world, several of which have properties similar to those
of the official species.
Inulin elecampane], CjHjqOj. i. A
vegetable principle found in the roots of dahlia,
in chicory, and other plants. It is a white powder,
with which iodin gives a yellow color, and is soluble
in hot water. See Carbohydrates, Table of. 2. The
precipitate from a tincture of the root of Intila
helenium ; an aromatic stimulant, tonic, and expector-
ant. Dose I to 3 grains. Unof.
Inulol {in' -u-lol). See Alantol.
Inunction (in-unk' -shun^ \inunctio ; ittunguere, to
anoint] . The act of rubbing an oily or fatty substance
into the skin. Also, the substance used for anoint-
ment. I. Treatment, a form of treatment of syphilis.
It consists in rubbing into the skin metallic mercury
or some mercurial preparation, mixed or suspended in
a fatty vehicle. It is active, sure, and rapid, but
dirty and unpleasant. It is best used in the form of
the blue ointment of a strength of fifty per cent.
The application should be made upon different
portions of the body in successive treatments.
Inustion [in-us' -clmn) \inustio, a burning in], A
burning in ; deep or thorough cauterization.
Invagination [in-vaj-in-a' -shun) \invaginatio ; invagin-
are, to ensheathe] . The sheathing or telescoping of
a part or organ by a canal-like structure, as the intes-
tine. An operation for obliterating a hernial canal
by the inflammation resulting from pushing the skin
inward and suturing the parts together.
Invalid (in'-val-id) [invalidus ; in, not; valere, to be
well]. One who is not well, especially one who is
chronically ill or whose convalescence is slow.
Invaliding [in'-val-id-ing) [in, not ; valere, to be well].
The placing of a soldier or officer on the list of in-
valids, and thus excusing him from active duty.
Invalidism {in' -val-id-izni] \in, not ; valere, to be well].
Chronic ill-health ; the state or condition of being an
invalid.
Invenose {in-ve'-Jios) [in, not; vena, a vein]. In
biology, destitute of veins.
Invasion {in-va' -zhun) \iiivasio : in, ■m^oxi; vadere,io
go]. The beginning or attack of a disease. Also,
the manner in which the disease begins its attack. I.-
disease, one due to the presence in the body of some
animal parasite, as the tapeworm or the protozoan of
malaria.
Invermination {in-ver-min-a' -shiui) \in, in ; vertnis,
worm]. A condition of having intestinal worms ; ill-
health due to parasitic worms ; helminthiasis.
Inverse Temperature. A complete reversal of the
usual course of the temperature, so that the morning
temperature exhibits the maximum, and the evening
temperature the minimum. It is not infrequently seen in
acute tuberculous affections, and rarely in typhoid fever.
Inversio palpebrarum {in-ver'-she-o pal-pe-bra' -rum).
Synonym of Entropion.
Inversion {in-ver' -shiai) [inversio; in, not; vertere, to
turn], A turning or placing in a position the opposite
of the normal position. In chemistry, a decomposi-
tion of certain sugars and other carbohydrates, induced
by the action of a ferment or dilute acid, by which the
elements of water are added to a carbohydrate, each
molecule of which breaks up into two molecules of a
different carbohydrate. I. of Bladder, a condition
in which the bladder is in part or completely pushed
into the dilated urethra. It occurs in females only.
I. of Eyelashes. See Entropion. I. of Uterus, a
condition in which the uterus is partially or completely
turned inside out.
Invert {in-vert') \in, in ; vertere, to turn]. To turn in
an opposite direction. I. -sugar, an amorphous
saccharine substance, the chief constituent of honey,
and produced by the action of ferments or dilute acids
on cane-sugar. It is regarded as a mixture of equal
parts of dextrose and levulose. A solution of cane-
sugar turns the polarized ray of light to the right,
while invert-sugar turns it to the left. From this in-
version of the action on polarized light the process is
called inversion, and the product invert-sugar.
Invertase {in-ver' -tas). Same as Invertin, q. v.
Invertebrata {in-ver-te-bra'-tah) [in, not; vertebra,
backbone]. Animals that have no spinal column.
Invertin {in-ver' -tin) [in, not; vertere, to turn]. A
ferment found in the intestinal juice, and produced
by several species of yeast-plant ; it converts cane-
sugar in solution into invert-sugar. See Ferments.
Investing {in-7>es' -ting) [investire, to invest]. Ensheath-
ing, surrounding. In dentistry, embedding a denture
in what is known as investing-material, for the pur-
pose of soldering the linings or backings of the teeth
to the plate.
Inveterate {in-vet' -er-at) [inveteratus ; vetus, old].
Long established, and obstinately resisting treatment,
as an inveterate skin-disease.
Invirility {in-vir-il' -it-e) [/w, not ; virilis,o{ a man].
Lack of manly qualities, especially lack of virile power ;
male impotency.
Inviscation {invis-ka'-shun) [in, in; viscum, bird-
lime]. The mixing of food with the saliva during
mastication.
Invital {in-vi'-tal) [?«,not; vita, life]. In biology,
non-living or dead matter.
In vitro {invit'-ro) [L.]. In the glass ; applied to
phenomena that are observed in experiments carried
out in the laboratory with microorganisms, digestive
ferments, and other agents, but that may not neces-
sarily occur within the living body.
Involucel {in-voF -u-sel) [dim. of involucritm, involu-
cre]. In biology, a secondary involucre.
\n'^o\\xzre{in' -vo-lu-ker)[involvere ,\.o roll up, to wrap up].
In biology, the bracts at the base of a flower-cluster.
Lnvolucrum {in-vo-lu' -krum) [involvere , to enwrap :
//. , InvolHcra'\. The covering of a part. The sheath
of bone enveloping a sequestrum in dry necrosis.
Involuntary {in-vol' -un-ta-rc) [involuntariiis : /«,not;
volo, velle, to will]. Performed independently of the
will ; not by an act of the will. A terra applied to
certain motions and functions of the various organs of
the body that are not controlled by, or are not depend-
ent on, the will. I. Contraction, muscular contrac-
tions not resulting from an act of the will. I. Muscles,
those that are not governed by the will.
Involute {in'-vo-lut) [involvere, to roll up, to wrap up].
In biology, rolled up, as the edges of certain leaves in
the bud.
Involution {iti-vo-lu' -shun) [involutio ; involvere, to roll
upon]. The retrogressive change to their normal con-
dition that certain organs undergo after fulfilling their
functional purposes. I. of the Uterus, the return of
the uterus, which after gestation weighs about two
pounds, to its normal -weight and condition. I.-
forms, a term applied to microorganisms that deviate
INWARD
624
lONTHUS
from a type, or undergo degenerative changes, prob-
ably as a result of nutritive variation. They are free
in filaments, flat layers, or cube-like packets.
Inward {in'--vard ) [ME., inward, inward] . Toward the
center. I. Convulsions. Synonym of LaryngisDiiis
stridulus.
lodal [i'-o-dal) ["j(5//f, like a violet], C2I3HO. A com-
pound formed on the type of chloral, but containing
iodin instead of chlorin. It is reported to resemble
chloral in its sedative qualities, but is seldom used as
a remedy. Unof.
lodantipyrin (i-o-dan-tip-i' -rin). See lodopyrin.
lodate {i'-o-ddt) [i(j(5;/f, like a violet]. Any salt of
iodic acid.
lodated [i'-o-da-ted) [i(jfS?/f, like a violet]. Charged
with iodin.
lodatum [i-o-da' -fuiii) ['iMijc, like a violet]. Charged
with iodin. Amviuin ioilatum, iodized starch.
lodia [i-o'-de-ah] [i(j(S;/f, like a violet]. A proprietary
remedy said to contain stillingia, menispermum, etc. ,
with five grains of potassium iodid and two grains
of iron phosphate in each fluidram. Dose as an
alterative, 3 j-ij.
Iodic Acid (i-od'-ik). See Acid.
Iodid (i^-o-did) like a violet]. A compound
■ of iodin with a metal or other substance.
lodidum (i-o-di' -dum) [iurf^f, like a violet: gen.
Iodidi\ An iodid.
Iodin, or lodum (i'-o-diii, or i-o'-duni) [ioiSz/f, like a
violet]. I = 126.53 ; quantivalence I ; specific gravity
4.948 at 17° C. (62.6° F. ) A non-metallic element
with metallic luster, volatilizing at a low temperature,
and giving off a crimson-purple vapor. It occurs in cod-
liver oil, in most marine plants, and in shell-fish. It
is soluble in alcohol, in solution of potassium iodid, and
in solution of sodium chlorid. In its elementary state
it is an irritant to the skin, and is much used as a tincture
to produce counter-irritation. See Elements, Table of.
Potassium iodid, the principal form for internal use, is
an alterative, ranking as a specific in tertiary syphilis,
and with mercury, available in all forms of that disease.
It is also an excellent remedy in hepatic cirrhosis and
chronic b«onchitis. Combined with ammonium it is
valuable in catarrhal affections. Acidi hydriodici,
Syr., contains one per cent, of the absolute acid.
Dosegj-iv. Ammonii iodidum. See Am?noniu>?t.
Iodized Phenol, unof, a mixture of iodin and car-
bolic acid, usually I to 4. For local use. I., Lini-
ment (13. P.), one part of iodin in nine. I., Liquor
(B. P.), one of iodin in 20. lodi, Liq., Comp., Lu-
gol's solution — iodin 5, potassium iodid 10, water 85
parts. Dose Tt\^ j-x, diluted. I., Tinct., 8 per cent, in
alcohol. Dose tT\^j-v. For local use. I., Trichlorid,
unof., recommended by Langenbach as an antiseptic
in surgery. I., Ung., iodin 4, potassium iodid I, water
2, benzoated lard 93 parts. I., Vapor (B. P.), for
inhalation, 3 j of iodin to of water. Amylum
iodatum, iodized starch, iodin 5, starch 95 parts, dis-
tilled water 100 parts, triturated and dried. Dose 3 j-
5j. Potassii iodidum, K.I. Dosegr. v-gj. Potass,
iodid., Ung., contains potass, iodid. 12, sod. hypo-
sulph. I, boiling water 6, benzoated lard 81 parts.
Sodii iodidum, Nal, deliquescent. Dose gr. v-gij.
I. -green. .See Pigments, Conspectus of. I. -scarlet.
See Pigments, Conspectus of. I. -violet. .See Pi^^^-
ments. Conspectus of.
lodism {i' -o-dizm) \^ii)8ric, like a violet]. A condition
arising from the prolonged use of iodin or iodin-
compounds, marked by redness of the conjunctiva and
of the mucous membrane of the respiratory passages,
furry throat, and lacrymation, with symptoms resem-
bling those of acute coryza.
Iodized [i'-o-dizd) \^uo6ric, like a violet]. Impregnated
with iodin, as cotton, glycerin, etc.
Iodoform [i-o' -do-form) [Jw(5;/f, like a violet ; forma,
form]. Tri-iodo-methane, CHLj. Iodid of Formyl.
A compound containing about 91 per cent, of iodin.
It is an antiseptic and feeble anesthetic, and is highly
useful for local application to wounds, abrasions, and
indolent sores. Internally it is a tonic. It seems to
exert a special influence upon tuberculous processes.
Its odor may be disguised by means of thymol or oil of
rose. Dose, internally, gr. j-v. I.,Suppos. (B.P.),
each containing gr. iij of iodoform. I., Unguent., for
fetid sores.
lodoformism (i-o' -do-form-izm) [JtjJ)?^, like a violet;
forma, form]. Poisoning with iodoform.
lodoformize [i-o'-do-form-iz) [Jurf^f, like a violet;
forma, form]. To impregnate with iodoform.
lodol {i'-o-dol) [;u(5//f, like a violet], C^I^NH. An
iodo-carbamid existing in the form of an amorphous
brown powder, soluble in ether and oil. It is more ac-
tively antiseptic than iodoform and is free from odor.
Locally it is an anesthetic, and favors granulation. It
is of reputed service as an application to syphilitic
sores, etc. Dose gr. ss-v. Unof
lodo-naphthol-beta {i-o-do-naf'-thol-ba'-tah) [Jw^Vfj
like a violet; vdipfta, naphtha; [iera, the second
Greek letter]. The diiodid of naphthol-beta, sug-
gested as a substitute for iodoform as an antisepfic
dressing. Unof.
lodophenin {i-o-do-fe' -nin') [/(ifV/f, like a violet ;
phenyl'\. A compound allied to phenacetin. It is an
efficient bactericide, but is objectionable because of its
strong evolution of iodin, of which it contains about
50 per cent. It is a crystalline powder, of an iodin-odor
and a burning taste, and colors the skin yellow. It
melts at 266° F. (130° C.) Unof.
lodophthisis [i-o-doff' -this-is') [iwf5//f, like a violet ;
(fiOlaK;, a wasting]. The emaciation, or local or
general wasting that may result from free use of iodin
as a remedy.
lodopyrin {i-o-do-pi' -rin') \\.iiSr}Q, like a violet ; Jri'p,
fire]. lodantipyrin. A chemic compound of iodin
and antipyrin, with the composition, CjiHjjINjO.
It is an antipyretic in doses of from one to five grains.
Unof
lodo-quinin Sulphate. Same as Herapathite.
lodosis [i-o-do' -sis). Same as lodism.
lodotannin {i-o-do-tan' -in) [(wtSA/f, like a violet; ME.,
tatinen, to tan]. An aqueous mixture of iodin and
tannin.
lodotherapy [i-o-do-ther' -ap-e) [((Jf5^f, like a violet;
paTTf/a, therapy]. The treatment or cure of disease
by the use of iodin or its compounds.
XoAvim {i-o' -dum). S^t Iodin.
lodure {i'-o-dilr) [Fr. ]. An iodid.
loduret (i-od' -u-ret) [ifi'Sw, like a violet]. An iodid.
Ion [i'-on) ['"!', 'luv, going]. An element set free by
electrolysis, and classified as an anion or kation, ac-
cording as it is set free at the positive or negative pole.
I., Migration of, the transference of an ion from one
pole to another.
lonidium [i-o-nid'-e-ttm) \lov, a violet]. A genus of
violaceous herbs and shrubs. I. ipecacuanha,
produces what is called wliite ipecac : this and several
other species are emetic and cathartic. See also
Cuichunchulli. None is officinal ; but the roots of
several species are said to be mixed with commercial
ipecac.
lonthus [i-on'-thiis) [/"oi-fef, acne]. That form of acne
that often accompanies the first appearance of the
beard. A general name for acne and the diseases that
resemble it.
lOPTEROUS
625
IRIDORRHEXIS
lopterous (i-o/>^-/er-us)[^iov, a. violet; Trrf/jw, a feather].
In biology , having violet-colored wings,
lotacism (j-o'-tas-hm) [icorama/idc, iotacism]. I. In-
ability to pronounce distinctly the proper sound of the
letter t. 2. Substitution of the long e sound for the e
sounds of other vowels,
loterium (i-o-te' -re-iu?i) [/(it', poison ; repeeiv, to pierce :
[( pL, Ioterid\. In biology, a poison-gland.
1 Ipecac {ip'-e-kak). See ipecacuanha. I., American.
j! ?>te Gillenia. I., White. 'Ate /onidiu?/!.
|j Ipecacuan (ip-e-kak' -u-ati). See Ipecacuanha.
[1 Ipecacuanha {ip-c-kak-ii-an' -ah') [Braz. , ipecaague7i\.
Ipecac. The root of Cephaelis ipecacuanha, found in
Brazil. It contains an alkaloid, einetin, QqHjoNOj,
and is an emetic, expectorant, and cholagogue ; in very
small doses, gr. it is a mild tonic. It is used mainly
as a safe and prompt emetic, in membranous croup, and
in the summer diarrhea of children. Dose as an
expectorant gr. ss-ij ; as an emetic gr. xv-xx.x. I.,
Acetum. (B. P.) Dose rT\,v-xl. I., Ext. Dose
Tt\j-v. I., Syr., 5 percent, strength. Dose 3j-5ss.
I., Vin., 7 per cent, in strength. Dose Tt\j~3 j-
Trochisci, contain each gr. of the drug. I. et mor-
phinae, Trochisci, contain each,morphinsulph. gr.^S^,
ipecac gr.jJ^, with flavoring-oil and sugar. Let opii,
Pulvis (Pulv. ipec. comp., B. P.) Dover's pow-
der, contains ipecac and opium each 10, sugar of
milk 80 parts. Dose gr. ij-xv. I. cum scilla, Pil.
(B. P.) Dose gr. v-x. I. et opii, Tinct., deodor-
ized tinct. of opium 100, evaporated to 85, fid. ext.
ipecac 10, alcohol q. s. ad 100. Dose ti^v-xxx.
Emetin. Dose as an expectorant gr. xJ o^iV >
emetic )/%-"%. ■
Ipomoea {ip-o-ine' -ah) worm ; oiioloq, like]. A
genus of convolvulaceous plants ; bindweeds. I.
batatas is the sweet potato. I. purga. See Jalap.
I. pandurata, of the U. S. , resembles jalap in its
action. The seeds of I. ccerulia are recommended as
a useful intestinal stimulant. I. turpethum affords tur-
I peth-root,(y.z/. Many other species are medicinal. Unof.
ilralgia [i-ral' -je-aJi). See Iridalgia.
j Irascibility (i-ras-ib-il'-it-e) \irasci,\.o\>e angry]. The
quality of being choleric, irritable, or of hasty temper.
It is a frequent symptom in some varieties of insanity
and in neurasthenia, and in some cases it amounts to a
species of insanity.
Iridaemia (ir-id-e' -Die-aK). See Iridetnia.
Iridal (i'-rid-al) [(/3«?, iris]. Relating to the iris.
Iridalgia (i-rid-al ' -je-ah) [Ip/f, iris; aAjof, pain].
Pain referable to the iris.
Iridauxesis {ir-id-atvks-e' -sis) ['P'C iris ; av^tiaic, in-
crease]. Auxesis or tumefaction of the iris.
Iridavulsion (ir-id-av-ul' -shun) [('p'f, h-is ; avellere, to
tear away]. Surgical avulsion of the iris.
Iridectome (ir-id-ek' -torn) ['p/f , iris ; eKTOfii], a cutting
out]. A cutting instrument used in iridectomy.
Iridectomy [ir-id-ek' -to- me) [ZpiC, iris ; kKTOjui/, ex-
cision]. The cutting out of a part of the iris. I.,
Antiphlogistic, one performed in inflammatory pro-
cesses for therapeutic purposes. In Optic I. the piece
of iris excised is over a portion of the lens or beneath
a portion of cornea clearer than that exposed in the
natural pupil, as a result of which additional vision is
gained. See Pupil, Artificial. I., Preliminary, is
performed in advance of the extraction of cataract,
instead of at the same time.
Iridectropium (ir-id-ek-tro' -pe-um) [/p(f, iris ; sKTpoiriov,
eversion]. Eversion of a part of the iris.
Iridemia {ir-id-e' -)ne-ah) [ip'f, iris ; aifia, blood].
Hemorrhage from the iris.
Iridencleisis, or Iridenkleisis [ir-id-cn-kli'-sis) [Ip/r,
iris ; iyKknv, to lock in]. See Iridodesis.
. 40
Iridentropium (ir-id-en-tro' -pe-um) [tpif , iris ; evrpom/,
a turning in]. Inversion of a part of the iris.
Irideremia (ir-id-er-e'-me-ah) [ip'f, iris; ep/ifiia, lack].
Absence of one or both irides.
Iridescence (ir-id-es' -ens) \_iridescei-e, to shine with
rainbow-colors] . The property of breaking up light
into the spectral colors.
Iridesis (ir-id-e' -sis). See Iridodesis.
IxidiaLn (i-rid ' -e-an) [ipif, iris]. Relating to the iris;
iridal.
Iridicolor [ir-id' -ic-ul-or) [iris, a rainbow; color, color].
In biology, iridescent ; exhibiting prismatic colors.
Iridin [i' -rid-in) [ip/f, iris]. Irisin ; a precipitated ex-
tract of Blue Flag. See Iris.
Iriditis (ir-id-i' -lis). Same as Iritis.
Iridization (ir-id-iz-a'-shun) [/p/f, iris]. The subjec-
tive appearance, as of an iridescent halo seen by per-
sons aft'ected with glaucoma.
Iridocele \jpi^, iris; k// A)?, hernia]. Pro-
trusion of a part of the iris through a wound or ulcer.
Iridochoroiditis (i r-id-o-ko-roid-i' -tis) [Ip/f, iris ; x^'
piov, chorion; tidof, likeness; itk;, inflammation].
Inflammation of both the iris and the choroid of the
eye, the form usually assumed in sympathetic oph-
thalmia.
Iridocinesis [ir-id-o-sin-e'-sis). See Iridokinesis.
Iridocyclitis {ir-id-o-sik-li' -tis) [!p!f , iris ; /cij/c/lof, a
circle; ltic, inflammation]. Inflammation of the iris
and the ciliary body. See Cyclitis.
Iridocyclochoroiditis {ir-id-o-sik-lo-ko-roid-i' -tis) \}pL(,
iris; /ci'/c/lof, circle ; ;^opwi', chorion; ftrfof, likeness ;
LTiq, inflammation]. Combined inflammation of the
iris, the ciliary body, and the choroid.
Iridocyte (ir' -id-o-sit) ['P'f, rainbow; kvtoc, cell].
Any cell that produces color, either by means of its
structure or its contents.
Iridodesis [ir-id-od'-es-is) [ip/f, iris ; SiaiQ, a binding
together]. An obsolete method of displacing the nor-
mal pupil by ligature, instead of iridectomy.
Iridodialysis (ir-id-o-di-al'-is-is). See Coredialysis.
Iridodonesis (ir-id-o-do-ne' -sis) \jpiz, iris ; 66vriciq, a
trembling]. Tremulousness of the iris; hippus.
Iridokinesis [ir-id-o-kin-e'-sis) \lpii;, iris; kivijcic;,
movement]. Any movement of the iris, normal or
otherwise.
Iridomalacia (ir-id-o-»tal-a'-se-ah) [Ipig, iris ; fiaTian'ia,
softness]. Morbid softening of the iris.
Iridomotor iir-id-o-mo' -tor) \lpic., iris ; movere, to move].
Promoting the motion of the iris.
Iridoncosis [ir-id-on-ho'-sis) \}pt^, iris ; oyKuaix, a
puffing out]. Thickening of the iris.
Iridoncns [ir-id-ong'-kus) [?p(f , iris ; oy/cof, mass]. A
tumor or swelling of the iris.
Iridoparalysis {ir-id-o-par-al'-is-is) [Ipic, iris ; irapa-
'/ vaic, paralysis]. Paralysis of the iris.
Iridoparesis [ir-id-o-par' -es-is) [(p/f, iris; ndpeai^, a
letting go] . A slight or partial paralysis of the iris.
Iridoplania [ir-id-o-pla' -ne-ah) [/p'C, iris"; ttAcivt], a
wandering]. Same as Hippus.
Iridoplasma [ir-id-o-plaz' -mah') \lpLQ, iris ; nTiaafia,
anything formed]. A form of degeneration of the
iris.
Iridoplegia iir-id-o-ple' -jc-ali) [ip(f, iris ; n'kriyi], stroke].
Paralysis of the sphincter of the iris.
Iridoptosis (ir-id-op-io'-sis) [jp/f , iris ; nrijaic, a fall-
ing]. Prolapse of the iris.
Irido-pupillary [ir-id-o-pu' -pil-a-re) \lpiq, iris ; ptipilla,
the pupil of the eye]. Pertaining to the iris and the
pupil.
Iridorrhexis (ir-id-or-reks'-is) ['P'f, iris; pv^iq, a
breaking]. Iridectomy with iridavulsion. Rupture of
the iris.
IRIDOSCHISIS
626
IRREGULARITY
Iridoschisis, or Iridoschisma [ir-id-os'-kis-is or ?r-?V-
os-kiz' -mah) [tp'f, iris; ox^OLq, axiojia, cleft].
Coloboma of the iris.
Iridotome (ir'-id-o-tom) iris; ro//v;, a cutting].
A cutting-instrument employed in iridotomy.
Iridotomy iir-id-ot'-o-me) [('p'f, iris; TOjiij, section].
An incision of any kind into the iris.
Iridotromos (ir-id-of -ro-mos) [tp'f , iris ; Tp6fio(;,
tremor]. Hippus ; tremor of the iris.
Iris (i'-ris) [tpif, a colored halo or circle]. I. The
anterior portion of the vascular tunic of the eye,
attached to the pectinate ligament and ciliary body ;
its central aperture forms the pupil. 2. Blue-flag.
The roots of /. versicolor. It contains a resinous
Iris and Choroid.
. Optic nerve. 2, 2, 2, 2. Sclerotic, divided in four equal parts
and turned back. 3, 3. Pigmentarv granulation of its inner
layer. 4. Section of lamina fusca. 5, S. j> 5- Cornea, divided
in four equal parts. 6, 6. Canal of Schlemm. 7. Outer sur-
face of choroid. 8. Superior and internal trunk of vasa vor-
ticosa. 9, 9. Irregular border limiting the choroid zone
posteriorly. 10, 10. Anterior half of this zone; ciliary mus-
cle. II, n. Ciliary nerves. 12. Long ciliary artery. 13,13,
13, 13. Anterior ciliary arteries. 14. Iris. 15. Small arterial
circle of iris. 16. Pupillary orifice.
Section of Ciliary
Body and Iris.
I, I. Ciliary processes.
2, 2 Their bases or
rounded extremities.
3, 3. Their apices. 4.
A process with bi-
furcated extremity.
5, 5. Reticulated
folds, or ciliary pro-
cesses of the second
order. 6, 6. Venules
that emanate from
these. 7, 7. Ora ser-
rata of choroid. 8,
8. Veins of choroid.
9. Section of iris.
10. 10. Circumfer-
ence of iris. 11, II.
Small ring of iris.
12, 12. Large ring
of iris
principle, iridin. The fresh rhizome is purgative,
emetic, and diuretic, and is serviceable in catarrh of
the duodenum, and in malarial ailments. I., Ext.
Dose gr. j-v. I., Ext. Fid. Uose l^v-^j. Iridin,
the oleoresin, is a cholagogue. Unof. Dose gr. j-v.
The genus Iris embraces many other species, some of
them purgative, and some reputed to be poisonous.
See On is-root. I., Absence of. .See Irideremia.
I., Angle of, that formed by the junction of the
cornea and the iris. I. -contraction. See Reflexes,
Table of. I. -green. Same as Bladder-green.
I., Prolapse of (or Hernia of), protrusion of a por-
tion of the iris through an opening in the cornea or
sclera ; when the iris is adherent the condition is
called anterior synechia ; when the iris is adherent
to the lens behind, the condition is called posterior
synechia. I., Tremulous, arises from non- support of
the iris in aphakia or dislocation of the crystalline lens.
Irish [i'-rish) [ME., Irish, Irish]. Pertaining to
Ireland. I. Ague. Synonym of typhus Fever, q.v.
I. Moss. See Cliondrus.
Irisin [i'-ris-in) [ipig, iris]. The precipitate from a
tincture of the root of Blue-Hag, Iris versicolor ; it is
cholagogue, sialagogue, and diuretic. Dose 2 to 4
grains. Unof
Iritic (i-rit'-ik) iris; iriq, inflammation]. Of the
nature of, pertaining to, or affected with, iritis.
8 Iritis {i-ri'-tis) SJiuq, iris; Lxiq, inflammation]. Inflam-
mation of the iris, called after its origin, or character,
blennorrhagic, rheumatic, diabetic, syphilitic, plastic,
serous, primary, secondary. I., Condylomatous,
/. papulosa ; that accompanied by the formation of
papules or condylomata in the iris. I. gummosa,
that in which guminata are formed in the iris. I.
papulosa. See /. , Condylomatous.
Iritomy (i-rif -o-me). See Iridotomy.
Iron [i'-erti) [ME., iron, iron]. See Fcrrum. I.
Bath. See Bath. I. Minium. Same as Colcothar.
I. Wood, the heart-wood of Ostrya virginica, a
tonic, antiperiodic, and alterative. It has been
successfully used in malarial diseases, neuralgia, and
strumous affections. Dose of the fld. ext., ^ss-j.
Unof
Irradiating (ir-ra' -de-a-ting^ \_irradiare, to emit rays in
every direction]. Radiating from a center, as a pain
arising from a definite focus of irritation.
Irradiation [ir-ra-de-a'-shiin) \irradiatio ; irradiare, to
emit rays in every direction]. A phenomenon in
which, owing to the difference in the illumination of
the field of vision, or its background, objects appear
much larger than they really are.
Irreducible {ir-re-dus' -ib-t) \iii, not ; reditcere, to lead
back]. That which cannot be reduced or restored to
its normal condition. In chemistry, applied to a
compound that cannot be separated. In surgery,
applied to a fracture or dislocation that cannot be
replaced. I. Hernia. .See Hernia.
Irregular [ir-reg'-u-lar) [/«, not ; regula , xv\€\. Not
regular ; not nonnal or according to rule ; not rhythmic ;
not recurring at proper intervals.
Irregularity (/r-;-£;o--«-/rt;-'-//-<) [/«, not; regula,a.\v\t\.
Lack of regularity ; unevenness. I. of the Teeth,
deviation of the teeth from their natural arrangement
is of frequent occurrence, and is dependent upon a
variety of causes. The following are among the most
frequent: I. Want of synchronism between the
destruction of the roots of the temporary teeth and
the growth of the permanent teeth. 2. The premature
removal of one or more of the temporary teeth. 3-
Disproportion between the size of the alveolar arch
and the teeth. 4. Supernumerary teeth. 5. Mai-
foniiatioii of the jaws.
IRRESPIRABLE
627
ISCHIOCERITE
Irrespirable (ir-res-pi' -rab-l) \in, not ; respirare, to
breathe]. Not capable of being breathed.
Irrigant [ir'-ig-ant) \ii-rigare, to lead water to]. A
substance or wash used in or by irrigation.
Irrigation {ir-ig-a' -shiiii) \in-igare, to lead water to].
The application of water, especially a stream, to an
inflamed or abnormal tissue for purposes of moistening,
antisepsis, cooling, or flushing the part.
Irrigator [ii-^-ig-a-tor) \_iirigai-e, to lead water to]. An
apparatus, or device, for accomplishing the irrigation
of a part, surface, or cavity.
Irritability (ir-it-ah-il' -it-e) \in-itabilitas, irritability].
The quality of being susceptible to excitement or
irritation. I., Faradic, the muscular contraction
caused by a secondary or induced current. I., Gal-
vanic, the muscular contraction caused -by the
direct current. I., Muscular, the inherent contractile
quality of a muscle. I., Nervous, the property of a
nerve to transmit impulses upon stimulation. See,
also, Irascibility.
Irritable (ii ' -it-ab-l) \irritabilis, easily excited].
Easily inflamed. Susceptible to irritation. I. Blad-
der, a condition of the bladder marked by constant
desire to void urine. I. Breast, a neuralgic condi-
tion of the mammary gland, usually associated with
uterine affections, or with intercostal neuralgia. I.
Heart, Da Costa's term for a peculiar condition of the
heart characterized by precordial pain, dyspnea on exer-
tion, palpitation, and irregularity of the heart's action.
It is induced by over-exertion, masturbation, and neu-
rotic tendencies. Hypertrophy may occasionally
develop. I. Spine, a condition of spinal anemia
frequently occurring in young liysteric females. There
is pain along the spine, with tenderness on pressure,
and vertigo, nausea, palpitation, and neuralgias. I.
Testicle. See Testicle. I. Tongue, the clean, very
red tongue, with enlarged red papilla? about its tip,
seen in the dyspepsia of drunkards.
Irritant ) \_irritare, io excite]. I. Causing,
or giving rise to, irritation. 2. An agent or remedy that
induces irritation or inflammation. I., Chemic, one
acting by virtue of its affinity for the elements or
compounds of organic tissue, as nitric acid, or potassic
hydrate. I., Mechanical, one causing lesions or
inflammations by mechanical operation, as cuts, con-
tusions, pressure, or distention. I., Nervous, one
acting through the medium of the nerves.
Irritation [ir-it-a' -sliiui) [irritatio, excitement]. A con-
dition of undue excitement. Also, an inflamed state.
Also, the stimulus necessary to the performance of the
functions of an organ.
Irritative {ir'-il-a-tizi) \_irrifare. to excite]. Exciting or
irritating. I. Fever, a febrile condition dependent
upon the presence in the body of irritating substances.
Also a synonym of Simple Continued Fever.
Irrorate (ir'-or-at) \in, upon ; rorare, to distil dew] .
In biology, minutely dotted, as if with small dew-
drops.
Irrumation (ir-u-via' -slntn^ \irruinare, to give suck].
Same as Buccal Coitus^ q. v.
Isabel, Isabelle (iz'-a-bel) [/j-^?//'^//^, a woman's name].
Drab, or 3'ellowish gray.
Isadelphous (i-sad-el'-fus) [tffof , equal ; adtA^of ,
brother]. In biology, having an equal number of
stamens in each bundle or brotherhood.
Isambert's Disease. Acute miliary tuberculosis of
the larynx and pharynx.
Isandrous {i-san^-ilrus) [((toc, equal; avi/p, a male].
In biology, having stamens alike and corresponding in
number to the petals.
Isanthous {i-saii' -tlnis) [iffof, equal; avftog, a flower].
In biology, having regular flowers.
Isatin (i'-sat-in) [(ddrif, wood], CgHjNO,. A substance
obtained by the oxidation of indigo with HNO.j. It
crystallizes in yellowish-red monoclinic prisms, melting
at 201° C. It dissolves in water and in alcohol with a
reddish-brown color ; it has a disagreeable odor. I.-
yellow. See Figments, Conspectus of.
Isatoxim (i-sat-oks' -im) [tcdr/f, wood ; to^ikov, poison],
Cj,H^N.20,2. A substance prepared from isatin and
hydroxylamin. It crystallizes from alcohol in yellow
needles, and melts at 202° C.
Isatropylcocain {i-sat-ro' pil-ko-ka' -in),
An amorphous alkaloid from coca leaves. It has no
anesthetic properties, but is said to be an active cardiac
poison. Unof. See Cocamin.
Ischemia {is-ke' ->ne-ali) \jaxtiv, to check ; dina, blood].
Bloodlessness. Deficiency of the supply of blood to
a part. Local anemia.
Ischemic (is-kem' -ik) \laxe^v, to check; a\jxa, blood].
Affected with or relating to ischemia.
Ischesis i^is' -kcs-is) \j.axfiv, to check]. Retention or
suppression of a discharge or secretion.
Ischiadic (is-ke-ad' -ik). Same as hchiadc.
Ischiagra [is-ke-a'-grak] [^laxiov, hip ; aypa, seizure].
Gout in the hip.
Ischial [is'-ke-al) [^lax'ov, ischium]. Pertaining or
belonging to the ischium.
Ischialgia (is-ke-al'-je-a/i) [/u^^^/oi', hip ; dAyor, pain].
Sciatica ; neuralgia of the hip.
Ischialgic (is-ke-aF -jik') \\axiov, hip ; dA;of, pain].
Relating to or affected with ischialgia.
Ischiatic [is-ke-at'-ik) [lax'tov, hip]. Pertaining to the
ischium. I. Notches, the notches, greater and
lesser, of the ischium. The former transmits the
pyriformis muscle, gluteal vessels, and superior gluteal
nerve, the latter the tendon of the obturator internus,
its nerve, and the pudic vessels and nerve. These
notches are called also sacro-sciatic notches. (See
illustration on p. 228.)
Ischiatitis i^is-ke-cjt-i' -tis) [iir^/oi', hip ; itk;, inflamma-
tion]. Inflammation of the sciatic nerve.
Ischiatocele [is-ke-at'-o-sel ). See hchiocele.
Ischidrosis [is-kid-> 0' -sis) \_iaxciv, to suppress ; iSpug,
sweat]. Suppression of sweat.
Ischidrotic {^is-kid-rol' -ik) [^loxeiv, to suppress ; iSpuc,
sweat]. Causing a retention or suppression of the
sweat.
Ischien {is'-ke-en) [J(j^/or, hip]. Belonging to the
ischium in itself
Ischigalactic (is-ke-gal-ak' -tik) Y'-'^X^''"i to restrain ;
ya'ka, milk]. I. Tending to check the flow of milk.
2. An antigalactic agent or medicine.
Ischio- {^is'-ke-o-) [jaxiov, hip]. A prefix indicating
relationship to the ischium. I. -anal, pertaining to
the ischium and the anus. I. -bulbar, pertaining to
the ischium and the bulb of the urethra. I. -capsular,
pertaining to the ischium and the capsular ligament of
the hip. I.-cavernosus, the muscle that compresses
the veins of the crus penis and assists in the erection
of the penis. The I.-clitorianus has a similar rela-
tion to the clitoris. See Muscles, Ihble of. I. -fibular,
pertaining both to the ischium and the fibula. I.-
neuralgia, sciatica. I. -perineal, belonging to or
pertaining to both ischium and perineum ; pertaining
to the space between the anus and the scrotum. I.-
pubeotomy. See Foraba'it/'s Operation. I. -sacral,
relating to the ischium and the sacrum. I. -tibial,
relating both to the ischium and the tibia. I. -verte-
bral, relating to the ischium and the vertebral column.
Ischiocele {is' -ke-o-sel) [irjxiov, hip; tumor]. Is-
chiatic hernia.
Ischiocerite (is-ke-os' -er-it ) \jax'inv, hip-joint; Ktpaq,
horn]. In biology, the third joint of the developed
ISCHIODIDYMUS
628
ISODYNAMIC
antenna of a crustacean. It is borne upon the basicerite
and bears the merocerite.
Ischiodidymus {is-ke-o-did' -iin-m) [Jcr^'oi', hip ; 61&V-
/yof, double]. A double monstrosity united at the hips.
Ischiognathite [is-ke-og' -nath-it ) [;(T;(;/oi^,hips ; ypdOaf;,
jaw]. The third joint of any one of the mouth-parts
of an arthropod.
Ischiomyelitis {is-ke-o-mi-el-i' -tis) [_'u7xiov, hip, loins ;
uvsUi;, marrow ; mf , inflammation] . Lumbar myeli-
tis ; osphyomyelitis.
Ischiopagus (is-ke-op' -ag-us) \^l(5xi^^\ h'P > Tdyof,
united]. A monomphalic monstrosity united by the
coccyges and the sacra.
Ischiophthisis {is-ke-off'-this-is) \\cx'iov, hip ; i^ft'o-^f , a
wasting]. Emaciation associated with or due to hip-
joint disease.
Ischiopodite (is-ke-op' -o-d'it ) [lax'tov, hip-joint ; Trouf ,
foot]. In biology, the third joint of the inner [endo-
podite) of the two main divisions of the typical limb
of a crustacean.
Ischiorectal [is-ke-o-rek'-tal) [^lax'iov, ischium; rectus,
straight]. Pertaining to both ischium and rectum.
I. Abscess or I. Cellulitis, an inflammation of the
areolar tissue of the ischiorectal fossa involving the
rectum and the thigh. Suppuration may occur at any
point of the inflammation, but is ordinarily near the
anus. I. Fascia. See Fascia. I. Fossa, a deep
fossa filled with fatty tissue situated on either side of
and between the rectum and the ischium.
Ischium (is' -ke-itm) \lax'iov, hip]. I. The inferior
part of the os innominatum or hip-bone ; the bone upon
which the body rests in a sitting posture. It forms a
part, also, of the acetabulum. (See illustration on p.
228.) 2. The third joint of any appendage of a
crustacean, e. g., the ischiognathite md. the ischiopodite.
Ischnogyria [isk-iio-Jir'-e-ah) [tff;\;i'Of, feeble ; yvpoc,
curve]. A condition attended with slight develop-
ment of the cerebral convolutions.
Ischnous (ish' -lilts) [laxv6(;, thin]. Emaciated.
Ischo- {is'-/eo-) [iax^iv, to suppress]. A prefix mean-
ing suppressed, stopped, or checked.
Ischoblennia (is-ko-blen' -e-ah) \l(3X(cv, to suppress;
P'aevvoq, mucus]. The suppression of a mucous dis-
charge.
Ischocenosis (is-ko-sen-o'-sis) [laxeiv, to suppress ;
Kfvuaic, discharge]. The suppression of any estab-
lished or normal discharge.
Ischocholia (is-ko-ko' -le-ah) [to'x^/i', to suppress ; X'^'^Vy
bile]. A suppression of the flow of bile.
Ischogalactia (is-ko-gal-ak' -te-ah) [iaxstti, to suppress ;
ya'/n, milk]. Suppression of the natural flow of
milk.
Ischolochia (is-ko-lo' -ke-ali) [t(T,Y«i^ to suppress ;
"koxM, lochia]. Suppression of the lochial flow.
Ischomenia (is-ko-nie' -ne ali) \j.axiiv, to suppress ; fiiiv,
month, menses]. Suppression of the menstrual flow.
Ischophonia [is-ko-fo' -iie-ah) [(cr^yf/i', to suppress ;
ibuvi], voice]. Aphonia. An impediment in speech.
Ischopyosis (is-ko-pi-o' -sis) \^iax^iv, to suppress ; ivvov,
pus]. The checking of any discharge of pus.
Ischospermia (is-ko-sper'-me-ah) [^iaxav, to check ;
OTTtp/ia, seed]. Suppression of semen.
Ischuretic (is-kit-ret'-ik) [iaxeiv, to suppress ; ovpor,
urine]. I. Relating to or relieving ischuria. 2. A
remedy or agent that relieves retention or suppression
of urine.
Ischuria (is-kii' -re-ah) [_i(JXf i', to suppress ; nlpov,
urine]. Retention or suppression of urine. I. para-
doxa, the condition in which there is an excessive
distention of the bladder, with constant dribbling of
urine.
Ischyomyelitis [is-ke-o-ini-ci-i' -tis). See Ischioniyelitis.
Isidium (i-sid'-e-u;ii) [L. : //. , Isidia']. In biology,
an excrescence frequently found upon lichens ; it cor-
responds to a soredium.
Isinglass (i'-ziiig-glas). See Ichthyocolla and Glue.
I., Vegetable. See Agar-agar.
Island (i'-land) [ME., Hand, island]. See Insula
and Blood-island. I. of Reil, the central lobe of the
hemisphere of the brain, situated at the base, on either
side of the fissure of Sylvius. See Insula.
Iso- (i'-so-) [((TOf, equal]. A prefix signifying equality.
Iso-amylamin (i-so-am-iV -am-in) [((7of,equal ; ainylum,
starch ; a»iin'\. A ptomaine obtained in the distilla-
tion of horn with potassic hydrate ; it also occurs in
the putrefaction of yeast. It boils at 95° C. , and is
non-poisonous. See Ptomaines, Table of.
Iso-apiol (i-so-a' -pe-ol) [(crof, equal ; parsley ;
oleum, oWJ. A substance obtained from apiol, exer-
cising a powerful influence upon the vasomotor
system.
Isobar (i'-so-bar) [(cof, equal; ddpug, weight]. In
meteorology, a term denoting a line drawn through
points having the same synchronous barometric pres-
sure.
Isobrious (i-so'-bre-us) \_iaoc, equal ; pplav, to be
strong, to make strong]. In biology, applied to
dicotyledonous embryos, the two lobes of which grow
with equal vigor ; isodynamous.
Isocaprolactone (i-so-kap-ro-lak' -ton) [icrof, equal ;
caper, a goat; lac, milk], CgHj^O.^. A compound
produced by the distillation of terebic acid. It melts
at about 7° C. ; boils at 206° C. , or 207° C. ; at o°C.
it is soluble in double its bulk of water.
Isocercal (i-so-ser' -kal) [tcrof, equal ; KipKog, tail]. In
biology, having the tail symmetrically divided by the
straight back-bone.
Isocholesterin (i-so-ko-les' -ter-in) [jcof, equal ; X'>^V>
bile ; ariap, fat], C^^H^^O. A substance isomeric
with cholesterin, and found in distilled sheeps' fat ; it
melts at 138° C.
Isocholin (i-so-ko' -lin) [/(Tor, equal ; ,\'0?a/, bile], CjHjr,-
NOj. A body isomeric with cholin ; it is found in fly-
agaric, and may be formed by oxidizing cholin.
Isochromatic (i-so-kro-inaf -ik) \}anq, equal ; ;fp<j/ia,
color]. Having the same color.
Isochronism (i-sok' -ro-nizni) [/aoc, equal ; ;i'p(5vof,
time]. The quality of occurring at equal intervals of
time, or lasting for equal periods of time.
Isochronous (i-sok' -ro-nus) [icrof, equal ; xP^'^°^t
time]. Having, occurring at, or occupying equal in-
tervals of time.
Isocoria (i-so-ko' -re-ah) [tcor, equal ; Kop//, pupil].
Equality in diameter of the two pupils.
Isocyclus (i-so-si'-klus) [icrof, equal ; k'vkTioq, circle].
In biology, an organism consisting of a series of
similar rings.
Isodactylous (i-so-dak' -til-us) [tffof, equal ; rfaKrvAo?,
digit]. In biology, having the toes and digits alike.
Isodimorphism (i-so-di-niorf -ism) [tdof , equal ;
(Vifiop<por, two-formed]. A form of dimorphism,
characterized by the appearance of a substance in two
similar but incompatible forms.
Isodiometric (i-so-di-o-met'-rik) [jtrof, equal ;
through ; fierpov, measure]. Having equal diameters.
Isodont (i'-so-do/it) [(trof, equal; oihii^, tooth]. Hav-
ing teeth of the same size and shape.
Isodulcite (i-so-dul'-sit). See Rhamnose.
Isodynamia (i-so-di-nam' -e-ah) \lc:oq, equal; (Ihvafuc,
force]. The property of being isodynamic.
Isodynamic (i-so-di-nam' -ik) [Imc, equal; Svvafiig,
force]. Having equal force. I. Foods, those that
produce an equal amount of heat in undergoing the
cliemic changes of digestion.
ISODYNAMOUS
629
ISOPHORIA
Isodynamous {i-so-di' -nam-us) [icrof, equal ; dvva/ii^,
power, force]. Same as Isobrious.
Iso-electric [i-so-e-lek' -trie) [icrof, equal ; ifkexTpov,
amber]. Equally electric; applied to two bodies
or points. I. Curves. See Tension-curves. I.
Surfaces. See Totsion-planes.
Isogamous {i-sog' -am-iis) [idof , equal ; yafioQ, mar-
riage]. A term used to designate that mode of repro-
duction in which the uniting gametes are of equal
size. The same as conjugating.
Isogamy [i-sog'-aiu-e) [luo^-, equal ; }a/xo(;, marriage].
In biology, conjugation of similar gametes.
Isogeny (i-soj' -eii-e) [(ffof, equal ; ytvoq, kind]. In
biology, having a general similarity of origin.
Isognathous {i-sog' -na-thus) [(trof, equal ; jvdHoq, jaw].
In biology, having the molar teeth of both jaws alike.
Isogenic [i-so-gon'-ik) [idof, equal ; yoi'of, offspring].
In biology, characterized by isogonism.
Isogonism {i-sog'-o-niz?n) [joog, equal ; yovog, off-
spring]. In biology, the production by different stocks
of sexual organisms of identical structure.
Isogynous [i-soj'-in-iis) [jcrof, equal; yvvi/, female].
In biology, having the pistils or carpels equal in
number to the sepals.
Isolate (is'-so-ldt or i' -so-lat') \isola, an island]. To
separate one from another. To place apart. In
chemistry, to separate an element from its combina-
tion. In electricity, to insulate.
Isolation [is-o-la' -s/iiai) \_isola, an island]. The act
or process of isolating, or the state of being isolated;
separation of those ill of contagious diseases from
other persons.
Isologous (i-soi' -o-gus) [iffof , equal ; Xdyoc;, method,
ratio, or system]. Having similar relations or pro-
portions. A qualification applied to compounds con-
taining a like number of carbon-atoms, with a gradually
decreasing number of hydrogen-atoms.
Isolophobia {is-o-lo-fo' -be-aJi) \isola, an island ; <l>6(Sog,
fear]. Morbid dread of being alone.
Isomastigate [i-so-mas' -tig-at) [icrof , equal ; jiaari^, a
whip]. In biology, applied to organisms bearing two
or more similar flagella.
Isomer [i'-som-er) \^iaoj.iepi](;, having equal parts]. An
isomeric body. The same as Isoiiierid.
Isomere {i' ■so-me?-) [lao/iepr/g, having equal parts]. In
biology, a portion of one organism that is homologous
with a portion of another organism.
Isomeric (i-so-mer' -ik) [tcjof, equal ; fiipoq, a part]. In
chemistry, applied to substances having the same cen-
tesimal composition, but the molecules of which have
an essentially different structure and chemic properties ;
e. g. , aldehyd and ethylene oxid, both of which have
the formula C^H^O. The former, however, has the
structure —
Methyl. Carbonic
oxid.
CH3 — CO — H,
while the latter is composed of two molecules of
ethylene, joined by an atom of oxygen, thus (CHj) —
O — (CHj). This, the most common type of isomer-
ism, is sometimes called metamerism. The term is also
applied to substances having the same centesimal com-
position, but whose molecular weights are in even
multiples, a type of isomerism commonly called poly-
mcrism. Also, in crystallography, applied to any sub-
stance that crystallizes in more than one form. Also,
applied to a substance existing in two or more
forms, a type of isomerism called allotropism. I.
Theory of Nerve-force ; Herbert Spencer's
hypothesis that in nervous action the disturbance
■transmitted is a wave of isomeric change, the alter-
nation of isomeric states depending upon both nerve-
fiber and molecular continuity.
Isomerids (i-som'-er-ids) l^LaojJispfjq, consisting of equal
parts: i(TOf, equal ; //t/uof, a part]. A name applied
to different substances possessing the same molecular
composition. I., Physical, a designation applied to
derivations to which one and the same structural
formula must be assigned. They have been explained
by assuming them to be different aggregations of mole-
cules that were chemically similar. See also Physi-
cal Molecules.
Isomerism [i-som'-er-izm') [icrof, equal ; juepoq, a part].
The phenomenon of bodies of like composition and
like number of atoms being different in physical or
in chemic properties, or in both. I., Geometric.
Alloisomerism, q.v. I., Spatial. Same as /. , Geo-
metric.
Isomerous [i-som' -er-us) [icof, equal ; fiepoq, part,
share]. In biology, having an equal number of parts,
ridges, or markings.
Isometric [i- so-met^ -rik) \laog, equal ; jjerpov, measure].
Of equal measure. I. Act, the tension of a muscle
when stimulated, its length remaining constant.
Isometropia (i-so-met-ro' -pe-ali) [iffOf , equal ; jxtrpov,
measure ; <ji/% eye]. Equality of kind and degree in
ttie refraction of the two eyes.
Isomorph [i' -so-inorf) [tuof, equal ; fiop<^ii, form]. In
biology, one of two similar organisms belonging to
different groups.
Isomorphic {i-so-!?ior'-fi/i) [iffoc, equal ; /Jop(p7/, form].
In biology, pertaining to morphologic similarity.
Isomorphism (^i-so-mor' -Jizm') [icrcif , equal ; finp^i/,
form]. Similarity in crystalline form. Also, the replace-
ment of one element in a crystalline salt by another,
without alteration of form or system. I., Heteromer-
ous, a condition of dissimilarity in molecular composi-
tion. I., Isomerous, a condition of similarity in
molecular composition. I., Polymeric, the substitu-
tion of two or more atoms of one element for one of
another, without alteration of crystalline form.
Isonitrosoacetones (i-so-ni-tro-so-as'-et-onz). A group
of colorless crystalline bodies, readily soluble in ether
and in chloroform, and as a rule soluble with difficulty
in alcohol. Their alkaline solutions have an intensely
yellow color.
Isonitroso-compounds (i-so-ni-tro' -so-kom' -powndz).
Compounds that contain the bivalent oximid group
=N.OH linked to carbon.
Isonomic (i-so-nom' -Hi) \\oovopiK6(; , having equality of
laws]. In chemistry, applied to isomorphism ex-
isting between two compounds of like composition.
Isonym [i'-so-nii/i) [icrof, equal; bvofia,a. name]. A
paronym.
Isopathotherapy {i-so-path-o-ther' -ap-e). Same as Iso-
pathv.
Isopathy {i-sop' -ath-e) [icrof, equal ; ixaOoq, suffering].
A term used to denote the treatment of disease by
the administration of one or more of its own products.
Thus, smallpox would be treated by the administra-
tion internally of the variolous excretions.
Isopelletierin (i-so-pel-ef -e-er-in) [/'uof, equal ; pelle-
tieriii^ . A substance found in the root-bark of Puiiica
granatin!!. It has the same properties as pelletierin.
Isopepsin {i-so-pep' -siii) [i'dof, equal ; neipiq, digestion].
I. A body formed by heating pepsin to a point be-
tween 104° and 140° F. It changes albumin into
parapeptone. 2. Same as Parapeptone.
Isopetalous [i-so-pet' -al-us) [idof , equal ; nhaXov, a
leaf]. In biology, having the petals alike.
Isophoria (i-so-fo' -re-ali) [(dor, equal ; oipoQ, a tending].
A condition in which the eyes lie in the same hori-
zontal plane, the tension of the vertical muscles of
ISOPHOROUS
630
ITER
each eye being equal, and the visual lines lying in the
same plane.
Isophorous (i-soff' -or-us) [iffoc, equal ; (pipeiv, to bear].
In biology, of equal taxonomic importance, as a spe-
cies and its abnormal fomis.
Isopia [i-so'-pc-ah )[t(Tof, equal; ui,'', eye]. A term
proposed to indicate equal acuteness of vision in the
two eyes.
Isopleural (i-so-plti' -ral) [(ffof, equal; n'Aevpa, a rib].
Bilaterally symmetric.
Isopogonous [i-so-pog' -o-tiHs) [iffof , equal ; Tcioyuv,
beard, barb] In biology, applied to feathers, the
web of which is alike on both sides of the rachis.
Iso-propylamin (i-so-pro-pil' -ain-iii). See Propylamin.
Isopters (i-sop' -ters) \loor, equal; OTZTr/p, observer]. The
curves of relative visual acuity of the retina at dif-
ferent distances from the macula, both for form and
for color.
Isopurpurin {i-so-pur' -pu-rin) [itrof, equal ; purpura,
purple], Cj^HjOjCOH),. A coal-tar color used in
dyeing, closely allied to alizarin ; it is formed by
heating beta-anthraquinondisulphonic acid with sodic
hydrate and potassium chlorate. It produces a yellow
shade of red. See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Isoquinolin [i-so-kwin' -o-lin) [icrof, equal; quinolin'\,
C,,H.N. A substance that occurs together withquinal-
din and ordinary quinolin in the crude quinolin from
coal-tar. It is very similar to quinolin, solidities at
o° C. to a crystalline mass, melting at 20-22° C. ,
and boiling at 237° C.
Isosaccharic Acid {i-so-sak-a' -rik) . See Acid.
Isosaccharin (i-so-sak' -ar-ui) [Zffof , equal ; auKxapov,
sugar], CgHj^Oj. An isomerid of saccharin. It
results from the action of lime upon milk-sugar and
maltose.
Isoscope [i' -so-skop) [i'cTOf, equal ; okokeIv, to see].
An instrument consisting of two sets of parallel ver-
tical wires, one of which can be superimposed on the
other ; it is designed to show that the vertical lines of
separation of the retina do not correspond exactly to
the vertical meridians.
Isospore (i'-so-spor) \janc, equal ; anopor, a seed]. In
biology, a plant producing but one kind of spore ; a
zygosperm.
Isosporous {i-sos' por-us) [(cof, equal ; OKOpA, seed].
Same as Iloiiiosporoiis.
Isostemonous (i-so-stem' -o-inis) [tfrof , equal ; arl)fiin<,
a stamen]. In biology, having the stamens of the
same number as the parts of the calyx or corolla.
Isotagmata (i-so-tag' -inat-ak). See Inotagmata.
Iso-therapeutics {i-so-ther-ap-u' -tiks). Same as
IsopathotJierapy.
Isothermal (i-so-tJier' -mal') ['CTOf , equal ; tHpfiri, heat].
Of equal or uniform temperature. I. Lines, in physi-
cal geography, lines drawn through places having the
same average temperature for a given period of time.
Inasmuch as it frequently happens that two places hav-
ing the same annua! average temperature may have,
one a climate of great extremes, the other a very
equable climate, it is now customary to display com-
parative isotherms for the six warm and the six cold
months of the extra-tropical regions. I. Zones,
zones bounded by isothermal lines.
Isotome (i' -so-tum) \Io<m;, equal ; ti>)1)i, a cutting]. In
biology, an imaginary line or plane indicating homo-
logous segments or structures.
Isotonia (i-sn-to' -ne-ah) [icrof, equal; rdvof, tension].
Equality of tension of the blood.
Isotropic {i-so-trop' -ik) [icrof, equal ; rpon!], turning].
Having the same properties throughout ; isotropous ;
isotropal .
Isotropous [i-sof -ro-pus) [iffof, equal ; rprnxii, a turn-
ing]. Having the same shape and appearance, from •
whatever point observed. A term applied to singly-
refracting bodies.
Isozooid (i-so-zo' -Old) [iffor, equal; Ccjoi', animal;
f((5of, form]. In biology, a zooid resembling the
organism producing it. Cf. Allozodid.
Issue (ish'-u) \Yx. , issue, from exire, to go out]. A
discharging ulcer, especially that made artificially
for purposes of drainage, or counter-irritation. I.-
pea, a pea or pea-shaped pellet (as of ivy-wood, or
orris-root), inserted into an issue to keep up suppura- i
tion. Orange-seeds are also used for the same pur-
pose.
Istarin (is' -tar-in). A nitrogenous, phosphorized sub-
stance of complex structure occurring in brain-tissue.
Its properties have not been investigated.
Isthmiac, or Isthmic {is'-me-ak or is'-mik) \\.(sdfibq,
a narrow passage]. Pertaining to any isthmus, as j
that of the fauces. I
Isthmitis [is-?ni'-tis) [^(cBjxd^, a narrow passage ; tnf, I
inflammation]. Inflammation of the fauces.
Isthmo- {is'-tno-) [J(T^/i(5f, a neck]. A prefix signifying
the fauces. I
Isthmocatarrhus [is-mo-kat-ar'-us) {^icOfio^, isthmus; j
Karappieiv , to flow down]. A catarrh of the faucial ;
isthmus. '
Isthmodynia [is-mo-din' -e-afi) \\aOyL6c, neck ; o^'uvji,
pain]. Pain in the faucial isthmus.
Isthmoid [is' -moid) [iff^y^uof , a neck; tldof, likeness].
Resembling an isthmus.
Isthmopathy (js-mop' -ath-e') \\<5diJL6q, neck ; irddog,
disease]. A disease of the faucial isthmus.
Isthmoplegia (is-mo-ple'-je-ali) \\(sdyi6^, neck; ■Klriyri^
stroke]. Paralysis of the faucial tract.
Isthmopolypus [is-mo-pol'-ip-us) [(iTfl|UOf, isthmus;
nokimnvg, polyp]. A polyp of the fauces.
Isthmorrhagia (is-mor-a'-je-a/i) [icr^^/idf, isthmus;
prjyvi'vai, to burst forth]. Hemorrhage from the throat.
Isthmospasm (?y-OTO-j/asOT) \^iaflii6<;, isthmus; CTraandg,
spasm]. Spasm of the isthmus of the fauces. 1
Isthmus (is'^>ius) [icr^/zOf, isthmus]. The neck or I
constricted part of an organ. The part of the brain |
which, situated axially, serves to unite the forebrain, I
the cerebellum, and the spinal cord. I., Gyral, anar- |
row gyrus connecting two adjoining gyri ; an annectant
convolution or pli de passage. I. of Fauces, the space
between the arches of the palate. I. of Thyroid Gland,
the transverse cord connecting the lobes of the thyroid
body.
Isuretin [i-su-re'-tin] [icrof, equal ; ovpov, urine],
CH^MjO. A .substance isomeric with urea ; it appears
on evaporating the alcoholic solution of hydroxylamin
and hydrogen cyanid. It crystallizes in rhombic prisms
similar to those of urea, and melts at 104-5° C.
Italian (i-ta/'-yan) an Italian]. Of or pertain-
ing to Italy. I. Fever. Synonym of Influenza, and
also of Mediterranean Fever. I. Leprosy. See
Pellagra. I. Method. .See Tagliacotian Method.
Itch (icli). ^te Scafiies. I., Army, 'tiee Army. I.,
Bakers'. See Baker. I., Barbers'. See Barber.
I., Bricklayers', ^tt Bricklayer. I., Drunkards',
an intense itching frequent in old alcoholics. I.,
Grocers'. See Grocer. I. -mite. See Acarus
scabiei. I., Norway, an extreme form of general
scabies of the body, resulting in fish-scale-like des-
quamation. I lebra's first case was from Norway. I.,
Warehousemen's. Same as /. , Groccrs\
-ite (It). A suffix employed in mineralogy denoting a
mineral, or of mineral origin. A contraction of rsou I
a stone.
Iter (i'-ter) [//^r, a journey]. A passage affording com-
munication between two or more parts. I. ad infundi-
-ITIS
631
JACTITATION
bulum, the passage between the third ventricle of the
brain and the infandibulum. I. a palati ad aurem,
the Eustachian tube. I. a tertio ad quartum ventri-
culum, the aqueduct of Sylvius, extending from the
third ventricle to the fourth. I. chordae anterius,
the aperture through which the chorda tympani nerve
leaves the tympanum. I. chordae posterius, the
aperture through which the chorda tympani nerve
enters the tympanum. I. dentium, the canal of the
permanent dental sac opening behind the correspond-
ing temporary tooth and through which the permanent
tooth rises.
-itis [;r«f, inflammation]. A suffix used to denote
inflammation.
Ivory (i'-vor-e) [ME., ivory, ivory]. The hard bone-
like substance of the tusks of elephants. I. -black.
See Carbo animalis, and Pigments, Conspectus of. I.,
Dental. See Dentine. I. -brown. See Pigments,
Conspectus of. I. of Tooth. See Dentine.
Ivy {i^-ve) [ME., ivy, ivy]. See Hedera. I. -pea, an
issue-pea made of the wood of the ivy. I., Poison.
See RIius.
Ixodes (iks-o'-dlz) [/fa)(5/;c, sticky ; if (if , bird-lime ; fifiof,
form]. An insect of the natural order Acaridea. See
Parasites [Animal) , Table of.
Ixyomyelitis ijks-e-o-mi-el-i' -tis) [if(V, waist ; iiveXoq,
marrow; iTic, inflammation]. Myelitis of the dorsal
region of the spinal cord ; ischiomyelis ; osphyomy-
elitis.
Izal ii'-zal). Thorncliffe disinfectant; a by-product
obtained in the process of coke-formation ; it posseses
strong disinfectant properties without any irritating
quality. It mixes well with water, and has an agree-
able odor. Unof.
Jabber {jah'-er) [ME., jaber, to chatter]. To talk
rapidly and indistinctly ; to chatter.
Jaborandi [jab-oi'-an' -de) [Braz.]. The leaves o{ Pilo-
carpus pennatif alius, a valuable diaphoretic. See Pilo-
carpus.
Jaborin {jab'-or-in) [Braz., Jahorandi'\, CjjHj^N.^Oj.
An alkaloid derivable from pilocarpin by the action of
heat and sulphuric acid. It is an amorphous, strongly
basic substance, and has properties resembling those
of atropin. Unof.
Jacaranda [jak-ar-an'-dali) [Brazilian]. A genus of
bignoniaceous plants of tropical America. J. caroba
is antisyphilitic, and is of service in the treatment of
urethritis, rheumatism, and skin-diseases. Dose of
the fl. ext. gtt. xvi-fl. '7^]. J. lancifoliata, is used by
the natives of Brazil in urethritis. Dose of an ij to
Oj tincture Ttl^xv ; of the fl. extract, gtt. xvi-xxx.
Unof.
Jaccoud's Sign. See Signs and Symptoms, Table of.
Jack {Jak) [ME., Jacke, a personal name]. A popular
term for horse-flesh salted and subsequently washed in
. order to deprive it of its peculiar taste. J. -knife
Posture. See Postures.
Jacket {jak'-et) \¥r. , jacijue, a coat of mail]. A short
coat. J., Bark, a jacket stuffed with powdered cin-
chona. J., Cotton, a jacket lined with cotton, some-
times used in the treatment of pneumonia. J.,
Plaster-of-Paris, a mould of plaster-of- Paris cast
upon the body or part, for keeping it rigid and fixed
in a desired position, in sprain or dislocation of the
spine, -^tc. J. -poultice, a poultice applied about the
whole surface of the thorax ; it is sometimes used in
the treatment of pneumonia. J., Straight, a system
of leather straps used to bind violently insane persons
in order to prevent self-inflicted injury.
Jackson's Pectoral Syrup. A cough-medicine contain-
ing morphin hydrochlorate, sugar, sassafras pith, gum
arable, and water.
Jacksonian Epilepsy. Focal, cortical, or symptomatic
epilepsy. A spasm limited to a single group of muscles
m the face, arm, or leg, due generally to irritative lesion
. of the motor area of the brain ; the spasm may also in-
volve other groups of muscles ; consciousness is usually
retained ; there is danger of the convulsions becoming
general. See Epilepsy, and Diseases, Table of.
Jacob's Membrane. A name sometimes applied to
the layer of rods and cones of the retina. J.'s Ulcer.
See Rodent Ulcer, and Diseases, Table of.
Jacobson's Anastomosis. The tympanic plexus. See
Plexus. J.'s Canal. See Canal. J.'s Cartilage,
a strip of cartilage under Jacobson's organ, firmly
adherent to the latter, but distinct from the septal
cartilage of the nose, to the outer side of the ventral
edge of which it is situated. J.'s Nerve, the nerve
of the tympanum. 'Het Nerves, Table of. J.'s Organ,
a short, rudimentary canal, extending along the septum
of Stensen's duct, and ending in a cul-de-sac.
Plaster Jacket. (Sayre.)
Jacquart, Angle of. See Angle.
Jacquemin's Sign. See Signs and Symptoms, Table of.
Jactation {jak-ta' -shun). See Jactitation.
Jactitation ( jak-tit-a' -shun) [jactitare, to pour forth].
The restlessness and tendency to frequent changes of
JADELOT'S LINES OR FURROWS 632
JAUNDICE
position that characterize severe distress in disease.
J., Periodic. Synonym of Chorea.
Jadelot's Lines or Furrows. Certain furrows of the
face of children in serious illness. Three sets are
distinguished : The Genal Furrow, from the mouth
almost to the malar bone ; this and the nasal furrow are
said to indicate disease of the gastro- intestinal tract or
abdominal viscera ; the Labial Furrow, from the angle
of the mouth outward to the lower part of the face, which
" should direct attention to the lungs ; " the Nasal
Furrow, from the nasal alse in a semicircle about the
mouth ; the Oculo-zygomatic Furrow, beginning at
the inner canthus of the eye, and passing outward
below the lower lid, to be lost on the cheek ; it is said to
point to disorders of the cerebro-spinal nervous system.
See, also, Lines, Table of; and Signs and Symptoms,
Table of.
Jaeger's Test-types. A series of types of varying size
for testing the power of vision.
Jag i^jag^ [Prov. Eng.]. A popular slang name for a
state of drunkenness ; also, for enough liquor to pro-
duce a state of drunkenness. The term has been
adopted into the jargon of certain proprietary cures for
the alcohol-habit.
Jaggery [ jag'-er-e) [E. Ind.]. The name given to a
very impure East Indian palm-sugar, sometimes refined
in England, but chiefly consumed in the country of its
production.
Jail-fever. Synonym of Typhus Fever, q. v.
V. Jaksch's Disease. Pseudoleukocythemia of infants.
See Diseases, Table of.
Jalap, or Jalapa [ja/'-ap or jaF-ap-ali) [named from
Jalapa, a city of Mexico]. The tuber of Exogonium
purga, a plant with properties due to two resins, jala-
pin and convolvulin. It is an active hydragogue
cathartic, especially useful in combination with calo-
mel. J., Abstractum, an ingredient of pil.,cath.
comp. Dose gr. j-v. J., Ext. (B. P.) Dose gr. v-xv.
J., Resina, precipitated from the tincture by water.
Dose gr. ij-v. J., Pulv., Comp., contains jalap 35,
potassium bitartrate 65. Dose gr. x-^j. J., Tinct.
(B. P.) Dose gss-j.
Jalapin [jal' -ap-in) [from Jalapa, a city of Mexico],
C-^^HjgOjj. I. A glucosid from Convolvitlus oriza-
bensis, very similar in properties to convolvulin ; it is
actively cathartic. 2. The precipitate from a tincture
of the root of Ipotncsa jalapa ; an irritant hydragogue
cathartic. Dose gr. iij. Unof.
Jamaica [Jam-a'-kah) [W. Indies]. An island of the
West Indies. J. Dogwood. See Piscidia. J. Kino.
See Coccolaba.
Jamaicin [ja?n-a' -is-in'). Same as Berberin.
Jambosa {^jam-bo' -sali) [Fr., jainbosie7-\. A genus of
myrtaceous S. Asiatic trees. The bark of J. aquea,
J. domestica, and J. vulgaris is astringent ; the
fruit (rose-apple, or jambosa) is edible ; the fruit and
flowers are refrigerant, and the seeds are aromatic. Unof.
Jambu assu ( jam'-boo as-soo') [E. Ind.]. The root of
Ottonia jaborandi, a Brazilian tree. It is thought to
be stimulant and febrifuge, but its properties are not
definitely known. Dose of the fld. ext. n\_x-xxx. Unof.
Jambul [ jam' -bid) [E. Ind., jambii\. The dried and
powdered fruit-stones of Syzygiiiin ja//ibolam/ru, ushrah
of the order of Myrtaceaj, growing in Western India.
It is a valuable astringent in the diarrheas of children,
and has also been found to lessen the amount of sugar
and urine excreted in diabetes. Dose gr. ij-x ; of the
fluid extract of the seeds, TT\,v-x. Unof.
James's Pill. A pill containing equal parts of James's
powder, ammoniac, and pil. aloes and myrrh. J.'s
Powder. See Antimonium.
Jamestown Weed. .See Stramonium.
Janosik's Embryo. A human embryo described by
Janosik as having two gill-pouches and three aortic
arches.
Janus, or Janiceps [ja'-mis ox jan'-is-eps) \^Jamis,2.
two-faced divinity ; caput, head] . A syncephalic
monstrosity with two faces.
Japan ^jap-an') [Chin., Jihpiin'\. An island on the
eastern coast of Asia. J. Colors. See Pigments,
Colors, and Dye-stuffs. J. -black. See Pigments,
Conspectus of. J. Lacquer. Same as J.-black. J.
Wax, a wax obtained by boiling the berries of several
trees of the genus Rhus, from incisions in the stems
of which flows the famous Japan lacquer varnish. It
is properly a fat, as it consists almost entirely of
glyceryl palmitate. Its specific gravity is .999 and its
melting-point 120° F. (49° C). When freshly broken,
the fractured surface is almost white or slightly yel-
lowish-green and the odor tallow-like. It is used for
mixing with beeswax in the manufacture of candles
and wax matches.
Japanese ( /ap-an-ez^) \^Japan, an island on the east
coast of Asia]. Pertaining to Japan or its inhabit-
ants. J. Method of Resuscitation ; it consists in
drawing forward the tongue and making rapid passes
with paper fans soaked in water and aqua ammoniae.
The object is to get as much of the vapor of ammonia
into the lungs as possible. This method is also called
Japanese Fanning. J. Fanning. See J. Method of
Resuscitation. J. Hot-box, a device for applying
dry-heat to a part, as the eyes.
Jar [Pers., jarrah, a little cruse]. A small earthen or
glass vessel without handle or spout. J., Leyden, an
electric condenser consisting of a glass jar lined, exter-
nally and internally, in its lower two-thirds with tin.
See Leyden.
Jargon [jar'-gofi) [ME., jargottn, chattering]. Con-
fused, unintelligible talk ; gibberish; babble; charac-
teristic of some forms of idiocy and insanity.
Jargonize {jar' -gon-iz) [ME., jargoun, chattering].
To utter unintelligible sounds.
Jarich's Ointment. An ointment containing pyrogallic
acid, 3j, and lard, one ounce.
Jarjavay's Muscle. See Muscles, Table of.
Jasmine (jaz'-min) [Pers., yasmin, jasmine]. See
JasminuDi . J. -yellow. See Gelsemiiim .
Jasminum (jaz'-min-um) [Vm., yasmtn, jasmine]. A
genus of oleaceous plants, mostly of tropical old-world
origin ; jasmine. Many of the .species are cultivated
for their fragrant flowers, and for their essential oil.
Some of the species are vermifuge, others lactifuge, and
still others are used in the treatment of skin-diseases.
Unof.
Jatropha (jat'-rojah) [iarpf^f , a physician ; rpo^v,
nourishment]. A genus of euphorbiaceous plants
having irritant, cathartic, and emetic properties. See
Barbadoes Nut and Tapioca. J. macrorhiza, the root
of a plant indigenous to Mexico and the Southern
United States, possessed of alterative and cholagogue
properties ; in large doses it is a hydragogue cathartic
and emetic. Dose of the fluid extract 3 ss-ij. Unof.
J. Oil, the oil of the Barbadoes nut.
Jaundice {jawn' -dis) [Fr. , ja/enisse, yellowness]. A
condition arising from obstruction of the biliary pas-
sages. It is characterized by a yellowish coloration of
the skin, and may be associated with languor, malaise,
nausea, vomiting, itching of the skin, diarrhea or con-
stipation, clay-colored stools, slow pulse, and depres-
sion of temperature. Certain of the secretions of the
body also are discolored, as the urine. J., Acute
Febrile. See ITeil's Disease. J., Acute Infective.
See ll eiTs Disease. J., Black, an extreme degree of
jaundice. J., Blue, a synonym of J., Hema-
JAUNE
633
JERVIN
togenous, the yellowish discoloration of the skin, re-
sulting from disorganization of the red blood-corpus-
cles. J., Hemafecal, jaundice associated with bloody
stools. J., Hepatogenic. See Hepatogenic. J.,
Malignant, acute yellow atrophy of the liver. J.,
White. Synonym of Chlorosis.
Jaune (zhon) [Fr.]. Yellow. J. -brilliant. Same as
Cadmium -yellow.
Java Tea. The leaves of Orthosiphon staminceus , the
infusion of which is reputed to be diuretic in doses
of gj-ij. See Orthosiphon.
Javelle's Water. A solution of potassium or sodium
hypochlorite.
Jaw [ME., jaive, jaw]. See Maxilla. J. -bone, a
maxilla, especially the inferior ma.xilla. J. -disease, a
term for phosphorus-necrosis. J. -jerk, a tendon reflex
obtained by suddenly depressing the lower jaw. See
Reflexes, Table of. J. -less, without jaws. J., Lock, or
Locked. See Trismus. J., Lumpy, actinomycosis
of cattle. J. -pocking, a Scottish term for Wattles,
q. V. J. -tooth, a molar tooth.
Jaws i^jaivz). See Maxillary Bones.
Jealousy (yV/'-z/j-f') [ME., y(r/oz«, jealous]. A feeling
of resentful suspicion caused by belief in the rivalry
of another person in the love or favor of one's hus-
band or wife. When excessive, unreasonable, or
abnormal, it may be looked upon as a symptom of
insanity.
Jecinorous [jes-in' -or-tts) \_jecur, jecoris, liver]. He-
patic.
Jecoral {jek'-or-al), Jecorary {jek'-or-a-re), Jeco-
rose (^jek'-or-ds) \_jeeur, jecoris, liver]. Hepatic;
relating to the liver.
Jecorin i^jek'-or-iti) \_jecur, jecoris, liver], Cjo-H,ggNj-
SPjOji;. A complex body found by Drechsel in the
liver-substance. In its properties it somewhat resem-
bles lecithin, but it reduces Fehling's solution. It
occurs also in the spleen, muscle, brain, etc.
Jecur (yX-Zv;-) [L.]. The liver. J. aselli, the liver of
the cod-fish. J. lardaceum, waxy or lardaceous liver.
Jeffersonia {jef-er-so' -ne-ah) [after Thomas Jefferson,
a president of the U. S.]. A genus of berberidaceous
plants. J. diphylla, a N. American berberidaceous
plant, useful in rheumatism, and a good substitute for
senega. It is tonic and in large doses expectorant ;
it is also called rheumatism-root and twin-leaf. See
Twin-leaf. Unof.
Jeffries, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Synonymatic
Table of.
Jejunal {jej-u'-7tal) \Jejunus, dry]. Pertaining to the
jejunum.
Jejunitas {je-ju' -nit-as) [L.]. Fasting.
Jejunitis \jej-u-ni' -tis) \_jejunus, dry; irig, inflam-
mation]. Inflammation of the jejunum.
Jejunium {je-ju' -ne-um) \\^., pi. , Jejtmial. A fast.
Jejuno-colostomy [jej-u-no-ko-los^ -to-7ne) [jejunus,
dry; kIAov, colon; arofia, mouth]. The surgical
formation of an artificial passage between the jejunum
and the colon.
Jejuno-ileitis i^jej-u-no-il-e-i' -tis) \_jejunus, dry ; tVkeiv,
to roll ; iriq, inflammation]. Inflammation of the
jejunum and the ileum.
Jejuno-ileostomy [jej-ic-no-il-e-os'-to-me) \_jejunus,
dry; dXeiv, to roll; crofia, mouth]. The surgical
formation of an artificial communication between the
jejunum and the ileum.
Jejunostomy (^jej-u-nos' •to-ine') \_jejunus , Ary ; arojia,
mouth]. The making and maintenance of an artificial
opening through the abdominal wall into the jejunum.
The operation is designed to permit the introduction
of food in cases of carcinoma of the pylorus and sim-
ilar affections.
Jejuno-typhoid (^jej-u-no-ti'-foid) \_jfuiius, dry;
rl^of, smoke; f/dof, likeness]. Typhoid fever with
involvement of the jejunum or its glands.
Jejunum [jej-u'-num) [jejunus, Ary, empty, because
thought to be empty after death]. The two-fifths of
a
c. Cardiac, p. Pyloric parts of stomach, d Duodenum i-
Jejunum and ileum, ac. Ascending, tc. transverse, and dc.
descending colon, r. Rectum, a. Anus.
the small intestine extending between the duodenum
and the ileum. Also a synonym of Fasting.
Jelly {jel'-e) [gelare, to freeze]. In pharmacy, a soft,
non-viscid, but somewhat elastic substance, of which
hydrated gelatin is the best example. Domestic fruit-
jellies consist of the inspissated juice of the fruit, with
one or two parts of sugar, together with the natural
mucilage of the seeds of the fruit. Many of the
imported jellies sold in the United States contain no
fruit-juice, being for the greater part ordinary animal
gelatin acidified with tartaric acid, and flavored arti-
ficially. J., Glycerin. See Afounting-^nedia ; also.
Glycerin-jelly. J., Wharton's. See Wharton.
Jennerian [jen-er'-e-an) [after Jenner, an English
physician]. Pertaining to Jenrjer, or to the theory or
practice of vaccination.
Jensen's Fissure. See Fissures, Table of.
Jequiritin [jek-ir'-it-in). A soluble active principle
obtained from jequirity seeds. See Abriis.
Jequirity [jek-ir'-it-e). See Abrus.
Jerk [origin uncertain]. See Chin-jerk, Elboiv-jerk,
Ja'iV-jerk, Knee-jerk, Toe-jerk, etc. J. -finger. See
Spring-finger.
Jerkers [jerk'-erz). See Jumpers.
Jerks [origin uncertain]. A form of hysteric and almost
maniacal agitation, accompanied by sudden distortions
of the body. It has been epidemic in certain seasons
of unusual religious excitement.
Jersey Tea. See Red-root.
Jervin [jer^-vin) \_jerva, green hellebore-root],
CpHj^NO., ; a poisonous, crystalline alkaloid found in
varieties of veratrum.
JESUITS' BARK
634
JUNIPERUS
Jesuits' Bark. A name for Cinchona. J. Drops.
See W'adc^ s Balsam.
Jetolin ( je/' -o-liti). See Pigments., Conspectus of .
Jewel-weed (ju'-et-zued). See Impatiens.
Jewlap ( jii'-lap). See Dewlap.
Jigger Flea. See Pulex.
Jimjams ( jim' -jamz) [slang]. A vulgar synonym of
delirium tremens.
Jimson ( 'Aee £>atnra stramoiiuin.
Jingko {jing'-ko). See Gingko.
Job's Tears. See Coix lacrivia.
Jobert's Suture. See Sutiire.
Joe Pye Weed. See Eiipatoriiim piiipureitm.
Johnson's Picro-saccharimeter. See Picro-saccharim-
eter.
Joint [ME, , y'oi'/?/, a joint]. See Articulation. J. -dis-
ease, any morbid affection involving the joints and
their surrounding tissues. J., Charcot's, a disease of
the joints accompanying tabes dorsalis. It is charac-
terized by a swelling, due to effusion of fluid into the
articular cavity and about the surrounding tissues,
followed by a lax condition, and ending in distortion
or deformity of the joint, sometimes with diminished
range of motion, and at other times with excessive
range of motion. J. -felon. See J. -ill. J. -ill, a
term applied to two very different forms of disease
in cattle: I. To septic arthritis, x&iVLMmgixom. septic
inflammation of the navel ; 2. To an acute exudative
arthritis, in which large quantities of plastic lymph
are thrown into the cavity of the joint, leading to per-
manent stiffening and deformity. J. -less, without
joints. J. -mice. See Corpora libera articiilorum.
J. -oil, the synovia.
Jones's (Bence) Albumin. See Albumin.
Jorissenne's Sign, 'fi^te Signs and Symptoms, Table of.
Joule [jool) [after J. P. Joule, an English physicist].
A heat-unit, equal to one calorie divided by 4200.
See Electric Units. J.'s Law. See Law.
Jowl [jol or ;oul) [ME.,/o//if, jaw]. The cheek.
Judas Tree [ju'-das tre). Red-bud. The bark of
Cercis canadensis, an astringent, much used in diar-
rhea, and as an injection in leukorrhea. Dose of the
fld. ext., n\,xv-3j. Unof
Jugal [ju'-gal) \_jugum, a yoke]. Connecting or
uniting, as by a yoke. J. Bone, the malar bone.
J. Points. See Craniometric Points. J. Process.
See Zygoma.
Juglandin [jilg-lan'-din] [juglans, a walnut]. A
precipitate from a tincture of the root-bark of Butter-
nut, Juglatts cinerea ; it is alterative, tonic, laxative,
detergent, etc. Dose 2 to 5 grains. Unof.
Juglans ( jug'-lam) [L. , " walnut"]. A genus of trees,
including the true walnut. J. regia, the European
walnut, has stimulant and alterative leaves, which
have been found useful in expelling tapewonn. The
black walnut, J. nigra, has the same properties.
Butternut, the inner bark (collected in autumn) of
the roots of J. cinerea, is a mild cathartic, very popu-
lar in dysentery and chronic constipation. Dose of
the ext., gr. v x.
Juglone { jug' -Ion) \_ juglans, walnut] , C,oH5(0.^). OH.
An active principle existing in the bark of the Euro-
pean walnut ; it is also obtained by oxidizing hydrojug-
lone with ferric chlorid. It is almost insoluble in water,
consists of yellow needles, and melts with decomposi-
tion at about 150-155° C It has the smell of fresh
walnuts, and is a powerful sternutatory. Unof.
Jugo-maxillary {ju'-go-maks'-il-a-re) \_Jugum, a yoke ;
maxilla, a jaw]. Relating to the jugular vein and
the maxilla.
Jug-sound. A term for amphoric resonance.
Jugular [ju'-gu-lar] [Jiigiilaris ; Jugiilum, throat].
Pertaining to the throat. J. Fossa. See Fossa. J.
Veins. See Vein.
Jugulation ( jug-u-la' -shun) [_ /ug'ulatio, a killing].
The swift and sudden shortening of an attack of dis-
ease by therapeutic measures ; also, the arrest of an
epidemic by prompt and effective measures.
Jugulocephalic {ju-gic-lo-sef-al'-ik) \_jugulum, the
throat; head]. Pertaining to the throat and
the head.
Jugulum [jiig'-u-lum) [L. : pi., Jugula\ The collar-
bone ; also, the throat.
Jugum {ju'-guni) [L. : Juga'\. A yoke. In
biology, a pair of leaflets in a compound leaf J.
penis, a cushioned forceps or compressor applied to
the penis to prevent incontinence of urine. J. sphen-
oidale, the line of fusion of the orbito-sphenoid bones.
Juice {jiis) [y;«, broth]. The fluid or liquid contained
in the tissue of an animal or plant. Various secretions
of the body are known as juices, e.g., the gastric,
intestinal, and pancreatic juices. J. -canals, spaces
within the connective tissue, constituting the origin of
the lymphatic vessels. J., Gastric. See Gastric.
J., Intestinal, the intestinal secretion, succus entericus,
the secretion of the follicles of Lieberkiihn mainly,
but in the duodenum including that of Brunner's
glands. J., Pancreatic. See Pancreatic.
Jujube {jii'-jub) \_JuJiiba, fruit]. The fruit of the
jujube tree, Zizyphus jiijuba. J. -paste, a confection,
originally containing the pulp of jujubes, but now
made of gum-arabic, or of gelatin, variously flavored.
Julaceous {ju-la' -she-tts) [iiilus, catkin]. In biology,
resembling a catkin.
Julep (ju'-lep) [Pers., juldb, a sweet drink]. A sweet-
ened and aromatized alcoholic or medicated drink.
Jumbai-bean [/um'-bi-ben) [Negro dial., Jumhai, an
evil spirit]. The Lucccna glauca, a leguminous tree
resembling the locust, found in the West Indies. The
eating of the fruit or the foliage by horses and cattle
results in the loss of hoofs, horns, and hair of tail and
mane.
Jumpers [ /um'-perz) [ME., jumpen, to jump]. A
name applied to those afflicted with a neurosis charac-
terized by motor incoordination and convulsive move-
ments of any part of the body, but especially of the
lower extremities, so that springing movements or
jumping movements follow efforts to walk, etc. The
name has also been given to hysteric fanatics whose
devotional frenzy is accompanied by acts of leaping
and distortion ; and also to certain persons whose
powers of will and control over their movements
are in part abolished. See Latah, Myriachit, Palmus,
and Saltatoric Spasm.
Jumping { jump' -ing). See Palmus.
Junctura (junk-tu' -rah) [L.]. A suture, as of bones.
June ( jfin) [Junius, a Roman name, meaning young].
I he sixth month of the year. J. -cold. Synonym of
Hay-fcvcr. J. Lobster. See Buckle-shell.
Jungle Fever. See Fever.
Juniper [ju'-nip-er). See Juniperus.
Juniperin {ju-nip' -er-in) [ juniperus, the juniper-tree].
A yellow, resin-like powder found in juniper-berries.
Juniperus ( -//.(■) \}^., gen., Junipcri\ I. A
genus of berry-bearing coniferous trees. Besides the
official species (see Juniperus, 2), there are several
other medicinal species. 2. Juniper, the fruit of
communis; its properties are mainly due to a volatile oil,
and it is a stomachic tonic, diuretic, and aphrodisiac.
The oil is eliminated by the kidneys. It is valuable in
chronic pyelitis and cystitis. J., Infusum, unof.,
consists of juniper-berries _^j, boiHng water Oj. J-i
01., the volatile oil. Dose V^-xx- J '^^P*-' 3 P'"''^
of the oil in 97 of alcohol. Dose ^j-.^j- J-. Spt-i
JUNK
635
JUXTAPOSITION
Comp., the gin of commerce ; oil of juniper lo, oil of
caraway I, oil of fennel I, alcohol 3000, water q. s. ad
5000 parts. Dose ^ss-j. J. oxycedrus affords oil
of cade, q. v. See also Sahina. Oil of Cade,
a tar obtained by the distillation of juniper- wood ; it is
sometimes used externally in eczema and psoriasis.
Unof.
Junk [Port.,y««a', a rush]. In surgery, a quilted cushion
forming a sling in which to suspend a fractured limb.
It was formerly made of rushes or reeds.
Junker's Inhaler. See Anesthetic.
Junket [jtmk'-et) [JAK., junket, a rush]. Curds and
whey ; a delicacy for invalids, prepared by taking ^4.
pint of fresh milk heated to an agreeable tempera-
ture, adding I teaspoonful of rennet or essence of pep-
sin, and stirring well. Let the mixture stand till
curdled, and serve with sugar and nutmeg.
Junod's Boot. A boot-shaped case, usually of stiff
leather, made to enclose the leg so that, the air being
exhausted, the blood-vessels and tissues of the limb are
dilated by the excess of blood. It has been em-
ployed to relieve inflammation and congestion of
the viscera.
Jurema [ju-re' -maJi) [Braz.]. A leguminous Brazilian
tree, Stryplinodendron jurema. Its bark is astringent,
and is said to be narcotic. Unof.
Juriballi [jn-rib-al'-e) [W. Ind.]. A name for several
meliaceous trees and their astringent and antipyretic
bark, among which are Trichilia moschata, Soymida
febrifuga, and Khaya senegalcnsis.
Jurisprudence { ju-ris-pru'-dens) \_jus, law; prudentin,
skill]. The science of the interpretation and applica-
tion of the law. J., Medical, the application of med-
ical knowledge to the principles of common law.
Jurubeba ( ju-rii-be' -ha/i) [Braz.]. The leaves and juice
of a shrub, Solanuni insidiosum, indigenous to Brazil.
It is an alterative, tonic, diuretic, and drastic cathartic.
Dose of the fluid extract gtt. j-v. Unof.
Jury [ju'-re] \_jurare, to swear]. A body of men
legally appointed to determine the guilt or innocence
of a prisoner, or to determine the facts in judicial
inquiries. J. -leg, a wooden leg. J. of Matrons, a
body of twelve matrons, formerly empaneled in Eng-
land to determine if a murderess, for whom such plea
was made, were pregnant. J. -mast, a steel shaft with
curved iron rods attached, sometimes employed to sup-
port the head in disease of the upper vertebrze ; it is
mainly used in connection with Sayre's treatment of
spondylitis. See annexed illustration.
Jus {jiis) [L.]. See Juice, and Juscuhtm.
Jusculum [jus' -hiduni) [L., a decoction]. A soup or
broth ; gruel or porridge.
Jusetmond's Arsenical Powder. A preparation of
arsenic used in various skin-affections. It consists of
sulphuretted antimony, 16 parts; arsenious acid, one
part. These are melted in a crucible, and, when cold,
the mass is reduced to a powder, and five parts of
e.xtract of opium are added.
Justicia ( jiis-tis' -e-ah) [named from a Mr. Justice, a
botanist]. A genus of acanthaceous herbs and shrubs.
J. adhatoda is antispasmodic and febrifuge. J. ec-
bolium is anti-icteric, diuretic, and deobstruent. J.
echioides, diuretic. J. gendarussa, diaphoretic. J.
pectoralis is bechic and stomachic. Unof.
Justo-major Pelvis {jus' -to-ma' -jor). See Pelvis,
Fenuilc, De/oi-inities of.
Justo-minor Pelvis. See Pelvis, Female, Deform-
ities of.
Jute {jiit) [Beng. , /'«/, matted hair]. The bast fiber of
two species of the genus Corchorus , grown chiefly in
India and Ceylon. The fibers have a length of 2.5
meters, or even more, are of a yellowish-white color,
and have a fine luster. Jute contains no free cellulose,
but consists of bastose. When treated with iodin and
sulphuric acid, it yields a deep-brown color.
Juvantia [ju-van'-she-ah) [L., " aiding"]. Adjuvant
remedies or medicines. See Adjuvant.
Jury-mast. (Sayre.)
Juventus {ju-ven'-tus) [ juvenis, young]. A term
formerly applied to that period of life between the ages
of twenty-five and thirty-five years.
Juxtaposition {juks-tah-po-zish' -un') \_juxta, near; posi-
//f, position]. Situation adjacent to another; the act
of placing near; apposition.
K
636
KARTULIS, BACILLUS OF
K
K. The symbol of Kaliinn, or its more commonly used
equivalent, Pofassium.
K., or Ka. In electrotherapeutics, the abbreviation of
Katliodc, or of Kathodic.
Kaateer's Method. A method of staining tubercle-
bacilli. See Stai>is, Table of.
Kabbalistic, Cabalistic {kab-al-is'-tik) [Heb., gabba-
lah, reception]. Pertaining to the Kabbala, which
included a system of the treatment of diseases by su-
pernatural agencies.
Kaif (kif) [Arab.]. Languor; dreamy enjoyment;
sensuous tranquillity, such as follows the use of cer-
tain drugs (like opium, or hashish).
Kairin (ki'-rm) {jiaipoi;, the right time], C,|,Hj3NO.-
HCl.HjO. An artificial alkaloid prepared from
chinolin. It is valuable as a powerful antipyretic ;
it also produces diaphoresis and emesis ; its use is
sometimes followed by collapse. Its general proper-
ties are similar to those of antipyrin, q.v. Dose gr. iij-
XXX. Unof.
Kairocoll {ki' -ro-kol') [_Kaip6^, the right time ; Ko'AXa,
glue], C[jHjjN02. An artificial alkaloid prepared
from chinolin.
Kairolin, or Kairolina {ki'-ro-lin, or ki-ro-li' -nali)
[/M/pof, the right time], Cj^Hj^N. Methylquinolin
hydrid. An antipyretic resembling kairin, but less
efficient. Unof.
Kakke [kak'-ka) [Chinese for "leg-disease"]. Epi-
demic and endemic multiple neuritis, or beriberi, as
seen in Eastern and Southern Asia.
Kako- {kak'-o-). See Caco-.
Kakodyl (kak'-o-dil). See Cacodyl.
Kakosmia [kak-oz' -!?ie-ah) . See Cacosmia.
Kakotrophia {kak-ot-ro' -fe-ah'). See Cacotrophy.
VLaXadAna. [kal-ad-a' -nah) [origin unknown]. An East
Indian convolvulaceous plant, Ipimicea [P/iarbitis) nil.
Its seeds are a safe and good cathartic. Dose of the
powdered drug, ^ss-^ij; of the resin, gr. iv-viij.
Unof.
Kalanchoe {kal-an-ko'-e) [Chinese]. An East Indian
crassulaceous plant. Its leaves are used in the form
of poultices for bites and boils, the juice as an anti-
pyretic. Unof
Kali [kal'-e, or ka'-li) [Ar. , qal'i, potash]. Potassium,
q. V. K.-blue. Same as Berlm-bliie.
Kalidium [kal-id' -e-uin) \_KaXi6(oi>, dim. of Kokia, cot,
granary : //. , Kalidia\. In biology, the spore-capsule
of certain alga;.
Kaligenous (kal-if-en-tis) [Ar. , i/a/? , potash ; yevvdv,
to beget]. Pertaining to the production of potassium.
Kaligraph [kal' -ig-raf) [/taA(5f, beautiful, -ypaipeiv, to
write]. An instrument for the use of those afflicted
with writers' cramp. It is essentially a pantograph,
so arranged that by making the letters very large at one
point, they are reproduced of a natural size at another.
Kalimeter {kal-im' -et-er). See Alkaliiiieter.
Kalimetry \kal-im' -et-re). 'sie.t. Alkalimetry.
Kaline [ka'-liii or kal' -in). See Alkaline.
Kalisaya (kal-is-a' -yah). See Calisaya.
Kalium {ka' -le-iim). A synonym of Potassium , q. -<'.
Kalmia [ktiF -me-ali) [after Peter Kalm, an explorer].
Laurel, Mountain -laurel, Sheep-laurel, Broad-leaved
laurel. Calico Bush. The leaves of K. latifolia, a
well-known evergreen common in the United States,
having alterative, cardiac, sedative, and astringent
properties. It is a popular cure-all, and has proved
valuable in diarrhea and in syphilitic affections. Dose
gr. xx-xxx ; of the fid. ext. rr\^xx-3ss. Unof. K.
angfustifolia, like the foregoing, is poisonous. Its
decoction is a popular remedy for sores and ulcers, to
which it is applied hot. Unof.
Kalmuck Type. See Idiocy, Etlmic.
Kamala (/&(?OT-<7'-/(z//) [Hind. , /^«;«z/<7]. Rottlera. The
glands and hairs from the capsules of Mallotus philip-
pinensis {Rottlera tinctoria), native to Southern Asia
and Abyssinia. It is a purgative and anthelmintic,
much used for the expulsion of lumbricoid and other
parasitic worms. Dose 3j-§j of an § vj to ^xvj
alcoholic tincture.
Kambi {kam'-be) [E. Ind.]. An aromatic gum, like
elemi, from Gardenia lucida, a plant of India. Unof.
Kamela (katn-e' -lah) or Kamila {kam-e' -lah). See
Kamala.
Kammerer and Giacomi's Apparatus. An appara-
tus for air-analysis.
Kanarin {kan' -ar-in), CjN^HSj. A substance ob-
tained from KCNS by electrolysis ; it is probably
identical with pseudo-cyanogen sulphid, and is em-
ployed as a yellow or orange dye for wool, not re-
quiring a mordant.
Kandahar Sore (kan' -da-har). See Furunetilus ori-
entalis.
Kandelia {kan-de' -le-ah) \y^.\x\A., kander\. A rhizo-
phoreaceous plant found in the Malay Islands. K.
rheedii, a small tree found in India, where its bark,
mixed with dried ginger, or pepper and rose-water, is
used in diabetes. Unof.
Kandol [kan'-dol). A volatile constituent of coal-tar,
proposed as a local anesthetic. Its rapid evaporation
freezes the superficial tissues. It is possibly identical
with rhigolene, q. 7'. Unof.
Kangaroo Method {kang-gar-oo'). H. C. Wood's
term for the method of treating disease by giving, at
short intervals, powerful remedies whose influence is
short-lived. K. Tendon, a material derived from
the tail of Macropus giganteus, the great kangaroo. It
is used in surgery for ligatures. See Ligature.
Kanten [kan'-ten) [Jap.]. A variety of agar-agar, or
Japanese sea-weed isinglass, used in the arts, and as
a food.
Kaolin (ka'-o-li?!) [Chin., kaoling, "high ridge"].
White clay, China clay. The silicate of aluminum,
obtained from the decomposition of felspar. It is
sometimes used as a protective application in eczema.
K., Ung., I in 3, allays irritation if applied to abraded
skin. Unof.
Kaposi's Disease. See Atrophoderma pigmentosu7)i ,s.xA
Xeroderma pigmentosum ; a\iO, Diseases, Table of. K.'s
Ointment, an ointment used in the treatment of sca-
bies. It consists of naphthol, 40 grains ; green-soap,
2j-^ drams; prepared chalk, ^'^ dram; lard, ounce.
It is also called the compound naphthol-ointment.
Kappeler's Method. See Anesthetic.
Karabic Acid {kar' -ab-ic). See Acid, Succinic.
Karakin (kar'-ak-in) [N. Zeal., karaka']. A white
crystalline body, apparently a glucosid, obtained from
the nuts of the karaka {Corynocarpus litvigata). It
is an intensely bitter, crystalline body, soluble in water,
alcohol, and alkalies, insoluble in ether and chloro-
roform, and melts at 100° C.
Kardio- [kar'-de-o-). See Cardio-.
Karlinski, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Synonymatic
Table of. K., Proteus of. See Bacteria, Synonym-
atic Table of.
Kartulis, Bacillus of. Ste Bacteria, Svnonvmatic Table
of
KARYOGAMIC
637
KATHODIC
Karyogamic {kar-e-o-gam' -ik^ \K.apvov, nucleus ; ydfio^,
marriage]. Pertaining to tlie blending of nuclei, as
in reproduction.
Karyokinesis (kar-e-o-kin-e' -sis) \j<.apvov, a nut (nu-
cleus); dvijwc, movement, change]. A complicated
series of changes accompanying the maturation of the
ovum and the extrusion of the polar globule ; indirect
or nuclear cell-division, characterized by a radiate ar-
rangement of the protoplasm immediately about the
" centrosome " and the "sphere of attraction" at
one pole, but outside of the nucleus, and following
the division of the "sphere of attraction" into two
halves of clear protoplasm ; also, by changes in the
nucleoplasm, the chromatin becoming granular and
Karyokinesis.
A. Nuclear reticulum, resting stage. B. Preparing for divi-
sion. C. Wreath stage. D. Monaster with achromatic
spindle. E. Barrel or pithode stage, or metakinesis, z. e.,
chromatin-fibrils traveling along the achromatic spindle
toward the poles. F. Diaster. G. Daughter-wreath stage.
H. Daughter-cells passing to resting-stage.
arranged as a transverse band or disc, while the achro-
matin is transformed into threads {karyoniitd), form-
ing a spindle-shaped structure {nuclear, spindle,
barrel-form, pithos), stretching between the two astral
systems, or suns. The entire arrangement, central
disc, spindle, and the two suns, constitutes the so-
called amphiaster, or diaster, and, in connection with
the production of the polar globules, the archiamphias-
ter. The groups of the V-shaped chromatin-grains,
produced by the division of the central disc, are then
translated to the ends of the spindles, and form two
polar crowns [Carjwy's couronne polaire, the 7vreaflis,
rosets, spirems) ; the spindle-threads break and are
drawl toward the polar crowns, and two daughter-nu-
clei result.
Karyokinetic {kar-e-o-kin-et' -ik) \K.apvov, nucleus ;
kIvt/gk;, motion]. In biology, applied to the active
stages of nuclei.
Karyolysis {kar-e-oF -is-is) \Kapvov, nucleus ; Iveiv, to
loose]. The segmentation of the nucleus of the cell.
Karyolytic [kar-e-o-lit' -Hi) \Kapvov, nucleus ; Xvsiv, to
loose] . Relating to karyolysis.
Karyomita {kar-e-o' -mit-ali) \K.apvov, nucleus ; fiiroQ, a
thread]. In biology, the achromatin-threads forming
the nuclear spindle in a dividing or active nucleus.
Karyomitoic [kar-e-o-mit-o'-ik) [Kapvov, nucleus ; /jIto^,
a thread]. Relating to karyomitosis.
Karyomitoma {kar-e-o-iuit-o' -mah). See Cell-body.
Karyomiton [kar-e-om'-it-on). See Chromatin.
Karyomitosis [kar-e-o- inif-o' -sis) [_Kapvnv, nucleus ;
jMiTog, a thread]. The division or splitting of the
nuclear mass of chromatin-fibers.
Karyomitotic [kar-e-o-mit-ot' -ik) \Kdpvov, nucleus ;
fi'tToq, a thread]. Relating to karyomitosis.
Karyoplasm [kar' -e-o-plazm) [^aapvov, a nut, kernel ;
TtMapa, anything formed]. In biology, the nuclear
substance of a cell. See Chromatin.
Karyoplasma [kar-e-o-plaz' -mah). Same as Karyo-
plasm.
Karyosoma [kar-e-o-so' -malt) \Khpvnv, nucleus ; a£>fia,
a body, //., Karyosomafa']. A nuclear microsoma ;
a round body resembling a nucleolus, contained in the
segmentation-nucleus of the ovum.
Karyostasis [kar-e-os' -fa-sis) [Kapvov, nucleus; ara-
cig, a stoppage]. The resting-stage of nuclei of cells.
It is opposed to karyokinesis.
Karyostatic (kar-e-o-staf -ik) \Kapvnv, nucleus ; ardai^,
a stoppage]. Pertaining to karyostasis.
Karyostenosis [kar-e-o-ste-no' -sis) \K.a.pvov, a nucleus ;
(irEvor, narrow ; arevoeiv, to make narrow]. The sim-
ple division of the nucleus of a cell. This process
is called also akinetic, or direct division.
Kassu [kas'-oo) [E. Ind.]. A black astringent sub-
stance obtained from areca nuts, and used for the
same purpose as true catechu.
Kata- {kat'-ah-\. For words thus beginning, and not
found under K., see Cata-.
Katabolergy [kat-ab-oU -er-je) . See Catabolergy .
Katabolic (kat-ab-ol' -ik). See Catabolic. K. Nerves,
thermo-excitory, as distinguished from anabolic, or
thenno-inhibitory, nerves.
Katabolism [kat-ab' -o-lizni). See Catabolism.
Katacrotic [kat-ak-rot' -ik). Same as Catadicrotic.
KatadicTotic (kat-ah-di-krot^-ik). See Catadicrotic.
Katadicrotism [kat-ad-ik' -rot-izm). See Catadicrotism.
Katadidymus (kat-ad-id' -im-its). See Catadidymus.
Katalepsy {kat'-al-ep-se). See Catalepsy.
Katalysis (kat-al'-is-is). See Catalysis.
Katantostomus (kat-an-to-sto' -mus). See Catantosto-
mus.
Katanturaniscus [kat-an-tiir-an-is' -kits'). See Catan-
turanisczts.
Katanturanus [kat-an-ttlr' -an-us) . See Catanturanus.
Kataplasm [kat'-ap-lazni). See Poultice.
Katastate {kat'-as-tdt). See Catastate.
Katatonia [kat-at-o' -ne-ah). See Catatonia.
Katelectrotonic [kat-el-ek-tro-toti' -ik). See Catelectro-
tonic. K. Zone See Zone.
Katelectrotonus {kat-el-ek-trof -o-nus). See Catelec-
trotoniis.
Katharophore {kath-ar' -o-for) \_KdHap6^, clean ; (pophiv,
'to carry]. An instrument for cleansing the urethra.
Katharsis [kath-ar'-sis). See Catharsis.
Kathetometer [kath-et-om^-et-er) [/cara, against ;
pov, measure]. An instrument for ascertaining the
level of fluids.
Kathion [kath' -e-on). See Cation.
Kathode (kath'-dd) [«:ard, down; o(!d(-, path]. The
negative pole of a galvanic battery.
Kathodic (kafh-od'-ik) [hard,, down; dddf, path].
Pertaining to the kathode or negative pole of a galvanic
battery. In biology, turned in the opposite direction to
that of the genetic spiral. K. Closure -contraction,
the muscular contraction occurring when the circuit
is closed with the rheophore on a motor point. K.
Opening-contraction, the muscular contraction that
occurs when the circuit is opened.
KATIN
638
KERATECTASIA
Katin (kat'-in) [Ar. kluU, khat]. An alkaloid
found in Catha edidis, with properties somewhat like
those of caftein.
Kation {kat' -e-oii). See Ca/ioii and Electrolysis.
Katostomus {kat-os'-to-nius). See Catostomus.
Katouraniscus i^kat-o-u' -ran-is' -kus). See Catouran-
iiCUS.
Katouranus l^kal-o-u' -raii-ns). See Catouramis.
Kauri [ko-w'-re). Same as CowJic. K. Gum. See
Cflwdic'-gtiiii .
Kava,or Kava-kava(/5'fl/;'-2'tf/i)[Hawaiian]. Ava-kava.
The root and also the resin of Pipe?- inethysticum ,a shrub
native to South America and the South Sea Islands.
It is a diuretic and motor depressant, producing in-
toxication when taken in large doses. In small and
moderate doses it resembles coca in its action in allay-
ing fatigue. Dose of the fluid extract ^ss-j. Unof.
Kavain [kali' -I'a-in) [Hawaiian, /v^v?]. A neutral sub-
stance obtained from the roots of kava-kava.
Kavia, Kaviac, or Kaviar [kav'-e-ah, kav'-e-ak, kav'-
e-ar^. See Caviar.
Keasbey and Mattison's Food. A variety of Liebig's
food for infants. Its composition is: Water 27.95;
fat, none ; grape-sugar, 36.75; cane-sugar, 7.58; no
starch; soluble carbohydrates 7 1. 50; no albuminoids;
ash, 0.93.
Keber's Corpuscles. Oval or lens-shaped bodies
present in the ova of fresh-water mussels.
Keel [kel] [AS., ceol, a ship]. In biology, a projecting
ridge on a surface, as the two anterior petals of a pap-
ilionaceous corolla, or the crest of the breast-bone.
Keen's Sign. See Signs and Symptoms, Table of.
Keeper {ke'-per). See Armature.
Keere nugra. Synonym of Madura Foot.
Kefir [ka'-fer). See Kephyr.
Kefyr [ka'-fer) [Caucasian]. A nutritious substance
obtained fjy a peculiar fermentation of cows' milk pro-
duced by certain fungi. K.-seed, a substance con-
taining the ferment [Bacillus caucasicus) of kefyr. It
is used in preparing the genuine kefyr. See Bacteria,
Svnonvmatic Table of.
Kehrer's Operation. See Cesarean Operation, inOpera-
tions. Table of.
Keimplasm, Keimplasma (kim'-plazm, kini'-plaz-
7)iali) [Ger. , Keim, genn, bud; Trlaofia, plasm].
Weissmann's term for the hereditary transmission of a
nuclear matter or germ-plasm that he believes to be
passed on from generation to generation without altera-
tion. See Germ-plasm.
Kelectome ike'-lek-tom) [«?//!;/, a tumor ; f/c, out ;
TifU'tiv, to cut]. A cutting instrument introduced in-
to a tumor, by means of a cannula, in order to obtain a
part of the substance for examination.
Kelis [ke'-lis) [kt^/'i./c, spot : //. , A'elides'\. I. The same
as morphea or scleroderma. 2. See Keloid.
Kellgrenism (kel'-greti-iziii) [after J. H. Kellgren ,
1889]. A system of charlatanry that professes to
cure disease by manipulation, which leads to the dis-
charge of a " broach ' ' of gaseous matter passing from
the patient through the operator.
Kellin (Jiel'-in). A glucosid from the fruit of Ainmi
visnaga. It is said to affect the respiration and the
pulse, and to have a paralyzant effect upon the lower
extremities.
Kellner's Ocular, or Eye-piece. See Ocular.
Keloid (ke'-loid) [v//'/, a claw ; t((5w-, likeness]. Che-
loid ; Alibert's Keloid ; Ivelis. A term applied to an
overgrowth of scar-tissue, and also to fibrous out-
growths of the skin of a similar character, apparently
spontaneous in origin, though many of them are
traceable to comparatively trifling lesions of the skin.
This is a rather rare disease, and affects the colored
races more than the white. It is commonest in mid-
dle age ; its favorite sites are the sternum, shoulders,
and neck. The lesion is crab-like in appearance,
hence its name. K. of Addison, forms contractions
of the skin and fasciae, giving a hide-bound look to the
part. It arises spontaneously at the sites of cicatrices
and other injuries to the skin. See Diseases, Table of.
Kelology {ke-loF -o-je) [k'/A//, hernia ; /Idyof , science].
The science of hernias.
Kelotomy [ke-lot' -o-me). See Celotomy and Hernio-
tomy.
Kelp [origin obscure]. I. Burnt sea-weed, from which
iodin is obtained. 2. The Fucacece laminarice and
other large sea-weeds.
Kelvin (kel'-vin) [in honor of Lord Kelvin'\. A com-
mercial unit of electricity ; one thousand watt-hours.
Kemperdick's Apparatus. An apparatus for reducing
the temperature in fever. It consists of a rubber bag
to be introduced into the rectum having an entrance-
tube and an exit-tube, thus permitting a continuous flow
of water.
Kempherid [kem'-fer-id) [after Kccmpfer, a German
traveler], Cj„H,.jOp. A yellow, crystalline body ob-
tained from the resin of Kcempferia galanga.
Kenogenesis [ken-o-jen' -es-is) [/cfrdf, empty ; ytvea/g,
genesis]. Evolution of forms not true to the parental
type, but variously adapted or modified. A vitiated
individual development in which the phylogenetic evo-
lution is not truly epitomized.
Kenogenetic (ken-o-/en-et'-ik) \^kev6c, empty ; yheait;,
generation]. In biology, having a vitiated germ-
history.
Kenogeny (ken-oj' -eti-e). See Kenogenesis.
Kenophobia {ken-o-fo' -be-ah) [^ei'df, empty ; ^)d/3of,
fear]. The morbid fear of open spaces or places.
Same as Agoraphobia.
Kenosis [ken-o' -sis'). See Cenosis.
Kenospudia [ken-o-spu' -de-a!i). See Cenospudia.
Kentish Ointment. The compound resin-ointment
made by adding one dram of turpentine to each ounce
of the ordinary resin-ointment. It is a useful stimulat-
ing application to severe burns.
Kentrokinesis (ken-tro-kin-e'-sis) [^ncvrpov, center, spur ;
Kin/au;, motion]. The influence of any motor nerve-
center ; excito-motor action.
Kentucky Coffee-bean. See Chicot.
Kephalic (/■£'/'-<? /'-?'/') [hfi^Q^^, head]. See Cephalic. K.
Acid. An acid described by Thudichum as existing in
brain-tissue.
Kephalin (kef'-al-in). See Cephalin.
Kephalograph [kef'-al-o-graf). See Cephalograph.
Kephalometer [kefal-om'-et-er). See Cephalometer.
Kephalo-phosphoric Acid [kef'-al-o-fos-for'-ik). See
Acid.
Kephalyl [kef'-al-ii)\Kf:^alii,\\e&dL; I'X?;, matter, prin-
ciple]. The radicle of kephalic acid.
Kephyr [ka'-fer). See Kefyr.
Keracele [ker'-as-el) {jiipaq, horn ; nifKi], tumor]. A
horny tumor on the hoof of horses.
Keraphyllocele (ker-af-il'-o-sel) [/cfpnf, horn ; ^M^v,
leaf ; Kr/'/ri, tumor]. A horny growth between the
covering of the horse's hoof and the deeper tissues.
Keraphyllous (ker-af-il'-us) [n-ipag, horn ; <piMov,
leaf]. Composed of horny layers.
Kerasene, or Kerasin [ker'-as-en or ker'-as-in) [dipaf,
horn], C,^H<|,NO,,. A nitrogenous substance; one
of the cerebrins obtained from brain-substance.
Keratalgia (ker-at-al'-je-ah ) [\fYJfi;f, cornea ; dAyoc,
pain]. Pain in the cornea.
Keratectasia [ker-at-ek-ta' -se-ah ) [htpar , horn, cornea ;
iixTaaii;, extension]. The forward protrusion or bulging
of the cornea. A bulging forward of the deeper layers
KERATECTOMY
639
KERATODERMATITIS
of the cornea, after loss of the superficial lamina. It
difters from staphyloma in the absence of perforation,
and in the non-involvement of the iris.
Keratectomy iyker-at-ck' -to-ine) \K.ipaq, horn, cornea ;
inTOjiii, a cutting out]. Surgical excision of a part of
the cornea.
Keratiasis [ker-at-i' -as-is) [/iepaf, horn]. A morbid
condition characterized by the growth of horny excres-
cences.
Keratic [ker-at'-ik) [/itpaf, horn]. Horny.
Keratin {ker'-at-in) [/cepaf, horn]. The basis of horny
tissues, hair, nails, feathers, etc. It is a mixture of
various complex substances. Decomposed, it yields
leucin and tyrosin. It is used in pharmacy.
Keratinian [ker-at-in'-e-an) [/ctpaf, horn].- Relating
to. keratin or to the cornea.
Keratinization {^l;er-at-in-iz-a' -slniit) [(Cf/jof, horn].
1. The development of a horny quality in a tissue.
2. The coating of pills with keratin.
Keratitis [ker-at-i'-tis) [/ctpaf , cornea ; /r/f, inflamma-
tion]. Inflammation of the cornea. K., Asthenic.
See A'., Phlyctenular. K., Astigmatic, a form of
keratitis said to be due to uncorrected astigmatism. K.
bullosa, the formation of large or small blebs upon
the cornea of an eye, the seat of iridocyclitis, inter-
stitial keratitis, or glaucoma. K., Circumscribed,
limited to a part of the cornea. K. contagiosa, a
contagious, suppurative variety occurring in cattle.
K., Cretaceous, a calcareous infiltration of the cor-
neal epithelium. K., Deep. See K. profunda.
K., Diffuse. A'., Interstitial. K., Dotted. See
K. punctata. K., Fascicular, a form of phlyctenular
keratitis in which one of the ulcers, originally formed
at the margin of the cornea, creeps across its sur-
face, followed by a leash of distended blood-vessels.
K., Granular, due to conjunctival granulations ;
pannus. K., Herpetic, characterized by the forma-
tion of small vesicles on the cornea, which ulcerate
and then heal. Relapses are common. K., Hypo-
pyon, an ulcerative form accompanied by the forma-
tion of pus in the anterior chamber. K., Inherited.
See A'., Interstitial. K., Interstitial, a form of
keratitis in which the entire cornea is invested with a
diffuse haziness, almost completely hiding the iris.
The surface of the cornea presents a ground-glass
appearance. Later, from ciliary injection, blood-ves-
sels form in the superficial layers of the cornea, and
produce a dull-red color, the ^'■salmon patch'''' of
Hutchinson. The entire cornea may become cherry-
red. The disease is most frequent between the ages
of five and fifteen, and occurs in syphilitic individ-
uals. K. maculosa. See A', superficialis punc-
tata. K., Marginal, a form of phlyctenular keratitis
in which the phlyctenules are arranged around the
margin of the cornea. K. marginalis, a rare form
of keratitis that must not be confounded with the
marginal form of phlyctenular keratitis. It occurs in
elderly people, and consists of a yellowish-gray zone
of opacity immediately joining the sclera, which pushes
mto the clear cornea and occupies about one-half the
circuirference. K. neuroparalytica, keratitis fol-
lowing paralysis of the fifth nerve. It does not
usually occur in partial paralysis of the nerve. Its
cause is loss of trophic influence, aided by mechanical
irritation and drying of the cornea. K. of Reapers,
a traumatic form due to irritation of the cornea; of
reapers by beards of grain. K. pannosa, a superfi-
cial form in which blood-vessels develop beneath and
m the epithelium. The latter undergoes hyperplasia
and becomes in part opaque. K., Parenchymatous.
See K., Interstitial. K., Phlegmonous. See K.
. pU7-ulenta. K., Phlyctenular, a disease of the eye
characterized by the formation upon some portion of
the cornea of small papules or pustules, often asso-
ciated with the formation of a similar lesion upon the
conjunctiva. It is marked by much local congestion,
lacrymation, and intense photophobia. The papules
may develop into ulcers. K. profunda, an unusual
form of keratitis characterized by the formation of a
gray opacity in the center of the cornea, covered by
superficial and stippled corneal layers. K. punctata.
I. A secondary affection of the cornea in association
with affections of the iris, choroid, and vitreous. It is
characterized by the formation of opaque dots, gener-
ally arranged in a triangular manner upon the poste-
rior elastic lamina of the cornea. It is sometimes des-
ignated as Descemetitis. 2. Also a term given to an
inflammatory affection of the cornea in which isolated
white spots appear in Descemet's membrane, sur-
rounded by cloudy areas. It occurs in children before
puberty, and is probably syphilitic. K. purulenta,
accompanied by the formation of pus. K., Pustular.
See A.'., Phlyctenular. K., Rheumatic, occurring in a
rheumatic subject. K., Ribbon-like, a name applied
to the formation of a transverse calcareous film on the
cornea, especially in elderly people. It is usually
symmetric, and occurs chiefly in men of the gouty
diathesis. K. scrofulosa. Utt K., Interstitial. K.,
Secondary, due to disease of other parts. K., Spe-
cific. 'Siee K. , Interstitial. K., Strumous. See A'.,
Phlyctenular, and IC. , Interstitial. K. subepithelialis
centralis. See Ii. superficialis punctata. K. su-
perficialis punctata, a disease of the cornea asso-
ciated with severe conjunctivitis and with catarrh of the
respiratory tract. In two or three days punctiform or
linear spots appear immediately beneath the epithe-
lium, the overlying conjunctiva being slightly hazy. It
;s also called A', subepithelialis centralis, and K. macu-
losa. K. suppurativa. See A', purulenta. K.,
Sympathetic, that following inflammation of the
other eye. K., Syphilitic. See K., Interstitial.
K. taenulosa. See K. , Phlyctenular. K., Trach-
omatous. S&e Pannus. K., Traumatic, that conse-
quent upon wounds or other injury of the cornea. K.
ulcerosa, a form in which one or more ulcers involv-
ing part of the cornea are present. K. variolosa, that
occurring in smallpox. It is purulent and often arises
from a corneal pustule. K., Vascular, a superficial
vascularity of the cornea occurring in pannus, etc.
K., Vesicular. See A'., Phlyctenular.
Keratocele (ker'-at-o-sel) [Kt'pac, cornea; ki/}.!], tumor].
A hernia of Descemet's membrane through the cornea.
Keratochromatosis {ker-at-o-kro-mat-o' -sis) \KFpac,
horn; xP"l'"^i color]. Discoloration of the cornea.
Kerato-conjunctivitis [ker'-at-o-kon-Junk-tiv-i'-tis)
[/ifpaf, horn, cornea; conjnnctivus , connecting; ith;,
inflammation]. Simultaneous inflammation of the
cornea and the conjunctiva.
Kerato-conometer {ker-at-o-ko-nom'-et-e?-) [/cfpar,
cornea; Kuvni;, cone; //{Tpoi", measure]. An instru-
ment for estimating astigmatism by the images reflected
from the cornea.
Keratoconus [ker-at-o-ko'-nus). See Keratoglobus.
Keratode [kei-' -at-dd) [wpaf, horn; elcSof, like]. The
horny substance composing the skeleton of certain
sponges.
Keratodeocele [ker-at-od' -e-o-sel). See Keratocele.
Keratodeonyxis [lier-at-od-e-o-Jiiks'-is). See Kerat-
onyxis.
Keratoderma {ker-at-o-der' -viah\ [/v/pac, horn ; i^tpfia,
skin]. I. The cornea. 2. A horny condition of the skin
Keratodermatitis (ker-at-o-dei-->nat-i'-tis) [/cepaf, horn ;
('Hpfja, skin ; ctk;, inflammation]. Inflammation of
the keratoderma; keratitis.
KERATODERMATOCELE
640
KERAUNONEUROSIS
Keratodermatocele {ker' -at-o-der-inat' -o-set) [<cf/)ac,
horn; dip/ia, skin; Ki/lrj, tumor]. See Keratocelc.
Keratodermatomalacia {ker' -at-o-der-mat-o-inal-a' -sc-
ali) [/it'ijfif;, horn; dipiia, skin; fiakaKia, softness].
Softening of tlie cornea.
Keratodermatosis {ker-at-o-der-mat-o'-sis) [Kf'paf,
horn; cSf p/va, skin ; voaoq, disease]. A skin-affection
characterized by alteration in the horny elements of
the skin.
Keratodermia [ke!--at-o-de?-'-i?ie-ak)\_Ktj)ar, horn; i)tpfia,
skin]. See K-ei-atoderma. K. erythematosa sym-
metrica, tylosis of the soles and palms, in which the
horny patches show a broken-up surface.
Keratodermites (ker-at-o-der-mi' -tez) \iiepac, horn ;
6tpf.ia^ skin; iri<;, inflammation]. A group of in-
flammatory scaly skin-affections.
Keratogenous (ker-at-oj' -en-us) [/cepaf , horn ; ytvvav,
to beget]. Pertaining to the formation of horny
growths. K. Membrane, that part of the skin or
layer of corium that develops into nails, claws, and
hoofs.
Keratoglobus {kcr-at-o-glo' -bus] [/«'paf, cornea ; globus,
a ball]. Distention and protrusion of the cornea.
The sclerotic may also become distended in severe
cases. When so extensive as to prevent closure of the
lids, it has been called buphthalmos. When the dis-
tention is transparent, regular, and cone-shaped, the
apex of the cone being the center of the cornea, it is
called keratoconus, or conical cornea. When the pro-
trusion is opaque, or connected with synechia of the
iris, it is called staphyloma of the cornea, or anterior
staphyloma. When due to increase in the fluids of the
eye, with increased tension and uniform ectasia, it is
called hydrophthalmos. Enlargement of the cornea
is also called megalo-cornea.
Keratoglossus iyker' -at-o-glos' -us) \Ktpaq, horn; yXoiom,
tongue]. See Muscles, Table of.
Keratohyalin (I;er' -at-o- hi' -al-in) [Kfpaf, horn ; val.oc,
glass]. A peculiar substance occurring in granules in
the deeper layers of the skin. These granules are in-
soluble in ether, alcohol, and water, and are present
in the process of cornification of the rete cells. See
also Eleidia.
Keratoid [ke)-'-a/-oid) [^■^■pac, horn ; fZ(5of, like].
Hornlike.
Kerato-iritis (kcr' -at-o-i-ri' -tis) [/c/paf, cornea ; \piq,
iris; (r/f, inflammation]. Combined inflammation of
the cornea and the iris.
Keratoleukoma i^ker-at-o-lu-ko' -mah ) [Kfpa?, horn ;
AewKOf, white: //. , Keratoleukoi)iata\ A leukoma
or whitish opacity of the cornea.
Keratolysis {ker-at-ol'-is-is) \_Kti>nc, horn ; Ivaic, solu-
tion]. Deciduous skin; a curious and rare condition
of the skin in which the latter, like the serpent's, is
cast off periodically, that of the limbs coming off like
a glove or a stocking.
Keratolytic [ker-at-o-lif -ik) [wpaf, horn; AtV/f, solu-
tion]. Pertaining to keratolysis.
Keratoma [ker-at-o'-??iak ) \_KepaQ, horn ; 6//(i, tumor :
//. , A'eraioinaid]. I. See Callosilas. 2. Congenital
ichthyosis ; the presence, dating from fetal life, of
horny plates upon the integument.
Keratomalacia (ker-al-o-mal-a' -se-ak ) [wpaf, cornea ;
pa'/ aula, softness]. A softening of the corneal
tissue.
Keratoma {Jier'-at-dni) [/(fpaf, cornea ; ropij, a cutting].
A knife with a peculiar trowel-like blade, used for
making the incision into the cornea in the operation
of iridectomy.
Keratometer [ker-at-om'-et-er) [/vfpaf , cornea ; fit rpnv,
measure]. An instrument for measuring the curves
of the cornea.
Keratomycosis (^ker-at-o-mi-ko'-sis') [/cfpaf, cornea
pvKijt, fungus]. A fungoid growth of the cornea,
or the diseased condition therewith associated.
K. aspergillina, a form characterized by the presence
of Aspergillus glaucus.
Keratoncus (key-at-o)ig' -kits') \Kkpac, horn ; oyKoq, a
tumor]. Any horny tumor.
Keratonosis [ker-at-07i'-o-sis). See Keratosis.
Keratonyxis {ker-at-o-niks' -is) [/cfpaf , cornea ; frf^f,
needling]. The needling of a soft cataract by punc-
ture through the cornea ; also, the old operation of
couching a cataract with the needle.
Keratoplasia i^ker-at-o-pla' -ze-ah) [/cspof , horn ; 7T/ldcr-
(Tf/r, to form]. The reparative renewal of the horny
layer of the skin.
Keratoplastic (ker-at-o-plas' -tik) [jcepaf , horn ; TrAaoTi-
Kug, formed]. Pertaining to keratoplasty.
Keratoplasty (ker' -at-o-plas-te) [wpaf , cornea ; ttAoct-
(Tfrr, to form]. Plastic operation upon the cornea,
especially the transplantation of a button or excised
portion of cornea from the eye of a lower animal to that
of man. This is effected by means of a peculiar
trephine, with which the tissue to be transplanted is
removed from the animal's eye and the place for its
reception is made in the human eye. The operation
is sometimes called trephining the cornea.
Keratorrhexis [ker-at-or-eks' -is) [/if'paf , horn ; p^fif,
rupture]. Rupture of the cornea, due to ulceration or
traumatism.
Keratoscleritis {ker-at-o-sklc-ri' -tis) [/cfpnf , cornea ;
aiiXripdc, hard ; mf, inflammation]. Inflammation of
the cornea and the sclera.
Keratoscope (J:er' -at-o-skop) \idpaq, cornea ; aiioneiv,
to observe] . An instrument for examining the cornea,
and testing the symmetry of its meridians of curvature.
Keratoscopy {ker-at-os' -ko-pe) [Kf pac, cornea ; aKomlv,
to observe]. Examination of the cornea. See Retin-
oscopy.
Keratose (ker'-at-ds) [xfpaf, horn]. Horny.
Keratosis [ker-at-o' -sis\ [fifpaf, horn; rocof, disease].
Any one of a class of skin-diseases characterized by
thickened epidermis, and the presence of such callosities
as horns, warts, etc. See Callosity. K. follicularis.
See Darier^ s Disease. K. obturans, a condition of the
external auditory meatus due to desquamation of the
epithelium, the mass being colored by cerumen and
containing cholesterin-crystals. K. pilaris, Lichen
pilaris; Lichen spinulosus ; Pityriasis pilaris ; a chronic
affection of the skin marked by a pin-head-sized coni-
cal elevation investing the hair-follicle, and somewhat
resembling gooseflesh and ichthyosis. The skin be-
comes dry and hard, and feels like a nutmeg-grater.
The disease appears in workingmen who are uncleanly,
and in scrofulous children, and it occurs chiefly on the
thighs, arms, and forearms. K. senilis, a cornifica-
tion of the skin of old people, general or partial, cir-
cumscribed or diffuse, and often limited to certain defi-
nite regions, as the face and dorsal surfaces of the
hands and feet. The lesions consist of light or dark
yellowish, brownish, or blackish points, dry, scaling,
and horny, or scaling and greasy. These may become
the seat of an epitheliomatous process.
Keratotome {kcr' -at-o-tdin). See Keratome.
Keratotomy (ker-at-ot'-o-me) [/ff'paf , cornea ; ri/ireiv,
to cut]. Surgical incision of the cornea.
Keraunographic iykcr-aio-no-graf -ik) \Ktpavvu^, light-
ning ; ypn:l>Eiv, to write]. Pertaining to the pictorial
impressions of near objects sometimes seen upon the
body of a person who has been struck by lightning.
Keraunoneurosis (ker-a7v-no-nu-ro' -sis) [wpafi'of,
lightning; irfipoi', nerve ; vuaor, disease]. Nervous
disease due to lightning-stroke.
KERAUNOPHOBIA
641
KIDNEY
Keraunophobia {ker-aw-no-fo' -be-ah) [/if/jov^df, light-
ning; i^o^oq, dread]. Morbid dread of lightning;
■ astrapaphobia.
Kerectasia [ker-ck-ta'-se-ah); See Keratectasia.
Kerectomy (ker-ck' -to-me). See Keratectomy.
Kerion, or Kerium [Ite'-re-on or ke' -re-um) \_M]jHOv,
honey-comb favus] . Same as Favus.
Kerkring, Valves of. See Valve.
Kermes (ker'-mez) [Pers. , qii-miz, crimson]. A red
dye-stuff, made up of the dried females of Coccus ilicis,
an insect not unlike cochineal, found on oak-trees
in the Orient. K. Mineral, a mixture of the teroxid
and tersulphid of antimony, formerly much used in
medicine. It is also called red antimony.
Kermesine (ker' -mez-in) [Pers., qirmiz, 'crimson].
Pertaining to kermes.
Kermesite [ker' -mez-it) [Pers., qirviiz, crimson]. The
native oxysulphid of antimony.
Kermisin {ker' -miz-in) [Pers., qirmiz, crimson].
Carmin-red.
Kernel lyker'-ne!) [ME., kirnel, a little corn or grain].
I. The popular name for the pancreas or sweetbread
of animals. 2. The bundle of fat on the fore-shoulder ;
any swelling or mass of flesh. 3. A nucleus. 4. In
the plural, a popular term for enlarged lymphatic
glands. 5. In biology, the edible portion of a drupe or
an entire seed.
Keroid [kci-'-oid) [/cfpaf, horn; f»5or, like]. Horny.
Kerosene (ker'-o-sen^. See. Burning oil.
Kerosolene [ker' -o-so-len') [«:?/pdf, wax; oleitm, oil].
A colorless, volatile liquid distilled from coal-oil. It
boils at 58° C. and has been used as a local anesthetic.
Unof.
Kessel's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Ketin [ket'-in), C^HgN^. I. An oily substance, boil-
ing between 170° and 180° C. 2. A member of a ho-
mologous series, CnH.^n — ^N.^, produced by the action
of sodium (or tin) and hydrochloric acid on nitroso-
acetone and its homologues. Diethylketin, C,„Hjg-
Nj, is an oily substance, boiling at from 215° to 217°
C. ; it is formed by the reduction of nitrosoethyl-
acetone. Dimethylketin is a crystalline solid,
soluble in ether, fusing at 87° C, and produced by
the reduction of nitrosomethylacetone. Dipropyl-
ketin, CjjH.^pN.^, is an oily substance, boiling between
235° and 240° C, and formed in the reduction of
nitrosopropylacetone .
Ketols (ke'-tolz). In chemistry, ketone-alcohols, con-
taining both the ketone and alcohol groups.
Ketone [ke'-ton) [an arbitrary variation of acetoite']. In
chemi.stry, an organic compound consisting of the
unsaturated radicle =:C=^0 united to two alcohol
radicles. It may be considered as a derivative of
secondary alcohols, bearing the same relation to them
as the aldehyds bear to the primary alcohols. The
ketones are compounds in which two hydrogen atoms
of an intermediate carbon atom are replaced by one
atom of oxygen. They are generally volatile liquids,
of ethereal odor, insoluble in water. They are the
products of the oxidation of the secondary alcohols,
or of the union of carboxyl, CO, with two alkyl
atoms.
Ketonic {ke-ton'-ik) [ketone]. Pertaining to ketone.
Ketoses (ke-to'-ses). In chemistry, a generic name
applied to the ketone alcohols, CO.CH„.OH.
Ketoxims [ke-toks' -imz) . Same as Acetoxims.
Kettle {kef -I) [ME., /vA-/, a kettle] . A vessel made of
metal, used for heating liquids. K., Bronchitis. See
K., Croup. K., Croup, a contrivance for the inhala-
tion of heated moist air, which may be medicated.
Shaw's croup-kettle consists of an alcohol-lamp and a
vessel fitted with a long tube, by means of which the
41
steam is directed downward when the mouth-piece is
introduced far back into the mouth.
Key {ke) [ME., keye, key]. An instrument for opening
or fastening a lock. K. -forceps, Elliot's ; two in-
struments are so called, the one having beaks of for-
ceps and the handle of a key, for the extraction of
teeth ; the other is designed for the extraction of roots
of teeth that present but one side above the alveolus.
They are now but little used. K. of Garengeot, an
instrument for the extraction of teeth, composed of a
shank with a movable clasp and a cross-bar. The
clasp is applied to the inner surface of the tooth, and
the extraction is accomplished by turning the handle.
K., Tooth. See K. of Garengeot.
Key and Retzius, Foramina of. Two foramina at
the extremities of the lateral recesses of the fourth
ventricle behind the upper roots of the glosso-pharyn-
geal nerves. They connect the cisterna magna with
the fourth ventricle.
Kiafer {ki'-af-er). See Kefir.
Kibble's Method. See Treatment, Methods of.
Kibe {klb). See Chilblain.
Kidinga pepo [kid-in' -gah pe'-po) [African]. A name
applied in Zanzibar to a disease resembling dengue.
Kidney (kid'-ne) [ME., kid, the belly; nere, kidney].
One of the two large glandular organs situated in the
upper and posterior portion of the abdominal cavity,
Longitudinal Section through the Kidney.
{Tyson, after Henle.)
2". Boundary layer of medulla. 2'. Papillary portion of me-
dulla. 3, 3. Transverse section of tubules in boundary layer.
4. Fat of renal sinus. *. Transversely coursing medullary
rays. 5, 5. Artery, i". Labyrinth, i'. Medullary rays.
2. Medulla. i. Cortex. C. Renal calyx. U. Ureter.
A. Branch of rena! artery.
and especially concerned in the elimination or excre-
tion of water and nitrogenous matter. It consists
KIDNEY
642
KIDNEY
of an outer cortical substance, and an inner medullary
substance. In biology, the term is applied to the " con-
tractile vacuole" of a protozoan, the "segmental
organ "or " nephridium " of an annelid, the " glandu-
lar organ" of a nematode worm, the " Malpighian
tubules " and " shell-gland " of an arthropod, and the
" organ of Bojanus " of amollusc. K., Aching, a mild
subacute nephritis characterized by pain, anemia,
albuminuria, and irritability of the bladder, with ex-
acerbations at menstrual periods. K., Amyloid, that
of amyloid degeneration. K., Arterio-sclerotic, the
small, sometimes granular organ characterized by
arterio-sclerosis. K., Branny, applied to the bran
like appearance of the kidney seen in the early stages
of chronic parenchymatous nephritis, due to fatty de-
generation occurring in spots. K., Blight's Disease
of. ^tt Brig/it's Disease. K., Calices of, six to twelve
membranous canals surrounding the papillae of the kid-
ney, and opening into the three infundibulre, K., Cica-
tricial, the final result of the so-called " surgical kid-
ney." It is produced by the absorption of the ab-
DlAGRAM SHOWING THE RELATION BORNE BY THE BlOOD
VESSELS TO THE TUBULES OF THE KiDNEY.
The upper half corresponds to the cortical, the lower half to
the medullary part of the organ. The plain tubes are shown
separately on the right, and the vessels on the left. The
darkly shaded arteries send off straight branches to the
pyramids and larger interlobular branches to the glomeruli,
the efferent vessels of which form the plexus around the
convoluted tubes.
scesses and the formation of cicatrices, and by the still
further contraction of the increased interstitial tissue.
The kidney is small, irregular, and fibrous. K., Cir-
rhotic. Same as A'., Arterio-sclerotic, q. v. K.,
Contracted. Same as K., Arterio-sclerotic, q. v.
K., Embolic Contracted, one the seat of a scar
the result of an infarct. K., Fatty, one the seat
of extensive fatty degeneration. K., Floating,
one susceptible of displacement over a considerable
extent of the abdomen. This condition is more
frequent in females, and in the majority of cases
is situated on the right side. It has been sug-
gested that the term " floating kidney " be reserved
for those cases in which a distinct mesonephron is
present, and that all other cases be designated by the
term " movable kidney." K., Gouty. Same as A',
Arterio-sclerotic, q. v. K., Granular. Same asA^,
Arterio-sclerotic, q. v. K., Head, the pronephron.
K., Hilum of. See Hiluin. K., Hobnail. Same
as A'. , Arterio-sclerotic, q. 7'. K., Horseshoe, a con-
genital deformity in which the two kidneys are joined
together, generally at the lower, but occasionally at
the upper end, by a connecting band, composed either
of true renal substance or of firm fibrous tissue. K.,
Lardaceous. Same as A'., Amyloid, q. v. K.,
Large Mottled, that of parenchymatous nephritis,
mottled with gray patches. K., Large Red, the
kidney of Bright's Disease extravasated with blood.
K., Large White, one afiected with lardaceous de-
generation ; also, that of the advanced stage of
chronic parenchymatous nephritis. K., Microcystic,
one containing many small cysts. K., Movable.
See K. , Floating. K. of Pregnancy, is described as
an anemic kidney with fatty infiltration of the epithelial
cells, but without any acute or chronic inflamma-
tion, occurring in pregnant women. It is possibly due
to a diminution of the blood-supply from tonic con-
traction of the renal arteries, produced by the pres-
ence of effete matter in the blood. Albumin is found
in the urine. K., Palpable. See A' , Floating. K.,
Pelvis of, the funnel-shaped expansion or dilated
portion of the ureter formed by the junction of the
infundibula. K., Pigback, a name proposed for the
large congested kidney found in alcoholics. K. -plant,
the Baccharis pilularis. K., Primordial, the meso-
Bowman's Capsule and Glomerulus.
a. Vas afferens. e. Vas efferens. c Capillary network of the
cortex, li. Endothelium of the capsule. //. Origin of a con-
voluted tubule. (Landois.)
nephron. K., Red Contracted. Same as A', Arterio-
sclerotic, q. V. K.-root, the root and lower part of the
stem of Baccharis pilularis ; used in cystitis. Unof
K., Scrofulous, one affected with tuberculous dis-
ease, in which the kidney-substance is largely de-
stroyed, nothing being left but a sac with thickened
fibrous walls, filled with a yellow creamy or putty-like
material containing fatty masses, cholesterin, tubercu-
lous debris, and occasionally calcareous matter. K.,
Sigmoid, a congenital anomaly intermediate between
the horseshoe form and complete fusion. K., Small
Red Granular. Same as K., Arterio-sclerotic, q. v.
K., Small White, the final stage of the large white
kidney after loss of its substance from atrophy or de-
generation. K., Spotted. Same as K., Large Mot-
tled. K., Surgical, a name sometimes given to pyelo-
nephritis, or distention of the kidney attended with
inflammation, abscesses of the cortex, and retention
of urine mixed with fetid pus. K., Syphilitic,
one presenting either gummata or resulting scars.
KIESTINE
643
KINO
K., Unsymmetric, a term given by Rokitansky to a
kidney that is normal in position and conformation,
though occasionally rather enlarged, its fellow being
deficient. K. , Wandering. Sea K., Floating. K.,
Waxy. Same as A'., Amyloid. K.-worm. See
Thread-worms and Parasites (Animal), Table of.
Kiestine [ki-es'-tin). See Gravidin. K. Test. See
Gravidin Test.
Kif [African]. An Algerian mixture, the principal
ingredient of which is Cannabis indica. Also, the
dreamy state induced by the use of hashish.
Kilian's Line. See Lines, Table of. K.'s Pelvis, a
halisteretic pelvis ; a pelvis the seat of osteomalacia.
Killosis (kil-o'-sis). Synonym of Strabismus..
Kilogram {kil' -o-gram) \_xi^ioi, one thousand ; ypaijjia,
a gram]. One thousand grams, or 2.2 pounds avoir-
dupois.
Kilogrammeter {Jdl' -o-gram-et' -er) [,x'(/l««, one thou-
sand ; ypa/ifia, gram ; jiETpov, a measure] . A term
denoting the energy required to raise one kilogram
one meter in height ; equivalent to 7.233 foot-pounds.
Kiloliter [kil'-o-le-ter) \_jiXu>i, thousand ; Airpa, a
liter]. One thousand liters, or 35.31 cubic feet.
Kilometer [Itil' -o-me-ter") \_xi'kLm, thousand ; furpov,
measure]. One thousand meters, or 1093.6 yards.
Kilostere (kil' -o-ster') \_x'i'kioL, thousand ; aTepp6(;,
solid]. One thousand cubic meters.
Kilowatt (kil'-o-wot) [;i;/A(o;, thousand ; 'vatt'\. One
thousand watts of electricity ; same as the kelvin.
Kin [ME., /(■?7i, kin]. Race; family; breed; kind;
relationship.
Kina, or Kino-kina [ki'-nah or ki' -no-ki' -nali). Cin-
chona bark, q. v.
Kinsesthesia {kin-es-the' -ze-aK). See Kinesthesia.
Kincough, or Kinkcough (kin'-kof or king' -kof).
Synonym of Whooping-cough.
Kinematic [kin-em-af -ik) \jiivrjjia, a motion]. Pertain-
ing to Kinematics.
Kinematics (kin-em-at' -iks) [^Kivijfia, a motion]. The
science of motion without reference to its origin or
effects.
Kinepock {kin' -pok). Synonym of Vaccinia, q. -'.
Kinesalgia (kin-es-al' -je-ah) l_Kivr/aic, movement ;
aAyog, pain]. Local pain following upon muscular
contraction.
Kinesia (kin-e'-ze-ah) [^KiDz/aig, movement]. Move-
ment-cure ; systematic use of motion for therapeutic
or hygienic purposes.
Kinesiatric (kin-es-e-at'-rik) \_iiivi/aig, movement ; lar-
ptKog, therapeutic]. Relating to kinesitherapy.
Kinesiatrics [kin-es-e-at' -riks). Same as Kinesitherapy.
Kinesic [kin-ez'-ik). See Kinetic.
Kinesiesthesiometer [kitt - ez- e - es - the - ze-om'-et-er)
[/caw/CF(f, movement ; aiaB?/aic, perception ; fierpov,
measure]. An instrument devised by Hitzig for testing
the muscular-sense. It consists of seventeen wooden
balls of the same diameter, but of different weights.
Kinesiology (kin-es-e-ol'-e-Je) [/c/vz/OTf , motion ; Adyof,
discourse]. The science of movements, considered
especiaUy as therapeutic or hygienic agencies.
Kinesiomlter (kin-es-e-om'-et-er) [Kivt/aic, motion ;
lihpov, measure]. An instrument for determining
quantitatively the motion of a part.
Kinesioneurosis [kin-es-e-o-nu-ro' -sis) [/c/'w/tr/f , move-
ment; VEvpov, a nerve; v6aog, disease]. Functional
abnormalism of the motor centers or nerves.
Kinesionosos (kin-es-e-on' -o-sos) [^/w/ff/f , movement ;
voaof, disease]. Any disease marked by impairment
of the power of motion.
Kinesiotherapy {kin-es-e-o-ther' -ap-e) \jdvi]ai<;, move-
ment; ftspairsia, therapy]. The treatment of disease
by systematic active or passive movements.
Kinesipathic (kin-es-ip-ath'-ik) \_Kiv?/ai<;, motion ;
ndfiog, disease]. Pertaining to kinesipathy.
Kinesipathist [kin-es-ip' -ath-ist) l_Kiu//a/(;, motion ;
jtdOoc;, disease]. One who practises the gymnastic
treatment of disease.
Kinesipathy [kin-cs-ip' -ath-e) [/c/w/u/f, motion ; nddo^-,
disease]. I. Kinesionosos. 2. (Incorrectly) kinesi-
therapy.
Kinesis [kin-e'-sis) [_Klvr/aic, motion]. The general
term for all the physical forms of energy, as opposed to
Metakinesis, a term intended to express the psycho-
logic exhibition of coordinates or correlates of kinesis.
According to a monistic conception of the universe,
both are the double aspects of one underlying reality.
Kinesitherapy (kin -es-e-ther' -ap-e) [Kivipiq, motion ;
Heparreia, care, cure]. See Swedish Movements.
Kinesodic (kiii-es-od' -ik) \_K.iv?jaii;, motion ; orSdf, way].
Pertaining to those nerve-fibers conveying motor in-
fluences. Also, the motor tracts of the nerve-system.
Kinesotherapy {kin-es-o-ther' -ap-e). Same as Kinesi-
therapy.
Kinesthesia kin-ez-the'-ze-ah). Same as Kinesthesis.
Kinesthesis {kin-es-the' -sis) [Kivhiv, to move ; aladrjaK;,
sensation]. That quality of sensations whereby one
is aware of one's positions and movements, especially
those of the automatic type ; it is distinct from the
muscular sense.
Kinesthetic [kin-es-thet'-ik) \_K.ivt:eiv, to move ; aiijO//atr,
sensation.] Relating to kinesthesia.
Kinetia (kitt-e' -she-ah) [/c/i'vcr/f, motion]. A term ap-
plied to all forms of motion-sickness. It includes such
disorders as sea-sickness and car-sickness.
Kinetic [kin-et' -ik) [/cav/ri/ctif, producing motion] . That
which produces motion. Pertaining to those forces
that produce motion.
Kinetics (kiu-et'-iks) [Ktvi/TiKd^, producing motion].
The science of force as developing motion.
Kinetogenesis {kin-et-o-jen' -es-is) \Kivnv, to move ;
yiveaiq, origin]. In biology, the origin of animal
structures, either directly or indirectly through move-
ments.
Kinetogenetic [kin-et-o-jen-ef -ik) [/c/w/fT/f, motion ;
yivtaiQ, genesis]. Of the nature of or pertaining to
kinetogenesis.
Kinetogenetically [kin-et-o-Jen-et'-ik-al-e) \_Krvai!, to
move ; yiveaii;, production]. In biology, originating
through movement.
Kinetogeny {kin-et-oj'-en-e) [kiviitoc, verbal adj. of
Kii'fiv, to move; }'ti7/c, producing]. In biology, ap-
plied to the agency of that energy developed in the
motions of organisms and their parts, in the modifica-
tion of the forms and proportions of their hard parts.
King's Blue. Same as Smalts. K.'s Evil, a name
formerly popularly applied to scrofula, on account of a
belief that it could be cured by the touch of the king.
K.'s Yellow. See Orpiment, and Pigments, Con-
spectus of.
Kinic Acid [kin'-ik). See Acid, Quinic.
Kink (/{■/'«"•/■) [D. cough]. l. The whoop in
whooping-cough. 2. A synonym of whooping-cough.
3. A flexion or a twist. K. -cough, a synonym of
whooping-cough. K.-host, a synonym of whooping-
cough. See Pertussis. '
Kino (ki'-no) [E. Ind.]. The inspissated juice of
Pterocarptts jnarsupiu7n, found in India, and similar
in action to tannic acid ; it is used mainly as a constit-
uent of gargles and diarrhea-mixtures. K., Tinct.,
lo per cent, of the drug. Dose rr^^x- l^ij. K., Pulv.,
Comp. (B.P.), kino 15, opium I, cinnamon 4. Dose
gr. v-xx. Various similar substances are called by
this name. K., Jamaica, is produced by the tree
Coccoloha unifera. .See Coccoloba. K., Australian, is
KINOIC ACID
644 KNIES AND WEBER'S THEORY
obtained from various species of jS'wca/y/to. K., Butea,
from Butea frondosa. K.-red. See Kinoic Acid.
K. -tannic Acid, a variety of tannic acid found in kino.
Kinoic Acid (kin-o'-ik) , [E. Ind., kino'] , CjgH.^jOjj. A
red, amorphous substance, a derivative of kinoin.
Kinoin [ki-no'-in) [E. Ind. ,/<■/«<)], Ci^HjjOg. A ma-
terial derived from kino, slightly soluble in water and
in alcohol.
Kinometer i^kin-om' -et-ei'^ \K.tvhi-V, to put in motion ;
l-ii--Tpov, measure]. An instrument to measure the
amount of displacement of the uterus in case of tumor
or cellular inflammation of the pelvis.
Kinone (^kin'-on). See Qui none.
Kinovin [kin' -o-vin). See Quinovin.
Kionitis (ki-on-i'-tis). Same as Staphylitis.
Kionorrhaphy (Jd-on-or' -af-e). Same as Staphylor-
rhaphy.
Kiotome [ki' -o-toin) \_Kiuv, the uvula; ~ofi6Q, cutting].
An instrument for amputating the uvula, or for divid-
ing strictures of the bladder or rectum.
Kipp's Apparatus. An apparatus for generating sul-
phuretted hydrogen by acting upon sulphid of iron
with H,,SO^.
Kips [kips). See Hides.
Kirchhoff's Laws. See Law. K.'s Lines. See
Li)ies, Tabic of.
Kirchner's Experiment. See Experimentum mira-
hile. K., Micrococcus of. Bacteria , Synonyniatic
Tabic of.
Kirkland's Cerate. A cerate composed of lead-
plaster, l6 parts ; olive-oil, chalk, and vinegar, each 8
parts; Goulard's extract, I part. It is used in the
same conditions as is Goulard's cerate.
Kirschley Green. Same as Schiveinfurtli Green.
Kirschwasser (/!v';-j-/^''-?'Oj-<?/ ) [Ger.]. A spiritous liquor
obtained in Germany and Switzerland by the distilla-
tion of cherries. It is colorless, of agreeable odor
and flavor, which improves by keeping, and is equal
in strength to the strongest spirit ; it is called, also,
Spiritus cerasoruin.
Kisch's Method. See Treatment, Methods of.
Kissing Muscle. vSee Muscles, Table of.
Kissingen Salts [kis'-ing-en) [Ger.]. Effervescing salts
from the mineral springs of Kissingen. K. Water, a
laxative tonic mineral-water of Bavaria.
Kistotome {kis' -to-tdni). See Cystotome.
Kite-tail Plug. A tampon used in controlling uterine
hemorrhage. It is made by tying rolls of cotton to a
string at intervals, the whole resembling a kite-tail.
Kitsune-tsuki [kit' -sun-tsu' -ki) [Jap.]. A Japanese
form of zoanthropy, or neuropathic delirium, in which
the patient (usually a woman or child) believes her-
self inhabited by a living fox, cat, or badger.
Kiwisch's Method. A method of inducing premature
labor by injections of hot water into the vagina.
Kjeldahl's Method. See Nitrogen.
Klaerophthalmus [klar-off-thal' -mus). See Embryo-
toxon.
Klang [Ger.]. See Timbre.
Klaprothium [klap-j-o' -the-um) . Same as Cadmium, q. i\
Klastoplast [klas' -to-plast) [K/laorof , broken ; ■K'kacaiv,
to form]. A cell formed by the partial segmentation
of the ovum of Cephalopoda.
Klatsch-preparation (lilotch-prep-ar-a'-shun) [Ger.,
Klatschprdparat\ A cover-glass preparation made
by pressing the cover-glass lightly on a bacterial col-
ony in plate-culture.
Kleidarthrocace [klid-ar-throk'-as-e) [/c/le/f, clavicle ;
apOpov, joint ; kAhi], evil]. Spontaneous luxation of
the clavicle.
Klein's Fluid. See Stains, Table of.
Kleinenberg's Fibers. The primary form of nerve, of
solely internuncial function. K.'s Hematoxylin
Solutions. See Stains, Table of.
Kleinhovia {klin-ho' -ve-ali) [after Kleinhof, director of
the Botanic Gardens at Batavia, Java]. A genus of
sterculiaceous trees. K. hospita, a plant belong-
ing to the Helictereie, found in the islands of the
Indian Ocean. The leaves have been used to darken
the cornea ; their juice causes itching. Unof.
Kleistian Jar [klis'-te-an). Same as Leyden Jar.
Klemperer's Method. A method of ascertaining the
condition of gastric peristalsis. It consists in the in-
troduction, by the tube, into the empty stomach of loo
grams of olive-oil, and removing by aspirating with
water what remains after two hours. As oil is not
absorbed from the stomach, the difference between
the amount introduced and that withdrawn indicates
the activity of gastric peristalsis. The oil is taken up
from the water with ether, and the ethereal solution
placed in a bulb, the weight of which is known.
The weight of the oil is calculated after evaporation of
the ether.
Kleptomania {klep-to-ma' -ne-ah') to steal ;
fxavia, madness]. A form of emotional insanity mani-
fested by a morbid desire to commit theft. It is
sometimes accompanied by impaired intellect, and is
often hereditary.
Kleptophobia {klep-to-fo'-be-ah) [_i<'/i-nTuv, to steal ;
(pujio^, fear]. A morbid dread of thieves.
Klopemania [klop-e-ma' -ne-ah) [_kAott!/, theft ; fiavia,
madness]. Same as Kleptomania.
Klopsophobia [klop-so-fo' -be-ah) [/c/lwi/;, thief; 0<i/3of,
fear]. Insane dread of thieves. &a.me. a.s Kleptophobia.
Klumene [khi'-men). Same as Acetylene.
Knapp's Reagent. A reagent for the detection of
sugar in the urine. It consists of cyanid of mercury
and an alkali.
Knapweed [nap' -'wed). See Cetitaurea.
Kneading {ne'-ding) [ME., knedcn, to knead]. The
same as Betrissage, q. v. See also Mala.xation.
Knee [ne) [ME. knee]. The articulation between
the femur and the tibia. See also Genu. K. -aching
Disorder. Synonym of Dengue. K.-cap, the pa-
tella. K. -chest Position. See Postures, Table of . K.
of Corpus Callosum, the anterior extremity of the cor-
pus callosum. See Genu. K. -elbow Position. See
Postures, Table of. K. of Facial Nerve, the point
at which the nucleus of its origin winds around that
of the abducens nerve. K., Housemaid's. See ^Z^-
scess. Bursal. K., Hysteric, a painful functional
affection of the knee-joint in hysteria. K., In. See
Ge7tti valgum. K. of Internal Capsule, the angle of
junction of the anterior and posterior limbs of the in-
ternal capsule. K.-jerk, Patellar Tendon-reflex,
K. -reflex, or K. -phenomenon, a retraction of the
quadriceps extensor femoris muscle as a result of a
light blow on the patellar tendon. See also Reflexes,
Table of. K.-joint, a hinge-joint consisting of the
articulation of the condyles of the femur with the upper
extremity of the tibia and the posterior surface of the
patella. K.-joint Disease. See White Swellittg.
K., Knock. See Genu. K., Lawn-teninis, an af-
fection occurring in tennis-players, probably due to
a contusion or laceration of the internal semilunar
cartilage. K., Out. See Genu varum. K.-pan, the
patella.
Kneel {nel) l},^^., knclen, to kneel]. To rest upon
the knees.
Kneeling {nel'-ing) [ME., knelen, to kneel]. Rest-
ing upon the knees. K. -squatting Position. See
Postures, Table of.
Knies and Weber's Theory. A theory as to the ori-
gin of glaucoma. It claims that glaucoma is due to
KNIFE
645
KOCH'S APPARATUS
retention of an excess of fluid in the eye, from closure
of the canal leading through the pectinate ligament
into Schlemm's canal.
Knife {nif) [ME., knif, knife]. An instrument for
cutting. In surgery, knives are of various shapes and
sizes, according to their use. K. -needle, a needle
with a cutting edge, used in the discission of cataracts.
Knitter's Cramp {nif -erz kramp). See Cramp.
Knitting [nit'-ing) [ME., knitten, to knit]. The
union and becoming rigid of a fracture.
Knob (iioh) [ME., knobbe, a knob]. A protuberance.
K.-root. See Collinsonia canadensis.
Knock-knee {iiok'-ne). See Genu valgum.
Knoppern (knop'-ern) [Ger.]. Galls from, immature
acorns of several species of oak, largely used in Aus-
tria for tanning. They contain from twenty-eight to
thirty-five per cent, of tannin.
Knot (tiot) \W£..,knotte, a knot]. An interlacement of
ends or parts of one or more cords or threads so that
they cannot be readily separated. K., Clove-hitch,
a knot consisting of two single, contiguous loops, the
the primitive streak. K., Reef, a knot so formed that
the ends come out alongside of the standing parts and
the knot does not jam. It is also called Square
Knot. K., Sailor's. Same as A". , yi'<'<yi K., Square.
Same as K., Reef. K., Staffordshire, a knot used
in ligating the pedicle in ovariotomy. The ligature
is passed through the pedicle, and withdrawn so as to
leave a loop, which is passed over the tumor, and one
of the free ends is then drawn through the loop ; both
ends are then passed through the pedicle, tightened,
and tied. It is also called Taif s Knot. K., Stay, a
term applied by Ballance and Edmunds, to a knot
formed by two or more ligatures in the following way :
On each ligature separately is made the first hitch of
a reef-knot, which is tightened so that the loop lies in
contact with the vessel, without constricting it; then
taking the two ends on one side together in one hand,
and the two ends on the other side in the other hand,
the vessel is constricted sufficiently to occlude it, after
which the reef-knot is completed. The simplest
method of completing the knot is to treat the two ends
in each hand as a single thread, and to tie them as if
Combined Surgeon's and Reef Knot. Staffordshire K
Surgeon's Knot.
Granny Knot. Reef, or Sailor's Knot.
free ends toward each other. It is used for making
extension in the reduction of dislocations. K., Double.
Same as K., Friction. K., False. Same as A'.,
Granny. K., Friction, one in which the ends are
wound twice around each other before they are tied.
K., Gerdy's Extension, resembles the clove-hitch ; it
is employed in making extension of the leg at the ankle.
K., Granny, a tie of a cord in which in the second
loop the end of one cord is over, and the other under
its fellow, so that the two loops do not lie in the same
line. This knot may easily be converted into a slip-
knot. K. -grass : l. Arrhenatherum odoratum ; 2.
Avena elatior ; 3. Hippuris vulgaris ; 4. Illecebrum ;
5. Polygonum ; 6. Triticum repens. K., Hensen's, a
fixed point in the mammalian blastodermic vesicle at
which the formation of the primitive axis and notochor-
dal canal begins. It marks the anterior extremity of
completing a single reef-knot. K., Surgical, a double
knot made by passing the thread twice through the
same loop. K., Tail's. See K., Staffordshire . K.-
weed, Centaurea nigra. See also Collittsonia cana-
densis.
Knuckle {nuk'-l) [ME., knokel, a.'knnQkXe or joint].
Any one of the joints of the phalanges with the meta-
carpal bones or with each other ; also a loop of in-
testine.
Knuckling [nuk'-!ing) [ME. , knokel, a knuckle or
joint]. In farriery, a partial dislocation of the fetlock-
joint, in which the relative position of the pastern-
bone to the cannon and coronet bone is changed, the
pastern becoming more nearly perpendicular, with the
lower end of the cannon-bone resting behind the
center line of the suffraginis, while the lower end of
this bone rests behind the center line of the coronet.
It is also called Cocked Ankles.
Kobelt's Tubes. Blind tubes of the parovarium.
Koch's Apparatus. An apparatus for air-analysis. K.,
Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of.
KOCHIN
646
KOUMISS
K., Comma-bacillus of. See Bacteria, Synonymatic
7ai>/e of. K.'s Dampfapparat. 'A^e. K.'' s Steam Appa-
ratus. K.'s Eruption, an eruption simulating that
of measles or, more rarely, that of scarlet fever, and
which occurs at times after the injection of tuberculin.
K.'s Lymph. 'i&e.TubercuIin. K.'s Method,or Koch-
Ehrlich Method, for isolated staining of bacteria. See
Stains, Table of. K.'s Method of Sterilization, a
method of interrupted heating. The culture-media are
heated for a short time daily for from three to five suc-
cessive days. By means of a graduated water-bath
temperatures suitable to the various media are main-
tained. The method is eminently sure, and has not
the injurious effects on the media that follow one
prolonged heating. K.'s Plates, the casting and
solidifying of liquefied inoculated culture-media in
plates for the purpose of isolating colonies of micro-
organisms. K.'s Rules rules formulated by Koch
which must be complied with before a given micro-
organism can be accepted as the cause of an infec-
tious disease. I. The microorganism must be present
in every case of the disease, and not in cases of other
diseases. 2. It must be isolated and grown on arti-
ficial media. 3. Its cultures when injected into an
animal body must produce the disease in question.
4. The microorganism must again be found in the
body in which the disease was thus produced. K.'s
Specific. ^ee^Tubereiilin. K.'s Steam Apparatus,
an apparatus for sterilization by steam. K.'s Treat-
ment. See Treatment, Metliods of.
Kochin. Synonym of Tuberculin, q. v.
Kceberle's Noeud. A serre-nceud used in the perform-
ance of abdominal hysterectomy.
Konig's Cylinders. An apparatus for testing the per-
ception of high tones by the ear. K.'s Manometric
Flames, toothed or zigzag flame-pictures seen in a
revolving mirror, and produced by the vibrations of
the voice against a thin membrane that separates the
gas-chamber supplying a small burner from the air-
chamber into which one speaks. The form of the
flame-picture is characteristic for each vowel, and
varies with the pitch. K.'s Rods, steel rods for
producing notes of very high pitch. Same as K.^s
Cylinders.
Kofacker- Sadler's Law. See Law.
Kohlrausch's Fold. See Third Sphincter.
Koino-miasm [koi' -no-mi' -azm) [/con'of, common;
uKWjia, miasm]. A miasm emanating from the soil.
Kola-nut (ko'-lah) [African]. The seed of Cola acu-
minata, used in parts of Central Africa as a substitute
for tea and coffee. It contains an alkaloid similar to
caffein, and is a cerebral stimulant and cardiac tonic.
Dose of a twenty per cent, tincture, gj ; of the fluid
extract, gtt. xx-xxx. Unof.
Kolla [kol'-ah) [native name]. An Abyssinian dis-
ease resembling malaria.
Kollerism (kol'-er-izm). See Cocainizafion.
KoUiker's Columns. See Muscle-columns. K.,
Glands of. See Gland. K., Lamina or Mem-
brane of. See Membrane, Keticular.
Kollonema {kol-on-e'-mah) [aolXa, glue; w//ia, tissue].
Same as Mvxoma, q. ,v.
Kolossow's Fixing-solution. See Stains, Table of.
Kolotyphus {ko-lo-ti' -fus) {Kukov, colon; r'viSfo^, stupor].
Typhoid fever.
Kolpo- {kol'-po-). See Colpo-.
Kolpocystotomy (kol-po-sis-tof -o-mc). See Colpocyst-
otomy.
Kolpodesmorrhaphy {kol-po-dez-mor'-a-fe) [koIttoc,
vagina; (VfT/«ir, bond ; pa0/), seam]. Same as OZ/or-
rhaphv, q. v.
Kolpok'leisis (kol-po-klis'-is). See Colpokleisis.
Kombe (kom'-bah) [African]. An African arrow-poison
(kombe inee) extracted from Strophanthus kombe.
Komeceras, Komoceras (ko-mes' -er-as, ko-mos' -er-as)
\_K.oiiii , the hair; Ktfiac, horn]. In biology, applied
to such a horn as that of the American prong-horn,
formed of matted hair.
Kommabacillus (Jiom-ah-bas-il' -us). See Bacteria,
Synonymatic Table of.
Koniantron (ko-ne-an' -Iron) \_k6vic, dust ; avrpov,
antrum~\ . An instrument for spraying fluid into the
tympanic cavity.
Koosso, or Koosoo (koo'-soo). See Brayera.
Kopf-tetanus {kopf'-tet-an-us) [Ger.]. Cephalic tet-
anus, due to wounds of the head, chiefly in the region
of the fifth nerve. Initial trismus is associated with
paralysis of the face on the side of the injury. In
some cases there is also pharyngeal spasm, so that the
name Hydrophobic Tetanus has also been given I
to this form of tetanus. j
Kopiopia (l;op-c-o' -pe-ali). See Copiopia.
Kopp's Asthma. See Asthma.
VLopTikin [kop'-rik-in) [/fi^Trpof , dung] . A term applied
by Hiinefeld to undigested animal matter in the feces.
Kore- [kor'-e-). See Core-.
Koronion (ko-ro'-ne-on). See Craniometric Points.
Koroscopy [ko-ros'-ko-pe). See Retinoscopy.
Kosin [ko'-siti) [Abyssinian, cusso'], CjjHggOjQ. Same
as Koussin. See Brayera.
Koso (l;o'-sd). Same as Brayera, q. v.
Kossein [kos'-e-in) [Abyssinian, cztsso']. A crystalline j
body contained in koosso. It is soluble in ether, in
alcohol, and in acids. It is slightly styptic.
Koubasoff, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Synonymatic I
Table of.
Koumiss {koo'-mis) [Tartar, kumiz, fermented mare's '
milk]. An alcoholic drink made by the fermenta-
tion of milk. As made by the fermentation of \
mare's milk, it has long been a favorite beverage •
with the Tartars and other Asiatic tribes. Cow's
milk has been used chiefly in making it, both in Europe j
and America. Mare's milk is the more suitable for
fermentation because of the larger percentage of milk- :
sugar that it contains. The composition of the kou-
miss as prepared from both mare's milk and cow's
milk is shown in the alccompanying analyses fromi
various sources : —
ANALYSIS OF KOUMISS.
Water.
Milk-sugar.
Lactic Acid.
1 Albuminoids.
h
<
1 Alcohol.
j Carbon Dioxid.
B
10
<
Koumiss from mare's
milk (Fleischmann), .
91-53
1-25
1. 01
1.91
1.27
1.85
0.88
0.29
Koumiss from cow's
milk (Fleischmann), .
88.93
3"
0.79
2.03
0.85
2.65
1.03
0.44
Koumiss from mare's
milk (Konig)
92.47
1.24
0.91
1.97
1.26
1.84
0.95
Koumiss from mare's
milk (London, 18S4), .
91.87
0.79
1.04
1.91
1. 19
2.86
Koumiss from cow's
milk (Wiley), ....
89.32
4-38
0.47
2.56
2.08
0.76
0.83
K.-cure, a method of treating pulmonary tuberculo-
sis. Large quantities of koumiss can be easily digested,
and its use is frequently attended by a gain in weight.
KOUSSIN
647
KUPFFER'S CELLS
The patients rise early and take a glass of koumiss
every half hour, except during the two hours preced-
ing dinner and supper. Meat and fats form the chief
part of the ordinary food ; sweets, fruit and salads
are avoided, as well as ices, coffee, and spirits. If the
koumiss causes diarrhea, lime-water is used to arrest
this. At first a few glasses only are taken daily to
gradually accustom the patient to the cure.
Koussin (l'oos'-i>i). See Bray era.
Kousso [koos'-o). See Brayera.
Kowalevsky, Canal of. See Canal.
Krameria {J;ya-ine' -re-ah) [after J. G. H. Kramer, an
Austrian physician]. A genus of polypelatous herbs.
Rhatany, the root of K. triandra and K. tometitosa,
shrubs native to South America, possesses 'the same
astringent qualities as tannic acid. It is a popular
remedy for fissure of the anus, spongy gums, etc.
K., Ext., in water. Dose gr. v-x. K., Ext., Fid.
Dose TT\^v-3ss. K., Infus. (B. P.) Dose sj-ij.
K., Syr., contains of the fluid extract 35, syrup 65.
Dose 3SS-3SS. K., Trochisci, contain each gr. j
of the extract. K., Tinct., 20 per cent. Dose TTLv-gj.
Krameric Acid (/•r(?-/«t''-r//')[after J. G. H. Kramer, a.n
Austrian physician]. An acid contained in Krameria.
Krampton's Muscle. The muscle of the so-called
ciliary ligament in the avian eye.
Krarkoff's Method. A method of extracting soluble
animal ferments ; it consists in precipitating these and
the albuminoids by means of ammonium sulphate ;
subsequent treatment with acids renders the albumin-
oids insoluble, and the ferments are readily extracted
with water.
Kraurosis (/^/-^Tcz-ro'-j/j-) [/vpaiipof, dry]. Shriveling and
dryness of a part, especially of the vulva.
Krause's Corpuscles. Terminal nerve-corpuscles de-
scribed by W. Krause (i860) as existing in the con-
junctiva, the genitals, and other parts of the human
body, and differing from the Pacinian corpuscles only
Krause's End-bulb.
a. Nucleated capsule, b. Core. c. Fiber entering and
branching, terminating in core at d.
m the absence of a thick laminated investment. K.'s
Embryo, an embryo of the fourth week, in which
there is an absence of the allantoic stalk, the allan-
tois hanging from the posterior extremity of the embryo.
K.'s End-bulbs, terminal bodies of sensory nerves
m the skin and membranes of all mammals. They
are elongated, oval, or round bodies, 0.075 t° o. 14
mm. long. K., Glands of. See Gland. K.'s
Membrane, a structure that extends from the sarco-
lemma through the fiber of a muscle, making a com-
plete partition. K.'s Method, a method of inducing
premature labor. It consists in passing a flexible
bougie into the uterine cavity. K.'s Muscle, the
coraco-cervicalis muscle. Ste Muscles , Table of . K.'s
Nerve. See Nerves, Table of. K.'s Process, a
process for the separation of the two coloring-matters
of chlorophyl. I. Prepare a solution by allowing
fresh bruised leaves to be acted upon for a few hours
in the dark by warm 65 per cent, alcohol ; decant. 2.
Shake one volume of this solution with two volumes
of benzol ; after a time the turbid liquid separates into
a benzol layer above having a bluish-green color, and
an alcohol layer below tinged yellow. The yellowish
pigment is called by Krause xanthophyl, the bluish-
green, kyaiiophyl. According to Wiesner, kyano-
phyl is nearly pure chlorophyl freed from its asso-
ciated yellow pigment xanthophyl. It is believed
by many that the yellow pigment separated by this
process is identical with that found in plants blanched
(etiolated) in darkness, and which has been called
etiolin (Goodale).
Kreatin (^kre' -ai-in). See Creatin.
Kreatinin {kre-at' -in-in). See Creafinin.
Kremnitz White. Same as White Lead.
Krems White. Same as White Lead.
Kreolin [kre' -o-lin) . See Creolin.
Kresol (/^rf'-W) . See Cresol.
Krinosin [kri?i' -o-sin). See Crinosin.
Krishaber's Disease. See Diseases, Table of.
Kristeller's Method. A method of hastening tedious
labor by fetal expression by means of rhythmic pres-
sure on the fundus uteri. Pressure is made on the
fetus while the entire child is still in the genital canal.
Krohn's Glands. A pair of glands in the cephalo-
thorax of certain of the Arachnoidea [Phalangida,
Cyphophtlialamid(E).
Kronecker's Center. The inhibitory center of the
heart. It may be injured in cardiocentesis.
Kronlein's Hernia. See Hernia, Inguino-properito-
neal, and Diseases, Table of.
KruU's Treatment. See Treatment, Methods of.
Krypto- {l;rip' -to-). See Crypto-.
Kiihne's Method. A method of staining bacilli, and
K.^ s Alodification of Grant's Method. See Stains,
Table of. K.'s Carbol. Methylene-blue, methyl-
ene-blue 1.5, absolute alcohol 10. Rub up and gradu-
ally add ICQ parts of a five percent, solution of carbolic
acid. K.'s Motorial End-plates, a peculiar form
of nerve-ending. The same as the Hillocks of
Doyere. K.'s Pancreas-powder, an extract pre-
pared by the prolonged extraction of fresh pancreas of
ox with alcohol and then with ether.
Kuhnt, Cylinder-cone of. See Cylinder.
Kujawah [ku' -jah-zvacv) [E. Ind.]. An apparatus used
in India, by means of which wounded persons may be
carried on camels.
Kumbecephalic {kum-be-sef-aP -ik) or Kumbokephalic
{ktim-bo-kef-aF -ik). See Cymbocephalic.
Kumiss (koo' -mis') or Kumyss {koo'-mis). See Kou-
miss.
Kiimmel [kim'-el) [Ger., " <:«/;//«."] A liqueur, or
cordial, originating in Germany and Russia, and flav-
ored with fennel, caraway, cumin, or coriander.
Kummerfeld's Lotion. A cosmetic used in dermat-
ology. It consists of spirit of camphor and spirit
of lavender, each dram; precipitated sulphur 15
grains ; cologne-water one dram, distilled water 2
ounces.
Kumysgen [koo-mis^-jen) [Tartar, kiimiz, fermented
mare's milk ; yevvav, to beget]. A preparation used
for the production of koumiss.
Kupffer's Cells. Liver-cells which, according to Asp
and Kupffer, present exceedingly minute intracellular
passages that pass from the bile capillaries into the
interior of the cells, where they communicate with
KURUNG OIL
648
KYTOPLASM
certain small cavities or vacuoles. K.'s Method. See
Stains, Table of. K.'s Vesicle, a small globular cav-
ity seen near the posterior extremity of the embryo in
teleostean tishes.
Kurung Oil {kii' -rung). See Pongamia.
Kiissmaul's Coma. A manifestation of diabetes usu-
ally associated with the presence of acetone in the
urine, and the patient is comatose. See Diseases,
Table of. K.'s Disease, acute atrophic spinal paraly-
sis. See Diseases, Table of.
Kusso [koos'-o). See Brayera.
Kiister's Sign. See Signs and Symptoms, Table of.
Kutubuth {^koo-too-booth') \_hx2\i.'\. Melancholia erra-
bunda.
Kvas, or Kwas (kvas or kwas) [Russ.]. A kind of
beer made in Russia of rye-flour, oatmeal, or baked
bread, sometimes with the addition of various sweet
fruits.
Kyanizing [ki'-an-iz-ing) [after Kyan, the inventor].
A wood-preserving process having for its object the
coagulation of the protein matters in wood-cells, thus
retarding putrefaction by impregnating the wood with
a solution of mercuric chlorid. Impregnation with
a 50 per cent, solution of zinc chlorid is called Bur-
netliziiig. .See Biintetf s Disinfecting-fluid.
Kyanophyl [k'l' -an-ofil) \Kvavoi, dark-blue ; <^'v'/Ckov, a
leaf]. The bluish-green pigment of chlorophyl. Same
as Cyanophyl.
Kyestein {ki-es' -te-i)i) [K/'v/cr/r , conception ; ioHi/r, cov-
ering]. A filmy deposit upon decomposing urine, at
one time thought to be diagnostic of pregnancy.
Kyllopodia {kil-o-po' -de-ah) [A-y/'^dr, twisted ; -novq,
foot]. See Clubfoot.
Kyllosis [kil-o'-sis) \_kvX7',6<;, twisted]. Same as Club-
foot.
Kymograph (ki'-mo-graf), Kymographion (ki-mo-
graf -e-on) \iivu.a, wave; ypcKpeiv, to write]. An in-
strument for reproducing graphically the variations in
the pressure of the blood.
Kymoscope [lei' -mo-skop) [Kj}//a, wave; anoTrdi', to in-
spect]. A device used in the observation and study
of the blood-current.
Kynurin (ki-mi'-rin) [ki'i&w, a dog ; ohpov, urine],
C,gH|jN.,0.,. A crystalline substance obtained from
cynurenic acid. It may also be made by oxidizing
cinchonin and cinchoninic acid with chromic acid.
It crystallizes in needles containing 3H,^0.
Kyphoscoliorachitic (ki-fo-sko-le-o-rak-if -ik) [_Kv6i,)ai(: ,
hump-back ; (7Ko/;dr, oblique ; pd;\'(f, spine] . Kypho-
scoliotic.
Kyphoscoliosis (ki-fo-sko-le-o' -sis) \_iih(p(,>r!ir, hump-
backed; anoXiuGK;, a bending]. Kyphosis combined
with scoliosis.
Kyphoscoliotic {ki-fo-sko-le-ot' -ik) \K.v^uaii;, hump-
back ; UKo't/or, oblique]. Characterized by or per-
taining to kyphoscoliosis.
Kyphosis [kifo'-sis) \_K'vtb(j)ai^, hump-back]. Hump-
back. Angular curvature of the spine, with the
prominence or convexity turned dorsad. K. bicy-
clistarum, a curvature of the spine, due to error in
posture in bicycle-riding.
Kyphotic [ki-fot'-ik) [/vi'^Jucr/f, hump-back]. Relating
to, of the nature of, or affected with, kyphosis.
Kysthoproptosis {kis-tko-prop-to' -sis) [nvnOog, a hol-
low ; TTpo-rojcrif, a falling forward]. Prolapse of the
vagina.
Kysto- {kis^-to-). See Cysfo-.
Kystoma {kis-to' -mah). See Cystoma.
■ f
a
u
b
Kymograph. (Ludwigi)
a, a. Artery. C. Revolving-cylinder, c. Height of mercury
in tube ; the difference between this point and d indicates
the pressure within the vessel, d, s. Float on mercury m
tube- f. Writing-style.
Kytharrhagia {kith-ar-a' -je-ah). See Cyt/iarrhagia.
Kythemolytic [ki-tliem-o-lit'-ik) [/ciTOf , cell ; aifia,
blood; AjO(T/f, solution]. Pertaining to, characterized
by, or causing, the destruction of blood-cells.
Kytomitom [ki-toni' -it-om) [Kfirof, cell ; ///rof, thread].
The network in the body of the nucleus of the cell.
Kytoplasm [ki' -fo-plazm) [kitoc, cell ; TvMcfia, plasm].
The protoplasm of the cell.
L
649
LABOR
L
L. The abbreviation of Left, of Lumbar, of Lithium,
and of Li/n a, a pound.
X denotes wave-lengtli. For instance 'A. 506, means a
wave-lengtli equal to 506 millionths of a millimeter.
Sometimes the letters W. L. are used instead of X.
Lb. Contraction of liber = pound.
Lab, or Lab-ferment. The ferment of rennet pro-
ducing coagulation of milk. It is separated from the
proenzyme, labzymogen, by means of the acids of the
gastric juice , and especially by HCl. Labzymogen
resists the action of alkalies, which, even in very
small amounts, destroys the lab. A temperature of 35°
to 40° C. is most favorable to the action of lab. At
70° C. the lab is destroyed, but not the labzymogen.
Labarraque's Liquor. See Liquor. L.'s Solution.
See Chlorin.
Labbe, Vein of. See V^ein.
Labdacism (lab' -das-izin). Same as Lambdacism.
Labdanum [lab'-dau-um). See Ladanum.
Labellum (la-bel'-uiii) [dim. of labium, a lip: //. ,
LabelUi\. In biology : (a) One of the petals of an
orchid, which, properly the upper one, is made the
lower by a semi-twist of the ovary. It is larger than the
other petals and offers a landing-place for insects ; it
is carried backward in the form of a spur, and then
assumes the functions of a nectary and so attracts
visitors (Cheshire) ; {b) One of the mouth-parts of an
insect.
Labes [la'-bez) [L.]. An old name for the plague ;
also, for any depravation or lowering of the standard
of health.
Labial (la'-be-al) [labium, a lip]. Pertaining to the
lips. L. Bone. See Iiitennaxillary. L. Frenum,
frenum of the lips.
Labialism (la' -be-al-izm) \labium, a lip]. The ten-
dency to pronounce any articulate sounds as if they
were labials ; the addition of a labial or labio-dental
quality to an articulate sound.
Labials (la'-be-alz) [labium, a lip]. The consonant-
sounds ; they are formed mainly by the Hps. See
Consoiattts.
Labiate [la'-be-dt) [labium, a lip]. In biology,
lipped. Shaped like, or functioning as, 'a lip. L.
Plants, the Labiata, or mintworts ; an order of
square-stemmed plants, mostly herbs, with aromatic
properties, many of the species being highly charged
with volatile oils.
Labiatiform {la-be-af -if-orm). S^e Labiate.
Labidometer [lab-id-ojii' -et-er) [Aa/3/f , forceps ; fihpov,
a measure]. A forceps used in measuring the dimen-
sions of the head of a fetus in the pelvis.
Labidophorous [lab-id-off' -or-us) {^Aa^k, forceps ;
0opdf, bearing]. Applied to insects having organs
resembling pinchers.
Labidoprion {lab-id-o' -pre-on) [Tiafik, forceps ;
saw]. A forceps-saw.
Labiella {la-be-el' -ah) [labium, a lip]. In biology, a
minute, rounded, median portion of the deutomala in
myriapods ; it corresponds in a degree to the lingua
of hexapods (Packard).
Labile [lab'-il) [labilis : labi, to glide]. I. I n electro-
therapeutics a labile application is the passing of the
electrode — usually the negative — along and touching
the skin over the track of a nerve. 2. Deciduous.
Labimeter (/;7/^-/;;/'-i./-^.;-). Same as Labidometer.
Labio-alveolar [la'-be-o-al-ve'-o-lar) [labium, lip;
alveolus, a small hollow]. Pertaining to the lip and
to one or more dental alveoli.
Labio-chorea [la' -be-o-ko-re' -ali ) [labium, lip ; ;);ope/o.
dancing]. A choreic affection of the lips, and the
stammering that results from it.
Labio-choreic (la' -be-o-ko-re' -ik) [labium, lip; x"P^''i,
dancing]. Relating to lip-stammering.
Labio-dental (la'-be-o-den'-tal) lip ; deiis, a.
tooth]. Pertaining to the lips and the teeth.
Labio-glosso-laryngeal (la' -be-o-glos' -o-lar-in' -je-al)
[labium, lip; jAwCTua, tongue; Aripfj-f, larynx]. Per-
taining conjointly to lips, tongue, and larynx. L.
Paralysis. See Bulbar Paralysis.
Labio-glosso-pharyngeal (la' -be-o-glos' -o-far-in' -jc-
al ) [labium, lip; )'/MaGa, tongue; (papvy^, pharynx].
Pertainfng conjointly to lips, tongue, and pharynx.
Labiomancy (la' -be-o-nian-se) [labium, lip ; fiainsia,
divination]. The power of understanding what is
said by observing the motions of the lips in speech.
Labio-mental (la' -be-o-men' -tal) [labium, lip; }?ien-
tum, chin].' Relating to lip and chin.
Labio-nasal (la'-be-o-na'-sal) [labium, lip; nasus,
nose] . Labial and nasal ; pertaining to lip and nose.
Labio-palatine (la' -be-o-pal' -at-in) [labium, lip ; pala-
tum, palate]. Relating to lip and palate in common.
Labioplastic (la-bc-o-plas'-tik) [labium, lip ; ir'Atwaeiv,
to form]. Pertaining to an operation for restoring the
lip, after injury or partial destruction of the same ;
chiloplastic.
Labiose (la'-be-os) [labium, lip]. In biology, resem-
bling a true labiate flower.
Labiotenaculum (la-be-o-ten-ak' -u-lum) [labium, lip ;
tenaculum, a holder]. An instrument for holding the
lips in a position required for examination or opera-
tion.
Labipalp (la' -be-palp)[labiu7?i, a lip ; palparc, to stroke,
to feel]. In biology, a labial palp or feeler.
Labitome (lab'-it-dm) [^kafii^, forceps; ro////, cutting].
Cutting-forceps.
Labium (/<?'-/^('-«w) [I,.: //. , Labia\ A lip. Also,
any structure consisting of a strip or flap of elastic tis-
sue that closes upon an orifice. In biology, applied
to various lip-like structures in animals and plants,
usually the lower when two are present, the upper
being called the labruijt. L. austriacum, Austrian
lip ; the thick, pendent upper lip of the Austrian reign-
ing family. L. cerebri, the margins of the cerebral
hemispheres that overlap the corpus callosum. L.
duplex, a congenital longitudinal duplication of
the mucosa of the upper, and rarely of the lower
lip. L. externus pudendi. See L. majus. L.
internus pudendi. See L. minus. L. leopoldi-
num, a thick, pendent lower lip; named after Em-
peror Leopold. L. leporinum. See Hare-lip. L.
majus, or L. pudendi majus, one of two folds of
skin of the female external genital organs, arising
just below the mons veneris, surrounding the vulval
entrance, and meeting at the anterior part of the perin-
eum. L. minus, L. pudendi minus, or nympha,
one of two folds of mucous membrane at the inner
surfaces of the labia majora. L. tympanicum, the
portion of the lamina spiralis forming the lower border
of the sulcus spiralis. L. urethrae, the lateral margins
of the external urinary meatus. L. vestibulare, the
overhanging extremity of the lamina spiralis that forms
the upper part of the sulcus spiralis.
Labor (la'-boi-) [L.]. Work. Parturition; bringing
forth young. That natural process by which a preg-
nant woman expels the product of conception at
the expiration of the period of pregnancy, normally.
LABORATORY
650
LACCIN
280 days after conception. L., Abnormal, departing
from the normal course. L., Artificial, when effected
or aided by other means than the forces of the maternal
organism. L., Atonic, labor protracted or rendered in-
capable of spontaneous termination by atony of the
uterus. L., Conduct of, management, hygienic, medi-
cal, orsurgical, of the parturient woman. L., Difficult.
See Dystocia. L., Dry, when there is a deficiency of
the liquor amnii, or when there has been a premature
rupture of the bag of waters. L., False, or False
Pains. See Pains. L., Induced, labor brought on
by artificial means. L», Insanity of. .See hisaiiity.
L., Instrumental, one requiring manual or instru-
mental means to extract the child. L., Metastatic,
labor in which the true pains cease suddenly, and are
succeeded by muscular contractions of neighboring
organs, bladder, rectum, or of the muscles of the trunk
and limbs. L., Missed, retention of the dead fetus in
ute?'o beyond the period of normal gestation. L,.,
Natural, Normal, or Physiologic, when effected
by the sole power of the maternal organism. L.,
Obstructed. See L. Pathologic. L., Pathologic,
when deviating from the normal type by rsfeson of weak-
ness of the maternal forces, anomalies of the pelvis, or
of the fetus, or of complications, all being causes of
Obstructed L. L., Postponed, delayed beyond
nine months. L., Premature, taking place before the
normal period of gestation, but when the fetus is viable.
L., Stages of, arbitrary divisions of the period of
labor, — the first begins with dilatation of the os, and
ends with complete dilatation, so that the head can pass ;
the second ends with the expulsion of the child ; the
third {^placental) consists in the expulsion of the pla-
centa. L., Mechanism of, the mechanism by which
a fetus and its appendages traverse the birth-canal and
are expelled. L. -pains, the pains of, or the contrac-
tion of the uterus during, labor. L., Perverse, labor
in which there is an abnormal position of the child.
L., Precipitate, labor in which the expulsion of the
fetus and its appendages takes place with undue celer-
ity. L., Protracted, labor prolonged beyond the
usual limit (10-20 hours in primipars, 2-6 hours in
multiparse). L., Spontaneous, labor accomplished
without artificial aid.
Laboratory {/ab' -or-at-o-re) \Jaboratoriuni , from labor-
are, to work]. A room or place designed for experi-
mental work in chemistry, physiology, biology, etc.
Laborde's Method. S^e. Treatment, Methods of . L.'s
Sign. See Death.
Labrador Tea {lab'-ra-dor). The leaves of Ledum
latifolium, demulcent, expectorant, and tonic. Dose
of the fld. ext., ^j-ij- Unof.
Labrose {la'-bros, or la-brds') \_labrosus, lipped].
Supplied with lips. Large-lipped.
Labrum [la'-brum) [L., a lip-edge, margin: //. ,
Labra'\. In biology, a lip-like structure, usually the
upper, when two are present, the lower being the
labium.
Laburnin (lab-er^ -nin) \laburniitn, laburnum]. Also
called Cytisin. An alkaloid found in Cyt/sies labur-
num.
Laburnum [lab-er' -nuiii) [L.]. The leaves of Cytisus
laburnum, the properties of which are due to an alka-
loid, In small doses it is diuretic and resolvent;
in larger doses poisonous, irritating the alimentary tract,
and inducing purging, vomiting, and exhaustion. Unof.
Labyrinth [tab' -ir-inth) [^XaftvpivHac, a maze]. A name
given to the series of cavities of the internal ear com-
prising the vestibule, cochlea, and the semicircular
canals. L., Bony. See L. , Osseous. L., Cortical,
the intricately arranged collection of uriniferous tubules
and blood-vessels filling the intervals in the cortical
substance of the kidney. See Kidney. L., Mem-
branous, the membranous cavity within the osseous
labyrinth, from which it is partly separated by the
perilymph. It comprises two sacs contained within
the vestibule, the semicircular canals and the canal of
Labyrinth of the Ear Laid Open.
a. Fovea elliptica. b. Fovea hemispherica. c. Common en-
trance of the posterior and superior semicircular canals.
d. Opening of the aqueduct of the vestibule, e. Superior
semicircular canal. Posterior, g. Inferior semicircular
canal, k. Spiral canal of cochlea, i. Opening of the aque-
duct of the cochlea, j. Lamina spiralis.
the cochlea. L. of the Kidney. Labyrinth, Cor-
tical. L., Osseous, the bony capsule of the internal
ear, communicating in front with the cochlea and be-
hind with the semicircular canals. L. Pit. See Ear.
Labyrinthal [lab-ir-in'-thal), Labyrinthic [lab-ir-in'-
thik). See Labyrinthine.
Labyrinthine [lab-ir-in' -thin) [XajivpivHui;, a maze].
Pertaining to a labyrinth. L. Vertigo. See Meniere's
Disease. s
\^a.hyr'mXYi\is [lab-ir-in' -thus) [\^. : pi. ,Labyrinthi'\. A
labyrinth. '
Lac [lak) [Pers., lak, lac]. A resinous incrustation
produced on the bark of the twigs and branches of ,
various tropical trees [Urostigma religiosa. Mimosa
cinerea, Bute a frondosa, Schleichera trijuga, of
Ceylon, India, and Burmah, Croton lacciferum, of
Ceylon, Croton draco. Acacia greggii, Larrea mexi-
cana, of Mexico), by the puncture of the female lac-
insect Carteria [Coccus) lacca. This crude exudation
constitutes the stick-lac of commerce. Shellac is pre-
pared by spreading the resin into thin plates after
being melted and strained. In the preparation of the
shellac, the resin is freed from the coloring-matter,
which is formed into cakes, and is known as lac-
dye. See Pigments, Conspectus of. Button-lac differs
from shellac only in form, appearing in cakes about
three inches in diameter and one-sixth of an inch thick.
Bleached lac is prepared by dissolving lac in a
boiling lye of pearlash or potassic hydrate, filter- '
ing and passing chlorin through the solution until
all the lac is precipitated. Seed-lac is the residue ob- ■
tained after dissolving out most of the coloring-matter |
contained in the resin. The common shellac is used °
in varnishes, lacquers, and sealing-wax ; the bleached
lac in pale varnishes and light-colored sealing-wax.
L.-beet, a fruit used in ,Siam for diarrhea and
dyspepsia. L., Stick, lac as taken from the twigs
on which it is formed. L. sulphuris, milk of sul-
phur ; sulphur pra:cipitatum (U. S. P.) L., White.
See Bleached lac.
Lacca [lak' -ah). See Lac.
Laccate [lak' -at) [Pers., lak, lac, or sealing-wax].
In biology, appearing as if varnished or lactjuered.
Laccin (lak'-in) [Pers., lak, lac]. A substance resem-
bling wax, extracted from lac. It is insoluble in water,
soluble in alcohol, in ether, in hydrochloric acid, and
in potassic hydrate.
LACERATE
651
LACTAMID
Jjacerate {/as^-er-a/) [AaKcpof, torn]. In biology, with
a margin appearing as if torn. L. Foramen. See
Foramina, Table of.
Laceration {las-er-a' -shiai^ \laceratio ; lacerare, to
tear]. Mechanical rupture by a tearing action,
whether accidental or surgical. See Dilaceration. L.
of the Infratrochlear Nerve. See BadaP s Opera-
tions Operations, Table of . L. of Perineum, a tear-
ing through the wall separating the lower extremity of
the vagina and rectum, which occurs occasionally to
women in childbirth.
Lacerator {las' -er-a-tor') \Jaceyare, to tear]. An in-
strument used in effecting surgical laceration.
Lacertiform {las-er'-tif-orni) \Jacerta, lizard ; forma,
form]. Lizard-shaped.
Lacertoid (las-er' -toid) \lacerta, lizard; fZJof, like].
Resembling a lizard.
Lachesis {lak' -e-sis') \}'.ax^<^i';, destiny, fate]. I. A
genus of venomous South American reptiles. 2. The
venom of L. mtttiis (the bushmaster snake), and
also a homeopathic preparation of the poison.
Lachnanthes (lak-nan' -thez) [/a;j'iv/, soft, woolly
hair; avdo^, a flower]. A genus of North American
bloodworts. L. tinctoria, red-root, is a plant popu-
lar in parts of the United States as an expectorant
and alterative in pulmonary tuberculosis. Dose of a
10 per cent, tincture, ITLx. Unof.
Lachrymal {lak' -rim-al"). See Lacrymal.
Lacinia [las-in' -e-ah) [L. , a lappet, flap, as of a gar-
ment: //., Laciniis~\. In biology, one of the fimbrise
at the ovarian extremity of the oviduct ; a narrow lobe,
as in an incised leaf; or, specifically, the slender apex
of the maxilla of a beetle. Cf. Galea.
Laciniate [las-in' -e-at) [^lacinia, a flap]. ■ In biology,
fringed; cut into narrow flaps.
Laciniform [las-in' -if -orm) \_lacinia, a flap ; for??ia,
form]. In biology, fringe-like.
Laciniola [las-tn-i' -o-lah) [dim. of Lacinia : pi.. La -
ciniolce\. In biology, a small lacinia.
Lacinula [las-in' -u-lali) [dim. of Lacinia, a flap: //. ,
Lacinulc2\. In biology, a small lacinia.
Lacmoid [lak'-?7toid). Same as Resorcin-blue.
Lacmus [lak' -mus). See Litmus.
Lacquer [lak'-er) [Pg. , lacre, sealing-wax]. An
opaque varnish containing lac. L., Burmese, a
natural varnish consisting of a thick, grayish terebin-
thinous liquid, collected from the Melanorrhcca iisita-
tissima of Burmah. It dissolves in alcohol, turpen-
tine-oil, and benzene, assuming greater fluidity.
Locally, it is used in lacquering furniture, temples,
idols, and varnishing vessels.
Lacrima [lak' -rim-ah). See Lacryma.
Lacrimal [lak'-ri??i-al). See Lacrymal.
Lacryma [lak' -rim-ah) [L.: //., Lacry/iio'']. A tear.
Lacrymal [lak' -rim-al) [lacryma, a tear]. Having ref-
erence to the organs of the secretion, transfer, or ex-
cretion of tears. L. Apparatus, the lacrymal gland,
ducts, canal, sac, and nasal duct. See Eye. L.
Artery, the first branch of the ophthalmic artery, sup-
plying the gland. See Arteries, Table of. L. Bone,
a bone upon the nasal side of the orbit, articulating
with the frontal, the ethmoid, and superior maxillary
bones, in which begin the lacrymal groove and nasal
duct. See Bones, Table of. L. Canals, or Canal-
iculi, superior and infirior, extend from the lacrymal
puncta to the sac, and serve to convey the excess
of tears from the eye to the nose. See Canal. L.
Caruncula. See Caruncle. L. Crest. See Crest.
L. Ducts, seven to fourteen in number, extending
obliquely from the gland to the fornix conjunctivae,
carrying the tears to the conjunctival surface of the
globe. See Duct. L. Gland, the gland secreting the
tears, situated in a depression of the frontal bone, the
L. fossa, at the upper and outer angle of the orbit.
See Gland. L. Lake, the inward prolongation of the
palpebral fissure of the eyelids. L. Papilla. See
Papilla. L. Probe, a probe for exploring or dilating
the canaliculi and nasal duct. L. Puncta, the minute
orifices of the canaliculi, upon the eyelids near the
Relations of the Eve and the X-acrvmal Excretory
Apparatus.
I, I. Canaliculi. 2, 2. Puncta lacrymalia. 3, 3. Inner extremity,
of tarsal cartilage. 4, 4. Free borders of lids. 5. Lacrymal
sac. 6. Attachment to maxillary bone of superior tendon.
7. Bifurcation of lacrymal sac. 8, 8. Two branches.
inner canthus. L. Sac, a sacciform enlargement of
the upper part of the nasal duct, into which the cana-
liculi empty. L. Style, a probe used in stricture
of the nasal duct. L. Tubercle. See Tztbercle.
Lacrymation [lak-rim-a' -shiui) \Jacryma, a tear]. An
excessive secretion, or an overflow, of tears, from any
cause.
Lacrymatome [lak-rim' -at-om) \_lacry7na , tear; to//?;,
cutting]. A cutting-instrument used in dilating the
nasal duct or the canaliculi; a syringotome.
Lacr5rmiform [lak-rim' -if-orni') \factyma, a tear;
forma, form]. In biology, tear-shaped ; guttiform.
Lacrymin [lak' -rim-in'). See Dacryolin.
Lacrymotomy [lak rim-ot' -o-7ne) \lacryma, tear; ro//^,
cutting]. The division of strictures of the lacrymal
passages.
Lactagogue [lak' -tag-og). See Galactagogue.
Lactalbumin [lakt-al' -Im-min) \_lac, milk ; albumin^
A proteid contained in milk in small quantities — of
I per cent. It resembles serum-albumin very closely,
differing in specific rotatory power, in its coaguability
by heat, and in its precipitation of neutral salts.
Lactamic Acid [lak-tam' -ik). See Alanin.
Lactamid [lak'-tam-id) \_lac, milk; amid^, C^H,-
NOj. A substance formed by the union of lactid and
ammonia. It forms crystals readily soluble in water
and in alcohol, and melts at 74° C.
LACTAMIN
652
LACTOSE
Lactamin (lak' -tam-iii) . See Alanin.
Lactam {lak'-tant) \_/acia)-e, to suckle]. Suckling.
Lactate {lak'-tdt) \Jactare, to suckle]. Any salt of
lactic acid.
Lactated Food. A Liebig's food for infants. Its
composition is : Water 7.76; fat 1.64; starch 36.43;
soluble carbohydrates 39.0; albuminoids II.85 ; ash
2.6l ; milk-sugar 29.65.
Lactatic {lak-tat'-ik). See Galaclagogue.
Lactation (lak-ta' -shun) \_lactatio ; lactare, to suckle].
Suckling ; the period during which the child suckles.
Lacteal {lak' -te-al) \Jac, milk], i. Pertaining to milk.
2. Any one of the lymphatics of the small intestine
that take up the chyle.
Lactean (lak'-ie-an) \_hic, milk]. See Lacteal.
Lactei'n {lak' -tc-in) \)ac, milk]. Same as Lactoli7t.
Lacteous {lak' -te-us). See Lacteal.
Lactescence {lak-tes'-ens) [lactescere,\.o turn to milk].
Milkiness (often applied to the chyle).
Lactescent {lak-tes'-ent) \_lactescei-e , to turn to milk].
Milky, or secreting a milky sap or fluid.
Lactic (lak'-tik) [_lac, milk]. Pertaining to milk or its
derivatives. L. Acid. 'See Acid, Lactic, axiA. Stains,
Table of. L. Ether, (QH.O.C„H505)CioHi(,Og. A
colorless substance resulting from the distillation of
equal parts of calcium lactate, absolute alcohol, and
sulphuric acid. It is soluble in water, in alcohol,
and in ether, and boils at 77° C. L. Fermentation.
See Fermentation.
Lactica [lak'-tik-ah) \_lac, milk]. An old name for
typhoid fever.
Lactid [lak'-tia) \_lac, milk], CgHgO^. A volatile sub-
stance, one of the anhydrids of lactic acid produced
by dry distillation of that acid. It crystallizes from
alcohol in rhombic plates that melt at 124.5° C. , and
boil at 255° C. ; it dissolves slowly in water, with
the gradual formation of lactic acid.
Lactiferous {lak-tif'-er-iis) \_lac, milk; ferre, to carry].
A term applied to vessels that convey milk. L.
Ducts, the ducts of the mammary gland. L.
Glands, the mammary glands. L. Swelling, a dis-
tention of the breast arising from obstruction of a
lactiferous duct.
Lactific {lak-tif -ik) \lac, milk ; facere, to make].
Producing milk.
Lactiflorous {lak-tif-lo'-riis')\lac,va-C(k; fos, flower].
In biology, having milk-white flowers.
Lactiform {lak'-tif-orm) \_lac, milk; forma, form].
Resembling milk.
Lactifuge {lak' -tif-iij) \lac, milk; fugare, to drive
away]. A drug or agent that causes a lessening in
the secretion of milk.
Lactigenous {lak-tif -en-US') \lac, milk; yEvvav, to pro-
duce]. Milk-producing.
Lactimid {lak' -tim-id) \lac, milk; imid'\, CjHr^NO.
A substance produced by heating alanin in a current
of HCl to 180—200° C. It consists of colorless leaf-
lets or needles that melt at 275° C, and dissolve readily
in alcohol and in water.
Lactin (lak'-tin) \lac, milk]. Sugar of milk ; lactose.
Lactinated {lak' -tin-a-ted) \Jac, milk]. Containing
sugar of milk.
Lactiphagous {lak-tif '-ag-us) \_lac, milk; (payeh', to
eat]. Consuming milk.
Lactipotous {lak-tip' -o-tus) \Jac, milk ; potare, to
drink]. Milk-drinking.
Lactis {lak'-tis) [gen. of lac, milk]. Pertaining to
milk. L. redundantia, an excessive flow of milk.
L. retentio, suppression of the flow of milk.
Lactisma (2ak-tiz' -mah ) \f.a.KTiC)La ; Aukti^eiv, to kick :
//. , Lactismata"]. The kicking or motion of the fetus
in utero.
0. m
Lactivorous {lak-tiv' -or-us) \Jac, milk ; vorare, to de-
vour] . Subsisting on milk.
Lacto- {lak' -to-) \_lac, milk]. A Latin prefix denoting
connection with or relation to milk. L. -pepsin, a
preparation of pepsin. According to Heger, its com-
position is: Pure pepsin 10 parts, pancreatin 7.6
parts, sugar of milk 50 parts, extract of malt 5 parts,
lactic acid 2.6 parts, hydrochloric acid (25 per cent.)
10 parts, glycerin 20 parts. To this is added enough
powdered tragacanth to make a pill-mass. The adult
dose is about 15 grains. L.-peptine, a proprietary
mixture claimed to contain pepsin, diastase, and pan-
creatin, acidulated with lactic and hydrochloric acids.
One dram should peptonize ^ viij of albumin, casein
or fibrin, or emulsionize ^ xvj of cod-liver oil. Dose,
gr. v-xv. See Pepsin. Unof L.-peptone, same
as L.-peptine. L. -phosphate, any phosphate combined
with lactic acid. L.-proteid, any proteid of milk, as
caseinogen or lactalbumin. L. -protein, a derivative
of milk.
Lactobiose {lak-to' -be-ds). See
Galactose.
Lactobutyrometer {lak-to-bu-tir-
om' -et-er) \fac, milk ; [iobTvp(n),
butter; /uTpov, measure]. An
instrument used in estimating the
proportion of butter in milk.
Lactocele {lak'-to-sel) [lac, milk ;
Kijlrj, tumor]. A cyst containing
a milky fluid. Same as Galac-
tocele.
Lactocrit {lak' -to-krit) [lac, milk ;
Kpnr/i;, a judge]. An apparatus
for testing- the quantity of fatty
substance in a sample of milk.
Lactodensimeter(/a/^-/'£>-(/i'«-^/;//-
et-er) [lac, milk ; densus, dense ;
fiirpov, measure]. A variety of
lactometer.
'L.axXo-^o\iyi\\r\{lak-to-glob' -tt-lin)
[lac, milk ; globus, a ball]. One
of the native proteids of milk ;
lactalbumin.
Lactoglucose(&Z'-/o-o-/«'-'i'oj) [lac,
milk; }'Ami>f, sweet]. A saccha-
rine substance, produced in the
fermentation -fluid along with ga-
lactose. It is probably the same
as glucose.
Lactokrit {lak' -to-kvit). See Lac-
tocrit.
Lactolin (lak'-to-lin) [lac, milk ;
oleu7n, oil]. Condensed milk.
Lactometer {lak-tom' -et-er). An
instrument for determining the
specific gravity of milk.
Lactone {lak' -ton) [lac, milk],
Cj^HgOi. An aromatic, colorless,
inflammable fluid, derived from
the dry distillation of lactic acid.
The lactones are generally liquids,
readily soluble in water, of neutral
reaction, possessing a faintly aro-
matic odor, and can be distilled
without decomposition.
Lactonic Acid {lac-ton' -ik). See
Acid.
Lactoscope (Jak' -to-skop) [lac, milk ; anowe'iv, to ex-
amine]. An instrument for estimating the proportions
of water and fat -globules of milk.
Lactose (lak' -ids) [A?r,milk], C,.^H.^./J„ + H.^. Milk-
sugar; it occurs in the milk of mammals, in the
Lactometer.
Stem on the right grad-
uated as used hi Bos-
ton. Stem on the left
shows graduation
adopted in New
York. Central stem
graduated to show
percentage of solids.
LACTOSERUM
653
L^SIS
amniotic liquor of cows, and in certain pathologic
secretions. It crystallizes in white, hard, rhombic
prisms, containing one molecule of water. It is soluble
in water, has a faint sweet taste, and is insoluble in
alcohol. Its aqueous solution is dextro-rotatory. It
melts at 205° C. It is much used in pharmacy for
making triturations, and is the vehicle of most homeo-
pathic preparations. See Carbohydrates, Table of.
Lactoserum [lak-to-se' -ritm) [/(Zir, milk ; serum, wheyj.
The serum or whey of milk.
Lactosuria (Jak-lo-su' -re-ali) \Jac, milk ; ovpov, urine].
The presence of lactose in the urine ; a condition oc-
casionally seen in pregnancy.
Lactotoxin i^lak-to-toks' -in^ [Arc, milk; rof(/idc, poison].
A poisonous substance found in milk.
Lactous [lak'-His') \_laciosus, milky]. Milky.
Lactuca (lak-tu' -kah) [L. , " lettuce "]. A genus of
composite-flowered herbs ; the lettuces. L. altissi-
ma, L. elongata, L. montana, L. sativa (com-
mon garden lettuce), and L. virosa, afford lactuca-
rium ; but the L. virosa is the source recognized in
the U. S. Pharmacopeia. Lactuca (B. P.) is also a
synonym of Lactucarium, q. v.
Lactucarium (Jak-tii-ka' -re-tini) \\^.:gen., Lactitcarii'\.
Lettuce. The milky juice of Lactuca virosa, a bien-
nial plant. It contains a crystalline substance, lactii-
ceriti, to which its properties are thought to be due.
It is a mild hypnotic, with sedative and diuretic prop-
erties, somewhat similar to opium, but without depres-
sant after-effects. It is frequently an ingredient of
patented cough-mixtures ; varieties of commercial lac-
tucarium are produced by other species of Lactuca, q.
V. L., Ext. (B. P.) Dose gr. v-xv. L., Ext.,
Fid. Dose TT\,x-gj. L., Syr., contains 5 per cent,
of the drug. Dose
Lactucerin (lak-tii' -ser-in) \lactuca, lettuce ; cera,
wax]. A crystalline substance existing in lactu-
carium, q. V.
Lactucerol [lak-tu' -scr-ol) \Jactiica, lettuce ; oleum,
oil], C.jgHgjO.^. A crystalline substance existing in
lactucerin ; it occurs in two isomeric forms.
Lactucic Acid {lak-tu' -sik) [/<7rf?^r<7, lettuce], C^Hg^Og.
A yellow, amorphous body found in lactucarium. It
is insoluble in chloroform, ether, benzin, and carbon
bisulphid. In some respects it resembles oxalic acid.
See Acid.
Lactucin [lak-tu'-sin) a, lettuce]. A crystalline
extractive of lettuce and of lactucarium.
Lactucol [lak'-tu-kol] [lactjica, lettuce], QgHjoO. A
substance crystallizing in needles, formed when lac-
tucerin and potassium hydrate are melted together.
Lactucon [lak-tu' -koti). Same as Lactucin.
Lactucopicric Acid, Lactucopicrin (lak-tu-ko-pik' -
rik, lak-tu-ko-pik' -rin) \lactuca, lettuce; 7r«/f/30f,
bitter], C^^H3202,. An amorphous, bitter principle
contained in lactucarium.
Lactumen [lak-tu' -men) [/ar, milk : , Lactumi7ta\
A synonym of Porrigo larvalis. Also, applied to
that form of aphthce in which the spots have a fanci-
ful resemblance to clots of curd.
Lactupicrin [lak-tti-pik' -rin). See Lactucopicric Acid.
Lacuna [la-ku'-nak) \_lacus, a lake: //., Lacunce\.
A little hollow space. A raucous or lymphatic folli-
cle. L., Absorption. See Howship's Lacunce. L.
amatorum, the vertical groove in the center of the
upper lip. L. Bone. See Bone. L. of Cemen-
tum, spaces in the cement of the teeth analogous to
those in bone. L. cerebri, the infundibulum of the
brain. L. of Cornea, spaces between the laminee of
the cornea. L. graafianae, Graafian follicles. L.,
Haversian. See Bone. L., Howship's. I. De-
pressions on the surface of bone beneath the perios-
teum. 2. Carious excavations in bone filled with
granulation-tissue. L., Intervillous [of placenta),
the spaces in the maternal portion of the placenta
filled with blood, and in which the fetal villi hang.
L. labii superioris. See L. amatorum. L. later-
ales sinus superioris, depressions along the groove
of the superior longitudinal sinus. L. magna, the
largest of the orifices of the glands of Littre, situated
on the upper surface of the fossa navicularis. L.
morgagni, the orifices of the glands of Littre, or the
glands themselves. L. pharyngis, a depression at
the opening of the Eustachian tube into the pharynx.
L. of Tongue, the foramen cecum. See Foramina ,
Table of. L. of. Urethra, follicular depressions in
the mucous membrane of the urethra, most abundant
along the floor, especially in the region of the bulb.
Their mouths are directed forward.
Lacunal [la-ku'-nal), or Lacunar [la-ku'-nar) \_lacus,
lake]. Pertaining to the lacunas. L. Spaces, the
irregular fissures between the fasciculi of connective
tissue, forming the beginnings of the lymphatic vessels.
Lacunose [la-kte'-nds) \lacuna, a pit, a hollow]. In
biology, having pits, depressions, or spaces.
Lacunosorugose [la-kii' -no-so-ru' -gos) \lacuna, pit,
hollow; ruga, a wrinkle]. In biology, deeply pitted
or wrinkled, as the stone of a peach.
Lacunula [lak-tt' -nu-lali) [dim. of lacuna , a lake : pL,
Lacunuhc^ A small or minute lacuna; an air-
space, such as is seen in a gray hair when magnified.
Lacus [la'-kus) [L.]. A small hollow or cavity in a
tissue. L. derivationis, one of the venous spaces
in the tentorium cerebelli communicating with the
superior longitudinal and lateral sinuses. L. lacry-
malis, the space at the inner canthus of the eye, near
the punctum, in which the tears collect. L. sangui-
neus, the utero-placental sinus.
Lacustrine (la-kus' -trin) [lacus, a lake] . In biology,
inhabiting lakes or ponds.
La Dando [lah dan' -do). Synonym of Influenza.
Ladanum [lad' -an-um)\\^. ; Gr., Xi)Savoi>\. The con-
crete gummy and resinous juice of various species of
Cistus, growing in the Mediterranean region ; as C.
ladaniferus , C. creticus, C. salvifolius, C. cyprius, C.
ledon, and C. villosus. It is a greenish-gray solid, of
bitter taste, formerly in high esteem. It is now
chiefly used in making pastils for fumigation.
Ladendo [lad-en' -do). Synonym of Influenza.
Ladrerie [lah-dra-re') [Fr.]. See Measles.
Ladric [lah' -drik). Pertaining to measles.
Lady Crespigny's Pill. A pill of aloes and cinchona ;
aloes socotr. ^j, ext. cinchona ^iij, cinnam. ^j, syr.
absinth, q. s. It is a stomachic and laxative. Dose
gr. x-xx.
Lady Hesketh's Pill. A pill similar to Lady Cres-
pigny's Pill, q.v.
Lady Webster Pill. See Aloe.
Lady's Bed-straw. Cheese-rennet. The herb Gal-
iu>n verum, a refrigerant and diuretic. Dose, fld. ext.
gss-j. Unof. L.'s Slipper. Ste Cypripediun:.
Laemoparalysis [le-mo-par-al' -is-is). See Letnoparal-
ysis.
Laennec's Cirrhosis. Atrophic cirrhosis of the liver;
a form of chronic interstitial hepatitis of the liver in
which the organ is greatly reduced in size and may be
deformed. The weight may be reduced to a pound
or a pound and a half ; the surface of the organ is
granular; and its substance is composed of greenish-
yellow islands surrounded by grayish-white connective
tissue. L.'s Perles and L.'s Rale. See Signs and
Symptoms, Table of. L. tubercles, the miliary granu-
lations of tuberculosis.
Laesis [Ic'-sis). See Lesion.
L/ETIFICANT
654
LAMELLA
Lsetificant (le-iif -ik-ant). See Letificant.
Lsevo- (le'-vo-). For words so commencing, see Leva-.
Lsevorotatory (le-vo-ro' -ta-tor-e) . See Levorotatory.
Laevulin (lev' -u-lbt). See Levulin.
Laevulose {lev' -u-los). See Levulose.
Lafayette Mixture. A mixture employed in gonor-
rliea. It contains copaiba, cubebs, liquor potassae,
sweet spirit of niter, and is known also as the com-
pound copaiba mixture. See Copaiba.
Lag Tooth. A delayed tooth. A name for the molar
or wisdom tooth.
Lagam-balsam {lag'-am-baF -satii). A variety of gur-
jun-balsam brought from Sumatra.
Lagarous [lag' -ar-iis) [Aayapof, laxj. Lax, loose, or
soft.
Lagena [laj-e'-nak) [/Idywof a flask, bottle : //. , Lag-
encT^. In biology, the flask-like extremity of the
cochlea in certain vertebrates.
Lageniform {laj-en' -if-orm") [lagena, a flask ; forma,
form] . Flask-shaped.
Lagentomum {laj-en' -io-tniim) [ Aayuf , hare ; kv, in ;
TOfil/, a cutting]. Hare-lip. Cf. Lagochilus .
Lagnea, or Lagneia [lag-ne' -ah, or lag-ni' -ah) [Aay-
I'e/ffl, coition, lust]. ^am.& as Satyriasis. Also, coition.
Also, the semen.
Lagnesis [lag-ne'-sis) [Xdyvrjg, lewd]. Same as Saty-
riasis. L. furor, unconquerable lust. L. valacitas,
lust capable of control.
Lagnosis [lag-no' -sis) . Same as Lagnesis.
Lagochilus \lag-o-ki' -lus), or Lagochilos (lag-o-ki'-
los) [Aayuf , hare ; ;i;fi/lof, lip]. Hare-lip. Cf. Lagen-
tomttm.
Lagophthalmia (lag-off-ihal' -me-ah). Same as Lag-
ophthalmos.
Lagophthalmic {lag-off-thaF -mik) \\ayi)q, hare ;
b(pHa?^lu6c, eye]. Pertaining to or affected with lagoph-
thalmos.
Lagophthalmos [lag-off-thaV -mos) [/layuf , hare ;
b<l>HaXiLi6i; , eye ; from the popular notion that a
hare sleeps with open eyes]. Inability to close the
eyes.
Lagopodous [lag-op' -o-dns) [/layuTroff, hare-footed].
In biology, hare-footed ; densely clothed with long
and soft entangled hairs.
Lagostoma [lag-os'-to-mah) [/laywf, hare; ardfia,
mouth]. See Hare-lip. Cf. Lagochilus and Lagen-
tomuDi.
Lagrange's Exterminator. An apparatus for destroy-
ing the ectoparasites of poultry. It is a wooden box
into which the bird is introduced with its feet tied, its
head being kept outside by a special opening. In the
box a brimstone match is burned ; a few minutes of
exposure to this vapor suffice to kill the parasites.
La Grippe [lah grip) [Fr. ]. .Synonym of Influenza.
Laisne's Method. A method of abdominal massage.
The masseur lays his hands on either side of the ab-
domen, and executes a firm but not violent double
rubbing movement, one hand ascending as the other
descends, the principal pressure being made by the
thenar and hypothenar prominences ; the movements
do not extend higher than the transverse colon, or
lower than the ileum.
Laity [la'-it-e) [Aadf, the people]. The non-profes-
sional public.
Lake [Idk). See Pigments, Colors, and Dve-s/iiff's, and
also Laciis. L.-burn. .See Fardel-bound. L.-
colored, applied to blood in which the hemoglobin,
having separated from the stroma, is dissolved in the
serum.
Lakmoid, Lacmoid [lak'-moid)\_lac, milk ; eMof, like].
A delicate reagent in alkalimetry, made by acting on
resorcin with sodium nitrate.
Lakmus [lak' -7nus). See Lacmus.
Laky [la'-ke). See Lake-colored.
Lalia [la'-le-ah] \}.akia, talking]. Speech.
Lallation [lal-a' -shun) \lallatio ; lallare, to babble].
Any unintelligible stammering of speech, such as the
prattling of a babe. Also, the defect or peculiarity
of speech, usually racial, in which / is substituted
for r.
Lalling [lal'-ing) [lallare, to babble]. Lallation;
prattle; baby-talk.
Laloneurosis [lal-o-nu-ro' -sis) \\a\Qq, prattle ; vevpov,
nerve: //. , Laloneuroses"]. An impairment of speech
arising from spasmodic action of the muscles. It in-
cludes stammering and aphthongia.
Lalopathy [lal-op' -ath-e) [^kakoq, speech ; TTatio<;, dis-
ease]. Any disorder of speech.
Lalophobia [lal-o-fo' -be-ah) [^dAof , prattle ; (po^o^,
fear]. .Stutter-spasm, leading to, or complicated
with, a dislike of speaking.
Laloplegia [lal-o-ple' -je-ah) [AdAof, talking; Tchjylj,
a stroke.] Paralysis of speech, not due, however, to
paralysis of the tongue.
Lamarckism or the Lamarckian Theory. The doc-
trine based iqjon the teachings of the French naturalist,
J. B. P. A. de Monet de Lamarck ( 1 744-1829), who
attempted to explain the progressive evolution of nature
by virtue of an inherent tendency to development
through the appetency and habits of living organisms,
the efforts excited by change of conditions reacting
upon the structure. It is based on the theory that
matter acted upon by heat, light, and electricity may
spontaneously generate life of low, homogeneous
organisms, and that such organisms would develop
qualities of heterogeneity and organs as governed by
their surroundings, and especially by their wants or
desires. To this preponderating influence of new
wants Lamarck ascribes the chief role in evolution,
while Darwin emphasizes the advantage of acciden-
tal variations in the struggle for existence. See Neo-
lamarckism.
Lambda [lam'-dah) \7Af.i(i6a, the Greek letter A].
The junction of the sagittal and lambdoid sutures at
the apex of the latter. See Craniometric Paints.
Lambdacism(/<?w'-(/aj-/2;«) \\aix&aK.w^LbQ, lambdacism],
1. Uififlculty in uttering the sound of the letter /.
2. Too frequent use of the / sound, or its substitution
for the r sound ; lallation.
Lambdoid, or "L-ArnhdoidaA [lam' -doid or lam-doi' -dal)
[Ad///jr5a, the letter A ; fMof, resemblance]. Resem-
bling the Greek letter A. L. Suture, the suture
between the occipital and the two parietal bones.
Lambert's Method. A method of mixing colors by
colored wafers and a slip of glass. By means of re-
flections from the surface of the latter one color may
be in part reflected and superimposed on another
color.
Lame [lam) [ME., la?ne, lame]. Crippled; halting;
limping.
Lamel [lam-el') [lamella, dim. of lamina, a plate].
A medicated disc, made with some soluble basis; it
is used in the dosimetric application of drugs to the
eye, etc.
Lamella [lam-el' -ah) [dim. of lamina, a plate: pl.,La-
melltr']. A descriptive term applied to any foliation or
scale-like appearance ; a thin lamina, scale, or plate.
L. of Bone, the concentric rings surrounding the
Haversian canals. L., Bronchial, one of the folds
of the mucosa of the gills of fishes and certain
molluscs. L. carnosa, that part of the parietal meso-
blast from which the muscles of the trunk are
developed. L. ceratina, the epiblastic layer giving
origin to the skin and its appendages. L. cerebellare,
LAMELLAR
655
LAMINA
one of the lamina; of the cerebellum. L., Concentric,
one of the plates of bone surrounding the Haversian
canals. L. coriaria, the part of the somatopleure from
which the corium and possibly the cutaneous muscles
are developed. L., Cribriform. See Lamina
cribrosa. L., Fundamental or General, a general
term applied to all varieties of osseous lamella;.
L., Haversian. See Z., Concentric. L., Homo-
geneous, the clear, apparently structureless layer of
an osseous lamella. L., Intermediate, one of the
plates filling the spaces between the concentric layers
of bone. L., Interstitial. See Z., Intermediate.
L., Investing. 'Aee L., Concentric. L. meduUaris,
the epiblastic layer forming the central nervous
system and organs of special sense. L., Medullary,
the internal lamella; forming the wall of the
medullary cavity of hollow bones. L. mesenterica,
that portion of the splanchnopleure from which the
mesentery, and the muscular and fibrous parts of the
intestines are derived. L. mucosa, that part of the
hypoblast from which the epithelia of the gastro-
intestinal tract and its glands are developed.
L. of Nail, an elevation on the corium, dove-tailing
into a furrow on the under surface of the nail. L.,
Perineural, the perineurium. L., Periosteal or
Peripheral, a superficial lamella of bone lying under
the periosteum. L. renalis, that portion of the
mesoblast from which the kidneys and generative
organs are developed. L., Special. SeeZ., Con-
centric. L., Striped, the dark portion of a bone-
lamella which has a striped appearance. L., Tri-
angular, a fibrous layer connecting the choroid
plexuses of the third ventricle of the brain. L.,
Vascular. See Endochorion.
Lamellar [tam-eF-ar] Lamellate {Javi-eF -at) \Jamella,
a thin plate]. Having the nature of, or resembling any
thin, osseous or membranous tissue ; composed of lam-
ellae or thin plates. L. Cataract. See Cataract.
Lamelliferous {lam-el-if -er-us) \_lameUa, a thin plate ;
ferre, to bear]. Composed of lamella.
Lamelliform (lam-eU -if-orm) \lamella, a small plate;
forma, form]. Having the shape of a lamella.
Lamelligerous (lam-el-ij' -er-us). See Lamelliferotis.
Lamelliped (lam-el'-ip-ed) SJamella, a small plate;
pes, foot]. Having a fiat or lamelliform foot.
Lamellose (lam' -el-os). See Lamellar.
Lamellule (lam- el' -ill) \lamellula, dim. of lamella, a
plate]. A very small plate.
Lameness [lam'-nes) [ME., lame,\ame'\. The state of
being lame. L., Cross, a peculiar gait of horses in
which the lameness seems to be in the leg on the
opposite side of the one diseased. L., Kennel, a
rheumatic affection of dogs. L., Uterine, weakness
of the uterus due to disease.
Lamin (la'-min) \Jaminnm, the dead-nettle]. An
alkaloid said to exist in Lamiiim album, q. v.
Lamina [lam'-in-ah) [L. , a plate or scale: //. , Lam-
ma^. A descriptive term used to designate foliated
structure. Also, any thin layer of bone, membrane,
or other tissue. L., Arcuate {of the cerebellum),
a bundle of fibers uniting the contiguous convolutions
of the cerebellum. L., Arcuate (of the cerebrum),
a band of fibers uniting adjacent convolutions of
the cerebrum. L. ascendens {of the palate bone),
the vertical plate of the palate. L. axilis, the primi-
tive streak of the blastoderm. L., Basal {of the
placenta), the decidua serotina. L., Bowman's, the
structureless membrane between the anterior layers
of epithelium and the fibrous tissue of the cornea of
the eye. L. cacuminis, a narrovi^ band connecting
the posterior superior lobes of the cerebellum. L.
of Cerebellum, the layers of white matter, covered
externally with gray substance, that arise from the cen-
tral white axis of the cerebellum. L. chrotalis,
the dermal plate or covering. L. cinerea, the
connecting layer of gray matter between the corpus
callosum and the optic chiasma ; the terma. L. cinerea
convoluta, the tuber cinereum. L. conarii, the
lower lamella of the recess of the pineal gland.
L. concharum, the inner surface of the lateral
masses of the ethmoid bone. L. connectens, the
posterior cerebral commissure. L. connectiva,
the colloderma, q. v. L. cortis, the Diciiibrana tectoria
of the internal ear. . L. cornea, a thickened band
of the ependyma of the lateral ventricle covering
the ta;nia semicircularis. L., Cribriform, the crib-
riform plate of the ethmoid. See also Z. crib-
rosa of the Te?Hp07-al Bone. L. cribrosa {of the
choroid), in lower animals that portion of the
choroid which is perforated for the passage of the
optic nerve. L. cribrosa {of the fascia lata) , the
cribriform fascia covering the saphenous opening.
L. cribrosa anterior, the anterior perforated space.
L. cribrosa anterior inferior, the anterior part of
the inferior fossula, through which branches of the
cochlear nerve pass. L. cribrosa media, the middle
part of the inferior fossula transmitting the branches
of the auditory nerve going to the saccule. L.
cribrosa posterior, the posterior perforated space.
L. cribrosa of the Sclerotic, the perforated lamina
through which the optic nerve enters the globe of
the eye. L. cribrosa of the Temporal Bone, a
small laminated bone forming the boundary of the
internal auditory meatus. L. of the Cricoid
Cartilage, the Hat posterior plate of the cricoid car-
tilage. L., Crystalline, the anterior part of the cap-
sule of the crystalline lens. L. dentata, the dentate
fascia. L. denticulata, the covering of the outer
fifth of the vestibular surface of the bony cochlea,
from which delicate teeth-like elevations project
into the scala vestibuli. L. dorsalis, one of the
two ridges bordering the medullary groove, that
unite to form a canal which finally develops into
the cerebro-spinal canal. See Plates, Medullary. L.,
External Medullary, the outer of the two white
layers of the lenticular nucleus. L., Fibro-
cutaneous, the parietal mesoblast. L., Fibrointesti-
nal, the visceral mesoblast. L. fusca, the pig-
mentary tissue of the sclera forming the ectal layer
of the perichoroidal sinus. L. gastralis, the gastro-
derma, q. v. L., Gray. See Z. cinerea. L. grisea,
the gray matter of the spinal cord. L., Internal
Medullary, the inner of the two white layers of the
lenticular nucleus. L., Lateral {of the sphenoid bone),
the external pterygoid plate. L. lentis, one of the
layers of the crystalline lens. L. mastoidea, the basal
plate of the mastoid process of the temporal bone. L.,
Median {of the sphenoid bone), the internal pterygoid
plate. L. medullaris media cerebelli, the valve of
Vieussens. L. medullaris thalami, a layer of white
matter between the optic thalamus and the internal nu-
cleus of the striate body. L. medullaris transversa,
a delicate layer of gray matter covering the aqueduct of
Sylvius. L. medullaris triangularis, the lyra of the
fornix. L. modioli, the bony lamina spiralis of the coch-
lea. L. muscularis, the myoderma, q. 7'. L. nervea
involvens, a delicate layer of nerve-matter covering the
ventricular surface of the ependyma. L. neuroder-
malis, the epiblast. L., Nuclear, the nuclear layer.
L. palatina, the horizontal plate of the palate bone.
L. papyracea, the os planum of the ethmoid bone.
L. pedunculorum, one of the layers of which the
crura cerebri are composed. L. perforata, either
perforated space. L. pigmenti, a delicate layer of
LAMIN.E
656
LANCET
pigment-cells between the retina and the choroid.
L., Posterior Elastic, the posterior layer of the
cornea ; the membrane of Descemet. L. prima
cutis, the epidermis. L. propria {of the tynipaiiii
membrane), the middle or librous layer of the
tympanic membrane. L., Protovertebral, that por-
tion of the piesoblast lying to the side of the chorda
dorsalis in which the protovertebrse subsequently form.
L. quadrigemina, a layer of gray matter, forming the
roof of the aqueduct of Sylvius. L. Quadrilateralis,
a term for the Clivus of Bhonenbach, q. i'. L,., Reti-
cular, the hyaline membrane of the inner ear, extend-
ing between the conjoined head of Corti's rods and
Hensen's supporting cells. L. secundaria, one of
the secondary germ-layers, q. v. L. semicircularis.
See Tivnia setiiidrcidaris. L. sphenopetrosa, a small
plate of bone near the spinous foramen of the greater
wing of the sphenoid bone. L. spiralis, a thin plate
in the ear, osseous in the inner part and membranous in
the outer, which divides the spiral tube of the cochlea
into the scala tyiiipani and the scala vestihiili. L.
spiralis ossea, a thin plate of bone that winds spirally
around the modiolus of the cochlea. L. supercho-
roidea, the delicate membrane of the outer surface of
the choroid tunic of the eye. L. tectoria. See
Lemniscus, Inferior. L., Terminal. I. See L.
cinerea. 2. The anterior terminal plate of the anterior
brain-vesicle. L. terminalis. See Terina. L.
triangxilaris [of the sphenoid bone) , the posterior
triangular part of the great wing of the sphenoid bone.
L. transversa, one of the transverse laminae of the
cerebellum. L., Tympanic, the tympanic plate of
the petrous portion of the temporal bone. L.,
Vascular, the endochorion. L. of Vertebra. See
Vertebra. L. ventralis, one of the lateral mesoblastic
plates. L. vitra, the inner or vitreous table of the skull.
L. visceralis, one of the thickened layers of meso-
blastic tissue on each side of the notochord, which by
proliferation and splitting form the splanchnopleure
and somatopleure. L., Vitreous (of the choroid), a
homogeneous membrane covering the inner surface of
the choroid ; it is also called the membrane of
Bruch.
Laminae {lam' in- e) [lamina, a thin plate]. The sensi-
tive plates of soft tissue, covering the entire anterior
surface of the coffin-bone in the horse. See also
Lamina.
Laminage [lah/n-in-ahzh') [Fr.]. Flattening; the
compression or flatwise crushing of the fetal head to
facilitate delivery.
Laminal, Laminar [lam' -in-al, lam' -iii-ar) \lamina, a
layer]. Composed of laminae ; having the form of a
lamina. L. Tissue, a synonym of Co)inective Tissue.
Laminaria {la/n-in-a'-re-ah) \_lamina,a. thin plate]. I.
A genus of alg;i5, or seaweeds. Several species are rich
in iodin. 2. The cured lower part of the stem of L.
clousfoni, or L. digitata. L. Bougie, a bougie made
of the stalk ; it is used for urethral dilatation. L. cor-
nica, L. digitata, devil' s-apron, tangle ; sea-tangle,
sea-girdles, or sea- wand ; cairn-tangle, dead-man's-
toe, oarweed. A species found in Scotland, very rich
in iodin ; the stem is used for the manufacture of tents
and bougies. L. esculenta, an edible species said
to have anti-scorbutic properties. L. Probe, a probe
made of the stalk, used to dilate the canaliculi and
nasal duct. L. saccharina, ril)bon-weed ; sea-belt,
sweet-tangle, is rich in iodin and potash ; it is used
as food, and is also purgative. L. Tent, a tent
made of the stem of the plant, for dilatation of the
cervix uteri.
Laminate, Laminated (lam' -in-at, lam' -in-at-ed). See
Laminar.
Lamination (lam-in-a' -shun) \lamitia, a layer]. Ar-
rangement in plates or layers. An operation in
embryotomy, consisting in cutting the skull in slices.
Laminectomy (la/n-in-ek' -to-me) [lamina, a layer;
iKTOfii/, excision]. The operation of removing the
posterior vertebral arches.
Lamineur (lam-in-ar') \lamina, a layer]. An instru-
ment for performing laminage, q. v.
Laminitis (lam-in-i'-tis) \Jamina, plate ; iTiq, inflam-
mation]. Inflammation of the laminw of a horse's
hoof ; founder.
Laminose (lam' -in-os) \lamina, a thin plate]. Thin,
membranous, or plate-like.
Lamium (la'-me-uin) [L. , the dead-nettle]. A genus
of labiate plants. L. album, the leaves and stems of
the plant L. album, with properties due to an alkaloid,
Lamin. It is useful in menorrhagia. Dose of the
tincture ^ss-ij. Unof.
Lamnar (lam'-7iar) \lamt2a, a thin plate]. A term
applied to nails that are flat, short and broad.
Lamnectomy (lam-nek'-to-me). Same as Laminec-
tomy.
Lamp [/.a/i7r(if, a lamp]. A vessel containing a liquid
capable of burning, and a wick. It is used to give
light. L., Aphlogistic, a lamp devised by Davy in
which glowing platinum furnishes the light. L. -black,
a fine black substance, almost pure carbon, made by
burning coal-oils in an atmosphere deficient in oxygen,
or by allowing a gas-flame to impinge on a cold surface.
See Pigments, Conspectus of. L., Laryngoscopic, a
small incandescent lamp used in laryngoscopy. One
form is provided with reflectors and lenses by
means of which light can be projected into the mouth,
pharynx, and larynx. L., Lee's, a lamp used in mer-
curial fumigation. L., Mercurial, a lamp consisting
of two cups, an upper for holding the mercury, a
lower for holding water. The latter is heated by
means of a Bunsen burner, the water and mercury
being both vaporized. L., Spirit, one in which
alcohol is used to produce heat rather than light. L.,
Van Buren's, a device for mercurial fumigation.
Lampas (lam' -pas) [Fr., lampas, lampas]. A conges-
tive swelling of the fleshy lining of the roof of the
mouth, in the horse.
Lampers (lam'-perz). See Lampas.
Lamprophony (lam-proff'-o-ne) [AaixTrpoc sounding;
(puvij, voice]. A sonorous, ringing quality of the voice.
Lampsana (lamp-sa' -nah). See Lapsana.
Lampsis (lamp' -sis) ['Ad/Lnpic, a shining]. Splendor,
brilliancy.
Lana (la'-nah) [L.]. Wool.
Lanate (Ian' -at) [/?/i'Of, wool]. Woolly; lanuginous ;
lanigerous ; lanose.
Lancaster Black-drop. Acetum opii ; vinegar of
opium.
Lance (lans) [^z/zr^^r, a lance or spear]. I. A lancet.
2. To open, as with a lancet or bistoury. L., Mau-
riceau's, a lance-shaped knife for opening the fetal
head in embryotomy.
Lanceate (lan'-se-at) \lancea, a lance]. See Lanceo-
late.
Lanceolar (lan'-se-o-lar). See Lanceolate.
Lanceolate (lan'-se-o-lat) \lanceola, a little lance]. In
biology, shaped like a lance-head ; thin and tapering
towards each end.
Lancet [Ian' -set) [dim. of lancea, a lance]. -A. two-
edged surgical instrument for incising tumors, etc. L.,
Gum, a small instrument in which the cutting portion
has a convex edge and is at right-.ing!es to the shaft.
L., Spring, one in which the blade is thrust out by
means of a spring, which is controlled by a trigger.
L., Thumb, one with a double-edged, broad blade.
LANCIFORM
657
LAPARELYTROTOMY
Lanciform [Ian' -sif-ori?i) \_/aiiiea, lance ; forma , form].
Lance-shaped.
Lancinate (/rt'«''-^z'«-a/) [/(?;2«'«rt;r, to tear]. To lacerate,
to pierce, or tear.
Lancinating {Ian' -sin-a-ting') [lancinare, to tear].
Tearing ; shooting. L. Pains, rending, tearing, or
sharply-cutting pains, common in posterior spinal
sclerosis.
Lancing [Ian' -sing). See Lance.
Lancisi, Nerves of. The strue longitudinales . The
slight ridges of the callosum of the brain bounding
the raphe. See Nerves, Table of.
Landmarks (land' -marks) [ME., the boun-
dary of a country]. Superficial marks (such as emi-
nences, lines, and depressions) that serve as guides to,
or indications of, deeper-seated parts. The knowledge
of landmarks is of the utmost importance, both to the
surgeon and the physician.
Landolphi's or Landolfi's Paste. A caustic applica-
tion composed of the chlorids of zinc, antimony,
bromin, and gold, which is used pure, or weakened by
mixing with basilicon ointment in varying propor-
tions. It should be spread on the surface with a
spatula, or applied on charpie, and allowed to remain
for 24 or 48 hours.
Landolphia (lan-dol'-fe-ah) [after Capt. Landolph, an
explorer]. A genus of tropical climbing shrubs, in-
cluding the African rubber-tree, a source of caoutchouc.
Landolt's Method. A method of determining insuffi-
ciency of the internal recti muscles. A small lamp or
candle is surrounded by a blackened chimney, a ver-
tical slit in which serves as an object of fixation. The
light is then approximated to the eyes, and when the
internal recti are no longer able to maintain the nec-
essary convergence, two images of the slit are seen.
Landouzy-Dejerine Type. A type of muscular
atrophy. See Diseases, Table of.
Landry's Disease or Paralysis. Acute ascending
paralysis ; a form of atonic paralysis described by
Landry, characterized by loss of motor power in
the lower extremities, gradually extending to the
upper extremities, and to the centers of circulation
and respiration, without characteristic sensory mani-
festations, trophic changes, or variations in electric
reaction. See Diseases, Table of.
Land-scurvy. See Purpura hiimorrhagica.
Landzert, Angle of. See Angle.
Lanesin, or Lanessin [lati' -es-in) \lana, wool]. A
proprietary preparation of wool-fat similar to lanolin.
Lanfranc's Collyrium. A stimulant application to
ulcers, containing aloes and myrrh, each 5 parts ; ace-
tate of copper, 10 parts ; trisulphid of arsenic, 15 parts ;
rose-water, 380 parts, and white wine, 1000 parts.
Lang's Oil. See Gray Oil.
Lange's Method. A method of testing for CO.^ in the
air. It consists in shaking in a bottle full of the air
to be tested, a half ounce of clear fresh lime-water.
If the air contains 7 parts per 1000 of COj, a turbid-
ity of the fluid will occur.
Langenbeck's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Langerhans' Cells. Certain modified epithelial cells
forming the simplest nerve-endings. L.'s Granular
Layer, the stratum granulosum of the epidermis.
Langier's Apparatus. A form of immovable splint for
a limb. It is composed of strips of brown paper
impregnated with starch-paste. L.'s Bandage. See
Bandage.
Langley, Oxyntic Cells of. ^tt Delojnorphozts. L.'s
Test. See Tests, Table of
Language [lang'-g^vaj] [^lingua, the tongue]. The ar-
ticulate sounds, signs, or symbols whereby thought is
communicated. L., Center for. See Aphasia.
42
Languor f/««_o-^-^'-7c'(:7/-)[L., faintness]. Lassitude. Dis-
inclination to take bodily exercise, or to exert one-
self.
Laniaries or Laniary Teeth (la'-ne-ar-e-ez) \_Defites
laniarii ; laniare, to rend]. The cuspid teeth; ap-
plied more particularly to those of carnivorous ani-
mals.
Laniariform (la-ne-ar' -if-orm) \Ianiare, to rend ;
forma, bhape]. Shaped like the canine teeth of car-
nivora.
Laniary [la'-ne-a-re) \_liihiare, to tear, rend]. In
biology, applied to well-developed canine or lacerating
teeth.
Lanigerous [lan-ij' -er-us) \lana, wool ; gerere, to bear].
In biology, producing, or covered with wool or a
woolly growth ; lanate ; lanose ; lanuginous.
Lank [ME., lank, lank]. Lean, thin, attenuated.
Lanoleum [lati-o'-le-iim). See Lanolin.
Lanolin [lan'-o-lin) [^lana, wool; oleum, oil]. A
cholesterin-fat obtained from sheep's wool, introduced
as a basis for ointments. It does not saponify or
become rancid, and is characterized by remarkable
penetrative powers.
Lanose (la'-7ids) [^lana, wool]. In biology, woolly;
wool-like ; lanate.
Lantana ifan-ta' -nah) [L.]. A genus of verbenaceous
shrubs and herbs, principally natives of tropical
America. A few grow native in the U. S. L. acu-
leata is an aromatic stomachic. L. brasiliensis
and L. camara are among the antipyretic species.
Unof.
Lantanin {Ian' -tan-in') \lantana'\. An alkaloid ex-
tractive of Lantana brasiliensis, called Verba sagrada.
It is asserted to have antiperiodic and antipyretic pro-
perties, and has been successfully used in intermittent
fevers. Dose, gr. xv-xxx. LInof.
Lantermann's Notches or Segments. Conico-cyl-
indric segments in the medullary sheath of a nerve-
fiber ; they are marked off from one another by the
incisures of Schmidt.
Lantern of Aristotle, or Aristotle's Lantern. In
biology, the oral skeleton of a sea-urchin. L.-jaws,
a colloquialism for a long, thin visage.
Lanthanum {lan'-than-um), or Lanthanium (lan-tha'-
ne-um) \^kavBa.veiv, to conceal ; lanthanum was a sub-
stance concealed from the knowledge of chemists].
A rare metallic element; symbol La., atomic weight,
138. Little is known of its medicinal properties.
See Elemejits, Table of.
Lanthopin {Ian' -tho-pin) \favOavtiv, to conceal],
C...jH.,.NO^. A finely crystalline alkaloid of opium.
It occurs in white crystals fusible at 200° C.
Lanuginosa, Lanuginous {lan-u' -jin-os, lan-ii' -jin-tis)
\_la?i!iginosiis, wooly]. In biology, woolly, downy,
lanate, lanose, lanigerous.
Lanugo {lan-ii' -go) \_lana, wool]. The down-like hair
that appears upon the fetus at about the fifth month of
gestation ; the downy growth often seen upon the face
of women and girls. L. prima, the first growth of
beard. L. pudendorium, pubic hair.
Lap [ME., lappen ; Gr., laTrruv, to lap with the
tongue]. I. To lick up. 2. A lick. 3. That part
of the body formed by the anterior aspect of the
thighs.
Lapactic {lap-ak' -tik) \\aT:ac(!iiv, to empty]. I. Emp-
tying; evacuant. 2. Any purgative substance.
Lapara {lap' -ar-ah) [/larrapog, loose]. I. The loins ;
loosely applied to the abdomen. 2. Diarrhea.
Laparacele {lap'-ar-as-el). See Laparocele.
Laparectomy {lap-ar-ek' -lo-jne). See Enterertomy.
Laparelytrotomy {lap-ar-el-it-rot ' -o-me). Same as
Laparo-elytrotomy .
d ^^^^^^
LAPAROCELE
658
LAPIS
Laparocele [lap' -ar-o-sel) [Xan-Qpn, loin; nifh], tumor].
Lumbar or abdominal hernia.
Laparocholecystotomy [lap-ar-o-ko-Iis-is-tot' -o-7iie )
[/aTra/ia, loin; A'^'^'A bile; Kvarii;, bladder; ro//;},
cutting]. Laparotomy conjoined with cholecystotomy.
Laparoclysis \lap-ar-ok' -lis-is) [Xa-d/ja, loin ; kJAoli;,
a drenching]. An injection into the peritoneal
cavity.
Laparocolectomy [lap-ar-o-ko-lek' -lo-me). Same as
Colectomy.
Laparocolotomy (lap-ar-o-ko-lof -o-me) \7<.aT:apa, loin ;
K(.)kov, colon ; TOjxtj, a cutting]. Inguinal or abdominal
colotomy.
Laparocolpotomy [lap-ar-o-kol-pof -o-nie). See La-
paro-clvtyotoiiiy.
Laparocystectomy [lap-ar-o-sis-tek' -to-nie) [Tianapa,
loin; yii''(Tr/f, cyst, bladder ; inTotir], excision]. An
operation performed in advanced extrauterine preg-
nancy for removal of the fetus and the entire sac. It
is performed like an abdominal section for any cystic
tumor in the abdominal canity with dense adhesions.
The sac is to be evacuated, or not, as indicated, and
adhesions separated, if necessary, after ligation.
Laparocystotomy (lap-ar-o-sis-tof -o-nte) [Xa-Qpa, loin ;
kvotk;, cyst, bladder ; rofiij, a cutting]. I. Suprapu-
bic cystotomy. 2. An operation in advanced extra-
uterine pregnancy for the removal of the fetus, the sac
being allowed to remain.
Laparo-elytrotomy [lap-ay-o-el-it-rof o-me) \7M-a.pa,
loin ; eAvTpnv, sheath ; To/^7/ , a cutting]. An oper-
ation devised by Jorg as a substitute for the Cesarean
operation. It consists in an incision over Poupart's
ligament, dissecting up the peritoneum until the vagina
is reached, when the latter is incised transversely, the
cervix dilated, and the child thus extracted above the
inlet. Its mortality is about 50 per cent.
Laparo-enterotomy [lap-ar-o-en-ter-of -o-jiie') [AoTrdpa,
loin; evTcpov, intestine; ropr/, a cutting]. An open-
ing of the intestine tlirough an abdominal incision.
Laparogastrotomy [lap-ar-o-gas-trot' -o-»ie) [/laTrdpa,
loin; yaoriip, stomach; Topfj, a cutting]. The
opening of the stomach through an abdominal incision.
Laparohysterectomy ( lap-ar-o-his-ier-ek' -to-me ) \^ka-
Trdpa, loin; vffTepa, womb; Top/'/, a. cutting]. The
removal of the womb through an incision in the ab-
dominal walls.
Laparo-hystero-obphorectomy {lap' -ar-o-his' -ter-o-o-
off'Or-ek' -to-me) [Aairripa, loin ; vartpa, womb ;
iio(f>6pog, ovary ; CKTopr/, a cutting out]. Removal of
the womb and ovaries through an incision in the
abdominal wall.
Laparohysterotomy (Jap-ar-o-his-ter-ot' ■o-me'). See
Ga^tro-enterotomy.
Laparo-ileotomy [lap-zir-o-il-e-ot'-o-me) \_7a-npa, loin;
elTiiiiv, to roll ; Topr/, a cutting]. The formation of
an artificial anus in the groin.
Laparokelyphotomy [lap-ar-o-kel-if-ot' -o-me) \7MTTapa,
loin ; KkXvi^oq, egg-shell ; ropi], a cutting]. Same as
Laparocystotomy.
Laparokolpotomy (lap-ar-o-kol-pot' -o-me). See Lap-
aro-elytrotomy.
Laparomyitis [lap-ar-o-mi-i' -lis) \7taiTapa; loin ; pv<^,
muscle; ;r/f, inflammation]. Inflammation of the
muscular portion of the abdominal wall.
Laparomyomectomy {lap-ar-o-mi-o-mek' -to-me) [Aott-
d/ia,loin; //Dr, muscle; enTopfj, a cutting out]. Re-
moval of a myoma through an abdominal incision.
Laparomyotomy [lap-ar-o-mi-ot'-o-me). See Laparo-
myomectomy.
Laparonephrectomy {lap-ar-o-nef-rek' -to-me) \_'Aa-npn,
loin; I'E^pdf, kidney ; f /(to////, a cutting out]. Neph-
rectomy by an abdominal incision.
Laparonephrotomy {lap-ar-o-nef-rot' -o-7)ie) [XnTrdpa,
loin; vi<jtp6(;, kidney; rop>'/, a cutting]. Nephrot-
omy through an abdominal incision.
Laparosalpingectomy {lap - ar - 0 ■ sal - pin -gek'- to - me)
\_'Aa-apa, loin; crd/Tri)^, tube; ropi/, a cutting]. Re-
moval of a Fallopian tube through an abdominal incis-
ion.
Laparosalpingotomy {lap-ar-o-sal-pin-got'-o-me) [Anvr-
iipa, loin; (rd/lmyf, tube; Topi], a cutting]. I. Cut-
ting into an oviduct through an abdominal incision.
2. Laparosalpingectomy.
Laparoscope {lap' -ar-o-skop) \7:aTvapa, loin ; aKoiveiv,
to examine]. An instrument for examining the ab-
domen.
Laparoscopy {lap-ar-os' -ko-pe) [/,a7rd/ja, loin ; am-
Tveiv, to examine]. The examination of the abdo-
men by the stethoscope, plessimeter, or by other in-
strumental means.
Laparosplenectomy {lap-ar-o-splen-ek' -to-me) [AaTrdpa,
loin ; GK'Ariv, spleen ; kuropi], a cutting out]. Re-
moval of the spleen through an abdominal incision.
Laparosplenotomy (lap-ar-o-splen-ot'-o-me) \_Xanapa,
loin; ontljv, spleen; Topij, a cutting]. The sur-
gical incision or entrance upon the spleen through the
abdominal walls.
Laparotome {lap' -ar-o-tom) [/loTrdpa, loin; Toprj,a. cut-
ting]. A cutting-instrument used in laparotomy.
Laparotomist {lap-ar-ot' -o-mist) [/oTrdpa, loin ; Topi],
a cutting]. A surgeon who performs laparotomy.
Laparotomy {lap-ar-of -o-me) \7aTxapa, loin ; ro//^,
a cutting]. I. Surgical incision through the ab-
dominal wall ; celiotomy. 2. Surgical entrance into
the abdominal cavity through the loin or flank. (The
definition first given is that offered by most lexico-
graphers, and is in accord with common usage ; but
objection has been made to this use of the word.
The second definition is believed to represent the ety-
mologically more correct use of the term.) L., Con-
servative, abdominal section, with a view either to
aspiration of the distended Fallopian tubes, or to break-
ing down adhesions and freeing the diseased uterine
appendages.
Laparotyphlotomy {lap-ar-o-tif-lot'-o-?rie). Synonym
of Typhlotomy.
Laparovaginal {lap-ar-o-vaj' -in-al) [/^.an-dpa, loin ; va-
gina, sheath]. Pertaining to the abdomen and the
vagina.
Laparysterotomy {lap-ar-is-ter-ot'-o-me). Same as
La pa roll vsteroto my.
Lapaxis {lap-aks' -is)\\a'Ka^i^, evacuation]. Evacuation.
La Perleche. See Perleche.
Lapides cancrorum {lap'-id-ez kang-kro'-rum) [L.].
See Ci-al)' s-eyes.
Lapidillum {lap-id-il'-um) [dim. of lapis, stone]. A
scoop for removing stones from the bladder.
Lapidose {lap' -id-os) \_lapis, a stone]. In biology, in-
habiting stony places.
Lapillation {lap-il-a'-shmi) \_lapilliis, a small stone].
The formation of stones ; lithogenesis, q. v.
Lapis [la' -pis) [L. , a rock]. An alchemic term ap-
plied to any non-volatile substance. L. dentium,
tartar of the teeth ; salivary calculus. L. divinus,
aluminated copper; a preparation used in ophthal-
mology. It is made by fusing together 32 parts
each of cupric sulphate, potassium nitrate, and alum,
and adding a mixture of 2 parts each of camphor
and alum. L. imperialis, silver nitrate. L. lazuli, a
beautiful blue stone of complex composition, formerly
employed as a purgative and emetic, and in epilepsy.
L. lunaris, silver nitrate. L. mitigatus. See Ar-
gentiim. L. mutabilis. See Tabasheer. L. nau-
ticus, a lode-stone.
LAPLACE'S FORMULAE
659
LARYNGISMUS
Laplace's Formulifi. I. For preparing acid sublimate
solution, I to looo : Take of bichlorid of mercury, I
gram ; nitric acid, 5 grams ; water looo grams. 2. For
preparing acid sublimate tablets : Take of bichlorid
of mercury, I gram ; tartaric acid, 5 grams. Make
into one tablet. This is to be dissolved in one liter
(1000 grams) of water. 3. Acid sublimate gauze is
prepared by dipping the gauze in the foregoing solu-
tion, wringing it out, and allowing it to dry in a clean
atmosphere.
Lappa (/rt/'-i?/^) [L.: ^(?w.,Z(7//«-]. Burdock. The root
of the common burdock, Ayctiwn lappa ^ contains a bit-
ter principle, a resin, and tannin. It is aperient and diu-
retic and has some reputation as an alterative in constitu-
tional blood-diseases. A tincture of the seed has been
recommended in skin-diseases. The dose of the root
is .^j-ij, in infusion or tincture; of the fluid extract,
Lappaceous [lap-a' -she-its) a bur] . In biology,
bur-like.
Lappet [lap'-et) [ME., lappet, lappet]. In biology, the
wattle of a bird.
Lapsana [lap' -san-ali) [/'ini/^dw/, an eatable herb]. A
genus of composite plants. L. communis, was
formerly used as a laxative and in skin-diseases.
Lapsus [lap'-sus) \_labi, to fall]. A fall ; ptosis. L.
palpebrae superioris, ptosis of the eyelid. L. pilo-
rum, alopecia. L. unguium, falling of the nails.
Larch [ME., larche, \a.rcW]. See Za;'M' and Taniarac.
Larcher's Sign. See Death.
Lard and Lard-oil [ME. , /arf/t"//, lard]. Adeps. The
fat of the pig melted by gentle heat and strained.
Crude lard is white, granular, and of the consistency
of a salve, of faint odor and sweet, fatty taste.
Its specific gravity is .938 to .940 at 15° C. Exposed to
the air it becomes yellowish and rancid. When com-
pressed at 32° F., it yields 62 parts of colorless lard-
oil and 38 parts of compact lard. Lard is used in
cooking ; lard-oil for greasing wool, as a lubricant,
and an illuminant.
Lardacein {lar-da' -se-ut) [ME., larden, lard]. An
animal proteid, an indigestible amyloid substance,
chiefly occurring as a pathologic infiltration into
various organs, as the liver, or spleen.
Lardaceous [lar-da' -she-zis) [ME., larden, lard]. See
Amyloid. L. Kidney. See Bright' s Disease.
Larinoid [lar'-in-oid) [Aapa'of, fat; eltSof, like]. Lar-
daceous ; as larinoid carcinoma.
Larix [la'-riks] [L., gen. Laricis'\. Larch. The dried
bark of Larix europcea, the European larch, similar
in action to balsamic and terebinthinate remedies. It
is expectorant, stimulant, and astringent. L., Tinct.
(B.P. ) Dose TTLxx-xxx. See, also. Tamarac.
Larkspur [lark' -spur). The seed of Delphinium con-
solida, a diuretic and emmenagogue. Dose of the fld.
ext., Tr\^j-x. Unof.
Larnaude's Disinfecting-fluid. A solution of zinc
sulphate containing a little copper sulphate.
Larrey's Amputation. 'See Operations, Table of . L.'s
Apparatus, a form of immovable dressing made by
saturating the bandages in a mixture of camphorated
spirit, lead-water, and white of egg. L.'s Bandage.
See Bandage.
Lartigue's Pills. Pills used in the treatment of gout,
containing compound extract of colchicum 20 parts,
and extract of digitalis, one part.
Larva {la7-'-vah) [lari'a, a ghost: pi. Zrt;7vr]. The
young stage of such animals as undergo transformation.
The form that insects take in emerging from the egg,
commonly known as the caterpillar or "grub" stage.
Also, applied to the immature form distinguishing many
of the lower vertebrates before maturity. L., Loven's,
the young of the marine worm polygordiiis. L.,
Miiller's, the free-swimming young of the polyclad
platodes, Thysanozoon and Yiargia.
Larvaceous (lar-va'-she-us). Larval {lar'-va/) \_larva,
a mask]. Covering the face like a mask.
Larval \larva, a ghost]. I. Pertaining to or existing
in the condition of a larva. 2. Same as Larvace-
ous. L. Paludism. See Dumb Ague. L. Pneu-
monia. See Fnetirnorzia. L« Scarlatina, a mild
case of scarlet fever in which the rash is absent.
Larvate [lar'-vat) \larvattts, masked]. Concealed;
masked ; applied to diseases and conditions that are
hidden by more obvious conditions, or by some pecu-
liarity of their symptoms.
Larviform [lar' -vif-orm) \larva, a larva; forma,
shape]. Resembling or being a larva.
Larvigerous (lar-vij' -er-ns) \larva, ghost, mask ; gerere,
to carry]. In biology, bearing the larval skin.
Larviparous [lar-vip' -ar-ics) \_larva, larva ; /^^/rr?, to
bring forth]. In biology, bringing forth young that
have reached the larval state.
Larvivorous {lar-viv' -or-us) \larva, larva; vorare,\.o
devour]. In biology, feeding on larvae.
Laryngalgia [lar-in-gal' -je-ah) [Anpfj-f , larynx ; a/lyof ,
pain]. Pain or neuralgia of the larynx.
Laryngeal [lar-in' -je-al) [Aapujf, larynx]. Per-
taining to the larynx. L. Artery. See Arteries,
1 able of. L. Cough, an hysteric manifestation in
young women. It is a paroxysmal cough, with a pe-
culiar hoarse and muflled sound, like the barking of a
dog. L. Crisis, an acute laryngeal spasm, occurring
in the course of tabes dorsalis. L. Dilator, an in-
strument designed to dilate the larynx, when the latter
has become constricted by cicatricial tissues, or from
other causes. L. Edema, infiltration of a fluid or
semi-fluid into the submucous connective tissue of the
larynx. It is usually associated with some disease or
injury of the larynx, and occurs mainly between the
eighteenth and thirty-fifth years. It is characterized
by dyspnea and dysphagia. L. Epilepsy, a peculiar
neurosis of the larynx characterized by a sense of
suffocation during sleep. There is no discoverable
lesion. L. Mirror, a small circular, silvered-glass
mirror used in laryngoscopy. L. Nerve. See
Nerves, Table of. L. Paralysis, a loss of power
of some or of all of the muscles of the larynx. L.
Pouch. See Pouch. L. Reflex. See Reflexes,
Table of. L. Spaces, the upper, middle, and lower
parts into which the larynx may be conveniently di-
vided. L. Vertigo. See Vertigo and L. Epilepsy.
Laryngectomy {lar-in-gek' -to-me) \7iapvy^, larynx ;
inTOjiij, a cutting out]. An operation for the extir-
pation of the larynx.
Laryngemphraxis [lar-in-<:em-fraks'-is) \_'^npvyf ,
larynx ; eatjypa^ig, stoppage]. Closure or obstruction
of the larynx.
Laryngismal (lar-in-jiz' -mal) \\apvyyLl,ZLV, to vocifer-
ate]. Relating to laryngismus.
Laryngismus [lar-in-jiz' -mus) \}:apvyyil!.^iv, to vocifer-
ate]. A term loosely applied to various spasmodic
affections of the larynx, such as epileptic spasm. See
Laryngeal Epilepsy. L. paralyticus, a paralysis of
the recurrent laryngeal nerve in horses, producing
the affection called "roaring." L. stridulus,
laryngospasm ; spasmodic croup ; spasm of the
glottis. A spasmodic affection of the larynx, mainly
confined to the early period of childhood. There
is a sudden arrest of respiration, with increasing
cyanosis, followed by long, loud crowing inspirations.
This aflection occurs in rachitic children and especially
in such as are of the neurotic tendencv. The attack
may be severe enough to terminate life.
LARYNGITIS
660
LARYNGOTOMY
Laryngitis i^lar-iji-ji' -tis) [Xdpujf , larynx ; /.r(f, inflam-
mation]. A catarrhal inflammation of the larynx ac-
companied by sore-throat, hoarseness, and, usually,
painful deglutition and cough. In severe cases there
may be edema, dyspnea, and suffocation. In infants
it is much the same disease as catarrhal croup. It also
accompanies malignant affections of the throat and
trachea, such as diphtheria, carcinoma, etc. L.,
Atrophic, a chronic form with atrophy of the mucous
membrane. L. catarrhalis, catarrhal inflamma-
tion of the larynx. L., Croupous. See Croup.
L., Diphtheric. See Croup. L., Dry, a chronic
form in which the secretion is small or dries into
crusts. L., Edematous. See Laryngeal Edema.
L., Fetid, a form with a sticky exudate that decom-
poses. L., Follicular, a form in which the mucous
glands are involved. L., Glandular. See L.,
Follicular. L., Granular. See L., Follicular. L.,
Hypertrophic, a chronic form with hypertrophy of
the tissues. L., Membranous. See Diphtheria.
L., Parenchymatous. See L. , Phlegmonous. L.,
Phlegmonous. See Laryngeal Edema. L., Poly-
pous, a form characterized by the presence of
polyps. L., Pseudo-membranous, an inflammation
of the laryngeal mucous membrane characterized by the
presence of a pseudo-membrane of a whitish-gray
color, of varying consistency, and different degrees
of attachment. It is usually met with between the
second and seventh years. There is a paroxysmal
cough, with hoarseness and increasing dyspnea, with
occasional attacks of suffocation. Death frequently
results. L., Serous. See Laryngeal Edema. L.,
Simple, a subacute catarrhal laryngitis. L., Spas-
modic, a form in which there is spasm of the glottis.
L., Stridulous, laryngitis with stridor. L., Sub-
mucous. See L. , Phleg})ionous and Laryngeal
Edema. L., Suffocative, diphtheria. L., Tuber-
culous, laryngeal tuberculosis. A chronic, usu-
ally painful, inflammation of the larynx due to the
development of " tubercles." There may be infiltra-
tion, ulceration, and destruction of the cartilages.
L., Ulcerative, characterized by the presence of
ulcers.
Laryngocace {lar-in-gok'-as-e) [/iapnyf, larynx ; Kaaljq,
bad]. See Croup.
Laryngocentesis {lar-in-go-sen-fe' -sis) [Adpjiyf, larynx ;
ntvTTjaic, puncture]. Surgical puncture or incision
of the larynx.
Laryngo-fissure [lar-in'-go-Jish'-iT.r)\_7apvy!;, larynx;
fissura, from findere, to cleave]. Division of the
larynx for the removal of tumors or foreign bodies.
Laryngography (lar-in-gog' -ra-fe) [Xopu; f , larynx ;
ypcKpEiv, to write]. A description of the larynx.
Laryngologic, Laryngological [lar-in-go-loj' -ik , lar-
in-go-loj' -ik-al) [Ad/injf, larynx ; Xdyof, science]. Per-
taining to laryngology.
Laryngology {lar-in-goF -o-je) \7:apvyS,, larynx ; A6yog,
science]. The anatomy, physiology, and pathology
of the larynx.
Laryngometry {lar-in-gom' -et-re') \^A.apvy^, larynx ;
fj.sTpov, measure]. The systematic measurement of
the larynx.
Laryngonecrosis ( lar-in' -go-ne-kro' -sis ) \y\apvyS.,
larynx ; viKputcir, death]. Necrosis of any portion
of the larynx.
Laryngoparalysis { lar-in' -go-par-al'-is-is) [Adpii;f,
larynx; napdXvaiq, palsy]. Loss of the voice or par-
alysis of the vocal bands from nervous affections, and
not from local disease.
Laryngopathy (lar-in-gop'-a/h-e) [/apvy^, larynx;
Ttddoq, a suffering]. Any disease of the larynx.
Laryngophantom (Jar-in-go-fan' -tum)\}Mpv') ^, larynx ;
a
(pavTog, visible]. An artificial larynx designed for
illustrative purposes.
Laryngo-pharyngeal [lar-in' -go- far-in' -je-al) \\apvyl,
larynx; (jidpvy^, pharynx]. Pertaining conjointly to
larynx and pharynx.
Laryngo-pharynx {lar-in' -go-par' -inks) [Aapuyf, lar-
ynx ; (papv}:;, pharynx]. The inferior portion of the
pharynx. It extends from the greater cornua of the
hyoid bone to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage.
Laryngophony [lar-in-goff' -o-ne)\ldpvy^ ., larynx; (puvi],
voice]. The sound of the voice observed in auscul-
tation of the larynx with the stethoscope ; also, the
sound of the voice observed in auscultation of a large
cavity in the lung.
Laryngophthisis [lar-itt-goff' -Ihis-is) \7idpvy^, larynx ;
<p(ii(jiq, wasting]. Laryngeal tuberculosis.
L,aTyngop\asty [lar-in' -go-plas-te)['/d-
pvy^, larynx ; ■n'/idaativ, to shape].
Plastic surgery or operation upon
the larynx.
Laryngoplegia [lar-in-go-ple' -je-ah)
, larynx ; ■nTirjyi], stroke].
Paralysis of one or more muscles of
the larynx.
Laryngorrhagia [lar-in-gor-a'-Je-ah)
[^/.dpvy^, larynx ; pr/yvvvai, to burst
forth] . Hemorrhage from the larynx.
Laryngorrhea [lar-in-gor-e'-ah) [Xd-
pyyf , larynx ; poia, a flow]. Ex-
cessive secretion of the laryngeal
mucosa, especially on attempting to
use the organ.
Laryngoscope [lar-iji' -go-skop') [Ad-
pvy^, larynx ; cKOTveiv, to examine].
An instrument for examination of
the interior of the larynx.
Laryngoscopist [lar-in-gos'-ko-pist)
[_'Adpvy^, larynx ; anoiruv, to ex-
amine] . An expert in laryngoscopy.
Laryngoscopy (lar-in-gos' -ko-pe) [Xd-
pvy^, larynx; afwntlv, to examine].
Examination of the interior of the
larynx by means of the laryngoscope.
L,SiTyngospasm{lar-in'-go-spazm) [/Id-
piiyf, larynx ; i7-rtf7|Udf, spasm] . Spas-
modic contraction or closure of the
glottis ; spasmodic croup, as distin-
guished from inflammatory croup.
Laryngospasmopsellismus {lar-in-
go-spaz-mop-sel-iz' -mtts) \}^dpvy^, la-
rynx ; a-ar7jj6(;, spasm ; tpeXAta/tdr,
stammering]. Spasmodic stammer-
ing of laryngeal origin, without the
utterance of words.
Laryngostasis (lar-in-go-stas' -is) [/Id-
pvy^, larynx; OTdoL<;, stagnation], a Small. Large.
Synonym of Croup.
Laryngo-stenosis (lar-in' -go-ste-no' -sis) \_ldpvy^, lar-
ynx; OTFvuair, contraction]. Contraction in size or
in caliber of the larynx.
Laryngosyrinx (lar-in-go-si'-ringks) [Idpvyi, larynx ;
ffi'/OQ'f , pipe : pi. , Laryngosvringes~\. A laryngeal tube.
Laryngotome [lar-in' -go-tom) \Adpvy^, larynx ; rou;), a
cutting]. A cutting-instrument used in laryngotomy.
l^axyngoXomy [lar-in-gof -o-me) [/loptJjt, larynx ; rt//-
vcLv, to cut]. The operation of incision of the larynx.
L., Complete, incision of the larynx through its
whole length. L., Median, incision into the larynx
through the thyroid cartilage. L., Subhyoid, in-
cision into the larynx through the thyro-hyoid mem-
brane. L., Superior, and L., Thyro-hyoid, incision
into the larynx through the thyro-hyoid membrane.
Larvngoscopic
Mirrors.
LARYNGOTRACHEAL
661
LATERAL
Laryngo-tracheal [lar-in' -go-tra' -kc-a!^ [Adpvyf, lar-
ynx; Tpaxda, the windpipe]. Pertaining conjointly
to the larynx and the trachea.
Laryngotracheitis ylar-in-go-tra-ke-i' -tis) [Adpi^yf , lar-
ynx; rpaxiti', windpipe; ^r/^', inflammation]. Inflam-
mation of the larynx and the trachea.
Laryngotracheopyra [lar-iti-go-tra-ke-op' -ir-ali). Sy-
nonym of Cro!//'.
Laryngotracheotomy [/ar-in-go-tra- ke-ot' -o-me) [Xap-
larynx ; r/oa;t;f /a, windpipe ; ro//?), cutting]. That
form of the operation of tracheotomy in which the
cricoid cartilage, and one or more of the upper rings
of the trachea are divided.
Laryngo-typhoid {Jar-in' -go-ti'-foid), Laryngoty-
phus Qar-in' -go-ti' -ftis) \^A,apvy^, larynx ; rv<fin<;,
smoke]. Typhoid fever associated with marked laryn-
geal complications.
Larynx [la?-' -inks) [lapvy^, larynx]. The upper part
of the air-passage between the trachea and the base
of the tongue. It comprises three single cartilages, the
Larynx, Front View, Showing the Ligaments and
INSEK I ION OF MUSC1.es.
0. h. Os hyoides. C. th. Thyroid cartilage. Corp. trit. Cor-
pus triticeum, or lesser coriiu of the hyoid bone. C.c. Cricoid
cartilage C. tr. Tracheal cartilage. Lig. thyr -hyoid med.
Middle thyro-hyoid ligament. Li^. tli.-h. lat. Lateral thyro-
hyoid ligament. Lig. cric.-lliyr. med. Middle crico-thyroid
ligament. Lig. eric. -track Crico-tracheal ligament. M.st -li.
Sterno-hyoid muscle. 71/. th.-hyoid. Thyro-hyoid muscle.
M. st.-th. Sterno-thyroid muscle. M. cr.-th. Crico-thyroid
muscle.
thyroid, the cricoid, and the epiglottis, and three pairs
of cartilages, the arytenoids and those of Santorini and
Wrisberg. It is lined by an extremely sensitive mucosa,
which is thrown into two transverse, lipped folds that
constitute the vocal bands.
Lascivious (/(7^-/7''-('-z«) \Jascivia, wantonness]. Li-
bidinous. Wanton. Having an unlawful desire.
Laser (/(r'-j-r;-) [L.]. i. A gum-resin highly prized by
the ancients ; probably the same as Asadtclcis, q. v.
2. The resin of Laserpitinm latifoliiim. Unof.
Laser, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Synonvmatic Table
of-
. Laserpitium (las-er-pish'-e-i/ni) [L.]. A genus of res-
inous and umbelliferous old-world herbs, various spe-
cies of which have been employed in medicine. L.
latifolium, or laserwort, is tonic and stimulant ; its
root abounds in a cathartic gum-resin. Unof.
Lash [ME., laske, the flexible end of a whip]. An
eye-lash.
Lassaigne's Test. See Semen and Tests, Table of.
Lassar's Paste. A paste used in the treatment of ery-
thema intertrigo. It consists of -salicylic acid 30
grains, oxid of zinc and powdered starch each 6
drams, vaselin 2 ounces. This is spread over the
involved area. It is curative and affords protection
from discharges.
Lassitude [las'-it-ild) \Jassitudo ; lassus, tired]. A
state of exhaustion or weakness, arising from causes
other than fatigue.
Lasso-cell. One of the peculiar filiferous cell-like
structures of celenterates, having the power of throw-
ing out with great rapidity the contained thread, which
produces a stinging sensation when brought in contact
with the skin ; a nettling cell ; an urticating organ.
Lata, or Latah (la'-ta/i) [Jav.]. An hysteric neurosis
locally prevalent in Java, nearly identical with the
disorder of the jumpers in Maine and Canada, and
with the myriachit of Siberia. The will and the
motor centers appear to lack coordination, and the
patient becomes to some extent obedient to the will of
others, in spite of his own volitions. See Palinus
and Chorea, Aitioinatic.
Latebra (lat' -eb-rah) [/(?/c^7-(7, a hiding-place : //., Lat-
ebrie'\. In biology, the central space of the food-yolk
of a nieroblastic ovum.
Latebricole [lat-eb'-rik-ol) \Jatehra, a hiding - place ;
colere, to dwell]. In biology, inhabiting a hiding-
place, as certain spiders, crabs, etc.
Latency [la' -ten-se) [A? tor, to be hid]. The condition
of being latent or concealed.
Latent [la' -tent) \Jatere, to be hid]. Concealed. Not
manifest. In physics, applied to heat that apparently
disappears when a liquid is vaporized or a solid melted.
L. Period, the time required for the incubation of a
disease. L. Squint. See Insufficiency.
Laterad the side; ^7(/, to]. Toward
the lateral aspect.
Lateral [lat'-er-al) [lateralis, belonging to the side].
At, belonging to, or pertaining to the side. Situated on
either side of the median vertical plane. See Position
and Dij-ectio)i, Table of. L. Column, that column of
the spinal cord between the ventral and dorso-lateral
fissures. L. Ginglymus, an articulation in which a
pivot turns within a ring or a ring around a pivot. L.
Laparo-nephrectomy, Langenbuch's operation. See
Operations, Table of. L. Line, in biology, a very
delicate organ of sense, usually tubular, that runs
along each side of almost all fishes. According to
M. de Sede, it is sensitive to the faintest movements
of the water, giving the fish continual information
as to the state of the medium in which it lives. L.
Operation, that form of operation in lithotomy in
which the opening is made on the right or, left side of
the perineum. L. Organs. See Organs. L. Plates,
the part of the mesoblast lying external to the pro-
vertebrse. L. Sclerosis, Amyotrophic, a disease of
the lateral columns and anterior gray matter of the cord.
It is characterized by motor weakness and a spastic con-
dition of the limbs, associated with atrophy of the
muscles and final involvement of the nuclei in the
medulla oblongata. The cause is unknown, and death
may result in from two to three years. L. Sclerosis,
Primary, Spasmodic Tabes dorsalis : Spasmodic Spijial
Paralysis : Spastic Paraplegia : a sclerotic disease of
the crossed pyramidal tracts of the cord characterized
by paralysis of the limbs, with rigidity, increased
LATERALITY
662
LAUDANUM
tendon-reflexes, and absence of sensory and nutritive
disorders. A peculiar characteristic jerking gait is pro-
duced, and clonus of the limb may be readily excited.
Males are most frequently affected, and the disease
occurs usually between the ages of twenty and fifty.
Syphilis, exposure, and traumatism are mentioned as
causes. The duration is long. L. Sclerosis,
Secondary, the descending degeneration that takes
place in the lateral columns of the spinal cord after
and below lesions of the cerebro-spinal axis. L.
Sinuses, the two veins of the dura mater situated in
the attached margin of the tentorium cerebelli. L.
Ventricles. See Ventricle.
Laterality {lat-er-al'-it-e) \_lateralis, belonging to the
side]. Excessive development on one side.
Lateralization [lat-er-al-iz-a' -shun) \Jateralis, lateral].
The localization of a disease upon one or the other side
of the body.
Lateralized [lat' -er-al-lzd) \Jateralis , lateral]. Local-
ized on one side ; directed to one side.
Lateren [/at'-er-en] \_latus, side]. Belonging to the
lateral aspect in itself.
Latericious, Lateritious (lat-er-ish' -its) \lateritius ;
later, brick] . Pertaining to an urinary sediment resem-
bling brick-dust.
Latericorn [tat'-er-ik-orn) side ; cornti, horn].
In biology, one of the lateral pieces of the bill-sheath
of certain birds.
Latericumbent (lat-er-i/c-um' -bent) \_tatHS, side ; cicm-
here, to lie]. Lying on the side.
Laterifliection, Lateriflexion [lat-er-if-lek' -shiai) . See
Lateroflection.
Laterifolius {lat-er-if-o' -le-tis) \Jatics, side; folium, a.
leaf]. In biology, growing alongside of a leaf.
Laterigrade [lat' -er-ig-rad) \_latns, side; gradus, step].
Progressing sideways.
Laterinerved [laf -er-in-ervd) \Jatus, side; nervus,
nerve]. In biology, applied to such leaves as have
lateral nerves.
Laterirectus [lat-er-ir-ek' -tus) \latiis, side ; rectus,
straight]. The rectus capitis lateralis muscle. See
Muscles, Table of.
Lateriversion (lat-er-iv-er^ -shun). See Late reversion.
Latero-abdominal [lat er-o-ab-do/ii' -in-al)\_latus, side ;
abdominalis, pertaining to the abdomen]. Pertaining
both to the side and the abdomen. L. Posture, Sims'
posture. See Postures, Table of.
Laterocaudal [lat-er-o-kaw' -dal) [^latus, side ; cauda,
tail]. In biology, situated laterally and posteriorly.
Latero-cervical (lat-er-o-ser' -vik-al) \lateralis, lateral ;
cervix, the neck]. At or about the side of the neck.
Laterodorsal {lat-er-o-dor'-sal) \latus, side; dorsum,
back]. In biology, placed at one side of the upper
surface.
Lateroflection, or Lateroflexion [lat-er-o-flek' -shun)
\lateralis, lateral ; fectere, to bend]. Flexion or
bending to one side.
Lateromarginal (lat-er-o-mar'-jin-al) \latus, side ;
margo, edge]. Placed on the lateral edge.
Lateronuchal {lat-er-o-nu' -kal) \_latus, side; nucha,
nape]. Situated at the side of the nape of the neck.
Lateropulsion (lat-er-o-piiF -shun) \lateralis, lateral ;
pellere, to drive]. An involuntary motion or bearing
to one side ; a symptom in certain central neuroses.
Lateroretroversion {lat-er-o-re-tro-7>er' -shun ) \_latera-
lateral ; rt"/;-;?, backward ; vertere, to turn]. Re-
troversion (of the uterus), with deviation to one
side.
Laterostigmatal (lat-er-o-stig' -mat-al) \Jatus, side ;
stigma, a mark]. In entomology, located on the
side of the body above the stigmata.
Lateroversion (lat-er-o-ver' -shun) \Jatus, side ; vertere.
to turn]. A term applied to the deviation of the
uterus from the central position. It may be quite con-
sistent with health and require no treatment.
Latex (/a'-/£'/C-j-) [L., liquid : pi., Latices\ The sap or
the juice of the tubes or vessels of plants. L. -cells,
cells giving rise to latex or milky juice.
Latham's Theory. A theory as to the constitution of
the proteid molecule ; it claims that the living proteid
is composed of a chain of cyanalcohols, or cyanhydrins,
as they are sometimes termed, united to a benzene
nucleus.
Lathyrin {lath' -ir-i}i) \/.aQvpi<:, pulse]. A bitter ex-
tractive of lathyrus.
Lathyrism {lath' -ir-izm) pulse]. Lupinosis ;
an affection, observed only in males, produced by the
Use of meal from varieties of vetches, chiefly the
Lathyrus sativus and Z. cicera. The grain is popu-
larly known as the chick-pea. It gives rise to a
form of spastic paraplegia, with tremor, involving
chiefly the legs, and this may proceed to complete
paraplegia. There is exaggeration of the knee-jerk
and ankle-clonus. The arms are rarely, if ever,
affected. It appears to be a slow sclerosis induced by
this toxic agent.
Lathyrus (lath' -ir-us) \faQvpiq, pulse]. A genus of
leguminous plants. L. cicera, a species of vetch,
commonly known as "chick-pea." L. sativus.
See Lathyrism.
Latibulum (la-tib' -u-lum) [L., latere, to lie hid]. A
lurking-place for disease, infection, or poison.
Laticiferous {lat-is-if -er-us) \_latex, liquid ; ferre, to
bear] . In biology, producing or containing latex, or
milky juice.
Laticostate {lat-ik-os' -tat) \latus, broad ; costa, rib].
Having broad ribs.
Latifia [la-tif-e' -ah) [Cf. Ratafia\ An alcoholic li-
queur, or aromatic cordial, with tonic drugs, as gentian,
cherry-bark, quassia, and rhubarb ; it is called also
Dutch bitters.
Latifoliate {lat-if-o' -le-dt) [^latus, broad ; folium, a
leaf]. Broad-leaved.
Latipennate (lat-ip-en' -at) \lntus, broad ; pennatus,
winged]. In biology, broad-winged.
Latipennine [lat-ip-en' -in). Same as Latipennate.
Latissimus {lat-is' -im-us) [superl. oilatus, wide]. An
adjective signifying widest. It is used as descrip-
tive of certain muscles. L. colli. See Muscles
[Platysma my aides). Table of. L. dorsi. See
Muscles, Table of.
Latrine [la-tren') [Fr.]. A water-closet or privy,
especially one in a public place or institution.
Lattice-viTork of the Thalamus. The formatio retic-
ularis, q. 7'.
Latus (la'-tus) [L.]. Broad. L. ani, synonym of
Levator ani. See Muscles, Table of.
Laudable (la~i<'-da-bl) \Jaudahilis, or laudandum,
praiseworthy]. Formerly, indicative of a healthy or
improving condition ; characterizing an active inflam-
mation, as laudable pus. (Obs.).
Laudanin (Jaiv' -dan-iji) [AatSaiw, a gum], C.inHjjNOj.
One of the alkaloids of opium. It is soluble in chlo-
roform and in alkaline solutions.
Laudanosin (la-ci-dan'-o-sin) [XaSavov, a gum].
C,lI,7NO^. A crystallizable alkaloid of opium.
Laudanum [lod'-an-um) [derivation undetermined;
by some derived from laicdatutn medicamentum, the
praiseworthy drug ; by others from laude dignum,
worthy of praise; by others, again, from Ladantiiii'^.
Tinctura opii. See Opium. L., Liquid. Synonym of
Vinum opii. See Opium. L., Rousseau's, a prepa-
ration used in Belgium, France, and Mexico, consisting
of opium, honey, beer-yeast, water, and alcohol. L.,
LAUGH
663
LAW
Sydenham's. 'Aynonym oi Vimim opii. L., War-
ner's, an ammoniated tincture of opium. Unof.
Laugh {lahf) [ME., latighen^ to laugh], i. To make
an audible expression of mirth. 2. The audible e.xpres-
sion of mirth. L., Canine, L., Sardonic. Synonyms
of Risus sanionicus, ij. v.
Laughing, or Laughter (lahf'-ing, lahf'-ter) [ME.,
laiighen, to laugh]. A succession of rhythmic, spas-
modic expirations with open glottis and vibration of the
vocal bands. L. Gas, nitrous oxid, or protoxid of
nitrogen. See Nitrons Oxid and Anesthetics. L.
Muscle, the risorius. See Muscles, Table of.
Laugier's Hernia. See Hernia and Diseases, Table of .
Laumonier's Ganglion. The superior carotid gan-
glion.
Laurel (law' -r el, lor' -el) [lattriis']. See Cherry-laurel,
California Laurel, Great Laurel, Kalmia, Laurus.
L. -water, aqua laurocerasi. See Cher) y-laurel.
Laurer, Canal of. See Canal.
Laurin (law'-rin) \_laurus,\s.nxfX\, CjjH^^O.,. A fatty,
crystallizable substance obtainable from the berries of
the European laurel, Laurus nobilis.
Lauro-cerasus (law-ro-se?-' -as-ics) \laurus, laurel ;
cerastes, cherry-tree]. See C lie riy- laurel. Lauro-
cerasi folia, the leaves of the European cherry-laurel.
Laurus [law'-rus) [L.]. A genus of old-wprld trees
and shrubs ; the true laurels. Eormerly the plants
that produce benzoin, camphor, cassia, cinnamon, etc.,
were assigned to this genus, but at present it is much
restricted by botanists. L. nobilis, the noble laurel, is
indigenous in the south of Europe. Its fragrant oils
(one essential, from the leaves, and the other fixed,
from the berries) are chiefly used in liniments. Unof.
Lauryl (laiv'-ril) \_laurus, laurel], C^.^H.^j. A univa-
lent radicle, the hydrid of which is dodecane.
Laurylene [law'-ril-en] \_laurus, laurel], C,,,Hj^. A
liquid with a high boiling-point, found in certain
mineral oils.
Lauth's Ligament. See Ligament. L.'s Violet.
See Pigments. Conspectus of.
Lava (lah'-vaJi) [L. , a flood or torrent]. The molten
ejecta of a volcano.
Lavage (/a7/-i7//s/;') [Fr.]. Irrigation or washing out of
an organ, such as the stomach, the bowel, etc.
Lavamentum (lav-am-en' -turn) [/az/ar^, to wash]. An
injection.
Lavandula [lav-an'-dti-lah). See Lavettder.
Lavater, Angle of. See Angle.
Lavatera (lav-at-e' -rah) [after the two Lavaters, phy-
sicians of Zurich]. A genus of malvaceous trees,
shrubs, and herbs, natives of the old world. L.
thuringiaca, L. triloba, and others abound in
mucilage, and are used as demulcent remedies. Unof.
Lavation (lav-a'-shun) \Javatio, from lavere, to wash].
Lavage. L. of the Blood, intravenous injection of
water.
1.-2LVz.\.ory [lav' -at-or-e) \lavatoi ium, a place for bathing].
A wash or lotion for a diseased part.
Lave (Imf) \lavare, to wash]. To wash; bathe.
Lavel (la'-vel) [Prov. Eng.]. A local name for the
epiglottis.
Lavemsnt (/az'''-7;?c;//') [/(7Z'ff;Y, to wash]. l. Awash;
the act of washing. 2. A clyster or enema.
Lavender (/i777''-i'«-(/er) [fcvrrt', to wash]. The flowers
Lavandtila vera, having properties due to a volatile
oil. It is aromatic, stimulant, and carminative, but is
used mainly as a flavor and as an adjuvant to other medi-
cines. Lavandulae, Ol., the volatile oil distilled
from the whole herb. Dose n\_i-v. L., OL, Flo-
rum, the oil distilled from the fresh flowers ; prefer-
able to the preceding. Dose lT\^i-v. A constituent
of Spt. odoratus. L., Spirit of, 3 parts of the oil
in 97 of alcohol; a perfume. Dose ^ss-j. L.,
Tinct., Comp., oil of lavender 8, oil of rosemary 2,
cinnamon 18, cloves 4, nutmeg 10, red saunders 8,
alcohol 680, water 270, dilute alcohol to make 1000.
Dose ^ss-ij. A constituent of Fowler's solution.
To the labiate genus Lavandula also belong L. s/>ica,
or broad lavender (which furnishes the oil of spike),
and other medicinal species.
Laveran's Corpuscles, or Plasmodia. The Plas-
modia lualai-iic, first described by Laveran as Os-
cillaria malariiC. See Parasites [Animal), Table of ,
and Plasmodium.
Laville's Liquid Mixture, or Antigout Remedy. A
mixture used in acute rheumatism. It is said to be a
tincture of quinin and colocynthin, but very prob-
ably the active principle in it is colocynthin. See
Colocyntliis.
Lavipedium [lav-ip-e' -de-um) [lavare, to wash ; pes,
foot]. A foot-bath ; a pediluvium.
Law (la-f) [ME., lawe, a law]. A generalized and
epitomized statement of facts. A general rule, or
constant mode of action of forces, or phenomena. A
rule of action prescribed by authority. See Jurispru-
dence. L. of Abridged Transmission, the forms
assumed by an individual in its ontogeny difter some-
what from the accepted ancestral type. L. of Adap-
tation, the law that a living organism, under whatso-
ever conditions, will mould itself into harmony with
those conditions, and thus continue its existence,
whether in a more perfect or less perfect form. L.,
Angstrom's, of Absorption-spectra, the " rays that
a substance absorbs are precisely those that it emits
when made self-luminous." L., Ampere's. See
Ampere. L. of Avogadro, equal volumes of all gases
and vapors, at like temperature and like pressure, con-
tain an equal number of molecules. L., Baer's, the
principle that the evolution of any animal form is
determined, yfri-/, by increasing histologic and morpho-
logic differentiation, and secondly, by transition from a
more general to a more specific type. L., Bell's, the
law that the ventral roots of the spinal nerves are
motor, and the dorsal sensory. See also JVallerian
Degeneration: L., Berthollet's, when two salts in
solution can by double decomposition produce a salt
less soluble than either, this salt will be produced.
L., Boudin's, that antagonism exists between tuber-
culosis and malaria. L., Boyle's, at any given
temperature the volume of a given mass of gas varies
inversely to the pressure that it bears. This is also
called Mariotte's LauK L., Brewster's, the angle of
polarization of a body is equal to that angle of incidence
at which the reflected rays are at right angles to
those refracted. L., Charles's, equal increments
of temperature add equal amounts to the product of
the volume and pressure of a given mass of gas. The
increase is of its volume measured at — 273° C. ,
which is the zero of absolute temperature. L.,
CoUes', a child born of a mother who is without ob-
vious venereal symptoms, and which, without being ex-
posed to any infection subsequent to its birth, presents
symptoms of syphilis when a few weeks old, can infect
the most healthy nurse, whether she suckle it or merely
handle and dress it, while it will not infect its own
mother, even though she suckle it while it has venereal
ulcers of the lips and tongue. L. of Contemporane-
ous Transmission, changes in an individual appear
at the same time as they appeared in its ancestor. L.,
Coulomb's, the force of attraction or repulsion between
two charges of electricity is proportional to the quantity
of electricity acting, and inversely proportional to the
square of the distance between them. L., Dalton's,
or L., Dalton-Henry's, although the volume of a gas
LAW
664
LAW
absorbed by a liquid remains constant, the weight
(volume multiplied by the density) of the absorbed
gas rises and falls in proportion to its pressure. L.
of Definite Proportions, when two or more chemic
substances unite to form a compound, they do so in a
fixed and constant proportion. L., Delboeuf's, a
congenital variation of a number of individuals in a
species, if not advantageous or injurious, and if not
balanced by reversion, will produce a variety, the
proportion of which to the whole species tends to reach
equality. L. of Diffusion of Gases through
Membranes. See L., Graham'' s. L. Donders'.
See L., Listing's. L., Dulong and Petit's, the
products of the specific heat of elements in the solid
state multiplied by their atomic weights are (approxi-
mately) the same; i. e., the atomic heat of elements
is (nearly) a constant. L. of Electrotonus, in
anelectrotonus the excitability and rate of nervous
conduction are diminished, while the electromotive
power is increased ; whereas in kathelectrotonus, the
excitability and rate of nervous conduction are in-
creased, while the electromotive power is diminished.
(Rutherford.) L. of Eccentric Sensations, that
wherever excitation occurs, whether in the nerve-cells
themselves or anywhere in the course of the nerves
leading to the cells, consciousness always refers the
sensation to the presence of some external cause of
excitement, i. e., the power of conception always pro-
jects every sensation that reaches the consciousness
outward, that is, to where the cause of the excitement is
normal. (Rosenthal.) L., Faraday's : I. The quan-
tity of an electrolyte decomposed in a given time is pro-
portional to the strength of the current acting upon it.
2. The quantities of the substances decomposed are pro-
portional to their chemic equivalents. 3. The electro-
lyte must be a conductor. 4. The strength of the
electrolytic force is the same in all parts of the elec-
trolyte. L., Fechner's, the more expanded and
accurate statement of IVehcr' s Law as to the relation
between the intensity of stimuli and the changes
in the resulting sensations, a constant ratio exist-
ing between the strength of the stimulus and the
intensity of the sensation. With increase of the
stimulus the sensation increases only as the logarithm
of the stimulus. As there is a lower limit [tJireshold)
or liminal intensity of excitation, so there is an upper
or maximal height of sensibility. Between the two
is the Range of Sensibility . L., Fleischl's, of Con-
traction, that the excitability of a nerve varies at
different points in its course. L. of Functional Sub-
stitution. .SeeZ., I'lilpian' s. L., Gay-Lussac's. See
Z., CkarL's's. "L.. , GoodeWs, Ru/e of Ready Practice :
" when the cervix uteri is as hard as one's nose, preg-
nancy does not exist ; when it is as soft as one's lips,
pregnancy is probable." L., Graham's, the rate of
diffusion of gases through porous membranes is in in-
verse ratio to the square-root of their density. L., Gud-
den's, lesions of the cortex do not give rise to lesions
cf the nerves of the periphery. L., Hseckel's Fun-
damental Biologic, the principle that every organ-
ism, in its ontogeny, goes through a series of stages,
each of which represents a stage in the evolution of
that class of organisms to which it belongs ; heredity
influencing or securing its palingeny, and the environ-
ment causing its kenogeny ; in other words, " that the
ontogeny is a short repetition of the phylogeny. "
L., Henry's. See Z., Da/ton's. L., Hilton's,
that a nerve-trunk supplying a given joint also supplies
the muscles moving that joint and the skin over the
insertion of those muscles. L. of Homotopic
Transmission, variations or acquired characters ap-
pear in the parts of an individual as in those of its pro-
genitor. L., Hook and Gravesande' s, of Elasticity,
that the tension is directly proportionate to the length
of the body extended, and to the amount of the extend-
ing weights, and that it is also inversely proportionate
to the diameter of the extended body. L., Huxley's,
the physical differences between man and the higher
apes are less marked than those between the higher
and the lower apes. L., Joule's, the heating-power
of a current is proportional to the product of the resist-
ance , the square of the current-strength , and the time the
current flows. L., Kirchhoff's, in electricity : I. The
sum of all the positive currents is equal to the sum of all
the negative currents, and-, hence, if we add these, the
result is zero. 2. The sum of all the electromotive
forces in any circuit is equal to the sum of all the
products obtained by multiplying the separate currents
by the resistances through which they are flowing.
3. In optics, the law that a transparent body absorbs
from a beam of light passing through it those rays which
it emits in the incandescent state. See Z., Angsti-dm' s.
L., Kofacker-Sadler's, a law as to the cause of the
difference of sex. P'rom a study of 80,000 cases these
observers conclude that if the husband is younger than
the wife there are as many boys as girls ; if both are of
the same age there are 1029 boys to 1000 girls ; if the
husband is older, 105 7 boys to looo girls. L., Kopp's
(of boiling-points), the addition of CH.^ to members of
certain homologous series of chemic compounds
raises the boiling-point about 19.5° C. L., Lenz's,
the law in electro-magnetic induction that the direction
of induced currents is such that their reaction arrests
the motion that produces them. L., Levert's, that
in placenta prxvia there is a marginal insertion of the
cord. L., Listing's, pertains to the movements of the
eye-ball : when moved from the position of rest, the
angle of rotation in the second position is the same as
if the eye were turned about a fixed axis perpendicular
to the first and second positions of the visual line.
L., Louis', in adults the lungs usually contain
tubercle when it is present elsewhere in the body. L.,
Magnus's, in thermo-electricity, the law that " in cir-
cuits of the same metal throughout, no electromotive
force is produced by variation in temperature or of
section of the conductor at different parts of the circuit."
L., Malaguti's, when two salts are mixed in solution
double decomposition occurs and four salts are formed
(metathesis), the proportions of each depending on the
strength of union of the respective basic and acid
radicles. L., Mariotte's, the law of physics that
the volume of a gas varies inversely as the pressure to'
which it is subjected. See Z., Boy/c's. L. of
Molecular Weights, the molecular weight of an
element is twice its atomic weight (with the exception
of Hg and Cd) ; the molecular weight of a compound is
equal to half the sum of the atomic weights of its
elements. L. of Multiple Proportions, that two
substances uniting to form a series of chemic com-
pounds, do so in proportions that are simple multiples
of one another or of one common proportion. L.,
Newton's, the unit force is that force which, acting
for unit time on the unit mass, produces unit velocity.
L., Ohm's, the law that the current-strength varies
directly as the electromotive force, and inversely as the
resistance. It is usually expressed by the formula
C = — in which C is the current in amperes; E,
K + y t- 7
the electromotive force in volts ; R, the resistance of
the external, and }', that of the internal part of the
circuit, in ohms. L. of Organic Balance, exces-
sive development of one part of an organism is coun-
terbalanced by deficient growth of another part. L.,
Pfliiger's, "a given tract of nerve is stimulated by
LAWN-TENNIS ARM
665
LEAD
the appearance of kathelectrotonus and the disap-
pearance of anelectrotonus — not, however, by the
disappearance of kathelectrotonus, or by the appear-
ance of anelectrotonus." L. of Progress, the law
of progressive increase in the perfection of organisms
in the successive periods of the earth's history. L.,
Psycho-physicaL See Z., Fechner's. L. of Re-
ciprocal Proportions, two elements combining with
a third do so in proportions that are simple multi-
ples or simple fractions of those in which they com-
bine with each other. L. of Refraction, that rays
of light entering a denser medium are deflected toward
a perpendicular drawn through the point of incidence,
and those entering a rarer medium are deflected away
from the same perpendicular. L., Ritter's -or Ritter-
Valli's, if a nerve be separated from its center, or if
the center die, the excitability of the nerve is in-
creased; the increase of excitability begins at the
central end, and travels towards the periphery ; the
excitability then faHs until it disappears entirely. L.
of Sexual Transmission, a parent transmits charac-
teristics to children of his or her sex not transmitted to
the opposite sex. L., Stokes' : I. Ste. L., Angst rdt?i's.
2. Every muscle in relationship with an inflamed
mucous or serous surface becomes paralyzed. L.,
Tail's, in every disease of the abdomen or pelvis in
which the health is destroyed or life is threatened, and
in which the condition is evidently not due to malig-
nant disease, an exploration of the cavity by celio-
tomy should be made. L., Toynbee's, a law con-
cerning intra-cranial disease secondary to otitis. It
is that the cerebellum and lateral sinus sufter from
disease of the mastoid, while the cerebrum is endan-
gered by caries of the tympanic roof. L., Valli-
Ritter's. See Z., Hitter- Valli' s. L., "Van der
Kolk's, the sensory fibers of a mixed nerve are dis-
tributed to parts that are moved by muscles that re-
ceive the motor fibers of the same nerve. Thus, in
nerve-lesions the chief sensory symptoms are always
peripheral or distal from the chief motor symptoms.
L., Volta's, of Tension, the contact of two differ-
ent substances produces an electromotive force equal
to the algebraic difference of their electric condition,
which difference is constant for the same substances.
L., Vulpian's, the functions of a destroyed portion
of an animal's brain are assumed by the remaining
portion. L., Wallerian, of Degeneration ; from
experiments Waller showed that the trophic centers of
the ventral roots of spinal nerves lie in the multipo-
lar nerve-cells of the ventral horns of gray matter,
while those of the dorsal roots lie in the ganglia placed
upon them. Generalized, the law predicates that
the course of the impulses in a nerve may be ascer-
tained by tracing the course of the subsequent degen-
.eration. L., Weber's, the principle that that varia-
tion of stimulus that causes the smallest appreciable
variation in sensation maintains, approximately, a
fixed ratio to the total stimulus. See also Z.,
Fechner's.
Lawn-tennis Arm. Displacement of the tendon, or
body (or both) of the pronator radii teres. Com-
mon in lawn-tennis players. L.-t. Knee. See Knee.
L.-t. Leg, tendinous, fascial, or muscular rupture
in the calf or sura.
Lawsonia {law-so' -ne-ali). See Henna.
Lax {laks) \_laxus, loose]. Loose; not tense.
Laxarthrus [laks-ar'-t/irus) \_laxus, loose ; apdpov,
joint]. Luxation of a joint.
Laxative {laks' -at-iv) \_laxativus ; laxare,^o\ooi.%i\\. I.
Aperient; mildly cathartic. 2. An agent that loosens
the bowels ; a mild purgative.
Laxator (laks-a' -tor) \Jaxare, to loosen]. That which
loosens or relaxes. A name applied to various mus-
cles. L. tympani. See Muscles, Table of.
Laxitas {laks' -it-as) [L.]. Looseness. L. alvi, diar-
rhea. L. gingivarum, spongy gums. L. intes-
tinorum, diarrhea. L. ventriculi, atony of the
stomach.
Laxity {laks' -it-e) \_laxitas, looseness]. La/;k or loss
of tone or tension ; a relaxed, loose, or spongy state of
a tissue.
Layer {la'-er) [ME., leyer, a layer]. A mass of uni-
form, or nearly uniform, thickness, spread over or
covering a considerable area. L., Bacillar {of the
retina), the layer of rods and cones of the retina. L.,
Basement, basement membrane, q. -'. L., Bow-
man's. See Lamina, Bozcnian' s. L., Fibrous {of the
pericardiimi), the outer layer of the pericardium, con-
tinuous above with the deep cervical fascia. L., Funda-
mental, one of the three layers of the blastoderm, q. v.
L., Ganglionic, a layer of angular cells of the cerebral
cortex, best developed in the motor area. L., Ger-
minal. See Z., Fimdamental. L., Henle's, the
outer layer of the inner root-sheath of the hair. L.,
Huxley's, the inner layer of the inner root-sheath of
the hair. L., Horny {of the epiderm), the superficial
layer of the skin. L., Inner Molecular, one of the
layers of the retina. L., Latticed, the formatio reticu-
laris, q. V. L., Malpighian, the rete mucosum of
the skin. L., Ollier's. See Z., Osteogenetic. L.,
Osteogenetic, the lower layer of periosteum, con-
nected with the formation of bone. L., Papillary {of
the skin ) , the upper layer of the true skin, having papil-
lary projections fitting into the epidermis. L., Pig-
mentary {of the retina'], the innermost layer of cells
of the retina extending also to the choroid, ciliary body,
and iris. L., Primitive, or Primordial, the layers of
the blastoderm ; by some applied to epiblast, hypo-
blast, and mesoblast ; by others to the first two only.
L. of Rods and Cones. See Z., Bacillar, and
Retina. L., Serous, the ental layer of serous mem-
branes, consisting of endothelium.
Layering {la'-er-ing) [ME., lever, a layer]. The
propagation of plants by layers.
Layette {lay-et') [Fr. ]. The full outfit of garments,
bedding, etc. , for a new-born child.
Layman {la'-j?ian) [D., leeman, a layman]. A mem-
ber of the laity.
Lazar {la' -oar) [from Lazarus, a Biblical name]. An
old name for a leper, or for any person having a repul-
sive disease.
■ Lazaret Fever. A synonym of Typhus Fever,, q. v.
Lazaretto (/aa-ar-tV'-o) [Ital. , a pest-house]. A quar-
antine establishment. Also, a place for fumigation
and disinfection.
Lazari malum {laz'-ar-i ma'-huii) [L., "Lazarus'
ill"]. Synonym of I^eprosv.
Lazulite [S., azHl,h\n^\ A mineral of a
light-blue color, composed .of the hydrous phosphate
of aluminum, magnesium, and iron.
Leaching {lech'-ing) [ME., leechen, to wet]. In
chemistry, removing by percolation.
Lead {led) [ME., leed, lead]. See Plumbum. L.,
Black. See Graphite. L. -colic. See Colic. L.-
encephalopathy, a morbid condition of the brain due
to chronic lead-poisoning. L. -line, blue line ; the line
of discoloration on the gums in cases of chronic lead-
poisoning. L.-pipe Contraction,Weir Mitchell's term
for the marked resistance encountered in attempting to
flex the legs in cases of spastic paraplegia of infants,
the resistance gradually yielding as the effort to flex is
maintained ; also the condition of the limbs in the
cataleptic state in which they maintain any position
that is given them. L.-pipe Paralysis. Same as
LEADER
666
LECTUAL
L.-pipe Contraction. L. -poisoning, plumbism ; saturn-
ism ; painters' colic; lead-palsy; systemic poisoning.
It is due to the introduction of lead into the system.
The symptoms are disturbed nutrition, anemia, the
gingival line, lead-colic, constipation, pains in the
limbs, local muscular paralysis (wrist-drop) and wast-
ing, saturnine encephalopathy, etc. The treatment
consists in stopping ingress of lead to the system, its
elimination by iodid of potassium, aperients, particularly
the sulphates, etc. L., Sugar of. See Plunibi
acetas. L., Vinegar of, liquor plumbi subacetatis,
q.v. Also applied to alkaline solutions of basic lead
salts. L., White, basic lead carbonate(PbC03).,. Pb-
(OH).^. L., Pattison's White, the oxychlorid of
lead ; it is used as a paint.
Leader [le'-der) [ME., leder, a leader]. A sinew or
tendon ; a main artery; a terminal shoot.
Leaf (Jef) [ME., leef, leaf ; >£Trof, a scale]. In botany,
an expanded plant-organ, produced laterally from the
stem or branch, and, regarding only the way in which
it originates, applied arbitrarily to the carpels, stamens,
floral envelops, cotyledons, and ordinary leaves. See
Folia. L.-cup. See Bearsfoot. L.-green. See
Chlorophyll. '
Leaflet (iB/'-let) [ME., leef, a leaf]. A small leaf, or
leaf-like organ or appendage.
Lean [len) [ME. , /t';?^', lean]. Scant of flesh; thin;
spare. Eree from fat. L. -faced, having a thin face.
Leanness [len^-nes) [ME. , Avze, lean]. A condition
of having less than the usual amount of fat or flesh.
It may be natural, or the result of disease.
Leap [lip) [ME., lepen, to spring]. To bound; to
spring up.
Leaping [lep'-ing) [ME., lepen, to spring]. Springing;
jumping. L. Ague, a synonym of Dancing Mania.
Leash [lesh) [ME., leesshe, a leash]. The network of
branches into which a nerve-trunk or a vessel may be
divided.
Leather {leth'-er) [ME., /fM^r, leather]. A material
manufactured from hides or skins by the process of
tanning, which may be done by a number of methods.
The following are the main varieties of leathers so
produced: Sole-leather; this is the heaviest and firm-
est variety of leather produced. It is made from the
heaviest and thickest hides, and is valued for its fine
grain and toughness. It retains the whole thickness
of the hide. Upper and Harness Leathers : these are
made from lighter hides, and are tanned for strength
and flexibility rather than for weight. The black
color and finish are put on upper leather by coating it
with a mixture of lamp-black, linseed oil, and fish-oil,
to which tallow and wax and a little soap have been
added. Morocco Leather ; the true morocco leathers
are manufactured from goat-skins. A cheaper grade,
known as Erench morocco, is produced from sheep-
skins. Enamelled or Patent Leathers ; these are leath-
ers finished with a water-proof and brightly varnished
surface, similar to lacquered wood-work. Thin and
split hide is used for these. Russia Leather is peculiar
in its characteristic odor and its ability to withstand
dampness, without any tendency to mold, both of
which qualities it owes to the currying with the empy-
reumatic oil of birch-bark. Chamois Leather is a soft
felt-like leather, originally prepared fiom the skin of
the chamois-goat, but now made from other goat-skins
and from the "flesh splits" of sheep-skins. Croiun
Leather is a variety intermediate between oil -tanned
and tawed leather, being stronger than the first and
more water-resistant than the latter. The leather
readily becomes moldy, but seems to be strong and
specially adapted for belting. White-tanned or
*' Tawed'''' Leather ; skins to be tanned with the hair
on, as sheep-skin rugs, etc., as well as light calf-kid
and glove-leather, are always alum-tanned. The glove-
leather thus obtained has softness and considerable
strength, but is not thoroughly water-resistant. Parch-
ment and J'ellnm ; the first of these is prepared from
the skins of sheep and goats, and the second from the
skins of calves. The skins are washed, limed, un-
haired, and fleshed, and then stretched thoroughly.
They are then again well-scraped and rubbed with
pumice-stone, and allowed to dry on a frame in the
shade, care being taken to avoid sunshine or frost. Very
fine vellums are prepared with the finest pumice-stone.
Degras, a valuable side-product of the leather indus-
try. It is essentially an emulsion of oxidized fish-oil,
produced by soluble albuminoids. It is used largely
for currying purposes. L.-brown. Same as Pheny-
lene-brown. L.-wood. See Dirca palustris.
Leathery [leth'-er-e] [WE., lether, leather]. Resem-
bling leather ; applied to thickened arteries, to various
tough tissues in the body, and to the liver, spleen,"
or lungs.
Leaven (lev'-n) [levare, to raise]. A name given to
several species of ferments belonging to the class of
Saccharomvces, of which the culture known as "sour
dough " is a common example.
Leban, Leben [leh'-an, lel/-en) [Ar., leban"]. A
variety of fermented milk of the Arabs. It is made
by adding some of the fermented milk of the previous
day to the fresh milk as soon as it is brought in from
the milking. It is a slightly acid fluid of the consist-
ence of cream, with small, flaky curds, and with the
taste of buttermilk. It is easily digested, and hence is
suitable for invalids. It corresponds to the ' '■Matzoon"
of the Turks.
Leber's Disease. Congenital malformation of the
optic nerve, with atrophy. Hereditary optic atrophy.
See Diseases, Table of.
Lecat's Gulf. The dilated bulbous portion of the urethra.
Lecheguana [la-cha-gwan'-ak) [Port.]. A kind of
poisonous honey collected in S. America from flowers
of the genera Paullinia and Serjania. It produces
hilarity, followed by heavy narcotic slumber, and later
by melancholic depression. Unof.
Lechopyra {lek-op' -ir-ah) [Ae;)^o, a lying-in woman;
TTJY-i, fire, fever]. Puerperal fever.
Lecithigenous [les-ith-ij'-en-ns) [IekiBo^, yolk ; yev-
vav, to beget]. Producing lecithin.
Lecithin [les' -ith-in') [/li'/c/^iof , yolk of egg], C^^Hji,-
NPO,,. A complex nitrogenous fatty substance occur-
ring widely spread throughout the animal body. It
is found in the blood, bile, and serous fluids, as well
as in the brain, nerves, yolk of egg, semen, pus, and
white blood-coqjuscles. It is a colorless, slightly
crystalline substance, readily soluble in cold, and very
much so in hot alcohol. It swells up in water, and
throws out curling filamentous processes at the same
time. It is easily decomposed. The lecithins, as a
class, form a group of substances the type of which is
normal lecithin.
Lecithoid [les'-ith-oid) [XeKiOo^, yolk; nAog, like].
Resembling lecithin.
Lecithophore [les'-ith-o-fdr) [Xf/c/flof, yolk ; tpopsiv, to
bear]. A layer of cells in the ovum, constituting the
floor of the segmentation-cavity.
Lecithus (les'-ith-us) ['AtKiHoc, yolk]. The egg-yolk.
Lecithymen [les-ith-i' -men) \XkKSoq, yolk; i/zz/i^ mem-
brane]. The vitelline membrane.
Leclanche Cell. See Cell.
Leco {le'-ko) [?l;;«:u, penis]. The penis.
Lectual {lek' -tn-al) [L., /<r//«, a bed]. Pertaining to
a bed or couch. L. Disease, a disease that confines
one to bed.
LECTULUS
667
LEMITHOCHORTON
Lectulus (lek' -tu-lns) [dim. of lectiis, bed]. An old
name for various forms of splints, cushions, and pads
used in surgery; also, a bed or couch; a couch or
mattress containing medicinal substances. L. medi-
catus, a dry fomentation.
Ledon [le'-don) [/^//i-Sor, cistus]. See Ladanum.
Ledoyen's Disinfecting-fluid. A solution of lead
nitrate.
Ledran's Suture. See Suture.
Ledum {le'-dum) \\fiiov, a species of cistus]. A genus
of ericaceous shrubs. L. palustre, marsh-tea, the
leaves of which have been used as a febrifuge and
sedative, and in skin-diseases. Unof.
Ledyson, Powder of. A powder containing Armenian
bole, with powdered charcoal, slaked lime, sal am-
moniac, and powdered cinnamon.
Leech {lech) [AS., lace, physician]. I. Hirudo medi-
cinalis, or other worm-shaped aquatic and blood-
sucking animals employed in surgery. 2. Formerly a
medical practitioner ; a physician. 3. To extract
blood by leeching. See Hirudo. L., Artificial, an
apparatus for cupping. See Heurteloup. L.-craft,
an archaic name for the art of healing. L., Horse.
See Horse-leech. L.-tube, a glass tube in which a
leech is placed so that its mouth will come in contact
with the skin of the part over which the tube is placed.
Leecher (lech'-er) [ME., leeche, a physician]. A per-
son who applies leeches.
Lees [lez) [AS., las, dregs]. The dregs or solid mat-
ter held in suspension by a liquid, that finally settles
at the bottom of the vessel. Especially the sediment
of vinous liquors. Also, a valuable side-product in
the manufacture of wine. It is the deposit formed on
the bottom of the casks, and consists of from 30 to 40
per cent, of vegetable matter, the remainder being
tartrates, sulphates (in plastered wines), alumina,
phosphoric acid, etc.
Leeting [let'-ing). The exudation on the surface of
the skin in eczema.
Le Fort's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Left [ME. , /(?/?, left]. Sinistral; opposite of right.
The left-hand side. In man and other mammals, the
side containing the larger part of the heart. L.-
brained, having the speech-center in its normal situ-
ation, in the left third frontal, or subfrontal convolu-
tion. L. -handed, having more power and dexterity
in the left than in the right hand. L. Lateral
Recumbent Position. See Postures, Table of._
Leg [ME., /('.o-, leg]. The lower extremity of man,
especially that part from the knee to the ankle. An
organ of locomotion in man and other animals. L.,
Bandy, bow-leg. L., Barbadoes, elephantiasis of
the leg. L., Black, of Canada, a condition of
purpura affecting the legs of Canadian lumbermen.
L., Cochin. See L., Bai-badoes. L., Crossed, a
crossing of the axes of the legs. L., Dentist's, a
painful cramp in the leg-muscles of dentists. L.,
Dover's, a term for hypochondriasis. L.-ill. See
Black Leg. L., Lawn-tennis, La-mi-fennis Leg.
L., Milk, phlegmasia alba dolens. L., Scissors. See
L., Crossed. L. , Weeping, a leg the seat of eczema
madidans. L., White. See L., Milk.
Legal {le'-gal) [lex, legis, law]. Pertaining to law.
L. Medicine, medical jurisprudence.
Legal's Disease. Headache due to meningo-tympanic
disease. See Diseases, Table of.
Legitimacy {le-Jit'-im-as-e) \legitimare , to make law-
ful]. The condition of being within the bounds of the
law. Also, the statutory recognition of a child born
within wedlock, or within a period of time necessary
to gestation, which may elapse after the death of the
father.
Legume {leg'-ilm or leg-iim') \legere, to gather (so-
called because it may be gathered by the hand) ]. In
biology, the fruit of plants of the pea or pulse family,
a pod splitting along both sutures, and formed from
a simple pistil.
Legumin {leg-u' -mi>i) \_lcgu7nen, pulse]. A proteid
compound in the seeds of many plants belonging to
the natural order of leguminosre. Vegetable casein.
See Casein.
Leguminosae (Jeg-u-min-o' -se) \_legu?nen, pulse]. The
pulse family ; an important family of plants compris-
ing the bean, the clover, the lentil, the pea.
Licorice, indigo, gum arable, senna, are also obtained
from species of this family.
Leguminous [leg-it^ -min-us) \legumen , pulse]. Per-
taining to or resembling the Leguininosa.
Leicester System. A system of combating smallpox
that consists in isolation, quarantine, and disinfection,
without vaccination.
Leiocephalous (li-o-sef -al-us") [XcZof, smooth ; Kni^aKi],
head]. Having a smooth head.
Leiodermia (li-o-der' -me-ah) [Aeiof , smooth ; ispfia,
skin]. A disease of the skin marked by abnormal
glossiness, and by atrophy.
Leiodermatous (li-o-der' -?>iat-us) [/.riof, smooth ;
fitp/m, skin]. Smooth-skinned.
Leiomyoma {li-o-mi-o' -mali) \\eioq, smooth ; fivQ,
muscle ; bfta, a tumor : //., Leioinyomaia^ A tumor
consisting largely of unstriped muscle-fibers.
Leiopilous {li-op'-il-us) [Afiof, smooth ; trVkoq, wool].
Same as Leiocephalous.
Leiopus (Ji'-o-pus) [At/of, smooth ; Troiif, foot]. Syn-
onym of Talipes plan!(?n, or flat-foot.
Leiotrichous, Liotrichous (li-of -rik-us') [AeZof,
smooth; hair]. Having smooth or straight hair.
See Lissotrichous.
Leiphemia [li-fe' -tne-ak) [Ae/ttew, to fail ; al/^a, blood].
Failure, poverty, or a depraved state of the blood.
Leipodermia (Ji-po-dej-' -nie-ah) \\uTieiv, to leave ;
fikpfia, skin]. A deficiency of the skin, especially of
the prepuce.
Leipomeria [li-po-me'-re-ah) [Xe'nreiv, \.o\ts.wf, fiepog,
part]. A monstrosity with absence of one or more
limbs.
Leipopsychia {li-pop-si' -ke-ah) \^A.e'rKuv, to fail ; ipvx'i/,
spirit]. Fainting; weakness; asphyxia.
Leipothymia [Ji-po-thi' -me-ali) [AE(7rf jv, to fail ; dvfi6^,
mind]. A fainting or syncope.
Leipothymic [li-po-thi' -inik) [Xtiwen', to fail ; 6vfi6g,
mind]. Faint ; affected with or pertaining to leipo-
thymia.
Leipsic Green. Same as Sckweinfurtk Green. L.
Yellow. Same as Chrome-yellow.
Leipyria (li-pir' -e-ah) Ykt'nzeLv, to fail ; 'Kvp, fire].
Coldness, as of the extremities, during a high fever.
Leitch's Blue. See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Leiter's Apparatus, Coil, or Tubes. Tubes of soft,
flexible metal designed for application about any part of
the body. Cold water is passed through the tubes,
thereby reducing the temperature of the parts encased.
Leithner's Blue. Same as Cobalt-blue.
Lekene (le'-ken). The principal constituent of Cau-
casian ozokerite ; it melts at 79° C, and has the com-
position CnH2n-[-.2 Or CpH.^n.
Lema {le'-mah) \_'^.l]firj, rheum]. The collection of dried
matter sometimes seen at the canthus of the eye.
Lembert's Suture. See Suture.
Lemery's Powder. A stimulant and digestive powder
containing cinnamon, ginger, nutmeg, cloves, mace,
musk, and raisins. L.'s Salt, magnesium sulphate.
Lemithochorton [lem-ith-o-kor' -ton). Same as Hel-
}>iintkochortoii .
LEMMA
668
LENTICULAR
Lemma [lem^-ah) [_'/J/ii/ia, peel: //. , Leniinata^. A
general name for a limiting or ensheathing membrane ;
e. g., neurilemma, sarcolemma, etc. It is mostly
used in composition. In embryology, the outer layer
of the germinal vesicle.
Lemnian Earth [/em' -iw-an) [/i;;//y(Of, Lemnian]. A
variety of reddish kaolin, originally found in the Isle
of Lemnos ; a kind of bole (q. z'.) used as an astrin-
gent; also, as a detergent, like fuller's earth; Lem-
nian bole. See, also, Ocher.
Lemniscus (lem-iiis' -kits) l^h^jivianoi;, fillet]. I. A
ribbon-like appendage. 2. Fillet ; a triangular area
on the lateral slope of the mesencephal, in which the
fibers run appro.ximately cephalo-dorsad. It is dorso-
cephalad of the demarcation-line of the pons, and con-
stitutes the most ventral part of the tegmentum. Sev-
eral divisions are made; e.g., inferior, lateral, and
median or superior lemniscus. 3. In biology, the
name given by Rudolphi to a glandular, filiform organ,
pendent, on either side of the proboscis-sheath, in
the anterior body-cavity of Echinorhynchus. Dujardin
considers it to be of the nature of a salivary gland.
Lemon [/eiii'-on). See Liiuon.
Lemonade [lem-on-ad') \Jimoii, lemon]. An acidulous,
refrigerant drink made from the juice of lemon. L.,
Sulphuric Acid, a solution of sugar in water con-
taining sulphuric acid. It is used in lead manufac-
tories to prevent lead-poisoning.
Lemoparalysis {ie-mo-par-al' -ts-is) \?mlix6q, gullet ;
-ap((?ai(7jf, palsy]. Paralysis of the esophagus.
Lemostenosis {le-mo-ste-no' -sis) [/lai/iof , gullet ; OTf-
i'(jcr/c, stricture]. Constriction of the pharynx or
esophagus.
Lendigerous [len-dij' -er-us) \lens, alouse's egg •,gerere,
to bear]. Bearing or having vesicles.
Lenhossek, Bundle of. The ascending root of the
vagus and glosso-pharyngeal nerves.
Leniceps [leii' -is-eps) [/f/zw, mild ; capere, to seize].
A form of obstetric forceps, with short handles ; it is so
called because it was designed to be safer in use than
the ordinary forms.
Lenient [le' -ne-eiit) softening]. I. Lenitive;
emollient. 2. An emollient medicine or application.
Leniment [len'-im-etit) [_/e)iire, to soothe]. A liniment
or soothing application.
Lenitis (/en-i'-/is). A term for phlegmonous gastritis,
or suppurative inflammation of the areolar tissue of
the stomach.
Lenitive (leii' -it-hi) \lenitivns, soothing]. Emollient
or demulcent ; laxative or aperient. 2. .\n emollient
remedy or application ; an aperient or mildly cathartic
agent. L. Electuary, confectio sennje.
Lens (lenz) [L. , a lentil]. A regularly-shaped piece
of glass or crystal for the refraction of rays of light.
The crystalline lens of the eye. L., Achromatic.
See Achromatic. L., Apochromatic. See Apo-
chromatic. L., Astigmatic. See L., Cylindric.
L., Astigmatic, of Stokes, an apparatus con-
sisting of two plano-cylindric lenses, one concave,
the other convex, the two of equal focal distance ;
it is used in the diagnosis of astigmatism. L.,
Biconcave (negative or minus ( — ) lens), a thick-
edged lens having concave spheric surfaces upon
its opposite sides ; it is used in spectacles to cor-
rect myopia. L., Biconvex [positive or plus (-(-)
lens), a thin-edged lens ; it has two convex surfaces,
and is used to correct hyperopia. L., Bifocal. See
Bifocal. L., Cicatricular, a lenticular body in the
ovum formed by the junction of the germinal vesicle
and the non-germinal layer of the ovum. L., Con-
vergent or Converging, a double convex or plano-
convex lens that focuses rays of light. L., Crystalline,
the lens of the eye, situated immediatelv behind the
pupil. L., Cylindric (either minus or plus), one
ground upon a cylindric tool, i. e., one with a plane sur-
face in one axis and a concave or convex surface in the
axis at right angles to the first. L., Decentered, one
in which the optic center is not opposite the pupil of
the eye. L., Dispersing, a name for a concave lens.
L. -paper, a soft absorbent paper much used for clean-
ing lenses ; it is also known as Japanese filter-paper.
L., Periscopic, one with concavo-convex or convexo-
concave surfaces, the opposite sides being of different
curvatures ; it is used to avoid spheric aberration, and
to gain a greater field of clear vision ; such lenses are
called meniscus lenses. L., Plano-concave, Plano-
12345 6
Different Forms of Spheric Lenses.
I. Biconvex lens. 2. Plano-convex. 3. Concavo-convex, or
convergent meniscus. 4. Biconcave 5. Plano-concave.
6. Conve-xo-concave, or divergent meniscus.
convex, Plano-cylindric, have a plane surface upon
one side and a curved surface upon the reverse side.
L., Prismatic, a triangular bar of 'glass. L., Spheric,
one whose curved surface, either concave or convex, is
a segment of a sphere, in contradistinction to a cylin-
dric lens. L., Sphero-cylindric, one with a spheric
surface upon one side, and a cylindric surface upon the
reverse, used for the correction of either myopia or
hyperopia, associated with astigmatism, '^ee Spectacle-
lenses. L.-star, the stellate figure seen on the pos-
terior surface of the crystalline lens. L., Test or
Trial, one of a set of lenses employed in determining
refractive errors.
Lenticel {len'-tis-el) \_lenticella : dim. of Aw, lentil].
Any one of the little mucous follicles or crypts at the
base of the tongue ; any lenticular gland. In biology,
a lens-shaped collection of cells ; applied to the dots on
new bark and to certain glands.
Lenticellate [len-tis-el' -at) \lenticella : dim. of lens,
lentil]. Having lenticels.
Lenticonus (len-tik-o'-nus) \_lens, a lens ; conns, a
cone]. A rare, usually congenital, anomaly of the
lens in which there is a conical prominence upon its
anterior, or more rarely upon its posterior, surface.
Lenticula {len-tik' -it-lah), Lenticule [Icn'-tik-til ) [L. ;
dim. of lens, lentil: //., Lenticule']. I. Same as
Lentigo. 2. A mass of gray matter in the brain situ-
ated in the hemicerebral wall, between the caudatum
and the cortex. It consists of three zones known as
articuli, all more or less striated, the ental the small-
est, and the ectal, also called pntamen, the largest.
The latter is of a deeper reddish-gray color than the
two mesal divisions, which together are termed
globus paltidus. 3. In biology: {a) a spore-case;
[b) a freckle.
Lenticular [len-tik' -u-lar) {lenticularis ; lens, a lentil].
Pertaining to, or resembling, a lens ; also a descrip-
tive term applied to an instrument with a curved cut-
ting-edge for removing the rough edges of bone made
by the trephine. L. Ganglion. See Ganglia, Table
of. L. Nucleus, the lenticula, q. v.
LENTIFORM
669
LEPROLOGY
Lentiform {len' -tif-orm) . See Lenticular.
Lentigines (Jen-tij' -in-ez) \_lens, a lentil]. See Lentigo.
L. leprosae, the pigmented spots of macular leprosy.
Lentiginose, Lentiginous (len-tij' -in-dz, len-tij' -in-tts)
SJentiginosus, freckled]. Aftected with lentigo.
Speckled or freckled.
Lentigo (len-ti' -go) \Jens, a lentil; , Lentigines'].
A freckle ; ephelid. A circumscribed spot or patch of
pigment, small in size, and occurring mainly on the
face and hands. Freckles rarely occur before the age
of eight years, and are not common in aged persons.
They are most frequent among people of light com-
plexion. Those occurring upon parts of the body not
exposed to the sun's rays axt. caWed ^ ^ cold freckles.^ ^
L. sestiva, summer freckles. L. congenita, pig-
mented nevus.
Lentil {len'-til) SJenticula, a lentil]. The plant Lens
esculenta ; also its flat lenticular seed, a kind of pulse,
valued as an article of food.
Lentitis [len-ti' -lis). See Phakitis.
Lentoid (len' -toid) \Jens, lentil; u6oq, like]. Lens-
shaped, or lenticular.
Lentor (Jen' -tor) \_lentor ; lentus, adhesive]. Viscidity
of a liquid ; slowness of any function, or process. L.
cordis, sluggishness of the heart.
Lentous (Jen'-tus) \lentus, thick]. Thick, tenacious,
or viscid.
Lenus [le'-mis) [A;/fdf, a depression]. A depression;
the torcular herophili, q. v.
Lenz's Law. See Law.
Leonard's Tint. A name for methyl-violet, penta-
methyltriamido-triphenylcarbinol, used for staining mi-
croscopic sections and bacteria.
Leonine [le'-o-inn) \_leoniniis, belonging to a lion].
Lion-like ; resembling a lion.
Leontiasis [le-on-ti' -as-is') \leo, a lion]. A variety of
elephantiasis in which the patient's face is said to re-
semble that of a lion. See Elephantiasis and
Leprosv. L. ossea, L. ossium, a form of sclerosis of
bone, following osteitis, in which nodular deposits are
seen upon the diseased bone. L. vitulina, a con-
genital disease characterized by a painless enlargement
of the face, giving it some resemblance to that of a calf.
Leontodin (le-on' -to-din) a lion ; bSohg, a
tooth]. The precipitate from a tincture of the root of
dandelion, Leontodon taraxacum; it is a tonic,
diuretic, aperient, and hepatic excitant. Dose two to
four grains. Unof.
Leontodon (le-on' -to-don). See Taraxacum.
Leonurus [le-on-u' -rus). See Motherwort.
Leopard's Bane {lep'-ardz ban). See Arnica.
L,epal (^le' -pal) [/l£7r/f , a scale]. In biology, a barren
stamen ; a stamenode.
Leper (lep'-er^ [XeTr/ndf, scaly]. One affected with
leprosy.
Lepidin (lep'-id-in) [AcTr/'f, scale], CaHB(CH3)N.
I. Methyl-quinolin, a substance that occurs with quino-
linand quinaldin in coal-tar, and is obtained on distill-
ing cinchonin with potassic hydrate. It possesses an
odor like that of quinolin, and boils at 257° C. 2. A
bitter principle from Lepidium iberis ; it is reputed to
be antipyretic. Unof.
Lepidium [lep-id' -e-um) \\mi^Lov \ Xe-k'k;, scale]. A
genus of cruciferous herbs ; cress, or peppergrass. L.
iberis, L. latifolium, L. ruderale, L. sativum, and
L. virginicum, have been used in medicine. They
are antiscorbutic, and stimulant, and are reputed to be
antipyretic. Unof.
Lepido- [lep'-id-o-) [AsTr/f, scale]. A prefix signifying a
scale, or scaly.
Lepidoid [lep'-id-oid) [/le7r/f, scale]. Having the ap-
pearance of a scale.
Lepidoplastic (lep-id-o-plas' -tik) [/"if/r/r, scale ; ■kXclo-
aeiv, to form]. Forming scales.
Lepidoptera (lep-id-op'-ter-ah) [AfTr/V, scale; Trrepdv, a
wing]. An order of insects distinguished by feather-
like scales and a spirally-coiled suctorial apparatus.
The order includes butterflies and moths.
Lepidosarcoma (lep-id-o-sar-ho'-mah) [/Iett/c, scale ;
aafjKufja, sarcoma]. A sarcoma covered with scales,
occurring in the mouth.
Lepidosin [lep-id' -o-sin) [AfTr/f, scale]. A substance in
the scales of fishes analogous to dentine.
Lepidosis (lep-id-o'-sis) [AfTr/<;, scale]. .Same as Lchthy-
osis. Also, a synonym of Lepra and of Pityriasis.
Lepidote {lep'-id-dt) [Aerr/f, a scale]. In biology,
scurfy or covered with small scales.
Le Pita. Synonym of Tinea imbricata.
Lepocyta (lep-os' -it-ah) [/lf;rof , a scale, a husk ; kvtoi;, a
hollow, a cavity]. In biology, a unicellular organ-
ism furnished with a limiting membrane. Cf. Gym-
nocyta.
Lepocyte (lep' -o-slt) \\moi;, a scale, a husk ; k'vto^, a
hollow]. In biology, a nucleated cell possessing a cell-
wall. Cf. Cymnocyte.
Leposteophyton, or Leposteophytum {lep-os-te-o-fi'-
ton, lep-os-te-o-Ji' -turn) [/IfTrof, scale ; oareov, bone ;
(fivrdv, plant]. A new growth of bone, scaly in
character.
Lepothrix (lep' -o-thriks) [AtTrof, scale ; '^p'f , the
hair]. A condition in which the hairs of the axillae
or scrotum are fringed with feather-like masses along
the shaft, or become encased in a sheath of hardened
sebaceous matter.
Ltepra (lep' -rah) [Af7r/;a, leprosy]. I. Leprosy. An en-
demic, chronic, and highly malignant disease, some-
what analogous to syphilis in pathologic character. It
is prevalent in Europe and Asia, especially along the
Mediterranean shores, but is rare in North America.
It is a constitutional disease preceded by malaise, de-
bility, and languor, followed by characteristic bullous,
macular, or tubercular lesions of the skin. Its cause
is the Bacillus leprce discovered by Hansen. See
Leprosy, and Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of, and
also Psoriasis. 2. A so called " false leprosy," ap-
parently a form of psoriasis. L. alba or albida,
white leprosy. L. alphos. See Psoriasis. L. anaes-
thetica. See Leprosy. L. antanea. Same as
Leprosy, Tuberculated. L. fungifera. Synonym of
Frambesia. L. ichthyosis. Ichthyosis, q. v. L.
italica, or mediolanensis, pellagra, q. v. L. macu-
losa, the stage of true leprosy, characterized by the
presence of pigment-spots. L. mediolanensis. See
Z. italica. L. melas, black leprosy. L. mutilans,
the final stage of true leprosy, in which there is
a loss of members. L. nervorum. See Leprosy,
Nerve. L. nervosa. Same as Leprosy, Anesthetic,
q. V. L. nodosa, or L., Nodular. See Leprosy.
L., Non-tuberculated. 'sitft Leprosy. L. ofWillan,
psoriasis. L. tuberosa. See Leprosy, 'Tuberculated.
L. umbrosa. See Leprosy, Black. L. vera. See
Leprosy. L. vulgaris, a synonym of psoriasis.
Leprelcosis [lep-rel-ko'-sis) [/.fjrprt, lepra; FAkuoiq,
ulceration]. Leprous ulceration.
Lepriasis (Jep-ri' -as-is) [/ItTrpa, leprosy]. A synonym
of leprosy and of psoriasis ; an obsolescent term
vaguely used to designate various scaly diseases of the
skin.
Lepric [lep'-rik) [AeTrpwdf, leprous]. Pertaining to
lepra.
Leprologist [lep-rol' -o-jist) [?.e:Trpa, leprosy; Adyof,
science]. An expert or specialist in leprology.
Leprology [lep-rol' -o-jc) [/tVpa, leprosy; Adyof,
science]. The science of leprosy.
LEPROMORPHE
670
LEPTOMENINGES
Lepromorphe (/t^/i-ro-wor'-Zt') [/if ir/ja, leprosy ; uop(j>r/,
form]. An advanced stage in leprosy in which the
bones are affected.
Leprophobia {^Up-ro-fo' -he-ah^ [/ItTrpa, leprosy; (jiojiog,
fear]. Morbid or insane dread of leprosy.
Leprophthalmia {lep-roff-thal' -i)ie-ah ) [XtTrpa, leprosy;
b(tida'Afj.6^ , the eye]. Ophthalmia of a leprous charac-
ter.
Leprosarium (/t^-;o-jfl'-;v-«w) [L.]. A leper-house ;
leprosery.
Leprosery (lep' -ro-ser-e) [Fr., Uproserie^. Same as
LiprosariuDi .
Leprosity (^lep-ros' -it-e) [_leprositas, fromAtTpa, leprosy].
Leprousness ; the state of being leprous.
Leprosy [lep'-ro-se) [/IsTrpa, leprosy]. Lepra vera;
Elephantiasis grcecorum ; Black Leprosy; Leontiasis ;
an endemic, chronic, constitutional disease analogous
to syphilis, and varying in its morbid mani-
festations according as the brunt of the disease
falls on the skin, the nerves, or other tissues. It
occurs in three forms, the tuberculated, non-tuber-
culated or anesthetic, and the mixed tuberculated.
The tiibcriulated or nodular leprosy is attended at the
onset with debility, depression, dyspepsia, diarrhea,
drowsiness, chilliness and profuse perspiration,
marked vertigo, recurrent epistaxis, fever up to 104°
F. ; after a variable period of days or even months, com-
ing first with edema of the eyelids, the leprous spots
appear on the face and ears, and then on the anterior
and external surfaces of the limbs. The exanthem is
an erythema, varying from a bright-red to a purplish-red
or mahogany-red tint, associated with the leprous deposit
of well-defined, shiny, slightly raised patches of from
one to several inches in diameter. Papules then form
in crops, gradually reaching the size of a hen's egg and
of a yellowish to a dark-brown color. Tuberculation
does not develop until from three to six months after the
commencement of the disease. Nodules are most com-
mon on the face, limbs, breast, scrotum, and penis.
There is also an involvement of the mucous membranes.
When the disease is fully developed, the face assumes
the characteristic leonine appearance, from thickening
of the skin. Ulceration eventually sets in, and the
patient dies of exhaustion or complications. A^on-
tuberciilated leprosy is the most common tropical form.
The prodromal symptoms are marked, and are asso-
ciated at first with hyperesthesia of the skin. At the
end of a year the special eruption breaks out, usually
on the back, shoulders, posterior aspect of the arms,
nails, thighs, and sometimes in the course of nerves.
The spots are one or two inches in diameter, well-
defined, not raised, and of a pale-yellow color. They
spread peripherally, clearing in the center, which be-
comes dry, scaly, and anesthetic. Paralysis is usually a
late symptom, and ulceration is common. Death results
from ulceration, gangrene, marasmus, or general debility.
Mixed tuberculated leprosy is the least common form,
and its symptoms are a combination of those of the other
two varieties. Destruction of the cartilages of the nose
and of the soft palate is common. Leprosy is
due to the action of a special bacillus, and the
disease is almost invariably fatal. L., Anesthetic.
See Leprosy, Neri<e. L., Articular. Synonym of
Lepra mutilans, q. v. L., Black, a form in which
the eruption or the crusts are pigmented. L-.
Cutaneous. See Leprosy. L., Italian. Pellagra,
q. V. L., Lombardian. See Pellagra. L., Macular,
a form of anesthetic leprosy characterized by the
presence of pigmented or white spots. L. of Mal-
abar, elephantiasis arabum. L., Mixed Tubercu-
lated. See Leprosy. L., Nerve, a form of leprosv
characterized by the progressive formation of the
leprous neoplasm in the peripheral sensory nerves,
and to some extent in the motor branches also.
The condition is marked by pain along the course
of the involved nerves, followed by an eruption of
maculfe which as they enlarge become anesthetic.
L., Nodular. See L. , Tubercular, under Leprosy.
L., Smooth, anesthetic leprosy. L., Tubercular,
and L., Tuberculated. See Leprosy. L., White.
See I'itiligo.
Leprotic [lep-rot'-ik). Leprous (lep'-riis) {\knpa, lep-
rosy]. Affected with, or relating to, leprosy.
Leprousness {lep' -rus-nes) \leprosus, leprous]. The
state of being leprous.
Leptandra (lep-tan'-dra/i) [?c7rrdf, thin ; avijp, male].
Culver's Root. The rhizome and rootlets of L. vir-
ginica, now called Veronica virginica. Its properties
are thought to be due to a glucosid, leptandrin. It is
a tonic, laxative, and cholagogue, and is indicated in
indigestion and chronic constipation. Dose of the
ext. gr. j-iij ; of the fid. ext. iTLxx-gj.
Leptandrin (lep-tan'-drin) [AeTrrdf, thin; avrip, male].
The precipitate from a tincture of the root of Leptan-
dra ( Veronica) virginica ; alterative, deobstruent,
laxative, cholagogue, and tonic. Dose from 2 to 4
grains. Unof
Lepthymenia {lep-thi-me' -ne-ali) [AfTrrdf , thin ; vjiiyv,
membrane]. Delicacy or thinness of membrane.
Lepthymenic [lep-tki-men'-ik) [AfTrrdf , thin ; vfirjv,
membrane]. Relating to lepthymenia.
Lepto- (lep' -to-) [Afjrrdf, thin, small, slender]. A
prefix signifying small or slender.
Leptocardia (lep-to-kar' -de-ah) [/IfTrrdf , thin ; KapSia,
heart]. A group of fishes of which the lancelets are
the only representatives.
Leptocephalia [lep-to-sef-a'-le-ali) [^eTrrdf, thin, small ;
K£<^a'Ki), head]. Abnormal smallness or narrowness of
the skull.
Leptocephalic (lep-to-sef-al'-ik), Leptocephalous (lep-
to-sef'-al-iis) [/IfTrrdf, slight ; head]. Having
an abnormally small head.
Leptocephalus {lep-to-sef -al-ns) [^fTrrdf, thin ; Kt^aki),
head]. A monster with an abnormally small head
from premature union of the frontal and sphenoid
bones.
Leptocephaly [lep-to-sef -al-e). See Leptocephalia.
Leptochasmus {lep-to-kaz' -intis) [AeTrrdf, thin ; ;|^d(TjUa,
chasm]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which the
angle formed by two lines drawn from the punctum
alas vomeris to the posterior nasal spine and the
anterior margin of the foramen magnum respectively
is between 94° and 114°.
Leptochroa (lep-tok' -ro-ah) [AcTrrdf, thin ; ^pda, skin].
Delicacy of the skin.
Leptochrous [lep' -tok-rus) [AfTrrdf , thin ; ;i;pda, skin].
Having a delicate skin.
Leptochymia [lep-to-kim' -e-ali) [^£7rrdf, thin ; ;fw/idf,
juice]. Abnormal thinness or meagerness of the
fluids of the body.
Leptodactylous {lep-to-dak'-til-iis) [AsTrrdf , delicate ;
(5d«:7!)/lof , digit]. Characterized by slenderness of the
fingers or toes, or both.
Leptodera (lep-tod' -er-ah) [/lETrrdf, thin ; cJf/mf, skin].
A genus of vinegar eels. L. stercoralis. See
Thread-7uon?ts, and Parasites [Animal), Table of.
Leptodermic, Leptodermous {lep-to-der'-mik, lep-to-
der'-»ius) [Zfirrdf , thin ; fiipjia, skin]. Having a
delicate skin.
Leptodontous [lep-to-don'-tus) [lii-n-r6<;, thin ; dfSoi'f,
tooth]. Having thin or slender teeth.
Leptomeninges (Icp-to-men-in' -jez) [AfTrrdf, thm ;
//7/17; ; , a membrane]. The arachnoid and pia, or the
pia alone.
LEPTOMENINGITIS
671
LETZERICH, BACILLUS OF
Leptomeningitis {lep-to-?nen-in-ji' -tis) [XeTrrdf, slight ;
fiiiviy^, membrane; LTtg, inflammation]. Inflamma-
tion of the pia and arachnoid of the brain and the
spinal cord, in contradistinction to Pachymeningitis,
though meningitis alone usually signifies the same as
leptomeningitis. See Meningitis. L. cerebralis, an
inflammation confined usually to the pia of the convex
surface of an anterior lobe of the cerebrum. L.,
Cerebro-spinal, an inflammation of the pia of the
brain and cord. L. spinalis, an inflammation of
the pia of the spinal cord. L., Tuberculous, an in-
flanmiation of the pia due to the presence of the
tubercle-bacillus.
Leptomeninx [lep-to-nien' -ingks) [Ae-Trrdo, delicate;
membrane : pi., Leptomeninges\ The pia or
the arachnoid; in the plural [ieptomeninges), usually
the arachnoid and pia taken together.
Leptophonia {icp-to-fo'-ne-cik) [/tTrrdf , delicate ; tfxjvr/,
voice]. Delicacy, gentleness, or weakness of the
voice.
Leptophonic {lep-io-fon' -ik) [AETrrdf, thin ; (jxjvr/,
voice]. Having a weak voice.
Leptoprosope [lep-top' -ro-sop') [/lETrrdf, thin ; npuai,)-
noi', face]. A person, or a head, with a long, narrow
face.
Leptoprosopia {Jep-to-pro-so' -pe-aJi) [/IfTrrdf, thin ;
TrpddwTTOx', face]. Narrowness of the face.
Leptoprosopic, Leptoprosopous (lep-to-pro-sop' -ik,
lep-topros' -opits) [/IfTrrdf, thin ; TrpSauKOP, face].
Having a long, narrow face.
Leptorhine {lep' -tor-in) [AfTrrdf , thin ; p/f , nose].
Having a slender nose or proboscis. See Index.
Leptorrhinia (Jep-tor-in' ■e-ah')\^kfKT()(;, thin ; p(f,nose].
Narrowness of the nasal bones, or smallness of the
nasal inde.x.
Leptorrhizous {/ep-tor-i'-ziis) [P.ETrrdf, thin ; /"'fa, root].
Having a slender root.
Leptosporangiate (lep-to-spo-i-an' -Je-at) [Tienrd^, slen-
der ; ajTopa, seed ; ayyeiov, vessel]. In biology, having
sporangia formed from a single cell.
Leptothrix {hp' -to-thriks) [Afrrrdf, thin ; ^^/j/f, hair].
A genus of bacteria, whose elements form straight fila-
ments, often of great length ; possibly indistinguishable
from the genus Bacillus. L. buccalis, occasionally
found in the mouth, plays a part in the formation
of dental tartar and in the production of caries of the
teeth. L. gigantea, found in tartar of the teeth. See
Bacteria, Synonytnatic Table of.
Leptotrichia {lep-to-trik'-e-ali) [/leTrrdf, delicate ; Opi^,
hair]. Abnormal or excessive fineness and delicacy
of the hail.
Leptoxylem [Itp-to-zi' -lem') [Afirrdf , slender ; S,v7^qv,
wood]. In biology, undeveloped or rudimentary
xylem.
Leptus [lep' -ills') [AfTTTOf, thin]. A genus of beetles.
L. autumnalis, harvest bug; mower's mite. A para-
site that burrows under the skin, causing lesions
similar to those of itch. See Parasites {Animal),
Table of.
Lerema [ler-e' -niah) [^Tir/pr/fia, idle talk : //. , Leremata'\ .
idle or childish utterance, as in senility, idiocy, or
dementia.
Leresis [Icr-e'-sis) [H/pr/aic, a speaking foolishly].
Garrulousness ; insane or senile loquacity.
Leros {le'-ros) [Ar;pof , foolish speaking]. Slight delirium,
with talkativeness.
Lerp [Australian]. A kind of manna found upon the
Eucalyptus ditmosa, or mallee, an .'Vustralian shrub.
L.-amylum, C,;H,(,03, a peculiar carbohydrate found
in the thready portion of lerp.
Lesage, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Synonymatic
Table of.
Lesbian Love [Afcr/^iof, Lesbian]. See Tribadism.
Lesbianism [les' be-an-izni) [_'Af:a[iio(: , Lesbian]. The
doctrine of Lesbian love.
Leschenema {ies-ken-e' -iiiah) \_Aec7xv, talk ; 'Aeax'p'ev-
eii', to chat]. Insane, senile, or hysteric loquacity.
'L-esion {le'-zliiin) \_la:sio ; Iccder e, \.o \mrt\. Any injury,
hurt, or wound in any part of the body. In pathology,
any morbid change. L., Central, one affecting the
central nervous system. L. of Continuity, a division
or break in any part that is normally continuous. L.,
Diffuse, one involving all the tissues of an organ.
L., Focal, in the nervous system a circumscribed
lesion giving rise to distinctive and localizing symp-
toms. L., Initial, of Syphilis, the chancre. L.,
Irritative, in the nervous system a lesion exciting
the functions of the part wherein it is situated. L. of
Nutrition, any pathologic alteration in the capillary sys-
tem, consisting of increase or decrease in the amount
of blood required for assimilation and absorption.
L., Organic, a morbid structural change in the tissues
of an organ. L., Peripheral, a lesion of the nerve-
trunks or of their terminations. L., Primary, of the
Skin, the change in the skin occurring in the devel-
oping stage of a skin-disease. This may be manifested
by the macule, the papule, the tubercle, the pomphus,
the phyma, the vesicle, the bulla, the pustule. L.,
Primary, of Syphilis. See L., Initial. L., Sec-
ondary. I. In the skin, the change occurring in the
primary lesion, due to irritation or other causes. It com-
prises erosions, ulcers, rhagades, squamae, cicatrices or
scars, crusts, and pigmentation. 2. One of the second-
ary lesions of syphilis. Syphilis. L., Systematic
or Systemic, in the spinal cord a lesion aftecting one
or more distinct systems or tracts, as in posterior sclero-
sis, in which the posterior columns or tracts are dis-
eased. L., Traumatic, one due to an injury.
Lesser's Triangle. See Triangles, Table of.
Lethal (le'-thal) {fetalis ; letum, or letlntm, death].
Deadly ; pertaining to or producing death.
Lethal {le'-thal) [/i/6i/, forgetfulness], Cj^H^gO. An
alcohol found in spermaceti.
Lethality (le-thal'-it-e) [lethalitas, from letiim, death].
Deadliness.
Lethargic [leth-ar'-jik) [frfiapyiKOQ, from liiftr], a for-
getting]. Relating to, affected with, or of the nature
of, lethargy.
Lethargogenic [lelh-ar-go-jen'-ik) [ffflapyo^, forget-
ful ; y£vvai>, to produce]. Giving rise to lethargy.
Lethargus [leth-ar'-giis). See African Lethargv.
Lethargy (letli'-ar-je) [Irflapyia ; Hjdr), forgetfulness].
A condition of drowsiness or stupor that cannot be
overcome by the will. See, also, Somnambulis?n. L.,
African, the African sleeping-sickness. L. of Silk-
worms. See Flacherie.
Lethe [le'-the) \fJflr], forgetfulness]. Total loss of mem-
ory ; amnesia.
Letheomania (le-the-o-7tia' -ne-aJi) [fj/dij, oblivion ;
fiav'ia, madness]. Morbid longing for narcotic
drugs.
Letheon [le'-the-on) [/.rjOi], forgetfulness]. An old
trade name for ethylic ether, used as an anesthetic.
Lethiferous {leth-if -er-us) [Aifii], forgetfulness ; ferre,
to bear]. Producing sleep.
Letificant {le-tif -ik-ant) {hrtificare, to make glad]. A
term applied to any remedy acting as a stimulant tonic
in melancholy and languor.
Lettered {let'-erd) [////(T^?, a letter] . In biology, pos-
sessing markings that resemble letters.
Letterwort {let' -ter-ivert). Same as Hellebore, q. v.
Lettuce (let' -us). See lactticarium .
Letzerich, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Synonymatic
Table of.
LEUBE AND RIEGEL'S TEST-DINNER 672
LEUKOCYTIC
Leube and Riegel's Test-dinner. A dinner to ascer-
tain the condition of the secretory function of the
stomach. It consists of 400 c.c. of beef-soup, 200
grams of beefsteak, 50 grams of white bread, and 200
c.c. of water.
Leube's Pancreatic Meat-emulsion. See Alimenta-
tion, Rectal.
Leuc-. For words thus spelled and not found below
see Leuk-.
Leuca (leu' -kali). Synonym of Leprosy, q. v.
Leucaethiops [lu-se' -tke-ops) [^AevKog, white ; Aldioip,
Ethiopian]. An albino of the black race.
Leuce [In'-w) [XevKii ; 'Aevn6<;, white]. White leprosy ;
also morphoea alba.
Leucemia [lii-se' -me-ah). See Leukemia.
Leuchemia (lu-ke' -me-ah). See Leukemia.
Leucin {lu'-sin) [/\Emof, white], CgHj.jNO.^. A crys-
talline substance identical with amido-caproic acid,
occurring in the pancreas, spleen, thymus gland, and
other parts of the body. It is a product of pancre-
atic digestion. It may occur in the urine, especially
in acute yellow atrophy of the liver and in yellow
fever. In the impure form it crystallizes in rounded
fatty-looking lumps often aggregated and at times ex-
hibiting radiating striation. When pure, it forms very
thin, white, glittering, flat crystals, very soluble in hot
water, and oily to the touch. See Sckerer's Test in
Tests, Table of.
Leucinosis (lit-sin-o' -sis) [/Ifm-df, white]. I. Abnor-
mally excessive proportion or production of leucin, as
in the liver. 2. Acute yellow atrophy of the liver.
Leucism, Leucismus [lii'-sizm, lu-siz' -inus) \_acvk6c,
white]. In biology, whiteness resulting from bleach-
ing or etiolation ; albinism.
Leucitis [ht-si' -tis). Same as Sclerotitis.
Leuco- (lu'-ko-). For words not found under this form
see Lettko-.
Leucomain (lu' -ko-mdn^. See Leiikomain.
Leukangeitis [lu-kan-je-i' -tis). Synonym of Lym-
phangitis, (j. V.
Leukanilin [lu-kan' -il-in) [Anwdr, white ; anilin'\, C^q-
HjjN.j. A substance obtained by digesting the
fuchsin salts with ammonium sulphid. It occurs as
a white, fiocculent precipitate which separates from
water in small crystals. It yields rosanilin by oxidation.
Leukasmus [lu-kaz'-inns). See Leukoderma. L,,
Acquired. See Leukoderma. L., Congenital. See
All'inis/nus.
Leukemia [lu-ke' -me-ah) [?i,EDAdf, white ; aifia, blood].
A disease of the blood and the blood-making
organs, characterized by a more or less permanent
increase in the number of white blood-corpuscles
and the marrow of bone, and by enlargement of the
spleen and the lymphatic glands, together or sepa-
rately. The etiology is obscure ; a history of malaria
or syphilis has been present in some of the cases.
The most characteristic symptom is the increase of white
corpuscles in the blood. Instead of the ordinary ratio
of white to red — I to 500-1000 — it may be I to 20, 1 to
10, or even I to I. Interesting changes are seen in the
relation of the various forms of leukocytes established
by Ehrlich (see Leukocyte). In the myelo-splenic form
of the disease, the lymphocytes are only slightly, if at
all, increased. The eosinophiles are present in much
larger numbers than normally. The polynuclear neu-
trophile forms are not increased. In addition to these,
cells not seen in normal blood are found — the myelo-
cytes, large mononuclear leukocytes, filled with neu-
trophile granules. They are held to originate in the
bone-marrow. There is a moderate oligocythemia and
a corresponding reduction in the amount of hemo-
globin. The liver and the kidney may be the seats of a
diffuse lymphatic infiltration ; more rarely there are
distinct lymphatic tumors. Charcot- Leyden crystals
can be found in the blood after death. Fever, dizziness,
and hemorrhage, and a peculiar form of retinitis, are
often present. The disease is usually fatal.
Leukemic [lu-ke' -mik) [/iedkoc, white ; a'lfia, blood].
Pertaining to leukemia.
Leuko- [lu'-ko-) [AfD/tdf, wliite]. A prefix signifying
white.
Leukoblast (/«'-/?'o-Mzj'/) [Aemdf, white ; /^Piacrrdf ,gerra].
1. The germ of a leukocyte ; also, a leukocyte itself.
2. A cell in bone-marrow, of a type that is believed to
become developed into a red blood-corpuscle.
Leukocarpous [lu-ko-kar' -pus) [Ajjwdf, white ; Kapno^,
fruit]. In biology, bearing white fruit.
Leukochroos, or Leukochrus [lu-kok'-ro-os, hi-kok'-
rus) [/^Eiwdf, white; ;i'/kjc, skin] . Having a white skin.
Leukocotin, or Leukocotoin [lu-ko-ko'-tin , lu-ko-ko-
to'-in) [/ti;/cdf, white ; coto~\, C^iH.^gOg. A body found
in coto-bark.
Leukocrystallin [lu-ko-kris' -tal-in) [Aerndf, white;
KfA'CTaXknc^, clear ice]. Peculiar crystals occasionally
found in the blood of leukemic patients.
Leukocyte [lu'-ko-s'it) [/Ifn/cdf, white; icvtoq, cell].
The colorless or white corpuscle of the blood. Leuko-
cytes have ameboid movement and are formed in the
lymphadenoid tissue of the spleen, lymphatic glands,
intestinal tract, bone-marrow, etc., and probably also in
the lymph and blood. Their average diameter is .01
mm. (t-j^jq^ inch). In normal blood Ehrlich distin-
guishes the following varieties: t. L^ympkocytes —
small cells with a large nucleus that stains deeply,
and a small amount of protoplasm. 2. Large uninu-
clear leukocytes — large cells with a single large
A. Lympfiocyte. B. Large uninuclear leukocytes. C. Transi-
tional forms. D.Dd. Multinuclear forms— neutrophile cells.
E. Eosinophile cells.
nucleus, staining less deeply, and a large amount of
protoplasm. 3. Transitional forms — cells with a single
indented nucleus. 4. Multinuclear cells, with neutro-
phile granules — cells having a polymorphous nucleus or
several nuclei. These constitute 70 per cent, of the en-
tire number of white blood-corpuscles. 5. Eosinophile
cells. In leukemia another cell, the myelocyte, makes its
appearance. This is a large uninuclear cell, with neu-
trophile granules. Lowit recognizes two classes,
leukoblasts and erythroblasts, the latter the anteced-
ents of the red corpuscles. Most authorities reject
this division, however. L., Alpha, and L., Beta,
two terms used by Heyl, the former to express leuko-
cytes that disintegrate during the coagulation of the
blood ; the latter, those that do not.
Leukocythemia [lu-ko-si-the' -me-ah) [/Ifi^/cdf, white;
Krrof , cell ; n(/^a, blood] . '>ee. Leukemia.
Leukocythemic [lu-ko-si-the' -mik) [/fw/cdf, white;
KvToq, cell; nz/ia, blood]. Pertaining to leukemia.
Leukocytic [lu-ko-sit'-ik) [?fmdf, white ; /cirof, cell].
Relating to or characterized by leukocytes.
LEUKOCYTOGENESIS
673
LEUKOPHLEGMASIA
Leukocytogenesis (lu-Ao-si-Zo-jcn'-cs-is) [/lED/cof , white ;
iivTO(;, cell ; yevvav, to beget]. The formation of
white blood-corpuscles, or leukocytes.
Leukocytolysis [lu-ko-si-toF -is-is) [Afwof, white ; kutoi;,
cell ; Pirc/f, solution]. The destruction of leukocytes.
Leukocytoma [lit-ko-si-to' -mali) [/emof, white ; KVTog,
cell; b/ia, tumor: pi. , Leiikocytomata\. Any tumor
containing cellular growths similar in constitution to
the white corpuscles of the blood, such as tubercle,
lupus, etc.
Leukocytosis [lic-ko-si-to' -sis) [AEmof, white ; k'vtik;,
cell]. A moderate and transient increase in tlie num-
ber of colorless blood-corpuscles, not accompanied, as
in leukemia, by splenic and true glandular enlargement
or disease of the bone-marrow.
Leukocytotic {lu-ko-si-tot' -ik) [Aen/iof, white ; k'vtoc,
cell]. Pertaining to leukocytosis.
Leukocyturia {lu-ko-si-tu' -re-ali) [/eiiKOf, white ; k'vtoq,
cell; oi'poj', urine]. The presence of colorless blood-
corpuscles in the urine.
Leukoderma {^hi-ko-der^-t?iah) [Xsvko^, white ; dipfia,
skin]. LeukasDtHS ; achi-oma cutis ; leiikopathia ; a
congenital pigment-anomaly of the skin, in which, at
the time of birth or soon after, whitish patches or
bands, irregularly outlined and usually isolated, appear
upon the skin of the child. See Vitiligo. L., Ac-
quired. See Vitiligo. L., Congenital. See Al-
binismus. L., Neuritic, L., Neurotic, a localized
pigment- atrophy, of nervous origin. L., Syphilitic.
See Syphilid, Pigmentary.
Leukodermic {lii-ko-dcr' -mik) [/eukoc, white ; dkpfia,
skin]. Exhibiting or pertaining to leukoderma.
Leukodontous [lu-ko-don' -ttis) [/leu/cdf , white ; bdoix,
tooth]. Having white teeth.
Leukogallol [lii-ko-gal' -ol) [Afmof , white ; galla, gall],
CjgH,„Cl,20,4. A colorless substance, soluble in
water, prepared by treating an acetic acid solution of
pyrogallol with chlorin and hydrochloric acid.
Leukogasterous [In-ko-gas' -tcr-us) \\s\)k6c^, white ;
yaaTrip, belly] . White-bellied.
Leukogene [lii'-ko-jett] [Xcvkoc, white ; yevvciv, to be-
get]. A bleaching-agent.
Leukohemia (In-ko-hem' -e-ah). See Leukemia.
Leukohemic {lu-ko-hem'-ik) . See Leukemic.
Leukoinoitis (lu-ko-in-o-i'-tis) [levKSi;, white ; ir, fiber;
tr<f, inflammation]. Rheumatic inflammation of the
white fibrous elements of the bronchi.
Leukol {lii'-kol). See Chiiiolina.
Leukolin (In' -ko-lin). See C/iinolina.
Leukolomous [lu-kol' -o-mus') [Acwcif, white; '/.uaa,
border of a garment]. Having a white border.
Leukolysis [lu-kol' -is-is) [XevKur, white ; Avaig, solu-
tion]. The process of destruction of the colorless
corpuscles of the blood.
Leukoma [lii-ko' -inali) [AfiJKw/za ; /lewdf, white]. An
opacity of the cornea the result of an ulcer, wound, or
inflammation, and presenting an appearance of ground
glass. The term has been used also for albumin. -See
Leukoplaques. L., Partial, a leukoma circumscribed
to a part of the cornea. L., Total, a leukoma involv-
ing the entire cornea.
Leukomain, or Leucomain [Ju'-ko-ma-iii) [/LEiirew/ia,
white of egg]. The name applied by Gautier to the
nitrogenous bases or alkaloids necessarily and nor-
mally developed by the vital functions or metabolic
activity of living organisms, as distinguished from
the alkaloids developed in dead bodies, and called
by Selmi ptomains. From their chemic affinities
leukomains may be divided into two groups : the
Urid acid _^ro«/, comprising Adenin, Carnin, Ger-
ontin, Guanin, Jleteroxanihin, Hypoxanthin, Para-
xanthin, Pseudoxanthin, Sperniin, Xanthitt ; and
43
the Kreatinin group , in which are classed
tiiiiu, Criiso-kreatinin, Xantho-kreatini7t, and some
unnamed bases. The appended table, p. 674, is modi-
fied from the work of Vaughan and Novy.
Leukomainemia (Ju-ko-ma-in-e' -vie-ah ) [/lei'/cu/za,
white of egg ; aijia, blood]. The presence of leuko-
mains in the blood ; the retention or imperfect elim-
ination of the various excretory products of the liv-
ing cells of the organism.
Leukomainic {lu-ko-ma' -in-ik ) [At n/cw/ia, white of
egg]. Pertaining to, or of the nature of, a leukomain.
Leukomatoid {In-ko'-mat-oid ). See Leukomatous.
Leukomatorrhea (lu-ko-mat-or-e' -ah ) [Xf tJ/cu/jn, white
of egg ; poia, a flow]. An excessive whitish secre-
tion. L. salivalis, salivation. L. urinalis, albu-
minuria. L. vaginalis, leukorrhea.
Leukomatosis [lu-ko-mat-o'-sis) [^Aevauiia, white of
egg ; I'dffof, disease]. Abnormal increase of albumin
in a part, as in the cornea, the lens, the joints ; also
amyloid degeneration.
Leukomatous [lu-ko'-inat-iis) [/i.£ii/f(j//fi, white of egg].
Having the nature of leukoma. Affected with
leukoma.
Leukomelanic (lii-ko-mel'-an-ik), Leukomelanous
[lii-ko-mel' -aii-us) [Aemdf, white ; //tXnf, black] . Hav-
ing a light, or fair skin, and black hair.
Leukomoria (Ju-ko-mo' -re-ah ) \\tVK.6^, white, pale ;
pupla, folly]. Restless or wandering melancholy ;
. melancholia errabunda.
Leukomyces [lu-kom' -is-ez) [/Ifi'/cdf, white ; piiM/g,
fungus, mushroom: //. , Leiikomycetes^. The genus
Agariciis, or mushroom.
Leukomycosis [lii-ko-iiti-ko' -sis) [/ifmdf, white ;
p'vii?!^, fungus]. A name applied to leukemia, based
on its supposed infectious origin.
Leukomyelitis [lu-ko-mi-el-i'-tis] \XevK6c, white ;
five'/ 6c, marrow]. Inflammation of the white or fibrous
substance of the spinal cord. L. posterioris chronica,
posterior sclerosis ; locomotor ataxia.
Leukomyelopathy (lu-ko-mi-el-op'-ath-e) [?.evi<6c,
white; /iw/ or, marrow ; Trdf^or, disease]. Any disease
of the white substance of the myelon or spinal cord.
Leukon {lii'-kon') [/ffwdf, white]. In biology, a race
with fair complexions and yellow or red hair. Cf.
Xanthochroia.
Leukonecrosis [lu-ko-ne-kro'-sis) [7.evK6g, white ; vcKpu-
aig, death]. A form of dry gangrene, distinguished
by light or nearly natural color, instead of the usual
dark color of gangrene.
Leukonic Acid [lu-kon'-ik). See Acid.
Leukonostoc [lu-ko-iios'-tok] [/Ifmdf, white, and 7ios-
toc'\. A genus of schizomycetes, having its elements
disposed in chains and enveloped in a sheath of tough
jelly. L. mesenteroides, is abundant in molasses,
beet-root juice, and in sugar-refineries. See Bacteria,
Svnonymatic Table of.
Leukopathic (lu-ko-path'-ik) [AfrKor, white; irdSof,
disease]. Relating to or affected with leukopathia.
Leukopathy (lu-kop'-ath-e), Leukopathia (lu-ko-
path' -e-ah) [/fivcdf, white ; ■koBoc, suffering]. Any
deficiency of coloring-matter ; albinism. See Letiko-
derma. L., Congenital. See Albinism. L., Ac-
quired. See Leukoderma. L., Partial. See Vitiligo.
L., Universal. Albinism.
Leukophagium [lu-ko-faj'-e-um], Leukophagum {hi-
koff'-ag-iim) [>fDKdf, white; (j>a-jeir, to eat]. An
old remedy for pulmonary tuberculosis, consisting of
almonds, rose-water, and partridge-flesh.
Leukophilous {lii-koff' -il-us) [Xfiwdf, white; 0(/lof,
loving]. In biology, light-loving.
Leukophlegmasia (lu-ko-Jieg- ma' -ze - ah) [? ft»K(5f,
white ; (j)'Aty/ia, phlegm]. I. A condition marked by a
LEUKOPHLEGMATIC
674
LEUKOPLEUROUS
tendency to dropsy, accompanied by a pale, flabby
skin, and general edema of the whole body ; edema
without pitting on pressure. 2. Phlegmasia alba dolens.
Also, subcutaneous emphysema. L. .ffithiopum,
African cachexia. L. dolens puerperarum. Same
as Phlegmasia alba dolens, </. v. L., Essential, a
form in which there is a rapid and widespread swell-
ing, with fever, chills, and scanty urine. L., Hys-
teric, a peculiar form occurring in hysteric patients.
L., Primary. See Z. , Essential. L., Urinary,
anasarca following suppression of urine.
Leukopiper {lii-ko-pi' -pei-) [/tiiAor, white ; piper, pep-
per]. White pepper.
Leukoplakia (lu-ko-pla' -ke-ali) [/fii/cof, white ; ■K'kdi,,
surface]. Whitening of a surface. L. buccalis, a
chronic superficial glossitis characterized by the pres-
ence of pearly-white or bluish-white patches on the
surface of the tongue. This condition is also called
Leukoma. It is a rare affection in individuals under
twenty, and in women. It is due to some irritant
cause, such as the smoking of a pipe and the wearing
of tooth-plates.
TABLE OF LEUKOMAINS.
^AMK.
Formula.
Discoverer.
Source.
Physiologic Action.
Amphi-creatinin.
C9H19N7O4.
Gautier.
Muscle.
Carnin.
CjHbNiOs.
Weidel.
Meat-extract.
Non-poisonous.
Cruso-creatinin.
CsHgNiO.
Gautier.
Muscle.
Gerontin.
CBH14N2.
Grandis.
Liver of dog.
Poisonous; paralyzes
nerve-centers.
Guanin.
C5H5N5O.
Unger.
Animal and vegetable tissues ;
guano.
Non-poisonous.
Heteroxanthin.
C6H6N4O2.
Salomon.
Urine.
Hypoxanthin.
C5H4N4O.
Soberer.
Brain, muscle, kidney, liver,
spleen, certain plants, etc.
Non-poisonous ; e x c i 1 0-
motor.
Methy 1-hydantoin .
C4H6N202.
Guaretcbi and
Mosso.
Fresb meat.
Parareducin.
C6H9N3O.
Thudicbum.
Urine.
Paraxanthin.
C7H8N4O2.
Thudichum, Sal-
omon.
Urine.
Poisonous.
Protarnin.
Miescher.
Spawn of salmon.
Pseudoxanthin (?)
C4H6N5O.
Gautier.
Muscle.
Reducin (?)
C12H24N6O9.
Thudichum.
Urine.
Salamandarin.
C34H60N2O5.
Zalesky.
Salamander.
Poisonous.
Sarcin or sarkiii
See Hypoxanthin.
Spermin.
C2H5N (?)
Schreiner.
Semen, testicles ; Cbarcot-
Leyden crystals ; tissues in
leukemia.
Non-poisonous.
Unnamed.
C3H5NO2.
Poucbet.
Urine.
Unnamed.
C7H12N4O2.
Poucbet.
Urine.
Unnamed.
C11H24N10O6.
Gautier.
Muscle.
Unnamed
C12H26N11O5.
Gautier.
Muscle.
Unnamed.
C,3H24N202(C62H96N308PS).
Eliacbeff.
Normal urine.
Slightly poisonous.
Unnamed.
C14H26N3O3.
EliacbefF.
Urine in tuberculosis.
Poisonous.
Urethrobromin.
See Paraxanthin .
Xanthin.
C6H4N4O2.
Marcet.
Most animal tissues ; certain
plants ; certain calculi.
Slightly poisonous; mus-
cle-stimulant.
Xantho-creatinin.
CsHioNiO.
Gautier.
Muscle.
Poisonous.
Leukophlegmatic (lu-ko-Jleg-mat' -ik) [Afw/cdf, white ;
<l)2.ey/m, phlegm]. Affected with or pertaining to leu-
kophlegmasia.
Leukophlegmatodes (lu-ko-Jleg-mat-o' -dez) . See Leu-
kophlegmatic.
Leukophthalmous {lu-koff-thal' -miis) [Aeiww;, white ;
6(l>Ha'Afi6(;, eye]. Having unusually white eyes.
Leukophyl [lu'-ko-fil) [AtnKo^', white ; (j)v?iXov, leaf].
In biology, a chlorophyl -producing chromogen believed
to e.xist in etiolated plants.
Leukoplaques (lu'-ko-plak.<:)[}.FVK6^, white; ttJAS, sur-
face]. The white patches of Leukoplakia buccalis, q. v.
Leukoplasia See Leukoplakia.
Leukoplast, or Leukoplastid {lu-koplast' , or lu-ko-
plast'-id) [>fDK<if, white; ir'AaaoEiv, to form]. In
biology, one of the starch-forming, colorless, proteid
bodies found in cells not exposed to light ; aniyloplast.
Leukoplaxia (lii-koplaks'-e-ah). See Leukoplakia.
Leukopleurous (ltf-ko-plu'-rus)[/evKuc, white ; ■K7it:v[>6v,
rib]. Having white sides or flanks.
LEUKOPODIOUS
675
LEYDEN
Leukopodious, Leukopodous (lu-ko-po' -de-us, lu-kop'-
o-dus) [AeuftOf, white; 7ro{)f, foot]. Having white
feet.
Leukopogous (lu-kop' -o-giis) [/lemof , white ; na}ya)v,
beard]. White-bearded.
Leucopous (III' -ko-pus'). See Leukopodous.
Leukops (hi'-kops) [^aevkoq, white; utp, eye]. An
individual having white eyes.
Leukopterous (lu-kop' -ter-us) [Xfiwof , white ; Trrepdv,
wings]. In biology, possessing white wings.
Leukorrhagia (/ii-ko?--a'-je-aA')[?ievK6<;, white ; peyvvvai,
to burst forth]. An excessive leukorrheal flow.
Leukorrhea (lu-kor-e' -ali) \\tvK.6q, white ; po/a, a flow].
A whitish muco-purulent discharge from the female
genital canal, popularly called ' ' the whites. ' ' L., Cer-
vical, that due to disease of the cervix uteri. L., In-
fantile, a form occurring in female infants, due to lack
of cleanliness, to irritant urine, or to worms. L., Men-
strual, a variety occurring in young anemic girls at the
menstrual period, instead of the menses. L. nabothi, a
sero-sanguineous discharge occurring for two or three
days before labor. L. masculina syphilitica. Syno-
nym of Gonorrhea, q. v. L. of Pregnancy, a vaginal
discharge in the pregnant woman. It is more abundant
than in the non-pregnant state, and is sometimes
confounded with hydrorrhoia gravidarum. L.,
Periodic, a periodic form coinciding with the
menstrual periods. L,., Uterine, L., Vaginal, L.,
Vulval, forms due to uterine, vaginal, and vulval in-
flammation respectively.
Leukorrheal (lu-kor-e'-al) white ; po/a, flow].
Of the nature of, or pertaining to, leukorrhea.
Leukosarcoma (lu-ko-sar-ko' -mali) [AEmd?, white ;
aapnufia, a fleshy tumor : //. , Leukosarcomata\. A
non-pigmented sarcoma.
Leukoscope (lu'-ko-skdp) \Xevk6^, white ; okottcIv, to
inspect]. An instrument used in testing for color-
blindness.
Leukosin (lu'-ko-sin) [Aedkoc, white]. A principle
said by soine to be present in asthma-crystals, and in
crystals found in the blood in certain cases of leuke-
mia.
Leukosis [lu-ko' -sis) [Xevko^, white : //. , Leukoses'\. I.
Any disease of the lymphatic system. 2. Abnormal
whiteness of the skin. Also, the development and
progress of leukoma.
Leukospermous (lu-ko-sper'-tnus) [Aeufcof, white ;
tsirepjia, seed]. In biology, bearing white seeds.
Leukotic (lu-kot'-ik) [Afy/cof, white]. Relating to
leukoma.
Leukotin (hi-ko'-iin) [XevKO^, white], C.^,H2(,Og. A
crystalline substance found in Paracoto ; it is soluble
in alcohol, ether, and chloroform.
Leukotrichous (lu-kot' -rik-us) [^Ewdf , white ; Qp'il,
hair]. White-haired.
Leukoturic Acid (lu-kot-u'-rik). See Oxalantin.
Leukous [hi'-kus) [AfD/cof, white]. White.
Leukuresis (hi-ku-re' -sis) [Aemdf, white ; ovpov, urine].
Albuminuria.
Leusin (lu'-sin). See Leucin.
Levant Plague. Synonym of the Plague, q. v. L.
Wormseed. See Santonica.
Levantine Plague. Synonym of the Plague, q. v.
Levasseur Sign. See Death.
Levator [le-va'-for) [L., " a lifter :"//. , Levatores\
I. That which raises or elevates, as certain muscles.
See Muscles, Table of. 2. An instrument used for
raising a depressed portion of the skull.
Leven (lev' -en). See L eaven.
Lever (le'-ver) \levare, to elevate]. I. A vectis or
one-armed tractor, used in obstetrics. 2. A dental
instrument, used in lifting out decayed stumps. L.,
Davy's, an aorta-compressor. It is a wooden bar,
which is introduced into the rectum.
Levert's Law. See Law.
Levicellular (lev-e-sel' -u-lar) \_levis, smooth ; cellula,
cell]. Smooth-celled, as a levicellular myoma, or a
levicellular muscle-fiber.
Levigable (lev' -ig-a-bl) \_lcevigare, to make smooth].
Susceptible of being levigated, or reduced to fine
powder by a mechanical process.
Levigate (lev'-ig-at) \_lu;vigare, to make smooth]. To
reduce to a fine powder by rubbing or grinding ; to trit-
urate.
Levigation (lev-ig-a' -shun) \lcEvigatio ; lavigare, to
make smooth]. The trituration of a substance made
into a paste with water or other liquid. When per-
formed with a muller on a slab of porphyry it is called
porphyrization.
Levis's Apparatus. An apparatus for treating fracture
of the clavicle, composed of an axillary pad and a
sling. L.'s Splints, supporting structures made of
light metal, and perforated, for use in the treatment of
fractures.
Levitation (lev -it-a' -shun) \Jevitas, lightness]. I. The
pretended elevation of the body into the air without sup-
port, a feat professedly performed by various modern
thaumaturgists. 2. The subjective sense of being
aloft, and without support ; a symptom in certain cases
of insanity.
Levogyrous (A'-z'ti-/V'-;'«j) left ; yvpof , a turn].
See Levorotatory.
Levorotatory (le-vo-ro' -fat-o-re) [lesvus, left ; rotare, to
turn]. Causing to turn toward the left hand; a levo-
rotatory crystal is one that turns the rays of polarized
light to the left.
Levulan (lev'-u-lan) \_lavus, left] , CgHjuO^. An an-
hydrid of levulose obtained from beet-sugar molasses.
Levulin (lev'-u-lin) \Icbvus, left]. A carbohydrate
identical with synanthrose, occurring in immature grain
and the tubers of certain composite flowers.
Levulinic Acid (lev-u-lin' -ik). See Acid.
Levulosan (lev-u-lo' -san) \_Icbvus, left], CgHj^Oj. A .
dehydration-product prepared by heating levulose.
Levulose (lev'-u-los) \_Icevus, left], CgHi^Og. The
natural sugar of fruits. It reduces an alkaline solution
of copper sulphate. See Sugar, Glucose, and Fructose.
Levulosuria (lev-u-los-u' -re-ak) [lavus, left ; ovpov,
urine]. The presence of levulose, or fruit-sugar, in the
urine.
Lewinin (lu' -in-in) [from Dr. Lezvin, who described
it]. The alpha resin of kava, q. 7>. ; it is said by
Lewin to be as effective a local anesthetic as cocain.
Lexipharmac (leks-if-ar' -viak) \\ri^iq, cessation ; i^ap-
poKov, poison]. An alexipharmac.
Lexipyretic (leks-ip-i-ret' -ik) cessation ; Trvpcrdc,
fever]. I. Febrifugal ; antipyretic. 2. A febrifugal
medicine.
Leyden (li'-dcn) [Dutch]. A town in Holland. L.
Battery. A series of Leyden jars connected tandem.
L.-blue. Same as Cobalt-blue. L. Jar, a glass
jar coated within and without with tinfoil, reaching
nearly to the neck, and surmounted by a knobbed
conductor in connection with the inner coating. It
is designed for the temporary ' ' accumulation ' ' of
electricity, or rather for the preservation of the high
potential to which the inner foil may be charged. It
is discharged by connecting the outer foil with the
knob. The jar was first made in the town of Leyden,
its discovery being due to Cuneus, a pupil of Muschen-
broeck. It is also called Kleistian jar or Kleist's jar.
Kleist was a prebendary of Cammin, in Pomerania,
and is said to have invented the jar independently of
Cuneus, and a year before him, viz., in 1745. L.,
LEYDEN'S CRYSTALS
676
LICHENIASIS
Periodic Vomit of. Synonym of A)igioneurotic
Ed,- Ilia.
Leyden's Crystals. See Charcot- Leyden Crystals.
Leydig's Cells. Peculiar goblet-cells found in the epi-
dermis of aquatic vertebrata. L., Duct of. '6<i'i DlLCt.
Liatris [ti-a'-tris) [origin unknown]. A genus of com-
posite-flowered herbs. L. cylindrica, L. elegans, and
L. spicata are diuretic ; L. scariosa and L. squar-
rosa are popularly esteemed as remedies for rattlesnake-
bite. L. odoratissima, southern vanilla, contains
cuinarin, the flavoring principle of the tonka bean.
Unof
Libanotus {Ub-an-o' -tus) [^^/Jaiior/jr, from Xi^avoq,
frankincense]. An old name for olibanum.
Libanus (lib' -an-us) [/.//iai'of, frankincense]. Frankin-
cense, or olibanum.
Libavius, Fuming Liquor of. An old name for anhy-
drous stannic chlorid.
Liber (/<''-/^iv) [L.]. A book. L. pharmaceuticus,
a dispensatory.
Liber {li'-ber) \liber, the inner bark of a tree]. The
inner layer of the bark in Gymnosperms and Dico-
tyledons.
Liberation [lib-er-a' -tioii) \liberare, to make free].
The act of freeing. L. of the Arms, in breech-
presentations, the bringing down of the arms of the
fetus when they have become extended along the
sides of the child's head.
Liberomotor (lib-er-o-mo' -tor) \liberare, to disengage ;
motor, mover]. Setting free or disengaging motor
energy.
Libidinous [lib-id' -in-us) \Jibidinosits, lustful]. Char-
acterized by strong sexual desire.
Libido (lib-id' -o) Desire; lust. L. intestini,
desire for defecation. L. sexualis, lust. L. urinae,
desire to urinate.
Liborius, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Syiionyinatic
Table of.
Libra (le'-brali) [libra, a balance]. A weight of
twelve troy ounces, or 5760 grains. Also, applied to the
avoirdupois pound of sixteen ounces, or 7000 grains.
Libriform (lib' -rif-oriii) \Jiber, inner bark ; forma,
form]. In biology, resembling liber or bast. L.
Cells, those cells of the wood that are excessively
thick-walled and resemble bast or liber-fibers.
Lice (lis). See Louse.
License (W -sens') \licentia, license]. An official per-
mit or authority conferring on the recipient the right
and privilege of exercising his profession.
Licentiate (li-seti' -she-dt) \_licentiatus, one licensed].
A term sometimes applied to a person who practises a
profession by the authority of a license.
Lichen (li'-kcn) \^ksixiiv, a lichen]. A generic term
for a well-defined group of inflammatory affections of
the skin, in which the lesions consist of solid papules
throughout the entire course of the disease. L.
acuminatus, a variety of L. ruber in which the
papules are acuminate. It is usually a very acute
variety, accompanied by grave constitutional symptoms
(rigors, pyrexia, sweats, prostration), and by itching.
The papules are minute, firm, conic, capped with
scales, very closely aggregated, but can generally be
recognized as surrounding the hair-follicles. L.
agrius. See Eczema papulosum. L. annulatus
serpiginosus. See Scborrhcea corporis. L. Carrageen,
Irish moss. L. circinatus serpiginosus. See Se-
borrhcca corporis. L. circumscriptus. Same as Z.
circinatus serpiginosus. .See also Eczema papulosum.
L. confertus, a form characterized by the presence of
superficial papules occurring in clusters. L. corneus,
a form in which there are elevated horny patches.
L. diabeticorum. See Xanthoma diabeticorum.
L. disseminatus, a variety in which the lesions are
irregularly scattered over the body. L. ferox or L.
ferus. SteL. agrius. L.gyratus. Stt. Seborrha'a cor-
poris. L. haemorrhagicus, a petechial papular erup-
tion. L. inveterata, a chronic intractable form, with
marked thickening of the skin. L. lividus, a severe
fonn of purpura in which hemorrhage occurs into the
lesions around the follicles. L. menti. See Sycosis.
L. obtusus. Lichen ruber obtitsus ; a variety of L.
planus in which the lesion consists of medium-sized
papules, hemispherically formed, flattened on the top,
and marked in the center by a fine indentation,
hard, dry, smooth, wax-like, translucent to brownish-
red, and scaleless. The disease is less acute than L.
acuminatus , itches less, and is mostly circumscribed.
The hair and nails never suffer. L. pilaris, Lichen
spinulosus ; Lichen spinosus : an inflammatory disease
of the hair-follicles, in which a spinous epidermic peg
occupies the center of the papule. It is a rather rare
disease and occurs mostly in children. The papules
appear in crops, each one being the size of a pin's
head, red, conic, and containing in its center a horny
spine that projects about one-sixteenth of an inch.
There is little or no itching. See also Keratosis
pilaris. L. planus. Lichen ruber planus ; Lichen
psoriasis; an inflammatory skin-disease, with an erup-
tion made up of papules that are broad and angular at
the base, flat and apparently glazed on the summit,
slightly umbilicated, and of a dull purplish-red color.
These lesions are usually symmetrically disposed, and are
generally situated on the flexor surfaces of the forearms,
about the wrists, the flanks, around the waist, and the
knees, and calves, and also on the mucous membranes, j
The papules may be discrete or may coalesce, and itch-
ing may be slight or severe. L. planus verrucosus, a |
late stage of L. planus, characterized by wart-like en-
largements of the papillae, which are covered with dense
horny crusts of a dirty-lilac hue. They are usually seen 'I
on the lower part of the leg. L. psoriasis. See L.
planus. L. ruber, Lichen ruber acuminatus ; a
very rare skin-disease, with lesions consisting, in the
beginning, of discrete, mihary, conic papules, but, as '
the disease advances, becoming aggregated and form-
ing continuous red, infiltrated, and scaling patches.
The whole surface may eventually become involved.
The nails of the fingers and toes become affected, be-
ing of a dirty-brown color, rough, flaky, and breaking
off short. The etiology and pathology of this
condition are obscure. L. ruber acuminatus.
See Pityriasis rubra pilaris and Lichen ruber. L. I
ruber moniliformis, a rare variety in which, besides \
the ordinary papules and plaques, there are thick
moniliform bands in the flexures of the limbs, on the
abdomen, and on the neck. L. ruber obtusus. SeeZ.
obtusus. L. ruber planus. See L. planus. L. scrof-
ulosorum. See L. scrofulosus. L. scrofulosus,
Z. scrofulosorum ; a form occurring in strumous chil-
dren. The eruption is situated on the trunk, especially
upon the back, either diffusely or in patches. The
papules are very small, pale, conic, and surmounted
by fine scales ; they cause no itching, and on fading!
leave a rather persistent yellowish pigmentation.
L. simplex. Gale bedouine ; the papukir stage of
eczema, "it^ Eczema papulosum . L. spinosus. See
L. pilaris. L. spinulosus. See Keratosis pilaris and|
Lichen pilaris. L. strophulosus. See .Strophulus, i
L. syphiliticus, the minute papular syphilid.
See Syphilid, Eollicular. L. tropicus. See Prickly
Pleat. L. urticatus. See Urticaria papulosa.
Licheniasis (li-keii-i' -as-is) [^keixvv, lichen]. The
condition of one affected by one of the forms of lichen.^
L. strophulus. See Lichen strophulus.
LICHENICOLOUS
677
LIEUTAUD, UVULA OF
Lichenicolous {H-ken-ik' -o-liis) \^aeix'ii-', a lichen ;
colere, to inhabit]. Growing as a parasite upon
lichens.
Licheniform [li-ken' -if-orm) [7ieixi/i', lichen, tree-moss ;
forma, form]. Shaped like a lichen.
Lichenin {li' -ken-in) [Xeixrp, lichen], CgH^jOj or Cjj-
H.^qOjq. Moss-starch ; a starch-like body found in
lichens, especially in Cetraria, Ramalina, Usnea,
Parnielia, Cladonia, and in Corsican moss ( Alsidiiiin
helmuithochorton). lodin imparts a dirty-blue color
to it. It is insoluble in cold water, but forms a jelly
with hot water. See Cetrai ia ; also. Carbohydrates,
Table of.
Lichenism (li' -ken-izin) [^/.elx'/v, lichen]. In biology,
the special form of consortisin or symbiosis "exhibited
by algae and fungi in lichens. Cf. Schiuendener s
Theory.
Lichenoid [li'-ken-oid) [/i,ei;i;//j', lichen ; elSog, like].
I. Same as Dextrolicheniii. 2. See IVandering
Rash .
Lichnoerythrin (lik-iio-er' -ith-rin) [/.f; ^'/'S lichen ;
eijvdp6g, red.] A group of red coloring-matters found
especially in lichens.
Lichnoxanthin [lik-no-zan' -thiti) \Xtixi]v, lichen ;
^avOoc, yellow]. A group of yellow coloring-matters
occurring in both the highest and lowest classes of
plants, but especially developed in lichens.
Lichtheim's Schema. A diagrammatic representation
of the centers and pathways concerned in written
and spoken language. In the schema, A represents
the center for visual memories, and O that for auditory
memories. M is the center for muscular memories con-
cerned in speech, and W that for muscular memories
connected with writing. I is the center for intellectual
concepts. Taking the word ' ' bell " as an example, at A
will be stored the memory of the appearance of the bell ,
at O that of the sound of the word, at M the memory
of the muscular movements necessary to pronounce the
word, and at W those concerned in writing it. I re-
presents the center of the intellectual concept of the
object " bell " — the knowledge of its uses and prop-
erties. The lines indicate afferent, efferent, and
connecting pathways.
ffand Mouth Ear Eye
Lichtheim's Schema.
Licinium {li-sin' -e-iDn) \_licium, a thread of a web :
gen., Licinii\ Lint; surgeon's lint or charpie.
Lick [lik] [ME., //V/iYW, to lick]. To rub with the
tongue ; to lap.
Licoperdon [li-ko-per' -doii). See Lycoperdon.
Licorice [lik'-or-is) [ME., licorice, licorice]. See
Glycyrrhiza. L., Indian. See Abrus.
Lid [ME., lid, lid]. See Eyelid. L.-cells, in biology,
the ' ' stigmatic cells ' ' which for a time close the neck
of the archegonium in cryptogamic plants. L. -clamp.
. See Blepharostat.
Lie (//) [ME., lien, to lie]. I. To rest in a recumbent
position. 2. A popular name for a "gift-spot" or
white spot upon a finge? nail.
Lieberkiihn's Reflector {fe'-ber-ken) [after Lieber-
kiihn, a German physician]. A device attached to
a microscope for the purpose of throwing light upon
opaque objects. L.'s Ampulla, "a^e. Ampulla. L.,
Crypts of. See Crypt. L., Glands of. See Gland.
L.'s Jelly, an insoluble variety of alkali-albumin
foniied by adding strong potash to undiluted white
of egg.
Liebermann's Reaction. See Tests, Table of.
Liebig [le'-big). A celebrated German chemist and
physiologist. L.'s Beef-tea, the soluble extractive
matter of lean meat. It is prepared by macerating a
pound of lean meat, free from fat and cut into small
pieces, in a pint of cold water, in which TTLxxx
of hydrochloric acid and gr. xl of sodium chlorid
have been dissolved. The liquid is expressed and
strained. L.'s Bouillon. See Bouillon. L.'s
Extractum camis, a proprietary preparation con-
sisting of the soluble fibrin of meat with the natural
mineral salts and a flavoring principle, osmazome.
L.'s Foods, those infant-foods in which the starch is
to a great extent converted into sugar by malting.
L.'s Infants' Food, a highly nutritious food made
in the following manner : Mix well 14 ounce of
ground malt with % ounce of wheat-flour and "j^^
grains of potassium bicarbonate ; add I ounce of
water and 5 ounces of fresh cow's milk. Warm over
a slow fire, and keep stirring until it begins to thicken.
Remove from the fire, stir for five minutes, replace it
on the fire, and remove it as soon as thick. As the
starch is converted into dextrin and sugar by the
diastase of the malt, it will become a thin and sweet
liquid. Then, finally, boil it well. Strain through
muslin. L.'s Method, a method of estimating the
chlorids in the urine, by precipitation by mercuric
nitrate. See also L'rea.
Liebreich's Bandage. See Bandage. L.'s Solution,
a solution of cantharidinate of potassium for hypo-
dermatic injection in the treatment of tuberculosis.
Cantharidin 2, hydrate of potassium 4 (or hydrate of
sodium 3), distilled water 200. Heat to solution
and add distilled water q. s. to 10,000. Dose by
hypodermatic injection, ;4 to I c.c. (8 to 16 minims).
It causes transudation of blood-serum at the seat of
the tuberculosis.
Lien (li'-cn) [L.]. The spleen. L. mobile. See
IVandering Spleen.
Lienal (li'-en-al) \_lien , the spleen]. Relating to the
spleen.
Lienculus {li-en' -ku-liis) [dim. of lien, spleen: //.,
Lienculi '\. A detached part or exclave of the spleen.
Lienic (li-en'-ik) \_lien, a spleen]. Pertaining to the
spleen.
Lienitis (li-en-i'-tis) [//>«, spleen ; iTt^, inflammation].
Splenitis.
Lienocele (//-iv/'-o-.f^'/) [lien, a spleen; hernia].
Hernia of some part or of all of the spleen.
Lienomalacia (// en-o-mal-a' -se-ali) \Jien, spleen ;
fiaXaKia, softening]. Morbid softening of the tissue
of the spleen.
Lienteric (li-en-ter' -ik) [/i,e?of, smooth ; iv-zpov, intes-
tine]. Pertaining to or affected with lientery.
Lientery (li' -en-fer-e) [/".fiof, smooth ; ii'vepov, intes-
tine]. A kind of diarrhea in which the food passes
rapidly through the bowels without undergoing diges-
tion.
Liernur System. See SSeivage, Disposal of.
Lieutaud, Uvula of. A longitudinal mesial ridge in
the trigone of the bladder.
LIFE
678
LIFE
Life {lif) [ME., life]. The force or principle un-
derlying or causing the phenomena of organized
beings. The power by whi^h an organism exists and
exercises self-movement in response to emotions or
sensations and adapts itself to its environment. L.,
Animal, the functions depending directly on the
cerebro-spinal nervous system and the voluntary mus-
cles, as distinguished fromZ., Vegetative : that is, the
functions of digestion, respiration, reproduction, etc. ;
L., Change of, that period in the life of a female at
which menstruation ceases ; the climacteric period.
L., Duration of. See Probable. L. Everlasting ;
Cud-weed, the herbs Gnaphaliuiii margai-itaceum
and G. polycephalicm , tonic, astringent, and anodyne.
They constitute a domestic remedy of some repute
in affections of the chest and bowels. Dose of a
decoction ad lib. ; of the fid. ext. n\,xv-_^j. Unof
L., Expectation of, the average number of years
a person is expected to live, as calculated from
life-tables. The following table, taken from those
constructed by Dr. W. Ogle, of the English Registrar-
General's department, shows the average expecta-
tion of life at given ages, and also the number of
persons of each sex, among every million born at a
given time, who may be expected to be alive at the
end of each year after that. The figures are based
on the death-rates of the years 1871-80: —
Of i.ooo.ooo born, the num-
ber surviving:
at the end of
Mean alter-litetime
u
u
each year of life.
(expectation of life).
«<
Males.
Kkmales.
M ALKS.
Females
0
1,000,000
1,000,000
4135
44-62
I
841,417
871,266
48.05
50.14
2
790,201
820,480
50.14
52.22
3
763,737
793,359
50.86
52.99
4
746,587
775,427
51.01
53-20
5
734,068
762,622
50.87
53-08
6
726,815
755,713
5038
52-56
7
721,103
750,276
49-77
51-94
8
716,309
745,631
49 10
51.26
9
712,337
741,727
48.37
50.53
10
708,990
738,382
47 60
49.76
II
706,146
735,405
46.79
48.96
12
703,595
732,697
45-96
48.13
13
701,200
730,122
45 II
47-30
14
698,840
727,571
44.26
46 47
15
696,419
724,956
43-41
45-63
16
693.695
722,084
42.58
4481
17
690,746
7'8,993
41.76
44.00
18
687,507
715.622
40.96
43-41
19
683,941
711,946
40.17
42-43
20
680,033
707.949
39-40
41.66
21
675,769
703,616
38.64
40.92
22
671,344
699,141
37-89
40.18
23
666,754
694.521
37-15
39-44
24
661,997
689,759
36.41
38-71
25
657,077
684, 8s8
35-68
37-98
26
651,998
679,822
34-96
37-26
27
646,757
674,661
34-24
36.54
28
641,353
669,372
33-52
35-83
29
635,778
663,959
3281
35-11
30
630,038
658,418
32.10
34-41
31
624, 124
652,747
31.40
3370
32
618,056
646,957
30.71
33-00
33
611,827
641,045
30.01
32-30
34
605,430
635,003
29-33
31.60
35
598,860
628,842
28.64
30 90
36
592,107
622,554
27.96
30-21
37
585,167
616,144
27-29
29-52
38
578,019
609,599
26.62
28.83
39
570,656
602,924
25-96
28.15
40
563,077
596,113
25 -.^0
27.46
41
555,254
589,167
24.65
26.78
42
547,288
582,104
24.00
26.10
43
539.161
574.919
23-35
25-42
44
530,858
567,612
22.71
24.74
45
522,374
560, 174
22.07
24.06
46
513,702
552,602
21.44
23-38
47
504,836
544,892
20.80
22.71
48
495,761
537.043
20. 1 S
22.03
Of I.ooo.ooo born, the num-
ber surviving
at the end of
Mean after-lifetirae
0
each year of life.
(expectation of life).
<
Males.
Females
Males.
Females.
49
486 470
C2Q 048
10
21 36
50
476,980
520,901
18.93
20.68
51
467,254
512,607
18 31
52
457,022
504,188
17.71
19-34
53
446,510
495,645
17.12
18.66
54
435,729
486,973
16.53
17.98
55
424,677
477,440
15.95
17.33
56
413,351
467,443
15.37
16.69
57
401,740
456,992
14.80
16 06
58
389,827
446,079
14.24
15.45
59
377,591
434,695
13.68
14 84
60
365,01 1
422,835
13. 14
14.24
61
352,071
410,477
12 60
13.65
62
338,820
397,644
12.07
13.08
63
325,256
384,319
11.56
12.51
64
311,368
370.495
1 1 05
11.96
65
297,156
356,165
10.55
1 1.42
66
282,638
67
267,829
325^988
9 60
10.39
68
252,763
310,170
9.14
9.89
69
237,487
293,899
8.70
9 41
70
222,056
277,225
8.27
8.95
71
206,539
260,207
7.85
8.50
72
190,971
242,934
7-45
8.07
73
1/5,449
225,497
7.07
7-65
74
160,074
208,003
6.70
7 25
75
144,960
190,566
6.34
6.87
76
130,227
173,316
6.00
6.51
77
115,986
156,392
5.68
6.16
78
102,359
139,927
5-37
5-82
79
89,449
124,065
5-07
5.50
80
77,354
108,935
4-79
5 20
81
66,153
94,662
4-51
4.90
82
55,842
46,489
81 ,305
4. 26
4-63
83
68,966
4.01
4-37
84
38,132
57,723
3-58
4.12
85
30,785
47,631
356
388
86
24,436
38,710
3.36
3.66
87
19,054
30,958
3-17
3-46
88
14,576
24,338
2.99
3-26
89
10,926
18,788
2.82
3-08
90
8,015
5,748
14,225
2.66
2 90
91
10,553
2.51
2-74
92
4,025
7,658
2-37
2..S8
93
2,749
5,429
2.24
244
94
1,828
1,183
3,756
2.12
2.30
95
2,533
2.01
2.17
96
742
1,661
1.90
2.II
97
452
1,057
1.81
2.03
98
266
6,53
1.72
1.83
99
151
389
1.65
1-73
100
82
225
1. 61
1.62
L., Extra-uterine, post-natal existence. L., Fetal,
life of the fetus. L., Intra-uterine, life within the
uterus. L., Mean Duration of, the expectation of
life at birth. L., Reproductive, L., Sexual, that
period of life during which the individual is capable of
begetting or bearing offspring. L. -root, ragwort. The
herb Senea'o aureus gathered in flower ; an expecto-i
rant, diuretic, alterative, and tonic. It was formerly
used by the Indians as a vulnerary, and is a favorite
remedy with eclectic practitioners. Dose of a decoction
ad lib. ; of the fid. ext. rr\,xxx-3j ; of a strong tincture,
n\^viij-xx ; of senecin, its resinoid, gr. j-iij. L. -table,
a table constructed to show the number and ages of the
living, and the number and ages of the dying in a com-
munity or society. Halley's Life-table, the earliestJ
English table, was constructed in the second half of thej
18th century, and suggested De Mowre's Hypothesis.!
Price's Northampton Life-table was used by thej
Equitable Life Assurance Co., of New York, upon its
establishment in 1762. These tables were not con-
structed by a comparison of the deaths and the living a':
each age, but from the deaths only ; and as births anc
deaths are not equal, and as migration also disturb;
the stability of population, these tables are noi
correct, as they overstate the mortality of young adult:
LIFT-CURE
679
LIGAMENT
and do not dissociate males and females. Dr. Fair
constructed three English Life-tables, designated
respectively, Nos. 1,2, and 3, and various other tables
have been made, called the Healthy Districts, the
Upper Class Experience, the Healthy Males, the
Clerical Experience-tables, etc. The last note-
worthy table is the New English Life-table, by Dr.
Ogle, which starts with a million males and a million
females and shows the number surviving at each age,
and the mean expectation of life at each age. See
Life, Expectation of. L.-time, Mean After. Syn-
onym of Expectation of life. See Life, Expectation
of. L. Vegetative. 'Aee. L., Aniiiial.
Lift-cure [lift-kur). The therapeutic use of the
" health lift" ((]. i'.),and of other similar devices.
Ligament (Jig' -am-ent), Ligamentum (lig-aiii-en' -
tuin) \Jigamentum ; ligai-e, to bind]. A band of
flexible, compact connective tissue connecting the
articular ends of the bones, and sometimes enveloping
them in a capsule. L., Accessory. See L., Cordco-
humeral. L., Acromio-clavicular, a broad liga-
ment covering the acromio-clavicular articulation and
extending from the clavicle to the acromial process of
the scapula. L., Acromio-clavicular, Inferior, one
extending from the clavicle to the acromial process of
the scapula, across the lower portion of the acromio-
clavicular articulation. L., Alar (of knee), one of the
two folds of synovial membrane on either side of the
mucous ligament. L., Annular [of radius), that
surrounding the head of the radius. L., Annular
(of stapes), that extending from the base of the stapes
to the oval window. L., Annular, Anterior (of ankle),
the broad ligament covering the anterior surface of the
ankle-joint. L., Annular, Anterior (of wrist), a
strong ligament extending from the trapezium to the
unciform bone, confining the flexor tendons. L., An-
nular, External (of ankle), that joining the posterior
border of the external malleolus and the external sur-
face of the calcaneum. L., Annular, Internal (of
ankle), one joining the internal malleolus and the inner
surface of the os calcis. L., Annular, Posterior (of
carpus), a strong ligament reaching from the styloid
process and lower end of the radius, across the back
of the wrist to the styloid process of the ulna. L.,
Anterior (of ankle), a small ligament in front of the
ankle-joint. L., Anterior (of elbow), that extend-
ing from the coronoid process of the ulna to the
coronoid fossa of the humerus. L., Anterior (of
knee), the ligamentum patellee. L., Anterior (of
malleus), that extending from the spine of the
sphenoid to the anterior portion of the head and neck
of the malleus. L., Anterior (of uterus), one of the
fibrous and peritoneal folds extending from the bladder
to the uterus. L., Anterior (of 7vrist), a strong,
broad ligament extending from the anterior surface of
the upper row of carpal bones to the lower ends of
the ulna and radius. L., Arcuate, one of the arched
ligaments extending from the body of the diaphragm
to the last rib, and to the transverse process of the first
lumbar vertebra. L., Arnold's. See L., Smpensorv
(of incus). L., Arterial, the fibrous remains of the
ductus arteriosus. L., Aryteno-epiglottic, one of the
ligamentous folds joining the epiglottis and the aryte-
noid cartilage. L., Arytenoid, Inferior, one of the false
vocal bands. L., Astragalo-calcaneal, External,
that joining the external surface of the astragalus and
the outer margin of the calcaneum. L., Astragalo-
calcaneal, Internal, one extending from the os calcis
to the posterior margin of the sustentaculum tali. L.,
Astragalo-calcaneal, Posterior. See Z., Calcaneo-
astragaloid, Posterior. L., Astragalo-navicular,
■ Superior. L.,Astragalo-scaphoid, Superior. L.,
Astragalo-scaphoid, Internal, one joining the inner
surfaces of the astragalus and the scaphoid. L., Astrag-
alo-scaphoid, Superior, one joining the anterior ex-
tremity of the astragalus and the upper surface of the
scaphoid. L., Atlanto-axial. 'See L., Atlo-axoid.
L., Atlanto-axial, Deep. See L. , Atlo-axoid, Ante-
rior. L., Atlanto-axial, Posterior, one joining the
neural arches of the atlas and the axis. L., Atlanto-
axial, Superficial. See L., Atlanto-axial, Anterior.
L., Atlanto-occipital. See L., Atlo-occipital. L.,
Atlanto-occipital, Posterior. See L. , Occipito-at-
lantal. Posterior. L., Atlo-axoid, that joining the
atlas and the axis. L., Atlo-axoid, Anterior,
that joining the ventral margins of the atlas and
the axis. L., Atlo-occipital, that joining the atlas
and the occiput. L., Auricular, Anterior, a broad
ligament extending from the zygoma to the cauda heli-
cis. L., Auricular, Posterior, one reaching from the
mastoid process to the posterior surface of the ear. L.,
Auricular, Superior, a portion of the temporal fascia,
inserted into the upper portion of the cartilage of the
ear. L. of Barkrow, ligamentous fibers in the fatty
tissue in the upper portion of the olecranon fossa. L.,
Bellini's. Set L., Tcndino-trockanterian. L., Ber-
lin's, the iliofemoral ligament. L. of Bigelow. See
L. , Ilio-femoral. L., Broad (of liver), a broad fold of
peritoneum extending from the diaphragm to the upper
surface of the liver. L., Broad (of lungs), one of the
folds of the pleura, connecting the lower surfaces of the
lungs with the diaphragm. L., Broad (of uterus) , a
fold of peritoneum extending laterally from the uterus
to the pelvic wall. L., Burns' (Allen). See L. , Heyf s.
L., Calcaneo-astragaloid, Internal. See Z., As-
tragalo-calcaneal, Internal. L., Calcaneo-astrag-
aloid, Interosseous, that uniting the calcaneum
and the astragalus. L., Calcaneo-astragaloid,
Posterior, one joining the calcaneum and the
posterior border of the astragalus. L., Calcaneo-
cuboid, Dorsal. See Z., Calcaneo-cuhoid, Superior.
L., Calcaneo-cuboid, Internal, one joining the in-
ner surfaces of the calcaneum and the cuboid. L.,
Calcaneo-cuboid, Interosseous. SeeZ., Calcaneo-
cuboid, Internal: L., Calcaneo-cuboid, Long, one
running from the under surface of the calcaneum to
the under surface of the cuboid. L., Calcaneo-cu-
boid, Short, a thick ligament extending between the
OS calcis and the under surface of the cuboid. L.,
Calcaneo-cuboid, Superior, one attached to the dor-
sal surface of the calcaneum, and inserted into the
dorsal surface of the cuboid. L., Calcaneo-fibular,
that joining the apex of the external malleolus to
the outer surface of the calcaneum. L., Calcaneo-
navicular, Inferior. See Z., Calcaneo-scaphoid , In-
ferior. L., Calcaneo-scaphoid, Dorsal. See Z.,
Calcaneo-scaphoid , External. L., Calcaneo-scaphoid,
External, that extending from the calcaneum at its
articulation with the astragalus to the external surface
of the scaphoid. L., Calcaneo-scaphoid, Inferior,
one joining the anterior and inner end of the calca-
neum to the under surface of the scaphoid. L., Cal-
caneo-scaphoid, Interosseous. SeeZ., Calcaneo-
scaphoid, External. L., Calcaneo-scaphoid, Plan-
tar. See Z., Calcaneo-scaphoid, Inferior. L., Cal-
caneo-scaphoid, Superior. SeeZ., Calcaneo-scaph-
oid, External. L., Camper's, the deep layer of the
perineal fascia covering the bulb of the urethra and
the crura of the penis. L., Capsular, a heavy fibrous
structure surrounding an articulation, and lined by
synovial membrane. L., Carcassonne's. See Z. ,
Puho-vesical, Middle. L., Carpal, Anterior, that
covering the palmar surface of the carpus. L.,
Carpal, Common, the annular ligament of the wrist-
LIGAMENT
680
LIGAMENT
joint. L,., Carpal, Dorsal, short ligaments binding
togetlier tlie dorsal surfaces of the carpal bones. L.,
Carpal, Posterior. See L., Annular, Posterior {of
carpus). L., Carpo-metacarpal, Dorsal, those join-
ing the dorsal surfaces of the carpal and metacarpal
bones. L., Carpo-metacarpal, Interosseous, one
joining the os magnum and the unciform to the third
and fourth metacarpal bones. L., Carpo-metacarpal,
Palmar, those joining the palmar surfaces of the
metacarpal to the carpal bones. L., Caudal, fibrous
tissue uniting posteriorly the two lower vertebriK of
the coccyx. L., Check, one controlling the move-
ments of a joint. L., Ciliary. See Z. pectinatitm.
L., Cleido-costal. See L. , Rhomboid. L., Col-
les'. See L., Triangular. L., Conoid, tlie inner
portion of the coraco-clavicular ligament. It is at-
tached to the coracoid process of the scapula and the
coronoid tubercle of the clavicle. L., Cooper's
Suspensory. S&t L., Suspensory [of Alain/na). L.,
Coraco-acromial, a triangular-shaped ligament ex-
tending from the tip of the acromial process to the
outer surface of the coracoid process of the scapula.
L., Coraco-clavicular, that joining the coracoid pro-
cess of the scapula and the clavicle. L., Coraco-
humeral, that joining the coracoid process of the
scapula and the upper and posterior portion of the
capsule of the shoulder-joint and the upper part of the
humerus. L., Coracoid, a fibrous structure forming
the scapular foramen, extending from the coracoid
process to the supra-scapular notch. L., Corniculo-
pharyngeal, ligamentous fibers extending from the
comicula of the larynx to the walls of the pharynx. L.,
Coronary {of knee), short fibers binding tlie semilunar
cartilages to the head of the tibia. L., Coronary (of
liver), a peritoneal fold extending from the posterior
edge of the liver to the diaphragm. L., Coronary {of
radius). See L., Annular (of radius). L., Costo-
central, ligamentous tissue binding the head of a rib
to the vertebral body. L., Costo-central, Anterior,
a fan-shaped ligament extending from the verte-
brce and the inter-vertebral cartilages to the head of
the rib. L., Costo-clavicular. See Z., Rhomboid.
L., Costo-colic. See L., Phrenico-colic. L., Costo-
coracoid, that joining the first rib and tlie coracoid
process of the scapula. L., Costo-pericardiac, that
joining the upper costo-sternal articulations with the
pericardium. L., Costo-sternal, Anterior, a fibrous
structure joining the sternum and the anterior edges of
the cartilages of the true ribs. L., Costo-sternal,
Posterior, one joining the sternum and the posterior
surface of the cartilages of the true ribs. L., Costo-
transverse, one of the ligaments binding the ribs to
the adjacent transverse processes ol the dorsal verte-
brae. L., Costo-transverse, Anterior. See Z.,
Costo-transverse, Superior. L., Costo-transverse
Interosseous. See L.,Costo-tra}isverse, Middle. L.,
Costo-transverse, Long. See Z., Costo-transveise,
Superior. L., Costo-transverse, Middle, one run-
ning between the anterior surface of the transverse
process of a dorsal vertebra and the neck of the adja-
cent rib. L., Costo-transverse, Posterior, one
joining the transverse process of a dorsal vertebra and
the tubercle of the adjacent rib. L., Costo-trans-
verse, Superior, one extending between the lower
margin of the transverse process of a dorsal vertebra,
and the crest on the ujiper margin of the neck of the
subjacent rib. L., Costo-vertebral, one of those
binding the ribs to the adjacent vertebra.-. L., Costo-
vertebral, Interarticular, one of the strong ligaments
joining the dorsal intervertebral fibro-cartilages and the
crests on the heads of the ribs. L., Costo-xiphoid,
fibrous tissue binding the cartilages of the sixth and
seventh ribs to the xiphoid cartilage. L., Cotyloid,
a ring of fibro-cartilaginous tissue at the margin of the
acetabulum. L., Cowper's. Same as L. , Fubie. L.,
Cranio-vertebral, one of those extending between
the cranium and the vertebra;. L., Crico-arytenoid,
Posterior, one of those joining the cricoid and aryte-
noid cartilages posteriorly. L., Crico-pharyngeal,
that extending between the upper and posterior margin
of the cricoid cartilage and the anterior pharyngeal
wall. L., Crico-Santorinian, one of those binding
together Santorini's cartilages and the cricoid cartilage.
L., Crico-thyroid, one of those joining the cricoid and
thyroid cartilages. L., Crico-thyroid, Anterior,
one on the anterior surfaces of the cricoid and thy-
roid cartilages. L., Crico-thyroid, Middle, the crico-
thyroid membrane. L., Crico-tracheal, that joining
the cricoid cartilage and the uppermost tracheal ring.
L., Crucial (of atlas). See Z., Cruciform. L., Cru-
cial (of the fingers), one of the small ligaments running
obliquely on the palmar surface of the phalangeal
joints. L., Crucial, Anterior, the smaller crucial
ligament of the knee, extending from the upper sur-
face of the tibia to the inner surface of the external
condyle of the femur. L., Crucial, External.
See Z., Crucial, Anterior. L., Crucial, Internal.
See Z., Crucial, Posterior. L., Crucial, Posterior,
one extending from the popliteal notch of the tibia,
and the external semilunar cartilage, to the anterior
portion of the internal condyle of the femur. L.,
Cruciate, a Y-shaped process of the deep fascia of the
leg, situated at the bend of the ankle. It extends
from the internal malleolus to the external surface of
the anterior portion of the calcaneuni. L., Cruci-
form, a cross-shaped ligament, formed by the trans-
verse ligament of the atlas and a vertical band of fibers
extending from the middle of this ligament to the
body of the axis. L., Cuneiform, Interosseous.
See L., Intercuneiform. L., Deltoid. See L., Lat-
eral Internal (of ankle-Joint). L., Dentate. See
Z., Denticulate. L., Denticulate, a band of fibrous
connective tissue passing from the arachnoid to the pia
in the interval between the anterior and posterior
nerve-roots. L., Douglas's, the folds of peritoneum
extending between the dorsal surface of the uterus and
the ventral surface of the rectum. L., Duodeno-
renal, a peritoneal fold joining the transverse meso-
colon and the parietal ])eritoneum in the region of the
right kidney. It forms the posterior boundary of Wins-
low' b foramen. L. of Ellis. See Z. of tlie Rectum.
L., External (of malleus), that running from the outer
wall of the tympanum to the crista capitis mallei. L.,
Falciform, a sickle-shaped expansion of the great
sacro-ischiatic ligament, extending^ along the inner
margin of the tuberosity and inferior ramus of the
ischium. L., Falciform (of liver). See Z., Broad
(of liver). L. of Fallopius. See L. , Poitparf s. L.,
False (of bladder), one of the peritoneal folds radiat-
ing from the urinary bladder. L., False, Superior
(of the bladder), one of the peritoneal folds, runnini^
in the median line, from the fundus of the blad-
der to the umbilicus. L., Femoral. See Z. ,
Hey' s. L., Flood's, the gleno-humeral ligament.
L., Gastro-colic, the fold of the great omentum
attached to the colon and the stomach. L.,
Gastro-hepatic, the fold of the great omentum
attached to the stomach and the liver. L., Gastro- >
lienal. .See Z. , Gastro-splenic. L., Gastro-pan-
creatic, a sickle-shaped jieritoneal fold joining the
posterior surface of the stomach and the anterior
surface of the pancreas. L., Gastro-phrenic.
.See Z., Phrenico-gastric. L., Gastro-splenic, a
peritoneal fold joining the gastric cul-de-sac and the
LIGAMENT
681
LIGAMENT
Ligaments of Elbow-
joint.
[. Humerus. 2. Ulna. 3.
Radius. 4. External lat-
eral ligament. 5. Orbicu-
lar ligament. 6. Posterior
ligament. 7, 8. Condyles
of humerus. 9. Interos-
seous membrane.
Right Knee-joint, Internal
Ligaments, Anterior View.
I. Lower extremity of femur.
2. Anterior crucial ligament.
3. Posterior crucial ligament.
4. Transverse ligament. 5.
Intercondylar fossa. 6. Semi-
lunar fibro-cartilages (inter-
nal). 7 Semi-lunar fibro-car-
tilages (external). 8. Liga-
mentum patellae. 9. Tubercle
of tibia. 10. Capsular liga-
ment. II. Interosseous mem-
brane.
Ligaments of Right Knee-
joint, Posterior View.
I. Posterior ligaments, or liga-
mentum Winslowii (oblique
fasciculus). 2. Tendon of
semi-membranous muscle. 3.
Tibia. 4. Bursa. 5. Internal
lateral ligament. 6. Long ex-
ternal lateral ligament. 7.
Short external lateral liga-
ment. 8 Popliteus muscle.
9. Posterior, or internal cru-
cial ligament.
a. Anterior common ligament.
b. Anterior occipito-atloid lig-
ament, c. Anterior common
ligament (continuation), d.
Anterior atlo-axial ligament.
Capsular ligament, y. Syn-
ovial membrane, g. Lateral
occipito-atloid ligament.
Ligaments of the Shoulder-
joint.
I. Superior acromio-clavicular liga-
ment. 2. Coraco-clavicular. 3-
Coraco-acromial. 4. Transverse.
5. Capsular. 6. Coraco-humeral.
7. Tendon of long head of biceps.
. Anterior c o m -
mon ligament. 2.
Anterior costo-
vertebral, or stel-
late ligament. 3.
Anterior costo-
transverse liga-
ment.
Ligaments of the Costo-vertebral Articulations.
■2,
Ligaments of the Occipito-atloid Joint.
Ligaments of the Pelvis, Posterior View.
. Articular surface of sacrum for last lumbar vertebra,
2. Coccyx. 3. Crest of ilium. 4. Tuberosity of ischium.
5- Great sacro-sciatic foramen. 6. Lesser sacro-sciatic fora-
men. 7. Great trochanter. 8. Posterior sacro-iliac ligament.
9- Posterior inferior spine of ilium. 10. Supra-spinous liga-
ment. 11. Obturator membrane. 12. Lesser sacro-sciatic
foramen. 13, 14. Great sacro-sciatic ligament. 15. Lesser
sacro-sciatic ligament. 16. Spine of ischium.
M. St, th.
tmoh. I'l'i I'l- .iiMiiiif Larynx. Front View,
Showing the Liga-
ments AND Inser-
tion of Muscles.
Oshvoides. C.th.
Thyroid cart. Corp.
trit. Corpus triticeum
or lesser cornu of the
hvoid bone. C. c. Cri-
coid cart. C. tr. Tracheal cartilage. Lig- thyr -hyoid med.
Middle thvro-hyoid ligament. Lie. th.-h. lat Lateral thyro-
hyoid ligament. Lie:. cHc.-tlnr. med. Middle cnco-thyrom
ligament. Lig. cric.-trach. Crico-tracheal ligament. M. st.-n.
Sterno-hyoid muscle. M. th.-hyoid. Thyro-hvoid niuscle.
M. st.-th. Sterno-thyroid muscle. M. cr.-th. Crico-thyroid
muscle.
LIGAMENT
682
LIGAMENT
hilum of the spleen. L. of Gerdy, the suspensory
ligament of the axilla, extending from the coracoid
process to the skin surrounding the hollow of the
axilla. L., Gimbernat's, a triangular expansion of
the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle, con-
nected anteriorly to l'oupart'.s ligament and attached
to the ilio-pectineal line. L., Gleno-humeral, a
portion of the coraco-humeral ligament, attached to
the inner and upper portion of the bicipital groove.
L., Glenoid, one of those joining the phalanges (pal-
mar surfaces) and the corresponding metacarpal bones.
L., Glenoid (of scapula), a ring of fibro-cartilaginous
tissue attached to the rim of the glenoid fossa.
L., Glosso-epiglottic, an elastic ligamentous band
connecting the epiglottis to the hyoid bone. L.,
Glosso-epiglottidean. 'f>t.& L., Glosso-epiglottic. L.,
Helmholtz's, that portion of the anterior ligament
of the malleus that is attached to the spina tympanica
major. L., Hepatico-colic, a peritoneal fold join-
ing the under surface of the right lobe of the liver
and the ascending mesocolon. L., Hepatico-
duodenal, a peritoneal fold running from the
transverse fissure of the liver to the duodenum. It
forms the anterior boundary of Winslow's foramen.
L., Hepatico-renal. See Z., Hepatico-colic. L.,
Hey's, also called the femoral ligament ; a sickle-
shaped expansion of the fascia lata. L., Hunter's,
a term for the round ligament of the uterus. See Z.,
Round (of uterus). L., Hyo-epiglottic, one joining
the under surface of the epiglottis and the upper sur-
face of the hyoid bone. L., Ilio-femoral, a strong
ligament extending from the anterior inferior iliac
spine to the lesser trochanter and the intertroclianteric
line. L., Ilio-femoral, Anterior, the anterior
portion of the ilio-femoral ligament. L., Ilio-
femoral, Inferior. See Z., Ilio-femoral, Anterior.
L., Ilio-femoral, Lateral. See Z., Ilio-femoral,
Superior. L., Ilio-femoral, Superior, one extend-
ing from the anterior inferior spine of the ilium to the
proximal end of the anterior intertrochanteric line.
L., Ilio-lumbar, a ligament extending from the
transverse process of the hfth lumbar vertebra to the
iliac crest and the anterior surface of the sacro-iliac
synchondrosis. L., Ilio-lumbar, Inferior. See
Z., Ilio-lninbar. L., Ilio-lumbo-vertebral. See
L., Ilio-lumbar. L., Ilio-pectineal, that portion of
the pelvic fascia extending from the ilio-pectineal line
to the capsular ligament of the hip. L., Ilio-pubic.
See Z. , PoHpart' s. L., Ilio-sacral, Anterior.
See Z., Sacro-iliac , Anterior. L., Ilio-sacral, In-
terosseous. See Z., Sacro-iliac, Interosseous. L.,
Ilio-sacral, Long Posterior. See Z., Sacro-iliac,
Oblique. L., Ilio-sacral, Short Posterior. See
L., Sacro-iliac, Short. L., Ilio-trochanteric. See
L. , Ilio-femoral, Superior. L., Ini&rior (of glottis),
one of the inferior or true vocal bands. L., Inferior
(of malleus), one extending from the handle of the
malleus to the outer wall of the tympanum. L., Infun-
dibulo-ovarian, that portion of the free edge of the
broad ligament of the uterus extending between the
infundibulum and the pelvic end of the ovary. L.,
Infundibulo-pelvic, that portion of the free edge of
the broad ligament of the uterus joining the infundib-
ulum and the pelvic wall. L., Inguinal. See Z.,
Poupart's. L., Inguinal, External, the part of
Poupart's ligament running from the anterior superior
iliac spine to the fascia lata. L., Interarticular (of
hif). See Z. teres. L., Interarticular (of ribs).
See Z., Costo-vertehral, Interarticular. L., Inter-
chondral, one of those joining adjacent costal carti-
lages. L., Interclavicular, one joining the sternal
extremities of the clavicles and the sternum. L.,
Intercostal, one of those joining adjacent ribs.
L., Intercostal, External, one of those filling
the intercostal spaces externally between the sternum
and the intercostal muscles. L., Intercostal, In-
ternal, one of the fibrous bands uniting adjacent
ribs. L., Intercrural, one of those connecting the
lamincE of the vertebra;. L., Intercuneiform, one of
those joining the cuneiform bones of the tarsus. L.,
Interhyal, one in the embryo joining the malleus and
the stylohyal cartilage. L., Interlobular, a pro-
longation of the pleura, between the lobes of the
lungs. L., Intermetacarpal, one of those joining
the metacarpal bones. L., Intermetacarpal, Dorsal,
one of four ligaments running transversely across the
dorsal surfaces of the upper ends of the metacarpal
bones. L., Intermetacarpal, Palmar, one of those
joining the palmar surfaces of the upper ends of the
metacarpal bones. L., Intermetatarsal, one of
those joining the metatarsal bones. L., Intermeta-
tarsal, Dorsal, a ligamentous structure joining the
dorsal surfaces of the bases of the metatarsal bones.
L., Intermetatarsal, Plantar, one of those joining
the plantar surfaces of the upper ends of the
metatarsal bones. L., Intermuscular, a fascial
prolongation between muscles. L., Interosseous,
Inferior Tibio-fibular. See Z., Tibio-fibular
Interosseous, Inferior. L., Interspinal. See Z.,
Interspinous . L., Interspinous, one extending
between the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae.
L., Intertransverse, one extending between the
transverse processes of adjacent vertebras. L.,
Ischio-capsular, one extending from the isch-
ium, near the acetabulum, to the zona orbicularis.
L., Ischio-femoral, one running from the ischium
to the great trochanter. L., Jugal (of larynx). See
Z., Crico-Santorinian. L., Lateral (of liver), one of
the peritoneal folds between the sides of the liver and
the under surface of the diaphragm. L., Lateral, Ex-
ternal (of ankle), that running between the external
malleolus and the calcaneum. L., Lateral, External
carpus), that extending from the scaphoid bone
to the styloid process of the radius. L., Lateral,
External (of elbow), that extending from the annular
ligament of the radius to the external condyle of the
humerus. L., Lateral, External (of jaw), that
extending from the lower border of the zygoma to the
outer surface of the neck of the inferior maxilla. L.,
Lateral, External (of knee), that joining the head of
the fibula and the internal condyle of the tibia. L.,
Lateral, External (of wrist). See I., lateral. Ex-
ternal (of carpus). L., Lateral, Internal (of ankle-
joint), one joining the internal malleolus, and the
astragalus, calcaneum, and scaphoid. L., Lateral,
Internal (of carpus), a ligamentous cord joining the
styloid process of the ulna, the pisiform bone, and the
anterior annular ligament. L., Lateral, Internal (of
elbocu), one extending from the coronoid process of the
ulna and the inner edge of the sigmoid fossa, to the
internal condyle of the humerus. L., Lateral, In-
ternal (of /aw). .See Z., Lateral, Internal (of Tern -
poro-maxillary articulation). L., Lateral, Internal
(of knee), one extending from the internal condyle of J
the femur to the internal condyle and shaft of the j
tibia. L., Lateral, Internal (of temporo-nia.xilhvy
articulation), one extending from the inferior maxilla,
near the inferior dental foramen, to the spinous ])ro-
cess of the sphenoid bone. L., Lateral, Long Ex-
ternal (of knee], one running from the external
condyle of the femur to the head of the fibula.
L., Lateral, Short External (of knee-joint), one ex-
tending from the head of the fibula to the external
condyle of the femur and posterior portion of the
LIGAMENT
683
LIGAMENT
capsular ligament. L., Lateral, Short Internal
(of knee-joint), one joining the upper portion of the
tibia and the internal fibro-cartilage. L., Lauth's,
the transverse ligament of the atlas. L., Longi-
tudinal (of liver). See Z., Broad (of liver). L.,
Lumbo-costal, the anterior edge of the lumbo-dor-
sal fascia. L., Lumbo-iliac. See L., Ilio-litmJ>ar.
L., Lumbo-sacral, a part of the iliolumbar,
extending from the sacrum to the ilium, across the
sacro iliac synchondrosis. L., Mauchart's. Same
as L., Odontoid, Alar. L., Metacarpal, Trans-
verse, one joining the distal extremities of the four
inner metacarpal bones. L., Metacarpo-phalan-
geal. Anterior. See L., GUtioid. L., Metacarpo-
phalangeal, Lateral, one joining the lateral surfaces
of the phalanges and metacarpal bones. L., Meta-
tarsal, Interosseous, one of those joining adjacent
metatarsal bones. L., Metatarsal, Transverse, one
uniting the distal extremities of the metatarsal bones.
L., Metatarso-phalangeal, Lateral, one joining the
lateral surfaces of the phalanges and metatarsal bones.
L., Metatarso-phalangeal, Plantar, one of those
joining the plantar surfaces of the phalanges and
metatarsal bones. L., Mucous (of knee-joint), a fold
of synovial membrane extending from the intercon-
dyloid fossa to the lower margin of the patella. L.,
Naviculo-cuboid, one of those between the scaphoid
and cuboid bones. L., Naviculo-cuneiform, one
of those joining the scaphoid and cuneiform bones.
L., Oblique (of forearm). See L., Round (of fore-
arm). L., Obturator, the obturator membrane. L.,
Obturator, External. See Z., Occipito-atlantal,
Posterior. L., Occipito-atlantal, Lateral, one of
those joining the transverse processes of the atlas
to the jugular processes of the occipital bone. L., Oc-
cipito-atlantal, Posterior, one joining the dorsal
arch of the atlas and the posterior margin of the great
foramen. L., Occipito-atloid, Anterior, a liga-
ment joining the anterior arch of the atlas to the
anterior margin of the great foramen. L., Occipito-
axial. 'Siee.L., Oecipito-a.xoid. L., Occipito-axoid,
a strong ligament attached to the clivus of Blumen-
bach above and to the body of the axis and adjoining
vertebra below. L., Odontoid, any one of the broad,
strong ligaments arising on either side of the apex
of the odontoid process and connecting the atlas with
the skull. L., Odontoid, Alar. SeeZ., Odontoid,
Lateral. L., Odontoid, Lateral, one of the ligaments
joining the condyles of the occiput and the odontoid
process of the axis. L., Odontoid, Middle, one
joining the anterior margin of the great foramen and
the tip of the odontoid process. L., Omoclavicular.
SeeZ., Coraco-clavictilar. L., Orbicular
See Z., Annular (of radius). L., Ovarian, a band
of muscular fibers, extending from the posterior surface
of the uterus on either side to the ovary. L., Palmar.
SeeZ., Glenoid. L., Palpebral. See Z., Tarsal.
L., Palpebral, External, that joining the outer
margin of the orbit and the tissues of the eye-lid. L.,
Palpebral, Internal, one extending from the nasal pro-
cess of the superior maxilla to the lacrymal spine of the
lacrymal bone and the inner end of the tarsal cartilage.
L. patellae, a strong fibrous structure, extending from
the tubercle of the tibia upward to become the tendon
of the quadriceps extensor muscle ; it embraces the
patella. L., Patellar, Lateral, one of those joining
the sides of the condyles of the femur and the patella.
L. pectinatum, the spongy tissue at the junction of the
cornea and sclera in the sinus of the anterior chamber
of the eye. It forms the root of the iris. L., Phalan-
geal, Anterior, one of the ligaments on the palmar
and plantar surfaces of the phalanges. L., Phalan-
geal, Lateral, one of those joining the sides of contigu-
ous phalanges. L., Phrenico-colic, a peritoneal fold
joining the diaphragm and tlie splenic flexure of the
colon. L., Phrenico-gastric, a peritoneal fold be-
tween the diaphragm and the cardiac end of the stom-
ach. L., Phreno-colic. See Z., Phrenico-colic. L.,
Phreno-splenic. 'A&t L. , Suspensory (of spleen). L.,
Plantar, Deep. See Z., Calcaneo-cuboid, Short.
L., Plantar, Long. See Z., Calcaneo-cztboid Long.
L., Plantar, Short. See Z., Calcaneo-cuboid, Short.
L., Pleuro-colic. See Z., Phrenico-colic. L., Pos-
terior (of ankle-joint), a transverse ligament cover-
ing the ankle-joint posteriorly. L., Posterior (of
elbow), a ligament covering the elbow posteriorly.
L., Posterior (of mens), one joining the horizontal
process of the incus and the posterior tympanic
wall. L., Posterior (of knee-joint), one bounding the
knee posteriorly. L., Posterior (of malleus), the
posterior portion of the external ligament of the
malleus. L., Posterior (of sacro-coccygeal articzila-
tion). L. , Sacro-coccvgeal, Posterior. L., Pos-
terior (of wrist), one covering the dorsal surface of
the carpus. L., Poupart's, the ligament extending
from the anterior superior spine of the ilium to the
spine of the pubis and the pectineal line. It is the
lower portion of the aponeurosis of the external oblique
muscle. L., Pterygo-maxillary, one joining the
apex of the internal pterygoid plate of the sphenoid
and the posterior extremity of the internal oblique line
of the lower jaw. L., Pubic, a portion of the fascia
lata attached to the crest of the pubes. L., Pubic,
Anterior, a band of fibrous tissue covering the anterior
surface of the pubis. L., Pubic, Inferior, a triangular
ligament, extending from the symphysis of the pubis
to the rami of the pubic bones. L., Pubic, Posterior,
one covering the symphysis pubis posteriorly. L.,
Pubic, Superior, one extending across the upper sur-
face of the symphysis pubis. L., Pubo-femoral, one
joining the margin of the obturator foramen, the
pectineal eminence and the superior ramus of the
pubis with the lesser trochanter of the femur. L.,
Pubo-prostatic, the anterior true ligament of the
bladder. L., Pubo-vesical, Middle, in the female,
a ligament between the anterior surface of the bladder,
the inferior pubic ligament and the crura of the
clitoris. L., Pulmonary, ^tt L., Broad (of lung).
L., Pylori-colic, one running from the pyloric end
of the stomach to the transverse colon. L., Radio-
carpal. See Z., Lateral, External (of carpus). L.,
Radio-ulnar, Anterior, a ligament uniting, ante-
riorly, the lower end of the ulna and the anterior edge
of the sigmoid cavity of the radius. L., Radio-ulnar,
Posterior, one joining the posterior surface of the
lower end of the ulna, and the posterior margin of the
sigmoid cavity of the radius. L., Radio-ulnar,
Round. See Z., Pound (of forearm). L. of the
Rectum, that part of the recto vesical fascia extend-
ing to the side of the rectum. L. of Retzius, the
outer portion of the anterior annular ligament of the
leg. L., Rhomboid, one joining the cartilage of the
first rib and the tuberosity of the clavicle. It is a part
of the costo-clavicular ligament. L., Round (of fore-
arm), one joining the coronoid process of the ulna and
the tuberosity of the radius. L., Round (of hip).
See Z. teres. L., Round (of liver), a fibrous cord
running from the umbilicus to the notch in the ante-
rior border of the liver. It represents the remains of the
obliterated umbilical vein. L., Round, Posterior, a
muscular band extending from the posterior surface of
the uterus through the broad ligament to the sub-peri-
toneal pelvic fascia. L., Round (of superior radio-
ulnar articulation). See Z., Round (of forearm).
LIGAMENT
684
LIGAMENT
L., Round {of utei-iis), a ligament running from the
anterior surface of the cornu of the uterus, through the
inguinal canal to the mons veneris. L., Sacro-
coccygeal, Anterior, a two-headed ligament extend-
ing from the first vertebra of the coccyx to the last
sacral vertebra anteriorly. L., Sacro-coccygeal,
Lateral, one of those joining the sides of the sacrum
and the trfinsverse processes of the coccygeal vertebrae.
L., Sacro-coccygeal, Posterior, one extending from
the lower portion of the sacrum over the posterior sur-
face of the coccyx. L., Sacro-iliac, Anterior, a thin
fibrous structure covering the pelvic surfaces of the sac-
rum and ilium. L., Sacro-iliac, Interosseous, one
joining the sacrum and ilium. L., Sacro-iliac, Long.
See Z. , Sacro-iliac , Oblique. L., Sacro-iliac, Ob-
lique, a portion of the posterior sacro-iliac ligament,
arising from the posterior spine of the ilium. L.,
Sacro-iliac, Posterior, one extending from the side
of the sacrum to the posterior spines of the ilium. L.,
Sacro-iliac, Short, that extending from the posterior
inferior iliac spine to the side of the sacrum. L.,
Sacro-ischiatic, Great. 'i&Q L., Sacro-sciatic, Great.
L., Sacro-ischiatic, Lesser, one extending from the
spine of the ischium to the point of junction of the sac-
rum and coccyx. L., Sacro-sciatic, Anterior. See
Z., Sacro-isckiatic, Lesser. L., Sacro-sciatic, Great,
a triangular-shaped ligament extending from the
sacrum, coccyx, and inferior iliac spine, to the tuber-
osity of the ischium. L., Sacro-sciatic, Large. See
Z., Sacro-ischiatic, Great. L., Sacro-sciatic, Lesser.
See Z., Sacro-ischiatic , Lesser. L., Sacro-sciatic,
Posterior. See Z., Sacro-ischiatic, Great. L., Sa-
cro-sciatic, Small. 'Site L., Sacro-ischiatic, Lesser.
L., Sacro-spinal. See Z., Sacro-ischiatic. L.,
Sacro-spinous. See Z., Sacro-ischiatic. L., Sacro-
vertebral. See Z. , Lmnbo- sacral. L. of Schlemm,
a ligament of the shoulder-joint. L., Spheno-max-
illary. See Z., Lnteriial Lateral [of teiiiporo-?>iax-
illary articulation). L., Spiral, one attached to the
wall of the cochlea. L., Stellate. See L., Costo-
central. Anterior. L., Sternal, Anterior, one con-
necting the manubrium and the gladiolus, anteriorly. L.,
Sternal, Posterior, one joining the posterior surfaces
of the two upper bones of the sternum. L., Sterno-
clavicular, Anterior, a fibrous structure extending
anteriorly from the sternum to the inner end of the
clavicle. L., Sterno-clavicular, Posterior, one
joining the clavicle and the sternum posteriorly. L.,
Sterno-costal, Anterior. See Z., Costo-sternal,
Anterior. L., Sterno-costal, Posterior. See Z.,
Costo-sternal, Posterior. L., Sterno-xiphoid. See
Z., Sternal, Anterior. L., Stylo-hyoid, a fibrous
cord extending from the apex of the styloid process of
the temporal bone, to the lesser cornu of the hyoid
bone. L., Stylo-maxillary, a ligament joining the
styloid process of the temporal bone and the under
surface of the posterior margin of the ramus of the in-
ferior maxilla. L., Stylo-myloid. See Z., Stylo-
maxillary. L., Sub-pubic. See Z., Pubic, Lnferior.
L., Superior {of clitoris), one extending from the
clitoris over the bulb of the vagina, and blending with
the perineum. L., Superior [of incus). See Z.,
Suspensory [of incus). L., Superior (of malleus) , a.
round ligament extending from the head of the malleus
to the upper and outer wall of the tympanic cavity.
L., Supra-scapular. See Z., Coracoid. L., Supra-
spinal, one uniting the apices of the spinous processes
of the vertebra;. L., Supra-spinous. .See Z., Supra-
spinal. L., Suspensory (of bladder). See Z., False,
Superior (of bladder) . L., Suspensory (of clitoris),
one attaching the clitoris to the lower portion of the
symphysis pubis. L., Suspensory (of crystalline
lens), the zonule of Zinn. L., Suspensory (of dia-
phragm), that portion of the prevertebral fascia,
attaching the center of the diaphragm to the bodies of
the last cervical and first dorsal vertebrre. L., Sus-
pensory (i)//i//;«6V7«) . See Z., Coraco-hiuneral. L.,
Suspensory (of inci/s), Arnold's ligament, con-
necting the body of the incus with the roof of the
tympanum. L., Suspensory (of liver). See Z.,
Broad (of liver). L., Suspensory (of malleus). See
Z., Superior (of malleits). L., Suspensory (of
mamma), a fibrous band extending from the fascia
above over the anterior surface of the mamma. L.,
Suspensory (of mesentery) , the root of the mesentery.
L., Suspensory (of penis), that attaching the upper
portion of the dorsum of the penis to the anterior sur-
face of the symphysis pubis. L., Suspensory (of
spleen), a peritoneal fold attaching the spleen to the
lower surface of the diaphragm. L., Suspensory (of
uterus). See Z., Broad (of uterus) and Z., Round
(of uterus). L., Tarsal, the tarso-orbital fascia. L.,
Tarso-metatarsal, Dorsal, one of those joining the
metatarsal and tarsal bones. L., Tarso-metatarsal
Interosseous, External, that joining the external
surface of the external cuneiform bone and the third and
fourth metatarsal bones. L., Tarso-metatarsal Inter-
osseous, Internal, one joining the internal cuneiform
and second metatarsal bones. L., Tarso-metatarsal
Interosseous, Middle, one joining the external
cuneiform and second metatarsal bones. L., Tarso-
metatarsal, Plantar, one of those joining the plantar
surfaces of the tarsal and metatarsal bones. L.,
Tendino-trochanterian, Bellini' s ligament, a strong
ligament extending from the capsule of the hip-joint
to the greater trochanter of the femur. L. teres, a
rounded fibrous cord attached to the center of the articu-
lar surface of the head of the femur, and extending to
the margin of the cotyloid notch of the acetabu-
lum. L., Thyro-arytenoid. See Vocal Bands. L.,
Thyro-arytenoid, Inferior, one of the inferior or true
vocal bands. L., Thyro-arytenoid, Superior, one
extending between the inner surface of the upper por-
tion of the thyroid cartilage and the anterior surfaces
of the apices of the arytenoid cartilages. L., Thyro-
epiglottic, one extending from the notch between the
wings of the thyroid cartilage to the apex of the epi-
glottis. L., Thyro-hyoid, the thyro-hyoid membrane.
L., Thyro-hyoid, Lateral, one of those joining the
tips of the greater cornua of the hyoid bone and the
superior cornua of the thyroid cartilage. L., Thyro-
hyoid, Middle, the center line of the thyro hyoid
membrane. L., Tibio-fibular, Inferior Posterior,
one at the lower tibio fibular articulation, running
obliquely downwaril from the tibia to the fibula. L.,
Tibio-fibular, Inferior Transverse. See Z., Tibio-
fibular, Transverse. L., Tibio-fibular Interosse-
ous, one extending between the tibia and the fibula.
L., Tibio-fibular Interosseous, Inferior, one joining
tlie tibia and tiie fibula at their lower extremities. L.,
Tibio-fibular, Posterior Inferior. See Z., Poste-
rior (of lovjcr tibio-fibular articulation). L., Tibio-
fibular, Posterior Superior, one joining the poste-
rior surface of the external tuberosity of the tibia and
the head of the fibula, posteriorly. L., Tibio-fibular,
Superior Posterior. SeeZ., Tibio-fibular, Posterior
Superior. L., Tibio-fibular, Transverse, one ex-
tending between the lower jiosterior border of the
tibia and the external malleolus. L., Tibio-tarsal,
one extending from the lower anterior margin of the
til)ia to the upper surface of the astragalus. L.,
Transverse (of acetabulum). See Z., Transverse
(of hipfoint). L., Transverse (of atlas), one at-
tached to two small tubercles on the inner surface of
LIGAMENTAL
685
LIGHT
the atlas, and surrounding the odontoid process of the
axis. L., Transverse {of hip-joint)^ one extending
across the cotyloid notch of the acetabulum. L.,
Transverse [of knee-joint), one extending from the
anterior margin of the external semilunar fibro-carti-
lage to the extremity of the internal semilunar fibro-
cartilage. L., Transverse, Medial (of tarsus), one
extending from the first cuneiform to the bases of the
third and fourth metatarsal bones. L., Transverse
(of shoulder-joint). See L,, Coraco-acromial. L.,
Transverso-costal. See Z., Costo-transverse. L.,
Trapezoid, the anterior or external portion of the
coraco-clavicular ligament, extending from the upper
surface of the coracoid process of the scapula, to the
under surface of the clavicle. L., Triangular : I. The
coraco-acroinial ligament, q. v. 2. That portion of the
aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle extending
from the outer portion of Poupart's ligament to the
linea alba. L., Triangular (of liver). See L., Lat-
eral (of liver'). L., Triangular, Anterior (of pelvis).
Stt L., Pubic, Inferior. L., Utero-rectal. See Z.,
Utero-sacral. L., Utero-sacral, one of the recto-
uterine folds of peritoneum. L., Utero-vesical, one
of the folds of peritoneum connecting the bladder to
the uterus. L., Vertebral, Posterior, one extend-
ing from the axis to the sacrum, along the posterior
surface of the bodies of the vertebrae. L., Vesico-
uterine. See Z., Utero-vesical. L., Weitbrecht's.
A bundle of fibers upon the anterior aspect of the
interosseous ligament of the radio-cubital articulation.
L., Winslow's, the posterior ligament of the
knee-joint. See Z., Posterior (of knee-joint). L.,
Y-shaped (of Bigeloiv) , the llio-feinoral ligament.
L. of Zinn, the tendinous origin of the external, in-
ferior, and internal recti muscles of the eye.
Ligamental (lig-am-en' -tal), Ligamentary (lig-atn-
en'-ta-re) \ligare, to bind]. Of the nature of a liga-
ment.
Ligamentous (lig-am-en' -tus) \_ligamentii?n , from
ligare, to bind]. Of the nature of, or pertaining to, a
ligament.
'{A^z.m&Xi.X.yxva (lig-am-en' -turn) [ L. : pi. , Ligamenta'\.
See Ligament. L. dentis, a name given to that
portion of the gum which is attached to the neck of
a tooth.
Ligation (li-ga' -shun) \_ligatio : ligare, to tie]. The
operation of tying, especially of tying arteries. L.
of Cord, applying a ligature about the umbilical cord
of the new-born child. L., Multiple, the application
of several ligatures in the course of a vessel. L. in
Continuity, ligation of a vessel in its course for the
cure of an aneurysm or to arrest hemorrhage at some
distant point.
Ligator (li-ga' -tor) \_ligare, to bind]. An instrument
used in placing and fastening ligatures.
Ligature (/zj-'-aZ-zir) \figatura ; ligare, \.o A cord
or thread of any material for tying arteries, etc. L.,
Animal, one made from sheepgut or catgut, or the ten-
dons or sinews of various animals. L., Articulated,
the Ecraseur, q. v. L., Aseptic, one rendered free
from infective material by soaking in and cleansing with
germicidal solutions, or by boiling or heating. L.,
Buckskin, the first absorbable ligature used by
Physick, who employed untanned buckskin. L.,
Carbolized, a ligature rendered aseptic by carbolic
acid. L., Catgut, a ligature made from the middle
coat of the sheep's intestine, and rendered aseptic and
tough by carbolic acid or perchlorid of mercury. L. ,
Chromicised, a ligature hardened by treatment
with a solution of chromic acid. L., Deer-skin,
a ligature formed of a thin strip cut from prepared
deer-skin and rendered aseptic. L., Double, the
application of two ligatures to a vessel, between
which it is divided. In the case of a pedunculated
growth it refers to two ligatures passed through the
same opening and tied at opposite sides. L., Blastic,
a narrow band or thread of india-rubber applied tightly
to a part so as to destroy the tissues and by compres-
sion to lead to separation. It is used in the treatment
of hemorrhoids, anal fistula, and in the removal of
pedunculated growths. L., Erichsen's, one consisting
of a double thread, one-half of which is white, the other
half black ; it is used in the ligation of nevi. L.,
Hemp, a thread made from hemp-fibers rendered
aseptic. L., Horsehair, an excellent ligature formed
by plaiting together a number of strands of horsehair.
After immersion in oil for some time it becomes ex-
tremely supple, and is capable of slow absorption. L.,
Immediate, a ligature including the vessel alone. L.,
Intermittent, a tourniquet applied above a poLsoned
wound to interrupt the blood-current ; it is occasion-
ally relaxed to allow of renewal of the circulation. L.,
Kangaroo, a ligature made from the smaller tendons
of the kangaroo's tail, dried and carbolized. It is
stouter than the catgut ligature, and is not absorbed
.so readily. L., Lateral, partial occlusion of the
lumen of a vessel by a loose ligature. L., " Loose,"
a ligature employed by the younger Cline and South.
It consists in the application of a thread around an
artery so loosely as not to interfere with the passage of
the blood. It was erroneously believed to cause an
inflammation that would completely block up the ves-
sel. L., Mediate, one enclosing some of the
soft parts as well as the artery. L., Metallic, one
made of silver or other metal. L., Momeritary, the
momentary application of a tight ligature so as to rup-
ture the intima of an artery. L., Ox-aorta, a form
of broad ligature introduced by Harwell for the pur-
pose of tying an artery without lacerating its inner and
middle coats ; it consists of the middle coat of the aorta
of the ox, cut spirally, allowed to dry, and, ten minutes
before using, soaked in a five per cent, sohition of car-
bolic acid in water. L., Permanent, one made of
non absorbable material. L., Phlebotomy, the appli-
cation of a band to a limb to produce distention of the
veins to facilitate venesection. L., Provisional, a
ligature applied during an operation, with the intention
of removing it before the completion of the operation.
L., Quadruple, two double ligatures passed at right
angles through a growth and tied in four sections; it
is used in the strangulation of nevi. L., Scarpa's,
one employed in the ligation of arteries ; it consists of
a small fold of linen which is placed against the vessel
and over which the ligature is tied. L., Silk, a
thread of silk for ligating vessels. L., Silkworm-
gut, a material recommended for purposes of ligation
by MacSweeny in 1818. It is the fiber drawn out
from the silkworm killed when it is just ready to spin
its cocoon. L., Soluble, an animal ligature capable
of being absorbed. L., Tendon, the tendon, or
strips of tendons, of various animals, as those of the
kangaroo, deer, and whale, dried and carbolized. L.,
Wire, a metallic wire for the ligation of arteries and
other parts. After its application it is cut short and
allowed to become encapsulated.
Light (lit) [ME., //fV//, light]. That form of energy
which, when impinging upon the retina, gives rise to
the sensation of vision. The old theory was the so-
called Emission, or Corpuscular Theory, which re-
garded light as consisting of minute material particles
emitted by the luminous body and giving rise to the
sensation of vision by impinging upon the
retina. The accepted, or Undulatory , Theory re-
gards light as a form of ethereal vibration or undu-
LIGHTERMAN'S BOTTOM
686
LILAC
lation produced by the luminous body and propagated
in all directions with a velocity in a vacuum of about
186,500 miles per second. Maxwell s Elect romagnetic
Theory supposes light to be an "electromagnetic dis-
turbance propagated by vibrations at right angles to
the direction of the ray, and taking place in the
ether, the strains or vibrations of which serve to pro-
pagate electromagnetic induction." L., Axial, light-
rays that are parallel to each other and to the optic
axis ; in microscopy the axial ray of the cone of light
must be parallel to the optic axis of the microscope.
L.-blue. See Pigments, Conspectus of. L.-brain, a
weak-minded person. L., CentraL See Z. , L.,
Diffused, that reflected simultaneously from an infinite
number of surfaces, or that which has been scattered by
means of a concave mirror or lens. L., Dispersion of.
See L. , Spectrum of. L., Drummond, that produced
by heating lime to incandescence, as in the oxy-hydro-
gen tlame. L., Klectric, that produced by the passage
of electricity through a medium having high resistance,
such as the carbon-film of the incandescent light, or the
interval of air between the carbons of the arc light,
the medium of high resistance being heated to white-
ness. L. -green. See Pigments, Conspectus of. L.-
headed, giddy ; flighty ; delirious. L., Incandes-
cent, the incandescence produced as a result of the
resistance offered to the passage of an electric current
through a delicate film of carbon. L., Incident, or
Direct, that falling upon a surface or object. L.,
Monochromatic, that which, on being analyzed by a
prism, consists approximately of waves of one length
only. L., Oblique, when parallel rays or the axial ray
of a cone of light forms an angle with the optic axis of
the microscope. See also Illiiinination , Oblique. L.-
red. Same as Ocher. L., Reflected, light thrown upon
the object and then thrown back from the object. L.,
Reflection of, that property by which a ray of light
striking an object rebounds, or is sent out again. Rays
falling on a plane surface are reflected at an angle equal
to that of the incident ray. Objects are perceived
by the light reflected by such rays. L., Refraction of,
that property by which a ray or pencil of light, when
passing through media of different densities, is deflected
out of its course. .See Law of Refraction . L.-sense,
the faculty by which different degrees of light or
brightness may be distinguished. L., Spectrum of.
See Spectrum, and IVave-lengths. L.-spot, Triangu-
lar, the pyramidal spot of light seen on the normal tym-
panic membrane, having its apex at the umbo, and its
base toward the periphery. L., To Feel ; quickening ;
the sensation conveyed to the mother by the move-
ments of the fetus in utero. L., Transmitted,
the light passing through an object.
Lighterman's Bottom. Inflammation of the bursa
over the tuberosity of the ischium, from much
sitting.
Lighting (lit'-im^) [ME., lihtinge, lighting]. The pro-
per arrangement of the optic parts of a microscope,
with the mirror so that the held is equally illuminated.
Lightning (lll'-ning) [ME., light, light]. An at-
mospheric discharge of electricity. In the form
commonly known as "chain" or "bolt" light-
ning, the electricity has an extremely high potential,
and a stroke under such circumstances is invariably
fatal when the discharge passes through a living body.
The form known as " sheet " lightning is a " brush ' '
discharge of low potential, and is harmless. L. Ca-
tarrh. Synonym of Influenza. L. Pains, the lancinat-
ing pains of locomotor ataxia, usually occurring in the
thighs, but also at times in the arms, head, and trunk.
They are severe and come on in paroxysms, and may
or may not follow the course of a nerve or nerves.
Lights {lits) [ME., light, light]. The lungs, so-called
because of their light weight.
Lignaloes (lig-nal' -dz) \_lignu?n aloes^. Same as Agal-
lochum and Eagle-wood, q. v.
Lignatile (lig' -}iat-il) \lignum, wood]. Same as Lig-
nicole.
Ligneous [lig' -ne-us) \lignum, wood]. Woody, or
having a woody texture.
Lignerolle's Amputation. See Operations, Table of.
Lignicole [lig' -nik-ol) Lignicoline [lig-nik' -o-lin) \_lig-
num,viooA; colere, to dwell]. In biology, growing
upon wood.
Lignification [lig-nifik-a'-shun') \lignum, wood;
facere, to make]. The process of turning into wood;
sometimes also applied to amyloid degeneration, q. v.
Ligniform (lig' -nif-orm) [^lignum, wood ; forma, form].
Resembling wood.
Lignin (lig'-tiin) \lignum, wood], Cjj,H.^^O,j (?). A
modification of cellulose, constituting the greater por-
tion of the weight of most dry wood. It has not been
isolated. L., Tests for ; phloroglucin gives a violet
color to lignified cell-walls. Anilin sulphate, in
slightly acidulated solution, gives a bright-yellow color.
Lignite [lig' -nit) \_lignum, wood]. Brown coal; im-
perfectly formed coal, or that in which the original
form of the wood is so distinctly preserved that it can
be readily distinguished by the eye. It is a source of
certain members of the paraffin group of hydro-
carbons. See Coal.
Lignivorous [lig-niv' -or-us) \_lignum, wood ; vorare,
to eat, to devour]. Applied to such insect larvs,
ants, beetles, etc., as devour wood.
Lignoin [lig'-no-in) [lignum, ■wooA'], C2QH23NOg. An
alkaloid found in certain Cinchonas.
Lignose [lig'-nds). .'^ee Cellulose.
Lignum [lig'-num) [L.]. Wood. L. agallochum,
aloes wood. L. benedictum, guaiac wood. L.
cedrium, cedar wood. L. vitae. See Guaiacum.
Ligroin [lig'-i-o-in) [origin obscure]. A product ob-
tained from petroleum, boiling at from 80° to 120° C,
and having a specific gravity of from .710 to .730. It
is used in pharmacy for solvent purposes, and for
burning in sponge-lamps.
l^iguXa. [lig' -u-lah) [dim. of a tongue]. A little
tongue or tongue-shaped organ ; the epiglottis ; the
clavicle ; the tenia of the fourth ventricle, called also
ala pontis or ponticulus. Also, a name given to
the tongue of an articulate. See Lingula. In biology,
applied to various strap-shaped organs or parts, as the
corolla- blade in a plant, or the long tongue-like organ
of hymenopterous insects. Also called Ligule.
Ligulate [lig'-u-ldt] \_ligula, from lingua, tongue].
.Shaped like a small tongue ; strap-shaped.
Ligule [lig'-til) \ligula, a variety of lingula, a little
tongue; a strap]. Same as Ligula.
Liguliform [lig-u' -lif-orm). See Ligulate.
Ligulin [lig'-u-lin) \ligula, a little tongue]. The col-
oring-matter of Levisticum officinale, Koch, and of the
berries of the common privet [Ligustrum vulgare).
With limestone water it strikes a bright-red color
changing to blue, whence it has been used as a test
for the presence of limestone in water.
Ligusticum [li-gus' -tik-ui/i) \_ltyvaTin6(;, Ligurian]. A
genus of umbelliferous plants : lovage. L. actaei-
folium is carminative and stimulant, as is also L.
apiifolium of N. America. Unof.
Ligustrum [li-gus' -trum) [L.]. A genus of oleaceous
shrubs; privets. L. vulgare, the common privet, has
astringent leaves and bark, and cathartic berries. Unof.
"LW&c [ti'-lok) [Ar., lilac]. The leaves and fruit
of Syringa vulgaris, a bitter tonic, with reputed anti-
periodic properties. Unof.
LILY OF THE VALLEY
687
LINCTUS
Lily of the Valley. See Convallaria majalis.
Limb (li7>i) [ME., lini, a limb]. I. A member of an
animal body, other than the head or trunk ; a leg or
arm. 2. In biology, the lateral area, border, or margin
of an organ or part. An organ of prehension or lo-
comotion. 'L,., AviXexioT [of the internal cajtsii/e) , the
part of the internal capsule in front of the knee, in-
cluded between the caudate and the lenticularnucleus.
L., Artificial, a mechanical substitute for an arm or a
leg. L.-girdle, the bony or cartilaginous junction of
a limb and the trunk. L., Pectoral, the upper or
fore-limb. L., Pelvic, the lower or hind-limb. L.
Plexus, the supposed rearrangement of nerve-strands
so as to connect nerves derived from different parts of
the spinal cord with particular groups of .muscles.
L., Posterior (0/ tlie internal capsule), the portion be-
hind the knee, situated between the caudate nucleus
and the optic thalamus. L.-root, the part of a
skeleton that bears a limb.
Limbate (lim' -bat) [limbus, a border]. Bordered.
Limbation [lim-ba'-s/iun) \limbus, a border]. In bi-
ology, the formation of an extended border ; a lateral
thickening.
Limbed {linul) [ME., //w, a limb]. Having limbs.
Limbic {lini'-bik) \_limbiis, a border]. Marginal; per-
taining to a border. L. Fissure. See Fissure. L.
Lobe, that surrounding the corpus callosum.
Limburger Cheese. See Cheese.
Limbus {liin'-bus) [L.]. A border. The circumfer-
ential edge of any flat organ or part. L. corneae,
the edge of the cornea at its junction with the
sclerotic coat. L. laminae spiralis, the spiral mem-
branous cushion, at the border of the osseous lamina
spiralis of the cochlea. L. luteus. See Macula
lutea. L. vieussenii, that portion of the edge of the
septum secundum in the fetal heart of the rabbit that
forms part of the boundary of the foramen ovale.
Lime (hm) [Ar, li?iiun, a lemon]. The fruit of several
species of Citrus, as C. liiiietta. L.-juice, the juice
of the lime. It should contain, when bottled, a small
percentage of sulphurous acid, to prevent fermentation.
Lime {lint) [ME. , lim, lime] . The popular name for cal-
cium oxid, CaO (quicklime), and calcium hydrate,
Ca(HO). Calcium oxid (quicklime) has a great affinity
for water and for COj. On contact with the former,
slaked lime is formed, with the evolution of heat. On
living tissues it acts as a caustic. L., Burnt, L.,
Caustic, calcium oxid, quicklime. L., Chlorid of, L.,
Chlorinated, the chlorid of lime of commerce, is not
a distinct chemic compound ; its chief constituent,
and the one on which its disinfectant properties depend,
is calcium hypochlorite, which liberates chlorin. L.-
secreting Glands. See Hlorrens' Glands. L.,
Milk of, a milky fluid consisting of calcium hydrate
suspended in water. L., Quick, L., Slaked, com-
mon terms for lime. L. -ointment, an ointment con-
sisting of slaked lime 4, lard I, and olive oil 3. L.-
water, a solution of calcium hydrate in water. It is
astringent and alkaline, and prevents the formation
of dense coagula if added to milk. It is used in
cases of diarrhea and vomiting.
Limen [H'-vien) {/ufir/v, a harbor]. Threshold.
Limic (/m'-?i) [A(//df, hunger]. Pertaining to hunger.
'LmiinaX (lim' -in-al) [A(//7a', threshold]. Least; lowest;
mnimal. L. Intensity. See Law, Feckner's.
Limitans, Limiting [lim' -it-ajiz, lim'-it-ing) \7ajiriv,
threshold]. Bounding. L. Membrane, the thin
membrane on which the epithelial tissue of the various
glands rests. L. Membrane, External, the thin
layer between the outer nuclear layer of the retina
and that of the rods and cones. L. Membrane, In-
ternal, in the eye, the inner layer of the retina.
Limitrophic [lim-it-rof -ik) \limitropits , a name given
to Roman lands furnishing subsistence to soldiers].
Regulating the processes of nutrition ; a qualification
sometimes applied to the great ganglionic cord of the
sympathetic nerve-system, or to that system at large ;
pertaining to the sympathetic nerves.
Limnemic (li?ii-ne' -mik) [^/Jjuv//, marsh]. Pertaining
to, or caused by the influence of, a marsh.
Limnomephitis (litn-no-me-fi' -lis) [^aI/iv?i, marsh ; me-
pAitis, noxious odor]. Any miasm or noxious odor
arising from marshy ground or swamps.
Limoctonia {lim-ok-to' -ne-ah) \_'/i/j6(;, hunger; ureiveiv,
to destroy]. Death from hunger; suicide by hunger.
Limonene \li' -7no-neii) [^li/no, a lemon]. The same as
Citrene, q. v.
Limonum (li-tno' -num) [L. : gen., Liinonis ; from the
Arabic li7nun\ Lemon. The fruit of Citrus limo-
nuin, of the same genus as the orange and the
lime. The rind contains a volatile oil, isomeric
with oil of turpentine. The pulp yields about 7
per cent, of citric acid, CgH^O,, which has about the
same properties as acetic acid, but has much value as
a refrigerant and antiscorbutic. The expressed juice
is largely employed as a refrigerant drink in fevers.
L., 01., the volatile oil. Dose Tl\j-v. L., Spt.,
" e.ssence of lemon," 6 parts of oil and 4 of peel in
90 parts of alcohol. L., Succus (B. P.), used in pre-
paring syrupus limonis. L., Syr., lemon-juice 40,
lemon-peel 2, sugar 60, water q. s. ad 100. Dose gj.
L., Tinct. (B. P.) Dosegss-ij. Acidi citrici, Syr.,
citric acid, water, aa 8, spt. of lemon 4, water 980.
Limophoitos (lim-o-fo' -it-os), Limophoitosis [li»i-o-
fo-it-o' -sis) [/^(//(5^', hunger ; 0o;rof, madness] . Insanity
due to hunger or lack of nutrition.
Limophoitosic [lim-o-fo-it-o' -sik) [Xi^id^, hunger ; (fioi-
Taeiv, to wander]. Insane from hunger or under-
feeding.
Limophthisis {lim-off' -this-is) [?(//df , hunger ; (j>diatc,
wasting]. The wasting of the body due to privation
and lack of food.
Limopsora (lim-op-so' -rah) [^(/ydf, hunger; rpQpa,
itch]. A kind of scabies (or pruritus?) asserted to
attack man and other animals after long deprivation of
food.
Limopsorus (lim-op-so' -rus) [A(/idf , hunger ; ipu>pa,
itch]. A disease, like scurvy, pellagra, or famine-
fever, due to poor or insufficient food.
Limoseric {lim-o-ser' -ik) [A(/idf, hunger]. Pertaining
to or caused by hunger.
Limosis (lim-o'-sis) [V.iud^, hunger: //. , Limosesl.
Unnatural appetite ; a class of diseases distinguished
by depraved appetite.
Limotherapy (lim-o-ther'-ap-e) [/ifidg, hunger; depa-
ncia, treatment]. The treatment of disease by partial
or total deprivation of food. This method is useful in
certain stages of syphilis, in the treatment of aneurysm,
and is recommended in some cases of malignant
disease.
Limp [AS., le?np, awkward]. A halting gait. See
Claudicatio.
Limprecht's Method. See Nitrogen.
Linagogue (lin'-ag-og), Linagogus (lin-ag-o' -gus)
[_linum, thread; dyujdf, leading]. An instrument
used in guiding the course of a suture.
L,insLxnent [lin'-am-ent) [//«««/, flax]. Charpie ; lint;
a tent for a wound.
Linaria {lin-a' -re-ah) \linum, flax]. A genus of
herbs. L. vulgaris. See Atitirrhinum linaria.
Lincture [link'-iur] \_linctus ; lingere, to lick]. A
medicine to be taken by licking ; an electuary ; looch,
lohoch, or eclegma. [Old.]
Linctus (Jink'-tus) [L.]. Same as Lincture.
LINE
688
LINES
Line [I'm) \_linea, a line]. In geometry, that ex-
tension of dimension which has length, but neither
breadth nor thickness. Also, the jV part of an inch.
In anatomy, a boundary or guide -mark. A Table of
Lines is appended. L., Atmospheric, those lines of
Fraunhofer's spectrum due to absorption of light-rays
by the atmosphere. L., Atrope, a name given by
Helmholtz to the perpendicular to the plane of the axes
of rotation of the eye. L., Colored [of /he enamel),
one of the concentric strix of enamel prisms. They
may indicate the laminar formation of the enamel.
L.-writing. See Ataxiagram.
TABLE OF LINES OR LINE/E.
Name.
Department, Significance, etc.
Description.
Abdominal.
See L. alba.
Of accommodation.
In optics.
Czermak's term for that portion of the visual line in which lie
objects that are seen with distinctness, and with a given state
or degree of accommodation.
Alba.
In anatomy.
1. A tendinous raphe extending in the median line of the
abdomen from the pubes to the ensiform cartilage. It is formed
by the blending of the aponeuroses of the oblique and trans-
versalis muscles.
2. Hunter's line, the anterior peduncles of the pineal gland.
Albicantes.
Distention of the abdomen from preg-
nancy, ascites, or tumors.
Glistening white lines in either iliac region of the abdomen.
Alveolo-basilar.
Craniometry.
A line joining the basion and the alveolar point.
Alveolo-nasal.
Craniometry.
A line joining the nasal and the alveolar point.
Aspera.
Anatomy.
1. A rough longitudinal ridge on the posterior surface of the
middle third of the femur, dividing below into two and above
into three ridges.
2. A ripa ; especially the line of rupture of the pia and endyma
on the dorsal surface of the thalamus, corresponding with the
margin of the fornix and the choroid sulcus of Schwalbe.
Atmospheric.
In spectroscopy.
That portion of Fraunhofer's lines produced by the absorption
of light-rays by atmospheric air.
Atrope.
Optics.
The line normal to the plane of the axes of rotation of the eye.
Atrophic.
Distention of the abdomen.
See L. albicantes.
Auriculo-bregmatic.
Craniometry.
A line passing from the auricular point to the bregma, and
dividing the pre-auricular from the post-auricular part of the
cranium.
Axillary, anterior and
posterior.
In physical diagnosis.
Vertical lines extending downward from the axilla on the
side of the trunk.
Baillarger's.
See L., Inner a.nA Outer.
Base line.
Brain-surgery.
A line running backward from the infra-orbital ridge through
the middle of the external auditory meatus, and prolonged to
the middle line of the head posteriorly.
Basio-alveolar.
Craniometry.
See L., Alveolo-basilar.
Basio-bregmatic.
Craniometry.
The line joining the basion and the bregma.
Baudelocque's.
Obstetrics.
The external conjugate diameter of the pelvis.
Biauricular.
Craniometry.
The line .separating the anterior from the posterior portion of
the skull. It extends from one auditory foramen over the
vertex to the other.
Blue.
In chronic lead-poisoning.
A blue-black line at the dental margin of the gums.
Bryant's.
In surgery.
Seei., Test.
Burton's.
See Z,., Gingival.
In various diseases.
Camper's {profile).
Craniometry.
A line running from the external auditory meatus to a point
just below the nasal spine.
Cardiac.
In palmistry.
The line that runs across the palm of the hand from the radial
side to the base of the index finger.
Cephalic.
Craniometry.
Any line joining certain points on the surface of the skull.
Of Chaussier.
Anatomy.
See L. media mesolobii.
Clapton's.
Chronic copper-poisoning.
A green line at the margin of the gums, with a similar green
stain extending for some distance on the teeth.
Colored (of the en-
amel).
Nature and significance not well
understood.
Concentric brown lines or striae crossing the enamel-prisms of
the teeth.
1
LINES 689 LINES
TABLE OF LINES OR LINE.E.—
Namk.
Department, Significance, etc.
Description.
Contour.
Microscopic anatomy.
Lines in dentine more or less parallel with the pulp-cavity,
probably due to the presence of interglobular spaces.
Corrigan's.
Chronic copper-poisoning.
A purple line at the junction of the teeth and gums.
Costo-articular.
In physical diagnosis.
A line drawn between the sterno-clavicular articulation and the
point of the eleventh rib.
Costo-clavicular.
In physical diagnosis.
See L., Parasternal.
Cruciate (4 in number).
In anatomy.
Ridges upon the ental surface of the occipital bone that
radiate from the internal occipital protuberance.
Crull's.
Craniometry.
See Z,., Supraorbital.
Curved, inferior (of
the ilium).
In anatomy.
A line extending from the upper part of the anterior-inferior
spinous process of the ilium, and terminating at the middle of
the great sciatic notch.
Curved, inferior (of
the occipital bone).
In anatomy.
A ridge extending transversely across the outer surface of the
occipital bone at about one-third of the distance between its
anterior border and the anterior border of the foramen
magnum.
Curved, inferior (of
the parietal bone).
In anatomy.
See Z,., Temporal.
Curved, middle (of
the ilium).
In anatomy.
A line commencing about an inch or an inch and a half behind
the anterior superior spine of the ilium and arching backward
and downward to the upper margin of the great sciatic notch.
Curved, superior (of
the ilium).
In anatomy.
A line commencing about two inches in front of the posterior
extremity of the crest of the ilium and curving downward and
forward toward the posterior part of the great sciatic notch.
Curved, superior (of
the occipital bone).
In anatomy.
A semicircular line, passing outward and forward from the
external occipital protuberance.
Curved, superior (of
the parietal bone).
In anatomy.
A ridge upon the outer surface of the parietal bone, parallel to
and slightly above the temporal line.
Of Daubenton.
Craniometry.
A line joining the opisthion and the projection of the lower
border of the orbit.
Of demarcation.
In surgery.
A line of division between healthy and gangrenous tissues.
Of De Salle.
In abdominal and other wasting
diseases.
See Z., Nasal.
Dobie's.
Microscopic anatomy.
The thin, dark disc or membrane passing transversely through
and bisecting the clear zone or stria in a striated muscle-fiber.
Doornick's horizontal
line.
Craniometry.
A line drawn from the median incisors to the maximum occipital
point.
Douglas's.
Topographic anatomy.
See L., Semicircular.
Eberth's.
.Microscopic anatomy.
The lines of junction of the cardiac muscle-cells.
Ectental.
Microscopic anatomy.
The line of junction of the ectoderm and endoderm.
Ellis's curved line.
In pleurisy.
The curved line followed by the upper border of a pleuritic
effusion, or of a hydrothorax. It is somewhat like the letter
S, the highest point being in the axilla, from which it descends
toward the sternum.
Embryonic.
Embryology.
The primitive trace in the center of the germinal area of the
ovum.
Eminens (of the cri-
coid cartilage).
Anatomy.
A mesal ridge of the dorsal half of the cricoid cartilage.
Eminens (of the patel-
la).
Anatomy.
A ridge on the posterior surface of the patella, dividing that
surface into two unequal parts, the outer of which is the
larger.
Eminens (of the pos-
terior pyramid, also
ofReil).
In anatomy.
A ridge descending posteriorly from the summit of the pyramis
cerebelli.
Eminens transversa (of
the hyoid bone).
Anatomy.
The horizontal ridge crossing the ventral surface of the body
of the hyoid bone.
Eminentes.
Anatomy.
The ridges upon the costal surface of the scapula, in the sub-
scapular fossa.
Facial.
Craniometry.
I. A straight line tangential to the glabella and some point at
the lower portion of the face. 2. See L., Camper's.
44
LINES 690 LINES
TABLE OF LINES OR l^mEJE.—Continuei^.
Name.
Department, Significance, etc.
Description.
Of fate.
In palmistry.
A line beginning near the wrist and running up the middle of
the palm toward the base of the index-finger.
Festooned [of the car-
diac extremity of the
esophagus).
Anatomy.
The whitish, dentated border of the mucosa of the esophagus
at its junction with the mucosa of the stomach.
Of fixation.
In optics.
An imaginary line drawn from the object viewed through the
center of rotation of the eye.
Focal.
In optics.
The lines, anterior and posterior, that bound the focal interval.
Of fortune.
In palmistry.
A line running upward to the base of the ring-finger.
Fraunhofer's.
In spectroscopy.
The black lines that cross a very pure solar spectrum. They
are produced by the light from lower portions of the solar
surface passing through certain incandescent metallic vapors
in the luminiferous envelop of the sun. and in the aqueous
vapor and permanent gases of the earth's atmosphere.
Fraunhofer's, artifi-
cial.
In spectroscopy.
A black line occupying the position of a luminous line in the
spectrum when a metallic vapor is interposed in the ray of
light; the position of the line varies with different metals.
Frohmann"s.
Microscopic anatomy.
Transverse lines or striae appearing on the axis-cylinder of
medullated nerve-fibers, near the nodes of Ranvier, after the
fibers have been stained with silver nitrate. Their significance
is unknown.
Frontal, minimum.
Craniometry.
The shortest transverse measurement of the forehead.
Fusca.
In pregnancy.
The pigmentation of the linea alba.
Gant's {of section).
In surgery.
A section of the femur, through an imaginary line below the
trochanter major.
Genal (fadelot's).
Supposed to indicate disease of some
abdominal organ.
A line in a child's face, running downward from the region of
the malar bone to join the nasal line.
Of Gennari.
Same as L. of Baillarger.
Gingival {Burton s).
Characteristic of various diseases.
A reddish streak or margin at the reflected edge of the gums.
Gluteal, anterior, in-
ferior, posterior.
See (Curved {of the iliufii)^ InfenoT
Middle, Superior.
Gottingen.
Anatomy.
A line following the general direction of the upper margin of
the zygoma.
Of Haller.
Anatomy.
See L. splendens.
Of the head.
In palmistry.
A line beginning between the thumb and index-finger, and ex-
tending across the center of the palm of the hand parallel to
the line of the heart.
Of health.
In palmistry.
See L., Hepatic.
Of the heart.
In palmistry.
See L., Cardiac.
Of Helmholtz.
In optics.
See L., Atrope.
Hepatic.
In palmistry.
A line beginning at the wrist near the line of life and running
upward to the base of the little finger.
Hilton's.
In anatomy.
A white line marking the point of junction of the skin of the
perineum with the mucosa of the anus, and also the point of
separation of the external from the internal sphincter. It is
not always readily detected.
—
xloioen s.
—
1 opograpnic anatomy. Of value in
amputation of the hip-joint.
A sulcus below the fold of the groin, starting from the femoro-
scrotal furrow, and fading away between the great trochanter
and the anterior superior iliac spine. It crosses the middle of
the capsule of the hip.
Horizontal.
Microscopic anatomy.
See Eberth^ s.
Hunter's.
Topographic anatomy.
See L. alba.
Ihering's.
Craniometry.
A line tangential to the lower margin of the orbit, and pass-
ing through the auricular point.
Iliac.
Anatomy.
The iliac portion of the ilio-pectineal line.
Ilio-pectineal.
Obstetrics.
The bony ridge marking the brim of the true pelvis, situated
partly on the ilium and partly on the pubis.
Ilio-pubic.
Obstetrics.
See L., Ilio-pectineal,
LINES 691 LINES
TABLE OF LINES OR LlNE/E.—Con/mued.
Name.
Department, Significance, etc.
Description.
Incremental (Salter's).
Microscopic anatomy.
A curved line in dentine, supposed to indicate the laminar
structure, and to correspond to the successive laminae or
strata of dentine.
Inner {of Baillar^er),
Anatomy.
A thin, whitish line parallel to the surface, seen with the naked
eye, in a section of the gray matter of the cerebrum. It is the
fifth line from without inward.
Innominate.
Obstetrics.
See Z., Jlio-pectineal.
Interauricular.
Craniometry.
A line joining the two auricular points.
Intercellular.
Microscopic anatomy.
The narrow intervals between contiguous cells of epithelium or
endothelium. They are filled by the cell-cement.
Intercondylar.
Anatomy.
A transverse ridge joining the condyles of the femur above the
intercondyloid fossa.
Intercondylean.
Anatomy.
See L., Iritercondylar.
Interjugal.
Craniometry.
A line joining the jugal points.
Intermalar.
Craniometry.
A line joining the malar points.
Intermediate.
Microscopic anatomy.
See L., Dobie's.
Intermediate (of ike
ilium).
Anatomy.
The ridge upon the crest of the ilium between its inner and out-
er lip.
Intertrochanteric, an-
terior (of the femur).
Anatomy.
A line upon the anterior surface of the femur, separating the
neck and shaft, extending between the tubercle and a point
close to and in front of the lesser trochanter.
Intertrochanteric, pos-
terior (of the femur).
Anatomy.
A ridge on the posterior surface of the femur, extending between
the greater and lesser trochanters.
Intertuberal.
Anatomy.
A line joining the inner borders of the ischial tuberosities, im-
mediately below the small sciatic notch.
Jadelot's
Various diseased conditions.
See Z., Genal, Labial, Nasal, and Oculozygomatic.
Of Kilian.
Anatomy.
See L. prominens.
Kirchoff's.
In spectroscopy.
See Z.., Fraunhofer's.
Labial (of Jadelof).
Supposed to indicate pulmonary dis-
ease.
A line on an infant's face running downward and backward from
the angle of the mouth.
Lateral.
Comparative anatomy.
In fishes, the line of openings of ducts on either side of the body.
Of life.
In palmistry.
A line starting near the wrist, skirting the base of the thumb,
and terminating between the thumb and the line of the Htead.
Ligar's.
In anatomy ; the upper point of tri-
section of the first indicates the
emergence of the gluteal artery : the
middle of the second, the spot where
the sciatic artery leaves the pelvis.
Two lines, one joining the posterior iliac spine at a point mid-
way between the tuber ischii and the great trochanter ; the
other from the posterior iliac spine to the inner point of trisec-
tion of a line between the tuber ischii and the trochanter.
Mammillary.
Physical diagnosis.
A vertical line passing through the center of the nipple.
Media mesolobii.
Anatomy.
The raphe of the callosum.
Media scroti.
Anatomy.
The raphe of the scrotum.
Median.
Anatomy.
A line joining any two points at the periphery of the meson or
median plane of the body.
Mylo-hyoidean.
Anatomy.
See Oblique, Internal (of the inferior max'illa).
Nasal (offadelot). Also
called De Salle's line.
Supposed to indicate abdominal dis-
ease and other wasting diseases.
A line on a child's face, starting at the upper margin of the ala
nasi, and encircling the angle of the mouth, extending down-
ward to the outer edge of the orbicularis muscle.
Naso-alveolar.
Craniometry.
See L., Alveolo-nasal.
Naso-basilar.
Craniometry.
The line drawn through thebasion and the nasal point.
Naso-lambdoid (of
Poirier).
Craniometry.
A line drawn from the naso-frontal groove to a point one centi-
meter above the lambda It is of value in determining the
position of the fissure of Rolando.
Naso-subnasal.
Craniometry.
The line running from the subnasal spine to the naso-frontal su-
ture.
Nfelaton's.
In surgery; in dislocation of the fe-
mur backward the trochanter is al-
ways found above this line.
A line drawn from the anterior superior spine of the ilium to the
most prominent part of the tuberosity of the ischium.
LINES 692 LINES
TABLE OF LINES OR l.lNEJE.—Con/mueJ.
Name.
Department, Significance, etc.
Description.
Neutral.
In physics.
The optic axis of a crystal.
Nigra.
Obstetrics.
The discoloration of the linea alba in pregnancy.
Nuchal, inferior.
Anatomy.
The inferior curved line of the occiput.
Nuchal, median.
Anatomy.
The external occipital protuberance.
Nuchal, superior.
Anatomy.
The superior curved line of the occiput.
Oblique {of the fibula).
Anatomy.
A prominent ridge on the internal surface of the shaft of the
fibula, commencing above at the inner side of the head, and
terminating in the interosseous ridge at the lower fourth of
the bone.
Oblique (of the radius).
Anatomy.
A prominent ridge running from the lower part of the bicipital
tuberosity, downward and outward, to form the anterior bor-
der of the bone.
Oblique (of the thyroid
cartilage).
Anatomy.
A line extending downward and outward from the tubercle of
the thyroid cartilage
Oblique (of the tibia).
Anatomy.
A rough ridge that crosses the posterior surface of the tibia ob-
liquely downward from the back part of the articular facet for
the fibula to the internal border.
Oblique, externa! (of
the inferior maxilla).
Anatomy.
A prominent ridge on the external surface of the inferior maxilla
just below the mental foramen, from which it runs outward,
upward, and backward to the anterior margin of the ramus.
Oblique, internal (of
the inferior maxilla).
Anatomy.
A ridge on the internal surface of the lower jaw, commencing at
the posterior portion of the sublingual fossa, continuing up-
ward and outward so as to pass just below the last two molar
teeth.
O c u 1 o 2 yg o matic (of
Jadelot).
Supposed to indicate cerebro-spinal
disease.
A line on a child's face running from the inner angle of the eye,
downward and outward, to the malar bone.
Ogston's.
Surgery ; in section of the internal
condyle from the shaft of the femur.
The line for the tendon of the adductor magnus, running from
the tubercle of the femur to the intercondyloid notch.
Outer (of Baillarger).
Anatomy.
A thin, whitish line parallel to the surface, seen with the naked
eye in a section of the gray matter of the cerebrum. It is the
third line from without inward.
Owen's.
Microscopic anatomy.
See Z,., Contour.
Pacini's.
Comparative anatomy.
A dark line in the electric plate of GyOTKO^aj, separating the
plate into two parts.
Pallial.
•
Comparative anatomy.
In molluscs, the lines left in the dead shell by the muscular mar-
gin of the mantle.
Parasternal.
Physical diagnosis.
A line midway between the two nipples.
Parturient.
Obstetrics.
The axis of the parturient canal.
Pectineal.
Obstetrics and anatomy.
That portion of the ilio-pectineal line which is formed by the pu-
bic bone.
Of Poirier.
See L,, Naso-lambdoid.
Popliteal.
Anatomy
See L.y Oblique (of the tibia).
Primitive.
Embryology.
The primitive streak of the embryo.
Profile (of Camper).
See Z.., Camper' s.
Profile (of Topinard).
See L., Topinard' s.
Prominens (of Kilian).
Anatomy.
The promontory of the sacrum.
Quadrate.
Anatomy.
A well-marked eminence on the femur commencing about the
middle of the posterior intertrochanteric line, and descending
vertically for about two inches along the posterior surface of
the shaft.
OfReil.
Anatomy.
See L. emine>!S (of the posterior pyramid).
Respiratory.
In sphygmography.
The line connecting the bases of the upward strokes in a trac-
ing of the pulse. In quiet breathing it is nearly straight, but
in labored respiration and in some diseased conditions it be-
comes a more or less regular curve, due to the influence of the
respiration on the circulation.
Roser's.
In surgery.
Same as/.., Nelaton's.
Salter's.
Microscopic anatomy.
See L., Incremental.
LINES 693 LINES
TABLE OF LINES OR LlNEJE.—CofUimied.
Name.
Department, Significance, etc.
Description.
Scapular.
Physical diagnosis.
A vertical line downward from the lower angle of the scap-
ula.
Schreger's.
Microscopic anatomy.
Lines in dentine, having a general parallelism to the pulp-cavity.
They are caused by a row of the primary or great curvatures
of the dentinal tubules.
Semicircular (Doug-
las's).
Topographic anatomy.
The curved lower edge of the internal layer of the aponeurosis
of the internal oblique muscle of the abdomen, where it ceases
to cover the posterior surface of the rectus abdominis.
Semilunar (of Spige-
lius).
Topographic anatomy.
A curved tendinous condensation of the aponeurosis of the ex-
ternal oblique muscle of the abdomen, running along the outer
border of the rectus abdominis.
Of sight.
In optics.
An imaginary line drawn from the object viewed to the center
of the pupil.
Sinuous, inferior (of
the aims).
Anatomy.
The convoluted line at the junction of the mucosa of the rectum
with the integument at the anus.
Solea.
Anatomy.
Oblique line of the tibia at the attachment of the soleus muscle.
Spigel's.
Topographic anatomy.
See L., Semilunar.
OfSpigelius.
Topographic anatomy.
See Z.., Sejnilunar.
Splendens {of Haller).
Anatomy.
A longitudinal fibrous band extending along the middle line of
the anterior surface of the spinal pia.
Sternal.
Physical diagnosis.
The median line of the sternum.
Sterno-mastoid.
In surgery.
A line drawn from a point between the two heads of the
sterno-mastoid muscle to the mastoid process.
Supracondylar, exter-
nal (of the femur).
Anatomy.
The external, inferior continuation of the linea aspera of the fe-
mur.
Supracondylar, inter-
nal (of the femur).
Anatomy.
The inner of the two ridges into which the linea aspera of the
femur divides.
Supra-orbital.
In craniometry.
A line extending horizontally across the forehead immediately
above the root of the external angular process of the frontal bone
Temporal.
Anatomy.
A curved line on the outer surface of the parietal bone, just be-
low the parietal eminence, forming in part the upper boundary
of the temporal fossa.
Test (Bryant's).
Surgery.
A line for detecting fracture or shortening of the neck of the fe-
mur. If two lines are drawn to meet at right angles, one of
them backward from the anterior superior spinous process of
the ilium, and the other upward from the top of the trochanter
major ; the latter is the test-line. Its length is to be compared
with the same line on the uninjured side.
Thompson's.
Frequently noticeable in pulmonary
tuberculosis.
A red line of vascular tissue along the margin of the gums.
Topinard's profile.
Craniometry.
Aline joining the intersuperciliary point and the most prominent
point of the chin.
Transverse (of the ab-
domen).
Anatomy.
The tendinous intersections in the course of the rectus abdomi-
nis muscle.
Transverse (of the
fourth ventricle).
Anatomy.
The striae acusticae of the fourth ventricle.
Transverse (o/" sacrum).
Anatomy.
Ridges formed by the lines of union of the four sacral vertebrae.
Trapezoid.
Anatomy.
The line of attachment of the trapezoid ligament on the inferior
surface of the outer portion of the clavicle.
Of Vicq d' Azyr.
Anatomy.
See L., Outer (of Baillarger).
Virchow's.
Craniometry.
The line extending from the root of the nose to the lambda.
Visual.
Optics.
An imaginary line, drawn from a point looked at, through the
nodal point of the eye, to the macula lutea.
Vogt's alveolar line.
Craniometry.
A line extending from the maximum occipital point to the
superior alveolar point.
L., Zollner's.
In optics (for test-purposes).
Draw three parallel horizontal lines one centimeter apart, and
through the upper and lower ones draw short, oblique, parallel
lines in the direction from above and the left to below and the
right : through the middle line draw similar oblique lines, but
in the opposite direction ; then the three horizontal lines no
longer appear to be parallel ; they are actually so, but some ap-
pear to converge and others to diverge.
LINEA
694
LIOMYOMA
Linea ilin'-e-alt) [L.]. A line. See Line.
Lineage [lin'-e-dj) \_/iHea, a line]. The line of de-
scent from an ancestor ; ancestry.
Lineal (lin'-e-al) \_/ini;a, line]. Pertaining to lineage.
See also, Linear.
Lineament (lin' -e-am-ent) \Jineamenfuin ; linea, a
line]. The outline of the face, or of any of its fea-
tures. Also, the outline of the embryo.
Linear (lin'-e-ai-) \_iinea, a line]. Resembling or per-
taining to a line. Applied in biology to an organ that
is narrow, many times longer than broad, and that has
parallel margins. L. Craniectomy. See Craniec-
tomy. L. Extraction. See Cataract. L. Frac-
ture, one forming a line, and attended with little or no
displacement of the fragments.
Lineate {liii'-e-dt) \_liniatus ; linea, line]. Marked
with lines.
Linen (lin'-en^. See Flax.
Lineola {lin-e-o' -lali) [L., a small line : //. , Lineolaf\.
A minute or faint line.
Lineolate [lin' -e-o-lat) \_lineola, a little line]. In bi-
ology, minutely lined or scored.
Lineolet [li>i' -e-o-let) \lineola, a small line]. In bi-
ology, a minute line.
Ling's System. A method of treatment of disease by
gymnastic and other rhythmic movements of the body,
employed by Ling, a Swedish physician ; kinesither-
apy. See Swedish System.
Lingam [lin' -gam). See Phallits.
Lingism {ling' -izni) . .See Ling's System.
Lingua (Jin'-giuah) [L.: gen. and//., Lingua'\ The
tongue. L. frsenata, tongue-tie. L. geographica,
leukoplakia of the tongue. L., Posterior, the epi-
glottis. L. propendula, an obsolete synonym of
Alacroglossia.
Lingual (lin' -g-vaL) \Jingua, tongue]. Shaped like the
tongue. Pertaining to the tongue. L. Artery. See
Arteries, Table of. L. Bone. See Llyoid Bone. L.
Muscle. See Muscles, Table of. L. Nerve. See
Nen'cs, Table of.
Lingualis [lin-gwa'-lis). See Muscles, Table of.
Linguetta {ling-gwef -ah) [L. , dim. of lingua, a
tongue]. A small tongue. L.laminosa. Lingula.
Linguiform [ling' -gwi form) \_lingua, tongue ; forma,
form] . Shaped like a tongue.
Lingula (Jin' -gu-lah) [dim. of lingua, a tongue]. A
transversely lamellose lobule between the valve of
Vieussens and the central lobule of the cerebellum.
It is called, also, the linguetta laminosa. Also, a
thin, lamellated part of the petrous process of the
mastoid bone. It is also called the ligula and the
processus petrosus anticus . Also, the line of demarca-
tion between the general, pial surface of the myel and
oblongata, and the endymal, metacelian surface. L.
mandibularis, the prominent, thin scale of bone
partly surrounding the large foramen of the lower
• jaw ; it serves for the attachment of the spheno-man-
dibular ligament. L. of Wrisberg, the connecting
fibers of the motor and sensory roots of the trifacial
nerve.
Lingulate [ting'-gu-ldt) \Jingula, dim. of lingua,
tongue]. Tongue-shaped.
Linhart's Mixture. See Anesthetic.
Liniment (lin' -im-cnt). See LJnimentum.
Linimentum (lin-im-en' -tuni) \_lincre, to smear: //.,
Liniinenta']. A liniment. A thin, liquid ointment
for external application, usually a solution of a medi-
cinal substance in an excipient of oil or oily mixtures.
There are nine official liniinenta, and 23 others are
given in the U. S. Dispensatory. L. exsiccans.
See Pick's Liniment. L., St. John Long's, a power-
ful counter-irritant containing oil of turpentine, acetic
acid, and yolk of egg. L., Stokes', a stimulating lini-
ment containing oil of turpentine 100, acetic acid 15,
rose-water 80, linseed oil 4, and the yolk of one egg.
L., Swediaur's, a salve for application to carcinoma-
tous ulcers, containing arsenious acid and olive oil.
Linin (li'-nin) \Jinum, flax], i. A strongly purgative
principle obtainable from Linum catharticum, or purg-
ing flax. Unof. 2. In biology, minute threads extend-
ing between the individual microsomata (ids) in a
cell-nucleus. (O. von Rath. ) The achromatin of the
nuclear network ; parachromatin, less correctly called
nucleo- hyaloplasm.
Linitis (li-ni'-tis) \Xivov, web; mc^, inflammation]. An
inflammation of the network of filamentous areolar
tissue surrounding the vessels of the stomach. L.,
Plastic, a term for fibrinous infiltration of the pylorus.
L., Suppurative, suppurative or phlegmonous gas-
tritis.
Link (lingk) [ME., lenke' z. link]. A loop of a chain.
Linoleic Acid (lin-o-le'-ik). See Acid.
Linolein (lin-o' -le-in) \linum, flax ; oleum, oil]. The
neutral fat contained in linseed oil, to which the
drying property of the oil is due. It is, chemically, a
linoleate of glycerin.
Linseed (lin'-sed). See Linum. L. Oil, Oleum lini,is
expressed from the seeds of the Linum usitatissimuin,
or flax-plant. By 'cold pressure is obtained a pale,
tasteless oil, which is used in Russia and Poland
in cooking, as a substitute for lard or butter. By warm
pressure an amber-colored or dark-yellow oil is ob-
tained. Linseed oil is, when fresh, somewhat viscid,
but as a drying-oil it gradually absorbs oxygen, and
becomes thick and eventually dry and hard. It is used
in the preparation of paints, varnishes, printers' ink,
and oil-cloth. L. Poultice, a poultice made of linseed
meal.
Lint \liniim, flax]. A loosely woven or partly felted
mass of broken linen-fibers, made by scraping and
"picking" old linen cloth. It is used as a dressing
for wounds andraw surfaces. See Charpie. L., Com-
mon, lint that is twilled on one side and " woolly"
on the other. In the spreading of an ointment the
twilled side is used.
Linteum (lin'-te-um) [L.]. Lint. L., Patent,
English charpie ; lint that is scraped on both sides,
a soft finish being thus given to the two surfaces.
L., Picked, charpie.
Linum (li'-num) [L. : gen., Lini}. Flaxseed. Lin-
seed. The seeds of L. usitatissimuin, the common
flax-plant, containing 30-40 per cent, of fixed (linseed)
oil in the embryo of the seed, and 15 per cent, of
mucilage in the epithelium. It is a demulcent, emol-
lient, and expectorant, useful in all inflammations of
mucous membranes. L., Cataplasma (B. P.), made
from linseed meal. L..catharticum is an active purga-
tive and vermifuge. L., Farina (B. P.), flaxseed meal
used as a poultice. L., Ol., the fixed oil of flaxseed
expressed cold ; a glycerid of linoleic acid. Dose
5ss-ij. L., Infus., unof, "flaxseed tea," flaxseed
^^^iij, licorice root ^j, water _^x, infused four hours.
Dose indefinite. L., Semen, linseed or flaxseed.
Carron Oil, linseed oil emulsified in lime-water. The
genus Linum contains several other species.
Liodermia (li-o-dcr' -me-ah) [>f"«;,, smooth; ^yp/ia,
sl<in]. A condition of smoothness and glossiness of
the skin. L. essentialis cum melanosi et telangi-
' ectasia. Svnonym of Xeroderma pigmentosum.
Liomyoma (lio-nii-o'-mah) [_'h'in<;, smooth; ii'vi,>nn,
a muscle-tumor]. A tumor composed of unstriped
muscular tissue ; its most common seat is the uterus,
where on account of the admixture of fibrous tissue, it
is known as uterine fibroid.
LIGTRICHOUS
695
LIPURIA
Liotrichous i^li-oi' -rik-iis). See Leiotrichous.
Lip [ME., lip, lip]. Either of the fleshy folds sur-
rounding the orifice of the mouth ; or one of the labia
majora. See Labium. L. -protector, a shield for
protecting the lip during a dental operation. L.-
reading, German System of, a method of teaching
deaf-mutes to speak by imitating the movements of the
lips and tongue, while modulation is secured by feel-
ing the vibrations of the teacher's larynx, the pupil
in this way attempting to control th^ natural harshness
of the laryngeal sounds. L. -salve, a cosmetic oint-
ment for the lips.
Lipa (li'-pah) [L.]. Fat.
Lipacidemia i^lip-as-id-e' -nie-aJi) [Afjrof , fat ; acidus,
sour; aZua, blood]. The presence of fatty acids in the
blood, with diminution of its alkalinity.
Lipaciduria [lip-as-id-u' -ye-aJi) [A(7rof , fat ; acidtis,
acid ; oiipov, urine]. The presence of fatty acids in
the urine.
Lipaemia (lip-e' -me-aJi). See Lipemia.
Lipanin {lip' -an-in) [AiTrof, fat]. A substitute for cod-
liver-oil, consisting of pure olive-oil and six per cent,
of oleic acid. It speedily emulsifies in weak solutions
of soda, has an agreeable taste, and is readily taken.
The dose is from 2 to 5 tablespoonfuls daily.
Lipara [lip'-ar-ah) \^Anxap6q, fatty]. An emollient plaster.
Liparia {lip-a' -re-ali) \\mapia, fatness]. Fatness;
obesity.
Liparocele {lip' -ar-o-sel) \_7iiKap6i;, fat ; kI/ai], a tumor].
A fatty tumor or cyst ; a hernia containing fatty tissue.
Liparoid {lip'-ar-oid) [XiTrapof, fatty; eidof, like].
Resembling fat.
Liparomphalos {lip-ar-otn' -fal-os) [/l(7rapof, fat; b/i(pa- •
A.6(;, the navel]. A fatty tumor situated at the navel,
or involving the umbilical cord.
Liparoscirrhus {lip-ar-o-skir' -iis) [/l(7rapof, fat; OKippoc,
a carcinomatous growth]. A fatty, scirrhous tumor.
Liparotrichia {lip-ar-o-trik' -e-ah) \^Knrap6q, fat ; Qpi^,
hair]. Abnormal greasiness of the hair.
Liparous {lip' -ar-us) \_Anrap6(;, fat]. Fat ; obese.
Lipemania {li-pe-)na' -tie-ali). See Lvp^maiiia.
lA^tmiB. {lip-e' -?ne-ak) [Xmoi;, fat; a/'//a, blood]. The
presence of an emulsion of fine oil-globules in the
blood, a condition sometimes noted in diabetes. L.,
Intra-ocular, a condition characterized by marked
distention of the retinal vessels, and a salmon-colored
fundus. L. retinalis. Same as Z., Intra-ocular.
Lipocele {lip'-o-sel). Synonym of Liparocele, q. v.
Lipochrin {lip'-o-krin) [A/jrof, fat; LixpoQ, sallow]. A
yellow pigment obtained from the fat-globules in the
retinal epithelium. It is soluble in chloroform, ether,
and benzol. It is probably closely allied to the yel-
low coloring-matter of many other animal fats. It is
slowly bleached by sunlight.
Lipochrome {lip' -o-krom) [a.lt;o^, fat ; xP'^f^O't color].
Any one of the very numerous fatty pigments of the
animal economy, such as the chromophanes and
lutein. They are fatty pigments characterized by
exhibiting absorption-bands, which, thougfi varying
somewhat in position according to the solvent em-
ployed, are usually situated toward the violet end of
the spectrurA. Under this class of pigments are in-
cluded the luteins. Th^se fatty pigments are found
m the blood and viscera of many invertebrates.
Lipodermatous {lip-o-der' -mat-us) ^Xutteiv, to leave ;
_(5fp/;a, skin]. Affected with lipodermia.
Lipodermia {li-po-der' -ine-ali) . See Leipodennia.
Lipo fibroma {lip-o-fi-bro'-mali) [?u'7rof, fat; fibroma, a
fibrous tumor]. A lipoma with fibrous elements.
Lipogastrosis {lip-o-gas-tro' -sis) [Af/Vf a', to leave ; to
be lacking; yrao-r^p, stomach] . In biology, absence
of a proper enteric cavity, or stomach.
Lipogenesis {lip-o-Jen' -es-is) [A/Trof , fat ; yiveaiQ, birth].
The formation or deposit of fat.
Lipogenous {lip-o/ -en-iis) [XiTrof, fat ; yevrdp, to
beget]. Fat-producing.
Lipoid [XtTTOf, fat; f kJof , like] . Resembling
fat or oil.
Lipoma {lip-o' -mah) [A/Trof, fat; oua, a tumor: pi.,
Lipomatci\. A fatty tumor. L. arborescens tuber-
culosum, tuberculous disease of a joint, in which
the whole inner surface of the synovial membrane is
covered with sessile or pedunculated papillomatous
growths, small and rather uniform in size. If these
become detached they constitute the so-called rice-
bodies. L. colloides, myxo-lipoma. L., Cystic,
one containing cysts. L., Fibrous. See Lipofibroma.
L., Myxo-, a lipoma containing myxomatous tissue.
L., Pendulous, Lipoma pendiilinii. L. pendulum,
a lipoma having a pedicle. L., Telangiectatic, one
containing many dilated blood-vessels.
Lipomatoid {lip-o' -mat-oid). See Lipomatous.
Lipomatosis {lip-o-mat-o' -sis') [A(7rw//a, a fatty tumor].
A general deposition of fat ; obesity.
Lipomatous {lip-o' -jiiat-iis) [^'AiTTu/na, a fatty tumor].
Of the nature of a lipoma ; fatty.
Lipomeria {lip-o-me' -re-ah) \\ut:eiv, to leave ; fJ.epoQ,
a part]. A monstrosity having one limb absent.
Lipomyxoma {lip-o-miks-o'-ma/i) [AiTrof, fat; /i'v§o)/ia,
a myxomatous tumor : pi. , Lipomyxo7nata'\. A myx-
oma with fatty elements.
Liposarcous {lip-o-sar'-kits) [T^diveiv, to leave ; crapf,
flesh]. Lean; emaciated.
Liposis {lip-o' -sis). See Lipo?nafosis.
Lipospongosis {lip-o-spii?i-go' -sis) [AfVof, fatty ; aizdy-
yoc, sponge]. The formation of a fatty or sponge-
like outgrowth.
Lipostomatous {lip-o-sto' -mat-iis) \\u'Keiv, to leave ;
CTopa, mouth]. Absence of a mouth.
Lipostomosis {lip-o-sto-mo' -sis) [Ae/Vfa', to leave ; to
be lacking ; OTOjia, mouth]. In biology, absence of the
oral aperture.
Lipostomy {lip-os' -to-me) [/le/7rfn', to leave ; OTOfia,
mouth]. Atrophy of the mouth.
Lipothymia {lip-o-thi' -nie-ah). See Leipothyniia.
Lipotype {lip'-o-tip) [/e/Vfa', to leave, to be lacking;
Tv-KO(i, impression, type]. In biology, a type of or-
ganism, the absence of which is characteristic of a
particular district or region ; thus the Bozndce and I'iver-
ridte are lipotypes of the neotropic region.
Lipoxenous {lip-oks' -eii-tis) \\e'nvtiv, to leave ; ffvof ,
host]. In biology, applied to a parasite that leaves
its host and completes its existence independently.
Lippa {lip' -all). IJppitudo, (/. v.
Lippia {lip'-e-ah) [after Augustus Lippi, a French phy-
sician]. A genus of verbenaceous plants. The
leaves of L. mexicana, growing In Mexico and the
U. S., are demulcent and expectorant, and do not
nauseate. Dose of the tincture ,^ss-j. L. dulcis
and L. graveolens have similar uses. Unof.
Lippich's Polarimeter. A polarimeter for the quanti-
tative determination of sugar in the urine.
Lippiol {lip'-e-ol) \_lippia : oleum, oil], A medicinal
camphor derivable from Lippia mexicana. Unof.
Lippitude {lip'-e-tiid), Lippitudo {lip-e-tu' -do) \lip-
pns, blear-eyed; a watery condition of the eyes]. A
condition marked by a moist and raw margin of the
eyelids, with a discharge of purulent matter. L. angu-
laris, a chronic inflammation of the lids at the external
canthus. L. neonatorum, ophthalmia neonatorum.
Lipsis {lip'-sis) [/fn/j;^- a leaving]. Cessation ; ending.
L. animi, fainting.
'L.x-p'aria. {lip-u' -re-a/i) [A/Vof, fat; oi'poi^, urine] . The
presence of fat in the urine.
LIPYL
696
LISTERIAN METHODS
Lipyl {lip'-il) [A(Vof, fat; i'X;/, matter], CjHj. The
supposed radicle of glycerin ; also, an old name for
glyceryl, C3H5.
Liquable (lik'-ivah-hl) \_Uquare, to render liquid].
Capable of being liquefied.
Liquamen (Jik' -wam-en) \_liqziare, to render liquid].
The liquid obtained by melting solids.
Liquation (lik-wa' -shun) \Jiquare, to render liquid].
The process of melting.
Liquefacient {lik-'Me-fa' -se-ent) \_liqiicfaciens , liquefy-
ing]. I. Having the power to liquefy or soften. 2.
An agent that has the power to liquefy a hard deposit
or growth.
Liquefaction {lik-u<e-fak' -shun) \Jiquefactio ; liqiie-
fdcere, to change to liquid form]. The condition of
having been changed to a liquid ; the process of
change into a liquid. L. -necrosis. See A''ecros!s.
Liquefactive {lik-we-fak' -tiv) \_liquefaceye, to render
liquid]. Pertaining to, causing, or characterized by
liquefaction.
Liquescent {Hk-wes' -cnt)\liquesceie , to become liquid].
Becoming, or tending to become, liquid.
Liqueur [lik-ar') [Fr. for " liquor"]. Any cordial or
alcoholic drink ; especially a compound of alcohol
with some flavoring-agent, usually a mixture of aro-
matic oils ; it is often combined with a bitter substance
derived from herbs. Formerly the liquors were used as
remedies, but now they are mostly served with the
meals. Some are employed as vehicles for various
remedies.
Liquid (///!"'--wV/) \_liquidns ; liquere, to melt]. That
form of a substance in which the molecules are in a
state intermediate between attraction and repulsion ;
a substance that tfews and takes the shape of the con-
taining-vessel. Water between 0° and 100° C. is the
best example. L. Acid-green. See Pigmi-nfs,
Co7ispectns of. L.-blue. Same as Indigo-bliie. L.
Gelatin. See Gelathi. L. Glue. See Glue. L.,
Hager's, a substitute for ammonium sulphid or
hydrogen sulphid, made by dissolving 0.2 gram of
sulphur lotum in 5 cgm. of carbon bisulphid, and add-
ing 5 cgm. of benzene and 10 cgm. of ether. L.
Indigo-blue. Same as Soluble Blue. L., May-
nard's Adhesive, collodion. L. of Regnauld.
See Anesthetic.
Liquidambar (lik'-ioid-am'-bar) \_liquidus, liquid ;
ambar, amber]. A genus of hamamelidaceous trees.
L. altingia, of Malaysia, affords a portion of
commercial styrax. L. orientale, of Asia, affords
Styrax, q. v. L. styraciflua, of North America
(sweet-gum, bilsted, copalm) affords a stimulant
gum, and is useful in diarrheas and in coughs and
colds. The name of liquidambar has been applied
to the sweet-gale or sweet-fern (Compfouia aspleni-
folia). Unof.
Liquidity (lik-7vid'-it-e) [liquidus, liquid] . Fluidity ;
the state of being liquid.
Liquiform {lik' -7vif-orm) [//V/wor, liquid ; forma, {orm^.
CJf the nature of a liquid.
Liquor (//X''-(7ror//'-.('7£'£>r)[L.]. A liquid. In pharmacy,
any solution in water of non-volatile substances, except
infusions, decoctions, syrups, but including the solution
of gutta-percha (in chloroform). There are 24 official
liquores : and a large number besides are given in the
" U. S. Dispensatory" from the " National Formu-
lary" and the British Pharmacopeia. In anatomy,
any fluid of the body. L. acidus halleri, consists
of I part of sulphuric acid and 3 parts of alcohol,
colored by red-poppy petals. L. amnii, the liquid
contained in the amniotic sac in which the fetus lies.
Its normal quantity is from one to two pints.
At the middle of pregnancy it equals in weight
that of the fetus. It serves a number of useful
functions, and in labor protects the fetus and cord
from pressure, dilates the os and lubricates the
genital canal. L. Cotunnii, the perilymph secreted
by the fibro-serous membrane of the internal ear.
L. entericus, the intestinal juice. L. foUiculi, the
fluid filling the follicle or space about the developing
ovum in the ovary. L. gastricus, the gastric juice.
L., Labarraque's, liquor soda; chloratK. L.
lymphae, the fluid portion of lymph, analogous to
liquor sanguinis, L., Malt, a name given to beer, ale,
stout, etc. Malt liquors are made by fermenting an in-
fusion of malt (barley) in the presence of hops and
other substances. L. Morgagni, the small quantity of
fluid found between the crystalline lens and its capsule.
L. pancreaticus, pancreatic juice. L. sanguinis, the
blood-plasma ; the fluid portion of the blood. L.
scarpae. See Endolymph. L. sedans. See Vibur-
num. L. seminis, a colorless, transparent, and albu-
minous liquid, which, along with the spermatozoa and
seminal granules, constitutes the semen. L., Spirit-
uous, a distilled alcoholic liquor. L. stypticus,
liquor ferri chloridi.
Liquorice [Jik'-or-is). See Glycyrrhiza. L., Wild.
See Abrus.
Lirate (li'-rat) \lira, a ridge]. Ridged or furrowed,
Lirella (li-rel'-ah) [lira, a furrow]. In biology, the
peculiarly furrowed apotheciuni of certain lichens.
Liriodendrin (lir-i-o-den'-drin) \7xi()iov, lily ; dMpnv,
tree]. An alkaloidal precipitate from the bark of
Liriodendron tulipifira. It is stimulant, tonic, and
diuretic, and is said to have toxic qualities. Unof,
' Liriodendron [lir-e-o-den'-drou) \^?.eipLov ,Y\\y ; 6iv6pov,
tree], A genus of magnoliaceous trees. L. tulipi-
fera, of N. America and Asia, is the tulip-tree, mis-
called poplar. Its bark is stimulant, tonic, and
antipyretic. Dose of the saturated tincture one
fluidram. Unof.
Lisfranc's Operations. See Operations, Table of. L.'s
Tubercle, a rough spot on the anterior surface of the
first rib near the superior border. It serves for the
attachment of the scalenus anticus muscle.
Lisle's Fever-powder. A powder similar to James's
Po7i'der, q.v.
Lisp [ME. to lisp]. To imperfectly pronounce
the sibilant letters.
Lisping [lisp'-inir) [ME. to lisp]. A defect
of speech, natural or acquired, in which sibilant
letters are sounded like linguals, especially j- as ih.
It sometimes arises from too great length of the
tongue.
Lissauer's Angles. See Angles. L., Columns of.
See Column. L.'s Tract, a group of fine nerve-fibers
in the spinal cord lying ventrad and dorsad of the
entrance of the dorsal roots. These fibers, which
proceed from dorsal roots at a lower level, are
supposed to be in relation with the posterior vesicular
column.
Lissotrichous {lis-ol'-rik-us) [^/irrrof , smooth ; Bpi:,
hair]. In biology, having straight, smooth hair; less
correctly written leiotrichous and liotrichous.
Listen (lis'-n) [ME., listnen, to listen]. To give
heed to ; to give ear.
Lister's Method. See Listerian Methods, and also,
Fractional Cultivatio)! .
Listerian Methods of Dressing Wounds. Carbolic
acid was the first antiseptic, but from its volatility and
slowness of action as a germicide, it was replaced by
corrosive sublimate. But this proved irritating and
was precipitated by the albumin of the blood-serum.
What might be called the Third Method was the
antiseptic dressing called Sero-sublimate Gauze,
LISTERINE
697
LITHODIALYSIS
consisting of a gauze charged with a solution of cor-
rosive sublimate in the serum of horses' blood. This
was found difficult to manufacture and was harsh and
non-absorbent. The Fourth Method consisted in a
combination of chlorid of ammonium and bichlorid of
mercury, called Sal-alembroth. This was likewise
objectionable because of its ready solubility in the
blood-serum. Fifth Method, a gauze containing
three or four per cent, by weight of the biniodid of
mercury. This proved irritating to the skin. A Sixth
Method consists in the employment of gauze im-
pregnated with a solution of a double cyanid of
zinc and mercury colored with rosanilin. This is said
to be non-volatile, unirritating, insoluble in water,
and only soluble in 3000 parts of blood-s6rum. It
possesses but little germicidal power, while but I : 1 200
keeps animal fluids free from putrefaction. Seventh
Method ; lately Lister has returned to the use of
carbolic acid, preferring it to corrosive sublimate: (l)
because it is a more powerful antiseptic ; (2) becadse
it has greater penetrating power. He combines it
with the use of the double cyanid gauze, preparing
the latter with a I to 20 solutioii of carbolic acid.
Listerine {lis' -ter-i)i) [after Lister, an English physi-
cian]. A proprietary preparation said to contain
thyme, eucalyptus, baptisia, gaultheria, and mentha
arvensis, with two grains of benzo-boric acid in each
dram.
Listerism (lis'-ter-izni) [after Lister, an English phy-
sician]. A general name for the antiseptic and
aseptic treatment of wounds according to the principles
first enunciated by Lister. See Listerian Methods.
Listing's Law. See Lmv. L.'s Reduced Eye, in
optics, a schematic simplified eye in which there i.s
a mean nodal or principal point lying between the
two nodal or principal points, the distance between
these two points being so small (only 0.4 mm.) that
they may practically be assumed to be one. By this
arrangement there is gained but one refractive surface
for all the media of the eye. See Eve.
Liter (le'-ter) \litra, a pound]. The unit of capacity
in the metric system, equal to 0.88036 of an imperial
quart, or 1. 056 United States quarts ; it is the volume
of one kilogram of water at its maximum density.
Lithagogectasia {lith-ag-o-jek-ta' -ze-nh) [A/Ti/of, stone;
ayurof, leading ; e.K-aaig, a stretching out]. Lithec-
tasy.
Lithagogue {lith' -ag-og) [X/^of, stone ; ayoyof, lead-
ing]. Any agent or remedy, not mechanical, which
tends to expel calculi from the bladder.
Litharge {lith'-arj). See Lead and Pigments, Con-
spectus of.
Lithate [lith'-at] [Xiftor^, stone]. Any salt of lithic
(uric) acid ; a urate.
Lithectasy [lith-ek' -tas-e) [A/6of, stone ; cKraai^, a
stretching out]. Dilatation of the urethra and neck
of the bladder for the removal of calculi.
Lithectomy (lith-ek' -to-me) [A/^of , stone ; iKTOfiTj, a
cutting out]. Same as Lithotomy.
Lithemia (lith-e'-me-ah) [^./^of, stone ; atfxa, blood].
Modified gout. A condition in which, owing to de-
fective metabolism of the nitrogenous elements, the
blood becomes charged with deleterious substances,
principally, perhaps, of the uric acid group, although
their exact chemic nature is not determined.
Lithemic {!itk-e'-mik) \}'iHo(;, stone ; aipia, blood].
Pertaining to or suffering from lithemia.
Lithenate \lith' -ejt-at). See: Lithate.
Lithia {liih'-e-ah) [Xiftog, a stone], Li.,0. Oxid of
lithium, an alkaline caustic. L. Water, mineral
water containing lithium salts in solution. In the
United States, are the Buffalo Lithia Water, water
from Buffalo Lithia Springs, Mecklenburg County,
Va. ; Farmville Lithia Water, {xom Farmville, Va. ;
Londonderry Lithia Water, from Londonderry N. H.
The proportion of bicarbonate of lithia contained in
the three waters mentioned is as follows : London-
derry, 8.620, Bufi'alo, 1.484-2.25, Farmville, 1. 99.
Lithiasic Acid {lith-e-as' -ik). Uric acid, q.v.
Lithiasis (lith-i' -as-is) [XWof, stone]. The formation
of calculus, especially of urinary calculus, and of
gouty concretions in general ; also the general state
of the body that favors such calculous formation. L.
conjunctivae, an affection of the eyes characterized
by calcareous degeneration of the secretion at the
mouths of the Meibomian ducts, commonly seen in
elderly people, especially such as are rheumatic. On
everting the lids the small, yellowish- white concre-
tions, gritty to the touch, may be found.
Lithiate (lith' -e-at). See Urate.
Lithic {lith'-ik) \}Mui6i;, stony]. I. Pertaining to stone,
or calculus. 2. Pertaining to lithium. L. Acid. See
Acid, Uric.
Lithium (/////'-c-z/ot) [;i;fiof, stone: gen., Lithii']. Li =
7; quantivalence I. One of the rarer alkaline metals,
a few of the salts only being used in medicine. See
ElcDients, Table of. Because of its low atomic weight,
its high saturating-power makes its salts more highly
alkaline than those of sodium and potassium. The
carbonate and citrate are used largely in rheumatism
and gout. L. benzoas, LiC-Hj02. Dose gr. ij-x. See
Benzoic Acid. L. bromidum, LiBr. '&ee Bromiji. L.
carbonas, Li.^CO.,, not deliquescent. Dose gr. ij-xv.
L.-carmin Solution. See Stains, Table of. L.
citras, Li-jCpHjO,, deliquescent. Dose gr. v-xxx.
L. guaiacus, contains 3 parts of guaiacum and I
of lithium. Dose gr. v. L. hippuras, used in
gout. Dosegr. v-x. L. oxidum. See Z?V///<7. L.
salicylas, 2LiC,H503. H^O. See Salix. Liquor
lithiae effervescens (B. P.), useful in gout. Dose
f ,^ v-x.
Lithiuria {lith-e-u'-re-ah) [A/ffof, stone ; ovpov, mne'].
Lithuria, g. v.
Lithobexis {lith-o-beks'-is) [//V?of, stone; cough].
Cough with expectoration of calcareous particles.
Lithocenosis (^lith-o-sen-o'-sis) [/t/ft'of , stone ; Ki^'uat^,
evacuation]. The extraction of the fragments of cal-
culi that have been crushed or mechanically divided.
Lithoclast [lith' -o-klast). See Lithotrite.
Lithoclastic [lilh-o-klas' -tik) [>/'6'of, stone ; Klaeiv, to
break]. Relating to the surgical crushing of a calculus
in the bladder.
Lithoclasty [lith'-o-klas-te). Lithotrity, q. v.
Lithoclysmia (lith-o-kliz' -me-ah) [A/^?of, stone ; Klaicjia,
clyster]. An injection of solvent liquids into the blad-
der for the removal of calculi.
Lithocyst (/////-(;-.r/rf) [/*./^'of, stone ; kvcsti^, bladder].
In biology : [a') One of the marginal bodies, in the form
of little bags of crystals, found in the covered-eyed
Medusie ; rudimentary or incipient organs of vision ;
they are the exclusive seat of spontaneity, so far as the
so-called "primary movements " are concerned, [b)
One of the " crystal-cells " of plants.
Lithocystotomy (lith-o-sis-tof -o-me\ [//T^of, stone ; ki>b-
r/f, bladder ; ro//^, a cut]. Lithotomy,
Lithocysturia (/?7//-n-.rw-/?c''-;r-(7//) \X'Sqq, stone; kvotic,
bladder ; ovpnv, urine]. Disease of the bladder
caused by lithuria.
Lithodectasy {lith-o-dek'-tas-e'). Lithectasy, q. v.
Lithodialysis {lith-o-di-al' -is-is) [A/fef, stone ; diakveiv,
to dissolve]. I. The solution of calculi in the
bladder. 2. The surgical operation of breaking or
crushing a vesical calculus, previous to its removal by
mechanical or other means.
LITHODIALYTIC
698
LITHOTOMY
Lithodialytic (lith-o-di-al-it' -ik) [/i/ftif , stone ; (5iaA.beiv,
to dissolve]. Relating to or causing lithodialysis.
Lithodomous \^lith-od' -o-mus) [A;(?of, stone; 66fioq,
house]. In biology, dwelling in stones.
Lithodrassic [lilli-o-di-as' -ik) [/\/'0of , a stone ; r'ipdaaeiv,
to grasp]. Capable of seizing a stone. L. Forceps,
a variety of forceps used in operations for stone in the
Isladder.
Lithodyalisis [li/h-o-di-n/^ -is-is). See Lithodialysis.
Lithofellic or Lithofellinic Acid (lith-o-fel' -ik, lith-o-
fel-in'-ik) [A/Wof, stone; yi"/, gall], QgHjgO^. An
acid found in intestinal concretions.
Lithogenesis (lit/i-o-fen' -es-is) [/-'fof, stone ; yiveacc,
genesis]. The foiination of calculi or stones.
Lithogenous (lith-oj' -en-iis) [A/'ftjf , stone ; yevvav, to
beget]. Pertaining to or causing the formation of
calculi or stones.
Lithogeny (lith-oj' -en-e). See Lithogenesis.
Lithoid, Lithoidal (lith'-oid, lith-oid' -al) [X/fcf, stone ;
t((5of, like]. Resembling a stone.
Lithokelyphopedion <ylith-o-kel-if-o-pe' -de-oJi) \7Moq,
stone; KeAv(j>og, shell; naiiVov, child]. Calcification
of the fetus and the fetal membranes.
Lithokelyphos (lith-o-kel' -if-os)\^K'Si)i;,^ stone; Ke}.v(po(;,
an egg shell]. See Lithopedion.
Lithokonion (lith-o-ko' -ne-on) \^/Moq, stone ; Koviav, to
pulverize]. An instrument formerly used in pulver-
izing vesical calculi.
Litholabe {lith' -o-lab) [/'^'ftif , stone ; XalSe'iv, to seize].
An instrument for grasping and holding a vesical cal-
culus during an operation for its removal.
Litholaby {lith-ol' -a-be). See Lithotrity.
Litholapaxy [lith-ol-ap-ak' -se) \pMoc;, stone; ZaTraf/f,
removal]. An operation for crushing stone in the blad-
der and removing the fragments at the same sitting by
irrigation.
Litholein [lith-o'-le-in) [A/^^of, stone ; oleu!?i,o\\'\. A
substance similar to vaselin, and, because of its anti-
septic and antiparasitic qualities, proposed as a substi-
tute for it. It is oily, of neutral reaction, without
smell or taste, and contains no fat.
Lithology (lith-oF -o-je) [/iWof, stone; Aoyof, trea-
tise]. The science of the nature and treatment of
calculi.
Litholysis (lith-oU -is-is) a stone ; Xvaiq, solution] .
See Lithodialysis. L., Voltaic, electrolytic litho-
dialysis.
Litholyte [lith'-o-ltt] [X'Snc, stone ; Aretv, to loose].
A catheter used in the litholytic treatment of calculi.
Litholytic (lith-o lif-ih) \_/.lHiic, stone ; Ai'eiv, to loosen].
Pertaining to litholysis, or the dissolving of calculi in
the bladder.
Lithomalacia (lith-o-nial-a' -se-aJi) [X/'floc, stone ; fia'/a-
nin, softness]. The softening of a stone in the blad-
der; the softening of any calculus.
Lithometer (lith-oin' -et-er) [X/ftjf, stone; ^frpoi", meas-
ure]. An instrument for estimating the size of a
vesical calculus.
Lithometra (lith-o-mc'-fj-ah) \_'Alfloc, stone; fji/rpa,
womb]. Ossification or concretion of, or within, the
womb.
Lithomyl (/////'-(?-/«//) [A/flor, stone ; //lO/l//, mill]. An
instrument for pulverizing a calculus.
Lithomyly (lith-oiii'-il-e). .Same as Lithotrity.
Lithonephria (lith-o-tii[f'-re-ah)\^Ai(hq. stone; ve(t>p6c,
kidney]. Disease due to renal calculus.
Lithonephritis {hth-o-nef-ri' -tis) [/ /V^or, stone ; VF<l>p6c,
kidney; itic, inflammation]. Inflammation of the
kidney due to the presence of renal calculi.
Lithonephrotomy [lith-o-nef-rof -o-inc) [//Y?of , stone ;
I'fc^pric, kidney ; ro/z^, a cut]. Surgical incision of the
kidney for the removal of a renal calculus.
Lithonlytic, Lithonthryptic [lith-on-lit'-ik, lith-on-
thrip' -tik). See Lithotriptic .
Lithontripsy [lith-on-trip' -se) [Aidoq, stone ; Tpljisiv, to
rub]. Synonym of Lithotripsy, q. v.
Lithontriptic [lith-on-trip'-tik) \^Aidoq, stone; Tpi^tiv,
to rub] . See Lithotriptic and Aiitilithic.
Lithontriptor [/l/6/of, stone; rpijietv,
to rub]. A lithotrite.
Lithopedion (lith-o-pe' -de-oii) [A/yof, stone ; TraiSwv,
child]. The calcified or mummified remains of a
dead fetus carried in the uterus, its appendages, or the
abdominal cavity, sometimes long beyond the normal
period of gestation.
Lithophagy (lith-off' -aj-e). See Lithotrity.
Lithophan (////;'-(7-y"ff«). See Pig/uents, Conspectus of .
Lithophone (lith' -o-fon) [A/Wof, stone; (puw/, sound].
An instrument for detecting by sound the presence of
calculi in the bladder.
Lithophthisis (lith-off'-this-is) [/udog, stone ; <pOi(7tg,
phthisis]. Tuberculosis of the lungs with calcareous
concretions.
Lithoplatomy (lith-o-plat'-om-e) [A/ftif , stone ; TrP^arof,
wide]. Removal of a vesical calculus by dilating the
urethra.
Lithopriny (litli-op' -rin-e). See Lithotrity.
Lithoprion {lith-op-re' -on) \\'Soq, a stone; Trpluv, a
saw]. An instrument- for sawing instead of crushing a
vesical calculus.
Lithoprisy (lith-op'-riz-e) [^Xidog, stone ; Trplaic, saw-
ing]. The operation of sawing through a stone in
the bladder.
Lithoscope {lith'-o-skop) [/a'Sof, stone ; OKo-dv, to ex-
amine]. An instrument for the detection and exami-
nation of calculi in the bladder.
Lithotecnon [lith-o-tck' -non) [>.((?of , stone ; rtuvov,
child]. Same as L^ithopedion, </. v.
Lithoterethrum, Lithoteretron (lith-o-ter' -eth-ruin,
lith-o-ter' -et-ron') [^A'Soc, stone ; Tiperpov, gimlet].
A lithotrite.
Lithothlibia {lith-o-thlib' -e-ah) [A/(?of, stone ; fl?J[ietv,
to press]. The operation of crushing a vesical cal-
culus between a sound introduced into the bladder
and a finger in the rectum or vagina.
Lithothryptic (lith -o-th rip' -tik) [XiOoc, stone ; 'Opv-riKog,
breaking; ^^pi'TTTOr, to Ijreak]. Same as Lith otritic.
Lithothryptist (lith-o-thrip' -tist) [>/6of, stone; (^im-
reiv, to break]. One who practises lithotrity.
Lithothryptor (lith-o-thrip' -tor) ['/iBnc, stone ; dphirreiv,
to break]. An instrument used in lithotrity.
'L.iihothry^X.y (lith'-o-thrip-te) [A/6'of, stone; Bp'rirreiv,
to break]. Lithotrity ; the operation of crushing a
calculus.
Lithotome (lith'-o-tdm) \_'Aifioc, stone ; rofiij, a cutdng].
A cutting-instrument for use in lithotomy ; a cystotomei
L. cache, a lithotome in which the blade is con-
cealed, but is readily made to protrude after the
introduction of the instrument.
Lithotomic [lith-o-toni'-ik) [/'Hog, stone; rnfi^, a
cutting]. Relating to lithotomy. L. Posture. See
Postures. Table of.
Lithotomist [lith-ot'-o-inist) [/"/^^of, stone ; ro//;/, a cut-
ting]. A surgeon who practises or performs lithotomy.
Lithotomy (lith-ot' -o-ine) stone; TiiivFiv, to
cut]. Incision into the bladder to remove a calculus.
L., Bilateral, entrance into the bladder bv means of
a curved incision into the perineum just in front of the -j
rectum, the lithotome entering by an incision into the j
urethra at this point. L., Central. See Median. '
L., High, L., Hypogastric, a suprapubic cystotomy :
for the removal of a stone. L., Lateral, the peri- j
neal incision is about I Yz inches in front of the
rectum and to the left of the raph6, the cut being
LITHOTONY
699
LIVE
downward and outward, with the patient on his back
and the thighs elevated. L., Median or Marian, the
perineal incision is made in the median line one-half
inch in front of the anus, by a straight, double-edged
bistoury. L., Medio-bilateral, a modification of
the bilateral, consisting in a median incision through
the perineum, with division of each lateral lobe of
the prostate. L., Medio-lateral, a modification of
the lateral operation, the perineal incision being made
in the median line, and the prostatic incision laterally.
L., Perineal, a lithotomy through a perineal incision.
L. Position. See Fostuns, Table of. L., Pre-rec-
tal, a modification of the bilateral, in which after a
median incision through the perineum, the anterior
wall of the rectum is dissected from the bulb of the
urethra, and the membranous urethra is punctured just
anterior to the prostate, the latter being divided by
the lithotome. L., Recto-vesical, extraction of
a vesical stone by an incision through the rectum. L.,
Renal, Nephrolithotomy. L., Supra-pubic, by an
incision above the pubis at a point where the bladder
is not covered by peritoneum. L., Urethral, an inci-
sion through the membraneous portion of the urethra
for removal of a calculus imbedded in the urethra.
L., Vaginal, by incision through the vaginal wall.
Lithotony (^lith-of -o-ne) [AWof , stone ; relveiv, to
stretch]. Removal of a vesical calculus through an
artificial fistula, which is gradually dilated.
Lithotresis [lith-o-tre' -sis) [/i/V?of, stone ; rpfjaK;, a
boring]. The drilling of holes through a calculus, as
a step in its destruction and removal.
Lithotripsy [lith-o-trip'-se] [//ttif, stone; rpifSeiv, to
rub]. The operation of crushing calculi of the
bladder. See annexed illustration.
The Lithotrite in Position During the Operation
OF Lithotritv.
Lithotriptic [lUh-o-trip' -tik) [A/^of, stone ; rpi^tiv, to
rub]. Relating to lithotripsy.
Lithotriptor {lith-o-tyip' -tor) [^^/flof, stone ; rpipetv, to
rub]. An instrument designed for crushing calculi
in the bladder. L., Urethral, an instrument for
crushing urethral calculi.
Lithotrite [lith'-o-Mt) [A/^or, stone; ierere, to rub].
An instrument for crushing or pulverizing a vesical
calculus.
Lithotritic {Hth-o-trif -ik) \\iOoc, stone; terere, to rub].
Pertaining to lithotrity.
Lithotrity {lith-of -rit-e) , Lithotriture {lith-oi'-rit-ur)
\\'Sqc, stone ; terere, to rub]. The process of crush-
ing a stone in the bladder, by the lithotrite, into frag-
ments small enough to pass through the urethral canal.
L., Electric, lithotrity by means of electrolysis.
Lithotrypsis [litk-o-trip'-sis). Same as Lithotrity, q. v.
Lithotrypterion ( litk-o-trip-tcr' -e-on) [A/6'of, a stone ;
Tpijitiv, to rub]. A small lithotrite.
Lithotryptor {/ith-o-trip'-tor), Lythotrypter (Jith-o-
trip'-ter). iiam& 3.S Lifhotri/e , q .v.
Lithous i^lith'-tis) [A/^of, stone]. Having the nature
or composition of stone.
Lithoxyduria ylith-oks-id-ii' -rc-ali) [/(f?of , stone ; oivq,
acid; o/'yioj', urine]. The morbid presence of xanthic
oxid in the urine.
Lithuresis {litlt-n-re' -sis) \\iQoc, stone; oi'p;;(7/f, making
water]. The voiding of small calculi with the urine.
Lithuria [lith-ii' -re-ah) stone; ovpov, urine],
A condition marked by excess of lithic acid, or its
salts, in the urine.
Lithurorrhea (/it//-it-ror-e^-aA). Same as Lithuresis.
Litigation Symptoms. Various vague manifestations
of nervous shock following injury, concerning which
the question of malingering arises, and which may be-
come the subject of medico-legal inquiry.
Litmate {lit' -mat) [Dan., lac, lac; iiioes, pulp]. A
salt of litmic acid.
Litmic Acid (lit'-mik) [Dan., /(zr, lac; moes, pulp].
A constituent of litmus.
Litmus [lit' -miis) [Dan., lae, lac; pulp]. Archil.
A blue pigment obtained from Rocella tinctoria, a
lichen. It is employed in chemic determinations to
detect the presence of acids and alkalies. See Pig-
7nents, Conspectus of. L. Paper, Blue, unsized paper
steeped in a solution of litmus ; it turns red on contact
with acid solutions. L. Paper, Red, unsized paper
steeped in litmus tincture colored red with acid ; it
turns blue on contact with alkaline solutions. L.
Solution, L. Tincture, a solution of litmus used
for the determination of reaction as to acidity or
alkalinity.
Litrameter {lit-ram' -et-er) [/,/rpn, pound ; fihpov,
measure]. An instrument for ascertaining the spe-
cific gravity of fluids.
Litre [le'-ter). See Liter and Metric System.
Litter (fit'-er) \)AY.. , liter , a litter; lectica,a. couch].
An extemporized stretcher or couch, with handles,
for carrying the sick or wounded. L., Halsted's, a
litter made of two poles, united by two transverse iron
bars, and a piece of canvas stretched between the
poles. It has four legs, each 14 inches in length. L.,
Hand, a litter that is carried by hand. L., Schell's,
a litter similar to Halsted's, but instead of having
stationary legs the handles are hinged, serving as legs.
Little, Disease of. Infantile spasmodic tabes. See
Diseases, Table of.
Littoral [lit'-or-al) \litus, litoralis, sea-shore]. Be-
longing to or inhabiting the shore.
Littre's Glands. See Gland. L.'s Hernia, divertic-
ular hernia. See Diseases, Table of, and Liernia.
L.'s Operation. See Operations, Table of. L.'s
Suture. See Suture.
Litura (lit-u'-rah) [lifura, an erasure, blot, blur: //. ,
IJturu-']. In biology, a blurred marking.
Liturate {lit'-u-rat) \_liturare ,\.o erase]. Marked with
abrasions of the surface. To abrade.
Live (liv) [ME., liven, to live]. To continue in being.
To have life.
Live {liv) [by apheresis from alive\. Diving; ani-
mate; manifesting life. L. -birth, birth character-
ized by " the manifestation of some certain sign or
signs of life by the child after it is completely born."
L. -blood, the name given to the sensation of fluttering
LIVEDO
700
LOBAR
in the eyelid, due to spasmodic action of tlie orbicu-
laris palpebrarum muscle.
Livedo {liv-e'-do) \Jiverc, to grow black]. Same as
Livor
Liver (liv'-er) [ME., liver, liver]. The largest gland
in the body, a part of the digestive tract, and situated
on the right side of the abdominal cavity, just below
the diaphragm. Its functions are: (l) the secretion
of bile ; (2) the formation of glycogen; (3) the pro-
duction, at least at a certain period of development, of
Inferior Surface of Liver.
I, I. Left lobe. 2, 2. Right lobe. 3. Quadrate lobe. 4. Cau-
date lobe. 5 Lobulus spigelii. 6. Hepatic artery. 7. Vena
portae. 8. Fibrous cord from obliteration of the ductus
venosus. 9. Gall-bladder. lo. Cystic duct. 11. Hepatic
duct. 12. Fissure for inferior vena cava. 13. Inferior
vena cava. 14. Mouth of capsular vein. 15. Left hepatic
vein. 16. Mouth of right diaphragmatic vein. 17. Mouth
of left diaphragmatic vein.
blood-corpuscles; (4) the destruction of blood-cor-
puscles ; (5) the formation of a large quantity of urea ;
(6) the retention and destruction of certain poisonous
substances absorbed from the intestinal tract. Ana-
tomically, it consists of five lobes — the right, the left,
the lobus spigelii, the lobus quadratus, and the lobus
caudatus. These lobes are made up of lobules or
acini, and these again of hepatic cells, capillaries,
arteries and veins, lymphatics and biliary channels,
each lobule being surrounded by connective tissue.
The weight of the liver is Ijetween 50 and 60 ounces.
L., Albuminoid, or Amyloid, a liver the seat of
amyloid degeneration. L., Bacony. Same as Z.,
Amyloid. L., Bastard, the spleen. L., Beaver-
tail, a liver the left lobe of which in form resembles a
beaver's tail. L., Biliary Cirrhotic, a liver the seat
of chronic inflammation the result of obstruction
and distention of the bile-ducts. L. -blotches, liver-
patches; a vulgar term for the chloasmata of preg-
nancy, seen upon the brow and cheeks of the pregnant
woman. They may also be present at the menstrual
epochs and at the menopause. L., Bronze, a liver
discolored by excess of biliary pigment. L., Cir-
rhotic, a 1 liver the seat of chronic inflammation, with
overgrowth of the connective tissue and atrophy of the
parenchyma. L. -clapping, in inassat^f, strong per-
cussion of the liver with the full palm of the hand.
L. -cough, a reflex cough due to disease of the liver.
L., Degraded, the division of the human liver into an
unusual number of lobes, such as is normal in the go-
rilla. L., Drunkard's, usually, a cirrhotic liver. L.,
Fatty, a liver with marked fatty infiltration and degen-
eration. L., Floating, a movable condition of the
liver, with displacement. L. -fluke. See Trematodes,
Distoma, and Parasites [^Animal), Table of. L., Hob-
nail. See Hobnail Liver. L., Gin-drinkers', or Gin,
atrophic cirrhosis of the liver. L., Granulated, or
Granular, a cirrhotic liver, with a granular surface,
owing to the contraction of the interlobular connec-
tive tissue. L., Laennec's Cirrhosis of, atrophic
cirrhosis of the liver. See Diseases, Table of. L.-
leaf. See Hepatica. L., Leukemic, a liver very
much increased in size on account of a difiuse infil-
tration witli leukemic, or lymphoid, tissue. L.,
Mammillated. See Hobnail Liver. L., Movable.
See L., Floating. L., Nutmeg, a condition of the
liver met with in heart-disease, fatty infiltration, and
amyloid disease. The surface of a section has a pecu-
iar, mottled appearance. The center of the lobules is
12 dark, the periphery lighter in color. L.-pad, a bag
or cushion stutfed with medicated materials and worn
upon the hypogastric region, for its supposed efficacy
in hepatic disease. L. -patches. See L. -blotches.
L., Pulsation of. See L. -pulse. L. -pulse, a sys-
tolic pulsation over the region of the liver in cases of
tricuspid regurgitation. L.-rot, disease in sheep due
to the presence in the bile-ducts of the liver of the
Distoma hepaticiim or Liver-fuke. L.-spot, chlo-
asma ; pityriasis versicolor. L. -sugar. Synonym
of Glycogen. L. of Sulphur. See Hepar sulphuris.
L., Syphilitic, this may be a liver the seat of gum-
mata, which on healing leave scars, or of a diffuse in-
flammation that may lead to cirrhosis, with atrophy or,
especially in hereditary syphilis, to enlargement of
the liver. L., Tight-lace, a liver in which the right
lobe is thickened vertically from compression, marked
by the ribs, and atrophic from constant pressure by
tight stays. L., Wandering, a condition occasionally
seen in women who have given birth to many children,
and in those whose abdominal tissues exhibit unusual
laxity. The liver is displaced from its ordinary situa-
tion, and falls into the lower portion of the abdomen,
where it swings upon its elongated attachments.
L., Waxy. See L., Amyloid. L.-wort. See
Hepatica.
Livid (liv'-id) [lividns : liverc, to be dark]. Discol-
ored from the effects of congestion or contusion ; black
and blue ; pale lead-color.
Lividity [liv-id' -it-e) [lividns, from liivre, to be dark].
The state of being livid. L., Cadaveric, or Post-
mortem, the bluish discoloration in the dependent
parts of a corpse, due to the gravitation of the blood.
Livor (li'-vor) [livor: //ivrc, to be dark]. Lividity.
The discoloration consequent upon severe contusion
and congestion of a part; post-mortem sugillation
or discoloration of the skin. L. emortualis, change
in the color of the skin of a corpse due to putrefaction.
L. febris, the lividity occumng during a chill.
Lix (liks) [L. : gen., Licis]. Wood-ashes, or the lye
therefrom.
Lixivia {liks-iv'-e-ali) [L.]. Same as Lixivium.
Lixivial (liks-iv'-e-al) [lixivia, lye]. Relating to
lixiviation.
Lixiviation [liks-iv-e-a'-shnn) [li.xivia.\y€\. The pro-
cess of leaching ashes. Also, the process of separat-
ing by solution any alkaline salt from the insoluble im-
purities with which it is mixed.
Lixivious (liks-iv' -e-us) [lixivia, lye]. Lixivial, (7.
Lixivium (liks-iv' -e-um) [li.vi^da, lye]. The filtrate ob-
tained by leaching ashes; practically a solution of an
impure ]iotassium hydrate.
Lizard-tail (liz' -ard-tal). See Saiirurus cernuus.
Loathing [loth'-ing) [ME., loth, hateful]. Intense
disgust, which may excite nausea.
Lobar [lo'-bar) [lobus, a lobe]. Pertaining to a lobe,
rather than to a lobule. L. Pneumonia. See Pneu-
monia, Croupous.
LOBATE
701
LOCALIZATION
'LohaXt, or 'L.oh&A. ilo' -bat, Idbd) \_Mus, lobe]. In bi-
ology, possessing lobes, or of the form of a lobe.
Lobe {lob) [/lo/^of, lobus. a lobe]. Any one of the
parts or divisions into which an organ may be separ-
ated by fissures and constrictions ; as the lobes of the
brain, liver, ear, etc. A more or less rounded part or
projection of an organ. Lobes of Brain; each half
of the convex cerebral surface is divided by fissures into
five lobes, the frontal, parietal, occipital, temporo-sphe-
noidal, and central, or island of Reil, to which some
writers add a fronto-parietal lobe. See Brain and
Fisstire. Lobes of Liver. See Liver. L., Margi-
nal, the first frontal convolution running along the
margin of the longitudinal fissure. Lobes, Optic,
the tubercula quadrigemina. L., Slender ( of the cere-
bellum). The fourth of the five lobes on the under
surface of either hemisphere of the cerebellum.
Lobelacrin (/o-^('/-a''-/;'w/) [fromM.de Lobel, a French
botanist]. An acrid principle derivable from Lobelia
in /lata. Unof
Lobelet [lob' -let). Same as Lobiilet.
Lobelia \lo-be' -le-ah) [from M. de Label, a French
botanist]. The leaves and tops of L.injlata, an ex-
pectorant, antispasmodic, and emetic ; in larger doses
a motor depressant and narcotic. It is valuable in
asthma and dry cough, and is the main ingredient of
empiric cures for pulmonary tuberculosis. It makes an
excellent enema in strangulated hernia. L., Acetum,
lo per cent, of the drug. Dose Hlv-^j. L., Fid.
Ext. Dose tT\^j-x. L., Infus., unof., 5] to Oj.
Dose 3 L., Tinct., 20 per cent, of the drug.
Dose lT\,v-xxx. L., Tinct., vEtherealis (B. P.)
Dose Tt\_x-xxx. The genus Lobelia contains many
species, most of them having little-understood medi-
cinal qualities.
Lobelin {lo-be'-lin) [from M. de Label, a French bota-
nist]. I. A precipitate from the tincture of Lobelia
inflata ; an emetic, nervine, anti-spasmodic, resolvent
and relaxant. Dose, as an emetic I to 3 grains in warm
water, repeated, if necessary, in ten minutes, until an
effect is produced. As a diaphoretic and expectorant
from }( to grain. Unof 2. An oily liquid alka-
loid, from the plant Lobelia injlata ; actively poisonous.
Unof.
Lobopneumonia {lo-bo-7iu-jno' -ne-ah). See Pneumo-
nia, Croupous.
Lobstein's Cancer. Retroperitoneal sarcoma. It often
attains a considerable size See Diseases, Table of.
Lobular {Job'-u-lar) {globulus, a little lobe]. Like a
lobule. Pertaining to any lobule. L. Pneumonia.
See Pneumonia , Catarrhal.
Lobulate, Lobulated {lob'-u-lat, lob'-u-la-iej) \_lobu-
latiis, from lobiihis, a little lobe]. Consisting of small
lobes or lobules.
Lobulation {lob-ii-la' -shini) \lobiilus, small lobe]. Divi-
sion into lobules. L., Congenital, preservation in
adult life of the fetal lobulation of an organ.
Lobule ) [/(>i«j, a lobe]. See Lobnlus. L.,
Oval, the paracentral lobule. L., Paracentral, the
superior connecting convolution of the ascending
frontal and ascending parietal gyri. L., Pneumo-
gastric, the flocculus of the cerebellum.
Lobulet (lob'-u-let) [dim. of lobidns, a lobule]. A
minor lobule, especially of the lung ; a group, or series
of groups, of five or six air-sacs connected with the
dilated end of a bronchiole.
Lobulization (/(?i5-?/-//3-a'-j/??/;0. See Lobulation.
Lobulus {lob'-H-lus) [dim. of lobus, a lobe : //., Lobuli'].
A small lobe or division of an organ. L. caudatus,
the tailed lobe, or elevation of the liver that separates
the right extremity of the transverse fissure from the
commencement of the fissure for the inferor vena cava.
L. centralis, the superior vermiform process ; the
island of Reil. L. corporis striati, the island of
Reil ; the lenticular nucleus. L. of Ear, the soft
mass at the lower part of the pinna of the car. L.
fissurae sylvii, the island of Reil. L. hepatis an-
onymus. See Liver^ Quadrate Lobe of. L. para-
centralis, the mesial aspect of the upper portion of
the ascending parietal convolutions, in front of the
up-curved end of the colloso-marginal fissure. L.
quadratus, the square lobe upon the inferior sur-
face of the right lobe of the liver. L. spigelii, the
lobule projecting from the posterior portion of the
inferior surface of the liver. L. tuberis, the nodule
of the cerebellum ; the supra-marginal gyrus. L.
vagi, the flocculus of the cerebellum.
Lobus (/f'-i^zw) [L., a lobe]. A lobe. Any well-de-
fined, rounded part of an organ. L. caudatus. See
Lobulus. L. opertus, the insula of the brain. L.
quadratus. See Lobulus.
Local (lo'-kl) \_localis ; locus, ■pla.ce.']. Not general.
Afl'ecting a part or place.
Localization (lo-kal-iz-a' -shun) \_locus, a place]. The
designation of the seat of any pain, irritation, injury, or
Diagram of the Motor Areas on the Outer Surface of
A Monkey's Brain. (Horsley and Schdfer.)
Diagram of the Motor Areas on the Marginal Convo-
lution OF A Monkey's Brain. (Horsley and Scluifer.)
disease, or the process by which a general condition
manifests itself in a particular place. The faculty
of locating sensory impressions. L., Cerebral,
the determination of the anatomic position of the cen-.
ters in the brain that preside over certain physiologic
acts ; or of the seat of pathologic conditions interfer-
ing with the proper function of these centers. See
illustrations annexed. L., Spinal-cord ; Cowers'
table, showing the approximate relations to the spinal
nerves of the various functions of the cord, is given
herewith.
12
702
MOTOR.
Sterno-mastoid.
Trapezius.
j> Diaphragm.
1 Serratus
) Shoulder
Hand
(ulnar, lowest).
Intercostal
muscles.
LOCHIOCELIITIS
SENSORY. REFLEX.
|. Neck and scalp,
j- Neck and shoulder.
Shoulder.
J- Arm. !- Scapular.
Hand
Abdominal
muscles.
Flexors, hip.
(Extensors, knee,
j. Adductors -
r hip-
Y Abductors
J E,xtensors (?) ,
(Flexors, knee (?)
Muscles of leg mov-
ing foot.
Perineal and anal
muscles.
Front of thorax.
> Ensiform area.
Abdomen
(Umbilicus, loth).
Buttocks,
upper part.
Groin and scrotum
(front).
outer side.
Thigh
front.
inner side.
Leg, inner side.
Buttocks, lower
part.
Back of thigh.
anf I ^'^^^P'
footj nerpart.
Perineum and anus.
Skin from coccyx to
anus.
Epigastric.
Abdominal.
Cremasteric.
|- Knee-joint.
Gluteal.
Foot-clonus.
Plantar.
Diagram and Table Showing the Approximate Relation to the Spinal Nerves of the Various Motor, Sensory,
AND Reflex Functions of the Spinal Cord. (Arranged by IV. R. Gowers, from anatomic and pathologic data.)
Localized [!o'-kal-izd) \_locus, a place]. Confined to
a particular place.
Locellus [lo-si'l'-its) [dim. of !flciihis,a. little place : //. ,
Loii'!li~\. In biology, a subdivision of a loculus.
Loch (/«/!•) [Arab.]. A lincture, or electuary. (Old.)
Lochaditis {lok-ad-i' -lis). Same as Logaditis.
Lochia (Jo' -ke-aJi] [/(^jm, Aofo?, lying-in]. The dis-
charge from the genital organs during from two to four
weeks succeeding labor. L. alba, the whitish flow
that takes place from about the seventh day. L.
rubra, the sanguineous flow of the first few days. L.
serosa, the serous discharge taking place about the
fifth day.
Lochia {lo'-ke-ah") [2oxeia, childbirth]. Childbirth;
confinement. (Rare.)
Lochia! (lo'-kc-al) [?c(5;t;<a, Xd;t:of, lying-in]. Tertain-
ing to the lochia.
Lochiation {lo-l;c-a' -sliuii) \\bxM, "koxo^, lying-in].
Aveling's term for the excretion of the lochia.
Lochioceliitis {lo-ke-o-se-le-i'-tis) ['/^I'lxioc, puerperal;
KoiXm, abdomen ; i.riq, inflammation]. Puerperal ab-
dominal inflammation.
LOCHIOCOLICA
703
LODICULA
Lochiocolica {lo-ke-o-kol' -ik-aJi) [Ad;|f(of, puerperal ;
KuAimq, pertaining to the colon]. Pain in the ab-
dominal region dependent upon, or associated with,
some lochia! irregularity.
Lochiodochium [/o-ke-o-do' -ke-u/ii). Lochodochium.
'L.och.iom&Xxa. (/o-ke-o-ine'-trah) [/lo;f/a, lochia ; /J'/rpa,
uterus]. A collection of lochia in the uterus.
Lochiopyra ylo-ke-op' -ir-ali) [_'A6,xtoc, relating to child-
bed; TTvp, fire, fever]. Puerperal fever. Same a.^ Lo-
chopyra.
Lochiorrhagia (lo-ke-or-a'-je-ali) \_?Mxia, lochia;
pfiyvhvai, to burst forth]. An excessive flow of the
lochia.
Lochiorrhea (lo-ke-or-e' -aJi) [Xo;t;/a, lochia; pola, a
flow]. An abnormal flow of the lochia.
Lochiorrhoic {lo-ke-or-o' -ik)\llK6xia., lochia ; poia, flow].
Pertaining to lochiorrhea.
Lochioschesis i^lo-ke-os' -kes-is) \\bxi-a., lochia ; a^^fffif,
retention]. Suppression or retention of the lochia.
Lochioschetic {lo-ke-os-ket' -ik) [A6;fm, lochia ; <T,^£(T(f,
retention]. Pertaining to lochioschesis.
Lochocacocolpia [^lo - ko- kak- o- kol' - pe - aJi) [/iu;i;of,
childbed ; KaKiiq, evil ; koXtvoc, vagina]. Vaginal or
vulval gangrene after childbirth.
Lochoceliitis [lo-ko-se-le-i' -tis). See Lochioceliitis.
Lochodochium [lo-ko-do' -ke-um) \\6xo^, childbirth ;
df;j;£a&a(, to receive]. A lying-in hospital; a mater-
nity.
Lochomeleagra {lo-ko-mel-e-a' -grali) [Ao;fof, child-
birth ; pi'Aoi;, limb; aypa, seizure]. An attack of pain
in the limbs of parturient women.
Lochometritis [lo-ko-me-tri' -tis) [Ad;(;of, childbirth ;
p/r^oa, womb ; ir(f, inflammation]. Inflammation of
the womb consequent upon delivery ; puerperal metri-
tis.
Lochometrophlebitis i^lo-ko-me-tro-fle-bi' -tis) [Ad^of,
childbirth ; ixi/rpa, womb ; 0At'i/;, vein ; mf , inflamma-
tion]. Phlebitis of the uterine veins in puerperal
women.
Locho-oophoritis {lo-ko-o-off-or-i' -tis) \\6xoi;, child-
bed; 6)01', egg; <l>np6g, bearing; tr(?, inflammation].
Puerperal inflammation of an ovary.
Lochoperitonitis {^lo-ko-per-it-on-i' -tis) [Ad;);of, child-
bed; TrepiTovainv, peritoneum; mf, inflammation].
Inflammation of the peritoneum following childbirth.
Lochopyra {^lo-kop'-ir-ali) [Ad;cof, childbed; T^vp, fire,
fever]. Puerperal fever.
Lochos [lo'-kos) [Ad^of, childbirth]. A pregnant
woman; childbed. (Obs.)
Lochotyphus [lo-ko-ti'-fics) {^^oxoc, childbed; rixpog,
stupor]. Puerperal fever of a typhoid type.
Lock [/ok) [ME., hk, lock]. I. Anything that fas-
tens something else. 2. To fasten by means of a
lock ; to fasten so as to impede motion. L. -finger,
a peculiar and very uncommon affection of the fingers
in which they suddenly become fixed in a flexed
position. The locking is due to the presence of a
small fibrous growth in the sheath of the extensor ten-
don. L.-hospital, an English hospital for the treat-
ment of venereal diseases ; it was originally kept with
locked doors, whence the name. L.-jaw, tetanus ;
trismus. L. -spasm, Weir Mitchell's term for a severe
form of writer's cramp, the hand becoming spasmodic-
ally firmly contracted, the spasm being followed by
complete relaxation.
Locked (/ok() [ME., /ok, a lock]. Fastened by means
of a lock ; immovable. L. Heads. See Head-/ock-
ing. L. Jaw. See Trismus. L. Joint, Pajet's term
for a condition similar to that described as lock-finger,
but usually involving a knee-joint.
Loco or L. Plant or L. Weed {/o'-ko) [Sp. for
. "crazy"]. A name given in parts of the U. S. to
various species of Astraga/us , Hosackia, Oxvtropis, and
Sopkora, poisonous plants that are believed to cause
loco- disease in cattle and horses. L. -disease, a
local epizootic disease of cattle and horses, believed
to be liable to follow the eating of any one of the
plants called /oco.
Locoed [/o'-kdd) [Sp. , loco, crazy]. Suffering from
Loco-disease, q. v.
Locomobile {lo-ko-mo' -bil ) \/octts, place ; mohilis,
movable]. Having the power to change place, or to
move from a place.
Locomobility (/o-ko-nto-bi/' -it-e) \_locm, place ; mobilis,
movable]. The quality of being locomobile.
Locomotility (/o-ko-?iio-ti/'-i/-e) \_/ocus,-p\a.ce ; fnoti/itas,
motility]. The quality or power of moving from
place to place.
Locomotion ijo-ko-mo' -shiai) \_lociis, place ; movere, to
move]. Animal movement. L. of an Artery, the
straightening out of a curved artery under the impulse
of the pulse- wave.
Locomotive (/o-ko-mo' -tiii) \_/ocus, a place ; movere, to
move]. Moving from place to place ; able to change
its place ; pertaining to locomotion. L. Pulse. See
Corrigan'' s Pit/se.
Locomotivity (lo-ko-mo-tiv' -it-e') \_/ocus, place ; tno-
vere, to move]. The power to move from one place
to another.
Locomotor [lo-ko-mo^ -for) [_/ocits, a place ; motor, a
mover], i. Pertaining to locomotion. 2. That which
moves from place to place. L. Ataxia, or L. Ataxy.
See Ataxy and Tabes.
Locomotorium (lo-ko-mo-io' -re-titii) \_/ocus, a place ;
motor, mover: Locoi/iotoria'\. In biology, the
motive apparatus of an organism ; the bones, muscles,
and tendons.
Locomotory [lo-ko-mo' -tor-e) \Jocit5, place ; movere, to
move]. Pertaining to locomotion.
Loculament [lok' -u-lam-ent^ \Jocii/amentum , a case,
box, cell]. Same as Locu/us.
Loculamentum (/ok-u-/a7)i-e7i' -turn) . Same as Locu-
lus.
Locular, Loculate [lok'-u-lar, lok'-u-lat) \_/ocu/tis, a
cell]. In biology, possessing one or more cell-like
subdivisions ; divided into or having loculi.
Locule [/ok'-nl). See Locidns.
Loculicidal [/ok-u-/is-i'-dal) \_locu/its, a cell ; civdere,
to cut]. In biology, applied to seed-capsules that
split open along the dorsal suture.
Loculus [/ok'-u-his) [dim. of locus, a place: //. ,
Locii/i'\. In biology, a small space or cavity ; a
small compartment or cell, as the seed-chamber of
a fruit.
Locus [/o'-ktis) [L. : //., Loci'\. An indefinite term
in anatomy, meaning a place or position. L. cine-
reus, L. cceruleus, L. ferrugineus, a bluish-tinted
eminence on the fasciculi teretes of the fourth ventricle
of the brain. L. luteus, the regio olfactoria of the
nose ; so called from the yellowish color of the epithe-
lium. L. minoris resistentise, a spot of diminished
resistance — a term given to a locality, varying in dif-
ferent individuals, and often accidentally developed,
whose resistance to the invasion of disease is less than
that of other parts. L. niger, a dark area in the center
of a section of the cms cerebri. See Iiiterca/atum.
L. perforatus, a name given to the anterior and the
posterior perforated space at the base of the brain
through which many vessels pass. L. praedilectiorus,
the point of election. L. ruber, the red nucleus of
the tegmentum.
Locust-tree. See Hymencea courbaril.
Lodicle [lod' -ik-l ). Same as Lodicule.
Lodicula [lod-ik' -ii-la/i). Same as Lodicule.
LODICULE
704
LONG
Lodicule (Jod' -ik-fd) \lodiiula, dim. of lodix, a cover-
letj. In biology, a small scale found between the
stamens and pal et of many grasses.
Lodoicea [lod-o-is' -e-ah) \s.{\.ex Laodice^ daughter of
Friam, King of Troy]. A genus of palms. L. sech-
ellarum, the double-cocoanut tree, a palm of
the Seychelle Islands. This tree and its double nut
are highly esteemed in the East, where magic virtues
are ascribed to the fruit. Latterly a fluid extract of
the plants has been recommended as a tonic, febrifuge,
and alexipharmac. Dose, gtt. ij-v. Unof.
Loeb, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of.
Loebisch's Formula. See Christison^ s Formula.
Loffler's Alkaline Solution. A staining-agent used
in the histologic laboratory. See Stains, Table of.
L.'s Bacillus, the bacillus of diphtheria. See Bacil-
lus, Klebs-Loffler' s, under Bacteria, Synonymatic
Table of. L.'s Blood-serum Mixture, a mixture con-
sisting of one part of neutral meat-infusion bouillon
containing lo per cent, of grape-sugar and 3 parts of
blood-serum; it is a culture-medium. L.'s Method,
a method of staining the flagella of microorganisms.
See Stains, Table of.
Lohlein's Diameter. In pelvimetry, the internal as-
cending oblique diameter, measured by the finger in
the vagina from the center of the sub-pubic ligament
to the upper anterior angle of the great sacro-sciatic
foramen. It is 2 cm. less .than the transverse diam-
eter of the superior .strait of the pelvis.
Loemia (Jem' -e-ah). See Loimia.
Loemic (Jem'-ik). See Loimic.
Loemography \lem-og' -ra-fe) \%oia6(; plague ; ypa<^tiv,
to write]. See Loi/nology.
Loemoid [lem' -old). See Loimic.
Loemology {lem-ol'-o-je). See Loimology.
Lcemophthalmia (lem-off-lhal' -me-ah) \JkoLjx6q, plague ;
o(f)Ha/.fiia, ophthalmia]. A contagious ophthalmia.
Lowe's Oak-red. See Oak-bark. L.'s Reagent or
Test, a solution for the detection of sugar in the
urine. It consists of subnitrate of bismuth, glycerin,
and soda lye. See Tests, Table of. L.'s Ring, a
demonstration of the yellow spot of the retina which, in
a strong light, appears surrounded by a bright area, two
or three times as large as the spot. Clerk-Maxwell's
experiment consists in looking through a solution of
chrome-alum, when there is seen an oval, purplish spot
due to the pigment of the yellow spot.
Lcewenberg, Canal of. See Canal.
Lowit's Method. See Stains, Table of.
Logadectomy [log-ad-ek'-to-me) [7ioya6eq, whites of the
eyes; £/cro///;, excision]. Excision of a piece of the
conjunctiva. (Obs.)
Logades (log'-ad-ez) [/loyadfc]. The whites of the
eyes ; the sclerotic coats of the eyes. (Obs. )
Logaditis (log-ad-i'-tis) [XojdJef, whites of the eyes ;
LTic, inflammation]. Same as Sclerotitis. (Obs.)
Logadoblennorrhea [Jog-ad-o-blen-or-e' -aJi) \jA,oya6eq,
whites of the eyes; flXkvva, mucus; pnia, flow].
Conjunctival blennorrhea. (Obs.)
Logan Crown. In dentistry, an artificial crown the
base of which is deeply recessed, leaving a thin bor-
der to be fitted to the natural root. One end of the
dowel is baked into the crown during its manufacture.
The concavity of the base facilitates the adjustment
of the crown to the end of the root, and gives a
more permanent form to the cement holding the dowel
or post.
Loganin (log'-an-iii), C.^jH-j^Oj^. Aglucosid extracted
from strychnos seeds.
Logodiarrhea [log-o-di-ar-e'-ali\ [/,o>of, word; fiia'p-
pnia, a flowing through]. Excessive or maniacal
loquacity.
Logographic {log-o-graf -ik) \f6yoq, word; ((ipa^eiv, to
write]. Pertaining to written words. L . Alalia,
that in which the thoughts cannot be expressed in
writing.
Logomania (log-o-via' -ne-ali) [?oyof, word ; /lavia,
madness]. I. Insanity characterized by talkativeness.
2. Aphasia.
Logomonomania (log-o-mo-no-}na'-ne-ah) \foyo<;,
word ; jj-ovoq, single ; fiavia, mania] . Monomania
marked by loquacity.
Logoneurosis (log-o-nu-ro'-sis) \7\.6yoq, word ; vevpov,
nerve; vuaog, disease: //., Logoneitroses']. I. Any
neurosis marked by a speech-defect. 2. Any neurosis
attended with impairment of the mental powers.
Logopathy [log-op' -at/i-e)\_'k6yo<; , word ; irddog, disease].
Any disease affecting the speech ; dyslogia.
Logoplegia (Jog-o-ple' -je-ah) [Aoyof, word ; TrXrjyij,
stroke]. An aphasic symptom, consisting in the im-
possibility of uttering a word, though the memory of
its sound is clear.
Logoplegic (log-o-ple'fik) [Xoyog, word ; T:Xriyri,
stroke]. Relating to, or characterized by, logoplegia.
Logorrhea ifog-or-e' -ali) [Xojof , word ; po/a, a flow],
I. Abnormal rapidity of speech ; a symptom of cerebral
irritation. 2. .Same as Logodiarrhea.
L,ogvfOod (log' -wood ) . See J/ematoxylon. L. -black.
See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Lohoch (lo'-hok). Same as Lock.
Loimia (loi'-ine-ali) [/io«//df , plague]. A pestilence or
plague.
Loimic (loi'-mik) \_/iocfiiK6g ; "Aoifioq, plague]. Pertain-
ing to the plague or to any f>estilence.
Loimology (loi-mol'-o-Je) [^Aoipog, plague ; Adyof, a
treatise]. The science of contagious epidemic dis-
eases.
Loimopyra (loi-mop' -ir-ah) [?.o///df, plague ; Trvp, fire].
Pestilential fever.
Loin (loin) [ME., loine, loin]. Either of the lumbi,
or lower part of the back in the region of the hips.
Loliin (/6i'-/<;'-/«) [/oZ/ww, darnel]. A volatile, poison-
ous alkaloid contained in the seeds of Loliiim temu-
lentitm.
Lolium (lo'-le-uin) [L., darnel]. A genus of grasses,
one of which, L. temulentum, poisonous darnel, is
remarkable as one of the few grasses that appear to
have poi-sonous qualities. Its seeds in particular
are said to have narcotic qualities. By some writers
this poisonous effect has been denied, and by others
it has been referred to the presence of ergot ; late
researches seem to confirm the popular belief. Unof.
Loma (lo'-mah) [Acj/za, hem, fringe: //. , Lomata'\. In
biology, a flap or fringe along the toe of a bird.
Lomastome (lo'-mas-tdm) [/lu/za, hem, fringe; arSfia,
mouth]. In biology, applied to such shells as have a
reflected peristome.
Lomatine (lo' -mat-in) [Aw/m, hem, fringe]. In bio-
logy, margined or fringed.
Lombardian Leprosy. See Pella«ra.
Loment (lo'-mcnt) [^lomentum, a mixture of bean-meal
and rice]. In biology, a legume that when ripe
breaks transversely into joints.
Lomentum (lo-nien' -tii?n). .Same as Loment.
Lomilomi (lo'-me-lo'-me) [Hawaiian]. A kind of
shampoo or massage, practised by the Polynesians.
London Paste. A caustic paste containing equal parts
of caustic soda and unslaked lime. It must be mixed
with water before using. L. White. Same as
IVhite Lead.
Long [ME., long, long]. Having great length. L.-
sight. Synonym of Presbyopia and Hvperopta. L.-
sightedness. See Hyperopia. L. Thread-worms.
See Tliread-'uorms.
LONGEVITY
705
LOSOPHAN
Longevity (lon-jev' -it-e) \Jonga, long ; vita, life]. Long
life.
Longi- {lon'-je-) \Jongus, long]. A prefix signifying
length or extent.
Longicaudate ( \Jongus,\oxi^\ caiida,
a tail]. In biology, having a long tail.
Longiductor [lon-je-duk' -tor) \_lo>igus, long ; dtictor,
leader]. The adductor longus muscle. See Aluscles,
Table of.
Longimanus ijon-je-nia' -mis) \_loHgiis, long ; mantis,
hand]. Long-handed.
Longing [latung' -hig) [ME., longen, to desire
earnestly] . The earnest desire for anything ; it is a
condition often present in the female during pregnancy.
Longipedate (lon-je-pe' -dat) \longiis, long ; pes, foot].
Long-footed.
Longiperoneus i^lon-je-per-o-ne' -us) \longits, long ;
■Ktpovi), fibula]. The peroneus longus muscle. See
Muscles, Table of.
Longipes [lon'-je-pls). See Longipedate.
Longisect [lon-je-sekt') \longiis, long ; secare, to cut].
To make a longisection, q.v.
Longisection [lon-je-sek'-skun) [longus, long; sectio,
cutting]. Longitudinal section; especially used of
the body from extremity to extremity. The division
of a body into sections parallel with its long axis.
See Position and Direction , Table of.
Longissimus (lon-jis'-im-us) [super, of lo?igus, long].
Longest. L. capitis, L. cervicis, the trachelomas-
toid muscles. See Muscles, Table of. L. dorsi. See
Muscles, Table of.
Longitude (Ion' -jit-tid) \_longttudo, length]. Angular
distance from any standard meridian perpendicular to
the plane of the axis.
Longitudinal (lon-jit-u' -din-al ) \Jongitudinalis, per-
taining to length]. In anatomy, lengthwise, or in a
direction the opposite of transverse. L. Fissure, of
the cerebrum. See Fissures, Table of. L. Sinus,
the triangular subcranial venous channel extending
from the crista galli to the tentorium.
Longus [la'img' -gus) [L., long]. Long. L. colli. See
Muscles, Table of. L. capitis, the rectus capitis
anticus major muscle. See Muscles, Table of. L.
dorsi. The longissimus dorsi muscle. See Muscles,
Table of. L. lumborum, an inconstant muscle
attached to the bodies of the two upper lumbar ver-
tebrse and the three lower dorsal vertebrae.
Lonsdale's Apparatus. An apparatus for treating frac-
ture of the patella, consisting of movable arms sus-
pended from two upright rods that are attached to a
long posterior splint. To these arms are fastened
padded plates that hold the fragments together.
Looch (lo-ok') [Fr.]. Same as Loch.
Loodianah Disease. See Anthrax.
Loofah (loo' -f ah) . See Luffa.
Look-at-his-face Disease. Carate ; a form of syph-
ilitic skin-disease in Spain, characterized by blotches
upon the face.
Loong. See Lung.
Loop [ME., lope, a loop]. A folding of a cord, fiber,
tube, or ?ord-like structure , upon itself. L. of Henle.
See Tubuli uriniferi. L., Obstetric, the fillet.
Looped (loopt) [ME., lope, loop]. Doubled upon
itself ; containing loops. L. Tubes of Henle. See
Tubuli uriniferi.
Loose (lus) [ME., loos, loose]. Lax; wanting power
of restraint; as loose bowels. L. Ligature. See
Ligature.
Looseness (loos'-ues) [ME., loos, loose]. Popular
name for diarrhea. L. of the Teeth, Odontoseisis :
Odontosismus ; this results from disease of the gums
and the gradual destruction of the alveolar processes.
45
Loosestrife [loos' -strif). See Lysimachia.
Lophadia (lo-fad' -e-ah). See Lophia.
Lophanthus (lo-fan' -thus) [/.oc^oc, crest ; avdoQ, flower].
A genus of labiate plants, popularly called hyssops, or
hedge-hyssops. L. anisatus, L. nepetoides, and
L. urticaefolius of North America have the general
properties of the mint-family. Unof.
Lophia (lo'-fe-ah) [/ooof, the back of the neck]. The
upper part of the back near the first dorsal vertebra.
Lophin (lo' -fin) [/mooc, sl tuft], CjjHjgNj. Triphenyl
glyoxalin ; a substance produced by distilling amarin.
It is not readily soluble in alcohol, crystallizes in long
needles, and melts at 275° C.
Lophiodontous (lo-fe-o-don'-tus) [/dfiof, crest ; bdnic,
tooth]. Having crested molar teeth.
Lophodont (lo'-fo-dont) [/.ofi/of, a crest ; bdoig, tooth].
In biology, applied to that dentition in which the
crowns of the molar teeth possess ridges or crests, as
distinguished from bimodont. See Lophiodontous.
Lophophore [lo' -fo-for) [/.d^of, a crest ; popoc, bear-
ing]. In biology, the frame or stage surrounding the
mouth of a polyzoan and giving support to the ten-
tacles.
Lophosteon (lo-fos'-te-on) [/d^oc, a crest; bcrior,
bone: //. , Lophostca'\. In biology, the median one
of the five bones that make up the sternum of a carin-
ate bird.
Loquacity {lo-k'was'-it-e) \loquacitas ; loqtiax, talka-
tive]. Volubility of speech ; talkativeness ; a con-
dition that is frequently excessive in various forms of ,
mental disorder.
Lorate (lo'-rat) \lorum, a thong, or lash]. In biology,
shaped like a long strap.
Lordoma (lor-do' -inah) [^/op&ovv, to bend inward]. The
anterior or forward incurvation of the spine.
Lordoscoliosis (lor-do-sko-le-o' -sis) [/dpfiucr/f, /.opSoeiv,
to bend ; aKui'/.iuai^, crookedness]. Lordosis with sco-
liosis.
Lordosis [lor-do' -sis) [yopSutui^, '/opSoeiv, to bend]. A
curvature of the spine with a forward convexity. L.,
Paralytic, lordosis due to paralysis of either the spinal
or the abdominal muscles. L. valgorum, genu
valgum, q. v.
Lordotic [lor-dot'-ik), Lordosic [lor-dos'-ik), Lor-
dous (lor'-dus) ['/ 6p6uaic, '/opdoeiv, to bend]. Bent
with the convexity turned ventrad ; applied to the
spinal column.
Lore [lor) \_lorum, a thong, lash, strap]. In biology,
the space between the eye and the bill or nostrils in
birds and reptiles.
Loreta's Operation, i. The forcible dilatation of the
pylorus for the relief of stricture after celiogastrotomy.
2. The treatment of aneurysm by the introduction of
metal wire into the sac, through which a current of
electricity is then passed. See Operations, Table of.
Lorica (/w-r/'-/<v?//)[L. , a corselet, cuirass : Loricce'].
In biology, a protective sheath or carapace.
Loricate (lor'-ik-at) \lorica, a coat of mail]. In bi-
ology, covered with a protective coat.
Lorication (lor-ik-a' -shun) \lorica.2L leather cuirass] .
The protection of a glass vessel against heat by a coat-
ing of sand and clay.
Loriculate (lor-ik' -u-lat ) \loricula, a small breastplate].
Consisting of long divisions.
Lorum (lo'-rum) [L., thong, whip, strap: //., Lora"].
Same as Lore.
Lourd, Lourderie [loord, looi-'-de?--e). See Gid.
Losi-piercing [lo' -se-per' -sing). See Thoka-losi.
Losophan [lo' -so-fan) . Tri-iodo-cresol, an agent said
to be strongly parasiticidal, and useful in parasitic
dermatoses, whether due to fungous or animal para-
sites.
LOSTORFER'S CORPUSCLES
706
LUBRICATING
Lostorfer's Corpuscles. The granular masses al-
leged by Lostorfer to have been found in the blood of
syphilitic patients.
Lote [lot). See Celiis.
Lotio {lo'-she-o) [L.]. See Lotion. L. adstringens,
Warren's styptic, consisting of five parts of sulphuric
acid, and four parts each of turpentine and alcohol.
L. nigra. See Hydrargyrum.
Lotion [/o'-shiin) [/otio, a wash]. Any medicinal solu-
tion intended for external use. L., Black. See Hv-
drargyruin. L., Cold Evaporating, plumbi acet.
^j, pulv. opii 31, aquLB Oj. Or, liq. plumbi sub-
acetat. fjiv, tinct. opii f^ij, aqux Oj ; for exter-
nal use. L., Goulard's, liquor plumbi subacetatis.
See Plumbum. L. for Mouth, acid pyrolig. gj,
aqute. f ^ viij ; use externally. Or, tinct. myrrh ^ss,
potass, chlor.^iij, aquse fjiv. L., Red, zinci sulph.
gr. X, spts. rosmarin., tinct. lavand. comp., aa f^jss,
aq. f ^ X ; use locally.
Lotophagous (lo-toff' -ag-us) [Aurof , lotus ; ^ayelv, to
devour]. Lotus-eating.
Lotura [lo-tu' -rah). [L.]. Lotion. L. carnis, L.
carnium, a sanguinolent and serous liquid some-
times discharged in cases of dysentery or diarrhea.
Louis's Angina. See Liidwig's Angina. L.'s Angle.
See Angle. L.'s Law. See Law.
Louping-ill (loop' -ing-il) [E. dial., hup, to spring].
Leaping-evil : a disease of sheep causing them to
spring up in going forward (Scotch). It is due to the
presence of a cystic parasite in the spinal canal. See
Ccenurus cerebrales, under Parasites (Animal), Table
of.
Louse (locvs). See Pediculosis.
Lousiness (low'-ze-nes). See Pediculosis.
Lousy (low'-ze) [ME., Ions, a louse]. Affected with
pediculosis.
Louvred Panes. See Ventilation.
Lovage (Jiiv'-azh ) [ME., loveache^. The root of Ligus-
ticum levisticum and Levisticum officinale, stimulant,
aromatic, carminative, and emmenagogue drugs. Dose
of a fid. ext. f^j-ij- Unof.
Love (liiv) [ME., loven, to love]. I. To regard with
strong affection. 2. Sexual passion. L.-potion.
See Philter.
Low Crown. An artificial crown inserted into the
natural root of a tooth ; it consists of a gold-backed
porcelain facing, to which is attached a combined
post and cap, which, from its peculiar form, is called
a " step-plug," and which fits into an enlarged root-
canal of a similar form.
Lower, Tubercle of. See Tubercle.
Loxa Bark (loks' -ah hark). Pale cinchona ; the bark
of Cinchona officinalis.
Loxarthron (loks-ar' -tJiron) [/o.jof, slanting; apdpov,
a joint]. Any oblique or abnormal direction of a
joint, not caused by spasm or luxation.
Loxarthrosis (loks-ar-thro' -sis) [/o^oc, awry ; apOpuniq,
joint]. Distortion of a joint.
Loxauchenus (loks aw-ken'-us) [/ofdf, oblique ; avxij^',
neck]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which the
angle formed by the intersection of the radius fixus
and a line drawn between the basion and the inion is
from 14° to 20°.
Loxia (/o-^j'-^-rt/;). See Torticollis.
Loxic (loks' -ik) [/.o^of, oblique]. Distorted; awry;
twisted.
Loxochordus (loks-o-kor' -dus) [/lo^df , oblique ; chorda,
a cord]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which the
angle formed between the intersection of the radius
fixus and the line drawn from the bregma to the
lambda is between 17° and 29°.
Loxocoryphus (loks-o-kor' -if-us) \\o^(h;, oblique ;
Koprxpi/, the head]. Lissauer's term for a skull in
which the angle formed by the intersection of the
radius fixus and a line connecting the bregma and
the lambda is between 17° and 28.5°.
Loxocyesis (loks-o-si-e'-sis) [/ofdf, awry ; Kur/ai^-, preg-
nancy]. Oblique displacement of the gravid uterus.
Loxodont (loks' -o-dont), Loxodontous (loks-o-don' -
tus) [/o.^of, aslant; b6o'v(;, tooth]. Having teeth
placed at abnormal angles with the jaw.
Loxolophodont (loks-o-lof -o-dont) [/.o^df, slanting;
/,6<pn(;, a crest; odoi'f, tooth]. In biology, a form of
dentition in which oblique crests connect the anterior
internal tubercle of the upper molars with two ex-
ternal tubercles ; this is characteristic of a gigantic
Ungulate.
Loxometopus (loks-o-met-o' -pus) [Aofdf , oblique ; /itru-
TTov, the space between the eyes]. Lissauer's term
for a skull in which the angle formed by the intersection
of the radius fixus and a line drawn from the bregma
to the nasal point is between 43° and 47°
Loxophthalmos (loks-off-thal'-mos). Synonym of
Strabismus, q. v.
Loxopisthius (loks-o-pis' -the-us) [/.d;of, oblique ; bnia-
Oiog, hinder]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which
the angle formed by the intersection of the radius
fixus and a line drawn through the lambda and the
inion is between 95° and 104°.
Loxopisthocranius (loks-o-pis-tho-kra' -ne-us) [/'-o,"df,
oblique; uwiaHev, behind; Kpavinv, skull]. Lissauer's
term for a skull in which the angle formed between
the radius fixus and a line drawn through the lambda
and the opisthion is between 119° and 130°.
Loxoprosopus (loks-o-pros' -o-pus) [/ofdf , oblique ; jrpd-
cioTcov, face]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which
the angle formed by the intersection of the radius
fixus and a line drawn from the nasion to the alveolar
point is between 78.5° and 89.5°.
Loxopterygin (loks-o-ter' -ij-in) [/lofdf, oblique; Trrepv^,
a wing], CjgHj^N.^O.,. A white amorphous alkaloid ob-
tained from the bark of Loxopterygium lorentzii.
Loxopterygium (loks-o-tei--ij'' -e-um) [Aofdf, oblique;
TTTepv^, wing]. A genus of anacardiaceous trees. L.
lorentzii, L. sagotii, red quebracho, the bark of
which is used as a substitute for cinchona. Unol.
Loxorrhinus (loks-or-i' -nus) [/io^df, oblique; p/f, nose].
Lissauer's term for a skull in which the angle formed
between the radius fixus and a line drawn from the na-
sion to the subnasal point is between 77.5° and 87.5°.
Loxotic (loks-ot'-ik). See Loxic.
Loxotmesis (loks-ot-me'-sii;). See Loxotomy.
Loxotomy (loks-of -o-me) [Aofdj, oblique ; Topij, a cut-
ting]. That form of amputation commonly known as
the " oblique section."
Loy's Disease. Horse-pox. See Diseases, Table of.
Lozenge (loz'-enj) [ME., losange, lozenge]. A medi-
cated tablet with sugar as a basis. See Trochiscus.
Lubido (lu-bid' -0). .See Libido.
Lubricant (lu'-brik-ant) \_lidiricare, to make smooth].
Making smooth, oily, or slippery.
Lubricating (lii'-brik-a-ting) \_liibricare, to make
smooth]. Making smooth or slippery. L. Oils, oily
products obtained chiefly from petroleum and used for
lubricating purposes. Some crude petroleums are nat-
ural lubricating oils, requiring little or no treatment to
fit them for use. The other petroleum lubricating oils
are obtained in one of two ways — either by driving oft
the light hydrocarbons from the crude oil, yieldin;; 1
what is called a "reduced oil," or they are the oils
obtained by distilling the petroleum residuum in tar-
stills. The lightest of the lubricating oils, varying in
gravity from 32° B. to 38° B., are frequently called
" neutral oils. ' ' They are largely used for the puqiose of I
LUBRICATION
707
LUMBRICOID
mixing with animal or vegetable oils, and it is therefore
necessary that they should be thoroughly deodorized,
decolorized, and deprived of the blue fluorescence, or
"bloom," characteristic of petroleum distillates that
contain paraffin. Heavier lubricating oils are called
"spindle " oils and " cylinder" oils. The most im-
portant characters to be possessed by these oils are high
fire-test, low cold-test, and a high degree of viscosity.
Lubrication {lu-brik-a^-shun) \_lubiiLare , to make
smooth]. The process of making smooth or slippery
by the application of a lubricant.
\j\Aix\.c\Xy {lu-hris' -it-e) \_lubrH-are, to make slippery].
A synonym of lasciviousness ; slipperiness.
Lubricous [Iti' -brik-tis) \_lubricus, lubricare,Xo make
smooth]. Smooth, slippery.
Luca, Horizontal Plane of. See Plane.
Lucent {Jii'-sent) \_hccere, to shine]. Bright, shining.
Lucernal [ln-ser' -nal) \_lucerna, a lamp]. Pertaining
to lamp-light.
Lucet, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Synonvinatic Table
of.
Lucid {lu'-sid) \Jundus, clear]. Clear, shining, unob-
scured. In biology, having a smooth, shining surface.
L. Interval, the transitory return of nonnal mental
action and sanity in certain forms and cases of in-
sanity.
Lucidity {lu-sid' -it-e') \_lucidHS, clear]. Clearness;
lucid interval.
Lucidum (lu' -sid-uiu') \lucidus, clear]. Clear. L.,
Septum. See Septiait.
Luciferase {lii-sif -er-az) \_hicifer, light-bringing]. The
name applied by Dubois to one of the two diastatic
substances which become phosphorescent when mi.xed
in the presence of water, and which are found in the
mollusc, Pholas dactylifera, the mouth of which is
luminous.
Luciferin {bt-sif -er-in') {lux, liicis, light ; ferre, to
bear]. A crystalline body obtained from the light-pro-
ducing organs of certain animals.
Lucifer-match Disease or L. -match Maker's Dis-
ease. Necrosis of the jaw due to phosphorus-poi-
soning.
Luciform (lu'-sif-orm) \_hi.r, light ; forma, form].
Resembling light.
Lucifugal (lu-sif -ii-gal) [/«x, light ; fiigere, to flee].
Fleeing from or avoiding light.
Lucifugous {lu-sif ' -u-gtis) [lux, light ; fugere, to
flee]. In biology, applied to organisms "that avoid
light.
Lucilia {lu-sil' -e-aJi] [L.]. A genus of dipterous in-
sects, the larvre of which act as facultative parasites,
producing various forms of myiasis, q. v. .See Para-
sites (^Animal), Table of.
Lucilin [hi'-sil-in) {lux, lucis, light]. A commercial
mixture of lamp-petroleum and brown coal-oil.
Lucina [lu-si'-na/i) [lux, light]. The goddess of
childbirth. L. sine coitu. Parthenogenesis, q. v.
Lucomania (lu-ko-iiui' -ne-ah') \^k\>xo^, wolf; fjav'ia,
mania]. Same as Lycanthropy , q.v.
l^vicuma {lit-k//-//!al/) [nat. Peruvian]. A genus of trop-
ical American sapotaceous trees. L. caimito, of S.
America (called abi and abiaba) is strongly tonic and
antiperiodic, and is useful in diarrhea ; other species
have similar qualities. Unof.
Lucumin [lu-ku' -luin') \luciiiiia'\. A bitter principle
obtained from Lucuina caiinito. It is recommended
for use in diarrheas and in intermittent fevers. Dose
gr. j-viij. Unof.
Ludwig's Angina. A cellulitis of the neck, usually a
secondary inflammation in the specific fevers, particu-
larly diphtheria and scarlet fever. It may, however,
occur idiopathically or result from trauma. The
swelling is marked in the submaxillary region. It is also
called Louis'" 5 Augiua. See Angina, and Diseases,
Table of. L.'s Angle (Angulus ludovici), the angle
that exists in some cases of emphysema between the
manubrium and the body of the sternum. .See Angle.
L.'s Ganglion. See Ganglia, Table of.
Liicke's Test. See Tests, Table of.
Lues (lu'-es) [L.]. Formerly a pestilential disease; at
present used as an euphemism for syphilis. L. deiiica,
L. divina, epilepsy.
Luetic [lu-et'-ik) [lues, a plague]. Affected with or re-
lating to lues ; syphilitic.
Luffa [luf'-ali) [Arab.]. A genus of cucurbitaceous
plants. L. acutangula, the strainer vine, of India,
having an edible fruit, a purgative and emetic root, and
oil-bearing seeds. L. amara has similar uses. L.
cylindrica, the " wash-rag," " towel gourd," or
"vegetable sponge," bears a fruit which when dry
contains a sponge-like network of fibers. This is some-
times used as a substitute for a sponge or towel. L.
purgans, of S. America, affords a strongly purgative
resin. Unof.
Lugol's Caustic. A solution of iodin and potassium
iodid, of each one part, in water two parts. L.'s So-
lution. See Iodin.
Lumbaginous {lum-baj' -in-us) [luiubus, loin]. Affected
with, or pertaining to, lumbago.
Lumbago {lum-ba' -go) [lumbus, the loin]. Pain in the
structures about the loins, whether neuralgic or rheu-
matic.
Lumbar [luin'-bar) [lumbus, the loin]. Pertaining to
the loins, especially to the region about the loins. L.
Abscess, an abscess in the lumbar region. L.
Arteries. See Artet'ies, Table of. L. Colotomy.
See Lumbo-colotomy . L. Myalgia, lumbago. L.
Nephrectomy, nephrectomy through an incision in
the lumbar region. L. Nephrotomy, nephrotomy
through an incision in the lumbar region. L. Nerves.
See Nerves, Table of. L. Reflex. See Reflexes,
J'able of. L. Region. See Abdomen.
Lumben [lum' -ben) [lumbus, loins]. Belonging to the
loin in itself.
Lumberman's Itch. Same as Aj-?ny Itch.
Lumbifragium {lum-bif-ra' je-iim) [lumbus, loin;
frangere, to break]. Lumbar hernia.
Lumbiplex [lum'-be-pleks). The lumbar plexus.
Lumbiplexal [lum-be-pleks' -al) [lumbus, loin ; plexus,
net]. Pertaining to the lumbiplex.
Lumbo-abdominal (lum'-bo-ab-dom'-in-al) [lumbus,
loin ; abdomen, abdomen]. Pertaining to the loin and
the abdomen.
Lumbocolotomy (lum'-bo-ko-lot'-o-mc) [lumbus, \o\n;
k6?mi', colon; ro////, a cutting], Colotomy performed
in the lumbar region.
Lumbo-costal (lum-bo-kos'-tal) [lumbus, loin ; costa,
rib]. Pertaining to the loins and the ribs.
Lumbodorsal (lum-bo-dor' -sal) [lumbus,\om ; dorsum,
back]. Pertaining to the lumbar and dorsal regions.
Lumbodynia (lum-bo-din' -e-ah) [lumbus, loin ; b&vvrj,
pain]. Same as Lumbago.
Lumbo-inguinal [lum-bo-in' -gunn-al) [lumbus, loin ;
inguen, groin]. Pertaining to the lumbar and in-
guinal regions.
Lumbosacral [lum-bo-sa' -kral) [lumbus, loin ; sacrum,
sacrum] . Pertaining to the lumbar and sacral regions.
Lumbricales (lum-brik-a'-lez). ^ee Jlluscles, Table of.
Lumbricide (lum^-bris-id) [tumbricus, earth-worm ;
cadere, to kill], A drug fatal to lumbricoid worms.
Lumbriciform [han-bris' -if-orm). See Lumbricoid.
Lumbricoid {lum'-brik-oid) [lumbricus, earth-worm;
tJ'Sof, likeness]. Pertaining to, or resembling, a
lumbricus.
LUMBRICUS
708
LUPINE
Lumbricus {hem' -hrik-ns) [L. : pL, Lumbriii\ A
genus of worms, including the common earth-worm
and certain intestinal worms. See Parasites {Animal),
Table of.
Lumen (lu'-men) \_lumeii, light]. The caliber
or canal of any tubular vessel ; the cavity of
a vessel when examined in transverse section.
Luminiferous {lu-miii-if -er-us) \Jumen, light ;
ferre, to bear]. Emitting light.
Luminosity {In-min-os' -it-e) \_luminostis, full of
light]. The property of emitting light.
Lumnitzer, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Syno-
nymatic Table of.
Lump [ME., lompe, a stump]. I. A small
mass ; a protuberant part. 2. A dull person.
3. In the plural, a popular term for strumous
enlargement of the cervical glands.
Lumpy {lum'-pe) [ME., lompe, a stump].
Abounding in, or consisting of, lumps. L.
Jaw. See Actinomycosis.
Lunacy {hi' -nas-e) [/?<«a,the moon]. A popu-
lar name for insanity, so called from the tradi-
tional belief that it was influenced by the moon.
Lunar {lu'-nar) \_luJia, moon]. Pertaining to
the moon or to silver {luna of the alchemists).
L. Caustic. See Argentiim and Caustic.
Lunare, or Os lunare {lu-na' re)\Juna , moon].
The semilunar bone of the carpus.
Lunaria {lu-na' -re-ah') [/««(7r«, pertaining to the
moon]. Menstruation.
Lunate {hi'-tiaf) \Junare, bent lilvc a crescent].
In biology, crescent-shaped, or having cres-
centiform markings.
Lunatic {lu'-nat-ik) \lunaticus ; luna, moon].
Affected with lunacy or insanity.
Lunatism {hi' -nat-iz7n') \_lunatismus ; luna,
moon]. An old name for various diseases sup-
posed to be under the controlling influence of
the moon.
Lund's Apparatus. A triangular frame of iron used to
correct prolapse of the uterus. L.'s Oil, an oil used
for anointing catheters. It consists of olive oil and
castor oil each one ounce, carbolic acid one dram.
Lune {liin) \Juna, moon]. A fit of lunacy or madness.
Lunella {lu-nel' -all) [dim. of luna, moon]. Same as
Hypopyon.
Lunet or Lunette {lu-net') [Fr.]. A spectacle-lens.
Also, a general term including telescopes, marine-
glasses, spectacles, and all similar devices to aid vision.
Lung [ME. , /««^<?, lung]. The organ of respiration,
in which the impure venous blood is oxidized by the
air drawn through the trachea, bronchi, and air-
vesicles. There are two lungs, a right and a left,
the former usually consisting of three, the latter of two
lobes. The lungs are situated in the thoracic cavity, and
are enveloped by the pleurx. At the root or hilum the
bronchus and its arteries, and the pulmonary artery and
nerves enter, and the pulmonary and bronchial veins
and lymphatics leave. The lung proper consists of mi-
nute air-vesicles held in place by connective-tissue tra-
beculce. Capillaries traverse the walls of the air-vesi-
cles and bring the circulating blood in close proximity
to the air. The average weight of the adult right
lung is 22 ounces ; that of the left 20 ounces. L.,
Black, anthracosis of the lung. L., Coal-miner's,
L., Collier's, anthracosis of the lung. L. -fever,
croupous pneumonia. L. -grown, having the pleura
adherent to the lungs. L., Miner's, anthracosis of
the lung. L.-sick, a form of pneumonia prevalent
among the oxen of South Africa. L. -struck, suffer-
ing from disease of the lungs. L.-tester, a spirometer.
L.-worm, a parasitic worm in the lung. L.-wort,
the leaves of Pulmonaria officinalis, a demulcent and
mucilaginous drug. It is a favorite medicine in lung-
complaints. Dose of the fld. ext. gss-j. Unof
Lungen {lung'-en) [Ind.]. The name given in India
to a form of diarrhea, the most frequent disease of
elephants, caused by the trematode parasite Amphis-
toma hawksii, Cobbold. See Parasites {Animal),
Table of.
Lunula {h'tn' -u-lah) [dim. of /?^;/(Z, moon] . The white
convex or semilunar area of a nail near the root ;
onyx. L. of the Cardiac Valves, the delicate edges
of the leaflets of the semilunar valves. L. of Gia-
nuzzi. See Crescents of Gianuzzi. L. lacrymalis,
a small crest of bone separating the antrum of High-
more from the lacrymal groove.
Lunular {lun'-u-lar), Lunulate {luu'-u-ldt). .See
Lunate.
Lunule {In'-nill) [dim. of luna, the moon]. In bi-
ology, applied to crescentiform impressions or marks
upon various animals.
Luny (lu'-ne) \luita, moon]. A popular term for crazy.
Lupia {lu'-pe-ali) \liipus, wolf]. A name given to
several kinds of malignant tumor, phagedenic ulcer,
and fungoid growth, and also to a wen. See also
Molhiscum. L. cancrosa, carcinoma developing in
atheroma of the skin. L. scrofulosa, scrofuloderma
tuberculosum.
Lupiform {lu'-pif-orm) \lupus, a wolf ; forma, form].
Same as Lupoid.
Lupigenin {lu-pij'-en-in) \Jupus, a wolf], C,,H,20j.
A substance resulting from the decomposition of
lupiin by acids.
Lupiin {lii'-pe-in) \^lupus, a wolf], C,,,H32 0,^ + 7H2O.
A bitter principle found in germinating lupine seeds.
Lupine {lu'-pin) \lupus, a wolf]. A popular name for
various leguminous plants of the genus Lupmtts,
Relation of Lungs to othkr Thoracic Organs.
I. Left side of heart. 2. Right side of heart. 3. Coronary artery.
4. Left auricle. 5. Right auricle. 6. Superior vena cava. 7. Pul-
monary artery. 8. Origin of aorta. 9. Arch of aorta. 10. Innominate
artery. 11. Right common carotid artery. 12, 12. Subclavian arteries.
13. Scalenus anticus muscle. 14. First rib. 15. Larynx. 16. Trachea.
17, 17. Pneumogastric nerves. 18, 18. Phrenic nerves. 19. Right lung.
20. Left lung. 21, 21. Diaphragm. 22, 22. Seventh pair of ribs.
LUPINIDIN
709
LUPUS
many of which are poisonous. A large number of the
species are American.
Lupinidin [iit-pin'-id-in) \lupus, a wolf], CgHjjN.
A liquid alkaloid obtained from Lupinus liiteus.
Lupinin [lii'-pin-in) \Jiipus, a wolf], C2]H4qN20.2. An
alkaloid, or tertiary amin, from the seeds of Liipinus
luteus ; also, an alkaloid from the seeds of Lupinus
albus ; also, a glucosid from the leaves of both species.
All three are paralyzants, depressing the motor and
sensory centers. The one first named has been pro-
posed as a substitute for quinin.
Lupinosis [lu-pin-o' -sis) [lupus, a wolf]. A disease of
cattle said by some to be produced by eating the herb-
age of certain poisonous species of lupine. See Latliy-
rjs?n.
Lupinotoxin {lu-pin-o-toks' -iii) \lttpinus, lupine ; rof (-
Kuv, poison]. A resinoid derived from certain poi-
sonous species of lupine, and said to be capable of
producing the symptoms of lupinosis.
Lupiology (lu-pe-oV -o-je) \_hipia, wen ; Tioyog, science] .
The science of malignant tumors.
Lupoid (lu'-poid) \_ltipus, wolf; fMof, like]. Having
the nature of lupus.
Lupomania (lu-po-ma' -ne-ah) \liipus, wolf; fxav'ta,
madness]. Rabies.
Lupotome (Ju' -po-tdiii) \Jupus, wolf; TOjiri, a cutting].
A cutting or scarifying instrument sometimes used in
the treatment of lupus.
Lupous (lu'-pus) \lupus, wolf]. Affected with or per-
taining to lupus.
Lupulin [lu'-pft-lin) \_lupus, hcpulus, hop]. I. C^^Yl^f^-
0-j. A crystalline principle obtainable from powdery
glands of the hop-plant. See Humulus. It is said
to be strongly narcotic. 2. The yellow, resinous
powder of hops, composed mainly of dried glands from
the strobiles of the plant ; it is the hipulinum of the U.
S. P. Its fluid extract and oleoresin are official. Dose
of the fid. ext., gtt. IO-15 ; of the oleoresin, gr. ij-v.
3. The precipitate from a tincture of the cones of hops,
Humtihis bipulus, a nervine, hypnotic, febrifuge, an-
tiperiodic, and tonic. Dose from I to 2 grains. Unof
Lupulina (lu-pu-li' -nah) [l^.-.gen., Lupiilin(e\. Same
as Lupulin.
Lupulinum {he-pu-H' -man) [L. : gen., Lupulini\
Same as Lupulin.
Lupulus [hi' -pu-lus). See ILumulus.
Lupus (lu'-pus) [L. , a wolf]. Lupus vulgaris; a
chronic disease of the skin and some mucous mem-
branes, characterized by the formation in the connective
tissue of nodules of granulation-tissue. It passes
through a number of clinical phases, and terminates by
ulceration or atrophy, with scar-formation. The cause
of the disease is the tubercle-bacillus. L., Acne, an
obstinate papular eruption of doubtful character occur-
ing in the localities usually selected by Acne vulgaris
and somedmes associated with it. L., Acneiform. See
L. erythenialosus sebaceus. L. anatomicus, the ana-
tomic tubercle. L., Cazenave's, lupus erythemato-
sus, i^.t;. See also Z'we-aj^, Table of. L., Common,
lupus vulgaris. L., Disseminated Follicular, aden-
oid acne ; a variety of acne confined to the face, espe-
cially in the situations usually occupied by acne. The
papules are from a large pin's head to a pea in size,
conic and deep-red. They may coalesce to form a lupus-
like tissue. L. disseminatus, a term applied to any
case of lupus with multiple patches. L. eczema, a
form of L. erythematosics resembling eczema. L.
endemicus. See Aleppo Boil. L. erythematodes.
Synonym of L. erythematosus. L. erythematosus,
L. erythematodes ; Cazenave's lupus; a form not due
to the tubercle-bacillus. It occurs, as a rule, in mul-
tiple patches, with a tendency to symmetric arrange-
ment, chiefly about the face and head, occasionally on
the extremities, and rarely on the trunk. The patches
are sharply defined at the border, flat, very slightly
raised, and with a tendency to the formation of crusts.
The color is bright-red, and there are no nodules.
The disease tends to spread slowly at the periphery, and
new patches may form in the neighborhood of the
old. Feeble circulation favors the development of
the disease. It is most common in females of adult
or middle age. L. erythematosus aggregatus.
See L. erytheinatosm disseminatus. L. erythemato-
sus circumscriptus, the most common form, attack-
ing chiefly the head and face, especially the nose,
cheeks, and ears, often symmetrically. It appears in
the early stage as isolated or grouped, small, red spots,
about an eighth of an inch in diameter, with a yellow-
ish spot at the center, and a small, closely adherent scale.
These slowly extend peripherally and ultimately co-
alesce into patches of a dirty yellowish-white appear-
ance. Cicatrization occurs in the center. The disease
is one of long duration. L. erythematosus corneus,
L. erythematosus in which the scales are not greasy. L.
erythematosus discoides, the asymmetric form of
L. erythematosus. L. erythematosus discretus, a
form of L. erythetnatosiis in which irregular patches
are scattered over various parts of the body. It is
associated with constitutional symptoms — fever and
pains in the head, bones, joints, etc. L. erythema-
tosus disseminatus. L. erythematosus aggregatus;
Lupus -psoriasis ; a rare form of Lupus erythematosus,
characterized by a wider diffusion of the eruption, an
extension by repeated outbreaks, and by the fact that
the patches never coalesce. It is a chronic disease
usually, but may be acute. L. erythematosus seba-
ceus, a form with special involvement of the seba-
ceous glands. L. erythematosus telangiectodes, a
variety characterized by marked dilatation of the cu-
taneous blood-vessels. L., Erythematous, lupus
erythematosus. L. exedens. Synonym of L. vul-
garis. ' L. exfoliativus. See Lupus tnaculosus. L.
exuberans, a form of lupus, usually L. exulcerans,
associated with papillary excrescences. L. exulcer-
ans, a term used to distinguish that form in which
the destruction of tissue is rapid or intense, or in
which the epidermis is lost and a secreting ulcerating
surface is disclosed. L. framboesiformis, L. fram-
boesioides. See L. exuberans. L., Fungous.
Synonym of Luptis exuberans. L. haemorrhagicus,
L. erythematosus disseminatus associated with hem-
orrhagic vesicles and blebs that dry and form crusts.
L. hypertrophicus, that variety in which new con-
nective-tissue formation predominates over the destruc-
tive process, and markedly raised, thick patches result.
L. idiopathicus. Synonym of L. vulgaris. L. im-
petiginosus, a form of L. erythematosus in its earlier
stages resembling impetiginous eczema. L. lymphat-
icus. Se.e Lymphangioma circzunscriptum. L. macu-
losus, a variety characterized by the eruption of very
soft, smooth, brownish-red, semi-translucent miliary
nodules, which develop in the connective tissue of
otherwise healthy skin without subjective sensa-
tions. This eruption constitutes the earliest sign
of lupus. When the surface desquamates, the
name Lupus exfoliativus is given to it. L. mili-
aris. See Z. , Acne. L. mutilans, lupus exe-
dens, causing destruction of tissue and disfigurement.
L., Necrogenic, the anatomic tubercle. L. non-exe-
dens, lupus without ulceration. L. papillaris, L.
papillomatosus, a form characterized by papillary
growths that may reach the size of the palm. These
are most frequently seen on the extremities and but-
tocks, and occur only on ulcerated surfaces. L. per-
LURIDITY
710
LYCOIDES
forans, lupus ulcerating through the skin into a mu-
cous cavity, or through the ser^tuni between two mu-
cous cavities. L. phagedsenicus, ulcerating lupus
associated with phagedena. L. prominens. .See
Lupus tnberosus. L.-psoriasis. See L. erythematosus
disscDiinatus. L, rodens. See L. exukerans. L.
scrofulosus. See Scrofuloderma tuberculosicvi. L.
sebaceus. Synonym of L. erythematosus. L. se-
borrhagicus. Synonym of L. erythematosus. L.
serpiginosus, a term applied to lupus that spreads or
creeps on peripherally while cicatrizing centrally. L.
solitarius, lupus vulgaris confined to a single patch.
L. superficialis. Synonym of L. erythematosus. L.,
Syphilitic, a form of tubercular syphilid which is likely
to ulcerate serpiginously, and closely simulates lupus
vulgaris. It is due to the breaking down of superficial
gummata. The ulcer is covered with a thick, green-
ish-brown crust, has a sharply punched-out margin
and a circinate or reniform outline. The scar is usu-
ally flexible, white, and shining. L. terebrans.
Synonym of Lupus pcrforans. L. tuberculosus.
Synonym of L. vulgaris. L. tuberosus, a form of
lupus with small nodular prominences. L. tumidus,
a variety in which edematous infiltration and connec-
tive-tissue overgrowth are present, leading to the for-
mation of nodular masses. L. ulcerosus. Synonym
of L. extdcerans. L. vegetans, L. verrucosus, the
formation in the lupus process of a warty-looking
patch which is liable to become inflamed from time to
time. This form occurs chiefly on the hands and
feet, and usually in early life. L. vorax. See L. exul-
cerans. L. vulgaris. See Lupus. L. vulgaris
erythematodes, a variety with lesions resembling
those of L. vulgaris and L. erythematosus. It may
invade the scalp and the mucous membrane of the
mouth, spreading from the face. L. of the Vulva.
See Esthiomene.
Luridity (lu-rid'-it-e') \luridus ; luror, yellow color].
A pale-yellow color met with in certain cachectic con-
ditions ; also in atrophied paralyzed limbs.
Luschka's Bursa. See L.' s Tonsil. L.'s Cartilage,
a nodule of elastic cartilage in the anterior part of the
vocal band. L.'s Gland, the coccygeal gland,
q. V. A small conglobate body lying near the tip of
the coccyx just above the coccygeal attachment of the
sphincter ani. Its function is not known, iiee Gland.
L.'s Tonsil, the adenoid tissue that normally exists
between the orifices of the Eustachian tubes, analo-
gous in structure to the lymphoid constituents of the
tonsil. It is also called " Third tonsil" and "Pharyn-
geal tonsil." L.'s Villi, minute spheroid, partially
vesicular outgrowths from the upper layer of the pia,
which eventually become the Pacchionian bodies.
'L.uscitas (las' -it-as) [^luscus, one-eyedj. i. The state
of being blind in one eye. 2. Strabismus, especially
when caused by paralysis or rheumatism.
Lusis [lu'-sis) [Aoiimf, a washing]. A washing.
Lussac, Gay, Law of. See La-u.
Lust [ME. lust]. Carnal desire; sexual appe-
tite ; concupiscence.
Lustful (lust'-ful) [ME., /«^/, lust]. Libidinous; hav-
ing prurient lust.
Lustgarten, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Synonymatic
Table of. L.'s Method, a method of staining the
bacillus of syphilis. See Stains, Table of.
Lustramentum [lus-tram-en'-ium) \Justrare, to purify].
A purge.
Lusus [lu'-sus) \_ludcre,\.o play]. A play; a game.
L. naturae, a freak of nature ; any abnormal de-
parture from that which is natural.
Lutation {lu-ta' -shun) \_lutum, mud]. The hermetic
sealing of a vessel.
LUTEIN-CELLS.
Lutein [lu'-te-in) [luteus, yellow]. I. A pigment
obtained from corpora lutea by extraction with chloro-
form. It occurs in minute rhombic prisms or plates
that are pleochromatic and insoluble in water, but
readily soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform.
Lutein is more or less rapidly bleached by the action
of light. 2. A red
lipochrome pigment
found by MacMunn
in the blood of //<>
lothusia nigra. L.-
cells, large cells,
containing granules
of lutein, character-
istic of the metamor-
phosed clot of rup-
tured Graafian fol-
licles, to the margins of which they impart a bright
yellow color, whence the name corpora lutea. These
cells appear to arise from the theca interna. See il-
lustration.
Luteolin (///'-/^-o-Zw) gluteus, yellow]. A yellow color-
ing-substance obtained from diphenylamin and diazoxy-
lenesulphonic acid ; also, a crystalline body, CjqHj^Oj,
found in Reseda lutea. See Pigments, Conspectzis of.
Luteolous [lii-te' -o-lus) \luteolus, dim. of luteus,
golden-yellow]. In biology, buff, or yellowish.
Luteous [/«//</«, mud] . Clay-colored, mud
colored ; saffron, or reddish-yellow.
Lutescent (lu-tes' -ent') \lutum, mud]. In biology,
yellowish, or becoming yellow.
Luton's Sugar-test. See Tests, Table of.
Lutose [lu'-tos] [_lutum, mud]. In biology, applied to
such organisms as are covered with a substance like mud.
Luxation [luks-a' -shmi). See Dislocation.
Luxatura {luks-at-u' -rali). .See Dislocation.
Luxus (/«/'^'-/«)[L., " excess,"]. Excess. L. -breath-
ing, the breathing of more air than is actually called
for by the needs of the organism. L.-consump-
tion, a term applied by Bidder and Schmidt to the
metabolism of certain surplus proteid material, which,
though inside the body, does not form a component
part of any of its tissues, but constitutes a kind of res-
ervoir of force upon which the organism can draw.
Luy's Body. A lentiform ganglion of a milk-and-cofifee
color, which lies in the ideal continuation of the lateral
part of the ganglion of Soemmering. It represents the
boundary between the crusta and the tegmentum.
L.'s Transference Method. See Hypnotism.
Lycaconitin {ttk-ak-on' -it-in) [/IrKoc, a wolf; aconitum,
aconite], C27H3^N,05 -|- H2O. An amorphous alka-
loid, soluble in water, alcohol, and chloroform, obtained
from Aconitum lycoctonum. In its toxicologic action
it resembles curare.
Lycanthrope [li'-han-throp) \_7A'koc, wolf ; avdpunog,
man]. A person affected with lycanthropy.
Lycanthropic {li-kan-throp' -ik) [f-vKoq, wolf ; ai'dpurrog,
man]. Pertaining to or affected with lycanthropy.
Lycanthropy {li-kan' -thro-pe) \^Kvkoi;, a wolf; avOpuTTOc,
man]. A form of mania in which a person imagines
himself a wild beast. Cf. Zoanthropy .
Lychnidiate [lik-nid'-e-dt) [^Av^voc, a lamp]. In bi-
ology, luminous, phosphorescent.
Lycin [li'-siti). See Betain.
Lycodes [li-ko'-dez) [Aiwof, wolf]. A chronic form of
tonsillitis. See Lycoides.
Lycoid (li'-koid) [A/'KOf, wolf; fWof, like]. Resem-
bling a wolf.
Lycoides iji-koid'-ez) [?.!'KOf, wolf; r?f!or, like]. A
term applied to a form of quinsy popularly attributed
to excess of spermatic fluid in the seminal reservoirs
and its entrance into the blood.
LYCOMANIA
711
LYMPHADENOMA
Lycomania [li-ko-ma' -ne-aJi^ [/.iV.of, wolf ; nana, mad-
ness]. Synonym of Lycantliropy, q. v.
Lycoperdon (li-ko-per' -don) [/i''ko<-, wolf; 7rep(ha(iai, to
break wind]. A genus of gasteromycetous fungi. L.
bovista, fist-ball, puff-ball, devil's snuff-box. This
has been used as a styptic, and is now to some extent
employed in nervous diseases. The fumes have been
used as an anesthetic. L. giganteum, the giant
puff-ball; similar to Z. bcnnsla. L. proteus. See
L. giganteum.
Lycopersicon, Lycopersicum {li-ko-per' -sik-on, li-ko-
pL-r' ■sik-Hin) [X/'/fof, wolf ; -fyxrwof, peach]. A section
of the Solanaceic , of which several species are well
known. See Solaniini.
Lycopin [/i'-ko-pin) [/r/^oc, wolf; Txa'rt;, foot]. A pre-
cipitate from a tincture of Lycopus z'irginiciis, an
astringent, styptic, sedative, and tonic. Dose from I to
4 grains. Unof.
Lycopodin (li-ko-po' -dhi) [X/'A-of, wolf; Trot'f, foot], C,.^
H52N2O.,. A bitter all<aloid found in Lycopoditiui cla-
vatitm and L. co?npla)iatuiii. It is readily soluble in
water, ether, and in alcohol. Unof.
Lycopodium [li-ko-po' -dc-tiiii) [/I'/iof, wolf; Troi'f, foot].
Club-moss, witch-meal, wolf 's-claw. In medicine, the
sporules of L. clavaliiin and other varieties, in the
form of a light, fine, yellowish powder, are used as a
desiccant and absorbent on moist and excoriated sur-
faces; in pharmacy, as an inert powder in which to
imbed pills to prevent their adhering to each other.
Lycopodium is inflammable and slightly explosive,
whence the name ' ' vegetable sulphur. ' ' A large num-
ber of species are known. L. clavatum, lycopodium.
L. complanatum, common club-moss, ground-pine,
found in Europe and North America. L. inundatum,
marsh club-moss. L. officinale. See L. clavatujii.
L. phlegmasia, an Asiatic species said to possess
aphrodisiac properties. L. recurvum. See L.
selago. L. rubrum, a species which is actively
purgative. It has been employed in South America in
elephantiasis. L. saussurus, Brazilian piligon. Its
zW3.\o\A,piligoniit, is a powerful emetic, purgative, and
convulsant. L. selago, fir-moss, fir-club-moss, tree-
moss ; a species found in Europe and North America.
It is cathartic and emetic in its action. Unof.
Lycopus [li' -ko-pus) . See Bugleweed.
Lycorexia, Lycorrhexy (li-kor-eks'-e-ah, W -kor-eks-e)
[/J'KOf, wolf; bpe^ig, appetite]. A wolfi.sh or canine
appetite; bulimia.
Lycostoma (li-kos' -to-tnah) [Ai'Kor, wolf; aroun,
mouth]. Cleft palate.
Lye (//) [ME., ley, lye]. The solution of alkaline
hydrates obtained by leaching ashes ; any alkaline
solution.
Lyencephalous (Ji-en-sef -al-us) \\vuv, to loosen ;
tyiie<pn'Aoc, brain]. Having cerebral hemispheres that
are loosely united.
Lygismus [li-jiz' -mus) [/ ii}7<T//of, from /.vyi^stv, to
bend]. A melodious, flexible voice ; also, disloca-
tion.
Lygmus (lig'-77ius) \}\,vyyL6<f\. Synonym of Hiccough.
Lygodesmia (li-go dez'-me-aJi) [/li'yof, twig; fie<jfiuc,
bond]. A genus of composite- flowered herbs. L.
spinosa, of Nevada and California, has about its
stem, at the ground, a tuft of woolly or silky fiber,
useful as a hemostatic. Unof.
Lygophilous {li-goff'-il-us) [AvyTj, twilight ; (pilelv, to
love]. Seeking dark places.
Lying-down, Lying-in. See Puerperal State.
Lyrna [li'-mah) [/lu/t/o, washings : pi., Lymata\ I.
Filth, or sordes. 2. Lochia.
Lymph (limf) \ly771pha, water]. The fluid in the lym-
phatic vessels, the product of the filtration of the
liquid portion of the blood through the walls of the
capillaries. Applied, also, to certain products of
lymph-exudation in wounds, etc. L., Animal, vac-
cine-lymph obtained from an animal. L., Aplastic,
a lymph-product of inflammation that will not form
embryonic tissue. It is called, also. Corpuscular or
Croupous ly77iph. L., Bovine, vaccine-material ob-
tained from a cow or a calf. L., Calf, vaccine from the
calf. L.-cell, L. -corpuscle, a leukocyte occurring
in the lymph. L. -corpuscles, the colorless corpuscles
of the lymph. L., Euplastic. See L., Plastic.
L., Fibrinous. Same as, L., Plastic. L. -follicles,
branched lacunar labyrinthine parts composed of
adenoid tissue intercalated in the course of the lym-
phatic vessels. They are not true glands. L.-
glands. See Lymphatic Gla7ids. L. -hearts, exist
in certain cold-blooded animals, the frog, e.g., having
two axillary and two sacral hearts for pumping the
lymph. L., Humanized, vaccine from a human
being. L., Inflammatory, that thrown out as a pro-
duct of inflammation in wounds, etc. L., Koch's, a
term for the fluid called, by Koch, pa7-atoloid, now
known as tuberculi/i. See Tuberculin. It is recom-
mended by Koch for hypodermatic injection in cases
of tuberculous disease. L., Plastic, fibrinous lymph ;
that forming embryonic tissue. L. -scrotum, an ana-
sarcous condition of the scrotum due to the presence
of Filaria sa/iguiitis ho7/ii7iis in the blood-stream.
See Fila7-ia. L.-spaces, the lacunae that occur in
connective tissue, and contain lymph. L., Vituline.
See Z., Calf.
Lymphaden (li77i-fa' -deii) \Jy/7ipha,vmX.tx; ('(Jz/i', gland].
Any lymphatic gland.
Lymphadenectasis {li//i-fad-e7i-ek'-tas-is) \_ly771pha,
lymph; afS//r, gland; tKTaa/c, distention]. A tumor
of a lymph-gland, due to dilatation of its sinuses.
Lymphadenhypertrophy {Ii77i-fad-e7i-hi-pei-' -tro-fe)
\Jyt7ipha, lymph ; d(S//j', gland ; vTciij), over ; TpO(f>i/,
nourishment]. Hypertrophy of the lymphatic glands.
Lymphadenia (li/71-fad-e' -7ie-aJi) [/y/iipha, lymph ;
aSi/i', gland]. A general hyperplasia of the lym-
phatic tissue with or without leukocytosis.
Lymphadenism [lim-fad' -e7i-iz/7i) \ly/7tpha, lymph ;
ad?/!', gland]. The general condition of disease that
accompanies lymphadenoma.
Lymphadenitis {lii/t-fad-e/i-i'-tis) \_ly77ipha, lymph ;
od^y, gland ; ^ric, inflammation]. Inflammation of a
lymphatic gland. L., Cutaneous, mycosis fungoides.
L., Septic, a form due to the presence of microor-
ganisms. L., Simple, lymphadenitis due to irrita-
tion.
Lymphadenoid {li77i-fad'-e7i-oid) \_ly/72pha, lymph;
luMn', gland ; fJdof, like]. Resembling, or of the
nature of, a lymphatic gland.
Lymphadenoma {li/it-fad-e7i-o' -77iali) [/)'»///;^7, lymph ;
hfir/vu^a, a glandular tumor: pi., Lv/7ipliadeno//tata'\.
Hodgkin's disease; Malignant lymphoma; Pseudo-
leukemia; Anremica lymphatica ; Adenie [Fr.]. A
disease of the lymphatic structures of the body char-
acterized by a hyperplasia, and often a new forma-
tion of lymphatic tissue in glands, spleen, and bone-
marrow. The cervical glands are usually first involved.
The blood, as a rule, presents the characters of anemia
without increase in the number of white corpuscles.
Pyrexia, often of a remittent type, is common. The
disease occurs most frequently in males. The duration
is from two to five years, and the disease results fatally.
Occasionally lymphadenoma is converted into a true
leukemia. L., Hard, a form characterized by indu-
rated, firm, glandular swellings. L., Leukemic,
when associated with leukemia. L., Soft, a form in
which the enlarged lymphatic glands are soft.
LYMPHADENOSIS
712
LYMPHATICS
Lymphadenosis {lim-fad-en-o' -sis) \JvJ>tpIia, lymph ;
ivMjv, gland ; voffof, disease]. General lymphadenoma.
Lymphadermia, Cutaneous {Urn - fad - er' - me - ah).
Synonym of Granuloma fungoides .
Lymphseduct (lint' -fe-diikt). See Lympheduct.
Lymphsemia (liiii-fe' -me-ah). See Lympkeinia.
Lymphagogue {lim' -fag-og) lymph ; ayuydf,
leading]. An agent that increases the production of
lymph.
Lymphaneurysma {lim - fan - u - riz' - mah) \_lympha,
lymph; ai>e'vpviyjja, aneurysm: , Lympliancitrys-
mata\ Lymphangiectasis ; a tumor caused by dila-
tation of lymphatic vessels. L., Ganglionar, an
endemic form, with multiple localized dilatations of the
lymphatic vessels. L., Sporadic, a localized form,
usually of traumatic or infectious origin.
Lymphangei- ifim' -fan-je-). See Lymphangi-.
Lymphangeiitis {lim-fan-je-i' -lis). See LympJiangitis.
Lymphangiectasis {lii?t-fan-je-ek' -fas-is) \Jynipha,
lymph ; ayyElov, vessel ; tKraai^, widening]. Abnor-
mal dilatation of the lymphatic vessels. See Angio-
keratoma. L., Endemic, a form common in the
tropics, and generally due to filariasis.
Lymphangiectodes {lim-fan-je-ek-to' -dez). See Lym-
phangioma circumscriptum.
Lymphangienchysis {lim-fan-je-en' -kis-is) \_fympha,
lymph; fiyyf/oi', vessel ; £y;t;ii(T^(:, a pouring in] . Injec-
tion of the lymphatic vessels.
Lymphangiography {lim-fan-je-og' -ra-fe) \Jympha,
water; iiyyeioi'. vessel; ypd<pEiv, to write]. A de-
scription of the lymphatics.
Lymphangiology {lim-fan-je-ol' -o-je) \lympha, lymph;
a/yftoy, vessel ; Aciyof, treatise]. The anatomy, physi-
ology, and pathology of the lymphatics.
Lymphangioma (lim-fan-Je-o' -mah) \_lymp!ia, lymph ;
ayyeiov, vessel; d/ia, tumor: //. , Lymphangiomata'\.
A dilated or varicose condition or tumor of the lym-
phatic vessels. L. capillare varicosum. Synonym of
L. circumscriptum. L. cavernosum. Synonym of
L. circumscriptum. L. circumscriptum, Lymphan-
giectodes ; Lupus lymphaticus, a very rare disease of the
skin occurring in early life. It is marked by the form-
ation of straw-yellow vesicles, deeply situated in the
skin, with thick and tense walls, and connected with the
lymphatics. Their usual seats are the shoulders, trunk,
face, neck, thighs, and arms. The disease gradually
spreads and tends to recur. Its cause is unknown. L.
tuberosum multiplex, a very rare disease of the
skin, prol)ably congenital, characterized by the forma-
tion of large, brownish-red papules or tubercles, the
size of lentils, not arranged in groups or clusters, but
scattered indiscriminately over the trunk. They dip
down into the subcutaneous tissue, and both feel and
look solid, but on section they prove to be made up of
greatly dilated lymphatics.
Lymphangio-myoma [^lim-fan' -je-o-mi-o'-mah). See
Myoma .
Lymphangion [lim - fan' - je - on) \Jympha, lymph;
ayyeiov, vessel]. A lymphatic vessel.
Lymphangiopyra {lim - fan - je - op' - ir - ah) [lympha,
lymph ; iiyyeinv, vessel; TTvp, fire]. Fever due to or
accompanying a disease of the lymphatics.
Lymphangioscopy {lim - fan- je - os' - ko - pe) \lympha,
lymph; ayyeioi', vessel; aKmrcii', to inspect]. In-
spection or observation of the lymphatics.
Lymphangiotomy (lim -fan - /e - of- o - me) \_lympha,
lymph ; a/yf/or, vessel ; Toiiij, a cutting]. Dissection
or anatomy of the lymphatics.
Lymphangitis [lim-fan-ji' -tis) \_lympha, lymph; iiyye-
inv, vessel ; /,r;f , inflammation]. Inflammation of
a lymphatic vessel. L., Tubular, a form involving
the chief lymphatics and attended with the pro-
duction of red lines on the skin. L., Wandering, a
form occurring usually on the back of the hand, and
due to frequent contact with putrefying tissues. It
occurs in reticular patches connected by wavy lines.
Lymphangoncus [lim-fan-jon' -kus) \lympha, lymph ;
ayyelov, vessel ; byKog, a tumor]. A firm swelling of
the lymphatic vessels.
Lymphapostema (lim-fap-os-te'-ma/i) \Jympha, lymph ;
cnruaTiina, abscess: //. , Lymphapo5temata~\. A lym-
phatic abscess.
Lympharia ifim-fa' -re-ah) \_lympha, lymph], A name
proposed for lymphatic tissue.
Lymphate {lim' -fat) \_lympha, water]. Raving;
frightened into madness.
Lymphatic {lim-faf -ik) \_lymphaticus ; lyinpha, lymph].
Pertaining to lymph ; containing or characterized by
lymph. L. Edema. See Lyniphedema. L. Glands,
the glands intercalated in the pathway of the lymph-
atic vessels, through which the lymph is filtered. L.
Temperament. See Tetnperament. L. Vessels.
See Lymphatics.
Lymphatico-sanguine {lim-fit' -ik-o-san' -gjoin) \lym-
pha, lymph; sanguis, blood]. Both lymphatic and
sanguine. See 7'empera/nent.
Efferent Lymphatics of Cervical and Axillary
Glands.
I. Superior extremity of thoracic duct. 2. Its entrance at
the junction of the internal jugular and left subclavian veins.
Lymphatics {lim-faf -iks) \_lympha, lymph]. The
lymphatic vessels, including capillaries, afterent and
efferent vessels, and ducts or trunks ; the lymph-ves-
sels ; capillary tubes extending to nearly every part
of the body, from which they take up the lymph,
forming the principal part of the absorbent system.
Afferent or infercnt lymphatics, those that convey
lym])h to the lymphatic glands ; efferent lymphatics,
those that conduct lymph from the glands.
LYMPHATISM
713
LYMPHOMATOUS
Lymphatic Glands and Vkssei.s of thk Cavity ok i he
Axilla.
Lymphatic Glands and Vessels of the Inguinal
Rkgion.
Lymphatism {lim'-fat-izm) \Jymphatisiinis'\. The lym-
phatic temperament ; scrofula.
Lymphatitis {lim-fat-i' -tis). See Lymphangitis.
Lymphatocele [liiii-fat'-o-sei] {^lympha, lymph; Kif/ri,
* tumor]. A tumor composed of dilated lymph-vessels.
Lymphatology {lim-fat-oF -o-je). See Lyniphology.
Lymph -canalicular [liDif -kan-al-ik' -u-lar) \Iympha,
lymph; canalicithts, small channel]. Pertaining to
the ultimate channels of the lymphatic vessels.
Lymphedema(//w3/^-</d''-;««/i) \lyi)ipha, lymph ; oldrjua,
edema]. Edema due to accumulation of lymph;
serous edema.
Lympheduct {Jim' -fe-dukt) \Jympha, lymph ; ducere,
to lead]. A lymphatic vessel or duct.
Lymphemia (lim-fe' -me-ah) \lvmpha, lymph ; dijia,
blood]. Leukemia characterized by pathologic pro-
cesses in the lymphatic glands, which become hy-
pertrophied ; the kidney or liver sometimes presents
what appears to be an element composed of lymphatic
tissues.
Lymphenteritis (lim-fcii-ter-i' -tis\ \_lympha, lymph ;
h<Te\nn\ bowels; mq, inflammation]. Inflammation
of the bowels attended with serous infiltration. 2.
Inflammation of the serous coat of the intestine ;
peritonitis.
Lymphepatitis {/iiiif-/iLp-at-i'-tis) \lympha, lymph ;
TjTxaj), liver; ;r(f, inflammation]. Inflammation of the
peritoneal coat of the liver.
Lympheurysma {lim-fii-riz' -maJi). See Lymphan-
ciirysma.
Lymphexosmosis (Jim-feks-os-mo'-sis) \lympha,
lymph ; £f , out ; toa/ioi;, thrust]. Exosmosis of lymph ;
passage of lymph outward, through the coats of the
lymph-vessels.
Lymphitis [lim-Ji'-tis). See Lymphangitis.
Lymphoblast {lim' -fo-hlast) \_lympha, lymph ; P'/iaarSq,
germ]. Any cell with a nutritive function.
Lymphocele (Jim' -fo-sel) \_/yiiipha, lymph ; fc^Z/;,
tumor]. A tumor containing an abnormal collection
or quantity of lymph.
Lymphocyte {Jim' -fo- sit) \Jympha, lymph jwrog, a
cell]. I. A lymph-cell. 2. One of Ehrlich's classes of
leukocytes, comprising those small cells having large
nuclei and a very .small amount of protoplasm. See
L^enkocyte.
Lymphocythemia {Urn - fo - si - the'- me - ah) [lytnpha ,
lymph ; k'vtoc;, cell ; aifia, blood]. A condition of the
blood in which the lymphocytes are increased.
Lymphodermia {litn-fo-deT' -me-ah) \Jympha, lymph ;
f'kpiia, skin]. An affection of the lymphatics of the
skin. L. perniciosa, a certain form of Mycosis, or
fungoid granuloma.
Lymphoduct Jim' -fo-dnkt). See Lympheduct.
Lympho-gastritis Jim-fo-gas-tri' -tis) [Jympha, lymph ;
) aarljp, stomach ; i-ig, inflammation] . Lymphatic
gastritis.
Lymphogenous Jim-foj' -cn-ns) \lympha, lymph ;
ynvvav, to beget]. Producing lymph.
Lymphoid Jim'-foid) [/)'/«///;?, lymph ; f/(Sof, like].
Having the appearance or character of lymph.
Lymphology jim-fol' -o-je) \_fympha, lymph ; Adyof,
science]. The study of the anatomy and physiology
of the lymphatic system.
Lymphoma {lim-fo' -mah) \_/yt?ipha, lymph; 6//a,
tumor: //. , Lymphomata'\. A lymph-tumor; also,
lymphadenoma. The term includes formations not
strictly tumors but hyperplasias of the tissues proper
to lymphatic glands. L., Heteroplastic. Synonym
of Lymphadenoma. L., Leukemic. .See Lymph-
adenoma, Leukemic. L., Malignant. .Synonym of
Lymphadenoma. L., Scrofulous, tuberculous en-
largement of lymphatic glands. L., Typhoid, the
formation of small lymphatic masses in the intestinal
peritoneum and in the liver and kidneys in typhoid
fever.
Lymphomatous {lim-fj' -mat-iis) [/i'ot//z(7, lymph ; oua,
tumor]. Of the nature of, affected with, or relating
to, lymphoma.
LYMPHONCUS
714
LYTTA
Lymphoncus [lim-fo)ig' -kiis) \_Iympha, lymph ; bynog,
tumor]. A hard lymphatic swelling. L. iridis.
See Iridauxesis.
Lympho-nephritis (lim-fo-nef-ri' -tis) \Jympha, lymph ;
/'f(/)/jof, kidney ; lti^, inflammation]. Inflammation
of the serous, or outer, surface of the kidney.
Lymphopathy [lim-fop' -ath-e) \_lyi)ipha, lymph ; Trdftoi',
disease]. Any disorder of the lymphatic organs.
Lympho-peritonitis (lim-fo-per-it-on-i' -tis) [lyinpha ,
lymph ; -apiTovaiov, peritoneum; ni^, inflammation].
Lymphatic peritonitis.
Lymphopyra [liin-fop'-ir-ak). See I.ymphaiigiopyra.
Lymphorrhagia [/i/H-for-a'-je-ak) \lympha, lymph ;
pt/yvvvat, to burst foith]. An effusion or flow of
lymph from a ruptured lymphatic vessel.
Lymphorrhea (/i>?i-for-e' -ah) \_lyi>ipha, lymph ; pola, a
flow]. A discharge of lymph from a wound, inter-
nally or externally.
Lynipho-sarcoina(//OT-yo-jar-/'(7'-OTrt//') [/)';«//;<■?■, lymph;
adpKuna, a fleshy mass : //. , Lvinpho-sarcomata'\. Pro-
perly, a form of sarcoma having some of the structural
elements of a lymphatic gland ; also, a sarcoma seated
upon, or involving, a lymphatic gland. L. thymicutn,
a lympho-sarcoma originating in a persistent thymus
gland and attended with metastasis to various parts of
the body.
Lympho-sarcomatosis {li7n'- fo-sar-ko - mat - o'- sis)
\Jyinpha, lymph ; aapKuiia, fleshy mass]. A condi-
tion or diathesis marked by the development of
lympho-sarcoma; also, the process of such develop-
ment.
Lymphosis (lim-fo'-sis) [lymp/ia, lymph]. The elab-
oration of lymph.
Lymphostasis \lim-fos' -tns-is) \Jytnpha^ lymph ; ffrda/f ,
a placing]. Stasis or stoppage of the flow of
lymph.
Lymphotomy [liin-fot'-o-ine). See Lymphangiotomy.
Lymphotorrhea {lini-fot-or-et-ah ) \lympha, lymph ;
oiV, ear; poia, a flow]. A serous or watery discharge
from the ear.
Lymphuria {lim-fu' -re-ah ) \_fy/itpha, lymph ; ovpov,
urine]. A condition in which the urine spontaneously
coagulates, but contains no' fat, as it does in chyluria.
Lynx (h'jiks) [}vy^, a sobbing]. Hiccough; violent
sobbing.
Lyon's Apparatus. See Urea and Disinfection.
Lyons Blue. Same as Spirit-blue.
Lypemania (li-pe-ma' -ne-ah) \^.vTrri, sadness; tJ.avia,
madness]. A form of dementia accompanied by
profound mental depression and refusal to take food.
Lyperophrenia [li-per-o-fre' -ne-ah ) \\viTrip6q, distress-
ing ; ^/jz/v, mind]. Melancholia.
Lypothymia (li-po-thi' -me-alt ) [Ai'tt?;, sadness ; 6vfi6(;,
mind]. Melancholia; severe mental prostration from
grief. This condition is not to be confounded with
Leipothyinia, q. v.
Lyra (li'-rali) [Ai'/ja, a lyre]. A lyre. L. of Fornix,
certain longitudinal, transverse, and oblique lines on
the under surface of the fornix, the arrangement of
. which bears a fanciful resemblance to a harp. L. of
Uterus, the uterine arbor vitfe. L. of Vagina, the
vaginal rugfe.
Lyrate iji'-rat) \lyra, a lyre]. In biology, lyre-shaped.
Lysemia (//-jt''-wf-(?// ) [Ai crif, solution ; aJua, blood].
A dissolution of the blood, or a losing of the integral
parts of it.
Lysigenetic {lis-ij-en-ef -ik). Same as I-ysigenozes.
Lysigenic {lis-ij-en' -ik). Same ai, Lvsigenoiis.
'Lysigenous {/is-?'/' -en-iis) [/.t'(7(f, a setting free; ')^vr/c,
born, produced]. In biology, a term applied to inter-
cellular spaces formed by the breaking down of con-
tiguous cells. Cf. Schizogenic .
Lysimachia [lis-im-a' -he-ah) \Xvai^, a loosing ; fiaxri,
battle]. A genus of primulaceous plants of many
species. L. nemorum, L. nummularia, L. vul-
garis, of Europe, and L. quadrifolia, and other N.
American species are used in domestic medicine. Unof.
Lysinosis (tis-in-o'-sis) [Xvaig, "kvew, to loose (a ravel-
ling or shred) ]. Hertz's term for a disease of the
lungs due to the inhalation of cotton-fibers.
Lysiplasta (//j-?))-/a.;'-/<7/z) [li'ff^f, a loosing ; -'/aaoeiv,
to mould]. Diseased states marked by excessive secre-
tion.
Lysis (t/'-sis) [XiVzf, '/ietv, to loose]. A term sonie-
vv^hat loosely used, but now applied to the gradual
decline of a disease, especially a fever.
Lysol (ii'-soi). A saponified phenol derived from
cresols by the action of nascent soap. It is an excel-
lent disinfectant in from one to three per cent, solutions,
and has been used in dermatology and gynecology.
Unof.
Lyssa {lis'-ah) [7a'U(ja, madness]. I. A synonym of
Hydrophobia or Rabies. 2. Mania or madness.
'L.yssic {lis' -ik) [?a''CT(TO, madness]. Pertaining to rabies ;
due to rabies.
Lyssin {Its'-in) [^/liaaa, madness]. The specific virus
or germ of hydrophobia.
Lyssodegma (//V-o-i/if^''-;;/;?//). Synonym of Lyssodexis.
Lyssodexis {lis-o-deks'-is) [y 'vaaa, madness ; 6aKV£iv,
to bite]. The bite of a rabid dog.
Lyssoid {lis'-oid) [//(Tcra, rabies; f«iof, like]. Reserti-
bling rabies ; resembling madness.
Lyssophobia {lis-o-fo' -be-ali) [/./'crcra, madness; fofio^,
fear]. Morbid dread of rabies ; pseudo-hydrophobia.
Lyterian {li-te' -re-an) \^KvTi]pivq, loosing]. Indicative
of a lysis, or of a favorable crisis, terminating an
attack of disease.
Lythrum {lith' -rum') ['/ I'Rpov, bloody defilement]. A
genus of lythraceous plants. L. salicaria, or willow-
herb, is used as an astringent in leukorrhea, diarrhea,
and hemorrhage from the lungs. Unof.
Lytic {lit'-ik) \Jyticus, /air/Kof]. Relating to a lysis,
or to a solution.
Lytta {lit' -ah). I. Synonym of Hydrophobia. 2. A
long, median, pointed, fibrous or cartilaginous process
{glossohval) in the tongue of carnivora. It is the
"worm" of the dog's tongue, commonly held to' be
a parasite and often extracted by fanciers. L. vesi-
catoria. See Cantharis. L. vittata, the potato-fly,
containing one per cent, or more of cantharidin.
M
715
MACROCEPHALIA
M
M. The abbreviation of Mnsciiliis, of Meter, of Myo-
pia, of Minim, of Molar, and oi Misee, mix ; it is also
used to represent the number looo.
mm. An abbreviation for millimeter.
mmm. An abbreviation for Micro-millimeter.
|i( (inii). The abbreviation universally adopted for
micron or niicro-Tiiillinieter.
Ma. An abbreviation of Milliajupkre.
Maas's Mixture. A mixture employed in the treatment
of eczernatous diseases of the ear. It is constituted as
follows: corrosive sublimate 5 parts, sodium chlorid
500 parts, glycerin 200 parts.
Maba (jna'-bali) [native Tonga-Tabu]. A genus of
ebenaceous trees and shrubs of many species. M.
ebenus, of the Moluccas, is regarded as a good anti-
syphilitic and antirheumatic. Unof.
Mac. An abbreviation of Macera, macerate.
Mac, Mc, M'., beginning proper names will be found
as if spelled Mac, and in strict alphabetic order.
Macaco Worm [>nak-a'-ko wiirin) [from a Malagasy
name]. The larva of a S. American fly, Dermatobia
noxialis, which infests the skin of men and animals.
See Parmites {Animal), Table of.
Macallo [mak-al' -0). See Andira.
Macaroni {mak-ar-o'-ne) [Ital.]. I. -Slender tubes
made of flour-paste ; a favorite dish in Italy and also in
the U. S. 2. An active purgative used in lead-colic.
Antimony sulphid is one of the ingredients.
McBurney's Point. A localized point of tenderness
on deep pressure, supposed to be diagnostic of appen-
dicitis. It is about two inches above the anterior
superior spine of the ilium on a line drawn from this
point to the umbilicus.
Macdowel's Frenum. See Frenum.
McDowell's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Mace(waj'). iiee Myristica.
Macene [mds-Sn') \_macis, mace], C2gH,5. An essential
011 resulting from the distillation of the flowers of
nutmeg. The hydrochlorate on distillation yields a
camphor.
Maceration (tiias-er-a' -sktm) \jnaceratio : tnacerare, to
make soft]. Extraction of the medicinal qualities of a
substance by steeping or infusing. Applied, also, to
a softening and non-putrefactive decomposition of the
dead fetus long carried in the uterus.
Macewen's Method. A method of preparing animal
ligatures. To I oz. each of water and glycerin add
12 grs. of chromic acid crystals ; in this steep the
ligatures ten days, then remove and thoroughly dry ;
for preservation keep in a 5 per cent, carbolic-acid
solution. M.'s Operation. Operations, Table of.
Mafhopolyp {inak' -o-pol-ip) \_/itax'}, fight ; TroAd/ronf,
a polyp]. In biology, a modified polyp abundant in
the Plumularidce, having a defensive function ; some
animals possess urticating capsules, others, instead,
adhesive granules. The name was introduced by
Hamann ; it is also called Guard-polyp.
Macies {ma'-se-ez) \_manes, a wasting]. Atrophy,
leanness, wasting. M. infantum. Synonym of
Tabes mesenterica.
Macilent {inas' -il-ent') \_macilentus, lean]. Meager;
thin ; lean.
Macintosh's Cream. A dressing for urticaria. It con-
sists of subnitrate of bismuth 2 drams, oxid of zinc
dram, glycerin IJ^ drams, liquid carbolic acid
from 20 to 30 minims, vaselin 6 ounces.
M'Kinnell's Ventilator. See Ventilation.
Mackintosh [mak'-in-tosh) [after Charles Mackintosh,
the inventor]. A fabric of silk or cotton, rendered
waterproof and airproof by a coating of India rubber;
it is used in antiseptic surgery and in obstetrics.
McLeod's Capsular Rheumatism. A form of
rheumatoid arthritis attended with effusion into the
synovial capsules and into the synovial sheaths and
bursa about the affected joints. See Diseases, Table of .
Maclurin [mak-lu'-rin) [after W. Maclure'], CijHjjOj.
A principle found in yellow- wood [Mortis tinctoria),
from which it may be extracted by hot water. It
occurs in the form of a yellow, crystalline powder, sol-
uble in water and alcohol ; it is found also in Madura
aitrantia, or Osage-orange.
McMunn's Elixir. See Opium.
Macquer's Arsenical Salt. The arseniate of potassium.
Macradenous [mak-rad'-en-tcs) [f/aKpo^, large ; adr/v,
gland]. Having large glands.
Macraesthete [inak' -res-thet) \_fiaKfj6c, large; atoOr/roc,
perceived by the senses]. In biology, Moseley's term
for one of the more or less fusiform sense-bodies that
occupy the cavities of the megalopores of the Chiton-
idte. They terminate in conspicuous obconical plugs of
transparent, highly refractive tissue, and are com-
posed of a number of cylindric strands of tissue held
closely together. Cf. Aesthete.
Macrandrous [mak-ran' -drus) \jiaKp6(;, long ; avrjp,
male]. In biology, applied to such plants [alga) as
have the male plants large or elongated.
Macrantrus [mak-ran' -trus) [^a/cpdf, large ; avrpov,
a cave]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which the
vertical line extending from the most prominent point
of the frontal torus to the radius fixus is frbin four
to nine mm. in front of tliat from the nasion to the
radius fixus.
Macrauchen [mak-raw' -ken) \_iiaKp6q, large ; av^i/v,
neck]. A long-necked person.
Macrencephalic [mak-ren-sef-al'-ik), Macrencephal-
ous [mak-reit-sef ' -al-'tis) \_fiaK.p6q, long ; eyKe<j>aXoq,
brain]. Having a large or long skull.
Macrencephalus [mak-ren-sef -al-iis) \jmKp6q, large ;
h/niifiaAoi;, brain]. Lissauer's term for a skull in
which the angle formed by the junction of the lines
drawn from the hormion to the nasion and to the
inion is between 156.5° and 170°.
Macrencranus [mak-ren-kra' -nus) \jiaKp6Q, large ; hv,
in; /cpai'/oi', skull]. Lissauer's term for a skull hav-
ing a large cerebellar sector (from 20° to 27.5°).
Macritas [mak' -rit as) \_macer, lean]. Emaciation ;
leanness.
Macro- [mak' ro-) \_naKp6<;, long, great]. A prefix
signifying great, long, or extensive.
Macrobiosis [mak-ro-bi-o' -sis)\_)LaKp6c, , long; /?/of , life].
A condition characterized by long life ; longevity.
Macrobiote [mak-ro'-be-dt) [|Ua/cpoj3<orof, having a long
life]. One who lives long.
Macrobiotic [mak-ro-bi-ot' -ik) \_ijaKp6i;, long; P'loc,
life]. Pertaining to long life ; long-lived.
Macrobiotics [mak-ro-bi-of -iks) \_iJ.aKp6q, long ; P'log,
life]. A proposed system of living in a manner con-
ducive to length of life ; the art or study of longevity.
Macrobius [mak-ro' -be-us). See Macrobiotic.
Macrocarpin (mak-ro-kar'-pin) [/ia«:pof, large ; mpKoc;,
fruit]. A crystalline neutral principle extracted from
the root of Thalictrum macrocarpiim.
Macrocarpous [mak-ro-kar' -pus) ,^paiipuq, long ;
KapTToq, fruit]. In biology, bearing large fruit.
Macrocephalia [mak-ro-sef-a' -le-ah \ ^/juKpog, large ;
Ke(j)a/J/, head]. Excessive development of the head
MACROCEPHALOUS
716
MACROPHYSOCEPHALUS
in size. A systematic deviation in a genus or a species
distinguished by abnormally large heads.
Macrocephalous [/nak-ro-sif -al-its) \_iiaiij)6^, large ;
Ke0a?iJ/, head]. Characterized by an abnormally large
head. In biology, applied to plant-embryos that
have very large and consolidated cotyledons, such as
the horse-chestnut.
Macrocephaly {mak-ro-sef'-al-e). See Macrocephalia.
Macrocercus {inak-ro-ser'-kiis) [/zaKpog, long; KtpKoi;,
tail]. Long-tailed. In zoology, a genus in which
the spermatozoa were at one time classed.
Macrochasmus {inak-ro-kaz' -inus) [/^a/fpof , large ;
xdayLa, chasm]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which
the angle formed by the junction of lines drawn from
the wing of the vomer to the posterior nasal spine
and to the anterior margin of the foramen magnum is
between 94° and 114°.
Macrocheilia [iiiak- ro-ki' -le-a/i) [//a/fpof, large ; ;);ei/lof ,
lip] . Excessive size or development of the lips ; a
characteristic of certain negro and negroid tribes. It
occurs also in cretinoid states and when the lips and
cheeks are the seat of lymphangioma.
Macrocheiria [mak-ro-ki'-re-a/i) \_fiaKj)6<;, large; X^'Pi
hand]. Great enlargement of the hands.
Macrochemistry {mak-ro-kein' -is-tre) [//a/cpof, large ;
X^jfida, chemistry]. Chemistry in which the reactions
are observable with the naked eye. Cf. Microchemii-
try.
Macrococcus {i7iak-ro-kok' -us) \_fiaKp6q, long or large ;
KOKKog, a berry : pi. ,Macrococcr\. A term applied to
cocci that are somewhat larger than the average.
Macrocolia (inak-ro-ko'-le-a/i) [/^n/cpof, long ; kcAov,
limb]. The possession of long limbs.
Macrocolous {?nak-rok' -o-lus) [/za/cpof, long ; KCikov,
limb]. Having long limbs.
Macrocosm [iiiak'-jv-kozni) [//awpof, large; Kdojuoc,
world]. The world or cosmos, in contradistinction to
man, the microcosm, or ////A' tiniverse.
Macrocosmic [>?iak-ro-koz'-?iiik) \_/jaKp6^, large ; Koa-
por, world]. Pertaining to the macrocosm.
Macrocosmology {mak-ro-koz-Jiiol' -o-je) [^OKpiif, large ;
/cdd/iof, world ; /\oyof, science]. The science of the
macrocosm or outer world ; mineralogy.
Macrocyte {?nak' -ro-sit) [//a/c/iof, large; kvtoi;, cell].
A giant blood-corpuscle found in the blood in perni-
cious anemia, and leukemia.
Macrocythemia {mak-ro-si-the' -nie-aJt) \_paKpi'>q, long,
great ; kvtoi;, cell ; a'lpa, blood]. A condition in
which the size of the red blood-corpuscles is in-
creased ; it may be due to malaria, anemia, or lead-
poisoning.
Macrocytosis (jiiak-ro-si-fo'-sis) [//oK/iof , large ; Kbroq,
cell]. The fonnation of macrocytes.
Macrodactylia {mak-ro-dak-til' -e-afi) l/iaKpoc, long ;
MktvXo^, finger]. An abnormally great length, or
size, of fingers or toes.
Macrodactylism {mak-ro-dak' -til-izni). See Macro-
Jactylia.
Macrodactyly [mak-ro-dak' -til-e). See Macrodaitylia.
Macrodont (iiiak' -ro-dont) \_paKp6q, large ; oiovQ,
tooth]. Large-toothed, as applied to the comparative
size of the teeth of different races. When the dental
length multiplied by 100 divided by the basinasal
length exceeds 44, the skull is considered a macro-
dont, if under 42 a microdont, if intermediate a
mesodont.
Macrogastria {iiiak-ro-gas' -tre-aJi) \jiaKpiii;, large ;
y<ityr//p, belly]. Lilatation.of the stomach.
Macrogastrous (?nak-i-o-gas' -ints) \_naKp6c, large;
ynnTi/p, stomach]. Having a large stomach or belly.
Macrogenious (mak-7-o-jV-nf-ns) [pakpuq, large ;
yh'tLov, chin]. Long-chinned.
Macroglossia {mak - ro - glos' - e - ah) \_ij.aKp6(;, great;
y'kliarja, tongue]. Hypertrophic development of the
tongue, a condition seen in cretins, in whom it is
probably due to lymphangioma.
Macrognathic [mak-rog-natli' -ik) \_paKp6q, long;
})'dftef, jaw]. In biology, having long jaws; prog-
nathous.
Macrogonidium [inak-ro-go-uid ' -e-um) \_paKpaq, long,
large; yovi], generation, seed: pL, Macrogonidia\.
In biology, a gonidium larger than the average.
Macromania (inak-ro-ma' -ne-ah) [paKpoc;, large; /xav'ta,
madness]. The insane delusion that objects are larger
than they really are ; or the impression that one's own
body or members are much larger than they are.
Macromaniacal {inak-m-ma-ni' -ak-al) [/^ahpdf, large ;
pavia, madness]. Characterized by the insane im-
pression that objects are larger than they really are.
Macromelia, {iiiak-ro-me' -le-ah), Macromelus {mak-
roin'-el-iis) \_paKp6i;, long; piXor, organ or member].
The excessive development of any organ or member.
Macromelia [luak-ro-me' -le-ah) [paKpoq, long ; pr/'Aa,
cheek]. Hypertrophy of the cheeks.
Macromere {luak' -ro-mer) \_panp6c^, long; pipnq, part].
In biology, the larger of the two masses into which
the vitellus divides in the development of a lamelli-
branch, termed by Rabe the " vegetative cell." One
of the larger blastomeres in a holoblastic telolecithal
germ. M. -plate, a plate of 16 macromeres arranged
on the vegetative side of the germ in the Ctcnophora.
Macromyelon [iiiak-ro-mi'-el-on) . See Metencephalon.
Macronemous [tiiak-ro-tif' -inns) \_paKp6<;, long; vijpa,
thread]. Having long tentacles.
Macronosia [inak-ro-iio' -ze-ah) [//oKpdf , long ; rdcof,
illness]. A protracted or chronic disease.
Macronucleus (inak-ro-iiu' -kle-us). See Ahiclezts.
Macronychous \ntak-ro-nik' -ns) \_paKp6q, large ; bvvl,
talon]. Having long nails or claws.
Macropanencephalus {niak-ro-pan-en-sef'-al-ns) \_po.K-
p6<:, large; nap, all; eyKtif)n?.n(;, brain]. Lissauer's
term for a skull in which the angle formed by the
junction of the lines joining the hormion to the nasion
and to the basion is between 185.5° 206°.
Macropetalous {inak-ro-pef -al-ns) [//ah/jof , long ; Trtra-
7nv, a leaf]. In biology, having large petals.
Macrophage [mak' -ro-fdj) [/iUhyjof, large ; fayelv, to
devour]. A large phagocyte. " Metschnikoft 's term
for certain large leukocytes occurring in structures
affected with erysipelas. He believes that they con-
sume and destroy the debris of the dead and dying
iiiicrophages ."
Macrophagocyte {mak-ro-/ag'-o-sil) [puKpSq, large;
(paye'iv, to devour; kvtoc, a cell]. A large-sized phag-
ocyte, possessed of a single nucleus, and derived from
some fixed connective-tissue element.
Macrophagus {iiuik-ivff' ' -ag-us) . See Macrophage.
Macrophallus {inak-ro-fal' -us) [paKpoc, large; faXXSg,
penis]. A penis abnormally large or long.
Macropharynx [tnak-ro-far' -itigks) \_paKp6q, large;
(papvy^, pharynx]. A large pharynx.
Macrophonous (wfC/f'-rc^ [//aApdf, large ; (fiuvt/,
sound]. Loud-voiced.
Macrophthalmos [inak-roff-thal' -mos) [paKpSq, long,
large ; btpHa'Apuc,, eye]. In biology, having large eyes.
Macrophylline {inak-ro-fil'-in) \_paKp6q, long, large;
(p'r'AAoi', a leaf]. In biology, consisting of large leaf-
like parts or organs.
Macrophyllous (viak-ro-fil'-iis) \_paKp6q, long; 0t)/lAov,
a leaf]. In biology, having large leaves.
Macrophysocephalus (niak-ro-Ji-so-sef'-al-us) [//nK/)(5f.
large ; (jivaav, to puff up ; Ke<j>a?:r/, head]. I. Enlarge-
ment of the head from emphysema. 2. Caput succe-
daneum.
MACROPIA
717
MACULATE
Macropia [mak-ro' -pe-ah). See Megalopsia.
Macroplasia {mak-ro-pla' -ze-ali) [^a/c/jof, large ; Tr/ld-
a moulding]. Excessive development of portions
of the body.
Macropneuma, Macropnea {mak-ro-nu' -mah, mak-
rop'-ne-aJi) [/^a^■pof, long; 7rvcvfj.a, nvoij, air, wind].
Deep breathing.
Macropodal [mak-rop'-o-dal) [//a/cpof , large ; nov^,
foot]. Large-footed.
Macropodia [^inak-ro-po' -de-ali) [|UaKpof, large ; Trorf ,
foot]. Excessive size of the feet.
Macropodous {mak-rop' -o-dns) \jiaKp6q, long; Troiif,
foot]. I. Large-footed. 2. In biology, applied to leaves
with long foot-stalks, or to embryos with peculiarly
large radicles.
Macropous (w(7'i"'-;-t)-/«i). See Macropodal.
Macroprosopia (jnak-ro-pro-so' -pe-aPi) [/^a/ipdf , large ;
■KpoauTTov, face]. A monstrosity with a huge face.
Macropsia [iiiak-rop' -se-ah). See Megalopsia.
Macropterous [inak-ivp' -ter-ns) ^fiaKpoc, long ; nTtpov,
wing]. In biology, having long wings; longipennate.
Macrorhinia iy}iiak-i-o-rin' -e-aJi) \jiaKp6q, large ; 'pi<;^
nose]. Congenital hypertrophy of the nose.
Macrorhis [inak'-ro-ris) [pa^yjof, large; p/f, nose].
Having a large nose.
Macrorhynchus [mak-ro-?-in'-kus) [//aApdf , large ;
p'vyxoi;, beak]. Large-beaked.
tHaiCTOSCeMa. (iiiak-ro-ske' -le-ah) [//aKpdf, large ; aiie?.o(,
leg]. Excessive development of the legs.
Macroscopic (^mak-ro-skop' -ik) [//a/epdf, large; (jkotteIv,
to see]. Large enough to be seen by the naked eye ;
gross; not microscopic. M. Morbid Anatomy,
naked-eye or gross morbid anatomy.
Macroseme [mak'-yo-sein) ^/niKpoc, large; a'^ pa, sign,
index]. Having an orbital index in excess of 89°.
Macrosiphon (//lak-ro-si'-fon) [/ra/ipof, long; a'tduv,
siphon]. In biology, applied to the long, horny fun-
nel of certain cephalopods.
Macrosiphonula (jnak-ro-si-fon' -tt-lali) \_paKp6c, long ;
o'('(|iui', siphon : pi., Mai-)-osiphoniilcf\. In embryology,
a larval stage of certain cephalopods characterized by
the appearance of the macrosiphon.
Macrosis (^mak-ro' -sis) \jmKp6(, large]. A state of
increase in volume.
Macrosmatic(wrt/'-r(7c-w(i'/^-//;') [//o/v-pof, large; bcjpdeadai,
to smell]. Having well-developed olfactory organs.
Macrosomatia {iiiak-ro-so-ma'-she-aJi), Macrosomia
[tnak-ro-so' -me-ak) \jtaKp6q, large; aapa, body].
Great or teratic size of body ; largeness of body suffi-
cient to constitute a monstrosity.
Macrosomatous (iiiak-j-o-so'-mat-tis) [paKpoc, large ;
ao)/ia, body]. Having a large body. Characterized
by an abnormally or teratically large body.
Macrosomite {mak-ro-so' -mit ) \_paKp6c, long ; cupa,
body]. In embryology, one of the larger primitive
segments or metameres in the embryos of certain
insects.
Macrosporangiophore {iiiak-i-o-spo-ran'-je-o-for) \_paK-
p6g, long, large ; ownpa, seed; nyye'iov, vessel ; <p6poc,
bear] . In biology, the envelop of a macrosporangium.
Macrosporangium {mak-ro-spo-ran' -je-rim) [paKp6c,
long; (jTTopd, seed; dyyeiop, vessel: //., Macrospo>-an-
i'M]. In biology, a sporangium containing macro-
spores; a megasporangium, oosporangium, or gonio-
theca.
Macrospore {mak'-ro-spor) [//a/cpdf , long ; a-nopa,
seed]. In biology : (<■?) a spore of relatively large size ;
[h) one of the larger anisospores arising in the repro-
duction of colony-forming Radiolarians.
Macrosporophyl, {mak-ro-spo' -ro-fil) \_paKp6c, long,
large; anopd, seed; <ph'AAov, leaf]. The leaf bearing
the macrosporangium in the higher Pteridophyta.
Macrostoma [ma k-ros' -lo->?iak) [^a/cpdf, large ; aropa,
mouth]. Congenital fissure of the angle of the mouth,
producing a large opening.
Macrostomatous [iiiak-ro-sto' -inat-us) \jiaKp6Q,, large ;
oTopa, mouth]. Large-mouthed.
Macrostomia {inak-ro-sto' -me-ali) \_paKp6^, large ;
aropa, mouth]. Excessive size, or width, of the
mouth, or of the oral fissure.
Macrostyle [i?iak' -ro-sfil ) \_paKp6c, long ; arvAo^, pillar].
In botany, having a relatively long style.
Macrostylospore [inak-ro-sti' -lo-spor) [//a/cpdf, long,
large; orii/lof, pillar ; a-Kopd, seed]. In biology, a
relatively large stylospore.
Macrotes [mak-ro' -tez) \jiaKpdc^, large ; off, ear] . One
having large ears.
Macrotin [inak' -ro-ti>i) \jiaKp6Q, large; orf, ear]. A
resin extracted from cimicifuga by alcohol, and pre-
cipitated by water. See Cimicifuga.
Macrotome [viak' -ro-tdtii) [paKpoc, long ; TOfii/, a cut-
ting]. A saw-box ; a box used for the division of the
cranium in post-mortem examination of the brain.
Macrozoogonidium [mak-ro-zo-o-go-iiid' -e-iim)\_paK.p6q,
long, large; Cwor, an animal; }ov//,seed: pi. , Macro-
zoogonidia'\ . In biology, a relatively large zoogonidium.
Macrozobspore [i)iak-ro-zo' -o-spor)\_paKpd^,\ox\^\ C,Ch)v,
an animal; arvopd, seed]. In biology, a relatively
large form of zoospore.
Macula {mak'-u-lah) [L. : pl.,Maciiltt\ A spot or dis-
coloration of the skin, not elevated above the sur-
rounding level. It may be of various sizes, shapes,
and tints, and is due to hyperemia, to extravasation
of blood and blood coloring-matter, to dilatation of
the cutaneous vessels, or to changes in the pigmentation
of the skin. M. acusticae, the terminations of the
auditory nerve in the saccule and utricle. M.
albida, leukodenna. M. artificialis, a spot pro-
duced artificially in order to deceive. M. aurea, the
central fovea of the retina. M., Cerebral. .See
Tache certhrale. M . cerulea, a dark spot occurring on
a skin infested with parasites. M. corneas arcuata,
the arcus senilis. M. cribrosa, a name given to the
perforations of the forea Itcmispherica for the passage
of the filaments of the auditory nerve. M. flava.
See M. liUea. M. foUiculi, the stigma of the Graafian
vesicle. M. fusca, a spot due to diseases characterized
by pigmentation, as lentigo and chloasma. M.,
Germinal, the small spot constituting the germinal
vesicle or nucleus of the ovum. M. hepatica, a
liver-spot, including pigmentary .spots due to various
diseases. M. lata plateri, an obscure disease of the
skin, sometimes epidemic, characterized by burning,
red spots and pustulation. M. lenticularis, a lentic-
ular spot ; the roseola of typhoid fever. M. livida,
a hemorrhagic or purpuric spot. M. lutea, the yel-
low spot of the retina, called, sometimes, the sftot of
Soeminerijig , but usually called simply Ihe macula.
The depression in its center is called the fovea cen-
tralis. It is the point of clearest vision and is pierced
by the visual axis. M. materna, birth-mark, or
nevus. M. nigra, a disease of the skin associated
with very dark spots of pigmentation. M. ocularis,
the eye-spot of the Protozoa, Cnidaria, Platodes, and
Crustacea. M., Roberts', a heaping up of pigment
in a part of a red corpuscle when a dilute solution of
tannic acid is added to the blood. M. Solaris, a
freckle. M. syphilitica, the coppery stain of the
skin left by a syphiloderm.
Macular (mak' -u-lar) [macula, spot]. Exhibiting or
characterized by macula?. Pertaining to the A/aciila
lutea.
Maculate [mak'-ii-lal] \^riiac!ila/!is ,\).\). of maculare,
to spot]. In biology, blotched or spotted.
MACULATION
718
MAGNESIUM
Maculation (^inak-ii-la' -sJiun^ \jnacitlatio, a spotting].
The state or quality of being spotted ; the formation
of maculje ; a spot or macula.
Macule [iiiak'-ul) \_iiiacula, a spot]. See Macula.
M., Gonorrheal, Sanger's term for the purplish-red
areola resembling a flea-bite, surrounding the orifice
of the duct of Bartholin's gland in gonorrheal
vaginitis.
Maculiform [tnak-u'-lif-orin) \_)uacula, spot; forma,
form]. Resembhng a macula.
Maculosa, Maculous {inak' -ii-los, mak'-u-hts). See
Macular.
Mad [ME., 7«ai/t', mad]. l. Disordered in intellect;
insane. 2. Furious from disease ; rabid. M.-
doctor, an alienLst. M. -house, an asylum for the
insane. M.-man, an insane person. M. Staggers,
the enzootic cerebritis of horses. See Stagi^ers. M.-
stone, according to popular superstition, a small stone
believed to possess the property of absorbing the poison
(especially snake-poison) or disease from wounds,
made, e. g., by poisoned arrows, or morbid parts.
It is called al.so S)iakestone. Galen believed that cer-
tain medicines attract poisons as the magnet does iron.
Most madstones are an aluminous shale, or other
absorptive substance.
Madar {^iiiad-ar'), Mudar {inii-dar') [Hind., madar'].
The shrubs Calotropis gigaulea, and C. procera, of
India ; also their bark, leaves, flowers, fruits, and juice,
' which are tonic, alterative, and emetic ; it is used in
Asia in a wide range of diseases. Unof., except in the
Indian Pharmacopeia. C. gigantea yields Madar-
alhan, a colorless crystalline substance soluble in the
alkalies, but not in water ; and Madar-Jliiavil , a yellow-
ish, viscid body, soluble in cold alcohol, in ether, and
in benzene, insoluble in water, in acids, and in alka-
lies.
Madarosis (tnad-ar-o'-sis') [itaSapuaig ; /^atSapof, bald].
Loss of the eyelashes or hairs of the eyebrows.
Madarotic (mad ar-ot'-ik), Madarous [mad' -ar-iis)
[/'C!(Sd/)w(T«' ; /jtaJapiif, bald]. Affected with or relat-
ing to madarosis.
Madder [mad'-er) [ME., vioder, madder]. The plant
Rubia tinctorwn ; also its root, well-known as a dye-
stuft'. It was formerly considered emmenagogue and
diuretic. Unof. , See also Pigments, Conspectus of.
M. -brown, M.-carmin, M. -orange, M. -purple.
See Pigments, Conspectus of. M.-red. Same as
Madder. M. -yellow. See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Maddox Test, or Maddox Glass-rod Test. A test
of heterophoria by means of a short cylinder of trans-
parent glass about one-eighth of an inch long, fitted
into a slot in an opaque disc to be set in the trial-frame
before one eye, with a colored piano lens before the
other eye. The rod converts the image of a distiint
flame into a thin line of light. The relative position
of the two images thus formed permits the measure of
imbalance of the muscles.
Madefaction (mad-e-fak'-skuji) \_madefacere, to moist-
en] . The act of moistening.
Madeira {mad-a'-rali) , madeira , v{ooA']. A fine
sherry wine from the island of Madeira.
Maderna [mad-er' -uah). Synonym of Madarosis.
Madescent (mad-es'-ent) \_madescere, to become wet].
Becoming moist.
Madesis [mad-e'-sis). Synonym of Madarosis.
Madidans (mad'-id-anz) [L.]. Weeping, oozing. See
Eczema madidans.
Madisis (mad'-is-is). Synonym of Madarosis.
Madisterion, Madisterium (mad-is-ter'-e-on , mad-is-
ter'-e-um) \_iiniSinrijj)iov, from /ia6i!^eiv, to pluck
bare]. Epilating-forceps.
Madness {mad'-nes). See Insanity and Mania.
Madrid Colic. See Colic.
Madura Foot. See Foot.
Mseeia {me-i'-ali) \_fiaiua, from fiaiEvtaftat, to act as a
midwife]. An old synonym of Obstetrics.
Maeeleutherosis (me-el-u^tker-o'-sis) [/mm, midwife;
i'AevOipuaif;. a freeing]. Delivery by the aid of a mid-
wife. (Obs.)
Maeeuma (me-e-u' -mah) \_ijaievfia, from fiaiirveadai, to
act as midwife] . The newly-born babe. (Obs.)
Maeeusiomania (ine-u-se-o-ma' -ne-ah). See Maiusio- '
mania.
Maeeusiophobia [me-u-se-o-fo'-be-a/i). See Maiusio-
pliobia.
Mseeusis (me-u' -sis) \_iia'Kvaic,, from /jaie'veaOni, to act
as midwife]. Delivery.
Maeeuter, Maeeutes (me-u'-ter, me-2t' -iez") \_fjatshTrjp,
fiate'vTij(;, from /jnie'veaOai, to act as midwife]. An
obstetrician; accoucheur. (Obs.)
Maeeutics {mc-u' -tiks). Maiutics.
Maeeutria [me-ti' -tre-ah) \_fjainiTpia, from /mie'readai, to
act as midwife]. Midwife. (Obs.)
Maeeutric [/ne-u'-trik) [^/inievrpia, midwife]. Pertain-
ing to a midwife. (Obs.)
Maena {me'-nali) [pa'ivr/, a small sea-fish]. A species |
of herring. The brine from the salted fish has been |
employed as a dressing for gangrenous ulcers.
Magdala Red (mag-da'-lali). See Naphthalene-red.
Magdaleon (mag-da' -le-on), Magdalia [mag-da'- ,
le-ah) [//rt)'(Srt//a, from |Ud<T(TEn', to knead]. A bread-
pill or bolus ; a roll of plaster.
Magendie, Foramen of. See Foramina, Table of.
M.'s Solution. See Morphin.
Magenta [ma-Jen'-tah) [from a town in Italy]. A
coal-tar dye ; one of the forms of anilin-red ; properly,
a hydrochlorid of rosanilin. From it fuchsin and a i
large number of other dyes are prepared. One of the |
peculiar and somewhat glaring red tints which it pro-
duces is also called magenta. See Fuchsin, and
Pigments, Conspectus of.
Maggot [mag'-ot) [ME., magot, maggot]. I. The
larva of any insect, as a fly, that burrows in wounds
or ulcers. Maggots are especially annoying in mili-
tary practice and in hot countries. 2. A whim or
fixed idea dominant in the mind, as of an insane or
paranoiac person.
Magistery [maj-is'-ter-e) \_magisterium, masterpiece].
Formerly, a preparation considered to have especial
virtue as a remedy. M. of bismuth, the subnitrate
of bismuth. M. of tin [M. Jovis), precipitated
stannous oxid.
Magistral [ma/ -is-tral) [yJ/<?;,'-/j/f;', a master] . A term
employed to denote those medicines that are prepared
on prescription, in distinction from those prepared
or sold without the physician's order.
Magma [mag' -mah) [/layfia, mass: //., A/agmata].
Sediment, dregs; any pulpy mass.
Magmatic [nmg-mat'-ik), Magmoid [mag' -moid)
{pay pa, mass]. Of the nature of or resembling a
magma.
Magnesia [mag-ne' -ze-ah) [//fij w/c, magnet : gen. Mag-
nesiie']. Magnesium oxid, MgO. M. White, mag-
nesium carbonate. See Magnesium.
Magnesian [mag-ne' -ze-an'). See Magnesic.
Magnesic ( mag-ne' -zik ) [ payvricia, from pAyv7jC, j
magnet]. Pertaining to or containing magnesium. j
Magnesium [mag-ne' -ze-um) [//ayrr/c'ta, magnet: ge/i., j
Jlfagnesii]. Mg ; atomic weight 24. 3 ; quantivalence |
II ; spec, gravity 1.75. One of the metals of the alkaline ,
earths, widely distributed in inorganic nature and |
forming also a constituent of animal and vegetable tis- .
sues. See Elements, Fable of. The physiologic eft"ects
of its salts are antacid and laxative. Various salts are
MAGNET
719
MAISSIAT'S BAND
extensively used in medicine. M. boratis, Liquor
(B. P.), contains one part of boric acid in six. It is
recommended as a paint in diphtheria. M. carbonas,
(Mg.CO,),Mg.(II()).,.5lI,p. Dose gr. x-.^j. M.
carb., Liquor (B.P. ) Dose ^j-ij. M. citras
effervescens granulatus, a preparation dissolving
in water with effervescence. M. citras granulatus,
" granulated citrate of magnesia," combined with citric
acid, sugar, sodium bicarbonate, alcohol, and water.
Dose M. citratis, Liq., contains M.
carbonate gr. 200, citric acid gr. 400, syr. of citric acid
gr. 1200, potassmm bicarbonate gr. 30, water q. s.
ad. _^xij. Dose ^ iv-vj. M. oxid., Mg.O, magnesia,
the oxid of the metal, a constituent of several laxative
mixtures. Dose gr. x-gj. Magnesia pohderosa,
heavy or calcined magnesia. Dose gr. x-j^j. M.
sulphas, Mg.S0^.7H./J, "Epsom salt," "salts,"
much used as a popular purgative. Dose ^^^j- 5]. M.
sulphat., Enema (B.P. ), composed of sulphate of
magnesium one part, olive oil one part, starch mucilage
15 parts. M. sulphis, MgSO.j.6H20. Dose gr.
x-xxx. M., Trochisci, each contains magnesia gr.
iij, nutmeg, gr. sugar, tragacanth, water, q. s.
Magnet [inag'-uct) [from /layrr/aia, Alagnesia, a district
in Asia Minor, where loadstone was first found].
Loadstone, a magnetic oxid of iron. A body having
the power to attract the unlike pole of another magnet,
or to repel the like pole, and also to attract easily-
magnetizable bodies. A body having a magnetic
field. M., Electro-, a piece of soft iron temporarily
magnetized by induction or by insertion into a helix.
M., Gruening's, an instrument consisting of several
magnetized steel rods, used for the removal of iron and
steel particles from the eye. M., Horse-shoe, an
iron magnet having the shape of a horse-shoe. M.-
operation, the operation of removing foreign bodies
of steel from the eye by the aid of a magnet. M.,
Permanent, one the magnetic properties of which
are permanent, in contradistinction to M., Temporary,
which derives its magnetism from another magnet or
from a galvanic current.
Magnetic (mag-7iet' -ik) \_fj.ayvi]ai<)c, magnc/i('\. Per-
taining, or belonging, to a magnet. Possessed of
magnetism. M. Axis, the line joining the poles of a
magnet. M. Field, a space traversed by lines of
magnetic force.
Magnetism {mag' -net-iziii) \jxayvii<;, magnet]. The
peculiar power possessed by the loadstone or natural
magnet, and, under certain conditions, by other
mineral substances, to attract or repel other masses.
The science that treats of the nature and properties of
magnets and the magnetic field. M., Animal, an
empiric term for hypnotism. -See Somnambulism and
Hypnotisj)i.
Magnetization [mag-net-iz-a'-s/iiiti) \_fiayvr](; , magnet].
The process of rendering a substance magnetic.
Magneto-electric {mag-net' -o-e-lek' -trik) \jiayvrjc, rnag-
net; i/'kenrpov, amber]. Relating to magneto-elec-
tricity.
Magneto-electricity {mag-nef -o-c-lek-tris' -il-c) \}iay-
vr)q, magnet ; r]XtKTpov, amber.] Electricity produced
by means of a magnet.
Magnetograph {mag-nef -o-graf) \_fia.yv>!c, magnet ;
ypa(fciv, to write]. An instrument for determining the
intensity of magnetic action.
Magneto-induction {mag-nci' -o-in-diik' -shun'] [_/xaym/c,
magnet; inductio, induction]. The production of an
induced current by the insertion of a magnet within a
coil of wire.
Magnetology {mag-net-ol' -o-je) \uayvi}(;, magnet ; Xdyof,
science]. The science of magnets and magnetism.
Magnetometer {tnag-net-oni' -et-er) [//dyiv/f , magnet ;
fihpov, a measure.] A series of magnets suspended
so as to record graphically variations in direction and
intensity of magnetic force.
Magneto-therapy {mag-net' -o-ther' -ap-e) \_aayvrir,
magnet ; Oz/parre/n, treatment] . The use of the magnet
in hypnotic therapeutics.
Magniductor {mag-/ie-duk'-tor) \_mng7uis, great ; diictor,
a leader]. The adductor magnus of the thigh.
Magnification {mag-nif-ik-a' -skwi) \_magnificare, to
magnify]. In microscopy, the result obtained by
dividing a linear dimension of the image by the cor-
responding linear dimension of the object magnified.
Magnify {mag'-tiif-i ) \inagnijicare,\.o magnify]. To
make greater.
Magnifying {mag' -nif-i-ing) \_magnifieare, to magnify].
Making greater. M. Power. See Alagnjfication.
Magnium {mag'-tie-iim). Synonym of Magnesium .
Magnolia {mag-no' -le-ah) [after Pierre Alagnol, a
French botanist]. A genus of trees. The bark of
M. glauca, the common swamp sassafras, and several
other species of the same genus are used in medicine.
Magnolia is an aromatic, bitter tonic, popular as a
remedy in rheumatism and malarial fevers. Dose
^ss-j. Unof.
Magnolin {mag-no' -tin') [after Pierre Magnol, a French
botanist]. A crystalline substance found in the fruit
of magnolia.
Magnum, or Os magnum [L. for "great bone"].
The largest bone in the distal row of the carpus
situated between the unciform and the trapezoid
bones.
Magnus's Law. See Late. M.'s Method, in obstet-
rics, a method of bringing down the arms of the fetus
after version. When the aims are about the neck, the
hand should be introduced in the ordinary njethod,
two or three fingers being placed on the superior
edge of the scapula, which is gently pressed down-
ward. This will cause the arms to move suddenly
and to come down without further help. M.'s Sign.
See Death.
Mahamari {mah-hah-mah' -re) [E. Ind.]. Synonym of
the Plague, q. v.
Mahua {mali' -21-ah'). See Bassia.
Maid, Maiden {mad, ma'-den) [ME., maide, rnaiden,
a maid]. A young unmarried woman; a virgin.
Maidenhead, popular expression for maidenhood ;
virginity ; also the hymen.
Maidismus {ma-id-iz' -mus) \jnays, maidis, maize].
Maize-poisoning, or pellagra.
Maieleutherosis {ma-el-u-ther-o' -sis) [//am, midwife ;
f'/evflepox!/^, delivery]. Delivery by the aid, or with
the attendance, of a midwife.
Maieusiomania {ma-u-se-o-nui' -ne-aJi) [fia'tevaic, deliv-
ery ; fiavia, madness]. Puerperal insanity.
Maieusiophobia {ma-ii-se-o-fo' -be-alt) [_/-taiev(ji(;, child-
birth; 0d/fof, fear]. Morbid dread of childbirth.
Maieutics {ma-n'-tiks) [/mn vn/c, an obstetrician ;
f-iaievTiKr/, obstetrics]. Midwifery; obstetrics.
Maignen's Compound. Powdered charcoal and lime
supported on asbestos-cloth and used for filtration.
It is employed in disinfecting sewage.
Mailed {maid) [ME., maile, a link]. In biology, pro-
vided with some kind of protective or defensive coat,
as of scales or plates ; loricate ; lepidote.
Maim {mam) [ME., maimen, to mutilate]. I. To
disable by mutilation. 2. A crippling. 3. See May-
hem.
Main de la griffe, Main en griffe. See Atrophy, Pro-
gressive Muscular, and Claw-hand.
Maisonneuve's Bandage. See Bandage.
Maissiat's Band. A firm, dense portion of the fascia
lata of the thigh passing down to become attached
MAIZE
720
MALARIAL
to the outer tuberosity of the tibia ; the iho-tibial
band. It helps to limit adduction of the thigh.
Maize [indz) [VV. Ind. , mahiz,m&\zt'\. l. Indian corn.
See Zea mays. 2. A coal-tar color, used in dyeing
silk and wool reddish-yellow in an acid bath. It is
the sodium salt of the disulphonic acid of azoxy-
stilbene, and is called Sun-yellow. M. -poisoning.
See Pellagra.
Maizena [ma-ze'-nak) [W. Ind., inahiz, maize]. A
flour made from maize.
Maizenic Acid [ina-zen' -ik). See Acid.
Make [inak) [ME., ?iiaken, to make]. "The make,"
a colloquialism for designating the making of the
electric current by applying the electrode to the con-
ducting surfaces of the body. Interruption of the
current is called "Me breaky
Makrantrus. See Macrantrus.
Makrencephalus. See Alacrencephalus.
Makrencranus. See Maerencraniis.
Makro- {/iiak' -ro-). See Macro-.
Makrodaktylia {mak-ro-dak-tW -e-ah). See Alacrodac-
tylia.
Makropsia {mak-rop' -se-ah). See Megalopsia .
Makrosomia (^mak-ro-so' -ine-ah ) . See Macrosomia.
Mai evil, disease]. Disease. See. Epilepsy.
M. de mer. See Sea-sickness. M. de dent, odon-
talgia.
Mala {ma'-la/i) [L. : //. , Mahe']. I. The cheek-
bone or prominence of the cheek. 2. Plural of Ma-
liim, the cheek. In biology, one of the inner lobes of
the maxilla of certain coleopterous larvse (Schrodte).
Malabar, Leprosy of. Synonym of Elephantiasis
arabiuii. M. Nut. See Adhatoda vasica. M.
Ulcer. See Pliagedcena tropica.
Malacarne, Antrum of. See Antrum. M.'s Pyra-
mid, the posterior extremity of the pyramid of the
cerebellum.
Malachite-green. See Pigtnetits, Conspectus of.
Malacia (mal-a' -se-ah) \juiKaKia, a softening]. Any
morbid softening of tissue. Also, a depraved appe-
tite. M., Amphiblestroid, softening of the retina.
M. cordis. See Myomalacia. M., Halisteretic,
malacia characterized by the absorption of the lime-
salts of the bones.
Malacismus [mal-as-iz^ -mus). See Malacia.
Malacocataracta [mal-ak-o-kat-ar-ak'-tali) [//aAoKdf,
soft ; KarapaKTi/t;, cataract] . A soft cataract.
Malacogaster (//lal-al'-o-gas'-ter) [^fialaKia, a softening ;
■yaoTi/p, stomach]. Softening of the gastric walls. A
synonym of Gastromalacia.
Malacoid {mal' -ak-oid) [/laXaKdc, soft; elSog, form].
In biology, applied to organisms, organs, or tissues
of soft texture.
Malacology [mal-ak-oF-o-je) \_fia'kaiua, soft-bodied
animals; Myeiv, to speak]. In biology, that depart-
ment of science that deals with the MoUusca ; con-
chology.
Malacoma {mal-ak-o' -mali) [ua/*.aKor, soft: //. , Alala-
comatii'\. The softening of any organ or part of the
body. Also, a synonym of Molhiscum sebaceum.
Malacophonous (/nal-ak-off^' -o-nns) [^a/la/c^if, soft ;
ipuvi), voice]. So ft- voiced.
Malacosarcosis (mal-ak-o-sar-ko'-sis) [fiaXaKoc, soft;
aap^, flesh]. Softness of tissues, as of muscle.
Malacosis [mal-ak-o'-sis) [jiaXaKlj^, soft]. The condi-
tion distinguished by the abnormal softening of the
tissues of any part of the body. Also, the process
of malacoma. M. cordis.. See .l/yomalacia.
Malacosomous {»ial-ak-o-so' -miis) [//aXaKof, soft ;
Gufia., body]. Soft-bodied.
Malacosteon (iiial-ak-os'-te-on). See Osfeo-malacia.
Malacostome [mal-ak-os' -tom) \_)La\a.Kia, a kind of
mollusc ; arofia, mouth]. In biology, the mouth of
a mollusc (L. Agassiz). Cf. Actinostome.
Malacostomous {mal-ak-os'-to-mtts) \_fiaXaK6^, soft;
arofta, mouth]. In biology, applied to animals hav-
ing a soft or unarmed mouth.
Malacotomy {^mal-ak-of -o-tne) [//a/'.a/tdf , soft ; to\xr],
a cutting]. In biology, the anatomy of the mollusca;
incision of the abdomen ; celiotomy.
Malacozobn [mal-ak-o-zo'-on) [//o/la/tdf , soft ; ^C)ov,
animal]. A soft animal; a mollusc.
Malactic (jnal-akt-tik) [//a/.a\T(K(jf]. Emollient;
softening.
Malady [iiial'-ad-e) \inalum, evil]. Any illness or
disease. M., Cheyne's English, hypochondriasis.
M., Post-boys', aneurysm of the aorta, compara-
tively common among mounted mail-carriers.
Malagma [iiial-ag' -inali) \_j-iakayiia, a poultice: pi.,
AIalagmata\ See Poultice.
Malaguti's Law. See Lazu.
Malaise (mal-dz') [Fr. , >nalaise'\. A general feeling
of illness, accompanied by restlessness and discomfort ;
dysphoria.
Malakin [mal'-ak-in). The salicyl -derivative of para-
phenetidin. A synthetic product allied to phenacetin,
and recommended as an antirheumatic, antipyretic,
and antineuralgic. It appears in the form of small,
light yellow, fine needles that melt at 197.6° F.,
insoluble in water, but fairly soluble in hot alcohol.
Dose, from 60 to 90 grains daily. Unof.
Malamid [inal' -am-id) \_iia/Mv, an apple; a?nid'\,
C^Hg03N2 ; a substance formed by the action of
ammonia upon dry ethyl malate. It occurs in large
crystals, and when heated with water it breaks up
into malic acid and ammonia.
Malandria {mal-an' -dre-ah). See Mallenders.
Malar [iiia'-lar) \_mala, cheek]. Pertaining to the
cheek-bone. M. Bones, the two cheek-bones. M.
Foramen. See Foramina, Table of. M. Points.
See Craniometric Points.
Malaria {mal-a' -re-ali) [It., mala aria, bad air]. See
Malarial Fever. M., Bacillus of. See Bacillus of
Malaria, in Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of. M.,
Hematozoon of, M., Plasmodium of. See Mala-
rial Fever and Polimitus malaria, under Parasites
{Animal), Table of. M., Larval, a masked form
of intermittent fever.
Malarial (jital-a'-re-al) [It., mala aria, bad air]. Per-
taining to malaria. M. Cachexia, a chronic form of
malaria characterized by anemia, general failure of
health, a sallow complexion, and enlargement of the
spleen. M. Fever, a generic name for a group of dis-
eases associated with the presence in the blood of the
Polimitus malaricc, and characterized by paroxysmal
periodicity, enlargement of the spleen and liver,
melanemia, and the presence in the blood, free or
within the red corpuscles, of parasites (plasmodia)
that exert a deleterious influence upon the red cells.
The paroxysms may be intermittent, remittent or
irregular. If repeated daily the fever is designated
quotidian : if on alternate days, tertian : if with an
interval -of two days, quotidian. If two paroxysms
occur daily the fever is designated a double quotidian.
There may be a double tertian form, a paroxysm oc-
curring daily, but only those of alternate days being
alike ; a double quartan form, and others. When the
paroxysms succeed one another so closely that the cold-
stage of one begins before the sweating-stage of its
predecessor ends, the fever is designated suhintrant.
A typical malarial paroxysm consists of a cold stage, a
stage, and a sweating stage, occurring in the
sequence given. Intermittent fever is characterized
by the occurrence of a complete intermission of the
MALARIOUS
721
MALLEIFORM
symptoms in the interval between two paroxysms, the
temperature becoming normal or subnormal. In
remittent fever there is only an amelioration of the
symptoms in the intervals. Hemorrhagic malarial
fever is a grave form of malarial intoxication in which
the height of the paroxysm is characterized by head-
ache, severe pain in the back, nausea, vomiting,
decided jaundice, and hemorrhages from various
mucous surfaces, particularly from the kidneys. In
certain localities in which the malarial organisms are
exceedingly numerous or intensely virulent the attack
displays a pernicious tendency. Of this type there may
be a cerebral form, characterized either by delirium
and excitement, or by coma and depression ; a thoracic
form, in which the respiration is accelerated and there
is an urgent sense of the need of air ; a gastro-intcsti>ial
form, attended with nausea, vomiting, jaundice, and
diarrhea; or an asthenic or algid form, in which there
is a condition of marked debility and a striking cold-
ness of the surface and of the breath. To the irregular
manifestations of malarial poisoning, sometimes acute,
but more frequently subacute or chronic, which do not
at any time present the classical association of chill,
fever and sweat, the designation of " dumb ague " is
given. The enlargement of the spleen in a case of
chronic malaria or of malarial cachexia is sometimes
designated '■'•ague cake." M. Hematuria, the pre-
sence of blood in the urine as a result of malarial
poisoning. See Malarial Fever. M. Neuralgia,
neuralgia due to malarial intoxication. M. Pur-
pura, a purpuric eruption produced by the presence
of the malarial poison in the blood. M. Yellow
Fever. See Hematuria, Malarial.
Malarious (inal-a'-re-us). See Malarial.
Malaris [ma-lar' -is) [mala, cheek]. A part of the or-
bicularis palpebrarum nmscle, taking its origin from
the lower inner margin of the orbit and the adjacent
portion of the nose, and inserted near the origin of the
zygomaticus major.
Malassez's Disease. Cyst of the testicle. See Dis-
eases, Table of.
Malassimilation {mal-as-im-il-a' -shiai) [mains, bad ;
assiinilatw, likeness]. A defective condition of the
digestive system in which nutriment is not properly
digested and absorbed.
Malate {inal'-at) \jia)\x)v, an apple]. A salt of malic
acid.
Malaxation [mal-aks-a^ -shun) \_malaxafio ; malaxare,
liakaaaciv, to soften]. I. The kneading of medicine
in pharmacy. 2. Massage, as of the eyeball, or of a
tumor. See Petrissage.
Malaxis (rnal-aks'-is). Synonym of Malacia.
Malayan Idiocy. See Jdiocy, Ethnic.
Male (wa/) [ME. ,/«(?/(?, male]. The masculine sex, or
that which pertains to that sex. In botany, applied
to flowers with stamens, but without ovaries. M.
Blade, the sliding blade of a lithotrite ; the blade
of an obstetric forceps that bears the key. M. Fern,
Aspidium filix mas. M. Organ, the penis. M.
Uterus, a term that has been applied to the prostate
gland. See Reproductive Organs.
Maleate {nial'-e-at) \_im7vov, apple]. A salt of maleic
acid.
Maleic Acid {mal'-e-ik) \_iihlov, apple], C^^f^^. A di-
basic acid, obtained from malic acid by distillation.
Malella {mal-el' -ah) [dim. of /W^?, jaw: pi, Malellce\
In biology, one of two movable toothed appendages of
the mouth-parts of a myriapod.
Malen [ma'-len) [mala, cheek]. Belonging to the
malar bone in itself.
Malformation {mal-for-ma' -shun) [mal, ill ; formatio,
a forming]. In embryology and teratology, an abnor-
46
mal development or formation of the whole or parts of
the fetus. Malformations, according to Hirst and
Piersol, may be grouped into the following classes : I.
Those produced by variations in growth, either exces-
sive or arrested. 2. Those produced by the defec-
tive union of component embryonic parts. 3. Those
produced by cleavage (either partial or complete) of
the primary embryonal cell-masses. M., Congenital,
faulty development present at birth.
Malgaigne's Apparatus. An apparatus for correcting
forward displacement of the upper fragment in fracture
of the thigh. M.'s Hernia, iine Hernia, Congenital.
M.'s Hooks, an instrument for holding the parts
Malgaigne's Hooks.
of a fractured patella in apposition, for the purpose of
aiding union.
Malgenic {mal-jen'-ik) [malum, evil ; yevvav,\.o beget].
Producing disease.
Malia [inal'-e-ah). Synonym of Equinia.
Maliasmus (wrc/-('-«c''-w«j-). Synonym of Glanders.
Malic Acid [mal' -ik). See Acid.
Malice Prepense [Yx., malice, ^^\\; pi-epenser. io pre-
meditate]. In law, a premeditated determination to
commit a crime.
Malign (mal-'ni'). See Malignant.
Malignancy [ijial-ig' -nan-se) [malignitas , from mains,
evil]. The quality of being malignant.
Malignant [mal-ig' -nant) [malus, evil]. A term ap-
plied to diseases that increase in intensity with rapidity,
or that proceed to a fatal end. M. Edema. See
Edema. M. Fever, 'i^-jnovrjra oi Typhus Fever. M.
Papillary Dermatitis, or Paget's Disease of the
Nipple. See Dermatitis, Carcinoma, and Fagefs
Disease, in Diseases, Table of. M. Pustule. Syno-
nym of Anthrax. M. Tumor ; in general, carcino-
matous and sarcomatous growths are classed as malig-
nant. M. Vesicle. Synonym of Anthrax.
Malignity (;«(?/-/j-'-«?V-t'). Synonym of Malignancy.
Malingerer ()//al-in'-/er-er) [Fr. , malinger'^. A term
applied to one who feigns illness or defect.
Malingering, Malingery (iiuil-in' -jer-ing, mal-in'-
jer-e) [Fr. , tnalinger']. The feigning of disease.
Malipedes [mal-ip' -id-ez) [mala, jaw; pes, foot]. In
biology, the fourth and fifth pair of cephalic appen-
dages of the Chilopoda, among Myriapods.
Malis [ma'-lis) [;ua/l/f]. A name vaguely applied to
various diseases, generally of the skin, and especially to
such as are due to vermin, or to parasitic worms that
burrow in the skin.
Malleability {mal-e-ab-il' -it-e) [malleus, hammer].
The quality of being malleable.
Malleable (OT(7/'-('-rt-3/) [malletis,\\.z.mra.ex\. Capable
of being beaten or rolled into thin sheets ; applied
especially to metals.
Malleal, Mallear (mal'-e-al, mal'-e-ar) [malleus,
hammer]. Relating to the malleus.
Malleation [mal-e-a'-shun) [malleatio ; malleus, ham-
mer']. A spasmodic action of the hands, consisting
in continuously striking any near object. It is a symp-
tom of chorea, and other nervous disorders.
Malledius [mal-e'-de-tis) [malleus, hammer ; stapes,
stirru|>]. The tensor tympani muscle.
Malleiform (mal-e' -if-onn) [malleus, hammer ; forma,
form]. Hammer-shaped.
MALLEIN
722
MALPRESENTATION
Mallein {mal'-e-in) \_malL'us, farcy]. A fluid obtained
from potato-cultures of the Bacillus jiiallei, the mi-
croorganism of glanders. When injected into the cir-
culation of a glandered animal, it causes an elevation
of temperature, and on account of this property it has
been recommended for use in the early diagnosis of
farcy or glanders.
Mallenders [mal'-en-derz) \jnalcindria, blisters on the
neck]. A kind of eczema or scab above the fore-foot,
and about the knee of the horse.
Malleo-incudal (mal' -e-o-uig' -kn-dal^ [nialleiis, ham-
mer ; incus, anvil]. Relating to the malleus and the
incus.
Malleolar (inal-e' -o-lar) \_inallcolns, little hammer].
Relating to a malleolus.
Malleolus [i?ial-e' -o-lns) [dim. of hammer : //.,
Malleoli~\. A part of a process or bone having a ham-
mer-head shape. In biology, a layer or bent-down
shoot which emits roots at the notched bend. M.,
External, a name by which the lower extremity of
the fibula is known. M., Internal, the pyramidal
process of the internal surface of the lower extremity
of the tibia.
Mallet (iiial'-el) [OF., mallet, a hammer]. A small
wooden hammer. M., Automatic, an instrument
operated by the action of a steel spiral spring, and used
for condensing gold in filling teeth. M., Electro-
magnetic, a dental mallet operated by electricity.
M. -finger. See Finger. M., Hyde's Pneumatic,
a dental mallet with an air-pump attached, which is
operated by the foot, revolving
a fly-wheel and a drive-wheel.
M.-toe, a deformity of a toe
characterized by deficient exten-
sion or undue flexion of the ter-
minal phalanx.
Malleus {wal'-e-ns)\_i!ialleus, ham-
mer : //. , Mallei ] . I . A bone
or ossicle of the internal ear
having the shape of a hammer.
It is articulated with the incus, Auditory Ossicles.
and the tensor tympani muscle i. Head of malleus. 2,
Italian anatomist]. The commencement of the urinif-
erous tubules, consisting of the glomerulus of vessels
(the Malpighian tuft) and the membranous envelop
Processus brevis. 3.
Processus gracilis.
4, Manubrium. 5.
Long process of in-
cus and stapes. 7.
Stapes.
arises from it. 2. Synonym of
Equinia. 3. In biology: (a) One
of the Weberian ossicles that form
a chain between the air-bladder
and the auditory apparatus in
certain fishes ; (/') One of the paired calcareous pha-
ryngeal structures of a rotifer. M. humidus.
Synonym of Glanders.
Mallory's Phospho-molybdic Acid Hematoxylin.
See Stains, Table of.
Mallow [inal'-o). See Malva.
Malnutrition (tnal-nn-trish' -uii) \_malus, bad ; nutrire,
to nourish]. Imperfect nutrition or sustenance, due
to imperfect assimilation of the food.
Malo-maxillary i^ma' -lo-maks' -il-a-re) \inala, cheek ;
maxilla , maxilla]. Relating to the cheek or malar
b(3ne and the maxill^.
Malonic Acid [mal-on'-ik). Siee Acid.
Malpighi, Acini of. The Malpighian bodies. M.,
Bodies of. See Malpighian Bodies. M., Canals
of, renal organs or tubes in certain arthropods. M.,
Capsule of, the membranous envelop of a renal
glomerulus. M., Corpuscles of. '^s:^ Malpighian Cor-
puscles. M., Follicles of. See Malpighian Bodies.
M., Glomerules of, the Malpighian Bodies, q. v.
M., Pyramids of See Pvramid. M., Tubes or
Tubules of. M., Canals of. M., Tuft of. See
Malf^ighian. M., White Canals of. See Canal.
M., Yellow Canals of. See Canal.
Malpighian Bodies [mal-pig'-e-an) [from Malpighi, a.n
Cortex.
Boundary, or
marginal zone.
Papillary zone.
Longitudinal Section of a Malpighian Pyramid
PF. Pyramids of Ferrein. RA. Branch of renal artery. RV.
Lumen of renal vein receiving interlobular vein. VR. Vasa
recta. PA. Apex of a renal papilla, b, b. The bases of
the renal lobules.
(the Malpighian capsule). M. Corpuscles, a name
given to certain whitish, minute granules in the red
substance of the spleen along
the course of the blood-ves-
sels. They are composed of
lyinphadenoid tissue. M.
Follicles, the yl/. /W/V^. M.
Layer, the rete mucosum of
the skin. M. Tuft. See
Malpighian Bodies. M. Ves-
sels, tubular, cecal diverticula
of the hind-gut of Arthropods,
especially characteristic of the
A}itennata ; they arise as in-
vaginations from the ecto-
dermal proctodeum, and vary
in number and in function as
excretory organs.
Malposition [malpo-zisV -un)
\_malus, bad ; positio, from ^ ^^^^^^ ^ Kenal
ponere, to place]. The im- vein. d. Tube of Fer-
proper or abnormal position rein. c. Capsule of Mul-
r 1 ler investine the Mai-
of any part or organ, espe- [f^h'an tuft."^
cially of the fetus.
Malpractice {mal-prak' -tis) [mains, bad ; ^rpafi?, ac-
tion]. A term applied to the treatment of a disease!
that is contrary to that taught by experience, as the'
improper setting of a fracture or reduction of a dislo
cation ; also, the unlawful production of an abortion.
Malpresentation (mal-pre-sen-ta' -shun) \_inalus, bad
pnescntare, to jilace before]. A position of the chik
at birth in such form that its delivery is difficult or im
possible.
Malpighian Ti'ft.
MALT
723
MAMMEA
Malt, Maltum [maivlt, tnawl' -tnni) [L.: gen., Rlalti\.
The seed of common bailey, Ilordeum distichum, ger-
minated until the maximum amount of diastase, the
ferment that converts starch into grape-sugar, is de-
veloped. It is nutritive, and valuable, also, for the
diastase, which aids in the digestion of farinaceous
foods. It is employed in wasting diseases, preferably
mixed with milk. Mellin' s Infant Food., Horlick' s
Food, popular preparations, consist mainly of granu-
lated extract of malt. Uoff"' s Malt Extract contains
a small percentage of alcohol. M. Ext., the solu-
ble principles of malt, mainly diastase and glucose,
in a concentrated form, unfermented. Dose ^j-iv.
M., Infus. Dose gij-iv. M. Liquors, fermented
and clarified solutions of malt that have been sub-
jected to vinous fermentation, hops being added to
prevent acetous fermentation subsequently. Beer is
made by a comparatively slow fermentation, and con-,
tains about 2.5 per cent, of alcohol. Ale and Porter
are fermented more rapidly, and contain about 4.7 per
cent, of alcohol. The malt used in making porter is
browned, giving the liquor a darker color. Malt
liquors contain about 5 per cent, of albuminous matter,
2 of phosphates, and I of carbon dioxid. M. Vine-
gar. See I 'ittegar.
Malta Fever. See Mediterranean Fever.
Maltese Cross. A form of surgical dressing made by
taking a square piece of muslin or linen and folding it
upon itself twice, the first fold making it oblong, and
the second square. Thus prepared, one angle will be
found to consist of four layers separable from one
another. Let this angle be slit down within two or
three inches of the center, and then the piece opened
out, when it will be seen to have the form of a Maltese
cross. It is used to dress stumps.
Maltha [mal' -tliali) \_imWa, pitch]. Mineral tar, or
pitch; a semi-fluid form of bitumen. In biology, a
pudding-tissue containing cells (Hseckel).
Malthaxis ( 7«a/-M(7/Jj'-M). Synonym of Malaxation.
Malthobiose {mal-tho' -be-os). Same as Maltose.
Malthoblast \mal' -tho-blast) [/m'AHaKog, soft ; /JPiaardf ,
germ]. Any cell of the kind that gives rise to elastic,
adipose, connective, or other soft tissue.
Malthusianism [mal-thti'-se-an-h7n) [Maltluts, an
English economist]. The doctrine that the increase
of population is proportionately greater than the in-
crease of subsistence.
Maltine [iiiawl'-tin) \_maltum, malt]. A name given to
various proprietary preparations of malted wheat, or
barley, useful as food for invalids.
Malting [niawl' -ting) \jnaltnm, malt]. The process
m the manufacture of beer during which the grain —
usually barley — is germinated, by means of steeping
in water, until it swells and becomes soft. In order
to remove the carbon dioxid, which interferes with
germination, and to prevent an excessive rise of tem-
perature, so-called /«^;<w<-7/?Vmalting has been devised.
Moist, heated air is passed through the germinated
grain for this purpose.
Maltodextiin [ma-cvl-to-deks' -trin) [maltum, malt;
dexter, right] , CcHi^O^. A carbohydrate, q. v. , inter-
mediate between starch and maltose.
Maltose {ma-vl'-tos) {_maltwn, malt] , C,.,H.,20„ + H.^.
A variety of sugar, formed, together with dextrin, by
the action of malt diastase upon starch (in the mash of
whiskey and beer). It is capable of direct fermenta-
tion. It is obtained in the form of crystalline crusts
composed of hard white needles, which lose their water
of crystallization at 100° C. Its properties closely
resemble those of grape-sugar. See Carbohydrates,
Table of.
Maltum {mawl'-tum) [L. : gen., Malti\ See Malt.
Malulella {nial-ii-lel' -ah') [double dim. of mala, jaw :
//. , Malttlell(e'\. In biology, an appendix to the
second pair of jaws of a Myriapod.
Malum [tiial' -ii/n) [wrt/ww, evil] . Disease. M. aegyp-
tiacum, diphtheria. M. articulorum. Synonym of
Rhcitinatism and of Gout. M. articulorum senilis.
Synonym of Arthritis deformans. M. caducum, the
falling sickness, or epilepsy. M. Cotunnii, sciatica.
M. coxas. Synonym of Hip-disease. M. perforans
pedis, perforating ulcer of the foot. M. pilare,
trichiosis. M. primarium, a primary or idiopathic
disease. M. rustii, a form of cervical Pott's dis-
ease described by Rust. M. arteriarum senilis,
senile endarteritis deformans. M. venereum. Syno-
nym of Syphilis.
Malusic Acid [nial-u' -sik). Synonym of Malic Acid.
Malva [mat' -vah) [L., mallow]. A genus of malva-
ceous plants, the true mallows ; many of the species
are demulcent. M. alcea, M. rotundifolia, and M.
silvestris, are valued in domestic practice, and are
safe and useful remedies in coughs, ulcerations, and
diarrhea. (Jnof.
Malvaceous {mal-z'a' -she-us) \_iiialva, mallow]. Be-
longing to the mallows.
Malwa Sweating-sickness. A disease of Central India
resembling cholera, but characterized by profuse sweat-
ing and periodic remissions. Death is likely to follow.
Mamelon {771am' -el-on). See Nipple.
Mamelouc [/na 777' -el-ilk). See Mulatto.
Mamma [7/7a/7i' -ah) [/jdfiina, the child's word for
mother ; /id/jfj//, breast : gen. and pi., Ma 7/1 777ir']. The
milk-secreting gland of the mother. The breast.
Mammal [/iia/71' -at) \_/7ia7/7n7alis ,irom 77/a77!/na, breast].
Having breasts ; a member of the Mammalia.
Mammalgia
al'-je-ah) \_iiaji.yLri ,
breast; aA).of,pain].
Pain in the breast
or mammary organ;
mastodynia.
Mammalia(OTrtw-a''-
le - ah) [ 77ia7/i7/ia,
breast], A divi-
sion of the class of
vertebrates includ-
ing all animals that
suckle their young.
Mammalogy (//ia7n-
al'-o-je) \j7ia//u7ia,
breast ; Aojof, sci-
ence]. The sci-
ence of the Ma7n-
711a lia.
Mammary ( 7na/n' -
a - re ) [ 7i7aiii777a,
breast]. Pertaining
to the mammte.
M. Artery. See
-^'.""'i^ Table of- Mammary Gland.
j^^n rS':^ I- Lactiferous ducts. 2. Lobuli of
Gla/id. M. Tri- the mammary gland,
angle. See Triaiigle.
Mammate [i/ia/n'-at) \_mam7na, breast]. Having
mammn: or Isreasts.
Mammatomy {77iam-at' -o-7ne) [ndfiiir/, breast ; ro//?/,
a cutting]. Any surgical cutting operation performed
upon the mamma.
Mammea {771a 777-e' -ah) [Haytian, 7na77iey'\. A genus
of guttiferous tropical trees. M. americana, the
mammee-apple, has large, edible fruits, anthelmintic
seeds, antipyretic bark, a diuretic sap, and an anti-
parasitic gum-resin. Unof.
MAMMIFER
724
MANEC'S PASTE
Mammifer [mam'-if-cr), Mammiferous {^inam-if-
er-us) \_iiiaiiii)tti , breast ; fcrrc, to bear]. Having
mammse or milk-bearing glands.
Mammiform (»u)in'-if-oi-iit) breast ; forma^
shape]. Teat-like in form ; shaped like a cone whose
apex is rounded.
Mammilla (tnam-il' -ah) [dim. of niaiuma : pL, Mam-
)nillic\ A small prominence or papilla. In biology,
a nipple-like structure. M. of Breast, the nipple or
teat. M. of Kidney, the conic-shaped apex of
the kidney at the point where the urine escapes.
Mammillaplasty [niam-il-ap-las'-ti;) \jnai)unilla, nip-
ple ; it'/ (IOCS IV, to mold]. A plastic operation for the
purpose of elevating a depressed nipple.
Mammillaria [»iain-il-a' -re-ah) breast] . I.
A genus of cactuses of some 360 species ; the nipple-
cactuses. AI. leivinii affords the highly poisonous
anhaloin, g. v. ; other species are used as poultices
when crushed. 2. See Tuber cinereum.
Mammillaris maligna [mam-il-a' -ris mal-ig' -nali).
Same as Pdi^efs Disease of the Nipple.
Mammillary [mam' -il-a-re) \_mammilla, dim. of mam-
ma, breast]. Nipple-shaped. M. Bodies, the cor-
pora albicantia. M. Process, the mastoid process
of the temporal bone. M. Tubercle, the metapophy-
sis of a lumbar vertebra.
Mammillate [utam'-il-dt), Mammillated {mam'-il-
a-ied) \_mamillatns , from mammilla, dim. o{ mamma,
breast]. Covered upon the surface with mammilliB or
teat-like protuberances.
Mammillation [matn-il-a' -shtcii) \inajnmilla, dim. of
mamma, breast]. A granulation, especially on some
mucous surface.
Mammilloid {^mam' -il-oid) \jnammilla, nipple ; tiiSof,
like]. Nipple-shaped.
Mammitis [mam-i'-tis). Synonym. o[ Mastitis.
Mammose [ma?ii-6s') \_niamma, breast]. Having full
or abnormally large breasts.
Mammula [mam' -zi-lak) [dim. of mamma, the breast :
pi. , i\Iammiila'\. In biology, a term applied to such
nipple-like processes as the spinnerets of spiders.
Man [ME., )itaii, man"]. The only genus of the order
Bimana, class Mammalia. A term used generally to
include the human race. It also denotes the adult
male of the genus. M., Descent of, the theory that
man has developed, by successive gradations, from
lower forms of animal life. See Darwinism. M.-
hole, an opening into a drain or sewer, boiler or
furnace, to permit of inspection or cleaning. M.-
orchid. See Aceras.
Manaca (man' -ak-ah) [Braz., n:anacan'\. The root of
Franeiseea imijlora, known in Brazil as " vegetable
mercury." It excites the lymphatic system and is in
high repute as an antisyphilitic. In small doses it is
a resolvent ; in larger doses a purgative. Dose of the
tld. ext. tr^x. Unof.
Manakin [man'-ak-in]. See Manikin.
Manal [ma'-nat) [maniis, the hand]. In biology, per-
taining to the palmar or metacarpal region of the
hand. M. Formula, Harrison Allen's term for the
widths of the spaces in bats between the metacarpal
bones at the distal ends when the wing is extended,
as compared with the length of the forearm.
Manchester-brown. Same as Phenylcne-brown. M.-
yellow. Same as Martins' s Yellow.
Manchineel [man-chin-el'). .See Hippomane maiui-
nella.
Mancinism ( man' - sin - izin) \_manais, imperfect,
maimed]. 1 ,eft handedness
Mancona Bark [man-ko' -nah). See Casca Barh.
Mandarin [man' -dar-in) [Pg. , ntandarim, a mandarin].
A coal-tar color used in dyeing. It is produced from
beta-naphthol, and dyes a bright reddish-orange shade.
It is also called tropicolin. See Pigments, Conspectus
of. M., Oil of, C,„H,|;, a fine quality of the oil of
orange, derived from Citrus nobilis.
Mandelic Acid [man-del' -ik). .'^ee Acid.
Mandible [man' -dib-l), Mandibula [man-dib' -zi-lah),
yi3L.riiL\\i\x\mx\.[)nan-dib' -ii-liiin)\^iHandere,\.o chew]. A
name sometimes applied to the inferior maxillary bone.
Mandibular [?nan-dib' -n-iar) \_mandere, to chew].
Pertaining to the mandible, or lower jaw. M.
Tubercle, a small nodule behind the angle of the
mouth dependent upon an imperfection in the closure
of the mandibular fissure of the face. It is often
associated with other congenital anomalies, especially
of the ears.
Mandibularis externus [man-dib-ti-la' -ris eks-ter'-
nus) [Ij.]. Synonym of the Masseter Muscle. See
Muscles, Table of.
Mandibulate [man-dib' -u-lat) \_mandere, to chew].
Having a mandible.
Mandibulo-condylial [ma/t-dib'- u- la- koti - dil'-e - al )
\_mandere, to chew; k6v6vAo^, a knob]. Pertaining to
both mandible and condyles. M.-c. Triangle.
See Triangles, Table of.
Mandibulo-coronal [man-dib' -u-lo-kor-o' -nal) \jnan-
dere, to chew ; corona, a crown]. Pertaining to both
the mandible and the coronal suture. M.-c. Triangle.
See Triangles, Table of.
Mandibulo-facial {man-dib'-u-lo-fa'-shal) \jnan-
dere, to chew ; fades, a face]. Pertaining to both
mandible and face. M.-f. Index, in craniometry,
the vertical projection-measurement of the lower jaw
compared with that of the face, the latter being taken
as ICQ.
Mandibulo-gonial [man-dib' -u-lo-go' -ne-nl) \jnan-
(/dvr, to -chew ; >«i'/a, an angle]. Pertaining to both
mandible and gonion. M.-g. Triangle. See Tri-
angles, Table of.
M3ind\h\x\o-in{xa.{a.z\3.\[inan-dib'-u-lo-in'-frah-fa-shal)
\_mandere, to chew; infra, beneath; fades, a. face].
Pertaining to both the mandible and the lower portion
of the face. M.-i. Index, the vertical projection-
measurement of the lower jaw compared with that of
the lower face, the latter being taken as 100.
Mandibulo-maxillary [man - dib' - u - lo-maks' -il-a-re)
\_mandibiila , mandible; maxilla, maxilla]. In biol-
ogy, related to both the mandibles and the maxillae.
Mandibulo-suprafacial [man-dib-u-lo-su'-pra-fa-shal)
\_mandibula, mandible ; supra, above ; fades, face].
Pertaining to both the mandible and upper portion
of the face. M.-s. Index, the vertical projection-
measurement of the lower jaw compared with that of
the upper face, the latter being taken as 100.
Mandragora [man-drag'-o-rah) [/uavSpaydpac, man-
drake]. The mandrake. A genus of solanaceous old-
world plants. M. officinalis, the true mandrake, has
long been used as a narcotic and hypnotic. Unof
Mandragorin [man-drag' -o-rin) [uav6/}ay6pai;, man-
drake], C„H.,.,NO.,. A poisonous alkaloid from the
root of Mandragora officinalis and M. auttimnalis. It
has nearly the same effects as atropin. Unof.
Mandrake [man' -drak). .See Mandragora and Podo-
phyllum.
Mandrin [man'-driu) [Cer. ]. The firm guide or sty-
let (usually of metal) which gives rigidity to a flexible
catheter whilst it is being inserted.
Manducation [man - du - ka' -shun) \jnanducnlio, a
chewing]. The chewing or mastication of food.
Manducatory (man-du'-hal-or-e) \_manducare, to
chew]. Pertaining to manducation.
Manec's Paste. A paste used in dermatology. It is
composed of arsenious acid gr. 15, black sulphid of
Hill
MANFREDI, MICROCOCCUS OF
725
MANIACAL
mercury gr. 75, spongia usta gr. 35. This is made
into a thick paste with a few drops of water.
Manfredi, Micrococcus of. See Bacteria, Synojiym-
atic Table of.
Manganese (inan' -gan-ez) , Manganum [nian-gan'-
um) [an altered form of Magmsiiim : ge7t., AIa>igani.'\
Mn =54, quantivalence 11, iv. A silver-white metal
having the general properties of iron. See Ele-
ments, Table of. It is used in medicine and phar-
macy in the form of oxids, sulphates, and iodid. In
small doses, it is a general tonic ; in large doses, a
gastro-intestinal irritant. M. -brown. See Pigments,
Conspectus of. M. et ferri carbonas saccharatus.
Dose gr. v-xx. M. et ferri iodidi, Syr. Unof.
Dose TTLx-xxx. M. -green, 'n^^ Pigments, Conspec-
tus of. M. iodidi, Syr., unof, contains 3] of the
salt to each J^] of syrup. Dose Ti\,x-xxx. M. oxid.
nig., MnOj, " black oxid of manganese," used in the
manufacture of chlorin-gas. Dose gr. ij-x. M.
sulphas, MnSO^. 41120, emetic and cholagogue, useful
in jaundice and catarrh of the biliary passages. Dose
gr. ij-v. Potassii permanganas, KjMn.^Og, an ex-
cellent antiseptic and germicide, efficient as a local
wash, 5j to Oj, in diphtheria, scarlatina, etc., in car-
cinoma and foul ulcers, tainted breath, and the fetid
odor of the feet. P. permang., Liq. (B. P.) Dose
5ij-iv; externally to v-x of water.
Manganesium [man-gan-e'-ze-zim). See Manganese.
Mangania {^inan-gan-i' -ali) [//ayyavf/n]. Quackery.
Manganic [tnan-gan' -ik) [see Manganese^. A term
applied to compounds containing manganese.
Manganium [man-gan^ -e-zim). .See Manganese.
Manganization (j)ian-gan-iz-a' -shun') ^imyyavov , phil-
ter]. Adulteration of drugs.
Manganon [matt'-gan-on) \_/idyyavov , philter]. A.
charm, spell, or philter.
Manganous {?nan'-gan-us) [see Manganese'^. Per-
taining to those compounds that contain manganese
as a bivalent element.
Mange {inanj) [Fr. , manger, to eat]. The common
name applied indifferently to the various forms of
acariasis (^Sarcoptinitic, or Demodetic Scabies) pro-
duced in mammals by several acaridian parasites. It
is known as scabbia, rogna, raspa, in Italy ; sarua,
rona, in Spain ; itch, scald, juck, mange, in England;
gale, in France ; Kratze, Kratzauschlag, in Germany.
It prevails at times epizootically, and in most varieties
is transmissible to man. See Sarcoptes scabiei, De
Geer, Psorcptes longirostris, Megnin, Chorioptes
spathiferus, Megnin, Demodex folliculoruin, Owen —
all under Parasites (^Animal) , Table of.
Mangifera [inan-gif -er-ah) . See Mango.
Mangili's Ganglion. The pedal ganglion of Mollusca.
Mangini's Reagent. A reagent for testing for alka-
loids. It consists of potassium iodid 3 parts, bismuth
iodid 16 parts, and HCl 3 parts.
Mangle [mang'-gl] [ME., mangelen, to mutilate]. To
lacerate; to wound in a jagged or irregular manner.
Mango {man' -go) [Pg. , manga, mango]. The fruit of
Mangifera indica ; the bark yields an unofficial reme-
dy having reputed properties as an astringent and tonic
to the mucous membranes. It has been recommended
for catarrh of the nasal passages and for purulent
discharges from the vagina, and as a wash in skin-
diseases. Dose of the fluid extract, tT\_x-3j.
Unof.
Mangostin {man' -go-stin) [Pg., manga, mango], C.^,,-
H.^.^Oj. A crystalline, bitter principle found in the
shells of the fruit of Garcinia niangostana.
Manhood [ME. , ot^w, man]. That period
m which a man possesses all of his physical and
generative faculties ; virility.
Mania [ma'-ne-ah) \_uavia, [laheadai, to rage]. A form
of insanity marked by great exaggeration of nervous
action. It may occur suddenly, or follow an attack
of melancholia. The patient presents an infinite variety
of moods, is the subject of hallucinations and illu-
sions, often shows a tendency to destroy what he
comes in contact with, and is untidy ; there is a marked
change in character, and decided insomnia. There
is rapid and progressive emaciation. The brain is
found to be in a hyperemic condition, and the disease
is probably due to a loss of the inhibitory action of
the highest controlling centers of the brain. Mania is
most common in young adult life. Heredity is a
strong predisposing cause, while mental strain, be-
reavements, shocks, and alcoholism may act as excit-
ing causes. The great majority of the cases recover.
M., Acute. See Mania. M., Acute Delirious,
acute mania in which delirium is a prominent feature.
M., Alcoholic, acute mania of alcoholic origin. It
is to be distinguished from delirium tremens, although
sometimes used synonymously with it. M. a potu.
See Delirium. M., Bell's, an acute delirium running
a rapidly fatal course, with slight fever, and in which
post-mortem no lesions are found sufficient to account
for the symptoms. There are the wildest hallucina-
tions, insomnia, and intense excitement, followed
by a condition called typho-7nania , with elevation of
temperature, dry tongue, and rapid, feeble pulse. The
disease is almost always fatal, ending in from one to
three weeks. Its nature is unknown. See Diseases,
Table of. M. brevis, transitory mania, q. v. M. of
Character, reasoning monomania. M. conciona-
bunda, a form characterized by a constant desire to
speak publicly. M. crapulosa, dipsomania. M.,
Dancing, an epidemic of choreic or convulsional
movements, especially prevalent in the middle ages.
M., Epileptic, a maniacal outburst in an epileptic ;
it may come on slowly. In many cases it is associated
with a destructive tendency. M. errabunda, wander-
ing mania, in which the patient wanders about
or rushes forward regardless of obstacles. M., Fu-
rious, a violent form of mania ; delirium furibun-
dum. M. hallucinatoria. See Itisanitv, Confu-
sional. M., Homicidal, one in which the individ-
ual displays a tendency to kill. M., Hypochon-
driacal, mania associated with hypochondriacal de-
lusions. M., Hysteric, an outburst resembling mania
occurring in an hysteric subject ; it is usually asso-
ciated with erotic manifestations. M., Incendiary.
See Pyromania. M., Morphin, morphinomania, q. v.
M. potatorum. Synonym of M., Alcoholic. M.,
Preaching, an epidemic, somewhat analogous to danc-
ing mania, that occurred in Sweden in 1841 and 1842.
Those affected, chiefly young girls, passed through a
period of trance, then through a stage of violent chorei-
form movements, and, lastly, into a period of quiet,
during which they would preach or speak. M.,
Puerperal, a form of mania or abnormal mental action
sometimes followiHg childbirth. M., Reasoning,
simple mania, or mania with delirium^ — a simple exal-
tation of the mental faculties. M., Religious, mania
in which the central ideals religious in character, or in
which a powerful religious emotion has been the
exciting cause. M., Senile, a maniacal outburst in
old persons. M. sine delirio, mania without delirium.
M., Transitory. .See Frenzy, Transitory. M.,
Typho-, acute delirious mania associated with fever,
dry, coated tongue, and other symptoms of the typhoid
state. M., Wolf. See Lycanthropy.
Maniac {ma' -nc-ak) ^/lav'ia, madness]. An insane
person ; one affected with mania.
Maniacal {ma-ni'-ak-al) \jiavia, madness]. Having
1
MANIACOCOMIUM 726 MANTLE
the nature of madness or insanity. M. Chorea. See
Chorea insaniens. M. Outburst, a sudden develop-
ment of mania, not vuicommon in epilepsy and in
general paralysis of the insane.
Maniacocomium (jiia-ne-ak-o-ko'-me-uni), Maniaco-
mium (i?ia-ne-ak-o'-me-iim). See Manicocoininin.
Manica (jnan' -ik-ali) \_manus, hand]. A protection-
covering, as a sleeve or a glove. M. Hippocratis,
Hippocrates' sleeve, a name formerly used to desig-
nate the cloth strainer of the apothecary.
Manicate [man'-ik-dt ) [wrtw/Vrz/wi, sleeved] . In biol-
ogy, having a felted, hairy coating that may be re-
moved entire.
Manicocomium [iim-nik-o-ko' -me-icm), Manicomum
[nia-nik' -o-muni) \_iiaviK(ii;, insane ; KOjiietv, to care
for]. An asylum for the insane.
Manicula {i>ia-nik' ~u-lah) [dim. of fiauia, mania]. A
mild form of mania.
Maniculum (inan-ik' -ti-luin) [dim. of tnaniis, hand].
The fore-foot of a mammal.
Manicure [man'-ik-il?-) [;«a«z«, the hand ; cicra, care].
The processes employed in caring for and beautifying
the hand. Also, one who professionally attends to
the care of the hands and nails ; a chiropodist.
Maniform {man' -if-oriii) \j7ianus, hand; forma, form].
Hand-shaped.
Manigraph [maii'-ig-raf) [//av/o, mania; ypcKbew, to
write]. An alienist ; one who is an expert in insanity.
Manigraphy (^man-ig' -ra-fe) [//oi'/o:, madness ; ypd(pT],
writing]. A treatise on, or the science of, insanity.
Manihot (inan'-e-kot) [L.]. A genus of euphorbiace-
ous plants. M. aipi and M. utilissima afford cas-
sava and tapioca, q. v. Unof.
Manihotoxin [iinm-e-ko-toks' -in) \_manihot, manihot;
rofiKtir, poison]. A poisonous, crystalline principle
from the root of Manihot utilissima.
Manikin (>?ian'-ik-in) [OF., manequin, a puppet]. A
model of plaster, papier mache, etc., designed to show
the anatomy or functions of an animal or organ, espe-
cially of a human being.
Manila Hemp. See Hemp.
Maniluvium \_ma7tus, hand; lavare,
to wash]. A hand-bath ; a wash or lotion for the
hands.
Manioc [Braz.]. The -pXuni Manihot titilis-
sima. M., Sweet [Manihot aipi), used as an esculent
vegetable, like potatoes. See Manihot.
Manimetrum [man-im-et' -rum) [;«««/«, hand ; iihpov,
measure]. A hand-measure or cheirometer.
Maniple (man' -ip-l) \_manipuliis, from manus, hand].
A handful, or pugil.
Maniplies (man-ip-liz'). See Manyplies.
Manipulation [man-ip-u-hx' -shim) \_manipulHs, a hand-
ful]. The act of doing with the hands ; an operation
or experiment in which the hands are particularly em-
ployed; dexterity in such acts. A method of reducing
dislocations, hernix, and of treating aneurysms ; mas-
sage.
Manipulator [man-ip'-u-la-tor) [manipulare, to lead by
the hand]. One who manipulates ; a masseur or mas-
seuse. M., Amalgam, a dental instrument for
introducing amalgam fillings.
Manipulus (man-ip' -u-lus). See Maniple.
Manistupration [/nan-is-ftt-pra' -shun). Synonym of
Maslurhalion.
Mann's Reagent. See Tests, Table of.
Manna (man' -ah) \_uavva, manna]. The exudation of
the flowering ash, Fra.xinus ornus, and other trees.
Its properties are due to mannite or manna, CgH],0,;,
sugar, dextrin, and a resinous principle. It is a mild
laxative, and may be advantageously combined with
rhubarb or magnesium citrate. Dose ,^j-ij- Unof.
Manneberg, Streptococcus of. See Bacteria, Syno-
nymatic. Table of.
Mannid (tnan'-id) \_navva, manna], Cgllj^O^. A i
syrupy substance derived from mannite by dehydration.
Manniferous (man-if ' -er-us) \_yLavva, manna ; ferre, to
bear]. Producing manna.
Mannikin (man' -ik-in). See Manikin.
Manning's Splint. A splint used in the treatment of
fracture of the patella.
Manniparous (man-ip' -ar-us). See Manniferous.
Mannitan (man' -it-an) \jLavva, manna], CgHj.^O;;. A
sweet, syrupy substance produced by the action of
sulphuric acid on mannite.
Mannite (man' -it). See Manna and Alannitol.
Mannitic Acid (man-it' -ik). See Aeid.
Mannitol (man'-it-ol), Mannite (man' -it) \_navva,
manna], C|jH,^0^. A hexahydric alcohol produced
in the vinous fermentation of the different varieties
of sugar. It is also obtained by extracting manna
with alcohol and allowing the solution to crystallize.
It forms delicate, colorless needles or rhombic prisms.
It is slightly soluble in water, readily so in boiling
alcohol. It possesses a very sweet taste and melts at
l66° C. See Manna.
Mannitone (man' -it-on) [_/zdvva, manna]. A crystal-
line isomer of mannitan produced when mannite is
heated with water in a sealed tube.
Mannitose (man'-it-os) \_iiavva, manna], C„H,,^0j. An '
amorphous substance, isomeric with levulose, but
optically inactive, obtained from mannite by oxida-
tion.
Manno-heptose (man'-o-hep'-toz). See Carbohydrates,
Table of
Manno-monose (man' -o-mo' -noz). See Carbohydrates, j
Table of.
Mannonic Acid (man-on' -ik'). See Acid.
Manno-octose (man'-o-ok'-toz). See Carbohydrates,
Table of.
Mannose (man'-ds) \jjavva, manna], CpH,,,0g. The
aldehyd of mannitol. It exists in three forms, dextro-
mannose, levo-mannose, and inactive mannose. See
Carbohydrates, Table of.
Manometer (man-om'-et-er) [/mi'tif, rare; fisTpw,
measure]. An instrument, in principle similar to a
Gaule's Maximum and Minimum Manometer, A, B.
(The extremity A is connected with the heart, and B with the
mercurial manometer.)
barometer, by which the tension of a vapor is mea-
sured. It consists essentially of a V-tube partly filled
with mercury. It is also used to determine blood-
pressure.
Manometric [mnn-o-met'-rik) \jtav6<;, thin ; pirpov,
measure]. Pertaining to the measurement of atmos-
pheric pressure.
Manoscope (man'-o-skop) [^pavSg, thin ; mmrein, to
view]. An instrument for determining the density
of air.
Manoscopy (man-os'-ko-pe) [/jav6(;, thin ; nKmretv, to
view]. The estimation of the density of the air.
Mansorius (man-so'-re-us) [L.]. The buccinator
muscle. .See Muscles, Table of.
Manstupration (man-stu-pra' -shun). Synonym of
Masturbation.
Mantle (man' -tl). See Brain-mantle.
MANTLE-CELL
727
MARIOTTE'S EXPERIMENT
Maritle-cell [tnan' -tl-sel^. Same as Tapetal Cell.
Manual i^/nan'-u-al) \_maniis, hand]. Pertaining to
the hand. M. -exercise Bone, a small triangular
osseous growth occasionally found in soldiers at the
tendinous insertion of the left deltoid muscle. It is
also called drill-bone. M. Method. See French
Method.
Manubrial (jiian-it' -bre-ai) \_inaims, hand]. Pertain-
ing to a manubrium.
Manubrium [?nan-n'-bre-iciii) [L. ,a handle]. In bi-
ology, variously applied to handle-like or haft-like
structures. M. of Malleus, a vertical process of bone
forming the handle-shaped attachment of the malleus
of the ear. M. manus, the radius. M. of Sternum,
the upper piece of the sternum.
Manuduction {maii-zi-diik' -shun) [maims hand; dnc-
tio, a leading]. The operations performed by the
hands in surgical and obstetric practice.
Manuluvium {tnan-ii-lu' -ve-um). Synonym of yl/awz-
luvitim.
Manure {inan-ur') [Vl^. , ineniiren , to manage]. Dung
or other substance used to fertilize soil.
Manus [ma'-iiiis) [L.]. The hand.
Manustupration {inan-ii-stu-pra' -shiiii). See Mastur-
bation.
Manyplies {man' -ip-liz) \_iiiany; ply~\. In biology, the
third compartment in the complicated stomach of a
ruminant. It is also called the omasum or psalterium .
Manz's Glands. Small flask-shaped depressions occa-
sionally seen on the border of the eyelids in man, and
commonly in lower animals.
Manzanita [iiian-zan-e' -tali) [Sp. , small apple]. The
leaves of Arctostaphylos glauca, common to California;
they are astringent and tonic with reference to the
urinary organs. The drug resembles Uva iirsi in pro-
perties. Dose of the fld. ext tT\^xx-xxx. Unof.
Maple [ma'-pl) f ME., mapel, maple]. See Acer. M.-
sugar. See Saccliarum.
Maquer's Salt. A compound known as "super-ar-
seniate of potassium."
Maranda {mar-an'-dah) [Ceylonese]. A Ceylonese
tree belonging to the Myrtaccac, the leaves of which
have been used in syphilis. Unof.
Maransis (mar-an' -sis). Synonym of Marasmus.
Maranta {mar-an' -tah). See Arrowroot.
Marantic {mar-an' -tik) \_ijapavTiK6(i ; papa'iveiv, to
make lean]. Pertaining to marasmus, or to general
malnutrition and prostration. M. Clot, a blood-clot
produced by slowing of the circulation. M. Throm-
bosis, primary thrombosis of the cerebral sinuses in
connection with general malnutrition.
Maraschino {mar-as-ke'-no) [Sp.]. A liquor made
from morello cherries.
Marasmatic (OT(7r-«3-OT«/'-z'/^). Synonym of Marasmic.
Marasmic {mar-az' -mik) \_fiapaafi6c, decay]. Af-
fected with marasmus.
Marasmoid {mar-az' -moid) \_iiapaafji6^, decay; Etrfof,
like]. Resembling or simulating marasmus.
Marasmopyra {mar-az-mop' -ir-ah) \jj.apaaii6<;, wast-
ing; Triip, fire]. Hectic fever.
Marasmous {mar-az' -mus). Synonym of Marasmic.
Marasmus {mar-az' -mus) [^/mpacTfioc: ; fiapaivetv, to
grow lean]. A gradual general deterioration of the
mental and physical forces, with marked emaciation.
As used popularly it is meant to refer to the wastinc;
of infants. It is generally encountered in hand-raised
babes, and is associated with indigestion from improper
feeding, congenital syphilis, rickets, or tuberculosis.
The children thus affected have a peculiar weazened
or senile appearance. In the majority of cases, with
proper care the child may be restored to health.
Marble-cutter's Phthisis. See Chalicosis.
Marc {mark) [Fr., dregs]. A side-product in the
manufacture of wines, consisting of the stems, skins,
and stones of the grapes. It is used for the purpose
of making brandy by fermentation ; with sheet-copper
in the manufacture of verdigris; to start the fermen-
tation in vinegar-making; as cattle-food; when dried,
as fuel ; or for fertilizing purposes. The refuse of
olives, or of oil-seeds, after the removal of the oil, is
also called marc.
Marcescent {mar-ses' -ent) \_marcescere, to wither, fade,
decay]. In biology, withered or shriveled.
March's Disease. Synonym of Exophthalmic Goiter,
q. IK Also see Diseases, Table of.
Marchi's Solution. A solution for staining nerve-tis-
sues. See Stains, Table of.
Marcid {mar' -sid) \_marcidiis, marcere, to wither]. I.
Shrunken ; wasted. 2. Accompanied or character-
ized by wasting.
Marcor {mar'-kor). See Marasmus.
Mare [ME., mare, a horse ; an incubus]. I. The
female of the horse. 2. The substance remaining
after the first distillation of spirits. 3. Oppressed
sleep; nightmare.
Maremmatic {mar-em-at' -ik) [Maretinne, a malarious
region of Italy]. Pertaining to very malarious re-
gions, especially of Italy.
Marennin {mar-en' -in) \iiiare, the sea]. In biology,
Lankester's name for the green coloring-principle ab-
sorbed by oysters from diatoms {Navicula ostrearia) in
the process of greening.
Mareo {mar'-e-o) [.Span.]. Mountain sickness. A
malady characterized by nausea and violent headache,
occasionally overcoming persons who ascend to high
altitudes.
Margaric Acid {mar-gar' -ik). See Acid.
Margarin {tuar' -gar-in) \_)tap-)(ipo<i, the pearl-oyster].
I. A mixture of olein and palmatin. 2. An artificial
sul)stitute for butter.
Margarinic Acid {mar-gar-in' -ik). See Acid, Mar-
garic. _
Margaritoma {mar-gar-it-o' -mah) [fiapyapn^ , the pearl-
oyster ; ofia, a tumor].' Virchow's term for a true
primary cholesteatoma-formation in the auditory canal.
Margarone {mar'-gai'-on). See Palmilone .
Margarous Acid {mar'-gar-us). A synonym oi Acid,
Stearic.
Marginal {mar' -jin-al ) \jimrginalis, from margo, mar-
gin]. Pertaining to the margin or border. M. Con-
volution. See Convolutions, Table of. M. Lobe.
See Lobe.
Marginate {mar' -jin-dt) \_marginare, to furnish with a
border]. In biology, applied to structures in which
the margin is peculiarly distinct.
Marginoplasty {mar-jin' -o-plas-te) \_margo, margin;
■nlaaaeiv, to shape]. Plastic surgery of the marginal
portion of the eyelid.
Margosin {mar' -go-sin) \_^apyapQq, the pearl-oyster].
K bitter alkaloid obtained from Azadirachta indica.
Maricolous {viar-ik'-o-his) \_mare, the sea ; colere, to
dwell]. In biology, applied to animals or plants in-
habiting the sea ; pelagic.
Marie's Disease. Akromegaly. See Akromegaly,
and Diseases, Table of.
Marigold {mdr'-ig-old). See Calendula.
Marine-blue. See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Mariotte's Experiment, A device for demonstrating
the existence of the blind-spot of the eye, consisting
in placing a spot upon a paper at such an angle with
the visual axis that the image falls upon the papilla.
M.'s Blind-spot, M.'s Spot, the point of entrance
of the optic nerve into the fundus of the eye. M.'s
Law. See Law.
MARISCOUS
728
MAS, MASC
Mariscous {mar-is' -kits) \jiiarisca, hemorrhoid]. Per-
taining to hemorrhoids.
Marito-nucleus {mar-it-o-nu' -kle-us)\_maritiis, married ;
niulius, a httle nut]. The nucleus of the ovum after
its union with the male pronucleus.
Marjolin's Warty Ulcer. An ulcer resulting from the
breaking down of warty cicatricial tissue. It is of slow
progress, and finally gives rise to glandular enlarge-
ment. See Diseases, Table of.
Marjoram {mar' -jo-ram). See Origanum.
Mark [ME., mark, a mark]. Birth-mark, or mother's
marlc ; nevus. M., Portwine. See Nevus.
Marl [ME., marl, marl]. A clay rich in calcium car-
bonate.
Marmalade, Marmelade {mar' -?nal-ad) [Port., mar-
mello, a quince]. A conserve prepared from the
quince, orange, plum, peach, or other fruit, which is
sliced and preserved in a saturated syrup.
Marme's Reagent. See Tests, Table of.
Marmorate {mar' -mo-raf] \_marmor , marble]. In bi-
ology, traversed with vein-like markings like those of
certain kinds of marble.
y^aiXOOVi {mar-oon'Y 'A^^ Pigments, Conspectus of . M.-
oxid. Same as Purple-broivn.
Marriageable {mar' -aj-a-bl) [ME., mariage, mar-
riage ; maritus, a husband]. Of an age when mar-
riage may be legally performed.
Marriot, Dry Vomit of. An emetic preparation con-
sisting of equal parts of sulphate of copper and tartar
emetic.
Marrow (mdr'-o) [ME., marow, marrow]. A sub-
stance composed of water, fat, and albuminous matter,
existing in the cavities of many of the long bones.
M.-cell, a cell resembling a white blood-corpuscle,
but larger and with a clearer protoplasm and a larger
nucleus, and showing ameboid movement. It is found
in the marrow of bones. M., Fetal, the juicy, red
marrow filling the cavities of the fetal endochondral
bones. M., Red, the reddish marrow, quite free
from fat, contained near the articular extremities of
long bones. M., Spinal, the spinal cord. M., Yel-
low, the fatty marrow of the shafts of long bones.
Marrubiin {mar-ii' -be-in) \_marrubium, horehound].
The crystalline, neutral, bitter substance found in
Horehound.
Marrubium {mar-u' -be-um) [L.]. Horehound. The
leaves and tops of M. vulgare. They contain a bitter
principle and a volatile oil. In small doses horehound
is a mild stomachic tonic ; in larger doses a laxative.
It exerts a soothing effect in catarrh of the nasal pas-
sages, and is therefore an ingredient of various cough-
mixtures. Dose 3ss-j. Unof.
Mars {marz) [L. , the war-god]. An old synonym for
iron. SeeFerru/n. M. -brown. See. Pigments, Con-
spectus of. M.-red. Same as Ocher. M.- violet.
Same as Mineral-purple .
Marsala {mahr-sa' -lali) [Ital.]. An Italian wine con-
taining 20 per cent, of alcohol.
Marsden's Mucilage or Paste. A caustic paste con-
sisting of one part of white arsenic to two of gum-
arabic.
Marsdenia {marz-de' -ne-ah) [after William Marsden,
a British orientalist]. A genus of asclepiadaceous
plants of which several species yield indigo. M. con-
durango. .See Condurango. M. erecta, a poisonous
species from Europe and Asia Minor. Taken inter-
nally it produces violent convulsions and death, and
applied externally it blisters the skin.
Marsdenin {marz-den'-in) [after William Marsden, a
British orientalist]. A bitter crystalline extractive from
Marsdenia erecta.
Marsh [ME., mersh, a marsh]. A swamp or bog. M.-
fever. See Malaria. M. -gas. Methyl Hydrid, Fire-
damp, Methane ; a hydrocarbon having the composition
CH^. It occurs in swamps as a product of the decom-
position of vegetable tissue. It constitutes a large pro-
portion of common illuminating-gas. M. -miasm.
See Malaria. M. Rosemary, the root of Statice
caroliniana , a bitter astringent, resembling kino in
therapeutic properties. It is a popular New England
remedy for cancrum oris and for aphthous affections of
the mouth. Dose of the fid. ext. 3 ss-j. M. Trefoil.
'Ute Menyanthes trifoliata. M. -mallow. 'SttAlthcea.
M. -marigold. See Caltha. Unof.
Marsh's Test. See Tests, Table of.
Marshall's Cerate. A cerate composed of calomel
5j, lead acetate ,^ ss, palm oil 3 vj, ointment of
nitrate of mercury 3 ij. M., Vein of. See Vein.
M.'s Vestigial Fold, a crescentic fold of serous
membrane of the pericardium containing the remains
of the left superior vena cava.
Marson's Theory. A theory that claims that the
degree and duration of vaccinal protection are propor-
tionate to the perfection of the vaccine lesions and to
the number of insertions made.
Marsupial {mar-su' -pe-al ) \jia{)i3vn:n(;, a pouch].
Pouched. In zoology, a mammal of the order Marsu-
pialia. Set Mai-supium a.nd Mastotlieca. M. Incisura
{Incisura marsiipialis), the deep posterior notch be-
tween the two halves of the cerebellum, occupied by
the falx cerebri.
Marsupiate {i/iar-su'-pe-at). See Alarsupial.
Marsupium {mar-su' -pe-um) [_fjdpGiiKoc, a pouch, bag].
In biology, the fold of abdominal integument, or
" pouch," that serves to support and protect the young
of those mammals belonging to the sub-class Metathe-
ria or Didclphia ; a Mastotlieca , q. v.
Marteno {tnar'-te-no). Incorrect form oi Martynia, q. v.
Martial {mar'-skal) \_martialis, cf. mars, iron]. Ferru-
ginous or chalybeate ; containing iron.
Martin's Bandages. Long India-rubber bandages, from
5 to 21 feet in length, used in the treatment of chronic
ulcers, varicose veins, and joint-disease. M.'s Depil-
atory, a preparation made by passing H.^S through a
mixture of slaked lime two parts and water three
parts. M.'s Hemostatic, surgeon's agaric saturated
with ferric chlorid. M.'s Operation. See Oper-
ations, Table of.
Martindale's Mixture. See Anesthetic.
Martineau's Formula. A formula used in the treat-
ment of syphilis, constituted as follows : Bichlorid of
mercury 2'/^ drams, peptone ^ ounce, chlorid of
ammonium ounce. Fifteen grains of this prepara-
tion contain nearly four grains of sublimate. It was
diluted with water alone or with a mixture of water
and glycerin, and was injected in doses of from \ of
a grain upward. It is not much used now. M.'s
Treatment. See Treatment, Methods of.
Martius's Yellow. See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Martynia {mar-tin' -e-ah) [after John Martyn, an
American botanist]. A genus of dicotyledonous gamo-
petalous plants. M. proboscidea, unicorn plant,
employed as a mucilaginous drink in bladder- troubles.
Maruta {tna-m'-tah) [L.]. A genus of composite-
flowered herbs. M. cotula, mayweed, or dog-fennel,
is an ill-scented weed common in Europe and North
America. It is antipyretic and insecticide, is a vesicant
of some power, and is said to be a good application
to bruises and swellings. Unof.
Mas, Masc {mas, mask) [L. abbrev. of masculus, the
male, or ?«(7ji'«//;?/«, masculine] . I. In biology, em-
ployed to designate a male plant or animal. Its
symbol is usually . I" old usage it was frequently
employed in a fanciful way as the specific name of
MASCARPIO
729
MASTALGIA
plants. See Aspidium Jilix mas. 2. The center-pin
of a trephine.
Mascarpio [»ias-kaki'' -pe-o) male ; carpere, to
pluck]. A masturbator.
Maschaladenitis {nias-kal-ad-en-i' -lis) \jmax<iXr], ax-
illa; (ifb/r, gland ; ;r;f, inflammation]. Inflammation
of the glands of the axilla.
Maschaleous {iiias-kal'-e-its) [/iacrt'dX/;, axilla]. Per-
taining to the axilla.
Maschaliatria [iims-kal-c-a'-tre-a/i) x^'^'l , axilla ;
'laTjKia, treatment]. Treatment by inunctions in the
axilla.
Maschalister [??tas-kal'-is-ter) [^/maxaXiarf/p, girth,
girdle]. The second cervical vertebra, the axis.
Maschaloncus (^inas-kal-07ig' -kits) \_jiaaxak>i, axilla;
byKoc, tumor]. An axillary tumor.
Maschalopanus [jnas-kal-op' -an-us'). Synonym of
Alasclialoiicus.
Maschalyperidrosis [tnas-kal-ip-er-id-ro' -sis') \_jiaa-
X^-'^V', axilla; imep, over; h^puGig, sweating]. Ex-
cessive svifeating in the armpits.
Masculine (inns' -kii-lin), Masculous [mas'-ku-lus)
[dim. of 7itas, a male]. Of the male sex.
Masesis [>nas-e'-sis). Synonym of Mastication.
Maseter (mas' -e-ter). Synonym of Masseter. See
Muscles., Table of.
Mash [ME., masc/ie, mash]. A mixture of malt and
water prepared in breweries and distilleries for making
beers and spirits. Also, the mixture of grains used in
feeding animals.
Mask [mask) [Fr. , masque, a mask]. I. In biology, a
mask- like formation or coloration of the head ; a hood
or capistrum. 2. In surgery, a bandage applied to
the face in case of erysipelas and extensive burns or
scalds. 3. Synonym -of Chloasma. M., Death, a
cast of the face of a dead person made by covering
it with plaster-of-Paris or similar material, which is
removed when hard. M. of Pregnant Women, the
chloasma of pregnancy.
Masked (maskt) [Fr. , masi/ue, a. ma.s.k']. Covered with
a mask ; concealed. In biology, applied to insects in
the larval state, especially such as indicate by lines on
the surface the future wings, legs, and other parts
of the imago. In botany, the same as Personate. M.
Disease, one that is concealed by concomitant symp-
toms. M. Epilepsy. See Epilepsy- M. Malaria.
See Dumb AgueAwA Malarial Fever. M. Reaction,
in chemistry, one that is concealed by a concurrent
reaction.
Masochism (inas' -o-kizm') [from Sacher-jl/ajoir,^, an
Austrian novelist]. Sexual perversion in which the
pervert takes delight in being subjected to degrading,
humiliating, or cruel acts on the part of his or her
associate. It is the opposite of Sadism. The victims
of this perversion experience peculiar pleasure at the
sight of a rival who has obtained the favor of their
mistress, and will even receive blows and lashes from
the rival with a voluptuous mixture of pain and
pleasure. Masochism corresponds to the Passivism
of Stefanowski.
Masochist \Masoch,{mm Sacher-yi/aw/z,
an Austrian novelist]. One addicted to masochism.
Masochistic [mas-o-kis'- tik) [f^Ticher- Masoch, an
Austrian novelist]. Relating to masochism.
Mason's Lung. A synonym of Piieumonokoniosis.
M.'s Method. See Treatnu-nt, Methods of.
Masque (mask) [Fr.]. Reaumur's name for a grayish-
brown, rounded part of the sexual apparatus of the
drone-bee. It is thickly set with short spines having
curved points. Also see Mask.
Masrite (maz'-nt). See Masi-iutn.
Masrium (inaz' - re - um) [Arab., masr, Egypt.]. A
metal described as a new element, found in Egypt
in a mineral first called " Johnsonite," but later mas-
rite. The mineral, masrite, has the formula (Al,-
Fe)203.(MsMnCoFe)0.4SO.,.2oH./J. See Elements,
Table of. Masrium has an atomic weight of 228.
The sulphate, is a white salt, crystallizing poorly
from water, but readily from a fifty per cent, alco-
holic solution. The reactions of a soluble salt of
masrium resemble those of zinc. The free metal has
not been obtained ; neither has its vapor-density been
determined, or spectroscopic examination made.
Mass (mas) \_massa, a mass]. Any aggregation of
matter. M., Blue. See Hydrargyrum. M., Inter-
mediate Cell, that part of the embryo from which
the mesonephros is developed. M., Investing, the
tissue that in early embryonic development surrounds
the cranial portion of the notochord, and later is trans-
formed into the parachordal cartilages. M., Vallet's,
massa ferri carbonatis. See Ferrum.
Massa (mas' -ah) [L.]. A mass. In pharmacy, a
medicinal substance together with an excipient that
gives it the adhesive, plastic quality necessary to form
a pill. There are three official mas^ee.
Massage (mas-ahzh') [Vr., from fiaoaeir, to knead].
A method of effecting changes in the local and gen-
eral nutrition, action, and other functions of the body,
by rubbing, kneading, and other manipulation of the
superficial parts of the body by the hand or an instru-
ment. A male operator is called a masseur, a female
operator, a masseuse. M., Friction, superficial rubbing.
M. Method of Treating Lacrymal Stenosis.
See Gould's RIcthod. inider Treatment , A/ethods of.
Massering (mas-er' -ring) [Fr. , from ^aoativ, to knead].
The performance of massage.
Massesis (mas-e' -sis). Synonym of Mastication.
Masset's Test. See Tests, Table of.
Masseter (mas' -e-ter) [imoriTi/p, chewer]. See Muscle.
Masseteric (mas-et-er' -ik) [^/jaai/rr/p, chewer]. Masse-
terine; pertaining to the masseter muscle.
Masseterine (mas-et' -er-en) [^fxaajiri/p, chewer]. Per-
taining to the masseter. muscle.
Masseur(OTffi-z<;;-'')[Fr.]. A man who practises massage.
Masseuse (mas-ti(i-)z') [Fr.]. A woman who practises
massage.
Massicot (mas' -ik-ot) [Fr.]. PbO. Yellow protoxid
of lead ; litharge.
Massotherapeutics, Massotherapy (mas-o-ther-ap-u' -
tiks, mas-o-ther' -ap-e) \_pacat^iv, to knead ; OepaKiwiv,
to treat]. The treatment of disease by means of
massage.
Massoy Bark (mas-oi' bark). I. The bark of Cin-
naiuomum kiamis, of the E. Indies ; aromatic and
antidysenteric ; it affords the volatile oil of massoy. 2.
The Ijark of Massoia aromatica , a tree of New Guinea.
Massula (mas' -su-lah) [L., dim. of massa, a lump or
mass: //. , APassulie'\. In biology: (a) an adherent
group of pollen-grains produced by a single mother-
cell. (/)) One of the two or more spheric masses con-
taining microspores, and derived from the mucilage of
the microsporangia of Azolla. These masses are
sometimes covered with barbed hair-like appendages,
called glochids.
Mast-cells. Cells filled with basophile granules, found
in the connective tissue and in foci of chronic inflam-
mation.
Mastaden (tnas' -ta-deii) [//aff7(5f, breast ; li&iiv, gland].
The mammary gland.
Mastadenitis (mas-tad-en-i'-tis) [//a(Tr(5f , breast ; afir/v,
gland; itk;, inflammation]. Inflammation of the
mammary gland.
Mastalgia (mas-tal' -je-aJi) \jmoT6(;, breast ; akyoq, pain].
Any pain in the breast.
MASTATROPHIA
730
MASTOTHECA
Mastatrophia (wffrf-rt/-;-o''-/i'-<?//) [//aoror, breast ; arpo-
ipia, atrophy]. Atrophy of the breast.
Mastauxe {mas-tawks'-e) , [//aorof , breast; aif/;,
growth]. Increase in size, or excessive size, of the
mammary apparatus.
Mastax [inas^ -ta/cs) [//dtrraf, tlie mouth]. In biology,
the muscular pharynx, containing the masticatory ap-
paratus of a rotifer or wheel-animalcule.
Mastecchymosis (iiiast-c/c-iin-o'-sis) [/zaorof, breast ;
tYXi'l-uooii:, ecchymosis]. Ecchymosis of the breast.
Mastelcosis t^inast-el-ko' -sis) \_iiaa-6i;, breast ; eAuuiaiq,
ulceration]. Synonym of Alasthelcosis.
Master Tissues. A term applied to the muscular and
nervous tissues of the body.
Masterwort (^iiias' -ter-rvert). Cow Parsnip. The root
of Herac'ciii/i lanatiim, a stimulant, carminative, and
antispasmodic. Dose of the fid. ext. 3j-ij. Unof.
See also Iiuperatoria.
Masthelcosis [inas-thel-ko' -sis) [//aarof, breast; t/^Kumf,
ulceration]. Ulceration of the breast.
Mastic [inas'-lik] \jiiastiche; nadTix^h mastic]. The resin
flowing from the incised bark of the Pistacia Icntiscus.
It occurs in pale, yellowish, transparent tears, that are
brittle, with conchoidal fracture and balsamic odor, and
soften between the teeth. It is soluble in alcohol, oil
of turpentine, and acetone. It is used in varnish-mak-
ing, and in dentistry as a temporary filling for teeth
that have been prepared for their permanent filling.
Internally its action is similar to that of the resin of tur-
pentine. Dose gr. xx-xl.
Mastication (inas-tik-a' -shioi) \_masticare, to chew].
The process of chewing and of insalivation.
Masticatory [mas' -tik-at-o-re) \_masticare, to chew].
A terra applied to remedies or agents designed to be
masticated or chewed ; also to agents increasing the
flow of saliva. M. Spasm, spasm from irritation of
the peripheral or of the central tract of the motor por-
tion of the fifth nerve.
Mastiche \tnas' -li-ke). See Mastic.
Masticot (inas'-tik-ot). Synonym of Massicot.
Mastigium [inas-tij' -e-uni) \_fianTi^, a whip : //. , Mas-
ligia^ In biology, one of the organs provided with
defensive lashes, placed on the posterior extremity of
certain lepidopterous larvce.
Mastigobranchia [mas-tig-o-hrang' -ke-ali) \_fiaG-ii,,
whip ; /^/jd>-,,\7«, gills]. In biology, the branchial lash
of a crustacean. It is synonymous with the epipo-
dite and epignathite of Milne-Edwards, and some-
times with part of the podobrnnchite of Huxley and
with the apodemata of MacCoy, and the flabellum of
old authors. (Bate.)
Mastigophoric [mas-tig-o-for' -ik) [/zddr/f, whip ; (p6por,
bear]. Same as AlastigopJiorous.
Mastigophorous [mas-tig o(f' -o-rus) \_/ia(yTiynifi6po(;,
bearing a whip]. In biology, flagellate, as certain
infusoria or zoospores.
Mastigopod [mas-tig' -o-pod) [//dCT7/f , a whip ; norq
(ttoiS) , foot]. In biology, applied to the ciliated or
flagellate stage in the development of certain organ-
isms, as the myxomycetes.
Mastigosis [inas-tig-o' -sis) \_/ia(7Tly(j(jic, from /laariyovv,
to whip]. Elagellation as a therapeutic measure.
Mastilin [mas' -til-in) \_iiaaTixVy mastic]. The resin
found in mastic.
Mastitis (w(7^-//''-//.f)[//o;(77df, breast ; /7/f , inflammation].
Inflammation of the breast. M. neonatorum, mastitis
of infants. M., Parenchymatous, inflammation of the
proper glandular substance of the breast. M., Retro-
mammary, M., Submammary, or Paramastitis, in-
flammation of the connective tissue between the gland
and the thorax. M., Supra-mammary, inflamma-
tion of the superficial connective tissue of the breast.
Mastix [mas'-tiks). Synonym of Mastic.
Masto-carcinoma [mas - to -kar - sin - o' - mah) \jia(5T6<;,
breast; Kapulruud, carcinoma]. Mammary carcinoma.
MASto-chondrosisi ///as-to-/con-dro'-sis) [^aordf , breast ;
^Y'jr(i/«)(;, cartilage]. A chondromatous tumor of the
mamma.
Mastodealgia [mas-to-de-al'-je-ah) [//uarufSz/f, mas-
toid ; a/.yoc, pain]. Pain in the mastoid process.
Mastodeocentesis [mas-to-de-o-sen-te' -sis) [/yo(7r(j(S//f ,
mastoid ; />t vti/oi^, a thrust] . Surgical perforation of
the mastoid process.
Mastodeo-paracentesis [mas-to-de-o-par-as-eti-te'-sis).
Synonym of Mastudcoccntcsis.
Mastodynia Unas-to-din' -e-ali) [/iacrrdf, breast ; o&'vvrj,
pain]. Pain in the breast.
Mastoid [mas' -toia) [//aordr, breast; fMof, like]. Hav-
ing the shape of the breast ; a descriptive term applied
to a process and to a foramen of the temporal bone,
and to other parts. M. Abscess, an abscess of the
mastoid cells. M. Angle, the postero-inferior angle
of the parietal bone. M. Antrum, a cavity in the
mastoid portion of the temporal bone. M. Cells, the
cells or hollow spaces exhibited in the structure of
the mastoid process. M. Disease, inflammation and
suppuration of the mastoid cells. M. Foramen. See
Foramina, Table of. M. Fossa. See Fossa. M.
Process, the protruding part of the temporal bone
felt behind the ear.
Mastoidal [mas-toi'-dal), Mastoideal [mas-toi-de'-al),
Mastoidean [mas-toi-de' -an) [//atrrdr, breast ; eldof,
like]. Pertaining to the mastoid process.
Mastoidealgia [mas-toi-dc-al'-Je-ak) [//ncrrdf, breast;
a'/.yog, pain]. Synonym of Alastodealgia.
Mastoideocentesis [mas-toi-de-o-sen-te' -sis). See Mas-
todeocentesis.
Mastoideus [mas - toi - de'- us) [//acrdf, breast; elSo^, j
like]. A muscle attached to the mastoid process.
See Muscles, Table of.
Mastoiditis [mas-toid-i'-tis) [/iatrrdf, breast; elrSoc, like;
mi;, inflammation]. I. Inflammation of the mastoid
cells, and of their lining mucous membrane. 2. In-
flammation of the periosteum of the mastoid process.
Mastology [>nas - tot'- 0 - /e) \_ua<yT6^, breast; /'o;'"f,
treatise]. A treatise on the mammary apparatus, its
anatomy and diseases.
Mastomenia [iiuis-to-me'-ne-ali) [//aord?, breast; liijv,
month]. Vicarious menstruation from the breast.
Mastoncus [mas-tong'-kits) [/laardr, breast ; dy/cof,
tumor]. Any tumor of the mammary gland or
nipple.
Masto-occipital [urns' -to-ok-sip' -it-al) [//atrrdf, breast;
occiput, occiput]. Pertaining to the mastoid process
and the occipital bone. ;
Masto-parietal [mas'-to-par-i'-et-al) [//ocrrdc, breast; j
paries, wall]. Pertaining to the mastoid process and
the parietal bone.
Mastopathy [mas-top' -ath-e) [/y.aordf, breast ; 7rd%,
disease]. Any disease or pain of the mammary
apparatus.
Mastorrhagia [mas-tor-a' -je-ali) [^acrrdf , breast ; ptiyvv-
rai, to break forth]. Hemorrhage from the breast.
Masto-scirrhus [mas-to-skir'-us) \_pnaT6r, breast ; OKift- i
pdf, hard]. Scirrhous carcinoma of the mamma.
Mastospargosis [mas-to-s/'ar-go' -sis) [^fiaarix;, breast; ^
o-Trd/jyuc/f, swelling]. Enlargement or swelling of a 1
mamma, especially that due to excess of milk.
Mastosyrinx (mas-to-si'-rinks) [fiaarog, breast ; a'vpiy^,
pipe]. A mammary fistula. I
Mastotheca [mas-to- 't/ie'-l-ali] [fiaarug, the breast ; t^iiKij,
a receptacle : //., Mastotliccu'\. In biology, a pouch
in which the nipples of the mammary glands are situ-
ated, as in the Marsupialia, whose young are born
MASTOUS
731
MAW-
in an exceedingly rudimentary condition, and are never
nourished by means of an allantoic placenta, but are
transferred to the nipple of the mother, to which they
remain firmly attached for a considerable time and are
nourished, the milk being injected into the mouth by
compression of the muscle covering the mammary
gland. Cf. Miirsupiuin.
Mastous [mas' -/us) [/jaarof, breast]. Having large
mamma;.
Mastozoon [inas-lo-zo'-ori) [//aorof, breast ; fwoi', ani-
mal]. A mammal.
Mastupration [iiias-tu-pra' -shun). Synonym of Mas-
/nrba/ion.
Masturbation [iiias-ter-ba' -shun) \_iimsturbare, to pol-
lute one's self ; OTflKz^j, the hand ; j;'/i'//-rt;Y, 'to ravish] .
Production of the venereal orgasm by the hand ; secret
vice.
Masturbational, Masturbatory [mas-ter-ba' -shun-al,
iiujs-tei'-ba' -tor-c) \_>iuis/urbare, to pollute one's self].
Pertaining to masturbation.
M&s\n:i{mas-u'-ir) [Ind.]. The name commonly given
in India to a parasite of the horse, Amphistoma col-
linsii. See Parasites [Animal), Table of.
Matchmaker's Disease. See Phosphorus-necrosis .
Mate (>uah'-ta) [vSp., mate, a vessel]. Paraguay Tea.
The leaves of Ilex parnguayensis, an infusion of which
is used in South America as a substitute for tea and
coffee. Its properties are due to caffcin.
Mater (mah'-(er). See Dura Mater and Pia Mater.
yia.\&i\a. [mat-e' -re-ah) \\^.\ Matter. M. chirurgica,
the instruments, appliances, and general outfit of a
surgeon. M. medica, the science that treats of drugs ;
the things used in medicine.
Material [mat-e'-re-al) \_materia, matter]. Pertaining
to matter ; also, the substance of which anything con-
sists.
Materialism [inat-e'-re-al-izm). See Spiritualism.
Materies morbi [mat-e'-re-ez mor'-bi) [L. , " matter of
disease]. I. That material which is essential to the
existence of a disease considered as an entity. 2.
A material that is the immediate cause of a disease
or of an illness.
Maternal [mat-itr' -nal) [mater, mother]. Pertaining to
the mother. M. Impressions. See Piipressions.
Maternity (jnat-ur' -nit-e) [wi?/^;-, mother]. I. Mother-
hood. 2. [Fr., juaternite .'\ A lying-in hospital.
Matica (in at -e' -kali). See Matico.
Maticin [mat' -is-in) [Sp. , matico^. A bitter principle
that exists in matico.
Matico [mat-e'-ko) [Sp.]. The leaves of Artanthe
elongata, an aromatic tonic, stimulant, and aphro-
disiac. It is valuable in catarrhal diseases of the
mucous membranes ; the leaves are efficacious as a
hemostatic agent. Dose of the fld. ext. "Z^ ss-ij ; of a lo
per cent, tinct. § ss-ij. M., Infus. (B. P.) Dose
Matrass (inat'-ras) [Fr. , matras, a chemic vessel].
A urinal.
Matricaria [mat-rik-a'-rc-ah) [matrix, womb]. Ger-
man Chamomile ; the flower-tops of M. ehamotnila.
Matricaria contains a volatile oil and a bitter extractive
principle, and is a mild tonic, and in large doses emetic
and antispasmodic. It is a popular domestic remedy
among the Germans, and is the chamomilla of the
homeopathic_ pharmacopeia. Dose, of the infusion,
indefinite.
Matriculate [mat-rik'-u-lat) {matricula, a register].
To receive admission and to enroll one's self as a
member of a college.
Matricyte (jna' -tris-it) [uarrip, mother; Kvrog, cell].
A mother-cell.
Matrix [ma'-triks) [L. , a mold in which anything is
cast]. I. A mold; the cavity in which anything is
formed. 2. That part or tissue into which any organ
or process is set, as the matrix of a tooth or of a nail ;
the intercellular substance. 3. In dentistry, a piece
of steel or other metal of suitable form, used in filling
proximal cavities. 4. The uterus.
Matrixitis [ma-triks-i' -tis). Same as Onychia.
Matron [iiui' -tron) [matrona, a matron]. The princi-
pal female nurse or housekeeper of a hospital.
Matted [mat'-ed) [ME., matte, a mat]. Closely ad-
herent ; applied to tissues or structures that have been
bound together by inflammatory exudate.
Matter [maf'-er) [materies ; materia, matter]. The sub-
stance, or stuff, of which anything is made; the term
is used as the name of certain tissues (as white matter,
gray matter) ; also of certain morbid products (e.g.,
cheesy matter). Pus is colloquially designated as
matter. M., Cheesy, the peculiar yellow cheese-like
material, found in scrofulous and tuberculous glands,
tissues, and other structures. M., Gray (of Somnier-
ing). The locus niger of the crus cerebri.
Matteuci's Muscular Pile. See Pile.
Mattoid (mat'-oiil) [>nattus, AxuvAi ; f:«5of, like]. A
person half-cra/,ed ; a crank, or paranoiac.
Maturant (mat' -u-rant) [maturare, to ripen]. I.
Ripening; hastening the process of maturation. 2.
Any agent that promotes suppuration or maturation.
Maturation (luat-u-ra' -shun) [maturatio ; maturare, to
ripen]. I. The period of ripening. The culminating
stage of inflammation marked by the collection and
excretion of pus in some part of the inflamed tissue.
2. The ripening of the ovum ; the stage succeeding
the extrusion of the polar bodies. M. of Cataract.
See Cataract.
Maturative (mat' -u-ra-ti^i) . Synonym of Maturant.
Mature (?na-tur') [maturare, to ripen]. Ripe; also,
to ripen.
Maturity (ma-tu' -rit-e) [maturitas : maturare, to ri-
pen]. Full development; the quality or period of
complete growth.
Matutinal (ma-tu' -tin-al) [Matuta, goddess of the
morning]. Occurring in the morning, as matutinal
nausea.
Matzoon (mat'-ziln) . A variety of koumiss, prepared
largely in Asiatic Turkey. It is the Turkish equiva-
lent of the Arabian leben, q. v.
Mauchart's Ligaments. See Ligament.
Maumene's Test. See Tests, Table of.
Mauriceau's Method. See Treatment, Methods of.
Mauriceau-Lachapelle Method. Same as i?/(7«wra//'^
Method.
Mauthner, Sheath of. A thin zone of protoplasm
situated immediately adjacent to the axis-cylinder
of a nerve, and separating it from the medullary
sheath.
Mauvanilin (mamv-a7i'-il-in) [Fr. , mauve, yellow ;
anilin'], C,„M,,|N.|0. A derivative of anilin, occur-
ring as a by-product in the manufacture of rosanilin.
It is soluble in alcohol, in benzene, and in acetic ether.
See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Mauve (inawv) [Fr.]. A purple dye derived from
anilin. It is a salt of mauvein, q. v. See also Pig-
ments, Conspectus of.
Mauvein (maw' -ve-in) [Fr. mauve, yellow], C.^-H.^,N^.
A base derived from anilin ; its salts, especially the
sulphate, form the anilin-dye mauve. It is a dark,
crystalline powder, soluble in alcohol, insoluble in
benzene and ether. .See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Maw-bound. Constipated. M.-worm. Any intes-
tinal worm that finds its way into the stomach, as
Oxvuris vermicularis, or especially Ascaris litmbricis.
See Parasites (Animal), Table of.
MAXILLA
732
MAZOCACOTHESIS
Maxilla {maks-il' -ali) [L. , the jaw-bone : //. , Maxinis\.
The bone of the upper jaw, the supra-maxillary bone
proper, but applied also to the bone of the lower jaw ;
. Anterior aspect of
pyramidal process,
or canine fossa. 2.
Incisive or myrti-
form fossa 3 Infra-
orbital foramen. 4.
Summit of pyramid-
al process, or malar
process. 5. Posterior
aspect of pyramidal
process. 6. Inferior
border of pyramidal
process. 7. Posterior
border, or maxillary
tuberosity. 8. Nasal
process. 9. Posterior
border, grooved for
lacrymal duct. 10.
Anterior nasal spine.
II. Infra-orbital
groove. 12. Summit
of nasal process. 13.
Posterior and supe-
rior angle. 14. Su-
perior border. 15.
Anterior border of nasal process,
opening of nasal fossae.
Superior Maxillary Bone,- Exter-
nal Aspect.
16. Notch for anterior
Inferior Maxillary Bone, External
Aspect.
I. Body of bone
and external
oblique line. 2.
Ramus. 3. Sym-
physis. 4. In-
cisive fossa. 5.
Mental fora-
men. 6. De-
pression in in-
ferior border
for attachment
of digastric
muscle. 7.
Depression for
passage of
facial artery.
8. Angle of jaw.
9. Posterior ex-
tremity of in-
ternal oblique
line. 10. Coro-
noid process. 11. Condyle. 12. Sigmoid notch. 13. Origin of
inferior dental canal. 14. Mylo-hyoid groove. 15. Alveolar
border, a. Incisors. Bicuspids, c. Canines, m. Molars.
among insects and crustaceans, a member of one of the
pairs of gnathites behind and below the mandibles.
Maxillar [niaks'-il-ar). Maxillary ( maks'-il-a-re)
\_max!//a, jaw-bone]. Pertaining to the maxillre or
jaws. M. Bones, the bones of the jaws, consisting
of an inferior or lower, and a superior or upper jaw.
M. Nerve, Inferior. .See Nerves^ Table of. M.
Nerve, Superior. .See Nerves, Table of. M. Sinus,
the antrum of Highmore.
Maxillen {inaks'-il-en) [maxilla, jaw-bone]. Belong-
ing to the maxillary bone in itself.
Maxilliform (niaks-il' -if-orin^ [maxilla, jaw ; forma,
form]. Shaped like a jaw-bone.
Maxilliped, Maxillipede {maks-iF -ip-ed , maks-il' -ip-ed)
\jnaxilla, jaw; pes, foot]. In biology, one of the
foot-jaws or gnathopodites of a crustacean.
Maxillitis [maks-il-i'-tis) [maxilla, jaw ; irig, inflam-
mation]. Inflammation of a maxillary gland.
Maxillo-dentary (iiiaks-il-o-den' -far-e) [maxilla, jaw ;
deiis, tooth]. Pertaining to the jaw and the teeth.
Maxillo-jugal [maks-il-o-Jii'-gal) [maxilla, jaw; jii-
,s;nm, yoke]. Pertaining to the jaw and the malar
bone.
Maxillo-mandibular {maks-il-o-man-dib' -ii-lar') [max-
illa, jaw; ?)! a >!di I'll la , lower jaw]. Pertaining to the
upper jaw and the lower jaw.
Maxillo-palatine [iiiaks-il-o-paF-ai-in) [maxilla, jaw ;
palatum, palate]. Pertaining to the maxilla and the
palatine bone.
Maxillo-palpebralis {maks-il-o-pal-pe-bra' -lis). Syno-
nym of Orbicularis palpebrarum. See Muscles, Table of.
Maxillo-pharyngeal {maks-il-o-far-in' -je-al ) [maxilla,
jaw; (/)d/)D;^, pharynx]. Pertaining to the jaw and
the pharynx.
Maxillo-turbinal {maks - //- 0- fur'- bin -al) [ maxilla,
jaw ; turbo, whirlwind]. Pertaining to the maxillo-
turbinal bone. M.-t. Bone, the inferior turbinate
bone.
Maximal {i?mks' -im-al ) [maxi!?ius, the greatest]. Per-
taining to the maximum ; highest or largest. M.
Contraction, the extreme height of the lift or mus-
cular contraction reached by gradually increased stim-
ulus. M. Thermometer, a clinical thermometer with
a device (a pin on top of the mercurial column) for
preserving a record of the highest temperature to which
it may have been subjected since the last observation.
Maximum (i)iaks' -im-um) [L., the greatest]. The
greatest or highest degree. M. Dose, the largest
dose of a medicament that may be safely given. M.
Occipital Point. See Craniometric Points.
Maxwell's Spot. A peculiar figure seen when blue light
corresponding to blue glass F, of Rathenow's scale,
is made to pass with rapid intermissions before the eye.
M.'s Theory. See Light.
May (wrt) [Maia, the goddess of growth]. The name
of the fifth month. Also, a descriptive term applied
to many flowers that mature in that month. M. -ap-
ple. See Podophyllum. M. -epidemic, a synonym
in Europe for Croupous Pneumonia. M. -flower.
See Trailing Arbutus. M.-weed. See Alaruta.
Mayer's Alcoholic Carmin. See Stains, Table of.
M.'s Cochineal. See Stains, Table of. M.'s Hem-
alum Staining Fluid. See Stains, Table of. M.'s
Reagent. See Tests, Table of. M.'s Solution, a
culture-medium for bacteria. It contains di-hydropo-
tassic phosphate, calcic phosphate, and magnesium
sulphate, each .1 gram, pepsin .23 gram, and 15 per
cent, solution of sugar-candy 20 c.c.
Mayet's Formula. See Alimentation, Rectal. M.'s
Paste, a caustic paste composed of zinc chlorid 8
parts, zinc oxid I part, w'heat flour 7 parts, water I
part.
Mayhem (ma'-hem) [OF., nu-haigner, to hurt]. A
legal term signifying the violent and unauthorized
privation by another, of any useful part or organ of the
body ; mutilation ; maiming.
Maynard's Adhesive Liquid. Same as Collodion.
Mayor's Scarf. A simple dressing for fracture of the
clavicle. It is made of a square of muslin, the diag-
onal being long enough to reach easily around the
body. It is folded diagonally, and the forearm ])laced
between the folds and laid horizontally across the
chest ; the ends of the diagonal are tied together at the
back, and the other two ends are drawn snugly up in
front so as to support the weight of the arm, and tied
together around the neck. See Handkerchief dressing.
Mays {mdz) [L.]. The genus Zf«, q.v.
Maza (ma'-zali) [ijUCa, cake]. The placenta.
Mazalgia [ma-zal'-ge-ah) [unfdf, breast ; aT^yoc, pain].
Mastalgia, or mastodynia.
Mazalysis [ma-zal'-is-is) [//nCo, cake; d priv. ; }vai(;, a
loosing]. Retention of the placenta. Sometimes used
as synonym of Mazolysis, q. v.
Mazic (ma'-zik) [^afa, placenta]. Pertaining to the
|ilacenta.
Mazischesis (ma-zis'-kes-is). Synonym of Mazalysis.
Mazocacothesis [ma-zo-kak-oth'-es-is) [//dCfl, cake;
KnKoc, ill ; diai^, placing]. P'aulty implantation of the
placenta.
MAZODYNIA
733
MECONARCEIN
Mazodynia [ma-zo-din' -e-ali) \jiaC,6(;,, breast ; bSvvr/,
pain]. Same as Mastodynia.
Mazology [ina-zol' -o-je). Same as Mastology.
Mazolysis [jjia-zoF -is-is) [/ioCo, cake ; 'Abaig, loosing].
Separation of the placenta.
Mazolytic (i)ia-zo-lu' -ik) [^a^a, cake ; /((T/f, loosing].
Pertaining to mazolysi.s,
Mazopathy [ma-zop' -aih-e) [//dga, cake, placenta ;
Trdflof, illness]. I. Any disease of the placenta. 2.
[//aCof, breast ; Tradog, illness]. Same as Alastopathy .
Meable (ine'-a-hl) [wt'ai^/AV, easily penetrating]. Capa-
ble of being readily traversed or passed through.
Mead [med) [ME., jiiede, mead]. Dilute, fer-
mented honey or syrup flavored. See Hydromel and
Aletheglin.
Meadow Anemone. See Pulsatilla. M. Saffron.
See Colchitiim.
Meal [mel) [ME. ,;«f/t?, meal]. A coarse flour made
from leguminous seeds or cereals.
Measle {mez'-el) [singular of ME. /neseles, measles].
An individual Cysticercus celltdosa. M. of Pork.
See Cysticercus. M.-worm, cysticercus.
Measles (inez'-els) [ME., ;«d'j-d7t'j-, measles]. I. Rubeola,
Morbilli. An acute, infectious disease, characterized by
a peculiar eruption and by catarrhal inflammation of
the mucous membranes of the conjunctiva and the
air-passages. The period of incubation is nearly
two weeks. The eruption is of a peculiar reddish
color and assumes the form of concentric patches.
The disease affects principally the young, is exceed-
ingly contagious, and one attack of it confers almost
perpetual immunity. 2. Fr., ladrerie ; Ger. , Fiimeii.
A disease of the pig, the ox, the sheep, the rein-
deer, the dog, the cat, and man, due to the presence
in the muscles, connective tissue, the brain, and other
organs, of the finns or larva of various tapeworms ;
a form of cysticercosis. See Cysticercus, under Para-
sites (Animal), Table of. M., Anomalous, a form
in which the symptoms are irregular, either the fever,
catarrh, or eruption being absent. M., Bastard.
Synonym of Rdtlieln. M., Benign, measles running
through its ordinary course. M., Black, a very malig-
nant, usually hemorrhagic form of measles. M., Camp,
an epidemic form occurring among soldiers. M.,
Choleriform, a form in whicli choleraic symptoms
supervene. M., Dyspneic, a grave form associated
with congestion of the lungs and speedy death. It is
most frequent in infants and young soldiers. M.,
False. Synonym of Rdtheln. M., Fire. See Potli-
eln. M., French. Synonym of Rdtheln M.,
German. Synonym of A'oMt/;/. M., Hemorrhagic,
a form in which the eruption is hemorrhagic in type.
M., Malignant, a fatal form with petechije, diarrhea
and extreme prostration. M., Putrid, the same as
M. , Malignant. M., Typhoid, a severe form attended
by hyperpyrexia and marked prostration.
Measly {mez'-le) [ME., rneseles, measles]. Containing
measles (cysticerci) ; covered with a measles-like
erupdon.
Measures [mezh^-ilrz) . See IFeig/its and A/easures and
Metric System.
Meat (met) [ME., mete, meat]. The muscular tissues
of an animal, used as food. M. -biscuit, a palatable
biscuit, weighing about I %^s. , and containing from 10
to 12 per cent, of water. It is made by mixing together,
cooking, and baking, I fb. flour, I ft. meat, '4 lb.
suet, 54 ft. potatoes, with a little sugar, onion, salt,
pepper, and spices. It will keep unchanged for four
months. M. -inspection, the examination of meat,
by experts, usually at the slaughter-houses, for the
purpose of determining the presence or absence of
disease, especially of tuberculosis and other infectious
diseases, and of trichiniasis. M. -washings. See
Uvsentcrr.
Meatometer (me-at-om'-et-er) \jneatus, meatus; jikr-
pov, measure]. An instrument used in measuring the
caliber of the meatus urinarius.
Meatoscope (nie-at' -o-skop) \_meatus, meatus ; (jKo-eiv,
to inspect]. A speculum used in the examination of
the distal portion of the male urethra.
Meatotome (me-at'-o-tom) \_meatus, meatus; ro//;/, a
cutting]. A cutting instrument used in performing
meatotomy.
Meatotomy [me-at-ot' -o-ine) \^iiieatiis, meatus ; "o//?;,
section] . Surgical incision of the meatus urinarius.
Meatus (me-a' -tus) \_ineare, to flow or pass]. A pas-
sage. M. auditorius externus, the canal extending
from the concha to the membrana tympani. M. audi-
torius internus, the internal auditory canal. M. ure-
thrae, M. urinarius, the orifice of the urethra. M. of
Nose, one of the three meati into which the turbinal
bones divide the nasal cavity. M. venosus, a short
vein, the vitelline, into which the omphalo-mesenteric
veins empty.
Mecca Balsam-tree. See Carpohalsamum.
Mechanencephalitis (mck-an-cjt-sef-al-i'-tis) \_fjiixnvij,
instrument; !■•) Ki(paAoi;, brain; (r/f, inflammation].
Encephalitis due to injury.
Mechanic, Mechanical (me-kan'-ik, me-kaii' -ik-al)
\jn}XaviKtj(;, pertaining to a machine]. Machine-like ;
lacking spontaneity ; physical ; non-vital ; pertaining to
mechanics. M. Dentistry, the art of constructing
and applying artificial teeth, artificial palates, obtura-
tors and appliances for the correction of irregularity
in the arrangement of the natural teeth. M. Parts,
the stand of a microscope, excluding the ocular and ob-
jective. M. Theory, Virchow's theory of tumor-for-
mation, viz., that tumors are due primarily to local
irritation.
Mechanics (me-kan'-iks") \_fir/xaviK.rj, instrument]. The
science that treats of forces and powers and their appli-
cation, either directly or by the intervention of ma-
chinery. It may treat of bodies at rest (statics), or in
motion (dynamics).
Mechanism (mek' -an-izvi) \_i)iechanismus ,{xova. f^i^x^-VTi,
instrument]. Any structure having the nature of a
machine. The method by which any process is car-
ried on. M. of Accommodation. See Accommo-
dation. M. of Labor. See Labor.
Mechanology (mek-an-ol' -o-je) \jirixcivij, instrument;
/'d}Of, science]. '1 he science of mechanics.
Mechano-therapy (mek'-a?i-o-tker'-ap-c) \_u)]xavj/, in-
strument ; depa-eia, treatment]. The use of mechani-
cal agencies, such as massage, exercise, and the like,
in the treatment of disease.
Meckel's Cartilage. See Cartilage. M.'s Cave or
Space, the recess of dura mater lodging the Gas-
serian ganglion. M.'s Diverticulum, a diverticulum
of the ileum, arising from one to two feet above the
ilio-cecal valve, representing a portion of the unoblit-
erated omphalo-mesenteric canal. See Diverticzdum.
M.'s Ganglion. 'Aec Gatiglia , Table of . M.'s Liga-
ment. See Ligament. M.'s Plane. See IVane.
Meckelian Bar. Same as Meckel's Cartilage. M.
Ganglion. .See Ganglia, Table of.
Mecometer (me-kom'-et-er) [fif/Koc, length; fjirpov,
measure]. An instrument used in measuring new-
born infants.
Meconalgia (me-kon-al' -je-aJi) \_fi.i/Kuv, poppy ; iiXyog,
])ain]. Pain or neuralgia following the disuse of
opium.
Meconarcein {mek-o->!ar' -se-in) [/////I'ori', opium ; vapKom
to benumb]. A preparation of opium alkaloids, having
sedative properties, but which is free from morphin.
MECONATE
734
MEDICINE
Meconate {mek^-on-di) [/^//kwi', opium]. A salt of me-
conic acid.
Meconeuropathia {mek-on-u-ro-pa' -the-alf) [uz/kwi', opi-
um ; I'ivpov, nerve ; Tzadoq, illness] . Nervous disorder
due to the abuse of opium, or its narcotic derivatives.
Meconial Colic {mek-o' -ne-al). See Colic.
Meconic {inck on' -Hi) [//?/kwi', poppy]. Pertaining to
opium. M. Acid. See Acid.
Meconidin [mek-on' -id-iii') [/-////cwv, poppy], QjHjjNO^.
An amorplious alkaloid of opium.
Meconidium (luck-on-id' -e-tiiii) [/////cur, part of the intes-
tine of a testaceous animal ; the ink-bag of a cuttle-
fish: pi. ,AIcconidia'\. In biology, one of the genera-
tive medusoid buds or zooids developed on the gono-
theca of certain hydroids lyGoiiothyj-ea), and that gives
rise to ciliated embryos.
Meconin (inek' -on-iii) [^fzi/Kuv, poppy], Cj^Hj^O^. A
substance that results from the action of sodium amal-
gam upon opianic acid. It occurs already formed in
opium, and is obtained on boiling narcotin with water.
It yields shining crystals, melting at 102° C, and dis-
solving with difficulty in water. It is said to be an
hypnotic. Unof.
Meconioid [iiiek-o' -ne-oid ) [//r/KwiJ, poppy ; etdof, like].
Resembling meconium.
Meconiorrhea [inek-on-e-or-e' -ah) [_/Lir/K6viov, meco-
nium; poia, flow]. A morbidly free discharge of me-
conium.
Meconiosin {^mek-on-i' -o-siu) \_iJ.iiKij>v, poppy]. A neu-
tral principle found in opium
Meconious {mek-o' -ne-us) \_ij,7jK.o)v , poppy]. Pertaining
to meconium.
Meconism {inck' -on-iz/n) \jneconisnius ; i^ijKuv, poppy].
The opium-habit ; opium-poisoning, especially of the
chronic kind.
Meconium [mek-o' -ne- itin) ^fir/KCJviov , lit., "poppy-
juice"]. The first fecal discharges of the newborn.
It is a dark-green, viscid liquid, composed of the secre-
tion of the liver with exfoliated epithelium from the
bowel.
Meconoid {inek' -oji-oid). Synonym of Meconioid.
Meconoiosin [ii:ck-on-oi' -o-sin) [^jii/Kuv, poppy], CgHj,,-
O.^. A derivative of opium, crystalline in character
and giving a dark-red color with sulphuric acid.
Meconology [jiiek-oii-ol'-o-je) \_fiijK.uv, opium ; loyoc;,
science]. The botany and pharmacology of opium,
its allies and derivatives.
Meconophagism (jiiek-on-off' -aj-izni) [////awi', opium ;
(p(r/tiv, to eat]. The habit of opium-eating.
Meconophagist ^vick-on-off' -aj -ist) \jiiiKuv, opium;
(jiayfiv, to eat]. An opium-eater.
Medeitis (/iic-de-i' -lis) -[lil/tha, genitals ; iric, inflamma-
tion]. Inflammation of the genital organs.
Media i^iiie' -dc-ah) [fern, of incdius, middle: pi. of
mcdiiiii{\. The middle coat of an artery, vein, or
lymph-vessel.
Mediad [ine' -dc-ad) \_mediits, middle]. Toward the
median plane or line.
Medial [me'-dc-al). .See Median.
Median (ine' -de-aii) \_/nc'diiis, the middle]. Middle,
mesal, or mesial. M. Artery. Arteries, Table of.
M. Line. See Line. M. Nerve. See A^erves, Ta/de
of. M. Operation. See Operations, Table of. M.
Plane. See Plane.
Mediastinal (vie-de-as-ti' -mil) \_mediastinum , mediasti-
num]. Pertaining to the mediastinum.
Mediastinitis {iiie-de-as-tin-i'-tis) \_mediastinum , me-
diastinum; /r(f, inflammation]. Inflammation of the
cellular tissue of the mediastinum. It is characterized
by constant severe pain beneath the sternum, together
with dyspnea. Pus may form and give rise to consti-
tutional symptoms, and, if in large quantity, to a
fluctuating tumor in an intercostal space or above the
episternal notch.
Mediastino-pericarditis {ine-de-as' -tin-o-per-ik-ar-di' -
tis) \_mediastinuni, mediastinum ; Trfp/, around ;
Kapdla, heart ; itic, inflammation]. Combined inflam-
mation of the mediastinum and the pericardium.
Mediastinum {//le-de-as-ti'-niim) \_in medio stare, to
stand in the middle]. A middle portion or septum
separating adjacent parts. The pleural folds or septa
extending from the spine to the sternum, and dividing
the thoracic cavity into right and left chambers. It is
divided into the anterior, the middle, and the posterior
mediastinum, and otherwise into an upper (or superior)
and a lower mediastinum. M. testis, a cavity in the
posterior portion of the testicle formed by a projection
inward of the tunica albuginea. It occupies about
one-third of the transverse, and one-fourth of the longi-
tudinal diameter of the testicle.
Mediate (iiie'-de-dt) \_mediiis, the middle]. Indirect.
Also applied to the medium interposed between the
surface of the body, and the instruments used in percus-
sion and auscultation. M. Ligature. See Ligature.
M. Percussion, percussion on a pleximeter.
Medibasilic Vein [me-de-bas-il' -ik). The median
basilic vein. See Vein.
Medicable {jned' -ik-a-bl) \_medicari, to heal]. Amen-
able to cure.
Medical (incd' -ik-al) \_medicalis ; inedicari, to heal].
Pertaining to medicine, or the healing art. M. Eth-
ics, those principles of justice, honor, and courtesy
that regulate the intercourse and conduct of physicians.
M. Jurisprudence. See Jiirispriulence.
Medicament [med-ik' -ain-ent) \_iiiedicamentum, from
iiiedicari , to heal]. A medicinal substance.
Medicamental, Medicamentary {ined-ik-am-en' -tal,
>iicd-ik-aiii-en' -ta-re) \_iiiedicanientum, from inedicari,
to heal]. Pertaining to medicine.
Medicamentation ( med-ik-am-en-ia' -shun ) [ medica-
inentuiii, a medicine]. Treatment by medicines.
Medicamentous [ined-ik-am-en' -tiis). See Medicinal.
Medicamentum ( med-ik-am-en' -tiini ) . .See Medica-
ment. M. arcanum, a proprietary or secret remedy.
Medicaster {med' -ik-as-ter) \_mediciis, a physician]. An
ignorant or unskilful physician or pretender ; a
quack.
Medicated [nied' - ik - a - ted) \_medicatus, medicated].
Treated or impregnated with medicine. Also, purified
and made fit for medical use.
Medication (ined-ik-a' -s/iun) \_medicatio, medication].
Treatment by, or impregnation with, a medicine. M.,
Hypodermatic, or Hypodermic, treatment by the in-
troduction of medicines beneath the skin, usually by
means of a hypodermatic syringe.
Medicephalic {ine - de - sef- al' - ik) \_nieditis, xcix^^e;
Ke0(itii, head]. Median cephalic. See Veiji.
Medicerebellar [me-de-ser-e-bcl'-ar) \jHedius, middle;
cerebellniu, little brain]. Pertaining to the intermediate
region of the cerebellum.
Medicerebral (/ne - de - ser' - e - hral) [ mcdiiis, middle ;
cerebrum, brain]. Pertaining to the central portion of
the cerebrum.
Medicinal [jued-is' -in-al) \_medicina , medicine]. Per-
taining to, or having the nature of, a medicine. M.
Rashes, eruptions on the skin following the internal
administration of certain drugs, e. g., bromin and
the bromids, iodin and the iodids, belladonna,
copaiba, chloral, mercury; quinin, the salicylates,
antipyrin and arsenic.
Medicine (med'-is-in) \_medicina, medicine]. The
science and art of preserving health, and preventingand
curing disease ; the " healing art," including also the
science of obstetrics. In a more restricted sense of the
MEDICINER
735
MEDIUS
word surgery is excluded. On the European con-
tinent it is customary to divide medicine into internal
and external, the former implying the restricted sense
of the term, or the study of diseases of internal
organs, the latter referring to surgery or external dis-
eases. The term is applied also to a particular drug or
therapeutic application. M., Atomistic, dosimetric
medicine. M. -chest, a case or compartment for
storing or carrying medicines. M., Clinical, pertain-
ing to the study of disease by the bedside of the
patient; internal medicine. M., Conservative, a
method of treatment with the object of preserving the
vital forces, and not by active measures, that endanger
the life of the patient ; also used in the ordinary sense
of the word as relying upon well understood, or ac-
cepted or established methods of treatment, rather than
upon new and comparatively untried plans. M.,
Domestic, the use of domestic remedies. M., Dosi-
metric, 'iee Dosimetry. M., Eclectic. See isr/tr/zV.
M., Empiric, '^ftt Empiric . M., Equine, veterinary
medicine as applied to the horse. M., Forensic, or
M., Legal, the relations of medicine to jurisprudence,
involving the diagnosis of insanity, questions in toxicol-
ogy, surgery, and the like. M., Neurodynamic, the
application of heat and cold to the spine in the treat-
ment of certain diseases. M., -pannier, a pannier
used in the United States army for transporting medi-
cines. M. Patent, a mixture or compound of sundry
drugs for the sale of which the deviser gets a patent
from the government. The ordinary so-called patent
medicines, however, are not patented, but have only
the name copyrighted. M., Pneumatic, the treat-
ment of disease by means of compressed and rare-
fied air. See IValdenburg' s Apparatus. M., Pre-
ventive, that which aims at the prevention of disease,
in the community as well as in the individual. M.,
Proprietary. See Medicine, Patent. M., State,
medical jurisprudence. M., Veterinary, the science
and treatment of the diseases of domestic animals.
Mediciner [med-is'-in-e?-) \_inedicus, a physician]. A
physician.
Medicinerea {me de-sin-e'-re-aJi] \_?nedi!is, middle, and
cinereus, ashen]. The gray matter of the claustrum
and lenticula of the brain, lying between the cortex or
ectocinerea and the entocinerea.
Medico-chirurgical {med-ik-o-ki- nir' -jik-al ) \jnediciis,
a physician ; ^Yf^/ioi'pyof, a surgeon]. Pertaining con-
jointly to medicine and surgery.
Medico-legal (med-ik-o-le' -gai) \_mediciis, physician;
lex, law]. Relating both to medicine and law.
Medico-mania {med-ik-o-ma' -ne-ali) \_medictts, physi-
cian ; fjavia, madness]. Morbid interest or zeal in
medical matters exhibited by non-professional persons.
Medicommissure (me-de-kom' -is-fn-) \_inedius, middle ;
fOOT7«m«ra, commissure]. The middle commissure of
the third ventricle. The line of junction of themesal
surfaces of the thalami. It is in a direct line between
the porta and the aqueduct, and just dorsad of the
aulix. It consists mainly of cells, and is so soft as
commcnly to be torn during the removal of the brain.
Medico-pneumatic [med-ik-o-iiH-mat'-ik) \_i?iedictis,
physician; nvev/ja, air]. Relating to pneumatic medi-
cine.
Medico-psychologic {med-ik-o-si-ko-lof -ik) \7nedictis,
physician ; V'/T'/- rnind ; Adyof , science]. Pertaining
to medico-psychology.
Medico-psychology [iiicd-ik-o-si-kol' -o-je) \inedicits,
physician; i/'CT"''"/'"'! the science of the mind]. Psy-
chologic medicine ; the study of mental diseases.
Medicornu (/>ie-de-kor' -nn) \jiiediiis, middle ; eornu,
horn]. The middle horn of the lateral ventricle.
Medicus [med'-ik-us) [L.]. A physician.
Medifurca [me-de-fur'-ka/i) \_mediiis, middle ; furca,
fork: //. , AIcdifurca:\ In biology, the middle,
forked apodeme that projects into the thoracic cavity
of an insect from the sternal wall of the somite.
Medina-worm [/)ie-di' -nah-wemi). See Filaria inedin-
ensis under Parasites ( Animal) , Table of.
Medic-bilateral (ine-de-o-bi-lat'-er-al) \jncdius. mid-
dle ; bis, twice ; latus, side]. Pertaining to the mid-
dle and to both sides.
Medio-carpal (uie - de - o - kar' - pal) \_medius, middle;
carpus, carpus]. Pertaining to the articulation be-
tween the two rows of carjial bones.
Medio-colic [me-de-o-kol'-ik) \_mediiis, middle ; kuAov,
colon]. Pertaining to the middle portion of the colon.
Medic-dorsal [me -de - o - dor' - sal ) \_inedius, middle ;
dorsum, back]. Both median and dorsal; on the
mesial line of the back.
Medio-frontal (me-de-o-frtin' -tal) [mediiis, middle;
frons, forehead]. Pertaining to the middle of the
forehead.
Medio-lateral (me-de-o-laf -er-al) \_medius, middle;
latus, side]. Pertaining to the middle and to one
side.
Medio-cccipital [me-de-o-ok-sip' -it-al) \_mcdius, mid-
dle; ora/z//', occiput]. Pertaining to the middle portion
of the occipital region.
Medio-pcntine (me-de-o-pon' -tiii) \_juedius, middle;
pons, bridge]. Pertaining to the central portion of
the pons.
Medio-tarsal [ine-de-o-tar' -sal) \_mediiis, middle ; tar-
sus, tarsus]. Pertaining to the middle articulation of
the tarsal bones.
Medipectus (jne-de-pek'-tus). Same as Mesostertnun.
Medipedunculus {me-de-pe-dung'- kn- lus) \_meditcs,
middle; pedinicuhis, \)eAnnc\e'\. The middle pedun-
cle of the cerebellum ; the lateral intermediate contin-
uation of the cerebellum to the pons It is the largest
of the three peduncles of the cerebellum, and is mainly
continued from the lateral lobe of the latter.
Mediscalenus (me- de-ska- le'-nus) \_mediiis, middle;
nKa7jivui;, scalene, oblique]. Synonym of Scalenus
medius ; see Muscles, Table of.
Medisect (me-de-sekf) \_medius, middle; secare, to cut].
To make a medisection, q. v.
Medisection (me-de-sek' -shun) \_medius, middle ; sectio,
from secare, to cut]. Section of the body, or of any
symmetric part, at the median longitudinal antero-pos-
terior plane. See Position and Direction, Table of.
Medisternum (me-de-ster'-mwi). Synonym of Meso-
sternum.
Mediterranean Fever. See Fever.
Meditriceps (me-de-tri'-seps) [medius, imAdAt; Tpag,
three ; Ke^a'M/, head]. The middle or long head of
the triceps muscle.
Medium (me'-de-um) \_medius, the middle : pL , Media'].
That in which anything moves or through which it
acts. In medicine, the sum of conditions by which
a patient is surrounded, especially those of light, tem-
perature, and ventilation. Also, a person subject
to hypnotizing influence. M., Culture. .See Media,
Nutrient. M. cf the Eye, the refracting structures
from the anterior surface of the cornea to the retina.
M., Fluid, any liquid nutrient substance, such as
bouillon, milk, and the like. M., Mounting. See
Mounting-media. M., Nutrient, the substances used
in bacteriologic studies for the cultivation of micro-
organisms. See M.. Fluid. a.nA M., .Solid. M., Solid,
any solid nutrient substance for the cultivation of bac-
teria, as gelatin, agar-agar, potato, and the like.
Mediumism (me' -de-uin-izin) \_medius, the middle].
Hypnotism.
Medius (me' -de-us) \_medius, middle]. The middle.
MEDOBLENNORRHEA
736
MEGACEPHALIC
Medoblennorrhea \^me-do-blen-or-e' -ah). Synonym of
Gonorrhea and Gleet.
Medorrhea [ine-dor-e' -aJi) [////(5fa, genitals ; pu/n, a
flow]. A discharge from the reproductive organs.
M. urethralis, gonorrhea. M. virilis, gonorrhea of
the male urethra.
Medorrhoic (/«<?-(/or-o'-//J) [/iz/tSf a, genitals ; po'ia, flow].
Pertaining to medorrhea.
Medulla {nie-dul' -ah) [L., marrow]. A fatty sub-
stance or marrow occupying certain cavities. Also
the central parts of certain organs, as distinguished
from the corte.x. '6ttAllia. M. of Bone, bone-mar-
row. M. dorsalis. See M. spinalis. M. of Hair,
the central portion or core of the hair. M. of Nerve-
fiber, the myelon or white substance of Schwann. M.
oblongata, the upper enlarged part of the spinal cord,
extending from the cord opposite the foramen mag-
num to the pons Varolii. M., Renal, the substance
of the renal pyramids. M. spinalis, M. vertebralis,
the spinal cord or marrow ; the myelon.
Dorsal Aspect of Medulla Oblongata.
1. Gray matter surrounding central canal. 2. Orifice of this
canal. 3. Median fissure. 4. Its upper extremity. 5. Gray-
ish-white matter giving origin to hypoglossal nerve. 6. Emi-
nentia teres. 7 Prominence corresponding to nucleus of
6th nerve. 7'. Nucleus of 3d nerve. 8. Gray column giving
origin to mixed nerves. 10. Third ventricle and posterior
commissure.
Medullar [me-dicl' -ar). Synonym of ATedullarv ■
Medullary [i?ied'-iil-a-re, or vicd-iiU -a-re) [medulla,
marrow]. Pertaining to the medulla or to marrow;
resembling marrow. Also, pertaining to the white sub-
stance of the brain contained within the cortical
envelop of gray matter. M. Canal, the hollow in-
terior of long bones, in which the marrow lies. M.
Carcinoma, a soft carcinoma very rich in cells; en-
cephaloid carcinoma. M. Groove, a longitudinal
groove at the anterior jiart of the embryonal shield of
the blastoderm. M. Membrane, the areolar envelop
of the marrow of the long bones. M. Plates.
See Plate. M. Rays. I. Also called Pyramids of
Ferrein ; series or bundles of parallel tubules ex-
tending from the medulla of the kidney into the
cortex. 2. Rays of fundamental tissue that con-
nect the pith with the cortex, and separate the fibro-
vascular bundles, in the stems of dicotyledons and
gymnosperms. M. Sarcoma, a soft, round-celled
sarcoma. M. Sheath, I. the semi-fluid, fatty, white
matter between the enveloping sheatli and the central
axis-cylinder, or essential part of a nerve. 2. A
sheath composed of spiral ducts and wood-cells sur-
rounding the pith, in dicotyledons and gymnosperms.
M. Tube, the closing of the medullary groove, form-
ing a closed medullary or neural tube. M. Velum.
See Velum.
MeduUated [med'-nl-a-ted) \_meditlla, marrow]. Con-
taining or covered by medulla or marrow. M.
Nerve-fibers, nerve-fibers provided with a medullary
sheath, the myelon or white substance of Schwann. ■
Non-M. Nerve-fibers, nerve-fibers not possessing a
medullary sheath.
Medullic Acid [med-ul'-ik) \_medulla, marrow], Cj,-
H^.^Oj. A monobasic acid derived from beef-fat.
Medullification [med-iil-if-ik-a' -shun) \^medtilla, mar-
row ; Jacere, to make]. The formation of medulla.
yi&&.xs\\vci{ined-ul' -in)\_inedulla ,x(i3xxo\'i\ I. A variety
of cellulose obtained from the pith or medulla of cer-
tain plants. 2. An extract derived from the spinal cord.
MeduUi-spinal (med-ul-e-spi'-nal) \_medulla, marrow ;
spinalis, spinal]. Relating to the myelon or spinal
marrow ; myelonic.
MeduUitis [med-ul-i'-tis] \_medulla, marrow ; (r;f, in-
flammation]. I. Inflammation of marrow. 2. Myelitis.
MeduUization [med-ul-iz-a'-shun] \_mednlla, marrow].
Softening of bone-tissue in the course of osteitis.
Medullo-arthritis [med-ul-o-ar-thri'-tis) \_inedulla,
marrow; (ip^^poj^ joint ; <r/f, inflammation]. Inflam-
mation of the marrow-elements of the cancellated
articular portion of a bone.
Medullo-cell [incd-ul' -o-sel) \_medulla, marrow ; cellula,
cell]. A marrow-cell.
MeduUo-encephalic [ined-nl' -o-en-sef-al'-ik) S^medulla,
marrow; fyKf^a/idf, brain] . Pertaining to the med-
ulla and the encephalon ; myelo-encephalic.
Medusa [me-du^-sah] [MfJotxra, one of the Gorgons].
Jelly-fish. M.'sHead. 'Att Afediisie Caf<ut. Med-
usae Caput, an extensive dilatation of the superficial
veins of the abdomen about the umbilicus, seen in
certain cases of portal obstruction. The condition
largely depends upon the establishment of the venous
collateral circulation through an anastomosis of the
mesenteric veins and those of the abdominal walls,
and, occasionally, also upon a patulousness of the um-
bilical vein.
Meerschaum [mer'-shawm) [Ger. , "sea-foam"],
Mg.^H^Si-^O,,. A native hydrated magnesium siHcate;
locally used in the same way as bole, or cimolian
earth; it is a good absorbent application.
Mega-, Megalo- [meg' -ah-, mes:;' -al-o-) [/-/f}«f • gen.,
imynKoi^ A prefix signifying large ; also, indicating
a unit one million times as great as the unit to which
it is prefixed.
Megabacteria [me;;' -ah-hak-te' -re-ah) \jitya^, large ;
jiaKTi/iiiuv, bacterium]. Large bacteria; a group of
the coccobacteria.
Megacephalia [mes;- ah -sef - a' - le - ah) [jiiyac, large;
KtoiiAli, head]. The megacephalic condition.
Megacephalic (meg- ah -se/-al'- ik), Megacephalous
(me_!^'-as-ef'-al-us) [//fjnc, 'arge ; Ke(j)a/i/, head]. A
term applied to a skull whose capacity (measured
by filling with shot through the foramen magnum)
exceeds 1450 c.c. If less than 1350 it is called /wV^v-
cephalic ; if between these numbers, mesocephalic.
MEGACERUS
737
MEIBOMIAN
Megacerus (jneg-as' -er-iis) [///jaf, large; Kepac, horn].
l.arge-hornecl ; having large antennte.
Megacheilus [meg-aJi-ki' -his) [//ijnf, large; x^7/iof,
lip]. Large -lipped.
Megacoccus [ineg-ah-kok' -us) [/«')«(;, large ; kokkoc, a
berry]. A large-sized coccus.
Megadont [meg' -ah-dont) [//f)nf, great; bfiovg, tooth].
In biology, having large teeth. Cf. Alacrodont.
Megadyne {meg' -ali-dXn)\^jikyaq, great ; duvafug, power].
A unit equal to a million dynes.
Megaelectrometer [meg-ah-e-lek-trom' -et-er) \jikyaq,
large; ti'/ uiTjiov, amber; fjETpav, measure]. An
electrometer for measuring strong currents.
Megafarad [meg-ali-far' -ad) [//fjaf, large ; Fqraday^.
An electric unit equal to a million farads.
Megagastria [meg-uk-gas'-tre-ah) [fieyaq, great;
yadTr/p, belly]. Auxesis, or abnormal enlargement of
the abdomen.
Megagnathus {tiieg-ah-gna' -thus)\_^kyaq, large; yvaduc,
jaw]. Large-jawed.
Megalerg [meg'-al-eig). See Electric Units.
Megalesthete (meg'-al- es-tket) \_fikyac, great, large;
ala0>/T7/(;, one who perceives]. In biology, Moseley's
term for peculiar organs of touch characteristic of the
Chitonido! ; the " papilliform bodies" of Van Bem-
melen. It is also written Megalcesthete.
Megaloblast [iiieg'-al-o-bList) [ //f^af, large ; {ilaarixi,
germ]. A giant-cell or giant-corpuscle of the blood.
See Corpuscle.
Megalocardia [meg- al-o- kar'-de-alt) [^/leyag, large;
mpSia, heart]. Auxesis, or enlargement of the heart.
Megalocarpous [meg-al- o-kar' -pus) great,
large; aaimuq, fruit]. In biology, producing large
fruit.
Megalocelia [nieg-al-o-se'-le-ali) [/;f)«f, large ; Koi7iia,
belly]. Colon; also megagastria, ^. 57.
Megalocephalia [meg-al-o-sef-a' -le-ah) \jiiyai:, large ;
Kum'/ii . head]. The condition of having a large or
megacephalic head.
Megalocephalic [meg-al-o-sef-al'-ik). Same as Mega-
cephalic.
'M.&g2.\oc&'ph3.\y[meg-al-o-sef'-al-e). See Megalocephalia.
Megalocerus [iiieg-al-os' -er-iis) [//fyof, large ; Ktpaf;,
horn]. A monstrosity with horn-like projections on
the forehead.
Megalocheirous [mcg-al-o-ki'-rzis) or, large ; x^'P>
hand]. Large-handed ; having large antennse.
Megalocornea ( meg-al- 0- kor' - itc- all) [//f')-«c, large;
cornea, cornea]. An enlarged condition of the cor-
nea ; it may depend upon congenital hypertrophy.
Megalocyte [meg'-al-o-slt) [^piyag, large ; Ki'Tog, cell].
A red blood-corpuscle larger than the average ; es-
pecially the form that characterizes pernicious anemia.
See Corpuscle.
Megalodactylous [meg-al-o-dak' -til-us) [//f) af, great ;
(iaft-rr/ or, digit]. Having an abnormal or excessive
development and size of the fingers or toes.
Megalofrenum [meg-al-o-fre' -luun) ^/jiyac, large ; frcc-
num, frenum]. An enlarged fourchet (Hadra).
Megaloglossia [meg-al-o-glos' -e-ah). Synonym of Mac-
roglossia.
Megalomania (meg-al-o-ma'-ne-ali) [//fyof, great;
P-avia, madness]. Insanity with delusional ideas of
one's own greatness or exaltation ; applied especially
to cases that do not present general paralysis, but a
fixed and systematized delusion, or monomania of ex-
altation.
Megalomelia, Megalomelus [ineg-al-o-me' -le-ah , tneg-
al-o/it'-el-iis) [iii-j ar, great ; ////lor, limb]. Fetal tera-
tism characterized by great size of the limbs.
Megalophonic, Megalophonous [meg-al-o-fo' -nik,
weg-al-off' -o-nus). Synonym oi Macrophonous.
47
Megalopia [mcg-al-o' -pe-ali) . Synonym o{ Mega lopsia.
Megalopodia [meg-al-o-po' -de-ah) [//f}ar, large ; Trouf,
foot]. The condition of having large feet.
Megalopore [meg' -al-o-por) [/uiyac [jieya'A-), large ;
-opnc, a pore or passage]. In biology, any large pore ;
specifically applied by Moseley to the larger of the
pores arranged in more or less definite patterns in the
tegmenta of the shells of nearly all chitonidae. Cf.
A/icnpore.
Megalopous [ineg-al-op' -us). Synonym of Macropous.
Megalops [meg' -al-ops) [//eyof, [fieya'/-), large; i>ip,
eye]. In biology, a stage in the development of cer-
tain crustaceans, characterized by relatively large eyes.
Megalopsia [meg-al-op' -se-ali) \jikya^, large ; 6i/'/f ,
sight]. An apparent increase in the size of objects,
ascribed to changes in the retinal end-organs, and to
spasm of accommodation.
Megaloscope [meg' -al-o-skdp) [//£)/af, great ; cm-Kelv,
to inspect]. A magnifying endoscope or speculum.
Megaloscopy [meg-al-os' -ko-pe) [/// yac, large ; ahondv,
to inspect]. Inspection by means of the megaloscope.
Megalosplanchnos [meg-al-o-splaiigk' -nos) \_p.kyaQ,
large ; uTr/o) ;(;i'oi', viscus]. Possessing large viscera,
esi)ecially a large liver.
Megalosplenia [meg-al-o-sple'-iie-ah) [///; nf, great ;
a-'/Jjv, spleen]. Enlargement of the spleen.
Meganucleus [meg-ah-nu' -kle-us) [/;f}Oi', large; nu-
cleus, a kernel]. In biology, Maupas' term for the
macronucleus, nucleus, or endoblast, of authors.
Megaphone [meg' -ah -f on) [/v/j or, great ; ©wiv/, sound].
An instrument used for assisting the hearing of the
deaf, by means of large reflectors of the sound-waves.
Megasclere (wf^'''-(7//-j/^/^;-)[//f;af, great, large ; oK/ripd^,-
hard]. In biology, one of the large, skeletal spicules
of a sponge, as distinguished from a microsclere.
Megascope [meg' -ali-skdp) [/i/;ac, large ; (TKOTrfn', to in-
spect]. A microscope for examining objects of com-
paratively large size.
Megascopic [meg-ah-skop' -ik). See Macroscopic.
Megaseme [meg' -ah-sem) [//f jnf , great ; (t////(;, sign, in-
dex]. See Index.
Megaspore [meg' -ah-spor) [//tjof, great, large; airopoz,
seed]. Same as Macrospore.
Megasthenic [meg-ah-sihen'-ik) [//t j or, large ; cHivoQ,
strength]. Powerful; having great bodily strength.
Megastoma [meg-ah-sto' -mali) [//fjoc, large; orbiia,
mouth]. A genus of infusorians. M. entericum, M.
intestinale, a species found in the intestinal canal
of the cat and of certain mice, and in human feces.
It is probably identical with Cercomotias intestinalis.
Megastomatous [meg-ah-sto' -mat-us). Synonym of
Macrostomatous .
Megavolt [me:;' -ah-volt). See Electric Units.
Megazoospore [meg-az-o' -o-spor] [/if yof , great ; CCmv,
animal ; a—6poc, seed]. Same as Alacrozoospore.
Meglin's Pills. Pills used in the treatment of neural-
gia. They contain extract of hyoscyamus, oxid of
zinc, and extract of valerian, each T>1 of a grain.
Megohm {meg'-om)'[/if:yar, great; ohm']. An electric
unit equal to one million ohms.
Megrim [nie'-grim or meg' -rim) [Fr., inigrainc ; L. ,
hemicrania]. Neuralgia or headache of one half of
the head or upon one side, sometimes attended by
aphasic and visual symptoms and sensory disturbance.
See Hemicrania and Migraine.
Mehn's Test. See Tests, Table of.
Meibomian [mi-bo' -me-an) \_Meibomius, a German
physician]. Pertaining to Heiiirich Meibom, or Mei-
bomius, a German physician, 163S-1700. M. Cyst,
a cyst of the Meibomian gland. M. Glands, the se-
baceous glands of the eyelids, each having an excre-
tory duct opening at the free border. Their secretion
MEIBOMIUS
738
MELANCHROUS
prevents the tears from coming in contact with the
skin. There are from 30 to 40 in the upper and from
20 to 30 in the lower lid.
The Lacrymal and Meibomian Glands, and Adjacent
Organs of the Eye.
I, I. Inner wall of orbit. 2, 2. Inner portion of orbicularis
palpebrarum. 3,3. Attachment to circumference of base of
orbit. 4. Orifice for transmission of nasal arterv. 5. Muscle
of Horner (tensor tarsi). 6, 6. Meibomian glands. 7, 7.
Orbital portion of lacrymal gland. 8, 9, 10. Palpebral por-
tion. II, II. Mouths of excretory ducts. 12, 13. Lacrymal
puncta.
Meibomius, Cyst of, a cyst of a Meibomian gland.
M., Foramen of. See Foramina, Table of. M.,
Glands of. See Gland.
Meigs's Capillaries. Capillaries penetrating the
muscle-fibers of the heart. See Capillary. M.'s
Formula or Mixture, an artificial food closely ap-
proaching in composition that of human milk. It con-
sists of 10 c.c. of cream, 5 c.c. of milk, 10 c.c. of
lime: water, 15 c.c. of water, and 2.2 grams of milk-
sugar. It is alkaline in reaction, and is composed of
88.42 parts water, 11.58 parts total solids, 4 parts fat,
I.H parts albuminoids, 6.26 parts sugar and 0.2 1 part
ash.
Meio- [uti'-o-). For words thus beginning, see Ilfio-.
Meissner {jins'-ner). A German anatomist. M.,
Corpuscles of. See Corpuscles, Tactile, of ]]^ag)ier.
M.'s Ganglia, 'f^tft Ganglia, Table of. M.'s Method,
a method of inducing premature labor by puncturing
the membranes close up to the fundus of the womb to
permit of gradual escape of the liquor amnii. M.,
Plexus of, a plexus of nerves found in the sub-
mucous layer of the small intestine. .See Plexus.
Mel [L.]. Honey. The substance deposited in the
honeycomb by the common honey-bee. Apis mellifica,
and a few other hymenopterous insects. It consists
of a solution of cane-sugar and grape-sugar, with color-
ing and odorous matters. It is emollient, nutritive,
and often laxative, its properties depending mainly on
the character of the flowers from which it is taken.
It is an excellent vehicle for expectorant gargles, etc.
M. boracis, honey of borax; 64 grains of borax to
the ounce of honey. M. despumatum, clarified
honey, prepared by heating, skimming, and straining
the natural product. M. rosae, honey of rose; red
rose 8, clarified honey 92 parts, dilute alcohol, q. s.
It is used locally as a gargle.
Melada (wcAa'-^/.'?//) [Sp. , fern, of 7//(V(7r, candy]. A
moist brown sugar, produced like the muscovado, but
not drained free of molasses.
Melagra {mel-a' -grali) [//sAof, limb ; hyjia, seizure].
Tain or gout in the limbs.
Melain {iiieF -a-in) [^ufAaf, black]. I. The coloring-
principle of sepia. 2. A synonym of Melanin.
Melaleuca {inel-al-u'-kali). See Cajuput.
Melalgia (mel-al''-je-ali) [//fP^of , limb ; d/>of, pain].
I'ain or neuralgia in the extremities.
Melam(/«£'/'-(7w) [//f?.af, black ; a/;//nonia'\,C^H^l<l^.^.
A complex cyanid, formed on rapidly heating
CNSNH^ to 200° C. with ammonium chlorid ; it
is a granular powder, of a yellow color, insoluble
in water.
_■ Melamm{mel^-am-in) [/if Aaf, black ; amin'\,C.fif.T<!g.
A substance obtained from crude melam by extrac-
tion with water. It is nearly insoluble in alcohol
and ether, and crystallizes from hot water in
shining monoclinic prisms.
Melamphonous [mel-am^-fo-nns) [//fAaf, dark;
00)17/, voice] . Hoarse-voiced.
Melampodium {niel-a/n-po'-ile-n/N). See Hellebore,
Black.
Melampous [mel-am' -ptis) [//f/iaf , black ; -n-oif,
foot]. Black-footed.
Melanaemia (jnel-an-e' -me-aSi). See Melanemia.
Melanagogue ()nel-nn'-ag-og) [//eAaf, black ; ayoydf,
leading]. I. Causing an expulsion of dark feces, or
of bile. 2. A remedy that causes the expulsion of
dark stools or of bile ; formerly, a medicine of service
in the treatment of choler, or melancholy.
yie\anc'b.ol\a{inel-a n-ko' -le-ali)\_!-ikXag , black ; ;i;o/l;/, bile,
from a former supposition that it was due to excessive
biliary secretion]. Melancholy; a form of insanity
characterized by depression of spirits and gloominess,
without any adequate cause, the central idea being one
of personal unworthiness. As the case develops, de-
lusions, associated with illusions and hallucinations,
appear, and the patient may at times show sui-
cidal tendencies. The general nutrition suffers, and
in females menstruation is usually suppressed. The
usual age at which melancholia appears is during middle
life. It follows any depressing cause acting in conjunc-
tion with a strong hereditary tendency. It usually ter-
minates in recovery, but some cases develop into demen- 1
tia or mania, while others die from exhaustion, or com- 1
mit suicide. M. agitans, M. agitata, M., Excited, 1
or M., Motor, melancholia associated with excessive
restlessness and mental agony. M. attonita, or M., '
Stuporous, a form in which the patient is plunged
into absolute mental stupor. M., Cataleptic, a form
associated with the cataleptic state. M. catatonica.
A synonym of Catatonia. M., Delusional, a form in
which delusions constitute a prominent feature of
the disease. M. erotica, a form caused by disap-
pointment in love. M. errabunda, a fonn accom-
panied by great restlessness. M., Homicidal,
melancholia with homicidal tendencies. M., Hypo-
chondriac, in which the delusions refer mainly to the
state of the patient's viscera. M., Hysteric, that
due to hysteria. M., Motor. See M. agitiiiis.
M., Puerperal, melancholia appearing during the
puerperium. M., Resistive, a form in which the
extremities are rigid, and tliis rigidity increases when
attempts are made to move them. The patient i.s ob-
stinate in his nature also. M., Simple, the ordinary
form. M., Stuporous. See Jl/. attonita.
Melancholiac (iiiel-an-ko'-le-nk) [in'/ar. Mack; pU,
bile]. A person who is affected with melancholia. j
Melancholic [mel-an-koV -ik) [//tA'if, black ; bile].
Sad ; depressed ; affected with melancholy. i
Melancholy {mel' -an-kol-e). See Melancholia. |
Melanchrous (mel-an'-kn/s) {iii/nr, black; xi>"^> ^°^°^\
of skin]. Affected with melanism. I
MELANEDEMA
739
MELASMA
Melanedema (mel-an-e-de'-mah) [/zt/laf, black ; nithifxa,
swelling]. Melanosis of the lungs.
Melanemia {mel-an-e' -me-ali) \_fii7-ai;, black ; atixa,
blood]. The presence in the blood-plasma or in the
corpuscles, or in both, of dark pigment-granules due
to the disintegration of the hemoglobin. Its most
commoil cause is malaria. If very intense, as in per-
nicious forms of malaria, it may give rise to embolism
of the capillaries of the brain or other organs.
Melanencephaloma {mel-an-en-sef-al-o' -iiiah) [/^iAac,
black; h/ Ke<i>a/<.o(;, brain; b/ia, tumor]. A black
outgrowth from the brain.
Melanephidrosis [mel-an-ef-id-ro' -sis) \_/j.e'Aac, black ;
c((iii\iuGir , morbid perspiVation] . Black per,spiration,
or a disease characterized by black perspiration. See,
also, Cliroinidi-osis.
Melangeur {iiwl-an-jur') [Fr.]. The graduated pipet
of the hemocytometer.
Melanic (mel-an'-ik) [/iePiav/o, blackness]. Charac-
terized by, or pertaining to, a dark color, or to mel-
anosis. M. Acid, CjijHgOj, a black powder re-
sulting from the oxidation of potassium salicylate.
It is insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol, ether,
and alkalies.
Melanicterus [iiiel-a)i-ik'-tei--iis') [/^t/.of, black ; iKTcpog,
jaundice]. Black jaundice.
Melanidia {inel-Mi-id'-e-aJi). See Miner's Phthisis.
Melanilin {jnel-au' -il-in) [ //fAaf , black; aniliit\,
CjjHj-jN^. A basic substance obtained from cyano-
gen chlorid and dry anilin.
Melanin {ineF -an-in) \jiij-ac, black]. I. A black pig-
mentary matter occurring naturally in the choroid coat
of the eye, the skin, the hair, the muscles, and, patho-
logically, in the skin in Addison's disease and in
melanotic tumors. Melanin usually contains sulphur,
more rarely iron. From its origin, being a product of
cell-activity, it is classed as a metabolic pigment. It is
generally soluble in hot alkalies and in hot acids, and
its solutions are bleached by chlorin. 2. Specifically
applied by Danilewsky to the pigment seen in the
hematozoa of men and animals, and formed by these
intracellular parasites from the hemoglobin of the red
blood-corpuscles which they inhabit.
Melanism (niel'-an-izm) [//f2af, black]. In biology,
the abnormal development of dark pigments in an
organism.
Melano-cancroid (?iicl-an-o-/cang'-kroid). Synonym of
Melano-carcinoma.
Melano-carcinoma [mel-an-o-kar-sin-o' -mali) [/;*'7nr,
black; /cap/cc'u/ya, carcinoma]. Melanotic carcinoma.
Melano-chlorosis (inei-au-o-klo-ro' -sis) [//f?i,af, black ;
X'/uifm, green]. Chlorosis in which the skin has a
blackish-green hue. Also the same as Melanicterus.
Melanochroic, Melanochroous {nicl-an-o-kro'-ik, mel-
an-ok' -ro-its) [,u£/*,(7f, black ; ;|;pon, color]. Having a
dark color or complexion.
Melanocomous (niel-an-ok' -o-??iits) [////of, black ;
KOfiTj, hair]. Black-haired.
Melanocyte (niel' -an-o-slt) [wfJ^af, black; Krror, cell].
Any wandering lymph-cell that has become dis-
colored by the absorption of dark pigment-granules.
Melanoderma [tnel-an-o-der' -inah), Melanodermiaj
{viel-an-o-der' -me-ah) \ji'e\nc, black; fiipijn, skin].
Black pigmentation or discoloration of the skin. M.,
Parasitic. See Vagabond's Disease.
Melanogen {mcl-an' -o-je/i) [ine/anin, from jiiJ.nr,
black; ytvvav,Xo produce]. A material that becomes
converted into melanin on the reception of the appro-
priate stimulus.
Melanoid (mel' -an-oid) [//£?iaf, black; eldof, like].
Dark-colored ; resembling melanosis.
Melaho-leukemia(/«f/-i2«-6i-//^-/(r'-7«t'-a/^) [//fAaf, black ;
/".ftwof, white ; aJua, blood]. Melanemia in associa-
tion with leukemia.
Melanoma [inel-an-o' -mah) \_fitKavuim, from I-Ic^m^,
black; b/ia, tumor: pi. , Melanotiiata\ I. A disease
marked by the development and growth of black or
dark-colored tubercles within the tissues of the vis-
cera. 2. Any tumor containing or characterized by dark
pigment.
Melanomyces [inel-an-o-mi'-sez] [ufAaf, black ; jJ-VKij^,
fungus]. A black fungous growth.
Melanopathy {iiiel-an-op' -ath-e), Melanopathia {mel-
an-o-path' -e-ah) \_uk\aq, black; TraHfic, illness]. A
disease attended with increase or deepening of the
normal pigmentation of a part.
Melanophthalmous [inel-an-off -thai' -juiis) [//f/af,
black ; oohaAiior , eye]. Black-eyed ; having a melan-
oma of the eye.
Melanophyl (wi'/'- (7« - [//fAof , black; (pvllov,
leaf]. A black substance extracted from green leaves
by means of hydrochloric acid and ether.
Melanorrhagia {mel-on-or-a'-je-ak)\_iji'/ai;, black;
ptp/vi'vai, to burst forth]. The copious discharge of
blackened feces.
Melanorrhea (;/'/c'/-;7;7-o;--(?''-<7/^) [//f/ac, black ; poin, a
flow]. Synonym of Jl/elena. Also, a genus of the
Anacardiacere. M. usitata, M. usitatissima, the
black-varnish tree.
Melano-sarcoma (wt'/-«« -<>-j(7;--/;'t''-OTrt/7 ) [//f/ f/r, black ;
(jopf, flesh ; o/^a, tumor]. Melanotic sarcoma.
Melano-scirrhus {iiiel-an-o-skir'-iis\ [/(«Aaf, black;
(7/i7/jpof, hard]. A form of scirrhous carcinoma char-
acterized by pigmentation.
Melanose [mel' -ati-os) [^ueAdvucr/f , a becoming black].
A disease of grape-vines caused by the fungus Sep-
toria pelina.
Melanosis ()nel-an-o' -sis)\_iii\aq, black ; I'dcrof, disease].
A general tendency to the fonnation in the blood, and
the deposition in the skin, or in organs, of a dark pig-
ment. M. lenticularis progressiva. Xeroderma
pigmentosum.
Melanosity (mel-an-os' -it-e) \_iik7a<;, black ; vooni;, dis-
ease]. The condition of being melanous ; darkness,
as of hair, eyes, or skin.
Melanospongus (;;/<?/ - an -o - spon' - gtts). Synonym of
jMelanomyces.
Melanothanatos (mel-an-o-tJian' -at-os). See Plague.
Melanotic (mel-a/i-ot'-ik) [/zeAaf, black ; vdcoq, disease].
Pertaining to melanosis.
Melanotrichous (mel - an - ot'- rik - its') [ut/rjf , black ;
f^p/f, hair]. Black -haired.
Melanous {mel' -an-us) [/i/Aaf (intav), black]. In
ethnology, applied to races with black hair and dark-
brown or blackish skins. One of the two divisions of
the Melanochroi according to Huxley's classification.
Cf. Xanthoinelanoiis.
Melanuresis (mel-an-u-re' -sis) , Melanuria {mel-an-u' -
re-all) [//f/nf, black ; ovpnv, urine]. The presence of
black pigmentary substance in the urine, or the dis-
order associated with it. Melanotic tumors are in some
way related to this condition.
Melanuric (mel-an-ii' -rik) [uf/'.af, black ; ovpov, urine].
Pertaining to, or characterized by, melanuria.
Melanurin [mel-an-ti' -ri)i) \jik').aq, black ; ovpnv, urine].
A dark pigment found in the urine in melanuria ; it
is sometimes associated with the presence in the body
of melanotic tumors.
Melas (i)iel' -as] Sjiikaq, black]. Black.
Melasicterus ( w. /-a^-/i''-/'<'7'-7/^) [//f/.of, black; 'iKvepoc,
jaundice]. Same as Melanicterus.
Melasma [niel-az' -mah) [//f^ar, black]. Any morbid,
dark discoloration of the skin. M., Suprarenal.
Same as Addison's Disease. M. Addisonii, Addi-
MELASMIC
740
MELLIN'S FOOD
son's disease. M. palpebrarum, the pigmentation
about the eyelids obicrved in pregnancy and in cer-
tain nervous disorders. M. uterinum, melasma due
to uterine disease.
Melasmic [niel-az' -inik) \jitXac,, black]. Pertaining to
or characterized by melasma.
Melastearrhea lyinel-as-te-ar-e'-a/i). Synonym of C/iro-
niiJrosis.
Melatrophy [mel-at' -ro-fe) [^ue/lof, limb; arpocpta, lack
of nutrition]. Wasting of the limbs.
yielaxanthous {we/-t7is-an''-^/ius) [//t'Xaf, black ; ^avBog^
yellow]. Black and yellow.
Meldometer i^iiiel-dom' -et-er^ \jik'kS(n', to melt ; ixkrpov,
measure]. An instrument for ascertaining the melting-
points of metals, minerals, and other substances.
Meleagra {mel-e-a' -grah). Synonym of Melagra.
Melebiose [mel-eb'-e-ds] \_fit'ki, honey], Cj.^Hj.^Ojj. One
of the sugars produced in the hydrolysis of melitriose.
See Carbohydrates , Table of.
Meleguetta Pepper. See Grains of Paradise.
Melem [mcF-em) [//f/.af, black], CgHgNj,,. A complex
cyanid.
Melena (jnel-e' -nah) [/zfAnf, black]. The evacuation
of tar-like stools due to the presence therein of altered
blood. It is met within a number of diseases, and often
follows a profuse attack of hemoptysis. Also, a name
given to the so-called black vomit. M. cholaea, same
as Melanicterus. M. neonatorum, an extravasation
of blood into the stomach and intestines of the new-
born infant, occurring most often in the first few hours
of life. It is due to duodenal ulcer, hemophilia, or
some congenital defect increasing the intra-abdominal
blood-pressure.
Melenagogue [mel-eji'-ag-og) \_incLena ; ^f/.af, black ;
iiyuyot;, leading]. A remedy for, or medicine useful
in, melena.
Melene (wi'/'-iVz) \_mel, honey], C^qH^q. An alkylen or
olefin obtained from ordinary wax ; it melts at 62° C.
Melenemesis {inel-en-eni' -es-is') [//£/'^af, black ; kjicaic,
vomiting]. Black vomit.
Melenic ymel-en' -ik) \jis7M.q, black]. Pertaining to
melena.
Meleno-diarrhea {mel-en-o-di-ar-e' -ah). Synonym of
Alelena.
Melenorrhagia [inel-en-or-a'-je-ah'). Synonym of
Melena.
Melezibiose [tnel-ez-ib' -e-ds), Melezitose {mel-ez'-it-os)
[Fr. , ineleze, larch], 0,^^3,^0,5 4- 2W.fi. A carbo-
hydrate that occurs in the juice of Finns larix, and
closely resembling cane-sugar. It is distinguished from
the latter by its greater rotatory power, and in not be-
ing so sweet to the taste. It melts at 148° F. See
Carbohydrates, Table of.
Melia [/ne'-le-ah). See Azediraeh.
Meliasmus (me-le-az' -/iins). Synonym of Glanders.
Melibiose (mel-ib' -e-ds). Synonym of Melebiose.
Melicera, Meliceris (iiiel-is-e'-rah, mel - is - e' - ris)
\_Ht]XiKripi<; \ |Ue/l( , honey ; Kr/poi;, wax]. Honey-cyst.
A term loosely applied to any cystic tumor whose con-
tents have a honey-like appearance ; a cyst that
has undergone colloid degeneration, the contents be-
ing changed into a more or less hyaline, thick, honey-
like liquid. See Molhiscum contagiosiim.
Meliceria [niel-is-e'-?-e-ah) [//t'/a, honey ; />7//)or, wax].
The thick gelatinous substance found in certain tumors.
Meliceric [mel-is-er' -ik) \_in'/i, honey ; inip6<;, wax].
IV-rtaining to meliceris.
Meliceroma (;«<'/-w-^;--(;'-W(?//). Synonym of Meliceris.
Melicerous {mel-is'-er-tis). Synonym of Meliceric.
Melicerum [mel-is-e'-nnn). See Meliceris.
Melichrous [mel'-ik-rus) [/z£/.;, honey ; ;i;/jtjf, color].
Honey-colored.
Melilot {mel'-il-ot) [/^t/.^, honey ; Awrdf, lotus]. Any
plant of the genus Melilottts.
Melilotic Acid [iiiel-il-of -ik). See Acid.
Melilotus {mel-il-o' -tus) [/^fX/, honey; /urof, lotus].
A genus of leguminous herbs. M. officinalis, yel-
low melilot and other species (/I/, ccernlea, and other
varieties) are official in various European countries.
Melilotus is diuretic, anodyne, and expectorant. It
contains Contnai-in , q. v. ; the powdered leaves are
used in Switzerland for flavoring Chapziger cheese.
Melinephidrosis {mel-in-cf-id-ro' -sis) [_/itr/Atvo<;, quince-
colored ; ((piiSituou;, perspiration]. The excretion of
a yellow sweat. It occurs in several infectious fevers
in which the blood is profoundly altered, in jaundice,
and after the excessive ingestion of rhubarb.
Meliphagous {mel-if -ag-its) honey ; (payeiv, to
eat]. In biology, feeding upon honey; mellivorous.
Melissa (mel-is'-ah) [fiehaan, a bee]. A genus of
labiate plants. The leaves and tops of A/, officinalis,
lemon-balm, containing tannin, a bitter extractive, and
an essential oil. It is a mild diaphoretic, but is employed
chiefly as a flavor.
Melissyl [inel-is'-il) \jie'kia(sa, a bee; vXtj, matter],
C.,„Hg. A hypothetic radicle occurring in many waxy
compounds. It is also called mvricyl.
Melitagra [mel-it-a' -grah) [/if/lof, limb; aypa, seizure].
Any arthritic or rheumatic pain in the limbs.
Melitagra (niel-it-a'-grah) [jiiiTMV, cheek ; aypa, seiz-
ure]. Eczema of the face.
Melitagra [mel-it-a' -gra/i) \_p.kXi, honey; aypa, seizure].
The name given to the honey-like crusts sometimes
seen in Impetigo figurata.
Melitemia [inel-it-e' -me-ah) [,utA(, honey ; aipa, blood].
The presence of an excess of sugar in the blood.
Melithemia {mel-ith-e' -me-ah). See Melitemia.
Melithyperuria {mel-ith-ip-er-u'-re-ah) \_iitki, honey;
v~tp, over; ovpov, urine]. Diabetes mellitus.
Melitis {mel-i' -tis) \jif]\ov, cheek ; ir<f, inflammation].
Inflammation of a cheek.
Melitismus (inel-it-iz' -mus) \_pc7iiri(jfi6q, from peli,
honey]. The use of honey in medicine ; an electuary
of honey for cough in children.
Melitoptyalismus {mel-it-o-ti-al-iz' -mus) honey;
7r7i'a/,oi^, saliva]. The production of melitoptyalon.
Melitoptyalon {mcl-it-o-ti' -al-on)\_pfli, honey ; mvakov,
saliva]. A saliva containing glucose said to be
secreted by persons suffering from hectic fever.
Melitose [mel' -it-os) honey], C,jH.,.^0,g + sHj-
O. Raftmose, melitriose. A carbohydrate occurring
in large quantity in Australian manna, flour of cotton-
seeds, in small amounts in sugar-beets, and in the
molasses in sugar-manufacture. It crystallizes in
needles, which are more soluble in water and less in
alcohol than cane-sugar. It is more strongly dextro-
rotatory than cane-sugar, and does not reduce Fehling's
solution, but is easily fermented by yeast. See Carbo-
hydrates, Table of.
Melitriose (mel-it'-re-ds). See Melitose.
Melituria huel-it-u'-re-ak) \_^eXl, honey ; nvpov, urine].
Diabetes mellitus. M. inosita, the presence of inosite
in the urine.
Melleous (mel'-e-us) \_mclleiis, from mel, honey].
Honey-like.
Mellifavium (w£'/-?y-;7''-rr-«w). Synonym of Meliceris.
Melliferous [mel-if'-er-us) [/«<•/, honey; ferre, to bear].
Producing or carrying honey.
Mellific [mel-if'-ii;] {mel, honey; facere, to make].
Protlucing honey.
Melligerous (mel-ij' -cr-us). See Alellific.
Mellimid (mcl'-im-id). See Paraiiiid.
Mellin's Food. A variety of Liebig's food for infants.
Its composition is : Water 5.0, fat 0.15, grape-sugar
MELLITA
741
MEMBRANA
44,69, cane-sugar 3.51, starch none, soluble carbo-
hydrates 85.44, albuminoids 5.95, ash 1.89.
Mellita [mel-i'-ta/t] [fii'M, honey]. Pharmaceutic pre-
parations known as honeys. They consist of honey,
either natural, clarified, or flavored. There are three
officinal mellita.
Mellitsemia {mel-it-e' -me-ah). See Melitemia.
Mellite {ind'-it). See Mellitic Acid.
Mellithemia [ntel-it/t-e'-tiie-a/i). See Melitemia.
Mellitic Acid [mel-it' -He) . See Acid.
Mellituria {mel-it-u'-re-ah). See Melitiiria.
Mellivorous {i)iel-iv' -o-rus) \_mel, honey ; vorare, to
devour]. In biology, feeding upon honey; melipha-
gous.
Mellogen (tiiel' -o-jen) \_iikXi, honey ; yevvav, to produce],
C,iH20^. An amorphous, shiny substance obtained in
the electrolysis of distilled water. " It is infusible, solu-
ble in hot water and in alkalies, insoluble in most min-
eral acids and other solvents ; it possesses coloring
properties.
Mellon {meF-o>i), CgH^Nj. A complex cyanid pro-
duced on igniting ammonium sulphocyanid, melam,
and other substances. It is a yellow insoluble powder.
Mellonic Acid (mel-on' -ik) . Synonym of Mellon, and
also of Jlydyomellonic Acid.
Mellophanic Acid [mel-o-fan'-ik). See Acid.
Melocactus (iiiel-o-kak'-fus] [^fii/lov, melon; kclkto^,
prickly plant]. A genus of the cactus family [Cac-
tacece). M. communis, melon thistle. Turk's cap,
Englishman's or Pope's head. A West Indian species
possessing edible fruits. It is expectorant and anti-
syphilitic.
Melocampyle (jiiel-o-kam' -pit) [///?.of, limb ; Kajiirvlrj,
crooked staff]. Deformity of the limbs from bending.
Melodidymus (jnel-o-did'-i/n-us) \_nk'AoQ, limb; 6i6vjio^,
double]. A monstrosity with double limbs. Melo-
didymi are twins united by the limbs.
Melomania [inel-o-i>ia' -ne-ali) [/zf/iof, song; fjavia,
madness]. Inordinate devotion to music.
Melomaniac [mel-o-ma' -ne-ak) [//f'/of, song; /javla,
madness]. One who is affected with melomania.
Melomelia {inel-o-me' -le-ah). See Melomeliis.
Melomelus \mel-om' -el-iis) [^E/lof , limb]. Melomelia;
a form of double monster in which rudimentary limbs
are attached at the point of junction of the normal
limbs.
Meloncus fyinel-ong' -kits) \jiiiikov, cheek; hymq, tumor].
A tumor of the cheek.
Melon-seed Bodies. Gelatinous bodies, somewhat
resembling melon-seeds, found in joints and tendon-
sheaths. The method of their origin is in dispute.
They are also known as rice-like bodies.
Meloplastic (inel-o-plas' -tik) \_fifi/ov, cheek ; Tr'Aacasiv,
to form]. Pertaining to meloplasty.
Meloplasty [inel' -o-plas-te) \jifikov, cheek ; ■KXaaanv,
to form]. The operation of engrafting or forming a
new growth of tissue upon the cheek, in repair of an
injury.
Melos [me'-los) [/ielof , a limb]. Limb.
Melosalgia [mel-os-aU -je-ah). See Melalgia.
Meloschisis {mel-os'-kis-is) \jifj\ov, cheek; axi<^L<;,
cleft]. A congenital cleft of the cheek.
Melosis [ine-lo'-sis) [_/ni/'^i, probe]. The process of
probing.
Melotridymus {inel-o-trid' -im-tis) [|U/^of , limb ; rp'i^v-
jiiK^ threefold]. A fetal monstrosity with three pairs
of limbs.
Melotris (jnel-o'-fris) probe; oif, ear]. An aural
probe.
Melt [ME., melten, to melt]. I. To liquefy 'by
. means of heat. 2. The spleen of animals. More
properly milt, q. v.
Melting {melt'-ing) [ME., melten, to melt]. Liquefy-
ing by means of heat. M. -point, the degree of
temperature at which solids pass into the liquid
state.
Melustum [mel-iis' -turn) \_inel, honey ; ustunt, from
urere,to\mxvL\. Molasses.
Memba Yaw [mem' -bah yaw) [for rememher-yz.vi'\.
A yaw or frambesial excrescence occurring long
after the primary attack of the yaws is over. See
Vaius.
Member {inem' -ber) \_membrtim, a limb]. A part of
the body, especially a projecting part, having a distinct
function, as the legs, the arms, the tail, the penis. M.,
Abdominal, one of the hind or lower limbs. M.,
Pelvic, M., Posterior, one of the hind or lower
limbs. M., Thoracic, one of the fore or upper limbs.
M., Virile, the penis.
Membra [mem'-brah) [L.], Plural of Membfiim.
Membral [mem' -hral ) \_membriim, limb]. Pertaining
to a limb or member.
Membrana {mem-bra' -nah) [L.: //., Memhrancc\. A
membrane. M. adiposa, the subcutaneous fatty layer.
M. adventitia, the adventitia ; also, the decidua re-
flexa. M. agnina, the amnion. M. anterioris
elastica. See Lamina, Elastic. M. basilaris. See
Lamina basilai-is. M. caduca, the decidua. M.
capsularis, a capsular ligament. M. carnosa : I.
The platysma myoides. 2. The dartos. M. cellulosa ;
I. The decidua. 2. Adipose tissue. M. ceratodes,
the cornea. M. coronae ciliaris, zonule of Zinn.
M. coronoides, the iris. M. corticalis, the vitelline
membrane. M. crassa, the decidua rellexa. M. crib-
riformis, the decidua. M. cribrosa : I. The decidua
vera. 2. The septum crurale. M. decidua. See
Decidua. M. dentata, the ligamentum denticulatum.
See Ligament. M. dermatodes, the dura. M. ex-
terna, the vitelline membrane. M. filamentosa, the
decidua reflexa. M. flaccida. .See SlirapnelV s
Membrane. M. foraminalis, the iris. M. ger-
minativa, the blastoderm. M. granulosa, the layer
of small polyhedral cells within the theca foUiculi of
the Graafian follicle. M. intermedia, the mesoblast ;
also, the layer of gelatinous tissue between the amnion
and chorion. M. intestinalis, the allantois, q. v. M.
Jacobi. "Ate. ]\Iet)d>rane, Jacob' s. M. laminosa, the
membrane covering the fetal surface of the placenta
after removal of the amnion. It is the atrophied allan-
tois. M. limitans. the limiting layer of the retina.
There are two of tliese, the interna and externa,
which are derived from either extremity of the fibers of
Miiller. M. limitans interna, applied by His to the
layer formed in the developing spinal cord by the
ental or central ends of the spongioblasts which later
become the endyma. M. localis, the pia. M.
media, the endochorion, q. v. M. media cerebri,
the arachnoid. M. medullaris, the endyma. M.
mollis, the pia. M. neurium, the epineurium,
(/. 7'. M. nictans, M. nictitans. See Membrane,
Nictitating. M. pellucida, the amnion, q. v. M.
pigmenta, the uvea iridis. M. prolifera, the blas-
todermic membrane. M. proligera. 'See: Discus pro-
ligerns. M. propria, the delicate membiane upon
which the epithelium of membranes, especially mucous
membranes, rests ; the basement membrane. M.
propria cerebri, the pia. M. pupillaris. See
Membrane, Pupillary. M. putaminis, the second-
ary envelop of a bird's egg ; a fibrous mem-
brane secreted in successive lamina;, covering the
entire egg and albumen. M. pyogena. See Mem-
brane, Pyogenic. M. quadrangularis, a fibrous
membrane extending from the epiglottis to the aryte-
noid cartilages, as far as the free edge of the ary-epi-
MEMBRANACEOUS
742
MEMBRANE
glottic folds. M. ruyschiana, the middle or capillary
layer of tlie choroid. M. semilunaris conjunctivae.
See Meiiihraiic , Niciitaling. M. serotina, that part
of the decidua which enters into the formation of the
placenta. M. sinuosa, M. spongiosa, the decidua.
M. tectoria, a delicate membrane of the internal
ear, extending from the upper lip of the limbus above
the sulcus spiralis and the organ of Corti as far as
the last row of the outer hair cells. It is also known
as Corti's membrane. M. tensa, the tympanic mem-
brane proper, exclusive of Shrapnell's membrane.
M. tenuis, the arachnoid. M.tympani. See J/t7«-
hraiie. Tympanic. M. tympani, Artificial. See
A/eiiibrane, Tympanic. M. tympani secundaria.
See Membrane, Secondmy Tympanic. M. urinaria,
the allantois. M. vasculosa cerebri, the pia. M.
vibrans. Synonym of M. tensa. M. virginalis,
the hymen. M. vocalis, the portion of the laryngeal
mucosa investing the vocal bands.
Membranaceous tyinem-hyan-a' -ce-ns) \_memhranacetts ,
from membrum, member]. Pertaining to, consisting
of, or of the nature of, a membrane.
Membrane {^mcm'-brdn) \_membrana, from membrum,
member]. In anatomy, a term applied to almost any
thin, enveloping or lining substance. In the plural
it usually signifies the fetal membranes. M., Adven-
titious. See Adventitia. M., Albugineous. See
A/biiginea. M., Amphiblestroi'd, the retina. M.,
Animal, a membrane made from animal tissues, used
in dialyzing ; also, in the plural, the fetal membranes.
M., Arachnoid. See Arachnoid. M. of Arnold, the
pigmented layer of the iris. M. of Ascherson. See
il/, , Haptogcnoiis. M., Bacillar. See M., Jacob's.
M., Basement or Basal, in histology, a delicate
membrane, made up of flattened cells, and underlying
the epithelium of the mucous surfaces. M.-bone,
any bone that originates, not in cartilage, but in mem-
brane, such as some of the cranial and facial bones.
M., Bowman's. See Botvman. M. of Bruch,
a thin, transparent, homogeneous membrane, the
external or vitreous lamina of the choroid of the eye.
M., Caducous, the decidua. M., Cell, the mem-
brane surrounding a cell ; the cell- wall. M. of
Corti. See Membrana tectoria. M., Costo-cora-
coid, a dense layer of fascia extending between the
subclavius muscle and the pectoralis minor, and form-
ing the anterior portion of the sheath of the axillary
vessels. M., Crico-thyroid, the triangular mem-
brane connecting the thyroid and cricoid cartilages of
the larynx. M., Croupous. See M., Diphtheric.
M., Debove's, a deep, germinal layer of flattened
cells in the mucosa of the trachea and extra-
pulmonary bronchi. M. of Descemet. See
Descemef s Membrane. M., Diphtheric, a fibrinous
layer formed on the surface of mucous membranes and
extending downward for a variable depth. It is due
to a process of coagulation-necrosis. The most com-
mon cause of its formation is the bacillus of diph-
theria; irritant poisons also may produce it. M., Drum.
Synonym of the tympanic membrane. M., Elastic,
a membrane largely composed of clastic fibrous tissue.
M., Elytroid, the fibers of the cremaster muscle
covering the testicle. M., False. See Diph-
theric. M., Fenestrated. See Fenestrated Mem-
brane of I/en/e. M., Fetal, a name given to
the chorion, amnion, and allantois. M., Germinal,
the blastoderm. M., Glassy, the hyaloid mem-
brane. M., Granular. See Membrana grann/osa.
M., Haptogenous, a delicate albuminous pellicle
supposed to envelop the fat-globules of milk and of
other fluids containing fat and albumin. M., Homo-
geneous, a delicate layer of connective tissue cover-
ing the placental villi. M., Huxley's, a sheath
peculiar to hair and surrounding the proximal part of
the shaft. M., Hyaloid, a delicate areolar membrane
investing the vitreous humor of the eye. M., Inor-
ganic, a membrane used in dialyzing fluids ; it is
composed of silicic acid. M., Internal, the endyma,
(/. zi. M., Interosseous, a thin aponeurosis of parallel
fibers extending between contiguous borders of the
tibia and fibula, and the ulna and radius. M.,
Jacob's, the layer of rods and cones of the retina.
M., Krause's, a thin, transverse, dark disc bisecting
the light substance of the striped muscle fibers ; it
divides the fibers into muscular compartments. M.,
Meconic, a layer within the rectum of the fetus,
supposed to invest the meconium. M., Mucous, the
continuation of the skin lining those internal cavities
and organs exposed to or communicating with the air.
It is kept moist by the mucus secreted by the goblet-
cells and mucous glands. M. of Nasmyth, a delicate
but firm membrane covering the ectal surface of the
enamel for a short time after birth. M., Nictitating,
the plica or third eyelid, a mucous fold at the nasla
canthus of the eyes of birds and certain quadrupeds.
M., Nuclear, the membrane surrounding the nucleus
of a cell. M., Obturator, the fibrous membrane clos-
ing the obturator foramen. M., Olfactory. See A/.,
Schneiderian . M., Ovular. 'See M., Vitelline. M.,
Perforated [of Henle), the ental elastic layer of an
artery. M., Perifibril, a special membrane surround-
ing the skeletal threads of some sponges [Chalituila) ;
it is composed of epithelial cells, either transparent or
deeply-colored with granules (Hyatt). M., Perio-
dontal, a fibrous layer covering the cement of teeth.
M., Pharyngeal, the oral plate separating the primi-
tive oral and pharyngeal cavities in the embryo. It is
fprmed of an anterior ectodermic and posterior entoder-
mic layer. M., Pituitary. Same as Jl/. , Schneiderian.
M., Primary, the basement membrane. M., Pre-
formation, a doubtful membrane supposed to cover
the dentine papilla. M., Proligerous. See Discus
proligerus. M., Pseudo. See AP, Diphtheric. M.,
Pupillary, a delicate, transparent membrane closing
the pupil in the fetus. It disappears between the
seventh and eighth months. M., Pyogenic, the fibrous
membrane forming the lining of abscess-cavities;
instead of being a pus-producing membrane, it is
really a protective layer, limiting the spread of the
abscess, although it may form pus under certain
circumstances. M., Pyophylactic, a term sug-
gested by Roswell Park for the so-called " pyogenic
membrane." M., Reichert's. See M., Boiviiian' s.
M. of Reissner, a delicate membrane stretching
across the outer wall of the cochlea. M., Reticular,
the membrane covering the space of the outer hair-
cells of the cochlea. M.ofRuysch. See Membrana
ruyschiana. M., Schneiderian, the mucosa lin-
ing the nasal fossfe. M. of Schvirann. See
Neurilemma. M., Serous, a delicate membrane
covered with flat endothelial cells lining closed
cavities of the body, e.g., the peritoneum, the
pleura. M., Shell. See Membrana putaminis. M.,
Shrapnell's, a small portion of the drum-membrane
filling the notch of Rivini. It differs from the re-
mainder of the drum-membrane in that it contains
none of the fibrous tissue proper to the drum. It is
also called AJeiiibrana Jlaccida. M., Synovial, a
membrane covering the articular extremities of bones
and the inner surface of ligaments entering into the for-
mation of a joint. M., Tectorial. See Membrana
tectoria. M., Tenon's. See Tenon's Capsule. M.,
Thyro-hyoid, the broad membrane joining the
thyroid cartilage and the hyoid bone. M., Tubular,
MEMBRANEOUS
743
MENINGO-CEPHALITIS
the neurilemma, q. v. M., Tympanic, the mem-
brane separating the external from the middle ear.
It consists of three layers : an ectal or skin layer, a
fibrous layer, and an ental layer like that lining
the middle ear. M., Undulator, a delicate mem-
brane uniting the spinal filament to the body and
tail of the spermatozoon. M., Utero-epichorial,
the decidua vera. M., Vascular (of the eye), the
choroid, q. v. M., Vestibular. Same as M. of
Reissner. M., Virginal, the hymen, i^. M., Vi-
tellary, M., Vitelline, the true cell-membrane of
the ovum, lying within the zona pellucida. M.,
Vitreous, the membrane of Desceniet ; also the
basement membrane of a hair-follicle. M., Wachen-
dorf s, the papillary membrane. M., Yolk. Same
as J/., Vitelline. M., Zinn's. See Zonule of Zinn.
Membraneous {luein-hra' -iie-us). See Mejiibranoics.
Membraniform [inein bran' -if-orm). See Membranous.
Membranine [t/iein' -hran-in'). See Membranous.
Membrano-carneous iyinem-bran,' -o-kar' -ne-us) \_mem-
hrana, membrane; caro, flesh]. Of a membranous
and fleshy structure.
Membranocranium {mem-bra ii-o-k ra' -ne-iim) \_inein-
brana, membrane ; Kijnviov, skull]. The membran-
ous skull of the fetus, prior to ossification.
Membranogenic (mem -bran- o-/en^ - I'lc) \_fiEfiPpava,
parchment membrane; yevi/Q, producing]. In biology,
having a tendency to form a membrane or a mem-
branous growth.
Membranoid [mem-bran-oid') \_membrana, membrane ;
f«Sof, like]. Resembling membrane.
Membranology [mem-brati-ol' -o-je) \_membrana , mem-
brane ; toyni;, science]. The anatomy, physiology,
and pathology of ttie membranes of the body.
Membranosus (viem-bran-o' -sus) \_membrana, mem-
brane]. Membranous. M., Semi-, one of the
hamstring muscles. See Muscles, Table of.
Membranous {mem' -brati-us) \jjiembranosus, mem-
branous] . Having the nature of, or characterized by,
a membrane. In biology, applied to an organ or part
that is flattened, thin and flexible. M. Labyrinth.
See Labyrinth. M. Urethra, the part of the urethra
between the two layers of the triangular ligament.
Membranula, Membranule [mein-bran' -u-lah , mem-
bran' -id) [dim. of membrana, membrane], A
small membrane. In biology, specifically applied to a
portion of the wing of certain insects.
Membranulet [mem-bran' -u-lei). Same as Membran-
ula.
Membrosus [mem-bro' -sus) \_inembrum , limb]. Hav-
ing a large penis.
Membrum {viem' -brum) [L. : Membra\ Same as
Member. M. muliebre, the clitoris. M. seminale,
M. virile, the penis.
Memory [inem'-o-re) [memoria, a recalling]. That
faculty of the mind that enables one to recall ideas,
events, and the images of objects that have produced
sensation. M., Loss of. See Amnesia.
Menagogue (men'-ag-og). Synonym of Emmena-
gogue.
Menatechenzie {men-at-ek-en'-ze). See Palmus.
Mendel's Convolution. See Convolutions, Table of.
Mendelejeff 's Classification. See Element.
Mendosus {men-do' -sus) \jnenda.x, false]. False; ap,-
plied to certain incomplete parts, as the floating ribs.
Menelcosis {men-el-ko' -sis) [/vjyi'Ef, mens'es ; e'/Kumc,
ulceration]. Ulceration of the leg, with vicarious
menstruation from the sore.
Menellipsis (men-el-ip'-sis') [//?/i'ff, menses; i'/Xeiijiic,
a falling off]. Menopause.
Menes {men'-ez) (firivet;, menses]. Menses.
Menhaden Oil ( men-ka' -dn) [a corruption of the In-
dian munnawhatteang'\. An oil obtained from the
Alosa menhaden, a kind of herring. It is used in
soap-making and in tanning, and, when pure, as a sub-
stitute for cod-liver oil. ^
Menhidrosis, Menidrosis {men-hid-ro'-sis, men-id-
I'o'-sis) [/'i'/J'ff, menses; Wpuaic, sweat]. A form
of vicarious menstruation said to consist in monthly
excess of sweat, sometimes sanguineous, instead of
the menstrual flow.
Meniere's Disease. A disease or injury probably of
the semicircular canals, characterized by nausea, vom-
iting, vertigo, deafness, tinnitus aurium, and other
phenomena. It is called also aural or auditory ver-
tigo. See Diseases, Table of.
Meningarthrocace {men-in-gar-throk' -as-e) [^/'i/i'iy^,
membrane ; hpHiyiw, joint ; KaKOQ, evil]. Inflamma-
tion of joint-membranes.
Meningeal {men-in' -je-al) \_Lifivn/S, membrane]. Per-
taining to any membrane of the brain or myel, especi-
ally the dura.
Meninges {men-in' -jez) [pi. of /iir]viyS, membrane].
A name applied to the membranes of the brain and
myel, the dura, pia, and arachnoid. M., Lepto-, the
pia and arachnoid.
Meningina {/nen-in-Ji'-nah) \_iirjviy^, membrane]. The
pia and arachnoid considered as the proper meninges,
and apart from the dura ; the pia-arachnoid.
Meninginitis {men-in-iin-i' -tis\ [//^I'Q f , membrane ;
ith;, inflammation]. Inflammation of the meningina;
leptomeningitis.
Meningitic {men-in-jit' -ik) \^/u^viy^, membrane]. Per-
taining to, or affected with, meningitis.
Meningitis {men-in-ji' -tis) [iiTji'iy^, membrane ; iri^,
inflammation]. Inflammation of the membranes of
the brain or cord ; that of the dura is termed pachy-
meningitis, that of the pia-arachnoid, leptomeningi-
tis. M., Acute, "^iec Leptomeningitis. M., Ascend-
ing, a form that begins in the membranes of the
lower cord and ascends. M., Basilar. See M. ,
Tuberculous. M., Cerebral, M., Cerebro-spinal, a
form affecting the membranes of the brain, and those of
the cord and brain respectively. It is usually epi-
demic. M. of the Convexity, simple leptomeningitis.
M., Epidemic. Synonym of Fever, Cerebro-spinal.
M., Granular, the same as M. , Tuberculous. M.,
Malignant. Synonym of Fever, Cerebro-spinal.
M., Rhachidian. Synonym of M., Spinal. M.,
Scrofulous. ':iee: M., Tu/ierculous. M., Septic, that
due to an infectious process. M. siderans, a ful-
minant, rapidly fatal form of cerebro-spinal fever.
M., Simple, that not due to tuberculosis or sepsis.
M., Spinal, meningitis of the membranes of the spinal
cord. M., Syphilitic, meningitis due to syphilis.
M., Traumatic, that following injury to the skull or
spinal column. M., Tuberculous, inflammation of
the pia of the brain, with effusion of lymph and pus,
caused by the deposit of miliary tubercles upon its
surface or into its substance. M., Typhoid. .Syn-
onym of Fever, Cerebro-spinal.
Meningitophobia {men-in-git-o-fo'-be-ah) \_fj?/viy^,
membrane; /r/c, inflammation ; tpSfioc, fear]. An
exaggerated fear of meningitis when the disease is epi-
demic, sometimes leading to the development of the
symptoms of the disease.
Meningocele (men-in'-go-sel) [fjijviy^, membrane ; lo'/??/,
tumor], A tumor composed of cerebral or spinal
membranes containing fluid, and perhaps nerve-tissue,
protruding from an anomalous opening in the cranium
or spinal column, usually covered by skin, but some-
times exposed by cutaneous defect.
Meningo-cephalitis (men-in'-go-sef-al-i'-tis). See
Aden in go -eneeph a litis .
MENINGO-CEREBRITIS
744
MENORRHEA
Meningo-cerebritis {>/ieii-in'-go-sei--e-bri'-tis). See
Meiiingo-e}icephalitis.
Meningococcus [iiioi-iii' -go-kok' -tis) [^f/f/vr/^, mem-
brane; KoKKot;, coccus]. A name for the supposed
coccus, or microbe, of cerebro-spinal fever. -See
crococcits iiiterccllularis meningitidis under Bacteria,
Synonymatic Table of.
Meningo-encephalitis (men-in' -go - en - sef- al - i' -tis)
\jLfiiHy^, membrane; ifKi:(pa2ov, brain; irii;, inflamma-
tion]. An inflammation of the brain and its mem-
branes.
Meningo-ependymitis (jnen-in' -go-ep-en-dini-i' -tis )
[//?/i';yf , membrane ; kTviv6v/j.a, ependyma ; irii;, in-
flammation]. Meningitis with inflammation of the
ependyma, a condition seen in adult liydrocephalus.
Meningo-gastralgia {7ne>i-in' -go-gas-tral' -je-aJi) \jiriv-
i-j^, membrane; yaoTi/f), stomach; a?iyo(;, pain]. A
painful condition of tlie mucous membrane of tlie
stomach.
Meningo-gastric {incn-in' -go-gas' -trik) [//^ivyf, mem-
brane, yaarl/p, stomach]. Pertaining to the mem-
branes of the stomach.
Meningo-gastritic {jnen-iti'-go-gas-irit' -ik) \jxijVLy^,
membrane; yaari/p, stomach; trig, inflammation].
Pertaining to meningo-gastritis.
Meningo-gastritis (wen- in' -go -gas- tri'- tis) \_fjfiviy^,
membrane; yaaTz/p, stomach; (r/f, inflammation]. I.
Inflammation of the mucosa of the stomach. 2.
Meningitis associated with gastritis.
Meningo-malacia (inen-in' -go-tnal-a' -se-ah) l_/ur/i>iy^,
membrane ; jia'Aama, softness]. A softening of tlie
cerebral or spinal meninges, or other membranes.
Meningomyces (men- in- go- mi' -sez) [_/i);vty^, mem-
brane ; i-ivK/jt;, fungus). Fungosity of the meninges.
Meningo-myelitis (men- in' -go- mi- el- i'- tis) [ftijviy^,
membrane ; fiue'Aog, marrow ; irt^, inflammation].
Inflammation of themyel and its meninges.
Meningo- myelocele (men-in' -go-mi' -el-o-sel) [////wyf ,
membrane ; /ive/oi;, marrow; Ki/2.7/, tumor]. A tumor
containing a portion of the myel, with its enveloping
meninges.
Meningophylax (men-in-gof -il-aks) [_/j,f/viy^, mem-
brane ; (pii'Aa^, guard]. An old form of instrument
for protecting the brain from injury during operations
after trephining.
Meningorrhachidian (meji-in'-go-rak-iil'-e-an)l_/jf/viy^,
memlirane ; paxt<:, spine]. Relating to the spinal
meninges.
Meningorrhagia (inen-in-gor-a' -je-ali) \_nf/vty^, mem-
brane ; pi/yv'vi'ai, to burst forth]. Meningeal hemor-
rhage.
Meningorrhea (men-in-gor-e' -ali) [_fjrjvty§, membrane ;
poiii, a flow]. Meningeal hemorrhage, or extravasa-
tion of blood.
Meningosis (inen-in'-go-sis) \_fji/viy^, membrane]. The
union of bones by a membranous attachment.
Meningo-spinal (men-in' -go-spi' -nal) [//^r/y^, mem-
brane; spinalis, ^)ma!C\. Meningeal and spinal ; per-
taining to the meninges of the spinal cord.
Meningo-symphysis ( men-in' -go-sim' -fis-is) \_iii^vtyE,,
memlsrane; <s'vv, together; i^vuv, to grow]. The mor-
bid adhesion of the meninges to each other.
Meningo-symphytic (men-in' -go-sim- fit' -ik) [_fi^viyg,
membrane; an', with; <pheiv, to grow]. Pertaining
to or characterized by meningo-symphysis.
Meningo-syzygia ( men-in' -go-si-zij' -e-ah ) [ /ir/viy^,
membrane; (tu^h) /a, a coupling], Sams a.i Mejtingo-
symphysis.
Meningozeuxis (men-in'-go-zfiks' -is) [^fiijvty^, mem-
brane; Cfi'^'f, a yoking]. Same as Meningo-sym-
physis.
Meningozeuxitis (men-in' -go-zuks-i' -tis) \_u>iviy^, mem-
brane ; ffi),Y'f> yoke ; /r/f, inflammation]. Meningo-
symphysis with inflammation.
Meninguria (men-in-gu'- re-alt) [_uf/viy^, membrane ;
ohpov, urine]. The passage or presence of mem-
branous shreds in the urine.
Meninguric (men-in-gn' -rik) \jirjvLy^, membrane ; o)'-
pov, urine]. Pertaining to or characterized by men-
inguria.
'^^xyvn.-x. (7Hen'-ingks) [////ivjf, membrane]. Any one of
the meninges, especially the dura.
Meniscitis (men-is-i' -tis) [_/i^viaKog, crescent ; irig, in-
flammation]. An inflammation of the semilunar car-
tilages of the knee-joint.
Meniscoid (men-is' -koid) [/;//w'(7/cof, crescent ; Eidof,
like]. Resembling a meniscus ; crescent-shaped.
Meniscus (men-is' -kus) [_/ir/vi(TKO(; , a crescent: pi.,
AIenisei~\. A concavo-convex lens. A concavo-con-
vex articular cartilage, or the semilunar cartilage of the
knee-joint. Also, the concavity or convexity produced
on the surface of liquids in tubes and vessels by capillary
attraction. M., Tactile, a form of nerve-ending with a
concave surface turned ectad, each concavity containing
a tactile cell.
Menispermin (men-is-per' -min) [iiijvr/, moon; anepfia,
seed]. A precipitate from a tincture of the root of
Alenispermnm canadense : alterative, tonic, laxative,
diuretic, stimulant, and resolvent. Dose from I to 4
grains. Unof. 2. Cj^H^^K^Oj. A non-poisonous and
inert alkaloid from Anatnirta cocculus and Aleni-
spermnm canadense.
Menispermum (men-is-per' -mum) \_fiiiv7], moon ; anep/ia,
seed]. The roots of Af. canadense, or Canadian
moon-seed. It is reputed to have tonic properties, and is
used as a substitute for sarsaparilla. Dose gr. v-xx
in infusion ; of a concentrated tincture, gtt. v-xv.
Menispin (men'-is-pin) [/li/vr/, moon ; a~ipun, seed].
A bitter alkaloid contained in the root of Menisper-
mum canadense. It is readily soluble in alcohol, less
so in water, in chloroform, and in ether.
Menocelis (men-o-se' -lis) [_i-i>iv, mouth ; nrjXi^, spot].
A dark spot upon the skin sometimes seen at or near
the menstrual period.
Menocryphia (men-o-krif'-e-ah) [//?/rff, menses ; np'v-
(piog, hidden]. Same as Ischomenia.
Menolipsis (men-o-lip' -sis) [//?/rff, menses ; ?i,e;i/«f , an
omission]. The retention or absence of the menses,
Menometastasis (men-o-met-as' -las-is) [//'yrff, menses ;
peTacsTaaK;, metastasis]. Vicarious menstruation.
Menopad (men'-o-pad) [//.^rff, menses; ME. , /aizVi", a
pad]. A pad for catching the menstrual blood.
Menopause (men'-o-pawz) [//^I'ff, menses; Travatc,
cessation]. The end of menstrual life, usually occur-
ring at the age of from 45 to 50. It is also called
the climacteric, or the change of life.
Menophania (men-o-fa' -ne-ah) [//^I'ff, menses ; (jialvsiv,
to appear]. The first appearance of the menses.
'Nlenop\ania(men-o-pla'-ne-ak) \_/ir/i'e(;, menses ; irMvij,
deviation]. A discharge of blood occurring at the
menstrual period, but derived from some other part of
the body than the uterus. Also, any deviation or
aberration of the menstrual flow.
M¬Tha.gia.(men-or-a' -Je-ah)\_pfivFi; , menses; priyvvvai,
to burst forth]. An excessive menstrual flow.
Menorrhagic (men-or-aj'-ik) [/;//wf, menses ; /yr/yvvvai,
to burst forth]. Relating to, or characterized by,
menorrhagia,
Menorrhalgia (inen-or-al' -je-ali) [//?/i'ff, the menses;
pifiv, to flow; a^yof, pain]. Painful menstruation.
See Dysmenorrhea and Menorrhspasm.
Menorrhea (men - or -e'- ah) [//?/rff, menses; pma, a
flow]. The normal flow of the menses. Also,
excessive menstruation.
MENORRHSPASM
745
MENTIFEROUS
Menorrhspasm {^men-or-spaz'-m) \_iif/v£r, menses;
pteiv, to How; aTrac/zof, spasm]. A painful, neuro-
muscular spasm of the uterus, caused by imperfect
development and innervation, or by inflammatory
processes.
Menoschesis [inen-os' -kes-is) [^?/i'ff, menses ; axtoii;,
retention]. Retention of the menses.
Menoschetic [jiieji^os-ket' -ik) [/z^wf , menses ; ff^i^£(7;f,
retention]. Pertaining to, or characterized by, men-
oschesis.
Menosepsis [men-o-sep'-sh) \_iirjvi'.i;, menses ; af/ipi^,
putridity]. A putrid quality of the menses.
Menoseptic [men- o-sep' -tic) l_fifjveg, menses; <T//i/"f.
putridity]. Pertaining to, or of the nature of, meno-
sepsis.
Menostasia, Menostasis i^men-os-ta' -ze-ah, men-os^ -tas-
is) [//i'/i'Sf, menses ; ordfT/f, standing] . A suppression
of the menstrual flow.
Menostatic [jnen-os-tat' -ik') [//r/wf, menses; crrd(T(f,
a standing]. Pertaining to, or characterized by, meno-
stasis.
Menotyphlosis {men-o-tif-lo' -sis) \_fi7]vri, moon ; rii0-
'auoli;, a blinding]. Moon-blindness; a periodic
blindness or dimness of vision, formerly ascribed
to the influence of the moon, and popularly believed
to affect certain horses.
Menoxenia (^ine)i-oks-e' -ne-ah) [////cff, menses ; ferof ,
strange, foreign]. Irregularity of menstruation.
Menoxenosis [i?ien-oks-eii-o' -sis) [/^'/i'. month ; ^epuatc,
strangeness]. Same as Alenoxetnia.
Mens [iitenz) [L. : geii., nicntis^. Mind. Compos mentis,
of sound mind. Non compos mentis, of unsound
mind.
Menses {men'-sez) \_mensis, a month]. The recurrent
monthly discharge of blood from the genital canal of
the female during sexual life. See Menstruation .
M., Excessive, or Immoderate Flow of. See
Menoi-i-Iia'^ia. M., Obstructive, or Diminution of.
'Ae.^ Amenorrhea. M., Suppression of. Hee Amenor-
rhea and A/cnostasis.
Menstrua {men' -strit-ah) [L. : //. , of Menstruus,
monthly]. I. The menses. 2. Y\\x\2\ o{ Menstruum ,
(]. V. M. alba. Synonym of Leukorrhea.
Menstrual ( men' -stru-al) \_menstrualis : menstruus,
monthly]. Pertaining to menstruation. M. Blood,
the blood discharged at the menstrual period. M.
Colic. See Colic. M. Insanity. See Insanity.
Menstruant [men'-stru-ant) \_menstruus, monthly].
I. Subject to, or capable of, menstruating. 2. One
who menstruates, or is capable of menstruating.
Menstruate (men' -stru-df) \_menstruare ; from tnen-
struuf, monthly]. To discharge the menstrual flow.
Menstruation (men-stru-a' -sliun) \_menstruatio ; from
menstruus, monthly]. A periodic discharge of a
sanguineous fluid from the uterus and P'allopian tubes,
occurring during the period of a woman's sexual activ-
ity, from puberty to the menopause. The flow is
alkaline and composed of blood, shreds of mucous
membrane, and vaginal and uterine secretion ; it is
darker than ordinary blood, and should not clot ; its
odor is characteristic and disagreeable ; the usual
quantity is from four to six ounces. M., Vicarious,
the discharge of blood in connection with, or at the
time of, menstruation, but taking place from some other
organ or part than the vagina. Atopomenorrhea.
Menstruous (men'-stru-us) \_menstruus, monthly].
Having, or pertaining to, the monthly flow.
Menstruum (men' -stru-uin) [menstruus, monthly]. A
liquid used for effecting solution. A solvent.
Mensuration (nu-n-su-ra' -shun) \_mensurarc, to mea-
sure]. The estimation of quantity or dimension. In
anatomy, the estimation of the dimensions of any
organ or part of the body. In physical diagnosis, the
measurement of parts of the body.
Mentagra (men-ta'-grah). See Sycosis. M. parasit-
ica. See Tinea sycosis.
Mentagrophyte (men - tag' -ro- fit), Mentagrophyton
(men-tag-roff'-it-on) \_mentagra, sycosis; <^vt6v,
plant]. A cryptogamous plant thought to cause
sycosis.
Mental (men'-ta/) \_mens, the mind]. Pertaining to
the mind. Also, pertaining to the mentum or chin.
M. Point. See Craniometric Points.
Mentality (men-tal' -it-e) [mens, mind]. Mental ac-
tivity and power ; intellect.
Mentation (mcn-ta'-shun). See Mentality and Idea-
tion.
Mentha (men' -thah) [L. , mint]. A genus of labiate
plants, including the true or typical mints. M. ar-
vensis, var. piperascens. The source of Aleiitlwl, q. v.
M. -camphor. See Menthot. M. piperita, pepper-
mint. The leaves and tops of AI. piperita, or common
peppermint, having properties due to a volatile oil, in
which form it is commonly used. It is an aromatic,
stimulant, carminative, and antispasmodic, and is valu-
able internally to relieve flatulent colic, and externally
to relieve superficial neuralgia. It is of reputed value in
typhoid fever, and as an antiseptic in parasitic skin-
diseases. M. pip., Aqua, contains 2 parts of the oil
in 1000 of distilled water. Dose indefinite. M.pip.,
Essentia (B. P.) Dose Tl^x-xx. M. pip., Ol., the
volatile oil, consists of a liquid terpene and a camphor,
menthol, q. v. Dose n\^j-v. M.pip., Spt., essence
of peppermint, contains 10 per cent, of the oil and I
per cent, of the herb in alcohol. Dose tl\x-xxx. M.
pip., Trochisci, each contains J/^f of the oil, with
sugar and tragacanth. Dose indefinite. M. pule-
gium, the true or European pennyroyal. Its odor and
properties are much the same as those of American
pennyroyal. M. viridis, spearmint. The leaves
and tops of common "kitchen" mint, AI. viridis,
having properties due to a volatile oil, differing slightly
in taste and odor from oil of peppermint. Its medi-
' cinal properties are like those of AI. piperita. M.
virid., Aq., 2 parts of the oil in 1000 of water. M.
virid., 01., the volatile oil. Dose n\^ij-v. M. virid.,
Spt., alcoholic, contains 10 per cent, of the oil and I
per cent, of the herb. Dose n\,x-xl.
Menthene ( men' -then) [/netitha , mint], C^^jPf^g. A
liquid hydrocarbon produced when menthol is dis-
tilled with P./3,. It boils at 167° C.
Menthol (men'-ihol) [mentha , mint], C,(,H2„0. Japan-
ese peppermint ; peppermint camphor ; mentha cam-
phor ; the chief component of peppermint oil, from
which it separates in crystalline form on cooling.
It possesses, like borneol, the character of an alicyclic
alcohol ; melts at 42° C, and boils at 213° C. It is
obtained from Alentha arvensis, var. piperascens, a
Chinese and Japanese herb ; also from the seeds of
Carum copticum, of India. It is used as a local appli-
cation in neuralgia, sciatica, ringworm, and other pain-
ful conditions. Unof. M., Emplast., containing men-
thol, wax, and resin ; has a place in the 1890 addition
to the B. P. M. Pencil, a small, pointed cylinder of
menthol used as an apiplication to the skin in neuralgia.
Menthone (men' -than) [mentha, mint], C]„H|„0. The
ketone of menthol, a colorless liquid with a high
boiling-point (206° C). It is soluble in alcohol, in
benzene, in carbon disulphid, and in chloroform, but
insoluble in water.
Mentiferous (men-tif -er-us) [mens, mind ; ferre, to
carry]. Conveying, or supposed to convey, mental
impressions; telepathic. M. Ether, a supposed ethe-
real medium of telepathy, or thought-transfer.
MENTIGO
746
MERETRIX
Mentigo {men-ti'-go). See Mentagra.
Mento-bregmatic ( men'-/o - breg- mat'- ik ) [ mentiim ,
chin ; f^pi/yua, bregma]. Extending from the chin to
the bregma.
Mento-condylean {men' -to-kon - dW - e- an) \_mentum,
chin; A-di'(5i>/(of, condyle]. Pertaining to the chin and
the occipital condyles. M.-c. Triangle. See Tri-
angles, Table of.
Mento-coronial (^men' -to-kor-o'-ne-al) \_meutiiin, chin ;
eorona, crown]. Relating to the chin and the coronal
suture. M.-c. Triangle. See Triangles, Table of.
Mento-gonial {me?i'-to-go'-ne-al) \_mentuni, chin;
yuvia, angle]. Extending from the gonion to the
gnathion. M.-g. Triangle. See Triangles, Table
of.
Mento-hyoid (men' -to-hi' -oid) \_meutum,Q\{m; votidriq,
hyoid]. Relating to the chin and the liyoid bone.
Mento-labial (men'-to-la'-be-al) \_mentiim, chin; la-
bium, lip]. Relating both to the chin and the lip.
Mento-mastoid [men'-to-mas'-toid) \_men/itm, chin;
^laarS^, nipple ; eiihg, like]. Relating to both chin
and mastoid process. M.-m. Triangle. See Trian-
gles, Table of.
Mento-meckelian [men'-fo-me/i-el'-e-an] \^mentnm,
chin ; Meekel, & German anatomist]. Pertaining to
the distal or mental division of Meckel's cartilage.
Mentula (/nen'-lu-lali) [L. ]. The penis.
Mentulagra [inen-tu-la'-grak) \_mentHlagra ; mentula,
penis ; hypa, seizure]. Painful priapism ; chordee.
Mentulomania [men-tu-lo-ma'-ne-ak). Synonym of
Masturbation.
Mentum (wf«'-/?^w) [L. , the chin : //. , Menta\ The
chin. In biology, variously applied to structures
below the lip, or labium, as in insects, that part of the
labium between the submentum and the ligula ; in
orchids, an extension of the foot of the column.
Mentzelia (ment-ze' -le-ak) [after C. Alentzel, a German
botanist]. A genus of the Loaseae. M. aspera, M.
hispida, is a Mexican species, the root of which has
drastic properties, and is also used in gonorrhea and
syphilis. Unof.
Menyanthes (men-e-an'-tliez) [//^/vaiof, monthly ; avflor,
flower]. A genus of plants of the gentian order. M.
trifoliata. .See Buckbean.
Menyanthin (meti-e-an' -thin] [/jz/iviZof , monthly ; avdoq,
flower], QqH^^O,^. The bitter principle of Buck-
bean. It is a white, amorphous, bitter glucosid.
Meosis (me-o' -sis). See Miosis.
Mephitic [me-fit'-ik) \_Mephitis, a mythologic divin-
ity]. Foul or noxious; stifling; noisome, as a vapor,
or stench. M. Gangrene, moist necrosis of bone,
associated with the evolution of offensive odors.
Mephitis (/«f;;?'-/w) [L.]. i. A pestilent or noxious
exhalation. 2. A genus of American carnivorous
mammals, the skunks. They are noted for the fetid
secretion of their perineal glands, which has been used
as an antasthmatic remedy and in hysteria. Unof
Mephitism [mef'-it-izm). Synonym of Mephitis (first
deRnition).
Meramaurosis (/ner-a/n-a-i'-ro'-sis) [//tpof, part ; ii/i-
avpotiv, to darken]. Partial amaurosis.
Meranesthesia [tner-an-es-the' -ze-ali) [_/iIpo(;, part ; and
avuaOr/oin, anesthesia]. Partial or local anesthesia.
Meratrophy [mer-at'-ro-fe) [ufpor, part ; arpoipla, want
of nourishment]. Partial atrophy.
Mercaptal [iner-kap'-tal) \_mereurius, mercury; caf-
tans, seizing]. A thio-acetal ; a product of the union of
a mercaptan and an aldehyd.
Mercaptan (mer-haf'-tan) \_mercurius, mercury; cap-
tans, seizing]. A thio-alcohol ; any one of a certain
class of alcohols in which the oxygen is replaced by
sulphur. The mercaptans are the sulphur analogues
of the alcohols, and are colorless liquids, mostly insolu-
ble in water, and possessed of a disagreeable odor
resembling that of garlic.
Mercaptid {mer-kap' -tid ) \_mercurius, mercury; ra/-
seizing]. A metallic derivation of a mercaptan.
Mercaptol {incr-kap' -tol) \_mercurius, mercury ; cap-
tans, seizing]. A product of the union of a mercap-
tan and a ketone.
Mercier's Bar. The crescentic ridge of submucous
tissue forming the posterior boundary of the trigone of
the bladder.
Mercurial [mer-ku'-re-al) \_Mercury, a Cirecian god].
Pertaining to mercury. M. Palsy, a paralysis or an
involuntary spasmodic twitching of the voluntary mus-
cles, as a result of mercurial intoxication, and intensi-
fied on voluntary motion ; it sometimes affects persons
habitually exposed to the vapor of mercury. M.
Ptyalism. .Synonym of Stomatitis, Mercurial. M.
Rash, an eczematous eruption arising from the con-
tinued use of mercury. M. Tremors. Same as M.
Palsy. See also Tremor.
Mercurialin {mer-kti' -re-al-in) \_Merciirv, a Grecian
god], CII-N. An oily basic principle obtainable
from Mereurialis annua and AI. perennis. It is pois-
onous, diuretic, and cathartic. Unof.
Mereurialis [mei--ku-re-a'-lis) \_J\/ercury , a Grecian
god]. A genus of euphorbiaceous plants, with ac-
tively poisonous qualities. M. annua and M. per-
ennis were formerly used in medicine, being strongly
purgative, emmenagogue, and diuretic. Unof.
Mercurialism (nu-r-ku' -re-al-izm) [^A/ercurv, a. Grecian
god]. A name for the morbid condition arising
from the too free or the long continued use of
mercury.
Mercurialist (mer-ku'-re-al-ist) \_Mercury, a Grecian
god]. One who prescribes mercury largely, or one
who believes in the treatment of syphilis by mercury.
Mercurialization [mer-ku-re-al-iz-a' -slum) \_AIerctiry,
a Grecian god]. Bringing under the influence of
mercury.
Mercuric {?ner-ku'-rik) [Afercury, a Grecian god].
Pertaining to or containing mercury as a bivalent
radicle.
Mercuricum {mer-ku' -rik-um) \_Mercury, a Grecian
god]. A term applied to compounds containing mer-
cury as a bivalent radicle.
Mercurius [mer-ku' -re-us). .See Afcrcury.
Mercurosum (mer-ku-ro'-sum) [Afercury, a Grecian
god]. A term given to compounds containing mer-
cury as a univalent radicle.
Mercurous [mer' -ku-rus) [_Afercury, a Grecian god].
A term applied to compounds containing merfiury as a
univalent radicle.
Mercury (mer'-iu-re) [_Afercury, a Grecian god]. See
//ydrargyrum. M. Weed, the herb Alercurialis
annul!. See Mereurialis.
'M.exdi \_merda, merdus,{ecei\. Feces. M . diaboli, asa-
fetida.
Merdivomous (mer-di-!'' -o-mus) \_tnerda, feces ; votnere,
to vomit]. Having stercoraceous vomiting.
Merdivorous (mer-di-'' -or-us) \_inerda, feces ; vorare, to
devour]. Devouring excrement.
Merechema [mer-ek-e'-nnili) [/;//pof, thigh; i/X'SI'"''
sound: pi., AIerechemata\ An auscultatory sound
ascribed to the friction of the thighs of the fetus.
Meremphraxis [mer-em-fraks' -is) [fiipni;, part; e/if-
/jrt;/f, stoppage]. Partial obstruction.
Merenchyma [/ner-eng'-kim-ali) [iitpo^, a part ; (jm^')
t)\\i/in, in modern sense "parenchyma"]. I"
biology, an imperfect parenchyma.
Meretrix {mer' -et-riks) \_merere, to earn money]-
A prostitute.
MERI^UM
747
MERYCOLOGY
Meriaeum [>iie?--e-e^-ui>!) [//fpfif , the thigh : pi., Meriipa'].
In biology, the anterior surface of the socket of the
hind-leg of a beetle.
Meric (luer'-il') [_/i£pog, part]. Relating to apart.
Mericarp {iiirr' -ik-arp) [/ifpof, a part; KapTrdf, fruit].
In biology, one of the ripened carpels of a schizocarp;
a portion of a fruit separating from the rest.
Mericism (tne}-' -is-izni). Same as Alerycism.
Meride [filter' -id') \jj.kpiir, part; iitipojiai, to share]. In
biology, a colony of cells that either remains isolated
or multiplies by gemmation to form a larger aggre-
gate
Meridian (jner-id' -e-ati) \_iiieriiiies, midday]. An im-
aginary great circle surrounding any globe a'nd inter-
secting the poles. M. of the Eye, an imaginary cir-
cle surrounding the globe of the eye, vertical if
supposed to be perpendicular, or horizontal if level. A
lens is also described in the same way.
Meridional (w^z-zV/'-i'-tiw-a/ ) [wfriV/Vj-, midday]. Re-
lating to a meridian.
Meridrosis [nier-id-ro'-sis) [,uf/DOf, part ; Ifipug, sweat].
Local perspiration.
Meris [nier'-is) [/lepic, a part: //., Merides']. In biol-
ogy, a cell-colony either permanently isolated, or by
budding giving rise to a higher aggregate, the deme.
Merismatic \ j)ier-is-mat' -ik) \_nipiaiia, a part ; iiepiofiot;,
a division ; fiepil^eiv, to divide]. In biology, charac-
terized by the formation of internal septa.
Merismopedia i^iner-is-mo-pe' -de-ah) \jispia)j6r^ , divi-
sion ; Tra/f, child]. A bacterium multiplying by two
rectangular divisions, thus forming a tablet-like group
of four cells in one plane. See Bacteria, Table of.
Merispore {mer' -is-por) \jii:poq, part ; CT:6po(;, seed].
The spores resulting from division of the endospore
or exospore of fungi ; one of the secondary spores of
a compound spore.
Meristem [nier'-is-tetn] [fi^piaroQ, verbal adj. of
/xepiCei.v, to divide]. In biology, the actively growing,
undifferentiated cell-tissue of the growing tips of
plants ; the formative tissue of the cambium layer.
Meristematic {iner-is-tem-at' -ik). Synonym of Mer-
ismatic.
Meristogenetic [mer-is-to-jen-ef' -ik) [iispidToc, divided ;
yEvvav, to beget]. Developed from meristem.
Merit [mer'-it) [//ep/f , a part [/lepinjc, a partaker)]. In
biology, one of the small bodies or granules contain-
ing one or two chromatin-specks, or microsomata ,
formed by the breaking up of the male and female
pronuclei in the process of impregnation. The Sper-
matomeriten and Ovomeriten of Boehm. Cf. Idant.
Merithal [mer'-ith-al) [/iep/?, part ; SaAAdf, a branch].
Same as Internode.
Merizotropia {mer-iz-o-tro' -pe-ah). See Merotropia.
Merkel's Cells. The tactile corpuscles. M.'s Gang-
lia, small groups of subepidermic ganglion-cells ; the
tactile corpuscles. M.'s Muscle. See Muscles,
Table of. M.'s Plane. See Plane. M.'s Solu-
tion, a fixing-agent used in histologic research. It
is composed of equal parts of a one-fourth per cent,
solution of platinum chlorid, and a one-fourth per
cent, solution of chromic acid. The specimen is
placed in this fluid for from two to three hours, and
then preserved in alcohol. M., Tactile Cells of.
See Grand)-/ s Corpuscles. M.'s Touch-corpuscles.
See Grandry s Corpuscles.
Meroblast {mer' -o-blast) \_iiepog, a part ; pXacrdc, a
germ]. In embryology, an ovum that contains beside
the formative protoplasm or yolk, more or less food-
yolk or nutritive protoplasm.
Meroblastic {mer-o-blas'-tik) [/vfpof > a P^ft ; ft'/naror,
a germ]. In embryology, a term applied to such
ova as present some impediment to the segmentation
of the protoplasm of the vegetative pole, owing to
which this process is more or less confined to one por-
tion of the ovum, the protoplasm of the animal pole.
The distinction between meroblastic and holoblastic is
one of degree, not of kind. " The best known ex-
ample of a vertebrate meroblastic ovum is undoubtedly
the hen's egg." (Minot.)
Merocele {nu-r' -o-sel) \jiijp6q, thigh ; w/A?/, hernia].
Femoral hernia.
Merocerite [/uer-os'-er-it) \_fi7]p6Q, thigh ; Ktpag, horn].
In biology, that joint of the antenna of a crustacean
which is borne upon the ischiocerite.
Merocoxalgia (i/ier-o-leoles-al'-Je-a/i) \_fiiip6^, thigh;
coxa, hip ; a/>of, pain]. Pain affecting the thigh and
hip.
Merocyte [mer' -o-sif) \_/itpo(;, apart; Ki-rof:, a cell]. In
biology, one of the eight nucleated masses of proto-
plasm of the meroblastic, mesolecithal, or telolecithal
germ. (Lang.)
Merodialysis [iiier-o-di-aF -is-is) [//f'pof , part ; fiidlvoiQ,
separation]. Partial decomposition.
Merogastrula {me?--o-q-as' -trti-lak) \_uepo^, a part ;
■}aar//ii, belly: //. , Merogastriilcf^. In biology, the
gastrula of a meroblastic ovum.
Merogenesis {jiier-o-jen' -es-is) [//fpof, part ; yivfox;,
genesis]. Segmentation; the origination of segments.
Merognathite (iiier-o}^' -nath-it) [fiepor, a part ; yvadoQ,
jaw]. In biology, the fourth joint of one of the gna-
thites or jaw-feet of a crustacean. (Milne- Edwards. )
Meroistic [nier-o-is' -tik) [fiepoc, apart; (p6v, egg]. In
biology, applied to the ovaries of certain insects (e. t;. ,
aphis) that give rise not only to ova and ovicapsular
epithelium, but also to large vitelligenous cells. The
latter are connected with the ova and supply nutritive
material. Cf. Panoistic.
Merology (iner-ol' -o-je) [^fiepo^, share; Poj'of, science].
General anatomy ; the science of elementary tissues.
Meropia {mer-o' -pe-ah) \jiepoc, part ; wi/', sight]. Partial
blindness; obscuration of vision.
Meroplanktonic {mer-o-plank-ton' -ik). Stee. Plankton.
Meropodite [iner-op' -o-dit) \_iitip6(;, thigh ; irovg, foot].
In biology, the fourth joint of a developed endopodite ;
the inner of the two main divisions of the typical
limb. (Milne-Edwards.)
Merorrheuma (nier-o-ru'-mah) \_p(poc, part ; pevfia,
rheum]. Partial rheumatism.
Merorrhexis [nicr-or eks'-is). Synonym of Merocele.
Meros (iiie'-ros). Merus {vie'-rns) \jnip6q, thigh]. In
biology, the thigh ; the proximal segment of the lower
or posterior limb. The fourth joint of any crustacean
appendage, as the 7nerognathite or meropodite.
Merosome (wiiT'-o-j-ow) [//fpof , part ; uw/ia, body]. In
biology, one- of the serial parts of a segmented organ-
ism ; a somite or 'metamere.
Merotopia (mer-o-to' -pe-ah) [////jor, part; rt^Trof, place].
Replacement of a part.
Merotrope [mer'-o-trop), Merotropia {iner-o-tro' -pe-ah)
[///pof, part; rpo—oc;, a turning]. Synthesis of sim-
pler bodies that have resulted from more complex
compounds which did not combine directly.
Merotropia { iiier-o-tro' -pc-ah) [////pof, thigh ; rpoTror, a
turning]. Reduction of a dislocation of the femur.
Merry-thought {mer' -e-thawt). See Furcula and
Wish-bone.
Mery's Glands. See Gland.
Merycism [mer' -is-izm) \_pripvKiap6c, rumination]. Re-
gurgitation and rechewing of food. Rumination ; a
phenomenon characteristic of an extremely homo-
geneous group of Alammalia, i. e., the Pecora, or true
ruminants, and sometimes observed in man.
Merycology [ntcr-ik-ol' -o-je) [pepimi^e/i', to ruminate;
Aoyog, science]. The study of rumination.
MERYPERTROPHY
748
MESITOL
Merypertrophy (iner-ip-er' -tro-fe) [//tpof , part ; hi:kp,
over ; Tfjo<i)//, nourishment]. Partial hypertrophy.
Merz System. A system in use for the disposal of
garbage and refuse, by which the waste material is
subjected to a process akin to desiccation. See Sew-
nj^e. Disposal o f.
Mesad [iiie'-zad] [//ecrof, middle; ad, to]. Toward
the mesial or mesal line or plane ; toward the meson.
Mesal [ine'-zal) [//t'tro!.', the middle]. At or in the
direction of the meson or median plane of the body.
Compare the opposite, lateral. Also, see Position and
Direction, Table of.
Mesallantoid [mez-al-an'-toid) [//f'crof, middle ; aXkav-
TDig, allantois]. An animal having a small allantoic
sac.
Mesameboid (mez-a/u-e^-l/oid) ^fiiaoc, middle ; dfj.ot(3)/,
a change ; ehhr, shape]. In embryology, any one
of the leukocytes or wandering-cells, or perhaps the
embryonic red blood-cells or the marrow-cells.
Mesaraic {mez-ar-a' -ik) [|Ue(70f, middle ; d/ofud, belly].
Same as Mesenteric.
Mesaraion (jnez-ar-a' -e-on'), Mesareum [rnez-ar-e'-
lun) ^/leadpawv, the mesentery]. The mesentery.
Mesarteritic i^mez-ar-ter-it' -ik) \jiirsnq, middle ; apTr/pia,
artery; «r;f, inflammation]. Pertaining to or result-
ing from mesarteritis.
Mesarteritis [inez-ar-tei--i' -tis) [/ifcof, middle ; aprr/pia,
artery; in^, inflammation]. Inflammation of the
middle coat of an artery (usually chronic).
Mesaticephalic {inez-at-is-ef-aV -11^) [/i£crdr//f, median;
K£(j>aA//, head]. Pertaining to Mesaticephalus. Also,
see Index.
Mesaticephalus (>>iez-at-is-ef' -al us) [//f(7dr//f, median ;
KEipalii, head]. In craniometry, a term applied to a
skull having a cephalic index of between 75° and 79°.
Mesatipelvic (jnez-at-ip-el'-vik) [//Ead-/;f, median;
tteXXk;, pelvis] A term applied to a pelvis whose in-
dex ranges between 90° and 95°.
Mesauchenous {inez-aw' -ken-ns) [//fcof, middle ;
ai'x>/i>, neck]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which
the angle formed between the radius fixus and a
line joining the inion and the basion is between 26°
and 38°.
yiesectoderm. [wez-el;^ -to-der;n) [/ifffof, middle; e/trdf,
outside; rff/j/xa, skin] . The ectal or ectodermal divi-
sion of the mesoderm ; also, indifferent tissue from
which both ectoderm and mesoderm are developed.
Mesembryo [niez-em' -bre-o) [/^fcrof, middle ; f/Jiipvov,
embryo]. The blastula stage of the ova of meta-
zoans.
Mesembryonic [niez-etn-bre-on'-ik') [//iffof, middle;
embryo]. Pertaining to the mesembryo.
Mesencephal {niez-en-sef -al). Same as Mesencephalon.
Mesencephalic {mez-en-sef-al' -ik\ \_jxkaoq, middle;
£yid(pa'Aoi>, the brain]. Relating to the mesenceph-
alon.
Mesencephalon {mez-en-sef -al-on) [//fo-of , middle ;
kyKripa'Ani), the brain]. One of the divisions of the
brain, consisting of the corpora quadrigemina, and the
crura cerebri.
Mesenchyma i^inez-eng' -kim-ali) [/itVof, middle ; iyxviia,
an infusion]. The portion of the mesoderm that
produces all the connective tissues of the body, the
blood-vessels, and the blood, the entire lymphatic sys-
tem proper, and the heart. The non -epithelial portions
of the me.soderm.
Mesenchyme (wi's'-f';?-/!'/;;/) \_fiinor, middle; eyx^/M,
an infusion]. In biology: (^7) applied to the meso-
derm of certain animals (r. i,-". , sponges); (/') embryonic
connective tissue composed of cells thrown off by the
mesothelium.
Mesencranus {mez-en-kra' -nus) [uecrof, middle ; 'ev,
in; Kpavlov, skull]. Lissauer's term for a skull hav-
ing a median cerebellar sector of from 15° to 20°.
Mesenteric [inez-en-ter'-ik] [_ue(jei'TepiK6(, , from fiiaog,
middle ; kvTtpov, intestine] . Pertaining to the mes-
entery.
Mesenterica [mez-en-ter' dk-ah) [/i/aof, middle; iv-
rt/joi', intestine], i. The mycelium of certain molds.
2. A vessel of the mesentery. M., Tabes. Se-^Tabes.
yisssnt&T\.\X.\s{/nez-e/i-ter-ed' -tis). Same as Mesenteritis.
Mesenteriolum(/«t'z-f;z-/ii';--/'-<)-/«/;/) [dim. of /-leaivTepov,
mesentery]. A little mesentery; especially the fold
of peritoneum that sometimes connects the appendix
vermiformis with the mesentery.
Mesenteriophthisis {^inez-en-ter-e-off'-thisds') \jxeah-
rtpov, mesentery; fOtat^, wasting]. Tabes mesen-
terica, I/. V.
Mesenteritic (inez-en-terdf dk) [/ztaor, middle ; evrepov,
intestine ; iti(;, inflammation]. Pertaining to or
affected with mesenteritis.
Mesenteritis [mez-en-ter-i'-tis) [//f'crof , middle ; hrepov,
an intestine ; (r<f, inflammation]. Inflammation of tlje
mesentery. M. chronica. Synonym of Tabes mes-
enterica .
Mesenterium [mez-en-ter' -e-um) [L. : //. , Mesenteria\
A mesentery.
Mesenteroid [inez-en' -ter-oid) \_p£(Tei>Tt'piov, mesentery;
tidoc;, like]. Resembling the mesentery.
Mesenteron {niez-oi' der-on) \_p.taoi;, middle; evrepov,
intestine]. The middle portion of the alimentary
tract in the embryo.
Mesentery [inez' -en-ter-e) \jikaoq, middle; evrepov,
bowel]. I. A fold of the peritoneum that con-
nects certain portions of the intestine with the posterior
abdominal wall. 2. A membranous septum dividing
the perivisceral cavity into more or less completely
separate chambers.
Mesentoderm, Mesendoderm {inez-en'-to-derm, mez-
en' -do-deriii) [///(Tof , middle ; evroq, within ; ^ip/ia,
skin]. The ental or entodermal division of the
mesoderm ; also, the indifferent tissue from which
both entoderm and mesoderm are developed.
Mesepimeron [inez-ep-im'-er-on) [///crof, middle ; em,
upon; ////pof, thigh : //. , Mesepi)iiera'\. In biology,
the middle lateral piece (epimeron) of the thorax or
mesothorax of an arthropod.
Mesepisternum [mez-ep-is-ter' -nuni) [//fcof , middle ;
f-/, upon; arepvov, breast: //. , Afesepisterna']. In
biology, one of the anterior lateral pieces of the meso-
thorax of an arthropod.
Meseraic [mez-er-a' -ik). See Mesaraic.
Mesethmoid (mez-etli'-inoid) \_iiiaoi;, middle; ifindq,
ethmoid]. The mesal element of the ethmoid bone,
forming a separate bone in some of the lower
animals.
Mesh [ME., maske, a mesh, or net]. A network, as
of vessels or nerves.
Mesiad (mez'-e-ad) [///crof, middle]. Same as Mesad.
Mesial {mez'-e-al) \_iierinr, middle]. Same as Median.
Mesicerin (mes-is-e'-rin) [peairt/q, a mediator; cera,
wax], C,;H.j(CH._,.OH).|. Mesitylene glycerol, pro-
duced by the action of tribrom-mesitylene upon boiling
water and lead carbonate. It is a thick liquid.
Mesidic Acid i^mes-id' -ik). See Uvitic Acid.
Mesien (inez'-e-en) [//f'crof, middle]. Belonging to the
mesion in itself.
Mesion (mez'-e-on) [»to-of, middle]. See Meson.
Mesiris (mezd'-ris) [i/fOTf, middle; 'ipiq, iris]. The
middle layer of the iris, lying between the ectiris and
the entiris.
Mesitilol [mez-it'-il-ol). Same as Mesitylene.
Mesitol (mez'-it-ol) [fiea'irri(; , a mediator], C,,H,20. A
crystalline body, chemically a hydrated mesitylene.
MESITYLENE
749
MESOCORD
Mesitylene (jnes-W -il-eii) [//fcm/r, a mediator], CgHj,^.
Trimethyl benzin. It occurs in coal-tar, and is pro-
duced by distilling acetone or allylene with H^SO^.
It is an oily, colorless, agreeable-smelling liquid, boil-
ing at 163° C.
Mesitylenic Acid {nies-it-il-en' -ik). See Acid.
Mesmeric [incz-mer' -ik) [from Mesmer, an investigator
of mesmerism]. Pertaining to or induced by mes-
merism, as mesmeric sleep. M. Coma, hypnotism,
q. V. M. Lucidity, clairvoyance. M. Promise,
the same as Hypnotic Suggestion. M. Sleep, hyp-
notism,^. V. M. State, the condition of mesmerism.
Mesmerism [inez' -iner-izm) \_J\/csiiit'r, an investigator
of the phenomena]. The phenomena formerly known
as somnambulism, and subsequently as animal mag-
netism, now better known as hypnotism.
Mesmerist (mcz'-niei--ist)\_AIcsiner, an investigator of the
phenomena] . One who induces mesmeric phenomena.
Mesmerization [i?iez-i>u'>--iz-a' -shun). Synonym of
Hypnotization.
Mesmeromania \,?nez-mer-o-ina'-ne-ah) \_Mesmer, the
investigator of mesmerism ; jjavia, madness] . Insane
or delusional pursuit of mesmeric observations.
Meso- [tnez'-o-) [///(TOf, middle]. A prefix signifying
middle.
Mesoarium {inez-o-a' -re-mn) [,ot'c7of , middle ; (Mpiov,
dim. of (f)ov, egg: //. , Mcsoaria']. In biology, that
fold of the peritoneum in certain animals {e.g., fishes)
which forms the mesentery of the ovary. See Meso-
variuin.
Mesoarteritis {mez-o-ar-ter-i' -lis). Synonym of Mes-
arteritis.
Mesobacteria [mez-o-bak-ie'-re-ah) \_fieaoc, middle;
[3aKT?/pioi>, little rod]. Medium-sized vegetable micro-
organisms.
Mesoblast [niez' -o-blast) [^etjof , middle ; pXaaroc;, a
germ]. In embryology: (a) a large, granular, single
cell, the most posterior in each of the two bands from
which the mesoderm arises in a metazoan, and which
throws off cells to add to the mesodermal band. It
appears to be a derivative of the entoderm ; {b) The
middle layer of the blastoderm, probably derived from
both the ectoderm and entoderm, and from which are
developed the vascular, muscular, and skeletal systems,
the generative glands, and the kidneys. It is also
called mesoderm. Kleinenberg protests against the
use of the term mesoblast, at least in a sense imply-
ing any possibility of comparison with the primary
layers, epiblast and hypoblast, of coelenterata. M.,
Parietal, M., Somatic, the outer mesoblastic plates
entering into the formation of the body-wall. It is
also known as Somatopleure . M., Splanchnic, M.,
Visceral, the inner mesoblastic plates forming the
wall of the digestive tract and its derivatives. It
is also known as Splanchtiopleure.
Mesoblastema {inez-o-blas-fe' -mali) [//fdof, middle ;
l3MaTr//ja,a. shoot; pi. , Mesoblastcmnta\ In embry-
ology, the germinal cells that go to form the meso-
derm ; the mesoblastic cells.
Mesoblastic {mez-o-blas' -tik) [//ftrof, middle; ^'kaa-oc,
sprout]. Pertaining to the mesoblast.
Mesobranchious {mez-o-brang' -ke-us] \_fje.ao^, middle ;
Ppnyxia, gill]. Having the gills or branchiae in the
middle of the body.
Mesobregmus {ii/ez-o-breg'-mns) [//fVor, middle ;
fipiy/m, the sinciput]. Lissauer's term for a skull in
which the angle formed between the radius fixus and
the line joining the hormium and the bregma is be-
tween 68° and 82°.
Mesobronchitis (mez-o-bron-ki'-tis) [/^fffoc, middle ;
Ajoy;!;^, bronchus ; irtr, inflammation]. An inflam-
mation of the middle coat of the bronchial tubes.
Mesobronchium {mez-o-bron' -ke-um) \jikmc^, middle ;
(Spdyx^"^ bronchus]. One of the divisions of the
trachea in birds.
Mesocsecum [inez-o-se'-ktii/i). See Mesocccum.
Mesocardia {mez-o-kar' -de-ah) [//iffof, middle ; i<apiVia,
heart]. The position of the heart in the central and
anterior part of the chest, a situation that is normal at
an early stage of development.
Mesocardium (inez-o-kar' -de-iini) [//fffof , middle ;
KaptVia, heart]. A mesoblastic fold attached to the
heart.
Mesocarp {inez' -o-karp) middle; mpn6<;, fruit].
In biology, the middle layer of a three-layered pieri-
carp ; the sarcocarp.
Mesocecum {mez-o-se' -kiim') [/itcrof , middle ; ccrcus,
blind]. The mesentery that sometimes connects the
dorsal part of the cecum with the right iliac fossa.
Mesocele [tnez' -o-sel ) \_utaoi;, middle; KoiXia, cavity].
The cavity or ventricle of the mesencephal ; consider-
able in lower vertebrates but in adult mammals re-
duced to a slender passage, the aqueduct of Sylvius or
iter a tertio ad quartum ventrictdiun.
Mesoccelia {inez-o-se' -le-ah) \jikaoq, middle; Koi'k'ia,
cavity]. See JMesocele.
Mesocephalic [inez-o-sef-aF-ik) [//fffof, middle;
KSijiaX)/, head]. See Megacephalic. M. Pillars, in
entomology, a pair of strong rods running from the
front to the back of the inside of the head of certain
insects (c. g., bees), and attached by their extremities
just outside and below the antenna;, and at the rear of
the head beneath and on each side of the occipital
opening. (Cheshire.)
Mesocephalism {mcz-o-sef'-al-izm), Mesocephaly
{inez-o-sef -al-c) [///cof, middle; Kecjia'/Jj, head]. The
condition of having a mesocephalic skull.
Mesocephalitis {nicz-o-sef-al-i' -tis) \jiiaoq, middle;
Ke<pa'Xii, head ; (tk;, inflammation]. Inflammation of
the mesocephalon or pons Varolii.
Mesocephalon [inez-o-sef-al-o}i). See Pons I'arolii.
Mesocerebrum [mez-o-ser'-e-brian). See Pons I'ar-
olii.
Mesochil [incz-o-kil'), Mesochilium {mez-o-kil'-e-wn)
[//fvjof, middle ; x^Vkoi;, lip]. In biology, the middle
part of the tripartite label lum of certain orchids.
Mesochondriac {mez-o-kon'-dre-ak) [/iicrof, middle ;
^Y/'i'fSpor, cartilage] . Situated between any two con-
tiguous tracheal cartilages.
Mesochoroidea [inez-o-ko-roid-e' -aJi) [//fcoo, middle;
xopiov, the chorion ; fItJof, like]. The middle coat
of the choroid.
Mesocolic {mez-o-kol' -ik) [/t/f(TOf, middle ; kMov, colon].
Pertaining to the mesocolon.
Mesocolon (mez-o-ko'-lon) [//fcrof , middle ; ku^ov,
colon]. The mesentery connecting the colon with the
posterior abdominal wall. It is divided into ascending,
transTerse, and descending Y)^^^^. M., Sigmoid, the
fold of the peritoneum connecting the sigmoid flexure
with the left iliac fossa.
Mesoconch (mez'-o-kongk) [//fcof, middle; nAyxii
a shell]. Possessing an orbital index of from 80° to
85°.
Mesocoracoid (inez-o-kor' -ak-oid) middle;
Kdpa^, a raven; ehh^, form]. In comparative an-
atomy, situated between the hypercoracoid and the
hypocoracoid ; specifically an element in the shoulder-
girdle of certain bony fishes.
Mesocord (;;/^0''-o-/;'(i/-i7') [//tffof, middle ; cAorda , cordl.
An abnormality of the umbilical cord in which, in-
stead of being directly inserted into the placenta, it is
received into a fold of the amnion arranged analogous
to the meso-rectum. This condition does not inter-
fere with the health of the child.
MESOCORNEA
750
MESOPATAGIUM
Mesocornea [mez-o-kor' -ne-ah) [/ifffoi,-, middle ; corneas,
horny]. The proper substance of the cornea lying
between the ectocornea and the entocornea.
Mesocranium {mez-o-kra' -ne-nni). Synonym of Vertex.
Mesocuneiform {niez-o-kii' -ne-if-orin) [/i/cof , middle ;
luiilhs, wedge; forma, form]. The middle cunei-
form bone of the tarsus.
Mesocyst [mez'-o-sist) [/zf'o-of, middle; \i'<T-;f, bladder] .
A double fold of peritoneum attaching the gall-blad-
der to the liver.
Mesoderm [mez' -o-derm) [//ttrof, middle; flepfM, skin].
In embryology, the middle of the three blastoder-
mic layers of the germ in the metazoa. " The
morphology of the mesoderm is one of the most vexed
questions of the day. Scarcely an embryologist can
be found who has not published opinions on this ques-
tion considerably at variance with the opinions of
others. It has been maintained that the mesoderm
arises from the ectoderm ; that it arises from the ento-
derm, or from both ; from neither, but from two spe-
cial segmentation-spheres ; that it has a double origin,
part coming from the blastoderm, part from the yolk;
and even that there is no mesoderm." (Minot.)
Mesodiastolic [mez-o-di-as-tol'-ik) \_iikaor, middle;
fiianriiAii, diastole]. Occurring in the middle of the
diastolic period.
Mesodme [inez-od'-me) [^ecrdJ/^;?] . See Mediastinum.
Mesodmitis {inez-od-mi'-tis). See Mediastiiiitis.
Mesodont [mez'-o-dont). See Alacrodont.
Mesoduodenum (mez-o-dii-o-de' -num) SjikGo<^, middle ;
duodeni, twelve each]. That part of the mesentery
that sometimes connects the duodenum with the poste-
rior wall of the abdominal cavity. Normally, the
true duodenum has no mesentery, at least in its fully
developed state.
Mesoepididymis [?nez-o-ep-id-id' -itn-is) [^effof, mid-
dle ; t-iih(h>ulc, epididymis]. The fold of the tunica
vaginalis attaching the epididymis to the upper poste-
rior part of the testis.
Mesogaster {mez-o-gas' -ter) [^/trof, middle ; yaarr^p,
stomach]. The part of the primitive gut giving rise
to the duodenum, the liver, the pancreas, the jejunum,
and the ileum.
Mesogastric (mez-o-gas' -trik) [//fo-of , middle ; yaari/p,
stomach]. Pertaining to the umbilical region.
Mesogastrium [mez-o-gas' -t?-e-ii/ii) [^icrof, middle;
yanriif), stomach]. I. The umbilical region of the
abdomen. 2. A fold of mesentery, which, in early
fetal life, connects the stomach with the posterior wall
of the abdominal cavity.
Mesogenous [mez-oj'-en-us) [//fuof , middle ; yivrjc,
born]. In biology, increasing by growth at or from
the middle, as the spores of certain fungi.
Mesogloea {mez-o-gle' -ah) [/^firor, middle ; yXn'ia, glue].
In biology, applied to the intercellular matrix or
ground-substance of certain organisms.
Mesoglossal [m -z-o-glos' -al) [/i/ffor, middle ; yXwaaa,
tongue]. Pertaining to the middle of the tongue.
Mesogluteus [mez-o-gln'-te-tts) [/ilmr, middle ; yAnvToi;,
the buttock]. The middle gluteal muscle.
Mesognathic (mez-og-iia' -tliik) \_ii(aoq, middle ; yvnBoq,
jaw]. Relating to the mesognathion. See, also,
Index.
Mesognathion [mez-og-na' -Ike-on') [//fcrof, middle ;
yvtillor, jaw]. The intermaxillary bone.
Mesognathism (uiez-O'^-ndlh' -ism') [^fcof, middle ;
yvdffng, jaw]. The presence of a mesognathion.
Mesognathous {mez-og^-na-t/ius)yikiyoc,m\dd\e ; yvdftoc,
jaw]. Having a gnathic index between 98° and 103°.
Mesognathy (mez-og' -na-tlie) \_ii'naoc, middle ; yvoBoc,
jaw]. The character of having a gnathic index be-
tween 98° and 103°.
Mesogonious {mez-og-o' -ne-iis) [//fcrof, middle ; yovv,
knee]. Pertaining to the knee-joint.
Mesogonium iyinez-og-o' -ne-iiiii) [/ifcrof, middle ; yovo;,
producing: //. , Afesogonialj. In biology, one of the
mesenteria of a cnidarian, in which the gonades or re-
productive glands are situated.
Mesohepar {^mez-o-Jie' -par) [^fcrof, middle ; rjixap,
liver]. The peritoneal fold attached to the right
hepatic lobe in many animals.
Mesolobe {iiiez'-o-ldb), Mesolobus {inez-ol' -o-bus)
[/zffjof, middle; lojiog, lobe]. The callosum.
Mesolobic [mez-o-io' -bik) [/jjcrof, middle ; Xo/iof, lobe].
Pertaining to the mesolobe.
Mesology [inez-ol' -o-/e) [//t'cof, middle ; tdyot;, science].
The science of environment in its relation to life.
Mesomental ()-Wi'/7'-;'a/)[/;fcrr)f, middle ; omentum,
omentum]. Relating to the middle of the omentum.
Mesomeria (mez-o-me'-re-ah), Mesomerion [mez-o-
me' -re-on) [//f'crof, middle ; yDjpui;, thigh]. The peri-
neum.
Mesometrion [mez-o-?ne' -tre-on). Synonym of Meso-
metrium.
Mesometritis [mez-o-?ne-tri'-tis) [^fdof , middle ; nr/Tpa,
womb; trie:, inflammation]. Inflammation of the
parenchyma of the womb.
Mesometrium [mez-o-me^-tre-um), 'Mesometry (mez-o-
tnet'-re) \jitaoq, middle; ^il/rpa, womb]. The vascu-
lar membranous tissue connecting the body of the
womb with the adjoining parts ; the broad ligaments
considered as one organ.
Mesomphalion {mcz- om-fa' - le-on), Mesomphalium
(wd'2-«OT-/(z'-/f-«w), Mesomphalum [mez-om' -fal-iaii)
[//iffof, middle; oyL^aKoq, navel]. The middle of, the
umbilicus, or the umbilicus itself.
Meson {i?iez'-on) [//Etrof, the middle]. The imaginary
plane in the body extending from the dorsal to the
ventral aspect, and from the caudal to the cephalic
extremity, and serving to divide the body into sym-
metric right and left halves. The middle or median
plane.
Mesonasal (mez-o-na'-sal) \_fi.eaoc, middle; nasus,
nose]. Pertaining to the median region of the nose.
Mesonephric (mez-o-nef'-rik), Mesonephritic {mez-o-
nef-rit'-ik) [/itvTOf, middle ; I'f^pdf, kidney]. Pertain-
ing to the mesonephron.
Mesonephron [mez-o-nef^-ron), Mesonephros [mez-o-
nef'-ros) [^fdof, middle; i'i:<f>p6(;, kidney]. I. The
Wolffian body, primitive kidney, archinephron, corps
de Wolff, or Urniere ; a body arising from the posterior
portion of the Wolffian or nephridial ridge of the ver-
tebrate embryo. It is the chief renal organ through
out life in the anamnia, whereas in the amniota it dis-
appears during embryonic life, to be replaced by the
true kidney, a small portion being retained in connec-
tion with the sexual organs. 2. The mesentery for
the kidney.
Mesonotal (mez-o-no' -tal) [//t(TOf, middle ; vCirog, back].
Pertaining to the Mesonotum, q. v.
Mesonofum [mez-o-no' -turn) [/jfcrof, middle; vurof,
the back]. In biology, the medio-dorsal portion of
the thorax of an insect.
Mesopanencephalus (mez-o-pan-en-se/'-nl-ns) [/"-'ffof,
middle ; -dv, all ; (yKt(pa'\or, brain]. Lissauer's term
for a skull in which the angle between the lines drawn
from the nasion and the basion to the punctura alse
vomeris is between 163° and 165.5°.
Mesoparapteron [mez-o-par-at'' -ter-on) [///(Jo?, middle;
-cipd, beyond ; -repdv, wing]. In biology, the third
sclerite of the mesopleuron ; the parapteron of the
mesothoracic segment.
Mesopatagium (mez-o-pat-a'-je-iiiii) [//fffof, middle;
7rarajt;oc, the border of a gown]. In biology, that
MESOPHLEBION
751
MESOSTATE
part of the wing-membrane of bats which is limited
hy the vertical terminal branch of the intercosto-
humeral line, by the forearm, and the fifth metacarpal
bone and phalanges. Cf. Dactylo-patagiiim , Kclopala-
gium. (Allen.)
Mesophlebion [/nez-o-/Ieb'-e-on), Mesophlebium [mez-
o-fleh' -e-iii)t) [//fuof, middle; ij)?L(:pi(iv, veinj. I. The
middle coat of a vein. 2. The space between two veins.
Mesophlebitis [mez-o-fle-bi' -tis) [/(tirof, middle ; <p'A£ip,
vein; iTi^, inflammation]. Inflammation of the middle
coat of a vein, or mesophlebion.
Mesophlceum (inez-o-JV -iiin) \_fikaoi;, middle; (pAoiog,
bark]. In biology, the green or middle layer of the
bark.
Mesophragm [viez'-o-fram'), Mesophragma [mez-o-
frag' -malt') [//iffu^-, middle; ippdyfui, partition: //. ,
Mesophraginaia']. In biology, a stiff plate between
the meso-thorax and the meta-thorax in certain insects
[e.g., bees), giving attachment to part of the muscles
of the organs of flight. (Cheshire.)
Mesophryon [mez-off'-re-on) [//f'ffof, middle ; 'o(ppvQ,
eyebrow]. The glabella.
Mesophyl {)iiez'-o-fil) [///crof, middle; (/il'/lXoi', a leaf].
In biology, all the parenchyma or soft inner tissue of
a leaf, between the layers of epidermis.
Mesophyllum [»iez-o-fil' -11)11). Same as Mesophyl.
Mesophyte [mez'-o-fu), Mesophytum {mez-off' -it-urn)
[//f'crof, middle ; OTrop, a plant : pi. , MesophyttT\. In
biology, the line of demarcation between the inter-
node and the petiole : the collar.
Mesopic [mez-op'-ik) \_ficaoq, middle ; ui/i, face].
Having small and retreating malar bones, with a
naso-malar index of from 107.5° to 1 10°.
Mesoplast {iiiez' -o-plast) [ /ifffor, middle; TrAoffrdf,
verbal adj. of -K'/acaeni, to form, to mold]. In biol-
ogy, the nuclear protoplasm of a cell-nucleus ; the en-
doplast.
Mesoplastron [inez-o-plns'-tron) middle; Fr.,
plastron, a breast-plate]. In biology, the median and
anterior plate of the plastron.
Mesopleura (inez-o-plu'-rah) [^fcrof , middle ; TT?ievpd,
rib]. An intercostal space.
Mesopleurius, Mesopleurus {inez-o-plu' -re-us, mez-o-
plu'-rhs) [,uf(70f, middle ; TrXetipa, rib] . Pertaining to
the spaces between the ribs. In the plural, the inter-
costal spaces.
Mesopleuron (mez-o-plu'-roii) [///(TOf, middle ; trXevpov,
a rib]. In biology, one of the lateral pieces or pleura
of the mesothorax of an insect.
Mesopodialia [mez-o-po-de-a'-le- ah) [/ufcrof, middle ;
TForf (TTOfJ-), foot]. In osteology, a collective term
applied to the bones of the carpus and tarsus con-
sidered as forming a segment of the fore-limb or hind-
limb. Cf. Mi'tapodialia.
Mesopodium (titez-o-po' -de-um) [u/uof, middle ; Troi'if ,
foot : //,, Mesppodia']. In biology, the middle region
of the foot of a gasteropod or pteropod, as distin-
guished from the propodiinn and melapodium.
Mesoprosopic [mez-o-pros-o'-pik) [/ikno^, middle;
npoauTTov, face]. Having a face of moderate breadth ;
not chameprosopic or leptoprosopic.
Mesopsyche [>ncz-op-si'-ke) [,Kf(70f, middle; i/w'^'/.
soul]. Haeckel's term for the mesencephalon.
Mesopterygium {mez-op-ti-r-ij' -e-um) [,uf(70f, middle ;
7rr£/)i';)/(ov, a little wing: />/. , Mesoptcrygia'\. In biol-
ogy, the middle, basal cartilage in the pterygium of a
fish, between the propfcrygium and the iiiefapfenginiir.
Mesoraic (OTt'G-or-a'-//').. Synonym of APeseiiteric.
Mesorchion [mez-or' -ke-on), Mesorchis {mez-or' -kis),
Mesorchium [mez-or' -ke-itm) \_pfnor, middle ; opxK,
testicle]. A fold of the peritoneum containing the fetal
testes at about the fifth month, before their descent.
Mesorcin {iiwz-or' -sui), Mesorcinol {mez-or' -sin-ol^
{jLtahrjc, a mediator], CgH].,0.^. A substance obtained
from dinitro-mesitylene. It sublimes in shining leaflets,
melts at 150° C, and distils at 275° C.
Mesorectum [inez-o-rek' -tniii) [_fj£aor, middle ; rectus,
straight]. The narrow fold of the peritoneum con-
necting the upper part of the rectum with the sacrum.
Mesoretina [mez-o-ret' -iii-ah) [//Ecof, middle ; retina,
retina]. The middle layer of the retina, composed
of the nuclear and the rod-and-cone layer. The
mesoretina is also called the mosaic layer.
Mesorhine [iiiez' -or-in) \_piaoQ, middle ; 'pi(;, nose].
Having a nasal index between 48° and 52°. See In-
dex.
Mesorhinium (inez-o-riti'-e-um) \_iunoc, middle ; p/f ,
the nose: //. , Mesorkinia'\. In biology, the part
between the nostrils, as the beak of a bird.
Mesoropter {mez-o-rop' -ter) ^fitaoi;, middle; opof,
boundary; oTrrEcr^^a/, to sleep]. The normal position
of the eyes when their muscles are at rest. M.,
Muscular, the angle formed by the visual axes of the
eyes when the external ocular muscles are at rest.
Mesorrhine (mez^-or-iii). See Mesorhine .
y\.&so%a\-^\xv^{7nez-o-sal' -pingks)\_pka(K , middle ; tra/myf,
a trumpet]. A falciform, double fold of peritoneum
bounded above by the Fallopian tube, internally by
the lateral wall of the uterus, externally by the tubo-
ovarian fimbria and the ligamentum infundibulo-ovari-
cum of Henle, and inferiorly by the ovary and the
utero-ovarian ligament.
Mesoscapula (inez-o-skap' -u-lah) \_ptao<;, middle ; scap-
ula, shoulder-blade]. The scapular spine.
Mesoscelocele [ inez-o-skel' -o-sel) [ ///crof , middle;
rr/,f /of , leg ; k?//;/, tumor]. Perineal hernia.
Mesoscelophyma [inez-o-skel-o-fi' -inah ) [/(fcrof , middle ;
okDmq, leg; (pvpa, tumor]. A perinea! tumor.
Mesoscelus {mez-os'-kel-us) [/it'tjof, middle; CKkXo^,
leg]. The perineum.
Mesoscutellum [mez-o-skti-tel' -um) [//fdof, middle;
sciitelhwi, a little shield]. ' In biology, the scutellar
sclerite of the mesothorax.
Mesoscutum {mez-o-sku'-tum) \_pkao(;, middle ; scutiitn,
a shield]. In biology, the scutum of the mesonotum.
Mesoseme {)iiez'-o-seiii) [^^o•of, middle; al]jxa, sign,
index]. Having a moderate orbital index. See /«-
dex.
Mesosigmoid [inez-o-sig'-moid) [//f'crof, middle; aiyiia,
sigma ; f /f5of , form] . The mesentery of the sigmoid
flexure of the colon.
Mesoskeleton (mez-o-skeF -et-on) [//fffof, middle ; ck(\-
ct6v, skeleton]. The internal skeleton of an animal
of mesodermic origin.
Mesosoma (jnez-o-so' -tnah) [/ifuof, middle ; (tw^q, the
body: pi. , ]\Pesosomata'\. In biology, the middle re-
gion of the body. Especially is the tenn applied to
lamellibranchiate molluscs to distinguish it from the
prosonm and the metasovui.
Mesosperm [mez' -o-sperni) [//fuof , middle ; arrep/ta,
seed]. In biology, the inner coat or integument of
the ovule. Cf. Secundine.
Mesospore {mez' -o-spor) [//mor, middle ; GTzopnc, seed].
In biology: I. The middle coat of a spore having
three coats. 2. A spore of moderate size.
Mesostaphyline {inez-o-staf -il-in) [//f'cof, middle;
oTn(pv2ii, the uvula]. In craniometry, a term applied
to a skull having a palatal index of from 80° to 85°.
Mesostate {mez' -o-stat) [^/crof, middle ; orarof , placed].
A generic term for the intermediate substances formed
in the metabolic processes of secretion, nutrition,
or cell-metamorphosis, between the less complex forms
of the ingesta up to and through those of the highest
complexity and instability (anabolism) , and back again
MESOSTERNAL
752
METACARPEN
to the simpler end-products of the katabohc processes.
Those metastates formed in the " ascending staircase "
— synthetic or anabohc — are called Anastates. Those
of the descending staircase — analytic katabolic— are
C'iAaACatastates. See AnaboUn, Kataholin , MetaboUn.
Mesosternal [mez-o-ster' -iin/) [/^fcrof, middle; artpvor,
breast-bone] . Pertaining to the mesosternum.
Mesosternebra (inez-o-ster' -neb-rah) [wfcof, middle ;
steniebra, sternum]. Any sternebra that helps to
make up the mesosternum or its homologue in any lower
animal.
Mesosternum (w('a-t>-j-to''-«z/w) [^fffof, middle ; arkp-
vov, the sternum]. I. In biology, the large ventral
sclerite of an insect between the legs of the second
thoracic segment. 2. The gladiolus, or second piece
of the sternum.
Mesostethium {mez-o-ste'-the-iun) [//fo-of,-, middle;
t7r//ftoi', dim. of orz/Wof, the breast: //. , Mesostethia'\.
In biology, the large ventral sclerite of an insect be-
tween the bases of the middle and posterior legs ; the
metasternum.
Mesosthenic [mez-o-sthen'-ik) [//taof, middle ; aOhxn:,
strength]. Having a moderate degree of muscular
force.
Mesostomatous i^rnez-o-sto' -mat -its'), Mesostomous
[iiicz- os' - to- mm) [//fcof, middle; ordp-a, mouth].
Having the mouth situated in the middle of the body.
Mesostylous [inez-o-sti' -lus) \_piaor, middle; aTvXo<;, a
pillar]. In biology, having styles of intermediate
length in heterostyled plants.
Mesotarsal (niez-o-tar'-sal). Synonym oi Mediotarsal.
Mesotarsus {jnez-o-tar' -sits) [//tcrof, middle ; Tapoog,
any broad, flat surface : //. , Mesotarsi'\. In biology,
the tarsus of the middle or second leg of a hexapod
insect.
Mesothelioma {mez-o-tlu'-le-o'-maJi) [//firor, middle;
f^/////, nipple ; o/ya, a tumor]. A variety of epithe-
lioma supposed to be developed from the mesoblast.
Mesothelium (^mez-o-the'-le-um) [///fiof, middle; iiift\>i,
the nipple]. In biology, an epithelial arrangement
assumed by the mesodermic cells which bound the
cavities formed in the mesoderm of a metazoan em-
bryo ; the peritoneal epithelium.
Mesothenar (inez-o-the'-nar) [/v/ffof, middle; Oevap,
palm] . The muscle drawing the thumb toward the
palm of the hand ; the adductor pollicis.
Mesothermal (mcz-o-tlwr' -Dial) [//fcrof, middle ; Q'eppij,
heat]. Of medium warmth.
Mesothoracotheca (iiiez-o-tho-rak-o-the' -kaJi) \_piao(i,
middle; Ww/ji/f, chest; ^rjiai, a case: //. , Mesotho-
rai:othecif\. In entomology, that portion of a pupa-
case covering the mesothorax.
Mesothorax [tnez-o-tho' -raks) \_piaoc,, middle ; flupn^,
chest]. In entomology, the second or intermediate
segment of the thorax of an insect ; to it are joined
the second pair of legs and the first pair of wings.
Mesotic fyiiiez-ot' -ik) \_peadTrir, the middle]. Pertain-
ing to, or affecting, the median or parenchymatous
tissues.
Mesotocatarrhus [mez-ot-o-kat-ar' -tis) [//fcof , middle ;
oiV, ear ; Kanippof, catarrh] . Catarrh of the middle
ear.
Mesotcechitis (?iiez-o-te-ki'-tis) [//fa-dro^fof, dividing
wall; iTir, inflammation]. Inflammation of the meso-
toechium. •
Mesotcechium (mcz-o-te' -ke-um) [p( aoroi xnr , dividing
wall] . The mediastinum.
Mesotomic [mez-o-tom' -ik) [/jftrof, middle; ropi), a
cutting]. Pertaining to mesotomism.
Mesotomism {j)iez-ot' -o-mizm) [,ut<Tof , middle ; ro//?/, a
cutting]. The process of separating optically opposite
isomers.
Mesotrocha {>nez-ot'-rc-kaJi) [//fffof, middle; Od>pa^,
chest]. In embryology, that form of vermian and
molluscan larva in which one or two rows of cilia are
present in the middle of the body, and the character-
istic telotrochal rings are absent. Q,i. AtrocJia , Mono-
troclia, Tclotrocka, Polytrocha, Nototrocha Gastero-
troc/ia, Ampliitrocha, Aitiiiotrocha, Trochophora.
y\.Q%o\XL\\ym3\{mez-o-tey' -bin-al) [//faof, middle ; turbo,
a wheel]. The lower part of the ectethmoid, over-
hanging the middle nasal meatus.
Mesotympanic [mez-o-ti»t-paii'-ik) \_peao(;, middle;
Tvprravov, a drum]. See Symplectic.
Mesovarium [itiez-o-va'-re-uni] [//fcrof, middle; ova-
rium, ovary]. A peritoneal fold connecting the ovary
to the broad ligament.
Mesoventral (mez-o-ven'-tral) [//foof, middle ; venter,
belly]. Both median and ventral.
Mesoxalic Acid {mez-oks-al'-ik) [_peoo(;, middle ; b^nXig,
sorrel], CjHjOj -(- H.^0. A crystalline acid obtained
in several ways from alloxan and from amidomalonic
acid.
Mesoxalylurea (incz-oks-al-il-u' -re-ali). Same as Al-
loxan.
Mesozoa (mez-o zo'-ak) [/^fcrof, middle; fojoi/, animal].
A class of animals intermediate between the protozoa
and the metazoa.
Mesquite [mes' -kit). See Alezquite.
Mestica (j>ics' -tik-ah). Same as Cochineal.
Mestome [mes'-tom) \_peaTupa, fulness]. In biology,
that portion of a fibrovascular bundle which is essen-
tially conductive, as distinguished from the supporting
tissue, stereomc.
Meta- [mct'-ali-) \_peTa, among or between]. A prefix
signifying over, beyond, among, between, change, or
transformation. For many meta- organic compounds
see the corresponding words without the prefix.
Meta-acetphenetidin {^met-ah-as-et-fen-et' -id-in). See
Phenacetin .
Metabasis [met-ab' -as-is) [^era, over; /?a/wn', to go].
Any radical change in a disease. Also, a change in
the treatment of a disease.
Metabole (met-ab'-o-le). Synonym oi Aletabolism ;
also of Metabasis.
Metabolia {met-ab-o'-le-ali). Synonym of' Metabo-
lism.
Metabolic {met-ab-ol'-ik) \_peTajin')\fi, change]. Pertain-
ing to metaliolism. M. Equilibrium, the equality
between the absorption and assimilation of food, and
the excretion of effete or end-products.
Metabolin (met-ah'-o-lin) \_pETaflo'krj, change]. A pro-
duct of metabolism ; a metabolite or mesostate.
Metabolism [met-ab' -o-lizm) [pe-apnTiJ/, change]. A
change taking place in the intimate condition of cells
whereby their molecule becomes more complex or
contains more force — anabolism — or less complex —
katabolism. The former process is also called con-
structive or synthetic metabolism , the latter, destrucltve
tnetabolism. The power that organized bodies possess
of continually using up and renewing the matter com-
posing the body.
Metabolite {met-ab'-o-ht) \_peTa(in}ri , change]. Any
product of metabolic change ; any mesostate.
Metabolize (met-ai/'-o-ltz) [/i£Tai3u'Ai/, change]. To
transform by means of metabolism.
Metabolous {met-ab' -o-lus). Synonym of ATetabolic.
Metaboly {met-ab'-o-le) [peTaPoXt/, later also /ifra/W'o,
change, exchange]. Same as Metabolis?n.
Metacarpal (met-ah-ar'-pal) ^peraKapTr/ov, wrist]. Per-
taining to the metacarpus, or to any bone of the
metacarpus.
Metacarpen [met-ak-ar'-pen) \ji(-amp'Kiov, wrist],
belonging to the metacarpus in itself.
METACARPO-PHALANGEAL 753
METALLIC
Metacarpo-phalangeal (inet-ak-ar' -po-pha-la7i' -je-al )
^fieTaKCipTTior , wrist ; (j>aAayi;, phalanx]. Belonging
to the metacarpus and the phalanges.
Metacarpus (jnet-ak-ar' -pus) [/jerd, beyond ; Kap-rroi;,
wrist]. The bones, five in number, of the palm of
the hand ; that part
between the carpus
and the phalanges.
Metacasein Reaction.
The coagulation of
milk on boiling, after
treatment with pancre-
atic extracts.
Metacele, Metacelia
(inet' -as-el, viet-as-e'-
le-ah) \_iitTa, beyond;
KOik'ia, cavity] . The
caudal or metencepha-
lic portion of the fourth
ventricle.
Metacellulose (tnef-as-
el'-u-lds) \_iieTa, along
with; cellula, a cell].
An isomer of cellulose,
with which it agrees
in being soluble in
concentrated sulphuric
acid, and from which
it differs in being in-
soluble in cupric am-
monia even after the
addition of acids. Cf.
Paracelhilose.
Metacheirisis [met-ak-
i'-ris-is), Metacheir-
ismus {inet-ak-i-riz' -
OTM^) [|UErd, with ; X^'Pi
Bones of the Hand, Showing
THE Metacarpus.
I. Scaphoid. 2. Semilunar. 3
Cuneiform. 4. Pisiform. 5.
Trapezium. 6. Groove for ten
don of flexor carpi radialis. 7
Trapezoid. 8. Os magnum. 9
Unciform. 10, 10. Metacarpal
bones. 11, 11. First phalanges
of fingers. 12,12. Second pha-
langes. 13, 13. Third pha-
langes. 14. First phalanx of
thumb. 15. Second phalanx.
hand]. Manipulation
in the treatment of disease.
Metachloral (inet-ak-lo'-ral') [//era, beyond ; x'^-^P^'^.-,
green]. A tasteless, polymeric form of chloral, said
to have properties not unlike those of chloral hydrate.
Unof.
Metachoresis imet-ak-o' -res-is) [/ierd, beyond; x'^PV^Kf
agoing]. Metastasis; dislocation.
Metachromasia (ntet-ak-ro-ma' -ze-ah) [/ifrd, beyond ;
XP<'>/^a, color]. The chemico-chromatic changes in-
duced in cells by the staining substances employed in
histologic technic.
Metachromatism {met-ak-ro' -inat-iziii) [/^frn, after ;
Xpii/'-a, color]. Change of color, as of the hair.
Metachrosis i^meZ-ak-ro' -sis) [^erd, beyond ; XP^^^'''''
to tinge, to stain]. In biology, applied to the change
or play of colors seen in the squid, chameleon, and
other animals.
Metachysis (iiiet-ak' -is-is) [//era, beyond ; ;j;i'(T(f, effu-
sion]. The transfusion of blood. Also, the intro-
duction of any substance into the blood by mechan-
ical means.
Metacineris {itiet-as-in-e'-sis'). Synonym of Metakinesis.
Metacism [inef -as-izni) \ji.vTaKw 116c, \xom. jai), letter m].
Repetition of the letter m.
Metacondyle (inet-ak-on' -dtl') [/ifrn, after; KOvSvhoc,
knuckle]. Any distal phalanx of a finger, or the bone
thereof
Metacone [incf -ah-dii) [//frd, beyond; Kuvor, cone].
The outer posterior cusp of an upper molar tooth.
Metaconid (jiiet-ak-o' -nid) [f'frd, beyond ; kHjvoc,
cone]. The inner anterior cusp of a lower molar tooth.
Metaconule (inet-ak-o'-nfil') \_fj.ETa, beyond; kCivoc,
cone]. The posterior intermediate cusp of an upper
molar tooth.
48
Metacrolei'n (wcZ-n/'- ro''- /?-/«) [//fro, beyond; acer,
sharp ; oleum, oil], (C<|H^O)3. A product of the
burning of the HCl compound of acrolein with alka-
lies or potassium carbonate. It crystallizes from
alcohol in tablets, fusing at from 45° to 46° C, and
dissociating at 160° C.
Metacyesis {tnet-as-i-e'-sis) \jiz-a, beyond; tivi^aic,
gestation]. Extra-uterine gestation, especially that
which is begun in the oviduct and continued in the
abdominal cavity.
Metadermatosis {nief-ad-er-mat-o' -sis) \jitra, beyond ;
dtpfia, skin ; idcrof, disease]. A pathologic produc-
tion of epidermis.
Metadrasis (^tiiet-ad-ra' -sis) [//fro, over; dpac/f, exer-
tion] . Overwork of body or mind.
Metafacial [i?iet-af-a'-s/ial) \_/xETa, beyond ; fades,
face]. Posterior to the face.
Metagaster {niet-ag-as' -ter) [//£rd, beyond; yacriij},
stomach]. The primitive digestive tube from which
the respiratory organs are developed.
Metagastrula {niet-ag-as'-tru-lah) [//frd, beyond;
yanrijp, belly]. A modification of segmentation, pro-
ducing a form of gastrula differing from the simple
gastrula of the amphioxus.
Metagenesis (wf;'-(?/'-f«''-<?j-/^) [//frd, beyond, after;
yiveaii;, production]. In biology, indirect develop-
ment, or the alternation of differently-formed genera-
tions which multiply in different ways, /. e. , sexually
or gemmiparously.
Metagenetic, Metagenic {met-aj-en-et' -ik, viet-aj-en'-
ik) [//Erd, beyond; yeveaic;, origin]. Relating to
metagenesis.
Metaglycerin {met-ag-lis' -er-in) [//erd, beyond ; ylv-
Kepor, sweet], CgH,.,04. An oily substance derived
from glycerin by heating a solution of it in water to
100° C. or by treating glycerin with hydrochloric acid.
Metagnathism {met - ag' - na - thizm) [/-/frd, beyond ;
yvaHoc, the jaw]. In biology, applied to the crossing
of the mandibles, as seen in certain birds, e.g., Loxia
Ltirvirostra.
Metakinesis (tnei-ak-in-e' -sis) [/'frd, toward ; K'ivr]ai<;,
movement, change]. I. In biology, Waldeyer's term
for the pithode, or hari-el-stage of cell-division, in
which the secondary threads or loops tend to pass
toward the two poles of the nuclear spindle. 2. Any
psychologic exhibition coordinate or correlate of
kinesis. See Kinesis.
Metakresol (inet-ak-re' -sol) [/-/frd, along with; Kpeaq,
flesh; o/t7////, oil], CjHgO.^. A phenol isomeric with
kresol. It boils at 201° C. (398.8° F. ) and has an
odor like that of carbolic acid.
Metal {tuei'-nl) [//fra/l/lov, a metal]. Any elementary
substance distinguished by malleability, ductility,
fusibility, and the basic character of its oxid.
Metalbumin {met-aV -bu-min). See Paralbumin .
Metalepsy {met'-al-ep-se) \jieTa7t.riT^iq , participation].
In chemistry, change or variation produced by the
displacement of an element or radicle in a compound
by its chemic equivalent. It is the same as Substi-
tution, q. V.
Metaleptic (met-al-ep' -tik) l_/ieTa?.r/i}!i(;, participation].
Relating to metalepsy ; also applied to a muscle, asso-
ciated in its movement with another.
Metallage, Metallaxis {met'-al-aj, inet-al-aks'-is).
Synonym of Jl/ctabasis, q. v.
Metallenterophthisis [inet-al-cn-ter-off' -ihis-is) Ifdral-
7q\', metal ; ivmpov, intestine ; (pdiatq, wasting]. In-
testinal wasting or phthisis caused by metallic poison-
ing.
Metallic {inet-al' -ik) aWnv , metal]. Resembling a
metal. M. Base for Artificial Teeth, a metallic
plate adapted to such portion of the alveolar arch as
METALLIFORM
754
MET ANIL- YELLOW
is deprived of natural teeth, and is supplied with
an artificial substitute. Gold and platinum are the
most suitable metals for this purpose, and those usually
employed by American dentists ; but silver is also very
frequently used. M. Taste, a peculiar taste observed
in certain diseases, and also after the ingestion of
some of the metallic poisons. M. Tinkling, the
peculiar quality given to a sound produced in
a cavity in a tuberculous lung, or in a pleural sac
containing a liquid exudate and a layer of air above
it. M. Tractors, the instruments used by Perkins in
his system of metallo-therapy. See Perki^iism.
Metalliform <ymet-al' -if-orni). See Metallic.
Metalline (inet' -al-en) \jikTa'/J.ov , metal]. Consisting
of metal.
MetallochjTnia [met-al-o-kim' -c all) [fihaX/Mv, metal ;
;^;(;/ie/a, chemistry]. The chemistry of metals.
Metallodynia [mct-al-o-din' -c-ali) [_fiETa'/:2ov , metal ;
bSvv?/, pain]. Pain caused by metallic poisoning.
Metalloid [iiiet'-al-oid) \jikTaA},ov, metal; etrSof, form].
I. Resembling a metal in luster and color. 2. Any
non-metallic element.
Metallophagia {mct-al-o-fa'-je-ali), Metallophagy
(jnet-al-off ' -a-je) \jiiiTa7\Xov, metal ; <payt'iv, to eat].
The insane impulse to swallow metallic objects.
Metalloscopy {mct-al-os' -ko-pe) \_/j.iTaA'/op, a metal ;
GKOTveiv, to examine]. The art of determining by ex-
ternal application what metals or metallic substances
act most easily and favorably upon a given person.
See also Metallothcrapy.
MetaUoiherapy {//ict-al-o-tlicr^-ap-c) [/^sraAAoj', metal;
depa-rreia, therapy]. A method of treating certain
hysteric or paralytic affections by the application of
different metals to the affected part. There is usually a
transfer of the anesthesia or paralysis to the limb of the
other side. This method is called also Burcquism and
Metalloscopy. An old method of similar character
was called Pcrkinisvi.
Metallotoxemia {met-al-o-toks-e'-me-ah) [//f'ro/Aoi',
metal; to£,ik6v, poison; ai/za, blood]. Toxemia, or
blood-poisoning, due to the ingestion of a metal.
Metamere (itief -am-er) [/isrd, a cross; ,ue/3of , part] .
Any one of the theoretic segments of a vertebrate
animal.
Metameric [mef-am-cr'-ik) [//frii, after ; /^f'/jof, part].
A qualification applied to isomeric bodies containing
several different carbon groups held in combination
by an atom of higher valence.
Metamerid {incf-a?ii'-er-iJ) [/;fru, after ; fiepo^, ■pa.ri\.
A group of metameric bodies ; usually applied to the
more complex metameric substances.
Metamerism (^iiict-am'-er-izni] [/if ra, after ; //fpof, a
part]. A change in the arrangement of the parts or
atoms of a chemic compound ; a form of isomerism.
Metamethylphenol {met-ain-etli-il-fe' -nol). Same as
Mctakresol.
Metamorphia {jnet-am-or' -fe-ah). Synonym of Mcta-
iiior/'lni!.
Metamorphic {met-ani-or'-fik) [/i£rd, across; iini)(pl/,
form]. Pertaining to metamorphosis ; also synonymous
with metamorphous.
Metamorphin [7net-am-or' -fitt) \iu-h, beyond ; Mor-
pheus^ the god of sleep]. An alkaloidal decomposi-
tion-product obtained from the mother-liquor of mor-
phin-manufacture. It is said to be narcotic and su-
dorific, but is little known and seldom used. Unof.
Metamorphism [mct-ain-or' -fi':iii\. 't^^^ Metamorphosis.
Metamorpliology [mct-a/n-or-fol'-o-Jc) [_/LirTa/i6p<l>i,)aic,
a transformation; '/oyoi;, science]. In biology, the
science of the changes of form passed through by
individual organisms in the course of their life-his-
tories.
Metamorphopsia [^inet-ain-or-fop'-se-ali), Metamor-
phopsy [iiict-am-or' -fop-sc) l_/ieTa/iop(p6eiv, to change
shape ; oi/vf, sight]. An apparent distortion or change
of form of objects, supposed to be produced by
changes in the relative position of the retinal end-
organs.
Metamorphosing (iiict-am-or-fo' -zing) [^/xerafidpipeiv, to
change shape]. Altering; changing. M. Breath-
sound, a variety of breathing related to the existence
of a cavity. It occurs only in inspiration, and consists
of a very harsh sound, which lasts for about one-third
of the period of inspiration, when it is continued as
blowing respiration, attended with metallic echo or
ordinary rales. It is produced by the air entering the
cavity through a narrow opening.
Metamorphosis i^met-am-or' -fo-sis) \jitTa, across;
fjop<f>6eti>, to change]. A term denoting the structural
changes in form which all organisms undergo during
their development from the embryonic to the adult
stage. It is applied particularly to that form of sexual
reproduction in which the embryo undergoes a series
of marked changes of external form (e. g. , the chrys-
alis, the pupa-stage, etc.), and in none of which
reproduction is possible until the sexually developed
form (the imago-stage of butterflies) is produced. In
pathology, a degeneration. M., Complete, in insects,
the three stages of metamorphosis, larva, pupa, imago.
M., Hemimetabolic, a metamorphosis in which the
succeeding stages do not differ much, although the first
and last stages may present great variations. M.,
Holometabolic. See M., Complete. M., Regres-
sive, M., Retrograde, a disintegrating change ; a
degeneration ; also the change of an organ from a
higher to a lower type. M., Viscous, the agglu-
tination of blood-plaques and their conversion into a
thrombus.
Metamorphous (jnet-am-or'-fus) [//frd, across ; fiop^-
oeiv, to change]. Amorphous, but with a tendency to
crystallize.
Metamorphy (jnet-am-or'-fc). Synon)-m of Metamor- •
pilosis.
Metamylene (tnet-am' -il-en) [/icrn, across ; afivkov,
starch] , QdH^,,. A derivative of the polymers of
amylene, produced by heating amylic alcohol with sul-
phuric or phosphoric acid, or with zinc chlorid.
Metanaphthalene (inet-an-af -thal-ln) [//era, beyond;
Ta<pfla, naphtha]. A decomposition-product obtained |
by the destructive distillation of resin. It is isomeric
with naphthalene, and boils at 235° C.
Metanaphthalin i^mct-aii-af'-thal-in) [/iern, beyond ; ,
va(p6a, naphtha]. A solid hydrocarbon, insoluble in j
water, soluble in hot alcohol, in ether, and in naphtha, j
obtained in one stage of the dry distillation of a
resin. j
Metanauplius (^met-an-aiv^-ple-us^ [//fro, after ; iiau-
pliiis : vniir, a ship; tvXeIv,'3. sail: //. , Metanaiiphi'\. ,
In biology, a larval crustacean at a certain stage of
development.
Metanephric (mct-an-ef -rik) [/ifrrJ, after; V£ipp6g, kid-
ney]. Pertaining to the metanephros.
Metanephros, Metanephron (met-an-ef -ros, met-an- |
ef'-ron) [//frd, after; vecjypdg, kidney]. In biology,
the kidney proper of vertebrates. The posterior of the
three segmental bodies of the fetus ; it forms the
rudiment of the permanent kidney and ureter. It is a i
special portion of the Wolffian body, that develops
late, and only occurs in the amniota as a gland dis-
tinct from the mesonephros. Cf. Pronephros, M(So-
ncpliros. j
Metanil-yellow [tnet'-an-il -ycl'-o). Sodium-phenyl-
amido-benzol-meta-sulphonate ; a substance used in \
counter-staining tissues. See Pigments, Conspectus oj.
METANOTUM
755
METASPONDYLUM
Metanotum [mel-an-o'-tum') \_fieTd, behind ; vutov, the
back: //., Metanota\ In biology, the third and last
segment of the notum, or dorsal part of the meta-
thorax of an insect.
Metaparapteron [t/iet-ap-ar-ap' -tci--oti) [//frd, with ;
Tiapa, beside ; Trrepdi', wing: //. , Metaparapterd\. In
biology, the third sclerite in the metapleuron of an
insect.
Metapedium {met - ap - e' - de - iini). Synonym of Meta-
tarsus.
Metapeptone {iitet-ap-ep' -ton) [//frd, beyond ; 7rei/)if ,
digestion]. A substance obtained by Meissner from
the fluid resulting from the acid peptic digestion of any
proteid after the parapeptone had been removed. The
latter having been removed by filtration, to the filtrate
was added some acid, and a precipitate was secured, to
which was given the foregoing name. Meissner further
describes a residue insoluble in dilute acids, but solu-
ble in dilute alkalies, that made its appearance during
the digestion of casein, and to this he gave the name
of dyspeptone. Metapeptone is said to be intermedi-
ate between parapeptone and dyspeptone.
Metaphases {met-af-a' -zls) [fjsrd, after, following;
fdaii;, a phase]. In biology, the final phase or set of
phenomena of karyokinesis, from the division of the
nuclear fibrils to the separation of the daughter-nuclei.
(Strasburger.) Cf. Anaphases, Prophases.
Metaphenylendiamin(OTd'/-i:?/-('«-z7-i'«-(//'-flw-/;z)[/ifrd,
beyond; phenylendiantin'\. A base similar in action
to the toxic ptomains, quickly producing death in ani-
mals, preceded by ptyalism, yomiting, diarrhea, and ex-
cessive urinary secretion. See Parapheiiyleiidiamiii .
Metaphery (/«f/-<z/"''-^r-d') [lUerd, over; (jifpetv, to carry].
In biology, the transposition or displacement of
floral organs.
Metaphlogosis [met -af- la -go' -sis') \jizTa, beyond;
(pibyuaic,, a burning]. Severe inflammation with
much engorgement, but of short duration.
Metaphosphoric Acid {mei-af-os-for' -ik)\ji(Ta ,htyo'!\A\
phospho7'tcs'\. See Aeid, Phosphoric. M. Test for
Albumin. See Tests, Table of.
Metaphrenon {inet-af'-ren-on) [//fr«, beyond;
diaphragm]. The space between the shoulders.
Metaphysical [inet-tif-iz'-ik-al) [/Jfrd, after; cpvaiKa,
physics]. Of or pertaining to metaphysics. M.
Mania, doubting insanity. M. School, a name as-
sumed for an alleged system of medicine; the so-
called mind-cure.
Metaphysician {met-af-is-ish' -aii) \_jxerd, after; ^vaiKo,
physics]. A term that has been applied to one who
practises the mind-cure.
Metaphysicist [met-af-iz'-is-ist). Same as Metaphysi-
cian.
Metaphysics [met-af-iz'-iks) [/;frd, beyond; <f)vai(;,
nature]. That science which includes the investiga-
tion and discussion of the nature of mind and all
supersensible phenomena. M., Medical, the con-
sideration of the essential nature and cause of disease.
The philosophy of disease.
Metaphysis \met-af' -is-is). Synonym of Metamor-
phosis.
Metaplasia [met-ap-hi'-ze-ah] [//trd, beyond ; irAdncctv ,
to form]. A transformation of a tissue into another
without the intervention of an embryonal tissue. It
occurs only among tissues closely related, and is most
common in the connective tissues. Fibrous tissue
may be transformed directly into bone, myxomatous
into adipose tissue. Metaplasia occurs also in epithe-
lium.
Metaplasis (mef-ap' -las-is) [//frd, over; TrPdcr/f, forma-
tion]. Fiilfilled growth and development seen in the
stage between anaplasis and cataplasis.
Metaplasm (met'-ap-lazni) [/verd, beyond; nAacua,
molded material]. In biology, the name given by
Hanstein to the granular substances mingled with pro-
toplasm. Properly, protoplasm that has passed be-
yond its highest stage of perfection ; a catastate. The
term is used also as a synonym of anastate, and as a
general term for both anastates and catastates.
Metaplastic [mct-ap-las' -tik) \_jjiTd, beyond ; TVAaaiKdc,
plastic]. Pertaining to metaplasia.
Metapleuron [met-ap-lii' -ron) [/jerd, with; Tr2evp6i>, a
rib : //. , Metapleurd^. In biology, one of the lateral
divisions of the metathorax of an insect.
Metaplex {met' -ap-leks), Metaplexus (jnet-ap-leks'-us)
[//frd, behind; plexus, 2l twining]. The choroid
plexus of the fourth ventricle.
Metapneustic {met-ap-nus' -tik) \jitTd, behind ; irvuv-
ariKOC, of or for breathing]. In biology, applied to
that state of the tracheal system in insect larvw in
which all the stigmata remain closed, except the last
pair, through adaptation to parasitism or an aquatic
life.
Metapodialia [met-ap-o-de-a'-le-ah) [/ifrd, behind;
TTo/r, foot]. In osteology, a collective term applied
to the bones of the metacarpus and metatarsus con-
sidered as a segment of the fore-limb or hind-limb,
respectively. Cf Mesopodialia.
Metapodiutn {tnet-ap-o' -de-iim) [juerd, behind ; ■Kovq,
foot: //. , A/etapodia']. In biology, the posterior .of
the three sections into which the foot of some mol-
luscs may be divided. A synonym of Metatarsus.
Cf Mesopodium, Propodium.
Metapophysis [mef-ap-off'' -is-is) [,ufrd, after; cnroipvai^,
oftshoot]. A mammillary process, such as is seen upon
the lumbar vertebrae.
Metapore [met' -ap-or) [//£rd, behind ; Tzdpog, passage].
The foramen of Magendie ; a mesal orifice in the
metatela.
Metapsyche [met-ap'-sik-e) [//frd, behind ; i/mY'/, soul].
In anatomy, Haeckel's term for the hind-brain or met-
encephalon.
Metapsychosis {mei-ap-si- ko' -sis) [/'frd, beyond;
rji'i'Xojad;, psychosis]. Same as Telepathy.
Metapterygium [met-ap-ter-ij'-e-tim) [//frd, behind;
Tvrepvyiov, a little wing : //. , Metapterygia~\. In biol-
ogy, the most posterior of the basal cartilages in the
pterygium of a fish.
Metapterygoid {met-ap-ter'-ig-oid) [//frd, beyond;
TTTtpv^, wing]. Placed behind the pterygoid bone.
Metaptosis [met-ap-to' -sis) [/zfrd, beyond ; -ruaii;, a
falling]. Metastasis ; sudden metabolic change.
Metarrhea {met-ar-e' -ah). Synonym of Metastasis.
Metarrhysis {met-ar' -is-is). Synonym of Metastasis.
Metasaccharic Acid [met-as-ak-ar'-ih). See Acid.
Metasaccharin {mct-as-ak' -ar-iii) [//frd, beyond ; aaK-
Xapriv, sugar], C^Hj^Oj. An isomerid of saccharin.
It crystallizes in plates and melts at 142° C.
Metaschematism {met-as-ke' -mat-izm) [iieTarjxjjfjaTiC-
(IV, to change the form]. A transformation of a dis
ease into another form ; the change of one substance
of the body into another.
Metasoma {met-as-o'-mah) [//frd, after; oupa, body].
The part of the body of lamellibranchs posterior to
the foot ; also the posterior part of cephalopods.
Metasomatome [inet-as-o' -maf-om) [/'frd, between ;
ciiipa the body; repvdv, to cut]. In biology, Cjood-
sir's term for the interspaces between the primitive
vtxiebrx {Ur^uirbel). Cf. Somatome.
Metasoma (mei'-as-dm) [//frd, afler; aupa, body].
In biology, the posterior part of the body of a mollusc.
Metaspondylum, Metaspondyllum (met-as-pon'-
dil-um) [prrd, beyond; nihdvdvAoc, vertebra]. An
intervertebral disc.
METASTASIS
756
METENTERON
Metastasis (t?ict-as'-tas-is) \_fiEdiaTnrat, to transpose].
I. The change in position, manifestation, or character
of a disease ; thus, in mumps, the inflammation of
the parotid sometimes disappears in a (metastatic)
orchitis. Such cases are possibly explained by the
transfer of the pathogenic virus from one place to
another by the blood-current. 2. In pathology, the
reproduction of disease at a distance from the primary
seat by the conveyance of the causal agents through
the blood or lymph-channels.
Metastate {met' -as-tat) (/{era, beyond ; orarof, placed].
Any substance produced by a metabolic process ; an
anastate or a catastate. Same as Mesostate.
Metastatic \met-as-tat' -ik) [fieraaTaniidc, from /leOia-
TCLvai, to transpose]. Characterized by or pertaining
to metastasis. M. Abscess, the secondary abscesses
in pyemia. M. Calcification, calcareous infiltration
due to an excess of lime-salts in the blood in diseases
associated with rapid disintegration of bone.
Metasternum {met-as-ter' -mini) [/ifrd, behind ; oTtpvov,
breast: pi. , AIetasterna\. In biology, the xiphister-
num, or in insects the sternite of the metathorax.
Metasthenic [met-as-thcn'-ik] [//fra, behind; aOevo^,
strength, might]. In biology, having a strong, well-
developed hind-region to the body.
Metastoma (tnet-as' -to-mali) [//fra, behind ; orofia,
mouth]. In biology, the membranous appendage
that lies behind and over the mandibles in Crustacea ;
the posterior lip of some authors.
Metasyncrisis {met-as-in' -kris-is) \_iiETaavyKpiveiv , to
discharge morbid fluids through pores]. I. An in-
duced crisis. 2. The restoration of diseased tissues.
Metasyncritic [met-as-in-kn'i' -ik) [fiETaavyKpLVEit' , to
discharge morbid fluids through pores]. Pertaining
to metasyncrisis ; alterative.
Metatarsal {met - at - ar' - sal) \jitTa, beyond; rapaoc,
tarsus] . Pertaining to the metatarsus.
Metatarsalgia [rnet-at- ar -sal' -je- ah) [//frd, beyond;
rapaoQ, tarsus ; d/yof , pain]. Alortoii^s toe ; a painful
afi^ection of the plantar digital nerves directly caused
by pressure upon or pinching of them by certain por-
tions of the metatarso-phalangeal articulations — es-
pecially the fourth. See Diseases, Table of.
Metatarsen [niet-at-ar' -sen) [//frd, beyond; rapao^,
tarsus]. Belonging to the metatarsus in itself.
Metatarso-phalangeal {mef-at-ar -so -fa - lan'-je- al)
[/if-d, beyond; TapaoQ, tarsus; (paTiay^, phalanx].
Pertaining to the metatarsus and the phalanges.
Metatarsus [itiet-at-ar' -sus) [/^erd, beyond ; rapadc;,
tarsus: //., Metatarsi^. The bones of the arch of
the foot, five in number, situated between the tarsus
and the phalanges ; the instep. In entomology : (r?) the
terminal joint or appendage of the tarsus of an in-
sect's leg, called planta empoditim, scopula ; (b) the
entire foot of the hind-leg.
Metatela [met-a/-e'-lak) [//frd, behind; tela, tissue].
The tela of the metencephal ; the velum medullare
posterius, or inferior choroid tela. It constitutes the
roof of the metacele.
Metathesis {inel-ath'-es-is) [/'frd, beyond ; riftevat, to
place]. An operation designed to effect a transforma-
tion or change in the seat of disease from one part to
another. In chemistry, the interchange of two ele-
ments in decomposition.
Metathetic (met-ath-et' -ik) [/yerd, beyond; nSevai, to
place]. Of the nature of a metathesis.
Metathoracotheca {met-ath-o-rak-o-the' -kah) \_pETa,
beyond ; Hi'.)i>a§, the chest ; ft/'/Kt/, a case : />/. , Mcta-
thorai-othec(r'\. In entomology, that part of the integu-
ment covering the metathorax in a pupa.
Metathorax [inel-ath-o' -raks) [|Ue™, beyond; ft6pa^,
the chest]. In biology, the third and last segment of
the thorax in insects ; it bears the third pair of legs
and the second pair of wings, and is composed of the
metasternum, metapleura, and post-dorsum.
Metatocia [inet-at-o' -ke-ali) [//frd, beyond ; rd/tof,
birth]. Birth by any other than the normal process,
as by Cesarean section.
Metatrophia [inet-at-ro' -fe-aK) [//frd, beyond ; rpo^/j,
nourishment]. Any morbid condition or process of
nutrition.
Metaxin (met-ais'-vi) [//fraff', between]. A proteid
found by Schwartz in the plasmatic substratum of
chlorophyl-grains. It is easily digested by both pep-
sin and trypsin.
Metaxylene {met-aks' -il-eii) [//frd, beyond ; ^v?mv,
wood]. One of the constituents of xylol.
Metazoa [met-az-o' -ak) [//frd, beyond ; foioi', animal].
Animals whose development is characterized by
segmentation of the ovum. They comprise all
animals except the Protozoa.
Metazoan {met-az-o'-an) [//trd, beyond ; ^Cmv, animal].
I. A member of the Metazoa. A multicellular ani-
mal having a transitional stage {Gastrula) in its
development, corresponding to a hypothetic ancestor,
the Gasti-tca, which is held to have arisen from a
Protozoan colony in the shape of a hollow sphere, by
the formation and gradual deepening of a depression
or invagination. 2. Pertaining to the metazoa.
Metecious [met-e'-ske-us) [//crd, beyond; okof, a
house]. See Heterecious.
Metembryo [iiiet-em'-bre-o) [//erd, after; e/i^pvov,
embryo]. In biology, the gastrula stage of the meta-
zoan embryo.
Metencephal {//lel-en-sif'-al). Same as Metencephalon,
The Metatarsus and Ad-
jacent Bones.
I. Inferior surface of calcaneum.
2. Inner tuberosity. 3. Outer
tuberosity. 4. Angular de-
pression between these tuber-
osities. 5. Inferior portion
of head of astragalus. 6.
Plantar surface of cuboid, for
attachment of inferior cal-
caneo-cuboid ligament. 7.
Tuberosity of cuboid. 8. Sca-
phoid. 9. Tuberosity of sca-
phoid. 10. Inferior portion of
internal cuneiform. 11. Apex
of middle cuneiform. 12.
Apex of internal cuneiform.
13. 14, 15. 16, 17. First, second,
third, fourth and fifth meta-
tarsal bones. 18. Tuberosity
of fifth metatarsal bone. 19.
Two sesamoid bones. 20.
First phalanx of great toe. /
21. Last phalanx of great toe.
22, 22. First phalanges of re- ^
mainingtoes. 23,23. Second
and third phalanges of these
toes.
Metencephalic [tiiet - en - sef- al'- ik) [p-eTct, beyond;
eyKf(pa?ioc, brain]. Pertaining to the metencephalon.
Metencephalon {met - en - sef ' - al - on) {jietL, beyond;
f ;«:f(paAof, brain]. I. The afterbrain ; the post-oblong-
ata, or most caudal portion of the brain. 2. Rarely,
the cerebellum and the pons.
Metensomatosis {inct-cn-so-mat-o'-sis) [|Ufrd, beyond ;
frnufiarunix, embodiment]. Transformation into or
union with another body.
Metenteron {met-en'-ter-on) [//f rd, after ; hnepoy,^ in-
testine]. The entfron in any secondary or specialized
state due to modification of the archenteron.
METEORIC
757
METHYL
Meteoric [me-te-or'-ik) [_fj.eTeo>pi(Eiv, to elevate]. Per-
taining to meteorism ; also, pertaining to the atmo-
sphere.
Meteorism, Meteorismus {tne' -te-or-iz7n, me-te-or-
h'-mus) \jj.triiUpiC,uv , to elevate]. Distention of the
abdomen vifith gases ; tympanites.
Meteoristic {jne-te-or-is' -tik) ^fiSTewpil^eiv, to elevate].
Synonym of Tympanitic.
Meteorization [me -te -oj' - iz -a'- s/iiin) [^fitreupli^Eiv, to
elevate] . The formation of gas in the abdomen ; the
production of meteorism.
Meteorology {//le - te - or - ol' - o - je) \_fj.£Tio)pov, meteor ;
Aoyof , a treatise]. The science of the phenomena of
the atmosphere and the laws of its motions. •
Metepencephalon {^inet-ep-en-sef -al-on) [/itrd, beyond ;
£7r(, upon ; eyKe(paAo<:, brain]. The metencephalon
and epencephalon considered together. It includes
the cerebrum, the oblongata, and the pons.
Metepicele (^met-ep' -is-el) \jieTa, beyond; ett/, upon;
miXia, belly]. The fourth ventricle of the brain ; the
ventricle of the metepencephalon ; the metacoelia,
with its epencephalic extension.
Metepimeron [met - ep - im'- ei- - on) [/^fni, after; ivri,
upon ; Ii7]p6(;, a thigh : //. , Metepimera]. In biology,
the epimeron or lateral piece of the metathorax of an
insect.
Metepisternum {met-ep-is-ter' -mim) [/zerd, after; ett/,
upon ; arepvov, breast, breast-bone : RIetepisterna'\.
In biology, one of the episterna of the metathorax of
an insect.
Meter (ine'-tei-) l^fitrpov, measure]. See Aletric System.
M. -angle. See Angle.
Methacetin [melh-as'-et-iri) \jiETa, beyond ; acetuni,
vinegar], CgHjjNOj. An analogue of phenacetin,
having the same antipyretic qualities as the latter, and
more soluble. Dose from 2 to 4 grains exhibited
with great caution. Unof
Methal {meth'-al) \jitTa, with; W//, matter], Ci^Hg^O.
An alcohol, not yet isolated, occurring in spermaceti.
Methane (meth'-dn) [//trn, with ; v7.r], matter], CH^.
Marsh-gas. The first member of the homologous series
of paraffins, CnH2n4.2. It occurs in nature wherever
decomposition of organic matter is going on, especially
in marshes. It is inflammable, and unites readily with
the halogens. See Carbohydrates, Table of.
Metheglin {me-theg' -lin) [Welsh, tnedd, mead ; Ilyn,
liquor]. A variety of mead, or hydromel. See
Hydrotnel.
Methemochymia {ineth-em-o-W -me-ah) [//era, amid;
ai^a, blood; to pour]. Synonym of Transfu-
sion.
Methemoglobin {mef-hem-o-glo' -hiii) [//frd, with ; aJ/za,
blood; globus, a ball]. A modified form of hemo-
globin produced by exposing blood, or solutions of
hemoglobin, to the air for some time. It may be ob-
tained in crystalline form as reddish-brown needles
that are doubly refracting and readily soluble in water,
though less so than oxyhemoglobin. It is the pro-
duct either of the incomplete decomposition of hemo-
globin c- of its excessive oxidation ; the oxygen is
more firmly combined in it than in oxyhemoglobin. In
poisoning with potassium chlorate, the nitrites, ace-
tanilid, and some other bodies, the blood contains
methemoglobin.
Methemoglobinemia {met- hem - 0 - glo - bin-e'- me-ah)
[//frd, with ; aifxa, blood ; globus, a ball ; atj.ia, blood].
The presence of free methemoglobin in the blood.
See Methetnoglolun.
Methemoglobinuria {inef-hem-o-glo-bin-u'-re-a/i) [//crd ,
with; aifja, blood; globus, a ball; ovpov, urine].
The presence of free methemoglobin in the urine.
Methexiphrenesis (ineth-eks-if-ren-e' -sis) \_nkdv, wine ;
fi'f, habit; (pphnjoL^, inflammation of the brain].
Deiirium tremens.
Methexomania (jnefh-eks-o-ma' -ne-ah) \_ixidri, drink ;
i^/f, habit; fiaina, madness]. See Metfiomania.
Methilepsia [tneth-il-ep' -se-ah) [fitOi/, drink ; Af/\liig,
seizure]. Irresistible desire for strong drink.
Methobiostatics {metlt-o-bi-o-staf -iks) \_iJ.tHij, strong
drink; /?/»?, life; araTiK6<;, causing to stand]. The
study of the influence of alcoholic excess.
Method [?ncth'-od) \_ft(6o(^o<;, method]. A system or
plan of procedure. M. of Definite Mixtures. See
Anesthetic. M., Intensive. See Pasteur. M. of
Treatment. See Treatment, Methods of.
Methodism [metk'- od - izm) [^ft?o(5of, way, system].
The system of the treatment of disease according to a
strict method, as taught by an ancient school or sect
of physicians.
Methodist {meth' -od-ist) [fteftodoc, system]. A follower
of methodism.
Methogastrosis {meth -0 - gas -tro'- sis) [/ulftv, wine;
)Y!ffr;//j, stomach ; i dcro*;, disease]. Digestive disturb-
ances consequent upon alcoholic excess.
Methol (ineth'-ol) [//frd, with; matter]. One of
the names of methylic alcohol.
Methomania (jneth-o-ina' -ne-ah) drunkenness ;
fiama, madness]. I. Same as Mania a potu. 2.
(More often) the irresistible desire for strong drink ;
dipsomania.
y\.eX\iy\(jHeth' -il) [//frd, with ; v\i}, matter]. In chem-
istry, a radicle molecule, having the composition CH3.
It is the base of a large number of compounds, in-
cluding an alcohol, methyl-spirit, and several ptomains.
M. -alcohol (li'ood-spirit), obtained in the destruc-
tive distillation of wood. It has a purely spirituous
odor, a specific gravity of .7995 at 15° C, and boils
at 55-1° C. It is miscible in all proportions with
water, ordinary alcohol, and ether. M. -alizarin,
C,.H]j05 ; a substance obtained by fusing methyl-
anthraquinone sulphonic acid with alkalies. It is very
similar to alizarin, melting at 25o°-252° C. , and readily
subliming in red needles. M.-anilin, CgH5.NH(CH3) ;
an anilin derivative. Boiling at I90°-I9i° C. , it has
an odor resembling that of anilin, and a specific gravity
at 15° C. of 0.976. The methylated anilins are techni-
cally applied in the production of anilin dye-stuft's.
They are formed on heating anilin together with HCI-
anilin and methyl-alcohol to 200° C. or better still, by
conducting CH3CI into boiling anilin. M. -anthra-
cene, Cj5H,2 ; a substance obtained on heating emodin
with zinc-dust. It occurs in crude anthracene, and is
obtained from oil of turpentine on exposure to a red
heat. It resembles anthracene, crystallizes from alco-
hol in yellow leaflets, and melts at 190° C. M.-
arabinose. ^e.e Khamnose. M. -benzene. See Tolu-
ene. M.-blue, a basic anilin dye used for staining bac-
teria. See Pigmerits, Conspectus of. M.-chlorid,
CH3CI, a liquefied gas used in the form of a spray as a
local anesthetic for the relief of sciatica and similar
neuralgic aft'ections. See Anesthetic . M. -ether, Cj-
H„0 ; dimethyl oxid,an inflammable gas; also, a salt
of methyl. M.-glycocoll. "ite Sarcosin. M. -green,
an anilin dye. See Pigments, Conspectus of. M.-
guanamin, QHjN^ ; a crystalline body, readily solu-
ble in hot water and in alcohol. M.-guanidin,
C.^H^N.,; mcthyluramin ; a colorless, highly hygro-
scopic, and strongly alkaline base, insoluble in alcohol.
It is the product of the oxidation of kreatin and
kreatinin, and has been obtained from horseflesh after
four months' decomposition at low temperature, and
from cultures of the comma-bacillus. It is a colorless,
easily deliquescing mass, possessing a strong alkaline
reaction, and is highly poisonous. The symptoms
METHYLAL
758
METRATOME
to which toxic doses give rise are dyspnea, muscle-
tremor, and general clonic convulsions. See Ptoiiiains ,
Table of . M. -heptose. See Carbohydrates, Table of.
M.-hexose. See Carbohydrates, Table of. M.-hy-
dantoin, M.-hydrantoin, a crystalline substance,
obtained by fusing together sarcosin and urea, or by
decomposing kreatinin. It melts at 145° C. M.-
hydrid, marsh-gas. M.-indol. See Skatol. M.-
orange. See Pigments, Conspectus of. M. -phenyl
Bther. See Anisol. M. -phenyl-ketone. .Same as
Hypnone. M. Salicylate, CgH^Oj ; an oily liquid
of a peculiar odor, constituting 90 per cent, of the oil
of wintergreen ; it has been used in rheumatism in-
stead of the alkaline salicylates. M. -spirit. .See
M. -alcohol. M.-uramin. See Al.-guanidin. M.-
violet, an anilin dye used for staining bacteria.
Under the name of Pyoktanin Stilling recommends it
very highly as an effective bactericide. Dose gr. j-v.
Unof. See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Methylal [meth'-il-al) [/ierd, with; h'A)], matter; alco-
hol^, CgHgOj. A substance prepared by distilling
methyl-alcohol with sulphuric acid. It is hypnotic
and antispasmodic. Dose gj. Unof.
Methylamin {meth-iF -am-in) [/i£Td, with ; i'/ 7, matter ;
amin'\. A colorless gas having the composition
N(CH3)H2, easily condensing to a colorless liquid. It
is used mainly as a reagent in certain organic tests.
It occurs also as a ptomain in certain putrefactions,
notably that of fish. It is also found in herring-brine,
to which it gives odor.
Methylate (?neth' -il-at) [/i£rd, with; 'v7j], matter].
Methyl-alcohol in which a metal substitutes the
hydrogen of the hydroxy 1.
Methylated [meth'-il-a-ted) [//frd, with; v7^t], matter].
Containing methyl-alcohol. M. Spirits, methyl-alco-
hol, wood-alcohol. The strongest methylated spirit
free from mineral naphtha, can be used in place of
90 per cent, alcohol for hardening and preserving
purposes.
Methylation (melh-il-a' -shun\ [//frd, with ; vkt}, mat-
ter]. The process of mixing a substance with methyl-
alcohol.
Methylene [meth'-il-en] [/'frd, with; vArj, matter],
CH2. A bivalent hydrocarbon radicle that does not
exist free, but occurs in many compounds. See Anes-
thetic. M.-blue, C]gH]gNgSCl; a coal-tar dye pre-
pared from dimethylanilin ; it is much used in the
arts and as a stain in bacteriology. Its 10 per cent,
solution is recommended as a local application in
diphtheria, tonsillitis, scarlatinal sore-throat, and
other inflammatory conditions, and internally admin-
istered it has proved serviceable as an antiperiodic
and antalgic. Dose gr. jss in capsule. Unof.
M. Dichlorid, CH.^Cl,^ ; a general anesthetic,
frequently used instead of chloroform. It is as-
serted by Genther and Eichholz to be more suscep-
tible of management than the latter in protracted oper-
ations. Much of the methylene dichlorid contains 50-
75 per cent, of chloroform. Unof. See Anesthetic.
Methylic [meth-il'-ik) [//era, with; vAtj, matter]. Con-
taining methyl. Pertaining to methyl.
Methylized {jneth' -il-izd^. Synonym of Methylated .
Methysis {meth' -is-is) [_/iiftvaig, from fieOiietv, to be
intoxicated]. Intoxication.
Methyskomania {meth-is-ko-ma' -ne-ah') [/jefthaKeiv, to
make drunk ; jjavki, madness]. Same as Metho-
mania ; dipsomania.
Methystic (me/h-is'-tic) [/jcdvaTiKo^, from /leflbeiv, to be
intoxicated]. I. Intoxicant. 2. An intoxicating
agent.
Methysticin {meth-is^-tis-in) [fieOvariKdc, intoxicating].
A crystalline principle obtained from Kava-kava,
closely allied to piperin. It is a neutral, tasteless sub-
stance, sparingly soluble in cold, but more freely in
hot water, easily soluble in alcohol and ether. It is
also called Kavaliin.
Metis {ma'-tes) [Fr.]. A half-breed of p-rench and
Indian parentage. See Mulatto.
Metoarion [met-o-a' -re-on) [//fro, after; ijdpiov, the
ovule]. The corpus luteum.
Metodontiasis i^met-o-don-ti' -as-is) [//fro, after; oiW-
r/di', to cut teeth]. The second dentition ; also, abnor-
mality of teething.
Metoecesis (>net-es-e'-sis) \_ij-£tci, beyond; oiiajaK;, the
act of dwelling] . Transposition ; displacement.
Metopagus {jnet-op' -ag-iis) [/ffrwTroi', front ; irayioq,
joined]. An ensoraphalic twin monstrosity with united
foreheads.
Metopantralgia [inet-o-pan-traV -je-ah) [//fruTroy, fore-
head ; avTpov, cave; d/lyof, pain]. Pain or neural-
gia of the frontal sinus.
Metopantritis (inet-o-pan-tri'-tis) [//irwTrof, forehead ;
ai'Tpov, cave; /rif, inflammation]. Inflammation of
the metopantron.
Metopantron, Metopantrum [met-o-pan'-tron, met-o-
pan' -truin) [/zerwTToi', forehead ; avrpov, cave]. The
frontal sinus.
Metope (/uet^-o-pe) [/itTuTrov, face]. In biology, that
portion of the frontal surface of a crustacean in which
the antennae are situated. Same as Fades.
Metopic (met-op' -ik) \jiiTu-Kov, forehead]. I. Relating
to the forehead ; frontal. 2. A name applied to a
cranium having a medio-frontal suture. M. Points.
See Cranioinetric Points.
Metopion (inet-o'-pe-o)i) \_fiiTunov, forehead]. See
Craniometric Poijits.
Metopism [met'-o-pizm) l^/itTUTrov, forehead]. Persist-
ence of the frontal suture in adult life. See
A/ctoporz.
Metopium (met-o^-pe-um). Synonym of Metopon.
Metopodynia (met-o-po-din'-e-ah) Ijihunov, forehead;
oSvvi], pain]. Frontal headache.
Metopon [met'-o-pon) [^phunov, forehead ; from iierd,
between ; ui//, eye]. Forehead ; also an old name for
galbanum.
Metopopagia [met-o-po-pa' -Je-ah). Synonym of Meto-
pagus.
Metoposcopy [>net-op-os'-ko-pe) [pe-uTrov, forehead;
okokCiv, to examine]. A variety of phrenology in
which the character or the future of an individual is
supposed to be determined by an inspection of the
forehead.
yis\.ost&on {met-os' -te-on) [/i£rd, after ; oorsov, a bone :
//. , Metosteal. In biology, the posterior lateral piece
of the sternum of a bird.
Metovum [>net-o'-7'um) [pera, after; ioc'iv, egg: //. ,
Metova'\. In embryology, an ovum that has been
modified from its primitive condition as an egg-cell or
protovum ; an after-egg or deutovum. Cf. Ovicell,
Ovum.
Metra [me'-trah) [pi/rpa, uterus]. The uterus.
Metralgia (met-ral'-/'e-ah) \_p)/Tpa, -\vomh ; d/*)Of, pain].
Pain or neuralgia of the uterus.
Metranastrophe ( met-ran-as'-tro-fe") [//?)r/;a, womb ;
avaaTpo(fiii , a turning upside down]. Inversion of the
uterus.
Metranemia [met - ran -e'- me -ah) \_piiTpa, womb; o,'
priv. ; a\pa, blood]. Uterine anemia.
Metraneurysm {met-ran'-u-rizm) [pi/rpa, womb;
(iv£bpvapa, dilatation]. Dilatation of the uterus or
vulva.
Metrasia (met-ra' -ze-ah). Synonym of Metratresia.
Metratome [met'-rat-om) \_p l/r pa, womh; ro//^, a cut-
ting]. An instrument for incising the womb.
METRATONIA
759
METROLEUKORRHEA
Metratonia (inet-mt-o' -Jie-ah) \_fj.)iTpa, womb; drovia,
atony]. Atony of the uterus.
lAetTatTesiaL {met-rai-re'-ze-a/i) [^fir/rpa, womb; (iTpt/aia,
atresia]. Atresia or imperforation of the. womb.
Metratrophia [inet-rat-ro' -fe-ah) \jxiiTpa, womb; ciTpo-
<j)'ta, atrophy]. Atrophy of the uterus.
Metrauxe {niet-mwks' -e) \_iiii7pa, womb; at"^';;, in-
crease]. Hypertrophy or enlargement of the uterus.
Metre {me'-ter). Sue Metric- System.
Metrechoscope [inet-rek'-o-skop) [ //tr/wf, measure ;
TjxVj round; ff/ooTTE/y, to inspect]. An instrument for
applying metrechoscopy.
Metrechoscopy (tnet-i-ek-os' -ko-pe) \jLtTpov, measure ;
^^7, round; (T/co7r«>, to inspect]. Combined ausculta-
tion and mensuration.
Metrectasia (wd'/-;Y/{'-/rt'-=c-(r/;) [////rpa, womb ; enTaaic,
a stretching]. Dilatation of the womb.
Metrectatic (^inet-rek-tat' -ik) l/ji'/rpn, womb; iiiraaig,
a stretching]. Affected with, or pertaining to, metrec-
tasia.
Metrectomy [met-rek' -to-iiie) \_fi>iTpa, womb ; tKTOfii/,
excision]. Excision or surgical removal of the
womb.
Metrectopia, Metrectopy {inet-rek-to' -pe-ah , met-rek' -
to-pe) \_iLi]Tpa, womb; t/croTrof, displaced]. Displace-
ment of the womb.
Metrelcosis [met- rel- ko'-sis) \_fi>/rpa, womb; kXnoQ,
ulcer]. Uterine ulceration.
Metremia [niet-re'-me-ah) [_fi?'/Tpa, womb; ai/na, blood].
Congestion of the uterus.
Metremorrhagia [met-rem-or-a'-je-aJi). Synonym of
Metrorrhagia.
Metremorrhoid [met-re>?i' -or-oid) [////rpa, womb; aifia,
blood ; poia, flow]. A hemorrhoid of the uterus.
Metremphraxis [met- rem-fraks'- is) [^/if/rpa, uterus;
efiifipnooeiv, to obstruct]. Congestion, or infarction,
of the uterine tissues.
Metremphysema [met-rem-fis-e' -mah). Synonym of
Pkysometra.
Metreurysma [met-rjc-i'iz'-mak) [//?/rpa, womb ; Evpvc,
wide]. Morbid dilatation, or width of the womb.
Metria [me'-tre-ah) \_jirirpa, womb]. Any uterine affec-
tion. The term is used also as a synonym of Puerperal
Fever.
Metric [met'-rik) [/ifrpor, a measure]. Pertaining to
the system of weights and measures, of which the
meter is the basis. M. System, a decimal system of
weights and measures employed in France, Germany,
and other countries, and used generally in the sciences.
The standard is the meter, the yisoo'oooo P'^''' ^
quadrant of a meridian circle of the earth. The standard
of capacity is the liter, a cubical volume ylg meter in
each dimension. The standard of weight is the gram,
the weight of yoVo ^^^^'^ (°"^ cubic centimeter) of dis-
tilled water at its maximum density. The unit of
superficial measure is the are, a square whose side is
lo meters or a decameter. As the unit of microscopic
measurement the thousandth part of a millimeter has
been adopted. It is called micron or microm, micro-
millimeter; abbreviated, p.. The multiples are ex-
pressed by the prefixes deca, hecto, and kilo ; the sub-
divisions by the prefixes deci, centi, and milli.
1000 meters = i kilometer.
100 meters = i hectometer.
10 meters = i decameter.
.1 meter = i decimeter.
.01 meter = i centimeter.
.001 meter = i millimeter.
looo liters = i kiloliter,
100 liters = i liectoliter.
10 liters = i decaliter.
.1 liter = I deciliter.
■ ot liter = I centiliter,
.ooi liter = i milliliter.
1000 grams = i kilogram.
100 grams = i hectogram.
10 grams = i decagram.
.1 gram = i decigram.
.01 gram = i centigram.
.001 gram i milligram.
In common practice, however, the following divis-
ions only are used, the others being expressed in
figures : —
lo millimeters = i centimeter.
100 centimeters = i meter.
1000 meters = i kilometer.
1000 cubic centimeters = i liter.
1000 milligrams = i gram.
1000 grams = i kilogram.
The following are the equivalent values: —
I meter = 39.37 inches.
I liter = I quart ^ gill, U. S. measure.
I gram = 15.43 grains.
I minim = .oi5 cubic centimeter.
See, also, Weights and Measures.
Metrine [met'-reii) \_pliTpa, womb]. A term given to
the germ of puerperal fever. See Bacillus piierpera-
lis, under Bacteria, Syuonymatic Table of.
Metritic (met-rif -ik) [////rpa , womb ; niq, inflammation].
Pertaining to, or aflected with, metritis.
Metritis [met-ri'-tis) [////rpa, womb ; iric, inflammation].
Inflammation of the uterus. M., Exanthematous,
a form occurring in the course of one of the eruptive
fevers. M. gravidarum, metritis occurring in a
pregnant woman. M., Puerperal, metritis occurring
during the puerperium. M. rheumatica, metritis
due to rheumatism or occurring in a rheumatic subject.
M., Suppurative, metritis proceeding to suppuration.
Metroblennorrhea [inet-ro-hlen-or-e'-ah) [pijrpa,
womb; ji'Xhva, mucus ; poia, a flow]. Uterine blen-
norrhea.
Metrocace [met-rok' -as-e) [pi/Tpa, womb ; kukSq, evil].
Same as Metrelcosis.
Metrocampsis [met-ro-kamp' -sis) \_id/Tpa, womb ; nap-
bending]. Obliquity or curvation of the uterus.
Metrocarcinoma [ met - >-o- kar - sin- 0' - tnah ) \_ pi/rpa,
womb; KapKivu/ua, carcinoma]. Carcinoma of the
uterus.
Metrocele [met' -ro-sel) \_p.rirpa, womb ; /c?;Ai?, hernia].
Hernia of the uterus.
Metrocholosis [met-ro-kol-o' -sis) [/Wiyrpa, womb ; ;i'(^?of,
bile] . Puerperal fever with hepatic symptoms ; bilious
puerperal fever.
y\.&\.\oz\y%\. [met' -ro-klist) \_pijTpa, womb; Klv^eiv, to
wash out]. An instrument for giving uterine douches.
Metrocolpocele (wc^ro-/(W-/o-j-f/) [////rpa, womb ; kI)!-
TTof, vagina; Kt/??/, tumor]. A tumor of the vagina
and womb ; prolapse of the uterus into the vagina.
Metrocyte [met' -ro-sit) [^u^rpa , womb ; kvto^, cell]. A
large mononuclear, spheroid cell, of which the proto-
plasm contains hemoglobin. It is by Engel considered
the source of all of the corpuscular elements of the
blood. See also A/other-cell.
Metrodynamometer [met-ro-di-nam-om'-et-er) [pijTpa,
womb ; (VvvapK;, power ; pirpov, measure]. An instru-
ment for measuring uterine contractions.
Metrodynia [met-ro-din' -e-ah) [//^rpa, womb ; hfi'vvq,
pain]. Any pain of the womb.
Metrodystocia [met-ro-dis-to' -ke-ah) [^pi/rpa, uterus;
(h'aTOKi'a, painful delivery]. Dystocia whose cause
resides in the uterus.
Metroectasia [met-ro-ek-ta' -ze-ah). Synonym of Met-
rectasia.
Metrofibroma [met-ro-/i-bro'-mah) [pijrpa, womb ;
fibroma, fibrous tumor]. Uterine fibroid tumor.
Metroleukorrhea [met-ro-lu-kor-e'-ah] [//?/-po, womb;
/".EtiKot , white ; poiVz, flow]. Uterine leukorrhea.
METROLOGY
760
METRYPERESTHESIA
Metrology {met-rol' -o-je) [//tr/iot', measure ; 'koyoc,,
science]. The science of measures and of measure-
ments.
Metroloxia {met-ro-loks' -e-ah) [^/nr/Tpa, womb ; Aofof ,
oblii[ue]. Obliquity of the uterus ; hysteroloxia.
Metro-lymphangitis {^iiiet' -ro-liDi-fan-ji' -tis) \jujTpa,
womb; }.vfi<pa, lymph; ayyelov^ vessel; itk;, inflam-
mation]. Inflammation of the lymphatic vessels of
the womb. Uterine lymphangitis.
Metromalacoma [met-ro-mal-ak-o' -iiiali). See Hyste-
romalaLOiiin.
Metromalacosis lyinct-ro-mal-ak-o' -sis) \_jirjTpa, womb ;
fiaXaKog, soft]. The condition and progress of soften-
ing of the tissues of the uterus.
Metromania (iiiet-ro-nia' -ne-ali). See Hysteromania
and Nyiiiphoiiiania.
Metromania (inet-ro-ma'->te-ak) [ftsTpov, measure;
/tnrid, mania], A mania for writing poetry.
Metromaniac {inct-ro-ma' -nc-ak) [_ptTpoi', measure ;
fiavia, mania]. One insanely fond of writing verses.
Metromelanorrhea {met-ro-iiiel-an-or-e' -ah) [/u'/rpa,
womb; //tAar, black ; pom, flow]. A black discharge
from the uterus.
Metrometer {)net-rom' -et-er). See Hysterometey-.
Metrometry [iiief-roin' -et-re). See Hysteroinetry.
Metronania (inet-ro-na'-ne-ah) [/jr/rpa, womb ; vamg,
dwarf]. Abnormal smallness of the womb.
Metroncus {mt't-rong'-kus). See Hysteroncus.
Metroneurosis (^»ic/-ro-nti-i'o^-sis)\jiJiTpa, womb; ve'vpu-
, neurosis]. Any neurosis caused by uterine disease.
Metronome [met' -ro-noin) \_pi:rpm\ measure ; vufing,
law]. An instrument for measuring time in music ;
also one for testing the hearing.
Metroparalysis (inel-ro-par-al' -is-is) \_iirjTpa, womb ;
TrapaAva/c;, paralysis]. Uterine paralysis.
Metropathic [niet-ro-path' -ik) \_prjTf)a, womb ; -rrijOoc,
disease]. Pertaining to affections of the womb.
Metropathy {jnet-rop' -ath-e) \_fil]Tpa, womb ; irdttoQ, suf-
fering]. Any uterine disease.
Metroperissia [met-ro-per-is'-e-ah) \jLriTpa, womb;
TTEptaaoi;, full]. Hypertrophy of the uterus.
Metroperitonitis (jnet-ro-per-it-on-i' -tis) [/y//r/jo;,womb ;
■Kepi.r6vaiov , peritoneum ; itk;, inflammation]. Peri-
tonitis secondary to inflammation of the womb.
Metropexia, Metropexy [nwt-ro-peks'-e-ah, met'-ro-
peks-e). See Hysteropexia.
Metrophlebitis [i>iet-ro-fle-hi' -tis) \jiii-pa, womb ; <l)?.f-<p,
vein; ;r/r, inflammation]. Inflammation of the veins
of the uterus.
Metrophlegmymen {met- ro - Jleg - mi' - men) \_jiii-pa,
womb; (jikkyjia, mucus; vjxijv, membrane]. The
mucosa of the uterus.
Metrophlegmymenitis (inet-ro-Jleg-mi-men-i' -tis) \}ir]-
rpa, womb; ipAfy/m, mucus ; t'l//?/!', membrane ; niQ,
inflammation]. Inflammation of the mucous mem-
brane lining the uterus.
Metrophlogosis (jnet-ro-Jlo-go' -sis). Synonym of Me-
tritis.
Metrophore {inet'-ro-for). See Hysterophore.
Metrophyma {met-ro-fi'-mak) \_fi7jTpa, womb ; (j>v/j.a, a
growth]. A tumor of the womb.
Metroplethora {/net - m- pleth' - or - ah). Synonym of
Aletremia.
Metropolypus [met - ro - poi' - ip - us) \_/ir/Tpa, womb;
TTo? I'TTovr, polyp]. Uterine polyp.
Metroproptosis [inet-ro-prop-to' -sis). Metroptosis [inet-
rop-to'-sis) \_firjrpa, womb; irToxn^, fall]. Prolapse
of the uterus.
Metroproptotic (tnet-ro-prop-tof -ik) , Metroptotic {met-
rop-tot' -ik) \_iuirpa, womb ; -nrwoK;, a fall]. Pertain-
ing to metroptosis.
Metropyophthisis [jiiet-ro-pi-off' -this-is)\jiiiTpa, womb ;
•rrroii, pus; 0^'/(T;f, wasting]. A purulent wasting, or
tabes, of the uterus.
Metrorrhagia (met-ror-a' -je-ah) \_/i//Tpa, womb ; pr/y-
iii'rat, to burst forth]. Uterine hemorrhage indepen-
dently of the menstrual discharge.
Metrorrhagia [met-ror-a' -jik) [^pi/Tpa, womb; p/p/viivai,
to burst forth] . Pertaining to metrorrhagia.
Metrorrhea [met-ror-e' -ah) \_p>irpa, womb ; poia, a
flow]. Any morbid uterine discharge.
Metrorrhectic [met-ror-ek' -tik) \jiiiTpa, womb ; /0?/f(f,
rupture]. Pertaining to metrorrhexis.
Metrorrheuma [jnet - ror - ru' - mah) \jxiiTpa, womb;
pevjia, rheum]. Rheumatism of the uterus.
Metrorrhexis [met-ror-eks' -is) [fii/rpa, womb ; pij^ig,
rupture]. Rupture of the womb.
Metrosalpingitis [met-ro-sal-ping-ji' -tis) \_pi/Tpa , womb ;
c!aA^Tty^, tube ; /r(f, inflammation]. Inflammation of
the womb and oviducts.
Metrosalpingorrhagia [met - ro- sal -ping- or-a' - je-ah)
\_jillTpa, womb ; craAmj f, tube ; pijyvvvai, to burst
forth]. Hemorrhage from the oviducts.
Metrosalpingorrhexis (^met - ro - sal -ping - or - eks'- is)
\_jillTpa, womb; aaATTiy^, tube; PV^iC, rupture].
Rupture of an oviduct.
Metrosalpinx [met-ro-sal' -pinx) [/ui/rpa, uterus; aaA-
my^, tube]. An oviduct, or Fallopian tube.
Metroscirrhus [met-ro-skir' -us) \_pl/Tpa, womb; anlppo^,
hard]. A scirrhous tumor of the uterus.
Metroscolioma, Metroscoliosis [met-ro-sko-le-o' -mah,
inet-ro-sko-le-o' -sis) \_iii/rpa, womb ; aKoMujia, (JKo'Aium(,
bend]. A flexion of the uterus.
Metroscope [met'-ro-skop) [pijTpa, womb; aaoKElv, to
observe]. An instrument for examining the uterus.
Metroscopy [met-ros' -ko-pe) \_fiiirpa, womb ; aKowelv,
to observe]. The use of the metroscope ; inspection
of the uterus.
Metrospongioma [met - ro - span - je - o'- mah) \jii]Tpa,
womb; a(ftoyyla, sponge; ofia, tumor]. A spongy
tumor of the uterus.
Metrostaxis [met-ro-staks'-is) \_iii/Tpa, womb; drafif, a
dropping]. Slight but persistent uterine hemorrhage.
Metrostenosis [met-ro-sten-o' -sis) \_priTpa, womb ; are-
vuaiq, contraction]. Contraction of the cavity of the
womb.
Metrosteresis [tnet-ro-ster-e' -sis) [pijTpa, womb ; arc-
pi/oig, deprival]. Removal or absence of the uterus.
Metrotome [met'- ro - tom) \_iiTjTpa, womb; rofiij, a
cutting]. Same as Hvsteroto»ie.
Metrotomy [met-rof -o-me) [^priTpa, womb; TOfiij, a
cutting]. Same as Hysterotomy .
Metrotuberculum [met- ro - tti- ber' - ku - lum) [pJ/Tpn,
womb; tuberculum, a small nodule]. A fungous
excrescence of the uterus.
Metrotyloma [met-7'o-ti-lo' -mah). Synonym of Metro-
tuberculum.
Metrourethrotome [met-ro-u-re'-thro-tom) [phpov,
measure ; ovp?/6pa, urethra; rnpi/, a cutting]. A form
of urethrotome that will cut a stricture to the desired
caliber ; a graduated urethrotome.
Metrozootia [mct-ro-zo-o' -te-ah) [////rpa, womb; (uov,
animal]. An epidemic disease of the womb in cattle.
Metrydrorrhea [met-rid-ror-e'-ah). See Hydrorrhea.
Metrymenitis [met-ri-men-i'-tis). Synonym of Metrd-
phlegmvmeiiitis.
Metrypercinesis [met-ri-per-siu-e' -sis) \jii]Tpa, womb ;
i'Tvip, over; Kivi^aiQ, movement]. Excessive uterine
contraction.
Metryperemia [met-ri-per-e' -lue-ah) . Synonym of Met-
re mia.
Metryperesthesia [met-ri-per-es-the'-ze-ah) [ii'/rpi,
womb ; I'l-tp, over ; aiaHz/on-, perception]. Hyperes-
thesia of the uterus.
METRYPERTROPHIA
761
MICRANGIUM
Metrypertrophia [/net-ri-per-tro' -fi-ah). Synonym of
Mciraiixe.
Metternich-green. See Figments, Ccnispt'ctus of. ■
Meyer, Method of. A method of determining the
vapor density of a substance. A weighed quantity of
the substance is vaporized in an enclosed space, when
it displaces an equal volume of air, which is measured.
M.'s Tissue-paper Test, a test for color-blindness.
If a border of gray paper is placed upon red paper, it
appears to have the complementary color of its back-
ground (that is, green). This is particularly apparent
when the whole is covered with a sheet of tissue-
paper. A color-blind man cannot see the comple-
mentary color correctly.
Meynert's Bundle. See M.'s Fasciculus. M.'s
Commissure, a bundle of large-sized nerve-fibers
extending from the tuber cinereum and the anterior per-
forated substance into the optic tract, and terminating
in the subthalamic body. M.'s Fasciculus, a fas-
ciculus of white nerve-fibers extending between the ha-
benular and interpeduncular ganglia. M.'s Fountain-
like Decussation, a group of nerve-fibers that arise
in the roof of the aqueduct and decussate in the dorsal
segment of the raphe. M., Ganglion of. See Gan-
glia, Fable of. M.'s Granular Formation, the
fourth stratum of the cerebral cortex. M.'s Projec-
tion System, a plan of the construction of the ner-
vous system, whereby it is divided into three sections :
The firsl is composed of the fibers from the cortex of
the brain through the corona radiata in a radiate direc-
tion ; the second, of longitudinal bundles of fibers pro-
ceeding downward to the ganglionic gray matter
reaching from the third ventricle through the aqueduct
of Sylvius to the lowest part of the gray matter of the
spinal cord ; the tJiird, the peripheral nerves, motor
and sensory, proceeding from the central tubular gray
matter.
Mezcal, Mescal {mez-kahl') [Mex.]. An intoxicant
spirit distilled from pulque, the fermented juice of
various Mexican species of Agave.
Mezereon, Mezereum {inez-e' -re-on, mez-e' -re-uin)
[Ar. , mdzariyun, the camellia]. The bark of Daphne
mezereum, a powerful sialogogue and irritant poison,
producing purging and gastro-enteric inflammation. It
is used as an antisyphilitic, combined with sarsaparilla,
but chiefly as a local irritant to stimulate indolent
ulcers. M., Ext., used in the preparation of liniment of
mustard. M. , Ext., iEther. (B. P.), used externally
as a counter-irritant. M., Ext., Fid., used in the
preparation of M., Ung., consisting of fid. ext. meze-
reon 25, lard 80, and yellow wax 12 parts.
Mezizah (niez-i' -zah) [Heb.]. The fourth act in the
Jewish rite of circumcision. It consists in sucking
the bleeding surface in order to secure the salutary in-
fluence of the saliva.
Mezquit [mes-ket') [Sp.]. The tree or shrub Prosopis
juliflora of the S. W. United States and Mexico. Its
gum resembles gum arable.
Mho fym'6) [anagram of ohm'\. The unit of electric con-
ductivity ; conductivity at the resistance of one ohm.
Miaria {jni-a' -re-ali) ^/niapia, defilement]. Synonym
of Miasm.
Miasm, Miasma [mi'-azm, mi - az' - mah') \jxiaivea',
to pollute : //. , AIiasmata'\ . A term loosely applied
to the floating germs of any form of microbic life,
especially those generating in marshy localities.
Miasmal [mi-az'-mal) [//(nCT/iri, miasm]. Containing,
relating to, or depending upon, miasm.
Miasmatic {mi-az-jna/' -ik) \_iiiaiv^iv, \.o ■poXWte']. Per-
taining to or having the nature of miasma. See Con-
tagious. M., Contagio-, a term applied to those dis-
eases the specific germs of which, after leaving the
animal body, undergo a further development before
again becoming infectious. Typhoid fever, cholera,
yellow fever, and some other diseases, are contagio-
miasmatic. M. -contagious. See Contagioiis. M.
Diseases, those diseases produced by infectious causes
arising from without the animal body, e.g., malaria.
Miasmatology [mi-az-mat-ol' -o-je) \_iiiaaiia, miasm ;
science]. The science or study of miasmata.
Miasmifuge {tni-az'-mif-nj) \_iiiaaiia, miasm; fugere, to
put to flight]. Preventing or banishing miasmatic
diseases.
Miasmo-contagious {mi-az'-mo-kon-ta' -je-us). See
Miasmatic.
Miasmology (^mi-az-inol'-o-je). .Synonym of Miasma-
tology.
Mica {mi'-kah) [L., a crumb]. Thin, glossy, trans-
parent scales, composed of aluminum silicate. M.
panis, crumb of bread ; used in pharmacy.
Micaceous (i)ii-ka' -she-its') \_mica, crumb]. Resembling
mica ; composed of crumbs ; friable.
Mication [mi-ka' -shun) \jnicare, to glitter]. Quick
motion ; a winking ; systolic contraction.
Micella {mi-sel' -ah) [dim. of mica, a crumb, grain ; //. ,
AIicellce'\. In biology, according to Nageli's theory,
one of the fundamental structural units of organized
bodies. He defines it as "a minute crystal, micro-
scopically invisible, consisting of a larger or smaller
number of molecules, and, when turgid, surrounded
by a layer of water." Weismann does not accept this
as corresponding to his " biophore."
Micellar [mi-sel' -ai-) \_micella, dim. of mica, crumb].
Relating to a micella. M. Aggregate, a number of
micellae united together.
Michel's Diplococcus. The micrococcus found in con-
tagious conjunctivitis. See Bacillus of Conjunctival
Catarrh, under Bacteria, Svnonyinatic Fable of. M.'s
Paste, a caustic paste composed of asbestos one
part, and concentrated sulphuric acid three parts.
Micheli's Placenta. The sporangium of certain fungi,
as, for instance, those that give rise to otomycosis.
Michelia {mi-ke' -le-ah) [after P. A. AFcheli, an Italian
botanist]. A genus of magnoliaceous plants. M.
champaca. See Champak.
Michigan Itch. Same as Army Itch. M. Method, a
method of Artificial Respiration. The individual is
placed on his face, the operator astride of the body.
The shoulders are then raised as high as they can go,
without the head leaving the floor, and this position is
maintained'while the operator counts three. The body is
then allowed to return to the ground. Pressure is then
made downward and inward on the lower ribs while
two is counted. The operator then repeats the first
series of movements.
Micology [i/ii- hoi' -o-je). See Mycology.
Micracoustic {mi-ki-ak-ko'ui'-stik) \_fUKp6(;, small ; ciKova-
TiKi'jg, pertaining to hearing]. Hearing, or assisting in
hearing, very small sounds.
lAicTXSthetes (mi-hres'-thets) [//(Kpor, small ; aladr/mg,
sensation]. In biology, small knob-like sense-organs
found by Moseley in the micropores of certain Chi-
tonitliP.
Micraine (mih'-rdn). Synonym of Migraine.
Micranatomy [mi - kran - at'- 0 - me) [fimpd^, small ;
dwro^u//, a cutting up]. Minute anatomy; histology.
Micrander (mi-kran'-ilcr) [/iiKpo^, small; avi/p, male].
In biology, a small male plant.
Micrane {mik'-ran). Synonym of Migraine.
Micrangiopathy [ini-kran-je-op' -ath-e) \jiiKp6q, small ;
tiyynriv, vessel ; -Moq, disease]. Disease of the cap-
illaries.
Micrangium (mi-kran' -je-uni) \_uiKp6r, small ; ayytlov,
vessel]. Capillary.
MICRANTRUS
762
MICROCRYSTALLINE
Micrantrus [/iii-kran' -/ni.\) [_uiKi>ur, small ; arrpav,
cave]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which a perpen-
dicular from the most prominent point of the frontal
torus upon the radius fixus is not more than 4 mm. in
front of that from the nasion.
Micrencephalon, Micrencephalium {mi-kren-sef -al-
o>t, iiii-krcn-SL'f-a' -Ic-uiii) [(//a/joc, small ; h/Ke(pa'Aog,
brain]. I. A small brain, as in cretinism. 2. Syno-
nym of Ccrebellunt.
Micrencephalous {iiii-kren-scf -a!-us) yuKpoi;, small ;
h, KKBo./ (!(; , brain]. Having a small brain.
Micrencephalus (jni-kren-sef' -al-us) \_iiiKp6(;, small ;
iyK.k(^a\o(;, encephalon]. Lissauer's term for a skull
in which the angle formed between lines drawn from
the hormion to the nasion and to the inion respectively
is between 129° and 142.5°.
Micrencranus [mi-kren-kra' -nits) \_aiKp6c, small ; iv,
in ; Kpai'ioi', skull]. Lissauer's term for a skull with a
cerebellar sector of from 8.5° to 15°.
Micristology {mi-kris-toF -o-je). See Histology.
Micro- {ini'-kro-. Mik^-ro-y from an etymologic point
of view, would seem preferable to ini'-kro-, but the
balance of authorities is certainly in favor of the latter
pronunciation.) \jxLKp6c, small]. I. A prefix signifying
minute. 2. Also, a prefix occasionally used to signify
a unit one-thousandth or one-millionth part of the unit
to which it is prefixed.
Microanatomy [ini-kro-an-at' -o-nie') . See Micraiiato)ny-
Microaudiphone [ini-kro-a-cu' -dif-dn) \_fiiKp6c, small ;
rt/ziZ/rt", to hear ; ^ow/, voice]. An instrument used for
rendering audible sounds that are very slight.
Microbacteria (^mi-kro-bak-te' -rc-aJi). vSee Bacteria.
Microbe (mi'-krob) [^fiinpuc. small; ;3/of, life]. The
generic name for microorganisms, whether animal
or vegetable. In ordinary use the term inici-obe is
equivalent to schizomyces, and designates a vegetable
microorganism. See Microdrganism.
Microbial, Microbian, Microbic (mi-kyo' -he-al, »ii-
kro' -be-an , mi-kro'-bik) [ixiKpor, small ; /Jt'of, life].
Pertaining to microbes.
Microbicide {ini-k?-o'-bis-tii) ^/uiKpoc, small; pior, life;
<rirt/ere, to kill]. I. Destructive to microbes. 2. An
agent that destroys microbes.
Microbiohemia {mi-kro-bi-o-hem' -c-ah'] \juKpnq, small ;
/j/of, life ; n!/io, blood]. A diseased condition re-
^julting from the presence of microorganisms in the
blood.
Microbiology (iiii-kro-bi-ol'-o-je) \jiLKp6q, small, little ;
liioq, life ; 'Koyoq, science]. Bacteriology, or the science
of microorganisms.
Microbion, Microbium (iiii-kro'-be-on, vii-kro' -be-mii).
.Same as Mii rohe.
Microblast {mi' -kro-blast) \jiiKp6r, small ; P'/aaroc,
germ]. An immature blood-corpuscle.
Microblepharia, Microblepharon (ini-kro-blef-a'-re-
ab , ini-kro-blc'f'-ar-on) \_uiKj)i'>r, small; ji7:i(j>apov,\\A'\.
Abnormal smallness of the eyelids.
Microbrachius (mi - kro - bra'- ke - iis) [////cpdf, small;
l^ipaxi'-ii', arm]. Congenital smallne.ss of the arms.
Microbrachycephalia [mi - kro -bra -ke - sef-a' - le -ali)
\_iuKp6r, small ; jSpaxvc, short ; Krifia'/j'/, head]. Brachy-
cephalia combined with microcephalia.
Microcardia (OT?'-/C';-c-/^i7r''-c;V-(7//) [//(/spof, small ; Kapdia,
heart]. Congenital smallness of the heart.
Microcaulia [mi-kro-kaw' -Ic-ah) [ii/Kfioc, small ; KavMc,
penis]. Abnormal or congenital smallness of the
penis.
Microcephal [mi-kro-sef -al) [/iiKprk, small; Keoa'/i/,
head]. A person affected with microcephaly.
Microcephalia {mi-kro-sef-a' -Ic-ah). See Miirocephaly.
Microcephalic (uii-kro-sef-al'-ik) [/-iiKp6g, small; w-
(p(i'/-i/, head]. Having a small head.
Microcephalism {mi-kro-scf -al-izm). Synonym of
Microceplialv.
Microcephalon (mi-kro-scf -al-oii) \piKp6q, small ; /tf-
mu II, head]. An abnormally small head.
Microcephalous {mi-kro-sef -al-us) \jUKphQ, small ;
ii((f>a///. head]. Having a small head; in botany,
having flowers arranged in small heads.
Microcephaly (mi-kro-sef -a/-e) [////ipdf, small; K£<palr],
head]. Abnormal smallness of the head.
Microcheilia (mi-kro-ki' -le-ali) [//;/ip<<(-, small ; ;t£''^of>
lip]. Abnormal congenital smallness of the lips.
Micro-chemistry (jni-kro-kem'-is-tre) [,u/Kp(jf, small;
XUntia, chemistry]. The chemic investigation of the
more minute substances of nature. Also, the study
of chemic reactions, in which a drop each of the re-
agent and the substance to be tested are made to
coalesce on a porcelain or glass plate, the reaction being
observed under a microscopic objective of low power.
Microcidin (mi-kro-si' -din) [/iM/jof, small ; ciedere, to
kill]. A fine white powder resulting from heating
naphthol-iJ to liquefaction, and adding half its weight
of caustic soda. It is said to be a good antiseptic, ten
times more powerful than phenol and twenty times
more powerful than boric acid, and has but feeble toxic
qualities. Internally it may be given in doses of from
ID to 30 grains per diem. Unof.
Microclysm (mi' - kro- klism) \_iuiipo<;, small ; K/ivafia,
clyster]. A small clyster; a clyster effective in small
amounts.
Micrococcus (mi-kro-kok' -us) \_iiiKp6qy small ; kokko^,
kernel]. A genus of schizomycetous microorganisms,
having spheric elements, isolated, united in two's
or in larger numbers, or disposed in chaplets, or
masses of zooglea. Sometimes they are united in such
a way as to resemble a bunch of grapes and are then
called Staphylococci. When united in couples they
are called Diplococci. If arranged in strings or chap-
lets they are called Streptococci. Certain species
are pathogenic, others are chromogenic, others have a
fermentative action, and some no discoverable func-
tion. See Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of.
Microconidium (mi-kro-kon-id' -e-iun) [/uKpoq, small ;
Kovic, dust: pi., Microconidia'\. In biology, a rela-
tively small-sized conidium.
Microcoria (mi-kro- ko'-re-ah) \jiiKp6c, small; Kbpi),
pupil]. Same as Miosis.
Microcornea (mi-kro-kor' -ne-ah) \^^iKp(iq, small ; cor-
tieus, horny]. Abnormal smallness of the cornea.
Microcosm (mi'- kro - kozm) [///K/jof, small; k6!7/xo(:,
world]. Man in contradistinction to the universe, or
the macrocosm ; man considered as the epitome of
the cosmos.
Microcosmic (mi-kro-koz' -mik) \jj-iKp6c, small ; k6(j/w(,
world]. Pertaining to the microcosm. M. Salt,
sodium-ammonium-hydrogen phosphate ; so called as
being derivable from human urine.
Microcosmography (mi-kro-koz-mog'-ra-f) \_/JiKp6(,
.small; /idu/zof, universe; -}pd<peiv, to write]. The
study of the microcosm, especially of man.
Microcoulomb (mi-kro-koo'-lom) i_fiiKp6c, small ; Cou-
lomb, a. French physician]. One millionth of a cou-
lomb. See Coulomb and Electric Units.
Microcoustic (mi-kro-ko'os'-tik). Synonym Micra-
COHSlic.
Microcranious (mi-kro-kra'-ne-us). Synonym of Aft-
crocephaloits.
Microcrith (mi'-kro-kritli) IfiiKpor, small ; Kpifti/, bar-
ley]. A unit of molecular weight, equivalent to the
weight of an atom of hydrogen.
Microcrystalline (mi-kvo-kris' -tal-in) \_iiiKp&c, small;
KpimTciXXivoc, pertaining to a crystal]. Composed of
crystals of microscopic size.
MICROCYST
763
MICROMETRY
Microcyst [ini'-Z^ro-sist] \_iuKp6r, small; Kiarn^, cyst].
I. A cyst of diminutive size, or one derived from
another. 2. The resting swarm-spore of certain fungi.
Microcyte (////''-/vo-j-//) [/uik/joc, small ; kvto^, cell]. A
small red blood-corpuscle.
Microcythemia (>in-kro-si-thc' -Jiie-cili') \jxiK.p6q, small ;
Ki'Tor, cell ; aifia, blood]. Abnormal smallness of the
red corpuscles of the blood, caused by certain poisons
and diseases.
Microcytosis [tiii-kro-si-lo'-sis). Same as Microcythemia.
Microdactylia {ini-kro-dak-til' -c-ah) \_fUKp6(^, small ;
(Sii/cm/of , finger]. Abnormal smallness of the fingers.
Microdentism ymi-kro-den' -tizm). See Microdonlis»i.
Microdont {jiii' -kro-doiit) \jiiKp6(;, small ; odoiJf , tooth] .
Having small teeth. See Alacrodont.
Microdontism [ini-kro-don' -tizni) [/iM^jof , small ; oJorf ,
tooth]. Abnormal smallness of the teeth.
Microetiologic {mi' -kro-e-te-o-loj' -ik ) , small ;
airia, cause; /-6-}0(;, science]. Connected with the
study of the causation of microorganismal diseases.
Microfarad [iiii-kro-far' -ad). See Farad and Electric
Units.
Microform [mi' -kro-fonii) [//mpor, small ; forma, form].
A microscopic object.
Microgenesis {mi-kro-jen' -es-is) \_yiLK.p6<;, small ; yeveaig,
origin]. Abnormally small development of a part.
Microgenia {mi-kro-je' -ne-ali) [_iLUKpu(;, small ; yevetov,
chin]. Abnormal or congenital smallness of the chin.
Microgerm {mi'- kro-jerm) \jUKp6(;, small; germcn,
seed, sprig]. A microbe; more properly, the spore
of a microorganism.
Microglossia [mi-kro-g/os' -e-ak)\_fiiKp6i; , small ; yTiijaaa,
tongue]. Abnormal smallness of the tongue.
Micrognathia [mi-krog-na'-t/ie-a/i) \_fiLKp6r, small;
yvado^, jaw]. Abnormal smallness of the jaws, espe-
cially of the lower jaw.
Microgonidium [ini-kro-go-nid' -e-iiiii) [//((c/jof, small ;
yavi], generation, seed: //. , Microgonidia\ In biol-
ogy, a relatively small-sized gonidium.
Microgram {^i?ii' -kro-grain) \_/ilKpo(:, small ; ypcififia, a
Greek weight ; gram]. A millionth part of a gram.
Micrograph {mi' -kro-graf) \_/uiKp6g, small ; ypdfeiv, to
delineate]. A device for enabling one to draw
sketches on a very small scale.
Micrography {mi-krog' -ra-fe) \jiiKp6^, small ; ypa^eiv,
to write]. A description of bodies that are studied
under the microscope. See Photo-micrography .
Microgyria {mi-kro-ji'-re-ah) [//;Kpdc, small ; yvpog,
gyrus]. Smallness of the convolutions of the brain.
Microhistology {mi-kro-his-tol' -o-je). Synonym of
Micristohgy.
Microhm {mi' -krom) [|U«pdr, small; ohm'\. The mil-
lionth part of an ohm.
Microkinesis {mi-kro-kin-e' -sis) \_jiiKp6i;, small ; Kivr/aic,
motion]. A minor movement without definite pur-
pose, especially in early infantile life; in children,
any spontaneous act ; in adults, fidgety movement,
restlessness, as in sleep ; post-epileptic action.
Microlentia {mi-kro-len' -te-ali) \_yLiKp6c, small ; lens,
lens] . The state of having an abnormally small crys-
talline lens.
Microliter {mi'- kro - le - ter) [//;/ipdf, small; X'lTpa, a
liter]. The millionth part of a liter.
Microlith {?ni' -kro-lith) [_/xtKp6(;, small; t.ldog, stone].
A microscopic calculus.
Micrology {i)ii - krol ' - o -je) [/z//ipdc, small; 7\6ynr, a
treatise]. A treatise on minute objects, especially
microscopic objects.
Micromania {mi-kro-iiia' -iie-ah) J^ptKpot;, small ; fiavia,
madness]. Delusion of belittlement ; the impression
that one's body, or some part of it, is or has become
small, or that all objects around one are small.
Micromazia {mi-kro-ma' -ze-ah) \^/nKpcc, small ; na^o^,
breast]. Abnormal smallness of the mamma;.
Micromelia {mi-kro-me' -le-ak) \_fiiKp6c, small ; fxk'Aoq,
limb]. Abnormal smallness of the limbs.
Micromelus {mi-kroin' -el-its) \_fiiKp6(;, small ; //i/iof ,
limb]. A single autositic monster of the species
ectromelus, characterized by the presence of limbs
that are normal in form but abnormally small.
Micromere {mi'- kro - mer) [i"i<p6g, small; pepnc, a
part]. In biology, one of the smaller blastomeres
formed in the segmentation of certain ova; specifically,
the " animal cell " of Rabl.
Micromeria {mi-kro-me' -re-ah) [//;/cpdf , small ; pipog,
a part]. A genus of labiate herbs. M. douglassii,
the Verba biicna of the Pacific U. S. , is a fragrant
aromatic stimulant and anthelmintic. Unof.
Micromerology {mi-kro-me-rol'-o-je) \_fiiKp6(;, small ;
ILi£po(;, -part ; '/.dyor, science]. The science of anatomic
segments.
Micrometer (;«?' - krom' - et - er) ^fitKpdc, small ; fikrpov,
measure]. An instrument designed for measuring
exceedingly small dimensions. M., Eye-piece, a
micrometer to be used with the eye-piece or ocular.
M., Object or Objective. See M., Stage. M.,
Ocular, a micrometer to be used with the ocular.
See Ocular. M., Stage, a finely divided scale or rule
on glass or metal for determining the magnification of
a compound microscope.
Micrometric {mi-krom-et' -rik) \jiiKp6q, small ; jiirpov,
measure]. Pertaining to the micrometer ; measuring
very minute distances, surfaces, or objects, as a micro-
metric screw, or hematoscope.
Micrometry {mi-krom' -et-?-e) \_jiiKp6(^, small ; ijirpov,
measure]. The determination of the size of objects
by the aid of a micrometer. M., Methods of Ocu-
lar, are as follows : I . By finding the value of a
division of the ocular micrometer for each optic com-
bination and tube-length used, and employing this
valuation as a multiplier. Thus, if with a given optic
combination and tube-length it required five divisions
on the ocular micrometer to include the image of
mm. of the stage micrometer, then one space on the
ocular would include ^ of mm. , or mm. ; and
the size of any unknown object would be obtained by
multiplying the number of divisions on the ocular
micrometer required to include its image by the value
of one space. 2. By finding the number of divisions on
the ocular micrometer required to include the image of
an entire millimeter of the stage micrometer, and using
this number as a divisor. If five divisions of the ocular
micrometer are required to include the image of mm.
on the stage micrometer, then it would require 5 j^jp
— 25 divisions on the ocular micrometer to include a
whole mm. on the stage micrometer ; then the number
of divisions of the ocular micrometer required to measure
an object divided by 25 would give the actual size of the
object in millimeters or in a fraction of a millimeter.
3. By having the ocular micrometer ruled in milli-
meters and divisions of a millimeter, and then getting
the size of the real image in millimeters. In employ-
ing this method a stage micrometer is used as an object,
and the size of the image of one or more divisions is
measured by the ocular micrometer. If the stage
micrometer is ruled in yL and jwo ' '^^ ocular
micrometer is ruled in millimeters and Jj- mm. , take y-y
mm. on the stage micrometer as the object, and suppose
it to require 10 of the yL spaces, or I mm., to measure
the real image ; then the real image must be magnified
xo _^ — 5 diameters. M., Methods of Stage:
I. By mounting the object upon a stage micrometer,
and directly reading oft" the number of spaces covered
by the object. 2. Divide the size of the image by the
MICROMILLIMETER
764
MICROSCLERE
magnification of the microscope. Tlie elliptic nucle-
ated red blood-corpuscle of the Necturus makes a good
object. If its long axis is l8 mm., and the magnifica-
tion of the microscope is 400 diameters, the actual
length of the axis would be 18 mm. -r- 400 = .045
mm. 3. By the use of a stage micrometer and camera
lucida. Indicate by means of the camera lucida the
outlines of the object to be measured. Replace the
object with a stage micrometer. Note how many
spaces are required to include the object. As the
value of each space is known, the size of the object
may be very readily computed.
Micromillimeter iyi>ii-ki-o-miF -im-c-ter) \_iaK.p6q, small ;
Diille, thousand; iitTpov, measure]. I. The one-
thousandth part of a millimeter or the one-millionth part
of a meter. It is the unit of certain microscopic measure-
ments. It is called also niio-on. 2. The millionth
part of a millimeter.
Micrommatous [ini-krom' -at-us) [//iKpdf, small ; d/u/ua,
eye]. Small-eyed.
Micromyelia {i}ii-kro-vii-e' -le-ah^ \juKp6(;, small \iJ,vtK6<;,
marrow]. Abnormal smallness of the myel, or
spinal cord.
Micron {mi'-kroii) [//i/cpdf, small: //. , Microns or
y^/;^■;7^]. The millionth part of a meter or a thou-
sandth of a millimeter, the generally accepted English
form of Listing's mikron. It is the equivalent of
^?¥oo °f English inch, and its symbol is fi.
Micronucleus [mi-kro-nii' -k/e-»s) [uwpdf , small ; nu-
a kernel]. A small or minute nucleus. In biology,
Maupas' term for the paranucleus, or the nucleolus
of other authorities.
Microorchid {mi-kro-or'-kid) [/i/zcpdf, small ; dpxt^, tes-
ticle]. Having very small testicles.
Microorganic [ini-kro-or-gan' -ik) [^;/cpdf, small ; bpya-
vin>, instrument]. Having the character of a micro-
organism.
Microorganism (^mi-kro-or' -gan-izt>i) \_p.iKpb(;, small ;
bpyavov, instrument] . A term applied to a microscopic
being of the animal or vegetable kingdom ; in a special
sense it is restricted to that vegetable group known as
bacteria. See Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of.
Micropanencephalus {mi-kro-pan-en-sef-al-us') [//(-
upoq, small; irhv, all; kyiik<^aXor, encephalon].
Lissauer's term for a skull in which the angle included
between lines drawn from the hormion to the nasion and
to the basion, respectively, is between 138° and 163°.
Microparasite [ini-kro-par' -as-lt) \jxmp6i;, small ; irap-
(wirm-, a parasite]. A parasitic bacterium or other
microorganism.
Micropathologic {mi-kro-path-o-loj' -ik) [/w/cpdf , small ;
TTi'ifio(;, disease; Xuyog, science]. Pertaining to micro-
pathology.
Micropathologist {mi-ki-o-path-ol' -o-jist') \_pLKp6<;, small ;
nddng, disease ; /Idyof , science]. One versed in micro-
pathology.
Micropathology {jni-kro-path-ol' -o-je") \_piKp6c, small ;
TTi'iting, disease; Uyo^', science]. The study of minute
pathologic changes; also, the scientific study of micro-
organisms in their relation to disease. Morbid his-
tology.
Microphage [mi' -kro-fdj^ ^piKpuc, small ; (payuv, to de-
vour]. A small phagocyte. Metschnikoff's term for
certain small free leukocytes at the margin of an ery-
sipelatous patch of skin, and which he believes to have
the power of destroying the infecting micrococci of
the disease. {Poiner and Sedgwick.')
Microphagist [mi-krof -aj-isf) [//(/cptif, small ; (j>ayeh',
to eat]. In biology, a feeder on microscopic organ-
isms.
Microphagocyte (>iii - kro - fag' - 0 - sit). See Micro-
phage.
Microphagus {mi-krof -ag-iis) [////cpdf , small ; (payeiv, to
eat]. A microphage.
Microphone [mi'-A-rofiin) [_piKp6(:, small ; (poxv//, sound].
An instrument that amplifies delicate or feeble sounds.
Microphonia {mi-krofo' -ne-ah) S^p.iKp6i^, small ;
voice]. A weak voice; feebleness of the voice.
Microphotograph [ini-krofo' -to-graf) \_fUKp6c, small;
(pojr, light; ypcKpeiv, to write]. A very small or micro-
scopic photograph of an object ; in most cases the
object is greatly reduced in the photograph, and must
be looked at with a microscope. Cf, Photo-micrograph.
Micro-photography (;«/-/(7-o-y;)-/'i7§^-ra-y;-)[//(Kpdf, small;
(/)wr, light; ypd(ptiv, to write]. The production of
photographs of microscopic size, usually of large
objects. These photographs must then be examined
with a magnifier or microscope. In French and German
this term is also employed for Photo-micrography, q. v.
Microphthalmos [mi-krojf-thal' -mos) [/i/Kpdf, small ;
oi^QaXfioq, eye]. An abnormally small but otherwise
healthy eye.
Microphylline {»ii-kro-fl'-in) \_fiiKp6^, small ; (fih/Jov,
leaf]. In biology, possessing minute leaflets or scales.
Microphyllous (ini-kroff' -il-us) [//wpof, small ; <pb2.h)v,
leaf]. In biology, having small leaves.
Microphyte (mi'-kro-fit) [//iKpdf, small ; ipvrov, plant].
Any microscopic plant, especially one that is parasitic in
habits.
Microphytic (mi - kro - ft' - ik) \_fiiK.p6^, small; fvrdv,
plant]. Pertaining to tnicroscopic vegetable life.
Micropia (mi-kro'-pe-ah). See Micropsia.
Microplasia (ini-kro-pla' -ze-ah) [//(/cpdf, small ; 7rAd(j(f,
a molding]. Arrested development.
Micropodous [mi-krop'-o-dus) \_fiLKp6(;, small ; ttoiV,
foot]. .Small-footed.
Micropolariscope [mi-kro-po-lar' -is-kop) [/i«pdf , small ;
polans, polar; aKoireiv, to view]. A polariscope
used in connection with a microscope.
Micropore, Microporus [mi'-kro-por, mi-kro-por' -tis)
[//(/cpdf, small ; -KupoQ, a pore or passage]. In biology,
any small pore, as in the heads of certain spermatozoa ;
specifically applied by Moseley to the smaller pores in
the tegmenta of the shells of nearly all Chitonida. Cf.
Megalopore.
Microprosopa [mi - kro - pro - so'- pah) [^fimpSc, small;
TTpoaunov , face]. Congenital smallness of the face.
Micropsia {mi-krop'-se-ah) [/(/A'pdf, small ; oi/;zf, sight].
An apparent diminution in the size of objects, sup-
posed to result from changes in the retinal end-organs.
Micropsychia {mi-kro-si'-ke-ah) \jiiK.p6q, small ; V"'A''/i
mind]. Weak-mindedness.
Micropsychosis [mi-kro-si-ko'-sis) [piKpog, small ;
mind]. The inchoate thinking of infantile fife; the
spontaneous, disconnected, and half-suppressed think-
ing of later life ; wandering, dreamy, or uncontrolled
mental action.
Micropus [mi-kro' -pits') [pmpdc, small ; ttoiV;, foot].
Abnormal smallness of a leg ; a congenital defect.
Micropyle [i/ti'-kro-pil) [p/Kpdf, small ; nvlrj, gate, ori-
fice]. In biology, the small opening in an ovum or ovule
through which the fertilizing particle may penetrate.
Microrhabd [mi'-kro-rabd) \_niKp6<;, small; pdjjfiog, a
rod, stick, wand]. In biology, a rhabdus-shaped
microsclere or flesh-spicule of a sponge.
Mrcrorrheometer [mi-kro-rc-om' -ct-er) [iiiKpoc, small;
pe'iu, to fiow ; //f'rpor, measure]. An instrument
for measuring liquids flowing through small tubes.
Microrrhinia [mi-kro-riu' -e-ah) \_iiiKpitii, small ; P'f.
nose]. Congenital atrophy or smallness of the nose.
Microscelous [?/ii-kros'-el-us) [_/jiKp6g, small ; wfAof,
leg]. Short-legged.
Microsclere (mi'-kro-skler) [piKpd^, small ; oK^-epSi,
hard]. In biology, a flesh-spicule of a sponge.
MICROSCLERUM
765
MICROSPORON
MicroscleTXim {>ni-^ro-si/e^-rie//t) [/^Mpdf, small ; OK^it-
iodf , hard : pi., Microsclera\. 'Same Microsc!e>-e.
Microsco'pe [mi'- k?-o-skdp) [//(/cpdr, small ; OKO-KEiv, to
view]. An optic apparatus for giving an enlarged
and distinct image of a minute and near object. M.,
Achromatic, one in which, by proper lenses, the
chromatic aberration is corrected. M., Achromatic
Triplet, a simple achromatic microscope consisting of
one crown-glass and two Hint-glass lenses cemented
together. M., Binocular, a microscope having
divergent oculars, one for each eye, so that the object is
seen with both eyes. M., Compound, one that con-
sists of two or more lenses or lens-systems, of which
Principal Parts of the Microscope.
(Half natural size.)
one, the objective, placed near the object, gives an
enlarged and inverted real image. The other, the
ocular, acting like a simple microscope, gives an
enlarged virtual image of the real image. M., Erect-
ing, one in which the image is made erect by means of
a prism placed above the objective. M., Oil-immer-
sion, a compound microscope of which the free sur-
face of the objective is immersed in a drop of oil placed
on the cover-glass. M . , Polarizing, one with a polariz-
ing-prism attached. M., Simple, one consisting of
one or more lenses or lens-systems acting as a single
lens. The rays of light that enter the eye of the ob-
server, after refraction through these lenses, proceed
directly from the object itself. M., Tripod Magnifier,
a simple microscope mounted in a frame supported by
three legs. M., Water-immersion, one similar to
the oil-immersion microscope, except that a drop of
water is used instead of oil.
Microscopic (tni-kro-skop' -ik) small ; oKOTreii;
to view] . Pertaining to the microscope; so small as to
be invisible except with the aid of a microscope. M.
Slide, M. Slip. See Cover-glass.
Microscopist {iiii-kros' -ko-pist) \_[iiKp6<;, small; oKoirelv,
to view]. One who is skilled or expert in the use of
the microscope.
Microscopy {mi-kros' -ko-pe) \jiiKp6<;, small ; OKo-Ktiv,
to view]. The use of the microscope; microscopic
study or observation.
Microseme {ini' -kro-seni) [^/JiKpo^, small ; a?j/ia, sign,
index]. Having a low index. See Index.
Microsiphonula {^ini-kro-si-fo7i' -u-lali) \_/jiKp6c, smaU ;
ai<l><ov, EL tube, pipe: //. , Microsiphoittila-^. In biol-
ogy, a larval stage of certain cephalopods.
Microskopirlack (ini-kro-sko-per' -lak) \_Ger.\ See
Mounting-t)iedia.
Microsoma (jni - kro - so' - niah) \jiLK.p6z, small; aCif-ia,
body : //. , Aficrosomafa~\. In biology, small chroma-
tin-granules in the cell-nuclei ; aggregated they form
the " }ne7-its^^ of Bcehm, and the "ancestral germ-
plasms " or " ids " of Weismann.
Microsomatia {f?n-kro-so!iia' -slic-ah). Synonym of
Mia-oso??ia.
Microsomia [?>ii-l-ro-so' -me-ali) [////i/jof, small ; ou/m,
body]. An arrest of growth resulting in a dwarfing
of the whole body.
Microspectroscope {t)ii - kro - spck' - tro - skop') \_/jiicpdc,
small; spectnaii, spectrum; anoniuv, to view]. A
direct-vision spectroscope-prism in connection with the
ocular of a microscope, by the use of which it is possible
to examine the absorption -bands of a substance in
minute quantities. The usual arrangement is a series
of glass prisms in a small tube which is attached above
the ocular.
tA\Q,rosph.yztons(n:i-kro-s/!k'-/iis)\_fiiiip6(;, small; acpv^iQ,
pulse]. Having a small pulse.
Microsphyxia [?iii-ki-o-sJiks'-e-ah)\_iiiKpnc, small ; a<j>v^iq,
pulse]. Weakness or smallness of the pulse.
Microsplanchnus {mi-kro-splatigk' -mis) \_iiiiipu(;, small ;
r7TT?ayxvov, viscus]. Having small viscera.
Microsporangium (iiii-kro-spo-ran'-je-u7n) \jw(.p6<;,
small ; (TTrd^jof, seed ; ayyeiov, vessel: //. , Microspoj--
angia'\ . In biology, a sporangium that produces micro-
spores.
Microspore {mi'-ki'o-spor) \_/jiKp6^, small ; anopo^, a
seed]. In biology: (a) an asexually-produced spore
of relatively small size, as in the Rhkocajpii, Selagin-
elltr, Isoetir ; (/;) One form of anisospore among the
colonial Radiolariatis.
Microsporidia {tni-kro-spo-rid' -e-alC) \jiLKp6i;, small ;
(TTrdpof, seed]. A genus of sporidia, a class of the
sporozoa. They occur as parasites in the muscles of
the frog, the marsh-tortoise, in worms and insects. In
silkworms they are held by some to be the cause of
Pebrine, q.v.
Microsporon [nii-kro-spo'-ron] \_piKp6Q, small ; OTropoc,
seed]. A fungus to which several diseases of the
skin and hair are believed to be due. M. audouini,
the cause of Pelade, a disease of the hair-covered skin.
M. furfur. See Tiiicr versicolor. M. malassezii,
the specific fungus of pityriasis versicolor. M. men-
tagrophytes, the cause of mentagra, q. v. M. mi-
MICROSTAT
766
MIGRATION
nutissimum, a species found in the groin and axilla,
causing an eruption. See Erythi-asma.
Microstat {itii' -kro-stat) [////cpcSf, small; orarof, fixed].
A stage and finder, for attachment to a microscope.
Microsthenic [mi-kro-stken'-ik) [////cpof, small ; adkpo(;,
power]. Having feeble muscular power.
Microstoma {^mi-kro-sto' -niaJi) l^/impug, small ; arofia,
mouth]. Abnormal smallness of the mouth.
Microstomatous [^mi-kro-sto'-mat-us) [//i/cpof, small ;
arojin, mouth]. Small-mouthed.
Microstome [mi' -kro-stdiii) [_/xiKp6g, small ; ard/m, a
mouth]. In biology, a small mouth or orifice.
Microstomous {mi-kros' -to-inus). Synonym of Micro-
stomatous.
Microstructure [ini-kro-struk' -chilf) \juKp6c^, small ;
sfi-iiftiira, a structure]. Microscopic structure.
Microstylospore (ini-kro-sti' -lo-spor) [/ztKpog, small ;
OTv/oc, a pillar; air6poc, a seed]. In biology, a rela-
tively small stylospore.
Microstylous {mi-kro-sti' -lus) \jiiKp6^, small ; orii/lof,
a pillar]. In biology, applied to short-styled flowers ;
having long stamens.
Microsyphilionthus (ini-kro-sif-il-i-on' -thus') \_jiLKp6r^,
small : syphilis, syphilis]. A small syphilid.
Microtasimeter [mi-kro-tas-im'-et-er) [//«pof, small;
raOTf, stretching; pirpov, measure]. An instrument
used in ascertaining small pressures.
Microtesia {ini -kro-tc'-ze-ah) \_piKp()rri<;, smallness].
Congenital smallness of part of the body.
Microtia [mi-kro' -slie-ah) [///^por, small ; oi'f, ear].
Abnormal smallness of the external ear.
Microtome {mi' -kro-tom) [piKp6^, small ; tout/, a cut-
ting]. An instrument for making thin sections for
microscopic examination. The microtomes of Schanze,
Rutherford, Hamilton, Williams, Lewis, Jung, Leiter,
Ryder, Minot, Ranvier, and Cathcart are the most
Ranvier's Hand Microtome.
used. M., Freezing, one in which the tissue is
frozen, in order to secure the hardness required for
properly cutting sections. M., Hand, one consisting
of a hollow cylinder in which the specimen is imbed-
ded, and the operation of which is carried out by
hand. M., Immersion, one that permits of cutting
the sections beneath the surface of alcohol. M.,
Rocking, for cutting sections in series. M., Sliding,
one in which the cutting knife operates by a sliding-
movement.
Microtomist {mi-krot' -o-mist) [ptKpor, .small ; ropi/, a
cutting]. One who cuts sections with the microtome.
'tA.icTotoray{mi-krot' -o-me) \_piKp6g, small ; ropln ■ Tipveiv,
to cut]. In biology, the art of section-cutting, or
preparing tissues for histologic investigation.
Microtrophous [mi-krot'-ro-fus) l_ptKp6c, small ; rpoipTi,
nourishment]. Under-fed; containing little nourish-
ment.
Micro-volt (ini'-kro-volt). See Electric Units.
'MicTOzooiA {mi-kro-zo'-oid) [/-((Apof, small; Cuoi', an
animal ; f/rfof, form]. In biology, applied to certain
small, free, swimming zooids among the I'orticellida.
Microzoon (i/ti-kro-zo' -on) \_piKp6i;, small ; C,i}ov, an
animal : //. , Microzoa'\. In biology, any microscopic
animal ; an animalcule.
Microzoospore [mi-kro-zo'-o-spor) [//wpof, small; l,uov,
an animal ; arropd, seed]. In biology, a relatively
small zoospore.
Microzymatous - hro - zi'- j?iat - us) \_piKp6Q, small ;
(I'/j?/, leaven]. Of the nature of, or caused by, a
microzyme ; zymotic.
yiicTozyme [mi' -kro-zlm) \_piKp6^, small; Ci'y"?> leaven].
Any one of those microorganisms, or particles of living
matter, which according to the theory of Bechamp,
are the real agents of the functions of the organism,
and the perversion of whose function constitutes
disease. They secrete a ferment. Zymase, which in
disease is transformed into pathogenic substances.
Miction [mik'-shun) \_mictio, urination]. The act of
voiding the urine.
1A\zX.O'pyow% iyinik-top' -e-us) [/^;/cr(5f, mixed ; 7ri)oi',pus].
Mixed with pus.
Micturition (mik-tu-rish'-un) \_micturitio ; viicturire,
to pass water] . The act of passing urine.
Mid [ME., ;;//</, middle]. Middle. M. -brain. Syno-
nym of Alesencephalon. M. -facial, pertaining to the
middle of the face. M. -frontal, pertaining to the
middle of the forehead. M.-f. Process, in the em-
bryo, the central one of the three plates forming the
fronto-nasal process. M.-gut. See J\/esogaster. M.-
head. See Centriciput.
Middle {mid'-l) [ME., iniddd, middle]. Mean;
equally distant from the extremities. M. Commis-
sure, the medicommissure, q. v. M. Oil, the
second main fraction in the coal-tar distillation
process. It is collected between 170° C. and
230° C. , yielding upon further treatment two very
important and valuable products, namely, liquid and
solid carbolic acid and naphthalene.
Midriff. See Diaphragm.
Midwife. A female obstetrician ; a female nurse who
attends women in childbirth.
Midwifery. See Obstetrics.
Miescher's or Miescherian Sacs, Tubes or Utri-
cules. Sausage-shaped Psorosperm -tubes or saccules,
found occasionally in immense numbers in the muscles
of pigs, cattle, sheep, mice and fowls, but never in man.
See under Parasites {Animal^, Table of. See Utricnle.
M.'s Tubes, "iet. M.' s Sacs.
Migraine (me' -gran) [Fr.]. A paroxysmal, usually
unilateral headache associated with gastric, vaso-motor,
and visual symptoms. There is sharp pain most
frequently in the temporo-frontal region of one side,
with general hyperesthesia of the affected surface.
There is photophobia ; nausea and vomiting are com-
mon. The face may be pale or flushed. The disease
may be hereditary, is often associated with anemia,
overwork, dyspepsia, eye-strain, menstrual disorders,
and other conditions. By some it is regarded as the
sensory analogue of epilepsy. See Ilemicrania and
Megrim.
Migrainous {>ne-gra' -mts) [Fr. , migraine']. Of the
nature of, or associated with, migraine.
Migration {mi - gra' - shun) [migratio ; migrare, to
wander]. In zoology, the periodic departure of cer-
tain animals, especially birds, from one to another cli-
mate. M., External {of the Ovum), the passage of
MIGRATORY
767
MILK
the ovum from an ovary to the tube of the opposite
side. M., Internal (d/ the Ovum), the passage of the
ovum through the tube related to the ovary from whicli
the ovule was discharged, into the uterus and across
into the opposite tube. M. of Ovum, its passage
from the ovary to the Fallopian tube. M. of
White Corpuscles, one of the phenomena of inflam-
mation, consisting in the passage of the white cor-
puscles of the blood through the vessel-wall.
Migratory [mi' - grat - o - re) \jnigrare, to wander].
Characterized by wandering, or changing locality.
M. Pneumonia. See Pneumonia tiiigrans.
Mika Operation [ini'-kak) [African]. A method in
vogue among certain African tribes for the purpose of
preventing impregnation. It consists in the formation
of a permanent urethro-perineal fistula in the male.
Mikrantrus [mi-kran' -triis) . See Rlicrantrus.
Mikrencephalus (jni-kren-sef -al-iis). See Micren-
cephalus.
Mikrencranus [ini-kren-kra' -tins). See Micrencraniis.
Mikro- [mi^-kro-). See Micro-.
Mikron . Same m Micron.
Mikulicz Drain. A method of draining the abdominal
cavity after operation. A piece of iodoform-gauze,
with a string tied to its center, is placed in the cavity,
and into this improvised sac considerably more gauze
is packed. Pressure is thus induced while the capil-
lary action of the sac secures drainage.
Mil [/«27/(', a thousand] . The one-thousandth part of
an inch. M., Circular, the area of a circle the
one-thousandth of an inch in diameter.
Mildew (i)iil'-du) [ME., mildnve, mildew]. The
common name for any one of a number of minute
fungi destructive to living plants and dead vegetable
substances, as cloth and paper. The name is most
properly applied to: (l) The Erysiphtc, or powdery
mildews, which are parasitic upon living plants of
many natural orders. Among the best known and
most destructive is the vine mildew, or powdery
mildew of the grape, Oidiiim tuckeri. Berk, a native
of America, where alone it produces its perithecial
form, described as Erysiphce spiralis, or Uncintila am-
pelopsidis, the conidial form only being known in
Europe. The mildew infesting Compositas, Plantago,
Verbascum, Labiatre, is Erysiphce lamprocarpa : that
of grasses, £. graminis ; that of Umbelliferse, clover,
lucern, lupines, etc., £. mariii : that of Polygonum,
Rumex, Convolvulus, Dipsacus, Lathyrus, Delphi-
nium, Aquilegia, Ranunculus, E. com?ntmis ; that of
the various species of Prunus, Fodosp/mra kunzei ;
and that of hops and other plants, P. castagnei :
(2) The Peronosporece, or downy mildews, among
which are a large number of well-known parasites,
such as the American downy mildew of the grape,
Peronospora viticola : that of the Umbellifera, P.
mvea ; that of Cruciferie, cabbages, etc., P. para-
sitica; that of onions, P. schleideniana : that of vio-
lets, P. viola: that of "potato rot," Phytophtliora
infestans, which, according to Bennett and Murray,
first appears, as a rule, on the green leaves of the
potato-plant in July or August, the sporangiophores
emerging through the stomates. Sporanges are
formed, under favorable conditions, in a few hours,
and are carried by the wind to other potato-leaves,
where they produce zoospoores or germ-tubes, in
drops of water formed by dew or rain ; the germ-
tubes penetrate the epiderm, setting up fresh growths
of mycelium in new plants, and thus the disease is
propagated ; countless numbers of such propagating
cells, each potentially the mother of a number of
zoospores, may thus be set free from a few diseased
plants, and the spread of infection and destruction of
tissue in warm, moist weather is almost inconcei\ ably
rapid. The disease extends to all parts of the plant,
including the tubers, in which the mycelium often
remains in a resting condition throughout the winter,
a fresh start being made in the spring. For treat-
ment, spraying with Bordeaux mixture, alone or in
combination with solutions of ammoniacal carbonate
of copper, sulphate of copper, sulphate of iron, etc.,
have been employed.
Milfoil {mil' -foil). See Achillea.
Miliaria [mil - e - a'- re - ah) \_miliiim, millet]. Prickly
heat ; an acute inflammatory disease of the sweat-
glands, the lesions consisting of pin-point or larger-
sized vesicles and papules, accompanied by a pricking
or tingling sensation. It runs an acute or subacute
course, and is followed by slight desquamation. Relap-
ses are common. M. alba. See AJ. ctystallina . M.
crystallina, a variety of miliaria in which the sweat
accumulates under the superficial horny layers of the
epidermis to form small, clear, transparent vesicles.
It is also called Siidamina crystallina. These lesions
are principally found on the neck, chest, back, and
abdomen ; they form rapidly, but do not increase in
size, nor do they coalesce. They are followed by
slight desquamation. Sometimes their contents be-
come cloudy, milky, or semi-puriform in character
[Miliaria alba). M. lactea, a form occurring in
puerperal women. M. papulosa, a variety of A/,
rubra. It is the well-known '■'■prickly heat." M.
puerperalis, M. puerperarum, a form occurring in
lying-in women, especially in conditions of septic in-
fection. M., Red Gum. See M. strophulus. M.
rubra, a form of miliaria in which there is an inflam-
mation of the tissues surrounding the sweat-glands,
secondary to the retention of sweat. There is red-
ness and itching ; the eruption is very copious and
thickly set, so that the skin assumes a vividly red color.
M. strophulus, a form occurring in nursing infants,
due to excessive swathing. M. vesiculosa. Same
as M. rubra.
Miliariform [mil-e-ar' -if-orm). Synonym of Miliary.
Miliary [mil' -e-a-re) \jnilium, millet]. Of the size of
a millet-seed. M. Fever. See Fever. M. Tuber-
cles, tubercular nodules of very small size, usually
present in large numbers, as in miliary tuberculosis.
See, also, Grutum. M. Tuberculosis. See Tuber-
culosis.
Military Fever. See Typhus Fever. M. Medicine,
or Surgery, the treatment of the diseases and wounds
to which soldiers and sailors are liable.
Milium [mil' -e-utn) [milium, millet-seed]. Grutum ;
Strophulus alhidus. A skin-disease characterized by
the formation of small, roundish, whitish, sebace-
ous, non-inflammatory elevations, situated just beneath
the epidermis. They are found mainly on the face,
eyelids, and foreheads of elderly persons, and may
e_xist in immense numbers. They may undergo cal-
cification, giving rise to cutaneous calculi. M.,
Amyloid. Synonym of Mollusctim contagiosum, q. v.
M., Colloid, a rare skin-disease characterized by the
presence, especially on the bridge of the nose, forehead,
and cheeks, of minute, shining, flat, or slightly raised
lesions of a pale-lemon or bright-lemon color. It is a
form of colloid degeneration of the skin, affecting
persons of middle or advanced age.
Milk [ME., milk, milk]. The secretion of the mam-
mary glands of Mammalia, consisting of water, casein,
albumin, fat, milk-sugar, and salts. Cream con-
sists mainly of the fats that rise to the surface of the
milk. Skim-milk is tht residue left after the removal
of the cream. Buttermilk is cream from which the
fatty matter has been removed. The sp. gr. of good
MILK
768
MILLIWEBER
milk varies from 1. 027 to 1. 034. It should con-
tain not less than 10 per cent, of cream. The reac-
tion of milk, when first secreted, is alkaline, but it
becomes acid on standing, as a result of fermentative
processes. The relative proportion of the constituents
in milk of different animals may be seen from the appen-
ded table of analyses from Wynter Blyth, 1882: —
Fat.
Casein.
Albumin.
Milk-sugar.
Ash.
Total Solids.
Water.
Human milk,
2.90
2.40
0-57
5.87
0.16
12.00
88.00
Cow's milk,
3.50
3-98
0.77
4.00
0.17
13-13
86.87
Camel's milk,
2.90
3-
5-66
0.66
13.06
86.94
Goat's milk,
4.20
3-00
0.62
4.00
0.56
12.46
87-54
Ass's milk.
1.02
1.09
0.70
5-50
0.42
8.83
91.17
Mare's milk,
2.50
2.19
0.42
5-50
0.50
11.20
88.80
Sheep's milk.
5-3°
6.10
1. 00
4.20
1. 00
17-73
82.27
Fleischmann gives the computation of the several parts
of cow's milk as follows : —
z
<
0
'ate
Fat.
ASEI
.BUM
K-SU
Ash
u
<
,J
s
Whole milk,.
87.60
3-98
3.02
4.40
4-30
0.70
Cream, . . .
77-30
15-45
3.20
0.20
3-15
0.70
Skim-milk, .
90-34
1. 00
2.87
0.45
4.63
0.71
Butter, . . .
14.89
82.02
1-97
0.28
0.28
0.56
Buttermilk,
91.00
0.80
3-,50
0.20
3.80
0.70
Curd
59.30
6.43
24.22
3-53
5-01
1.51
Whey, . . .
94.00
0.35
0.40
0.40
4-55
0.60
M. -abscess, a mammary abscess. M., Artificial
Mother's, cow's milk so prepared as to resemble in
composition human milk. M.-bath. .See Bath.
M. -blotch. See Crusta lactca. M., Blue, a change
in color of milk due to the development of the Baci/lns
cyanogenus. See Bacteria, Synonvmatic Table of.
M., Butter. See Mi7/e. M., Condensed, the milk
of cows from which a large part of the water has been
evaporated and sugar added. M. -crust, a term for
vesicular eczema in children. The same as milk-
blotch. M. -curdling Ferments. See Fermetits.
M.-cure, the method of treating certain diseases
by an exclusive diet of skim-milk. It is of service in
dropsies of all kinds, obstinate intestinal neuralgias,
incorrigiljle dyspepsias with grave disturbances of
nutrition, hepatic disorders, asthma due to pulmon-
ary catarrh and emphysema, hysteric and hypochon-
driac states associated with serious disturbances of
nutrition, and in disorders of nutrition dependent on
chronic catarrh of the stomach and intestine. M.-
cyst, a peculiar and rare cystic tumor of the mam-
mary gland. It is probably the result of extravasation
of milk. The contained milk may become inspissated.
M., Deficiency of. See Agalactia. M.-duct, a
galactophorous duct. M., Excessive Secretion of.
See Galactorrhea. M. -fever, certain phenomena,
possibly with a slight rise of temperature, attending
the establishment of the secretion of milk. It is due
to a slight degree of septic intoxication. The term was
formerly applied to all febrile exacerbations following
parturition, and was often used synonymously with
child-bed or puerperal fever. See, also, Galacto-
pyrctiis. M. -globule, a globule of oil of the
kind seen in freshly drawn milk. M., Green, colos-
trum. M., Human. -See Hitman. M.-leg. See
Phlegmasia alba dolens. M. -maid's Cramp. See
Cramp. M., Male, the seminal fluid. M. -molar,
any deciduous molar tooth. M. -nurse, a wet-nurse.
M. -plasma, the whey, or plasma of milk, seen when
the casein and butter have been removed. M.-pump.
See Breast-pump. M. -punch, a nutritious preparation
made by adding brandy, whiskey, or rum, to milk in
the proportion of about one to four or six parts,
and flavoring with sugar and nutmeg. M.-rice
Culture-medium : to 100 parts by weight of finely
powdered rice add 210 parts by measure of a 3 to I
mixture of milk and bouillon. Beat together and
sterilize. M.-scab. 'awsA^ ■ba M. -blotch. M.-scall.
See Porrigo larvalis. M. -sickness, an epizo-
otic disease of cattle, communicable to persons
who drink their milk or eat their flesh. It is
marked by " trembles," or chills, vomiting, and a
disordered state of the functions of the alimentary
. canal. M., Skim. See Alilk. M. -spots, small,
opaque, white spots of thickened pericardium re-
sulting from a localized inflammation. These spots
may sometimes be the result of slow sclerotic
changes occurring in old age. M. -sugar. See Lac-
tose. M. Teeth, the teeth of the first dentition ; de-
ciduous or temporary teeth. M. -tester, a lactometer.
M. -thrush. Synonym of Aphtha. M. -vessel, in
biology, one of the tubes in which a milky fluid is
secreted. M.-weed, silk-weed. The root of
Asclepias cornuti, with properties similar to those of
A. tuberosa. It is a popular cure-all. Dose of the fld.
ext. tT\,x-3j. Unof M., Witches', colostrum;
also milk secreted by the male breast.
Milker's Cramp, or Spasm. See Cramp.
Millecoulomb [mil-koo' -lorn) [mille, one thousand ;
CohIojiiI)\. One one-thousandth part of a coulomb.
Miller, Bacillus of, M., Spirillum of. See Bacteria,
Synonytnatic Table of. M. -Lewis Bacillus. A
comma-bacillus found in the human mouth. Cf.
Bacillus dentalis viridaiis, under Bacteria, Synonym-
atic Table of.
Miller's Asthma. See Laryngismus stridulus and
Diseases, Table of.
Millers' Eczema. A form of eczema of the hands,
occurring in millers, from the irritation of the flour.
M.s' Lung, a form of Pneiimonokoniosis.
Millet-seed Rash. Synonym of Miliaria.
Mill-grinders' Phthisis. See Piieiimokoniosis.
Milliamperage {mil-e-om'-par-ahzli)\_mille, a thousand ;
Ampere, a French scientist]. The expression of
electric current-strength in milliamperes.
Milliampere {mil-e-om' -par) [w///c, thousand ; Ampere,
a French scientist]. One-thousandth of an ampere, =
I volt divided by looo. See also Ampere.
Milliamperemeter {mil-e-om' -par-me-ter') \_mille, thou-
sand ; Amph-e, a French scientist ; iikrpov, measure].
An instrument for measuring the strength of an elec-
tric current.
Milligram {mil'-ig-ram). See Metric Systan.
Milliliter (mil'-il-e-ter). See Metric System.
Millimeter [mil'-im-e-ter). See Metric System.
Milliweber \mil' -e-web-er). Same as Milliampire.
MILLON'S REAGENT
769
MINIUM
Millon's Reagent. A reagent made by dissolving lo
grams of mercury in 20 grams of nitric acid, diluting
the solution with an equal volume of water, and
decanting in twenty-four hours. Proteids warmed in
contact with the reagent at a temperature of 70° C.
yield a purple-red color. See Tes/s, Table of.
Millstone-makers' Phthisis. A form of pneumono-
koniosis due to the inhalation of fine particles in the
manufacture of millstones.
Mill-tooth. A grinder ; a molar tooth.
Milman's Drink. A diuretic for use in dropsy. It
consists of a solution of '/4 ounce of potassium bitar-
trate in two pounds of barley-water, with one or two
fluid ounces of brandy added.
Milori Blue. Same as Berlin Blue.
Milphae [mil'-fe) \_iiiA(pai, falling of the hair of the eye-
I lids]. Same as Milphosis.
Milphosis [7nil-fo' -sis) \_iui?i<pocii(:, baldness]. Baldness
of the eyebrows.
Milt [a corruption of iiiilk'\ . The spermatic organ or
spermatic fluid of fishes, oysters, and other of the
lower animals. See also Spleen. M. -waste. See
Aspleniitm.
Miltosis {inil-to' -sis'). Same as Milphosis.
j Milzbrand (tnills' -brant) [Ger.]. Synonym of An-
thrax, q. V.
Mimesis (inim-e' -sis') [|U('|U;?(Tif, imitation]. In biology,
mimicry ; the simulation by an organism of some other
organism or its environment.
Mimetic (inini-ef ik) [^/itfu/atg, imitation]. Imitative;
mimic.
Mimetism [iiiim'-et-iz/?i). Same as Alimesis and Mim-
icry.
Mimic {inim' -ik) \jju^iK6q, from iMfJ-oc, an actor]. Imi-
tative simulating. M. Aneurysm. See Phatitoin
Aneurysm. M. Labor, false labor. M. Spasm, habit-
spasm, or convulsive tic.
Mimicism {??tim' -is-iz??i) [liifir/aic, imitation]. Neuro-
pathic imitation of words, gestures, etc.
Mimicry [mim'-ik-re) [//i//of, an imitator: pi., Mimic-
ries^ Imitation. In biology, an imitative resemblance
of one organism to another. The utilization by an or-
ganism of false warning or signaling colors for the repel-
ling of enemies by the deceptive suggestion of some
unpleasant or dangerous quality, or for attracting prey
by the deceptive appearance of something attractive to
them. Even foreign objects commonly associated with
some well-defended and aggressive species may be
mimicked by a comparatively defenseless form.
(Poulton).
Mimmation (tniin-a'-shun)\_h.x., mini, the name of the
letter ni]. The unduly frequent use of the sound of
the letter m in speech.
Mimochasmesis [mim-o-kaz-tne' -sis) \_/iifjei(T6ai, to imi-
tate ; ;tfd(T/z)7(T((:, yawning]. Imitative yawning.
Mimography {mim-og' -ra-fe') \_iufielotiat, to imitate ;
ypdipeiv, to write]. Sign-language used by deaf-mutes.
Mimosa-hark {mi-mo'' -salt) [/vz/rof , a mimic]. Wattle;
the bark of numerous species of Acacia {A. decnrrens
and A. dealbata) from Australia and Tasmania, con-
taining from 24 to 30 per cent, of mimotannic acid.
It is used in leather-manufactures, and makes a red
leather. It is generally used in admixture.
Mimosis [mitn-o'-sis). Same as Mimesis.
Mimotannic Acid {mim-o-tan' -ik). See Cutch.
Mimotype [miin' -o-np) [/ti/iog, a mimic ; rvTrog, form].
In biology, a form distantly resembling another and
fulfilling similar functions ; the representative in one
country of a type or form found in another.
Mind (mind) [ME., mind, mind]. The understand-
ing. The reasoning and intellectual faculties consid-
ered as a whole. M. -blindness, a form of aphasia
49
in which, although the patient is perfectly able to see,
no intellectual impression is conveyed to his mind by
the object seen. This condition is also called Visual
Amnesia. M.-cure, the alleged cure of disease through
mental operations. M-curer, one who professes to
cure disease by acting directly upon the mind of the
patient. M. -deafness, a form of aphasia in which
soimds, though heard and perceived as such, awaken
no intelligent conceptions. This condition is also
called Auditory Amnesia. M. -healer. Same as
M.-curer. M. -reading, the perception of another's
thoughts and feelings by a direct and occult process.
M.-sick, insane.
Mindererus, Spirit of. '6te. Ainmonii acetatis, Liq.
Miner's Anemia. A disease of coal-miners due in
part to the choke-damp, or ethylene which they breathe.
M.'s Asthma. See y^«///r<^^-^l.!M. M.'s Cachexia. See
Ankylostomiasis. M.'s Disease. Same as M.^s
Elbow. M.'s Elbow, enlargement of the bursa over
the olecranon, due to irritation while working and
lying on the side. M.'s Lung. Same as Anthracosis.
M.'s Nystagmus. See Nystagmtis. M.'s Phthisis,
anthracosis; a chronic affection of the lungs due to
the constant inhalation of coal-dust ; it is attended
with cough and dyspnea, and with a black discolora-
tion of the pulmonary tissues. It is designated by
various other names. The process often ends in
tuberculosis.
Mineral [min' -er-al) \jninera, a mine]. Any inor-
ganic chemic compound found in nature. The word
is usually limited to the solid inorganic compounds.
M.-blue. See Pigments, Conspectus of. M. Colza
Oil. See Burning Oil. M.-gray. See Pigments,
Conspectus of. M. -green. Same as Paris-green.
M.-lake. See Pigments, Conspectus of. M. Oil,
petroleum. M. -orange. See Pigments, Conspectus
of. M. Pitch, bitumen. M. -purple. See Pigments,
Conspectus of. M. Sperm. See Burning Oil. M.
Water, water naturally or artificially impregnated
with mineral salts or oxids. A classified list of the
springs of the United States will be found in the appen-
dix of the author's " New Medical Dictionary." The
general classes into which the springs are grouped in-
dicate the therapeutic actions of the waters. Analyses
of typical examples of each class are there given in full ;
of the rest, the active ingredients are indicated by the
chemic formula:. Alkaline and carbonated springs
are usually hot. Saline and sulphur springs may be
either hot or cold. Silicious springs are always hot.
M. Wax. See Ozocerite. M. -white. Same as
Permanent-white. M. -yellow. Same as Cassel Yel-
low.
Mineralogy {min-ej'-al^-o-Je) \_fninera , a mine ; 7^6yoq,
science]. The science, or a scientific account, of
minerals.
Mineromephitis [min-er-o-mef-i' -lis) [minera, mine ;
mephitis, a noxious exhalation]. Mephitic gas, or
miasm from mines ; choke-dam.p.
Miniate (inin' -c-at) \ininium, red lead]. Vermilion -
colored.
Minim [min'-im) \iiiinimus, dim. of minus, little].
The one-sixtieth of a fluid dram. Symbol, ITL.
Minimeter {ini7i' -im-e-ter) \_miuim, minim ; fjirpov,
measure]. An apparatus for measuring liquids in
minims.
Minimetric [min-im-et'-rik) [minim, minim ; fitTpov,
measure]. Pertaining to measurement in mining. M.
Method, a method of estimating CO2 in the air.
-See J'entilation.
Minium [min' -e-um) [L., or minim?!, red lead].
Red oxid of lead, PbjO^ ; used formerly in plasters.
See also Pigments, Conspectus of.
MINOR
770
MISONEISM
Minor [mi'-nor) [L., "less"]. I. Less; lesser;
smaller. 2. An individual under legal age ; one under
the authority of parents or guardians. M. Surgery.
See Surgery, Alinor.
Minoration {^mi - nor - a' - sliuii) \_/ninora?-e, to make
smaller]. Gentle purgation, or emesis.
Minorative [nii' -nor-a-tiv) \jiiinorare , to make smaller].
I. Effecting minoration. 2. A gently purgative
remedy.
Minot's Theory. See Heredity.
Mint. Set Mentha. M. -worts, 'ate Labiate Plants.
yiumX.10 [ntin-zi'-she-o) [L.]. Synonym of A/inoration.
M. morrachi. An old method of reducing the
strength of young men by venesection or other deriva-
tive means, in order to exert an anaphrodisiac in-
fluence.
Minythesis {^iiiin-itk-e' -sis)\_niiivflri(jii; , decrease]. Lysis;
the stage of decrease in an attack of disease.
Mioangioneurosis {iiii-o-an-je-o-nu-ro' -sis) \juLtim\
lesser; ayyeiov, vessel; vevpov, nerve; voaoq, disease].
A nervous disorder of the smaller blood-vessels ; a
vaso-motor or vaso-inhibitory disturbance.
Miocardia [mi-o-kar^ -de-ah) \_/j.elcov, less ; Kap6ia, heart].
The systolic diminution of the volume of the heart.
See Aiixocardia.
Miocatantis [mi-o-kat-an'-tis) \_fie'L<jv, lesser ; Kardv-i/c,
sleep]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which the
angle formed between the radius fixus and the line
joining the hormion and the staphylion is between 23°
and 45°.
Miokatantis (ini-o-kat-an' -tis). See Miocatantis.
Miophylly [mi-off'-i/-e) [/le'nov, less; ifihXXov,a. leaf].
In biology, the diminution by suppression of the
number of leaves in a whorl.
Miopragia {/ni-o-pra' -je-ak) [/if/wf, less; Tzpdaaeiv, to
do]. Diminished functional activity.
Miopragic [/if7uj>, less ; Tipaaaeiv, to do].
Resulting from too little activity.
Miosis [tni-o^-sis] \_(i(iu)(jit; \ /xeiuii, less]. I. Contrac-
tion or decrease in the size of an organ, especially of
the pupil. 2. A lessening of the intensity of existing
symptoms.
Miostemonous {mi-o-slem' -o-nns) \jxe'Mv, less ; arr/fiuv,
stamen]. Having the stamens fewer in number than
the petals.
Miot's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Miotaxy (mi'-o-taks-e) j^fieiav, less ; rdj/f, arrange-
ment]. In biology, the complete suppression of an
entire set of organs, as of the stamens, the petals, or
the sepals of a flower.
Miotic {ini-ot'-ik) [_/i£ig)tik6(;, from fieluv, less]. I.
Pertaining to, or characterized by, miosis ; causing
contraction of the pupil. 2. Any agent or medicine
that contracts the pupil.
Miquel's Bulb. An apparatus for air-analysis.
Mirage (mer-ahzh') [Fr. , 7«/rt'r, to look at carefully].
An illusion caused by the reflection of objects against
the surface upon which two layers of air of unequal
density rest, the lighter on the heavier.
Mirbane, Oil of. A name for nitrobenzene.
Mirbel, Glands of. See Gland.
Mire (mer) [Fr., the sight of a gun ; a target].
Figures used upon the perimeter-bar of the ophthal
mometer of Javal and .Schiotz ; by observing the varia-
tions of their images, as reflected from different merid-
ians of the cornea, the measurement of corneal astig-
matism is effected .
Mirocele (/iiir'-o-sel). Same as Jl/erorele.
Mirror (niir'-or') [Fr., niirer'\. I. A term applied to
any polished surface that reflects a large proportion of
the light falling upon it, especially a glass silvered on
the anterior, or coated with a tin-amalgam on the
posterior surface. Mirrors, plane or focusing, are
used in the ophthalmoscope, laryngoscope, otoscope,
etc., to reflect light into the cavity studied, and thus
illuminate it for observation. 2. The movable silvered
glass with a plane and a concave face for illuminating
the object in microscopic observation. M.-bar, the bar
supporting the mirror of a microscope. M., Den-
tists', a small speculum designed for the examination
of the teeth ; a mouth-glass. M., Frontal, M., Head,
a circular mirror with a central perforation, strapped
to the head by a band, and used to throw light on parts
to be examined. M. -writing, a peculiarity of pen-
manship observed in left-handed persons, and charac-
terized by a reversal of the form and arrangement of
the letters, which appear as if seen in a mirror.
Miryachit [iner-e' -asch-it) [Rus. , " to play the fool "].
A peculiar disease observed in some Oriental tribes,
the chief characteristic of which consists in mimicry
by the patient of everything said or done by another.
The same disease is called Lata by the Javanese. It
is also allied to the "Jumpers" of Canada. See
Palinus.
Misanthrope [inis'-an-thrdp) \_fiiafiv, to hate; avdpomo^,
man]. A melancholy person; one who has an aver-
sion to society.
Misanthropy (jnis-an' -thro-pe) \juatlv, to hate ; arHpiJTTO(,
man] . Aversion to human society ; a symptom not
rare in melancholia.
Misbirth {mis-berth'). Synonym of Abortion.
Miscarriage [mis-kar' -aj) [ME., mis-, wrong, bad;
carriage, burden] . The expulsion of the fetus between
the fourth and the sixth month of pregnancy.
Miscarry [i?iis-kdr'-e) [ME., miscarien, to miscarry].
To give birth to a non-viable fetus.
Miscegenation (i)iis-ej-en-a'-shitn) \iiiiscere, to mix;
gemis, race]. Mixture of different races by inter-
marriage.
Miscible [mis' -ib-l) [misrere, to mix]. Capable of
being mixed.
Misemission (tnis-e-mish' -un) [ME., mis-, wrong;
emittere, to send forth]. A form of sterility in the
male in which fertile semen may be secreted and
ejaculated, but for some reason fails to be so de-
posited in the female organs as to come in contact
with the ovum and impregnate it. Usually it is due
to some malformation of the urethra.
Miserere mei [luiz-er-a'-ra ma'-e) [L., " have mercy
on me"]. An old name for volvulus, or intestinal
colic ; also for stercoraceous vomiting.
Mislactation [iiiis-lak-ta'-shun). See Galactia.
Mislocalization {mis -lo- kal- iz-a' - shun) [ME., mis-,
wrong; locus, a place]. Failure properly to localize
sensory impressions.
Mismenstruation {mis-men-stru-a' -shun) [ME., mis-,
wrong; w^/zj/rartrc', to menstruate]. Any disturbance
of menstruation.
Mismicturition [mis-mik-tu-rish'-un) [ME., mis-,
wrong; inicturire, to pass water]. Any disorder of
micturition.
Misogamy [mis-og'-am-e) [jiiatir, to hate ; yn/zof, mar-
riage]. Morbid and unreasonable aversion to mar- ,
riage.
Misogyny (mis-og'-in-c) [ptauv, to hate; yvvij, woman].
Morbid and unreasonable hatred of women ; a symp-
tom often seen in insanity and in sexual perversion.
Misologia {mis - o - lo' - je - ah) [/jiatir, to hate; Adyof,
reason]. Unreasoning aversion to intellectual or
literary matters. , 1
Misomania {mis-o-ma'-ne-ah) \_fiiafiv, to hate ; /'awn, ■'
madness] . The delirium of persecution. ,
Misoneism {mis-on-c' -izm)\_iuaeli> ,\.o hate; w/f, new], j
F'ear or horror of novelty. ':
MISOPEDIA
771'
MOAN
Misopedia {mis-o-pe' -de-ah']\juGOv , to hate ; -fi?f , child].
Morbid hatred of children, especially of one's own
children.
Misopsychia [i/iis-op-si' -ke-a/i) \_iiiath', to hate ; i>i'X>l,
life]. Morbid disgust with life.
Misoptochos, Misoptochus [^inis-op' -to-kos, iiiis-op' -to-
kiis) [/j((Tt:n', to hate ; tttux^'^i begg^'']- t_'Out ; face-
tiously so termed because the poor are not so liable to it.
Misozoia [mis-o-zo' -e-ak) \_fiiaai\ to hate; C,io>/, life].
Disgust with life, together with suicidal impulses.
Misplaced [inis-p/dst') [ME., mis-, wrong; phiie,
place]. Out of proper position. M. Menstruation,
vicarious menstruation.
Missed [mist) [ME., misseit, to miss]. Passed; failure
of attaining. M. Abortion, the retention of the
product of conception in the uterine cavity after its
death and with the appearance of some of the symptoms
of abortion. M. Labor, a rare accident of pregnancy, in
which there is the occurrence of a few labor-pains at
term, their subsidence, and the retention of the product
of conception in niero for a varying period thereafter.
M. Miscarriage. Same as M. Abortion.
Misshapen [>ins-sha'-pen) [ME. , w/j--, wrong ; shape,
shape]. Deformed; ill-shaped.
Missio [inis'-e-o) [L.]. A letting go. M. sanguinis,
blood-letting.
Missoy {mis'-oi). See Alassoy Bark.
Mistletoe [mis' -/-to). See Viscuni.
Mistura [inis-tu' -rah) [Z. .• gen. and A/istiira). A
mixture. In pharmacy an aqueous preparation of an
insoluble substance held in suspension, usually by the
addition of soluble gum, egg-emulsion, etc. There are
four official misturcc, besides six in the British Pharma-
copeia and i8 in the National Formulary.
Mistus, Mixtus [mis' -tits, niiks'-tus) \_miscere, p.p. mis-
tus, mixttis, to mix]. In biology, a cross-breed.
Mitchell's [S. Weir) Treatment. See Treatment,
Methods of.
Mitchella [mich-el' -ah) [after John Mitchell, a Virgin-
ian botanist]. A genus of rubiaceous plants. M.
repens, partridge-berry or checker-berry, is diuretic
and astringent, and among the Indians has reputed
emmenagogue properties. Unof.
Mite [imt] [ME., mite, a mite]. The common name
applied indifferently to any of the eight-legged insects
of the order Acarina. The fact that the immature
forms have but six legs has led to some confusion in
the onomy of the group and the formation of spurious
species [e.g., Leptus). The mites are cosmopolitan,
and the majority are parasitic upon plants and animals,
while others infest organic substances, such as cheese,
sugar, flour, old rags, rubbish, etc. For the true ticks
see the genus Ixodes; for the garden and harvest
"ticks," "mites," or "bugs," and certain ecto-para-
sites of birds, see the genera Tetranychus [Leptus),
Trombidium, Cheylettis, Harpirhynchus, Picobia ; and
for those forms associated with the various acariases, the
itch, mange, etc., of man and domestic animals, con-
sult the genera Chorioptes , Cytodites, Demodex, Dei-
manyssus Dermoglyphtis, Epidermopies, Freynna,
Hypodectes, Listrophorus, Alegninia, Pterolichus, Pso-
roptes, Sarcoptes, Symbiotes, Symploplectes, under
Parasites [Animal), Table of.
Mithradate, Mithridate [in'ith'-rad-dt, mith' -rid-at)
[M/(?par5d-;/f , M.idpiddnjC, a Grecian king]. An old
name for an electuary of many ingredients, used as an
antidote and alexipharmac.
Mithradatism, Mithridatism [mith'-rad-at-izm, mith'-
rid-at-izm) [M/ft'/jafWrz/f , M;^p«5d-?/f ] . That immu-
nity from the effects of a poison induced by the admin-
istration of gradually increased doses. The selection
of the word has reference to the fable concerning
Mithradates, king of Pontus, that he became so
charged with the poisons with which he experimented
that he acquired an immunity to them all.
Mitigate [mit' -ig-dt) \_mitigare, \.o 'soi\.e.VL~\. To allay ;
to make milder ; to moderate.
Mitigated Stick, or Caustic [mit' -ig-a-ted) \_mitigare,
to soften]. See Argeitlitm.
Mitigating [mit' -ig - a - ting) \_mitigare, to soften].
Assuaging, allaying. Also, a descriptive term applied
to anodynes.
Mitigation [mit-ig-a' -shu)i) [mitigare, to soften]. At-
tenuation ; lessening.
Mitis-green. Same as Schweinfiirth-green.
Mitochysis [mi-tok' -is-is) \ji\to<;, thread ; ^^I'cr'f, lique-
faction]. Cell-multiplication, direct or by mitosis.
Mitom [mi' -torn). Same as Miioma.
Mitoma, Mitome [mi - to'- mah, mi'-tom) \_iiit6<;, a
thread]. In biology, Flemming's term for the " filar
mass," i. e., the threads of the protoplasmic reticulum
of a cell, also called Cytomitoma . Cf. Paramitoma ,
Karyomitoma.
Mitoplastic [mi - to - plas' - tik) \jllto(;, thread, web;
Tvldaanv, to form]. Serving to build up the tissues.
Mitosic [ini-to' -sih). Synonym of Alitotic or Karyo-
kinetic.
Mitosis [mi-to'-sis) \jiIto<;, a thread]. In biology, the
splitting of the nuclear chromatm of plant or animal
cells while undergoing indirect division ; karyomitosis,
karyokinesis.
Mitotic [mi - tot'- ik) [///rof, thread]. Pertaining to
Mitosis.
Mitra hippocratis (w/^- /ra// hip - pok' - ra - tis). See
Bandage, Capeline.
Mitral [mi'-tral) \_mitra, miter]. Resembling a miter;
mitriform ; pertaining to the auriculo-ventricular valve
of the left side of the heart. M. Disease, a generic
term for organic disease of the mitral valve of the
heart. M. Incompetence. See 7)/. Regurgitation
and Endocarditis. M. Insufficiency. See M. Regur-
gitation and Endocarditis. M. Obstruction, dis-
ease of the mitral valve causing obstruction to the flow
of blood through the left auriculo-ventricular opening.
M. Regurgitation, disease of the mitral valve pre-
venting its proper closure during the cardiac systole,
and pennitting blood to be forced back into the left
auricle. M. Stenosis. See M. Obstruction and
Endocarditis. M. Valve. See Valves.
Mitrate [iiii'-trdt) \_mitra, miter]. In biology, bonnet-
shaped, miter-shaped, mitriform.
Mitriform [mi' -trif-orm) \_mitra, miter ; forma, form].
See Mitral.
Mitscherlich's Test. See Tests, Table of.
Mittler's Green. See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Mixed Blood. See Mulatto, and Griffe.
Mixogamy [miks-og' -ant-e) [//(|^/f, a mixing ; yafioQ,
marriage]. In biology, the congregation of males and
fen>ales, the number of the former being in excess, as
exhibited by certain fishes at spawning-time.
Mixopyus [miks o'-pe-tcs) [_/xiyvvvat, to mix ; -coi', pus].
Being mixed with pus.
Mixoscopia [miks - o- sko'-pe - ah) cohabitation;
OKtiTTeii', to look]. A form of sexual perversion in
which the orgasm is excited by the sight of coitus.
See Voyeur.
Mixture [miks'-tilr). See Mistura.
Mixtus [miks'-tus). See Mistus.
Mnemonics [ne-mon'-iks) [fivijf^Tj, the memory]. The
science of cultivation of the memory by systematic
metliods.
Moan [mon) [ME., monen, to moan], I. To utter a
low, dull sound expressive of suffering. 2. The
sound so uttered.
MOBBY
772
MOLECULAR
Mobby [moh'-e). See Mabby.
Mobile {mob' -il^ \_mobilis, movable]. M. Pain.
One that shifts from place to place. M. Spasm,
athetosis ; slow, irregular movement, as of the para-
lyzed parts in hemiplegia.
Mobility [mob-W -it-e) \jiiobilis, movable]. That prop-
erty by which the position of a body may be changed.
The condition of being movable.
Mochlus {mok'-his) \_^ox'A^Z, lever]. The obstetric
lever, or vectis.
Mock Turkey-red. Same as Baj-wood-red.
Mocmain (niok'-miin) [Chinese for "tree-cotton"].
The cottony hairs of Bombax heptapkyllum, a species
of cotton-tree, used in stuffing the pads of trusses.
Modal (»to'-dal) \_>?iodus, mode]. A term applied to
the order of response of muscles and nerves to the
galvanic current.
^Model (»iod'-el) \_modelbis, dim. of modus, measure].
A standard for imitation. M., Antagonizing (for
artificial teeth), a contrivance for obtaining an exact
representation of the manner in which the jaws meet,
by which a dentist selects, arranges, and antagonizes
artificial teeth.
Moderator {inod' -er-a-tor') \_inoderare , to regulate].
Reil's band. See Band. M. Band. See Band.
M. Centers, M. Nerves. See Inhibitory.
Modification [inod-if-ik-a' -shmi). See Tuberculin .
Modiolus [mo-di'-o-lus) [L. ,nave]. I. The central
pillar or axis of the cochlea, around which the spiral
canal makes two and one-half turns. 2. The
crown of a trephine.
Modulus [dim. of modus, measure, mode].
A unit of certain physical forces.
Modus [tno'-dus) [L.]. A mode or method. M.
operandi, the method of the performance of an
action.
Mcenia (OTt''-«^•-^^/^) [L., //.]. Walls. M. dentis.the
portions of the jaws that bear the alveoli.
Mogigraphia [mog-ig-raf -e-ali) \ji6yLq, with difficulty ;
ypdipew, to write]. Difficulty or inability to execute
writing movements ; writers' cramp.
Mogigraphic (inog-ig-raf -ik) \ji6yic, with difficulty ;
(l>pd(peiv, to write]. Characterized by mogigraphia.
Mogilalia (mog-il-a'-le-ah) \ji6yLq, with difficulty ; Xa'Aia,
talk] . Stammering, stuttering.
Mogilalism [mog-il-a' -lizm). Same as Mogilalia.
Mogiphonia [mog-if-o' -ne-ak) \_ji6yiq, with difficulty ;
^uvi/, sound]. A difficulty in producing loud vocal
sounds with the larynx, ordinary speech remaining
unaffected.
Mogographia [mog-o-graf^ -e-ah) . See Mogigraphia.
Mogostocia (juog-os-to' -se-aJi) [//(Syof, labor ; t6ko(,,
birth]. Painful or difficult parturition.
Mohr's Method. A volumetric method of estimating
the chlorids in the urine. It is carried out by means
of precipitation by a standard solution of silver nitrate.
Mohrenheim's Fossa. See Fossa. M.'s Space, the
groove on the deltoid muscle between the cephalic vein
and the humero-thoracic artery.
Moist [ME., moist, damp]. Damp; slightly wet.
M. Chamber, a large circular glass with a lid, used
in bacteriologic work, especially for growing
potato-cultures. The chamber is kept moist by the
evaporation of water from a moistened filter-paper
which is laid on the bottom of the dish. M. Colors.
See Pigments, Colors, and Dyestitffs. M. Filter, a
filter-paper which is moistened with water. M. Gan-
grene, the form of gangrene that occurs in a part
filled with blood. See Gangrene. M. Melting, the
form of procedure in the extraction of fats, in which
the material is melted over direct fire, with the addi-
tion of dilute sulphuric acid. This is the process now
generally followed. M. Tetter. See Eczema. M.
Wart. See Verruca acuminata.
Mola [mo'-lali). See Mole.
Molar (ino'-lar) \_moles, mass]. Pertaining to masses,
in contradistinction to molecular.
Molar [mo'-lar) [_/nola, a millstone]. In biology, a
tooth that has no deciduous predecessor, but is behind
other teeth, the premolars, which (except the first)
have deciduous predecessors. M. Glands, the saUvary
glands of the horse and other mammals ; the superior is
outside and along the upper border of the buccinator !
muscle, the inferior is at the inferior border of the j
buccinator. These glands pour their secretion into
the mouth by a series of orifices arranged in line on
the buccal membrane, parallel to each molar arch.
M. Teeth. See Teeth.
Molariform (7no-lai''-iform) \_mola, millstone ; forma,
form]. Having the form of a molar tooth.
Molary (mo'-lar-e) \_molaria, belonging to a mill]. In
zoology, fitted for grinding.
Molasses [mo-las' -sez) \_7iiellaceus, honey-like]. Theri-
aca; treacle; the uncrystallized residue of the refining
of sugar. It is used in pharmacy.
Mold, Mould {mdld)\)AY.. , mould , mold]. I. A minute
fungus or other vegetable growth of a low type ap-
pearing on moist and decaying bodies. 2. The ma-
trix or prepared and shaped cavity in which anything
is cast and receives its form. Anything that serves to
regulate the size and fonn of bodies. Cast ; form ;
shape. A fontanel or space occupied by a cartilag- |
inous membrane in the skull of the fetus and of a new-
born child, situated at the angles of the bones that
form the skull.
Mole [inol ) \_mola , a mass] . I . A proliferative degener-
ation of the chorionic villi, producing a mass of berry- i
like vesicles attached to the placenta. It is called Fesi- I
cular Mole and Plydatidiform or Myxomatous Degener- '
ation of the Placenta. 2. Also applied to a small, ]iig-
mented spot of the skin. M., Blood, a mass of coagula- !
ted blood and retained fetal membranes and placenta, j
sometimes found in the uterus after an abortion. M., |
Carneous. See M. , Fleshy. M., Cutaneous, a pig-
mented spot on the skin. M., Cystic. Same as M.,
Hydatidiform. M., False, a mass of coagulated blood
and exfoliated vaginal mucous membrane discharged oc-
casionally in the course of membranous dysmenorrhea,
and not due to a retained product of conception. M.,
Fleshy, the body formed in the uterine cavity when
an ovum that has died is retained within the uterus for
some time. It may undergo fatty or calcareous degen-
eration. y\..,'ii\.3.\xy.':>eeNLevuspilosus. M., Hydatid,
M., Hydatidiform, M., Hydatoid. See first defi-
nition under Mole. M., Pigmentary. See N<mms
pigmentosus. M., Sanguineous. Same as M.,
Fleshy. M., Stone, a fleshy mole that has undergone
calcareous degeneration. M., True, one the result of
conception. M., Tubal. See Tubal. M., Uterine,
a mass of morbid material sometimes contained in the
uterus after the death of the product of conception. It is (
the result of some pathologic process. M., Vesicu-
lar. Same as M., Hydatidiform. M., White, a pig-
mentary nevus that has not yet attained its character- j
istic color. |
Molecular [mo-lek'-u-lar) [dim. of moles, mass]. Per-
taining to, or composed of, molecules. M. Death, .
the changes of cellular or intimate structure that [
result in the disorganization of the vital cell or .soma- j
cule, and that render impossible a resumption of its
original function. .See Somatic Death. M. Debris, i
heterogeneous microscopic particles of degenerated j
tissue. M. Heat, the heat-capacity of a molecule j
or compound. M. Motion, the movements of the j
MOLECULE
773
MOLYBDOCACHEXIA
molecules of a substance within that substance. M.
Weight, the weight of a molecule of any substance as
compared with the weight of an atom of hydrogen. It is
equal to the sum of the weights of its constituent atoms.
Molecule (^moV -e-kill ) \_iiiolecnla ; dim. of moles,
mass]. The smallest quantity into which the mass of
any substance can be physically divided and retain its
characteristic properties ; or the smallest quantity that
can exist in a free state. A molecule may be
chemically separated into two or more atoms. The
integrity and properties of a substance reside in its
molecules. Ms., Crystal, bodies conceived as ex-
isting in solutions of crystalline substances. The
presence of such molecules is supposed to -be the
source of the rotatory power of the solutions. Ms.,
Organic. See Organic Molecules, Doctrine of. Ms.,
Physical, the molecules to groups of which rotatory
activity has been ascribed.
Moleschott's Potash-solution. A solution for his-
tologic work, consisting of from 35 per cent, to 50 per
cent, of potassic hydrate. M.'s Standard Diet, a
diet for the healthy adult man per diem : Nitrogen
317 grains, carbon 4750 grains, hydrogen 202 grains,
sulphur 24 grains, salts 461 grains.
Moli [mo'-li) [African]. The tree, Draciena schizan-
tha, of E. Africa. It produces one variety of dragon's
blood, q. V. See, also, Pterocarpus.
Molilalia {inol-il-a' -le-ali) \_iiokiq, with toil; KakLa,
speech] . Difficulty of utterance ; stuttering ; mogilalia.
Molimen (??io-li'-i?ien) [L. , nioliiiien, endeavor: //.,
Molimina\. Any effort or attempt. M., Menstrual,
the menstrual act or function.
Molisch's Test. See Tests, Table of.
Molitor (??iol-i' -ter). Synonym of Masseter.
Moll's Glands. See Gland.
MoUescence [mol-es'-ens) \_mollescere, to soften]. Soft-
ening.
Mollification [mol-if-ik-a'-shun). Synonym of Mol-
lescence.
Mollin (ntol'-iti) \_mollis, soft]. A soft soap of potash
and cocoanut-oil, proposed as a basis for ointments ;
it contains an excess of fat. Also a mixture of lard
and glycerin, saponified with potassium hydrate and
sodium hydrate. Mollin is a kind of soft soap, used
in skin-diseases and as a vehicle for various active
medicaments. Unof.
Mollinum [ino-li'-man) \jiiollis, soft: gen., Mollini'\.
See Mollin. M. hydrargyri, mollin mixed with
mercury ; it is about twice the mercurial strength of
ordinary unguentiim hydrargyri.
Mollipilose \mol-ip-i' -Ids) \jnollis, soft; piliis, a hair].
In biology, furnished with a soft downy coat.
Mollisin [mol'-is-in) \jnollis, soft]. An ointment com-
posed of yellow wax and spindle-oil.
Mollities \7n0-lish' -e-ez) \jiiollis, soft]. Softness. M.
ossium. 'A^^ Osteomalacia. M. uteri, softening of
the uterus. It is most common in the cervix during
pregnancy, but sometimes affects the body of the
womb, both in the pregnant and non-pregnant state. "
Mollugo {mol-u'-go) [L.]. A genus of herbs. M.
spergula, M. verticillata, carpet- weed, Indian
chickweed ; a stomachic, antiseptic and laxative. Unof.
Mollusc or Mollusk(OTo/'-z«/') a shell-fish].
Any member of the Molbisca, a class of soft-bodied in-
vertebrates possessing an external and an internal shell .
M. -bodies, glistening bodies, about the size of
epithelial cells, found in the central and older parts of
the growths in Molhisctiin contagiosum ; they are con-
sidered by Neisser, Pfeiffer, and others as parasitic
(coccidia), a view opposed by T6r5k, Tommasoli,
Israel, and Virchow.
Molluscous {mol - us' - kiis) \tnolliiscum, a shell-fish].
Pertaining to the RIollusca or second division of the
animal kingdom. Also, pertaining to the disease
Mollusciim.
MoUuscum {mol-us' -kmn) [L.]. A term applied to
several diseases of the skin. M. Acne, M. adeno-
sum. Synonym of M. contagiosum. M. athero-
matosum, Alolluscum co7itagiosum yj'iih cystic tumors.
M. cholestericum. Same as Xanthoma, q. v. M.
contagiosum, MoUuscum epitheliale, a skin-disease
characterized by the formation of pinhead-sized to bean-
sized and marble-sized, sessile or pedunculated, yel-
lowish-white or pinkish tumors, rounded or acuminate,
imbedded within or projecting from the skin, and
having usually a dark-colored point at the apex, from
which, on pressure, can be expressed a milky, curd-
like, or inspissated cheesy mass. The lesions may be
single or multiple, and occur usually in children or /
young adults upon the face, neck, and genitals. They
may attain a very considerable size. The disease is
probably due to a parasitic protozoon of the coccidium
type. M. epitheliale. See M. contagiosum. M.
fibrosum, a disease of the skin characterized by the
formation therein of lax fibrous tissue, or of gelatin-
ous tissue in process of becoming fibrous. It begins
early in life, and the tumors tend to increase in num-
ber and size indefinitely. They are often associated
with deficient mental development. The tumors vary
in size from a pin's head to an orange, and may be
sessile or pedunculated. Their number may reach
into the hundreds or thousands. M. giganteum, a
variety of M. contagiosum in which the tumors attain
considerable size. M. pendulum. Synonym of
M. fibrosum. M. porcellanum. .Synonym of M.
contagiosum. M. sebaceum. Synonym of M. con-
tagiosum. M., Sessile. Synonym oi M. contagiosum.
M. simplex. Synonym of M. fibrosum. M. ver-
rucosum. Synonym of M. contagiosum.
Mollusk [mol'-usk). See Mollusc.
Molops (mo'-lops) [/xaAuip, weal://., Molopes\ A
red spot on the skin, such as is seen in certain fevers.
The mark of a stroke or stripe upon the skin.
Molt, Moult {molt) [ME., mottten, to molt]. To shed
or cast, as the skin, feathers, or hair.
Molybdamaurosis {inol-ib-dam-aw-ro' -sis) [/idXn/Sdof,
lead; ajxavpo^iv, to darken]. Retro-bulbar neuritis
due to lead-poisoning.
Molybdamblyopia (mol-ib-dam-ble-o'-pe-ah) [//(5/lj)/3(5of,
lead; afijSAi'i;, dulled; (jip, eye]. Impairment of
vision due to lead-poisoning.
Molybdencephalia [mol-ib-den-sef-a' -le-ah) \ji6')iV^6oq,
lead; fjKe^a/lof, brain]. Brain-disease due to lead-
poisoning.
Molybdencephalopathia {mol-ib-den-sef-al-o-path' -e-
ah), Molybdencephalopathy {mol-ib-deti-sefal-op'-.
ath-e) [//d/lv/3(5of , lead ; eyKe(pa?,oc , brain ; TvadoQ, dis-
ease]. Brain-disease due to lead-poisoning.
Molybdenterophthisis [mol- ib- den - ter - off'- this - is)
[//o/ti)/3(5of, lead ; fiTfpoi^, intestine ; ^6('cr(f, wasting] .
A wasting enteric disorder due to lead-poisoning.
Molybdenum (mol-ib-de' -num) \_^oAv[i6aLva, graphite ;
fi6'/v[iSog, lead]. A metal somewhat resembling
chromium ; symbol. Mo ; atomic weight, 96. See
Elemetits, Table of.
Molybdepilepsia [mol-ib-dep-il-ep'-se-ah) [/;(5/D/3(?of ,
lead ; i:-i?j/ijj/a, epilepsy]. Epilepsy induced by lead-
poisoning.
Molybdo- {mol-ib' -do ) \jio7'.v^6oi; , lead]. A prefix de-
noting reference to or connection with lead. In
chemistry, signifying composition with the element
molybdenum.
Molybdocachexia [mol-ib-do-kak-ek' -se-ah) [//o/ln/3(5of ,
lead; Ko/idf , bad ; £f<f, habit]. A depraved state of
MOLYBDOCARDIALGIA
774
MONAXIAL
the body due to lead-poisoning ; chronic lead-poison-
ing ; plumbism.
Molybdocardialgia {viol - ih - do - ka?- -de - al' -je - ah)
[//o/'.i),3(5o<;, lead; Kap&ia, heart; aXjof, pain]. Car-
dialgia due to lead-poisoning.
Molybdocolic [mol-ib-do-kol' -ik) [//(i>a),J(!of ,lead ; kuXov,
colon]. Lead-colic ; painters' colic.
Molybdodyspepsia [mol-ib-do-dis-pcp'-se-ah) [_ij67.vj3-
(iof, lead; f5p<;-, ill ; TvkiTTeiv, to digest]. Dyspepsia
caused by lead-poisoning.
Molybdonosus [mol-ib-don'-o-sus) [fiuAvjido^, lead;
vuaoi;, disease]. -Synonym of Phimbism.
Molybdoparesis {inol-ib-do-par' -es-is) [//dAii/3dof , lead ;
rrdpeoir, paresis]. Partial paralysis, due to lead-
poisoning.
Molybdosis [inol-ib-do' -sis) [^d/H/Mof, lead]. Lead-
poisoning ; plumbism.
Molybdospasmos [iiioi - ib - do - spaz'- /iios) [//dXi;/3(5of ,
lead ; OTraa/joc, spasra] . Spasm or cramp produced by
lead-poisoning.
Molybdosynolce [inol-ib-do-sin-ol-' se) [/yd/ ii/ifSof, lead;
nvvoAKr/, a drawing together]. Contraction due to
lead-poisoning.
Molybdotromos [inol-ib-dot' -ro-mos) \ji6'kv^6o(; , lead ;
rpd//of , tremor]. Tremor due to lead-poisoning.
Molyne [inol-i' -tie) \_ilo'X.vveiv , to defile]. The anus.
Molynsis (inol-iii' -sis) [//oAuveiv, to dehle]. A taint or
defilement; miasm.
Momentum (iiio-men' -turn) \_momen, momentum , a
motion]. Amount of force. Also, the quantity of
potential energy possessed by a body in motion. It is
estimated as the product of its weight, expressed in
units of gravity, by its velocity, expressed in units of
time. It is usually expressed by the formula m = wt,
and may be estimated in foot-pounds or kilogram-
meters.
Momiscus (mo- mis' -kits) \_fjufiLaKoc'\. A molar tooth;
the part of a molar tooth that is near the gum.
Momordica [itio-mor' -dik-ali) \jnordere, momordi, to
bite]. A genus of cucurbitaceous plants, mostly
African and Asiatic. M. bucha, a species of cu-
cumber native to Brazil. It is a powerful drastic pur-
gative, useful in dropsy. M. balsamina. See £a/sam-
apple. Unof.
Momordicin {mo-mor' -dis-in). Same as Elaterin.
Men- (jtion-) [//drof, one]. A prefix denoting one or
single.
Monad [mon' -ad ) [//oraf, a unit]. I. Any single-celled
microorganism, whether of animal or vegetable char-
acter ; especially any flagellate infusorium (a micro-
scopic animal). 2. .See Quantivalence.
Monadelphia (inon-ad-eF -fe-ah) [//drof, alone ; (ifJtX^df ,
brother]. One brotherhood; a name applied to
certain hermaphrodite flowers.
Monadelphous [mon-ad-eF -fiis) [//di'of , alone ; d(5e/l0df ,
brother]. In biology, in one brotherhood. Applied
to stamens that are united by their filaments into one
set.
Monadenoma {mon-ad-en-o' -mah) [/^dror , one ; (i&liv,
gland; hfia, tumor]. A uniglandular adenoma.
Monadiform [mon-ad' -i/-orm) [//ovdf, a unit, s. monad ;
foritia, shape]. In biology, resembling a monad.
Monadigerous (i)ion-ad-ij' -er-us) [//oi'df, a unit, a
monad ; gerere, to carry]. In biology, bearing or
composed of monads or monadiform cells.
Monadina [inon-ad-i'-nah) \_fiova^, a unit]. The flagel-
late infusorians, or m07iadid(E ; a family of animal
microorganisms.
Monadine [mon'-ad-in) \_iiovciq, a unit]. Pertaining to
or of the nature of a monad.
Monadinic (mon-ad-in' -ik) \jiovaq, a unit]. Belonging
to the Monadina.
Monadology (mon-ad-ol'-o-je) [fwm^, a unit ; Adyof,
science]. The doctrine of Leibnitz, Lotze, Zimmer-
mann, and Herbart, according to which the elemen-
tary particles of matter are vital forces acting from an
internal principle.
Monae {mon'-e) [L.]. Buttocks.
Monamin [mon'-am-in) [/^oi'df , a unit ; amin']. One
of a class of chemic compounds derived from ammonia
by the replacement of the hydrogen by a monovalent
alkyl. -See Amin.
Monammonic [inon-am-o'-nik) \_fi6voc, single; am-
monium']. Containing one molecule of ammonium.
Monandrous (mon-ati' -drus) [//dvof , single ; kviip
iaviSp), male]. In biology, having but one male;
monarsenous.
Monanthemous [mon-an'- them-its) [//di'of, single;
Hvdefiov, a flower]. In biology, bearing but a single
flower ; monanthous.
Monantherous (mon-an'-t/ier-ns) \_/i6voc, single ; avBog,
flower]. In biology, a term applied to a stamen bear-
ing but one anther.
Monanthous (mon-att' -thus) \jibvo^, single; b.v(\oc,, \
flower]. In biology, producing but one flower.
Monarda [mo-nar' -da/i) [after N. A/onardcs, a .Spanish
physician of the sixteenth century]. A genus of N.
American labiate plants. M. bistulosa, wild berga- j
mot, M. didyma, Ijee-balm, and M. punctata, horse- '
mint; are diaphoretic, carminative, and stimulant.
Unof.
Monardella (mon-ar-del'-ah) [after N. Alonardes, a
Spanish physician of the sixteenth century]. A genus
of some eleven species of fragrant labiate herbs, all
Californian, and having the general properties of the
mints, pennyroyal, and basil. Unof.
Monardin [mo-nar'-din) [N. APonardes, a Spanish phy-
sician of the sixteenth century], C,qHj^O. A sub-
stance much resembling thymol, but derived from the
oil of horsemint, Monarda punctata.
Monarsenous [inon-ar' -seti-us) [//dvof , single ; apaijv, J
male]. In biology, having but one male ; monan- \
drous.
Monarthral {mon-av' -thral) \_^ovaq, a unit ; apB/jov, n
joint]. A term applied to a muscle that passes over
but one joint, e. g. , the brachialis anticus. Its
correlative is disart/iral, applied to a muscle passing
over two joints, e.g., the triceps brachialis. I
Monarthritis [mon-ar-thri' -tis) \ji6voq, single ; apdpov, '
a joint ; «r(?, inflammation]. Arthritis affecting only
a single joint.
Monas [mon' -as) [^povdc, unit]. A genus of minute, j
globose, plastic and free swimming animalcules in- I
habiting salt and fresh water, especially infusions. In
this genus are included the simplest known forms of
the typical flagellate infusoria. Early writers con
signed to the genus many doubtful or immature micro-
organisms, some of which have since been found to
belong to the Bacteria, or to be zoospore stages of
Algre, Palmellacex, or other prbtophytic plants.
Monaster (mon-as' -ter) \ji6voc, single ; d(7r//p, star]. In
embryology, the mother-star ; the fourth, or equatorial i
stage of karyokinesis. I'hat stage of indirect cell- i
division or mitosis at which a single star is formed by
the arrangement of the chromatin -loops about the ^
equator of the achromatin-spindle. j
Monatomic {mon-at-om' -ik) [//drof, single; (iTopoi;, \
atom]. Having the valence of hydrogen; saturating j
or saturated by a single monad atom. See Quanti- J
valem-e. M. Alcohols, those formed by the substitu- j
tion in a hydrocarbon of one hydrogen group for one I
atom of hydrogen. , i
Monaxial, Monaxonic {mon-aks' -e-al , mon-aks-on'-ik) j
[udvof, single; dfui', axis]. Having a single axis.
MONECIOUS
775
MONOCEPHALUS
Monecious [mon-e' -s/ius) [/yococ, single; o(/cor, house].
Having male and female organs united in one animal ;
of plants, having the male and female organs in
separate flowers, but on the same plant, as in the
cucurbitaceous plants.
Monecism (nioii-e'-sizin) [//drof, single ; oIko^, house].
Herraaphrodism.
Monembryary (iiion-ein' -bre-a-re) \_fi6v(K, single ; efijipv-
ov, an embryo]. In biology, having a single embryo.
Moner, Moneron (iiio'-ner, inon' -er-oii) [//owf,
single]. In biology, a non-nucleated unicellular or-
ganism of the simplest possible character.
Monera [iiion-e'-ra/i) [^/uovt/pr/c, single]. An order or
class of minute, marine rhizopods, including some of
the lowest forms of animal life.
Moneron (mon' -er-on). See Aloner.
Monerula (^inon-er' -u-lah) [fiovt/ptiQ, single]. A non-
nucleated stage of the impregnated ovum in which it
has the form of a simple moner.
Monesia i^mo-ne' -ze-ali) [origin uncertain]. A vege-
table e.xtracl from monesia-bark , produced by Cltryso-
phyllum buranhein , a tree of Brazil. It occurs in
irregularly-shaped dark-brown pieces, soluble in water,
and with a sweetish, astringent taste. It has been
used as a stomachic, alterative, and astringent. Dose
gr. V-.X. Unof.
Monesin [ino-iie' -sin) \_//iones!a'\. \ principle (said to
be identical with saponin) obtained from monesia ; it
is astringent, and is said to be oxytocic.
Money-counters' Disease. A disease of the hands,
head, and conjunctiva? of persons handling bank-
notes ; it is supposed to be due to arsenic-poisoning.
Mongolian Idiocy. See Idiocy, Ethnic.
Mongrel (niiiiig'-grel) [ME., imingrel, mongrel].
"An individual or a breed of animals resulting from
repeated crossing or mixture of several varieties ; the
progeny of varieties, or especially of artificial varie-
ties, as distinguished from the hybrid or cross between
two different species."
Monilated (;«o«^-z7-<!'-/('(/ ) \_i)ionih\ a necklace]. In bi-
ology, having a necklace-like arrangement ; monilifonn.
Monilethrix (^ino-nil' -eth-riks)\_jnonile, a necklace ;
hair]. An affection of the hair in which nodes can
be seen strung regularly or irregularly along the hair-
shaft, the internodular portions being relatively color-
less, atrophied, and thinned. As distinguished from
the nodes of trichorrhexis, a fracture occurs through the
thinned and apparently non-pigmented portion of the
shaft, the pigmented node representing what is thought
to be nearly normal hair-tissue.
Moniliform [nion-il' -if-onii) \^>?ionile, necklace ; forma,
form]. Shaped like a necklace; beaded. Resem-
bling a string of beads. Applied to the shapes of
certain hairs, roots, tubers, and other structures. M.
Bronchiectasis, bead-like dilatations of a bronchial
tube, resembling a rosary, the tube between the dila-
tations retaining its normal size.
Monilithrix [mo-nil' -ith-riks). "At?^ Monilethrix.
Moniodhydrin [mon-e-od-hi' -drin')\jwvoq, single; r(i(.Y;,
water], C.jHJ(0H)2. A substitution-product of gly-
cerin, occurring in the form of a yellow, syrupy liquid.
Moniodomethane [mon-e-o-do-mt''-than)[n6vnr, single ;
methane'], CK^l. Methylic iodid, a colorless, heavy,
ethereal fluid, of the specific gravity of 2.199 at 0° C,
and boiling at 43.8° C. (111° F.). Its vapor has been
used as an anesthetic, but its decomposition is easy,
the irritating effects ofiodin being produced.
Moniodophenol [mon-e-od-o-fe' -nol.) \_(i6voc, single ;
Hke a violet ; phenol], C^H^IOH. An iodin-
compound or substitution-product of phenol, existing
in three isomeric fonns.
Monism [man' -izm) \ji6vor, single]. Any .scheme of
philosophy, or system of thinking, that aims at de-
ducing all the phenomena of force, matter, life, and
action from one principle. In biology, the same as
j\Ionoge)iesis, q. v.
Monistic (i?ion-is'-ti/;) [/idvof, single]. Of, or pertain-
ing to, or of the nature of, monism.
Monkey-hand [miink'-e-hand). The deformed hand
of the early stage of progressive muscular atrophy.
The hand presents an appearance of great length ; the
thumb approaches the index-finger, and is on a line
with the other fingers.
Monkshood {munkz'-hood) [ME., monk, monk;
ME., hood, hood]. See Aconite. M. Prepuce, a
redundant hooded prepuce upon the dorsal aspect of
the penis. It is often associated with hypospadias.
Mono- [mon'-o-) [//drof, single]. A prefix signifying
one or single.
Monoathetosis [mon-o-ath-et-o'-sis') [/udi'of, single;
aHtroc, without place]. Athetosis confined to one
limb or one-half of the body.
Monobasic [mon-o-ba' -sik) \jxuvo(;, single; basis, base].
Having one base ; applied in chemistry to an acid that
enters into combination with a univalent basic radicle
to form a neutral salt, or a salt containing one equiva-
lent of a base.
Monoblastic [mon-o-blas' -till) [//di,'Of, single ; ji'Aaaroc,
germ]. In biology, applied to the single germ-layer
stage of a metazoic embryo. Cf. Monoplacular. M.
Theory of Disease, Nageli's theory of the origin of
miasmatic-contagious diseases, viz. : that they are due
to microphytes, which before they can reproduce the
disease must undergo a special stage of development
in an abnormal earth substratum.
Monoblepharis {mon-o-blef -ar-is) \ji6vni;, single ;
fapiq, eyelash]. A fungus having only a single pos-
terior flagellum.
Monoblepsia, Monoblepsis (inon-o-blep'-se-ah, rnon-o-
blcp'-sis) [^di'or, single; j3'Atipic:, sight]. That condi-
tion in which either eye has a better visual power than
both together.
Monobrachius {moji-o-bra' -ke-iis) [//di'of , single ; 8pa.-
,V'<ji', arm]. A fetus or person with but one arm.
Monobromacetanilid {mon - 0- brom-as -et-an' - il-id).
Same as Anfisepsin .
Monobromated [mon - 0 - bro'-ma - ted) [//di'of, one;
,:(pw/zof, stench]. Containing one bromin atom ; having
one component atom of hydrogen replaced by bromin.
M. Camphor. See Camphor.
Monocardian [luon-o-kar' -de-an) [/iowf, single ; Kap6ia,
heart]. Having a simple heart, single-chambered or
not completely divided, as in vertebrates.
Monocarp [ma/i'-o-karp) [/loivq, single ; KapTrdq, fruit].
In biology, a plant that bears fruit but once.
Monocarpellary {mon-o-kar' -pel-a-re) [//drof, single ;
unpTTor, fruit]. In biology, composed of but one carpel.
Monocarpous {mon-o-kar' -pus) [//di'of , single ; Kapndg,
fruit]. In biology: {a) applied to plants that bear
fruit once a year, as annuals ; (/') a flower in which
but a single ovary, simple or compound, is produced.
Monocelia {mon-o-se' -le-ali) \_povoq, single; KOi'Aoq,
cavity]. \'ertebrates whose encephalic cavity is
single ; the lancelets.
Monocelic (mon-o-se' -lik) \_p6vor, single ; koIj.oc, cav-
ity]. Having a single hollow cavity.
'M.o-noc&nWic [mon-o-sen' -trik) [/^di^of, single ; nhrpav,
center]. Having but one center ; unipolar.
Monocephalous {mon-o-sef -al-tis) [//di'Of , single ;
KE<pa/i/, head]. In biology, arranged in a single head
or head-like cluster.
Monocephalus (mon-o-sef -al-tis) [//di'oc, single ; Kti^a'Arj,
head]. A double monstrosity consisting of a single
head with two bodies more or less completely fused.
MONOCERCOUS
776
MONOGRAPH
iAonocercous (//loii-o-ser^-kiis) \_fJui>og, single; Kfp/coi;,
the tail of a beast]. In biology, uniflagellate.
Monocerous (//lo/i-os^-er-iis) [/zovo/cepwf, one-horned].
In biology, having but one horn or horn-like process.
Monochasium (//wn - o - ka' - se - ttiii) \_fi6voQ, single ;
^Yocif, separation, chasm: //. , Moiioihasia\. In biol-
ogy, a cyme with one main axis.
Monochlamydeus [inon-o-klam-id' -e-its) [//opof, single;
VAa^i'f, a cloak]. In biology, applied to flowers
having but one floral envelop or perianth whorl.
Mono-chloral-antipyrin {iiion'- a - klo'- ral- an - tip- i' -
ri)i). See Hypnal.
Monochlormethane [mon-o-klor-metlL' -aii). Synonym
of Alethyl-chlorid.
Monochlorphenol {>non-o-k/or-fe^ -tiol) [/zowf, single ;
x'/Ajj)6(;, green; phenyl '\, CgH^ClOH. A deriva-
tive of carbolic acid. It is a very volatile liquid,
giving off vapors that are heavier than air. A mix-
ture of monochlorphenol, alcohol, eugenol, and men-
thol has been called chlorpheiiol, and has been used
in pulmonary troubles as a bactericide.
Monochorea [^inon-o-ko-re'-ali) [//(ii'Of, single ; ;\;opeia,
dance]. Chorea confined to a single member or to a
part of the body.
Monochroic, Monochroitic {iiwn-o-kro'-ik, inon-o-
kro-it'-ik) [//oiof, single; ,t/*"?t color]. Having only
one color. Arterial blood is monochroic.
Monochromatic {mon-o-kro-mat' -ik) [//orof, single ;
Xfyu/ia, color]. Having but one color.
Monochromous (inon-ok' -ro-inns). Synonym of Mono-
i/i roinatic.
Monochrous i^mon-ok'-yo-us). Synonym of A/bnot-Aroic.
Monocle iyiiion'-o-kl) [//dcof, single ; oculus, eye]. A
single lens or eye-glass.
Monoclinic [moii-o-kHn'-ik) \_fi6vog, single; k/!vi/, bed].
Pertaining to flowers that have the male and female
organs in a single perianth. Also, applied to crystals
in which the vertical axis is inclined to one, but is at
right angles to the other lateral axis.
Monoclinous (inon-o-kW -nus) \ji6voi;, single ; kKivii,
bed]. In biology, having both male and female
organs in the same flower.
Monococcus {tnon-o-kok' -us) [//oTOf , single ; KdnKoc,
grain] . A single coccus ; one not united in chains or
pairs.
Monocotyledonous {tnon-o- kot-il-e'-don-iis)
single; iin-v'krii)uv, a cup-shaped hollow or cavity].
In biology, possessing but one cotyledon or seed-
leaf.
Monocranus {?>ion-ok' -ran-us) \_fi6vo^, single ; Kfrnviov,
cranium], A fetal monster with a single cranium, the
face in part double, three or four eyes, the brain in part
double.
Monocrotic - 0 - /to/'- //•) [ii6vo^, single; Kpdrn^,
pulse]. Having but a single beat (as the normal pulse)
for each cardiac systole ; not dicrotic.
Monocrotous {mon-ok'-ro-tus). See Monocrotics.
Monocular {inon-ok'-u-lar). Synonym of Uniocular.
Monoculus (iiion-ok' -ii-his) [//(ii'of , single ; ocztlus, eye].
In surgery, a bandage for covering one eye.
Monocyclic (iiion-o-sik' -lik) \_i.i(w6kvk'?<0(; , having but one
circle]. In biology, arranged in a single whorl,
Monocyst (/wow'-cj-w/) [/iorof, single ; Kt'or/f, cyst], A
tumor made up of a single cyst.
Monocystic [mon - o - sis' - tik) \_yi6voq, single; kvcitk;,
cyst]. Composed of or containing but one cyst.
Monodactylous [iiton-o-dak'-til-its) \ji6voc, single;
(irkruXof , finger]. Having only one finger or toe,
Monodelph, Monodelphon i^inon' -o-delf, nion-o-del' -
fan) [///ji'or, alone; a(JfX(/Kif, brother]. In biology,
a plant the stamens of which are united into a single
group by their filaments.
Monodelphia {mon-o-deV -fe-ah) \jwvoq, single ; rffA^if,
womb]. A class of mammals possessing a single
uterus and a single vagina separated from the rectum.
Monoderic (»ion-o-der' -ik) \_iJ.6vot;, single; (Jepof, skin].
Composed of a single layer,
Monodermic [inon-o-der' -/iiik) [//oi'of , single ; dtpfia,
skin]. Having an envelop composed of a single
layer.
Monodidymus [jnon-o-did' -im-us) [/;oi'of , single ; ii6v-
fioc,, twin]. One of twins,
Monodiplopia {mon-o-dip-lo'-pe-ali) \jx6vor, single;
(IfTT/ido^-, double; oi/xf, sight]. Double vision with a i
single eye, ,
Monodisc strobila. See Strobila.
Monodont (iiion' -o-dont) [//di'of, single ; bSo'vc, tooth].
Having but one tooth,
Monoembryony [mon-o-e!?i' -bre-ou-e) \_n6vo^, single ;
(jj-jipvov, embryo]. In biology, having but a single !
embryo, as certain seeds,
Monoflagellate {mon-o-flaj' -el-at) \_p(ivo<;, single ; flag- ;
elluiii, a whip], Monomastigate ; having only one i
whip-like appendage, as an infusorian,
Monoformin [i)ion-o-form' -in) \_puvn(;^ single, fonnica, \
an ant]. A substitution-compound of glycerin con- ■
taining the radicle of formic acid. It is a colorless j
liquid, obtained by the action of oxalic acid and ether i
upon glycerin.
Monogamous {mon-og' -am-us) \jiQvnq, single; )'a//of, ;
marriage]. Having but one wife or mate; living in •
pairs. In botany, applied to flowers that have the two
kinds of sexual elements isolated from one another or
not collected under a single capitulum.
Monogamy (/«<>«-f_j''-rtOT-<') [//di'of, single ; yd/zof, mar- [
riage]. The marriage of two individuals of opposite |
sexes.
Monogastric {tnon-o-gas' -trik) \ji6vo(;, single ; yaari/p, \
stomach]. Having only one stomach or belly. j
Monogeneous {/non-o-je' -Jie-i/s) [_p6vor, single ; yevo^, i
race] , Of one race or family. In botany, having but i
one surface of increase.
Monogenesis {mon-o-je>i' -es-is') [//dror, single ; yheai^, |
origin]. In biology : (a) development of offspring re-
sembling the parent, as distinguished from metagene-
sis; (i) development from a single hermaphroditic j
parent ; (r) origin of all organisms from a single cell.
Monogenetic (tnon-o-jen-et'-ik) [/zdi'of, single ; yivtrii,
source, beginning, birth]. In biology, exhibiting ,
direct development without alternation of generations, i
or heterogeny, as distinguished from digenetic.
Monogenic [inotz-o-Jeit' -ik) [/^ocdf, single; yevvav, to
produce]. In biology, producing but one sort of
embryo, as distinguished from dipltygenic.
Monogenism (mon-o/'-eii-izm) [//dro^-, single; yivor,
race]. The doctrine that the members of the human
race are descended from one pair only.
Monogenous (?non-oj'-en-ns) [//di'Of, single; }fi''/';,
produce]. In biology, applied to organisms that re-
semble their parents.
Monoglenous (inon-o-gle'-ni/s) [//di'of , single ; y'tJ/vii,
pupil]. Having, or seeing with, but one pupil,
Monogoneutic [iiion-o-gon-ti' -tik) \_pdvcig, single ; yovtv-
riv, to produce]. In biology, producing but a single
brood during the year. ,
Monogonoporous {iiion-o-gon-op' -or-tis) [//di'of, single; i
;diw;, offspring; Kopni;, passage]. Having only one I
genital outlet, J
Monogony [mon-og' -o-nc) [//diw, single; yov'ia, pro- I
duce]. In biology, generation among animals in
which sex is not differentiated.
Monograph {mon' -o-graf) [//draf, single; ypail>Fn>, to
write]. A treatise or memoir concerning a single |
subject. '
MONOGYNECIAL
777
MONOPLEGIA
Monogynecial {inon-o-jin-e' -se-al)\ji6voq, single; yvvrj,
female; oimq, house]. In biology, applied to fruits
that are formed from the pistil of one flower.
Monogyny (jiioii-oj' -in-e) \jiuvoi^, single; ywii, female].
In biology, mating with but one female.
Monohemerous {mon-o-heni' -er-us) [^oraf, single;
I'ljtipa, a day]. Lasting but a day ; ephemeral.
Monohydric [mon-o-hi' -drik) [//dwf, single ; hdup, wa-
ter]. Containing one atom of hydrogen. Specifically
applied to such acids as have a single hydrogen atom
replaceable by a basic atom or radicle ; and also to
alcohols that by oxidation exchange two atoms of hy-
drogen for one of oxygen, and form acids containing
the same number of carbon atoms as the- alcohols
from which they were derived.
Monoicous [^mon-o' -ik-us). Synonym of Monecious.
Monoideism [i/ion-o-i-de' -izin) [fiovog, single ; idea,
idea]. The domination of a single idea, as in certain
cases of hypnotism and insanity.
Monolein {iiton-o' -Ic-hi) [^oi^of, single; oleum, oil],
C^iHjgO,^. A compound of glycerin and oleic acid
occurring in crystals.
MonolocuIar(wci/z-t>-/(9/J''-2<-/ar) [//di'of, single ; lociilus a
cell or cavity]. Having one cell. Unicellular. Syno-
nym of Unilocular and Alonocystic.
Monomania (^mo7i-o-ma' -ne-ak) \_^i6voq, single ; /javla,
madness]. A form of mania or madness in which a
single delusion or form of delusion is especially dwelt
upon. See Paranoia.
Monomaniac (^inon-o-ma' -ne-ak') \_fi6vo^, single ; fiavla,
madness]. A person who dwells especially upon one
delusion or form of delusion.
Monomastigate {tnon-o-7nas' -tig-at). Same as Mono-
flagellate.
Monomeniscous t^inon-o-men-is' -kus) \ji6vo<;, single;
fi7jviGiioQ, a crescent, or concavo-convex] . In biology,
applied to such invertebrate eyes as are provided with
a single lens, e.g., the central eyes of scorpions and
Limulus, as distinguished from polymeniscoiis.
Monomerous (j)ton-oin' -er-us) [//di'oc, single ; fitptjq,
part]. In biology, applied to flowers that are con-
structed on the numerical plan of one ; or to single-
jointed parts of certain animals.
Monommatous {jiion-oni' -at-its) \_^6voq, single ; o/ifia,
eye]. One-eyed.
Monomoria (moii-o-mo' -re-aJi) \ji6vo(;, single ; [lupia,
folly] . Melancholy.
Monomorphic (t)ion-o-mor' -fik) [/idvof , single ; fiop^lj,
form]. In biology: («) applied to a collection of in-
dividuals, exhibiting similarity or identity of form; [l>)
applied to species in which the same forms recur one
after another with comparatively insignificant individ-
ual characters ; the opposite of pleomorphic .
Monomorpho-cellular (^inon - o - mor'-fo - sel'- u - lar)
[//dvof, single; fioptpl/, form; cellula, a little cell].
Having but one form of cell ; as a monomorpho-
cellular myxoma.
Monomorphous [tnoii-o-mor' -ftis) [//dvof , single ; fiop<pij,
form]. Having but a single fomi ; not polymorphous.
Monomphalia, Monomphalus [tnon - om - fa' - le - ah ,
iiion-om' -fal-us) [//di'of, single; o/ifaTioc, navel]. A
double monstrosity united by a common umbilicus.
Monomyous [tiion-o-mi' -us) [//dwif, single ; fjvg, mus-
cle]. Having only one muscle; applied to certain
bivalves, the shells of which are closed by a single
muscle.
Mononeurus [mon-o-nu'-rus) [//dvof , single ; vevpov,
nerve]. Having only one nervous system.
Mononoia, Mononoea {mon-o-noi' -ah, mon-o-ne' -all)
[//livof, single ; wof, mind]. 't>iccat Monoideism.
Mononuclear (!?io7i-o-iiu' -kle-ar) . Synonym of Lhii-
7iiiclear.
Mononychous {7iio7i-o-7iik' -iis) [/^di'or, single; bvv^,
hoof]. Having an uncleft hoof.
Mononym {//i07i' -o-ni77i) [//di'of, single ; bvv/m, name].
A name consisting of but a single word. Thus callo-
SU7/7 is a mononym for corpus callosu//t ; pia, for pia
/?iater ; 7/tvel, iox spi7ial cord.
Mononymic [//io/i-o-7ii//t' -ik) \_jx6voi;, single ; brojia,
name]. Having but one name.
Monopagia (7/1071-0-pa' -je-ah) [//di'Of , single ; Trayioc,
fixed]. Fixed local pain in the head ; clavus hystericus.
Monoparesis [77io7i-opa/-' -es-is) [/idwif, single ; TvapecK;,
paresis]. Paralysis of a single part of the body, as
one limb.
Monopathophobia {/iion -o-path-o-fo'-be-ah) [//di'of,
single ; nalh(;, disease ; (pojSog, fear]. Monomaniacal
pathophobia.
Monopathy {^/itoii-op'-ath-e') \jil6vo(;, single ; Tzado(;, dis-
ease]. Uncomplicated disease of a single organ.
Monopagia {i7io7i-o-pe' -je-ah). See Ahviopagia.
Monopetalous (/iio7t-o-pet'-al-us) [//drof , single ; Tvera-
'Ani', leaf]. See Gamopetalous and Sy77tpetalo!ts.
Monophagia {//ion-o-fa'-/e-ah) Q/dj'o^-, single ; <payelv,
to eat]. I. Desire for a single article of food. 2.
The eating of a single daily meal.
Monophasia {i/io7i-o-fa' -ze-ah) [^di'Of, single ; (pai'ai, to
speak]. A centric disturbance of speech, a form of
aphasia, in which speech is limited to a single syllable,
word, or sentence.
Monophobia {^77io7t-o-fo' -be-ah) [^udvof, single ; (/tofioc:,
fear]. I. Morbid dread of being alone. 2. Fear in
itself, or of everything, as a symptom in neuras-
thenia ; abnormal timidity.
Monophosphatid iyiiio7i-o-fos' -fat-id) [/./d/'of, single ;
phosphorus^. Any phosphatid which contains only
one phosphorus radicle. Several such compounds
have been discovered in the brain-substance.
Monophthalmia (7iio7i-off-thal' -7>ie-ah^ \ji6voq, single ;
b(j>f)a'kfi6i;, eye]. Synonym of Cyclopia.
Monophthalmous (771071-off-thal' -7)ios) [//di'of, single ;
b(jidakix6^, eye]. Single-eyed; also, pertaining to a
bandage for one eye.
Monophyletic {711071-0-fi-lct' -ik) [//di'of, single; (^vXij,
tribe]. In biology, derived from a single prototype.
M. Hypothesis, the doctrine of Hackel, that the
various organic lines of animals have descended from a
common type.
Monophyllous {7/io7t-o-fil'-us) \_iJ.6vog, single ; ovXXnv,
leaf]. In biology, having but one leaf ; formed of -a
single leaf.
Monophyodont [7no7i-o-f -o-do7i/) [//di'of , single ; (pveiv,
to grow ; dJo/'f, tooth]. Having only one set of
teeth, as is the case with the Cetacea.
Monoplacid {^//to77-o-plas' -id) [//dfof, single; -XaKovg, a
flat cake].*' In biology, applied to an echinoderm hav-
ing but a single madreporic plate, as distinguished
from polyplacid .
Mofioplacula {7/w7i-o-plak' -it-lah) [/(di-of, single ; TrAdf ,
plate, tablet: pL, Mo7ioplacul<i\ In embryology, a
single-layered germ ; a monoblastic discoid embryo.
Monoplasmatic {j7io7i-o-plaz-77iat' -ik). Synonym of
l\Po7toplastic.
Monoplast (7no7i'- o - plast ) \ji6voq, single ; -KXaaTo^,
formed, molded]. In biology, any unicellular organ-
ism, as a moner or a simple histologic cell.
Monoplastic (j7to7i-o-plas' -tik) [//drof, single ; irXaaGfiv,
to mould]. A term applied to cells constituted of
only one substance.
Monoplastid (wi;«-o-//<7j'-i'/(/) [^dfof, single; 7r2a(7rdf,
molded]. An organism or structural element com-
posed of only a single cell.
Monoplegia (^i/io7i-o-ple' -Je-ah) [/xdvoQ, single; nXjiyr/,
stroke]. Paralysis of a single limb or of a single
i
MONOPODACEPHALUS 778
muscle or group of muscles. M., Central, that due
to a lesion of the brain. M., Peripheral, that due to
a lesion of the nerves or of the ganglion-cells of the
anterior horns of the spinal cord.
Monopodacephalus {mon - o - po - das - cf - al -us) \ji6vo(:,
single; tfouc, foot; d priv. ; KtcpaAi/, head]. An
acephalic monstrosity with but a single foot.
Monopodia {mou-o-po' -de-ah). See Monopus.
Monopodial i^?iion-o-po^-de-al) [/zdi'Of, single ; Troi'if (7ro(5),
foot]. In biology, applied to that form of ramification
in which all of the branches originate as lateral appen-
dages.
Monopodium [inon - o - po'- de - udi) \jiov6-ov^y one-
footed: //. , Mo)iopodid\. In biology, an axis of
growth that elongates at the apex at the same time
that lateral branches are sent out beneath in acropetal
succession.
Monoprionidian {uiou-o-pri-o-nid' -t'-aii) single ;
-/)/wr, a saw] . In biology, exhibiting a uniserial
arrangement of serrations.
Monops (w(i«'-()/>,f). Synonym of Cyclops.
Monopsia (/non-ops' -e-ah). See Alonophthalmia.
Monopsychosis [mon-o-si-ko' -sis) [//di^of , single ; ^ii>x>/,
mind: p/. , A/onopsyc/ioses^. Any kind of monomania
or delusional insanity of a fixed type.
Monopus (wo«'-(?-///.t) [^orof, single ; -ot'f, foot]. 1. A
developmental defect consisting in absence of one foot
or leg. 2. A one-footed monstrosity.
Monopyrenous (^nion - o - pi - re' - nus) [//dvof, single;
-vpi/v, the stone of a fruit]. In biology, having but
one kernel or stone.
Monorchid, Monorchis (ot<w - cr'- X'/V/, mon - or' - kis\
[udi'of, single; opxii, testis]. A person who has
but one testicle, or in whom one testicle only has de-
scended into the scrotum.
Monorganic [iiion-or-gan' -i/c) \_fi6voc, single ; bpyavov,
instrument]. Pertaining to a single organ.
Monorrhinous {/iion-or-i'-ims) \_fi6voc, single ; p/f,
nose]. Having a single median nasal cavity.
Monosaccharid (mon - o - sak'- ar - id). See Polysac-
charid .
Monoscelous {inon-os-el' -us)\_iii(tvoc^, single : (j/if/^f, leg].
(3ne-legged.
Monose (tnon'-ds). See Carbohydrates, Table of .
Monosis (inon-o' -sis) \_ix6i>u)atc, separation, isolation].
In biology, the isolation of one organ from the rest.
Monositia (inon-o-sif -e-ah). Synonym oi Monopliagia.
Monosoma, Monosomia [inon-o-so'-inah., inon-o-so'-
ine-ah) [//.oi'or, single ; uw/za , body : //. , AIonoso/?iata'\.
A double monstrosity with a single body and two
heads.
Monosomus (iiion-os' -o-miis). See Monosoma.
Monospasm [mon' -o-spazin) [/iopof , single ; aTraafioc:,
sjiasm]. I. Spasm affecting limited area?, as one side
of the face, a single limb, or a .single muscle or muscle-
group. 2. An epileptiform seizure confined to one
lateral half of the body.
Monosperm {mon'-o-sperm) \ji6voc, single ; oixifijxa,
seed]. In biology, a one-seeded plant.
Monospheric (inon-o-sfer' -ik) [/vdimf , single ; a<j>aipa,
sphere]. Consisting of a single sphere.
Monospondylic (inon-o-spon-dil' -ik) [^diw, single ;
(77r(irf5r/or, a joint of the backbone]. Having a single
centrum, as a vertebra.
Monospore (mon'-o-spor) \_ji6voc, single; fr^dpof , seed].
An unfertilized spore or ovum.
Monosporogony [mon-o-spor-og' -o-ne) \jiuvo(;, single ;
(T-dpor, seed ; -} h/vEoHai , lo be born]. Development
from a single unfertilized spore ; parthenogenesis.
Monosporous (mou-o-spor' -us) [//dror, single; mriifiiir,
a seed]. In biology, producing but a single spore,
as the hyphcC or asci of certain Fungi.
1 , MONS
Monostachous [mon-os'-fak-us) \_fi6voQ, single ; araxv^,
an ear of corn, a spike]. In biology, producing a
single spike.
Monostichous [mon-os'-fik-us) [//di'of , single ; orlxog,
a line]. In biology, arranged in a single row, rank,
series, or layer; the autonym of diplostiehous.
Monostigmatous [mon-o-stig' -mat-us) [^dmf, single ;
aT'f)jia, stigma]. In biology, having but a single
stigma.
Monostomatous {inon-os-to' -nmt-us) [//drof, single;
CToi-ia, mouth]. Having only one mouth ; applied to
a class of Metazoa the gastrula of which possesses
only one ingestive opening.
Monostylous (inon-o-sii' -lus) [^dvof, single ; arvAo^,
pillar]. In biology, having but a single style.
Monosy {mon' -o-se) [^di'ucr/f, singleness ; iinvovv, to
make single]. In biology, the abnormal disunion or
isolation of organs ordinarily united partially or com-
pletely ; if congenital it is called ademsy, if occurring
in parts previously joined dialysis.
Monothalamous {mon-o-thal' - am-us) [//di'Of, single;
fVd>La//of, chamber]. Consisting of only one chamber.
Monothelious {moii-o-the' -le-us) [//di'oc, single ; OyXv^,
female]. In biology, polyandrous ; applied to species
in which several males serve a single female.
Monotic [mon-o/'-ik) [^owf, single; ouf, ear]. Per-
taining to but one of the ears.
Monotocous (mon - of - o - kus) [fiovoc, single; rd/cof,
birth]. In biology, bearing fruit or producing young
but once or but one at a time; uniparous.
Monotonia (mon - o - to'- ne - ah) [//dvof, single ; rd vof,
tone]. Uniformity of voice ; in vocalization, that kind
of uniformity that results from paralysis of the laryn-
geal tensors.
Monotonic (mon-o-ton'-ik) \_fiop6Tovo^, of a single form,
simple]. In biology, applied to such groups or masses
of materials or organisms as are homogenous ; being
characterized by a single species or a single genus, or
even a single family or order ; the opposite of Foly-
mixic, q. v.
Monotrema (mon-o-tre'-mah) [//drof, single ; rpyfia,
hole: //. , MonotrenMta\ A single aperture. The
Monotremata form a class of animals including the
duckbill, in which the intestinal and the genito-urinary
tracts open into a common cloaca.
Monotridymus (mon-o-trid' -im-us) \jiovoq, single ;
Tp'tSvfioq, triple]. A monstrosity consisting of three
bodies or having triplicate parts.
Monotrochal (mon-ot' -ro-kal) [//dvor, single ; rpaxk,
wheel]. In embryology, applied to embryos having
but a single ciliated band.
Monotypal (mon-o-ti' -pal) [//di'of, single; rmoc, type].
Having but a single type or form, as a monotypal
disease or genus.
Monotype (mon'-o-t~ip) [/idvof, single; tvttoq, tyP^]-
In biology the sole typical representative of its kind.
Monovalent (mon-o-i' -al-cnt). Same as Univalent.
Monoxid (mon-oks'-id) \_u6vor, single; dfi'r, acid].
An oxid containing a single oxygen atom combined
either with two univalent atoms or with one bivalent
atom.
Monozoic (mon-o-zo'-ik) [//dfor, single; CCmv, an ani-
mal]. In biology, applied to certain unsegmented
animals, as Amfhilina, Caryophylleus, and Archigetes
among the Platodcs.
Monro, Foramen of. See Foramina , Table of, and
Porta. M., Sulcus of, a slight furrow dividing the
mesal surface of the thalamus of the brain into a dor-
sal and a ventral area. .\!so called Aulix.
Mons [L. : pi., Mantes'], i. A mountain. In
anatomy, the Mons pubis or the Mons -vnens. M-
cerebelli. See Monticulus. M. pubis, the emi-
MONSEL'S SOLUTION
779
MONSTROSITIES
nence in front of the body and horizontal ramus of the
OS pubis ; it is called also, in the female, AI. veneris.
M. veneris, the mons pubis of the female.
Monsel's Solution, M.'s Salt. See Ferruin.
Monster {nion' -ster). See Monstrosity.
Monstricide ijnon' -stris-id^ \inonstrnin, monster; ca-
dt're, to kill]. The killing of a monster.
Monstriferous [tnon-strif -er-us') [^//lonstnnn, monster;
ferre, to bear]. Producing monsters.
Monstrosity [i?ion-stros' -it-e) \_nioJistrum, a monster].
I. A teratism ; a fetus or being with an abnormal de-
velopment or superfluity or deficiency of parts or some
vice of conformation. These may be compound or
double, single or simple, according as the monster is
composed of the malformations of one or more elemen-
tary organisms. 2. Teratism ; the abstract quality of
being monstrous ; congenital deformity. A table of
monstrosities is appended. M., Emmenic, Racibor-
ski's teiTn for a female child that menstruates during
infancy. M., Parasitic, a compound monstrosity in
which a subsidiary part is nourished by the autosite, or
principal organism.
TABLE OF MONSTROSITIES.*
According to Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Altered
BY Hirst and Piersol.
HEMITERATA.
I. ANOMALIES OF VOLUME.
A. Of Stature.
1. General Diminution, as
growth .
2. General Increase, as in a giant — precocious devel-
opment.
B. Of Volume, strictly speaking.
1. Local Diminution. Affecting —
a. Regions, as a limb.
b. Systems, as undeveloped muscles.
. c. Organs as small breasts, stenosis of canals,
etc.
2. Local increase, affecting —
a. Regions, as the head.
b. Systems, as the adipose tissue.
c. Organs, as large breasts in women, lactiferous
breasts in men.
dwarf— delayed
II. ANOMALIES OF FORM. Single Order, including—
deformed heads ; anomalies of shape in the stomach ;
deformed pelves, etc.
III. ANOMALIES OF COLOR.
A. Deficiency, complete, partial or imperfect albinism.
B. Excess, complete, partial or imperfect melanism.
C. Alteration, as in unusual color of the iris.
IV. ANOMALIES OF STRUCTURE.
A. Deficiency in Consistency, as cartilaginous condi-
tions of hones.
B. Excess in Consistency, as anomalous ossification.
V. ANOMALIES OF DISPOSITION.
A. By Displacement.
1. Of the splanchnic organs, as anomalous direc-
tion of heart or stomach, hernias, exstrophy of
the bladder, etc.
2. Of the non-splanchnic organs, as club-foot,
curvature of the spine, misplaced teeth, mis-
placed blood-vessels, etc.
B. By Change OF Connection
1. Ayiomalous ayticitlatinns.
2. Anomalous implantations, a?,\.Q^ih Qi\Ao(Xm^.
3. Anomalous attachments, as of muscles and liga-
ments.
4. Anomalous branches, as of arteries and nerves.
5. Anomalous openings, as of veins into the left
auricle, of the ductus choledochus in an un-
usual situation, of the vagina into the rectum,
of the rect\mi into the male urethra, of the
rectum at the umbilicus, cloaca.
* Reproduced with the kind consent of the Publishers, from
"Human Monstrosities," By Barton Cooke Hirst, M. D., and
George A. Piersol, m. d. Philadelphia: Lea, Brothers & Co.,
1892.
C. In Continuity.
1. Anomalous imperf orations , as of rectum, vulva,
vagina, mouth, esophagus.
2. Anomalous union of organs, as of kidneys, tes-
cles, digits, teeth, ribs ; adhesion of the tongue
to the palate.
D. By Closure, as in complete transverse septum in
the vagina.
E. By Disjunction.
1. Anomalous perforations, as persistence of fora-
men ovale, ductus arteriosus, urachus.
2. Anomalous divisions, as splits, fissures in various
organs, hare-lip, hypospadias, fissured tongue,
cleft palate, fissured cheek.
VI. ANOMALIES OF NUMBER AND EXISTENCE.
1. By numerical defect, as absence of muscles,
vertebrse, ribs, digits, teeth, a lung, a kidney,
the womb, the bladder, etc.
2. £y 7iu>nerical excess, as supernumerary digits,
ribs, teeth, breasts, a double uterus.
HETEROTAXIS.
I. Splanchnic Inversion.
II. General Inversion.
HERMAPHRODITES.*
I. True Hermaphrodites.
a. Bilateral hermaphrodites.
b. Unilateral hermaphrodites.
c. Lateral hermaphrodites.
II. Pseudo-hermaphrodites, with double sexual for-
mation of the external genitals, but with unisexual
development of the reproductive glands (ovaries
and testicles).
a. Male Pseudo-hermaphrodites (with testicles).
1. Internal pseudo-hermaphrodites. Development
of uterus masculinus.
2. External pseudo-hei maphrodites. External geni-
tals approach the female type ; the monstrosity
presents a feminine appearance and build.
3. Complete pseudo-hermaphrodites (internal and
external). Uterus masculinus with tubes ; sep-
arate efferent canals for bladder and uterus.
b. Female pseudo-hermaphrodites {-v;'\\.ho\'a.v\es). Per-
sistence of male sexual parts.
1. Internal hermaphrodites. Formation of vas def-
erens and tubes.
2. External hermaphrodites. Approach of the ex-
ternal genitals to the male type.
3. Complete hennaphrodites (internal and external.)
Masculine formation of the external genitals
and of a part of the sexual tract.
MONSTERS.
CLASS I.— SINGLE MONSTERS.
Order I.— Autositic Monsters.
Species i. Ectrome-
lus
Genus I,
'Genus II,
Species 2,
Single species, Cel-
osoma
Genus III,
Species i.
cephalus.
Exen-
Species 2. Pseuden-
cephalus
Phocomelus
Hemimelus
I Micromelus
t Ectromelus
Symelus
Uromelus
Sirenomelus
Aspalasoma
Agenosoma
Cyllosoma
Schistosoma
Pleurosoma
Celosoma
Notencephalus
Proencephalus
Podencephalus
Hyperencephalus
Iniencephalus
Exencephalus
Nosencephalus
Thlipsencephalus
Pseudencephalus
Species 3. Anence- , ^ , ,
phalus / Derencephalus
( Anencephalus
*Klebs' classification of hermaphrodites as given by Ahlfeld,
is substituted for that of Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire.
I
MONSTRUM
780
MORBIGENOUS
Genus IV,
Species i. Cycloceph-
alus
Species 2. Octoceph-
altis
Order II.— Omphalositic Monsters.
Species i. Paraceph-
alus
Genus I,
Ethmocephalus
Cebocephalus
Rhinocephalus
Cyclocephalus
Stomocephalus
Sphenocephalus
Octocephalus
Edocephalus
Opococephalus
Triocephalus
Paracephalus
Omacephalus
Hemiacephalus
Species 2. Aceph- ( Acephalus
alus, < Peracephalus
( Mylacephalus
Species 3. Asomata.
Genus II, Single species, Anideus.
CLASS II.— COMPOSITE MONSTERS.
Order I. — Double Autositic Monsters.*
A. Terata katadidyma.
Genus I, Diprosopus
Genus II, Dicephalus
Genus III, Ischiopagus
Genus IV, Pygopagus
B. Terata anadidyma.
Genus I, Dipygus
Genus II, Syncephalus
Genus III, Craniopagus
C. Terata anakatadidyma.
Genus I, Prosopothoracopagus
Genus II, Omphalopagus
Genus III, Rhaciphagus
Order II.— Double Parasitic Monsters.
If Heteropagus
Heterodelphus
Species i. Hctero- \ Heterodymus
typus Heterotypus
[ Heteromorphus
Species 2. Heteraliiis, Epicomus
Genus II,
Species i. Polygna-
thus,
Species 2. Polymelus,
Epignathus
Hypognathus
Paragnathus
Augnathus
Pygomelus
Gastromelus
Notomelus
Cephalomelus
Melomelus
Genus III. { Endocy,na,
Order III. — Triple Monsters.
Monstrum {nion' -stnun). See Mottstrosify.
Monteggia's Dislocation {nion-tej' -e-ah). A form of
dislocation of the hip-joint in wliich the head of the
femur is near the anterior superior iliac spine, and the
limb is rotated outward.
Monteverde's Sign or Test. See Death, Signs of.
Montgolfier's Formula. A formula for estimating the
velocity of air. It is as follows: "The velocity in
feet per second is equal to eight times the square root
of the height through which the body has fallen."
This is expressed by the formula.
■2g
. (t-t'))
I + .002 (
V = The velocity in feet per second.
g: = The acceleration due to gravity, 32.18 feet per second.
x= Height of shaft.
t — Internal temperature.
/' = External temperature.
.002 == Co-efficient of expansion for 1° F.
*The third order of Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, single parasitic
monsters, under which name he describes dermoid cysts, is
omitted. Forster's classification is substituted, with slight
modification, for that of Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire.
Montgomery's Cups. The dilated canals of the uter-
ine tubular glands. They appear as minute projec-
tions on the external surface of aborted ova. M.'s
Glands. Accessory rudimentary milk-glands. (Rein.)
See also Gland. M.'s Tubercles. Same as M.''s
Glands.
Monthier's Blue. Same as Prussian Blue.
Monthlies {munth' -lez). See Alenses.
Monthling {niunth' -ling) [ME., month, month]. An
infant one month old.
Monthly {munth'-le) [ME., monethly, monthly]. Oc-
curring once a month ; lasting for a month. M.
Courses. See Menses. M. Nurse, a nurse who
attends after childbirth.
Monti's Copper Method. A method of staining nerve-
cells. See Stains, Table of.
Monticulus (inon-tik' -u-lus) [L.]. i. A little eleva-
tion. 2. Same as AI. cerebelli. M. cerebelli, the
small convex projection on the upper part of the
median line of the cerebellum ; the central portion of
the superior vermiform process.
Montpellier Yellow. Same as Cassel Yellow.
Mooltan Sore. .Same as Furunculus orientalis.
Moon [ME., moone, moon]. The satellite of the
earth. M. -blindness, amblyopia caused by exposure
of the eyes to the moon's light during sleep. See
also Alenotvphlosis. M. -blink, a temporary evening
blindness of the tropics, supposed to be due to sleep-
ing in the moonlight. M.-eye; I. An eye supposed
to be affected by the moon. 2. A disease of the eye
in horses. M.-eyed, dim-eyed; affected with moon-
eye. M.-face, a full, round face. M.-flaw, an
attack of lunacy. M. -madness, lunacy. M.-seed.
See MenispermuDi. M.-sick, crazy. M. -stricken,
M. -struck. See Lunatic. M. -stroke, a neurosis
supposed to result from exposure to the rays of the
moon.
Moonling [mooii^ -ling) [ME., }?ioone, moon]. A
lunatic.
Moore's Figure of Eight. A figure-of-eight bandage
made of a folded shawl or strip of muslin, and used
as a dressing for fracture of the clavicle. M.'s
Method. See Treatment, Methods of. M.'s Reagent
and Test. See Tests, Table of.
Moos-pappe [moz-pop-a') [Ger.] An absorbent mate-
rial consisting of a variety of moss, and prepared for
use as a surgical dressing.
Moosewood. .See Dirca palustris.
Moral Insanity. .See hisanity.
Morand's Disease. Paresis of the extremities. See
Diseases, Table of. M.'s Foot, a foot with eight
toes. See Diseases, Table of.
Morbi {mor'-bi) [L., plural and genitive oi Morbus'].
Of a disease. Agens morbi, the cause or agent of
disease. Ens morbi, the being or essential quality
of disease. Materies morbi, the substance produc-
ing a disease.
Morbid [i)ior' -bid) \_morbidus, morbus, disease]. Per-
taining to disease. M. Anatomy, the anatomy of
organs or tissues in a state of disease.
Morbidity {mor - bid' - it - e) \jnorbtis, disease]. The
quality of disease or of being diseased. Also the
conditions inducing disease. Also the statistics of the
diseases in a community at a given period ; the sick-
rate. M. and Mortality, a term expressive of the
statistical relations of disease and the death-rate.
Morbiferous [uior-bif'-er-us) [wor/v/.r, disease ; ferre,
to bear] . Conveying or spreading disease.
Morbific (i)ior-bif' -ik) [inoj-bus, disease; facere, to
make]. Causing or inducing disease.
Morbigenous [nior-hij' -en-us) \inorbus, disease ; yewav,
to produce]. Producing disease.
MORBILITY
781
MORNING
Morbility {mor-bil'-ii-e). Same as Morbidity.
Morbilli {)?to?--bil'-i) [dim. of Morbus, dhta&t\. See
Rubeola, Measles.
Morbilliform [inor - bil'- if- orm) \7710rbilli, measles;
forma, form]. Resembling measles.
Morbillous {?iior-bil' -us) \_iiiorbilli , measles]. Pertain-
ing to measles.
Morbose (^luor'-bdz) \_morbosus, morbus, disease].
Diseased.
Morbosity (itior - bos' - it - e) \inoi-bosus, diseased]. A
condition of disease.
Morbus [iitor' -bus) [L.]. A disease or illness. M. ad-
disonii. See Addison^ s Disease. M. aetatis, disease
peculiar to a certain age. M. anglicus. .Synonym
of Rachitis. M. ampullaceus. Synonym of Pem-
phigus. M. animatus, a parasitic disease. M.
aphrodisiacus, M. aphrodisia. Synonym of
Syphilis. M. apoplectiformis. Synonym of
Meniere' s Disease. M. arietis. Synonym of Influ-
enza. M. articularis. Synonym of Gout. M. atto-
nitus. Synonym of Catalepsy and also of Apoplexy.
M. basedowii. See Exophthaltnic Goiter. M.
brightii. See Brighfs Disease. M. bullosus.
Synonym oi Pemphigus. M. caducus. 'See Epilepsy.
M. carinus. Synonym of Insolation. M. Celsi.
Synonym of Catalepsy. M. cerebralis whytii. Sy-
nonym of acute internal hydrocephalus. M. ceruleus.
See Cyanosis, Congenital. M. comitialis. Synonym
of Epilepsy. M. costalis. Synonym of Pleurisy.
M. coxarius. See Coxalgia. M. cucullus. Syno-
nym of Whooping-cough. M. deificus. Synonym
of Epilepsy. M. divinus, M. divus. Synonym of
Epilepsy. M. dominorum. Synonym of Gout. M.
elephas. See Elephantiasis arabu/n. M. erronum,
a deep bronze coloration of the skin resulting from
prolonged exposure to the sun's rays or to vicissitudes
of climate. M. fellifluus. Synonym of Cholera.
M. fcfidus. Synonym of Epilepsy. M. gallicus.
Synonym of Syphilis. M. gesticulatorius. Syno-
nym of Chorea. M. glandulosus. Synonym of
Glanders. M. heracleus, M. heraculeus. Synonym
of Elephantiasis and of Epilepsy. M. hispanicus.
Synonym of Syphilis. M. incurvus. Synonym of
Kyphosis. M. indicus. Synonym of Syphilis. M.
infantilis. Synonym of Epilepsy. M. insputatus.
Synonym of Epilepsy. M. interlunis. Synonym of
Epilepsy. M. ischiadicus. Synonym of Sciatica.
M. italicus. S)monym of Syphilis. M. luteolus.
Synonym of Jaundice. M. maculosus dieckerhoffii.
A hemorrhagic purpura of horses. M. maculosus
werlhofii. See IVerlhof s Disease and Purpura hccm-
orrhagica. M. magnus. Synonym of Epilepsy.
M. medicorum, the mania of those who seek the ad-
vice of physicians for imaginary diseases. Over-much
doctoring. M. mucosus, mucous disease ; intestinal
catarrh. M. nauticus. Synonym of Sea-sic/encss.
M. neapolitanus. Synonym of Syphilis. M. ory-
zeus. Synonym of Asiatic Cholera. M. pallidas,
M. parthenius. Synonym of Chlorosis. M. pau-
perum. Synonym of Relapsiiig fever. M. Paxtonii,
a parasitic disease of the hair of the axilla. M.
pilaris. Synonym of Trichiasis. M. pleuriticus.
Synonym of Pleurisy. M. plumbeus. Synonym
of Pliimbisjn. M. psoadicus. Synonym of Psoas
Abscess. M. regius. Synonym of Jaundice. M.
ruralis. Synonym of Ergotism. M. sacer. Syno-
nym of .fi'/Z/^'/jr)/. M. saltatorius. Synonym of C/zorfv?.
M. Sancti Lazari. Synonym of Z('/;wji'. M. Sancti
Valentini. Synonym of Epilepsy ■ M. scrophulo-
sus. Synonym of Scrofula. M. senilis, the phys-
iologic retrogression frequently seen in old age. M.
sideratus. Synonym of Epilepsy. M. sonticus.
Synonym of Epilepsy. M. suffocans. Synonym of
Diphtheria. M. suffocatorius. Synonym of Z*///;-
theria. M. tyrius. Synonym of Elephantiasis and
Leprosy. M. virginens, M. virginum. Synonym
of Chlorosis. M. werlhofii. See H'erlhof s Disease.
Mordacious [iiior-da' -se-us) [wfri/rtx, biting] . Biting,
pungent.
Mordant {inor' -daiit) [^riiordere, to bite]. A substance
that fixes the dyes used in coloring textures, or in
staining tissues and bacteria. See Pigments, Colors,
and Dyestuffs.
Mordicancy {mor' -dik-an-sc) \_mordicare, to bite].
Pungency ; biting quality, as of a drug.
Mordicant (inor' -dik-ant). Synonym of Mordacious.
Mordication (tnor-dik-a'-shun) \_mordicare, to bite].
A burning and stinging inflammatory condition of the
skin.
Morel's Ear. See Ear, Deformities of, and Diseases,
Table of. M.'s Tourniquet, the first tourniquet
known, introduced by Morel in 1674.
Morgagni (mor-gan'-e). A noted Italian anatomist of
the eighteenth century. M.'s Caruncle. The middle
lobe of the prostate gland. M., Cataract of. See Cata-
ract. M., Columns of. See Column. M., Foramen
of. See Foramina, Table of. M.'s Fossa. See Fossa
navicularis. M.'s Frenum, the projection formed by
the union of the ileo-colic and ileo cecal valves. M.,
Glands of. See Gland. M.'s Humor, same as
M's Liquor. M., Hydatid of. See Hydatid.
M.'s Lacuna, one of the depressions of the urethral
mucosa into which the urethral glands open. Also,
the Fossa navicularis. M.'s Liquor, the fluid found
within the capsule of the crystalline lens after death.
M., Sinus of. See Sinus. M., Ventricle of. See
I'entricle.
Morgan's Method. See Treatment, Methods of.
Morgue [morg) [Fr.]. A dead-house, a mortuary. A
place where unknown dead are exposed for identifica-
tion.
Mori, Succus ; Mori, Syrupus. See Moms.
Moria {mo' -rc-ah) [^/lupla, folly]. A form of dementia
characterized by talkativeness and childish silliness.
Moribund (mor'-ib-ztnd) [moribundus, moriri, to die].
Dying. Ripe for dissolution.
Moric Acid [mo'-rik) \_mortis, a mulberry tree]. I. A
crystalline acid obtained from (7/(5(7. 2. Morin,
q. V.
Moriform (/no'-rif-orm) \_morus, a mulberry ; forma,
form]. Shaped like a mulberry. M. Glands. See
Gland.
Morin [tno'-rin) \_morus, a mulberry tree], CjjHgO^ +
2H2O. A coloring-matter found in yellow-wood
[Morus tinctoria). It decomposes into phloroglucin
and resorcin. See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Morin's Base. See Glucosin.
Morindin [mo-rin' -din) \inorus, the mulberry; Indicus,
Indian] .CjgHjgOjj. A crystalline substance found in
Morinda citrifolia. On decomposition it is said to
yield alizarin.
Morindon (inor-in' -don) \_morus, a mulberry ; Indicus,
Indian], C23H,pOjg. A beautiful red substance ob-
tained from Morindin.
Moringa (mo-riitg'-gah) [native Malabar]. A genus
of dicotyledonous polypetalous trees. M. pterygo-
sperma, M. zeylanica, horse-radish tree, found in
the West Indies and the East. The oil of the seeds,
the root, and the gum, all have been used in a great
variety of diseases, both local and general. Unof.
Morioplasty (mor' -e-o-plas-tc) \_fj6piov, part ; TrXaaoeiv,
to mold]. Autoplasty ; plastic surgery.
Morning [morn'-ing) [ME., morninge, morning].
The first part of the day. M. Sickness. The nausea
MOROCCO LEATHER
782
MORPHONOSUS
I
of pregnant women, occurring chiefly in the early
months of gestation ; also, the imitative or sympa-
thetic nausea sometimes experienced by the husband
during the wife's early pregnancy ; eonosus. M.-
tire. A peculiar condition seen in melancholia and
neurasthenia, in which the patient awakes in the morn-
ing from a sound sleep unrefreshed and, in fact, more
fatigued than on retiring.
Morocco Leather. See Leather.
Morocomium (^mo-ro-ko' -nie-2iiii) f^/iupog, mad; Koudv,
to care for]. An insane asylum.
Morodochium {iiio-ro-do' -ke-um) \_iuoimq, silly ; &tx^o-
Hai , to receive]. An asylum for the insane.
Morose (//wr-dz') \_morosus, fretful]. Of a sour temper ;
sullen.
Morosis (iiio-?'o' -sis) [fii)puaiQ, foolishness]. Insanity.
Morotrophium (jno-ro-t>-o' -fe-uni). Synonym of yJ/orf-
coniuin.
Moroxilic Acid [inor-oks-il'-ik) \_inonis, mulberry ;
oji'f, acid]. Same as Moric Acid.
Morph [moif) [_/wp(pi/, a blotch]. One of the dark
spots that occur on the foreheads of blond women
suffering from uterine trouble, or who are pregnant.
Morphea, Morphcea {inor-fe' -ali) [ijopipi/, a blotch].
Circiunscrihed Si/eroder/na , Addison's Keloid; the
commone.st form of scleroderma, occurring usually in
young female adults. Its commonest seats are about
the breasts and the face and neck, and often it follows
the course of the nerve-distribution. It occurs in the
form of patches, rounded, ovoid, or irregular in outline ;
small or large, soft or firm, smooth or shining, pale-
yellowish or brownish in color. The lesions are, as
a rule, asymmetric. The course of the disease is
chronic. The disease may also manifest itself in the
form of atrophic, pit-like depressions in the skin, and
as lines, streaks, and telangiectases. M. lardacea,
a form of Morphea. M. maculosa, a form of morphea
characterized by the presence of macules. M. nigra, a
pigmented form of Morphea. M. tuberosa, a variety
of morphea in which nodules are formed.
Morpheomania {i?ior-fe-o-ma' -ne-ah). Same as Mor-
pliioiiiania.
Morphetin {mor' -fet-in) \_Morpheus , god of sleep]. An
amorphous, bitter substance resulting when morphin
sulphate is boiled with lead peroxid and dilute sul-
phuric acid.
Morphew [iiior'-fu). See Morphea.
Morphia {iiior' -fe-ah). See Morphina.
Morphic {nior'-fik) l_/jop<pi/, form]. In biology, per-
taining to form.
Morphina, Morphin {inor-fi'-nah, mor'-fin) [Mor-
pheus, god of sleep; ffen., Morphince^, Cj,H,gNO;j.
The name of the principal alkaloid of opium, to
which the properties of that drug are chiefly due. It
is an anodyne, hypnotic, and narcotic. gr. corres-
ponds in activity with one grain of opium of average
strength. M. acetas, soluble in water. Dose gr.
,ijp-j. M. acetat., Liq. (B. P.) Dose Tr\,xx-xl. M.
bromid., M. hydrobromat., C'ljHijNOjHBr. A
good sedative narcotic. Dose gr. xcr~/^-
chloroformi, Tinct. (B. P.) Dose n\^v-x. M.
hydrochloras, occurs in silky crystals, soluble in
water. Dose gr. 4xr\- hydrochlorat. , Liq.
(B. P.) Dose 1TLx-xl. Injectio morphinae hypo-
dermica (B. P.), contains one grain of the acetate of
morphin in each ten minims of water. M. et ipeca-
cuanhas, Troch., each contains gr. of morphin.
M. Oleatum, contains morphin lo, oleic acid, 90
parts ; for local use. Unof. M., Pulv., Comp., Tully's
powder, contains morphin sulphate I, camphor,
licorice, and calcium carbonate, aa, 20 parts. Dose
gr. v-xv. M. sulph., Liq., Magendie's solution;
contains morphin sulph. gr. xvj to each fl. _^ . Dose
tTLx-xv. Unof M. sulphas, acicular crystals, soluble
in hot water. Dose gr. y^-'/z- M., Suppos. (B.
P.), each contains gr. ss morphin. M., Suppos., cum
sapone (B. P.), each contains gr. ss of morphin.
M. tartras, CJIg05(C,.H,;,N0.,).^, used hypoder-
matically. Dose, gr. jV"/^- Trochis. (B. P.l
and M. et ipecac, Trochis. (B. P.), each containing
gr. -^Y, of morphin. Dose I to 4.
Morphinia [i/ior-fiii'-e-ah) \_Morpheus, god of sleep].
Any disease due to the excessive use of morphin.
Morphinism (jnor' -fin-izni) [Morpheus , god of sleep].
The diseased condition caused by the excessive and
habitual use of morphin.
Morphinization [tnor-fin-iz-a' -shuri) [Morpheus, god
of sleep]. The production of the physiologic effects
of morphin.
Morphinomania [ii:or-Jin-o-»ia'-ne-ah) [Morpheus, god
of sleep ; pavia, madness]. A morbid craving for
morphin as a stimulant.
Morphinophagia, Morphiophagy {mor-fin-o-fa'-je-
ah, mor-Ji-off' -aj -e) [Morpheus, god of sleep;
ipayeiD, to eat]. Opium-eating.
Morphiomania (jnor-fe-o-ma'-ne-ah). Synonym of
Morph in oiium ia .
Morphiopathy i^inor-fe-op' -a/h-e) . Synonym of Mor-
pitinoinania.
Morpho-biologic [mor-fo-bi-odoj' -ik) [fioptpl/, form ;
/3/of, life; Aoyof, science]. Pertaining to the form
and biology of an organism.
Morphcea [»ior-fe' -ah). See Morphea.
Morphogenesis (mor-fo-jen'-es-is) [ixopij>ii, form; yh-
eaii;, origin]. See Morphogeny.
Morphogeny {>nor - foj' - en - e) [fiopfij, form; yheia,
generation]. In biology, the genesis of form; the
history of the evolution of form.
Morphography {mor-fog' -ra-fe) [fiopfl/, form ; ypaipeiv,
to write]. In biology, systematic investigation of the
structure of organisms in the most comprehensive
way.
Morpholecithal [mor fo-les'-ith-al) [fiopcj)?/, form; Mki-
(!<)(;, yolk of an egg]. I. Germinal; formative. 2.
Pertaining to the morpholecithus.
Morpholecithus [/nor - fo ■ les'- ith - us) [finpff/, form ;
TitKidoQ, yolk of an egg]. The formative yolk of an
egg ; the portion of an egg that undergoes segmenta-
tion and gennination.
Morpholin {/?ior'-fo-lin) [Morpheus, god of sleep], C,
HgNO. A compound formed by heating dioxyethyl-
amin to 160° C. with HCl.
Morphologic [mor - fo - loj' - ik) [p.op<^ii, form; /li^yof,
science]. Pertaining to the form of organisms or
twin parts.
Morphology {mor - fol' ■ 0 - je) [/inpfi/, form ; Xeyetv, to
speak]. The department of biology that deals with
form and structure.
Morpholysis [mor- fol'- is - is) [popfi/, form ; A/'iT'f, a
loosing]. Destruction of form.
Morphohnania [mor-fo-ma' -tie-ah). See Morphinoma-
nia.
Morphometry [mor-fom' -et-re) [fwpcpr/, form; phpov,
measure]. The measuring or determining of the
forms of organisms.
Morphon [mor' -fon) [finp<pij, form]. In biology, a
definite morphologic individual element or organism ;
one of the following categories : plastid, idorgan
[— organ, anliinere, tnetamere), persona, corm,q. v.
Morphonomy [mor-fon'-o-/ne) [jiopipii, form; vn/jia;
vkfieiv, to distribute]. That department of biologic
science devoted to the investigation of the principles
of organic morphology.
Morphonosus [mor -fon'- o - sus) [popipi/, fonn ; wffof,
MORPIIOPHVLY
783
MOSCHATIN
disease] . An anomalous change in the form of organs
or parts.
Morphophyly (»ior-fof'-il-e) [fiopcpri , form; (pvAt/, a
tribe]. The department of phylogeny that deals with
form alone.
Morphoplasm {morf -o-plazvi) [//op(/i//, form ; -KXaa^a,
anything formed or molded] . In biology, Weismann's
substitute for the word " protoplasm," to distinguish
the vital substance of the cell from that of the nucleus ;
"formative plasm'''' ; trophoplasm ^ ' (Nageli) as
distinguished from the " hereditary plasm'' ^ or " idio-
plasm."
Morphosis [mor -fo'- sis) \_finp(p6eiv, to form]. Any
morbid formation or organic change. In biology,
morphogenesis ; the assumption of characteristic or-
ganic form.
Morphostoechiometry (/nor-fo-stek-e-o?n' -et-re) \_nop(pli,
form; (7ro(;^-EZoi', element ; lUfrpoi', measure]. A class-
ification of substances, as plants, crystals, etc., based
on their external form.
Morphotic (iiior-fot' -ik) \_tiop<^ri, form]. Pertaining to,
or due to, morphosis ; characterized by morphosis ;
pertaining to anatomic or organic elements. M.
Proteids, those that become parts of the living cell or
that actually enter into the structure of the tissues.
Morphotomy (/iior-fot' -o-me). Synonym oi Anatomy.
Morpion [mor' -pc-on) [Fr.]. The crab-louse.
Morren's Glands, Morrenian Glands. Three pairs
of glandular lateral sacs that enter the posterior
portion of the esophagus of the Lumbricidij: and related
terrestrial Oligochata: ; they are also called the lime-
secreting glands. See Gland, Morrenian.
Morrhua [mor'-n-ah) [_morita, a cod; gen. A/orr/u/ar'].
The principal genus of gadoid fishes, including the cod.
M., Oleum, cod-liver oil. The fixed oil from the livers
of the cod-fish, Gadtis morrhua, and other species of
Gadus. The best and only ofiicial oil is pale-yellow
in color, and is usually obtained from drippings. It is an
easily assimilated, nutritive food, indicated in tubercu-
losis, rickets, nervous debility, and strumous skin-dis-
eases. Black coffee and oil of eucalyptus are the best
vehicles for its administration. Dose 3j-ij on a full
stomach, or_^ j-ij by inunction. Glyconin Emulsion,
contains ol. morrhuK ^iv, glyceritum vitelli (glyconin)
3ix, spt. ammonipe arom. v^ '], sherry wine ,^ij, acid,
phosphoric dil. ,^iv, essent. amygdal. amar. to
Oss of alcohol. Dose 3 ij.
Morrhuic Acid (?nor'-tc-ik) [morna, a cod], CJ-ij^NOj.
One of the alkaloids of cod-liver oil. See JMorrhuo-
lins.
Morrhuin [mor' -n-iii) \_morua, cod], CjcjHjjN.j. One
of the alkaloids of cod-liver oil. See Morrhuolins.
Morrhuol [mor'-n-ol) \^i?iortia, coA; olenm , o\V\. An
alcoholic extractive derivable from cod-liver oil, of
complex, and probably of indefinite chemic structure.
It has been proposed as a remedial agent in the place
of the oil itself. Dose gr. iij-v, in capsules.
Morrhuolins {mor' -ii-o-linz) \jnorua, cod; oleitm,<yi\.'\.
A general name for the alkaloids of cod-liver oil.
These are amylamin, C-Hj^N ; dihydrolutidin,
C,Hj,N : oxycollidin, CgH,,NO ; morhuin, C^Hj^Nj ;
nicomorrhuin, C,|,H.,yN^ ; asellin, C.,jH,.,N^ ; and
morrhuic acid, C,,H,,,NO,|. The most active of these
are amylamin, oxycollidin, morrhuin, and nicomorrhu-
in.
Morrison's Pill. A cathartic pill containing aloes, jalap,
extract of colocynth, gamboge, rhubarb, and myrrh.
Mors {morz) [L.]. Death. M. nigris. See Plague.
Morsal (wor'-jf/) \_morsus ; w/oroVr?, to bite]. Relating
to the cutting or grinding portion of a tooth.
Morsulus [mor' - su - lus) [dim. of morsus, bite], A
lozenge or tablet.
Morsus [mor'-sus) [L.]. A bite. M. diaboli, the
fimbriated distal extremity of an oviduct, also called the
pavilion of the tube. M. stomachi, M. ventriculi.
Synonyms of Cardialgia .
Mortal [mor' -lal ) \_mortalis, from mors, death]. Liable
to death or dissolution ; terminating in death ; deadly ;
fatal.
Mortality [mor - tal' - it - e) \_mortalitas, mo7-talis, from
mors, death]. The quality of being mortal. Also,
\\\ft Death-rate. M. -table, "it^ Life-table.
Mortar {mor' -tar) \_mortariinn, an urn]. An urn-
shaped vessel for containing substances for pulveriza-
tion, this being accomplished by means of a pestle. It
is usually of iron, porcelain, agate, or glass.
Mortariolum {mor-ta-ri' -o-him) [dim. of mortarium,
an urn]. A small mortar; also an alveolus.
Mortarium {)nor-ta' -re-utn) [L.]. Same as Mortar;
also the trunk of the body from the neck to the hips.
Mortification {mor-tif-ik-a' -shun). See Gangrene.
Mortified {mor' -t if -id) \_mortificare, to kill]. Gan-
grenous; dead.
Mortisection (wor-/«-d'/{''-j-////;/). Synonym of Aiitopsv.
Morton's Affection. Same as J/.'^ /'oo/. M.'s Fluid.
.See M.'s Solution. M.'s Foot, a peculiar and
painful disorder pertaining to the metatarso-phalangeal
joint of the fourth toe. It consists in a local neuritis,
from bruising of one or more branches of the ex-
ternal phalangeal nerve; probably due to high-
heeled and tight shoes. See Metatarsalgia and
Diseases, Table of. M.'s Method. See Treatment,
Methods of. M., Plane of. See Plane. M.'s So-
lution, a solution consisting of potassium iodid gr.
XXX, iodin gr. x, glycerin '^], used for injection in
spina bifida. M.'s Toe. Same as M.'s Foot.
Mortuary {mor' -tn-a-re) \_mortuarium, a tomb]. I. A
house or tomb for temporary burial. 2. Relating to
death or burial.
Morula {mor' -ti-lah ) [dim. of morum, a mulberry : pi.,
Mor!ilic~\. In embryology, the solid " mulberry germ "
or mass of "segmentation cells, " " blastomeres " or
"cleavage cells", which results from the complete
segmentation of the vitellus of an ovum.
Morulation {mor-u-la' -slum) [morula, a little mul-
berry]. In embryology, the formation of the morula
during the process of the segmentation of the egg.
Moruloid {mor'-u-loid) \_morula, a little mulberry;
f/'5of, like]. Resembling a morula.
Morus {mo'-rus) [L. : gen. Mori'\. Mulberry. Mori,
Succus, the juice of the ripe fruit of M. nigra. It
is refrigerant, and may be given in fevers. M., Syr.
(B. P.) Dose 3j-ij.
Morvan's Disease. A trophic affection of the skin with
pain followed by analgesia, first of one side, then of
the other, and then the formation of a succession of
whitlows, which are usually painless, and are attended
with, or are the result of, necrosis of the phalanges.
Muscular atrophy, paresis, contraction of the fingers,
and loss of the sensations of heat or cold are other
symptoms. Most cases occur between twenty and
fifty years of age. See Diseases, Table of.
Morve {moii<). See Eqtiinia.
Mosaic {mo-za'-ik) [^finvadiKuc , mosaic]. Inlaid work
made of small pieces inlaid to form a pattern. M.
Gold. See Pigments, Conspectus of. M. Layer.
See Afesoretina. M. of Muscle-compartments,
the mosaic appearance observed in a striped muscle-
fiber when treated with acetic acid.
Moschate {mos'-kat) [^ucr^YOf , musk]. Having the odor
of moschus, or musk.
tAo%i:.\\.s.\\vv(mos' -kat-in) \_ii6csxo(;, musk], C2,H.^7N07.
A bitter, brownish substance extracted from Achillea
moschata.
MOSCHATOUS
784
MOTOR
Moschatous [iiios^ -kat-zis). Synonym of Moschatc.
Moschiferous (mos-kif -er-its) [^i-ioax'K, musk; ferre,
to bear]. Yielding musk.
Moschocaryon (wtv - ko - kar' - e - on) \_fi6axoi;, musk ;
KiijivDv, kernel]. Nutmeg.
Moschus [inos'-ktts) [//oct^oc, musk: gen., RIoschi'\.
Musk. The dried secretion obtained from the folh-
cles of the prepuce of the musk-deer, M. iiioschife-
rus. It is always liable to adulteration, but the
Chinese musk is considered the best. It is a diffusible
stimulant acting on the nervous centers, and is used
with advantage in the collapse of typhoid fever and
in pneumonia. It is used chiefly as a perfume, the
odor being somewhat aphrodisiac. Dose gr. ij-x.
M., Tinct., lo per cent, in strength. Dose gj-jss.
Mosler's Diabetes. See Diabetes.
Mosquito (w«,f-/{v'Vo)[Sp., a little gnat].
See Culex. Cf. Parasites [Animal ),
Table of. M. -culture, a culture of
blood that has been drawn by a mos-
quito from a sick person.
Moss (iinni's) [ME., wcj, moss]. A small
herbaceous plant of the natural order
Musci. M., Ceylon. See Agar-agar.
M., Club. See Lycopodiian. M.,
Corsican. See Corsican Moss. M.,
Iceland. See Chondrus. M., Irish.
^^ft Carragheen. M. -starch, 'ie.c Lich-
en in.
Motatorious [ino - tat - o' - re - us) \_motare,
p. p. Diotatus, to move]. In biology, vib-
ratory ; applied especially to certain long-
legged spiders and crane-flies which have
a habit of keeping the body in a state
of constant vibration.
Moth [iinnuth) [ME., niothe, moth]. See
Chloasma. M. -patch. Synonym of
Chloasma.
Mother [muth' -er)\yiY,. , moder, mother].
A female parent. Also, any residue con-
tained in a solution. M.-cell, a cell
before segmentation, afterward splitting
up into smaller cells called Daughter-
cells. See Cell. M. -liquor, the liquid
that remains after the contained dis-
solved substances have been partly or vifholly crys-
tallized or precipitated in an amorphous condition.
M.'s Mark. See Angioma and Nmms maternus.
M. -nucleus. See Karyokinesis and Nucleus. M.-
of-pearl Osteomyelitis. See Osteomyelitis, Coii-
chiolin. M.'s Plaster. See Bro'wn Plaster. M.'s
Salve. See Brown Ointment. M. -skein. See Spi-
rem. M.'s-spot, a nevus. M.-star, a stage in karyo-
kinesis. Karyokinesis, Star. M. of Vinegar,
the gelatinous deposit found in vinegar, and formed
by the filaments of Alycodeniia aceti, so-called because,
when introduced into a saccharine solution, it con-
verts the solution into vinegar. M. -water, the re-
maining solution of salts and other substances that
fail to crystallize after the spontaneously crystalliz-
able salts have been removed. See AI. -liquor. M.-
wort, the herb Leonurus cardiaca, an emmenagogue,
nervine, and antispasmodic. It is a popular remedy
in amenorrhea and hysteria. Dose of the fld.
ext. 3ss-ij. Unof. M. -wreath. See Aster, and
Wreath.
Motile {mo' -til) \_movcre, to move]. Capable of spon-
taneous motion, as a motile flagellum.
Motion {mo' -shun) [^movere, to move]. Continuous
change of position. Also, an evacuation of the
bowels. M., Ameboid, the motion of certain low
forms of living cells. M., Brownian. See
Brownian. M., Ciliary, the waving or lashing move-
ment of cells possessed of cilia. M., Involuntary,
a movement of an organ or part that is not an act
of volition. M., Pendulum, a to-and-fro movement
like that of the pendulum, sometimes observed in the
arms in obscure nervous diseases. M., Voluntary,
any change of position of an organ or part due to an
act of the will. See also Movement.
Motive (ino'-tiv) \jnovere, to move]. Causing motion;
a determining impulse. M. Force, M. Power, the
moving or impelling forc^.
Motor [}iio'-ior) \_movere, to move]
applied to various muscles and
M. Aphasia. See Aphasia.
A mover. A term
to a class of nerves.
M. Area, the por-
Frontalis.
Facial (upper).
Corrugator super-
cilii.
Orbicularis, palp.
Nasal muscles. |
Zygomatici.
Orbicularis oris. |
Facial (middle).
Masseter.
Levator menti.
Quadratus "
Triangularis "
Hypoglossus.
Facial (lower).
Hyoid muscles. |
Omohyoideus.
Ext. anterior"!
thoracic (pec- >
toralis major), j
[Ascending fron-
J tal and parie-
j tal convolutions
t (motor area).
f3d frontal convo-
1 lution and in-
1 sula (center of
[ speech).
Temporalis,
j Facial (upper
\ branch).
— Facial (trunk).
Post, auricular.
Facial (middle
branch ; lower
branch).
Splenius.
Sterno-mastoideus.
Spinal accessory,
f Levator anguli
( scapulae.
Trapezius.
( Dorsalis scapulas
( (rhomboids).
Circumflex.
( Long thoracic.
-< (serratus mag-
(. nus).
Phrenic . —
Brachial Plexus
5th and 6th
cervical (del-
toid, biceps,
brachialis, su-
pin. longus).
Motor Points of Face and Neck.
Crural.
Adductor magnus
Adductor longus.
} Tensor vag.
femoris.
Sartorius.
f Quadriceps.
\ (common point)
Rectus femoris.
Vastus extern.
Vastus intern
Motor Points of Anterior Aspect of Left Thigh
MOTOR
785
MOTOR
Delt.
(ant.
por.).
Triceps (cap. \
long.). i
Triceps (cap.
intern.).
Ulnar.
Flexor carpi
ulnaris.
lex. dig. com. )
prof. /
lex. dig. (II et)
III) subl. ]■
ex. dig. (ind. )
etmin.)subl. J
Ulnar.
'almaris brevis.
bduc. dig. min.
flexor dig. min.
Oppo. dig. min.
Lumbricales.
Triceps (cap.
long.).
Triceps (cap.
extern.).
Flex. longus poll.
Median.
Abduct, poll.
Opponens pollicis.
Flex, brevis poll.
Adduc. brev. poll.
Supinator long
Ext. radialis long
Ext. rad. brevis
Ext. digit, com- f — -
munis. \
Extensor indicis.
Ext. oss. metac. )
poll. I
Ext. prim, in- )
tern. poll, j
Interossei dor-
sal (land IIj.
/Abduct, min.
( digit.
Inteross. dor-
sal. (Ill and
IV).
Motor Points of Dorsal Aspect of Left Arm.
Motor Points of Palmar Aspect of Left Arm.
Tibialisanticus.
Ext. digit, long.
Peroneus brevis
Extensor h.-'l.
lucis longus
Interossei f
dorsales. \
Peroneal.
Gastrocnemius.
Peroneus long.
Soleus.
hallucis
Ext. digit, brev.
/ Abductor
(_ min. digit.
Flexor long.hallucis
1 Gluteus maxi.
/ mus.
— Adductor magnus.
Semitendinosus.
Semimembranosus.
Post, tibial.
f Gastrocnemius
1 (cap. int.).
Soleus.
f Flexor digit,
t comm. long.
Tibial.
•Motor Points of Outer Aspect of Left Lec
50
Motor Points of Posterior Aspect of Left Thigh
AND Leg.
MOTORIAL
786
MOUNTING
tion of the cerebral gyri in each hemisphere surround-
ing the central fissure, viz.: the precentral and post-
central gyri bordering the fissure, the posterior part of
the three frontal gyri, and the paracentral lobule on the
mesal surface of the hemisphere. Stimulation of this
region by a weak faradic current induces movement
in definite parts of the opposite half of the body. M.
Ataxia. See Ataxia. M. Cell, a nerve-cell generat-
ing motor impulses. M. Centers. See Center. M.
Fibers, centrifugal nerve-fibers exciting contraction
of muscles. M. Impulse, the nerve-influence that
results in action. M. Nerves, those efferent nerves
that carry impulses to the muscles. M. oculi. See
Nerves, Table of. M. Path, the path traversed by
a motor impulse, from the brain to the muscles. M.
Points, the points on the surface of the body where
the various branches of the motor nerves supplying
the muscles may be affected by electricity. .See Cuts of
Motor-points, pp. 784-785. M.Vaso-. See Vaso-matar.
Motorial {mo-to' -re-al) \_iiiofor/!is , motory]. Of or
pertaining to motion. M. End-plate, an eminence
of protoplasm within the sarcolemma where a nerve-
fiber pierces the latter. It is produced by a spreading
out of the axis-cylinder.
Motorium {mo-to' -re-imi) \_mflvere, to move]. The
motor apparatus of the body, both nervous and mus-
cular, considered as a unit.
Motory (mo'-tor-e) [_»icniere, to move]. Same Motor.
Motosis (jno-to' -sis) [/iorof, lint]. A lint-dressing.
Motricity {)no-tris' -it-e) [niovere, to move]. Motor
neuricity ; the efferent motor impulse sent along a
nerve.
Motschutkowski's Method. See Treatment.
Mottle [/not'-l) [ME., motteleye, a mixture of colors].
To mark with spots or blemishes.
Mottled [mot'-ld) [ME., /notteleye, a mixture of colors].
Spotted ; marked with patches of dark color ; varie-
gated. M. Kidney. Same as Large White Kidney.
Mottling [jnot'-ling) [ME., mottleye, a mixture of
colors]. A spotted condition.
Mouches volantes [inoosh vo-lont') [Fr.]. See Musca
vol it antes.
Mouilla (moo-iF -ah). An excellent liquid potash soap
containing a large percentage of glycerin. It is employed
in dermatology, and is useful in the treatment of come-
dones and for cleansing purposes. It does not contain
enough fat for use on the face.
Mould, Mold [mold). See Mold and Fungus.
Moulding-flask. A flask invented for obtaining cast-
ings from plaster models, which, on account of irregu-
larity of the teeth or projection of the alveolar border,
cannot be drawn from a simple impression in sand.
Mounding [inoiun' -ding) [ME., mound, a protection].
The rising in a lump of muscle-fibers when struck by
a slight, firm blow. It is observed in the thin and
feeble, and in certain diseases, as pulmonary tuber-
culosis and advanced locomotor ataxia. See My aide ma.
Mount (ot()7<'«/)[ME., mount, a mountain] . In palmistry,
a fleshy cushion in the palm of the hand. M. of Jupi-
ter, the name given to the eminence at the root of the
index finger. M. of Mars, the name given to the
upper part of the hypothenar eminence. M. of Mer-
cury, the name given to the eminence at the root of
the little finger. M. of the Moon, the name given to
the lower part of the hypothenar eminence. M. of
Saturn, the name given to the eminence at the root
of the middle finger. M. of the Sun, the name
given to the eminence at the root of the ring-finger.
M. of Venus, a name given in palmistry to the thenar
eminence.
Mountain {mown' -ten) [MIL. , monntaine, mountain].
A high elevation of land. M. Anemia. See Anky-
lostomiasis. M. Balm. See Eriodictyon. M.-blue.
Same as Azurite. M. -climbing. See Terrain-cure.
M. Fever, a synonym of Tvphoid Tever, q. v. M.-
green. Same as Brunszoiek Green and Malachite
Green. M. Laurel. See Kalmia. M. Sage. See
Sierra Salvia. M. Sickness, symptoms consequent
upon the ascent to high altitudes, consisting of debil-
ity, vomiting, tremulousness, headache, loss of mus-
cular power, etc. See Anoxvsmia, Hypsonosns,
Mareo. M. Tea, a popular name for Gaultheria pro-
cumhens, q. v.
Mountaineering Malady. See Mountain Sickness.
Mountebank [jiiown'-te-bank) [It., montainbanco,
mountebank]. A quack who prescribes and sells
medicines and nostrums in public places. Also
called Quacksalver.
Mounting {mown' -ting) [ME., mounten, to mount]. In
microscopy, the arrangement of a microscopic object
upon some suitable support (slide) and in some suit-
able medium. M.-cell, in microscopy, a ring of
card-board, metal, or rubber, for the support of the
cover-glass, or to prevent the mounting-medium from
spreading when the object is thick. M. -media, va-
rious fluids, or resins in the fluid state, afterward be-
coming solid, that are employed in the examina-
tion and temporary or permanent preservation of mi-
croscopic objects. See also Stains, Table of. The
most important are as follows : Acetate of Copper,
for preserving and mounting green algte. Acetate of
copper I grm, glacial acetic acid I c.c, camphor-
water 250 c.c, glycerin 250 c.c, corrosive subli-
mate 4 grms. The glycerin is sometimes omitted
with advantage, as in the case of volvox. Acetate of
Potassium, used in a strongly concentrated solution;
it behaves much as glycerin, but does not dry at the
edges and is less refractive. Benzol, employed
as a solvent for Canada balsam and in preparing
objects for balsam-mounts, but unfit for use as a me-
dium for preliminary examination, on account of
its great volatility. Bkrgamot, On. of. Schieffer-
decker first recommended this oil as a clearing-agent
and mounting-medium ; it clears 95 per cent, alcohol
preparations and celloidin preparations, and does not
attack anilin colors. Canada Balsam. This should
be deprived of certain volatile products before using.
Solutions free from chloroform are to be preferred, es-
pecially for bacteria. Baunigarten recommends equal
parts of Canada balsam and oil of cloves. Pure xylol
answers equally well. Owing to the high refractive
index of Canada balsam (1.53), bacteria are poorly de-
fined in it. Carbolic Acid. One of the best agents
for clearing and temporary examination of tissues. It
is best used in concentrated solution in alcohol, when
it clears instantaneously even very watery prepara-
tions. For clearing sections imbedded in celloidin, use
a mixture of xylol and carbolic acid in equal parts.
Caustic Potash. A very useful clearing-agent in mod-
erately strong (5 per cent.) solutions, forthe examina-
tion of plant-sections. If sections are to be permanently
mounted, they should be washed in water, passed
through dilute alcohol, and mounted in glycerin. Ce-
DAR-OIL. On account of its refractive index, which
resembles that of crown-glass ; this is the most
widely-used fluid for homogeneous immersion ob-
jectives. It is miscible with chloroform-balsam and
with castor oil. It clears tissues in 95 per cent, alco-
hol without shrinkage, and does not extract anilin
stains. It is, therefore, one of the most valuable of
all media for preliminary examinations. Chloro-
form, employed in preparing objects for mounting,
and .sometimes as a solvent for balsam ; but it is not
to be recommended, as it tends to destroy the staining,
MOUNTING
787
MOUTH
especially in bacterial preparations. Cloves, Oil of.
This has a tendency to form very convex drops, and to
render tissues brittle ; sometimes this is considered ad-
vantageous in minute dissections. It clears objects better
than balsam, and may be used in connection with bal-
sam-mounts ; but, as it dissolves celloidin, it should not
be used for sections imbedded in that medium. It dark-
ens with age, and is commonly adulterated with phenol,
which may be detected by Fhukiger^ s test : i. e., shake
the suspected oil with fifty parts of hot water, slowly
evaporate the aqueous portion to a small bulk, and
test it with a drop of ammonia and a pinch of chlo-
rid of lime. If phenol be present, a green color is
developed, which changes to a permanent blud color.
Copal Varnish. Pale copal varnish, of the consis-
tency of oil, is recommended as a substitute for Can-
ada balsam. For very large sections it is very useful,
makes no bubbles, and it dries so hard, if slightly
warmed, as to stand wiping and dusting with a soft'
brush. By its use large and expensive cover-glasses
may be dispensed with. Creasote [Stieda's Method).
A very useful clearing-agent and temporary mount for
watery sections. Rinse the sections in water; bring
them upon the slide ; remove the water by means of
blotting-paper ; add a drop of creasote at the side ;
when clear, draw off the creasote in the same way
and replace with dammar. CsoKOR's Cement for
Glycerin-mounts. Pure Venice turpentine is poured
into some melted wax upon a water-bath until a
portion taken out on a glass rod becomes stiff at
once and does not stick to the hand. Dammar,
used as a substitute for Canada balsam. Gum dam-
mar dissolved in benzol, or xylol, about loo grms. of
dammar to loo c.c. of benzol. Dammar and Mas-
tic, much used as a substitute for Canada balsam.
First solution : Gum dammar loo grms., oil of tur-
pentine 200 c.c. Dissolve and filter. Second solu-
tion: Gum mastic 50 grms., chloroform 200 grms.
Mix the two solutions. Farrant's Medium, re-
commended because tissues mounted in it preserve
their normal appearance, and in that it is more con-
venient than glycerin, as it dries at the edges and fixes
the cover-glass. Tissues may be mounted in it directly
from water, but it is better that they be soaked for a
time in dilute glycerin. Formula: Dissolve I grm.
of arsenious acid in 200 c.c. of distilled water. In
this fluid dissolve, at the ordinary temperature, 130
grms. of gum acacia, with frequent stirring; add 100
c.c. of glycerin ; mix. Filter the solution through
fine Swedish paper upon which has been deposited a
thin layer of talc. Glycerin. When this is used as a
mounting-medium, the best quality should be em-
ployed. A mixture of equal parts of water and gly-
cerin is often preferred. As a mounting-medium for
plant-tissues, the best preparation is glycerin and
acetic acid in equal parts, boiled and filtered. For
specimens stained in carmin, the glycerin should be
acidulated with one per cent, of formic or acetic
acid. Glycerin-jelly. This is a mixture of gly-
cerin and pure gelatin ; it is liquid at the temperature
of boiling water, and solidifies on cooling. Speci-
mens should generally be saturated with glycerin be-
fore mounting. Goodale gives the following formula :
One part of gelatin is soaked in six parts of water for
two hours, seven parts of glycerin are added, and one
part of carbolic acid is added to the whole. The
mass is heated for fifteen minutes with constant stirring,
and then filtered through glass-wool in a hot funnel. All
of the ingredients must be absolutely pure. Wrap the
cork of the bottle containing the jelly in a thin piece
of linen which has been dipped in pure carbolic acid.
Another formula is the following: Soften 25 gims.
(6.4 3 ) of gelatin in cold water. Warm the gelatin
over a water-bath; add 5 c. c. (1. 3 f 3 ) of white of
egg, to clarify. Do not heat above 75° or 80° C. (167°
or 176° F.). Pass through a hot filter, mix with an
equal volume of glycerin, and add 5 grms. (1.35) of
chloral hydrate. Glycerin-solution. Glycerin
10 parts, glucose 40 parts, spt. of camphor 10 parts,
distilled water 140 parts. Mix and filter. The ad-
vantage of this medium is that it possesses the refrac-
tive index 1.37 in the yellow ray. Gold Size,
employed as a sealing for glycerin and potash mounts.
Hoyer's Medium. (<?) Vox anilin preparations : A
filtered solution of selected white gum-arabic in a 50
per cent, aqueous solution of acetate of potassium or
acetate of ammonium. (/;) Yor eariiiin preparations a.nA
lieinatoxvlin preparations : The same as the first, but
a concentrated solution of chloral hydrate, to which has
been added from 5 to 10 per cent, of glycerin, is sub-
stituted for the solution of potassium or ammonium.
It is recommended by Strasburger for plant-tissues.
Lavdowsky's Medium, for mounting sections. It
also clears somewhat. It consists of gum-sandarac 30
grms. , dissolved in absolute alcohol 50 c.c. A thin
solution may also be made by diluting with an equal
quantity of absolute alcohol. Maskenlack. An ad-
hesive varnish prepared in Germany for securing the
edges of cover-glasses when mounting-media lacking
tenacity are used. Mikroskopirlack. A German
varnish employed for securing the edges of cover-
glasses when mounting-fluids lacking tenacity are used.
Shellac. This is frequently employed in building
up cells or securing the edges of cover-glasses. It may
be best used in alcoholic solution, to which a few
drops of castor oil are added to prevent brittleness. It
may be tinged with the anilin dyes. Smith's (Ham-
ilton) High-index Mounting-fluid for Dia-
toms. In two (2) fluid drams of glycerin-jelly,
made in the usual way, dissolve in the cold ten (10)
drams of chemically-pure stannous chlorid. When
the solution is complete, bring to the boil for a few
minutes and filter while hot. The fluid must be used
hot. This is done by simply heating the slide at the
time of mounting. It has a refractive index (approxi-
mately) of 2.40. The color is equal to that of old yel-
low balsams. Diatoms mounted in it show with
wonderful clearness. Turpentine, used as a clearing-
agent, as a solvent for balsam, and as a medium for the
temporary examination of sections. Its refractive index
is such as to render it a valuable medium. Thickened
litrpentiiie (the verharztes Terpentinol of German
writers), which is prepared by exposing rectified tur-
pentine in thin layers to the air for several days, does
not shrink alcohol preparations, as does the ordi-
nary spirit. White Lead {with oil), used in build-
ing up cells and sealing mounting-media that lack te-
nacity. Xylol, used in preparing objects, and as a sol-
vent for Canada balsam. It is suitable as a medium for
preliminary examination, on account of its great solu-
bility. Xylol-BALSAM. Canada balsam dissolved
in xylol is used as a medium in mounting microscopic
objects.
Moussena [moo'-se-nah or moo-se' -nah) [African].
The bark of Acacia anthelminthica [Albizzia anthel-
minthica) , a good-sized shrub of Abyssinia. It is said
to be an efficient teniacide, acting without purging,
nauseating, or producing colic. See Acacia.
Moussenin [moo' -sen-in) \_t?io2issena'\. The alkaloid
found in Mo2<ssena bark. It was discovered by Theil
\n Acacia anthelminthica, and resembles saponin. It is
also spelled mttssenin.
Moustache {mns'-tash ) . See Mustache and Mvstax.
Mouth [moivth) [ME. , mouth]. The proximal
MOUVEMENT DE MANfiGE
788
MUCOID
terminus of the alimentary canal extending from the
lips to the pharynx. The cavity in which mastication
takes place. Also, the termination of any canal.
M. -breather, a person who habitually breathes
through the mouth. M. -breathing, respiration
through the oro-pharynx instead of, as normally,
through the naso pharynx. M. -protector, an appli-
ance used to protect the lips and cheeks in using the
discs with the dental engine. M., Sore. See Aph-
tha and Stomatitis . M.-wash, a gargle ; any liquid
preparation for the mouth and fauces.
Mouvement de manege [Fr. ]. A form of forced
movement in which the animal runs about in a circle ;
it is seen in certain cases of vivisection in which
the semicircular canals of the internal ear have been
divided.
Movement (tHoov'-meiit) \inovere, to move]. A motion
or action. See Motion. M., Acquired, one ac-
quired after much practice and the exercise of volun-
tary control. M., Ameboid, that resembling the
movement of the ameba. It consists of a change in
form by the throwing out of processes called pseu-
dopods, the rest of the protoplasm flowing into the
processes. It is observed in certain unicellular organ-
isms and in leukocytes. See Motion., Ameboid. M.,
Associated, an involuntary movement in one part
when another is moved voluntarily. M., Brownian,
a physical phenomenon observed in aggregations of
minute particles, and consisting of a rapid, oscillating
movement without change of the relative position of
the moving particles. See Brownian. M., Ciliary,
the movement of the processes of ciliated cells or of the
cilia of organisms. It is a rapid movement, generally
in one direction. M., Circus, a type of manege move-
ment [q. ?'.], in which the animal executes rapid
circular movements or somersaults. It is produced
experimentally by injury of the striatum, of the thala-
mus, or of the crus of one side. M.-cure. See
Kinesitherapy. M., Febrile, febrile changes of tem-
perature. M., Fetal, the muscular movements of
the fetus in utero. M., Forced, unsymmetric move-
ment of the body from unilateral injury of the motor
centers or the conducting paths, as in the following:
Index M., when the cephalic part of the body is
moved about the stationary caudal part ; Rolling
M., when the animal rolls on its long axis. M.,
Molecular. .Synonym of Broitinian Movement. M.,
Sarcodic. Synonym of J/. , Ameboid.
Mower's Mite. See Leptus aiitumnalis.
de Mowre's Hjrpothesis. See Life.
Moxa {moks'-ak) [Chin, and Jap.]. A term used to
designate combustible organic matter which, by burn-
ing in contact with the skin, produces a deep-seated
eschar. The Chinese moxa consists of bundles of
Artemisia. In modern surgery, rolls of cotton half
an inch in diameter, impregnated with niter ^j to
§ viij of water are used. Cobwebs are also employed.
Unof. M. -bearer, or Porte-moxa, an instrument
for applying the moxa.
Moxiburium [moks-ib-u'-re-ttm). See Moxibustion.
Moxibustion {moks-ib-7is'-chun] \>noxa^ moxa; nrere,
to burn]. The application of the actual cautery by
means of the moxa. See Bvssocausis.
Moxosphyra {moks-os-fi' -rak) \_moxa, moxa; a(pvpa,
hammer]. A hammer heated in boiling water and
applied to the skin for purposes of counter-irritation.
'tJlu.ca.go[mu-ka' -go) [/mieiis, mucus] . Mucus ; mucilage.
Mucamid (inn' -kam-id) \_mHcns^ mucus ; amid'\, CgHjj-
N20^,. A crystalline substance isomeric with sacchar-
amid.
Mucate (inu'-kat) \_mitciis^ mucus]. A salt of mucic
acid.
Mucedin [mu'-se-din) \_mztcus, mucus]. A nitrogenous
substance obtained by alcohol from gluten-fibrin ; when
freshly precipitated it is a yellowish-white slimy mass,
with a silky luster. It is readily soluble in 60-70 per
cent, alcohol, also in dilute acids and alkalies. See
Gluten and Miiciyt.
Mucedo [mn-se'-do). Synonym o{ Muais.
Mucic Acid {viti'-sik). See Acid.
Muciferous (mu-sif -er-us) [mucus, mucus; ferre, to
bear]. Producing or secreting mucus.
Mucific (jnit-sif -ik). Synonym o( A/nciferous.
Mucifluxus [iini-sif-luks' -Its') [mucus, mucus; fluere, to
flow]. A mucous discharge.
Muciform (inu' -sif-orni) [mucus, mncn^; forma, form].
Resembling mucus.
Mucigen (?nu' -sij-en) [r/iucus, mucus ; yevvav, to pro-
duce]. A hypothetic mucigenous substance of goblet-
cells.
Mucigenous {/nu-sij'-en-us) [inucus, mucus ; yevvav to
produce]. Producing or secreting mucus.
Mucilage [mu' -sil-ij) [mucilago, mucilage]. See Mu-
cilago. M.-cell, one of those plant-cells that secrete
mucilage, owing to a change in the contents of the cell,
to a disorganization of the cell-wall, or to both causes.
Mucilaginous [tnu - sil - aj' - in - us) [mucilago, from
mucus, mucus]. Pertaining to mucilage or gum. M.
Glands. See Gland.
Mucilago [mu-sil-a' -go) [L. : ge.n., Mucilaginis : pi. ,
Mucilagines\ A mucilage. In pharmacy, a thick,
viscid liquid obtained by extracting the soluble mucil-
aginous principles of certain plants in water. There
are four official mucilagines, besides three in the
" National Formulary."
Mucin [inu'-sin) [mucus ,ny\XQ.Vii\. A glucosid, a com-
pound of a proteid with a carbohydrate called animal
gum, the characteristic substance in mucus, occurring
also in saliva, bile, mucous tissue, synovia, etc. Decom-
posed it yields leucin and tyrosin. It is insoluble
in water, and is precipitated by alcohol and acetic
acid.
Mucinaginous {mu-sin-af -in-us). Same as Mucig-
enous.
Mucinogen {mu-sin' -o-jen) [mucus, mucus ; ytvvav, to
produce]. The antecedent principle from which
mucin is derived.
Mucinoid [mtc'-sin-oid) [mucus, mucus; eMo?, like].
Resembling mucin.
Mucinuria \imi-sin-u' -re-ah) [mucus, mucus; ovpov.
urine]. The presence of mucin in the urine.
Muciparous [mu-sip'-ar-us) [mucus, mucus; parere,\.i^
bring forth]. Secreting or producing mucus.
Mucitis imu-si'-tis) [mucus, mucus; /r(f, inflammation].
Inflammation of any mucous membrane ; also, blenor-
rhea.
Mucocele [tnu'-ko-sel) [mucus, mucus ; Kr/lrj, tumor].
A mucous tumor or distention of the lacrymal sac.
Muco-colitis {mu-ko-ko-li'-tis) [mucus, mucus; mKnv,
colon ; /r/f, inflammation]. Inflammation of the
mucous membrane of the colon.
Mucocolpos [mu-ko-kol'-pos) [mucus, mucuy ; Kdlvoc,
vagina]. A collection of mucus in the vagina.
Mucoderm [mu'-ko-derm] [mucus, mucus; (Sfp/'ii
skin]. The corium of a mucous membrane.
Mucoenteritis (mu-ko-en-ter-i'-tis) [mucus, mucus ;
Ivrepov, intestine ; irig, inflammation]. Inflammation
of the mucous membrane of the intestine.
Mucoglobulin (mu-ko-glob' -ti-lin) [mucus, mucus;
globulus, a ball]. Any one of a certain group of
protoplastic substances, of which plastin is an ex- ,
ample.
Mucoid [mu'-koid) [mucus, mucus; ehW, like]. Re-
sembling mucus.
MUCONIC ACID
789
MULDER'S ANGLE
Muconic Acid (mu-kon' -ik) \^)nitc!is, mucus], CgHgO^.
A crystalline acid obtained from mucic acid.
Mucopeptone [mu-ko-pep' -ton) \jnucus, mucus ; -ket^ik;,
digestion]. A form of peptone produced in gastric
digestion when mucus is present together with certain
albuminoids.
Muco-purulent (jnu-ko-pu' -I'li-lent) \imicus, mucus ;
purtilentus, purulent]. Containing mucus mingled
with pus.
Muco-pus {mit' -ko-pHs) \_initcits, mucus; pzis, pus].
Mucus mingled with pus ; mucus containing many
leukocytes.
Mucor \mu'-kor') [L. ,moId]. i. Moldiness ; musti-
ness. 2. Mucus. 3. A genus of fungi. M..asper-
gillus, a species yielding dark-brown spores. M.
corymbifer, found in the cerumen of the external
auditory meatus. M. mucedo, the species that in-
duces alcoholic fermentation. It is said to be found
in the blood and sputa of patients suffering from mea-
sles. M. vulgaris. Same as RI. mucedo.
Mucosa [imi-ko'-sah) \_?>iuais, mucus]. The mucous
membrane or its coriura.
Mucose (inii'-koz). Synonym of Mucous.
Mucoserous [7)111- ko-se' -r us) [mucus, mucus; serwn,
serum]. Both mucous and serous ; containing mucus
and serum.
M ucosin [>nu'-ko-sin) [mucus, mucus]. An albuminoid
substance derived from mucus — isomerous with kera-
tin ; it is said by some to be simply mucin.
Mucoso-saccharin [mu-ko' -so-sak' -ar-m) [mucosus,
mucous; saccharuin, sugar]. An uncrystallizable
sugar.
Mucous (t)iu'-kus) [mucosus, from mucus, mucus].
Containing or having the nature of mucus. A term
applied to those tissues that secrete mucus. M. Casts,
a term given to the casts found in the feces in cases of
Membranous Enteritis. See also Cylindroids. M.
Catarrh, catarrhal inflammation of a mucous mem-
brane. M. Disease, a synonym of entero-colitis, es-
pecially in children. M. Fever. .See Fever. M.
Lig;ament. See Ligament. M. Membrane. See
Membrajie. M. Patch, a flattened, indurated, moist-
ened surface, covered with a grayish- white exudation,
occurring in syphilis, secondary or congenital, at points
where folds of skin come in contact. M. RMe,
a soft, moist crackling heard over the lungs in certain
diseased states. See Hales, Table of. M. Tissue,
myxomatous tissue.
Mucro [mu'-kro) [L., a sharp .point, especially of a
sword: //. , Mucro}tes'\. In biology, an angular
prominence, a tip, spine, point, or process, as the
apex of a Chiton shell.
Mucronate (>nu' -kro-niit) [mucronafus, pointed]. Nar-
rowed to a point. In biology, applied to a leaf that
is abruptly tipped with a small, soft point. M. Car-
tilage, the ensiform cartilage.
Mucroniform {inu-kro' -nif-orm) [mucro, sharp point ;
forma, form]. Shaped like a mucro.
Mucronule {mu' -kro-nCd) [dim. of muo'o, a sharp
point]. In biology, a small mucro.
Muculent [jhu' -ku-lent) [mucus, mucus]. Rich in
mucus.
Mucuna [tnti-ku' -nah) [Braz.]. A genus of legumin-
ous herbs. M. pruriens, cowhage ; the hairs of the
pods of the plant were formerly much used as a vermi-
fuge for ascarides. It is very irritant to the intestinal
mucous membrane, and applied to the skin excites
mtense itching, inflammation, and pustulation. It
was administered in the form of an electuary, of which
a teaspoonful or more was given , followed by a brisk
purge. Unof.
Mucus [nm'-kus) [L.]. The viscid liquid secretion of
mucous membranes, composed essentially of mucin
holding in suspension desquamated epithelial cells,
leukocytes, etc.
Mud [ME., mud]. Moist, soft earth. M.-bath.
See Bath. M. -fever, in veterinary medicine, the
scratches, q. v.
Mudar [mu'-dar) [E. Ind.]. The root-bark of various
Asiatic species of Calotropis (C gigantea, C. procera,
C. hamiltoni) ; it is alterative, tonic, diuretic, sudo-
rific, and emetic. Unof.
Mudarin [mu'-dar-in) [E. Ind., mudar\ A bitter
principle from mudar ; it is said to be tonic, emetic,
and alterative. Unof.
Muga Silk. See Silk.
Mugrela, Tincture of. A tincture of the seeds of
Nigella sativa, formerly used as a carminative.
Muguet (mu-g7ua') [Fr.]. Thrush; aphtha; parasitic
stomatitis.
Mugwort {mug'-iiiert) [ME., mugworte, mugwort].
The leaves and tops of Artemisia vulgaris, having
therapeutic properties similar to those of wormwood.
See Absi7ithium. Dose of the fld. ext. tTLxx-^j.
Unof.
Miihlhauser's Method. See Sputu?n, Methods of Ex-
aminatio)t.
Mulatto {mu-lat'-o) [Sp., mtileto : dim. of mule, a
mule]. The offspring of a negro mother and a white
father, or a white mother and a negro father. The term
is also loosely applied to other and all degrees of inter-
mixture. According to the classification adopted and
recognized in the French slave-colonies, the people of
color were supposed to represent a it'hole of 128 parts
white and 128 parts black. Nine difterent varieties
of mixed race were recognized ; but between each of
these there exist a vast number of intermediate shades
and interblendings for which no classification was at-
tempted, or could be made, even in theory : —
Parts.
White.
Black.
8- 16
21- 32
112-120
96-104
40- 48
80- 88
56- 70
58- 72
71- 76
104-112
116-120
32- 57
16- 24
8- 12
122-124
4- 6
125-127
I- 3
1. The sacratra, nearest of all to the pure
negro type, may be the result of 5 com-
binations, and may have
2. The .g->-z^^, result of 5 combinations, . .
3. The capre, or marabou, result of 5 com-
binations,
4. The miilatre (mulatto), result of 12 com-
binations
5. The guarteron (quadroon), result of 20
combinations
6. The result of 6 combinations, . .
7. The mamelonc, result of 5 combinations,
8. The qtiarteronne, result of 4 combina-
tions
9. The sang-mele (lit. " mixed blood "), the
result of 4 combinations
yivX!ot.\xy {mul'-ber-e) [ME., wz/Z/'cn', mulberry]. See
Morus. M. Calculus, a large, rough urinary calculus
of oxalate of lime. It often attains a considerable
size, has a rough, irregular surface, and is of a dark
color. It is very hard, and on section presents an
angular structure, with dark -colored laminre, which are
very compact, and are often marked with fine parallel
lines. The nucleus most commonly consists of a
mixture of urates, uric acid, and oxalate of lime. M.
Mass. See Morula. M. Rash, the eruption of
typhus fever. M. Rob. See Rob. M. Tongue.
See Strazi'herry Tongue.
Mulder's Angle. See Angle. M.'s Hypothesis or
Theory, a theory concerning the origin of albumin-
MULEY
790
MULTISEPTATE
oids ; the theory pubhshed hi 1S38 by Mulder, that
albuminous bodies are practically derivatives from one
substance, termed by him protein ; but it was soon
shown that this theory was erroneous, and it has been
generally abandoned. Cf. Protein. M.'s Reagent,
a reagent for the detection of sugar in the urine. It
consists of carmin, indigo, and an alkaline solution.
See Tests, Table of.
Muley {inu'-le) [origin uncertain]. Hornless ; applied
to cattle.
Muliebrity (^mti-le-eb'-rit-e) \_iniiliebritas ; ?nulier,
woman]. Womanliness ; puberty in the female.
Mullein {>niil' -eii). See Verhasciim.
Miiller, Canal of. See Duct. M., Duct of. See Duct.
M.'s Fibers, the supporting fibers of the retina
running transversely to its layers. See also Fiber.
M.'s Fluid, a fluid used for hardening tissues. Its
composition is as follows : Potassium bichromate, 2 to
2.5 parts ; sodium sulphate, I part ; water, 100 parts.
It should be used in large quantities, renewed at
the end of twelve hours, then every third day until
the hardening is completed. Then wash well in
water and preserve in alcohol. The color which the
fluid imparts to tissues that have been preserved
in it can be discharged by hydrate of chloral. M.'s
Ganglia. See Ganglia, Table of. M.'s Larva,
one of the free-swimming embryos of certain poly-
clad flat- worms {^Thysanozoon and Yungia). M.'s
(Johannes) Law, the tissue of which a tumor is com-
posed has its type in the tissues of the animal body,
either in the adult or in the embryonic condition.
M., Lid-muscle of, bundles of non-striped muscle
forming the tarsal portion of the fibrous extensions of
the tendon of the levator palpebra. M.'s Muscles.
See Muscles, Table of. M.'s Net. See Net. M.'s
Ring, the spurious internal os uteri. It marks the
termination of the cervical mucous membrane. M.'s
Ring-muscle, certain fibers of the ciliary muscle
lying near the ciliary border, and abnormally developed
in hyperopia. See Muscles, Table of.
Miillerian Cyst. See Cyst.
Mulley (miiF-e) (origin uncertain). A term applied
to cattle which are deprived of horns. Cf. Muley.
Mulomedicina [inu-lo-med-is-i' -nah) \_uiulus, mule;
medicina, medicine]. Veterinary medicine.
Multi- [mul'-te-) \_pl. of multus ,vl\wq.\C\. A Latin pre-
fix signifying many.
Multiaxial [t?iul-te-aks'-e-al) \_inultus, many; <7.i7',t,
an axis]. In biology, having several lines of growth.
Multicapsular {mul-tik-ap' -su-lar^Sjnitltus, many ; cap-
sula, a little box]. In biology, composed of many
capsules.
Multicellular [mul-tis-el'-u-lar] \_multus, many ; cellula,
cell]. Many-celled.
Multicornate (mul-tik-or'-ndt) \jiiultus, many ; corntca,
horn]. Having many horns.
Multicostate (mul-tik-os' -tat) \^»niltus, many; casta, a
rib]. In biology, having many ribs.
Multicuspid, Multicuspidate {niul-tik-us' -pid, ynul-
tik-us' -pid-dt) [///«//«.(■, many ; rz<i//,c, a point]. Hav-
ing several cusps. M. Teeth, the molar teeth.
Multidentate [mul-te-den' -tat) \jnullus, many ; dens, a
tooth]. A term applied in biology to parts armed
with many teeth or tooth-like processes.
Multidigitate [mitl-te-dij' -it-at) \_multus, many; digitus,
a finger]. Having many digits or digitate processes.
Multiembryonate [mnl-te-eni'-hre-on-dt) \_multus,
many; f///-J/i/)oi', embryo]. In biology, having several
embryos.
Multifetation {mul-tif-e-ta' -shun) \^multus, many;
fcetatifl, fetation]. Pregnancy with more than one or
two fetuses.
Multifid {mul'-tif-id ) . See Multifidus spince, in Muscles,
Table of.
Multiflagellate [mul-tif-laj' -el-dt) \_inultus, many;
Jiagellion, a whip]. In biology, having many flagella.
Multiflorous [mul-tif-lo' -rus) \_multus, many; Jios, a
flower]. In biology, bearing many flowers.
Multifoliate [^mul-tif-o'-le-dt) [inultus, many ; folium,
a leaf]. In biology, bearing many leaves.
Multiform (inul' -tif-orm). Same as Polymorphous.
Multiganglionate [inul-te-gang'-le-on-dt) \_multus,
many; ganglion, ganglion]. Having many ganglia.
Multigravida {niul-tig-rav'-id-ah') \_iiiultus, many;
gravidas, pregnant]. A pregnant woman who has
passed through one or more pregnancies.
Multigyrate [/nul-te ji' -rat) \jnultus, many ; gyrus, a
gyre]. Having many gyres, as the brain.
Multilaminate (mul-til-a/n'-in-dt) \_inultus, ma-ny ;
laiiiina, a thin layer]. Having many laminae.
Multilobate {mul-te-lo' -bdt) \^niultus, many; Ao/3(if, a
lobe]. Composed of many lobes.
Multilobular (^mul-te-lob' -u-lar) \_iiiultus, many ; lobus,
a lobe]. Many-lobed.
Multilocular [mul-te-lo/c'-u-lar) \_multus, many ; locuhis,
a locule or cell]. Many-celled ; polycystic.
Multimammes (rnul-tiin-am'-ez). Same as Polymas-
tia.
Multinervate {iiiul-ti7t-ur'-vdt) [multus, many; nerva,
nerve]. I. Having many nerves. 2. Same as Mul-
ticostate.
Multinuclear {mul-tin-u'-kle-ar) \^inultus, many ; nu-
cleus, kernel]. Having several or many nuclei.
Multiovulate \inul-te-o' -vu-ldt) \^multus,vc\w.\y ; ovulum,
an ovule]. In biology, bearing many ovules.
Multipara {mul-tip' -ar-ali) \_multns, many ; parere, to
bring forth] . One bearing several offspring at a birth ;
more commonly, a gravid woman who has already
borne one or more children.
Multiparient (imil-tip-a'-re-ent) many ; parere,
to bring forth]. Giving birth to several young.
Multiparity {mul-tip-ar' -it-e) \_inultus, many; parere,
to bring forth]. The condition, state, or fact of -being
multiparous.
Multiparous (miil-tip' -ar-us) [multus, many ; parere,
to bring forth]. Relating to a multipara.
Multipartite {mul-tip-ar' -tit) {jnultns, many ; partire,
to divide]. In biology, composed of many parts, as
leaves.
Multipede {mul' -tip-id) \_multus, many ; pes, a foot]. In
biology, having many feet.
Multipetalous [mul-tip-et'-al-us). .Same as Polypeta-
lous.
Multiple (mul'-tip-l) \_multiplus, manifold]. Having
many parts or relations. M. Fetation, the presence
of two or more fetuses in the uterus. M. Gestation.
Same as M. Fetation. M. Neuritis. See Neuritis.
M. Pregnancy. Same as M. Fetation. M. Sclero-
sis. .See Sclerosis. M. Staining, the staining of
tissues with more than one staining-agent.
Multiplicator, Multiplier (mul'-tip-lik-a-tor, mnl'-tip-
li-er) \_multiplicare, to multiply]. An instrument for
detecting an electric current and for measuring its
strength.
Multipolar [mul-tip-o' -lar) \_multus, many; polus, 9.
pole]. Having more than one pole ; applied also to
nerve-cells having more than one process.
Multiradiate [mul-te-ra' -de-dt) \_multus, many ; radius,
a ray]. In biology, having many rays.
Multisect {tnuF -tis-ekt) [multus, many ; secare, to cut].
In biology, divided into many sections.
Multiseptate (mut-tis-ep'-tdt) \_multus, many ; sceptre,
to fence in]. In biology, liaving many partitions;
multilocular.
MULTISTAMINATE
791
MURMUR
Multistaminate [i>iul-tis-tai)i' -in-dt) \_>iiii/tiis, many ;
stamen, stamen]. In biology, bearing many stamens.
Multisulcate i^mul-tis-ul' -kdt) \_mnltus, many ; sulcus,
a furrow]. Having many sulci, as the brain.
Multituberculate (^iiiiil-te-tii-ber' -ku-lat) \jiiiiltus,
many; tube)-culum, a tubercle]. Having many tuber-
cles.
Multivalent [mul-iiv' -al-enf) \_mitltns, many ; valere,
to be vi'orth]. In chemistry, combining with more
than two atoms of a univalent element.
Multivorous {jiiul-tiv' -o-nis) \_>nuUiis, many ; vorare,
to devour]. Voracious.
Mumble [mum'-bl) \_ME., mome/en, to mumble]. To
speak in a low, inarticulate manner.
Mumbo-jumbo [tiitim' -bo-jum' -bo). See Jumbai Bean .
Mummification (^inuin-if-ik-a' -shun). See Gangrene,
Mummified (tnni)i' -if-id) [//ob/ua, mummy; facere, to
make]. Dried, like a mummy. M. Pulp, the condi-
tion of the dental pulp when it is affected by dry
gangrene.
Mummy (imi;n'-e) \_/u(>vfiia, mummy]. An embalmed
body, especially a body embalmed after the Egyptian
process.
Mumps [D., nioinpen, to mumble]. Idiopathic
parotiditis ; an acute infectious disease of chil-
dren, between the ages of five and fifteen, character-
ized by swelling of the parotid and other salivary
glands, running a definite course, and generally termin-
ating in recovery. The period of invasion is less than
twenty-four hours, and the left parotid is usually first
involved. When the disease occurs at or near puberty
there is often a metastasis to the testes, or to the
ovaries or mammae in the female ; rarely atrophy of
the testis follows. The disease is most common in
males and in the spring of the year. See Parotiditis .
Mundificant {inun-dif -ik-ant), Mundificative {?nun-
dif -ik-at-izi) \jnundus, Ae.'o.w; facere,Xo make]. I.
Having the power to cleanse, purge, or heal. 2. A
cleansing or healing agent.
Mungeet [tniin-get'). .See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Mungo {mung' -go). See Shoddy.
Munich (mu'-nik) [Ger.]. The capital of Bavaria.
M. -Frankfort Angle, in craniometry, the facial angle
having for its base a line joining the lower border of
the orbit and the upper border of the external auditory
meatus, and for its facial line one tangent to the most
prominent portion of the alveolar border of the inferior
maxilla. M. Plane. See Plane.
Munjeet iriiun-jet'). Same as Mungeet.
Munjistin [mun-jis'-tin) [Hind., manjit, a drug used
for dyeing red], CgH„0.j. A coloring-substance ob-
tained from Rid'ia munjista. It is nearly related in
composition to purpurin and alizarin.
Munk's Visual Center. In the dog, the lateral
convex portion of the occipital lobe of the cerebrum.
Mural [jmd-ral) \inurus, wall]. Pertaining to a wall.
M. Gestation, M. Pregnancy, pregnancy in the
uterine extremity of a Fallopian tube.
Mures articulorum {mu'-rez ar-tik-u-lo' -rum). See
Corpora libera articulorum.
Murexan {rnu-reks' -an) \jnurex, the purple-fish],
C^HjN.|03. ^ substance identical with dialuramid,
derived from murexid.
Murexid {tnic-reks' -id) [mure.r, the purple-fish], CgH,-
^eOfl "I" HjO. The ammonium salt of purpuric acid,
used as a dye-stuff. It occurs in four-sided plates or
prisms of a gold-green color. It dissolves in water with
a purple-red color, but is insoluble in alcohol and ether.
Upon the production of this substance depends the
murexid test. See Tests, Table of, and Pigments,
Conspectus of
Murexoin [jnu-reks' -o-in \)nurc.x, the purple-fish],
Cj.^HjgNgOg. A derivative of amalic acid, obtained
by treating the acid with water and ammonia.
Muriate [mu'-re-at )\_niuria, brine]. An old name for
a chlorid.
Muriated (>nu'-re-a-ted) \_muria, brine]. Contain-
ing chlorin or a chlorid. M. Tincture of Iron, tinc-
tura ferri chloridi. See Per rum.
Muriatic {mu-re-at' -ik) \_muria, brine]. Pertaining to
sea-salt. M. Acid. See Acid, Hydrochloric.
Muricate [mid -rik-dt) \_muricatus , pointed]. In biol-
ogy, roughened with short rigid excrescences, spines,
or prickles.
Muricatohisped [mu-rik-at-o-his'-pid ) [muricatus,
pointed; hispidus, hispid]. In biology, covered
with rigid hairs or bristles.
Muriform [mu' -rif-orni) \_murus, wall ; fori?ia, shape].
In biology, wall-like ; resembling courses of bricks
in a wall. M. Body. See H/orula.
Murmur [mer' -mer) [L., a murmur]. A mimetic
name for the sounds heard on auscultation,
and caused by the friction of moving currents or
gliding surfaces in the organs of circulation and respira-
tion, ^ee Bruit. M., Accidental, ^et M. , Hernic .
M., Anemic. M., Iletnic. M., Aneurysmal, the
aneurysmal bruit. .See Bruit. M., Aortic, one
generated at the aortic orifice of the heart. M.,
Arterial, the sound made by the arterial current. M.
aurium. Synonym of Tinnitus aiirium. M., Bel-
lows, the bruit de soufflet, heard in cardiac hypertro-
phy and in mitral insufficiency. M., Blood. .See il/.,
Hemic. M., Brain, a systolic sound heard over the
anterior fontanel, especially in young rickety children.
M., Cardiac, any one of those adventitious sounds
produced by the abnormal passage of blood through the
cavities and orifices of the heart or by perverted cardiac
action. The names given to these murmurs correspond
with the period of the cardiac cycle in which they oc-
cur. A murmur that occurs in the period of auricular
systole, is termed presystolic or auricular systolic ; one
that occurs in the period of ventricular systole, systolic ;
one that occurs during the diastole of the ventricles,
diastolic ; and should the murmur immediately follow
the first or second sound, post-systolic or post-diastolic
respectively. In relation to their seat of generation,
cardiac murmurs are designated mitral, aortic, tri-
cuspid, and pulmonarv . AH murmurs should be timed
by the carotid pulse, not by their relation to the apex-
beat. Murmurs are most frequently caused by some
change in one of the cardiac valves or orifices, allowing
of a reflux of the blood, or obstructing its onward pro-
gress. A table of organic endocardial murmurs is ap-
pended. M., Cardio-pulmonary, an abnormal sound
produced outside of the heart, but closely resembling
one due to erganic valve-disease. Such murmurs are
of frequent occurrence, and may be due to displace-
ment of, or pressure upon, the heart, effusion into the
pleural cavity, changes in the pleura of the precordial
area, changes in the lung overlying the heart, or changes
in the pericardium. M., Cephalic, a murmur heard
at different parts of the scalp in anemia ; it is prob-
ably venous in origin. M., Diastolic, a murmur oc-
curring during the diastole of the heart. M., Direct,
a murmur produced by obstruction to the blood-cur-
rent as it is passing in its normal direction. M.,
Duroziez's, the double murmur sometimes heard in
the femoral artery in aortic regurgitation. See also
Signs and Symptoms, Table of. M., Dynamic, one
resulting from tumultuous and irregular action of the
heart. M., Endocardial, a murmur produced within
the cavities of the heart. M., Exocardiac, a murmur
connected with the heart, but occurring outside of its
MURMUR 792 MURMUR
TABLE OF ORGANIC ENDOCARDIAL MURMURS.
Name, in Order
OF Frequency.
Time.
Site of Maximum
Intensity.
Line of Conduc-
tion.
Direct
OR Indi-
rect.
Basic OR
Apical.
Lesion.
Quality.
Mitral regurgitant.
Systolic.
Center of mitral
area, above and
to left of apex.
At sixth rib oppo-
site apex, a line
drawn from the
anterior fold of
axilla to lower an-
gle of left scapula.
Indirect
mitral.
Apical.
Mitral insuffi-
ciency or in-
competence.
Variable ; usually
soft, blowing, bel-
lows ; may be dis-
tinctly musical.
Aortic obstructive.
Systolic.
Mid-sternum or to
right of it, oppo-
site third rib or
second inter-
space.
Toward top of ster-
num, and along
aorta and its
I.irge branches.
aortic.
Aortic obstruc-
tion or con-
striction.
Usually loud and
harsh. Harsh-
ness is one of
its distinguishing
characteristics.
Aortic regurgitant.
Diastolic.
Mid-sternum oppo-
site upper border
of cartilage of
third rib.
Down sternum to
ensiform cartil-
age.
Indirect
aortic.
Basic.
Aortic insuffi-
ciency or in-
competence.
Soft, blowing,
sometimes rough,
frecjuently musi-
cal. It has the
greatest area of
diffusion of all
the cardiac mur-
murs.
Mitral obstructive.
Presystolic.
Over mitral area
around the apex.
Usually not trans-
mitted.
Direct
mitral.
Apical.
Mitral obstruc-
tion or con-
striction .
Generally low-
pitched, rough,
churning, grind-
ing, or blubber-
ing. Subject to
great variation of
pitch and quality.
Tricuspid regurgi-
tant.
Systolic.
Mid-sternum just
above the ensi-
form cartilage.
Toward the epi-
gastrium.
Indirect
tricuspid.
Apical.
Tricuspid i n-
sufficiency or
i n c o m p e -
tence.
Low-pitched, su-
perficial, blowing,
soft, faint.
Tricuspid obstruc-
tive.
Presystolic.
Mid-sternum oppo-
site the cartilage
of fourth rib.
Not transmitted.
Direct
tricuspid.
Apical.
Tricuspid ob-
struction or
constriction.
Undetermined.
Pulmonary ob-
structive.
Systolic.
Second interspace
to the left of ster-
num or at the
level of third rib.
Upward a short
distance and to
left of sternum,
stopping ab-
ruptly.
Direct
pulmon-
ary.
Basic.
Pulmonary ob-
struction or
constriction.
Often harsh and
audible over the
whole precordial
may be very
faint ; at times
bellows.
Pulmonary regur-
gitant.
Diastolic.
Second left inter-
space.
Down left edge of
sternum to ensi-
form cartilage.
Indirect
pulmon-
ary.
Basic.
Pulmonary in-
sufficiency or
i n c o ra p e -
tence.
Soft and blowing.
cavities, as the pericardial friction-sounds. M., False.
See M., Cardio-pnlinoiiary . M., Flint's, a murmur
occasionally heard at the apex in aortic regurgitation.
It is sometimes presystolic in time and is probably due
to the fact that on account of the extreme ventricular
dilatation the valves cannot be forced back against the
walls and produce a relative narrowing of the auiiculo-
ventricular orifice. See also Signs and Svnpfovis , Table
of. M., Friction, a murmur or sound produced by
the rubbing of two inflamed serous .surfaces upon each
other. M., Functional, a cardiac murmur occurring
from excited action of the heart, without any structural
change in the valves or orifices. M., Funic. See
Soitjjflc, Funic. M., Heart, an abnormal sound pro-
duced within tlie heart or on its surface. M., Hemic,
a sound believed to be due to changes in tlie quality or
am.ount of the blood, and not to lesions of the vessels
or valves. M., Indirect, one produced by the blood
flowing in a direction contrary to the normal current.
M., Inorganic, a murmur not due to valvular lesions ;
a hemic or a functional murmur. M., Metadias-
tolic. M., Post-diasto/ic. M., Metallic, a munnur
sometimes heard in pneumo-pericardium, and having
a metallic quality. M., Mitral, a murmur produced
at the mitral orifice. M., Musical, a heart-murmur
having a musical quality. M., New Leather. See
Bruit de acir ncitf. M., Organic, a murmur due to
structural changes in the heart. M., Pericardial, a
friction-sound produced by the rubbing of the pericar-
dial surfaces upon each other. M., Placental. See
Souffle, Uterine. M., Post-diastolic, a murmur heard
immediately after the second sound of the heart. M.,
Pressure, usually a vascular murmur and due to com-
pression of the vessel, as with the stethoscope. M.,
Presystolic, a murmur heard at the end of the dias-
tolic pause, just before the first sound. It is the com-
mon murmur of mitral stenosis. M., Pulmonary, a
murmur produced at the pulmonary valve. M., Rasp-
ing, a rough murmur. M., Reduplicated, a redupli-
cation of the first or second heart-sound, due usually to
an asynchronous action of the two sides of the heart.
It occurs in conditions of increased resistance in the
systemic or pulmonary circulation — as in chronic neph-
ritis and in emphysema. It is quite frequent in mitral
stenosis and in pericarditis. M., Respiratory, the
sounds resulting from the passage of the air through
the bronchial apparatus during inspiration and ex-
piration. M., Sawing, a long, harsh heart-mur-
mur. M., Scapular, the systolic murmur of mitral
regurgitation transmitted to the angle of the left
MURPHY'S BUTTON
793
MUSCLE
scapula. M., Subclavian, a murmur heard over
the subclavian arteries ; it is not uncommon in pul-
monary tuberculosis. M., Systolic, a murmur heard
during the systole of the heart. M ., Tracheal, a coarse
respiratory murmur heard over the trachea. M., Tri-
cuspid, a murmur produced at the tricuspid valve. M.,
Uterine, M., Utero-placental. Sat Souffle, Utc'rine.
M., Valvular, a heart-murmur due to some change
in a valve. M., Vascular, a hemic murmur heard in
the blood-vessels. M., Venous, the hum heard in
the veins of the neck, especially in anemia. See Bruit
de diable. M., Vesicular. See Vesicular.
Murphy's Button. A mechanical device for coap-
tating the visceral surfaces in the performance of cir-
cular enterorrhaphy, as well as the various intestinal an-
astomoses. It consists of two brass buttons or plates,
each with a peripheral collar and a central hollow
stem, the hollow stem of one being slightly smaller
than the other, so that it will readly slip within. These
buttons may be of various sizes, from three-quarters to
one and a quarter inches in diameter, and with central
openings of from one-quarter to one-half an inch. In
making an anastomosis or enterorrhaphy, a puckering
or retaining suture is passed through all the coats
around each opening, and after the shoulder of half
the button is pushed through each of the openings the
suture is drawn taut, so as to prevent the viscus
receding from the button. Then the operation is com-
pleted by pressing the two halves together, a device on
■ the smaller stem retaining the buttons in apposition.
In a few days the buttons will be liberated by pressure-
necrosis and carried down the intestinal canal by the
natural peristalsis. M.'s Method. See Operations,
Table of.
Murr, Murrain {mur, mur'-an') [ME. , OT«rr/w, mur-
rain]. Any fatal epizootic disease of cattle and sheep ;
also a synonym of foot-and-mouth disease.
Murray's Treatment. See Treatment, Methods of.
Murraya (iiiur' -a-ah) [after J. A. Miirray, a Swedish
botanist]. A genus of dicotyledonous trees. M.
exotica, Chinese box, yields a perfume and a bitter
extract, 7iiiirrayin.
Murrayetin (inur-a-ef -iii) [after J. A. Murray, a
Swedish botanist], C,.,H,20j -f- A gluco-
sid obtained from murrayin by the action of dilute
acids.
Murrayin [mur^-a-in) [after J. A. Murray, a Swedish
botanist], CjjHjjOjq. A glucosid obtained from
Murraya exotica.
Murure (jnu-ru-ra'^ [Braz.]. The name given by the
natives to a Brazilian tree, the botanic source of which
is unknown. The bark presents a brick-red color, with
darker patches on the outer surface ; internally it is
fibrous, grayish and rather hard. Upon incision a red-
dish, syrupy liquid exudes, which is of acid reaction,
l-ioo density, and is called Vegetable mercury. Physi-
ologic investigations show the liquid to be poisonous,
injections of the neutralized juice having caused death
in various animals.
Musa [mu'-zah) [Ar. , muze, banana]. A genus of
monocotyledonous plants. M. paradisiaca, the
plantain, q. 7'. M. sapientum, the banana, q. v.
Musca (ot/m'-/;-,?//) [//ivfz, a fly]. A genus of flies. M.
hispaniola. See Cantharis.
Muscae (w«.t'-/Ji.) [L.]. Plural of M., Ento-
hyaloid. See M. volitantes. M. volitantes [Fr.,
Mouches volaiites^, floating spots, or imperfections in
the field of vision due to shadows of vitreous cells.
Muscardine {mus' -kahr-diii) [Fr. , a peculiar fungus].
See Muskai'dine.
Muscariform {mtis-kar' -if-orm) [iiiuscariimi , fly-brush ;
inusca, a fly ; forma, form]. In biology, brush-shaped.
Muscarin (inus^-kar-in) \_muscarium, a fly-brush],
CjHjgNO.^. An oxycholin found in fly agaric. It is
formed by oxidizing cholin with HNO3. is a pow-
erful respiratory and cardiac depressant, producing
myosis, intestinal spasm, dyspnea, and death. Its
action may be antagonized by subsequent injection
of atropin. See also Figments, Conspectus of. M.
nitras. Dose gr. hypodermatically. Unof.
Muscle {luus'-l) \j)iuscitlus, a muscle]. An aggrega-
tion of tissues, of which muscular tissue is the most
important, having the property of contracting and
of returning to its original shape. Muscles provide
the means of movement in animals, and are of
two kinds, the striped and smooth, striated and
unstriated, the first being voluntary, the second
involuntary, i. e., not as a rule subject to the will.
See Table of Muscles, p. 795. M. of Accommo-
dation, the ciliary muscle. Ms. of Animal Life,
Striped, Striated or Voluntary Ms., those under
the control of the will ; they are composed of fas-
ciculi of fibers enclosed in a delicate tissue called
the internal perimysium. M. -beater, in massage,
an instrument used for flagellation. See Percus-
sion. M. -bundle, a group of muscle-fibers enclosed
in an investing membrane. M., Cardiac, the mus-
cular substance of the heart. M.-case, a mem-
branous sac enclosing one of the muscle-compart-
ments of a fiber of muscular tissue. M. -casket, a
muscle-compartment. M.-cell. See Myocyte. M.,
Circular, a muscle surrounding circular openings ;
a sphincter. M.-clot, the clot formed in the
coagulation of muscle-plasm. M. -column, a bundle
of muscular fibrils in a muscle-fiber. M. -com-
ma. See Myocoinma. M. -compartment, one of
the divisions of a muscle-fiber produced by the ex-
tension of Krause's membrane from the sarcolemma.
M. -corpuscle, a muscle-nucleus. M. -curve, the
tracing of a myograph. M., Demipenniform, a
muscle with a tendinous portion extending throughout
the whole length of its free margin. M.-disc, one
of the superimposed discs of a muscle-prism. The
same parts were designated by Rollet "chief sub-
stance discs." M. -enzyme, a ferment existing in
the muscles, retaining its activity until heated to 100°
F. It is not identical with fibrin-ferment. Ms.,
Extrinsic {of the eye), the recti, oblique, levator
palpebra;, and orbicularis palpebrarum muscles. Ms.,
Extrinsic (of the larynx), the omo-hyoid and
sterno-hyoid, the sterno-thyroid, superior, inferior
and middle constrictors of the pharynx, the supra-
hyoid. M., Extrinsic [of the tongue), the hyo-
glossus, chondro-glossus, genio-hyo-glossus, palato-
glossus, and stylo-glossus, and part of the superior
pharyngeal constrictor. M. -ferment. See M.-
enzyme. M., Fusiform, a spindle-.shaped muscle with
a large belly and a narrow origin and insertion. Ms.,
Hamstring, a name given to the biceps, semi-mem-
branosus, and semi-tendinosus muscles. M., Heart,
occupies an intermediate position between the spindle-
shaped, non-striated involuntary cell and the striped
voluntary fiber. It has no sarcolemma, its striee are
fainter, the muscle-nuclei are situated within the sar-
cous substance, and the contractile fibrillre are peculiarly
disposed. The peripheral fibrillK are arranged in a ra-
diating manner, the central portion being occupied by
prismatic bundles of fibrilla>, nuclei, and sarcoplasm.
Cardiac nmscle-fibers differ in yet another point from
ordinary striped muscular tissue — they branch and an-
astomose with each other. M., Hollow, that surround-
ing a cavity. M., Inflected, one that passes over a
pulley. M., Intrinsic, a muscle confined to a part or
organ. M., Involuntary, one not under the control
MUSCLE
794
MUSCOID
of the will, as the non-striated muscles. They vary
from 75-225 fi in length, and from 4-8 /i in width.
The cells are surrounded by a delicate hyaline sheath,
and possess a rod-shaped nucleus. See M., Un-
striped. M. -juice. S&me 3.& M.-plasma. Ms. of Mas-
tication, the masseters, temporals, and external and
internal pterygoid muscles. M., Non-striated, one
composed of spindle-shaped involuntary muscle-fibers.
M. -nucleus, the nucleus of a muscle-fiber. M.,
Organic. See Involuntary. Ms. of Organic Life,
Unstriped or Involuntary Ms., those composed of
spindle-shaped, contractile fibers and nucleated cells
collected in bundles. A table arranged alphabet-
ically is appended, showing the principal muscles of
the human body, with their origin, insertion, innerva-
tion, and function. M., Papillary, the muscular emi-
nences in the ventricles of the heart, from which the
chordre tendinese arise. M., Pennate, M., Penni-
form, a muscle with a central axis, from which the
fibers radiate on each side. M., Perforated (of Cas-
serius). See M., Coraco-brachialis, in Table. M.,
Peripenial, a layer of involuntary muscle beneath the
skin of the penis. M. -plasma, a liquid obtained from
D E
A. Striped muscle of frog, sarcolemma raised in the form of a
bleb. B. Ruptured fiber with sarcolemma. C. Fiber rup-
tured by a hair. D. Effect of acetic acid on a muscle fiber.
E. Muscle-discs. (Stirling.)
fresh muscle by expression, preferably after freezing.
Its coagulation is the essential condition of rigor mortis,
and is comparable to the coagulation of blood. The
solid proteid thus separated is called myosin. Two of
its proteids, paramyosinogen and myosinogen, go to
form the clot, while the other three, myoglobulin, al-
bumin, and myoalbuminose, remain in the muscle-
serum. M. -plate. See Myocomma, and Myototne.
M. -prism, a muscle-rod. M. -reading, the detection
of a person's thoughts and emotions by the in-
voluntary action of his muscles. Ms. of Respiration,
those involved in the ordinary processes of breathing.
Those concerned in ijispiration are the diaphragm,
the intercostals and the long and short elevators.
Other muscles, including the trapezius, scaleni and
pectoralis minor, are brought into play during forced
inspiration. Ordinary expiration is non-muscular, the
act being a purely passive one; forced expiration,
however, brings into play most of the abdominal
muscles. M.-rod, a prismatic muscle-fiber in a
muscle-compartment situated between two inter-
mediate discs. M. -serum, the liquid residue left
after the separation of the clot by coagulation of
muscle-plasma. See Muscle-plasma. M., Skeletal,
any one of those muscles attached to and acting on
the skeleton. M. -sound, the sound produced by the
Isolated Smooth Muscular Fibers.
Nitric acid. X 300. (Stirling.)
contraction of a muscle. M. -spindle, structures
described by Kiihne and considered by Kirschner as
special sensory nerve-endings, and by Kolliker to
be transient developmental structures connected with
the cleavage of the muscle-fibers (Piersol). M., Stalk,
a differentiation of the ectoplasm of the Vorticella,
which, in contracting, rolls the stalk up spirally. M.,
Striated, a muscle constituted of striped muscle-fibers.
M., Striped. ^&m^2& M., Striated. M. -sugar. See
Inosite. M., Tailor's. Synonym of the sartorius mus-
cle. Table. M. -telegraph, an apparatus arranged
by DuBois-Reymond especially for replacing the myo-
graph in experiments during lectures. The muscle is
Muscular Fibers of the Human Heart. (Stirling.)
fixed in a vise ; its other end is connected by a hook
with a thread running over a reel. The reel supports
a long indicating hand to which a colored disc is at-
tached. The muscle, in shortening, turns the wheel
and lifts the disc, which is easily seen from a consid-
erable distance. A second thread, slung over the
reel, supports a brass vessel, which may be filled with
shot, so as to apply any desired weight to the muscle.
M. -tumor, a myoma, ij. v. M., Unstriated, M.,
Unstriped. See A/. , Aon -striated. M., Visceral, any
one of the muscles connected with the viscera ;
they are not under the command of the will. M.,
Voluntary. See A/., Striped.
Muscoid {nnis'-koid) \jnuscus, moss; fiiSof, like].
Moss-like.
MUSCLES 795 MUSCLES
TABLE OF MUSCLES (ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY).
Name.
Origin.
Insertion.
Innervation.
Function.
Abductor hallucis.
Outer head of oscalcis, plan-
tar fascia, intermuscular
septum ; inner head, in-
ternal annular ligament,
and tendon of tibialis
posticus.
Inner portion of lower
surface of base of great
toe and inner side of
internal sesamoid
bone.
Internal plantar divi-
sion of posterior
tibial nerve.
Flexes and abducts first
phalanx of great toe.
Abductor longus polli-
cis.
See Extensor ossis meta-
carpi pollicis .
Abductor minimi digiti
manus.
Pisiform bone.
First phalanx of the
little finger.
Ulnar.
Abducts little finger.
Abductor minimi digiti
pedis.
Outer tuberosity of the os
calcis and plantar fascia.
First phalanx of the little
toe.
External plantar.
Abducts little toe.
Abductor ossis metatar-
si quinti.
Outer tubercle of calca-
neum.
Tuberosity of base of
5th metatarsal bone.
External plantar.
Abducts little toe.
Abductor poUicis
manus.
Trapezium, scaphoid, an-
nular ligament, palmar
fascia.
First phalanx of thumb.
Median.
Abducts and flexes first
phalanx of thumb.
Abductor pollicis pedis.
Inner tuberosity of the os
calcis.
First phalanx of great
toe.
Internal plantar.
Abducts great toe.
Accelerator urinae.
Central tendon of peri-
neum and median raphe.
Bulb, spongy and cav-
ernous parts of penis.
Perineal.
Ejects urine.
Accessorius ad accesso-
rium.
See Flexor accessorius
longus digitortcm pedis.
Accessorius ad flexorum
profundum.
Internal condyle and coro-
noid process of humerus.
Into the perforating ten-
dons of the flexor pro-
funda.
Ulnar and anterior in-
terosseous.
Assists in flexing fingers.
Accessorius orbicularis
inferioris.
Inferior maxilla, external
to levator labii inferioris.
At angle of mouth, join-
ing buccinator and
other muscles.
Accessorius orbicularis
superioris.
Alveolar border of supe-
rior maxilla opposite
incisor teeth.
Angle of mouth ; con-
tinuous with other
muscles inserted at this
point.
Accessorius tricipites.
See Dorso-epitrochlearis.
Accessory a b d o m i n al
oblique.
Between the two oblique
muscles from the 9th, loth,
or nth rib.
Crest of ilium.
Intercostal, ilio-hypo-
gastric, ilio-inguinal.
Assists in flexing thorax.
Accessory gluteus mini-
mus.
Outer surface of the ilium.
Anterior border of the
great trochanter.
Superior gluteal.
Assists gluteus minimus.
Accessory to the ilio-
costal.
Angles of 7th to nth ribs
and back of last rib.
Transverse process of
7th cervical vertebra,
tubercle of ist rib. An-
gles of 2d to 5th ribs.
External branches of
posterior divisions of
lumbar nerves.
Extension of lumbar
spines on pelvis.
Accessory palmar ab-
ductor indicis (anoma-
lous).
Third metacarpal bone.
Base of first phalanx of
index finger.
Accessory popliteus (an-
omalous).
Usually from a sesamoid
bone on the posterior
surface of lower end of
femur.
With the popliteus.
Internal popliteal.
Assists in flexing leg.
Adductor brevis.
Ramus of pubes.
Upper part of the linea
aspera of femur.
Obturator.
Adducts, rotates exter-
nally, and flexes thigh.
Adductor hallucis.
Tarsal ends of the three
middle metatarsal bones.
Base of the first phalanx
of great toe.
External plantar.
Adducts great toe.
Adductor longus.
Front of pubes.
Middle of linea aspera
of femur.
Obturator.
Adducts, rotates out-
ward, and flexes thigh.
Adductor magnus.
Rami of pubes and ischi-
um.
All of the linea aspera of
femur.
Obturator and great
sciatic.
Adducts thigh and ro-
tates it outward.
Adductor minimus.
A name given to the upper
portion of the adductor
magnus.
Adductor pollicis.
Third metacarpal.
First phalanx of thumb.
Ulnar.
Draws thumb to median
line.
MUSCLES
796
MUSCLES
MUSCLES.
Muscles of the Face and Neck.
I. Frontal muscle. 2. 'Occipital muscle. 3, 3. Epicranial apo-
neurosis. 4. Temporal muscle. 5. Retrahens aurem. 6.
Orbicularis palpebrarum. 7. Levator labii superioris et
alaeque nasi. 8. Dilator naris. 9. Compressor naris. 9'.
Pyramidalis nasi. 10. Zygomatic minor. 11. Zygomatic
major. 12. Masseter. 13. Levator anguli oris. 14. Levator
labii superioris. 15. Orbicularis oris. 16. Buccinator. 16'.
Depressor anguli oris. 17. Depressor labii inferioris. 18.
Levator labii inferioris. 19. Sterno-mastoid. 20. Trapezius.
21. Digastric and stylo-hyoid. 22. Anterior belly of digas-
tric. 23. Pulley for tendon of digastric. 24,24. Omo-hyoid.
2,s- Sterno-hyoid. 26. Thyro-hyoid. 27. Mylo-hyoid. 28.
Splenius capitis. 29. Splenius colli. 30. Levator anguli
scapulae. 31. Scalenus posticus. 32. Scalenus anticus.
Muscles of Supra-hyoid and Infra-hyoid Regions.
I. Posterior belly of digastric. 2. Stylo-hyoid. 3. Anterior
belly of digastric. 4. Tendon and pulley of digastric.
5. Anterior belly of right digastric. 6. Mylo-hyoid. 7. Hyo-
glossus. 8. Sternal fibers of right sterno-mastoid. 9. Sternal
fibersof left sterno-mastoid. 10. Sterno-hyoid. 11. Tendon
of omo-hyoid. 12. Thyro-hyoid. 13. Sterno-thyroid. 14. In-
ferior constrictor of pharynx, ij. Trachea. 16. Esophagus.
17. Rectus capitis anticus major. 18. Longus colli. 19.
Scalenus anticus. 20, 20. Scalenus posticus. 21,21. Leva-
tor anguli scapulae. 22. Splenius capitis. 23, 23. Splenius
colli. 24. Trapezius. 25. Attachment of sterno-mastoid.
26. Retrahens aurem. 27. Occipital jiortion of occipito-
frontal. 28. Deltoid. 29. Attachment of pectorales majores
to sternum. 30. External intercostal. 31. Internal inter-
costal.
Muscles of the Eve.
I. Tendon of Zmn. 2. External rectus divided. 3. Internal
rectus. 4. Inferior rectus. 5. Superior rectus. 6. Superior
oblique. 7. Pulley for superior oblique. 8. Inferior oblique.
9. Levator palpebrse superioris. 10, 10. Its anterior expan-
sion. II. Optic nerve.
Muscles of the Tongue. Superficial Layer.
Stylo-glossus. 2. Inferior fibers of stylo-glossus. 3. Ante-
rior fibers of hyo-glossus or basio-glossus. 4. Posterior fibel|.
5. Accessory fibers. 6. Genio-hyoid. 7. Genio-glossus. 8.
Inferior lingual. 9. Palato-glossus. 10. Upper portion of
Pharyngo-glossus (from superior constrictor of pharynx).
II, II. Inferior portion. 12, 12. Middle constrictor of pn^
rynx. 13. Stylo-pharyngeus. 14. Stylo-hyoid ligament and
stylo-hyoid muscle.
MUSCLES
797
MUSCLES
TABLE OF MUSCLES.— Continued.
Name.
Origin.
Insertion.
Innervation.
Function.
Adductor quadratus.
See Adductor minimus.
See Rhcmbo-atloidt
Agitator caudse.
A name given to the lower
edge of the gluteus maxi-
mus.
The femur or femoral
aponeurosis.
Amygdalo-glossus.
Pharyngeal aponeurosis
covering the outer sur-
face of the tonsil.
Continuous with the
palato-glossus.
Aids the stylo-glossus in
raising the margin of
the tongue, reiiaering
the dorsum concave.
Anconeus.
Back of external condyle
of humerus.
Olecranon process and
shaft of ulna.
Musculo-spiral.
Extends forearm.
Antitragicus.
Outer surface of antitra-
gus.
Caudate process.
Temporal and poste-
rior auricular.
Arrectores pili.
Pars papillaris of the skin.
Hair-follicles.
Sympathetic.
Elevate the hairs of the
skin.
A r y t e n o-epiglottideus
inferioris.
Arytenoid (anteriorly).
Epiglottis.
Recurrent laryngeal.
Compresses saccule of
larynx.
A r y t e n o-epiglottideus
superiorls.
Apex of arytenoid car-
tilage.
Aryteno - epiglottidean
folds.
Recurrent laryngeal.
Constricts aperture of
larynx.
Arytenoideus.
Posterior and outer border
of one arytenoid.
Back of other arytenoid.
Superior and recur-
rent laryngeal.
Closes back part of glot-
tis.
Attollens aurem.
Occipito-frontalis aponeu-
rosis.
Pinna.
Temporal branch of
facial.
Elevates pinna.
Attrahens aurem.
Lateral cranial aponeuro-
sis.
Helix.
Facial.
Advances pinna.
Azygos pharyngis (occa-
Pharyngeal tubercle of
body of occiput.
Raphe of pharynx.
G 1 0 s s 0 - pharyngeal,
ph3.ryn^c3.] plexus.
Blends with superior
Azygos uvulse.
Posterior nasal spine of
palate bone.
Uvula.
Facial through spheno-
palatine ganglion.
Raises uvula.
Basio-glossus.
The fibers of the hyo-glos-
sus arising from the
hyoid bone. See Hyo-
glossus.
Biceps.
I. Long — Glenoid cavity.
2. Short — Coracoid pro-
cess.
Tuberosity of radius.
Musculo-cutaneous.
Flexes and supinates
forearm.
Biceps femoris.
I. Ischial tuberosity. 2.
Linea aspera.
Head of fibula and outer
tuberosity of head of
fibula.
Great sciatic and ex-
ternal popliteal.
Flexes and rotates leg
outward.
Biventer cervicis.
Transverse processes,
2-4 upper dorsal.
Superior curved line of
occipital bone.
Portion of complexus.
Retracts and rotates
head.
Bowman's.
See Ciliary.
Brachialis anticus.
Lower half of the shaft
of humerus.
Coronoid process of
ulna.
Musculo-c utaneous,
musculo-spiral.
Flexes forearm.
Brachio-capsularis.
See Subscapularis.
Brachio-radialis.
See Supinator longus.
Eriicke's.
See Ciliary.
Buccinator.
Alveolar process of max-
illary bones and pterygo-
maxillary ligament.
Orbicularis oris.
Facial, buccal branch.
Compresses cheeks, re-
tracts angle of mouth.
Bnlbo-cavernous.
See Accelerator urines.
Cephalo-humeral.
See Cleido-occipital.
Cephalo-pharyngeus.
See Constrictor of
pharynx, superior.
Cervicalis ascendens.
Angles of 5 upper ribs.
Transverse processes of
4th, 5th, and 6th cer-
vical vertebrse.
Branches of cervical.
Keeps head erect.
Chondro-coracoid {an-
omalous).
First costal cartilage.
Coracoid process, super-
ficial to the coraco-
brachialis.
MUSCLES
798
MUSCLES
The Sterno-cleido-mastoid Muscle. Muscles of
SUPRA-HYOID AND InFRA-HYOID REGIONS.
I. Anterior belly of digastric. 2. Posterior belly. 3. Tendon
and pulley for tendon. 4. Stylo-hyoid. 5. Mylo-hyoid.
6. Hyo-glossus. 7. Sterno-cleido-mastoid. 8. Anterior or
sternal portion. 9. Posterior or clavicular portion. 10. Left
sterno-hyoid. 11. Right sterno-hyoid. 12, 12. Omo-hyoid.
13. Thyro-hyoid. 14, 14. Sterno-thyroid. 15. Anterior portion
of inferior constrictor of pharynx. 16. Occipital muscle.
17, 17. Retrahens aurem. 18. Trapezius. 19. Splenius
capitis. 20. Splenius colli. 21. Levator anguli scapulae.
22. Scalenus posticus. 23. Scalenus anticus. 24. Superior
portion of deltoid. 25. Superior portion of pectoralis major.
26. Inferior and anterior portion of right platysma myoides.
27. Depressor anguli oris. 28. Depressor labii inferioris.
29. Masseter. 30. Buccinator.
Posterior
E. Pos-
Posterior
9 ~ s s a
Inferior Portion of the Abdominal Aponeurosis.
Muscles of the Velum Palati.
A. Cartilaginous portion of Eustachian tube. B.
orifice of nasal fossa. C. Velum palati. D. Uvula
terior pillar of velum palati. F. Tonsil. G, G.
wall of pharynx, divided in the median line. H. Base of
tongue. I. Epiglottis. K. Left lateral prolongation of epi-
glottis. L. Entrance to larynx. M. Thyroid cartilage. N.
Posterior wall of larynx. O. Group of racemose glands.
P. Upper part of esophagus. i.
Azygos uvulae. 2. Levator palati.
3, 3. Palato-pharyngeus. 4. External
accessory fasciculus. 5. Internal ac-
cessory fasciculus. 6. Fibers arising
from the median portion of the vehim
palati and terminating in the palato-
pharyngeus. 7. Internal fibers of the
palato-pharyngeus. 8. Middle and ex-
ternal fibers. 9. Anterior fibers of stylo-
pharyngeus. 10. Superior constrictor of
pharynx.
. External abdominal ring. 2, Exter
nal pillar. 3, 3. Internal pillar. 4,4
Gimbernat's ligament. 5, 5. Its at'
tachment. 6. Intercolumnar fibers
7. Linea alba. 8. Symphysis pubis
9. Spermatic cord. 10. Crural arch
II, II. Cribriform fascia
saphenous vein.
Internal
12
MUSCLES
799
MUSCLES
TABLE OF MUSCLES.— Cwi/wiW.
Name.
Origin.
Insertion.
Innervation.
Function.
n O n Q I U"C p 1 LI Ul,lliC~
aris (anomalous).
C3.rtil3.^cs of one or two
ribs (7th) or from aponeu-
rosis of external oblic^ue.
Fflscis, oil inner side of
arm, or internal con-
Hx'l*» r\i Vi 11 m*=»T"n c
IC \Ji llUlllCl \X^t
Chondro-glossus.
See Hyo-glossus.
Choroid.
See Ciliary.
Ciliary.
Longitudinal portion
(Briicke's m.), junction of
cornea and sclera ; cir-
cular portion (Miiller's
m.), fibers form a circle.
Outer layers of choroid.
Ciliary.
The muscle of visual
accommodation.
Circumflex palati.
See Tensor palati.
Cleido-cervicalis (an-
omalous).
Transverse process of 6th
cervical vertebra.
Outer end of clavicle.
A supernumerary scalene
muscle.
Cleido-epitrochlearis.
Clavicular portion of del-
toid.
Internal condyle of
humerus.
Cleido-hyoid (anomal-
ous).
Clavicle near outer border
of sterno-hyoid.
Body of hyoid.
Hypoglossal.
Depresses hyoid.
Cleido-occipitalis (an-
omalous).
Clavicle, posterior to
stern o-mastoid.
Superior nuchal line of
occiput.
Coccygeus.
Ischial spine.
Coccyx, sacrum, and
sacro-coccygeal 1 i g a -
ment.
Sacral.
Supports coccyx, and
closes pelvic outlet.
Coraplexus.
Transverse processes 7th
cervical and 6 upper dor-
sal, and articular proces-
ses of 3d to 6th cervical.
Occipital bone.
Sub-occipital, great
occipital, and bran-
ches of cervical.
Retracts and rotates
head.
Compressor hemi-
sphericum bulbi.
A name given to that part
of the bulbo-cavernosus
which covers the most
prominent part of the
bulb.
Compressor narium.
Nasal aponeurosis.
Fellow muscle and
canine fossa.
Facial.
Dilates nostril.
Compressor narium
minor.
Alar cartilage.
Skin at end of nose.
Facial.
Dilates nostril.
Compressor s a c c u 1 i
laryngis.
Fibers of the aryteno-epi-
glottideus.
Recurrent laryngeal.
Compressor of saccule of
larynx.
Compressor urethrae.
Ramus of pubes.
Fellow muscle.
Perineal.
Compresses membran-
ous urethra.
Compressor vaginae.
The analogue of the two
bulbo-cavernosi of the
male.
Perineal.
Compressor of vaginae.
Compressor venae dor-
salis penis.
Fibers of the ischio-caver-
nosus.
Fascial sheath of penis,
over dorsal vessels.
Compressor of dorsal
vein.
Constrictor istiimi fau-
cium.
See Palato-glossus.
-
Constrictor of pharynx
(inferior).
Cricoid and thyroid carti-
lages.
Pharyngeal raphe.
G 1 0 s s 0 - pharyngeal ,
pharyngeal plexus
and external laryn-
geal.
Contracts caliber of
pharyn,x.
Constrictor of pharynx
(middle).
Cornua of hyoid and stylo-
hyoid ligament.
Pharyngeal raphe.
Glosso-p haryngeal
and pharyngeal
plexus.
Contracts caliber of
pharynx.
Constrictor of pharynx
(superior).
Internal pterygoid plate,
pterygo-max. lig. , jaw
and side of tongue.
Pharyngeal raphe.
Glosso-p haryngeal
and pharyngeal plex-
us.
Contracts caliber of
pharynx.
Constrictor urethrae.
See Compressor urethrcs.
Constrictor vaginae.
See Compressor vagince.
Coraco-brachialis.
Coracoid process of scap-
ula.
Inner surface of shaft
of humerus.
Musculo-cutaneous.
Adducts and flexes arm.
Coraco-brachialis supe-
rior vel brevis.
See Rotator humeri.
MUSCLES
800
MUSCLES
Superficial and Middle Muscu-
lar Layers of the Posterior
Aspect of the Trunk.
I. Trapezius. 2. Latissimus dorsi.
3. 3. Lumbo-sacral aponeurosis. 4,
4. Portion of this aponeurosis to'
which latissimus dorsi is attached.
5. Fasciculus by which latissimus
dorsi is attached to crest of ilium.
6. External border of latissimus
dorsi. 7. Teres major. 8. Superior
border of latissimus dorsi, curving
around teres major. 9. Rhomboid-
eus major. 10. Rhoniboideus minor.
II. Superior border of serratus pos-
ticus superioris. 12, 12, 12. Fasciculi
of serratus posticus inferioris. 13.
Sterno-mastoid. 14. Splenius. 15.
Levator anguli scapulae. 16. Infra-
spinatus. 17. Teres minor. 18.
Teres major. 19. Divided latissi-
mus dorsi. 20. Fasciculus of latis-
simus dorsi, arising from angle of
scapuli. 21. Inferior portion of
serratus magnus. 22, 22. Lower
portion of internal oblique. 23.
Posterior aponeurosis of internal
oblique. 24. Gluteus maximus. 25.
Divided gluteus maximus. 26. Glu-
teus medius. 27. Pyramidalis. 28.
Tendon of obturator internus and
gemelli. 29. Quadratus femoris.
30. Sacro-Iumbalis and longissimus
dorsi. 31. Deltoid. 32. Triceps.
Diaphragm, Inferior Aspect.
. Middle or anterior leaflet of central tendon. 2. Right leaflet. 3. Left
leaflet. 4. Right crus. 5. Left crus. 6, 6. Intervals for phrenic nerves.
7. Muscular fibers from which the ligamenta arcuata originate. 8, 8.
Muscular fibers that arise from inner surface of six lower ribs. 9. Fibers
that arise from ensiform cartilage. 10. Opening for inferior vena cava.
II. Opening for esophagus. 12. Aortic opening. 13, 13. Upper portion
of transversalis abdominis, turned upward and outward. 14. Anterior
leaflet of transversalis aponeurosis. 15, 15. Quadratus lumborum. 16,
16. Psoas magnus. 17. Third lumbar vertebra.
Internal Oblique and Transversalis abdominis
Muscles.
I, T. Rectus abdominis. 2, 2. Internal obliqne. 3. 3-
Anterior leaflet of aponeurosis of internal oblique.
4, 4. Divided external oblique. 5, 5. Spermatic cords.
6, 6. Inferior portion of aponeurosis of external ob-
lique. 7. Lower portion of left rectus abdominis:
upper portion removed. 8, 8. Muscular portion ol
transversalis abdominis. 9. Aponeurotic portion.
10. Umbilicus. 11. Supra-umbilical portion of linea
alba. 12. Infra-umbilical portion. 13. Serratus mag-
nus. 14. Divided right latissimus dorsi. 15. Dividea
left latissimus dorsi. 16. Divided serratus magnus.
17,17. External intercostals. 18,18. Femoral apon-
eurosis. 19. Divided internal oblique.
MUSCLES
801
MUSCLES
TABLE OF MUSCLES.— Confinued.
Name.
Origin.
Insertion.
Innervation.
Function.
Corsco-Ccipsularis.
(A name applied to the
upper portion of tlie
coraco-brachialis).
Coracoid process.
Below lesser tuberosity
of humerus, or into
capsule of shoulder-
joint.
Corrugator cutis ani.
Submucous tissue on inte-
rior of anus.
Subcutaneous tissue on
opposite side of anus
Sympathetic.
Corrugates skin about
anus.
Corrugator supercilii.
Superciliary ridge of fron-
tal bone.
Orbicularis palpe-
brarum.
Facial.
Draws eyebrow down-
ward and inward.
Costo-fascialis (anomal-
ous).
Outer border of sterno-
thyroid muscle.
Sheath of carotid ves-
sels.
Crampton's.
See Ciliary.
Cremaster.
Upper and deep surface
of middle of Poupart's
1 ! O" Q TVl f Tl f
Spine and crest of pubic
bone and fascia pro-
Genital branch of
genito-crural.
Elevates testicle.
Cremaster, internal, of
Henle.
Fibers of the gubernac-
ulum t6Stis>
Elements of spermatic
f^ripn_^i f^/t pit! ni H *»nc IqI*-
eralis.
ATKyl^i Q ti n vt At"ii fa 1 cut*
face of arytenoid.
Recurrent laiyngeal.
posticus.
Base of arytenoid carti-
lage.
Recurrent laryngeal.
Opens glottis.
Crico-fiyoid (a k o tti a I -
ous).
Lower border of side of"
cricoid cartilage.
Lower border of hyoid
bone.
Thyroid cartilage (lower
inner border).
Superior laryngeal.
Awakes vocal bands tense.
Crureus.
See 1^ 2stus iHtcfnus.
Curvator coccygis (an-
omalous).
Anterior surface fifth seg-
ment of sacrum.
Anterior surface of
coccyx.
Incurvates coccyx.
Deltoid.
Clavicle, acromion, and
spine of scapula.
Shaft of humerus.
Circumflex.
Abducts humerus.
Depressor alae nasi.
Incisive fossa of superior
maxillary bone.
Septum and ala of nose.
Facial, buccal branch.
Contracts nostril.
Depressor anguli oris.
External oblique line of
inferior maxillary bone.
Angle of mouth.
Facial, supra-maxil-
lary branch.
Depresses angle of
mouth.
Depressor epiglottidis.
Those fibers of the thyro-
epiglottideus that are
continued forward to the
margin of the epiglot-
tis.
Depressor labii inferi-
oris.
External oblique line of
the inferior maxillary
bone.
Lower lip.
Facial, supra-maxil-
lary branch.
Depresses lip.
Depressor thyroidea
(anomalous).
Lower border first tracheal
ring, near middle line.
Lower border of thyroid
cartilage.
Depresses trachea.
Depressor urethrse.
Ramus of ischium near
deep transversus perinei.
Fibers of constrictor va-
ginae muscle.
EJetrusor urinae.
Front of pubes.
Prostate (in male), va-
gina (in female).
Sympathetic.
Compresses bladder.
Diaphragm.
Ensiform cart., eorylower
ribs, ligamenta arcuata,
bodies of lumbar verteb.
Central tendon.
Phrenic and sympa-
thetic.
Respiration and expul-
sion.
digastric (anterior
belly).
Inner surface of inferior
m ax i 1 1 ary bone, near
symphysis.
Hyoid bone.
Inferior dental.
Elevates hyoid and
tongue.
)igastsic (posterior
belly).
Digastric groove of mas-
toid process.
Hyoid bone.
Facial.
Elevates hyoid and
tongue.
dilator naris anterioris.
Alar cartilage.
Border of ala of nose.
Facial, infraorbital
branch.
...
Dilates nostril.
dilator naris posted oris.
Nasal notch of superior
maxillary bone.
Skin at margin of nos-
tril.
Facial, infraorbital
branch.
Dilates nostril.
)orsal interossei, 4.
Sides of metacarpal bones.
Bases of corresponding
phalanges.
Ulnar.
Abduct fingers from me-
dian line.
SI
MUSCLES
802
MUSCLES
Muscles of the Anterior Aspect
OF THE Body.
1. Pectoralis major. 2. Its clavicular
fasciculus. 3. Fasciculus attached
to abdominal aponeurosis. 4, 4.
External oblique. 5, 5. Serratus
magnus. 6, 6. Anterior border of
latissimus dorsi. 7. Decussation of
tendinous fibers of pectorales ma-
jores. 8. Ensiform cartilage. 9, 9.
Abdominal aponeurosis. 10, 10.
Linea alba. 11. Umbilicus. 12,12,
12, Tendinous intersections of rec-
tus abdominis. 13, 13. External ab-
dominal ring. 14. Pyramidalis. 15,
15 External border of rectus ab-
dominis. 16. Sterno-hyoid. 17. Omo-
hyoid. 18. Sterno-mastoid. 19. Cer-
vical portion of trapezius. 20. Del-
toid. 21. Biceps brachialis. 22,
Pectineus. 23. Sartorius. 24. Rec-
tus femoris. 25. Tensor vaginae
femoris.
10 n
Muscles of Anterior Aspect of Thorax.
Pectoralis major. 2. Us clavicular portion. 3. Its sterno-cost.-il
portion. 4. Its humeral attachment, divided
5, 5, 5. Its fasciculi of attachment to ribs. 6,
nd displaced upward
_ Pectoralis minor. 7.
Subcravius. 8. Deltoid, "g? Inferior border of pectoralis minor. 10
Dicfitations of serratus mngnus. 11. Correspondmc; digitations 01
external oblique. 12, 12. Anterior border of latissmuis dorsi. 13. Its
tendon of attachment to humerus. 14. Teres major. 15. Subscapu-
laris. 16. Long head of triceps. 17. Lower portion of deltoid. I^,
18. Sterno-mastoid. 19. Lower portion of sterno-hyoid. 20. Trapezius.
Psoas, Iliac, Quadratus Lumborum, and Transver-
SALis Muscles.
I. Psoas parvus. 2. Its divided tendon. 3- Psoas magnus^
4. Its attachment to 12th dorsal vertebra. 5. 5> S. 5- ■
attachment to bodies of first four lumbar vertebra. 6- «-
tendon of attachment to lesser trochanter. 7. 7- '
muscle. 8, 8. Inferior and external fibers of iliac muscle
9 9. Rectus femoris. 10, 10. Obturator externus.
Onadratus lumborum. 12, 12, 12, 12. Posterior portion 0
quadratus lumborum. 13. External portion. 14. 'ranb
versalis abdominis. 15. Ilio-lumbar ligament
of diaphragm.
16. Crur£
MUSCLES
803
MUSCLES
TABLE OF MUSCLES.— CoH^mued.
Name.
Origin.
Insertion.
Innervation.
Function.
Dorsal interossei, 4.
Sides of metatarsal bones.
Base of first phalanx of
corresponding toe.
External plantar.
Abduct toes.
Dor so - epilrochlearis
{anofnalous).
Tendon oflatissimus
dorsi.
Long head of triceps, or
fascia of arm.
Aids in climbing.
Epitrochleo-anc 0 n e u s
(anomalous).
Back of internal condyles
of humerus.
Inner side of olecranon.
Erector clitoridis.
Tuberosity of ischium.
Each side of crus of cli-
toris.
Erects clitoris.
Erector penis.
Ischial tuberosity, crus
penis, and pubic ramus.
Tunica albuginea of cor-
pus cavernosum.
Perineal.
To maintain erection.
Erector pili.
See Arrectores pili.
Erector spinae.
Iliac crest, back of sacrum,
lumbar, and three lower
dorsal spines.
Divides into sacro-lum-
balis, longissimus dor-
si, and spinalis dorsi.
Lumbar nerves,
posterior division.
Extension of lumbar
spines on pelvis.
Extensor annularis
(anoma/ous).
Posterior surface of shaft
of ulna.
Tendon of ring-finger.
Extensor brevis dlgito-
rum manus [ationia-
lous).
Ligamentous t i s s u e s on
back of carpus.
Tendons of third, fourth,
and fifth fingers.
Extensor brevis digito-
rum pedis.
Os calcis, externally.
First phalanx of great
toe and tendons of ex-
tensor longus.
Anterior tibial.
Extends toes.
Extensor brevis hallu-
cis.
A name applied to that
portion of the extensor
brevis digitorum that
goes to the great toe.
Extensor brevis pollicis.
See Extensor primi inter
nodii pollicis.
Extensor carpi radialis
accessorius (anoma-
lous) .
Shaft of humerus.
Metacarpal bone of
thumb.
Extensor carpi radialis
brevior.
External condyloid ridge
of humerus.
Base second and third
metacarpal.
Posterior interosseous.
Extends wrist.
Extensor carpi radialis
longior.
Lower external condy-
loid ridge of humerus
Base of second meta-
carpal.
Musculo-spiral.
Extends wrist.
Extensor carpi ulnaris.
1st head, external condyle
of humerus. 2d head,
posterior border of ulna.
Base of fifth metacarpal.
Posterior interosseous.
Extends wrist.
Extensor coccygis.
Last bone of sacrum or
first of coccyx.
Lower part of coccyx.
Sacral branches.
Extends coccyx.
Extensor communis
digitorum.
External condyle of hu-
merus.
All of the second and
third phalanges.
Posterior interosseous.
Extends fingers.
Extensor hallucis loii-
gus tricaudatus.
The name sometimes ap-
plied to the extensor pro-
prius hallucis, when its
tendon is divided into
three portions.
Extensor indicis.
Back of ulna.
Second and third pha-
langes of index finger.
Posterior interosseous .
Extends index.
Extensor longus digito-
rum pedis.
Outer tuberosity of tibia
and shaft of fibula.
Second and third pha-
langes of toes.
Anterior tibial.
Extends toes.
Extensor longus polli-
cis. .
See Extensor secundi in
ternodii pollicis.
Extensor medii digiti
( CLtiom (I io HS)
Back of shaft of ulna.
Tendon of common ex-
Exteflsor minimi digiti.
External condyle of hu-
merus.
Second and third pha-
langes of little finger.
Posterior interos-
seous.
Extensor of little finger.
Extensor ossis m eta-
carpi pollicis.
Back of radius and ulna and
interosseous membrane.
Base of metacarpal of
thumb and fascia.
Posterior interos-
seous.
Extends thumb.
Extensor ossis m e t a-
tarsi hallucis (anoma-
lous).
Extensor proprius hallu-
cis, or extensor com-
munis digitorum, or tibi-
alis anticus.
Metatarsal bone of hal-
lux.
I
MUSCLES
804
MUSCLES
Muscles of Anal and Perineal Region.
, I. Bulbo-cavernosus muscle (accelerator urinae). 2. Its fibrous raphe. 3. Its
anterior termination. 4. Ischio-cavernosus (erector penis) muscle. 5. Tendon
of attachment to tuber ischii. 6. Transversus perinei. 7. External sphincter
ani. 8. Aponeurotic insertion into apex of coccy.x. 9. Attachment to bulbo-
cavernous raphe. 10. Fibers of insertion into perineum, divided. 11. Upper
layer of external sphincter. 12. Internal sphincter. 13. Levator ani. 14. Ob-
turator internus. 15. Internal border of gluteus maximus.
Biceps and Coraco-
brachialis.
. Biceps. 2. Short head.
3. Long head. 4. Ten-
don of insertion into
radius. 5. Bicipital
fascia. 6. Coraco-bra-
chialis. 7, 8. Lamina:
of tendon of insertion
of i)ectoralis major.
9. Attachment of latis-
simus dorsi. 10. Teres major. 11. Sub-
scapularis. 12. Brachialis amicus. 13. Long,
middle, or scapular head of triceps. 14.
Internal or short humeral head. 15. Supi-
nator longus. 16. Extensor carpi radialis
longior.
I. Bulbo-caverno-
sus (erector pe-
nis) muscle. 2.
Muscle of Guth-
rie (transversus
perinei profun-
dus). 3. Super-
ficial transverse
muscle. 4. Ex-
ternal sphincter
ani. 5. Levator
ani.
Muscle of Guthrie.
I. Bulb of urethra.
2, 2. Muscle of
Guthrie (trans-
versus perinei
p ro fu n d us). 3.
Muscle of Wil-
son. 4. Transver-
sus perinei super-
ficialis. 5- Exter-
nal sphincter ani.
6. Levator ani.
Muscle of Guthrie and Wilson.
MUSCLES 805 MUSCLES
TABLE OF M.\J?>Cl.Y.^.—Contimied.
Name.
Origin.
Insertion.
Innervation.
Function.
Extensor primj inter-
nodii hallucis longus
{anomalous).
F'iIduIs. 3.nd interosseous
membrane.
Itiner p3,rt of b3,sc of first
phalanx of hallux.
Extensor primi inter-
nodii poUicis.
Back of radius.
Base of first phalanx of
thumb.
Posterior interos-
seous.
Extends thumb.
Extensor primi inter-
nodii pollicis et indicis
{anotitalous'j •
Between extensor indicis
and extensor secundi in-
ternodii pollicis.
First phalanges of thumb
and index hnger.
Extensor proprius digiti
miniini.
Lower part of ulna, or
posterior li^3. m e ii t of
wrist-joint.
Base of first phalanx of
little finger.
Extensor proprius hal-
lucis.
Middle of fibula.
Base of last phalanx of
great toe.
Anterior tibial.
Extends great toe.
Extensor secundi inter-
nodii pollicis.
Back of ulna.
Base of last phalanx of
thumb.
Posterior interos- 1 Extends thumb,
seous. 1
Flexor accessorius digi-
torum pedis {2 heads).
I. Inner ; 2. Outer surface
of OS calcis.
Tendon of flexor longus
digitorum.
External plantar.
Accessory flexor of toes.
Flexor accessorius lon-
gus (anomalous).
Fascia over flexor longus
hallucis.
Sesamoid bone in tendon
of peroneus longus.
Flexor accessorius lon-
gus digitorum pedis.
Shaft of tibia or fibula.
Tubercle of os calcis,
and ' joins tendon of
long flexor.
External plantar.
Assists in flexing toes.
Flexor brevis digitorum
pedis.
Inner tuberosity of os
calci^ and plantar fascia.
Second phalanges of the
lesser toes.
Internal plantar.
Flexes lesser toes.
Flexor brevis hallucis.
Under surface of cuboid,
plantar ligaments, and
external cuneiform.
Base of first phalanx of
great toe.
Internal plantar.
Flexes and slightly, ad-
ducts first phalanx of
great toe.
Flexor brevis minimi
digiti manus.
Unciform bone and annu-
lar ligament.
First phalanx of little
finger.
Ulnar.
Flexes little finger.
Flexor brevis minimi
digiti pedis.
Base of fifth metatarsal.
Base of first phalanx of
little toe.
External plantar.
Flexes little toe.
Flexor brevis pollicis
manus.
2 heads — outer: lower bor-
der of anterior annular
ligament ; ridge of trape-
zium ; inner : os mag-
num, and bases of first,
second, and third meta-
carpal bones.
Base of first phalanx of
thumb.
Outer head — median,
palmar branch. In-
ner head — deep ul-
nar.
Flexes metacarpal bone
of thumb.
Flexor brevis pollicis
See Plexor brevis hallucis.
Flexor carpi radialis.
Internal condyle of hu-
merus.
Metacarpal bone of in-
dex finger.
Median.
Flexes wrist.
Flexor carpi radialis vel
profundus (a n oma-
lous).
Anterior surface of radius,
above the pronator quad-
ratus.
Annular ligament or
trapezium, magnum or
base of second or third
metacarpal bone.
Flexor carpi ulnaris (2
heads).
I. Internal condyle. 2.
Olecranon and ulna.
Sth metacarpal, annular
lig. and pisiform bone.
Ulnar.
Flexes wrist.
Flexor cruris.
See Biceps femoris.
Flexor indicis.
The name given to the in-
dicia! portion of the
flexor profundus digito-
rum, when it is distinct.
Flexor longus digito-
rum pedis.
Shalt of tibia.
Last phalanges of toes.
Posterior tibial.
Flexes phalanges and ex-
tends ankle.
Flexor longus hallucis.
Lower two-thirds of shaft
of fibula.
Last phalanx of great
toe.
Posterior tibial.
Flexes great toe.
Flexor longus pollicis.
Shaft of radius and coro-
noid process of ulna.
Last phalanx of thumb.
Anterior interosseous.
Flexes the phalanx.
Flexor ossis metacarpi
pollicis.
See Opponens pollicis.
Flexor perforatus.
See Flexor brevis digito
rum pedis.
MUSCLES
806
MUSCLES
12.
J3
8
13..
2
2
;<
Superficial Muscles of Pal-
mar Aspect of Forearm.
I. Lower portion of biceps. 2.
Bicipital fascia. 3. Tendon of
insertion into radius. 4, 4. Bra-
chialis anticus. 5. Internal head
of triceps. 6. Pronator radii
teres. 7. Flexor carpi radialis.
8. Palmaris longus. 9. Its termi-
nation in palmar ligament. 10.
Flexor carpi ulnaris. 11. Its
attachment to pisiform bone. 12.
Supinator longus. 13. Its attach-
ment to styloid process of radius.
14, 14. Extensor carpi radialis
longior. 15. Extensor carpi ra-
dialis brevior. 16. Extensor os-
sis metacarpi pollicis. 17. Its
tendon of insertion into base of
first metacarpal bone. 18. Ten-
don of e.xtensor secundi inter-
nodii pollicis. 19,19. Flexor sub-
limis digitorum. 20, 20. Tendons
of this muscle. 21, 21. Their
attachment to second phalanges
Triceps Brachialis, Posterior Aspect.
. Long, middle, or scapular head. 2. Its ten-
don of origin from scapula. 3. E.xternal, or
long humeral head. 4. Internal, or short
humeral head. 5. Common tendon. 6. At-
tachment to olecranon. 7. Anconeus. 8, 8.
Upper portion of deltoid, posterior half re-
moved. 9. Lower portion. 10. Supraspina-
tus. II. Infraspinatus. 12. Teres minor,
middle portion removed. 13. Insertion of
teres minor into humerus. 14. Teres major.
15. Upper extremity of latissimus dorsi. 16
Supinator longus. 17. Extensor carpi radi-
alis longior. 18. Extensor carpi ulnaris. 19.
Flexor carpi ulnaris.
of fingers. 22, 22. Attachment of tendons of
flexor profundus digitorum to last phalanges
of fingers. 23, 23. Lumbricales. 24. Abductor
pollicis. 25. Its insertion into first phalanx of
thumb. 26, 26. Flexor longus pollicis. 27.
Flexor brevis minimi digiti. 28. Abductor
minimi digiti.
Flexor Sublimis Digitorum.
I. Flexor sublimis digitorum. 2. lis
origin from the epitrochlea. 3. Its
origin from coronoid process of ulna.
4,4. Its aponeurosis of attachment to
radius. 5, 5. Superficial tendons, for
middle and ring fingers. 6, 6. Deep
tendons, for little and index fingers.
7. Flexor longus pollicis. 8. Its ten-
don. 9, 9. Bifurcation of tendons of
flexor sublimis. 10. Intervals be-
tween divisions. II, II. Tendons of
flexor profundus. 12. Tendon of
brachialis anticus. 13. Common ten-
don of origin of superficial epitroch-
lear muscles. 14. Tendon of biceps.
15. Supinator longus. 16. Its attach-
ment to styloid process of radius.
17. Extensor carpi radialis longior.
18, 18. Tendon of attaclnnent of pro-
nator radii teres, divided. 19. Ten-
don of extensor carpi radialis. 20.
Triceps. 21. Flexor carpi ulnaris.
22. Its attachment to pisiform bone.
23. Adductor minimi digiti. 24-
Flexor brevis minimi digiti. 25. Ad-
ductor brevis pollicis.
MUSCLES
807
MUSCLES
TABLE OF MUSCLES.— Continued.
Name.
Origin.
Insertion.
Innervation.
Function.
Flexor profundus digi-
torum.
Shaft of ulna.
Last phalanges by four
tendons.
Ulnar and anterior | Flexes the phalanges,
interosseous.
Flexor proprius digiti
secundi {ciHoyiialous),
Shaft of tibia.
Base of phalanges of
second toe.
Flexor sublimis digito-
rutti }i€(ids)%
I. Inner condyle. 2. Coro-
noid process. 3. Oblique
line of radius.
Second phalanges by
four tendons.
IVXedian .
Flexes second phalan-
ges.
Froiit^tiSi
See Occipiio- frontalis.
Gastrocnemius
Condyles of femur.
Os calcis by tendo Achil-
lis.
Internal popliteal.
Extends foot.
Gavard's.
The oblique muscular
fibers of the wall of the
stomach.
Gemellus inferior.
Tuberosity of ischium and
lesser sacro-sciatic notch.
Great trochanter.
External rotator of
thigh.
Gemellus superior.
Ischial spine and lesser sa-
cro-sciatic notch.
Great trochanter.
Sacral.
External rotator of
thigh.
Genio-hyo-glossus.
Superior genial tubercle of
inferior maxillary bone.
Hyoid and inferior sur-
face of tongue.
Hypoglossal.
Retracts and protrudes
tongue.
Genio-hyoid.
Inferior genial tubercle
of inferior maxillary
bone.
Body of hyoid.
Hypoglossal.
Elevates and advances
hyoid.
Gluteus maximus.
Sup. curved iliac line and
crest, sacrum, and coccyx.
Fascia and femur below
great trochanter.
Inferior gluteal and
sacral plexus.
Extends, abducts, and
rotates thigh outward.
Gluteus medius.
Ilium between superior
and middle curved lines.
Oblique line of great tro-
chanter.
Superior gluteal.
Rotates, abducts, and
advances thigh.
Gluteus minimus.
Ilium between middle and
inferior curved lines.
Great trochanter.
Superior gluteal.
Rotates, abducts, and
draws thigh forward.
Gluteus quartus.
See Accessory gluteus
miyiimtis.
Gracilis.
Rami of pubes and
ischium.
Tibia, upper and inner
part.
Obturator.
Flexes and abducts leg.
Grinning.
See Levator anguli oris.
Gul)emaculum testis-
See Cremaster .
Guthrie's.
See Transversus perinei.
~d^p
Melicis major et minor.
Tubercle on helix*
R 1 Tn f\x lifiH'v wf^iw cum
.1x1111 \j\ iicilA. llCdi oUlll
mit.
Auriculo - temporal
and posterior auricu-
lar.
Henle's.
See Prerectalis.
Hepatico - diaphrag-
matic (anomalous).
Left side of" centrsl tendon
of diaphragm.
Lender surface of liver
and obliterated ductus
venosus and periton-
eum.
Hilton's
See Compressor sacculi
laryngis.
Horner's.
See Ciliary and Tensor
tarsi.
Houston's.
See Compressor vencE dor
salis penis.
Hyo-epiglottideus (an-
omalous).
Middle of ridge on
lingual aspect of epiglot-
tis.
Median tubercle on
body of hyoid.
Hyo-facialis.
A name applied to the
anterior portion of the
omo-hyoid, when the
posterior belly is absent.
Hyo-glossus.
Cornua of hyoid.
Side of tongue.
Hypoglossal.
Depresses side of
tongue and retracts
tongue.
Hyo-maxillaris {anom-
aly of Slylo-hyoid).
Lower jaw.
Hyoid bone.
Hycj-pharyngeus. j See Constrictor of
pharynx, middle.
MUSCLES
808
MUSCLES
Muscles of Dorsal Aspect of
Forearm, Superficial Layer.
I. Tendon of triceps. 2. Upper ex-
tremity of supinator longus. 3. Ex-
tensor carpi radialis longior. 4. Its
attachment to second metacarpal
bone. 5. Extensor carpi radialis
brevior. 6. Its attachment to third
metacarpal bone. 7. Extensor ossis
metacarpi pollicis. 8, S. Extensor
primi internodii pollicis. 9, 9. E.\-
tensor secundi internodii pollicis. 10,
10. Annular ligament. 11. Extensor
communis digitorum. 12, 12. Attach-
ment of its four tendons to the second
and third phalanges. 13. Tendon of
the extensor indlcis. 14. Tendon of
extensor minimi digiti. 15. Extensor
carpi ulnaris. 16. Its attachment to
fifth metacarpal bone. 17. Anconeus.
18. Flexor carpi ulnaris. 19. Posterior
border of ulna. 20. Olecranon. 21.
Internal condyle of humerus.
Muscles of Dorsal Aspect of
Forearm, Deep Layer.
I. Tendon of triceps. 2. Internal head
of triceps. 3. Anconeus. 4. Humeral
attachment of supinator longus. 5.
Humeral attacliment of extensor
carpi radialis longior. 6,6. Tendon
of insertion into second metacar-
pal bone. 7. Upper extremity of
extensor carpi radialis brevior. 8,
8. Its tendon of insertion into
third metacarpal bone. 9. Com-
mon tendon of the superficial and
deep muscles. 10. Supinator brevis.
II. Radial insertion of pronator radii
teres. 12. Extensor ossis metacarpi
pollicis. 13. Extensor primi interno-
dii pollicis. 14. Extensor secundi in-
ternodii pollicis. 15. Extensor indicis.
16. Its tendon, uniting with corre-
sponding tendon of common exten-
sor. 17. Tendon of extensor minimi
digiti. 18. Tendon of extensor carpi
ulnaris. 19. Flexor carpi ulnaris, dis-
placed to show flexor profundus digi-
torum. 20. Fibrous arch extending
from epitrochlea to olecranon and
forming the upper portion of the deep
flexor. 21. Annular ligament. 22,
22. Dorsal interossel. 23. Abductor
minimi digiti. 24, 24. Tendons of ex-
tensor communis digitorum.
Deep Muscles of Palmar Aspect
OF Forearm.
I . Lower portion of triceps. 2, 2. At-
tachments of pronator radii teres. 3.
Attachment of flexor carpi radialis,
palmaris longus, and flexor subllmis
digitorum. 3'. Tendon of biceps. 3".
Tendon of brachlalis antlcus. 4, 4-
Flexor carpi ulnaris. 5. Supinator
longus. 6. Its distal attachment. 7.
Supinator brevis. 7'. Extensor carpi
radialis longior. 8, 8. Extensor ossis
metacarpi poinds. 9. Flexor profun-
dus digitorum. 10. Its four tendons.
II. Tendon for index finger. 12, 12.
Tendon for middle finger. 13- Ten-
don of flexor subllmis. 14 Tendon
of flexor profundus for little finger.
15, 15. Lumbricales 16, 16. Attach-
ments of abductor brevis. 17- Oppo
nens pollicis. iS. Flexor brevis pol-
licis. 19. Adductor poinds. 20. Flexor
longus pollicis. 21. Its tendon. 22,
22. Attachments of flexor brevis and
adductor minimi digiti. 23. Oppo-
nens minimi digiti.
I
MUSCLES
809
MUSCLES
TABLE OF M\]SCLY.S.—Contmued.
Name.
Origin.
Insertion.
Innervation.
Function.
Iliacus.
Iliac fossa, crest, base of
sacrum.
Lesser trochanter, up-
per part shaft femur.
Anterior crural.
Flexes and rotates
femur outward.
Iliacus minor (anomal-
ous).
Anterior inferior spine
of ilium.
Inferior part anterior
intertrochanteric line.
Iliacus, superficial (an-
omalotis).
Crest of ilium, last lumbar
vertebra or upper border
of sacrum.
Iliacus below Poupart's
ligament.
Ilio-capsularis (anomal-
ous).
See Iliacus minor.
Ilio-costal.
See Sacro-lumbar.
Incisuras Santorini.
See Intertragicus.
Infracostals, lo.
Inner surface of ribs.
Inner surface of two or
three ribs above.
Intercostal.
Expiration, by depress-
ing ribs.
Iiifra-spinatus.
Infra-spinous fossa.
Great tuberosity of
humerus.
Supra-scapular.
Rotates humerus out-
ward.
Inter-arytenoid.
One arytenoid cartilage.
The other arytenoid
cartilage.
Recurrent laryngeal.
Approximates arytenoid
cartilages.
Interclavicular (anomal-
ous).
Clavicle, anterior to rhom-
boid ligament.
Corresponding point on
opposite clavicle.
Intercostals, external,
II.
Outer lip of inferior costal
border.
Superior border of ribs
above.
Intercostal.
Raise ribs in inspiration.
Intercostals, internal,
II.
Inner lip of inferior costal
border.
Superior border of ribs
below.
Intercostal.
Depress ribs in expira-
tion.
Interossei of foot, dor-
sal (4).
Adjacent surfaces of meta-
tarsal bones.
Bases of first phalanges.
External plantar.
Flex first phalan.ges
and extend 2d and 3d,
also abduct 2d, 3d, and
4th toes.
Interossei of foot, plan-
tar (3).
Inner lower surface of 3
outer metatarsal bones.
Bases of first phalanges
of three outer toes.
External plantar.
Abduct first phalanges of
three outer toes.
Interossei of hand, dor-
sal (4).
Five metacarpal bones.
Sides of aponeurosis of
extensor communis
and adjacent parts of
first phalanges.
Ulnar.
Abduct index, middle,
and ring fingers, aid in
flexing first phalanges
and extending second
and third.
Interossei of hand,
palmar (3).
/
Sides of metacarpal bones.
Aponeurosis of extensor
tendons, adjacent part
of first phalanges.
Ulnar.
Adduct index, ring, and
little fingers, aid in flex-
ing first phalanges and
in extending second
and third.
Interosseus primus
volaris (anomalous).
Ulnar side of base of first
metacarpal.
Base of first phalanx of
thumb.
Inter-spinales.
Upper surface of spines of
vertebra, near tip.
Posterior part of lower
surface of spine above.
Internal divisions of
posterior branches of
spinal nerves.
Extend the vertebrae
next above.
Intertragicus.
Anterior wall cartilagin-
ous canal of ear.
Opposite side of larger
fissure of ear.
Posterior auricular.
Dilates concha.
Inter-transversales.
Between transverse proc.
of contiguous vertebrae.
Spinal nerves.
Flex laterally the spinal
column.
Ischio-calcaneus (anom-
alous).
Long head of biceps
fiexor cruris.
Gastrocnemius, external
tuberosity of tibia,
femoral aponeurosis
or tendo Achillis.
Ischio-cavernosus.
See Erector penis.
Ischio-condyloid.
A name given to the por-
tion of the adductor
magnus inserted into the
internal condyle of femur.
Ischio-femoral (anomal-
ous).
Inner edge of great tuber-
osity ofischium.
Lower end of gluteal
ridge of femur.
Jarjavay's.
See Depressor urethm.
Kerato-cricoid (anomal-
ous).
Cricoid cartilage near its
lower border.
Inferior cornu of
thyroid cartilage.
MUSCLES
810
MUSCLES
Gluteus Maximus Muscle.
. Gluteus maximus. 2. Its inferior portion. 3. Fibers of at-
tachment to linea aspera. 4. Superior portion. 5, 5. Ten-
dinous fibers of insertion into linea aspera. 6. Upper portion
of femoral aponeurosis. 7. Duplicature of this aponeurosis
at superior level of gluteus maximus. 8. Portion of its super-
ficial layer attached to tendinous bands. 9. Lower extremity
of tensor vaginae femoris. 10, 10. Portion of femoral apon-
eurosis continuous with tendinous fibers of gluteus maximus.
II. Upper portion of biceps femoris. 12. Upper portion of
semitendinosus. 13. Upper portion of semimembranosus.
14. Gracilis.
Gluteus Medius Muscle.
. Inner extremity of gluteus maximus. 2. Attachment of
gluteus maximus to linea aspera. 3, 3. Triangular aponeu-
rosis formed by convergence of tendinous fitiers of upper
half of gluteus maximus. 4. Gluteus niedius. 5. Its tendon
of insertion into great trochanter. 6. Upper portion of
femoral aponeurosis. 7. Pyramidalis. 8. Obturator internus.
9. Superior gemellus. 10. Inferior gemellus. 11. Quadratus
femoris. 12. Semi-tendinosus. 13. Upper portion of long
head of biceps. 14. Adductor magnus. 15. Gracilis. 16.
Vastus externus.
Pectineus and Adductor
LONGUS.
. Femur. 2. Ilium. 3. Pubis.
4. Pectineus. 5. Adductor
longus. 6. Lower portion of
adductor magnus. 7. Ten-
don of rectus femoris. 8. 8.
Orifices for vessels, g. Ori-
fices for femoral vessels.
Adductor Brevis and
Adductor Magnus.
I. Femur. 2. Ilium. 3. Pubis.
4. Obturator externus. 5.
Upper portion of adductor
magnus. 6. Upper portion of
adductor brevis. 7. Inferior
portion of adductor brevis.
8. Middle portion of adductor
magnus. 9. Inferior portion.
10. Tendon of insertion into
internal condyle of femur.
11. Orifice for femoral vessels.
12. Orifice for internal cir-
cumflex artery and veins.
MUSCLES
811
MUSCLES
TABLE OF MUSCLES.— Conimtied.
Name.
Origin.
Insertion.
Innervation.
Function.
Kerato-glossus.
Those fibers of the hyo-
glossus that arise from
the greater cornu of the
hyoid bone. See Hyo-
glossus.
Kerato-thyroid (anomal-
ous).
Lower border of cricoid
cartilage.
Inferior cornu of thyroid
cartilage.
Kissing.
See Orbicularis oris.
Laryngo-pharyngeus.
See Co7istrictor of
•pharynx , inferior.
Lateralis abdominis.
See Accessory abdominal
oblique.
Latissimus dorsi.
Spines of 6 lower dorsal
and lumbar and sacral
vertebrae, crest of ilium,
and 3 or 4 lower ribs.
Bicipital groove of
humerus.
Long subscapular.
Draws arm backward
and downward and
rotates it inward.
Laxator tympani major.
Spinous process sphenoid
and Eustachian tube.
Neck of malleus.
Facial.
Relaxes membrana tym-
pani.
Levator anguli oris.
Canine fossa of superior
maxillary bone.
Angle of mouth.
Facial, infraorbital
branch.
Elevates angle of mouth.
Levator anguli scapulse.
Transverse processes of
four upper cervical vert.
Posterior border of
scapula.
Fifth cervical and cer-
vical plexus.
Elevates upper angle of
scapula.
Levator ani.
Posterior portion of body
and ramus of pubes, pel-
vic fascia, ischial spine.
Rectum, coccyx, and
fibrous raphe.
Sacral and perineal.
Supports rectum and
vagina.
Levator claviculse (an-
omalous).
Transverse processes first
and second cervical ver-
tebrae.
Outer half of clavicle.
Levator glandules thy-
roidea (anomalous).
Isthmus or pyramidal pro-
cess of thyroid body.
Anterior surface of body
of hyoid.
Levator labii inferioris.
Incisive fossa of inferior
maxillary bone.
Skin of lower lip.
Facial, supra-maxil-
lary branch.
Elevates lower lip.
Levator labii superioris.
Lower margin of orbit.
Upper lip.
Facial, infraorbital
branch.
Elevates upper lip.
Levator labii superioris
alaeque nasi.
Nasal process of superior
maxillary bone.
Alar cartilage and upper
lip.
Facial, infraorbital
branch.
Elevates upper lip, di-
lates nostril.
Levator menti.
See Levator labii inferio
ris.
Levator palati.
Petrous portion of tempo-
ral bone.
Soft palate.
Spheno-palatine gan-
glion (facial).
Elevates soft palate.
Levator palpebrse sup.
Lesser wing of sphenoid.
Upper tarsal cartilage.
Third.
Lifts upper lid.
Levator pharyngis.
See Stylo-pharyngeus.
Levator prostatse.
A name given to the ante-
rior portion of the leva-
tor ani muscle.
Levator thyroidese (an-
omalous).
Hyoid bone.
Left lateral lobe of thy-
roid body.
Levatores costarura, 12.
Transv. proc. of last cer-
vical and dorsal vertebrae
Each to the rib below.
Intercostal.
Raise ribs.
Lingualis.
Under surface of tongue.
Chorda tympani and
hypoglossal.
Elevates middle of
tongue.
Longissimus dorsi.
Erector spinae.
Transverse processes of
lumbarand dorsal ver-
tebrae and yth-i ith ribs.
Branches of lumbar
and dorsal.
Erects spine and bends
trunk backward.
Longus colli:—
1. Superior oblique
portion.
2. Inferior oblique por-
tion.
3- Vertical portion.
Transverse processes 3d-
5th cervical.
Bodies of ist-3d dorsal.
Bodies of three dorsal and
two cervical.
.Anterior tubercle of
atlas.
Transverse processes
5th-6th cervical.
Bodies of 2d-4th cervi-
cal.
Lower cervical.
Flexes cervical verte-
brae.
Lumbricales, 4, of foot.
Tendons of flexor longus
digitorum.
First phalanges of the
lesser toes.
Internal and external
plantar.
Accessory flexors.
MUSCLES
812
MUSCLES
Short Head of Biceps and Semi-
membranosus.
I. Attachment to ischium of long head
of biceps and semitendinosus. 2.
Semimembranosus. 3. Its superior
tendon. 4. Its inferior tendon. 5.
Middle portion of tendon. 6. Its
anterior portion. 7. Its posterior por-
tion. 8. Section of long head of
biceps. 9. Its short head. 10. Its
attachment to head of fibula. 11, ii,
II. Adductor magnus. 12, 12. Ori-
fices for passage of perforating arter-
ies and veins. 13. Vastus exterrius.
14. 14. Insertion of gluteus maximus.
15. Divided expansion of tendon of
this muscle, continuous with the
aponeurosis of the vastus externus.
16. Attachment of quadratus femoris.
17. Tendon of obturator externus.
18. Attachment of gluteus medius.
19. Obturator internus. 20. Tendon
of pyramidalis. 21. Gluteus mini-
mus. 22. Divided inner head of gas-
trocnemius. 23. Outer head. 24.
Plantaris. 25. Popliteus. 26. Soleus.
27. Fibrous ring for artery, vein and
nerve.
Muscles of Anterior Aspect of
Thigh.
[. Iliacus. 2. Psoas magnus. 3. Ten-
sor vaginae femoris. 4. Fibrous band
by which this muscle is attached to
external tuberosity of tibia. 5. Sar-
torius. 6. Rectus femoris. 7. Vastus
externus. 8. Vastus internus. 9.
Gracilis. 10. Adductor longus. 11.
Pectineus.
Long Head of Biceps and Semi-
tendinosus.
. Long head of biceps. 2. Common
tendon of long head of biceps and
semitendinosus. 3. Inferior tendon
of biceps. 4. Semitendinosus. 5.
Its tendon. 6, 6. Its tendinous ex-
pansions, continuous with aponeuro-
sis of leg. 7. Semimembranosus.
8. Its inferior tendon. 9. Gracilis.
10. Its tendon. 11. Sartorius. 12.
Vastus externus. 13. Femoral attach-
ment of gluteus maximus. 14. Inser-
tion of gluteus medius. 15. Gluteus
minimus. 16. Tendon of pyrifor-
mis. 17. Obturator internus. 18.
Quadratus femoris. 19. Inner head
of gastrocnemius. 20. Outer head
of gastrocnemius. 21. Plantaris. 22-
Popliteal aponeurosis.
J
MUSCLES
813
MUSCLES
TABLE OF U\]?>CL'E?,.—Contimted.
Name.
Origin.
Insertion.
Innervation.
Function.
Lumbricales,4, of hand.
Tendons of flexor profun-
dus digitoruni.
Tendons of common ex-
tensor.
Median and ulnar.
Flex first phalanges.
Masseter.
Zygomatic arch.
Angle and ramus of jaw.
Inferior maxillary.
Muscle of mastication.
Mento-hyoideus {anom-
dlotis) t
Body of hyoid bone.
Symphysis of chin,
superficial to mylo-hy-
oid muscle.
Merkel's.
See Kerato-cricoid.
Midriff.
See Diaphragm.
Muller's.
See Ciliary.
Miiller's (orbital).
Connected with the orbi-
tal periosteum ' it crosses
the spheno-maxillary fis-
sure.
Sympathetic.
pebral).
Connected with the lev2.~
tor palpebrae superioris.
Along the upper border
of the tarsus.
Sympathetic.
Helps raise upper lid.
Multifidus spinse.
Sacrum, iliac spine, artic-
ular processes lumbar
and cervical vertebrae,
and transverse proc. of
dorsal and yth cervical.
Laminae and spines from
last lumbar to second
cervical vertebrae.
Posterior spinal bran-
ches.
Erects and rotates spinal
column.
Musculus access o r i u s
ad sacro-Iumbalem.
An^^les of six lower ribs.
Angles of six upper ribs.
Branches of dorsal.
Erects spine and bends
trunk backward.
Mylo-glossus (anoma-
lous).
Angle of lower jaw, or
stylo-maxillary ligament.
Side of tongue between
stylo-glossus and hyo-
glossus.
Mylo-hyoid.
Mylo-hyoid ridge of infe-
rior maxillary bone.
Body of hyoid and
Inferior dental.
Elevates and advances
hvoid. Forms the floor
of the mouth.
Naso-labialis.
Nasal septum.
TTTinpr \\t\
Obliquus auris.
Concha of ear.
Fossa of anti-helix.
Temporal and pos-
tAfirif Q n tn n I Q f
Obliquus capitis infe-
rioris.
Spinous process of axis.
Transverse process of
atlas.
Sub-occipital and
great occipital.
Rotates atlas and crani-
um.
Obliquus capitis supe-
fioris.
Transverse process of
atlas.
Occipital bone.
Sub-occipital and
great occipital.
Draws head backward.
Obliquus exteriius.
Eight lower ribs.
Middle line, iliac crest,
Poupart's ligament.
Intercostal, ilio-hypo-
gastric, ilio-inguinal.
Compresses viscera and
flexes thorax.
Obliquus inferioris.
Orbital plate of superior
maxillary bone.
Sclerotic.
Third.
Rotates eyeball upward
and outward.
Obliquus internus.
Lumbar fascia, iliac crest,
l^oupart s ligament.
Three lower ribs, linea
alba, pubic crest, pec-
tineal line.
Intercostal, ilio-hypo-
gastric, ilio-inguinal.
Compresses viscera,
flexes thorax* and as-
sists in expiration.
Obliquus superior.
Above optic f o r a m en,
through pulley.
Sclerotic.
r (JUI Lll.
Rotates eyeball down-
ward and inward.
Obturator externus.
Obturator foramen and
membrane.
Digital fossa, base of
great trochanter.
Obturator.
External rotator of
thigh.
Obturator internus.
Obturator foramen and
membrane.
Great trochanter.
Sacral.
External rotator of
thigh.
Occipitalis.
See Occipito-frontalis.
Occipitalis minor (an-
OtHClIoztS) .
Fascia over upper end of
trapezius.
Fascia over upper end
of sterno-mastoid.
Small occipital.
Occipito-frontalis.
Superior curved line of
occiput and angular pro-
cess of frontal.
Aponeurosis.
Posterior auricular,
small occipital, facial.
Moves scalp. Facial ex-
pression.
Occipito-hyoid (anomal-
ous).
Mastoid process and ad-
jacent portion of superior
oblique line of occiput.
Hyoid bone near in-
sertion of posterior
belly of digastric.
Occipito-p haryngeus
(anomalous).
Basilar process of occiput.
Constrictor of pharynx.
MUSCLES
814
MUSCLES
Muscles of Inner As-
pect OF Thigh. •
2. Psoas
3. Obtura-
tor internus. 4. Pyri-
formis. 5. Gluteus
raaximus. 6. Sarto-
rius. 7. Gracilis. 8.
Semitendinosus. 9.
Semimembranosus.
10. Tendon of sarto-
rius. II. Tendon of
gracilis. 12. Tendon
of semitendinosus. 13.
Its expansions. 14.
Tendon of semimem-
branosus. 15. Rectus
femoris. 16. Vastus
internus.
Short Portion of Bi-
ceps AND SeMIMEM-.
BR.ANOSUS.
I. Attachment to ischi-
um of long portion of
biceps and semitendi-
nosus. 2. Semimem-
branosus. 3. Its supe-
rior tendon. 4. Its
inferior tendon. 5.
Middle portion nf this
tendon- 6. Its ante-
rior portion. 7. Its
posterior portion. 8.
Section of long por-
tion of biceps. 9. Its
short portion. 10 Its
attachment to the
head of fibula, ii,
11,11. Adductorniag-
nus. 12, 12. Series of
perforations for the
passage of arteries
and veins. 13. Vas-
tus externus. 14, 14.
Insertion of gluteus
maximus. 15. Section
of expansion by which
the tendon of this
muscle is continuous
with the aponeurosis
of the vastus exter-
nus. 16. Attachment
of quadratus femoris.
17. Tendon of obtu-
rator externus. 18.
Attachment of glu-
teus medius. 19. Ob-
turator internus. 20.
Tendon of pyrifor-
mis. 21. Gluteus
minimus. 22. Inner
head of gastrocne-
mius. 23. Outer head.
24. Divided plantaris.
25. P o p 1 i t e u s . 26.
Soleus. 27. Tendi-
nous ring in soleus.
Muscles of
the Sole of
Fog t, Mid-
dle Layer.
I. Flexor acces-
sor i u s . 2 .
Tendon of
flexor longus
digitorum. 3.
Tendon of
flexor longus
p o 1 1 i c i s. 4.
First lumbri-
calis. 5. Ten-
don of flexor
brevis digito-
rum. 6. Flex-
or bi'evis min-
imi digiti. 7.
Inner fascicu-
lus of flexor
brevis polli-
cis. 8. Outer
fasciculus. 9.
Tuberosity of
fifth metatar-
sal bone. 10.
Fibrous
sheath of per-
oneus longus.
II . Os calcis.
Muscles of
the Sole of
Foot, Deep
Layer.
I. Os calcis. 2.
2. Fibrous
sheath of flex-
or longus pol-
licis. 3. Fi-
brous sheath
of flexor lon-
gus digitor-
um. 4. Infe-
rior calcaneo-
cuboid 1 i g a-
ment. 5. Flex-
or brevis pol-
licis. 6. Ad-
ductor polli-
cis. 7. Flexor
brevis minimi
digiti. 8.
Trans versus
pedis. 9.
Plantar inter-
o.sseous. 10
Sheath of ten-
df)n of pero-
neus longus.
e xtensor
Tendons of
Toes.
I, I. Tendon of
tibialis anti-
cus. 2,2. Ten-
don of exten-
sor proprius
pollicis. 3.
Delicate divi-
sion of this
tendon, in-
serted into
first phalanx
of great toe.
4, 4. Tendons
of extensor
longus digito-
rum. 5. Pe-
roneus t e r-
tius. 6. Its
attachment to
fifth metatar-
sal bone. 7-
Aimular liga-
m e n t. 8, 8.
Extensor
brevis digito-
rum. 9- Ad-
ductor polli-
MUSCLES
815
MUSCLES
TABLE OF mj'ffCl.Y.S.— Continued.
IN AMC..
Origin.
Insertion.
Innervation.
Function.
Occipito-scapular (cm-
omalous).
Occipital bone near sple-
nius capitis muscle.
Dorsal border of scap-
ula at base of spine.
*
Omo-hyoid.
Upper border of scapula.
Body of hyoid.
Descendens and com-
municans noni
(hypoglossi).
Depresses and retracts
hyoid.
Opponeiis hallucis (an-
omalous).
Tendon of adductor hal-
lucis muscle.
Base of metatarsal bone
of great toe.
Opponeiis minimi digiti.
Unciform bone.
Fifth metacarpal.
Ulnar.
Flexes little finger.
Opponens minimi digiti
pedis.
See Flexor brevis minimi
digiti.
Opponens pollicis.
Trapezium, anterior annu-
lar ligament.
Metacarpal bone of
thumb.
Median, palmar divi-
sion.
Flexes thumb.
Orbicularis oris.
Nasal septum and canine
fossa of inferior maxil-
la, by accessory fibers.
Forms lips and sphinc-
ter of mouth.
Facial, buccal and
supramaxillary bran-
ches.
Closes mouth.
Orbicularis palpe-
brarum.
Mesal margin of orbit.
Lateral margin of orbit.
Facial.
Closes eyelids.
Orbital. !
See Mailer's.
Orbito-palpebral.
See Palpebral, superior
(Miiller's) .
Palato-glossus.
Soft palate.
Side and dorsum of
tongue.
Spheno-palatine gan-
glion.
Constricts the fauces.
Palato-pharyngeus.
Soft palate.
Thyroid cartilage and
pharynx.
Spheno-palatine gan-
glion.
Closes posterior nares.
Palmaris brevis.
Annular ligament and
palmar fascia.
Skin of palm of hand.
Ulnar.
Corrugates skin of palm.
Palmaris interossei.
Palmar surfaces second,
fourth, and fifth meta-
carpals.
Bases of first phalanges
of corresponding fin-
gers.
Ulnar.
Adductors of fingers.
Palmaris longus.
Internal condyle.
Annular ligament and
palmar fascia.
Median.
Tenses palmar fascia.
Palpebral, superior.
See Mailer's.
Pectineus.
Ilio-pectineal line and
pubes.
Femur below lesser tro-
chanter.
Anterior c r u r al , ob-
turator.
Flexes and rotates out-
ward the thigh.
Pectoralis major.
Clavicle, sternum, and
costal cartilages.
External bicipital ridge
of humerus.
Anterior thoracic, ex-
ternal and internal.
Draws arm downward
and forward.
Pectoralis minimus.
First piece of sternum,
and cartilage of first rib.
Coracoid process.
Anterior thoracic.
Depresses point of
shoulder.
Pectoralis minor.
Third, fourth, and fifth
ribs.
Coracoid process.
Anterior thoracic.
Depresses point of
shoulder.
PpfJ npti lo 1
A thin layer of unstriped
muscular tissue forming
the frenum of the penis.
Sympathetic.
Peroneo-calcaneus i n -
ternus {ajiomalous).
Lower part of posterior
surface of fibula.
Front part, inner sur-
face of calcaneum.
Peroneo-tibialis {anom-
alous).
Inner side of head of
fibula.
Upper end of oblique
line of tibia.
Peroneus accessorius.
Fibula between peronei
longus and brevis.
With the peroneus lon-
gus.
Peroneus brevis.
Middle third of shaft of
fibula, externally.
Base of fifth metatarsal.
Musculo-cutaneous.
Extends foot.
Peroneus longus.
rleau ana srialt oi nouia.
First metatarsal of great
toe.
Musculo-cutaneous.
Extends and everts foot.
Peroneus quartus {an-
omalous).
Flexor surface of fibula
near peroneus brevis.
Ridge of cuboid or
peroneal tubercle of
calcaneum.
Peroneus quinti digiti
{anomalous).
Lower fourth of fibula.
Aponeurosis on extensor
surface of little toe.
■ Peroneus tertius.
1 Lower fourth of fibula.
Fifth metatarsal bone.
Anterior tibial.
Flexes tarsus.
1
MUSCLES
816
MUSCLES
Muscles of the Leg,
External Aspect.
I. Tibialis anticus. 2, 2.
Tendon of extensor
proprius pollicis. 3, 3.
Extensor longus digi-
torum. 4. Its tendons
for four last toes. 5. Per-
oneus tertius. 6. Its
attachment to last two
metacarpal bones. 7.
peroneus longus. 8. Its
tendon. 9. Peroneus
brevis. 10. Its tendon.
II. Outer head of gas-
t rocn em i u s. 12, 12.
Soleus. 13. Tendo
Achillis. 14. Extensor
brevis digitorum. 15,
15. Abductor minimi
digiti. 16. Rectus fem-
oris. 17- Vastus exter-
nus. 18. Its inferior
fibers. 19. Tendon of
biceps femoris. 20. Ex-
ternal lateral ligament
ofknee. 2i.Tendonof
popliteus.
15 10 1
b IS
1- 16
Muscles of External As-
pect OF Leg.
I. Tibialis anticus. 2. Extensor
longus digitorum. 3. Tendon
of extensor proprius pollicis.
4. Peroneus tertius. 5. Pero-
neus brevis. 6. Peroneus
longus. 7. Soleus. 8. Outer
head of gastrocnemius. 9.
Head of fibula. 10. Tendon
of biceps femoris. 11. Semi-
membranosus. 12. Tendon of
rectus femoris. 13. Tendo
Achillis. 14. External mal-
leolus. 15. Annular ligament.
16. Insertion of peroneus ter-
tius. 17. Insertion of pero-
neus brevis. 18. Extensor
brevis digitorum. 19. Ab-
ductor minimi digiti. 20.
Patella.
Muscles of the
Leg, Internal
Aspect.
I. Tibialis anticus. 2,
3. Its tendon. 4.
Tendons of exten-
sor communis digi-
torum. 5. Inner
head of gastrocne-
mius. 6. Its apon-
eurosis of origin.
7. Soleus. 8. Tendo
Achillis. 9. Its at-
tachment to OS cal-
cis. 10. Tendon of
plantaris. 11. Ten-
don of tibialis pos-
ticus. 12. Its attach-
ment to scaphoid
bone. 13, 14. Ten-
don of flexor lon-
gus digitorum. 15.
Tendon of flexor
longus pollicis. i5,
16. Adductor polli-
cis. 17. Vastus in-
ternus. 18. Sarto-
rius. 19. Its tendon.
20. Its expansion,
largely removed.
21. Gracilis. 22. Its
tendon. 23. Tendon
of semimembrano-
sus. 24. Tendon of
semitendinosus. 25,
25. Its fibrous ex-
pansions. 26. Com-
mon tendon of gra-
cilis and semitendi-
nosus.
Muscles OF Anterior
Aspect of Leg.
I . Tendon of rectus fem-
oris. 2. Tibia. 3.
Tibialis anticus. 4-
Extensor longus digi-
torum. 5. Extensor
proprius pollicis. 6.
Peroneus tertius. 7.
Peroneus longus. 8.
Peroneus brevis. 9
Outer head of gas-
trocnemius. 10. Inner
head. 11. Extensor
brevis digitorum. 12.
Annular ligament.
MUSCLES
817
MUSCLES
TABLE OF MUSCLES.—
Name.
Origin,
Insertion.
Innervation.
Function.
Petro-pharyngeus (an-
omalous).
Petrous portion of tem-
poral bone.
Constrictors of pharynx.
Petro-salpingo-staphyli-
nus.
See Levator palali.
Phillips'.
External superior tuber-
osity of radius, and ex-
ternal lateral ligament of
ulnar articulation.
Proximal portions of
phalanges.
Ulnar.
Pisi-uncinatus [anomal-
ous).
Pisiform bone.
Unciform process of un-
ciform bone.
Plantaris.
Outer bifurcation of linea
aspera and posterior liga-
ment of knee-joint.
Os calcis by means of
the tendo Achillis.
Internal popliteal.
Extends foot.
Plantaris interossei.
Shafts of 3d, 4th, and 5th
metatarsal bones.
Bases of first phalanges
of corresponding toes.
External plantar.
Adducts toes.
Platysma myoides.
Clavicle, acromion, and
fascia.
Inferior maxillary bone,
angle of mouth.
Facial and superficial
cervical.
Wrinkles skin and de-
presses mouth.
Popliteus.
External condyle of fe-
mur.
Shaft of tibia above ob-
lique line.
Internal popliteal.
Flexes leg.
Popliteus minor (anom-
alous).
Femur at inner side of
plantaris.
Posterior I i g a m e n t of
knee-joint.
Prerectalis (of Henle)
(anotnalous).
Recto-vesical p r 0 1 0 n g a-
tion.
Prolongation of recto-
vesical fascia into
perineum.
Sympathetic.
Presternal.
See Sternalis.
Pronator pedis.
See Flexor accessorius
longus digttorutn pedis.
Pronator quadratus.
Lower fourth of ulna.
Lower Vi, shaft of radius.
Anterior interosseous.
Pronates hand.
Pronator radii teres.
Internal condyle and coro-
noid process
Outer side of shaft of
radius.
Median.
Pronates hand.
Psoas magnus.
Bodies and transverse
processes of last dorsal
and all lumbar vertebras.
Lesser trochanter.
Lumbar.
Flexes and rotates thigh
outward, and flexes
trunk on pelvis.
j Psoas parvus.
Bodies of last dorsal and
first lumbar vertebrae.
Ilio-pectineal eminence
and iliac fascia.
Lumbar.
Flexes pelvis upon
abdomen.
Pterygoid (external).
Two heads : i, external
pterygoid plate of sphen-
oid bone ; 2, great wing.
Neck of condyle.
Inferior maxillary.
Draws inferior maxil-
lary bone forward.
Pterygoid (internal).
Pterygoid fossa of sphe-
noid bone.
Inner surface of angle
of jaw.
Inferior maxillary.
Raises and draws infe-
rior maxilla forward.
Pterygoideus propriiis
(anomalous).
Crest on great wing of
sphenoid.
Posterior border of ex-
ternal pterygoid plate,
occasionally the tuber-
osity of superior maxil-
la.
Pterygo-p haryngeus
(anomalous).
Hamular process of
sphenoid bone.
Constrictors of pharynx.
jPterygo-spinous (anom-
alous).
Alar spine of sphenoid
bone.
Posterior margin of the
external pterygoid.
Pyramidalis.
Pubes.
Linea alba.
Ilio-hypogastric.
Tenses linea alba.
i
|Pyramidalis nasi.
Occipito-frontalis.
Compressor naris.
Facial nerve, infraor-
bital branch.
Depresses eyebrow.
i'yriformis.
Front of sacrum, through
great sciatic foramen.
Great trochanter.
Sacral branch.
External rotator of
thigh.
Suadratus femoris.
Tuberosity of the ischium.
Quadrate line of femur.
First sacral and fifth
lumbar.
External rotator of
thigh.
i3uadratus lumborum.
Crest of ilium, transverse
processes of lower three
lumbar vertebrae.
Last rib, transverse pro-
cesses of upper three
lumbar vertebrse.
Upper lumbar and
twelfth thoracic.
Flexes thorax laterally.
3uadratus menti.
See Depressor labii infe
r^rus.
3uadriceps extensor
femoris.
Includes the rectus, vastus internus and externus, and crureus muscles. Their common tendon sur-
rounds the patella.
- 52
MUSCLES
818
MUSCLES
f
TABLE OF MlJSCI.ES.—Co>i(in!m/.
Namk.
Origin.
I NSERTION .
Innervation.
r U IN I JUN.
Quadrigeminus capitis.
See Sterno-cleido-mastoid
eus.
Radio-carpus.
See Flexor carpi radialis
brevis.
Rectus abdominis.
Pubic crest and fibrous
tissues in front of sym-
physis.
Cartilages of the fifth to
seventh ribs.
Intercostal, ilio-hypo-
gastric, ilio-inguinal.
Compresses viscera and
flexes thorax.
Rectus capitis anticus
major.
Transverse processes 3d-
6th cervical vertebrae.
Basilar process.
First and second cer-
vical.
Flexes head and slightly
rotates it.
Rectus capitis anticus
medius (anomalous).
Middle of anterior sur-
face of body of axis.
Basilar process of occi-
pital bone.
Rectus capitis anticus
minor.
Transverse process and
lateral mass of atlas.
Basilar process of occi-
pital bone.
First cervical.
Flexes head.
Rectus capitis lateralis.
Ventral cephalic surface
of lateral mass of atlas.
Jugular process of occi-
pital bone.
First cervical.
Flexes head laterally.
Rectus capitis posticus
major.
Spine of axis.
Inferior curved line of
occipital bone.
Sub-o c c i p i t a 1 and
great occipital.
Rotates head.
Rectus capitis posticus
minor.
Dorsal arch of atlas.
Below inferior curved
line of occipital bone.
Sub-o c c i p i t a 1 and
great occipital.
Draws head backward.
Rectus externus.
Two heads, outer margin
of optic foramen.
Sclera.
Sixth.
Rotates eyeball out-
ward.
Rectus femoris.
Anterior inferior iliac
spine, brim acetabulum.
Proximal border of
patella.
Anterior crural.
Extends leg.
Rectus inferioris.
Lower margin of optic
foramen.
Sclera.
Third.
Rotates eyeball down-
ward.
Rectus internus.
Inner margin of optic
foramen.
Sclera.
Third.
Rotates eyeball inward.
Rectus sternalis (or
sternalis) (anomalous).
Sheath of rectus abdomi-
nis.
Fascia over origin of
sterno-niastoid, or into
aponeurosis of pec-
toralis major.
Rectus superioris.
Upper margin of optic
foramen.
Sclera.
Third.
Rotates eyeball upward.
Rectus thoracis.
See Supra-costalis.
Retractores uteri.
A name sometimes given
to the sacro-uterine liga-
ments.
Retrahens aurem.
Mastoid process.
Concha.
Posterior auricular.
Retracts pinna.
Rhombo-atloid (anom-
alous).
Sixth and seventh cervi-
cal and first thoracic
spinous processes.
Transver.se process of
atlas.
Rhomboideus major.
Spines of first five thor-
acic vertebrae.
Root of spine of scapula.
Fifth cervical.
Elevates and retracts
scapula.
Rhomboideus minor.
Spines of seventh cervical
and first dorsal vertebrae.
Root of spine of scapula.
Fifth cervical.
Retracts and elevates
scapula.
Rhombo-occipital.
See Occipito-scapular.
Riolan's.
The ciliary portion of the
orbicularis palpebrarum.
Risorius.
Fascia over masseter.
Angle of mouth.
Facial, buccal branch.
Draws angle laterad.
Rotator humeri (anom-
alous).
Under surface and exter-
nal border of coracoid
process of scapula.
Neck of humerus below
lesser tuberosity.
Rotatores spinae.
Transverse processes of
from .second to twelfth
thoracic vertebrae.
Lamina of next vertebra
above.
Dorsal branches.
Rotate spinal column.
Sacro-coccygeus a n t i -
cus.
See Curvator coccygis.
Sacro-coccygeus posti-
cus.
See Extensor coccygis.
•
Sacro-lumbalis.
Erector spinae.
Angle of six lower ribs.
Branches of dorsal.
Erects spine and bends
trunk backward.
MUSCLES
819
MUSCLES
TABLE OF MUSCLES.— Con/inued.
Name.
Origin.
Insertion.
Innervation.
Function.
Salpingo-pharyngeus.
A portion of the palato-
pharyngeus, g. v.
Santorini's.
See Risorius.
Sartorius.
Anterior superior spine
of ilium.
Upper internal portion
of shaft of tibia.
Anterior crural.
Flexes and crosses legs.
Scalenus anticus.
Scalene tubercle on first
rib.
Transverse processes 3d
-6th cervical vertebrae.
Lower cervical.
Flexes neck laterally.
Scalenus medius.
First rib.
Transverse processes of
six lower cervical ver-
tebrae.
Lower cervical.
Flexes neck laterally.
Scalenus minimus (a«-
omalous).
Transverse processes of
lower cervical vertebrae.
First rib, behind sub-
clavian artery.
Scalenus posticus.
Second rib.
Transverse processes of
three lower cervical
vertebrae.
Lower cervical.
Bends neck laterally.
Scansorius.
See Accessory gluteus
minimus.
Scapulo-costalis minor.
See Sterno-chondro-scapu
lar.
Semi-membranosus.
Tuberosity of ischium.
Inner tuberosity of tibia.
Great sciatic.
Flexes leg and rotates it
inward.
Semispinalis capitis.
See Complexus.
Semispinalis colli.
Transverse processes four
upper dorsal and articu-
lar processes four lower
cervical vertebrae.
Spines of second to fifth
cervical vertebrae.
Cervical branches.
Erects spinal column.
Semispinalis dorsi.
Transverse processes 6th
to loth dorsal vertebrae.
Spines last two cervical
and first four thoracic.
Branches of dorsal.
Erects spinal column.
Semi-tendinosus.
Tuberosity of ischium.
Upper and inner surface
of tibia.
Great sciatic.
Flexes leg on thigh.
Serratus magnus.
Eight upper ribs.
Inner margin of dorsal
border of scapula.
Posterior thoracic.
Elevates ribs in inspira-
tion.
Serratus posticus infe-
rioris.
Spines of last two thoracic
and first three lumbar.
Four lower ribs.
Tenth and eleventh
intercostal.
Depresses ribs in ex-
piration.
Serratus posticus supe-
rioris.
Spines of seventh cervical
and first two thoracic
vertebrae.
Second, third, fourth,
and fifth ribs.
Second and third in-
tercostal.
Raises ribs in inspira-
tion.
Snarling.
See Levator labii supe
rioris.
Sneering.
See Levator labii supe
rioris alaquce nasi.
Soleus.
Shaft of fibula, oblique line
of tibia.
Os c a 1 c i s by tendo
Achillis.
Internal popliteal and
posterior tibial.
Extends foot.
Spheno-pharyngeus {an-
omalous).
Spine of sphenoid bone.
Constrictors of pharynx.
Spheno-s a 1 p i n g o-sta-
phylinus.
See Circuinflexus palati.
Sphincter ani, external.
Tip of coccyx.
Tendinous center of
perineum.
Perineal, pudic, and
fourth sacral.
Closes anus.
Sphincter ani, internal.
A thickening of the circu-
lar fibers of the intestine
one inch above the anus.
Hemorrhoidal nerves.
Constricts rectum.
Sphincter vaginse.
Central tendon of peri-
neum.
Corpora cavernosa and
clitoris.
Homologue of accelerator urinae in male.
Sphincter vesicae inter-
nus.
Near the urethral orifice of
the bladder.
Vesical nerves.
Constricts internal ori-
fice of urethra.
Spinalis cervicis {nor-
mal, but inconstant).
; Spines 5th, 6th, and 7th
cervical and first two
thoracic vertebrae.
Spine of axis, some-
times spines of 3d and
4th cervical vertebrae.
Spinalis colli.
Spines of fifth and sixth
cervical vertebrae.
Spine of axis, or third
and fourth cervical
spines.
Ceryical branches.
Steadies neck.
Spinalis dorsi .
Last two thoracic and first
two lumbar spines.
Remaining thoracic
spines.
Dorsal branches.
Erects spinal column.
MUSCLES
820
MUSCLES
TABLE OF MVSCLES.—Conlmuet/.
Name.
Origin.
Insertion.
Innervation.
Function.
Splenius accessorius.
See Rhombo-atloid.
Splenius capitis.
Lower two-thirds ligamen-
tura nuchae, spines of
seventh cervical and first
two thoracic vertebrae.
Outer third of middle ob-
lique line of occiput
and outer surface of
mastoid process.
Middle cervical, pos-
terior branches.
Extends head and neck
and rotates and flexes
laterally.
Splenius colli.
Spines of third to sixth
thoracic vertebras.
Dorsal t u b e r c 1 es of
transverse processes of
upper three or four
cervical vertebrae.
Posterior divisions of
lower cervical.
Extends, flexes laterally,
and rotates neck.
Stapedius.
Interior of pyramid.
Neck of stapes.
Facial.
Depresses base of stapes.
Sternalis.
See Rectus sternalis.
Sterno-chondro - scap-
ular (anomalous).
Root of coracoid process,
or cephalic border of
scapula.
Costal cartilage of first
rib, first piece of ster-
num, or both.
Sterno-clavicularis, an-
terior.
See Stemo-chondro-scapu
lar.
Sterno-cleido-mastoid.
Two heads, sternum and
clavicle.
Mastoid process and
outer half of superior
oblique line of occiput.
Spinal accessory and
cervical plexus.
Depresses and rotates
head.
Sterno-facialis (anomal-
ous).
First piece of sternum,
behind sterno-mastoid.
Fascia of subclavian tri-
angle.
Sterno-hyoid.
Sternum and clavicle.
Hyoid bone.
Descending and com-
municating branches
of the hypoglossal.
Depresses hyoid .
Sterno-scapular.
See Sterno-chondro-scapu
lar.
Sterno-thyroid.
Sternum and cartilage of
first rib.
Side of thyroid carti-
lage.
Descendens and com-
municans hypoglossi.
Depresses larynx
Stylo-auricularis.
A name given to the stylo-
glossus, when it arises
from the external audi-
tory meatus.
^t^/ln-fhrtnHTrt-VivniHpll^
(anomalous).
Styloid process.
Lesser cornu of hyoid.
Stylo-glossus.
Styloid process.
Side of tongue.
Hypoglossal.
Elevates and retracts
tongue.
Stylo-hyoid.
Styloid process.
Body of hyoid.
Facial.
Draws hyoid upward
and backward.
See Stylo-chondvo-hyoid
Stylo-hyo-t hyroideus
(anomalous).
Styloid process.
Hyoid bone and tip of
superior cornu of thy-
roid cartilage.
Stylo-inaxillaris (anom-
alous) .
The stylo~Iiyoiddis when
it extends from the sty-
loid process to the Siii^le
of the lower jaw.
Stylo-pharyngeus.
Styloid process.
Thyroid cartilage.
Glosso-pharyngeal,
and pharyngeal plex-
us.
Elevates pharynx.
Subanconeus.
Humerus above olecranon
fossa
Posterior ligament of
elbow.
Musculo-spiral.
Tensor of ligament.
Subclavius.
Cartilage of first rib.
Inferior surface of cla-
vicle.
Fifth and sixth cervi-
cal.
Draws clavicle down-
ward.
Subclavius posticus.
See Stemo-chondro-scapu
lar.
Subcostals.
See Infracostals.
Subcrureus.
Anterior distal part of
femur.
Synovial sac behind
patella.
Anterior crural.
Draws sac up.
Subscapularis.
Ental surface of scapula.
Humerus, lesser tuber-
osity, and shaft.
Subscapular.
Chief internal rotator of
humerus.
Subscapularis minor
(anomalous).
Axillary border of scapula.
C a p s u 1 e of shoulder-
joint or humerus.
Subscapulo-capsularis.
See Subscapularis minor.
MUSCLES
821
MUSCLES
TABLE OF MUSCLES.— ro«//«w<'a'.
Name.
Origin.
Insertion.
Innervation.
Function.
Supinator longus.
External condyloid ridge
of humerus.
Styloid process of radi-
us.
Musculo-spiral.
Flexes forearm.
Supinator radii brevis.
External condyle of hu-
merus, oblique line of
ulna.
Neck of radius and its
bicipital tuberosity.
Posterior interos-
seous.
Supinates hand.
Supra-clavicularis (an-
omalous).
Manubrium sterni.
Clavicle.
Supra-costalis (anomal-
ous).
First rib.
Fourth rib.
Supra ~spinal6S.
Lie on spinous processes in cervical region.
OUUI a denial U3.
Supra-spinous fossa.
Great tuberosity of hu-
merus.
Supra-scapular.
Supports shoulder-joint,
raises arm.
Tailors'.
See Sartorius.
Temporal.
Temporal fossa and fascia.
Coronoid process of
mandible.
Inferior maxillary.
Closes mandible.
Temporalis minor (an-
omalous).
Interarticular fibro-carti-
lages of mandible, front
and back borders.
Bottom of sigmoid notch
of lower jaw.
Tensor fasciae colli.
See Stemo-facialis.
Tensor fasciae plantaris
(anomalous).
Plantaris.
Plantar fascia.
Tensor palati.
Scaphoid fossa and alar
spine of sphenoid.
About hamular process
into soft palate.
Otic ganglion.
Renders palate tense.
Tensor tarsi.
Crest of lacrymal bone.
Tarsal cartilages.
Facial, infraorbital
branch.
Compresses puncta and
lacrymal sac.
Tensor trochleae (anom-
alous).
Levator palpebrae.
Trochlea.
Tensor tympani.
Temporal bone, Eusta-
chian tube and canal,
sphenoid bone.
Handle of malleus.
Otic ganglion.
Renders tense the mem-
brana tympani.
Tensor vaginae femoris.
Iliac crest and anterior
superior spinous process.
Fascia lata.
Superior gluteal.
Tensor of fascia.
Teres major.
Inferior angle of scapula.
Internal bicipital ridge
of humerus.
Subscapular.
Draws arm downward
and backward.
Teres minor.
Axillary border of scapu-
la.
Great tuberosity of hu-
merus.
Circumflex.
Rotates humerus out-
ward and adducts it.
Thyro-arytenoideus.
Thyroid cartilage and cri-
co-thyroid membrane.
Arytenoid, inferior and
anterior surface.
Recurrent laryngeal.
Relaxes vocal bands.
|Thyro-epiglottideus.
Inner surface of thyroid
cartilage.
Epiglottis and aryteno-
epiglottidean fold.
Recurrent laryngeal.
Depresses epiglottis.
[Thyro-hyoid.
Side of thyroid cartilage.
Body and greater cornu
of hyoid bone.
Hypoglossal.
Elevates larynx.
'■ '
1 luialis anticus.
Outer tuberosity and up-
per part of shaft of tibia.
Internal cuneiform and
first metatarsal bone.
Anterior tibial.
Flexes tarsus and ele-
vates inner border of
foot.
Tibialis posticus.
Shaft of fibula and tibia,
interosseous membrane.
Tuberosity of scaphoid,
internal cuneiform, and
bases of second to
fourth metatarsal.
Posterior tibial.
Extends tarsus and in-
verts foot.
Tibialis secundus (an-
omalous).
Back of tibia below flexor
digitorum longus.
Posterior part of cap-
sule of ankle-joint, or
annular ligament.
[Tibio-accessorius.
See Flexor accessorius
longus digitorum pedis.
Tibio-astragalus anticus
(anomalous).
Tibia and interosseous
membrane behind tibia-
lis anticus.
Neck of astragalus.
Tibio-fascialis anticus
(anomalous).
Lower third of anterior
border of tibia.
Annular ligament and
deep fascia.
Trachealis.
A transverse layer of un-
striped muscular fibers
at the dorsal part of
the trachea.
Sympathetic.
^1
MUSCLES 822 MUSCLES
TABLE OF M^JSCUES.— Continued.
Name.
Origin.
Insertion.
Innervation.
Function.
Trachelo-mastoid.
Transverse processes of
3d- 6th thoracic, and ar-
ticular processes of last
3 or 4 cervical vertebras.
Mastoid process.
Branches of cervical.
Steadies head.
Tragicus.
Tragus.
Tragus.
Temporal and poste-
rior auricular.
Transversalis abdomi-
nis.
Poupart's ligament, iliac
crest, six lower ribs,
lumbar vertebrae.
Linea alba, pubic crest,
pectineal line.
Intercostal, ilio-hypo-
gastric, ilio-inguinal.
Compresses viscera and
flexes thorax.
Transversalis cervicis
anticus (anomalous).
Anterior tubercles of
transverse processes of
the four lower cervical
vertebrae.
Base of transverse pro-
cess of atlas and body
of axis.
Transversalis cervicis
medius (anomalous).
Transverse processes of
second, third, and fourth
cervical vertebrae-
Sixth and seventh cer-
vical transverse pro-
cesses.
Transversalis colli.
Transverse processes of
third to sixth thoracic
vertebras.
Transverse processes of
five lower cervical ver-
tebrae.
Cervical branches.
Keeps neck erect.
Transversus auris.
Convexity of concha.
Convexity over groove
of helix.
Retracts helix.
Temporal and posterior
auricular.
Transversus menti (an-
omalous).
Inner border of depressor
anguli oris.
Corresponding part of
opposite side of chin.
Transversus nuchae (an-
omalous).
External occipital protu-
berance.
Aponeurosis of sterno-
mastoid.
Transversus orbitse (att-
omalous).
Orbital plate of ethmoid.
Lateral wall of orbit.
Transversus pedis.
Head 5th metatarsal and
plantar ligaments of meta-
tarso-phalangeal joints.
First phalanx of great
toe.
External plantar.
Adducts great toe.
Transversus pedis,
superficial (anomalous).
Bases of first phalanges
of 2d, 3d, and 5th toes.
Base of first phalanx of
great toe.
Transversus perinei.
Ramus of ischium.
Central tendon.
Perineal.
Tensor of central tendon.
Transversus perinei,
deep.
See Compressor jirethrcs.
Trapezius.
Superior curved line of
occipital botie, spinous
processes of last cervical
and all the dorsal verte-
bras.
Clavicle and spine of
scapula, and acro-
mion.
Spinal accessory and
cervical plexus.
Draws head backward.
Triangularis menti.
See Depressor anguli oris.
Triangularis sterni.
Ensiform cartilage, costal
cartilages of 3 or 4 lower
true ribs, and sternum.
Border of inner surfaces
2d, 3d, 4th, and 5th
costal cartilages.
Intercostal.
Expiration.
Triceps (3 heads) exten-
sor cubiti.
External ^nA internaln^zx
musculo-spiral groove,
shaft of humerus ; middle
or long, lower margin
of glenoid cavity.
Olecranon process of
ulna.
Musculo-spiral.
Extends forearm.
Triticeo-glossus (anom-
alous).
Cartilago-triticea in the
thyro-hyoid ligament.
Side of tongue.
Ulnaris quinti (anomal-
ous).
Prolongation of tendon of
extensor carpi ulnaris to
ist phalanx of little finger.
Ulno-carpus (anomal-
ous).
Lower surface of ulna.
Annular ligament or one
of the carpal bones.
Vastus externus.
Anterior border great tro-
chanter and linea aspera.
Tuberosity of tibia.
Anterior crural.
Vastus internus and
crureus.
Inner lip of linea aspera of
femur.
Tuberosity of tibia.
Anterior crural.
Extends leg.
Vesico-pubic.
Urachus.
Back of pubic bones.
Compresses vesical
wall.
Sympathetic.
Wilson's.
A portion of the constric-
tor urethrae, q. v.
Zygomaticus major et
mmor.
Malar bone.
Angle of mouth.
Facial, infraorbital
branch.
Elevates lip outward.
J
MUSCULAR
823
MUST
Muscular [inns' -ku-ler) \_mitscularis, of a muscle].
Pertaining to, resembling, composed of, or having
well-developed, muscles. M. Fiber, a fiber of mus-
cular tissue. It exists in two varieties, striped and
unstriped, the latter being associated with involuntary,
the former with voluntary motion. M. Force, the
energy produced in muscular motion. It is thought
to be derived from the oxidation of the fats or carbo-
hydrates of muscular tissue. M. Hypertrophy. See
Paralysis, Psetido-hypcrtrophic. M. Motion, the
phenomena attending a self-produced change of position
of the body or of any of its parts. It includes voluntary,
involuntary, and mixed movements. See Motion.
M. Plate. Same as Muscle-plate. M. Rheumatism,
rheumatism affecting the muscles. Synonym of
Myalgia. M. Sensations, the feelings that accom-
pany the action of muscles. M. Sense, the sense of
motion, weight, and position upon which the adjust-
ment of the body to its surroundings depends. Sen-
sory-nerve fibrils probably exist in muscles that con-
vey these sensations. The capacity of experiencing
muscular sensations. M. System, all the muscles of
the body correlated. The totality of the muscular
tissue of the body. M. Tissue, the substance of mus-
cle ; this appears in two principal varieties — the striped,
striated, or voluntary, and the unstriped, non-striated,
or involuntary. The striped muscular tissue is com-
posed of muscle-fibers, the unstriped of elongated, spin-
dle-shaped cells. A muscle-fiber consists : (i) of sar-
colemma; (2) of muscle-nuclei; (3) of muscle-sub-
stance. The sarcolemma is an elastic, homogeneous
connective-tissue sheath which lightly invests the
muscle-fiber. The nuclei are fusiform in shape, are
situated immediately beneath the sarcolemma, and run
parallel with the axis of the fiber. The muscle-fiber
itself consists of two substances — a dark, doubly
refracting, or anisotropic contractile substance, and a
lighter, semi-fluid, isotropic substance termed sarco-
plas7n. The contractile substance consists of delicate
spindles, the apposition of whose thicker portions
produces the dark transverse disc. The spindles
terminate in minute beads, the juxtaposition of which
gives rise to the intermediate disc or membrane of
Krause. The neutral sarcoplasm fills out the spaces
left between the spindles, and, as ordinarily the taper-
ing ends of the spindles are too delicate to be seen, the
space between the intermediate and transverse discs —
the lateral disc — looks homogeneous. The contractile
fibrillfe into which the contractile substance is divided,
formed by the end-to-end union of the spindles, is
aggregated into bundles — the muscle-columns — sur-
rounded by a layer of sarcolemma. On transverse sec-
tion these muscle-columns give rise to the appearance
known as Cohnhei??i' s fields. The muscle-fibers are
held together by delicate areolar tissue, the endo-
mysitim. Several grouped together form a primary
bundle. Primary bundles are surrounded by a sheath
termed the endomysium. Fasciculi are aggregations
of primary bundles, and are the units of which the com-
plete muscle is composed, the latter being surrounded
by the endomysium. M. Tumor. See Mvama.
Muscularis {inus-ku-la' -ris) \_musculiis, a muscle]. The
muscular coat of an organ. M. mucosae, the layer
of unstriped muscular tissue separating the mucosa (of
mucous membranes) from the submucosa.
Muscularity {mus-ku-lar' -it-c) {inusculus, a muscle].
The qualrty of being muscular.
Musculation [inus-k u-la' -shun) \_miisculus , a muscle].
The muscular endowment of the body or a part; also
the action of the muscles of the body.
Musculature {mus' -ku-la-tCir) {inusculus, muscle].
The muscular system of the body, an organ, or part.
Musculi [mus'-ku-li) [L.]. Plural of musculus, a
muscle. M. codonoides, the middle bell-muscles of
a medusa. M. papillaris. See Muscles, Papillary.
M. pectinati \_pecten, a comb], small, muscular
columns traversing the inner surface of the appendix
auricula; and the adjoining portion of the wall of the
auricle. M. proboscidalis, the proboscidal muscles
of the Medusae.
Musculin (mus'-ku-lin) \jnusculus, a muscle]. Ex-
tract of muscle-tissue. See Organotherapy.
Musculinteger [mus-ku-lin' -te-jer) {musculus , muscle ;
integer, whole]. A combination of several muscles
functionally connected and acting as a single mus-
cle.
Musculo- [mus' -ku-lo) \_musculus, a muscle]. A pre-
fix to denote connection with or relation to muscular
tissue. M. -aponeurotic, composed of muscle and of
fibrous connective tissue in the form of a membrane.
M. -cutaneous. See A^en>es, Table of. M. -mem-
branous, membranous and muscular in character.
M. -phrenic, pertaining to the muscular portion of the
diaphragm; as the musculo-phrenic artery. S&t Arte-
ries, Table of. M.- spiral. See Nerves, Table of.
Musculous [mus'-ku-his) {musculus, muscle]. Con-
taining or composed of muscle-fibers.
Musculus [mus'-hu-lus). See A/uscle.
Muscus [mus'-kus) {'L.']. Moss; lichen.
Musenin [mus' -en-in). See Moussenin.
Museum [mu-ze'-um) {Movaa, amuse]. Formerly, any
library or place devoted to the arts and sciences, be-
cause these were supposed to be presided over by the
Muses. Any systematic collection of objects of^
nature or of art.
Mush. A thick porridge, or boiled pudding, usually
of maize meal, used as an article of diet, and also
as a poultice.
Mushroom [mush' -rum). See Agaric and Fungus.
Musicians' Cramp. See Cramp.
Musicomania [mu-zik-o-ma' -ne-ah) {jiovaiKij, music;
fiavia, mania]. Monomania for, or insane devotion
to, music.
Musicotherapy [mu-zik-o-thcr' -ap-e) {finvainii, music ;
OepaTreta, treatment]. The use of music in the treat-
ment of disease, chiefly mental and nervous diseases,
and in convalescence.
Musk [ME., mush, musk]. See Moschtis. M. Root.
See Sumbul.
Muskardine [nnis' -har-din) {F. miiscardine, the name
of a fungus]. A disease very destructive to silk-
worms in Europe during the early part of the 19th
century, practically disappearing among cultivated
worms after 1855 ; it was caused by the fungus
Botrytis bassiana, popularly called Muskardine .
Muskeg Moss (;«/«''-/f'('_<'') [Chippewa, wn'^/^ty, swamp].
A plant of the Northwestern United States, recom-
mended as a cheap and excellent absorbent material
for surgical dressings. Under this name various
species of Sphagnum and Hvdnum are confounded.
Musomania [mu-zo-ma'-ne-ah). See Musicomania.
M ussanin [mus'-an-m). See Moussenin.
Mussel-poisoning [mus'-l-poiz'-n-ing). The toxic
effects in man sometimes resulting from eating mus-
sels, especially the Mytilus edulis. See Mytiloto.icin,
and Poisons, Table of.
Mussitation [mus-it-a'-shun) {mussitatio ; mussitare,
to mutter]. The muttering frequently observed in
severe illness, consisting of the movement of the lips
without the production of articulate speech.
Must [wz/j-Z^OT, new wine]. The juice freshly expressed
from grapes by a mechanical process. This must is
submitted to the process of spontaneous fermentation,
following exposure to the air.
MUSTACHE
824
MYCODESMOIDS
Mustache, Moustache [mus-tas/i') [Fr. , from /ihara^,
mustache] . The beard worn on the upper lip of men.
Mustard (jmis'-tcra) [ME., mustarde, mustard]. See
Sinapis. M.-bath. ^eeBath. M. -plaster, a power-
ful counter-irritant plaster, usually made of equal parts
of ground mustard and linseed meal. See Sinapis.
M. -poultice. Same as M. plaster.
Mutacisrn [i/m' - tas - izni) \_/iVTaKiafi6(;, mutacism].
Mytacism ; faulty speech ; utterance characterized by
the too frequent use of the m sound, and its substitu-
tion for other sounds.
Mutant (jHu'-tant) \_mutai-e, to change]. In biology,
applied to any upright part the tip of which is bent
over.
\A\x\.3A\OTi{^inii-ta' -sJmn) to change]. Change;
in obstetrics, a pronounced change in the presentation
of the fetus.
Mute {iiult) \^i/tufus, dumb]. Dumb. Unable to use
articulate speech.
Muticous {)iiu' -tik-us) \_iniitiais, curtailed]. In biology,
unarmed ; not provided with a spine, spur, or claw ;
the autonym of mucronate, cuspidate, aristate, unguicii-
late, calcarate, dentate.
Mutilation [mii-til-a'-shiin] \iniitilatio ; inutilare, to
cut]. The act of being cut or disfigured. Also, the
condition of the parts remaining after the excision or
amputation of a member or part.
Mutinus (iiiu-tin' -us) [L.]. An old name for penis.
Mutisia {>7m-tiz' -e-ah) [after Jose Celestino Alutis, a S.
American botanist]. The seeds of M. vitiiefolia, a
composite-flowered plant native to Andean regions.
Among the natives it has reputed qualities as a cardiac
tonic, and is also used in various affections of the
respiratory organs. Unof.
Mutisin [mu' -tis-in) [after J. C. Mutis, a S. A. botan-
ist]. The active principle of Mutisia vicicefolia.
Mutism (inu'-tizm) \_iiiHtiis, dumb]. Dumbness. See
Jihititas.
Mutitas {mii'-tit-as) \_i/tutiis, mute]. Dumbness. M.
atonica, dumbness arising from disorder of the
nerves of the tongue. M. organica, that from loss of
the tongue. M. pathematica, dumbness caused by
fright or passion. M. spasmodica, spasmodic dumb-
ness. M. surdorum, dumbness consequent upon con-
genital deafness.
Mutton (tjiuf -n) \_iitontoniis, a sheep]. The flesh of
sheep.
Mutualism (tnu'-c/iit-al-iz;?i)\_!>nif!ius, redi-procaV]. A
form of commensalism ; the living together of two
organisms of different species for the sake of the
advantage that each one derives from the presence of
the other. See Symbiosis.
Mutualist [mil' -c/ni-al-isf) \jnutiiiis, reciprocal]. An
organism living with another in a state of mutualism.
Muzzle {muz' -I) [ME., muzle, muzzle]. The pro-
jecting jaws and nose of an animal ; a snout.
Muzzling {i?iiiz' -tini:;). Same as Iiifibulation.
Myalgia {nii-al' -je-ali) [/^i)?, muscle ; akyoq, pain].
Any pain of the muscles ; muscular rheumatism. M.
rheumatica. Synonym of Alyalgia or Muscular
Rheutnatisin.
Myalgic (;«?'-(;■/'-;//?■) [//jir, muscle ; a/lyof, pain]. Per-
taining to or affected with myalgia.
Myameba [mi-am-e' -bah) [//?/f. muscle; atnceba, a
unicellular organism]. In biology, a muscle-cell
regarded as an organism. Neurameba, Osteameba.
Myasis (mi-a'-sis). See Myiasis.
Myasthenia [mi-as-the'-ne-a/i) [/^t'C, muscle ; aaBeveia,
weakness]. Muscular debility.
Myasthenic (ini-as-tJien' -ik) [//)'<", muscle ; aadeveia,
weakness]. Characterized by myasthenia.
Mycele [mi-sel'). Same as Mycelium.
Mycelial (mi-se'-le-al) \_iivK.Tjg, fungus; ^/'lOf, nail,
wart]. Pertaining to mycelium.
Mycelium [mi-se' -le-um) \_(ivKt]g, a fungus ; ^Aof, nail,
wart, excrescence]. In biology, a collective term
for the vegetative hyphse of fungi, usually forming
interwoven masses.
Mycetes (mi-se' -tez) [/v/'/c^/f, fungus]. The fungi.
Mycetogenesis (ini-set-o-jen' -es-is) \_fivKr]^, fungus ;
yiviaii;, genesis]. Development of fungi.
Mycetogenetic (mi-set-o-Jen-et'-ii) \_fivKijg : pL, fivKereQ,
a fungus ; yfi^z/ff/f, genesis]. Produced or caused by
the growth of fungi.
Mycetogenous [mi-set-oj' -en-us) [_iLivK7/c, a fungus :
yevi/c, producing]. Same as Mycetogenetic.
Mycetography [mi-set-og' -ra-fe). Synonym oi Mycol-
ogy-
Mycetoid [mi' -set-aid^ [/ii/c^f, fungus ; u6oq, like].
Resembling a fungus.
Mycetology {mi-set-oF -o-je') \jLVKri^, a fungus ; /Idjof,
science]. Same as Mycology.
Mycetoma [mi-set-o' -mak). See Fungus Foot.
Mycetophagous [mi-set-off'' -ag-us) \_fihKriq, a fungus ;
(payilv, eat]. In biology, feeding upon fungi ; fungiv-
orous.
Mycetozoa (ttii-sei-o-zo' -ali) \jivKr)(;, fungus ; (wov,
animal]. A group of fungus-like saprophytic organ-
isms, the slime-fungi or slime-molds. Most naturalists
class them as fungi or as plant-growths of low type ;
but by E. R. Lankester and his followers they are
grouped with the protozoa or lowest animal fonns ;
while according to a third view they are reckoned as
protists or living organisms not decisively classifiable
as either plants or animals.
Mycetozoic [tni-set-o-zo' -ik) \_/iivKT/c, fungus ; Cfwv,
animal]. Of the nature of a slime-fungus or myceto-
zoon.
Mycetozoon [mi-set-o-zo'-on) [//I'/cW) fungus; CCiov,
animal]. Any organism belonging to the class my-
cetozoa.
Mychmus, Mychthismus [mik'-miis, ??!ik-thiz'-mtts)
{_fjvx/i6g, fivxSiofjoc, from fw^Eiv, to moan]. Sighing.
Mycocellulose (mi-io-sel'-it-ldz) [_/ivki/c, fungus; cclhda,
a little cell]. Eungin ; a variety of cellulose forming
the basis of Fungi. See Fungin.
Mycoderm [mi'-ko-dei'm) [/ii'/iof, mucus; f5f'p//a, skin].
The mucous membrane.
Mycoderma [mi-ko-der'-mah) [_fivKTjc, fungus; Sipfia,
skin]. A genus of fungi forming like a membrane
upon or in fermenting liquors. M. aceti, the micro-
organism of acetous fermentation, constituting the
mother of vinegar. M. albicans, Saccharomyces
albicans, q. v. M. of Beer, acetic skin ; a pellicle
composed of fungi found on the surface of beer and
other liquids deficient in fruit acids. M. sacchari
and M. vini, alcoholic ferments. See under Bac-
tei'ia, .Synonyinatic Table of.
Mycodermis [tni-ko-der' -mis') [//i''/i;vf , fungus ; &kpjia,
skin]. A genus of microbic or fungoid organisms,
species of which have been reported as found in the
squamK of certain skin-diseases, especially favus.
Mycodermitis [mi-ho-der-mi'-tis) [/iiiKof, mucus ; 6ipiia,,
skin; <r/t", inflammation]. 'Inilammation of a mucous
surface.
Mycodermosphacelus ( mi - ko - der - mo - sfas'- el- us )
[///'A'jf, mucus; 6ip/Lia, skin; (r(j)dKe?Mg, gangrene].
A gangrenous affection of the mucous membrane of
any part.
Mycodesmoids - ho - dez'- maids) l/ji'K/jC, fungus ;
i^iojLtr/, a bundle ; fWof, like]. A disease of horses
characterized by circumscribed growths in the con-
nective tissue. See Micrococcus botryogenus, Rabe,
under Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of.
MYCODIARRHEA
825
MYDRIASIS
Mycodiarrhea (jni-ko-di-ar-e' -ali) \jihiioq, fungus ; &ia,
through; po/a, a flow]. I. A mycotic diarrhea. 2.
A mucous diarrhea.
Mycodysenteria (^ini-ko-dis-en-te' -re-ah) [//iOh-of, mucus ;
6vmvr£pia, dysentery]. Catarrhal dysentery.
Mycodyspnea {jni-ko-disp-ne' -ah) [//wKOf, mucus; <5i)f-,
difficult ; TTvhii', to breathe]. Dyspnea due to accu-
mulations of mucus in the air-passages.
Mycogastritis (mi - ko - gas - tri' - /is) \_fivKn<;, mucus ;
yarsriij), stomach; /rif, inflammation]. Catarrhal gas-
tritis.
Mycography (ini-kog'-ra-fe'). Synonym of Alvcology.
Mycohemia (mi-ko-hem' -e-aJi) [jui)K//i;, fungus ; a't/ua,
blood]. A generic name for affections caused by tlve
presence of microorganisms in the blood.
Mycoid [jni'-koid) fungus ; f«5yf, form]. Re-
sembling, or appearing like, a fungus ; fungoid.
Mycology (i)ii-kol'-o-je) \_ni'K7i(;, a fungus; Adyof, sci-
ence]. In biology, the science of fungi.
Mycomycetes (mi-ko-rni-se' -tez) \_iihKiii;, fungus]. Fungi
reproducing by oospores or zygospores.
Myconostoc \_mi-ko-iios'-tok) [///'/c;;f, fungus; nostofl^.
A genus of schizomycetes. M. gregarium, a species
of microorganisms arranged in interlacing threads
and surrounded by a gelatinous capsule ; it is probably
identical with Ciadothrix dichotoina. See Bacteria,
Synonyinatic Table of.
Mycophagy [ini-koff' -aj-e) \_fj.viajr, a fungus; (pay'ia,
from (paynv, to eat]. In biology, the eating of fungi.
Mycophlyzacium (nii-ko-Jiiz-a' -se-itm) \jLvm^, mucus ;
(pXv^aKtov, a small blister]. A blister or pustule upon
a mucous surface.
Mycophthalmia {ini-koff-thal' -me-ah) \_ijvk//c, fungus ;
b<pdakiiia, ophthalmia]. Ophthalmia due to a fungus.
Mycophthisis [tni-koff' -this-is). Synonym of Bron-
chorrhea.
Mycophylaxin [ini-ko-fil-aks' -itt) [_/ivK>/g, a fungus ;
rfx'iXof, a protector]. Any microbicidal phylaxin. See
Proteids, Defensive.
Mycopneumonypostasis [ini-ko-nu-mon-ip-os' -fas-is)
[iUiJKOf, mucus ; Tryeiyiui', lung ; i/rdoraOTf, settling].
The settling of the mucus in the dependent portions
of the lungs.
Mycoprotein [mi-ko-pro' -te-in) [^ii/c7/f, a fungus ; pro-
ieiji (from nparog, first); Mulder's term for the hypo-
thetic substance common to all albuminous bodies],
C, 52.32 per cent.; H, 7.55 per cent. ; N, 14.75
cent. In biology, the vegetable albuminoid or proto-
plasmic substance of bacteria, first analyzed and de-
scribed by Nencki ; fungus-protein. It contains no
sulphur and no phosphorus, and is not precipitated by
alcohol.
Mycorthopnea (mik - or - thop - tie' - ah) [/iti/fof, mucus ;
o/)6df, straight ; TTTOja, breathing]. Orthopnea caused
by excessive secretion of mucus in the bronchial tubes.
Mycose {mi'-koz) [/J-vKr/c, fungus], C,._,H.^20,i + 2H2O.
Trehalose, a substance that occurs in several species
of fungi, in ergot of rye, and in the oriental Trehala.
It is distinguished from cane-sugar by its ready solu-
bility in alcohol, greater stability, and stronger rotatory
power. It does not reduce copper-solutions. See
Carbohydrates, Table of.
Mycosis [rni-ko' -sis) \jwK.r)q, fungus]. Granuloma
fungoides ; Eczema hypertrophicum ; Inflammatory
fungoid neoplasm ; Lymphoderma perniciosa ; Ul-
cerative scrofuloderma; Fibroma fungoides. I. Any
disease of the skin characterized by soft mammillated
tumors, showing an abnormal growth of lymphatic
glands, which frequently develop into fungous ulcers.
2. A mucous tumor or polypoid growth. 3. The in-
fluence of microphytes upon the health or disease of
the body. 4. Any disease caused by the presence of
pathogenic microbes in the organism. M., Acute,
of the Blood, a name proposed by Neelsen for septic
intoxication from the presence of microbes in the
blood. M. fungoides. 'A&e. Graniiloi/ia fungoides. M.
furfuracea. Synonym of Pityriasis versicolor. M.
intestinalis. .Synonym of Anth?-a.x. M. micro-
sporina. Synonym of Tinea versicolor. M. oris,
the disease caused by O'idium albicans or Lcptothrix
buccalis, consisting of grayish or black deposits on the
tongue and buccal mucosa, usually with constitutional
symptoms. M.pulmonum. Stt Pneu/nono:nycosis.
M. pustulosa, parasitic sycosis; also impetigo. M.
tonsillaris benigna, the name applied by Frankel to
a peculiar form of pharyngeal disease induced by
the undue accumulation of leptothrix upon the pha-
ryngeal structures. The condition is also called by
Heryng Pharvngomykosis lep/o/hricia.'' M., Toxic,
of the Blood, putrid intoxication or sapremia, death
being due to poisoning by ptomains.
Mycosozin (jni-ko-so' -zin) a fungus ; au^civ, to
save]. Any sozin that acts by the destruction of
microbes. See Proteids, Defensive.
Mycothrix {itii-koth' -riks) [/ii'wyc, fungus ; dfi^, hair].
The thread-like element in the structure of a micro-
coccus.
Mycotic [mi-kot'-ik) \_u.'rK>n;, fungus]. Characterized
by mycosis ; due to the presence of some pathogenic
microorganism. M. Endocarditis, that due to mi-
croorganismal infection. A synonym of ulcerative or
malignant endocarditis.
Mycterophonia [mik-ter-o-fo' -ne-ah) \_^ivKTii{), nose;
^uvi], voice]. A nasal quality of the voice.
Mydalein [mi-da'-le-in) \_uv(^a'/Jog, putrid]. A ptomain
obtained from putrefying cadaveric organs. It is
present in liver, spleen, etc. , after some days of putre-
faction, but it is not obtainable before the third or
fourth week. It has a specific action as a poison,
producing maximum dilatation of the pupil, injection
of the ear- vessels, elevation of temperature, peristaltic
action of the intestines. Post-mortem examination
shows contraction of the bladder and intestines, and
the stopping of the heart in diastole. Animals recover
from small doses. See Ptomains, Table of
Mydatoxin [//u(We;i', to be wet ; ro^mov,
poison], C,.H].,NO.^. A ptomain obtained from horse-
flesh and human flesh after four months of decomposi-
tion. It is toxic, producing lacrymation, diarrhea, and
dyspnea in animals, but is not an active poison. A base,
C-Hj.NO.,, with which it is associated, is, however, a
very violent poison, producing eff^ects partly like those
of curara and partly like those of mussel-poisoning —
paralysis a few minutes after injection, with preserva-
tion of certain reflexes while the animal cannot move
from its place. The same effects are produced by
mydatoxin , but more slowly. See Ptomains, Table of.
Mydesis (mi-de'-sis) \_ij.v6av, to be damp]. Putrefac-
tion ; also, a discharge of pus from the eyelids.
Mydin (mi'-din) [///'fiof, damp, decay], Cf,H[,NO. A
non-poisonous ptomain obtained by Brieger from the
putrefaction of human internal organs. The free base
is strongly alkaline, has an ammoniacal odor, and is
characterized by its strong reducing-properties. See
Ptotnain;, Table of.
Mydriasis (tnid-ri'-as-is) \_fiii(Sp'iaat(;, mydriasis]. Ab-
normal dilatation of the pupil of the eye. The word
is also used to denote paralysis of the accommodation,
an effect resulting from the use of most mydriatics.
M., Paralytic, that due to paralysis of the oculo-motor
nerve. M., Spasmodic, M., Spastic, that form
caused by over- action of the sympathetic or dilator
nerve of the iris. M., Spinal, that produced by
irritation of the cilio-spinal center of the cord.
MYDRIATIC 826
Mydriatic {tnid-re-at' -ik) \_/ivApiaoi(;, dilatation of the
pupil]. I. Causing mydriasis, or paralysis of the
ciliary muscle. 2. A medicine or agent that causes
mydriasis, or dilatation of the pupil.
Myectopy [iiii-ek' -to-pe) [lUir , muscle ; inro-Koq, dis-
placed]. The abnormal placement of a muscle.
Myedema i^nii-e-de' -mah). Synonym of Myoidema.
Myel [mi' -el) [/icf/iif, marrow]. The spinal cord.
Myelalgia {ini-el-al' -je-ah) [//ufAdf, marrow; a'Kyot;,
pain]. Any pain in the spinal cord.
Myelalgic [ini-el-al' -jik) [//wf/ior, marrow; a/yof,
pain]. Pertaining to or characterized by myelalgia.
Myelanalosis {i>ii-el-nn-al-o' -sis) [/zueAof , marrow ;
aviikuaiQ, wasting]. Same as Myelatrophy ; tabes
dorsalis.
Myelapoplexy [mi-el-ap' -o-pleks-e) [/zMAof, myelon ;
iiTTo-'Aii^Ki, a stupor]. Hemorrhage into the spinal
cord.
Myelasthenia {mi-el-as-the' -ne-ah) [/iUf Aof, myelon ;
iwHti't(a, weakness]. Spinal neurasthenia.
Myelatelia [mi - el - at - e'- le - ah) [/YueAdf, myelon; (i
priv. ; rtAo^-, completion]. Imperfect development
of spinal marrow or of bone-marrow.
Myelatrophia, Myelatrophy [)ni-el-at-ro' -fe-ah, mi-el-
at' -yo-fc) [//I't/ (if, marrow ; ar/jO(|iK'(j, wasting]. Any
wasting or atrophy of the spinal cord due to spinal
disease.
Myelauxe [ini-el-awks' -e) [//oe/.df, marrow; av^ii, in-
crease]. Morbid enlargement of the myel.
Myelaxis [mi-el-aks' -is) [/iVE/ld<;, myelon ; axis, axis].
The neural, or cerebro spinal, axis.
Myelemia [mi-el-e' -me-ah). Synonym of Myelogenic
Li ukemia.
Myelencephal [ini-el-en-sef -al). Same as Myelen-
cephatoji.
Myelencephalic [ini-el-en-sef-al' -ik) [//w/ldf, myelon ;
h/Kfipd/itc^, brain]. Relating to the myelencephalon.
Myelencephalon (wz'-f/-^«-j<'/''-(7/-(?«). I. The cerebro-
spinal axis. 2. See Metencephalon.
Myeleterosis [mi - el - et - er - o' - sis) [^ufAdr, marrow;
hipuni^, alteration]. Any morbid alteration of the
spinal cord.
Myelic [mi-el' -ik) [fjve?Mg, marrow]. Pertaining to the
myel.
Myelin [mi'^-el-in) \jive\6i:, marrow], C^dH.jNPO,,,.
A name given by Thudichum to a substance obtained
from the white matter of the brain. It occurs usually
as a white, amorphous, ivory-like mass, but crystallizes
from an ethereal or alcoholic solution. In a wider
sense, any member of the myelin group may be called
a myelin. Upomvelin , Paromveliji, Amido-tnvelin, and
Sphingo-mvelin differ from myelin mainly in contain-
ing one or more additional nitrogenous radicles. The
"white substance of Schwann" and the ordinary
brain-juice are also called myelin. See Organo-
thei'apy.
Myelinic [mi-el-in' -ik) [//uf/df, marrow]. Relating to
myelin. M. Nerve-fiber, the medullated nerve-fiber.
Myelitic [mi-el-it' -ik) [//ye/dr, marrow; /-/c, inflamma-
tion]. Pertaining to or affected with myelitis.
Myelitis [mi-el-i'-tis) \_iLve'A6c, marrow ; LTig, inflamma-
tion]. I. Inflammation of the spinal cord. 2. In-
flammation of bone-marrow ; osteomyelitis. See also
Poliomvelitis, T.eiiko-myelitis, and I\[eniitgo-mvelitis.
M., Acute, that due to exposure to cold, injuries, or to
acute general diseases ; it is attended with sensory dis-
turbances and motor paralysis, complete or incomplete,
according to the part of the cord involved and the de-
gree of the inflammation. M., Ascending, a form
in which the inflammation travels up the cord. M.,
Bulbar, that affecting the medulla and manifesting
itself in disturbances of the cardio-respiratory appa-
MYELOHYPHyE
ratus, dysphagia, vomiting, and other symptoms. M.,
Central, myelitis limited chiefly to the gray matter of
the cord. M., Chronic, a slowly advancing myelitis,
presenting generally the same features as acute mye-
litis, but extended over a longer period. M., Com-
pression, the term applied to inflammation of the
spinal cord secondary to compressing lesions outside
of the cord (caries, carcinoma, or exostosis of the verte-
bra;, aneurysm) or to tumors of the cord itself. M.,
Concussion, that due to concussion, direct or indirect.
M. convulsiva. See Dubini' s Disease. M., Cor-
nual, inflammation affecting the anterior or posterior
cornua. M., Descending, a form in which the in-
flammation extends downward, following the pyram-
idal pathways. M., Diffuse, widely distributed in-
flammation of the cord involving large areas. M.,
Disseminated, when there are several foci. M.,
Focal, when a small area is affected. M., Hemor-
rhagic, myelitis associated with or dependent upon
hemorrhage. M., Meningo-, a combination of
meningitis and myelitis. M., Pressure. See M.,
Compression. M. Sclerotic, a form characterized
by overgrowth of the interstitial tissue, which under-
goes contraction, producing an increase of hardness
of the cord. M., Systemic, a variety in which
the inflammation is confined to distinct systems or
tracts of the cord. M., Transverse, a form in which
the inflammatory area extends through a transverse
section of the cord. M., Traumatic, myelitis follow-
ing direct injury. M., Unilateral, a form in which
the lesions are confined to one side of the cord.
Myelo- [mi'-el-o-) [//oEAof, marrow]. A prefix denoting
reference to or connection with the spinal cord, or,
more rarely, with some other medullary substance.
Myelocele [mi'- el - o - sel) \_fivF'Auc, marrow; Koi'Ma,
cavity]. I. The central canal of the spinal cord. 2.
[k///*;/, tumor]. .See Spina bifida.
Myelocerebellar [mi-el-o-ser-e-beF -ar) [//j)f?idf , marrow ;
cerebellum, cerebellum]. Relating to the spinal cord
and the cerebellum.
Myelochysis [mi-el-ok'-is-is) [/^I'f/df, marrow ; )(}>oi<;,
a pouring]. Hydrorrhachis. Protrusion of the spinal
marrow.
Myelocoelia [mi-el-o-se' -le-ali). See Myelocele.
Myelocystic [mi-el-o-sis' -tik) \jjvi'/.6q, marrow ; Kvan^,
cyst]. Both myeloid and cystic.
Myelocystocele [mi-el-o-sis' -to-sel) \_nvtA6c,, marrow;
KvdTic, cyst; lii/'/r/, tumor]. A cystic tumor of the
myelon.
Myelocystomeningocele [mi-el-o-sis- to- men-in' -go-sel)
\_five'/6q, marrow; Kvorig, cyst; /if/riyi, membrane;
kI/?!/, tumor]. Spina bifida in which the tumor con-
tains myelic substance, membranes, and fluid.
Myelocyte [mi' -el-o-sit) \jivf7'6e, marrow; Krrof, cell].
I. Properly, a marrow-cell. 2. Any free nucleus of
a central or ganglionic nerve-cell.
Myelodiastasis [mi-el-o-di-as' -tas-is) [//rf?df, marrow;
i^iaoTaoic, separation]. Severance or disintegration of
the spinal cord.
Myelodiastema [mi-el-o-di-as-te' -mah). Synonym of
Mvclodiastasis.
Myelogenic [mi-el-o-jen' -ik) [//rf/dr, marrow; -ifvvav,
to produce]. Originating in marrow; producing a
marrow-like substance. M. Leukemia, leukemia
due to disease of the marrow of bones.
Myelogenous [mi-el-oj' -en-us) [/n.>f?,df marrow ; ytwav,
to produce]. Originating in marrow. M. Ossifica-
tion, ossification taking place from the marrow of
bone. ,
Myelohyphae [mi-el-o-lii'-fe) \_/ivf7i6c, marrow; v^V,
web: prop. mvelyphic\ ' In biology, applied to the
hyphas of lichens which differ from those of ordin-
MYELOID
827
MYLOGLOSSUS
ary fungi in being rigid, elastic, in containing liclienin,
in not becoming putrid by maceration, and in laclcing
tlie faculty of penetrating.
Myeloid (iiii'-el-oid) [/;i'f/(if, marrow, fMof, like].
Resembling marrow in structure or appearance. Also
applied to a form of sarcoma distinguished by the
presence of multinucleated cells.
Myeloidin (nii-el-oid'-iii) [//I'tvdc, marrow ; fuSof, like].
A nitrogenous substance containing phosphorus, found
in brain-matter.
Myeloma [tni-el-o' -niali) [//cf/of, marrow ; 6/;a, tumor :
//. , AIyeloi>iata'\. I. A tumor or enlargement of the
medullary substance of the brain or cord. 2. A giant-
celled sarcoma.
Myelomalacia {»ii-el-o-»ial-a' -se-al>) [/iiie?idf, marrow ;
fialaKta, softening]. A softening of the spinal cord.
Myelomalacosis, Myelomalaxis [mi-el-o-)nal-ak-o' -
sis, tni-el-o-fual-aks' -is). Synonym oi Myelomalacia.
Myelomargarin (ini-el-o-inar' -gar-in) [/iDfXdf, mar-
row ; fia.pyapo(;, the pearl-oyster], CjjHgjOj. A body
found in the so-called cerebrin of brain-substance. It
is soluble in hot water, in ether, and in alcohol.
Myelomeningitis (jiii-el-o-men-in-ji' -tis) [//iif/ldc, mar-
row; firjviy^,n membrane; mg, inflammation]. In-
flammation of the membranes investing the spinal cord ;
spinal meningitis.
Myelo-meningocele [ini' -el-o-men-in' -go-sel). Syno-
nym of Spiiia bifida.
Myelomyces (ini-el-oiii' -is-ez) \jivi/\6c, marrow ; fii>K7ic,
fungus]. A fungoid growth of the spinal cord.
lAy elon (vii^-el-oii) [//t'c/df, marrow]. The spinal cord,
or Medulla spinalis.
Myelonal, Myelonic [mi ■ el' - on - al, mi - el - on' - ik)
[fiveAog, marrow]. Pertaining to the myelon.
Myeloparalysis [mi-el-o-par-al' -is-is) [//ut/df , marrow ;
■Kapd'Ava i<; , paralysis]. Spinal paralysis.
Myelopathic [mi-el-o-path' -ik) \jim'/i6t:, marrow ; TrdOoc,
disease]. Relating to a myelopathy.
Myelopathy (^ini-el-op' -ath-e) [//i>E/df, marrow ; TraBo^,
disease] . Any disease of the spinal cord.
Myelophthisis \tni-el-off' -this-is). Synonym of Tabes
dorsalis.
Myelophyma (ini-el-ofi' -inah) [/iUfAdf, marrow; (^vjia,
a growth]. A tuberculous growth in the meninges of
the spinal cord.
Myeloplacque [tiii'-el-o-plak) [/iw/.df, marrow; n-/df,
plate]. A giant-cell of the spinal marrow; an
osteoclast ; a myeloplax.
Myeloplast (ini' -el-o-plasf) [//w Aor , marrow ; TrPiaordf,
shaped]. Any giant-cell of the marrow. The myelo-
plasts are regarded by some as the main seat of the
formation of red blood-discs.
Myeloplax [tni' -el-o-plaks) [/^iifAdf, marrow ; 7r/\df , a
placque : //., Myeloplaxes\ In histology, one of the
large multinucleated cells frequently found upon the
inner surface of bone, and concerned in its destruc-
tion ; they are the niyeloplacques of Robin and other
French histologists, and the osteoclasts (bone-de-
stroyers) of Kolliker. Cf. Myeloplacque.
Myeloplaxoma {mi-el-o-plaks-o' -mali)\_fiv('A6q, marrow;
TT^d^, plute ; 'dfia, tumor]. A tumor containing mye-
loplaxes.
Myeloplegia [ini-el:o-ple' -je-ali)\_iive}6c, marrow; -nliriyii,
a stroke]. Paralysis of spinal origin.
Myelorrhagia {nii-el-or-a' -je-ah) [/iuf/dr, marrow;
prjyvvvai, to burst forth]. Hemorrhage into the spinal
cord.
Myelosarcoma {mi-el-o-sar-ko' -mah). Same as Osteo-
sarcoma.
Myelosclerosis (ini-el-o-skle-ro' -sis) [//w/df, marrow;
OK/r/pdg, hard]. Sclerosis of the spinal cord or of the
marrow of bones.
Myelosis [»ii-el-o' -sis) [/mf /.df , marrow]. The growth
or existence of a myeloma.
Myelospongium {mi-el-o-spun' -je-uni) [//uc/df, mar-
row ; (TTrd;, )0f, sponge]. A network in the wall of the
neural canal of the embryo, composed of processes
given off" by the outer extremities of the columnar cells
called spongioblasts.
Myelospongus {iiii-el-o-spun' -gus) [//I't Adr, marrow ;
(TTrd; yof , a fungus]. An encephaloid growth.
Myelosyringosis (ini' -el-o-si-riu-go' -sis). Synonym of
.Svi'ingoiiivelia.
Myelovaricosis {nti-el-o-var-ik-o' -sis) [//wAdf, mar-
row; varix, varix]. A varicosity of the myelin-
sheath of a nerve-fiber, or the formation of one.
Myelozoon {nii-el-o-zo' -on [/^nf/df, marrow; Cuor, life].
A vertebrate possessing a spinal cord, but no brain.
Myelyperemia [i?ii-el-ip-er-e' -Hte-ah) [//ye/ldf , marrow ;
inip above; aqm, blood]. Hyperemia of the spinal
cord.
Myenergia (t)ii-en-ey' -je-ak) [/^iif, muscle; kvipyeia,
energy]. Muscular energy.
Myenergic \_mi-en-er' -jik) [//I'f , muscle ; ivtpyzia,
energy]. Relating to myenergia.
Myentasis [tni-en'-tas-is) [/^I'f, muscle; (I'Taaig,
stretch]. The extension or stretching of a muscle.
Myenteric [>ni-en-ter'-ik) [/^iif , muscle ; tvrtpov, intes-
tine]. Relating to the muscular coat of the intestine.
Myiasis [tni-i' -as-is) \_fivla, fly]. See Myiasis.
Myiocephalon {jni-i-o-sefi -al-on) [/zwu, fly ; Kecfm'k'fj,
head]. A minute prolapse of the iris through a cor-
neal perforation, so called from its resemblance to the
head of a fly.
Myiodeopsia [ini- i-o-de - op' - se - ah) , Myiodesopsia
[mi-i-o-des-op'-se-ah) \_uvi(L»h)i;, fly-like; di/j/f, vision] .
The subjective appearance of muscce volitantes.
Myiosis [mi'-i-o-sis) [//u/n, a fly]. Hugo Summe's
term for the diseased condition produced by the pres-
ence of parasitic dipterous larvae, and incorrectly called
Myasis by Hope, and Myiasis by Joseph. The pre-
sence of larvae of flies, or maggots, in or on the body,
as in the nose or ear, in a wound, or upon mucous
membranes. M. aurium, M. narium, M. vulnerum,
the presence of maggots in the cars, nose and wounds
respectively. The disease is known in the East as
Peenash.
Myistos, Myistus (mi-is' -tos, mi-is' -tus) [//if, muscle;
Jcrrdf, tissue]. Muscular tissue.
Myitis (mi-i'-tis) [//if, muscle ; itlq, inflammation].
Inflammation of a muscle.
Mykosis {mi-ko'-sis). See Mycosis.
Mylabris (mil-ab'-ris) [//nAa/Jp/f , from p-vTiri, mill]. A
genus of old-world blister-flies, some of which are used
like cantharides. Unof.
Mylacephalus {tni-las-ef -al-us) [/;w/idr, massive ; d
priv. ; Keiba'ki], head]. The lowest variety of the aceph-
alous species of omphalositic monsters. There is such
imperfect development of the fetus that the condition is
but a degree above that of fietus amorphus or fcetus
anideus.
Mylacri [niiU -ak-ri) \jiv'kaKpk, mill-stone]. The molar
teeth.
Mylacris [inil' -ak-ris) \jxv'kaiip'i<f\. The patella.
Myle [mi'-le) [jivAJi, mill]. I. Uterine mole. 2. Pa-
tella. 3. Maxilla.
Mylic [mil'-ik) [fivXri, mill]. Pertaining to the molar
teeth ; relating to a uterine mole.
Mylo- (>?ti'-lo-) [/jD^df, mill]. A prefix denoting con-
nection with the lower jaw or the molar teeth.
Mylodus {mi-lo' -dus) \_fivAri, mill ; bio'vc, tooth : //. ,
Mvlodontes^. A molar tooth.
Myloglossus (ini-lo-glos' -us) \_fi'vXrj, mill; yXitoaa,
tongue]. A portion of the superior constrictor of the
MYLOHYOID
828
MYOGRAM
pharynx — that which arises from the mylo-hyoid ridge
of the lower jaw. Also, an anomalous slip joining
the styloglossus.
Mylohyoid, Mylohyoidean {ini-lo-hi' -oid, mi-lo-hi-
oid-e' -an) \_fivAi^, mill ; vneiiljq, hyoid]. Pertaining
to the lower molar teeth and the hyoid bone. M.
Muscle. See Muscles, Table of.
Mynsicht's Elixir. Aromatic sulphuric acid.
Myo- {ini'-o-) [//I'f, a muscle]. A prefix signifying mus-
cle. M.-albuminose, one of the proteids of muscle-
plasma, closely associated with the myosin-ferment.
See Muscle-plasma. M.-albumose, Myoproteose ; a
proteid substance of muscle-plasma closely connected,
or identical, with the myosin-ferment, and having the
general properties of deutero-albumose. M. -globu-
lin, a substance obtained from muscle, closely resem-
bling serum-globulin in its properties. Its coagulation-
temperature is 63° C, however, while that of serum-
globulin is 75° C.
Myoatrophy [mi-o-ai' -ro-fe) \_fJ.VQ, muscle ; aTpo<pia,
atrophy]. Atrophy of a muscle.
Myoblast [mi^-o-blast) [/iif, muscle; /3Aac7r<5f, germ].
In biology, a muscle-forming cell ; a descendant of the
cells which at an early stage of the metazoan embryo
sink below the level of the epithelium to which they
belonged. M. epitheliales, epithelial muscular cells,
neuro-muscular cells, tela muscularis epithelialis. M.
mesodermales, mesodermal muscular cells, tela
muscularis mesoder?nalis.
Myoblastic {tni-o-blas' -tik) \_fivi;, muscle ; pXacTog,
germ]. Relating to or of the nature of a myo-
blast.
Myocarditis [mi-o-kar-di' -lis') [fivq, muscle; mpSia,
heart; <r;r, inflammation]. Inflammation of the mus-
cular tissue of the heart ; it may be parenchymatous or
interstitial. M., Segmenting, a form characterized
by separation of the muscle-cells from softening of the
cement-substance.
Myocardium [tni-o-kar' -de-utii) [//ijr, muscle ; Kap&la,
heart]. The muscular structure of the heart.
Myocele (mi' -o-sel) [/;i)f, muscle; KifXri, tumor]. The
protrusion of a muscle through its ruptured sheath.
Myocelialgia {mi-o-se-le-al' -je-ah) [//I'f, muscle; mCkia,
cavity; aX.yo^, pain]. Pain in the muscles of the
abdomen.
^yoce.\it\s [?i!i-o-se-li' -its') [//if , muscle ; KO(/l/ra, cavity ;
iTir, inflammation]. Inflammation of the abdominal
muscles,
Myocelome [mi-o-se' -lorn) muscle ; Koil'ta, cavity].
The cavity of a protovertebra or myotome.
Myocephalon (ini-o-sef -al-on'). Synonym of Myio-
ceplialon.
Myochorditis {mi-o-kor-di'-tis) [//i)f, muscle ; xop^,
cord ; iT(r, inflammation]. Inflammation of the
muscles of the larynx and the vocal bands.
Myochrome (w/'-f-Xv-ow) [//iJf, muscle ; xp"f"^> color].
Myohematin, q. v.
Myochronoscope (rni-o-kro' -no-skop') muscle ;
j/K;roc, time ; aKOirtiv, to examine]. An instrument
for measuring the rapidi^ty of muscular contraction or
the propagation of a nerve-stimulus through a muscle.
Myoclonia {mi-o-Ido' -ne-aJi) muscle; k\6voi;,
spasm]. Clonic spasm of the muscles.
Myoclonus (mi-ok'-lo-nus) \_^^v^, muscle ; k'Aovoc;,
clonus]. Clonic spasm of a muscle, or of various
muscles. M. multiplex. See Paramyoclonus mul-
tiplex.
Myoccele [mi'-o-scl) \_fivc {/'v6r), a muscle; Knikia, a
cavity]. Hatschek's term for the thick epithelium of
the ental wall of the dorsal segments of the am-
phioxus larva, which produces the muscles of the
entodermal side of the cavity of the segments.
Myocolpitis (mi-o-kol-pi'-tis) [/«''f, muscle ; KoATrof,
vagina ; itlq, inflammation]. Inflammation of the
muscular coat of the vagina.
Myocomma {mi-o-kom' -ak) [/;j)f, muscle; noiijia, seg-
ment: //. , Alyocovimata^. Any one of the trans-
verse segments into which embryonic muscle-tissue
is divided. In adult man, some of the muscles
exhibit traces of these primitive myocommata. A
myotome, or muscular metamere, a segment of the
grand muscle lateral of Cuvier.
Myocrismus (tni-o-kriz' -jnus) [lUt)?, muscle ; Kp'tl^m,
to creak]. A creaking sound heard over muscles
during contraction,
Myoctonin {mi-ok' -to-7tin') mouse; Kmiveiv, to
kill] . A bitter extractive of Aconituni lycoctonum,
a powerful poison resembling curare in action. Unof
Myocyst [mi'-o-sist) [//!)f, muscle; Kvarig, cyst]. A
cystic tumor of a muscle.
Myocyte (ini'-o-sit) [/ii'f, muscle; kvtoz, cell], A
muscle-cell ; a structural element conspicuous in the
histology of certain of the lower animals.
Myodemia {mi-o-de' -me-ah) [//J'f, muscle ; 6>i/i6g, fat].
The fatty degeneration of muscle.
Myoderma {mi-o-dcr' -mah) [//i)f (iivoq), a muscle ;
fiipfia, the skin]. In biology, the muscular layer or
"lamina muscularis" of the invertebrate ectoplasm.
Cf. Myophan.
Myodes {mi-o' -dez) [//I'f, muscle; fidof, like]. I. Re-
sembling muscle; muscular. 2. The platysma, or
fleshy expansion of the neck. See Muscles, Table of.
Myodesopsia (ini-o-dez-ops' -e-ah) See Myiodesopsia.
Myodiastasis {tni-o-di-as' -tas-is) \_p.v<;, muscle ; (5io,
apart; crrdfjif, a standing], I. The separation that
takes place between the ends of a cut muscle. 2.
The traumatic injury of a muscle by straining or
stretching.
Myodopsia [mi-o-dop' -se-ah). Synonym Myiodesopsia.
Myodynamia {mi-o-di-na' -me-ali) muscle; &'v-
vajiK;, force]. Muscular power or strength.
Myodynamic (mi-o-di-nam' -ik] [A'f'f, muscle ; 6vva/uc,
power]. Pertaining to the force of muscular contrac-
tion,
Myodynamics (mi-o-di-nam' -iks) [//tif, muscle ; Shva/iii,
power] , The mechanics of muscular action.
Myodynamometer (mi-o-di-nam-o7n' -et-er) \jiv^, mus-
cle ; f^vvajiiq, power; pirpov, measure] An instru-
ment for measuring muscular strength.
Myodynia (mi-o-din' -e-ali) [//i^, muscle ; o(5w;?, pain].
Pain in the muscles,
Myoendocarditis \_mi-o-en-do-kar-di'-tis) [pvg, muscle;
ti'fSof, within; KapiVia, heart; niq, inflammation].
Simultaneous inflammation of the endocardium and
the myocardium.
Myofibroma (mi-o-fi-bro' -tuah) [/^vf, muscle; fibra,
fiber; 6//a, tumor : pi. , Myofibromata\ A muscular
tumor containing fibrous elements. Such tumors are
common in the walls of the uterus,
Myogaster (mi' -o-s;as-ter)\_pv<: , muscle ; yaari/p, belly]-
The belly of a muscle.
Myogenesis (mi-o-fn'-es-i.<:) [/n"c, muscle; yhsan;
genesis]. The development of muscular tissue.
Myogenic (mi-o-jen'-ik) [iii'c, muscle ; ytvuav, to pro-
duce]. Of muscular origin.
Myognathus (mi-og' -na-thus) [/n'r, muscle; yviSo^,
jaw]. A form of douljle monstrosity in which the
accessory head is joined to the autosite by means of
muscle and integument only.
Myogonic (mi-o-gon' -ik) \_pv<:, muscle; ylyveaOai, to
be born]. Inherent in muscle, as contractile power.
Myogram (//li'-o-gram) [pi'C, muscle ; ypa/ipa, a
marking]. The ' muscle-curve as inscribed by the
myograph.
MYOGRAPH
829
MYOPATHIC
Myograph [mi' -o-g>af) \_fiiK, muscle; ypdtov, to
write]. An instrument for determining the duration
of each phase of a muscular contraction. M.,
Cardiac, the cardiograph, q. v. M., Palate, an in-
SCHEME OF V. HeLMHOLTZ'S MYOGRAPH.
M. Muscle fixed in a clamp, K. F. Writine; style. P. Weight
or counterpoise for the lever. W. Scale-pan for weights.
S, S. Supports for the lever.
strument that records the movements of the uvula
and soft palate during speaking and swallowing. It
consists of a rod which is introduced through the nose
and rests against the soft palate, while the other end
records the movements on a drum.
Myographer (ini-og' -ra-fer) \_)ivq, muscle ; ypat^tw, to
write]. One versed in myography.
Myographic (////-o-^^-ro/"'-//;') muscle ; ypai^tiv, to
write]. Pertaining to a myograph.
Myographion (tni-o-graf -e-on) [/^I'f , muscle ; ypd(j>eii',
to write]. A myograph.
Myographist {mi-og' -ra-fist) [/«i)f , muscle ; ypcu^^Lv, to
write]. A myographer.
Myography [ijii-og' -ra-fe) \jivq, muscle ; ypcKpttv, to
write]. I. A description of the muscles. 2. The
employment of the myograph.
Myohematin [mi-o-hi:m' -at-i>i) [/^wf, muscle; aijia,
blood]. A nitrogenous coloring-matter of muscles;
the true intrinsic coloring-matter of red muscle, in-
cluding the histoheinatin characteristic of invertebrate
muscle. It yields a four-banded spectrum. Its solu-
tions when weak are of a reddish-yellow color, but if
strong they are pure red.
Myoid (w/'-o/f/) muscle; eWof, form]. Having
a resemblance to muscular tissue.
Myoidema [ini-oid-e' -inah) [//iic, muscle; nl67jfia, a
swelling]. The wheal brought out by a sharp tap
on a muscle in certain conditions of exhaustion.
Myoides [tni-oi' -dez) [//i)c, muscle ; eZrfof, like]. The
platysma. See Muscles, Table of.
Myolemma (ini-o-lein' -aJi) [//iif , muscle ; Xefiiia, cover-
ing]. The thin membrane enveloping the fibrillce of
muscle. Same as Sarcolemma.
Myolemmatic [mi-o-lem-at'-ik) \_fiv(;, muscle ; /ie/i/ia,
covering]. Pertaining to the myolemma.
Myolin {mi' -o-liti). See Myosin.
Myolipoma [mi-o-lip-o' -mali) \jm<;, muscle ; \tv:oq, fat ;
o^ia, tumor: Myolipomatd\. A myoma withlipom-
atous elements.
Myologic [ini-o-loj' -ik) [//{if, muscle ; /idjof, science].
Pertaining to myology.
Myologist (nii-ol' -o-jisf) \jivc,, muscle; ^udyof, science].
One versed in myology.
Myology {mi-ol' -o-jc) [//I'f, muscle ; 'koyoc,, science].
The science of the nature, structure, functions, and
diseases, of muscles.
Myoma (mi-o'-mak) \_fJ,v<;, muscle; bfia, tumor: //. ,
Myomata']. A muscular tumor. Also, an affection
marked by the growth in the skin of small, sessile,
freely movable, isolated, reddish tumors consisting of
involuntary muscular fibers. If small and multiple,
they are called lio-myomata ; if there is but a single
large tumor, it is called a dartoic myoma ; it the tumors
contain much fibrous tissue, they are called fibro-
myomata ; if vascular and erectile, angio-myoinata ; if
the lymphatics are involved, lymphaugio-myomata.
M., Fibro-. Ste Myojihroma. M., Lio-. See Z/o-
myoma. M., Rhabdo-. 'Ae.^ Rhabdomyoma.
Myomalacia [mi-o-mal-a' -se-ah) [/iw;, muscle ; iiakania,
softening]. An abnormal softening of the muscles.
M. cordis, fatty degeneration and softening of a por-
tion of the heart-muscle, resulting from thrombosis or
embolism.
Myomatous (ii:i-o' -mat-us) [lUi'f, muscle ; 6//n, tumor].
Of the nature of a myoma.
Myomectomy [>ni-o-mek' -to-me') [/^iif, muscle ; ojm,
tumor; inTouij, excision]. Surgical removal of a
uterine or other myoma.
Myomelanosis (mi-o-??iel-an-o' -sis) \_lJ-vc, muscle ;
» avuaic;, a becoming black]. The presence of a black-
ish coloration in muscular tissue.
Myomere (mi'-o-mer) a muscle; p.tpoc, a part].
In biology, a muscular flake or metamere ; a myo-
comma or myotome.
Myometer imi-om' -et-er') [/iif, muscle ; iiirpov, meas-
ure]. An instrument for measuring the shortening of
a muscle in contracting.
Myometritis [mi-o-met-ri'-tis) [//i^C, muscle ; fjiijTpa,
uterus ; irtr, inflammation]. Inflammation of the
uterine muscular tissue.
Myomotomy [mi-o-mof'-o-mc) \_ijLvg, muscle; 6//a,
tumor; rofjij, a cutting]. The operation of excising
fibro-myomata of the uterus.
Myon {mi' -on) [/xvuv, a cluster of muscles]. A unit of
musculation ; a group of muscles viewed as an
integer.
Myonarcosis {mi-o-nar-ko' -sis) [//tir, muscle ; vapnuoK;,
numbness]. Numbness of the muscles.
Myoneoplasma {mi-o-ne-o-plaz' -tnah) [/ji)r, muscle;
j'fof, new; ixlAafm, formation: //. , Myoneoplas7nata~\.
A myoma or muscular neoplasm.
Myoneuralgia {jni - o - nii - ral' -je - ah) [/'I'C, muscle:
v(vpov, nerve ; oKyoq, pain]. Neuralgic muscular
pain.
Myonicity (mi-o-nis'-it-e) [//I'f, muscle]. The power
of living muscle to contract and to relax.
Myonitis [mi-on-i' -tis)\_(iv(;, muscle; nic, inflammation].
.Synonym of Myositis.
Myonosus [mi-on' -o-siis) , muscle ; v6oor, disease] .
A disease of the muscles.
Myopachynsis [mi - o -pak - in' - sis) [_fivg, muscle;
TTciXwan;, thickening]. Muscular hypertrophy. M.
lipomatosa. See Paralysis, Pseudo-hypertrophic .
Myopalmus [mi-o-paV -mus) \_in>(-:, muscle ; ■Kokiioc^,
a twitch]. A twitching of the muscles.
Myoparalysis [mi - o - par - al' - is - is) \_fivi;, muscle;
irapaXvaii;, paralysis]. Paralysis resulting from mus-
cular abnormality, without affection of the nervous
centers or nerves.
Myopathic [mi-o-path' -ik)\jiv<:, muscle ; Trd^'of, disease] .
Relating to or of the nature of a myopathy. M.
Muscular Atrophy ; Erb includes under this head
pseudo-hypertrophic muscular paralysis, juvenile mus-
cular atrophy, and infantile paralysis. The three
are classed together as Dystrophia ?>iuscularis pro-
MYOPATHY
830
MYOSINOGEN
gressiva. M. Facies, " facies myopathique ; " a
peculiar form of expression seen in infantile fonns of
myopathic muscular atrophy. It is characterized by
imperfect movement of the facial muscles, sinking in
of the cheeks, and drooping of the lower lip.
Myopathy i^mi-op' -ath-e)\jiv(;,myMz\e. \ Triif or, suffering].
Any disease of a muscle or of the muscular system.
Myope (mi' -op) [_nvu\p, short-sighted]. A person
affected with myopia.
Myopericarditis (ini-o-per-ik-ar-di' -tis) \_I-Aq, muscle ;
TTfp/, around ; /<apJ/'a, heart ; /r/f, inflammation]. A
combination of pericarditis with myocarditis.
Myophagocyte {iiii-o-fag' -o-sit) \jJ-lK-, muscle; (payeiv,
to eat ; k'vtoc, cell]. Metschnikoff 's term for a phago-
cyte produced from muscular tissue.
Myophan {//li'-o-fan) muscle ; <j>ah>i:iv, to appear].
In biology, an ectoplasmic layer containing muscle-
fibrillEe, found in many invertebrates (Infusoria). Cf.
Afj'odi;>y/ii7.
Myophone {mi'-o-fon') [//wf, muscle; <pwvii, sound].
An instrument for hearing the sounds produced during
the contraction of a muscle.
Myophonia [mi - o - fo' - fie - ah) muscle ; (puvl/,
sound]. Muscle-sound.
Myophore (mi'-o-for)\_iivr^, muscle; (pipeiv, to bear]. In
biology, any specialized apparatus for the attachment
of a muscle.
Myophorous (mi-off' -or-iis) muscle ; <j>epeiv,
to bear]. Relating to or connected with a muscle, as
a myophore.
Myophrisc (ini' -o-frisk) a muscle ; (pphasii', to
ruffle or throw into ripples]. In biology, contrac-
tile, filamentous processes supposed to perform hydro-
static functions, found arranged on the sarcodyctium
in a circle around each skeletal spine of the Acaiitko-
})ietrida among the Protozoa.
Myophysical {ini-o-fiz' -ik-al) [lUiif, muscle ; (bvaiKij,
physics]. Appertaining to the physics of muscular
action.
Myophysics [mi-o-Jiz'-iks) [//tif, muscle; (pvatid/, phys-
ics]. The physics of muscular action.
Myopia [/^iV;)', to close ; ui/', eye ; myopes
having the habit of partially closing the lids to avoid
spheric aberration] . Near-sightedness; an optic defect,
usually due to too great length of the antero-posterior
diameter of the globe, whereby the focal image is
formed in front of the retina. M., High, a degree of
The Formation of the Image in a Myopic Eve, in
FRONT of the RkTINA.
myopia greater than 6.5 diopters. M., Low, one less
than two diopters. M., Malignant, rapidly progress-
ing myopia. M., Progressive, continuous increase
of myopia, due to increasing elongation of the eyeball.
Myopic [mi-op' -ik) \_ii'v£iv, to close; mi/', eye]. Per-
taining to or having the nature of myopia. Near-
sighted. M. Crescent, a yellowish-white, crescentic
area about the papilla, due to atrophy or breaking
away of the choroid, and exposure of the sclerotic ;
it is seen in myopia, but often, also, in other refractive
derangements.
Myopiesis [mi-o-pi' -es-is) [//fic, muscle; 7r/Fn-/f, press-
ure]. The squeezing or kneading of a muscle as a
therapeutic measure.
Myopiosis [mi-o-pi -0' -sis). .Synonym of Myopia.
Myoplast [mi' - 0 - plast) [/ii"r, muscle; ■K'fAactiv, to
mold]. A muscle-producing cell.
Myoplastic [mi-o-plas' -tik) \jiv(;, muscle ; TrTiaatyeni, to
mold]. Producing muscle ; pertaining to a myoplast.
M. Bodies, the embryonic cells from which muscular
fibers are developed.
Myoplegia [mi-o-ple' -je-ah) [/;rc, muscle ; irlriyfj,
a stroke]. A condition of diminished muscular power,
or of muscular paresis.
Myopodiorthosis [mi-o-po-di-or-tho' -sis). Synonym of
Alyoportliosis.
Myopolar [mi-o-po' -la>-) \jnK-, muscle ; ■Koko<:, pole].
Pertaining to muscular polarity, electric or other.
Myoporthosis [mi-o-por-tJio' -sis) [^fivuf, near-sighted;
bpliuq, straight]. The correction of myopia.
Myopresbytia [mi-o-pres-bish' -e-ah) [//{/ui/;, near-
sighted; ■n-pf(T/9i)r;;f, old-sighted] . Combined myopia
and presbyopia.
Myoproteose [ini-o-pro' -te-6z). See Myoalbumose.
Myopsia [mi-ops' -e-ah). Synonym of Myiodesopsia.
Myopsin [mi-ops' -in) . A powerful proteolytic substance
said by Defresne to occur in pancreatic juice.
Myopy [mi'-o-pe). Synonym of Alyopia.
Myorrheuma [mi-or-n'-mah) [/^f'f, a muscle ; pev/ja, a
flow], A synonym of Muscular Rheumatism or
Myalgia.
Myorrhexia, Myorrhexis {mi - or - eks' - e - ah, mi-or-
eks'-is) [//I'f, muscle; /3//{'f, a tearing]. Laceration
or rupture of a muscle.
Myosalgia [mi-o-saF -je-ah). See Myalgia.
Myosarcoma [mi-o-sar-ko' -mah) muscle ; adpi,
tlesh ; 6//a, tumor, pL, Myosarcomata']. A sarcoma
with myomatous elements, or one that has originated
in a myoma.
Myosarcomatous [mi-o-sar-ko' -fiiat-tis) [//J'f, muscle;
ffopf, flesh ; bfia, tumor]. Affected with, or of the
nature of, myosarcoma.
Myosclerosis [mi-o-skle-ro'-sis) [^iif, muscle ; (jK?L?/p6(,
hard]. A temporary hardening of a muscle, often
of the sterno-cleido-mastoid, sometimes seen in young
infants.
Myosclerotic [mi-o-shle-rot'-ih) [i/rf, muscle ; ffK?,rjp6(,
hard]. Pertaining to the hardening of muscles, espe-
cially from connective-tissue overgrowth. M. Paral-
ysis. See Paralysis, Pseudo-hypertrophic.
Myoscope [mi'-o-skop] \_pvi;, muscle; okotteIv io in-
spect]. An apparatus used in observing the contrac-
tion-phenomena of muscles.
Myoseism [mi-o-se' -iztii) , Myoseismia (mi-o-se-iz'-vie-
ah) [/"'f, muscle; aeiajuoq, a shake]. A symptom that
consists in repeated .stops in the course of muscular
contractions by which the whole movement is rendered
jerky. \Vhen this jerky movement affects the ocular
muscles, it causes an irregularity that may be mistaken
for nystagmus. A similar irregularity renders speech
and writing jerky and the gait staggering. The pa-
tient is unable to maintain his equilibrium with his
eyes shut.
Myoseptum [mi - 0 - sep' - turn) [//rf, muscle ; septum,
septum]. The intermuscular septum between the
metameres of muscles of certain animals, as ot fishes.
Myosin [mi'-o-sin) [iivotv, muscle]. A proteid of the
globulin class, the chief proteid of muscle. Its coag-
ulation in muscle after death causes rigor mortis. Hy-
drochloric acid converts it into syntonin. It is soluble
in dilute saline and dilute alkaline solutions, and in
acids ; it is insoluble in water and is precipitated by
alcohol. M., Peptone. Synonym of Myosinose. M-,
Vegetable, a .substance resembling myosin, found m
almonds, maize, peas, and other vegetables.
Myosinogen [mi-o-sin' -o-jen) \_iivuv, muscle ; yrvviiv,
to beget]. One of the proteids of muscle-plasma,
MYOSINOSE
831
MYRINGOPLASTIC
coagulated at 56° C. It is the antecedent of myosin,
into which it is converted by a suitable stimulus. See
Muscle-plasma.
Myosinose {mi-o-sin-dz') \ji'ruv, muscle]. The sub-
stance produced by the peptonization of myosin. Two
varieties have been found, protomyosinose and deutero-
myosinose.
Myosis [ini-o' -sis) [^/uveiv, to close, or /uDf, muscle]. I.
Abnormal smallness of the pupil of the eye ; the same as
Miosis. 2. Myopathy. M., Paralytic, that form
" due to paralysis of the sympathetic or dilator nerve.
M., Spastic, that produced by stimulation of the oculo-
motor or constrictor nerve. M., Spinal, that depend-
ent on disease of the spinal cord.
Myositic (t)ii-o-sil' -ik) \_fibziv, to close ; muscle ;
iTiq, inflammation]. Pertaining to, or affected with,
myosis, or with myositis.
Myositis [iiii-o-si' -tis) [/^I'f, muscle; ;nf, inflamma-
tion]. Inflammation of muscular tissue, more especially
of the connective tissue of muscles. M., Fibrous,
M., Interstitial, an inflammation of the connective
tissue of muscle. M. interstitialis lipomatosa pro-
gressiva paralytica. Synonym of Pseudo-hyp^y-
trophic Muscular Paralysis. M. ossificans, is char-
acterized by the formation of osseous deposits in the
muscles. M., Specific, M., Syphilitic, that due to
syphilis. There may be a deposit of guramata in the
muscles. M. trichinosa, that due to the presence
of trichina spiralis in the muscles.
Myosome [mi'-o-som) [//i"?, muscle ; au/ia, body]. The
contractile substance of muscle.
Myospasis [mi-os'-pas-is) [//i^'f, muscle ; ff/rddif, a
drawing: pi. , Myospases'\. A muscular contraction.
Myospasm [ini' -o-spazni) \jihi;, muscle ; a-aaiiog,
spasm]. A spasmodic contraction of a muscle. A
cramp.
Myospectroscope [mi-o-spek'-tro-skop) [,ut'f. muscle ;
spectrum, spectrum; dKOTrelv, to see]. An instrument
for examining the spectroscopic image of a muscle.
Myostypsis [mi-o-stip'-sis) [/Ui'C, muscle ; arh^ii;, a con-
tracting]. Muscular contraction; also any interfer-
ence with functional movement.
Myosuture (iiti-o-su' -tilr) [/iii)f, muscle; sutura, a.
suture]. Suture of a muscle.
VlyosystemsL (//u'-o-sis-te^-;uali) [//t'f, muscle ; rsvarrjua,
system]. A system of muscles. M. circulare, the
circular muscle of the sub-umbrella of medusa. M.
radiale, the radial muscles of the sub-umbrella of
medusae.
Myotalgia {mi-o-tal' -je-ah). Synonym of Myalgia.
Myotasis [mi-ot' -as-is) [five, muscle ; rdc/f, a stretch-
ing]. Passive tension of a muscle.
Myotatic (jni-o-tat' -ik) [|Ui)f, muscle ; rdmf, astretching] .
Pertaining to the deep reflexes or contractions of the
muscles dependent upon passive tension for their elici-
tation. M. Irritability, a term suggested by Gowers
to replace the inaccurate one, tendon-reflexes, the
tendons not being etiologically connected with the
phenomenon. " The irritability on which they de-
pend is due to and demonstrative of a muscle reflex
action which depends on the spinal cord."
Myotenotomy [mi-o-ten-ot' -o-me) [/uiif , muscle ; revuv,
tendon; TOfiij, a cutting]. The division of a tendon,
when the muscle is able to retract.
Myothelium {mi-o-the' -le-um) [^i'f, muscle; ^^//?v,
nipple]. The cellular elements composing a myotome
or protovertebra.
Myothermic (nti-o-tliei-'-mik) [fiix;, muscle; f^ep/it/,
heat]. Pertaining to heat-development in a muscle.
Myotic [mi-ot'-ik) [//te/i-, to close]. I. Pertaining to, or
causing, myosis. 2. An agent causing myosis, or con-
traction of the pupil. The one most used by ophthal-
mologists is eserin. Morphin, pilocarpin, muscarin
and other drugs also cause contraction of the pupil.
Myotility [iiii-o-til'-if-e) \_iihg, muscle]. Muscular con-
tractility, or tonicity.
Myotome [jni' -o-tom) [//I'f, muscle ; ro////, a cutting].
I. A cutting instrument used in myotomy. 2. The
same as Myoconima.
Myotomy [mi-ot' -o- me) [//Tif, muscle ; ro//?/, a cutting].
I. Surgical division of a muscle. 2. The incision or
dissection of muscles. See Tenotomy.
Myotonia [mi-o-to' -ne-ah) [//i'f, muscle ; mvoc, ten-
sion]. I. Muscular spasm. 2. The stretching of a
muscle. M. congenita, M. hereditaria. Thorn-
sen's disease ; an hereditary neurosis characterized by
tonic spasms in the voluntarily moved muscles. See
Diseases, Table of.
Myotonic [/ni-o-ton'-il:) [//iif, muscle ; rdroc, tension].
Pertaining to myotonia, or to myotonus. M. Reac-
tion. See Thomsen^ s Disease.
Myotonus [mi-of -o-nus) [//yf, muscle ; roi'of , stretch-
ing]. I. Muscular tone, quality, or tension. 2.
Tonic muscular spasm.
Myotyrbe (nii-o-ter'-be) [//if , muscle ; Tvpli)), disorder].
Chorea ; incoordinate muscular movements.
Myrabolan [mi-rab'-o-lan). See Myrobalan.
Myriachit (mir' -e-ak-it). See Palmus.
Myriagram [mir' -e-ag-ram ) \_jivf>ioi, ten thousand ;
-'ipafifia, gram]. Ten thousand grams.
Myriakit [mir' -e-ak-it). See Palmus.
MyTialitCT {>/ie-re-al-e'-ter) [_fivpioi, ten thousand; 'turpa,
liter]. Ten thousand liters.
Myriameter (me-re-am-e'-ter) \_fivpioi, ten thousand ;
fiirpov, a measure]. Ten thousand meters.
Myrica (mi-rik'-ali) ^/uvpiKr/, the tamarisk]. A genus
of aromatic shrubs of some 35 known species. M.
cerifera, of N. America. M. californica, of the
Pacific States, M. cordifolia, M. laciniata, and M.
aethiopica, of Africa, M. carcasana, and M. jalap-
ensis, of tropical America, are among the wax-bear-
ing species. The species last named has useful
medicinal qualities. See Myricin, Gale, and Myrtle-
wax. M., Oleum, Oil of Myrica; Oil of Bay is
the volatile oil of the Bayberry, or West Indian bay-
leaf. It is an aromatic, pungent liquid, used chiefly
as a perfume and in cosmetics. It is somewhat re-
freshing in faintness and headaches. M., Spiritus,
" bay rum," contains : oil of bay 16, oil of orange-peel
I, oil of pimento I, alcohol looo, water 782 parts, mixed
and filtered through carbonate of magnesia.
Myricin (mi'-ris-in) \_fivpiKjj, the tamarisk]. A pre-
cipitate from a tincture of the root-bark of Myrica
cerifera; it is astringent, stimulant, anti-spasmodic,
and anti-syphilitic. Dose from I to 3 grains. Unof.
Myricyl (mi-iis'-il) [fivpiKii. the tamarisk ; v/ij, mat-
ter]. See Melissyl. M. alcohol, C,„Hg.,0. A
monatomic alcohol derived from beeswax.
Myringa, Myrinx (w/-;7«'-f(7/z, mi'-riitgks) [L.]. The
membrana tympani.
Myringitis (mi-rin-ji'-tis) \_myringa, myriiix, mem-
brana tympani ; iric, inflammation]. Inflammation
of the membrana tympani.
Myringodectomy ( mi-riit-go-ilek'-fo-me ) [ inyringa,
myringa ; fKTonlj, excision]. Excision of a part or of
the whole of the membrana tympani.
Myringomycosis ( mi-rin' -go-mi-ko' -sis) \^myringa ,
membrana tympani ; ^r/cz/f, fungus]. A fungous growth
within the meatus, or on the myringa ; also the dis-
eased condition in which such a growth is seen. M.
aspergillina, Wreden'sterm for Otomycosis, q. v.
Myringoplastic [mi-rin' -go-plas' -tik) \_myringa, mem-
brana tympani ; i^t a(JTtK6^;, formed]. Pertaining to myr-
ingoplasty. M. Method, a method for the cure of
MYRINGOPLASTY
832
MYSTAX
dry perforation of the ear-membrane, recommended
by Berthold, and attended with some success. A
piece of sticking-plaster is first laid over the perfora-
tion and then pulled off in order to cause irritation of
the margins. After this a piece of skin from the arm
or elsewhere, or the skin of a hen's egg, is applied to
the orifice and the ear carefully plugged.
Myringoplasty (^iiii-rin' -go-plas-te) \_myringa, tympanic
membrane ; wAaaaeiv, to shape]. Plastic surgery of the
memljrana tympani.
■ Myringotome [»ti-rin^-go-fdiu) \_myri7iga, myringa ;
Tofiij, a cutting]. A knife-like instrument used in
incision or removal of the membrana tympani.
Myringotomy {mi-rin-got' -o-uic) [myringa, tympanic
membrane ; rofir/, a cutting]. Incision of the tym-
panic membrane.
Myriosporous {viir-e-os'-po-rns) [ftvpioc, nCiniberless ;
mropog, seed]. In biology, producing many spores.
Myrisma (nii-riz' -malt) \jxvpia^La\. An anointing.
Myristate -ris-tat) [jivpiariKoc,, fit for anointing].
A salt of myristic acid.
Mynstic Acid (jni-ris'-tik) \_iivpKSTLK-6<;, fit for anoint-
ing] , Cj^H2g02. A monobasic acid found in Myris-
tica fragrans, in cocoanut oil, in spermaceti, etc.
Myristica {mi-i'is' -tik-ah) [fivpioTiKog, fit for anoint-
ing]. Nutmeg. The kernel of the seed of AI. fra-
grans, indigenous to the East Indies. Also, the
fleshy covering of the fruit called mace. Its proper-
ties are due mainly to the volatile oil. It is an aro-
matic stomachic and tonic, and in large doses a
powerful narcotic. The oil is sometimes employed
as a rubefacient in paralysis and rheumatism, and is
much used as a condiment. Dose gr. v-xx. M.,
Oleum, the volatile oil. Dose TTj^j-v. M., Spiritus,
a three per cent, solution in alcohol. Dose
Myristicated Liver [ini-ris' -tik-a-ted ). Nutmeg liver,
Myristication (ini-ris-ttk-a' -shiiit) [fivpll^Eiv, to anoint].
The development of a nutmeg condition of the liver.
Myristicin [i/ii-ris' -tis-in) \_/uvpi(eip, to anoint]. A
peculiar fatty body contained in nutmeg.
Myristicol (jni-ris' -tik-ol [fzvpt^eiv, to anoint ; olewn,
oil], CjijHjpO. An oily substance extracted from
oil of nutmeg.
Myristin (iiii-ris'-tin) [_/ivpl(eii>, to anoint]. A com-
pound of glycerin and myristic acid.
Myristone {mi-ris' -ton) [fivpi(eiL', to anoint]. The
ketone of myristic acid.
Myrmecia [inur - me' - se - a/i) \_fivpin]K.id, ants' nest;
pvpfu/i, ant]. A warty growth on the palm or sole.
Myrmeciasis (^miir-me-si' -as-is) [//iyj/z^/f , ant]. Formi-
cation.
Myrmecismus, Myrmecium {mur-me-siz'-mtis, ?mir-
mc' -sc-unf). Synonym of Myr/neciasis.
Myrmecology {intir - 7iie - koF-o-je) \jivp}ir}^, an ant;
Aoyor, science]. That department of biologic science
which treats of ants.
Myrmecophilous {niitr-me-koff' -il-iis) [fivp/nr/i, ant ;
<pi'/oc, loving]. In biology, ant-loving. Applied to
such plants as are cross-fertilized by means of ants, or
to such insects as live in ant-hills.
M yrmecosis [iuur-me-ko' -sis) . Synonym of Mvrmeciasis.
Myrobalan {ini-rob' -al-an") \_f_ivpov, ointment; ^iikavot;,
nut]. Also Myraholan . The fruit of several species
of Terminalia found in India, and other eastern
countries, and used in leather-manufactures. The tan-
nin occurs in the pulp that surrounds the kernel. It is
generally used in combination with other tanning
materials, to modify the objectionable color which
some of the latter impart to the leather. By itself it
produces a soft and porous tannage. See Myrohal-
anus. Myrobalan was formerly, and is still locally,
much used in medicine. Commercially it is divided
into several sorts, citrine, emblic, belleric, etc. Unof.
Myrobalanus {mi-ro-bal' -an-tis) \jihpov, ointment ;
/JdAai'Of, nut]. The emblic myrobalan ; the fruit of
Pliyllanthus emblica, of Southern Asia. It has a
slight laxative followed by an astringent effect, and
is highly recommended in dysentery and chronic
diarrhea. Botanically, this is not a true myrobalan.
Dose 5 ij- 5 j • Unof.
Myronate {mi' -r on- at) [/nhpov, an ointment]. A salt
of myronic acid.
Myronic Acid {mi-ron' -ik). See Acid.
Myrophorum [iiii-roff' -or-Hm)\j-L'vpov.^dm\me.x\\ ; fepew,
to carry]. An instrument for applying ointments to
narrow openings or parts of the body difficult of
access.
Myrosin (mi-ro' -sin) [/.ivpov, ointment]. An albumin-
ous fennent obtainable from mustard-seed, which
liberates the oil of mustard from potassium myronate.
Myroxylon [mi-roks' -il-on) \jj,\'pov, balsam ; fi/ioii,
wood]. A genus of tropical leguminous trees. M.
pereirae yields balsam of Peru, and M. toluifera
affords the balsam of tolu.
Myrrh (miir) \_fivppa, myrrh]. The resinous substance
obtained from Balsamodendron myrrha, indigenous
to Arabia. In small doses it is a stimulant, in large
doses an irritaut, to the gastro-intestinal membrane.
It is valuable in amenorrhea and bronchial catarrh, and
makes an excellent mouth-wash and lotion for spongy
gums. It is used chiefly in dentifrices. Dose gr.
x-xxx. M., Tinct., 20 per cent. Dose TTLx-xxx.
Myrrhic Acid [miir'-ik) [pvppa, myrrh], C^flifi^. A
hquid substance obtained from myrrhin.
Myrrhin (mur'-in) [pi'ppa, myrrh], Cj^HjjOj. A resin
contained in myrrh.
Myrrhol (///ur'-ol) [jurppa, myrrh ; oleum, oil], QjHjj-
Oj. A yellow volatile oil derived from myrrh.
Myrtiform [innr'-tif-orm) \_myrtiim, a myrtle-berry;
for}na, form]. Shaped like a myrtle-berry or myrde-
leaf. M. Caruncles. See Canmcithc. M. Fossa,
a shallow pit between the edge of the pyriform aperture
of the superior maxilla above, and the sockets of the
front teeth of the upper jaw below.
Myrtillus (jnnr-til'-us) [myrtus, fJ-vprog, the myrtle].
The juice of the common bilberry ( Vaceiniiiiii
myrtilhis), used for staining histologic sections.
Myrtle {miir'-t!) \_myrtiis, pvpTOi:,\\\ii myrtle]. A popu-
lar name for several plants of the genera Alyrtus, q.v.
and Myrica, g. v. The wax-myrtles belong to the
genus Myrica. M.-wax, a solid fat obtained by
pressure from the berries of Myrica cerifera, having a
specific gravity of 1. 005 at 15° C, and fusing at from
45° to 46°C. It is used as a substitute for beeswax
in pharmacy and particularly in candle-making.
Several other species of this genus (see Myrica)
afford myrtle-wax.
Myrtol [mur'-tol) \_myrtus, p,vpro<;,myr\\t\ oleum, oil].
A constituent of the essential oil of Myrtus coiiimtiiiis
(see iVvrtus) ; it is useful in bronchitis, vaginitis, and
urethritis, and as a sedative and antiseptic. 1 'ose git.
iv-xvj, in capsules. Unof.
Myrtus [miir'-tiis) \_myrtus, /li'pToc;, myrtle]. A genus
of trees, shrubs, and vines, found in various parts of
the world. M. communis, classic myrtle, which has
leaves that afford myrtol, </. v. The plant was
formerly much used as an astringent. Unof
Mysiology {mis-c-ol' -o-jc). Synonym o{ Myology.
Mysophobia (i?ti-so-fo' -t/c-ak) [//co-of, fifth ; 0<i/?of,
dread]. A form of insanity characterized by a dread
of contact, or of dirt; rupophobia.
Mystax (mis'-taks) [/ii''(7ra.f, the upper lip]. The upper
lip. Also, the moustache. In biology, applied to
MYTACISM
833
MYXOSPORIDIA
the conspicuous tuft of hairs immediately over the
mouth in certain diptera [AsiliJie).
Mytacism [iiiit'-as-izin). See Miitacism.
Mytilotoxin {mif-il-o-toks' -ht) [//ur/Aof , mussel ; to^ik6v,
poison], CgHjjNOj. A poisonous ptomain that has
; been prepared from the common mussel ; it is similar
i; to curara. See Ichthysiinis, and Ptomains, Table of.
[Mytilus (jnif -il-us) \jxvTiXo(;, a sea-mussel]. Mussel,
I a lamellibranchiate mollusc. M. edulis, the edible
\ mussel. Under certain conditions, mussels are very
i poisonous, either because of some change in their
juices, induced by modification of their environment,
or because a poisonous species is mixed with a non-
poisonous one. Edible mussels become poisonous
in filthy water, while poisonous ones are deprived
of their toxicity after a prolonged sojourn in good
water.
Mytome (ini' -toni). See Chromatin and Afito??ie.
.^yurous {tni-it' -rus) [/iiif , mouse ; ohpa, a tail]. Taper-
ing like the tail of the mouse ; a qualification applied to
the pulse when it is progressively growing feeble.
Myxa [iniks' -all) [/zii,fa, mucus]. Mucus.
i^yxadenitis {miks-ad-en-i' -tis) \_jj.vi,a, mucus; a6iiv,
I gland ; (Tif, inflammation]. Inflammation of a mucous
) gland.
Wyxadenoma (iniks - ad - en - o' - tnali'). Synonym of
; Myxoadenoma.
iWjrxangitis {iniks-an-ji' -tis) \_jn>£,a, mucus ; ayye'iov,
I vessel ; fTff, inflammation]. Inflammation of the duct
of a mucous gland.
Myxedema {niiks-e-de' -mali) \jxv^a, mucus; oi6r)jia,
edema]. Adult Sporadic Cretinism; Packydermic
Cachexia; Cachexia striimipriva ; a disease charac-
terized by the collection of a mucus-like substance
in and about the connective tissue of the body, and
i by atrophy of the thyroid gland. There is a char-
acteristic cretinoid physiognomy; the body is bulky
; and unwieldy; the skin dry, scaly, and thickened.
Speech is slow, monotonous, and guttural ; there is
marked intellectual torpor, and insanity is likely to
develop. The disease is a chronic one, and the ten-
i dency is from bad to worse ; it is more common in
i women than in men, and usually occurs between the
ages of thirty and sixty-five. Nothing is known
, positively as to the etiology. It is sometimes induced
by surgical interference with or by ablation of the
j thyroid gland. A similar state has been produced in
animals by extirpation of the thyroid gland. Im-
provement, and, in some cases, cure has been achieved
by the therapeutic administration of sheep's thyroids
! or their extracts.
.Jyxedematoid (miks-e-de^ -mat-oid') [//I'fa, mucus ;
j ol6rijia, edema; eirfof, like]. Resembling myxedema.
Iflyxedematous [iniks-e-de' -7nat-its) \_ii'\<S,a, mucus ;
olSrifia, edema]. Pertaining to, affected with, or of
the nature of, myxedema.
^yyi^mia. (?iiiks-e'-ine-ah) [//I'fa, mucus ; al/zn, blood].
An accumulation of mucin in the blood,
lyxeurysma [miks-u-riz'-mah) [^ui'fa, mucus ; evpin'siv,
to widen). Cavernous lymphangioma.
^)rxiosis [miks-e-o' -sis) \_fivi,a, mucus]. A mucous
I discharge.
lyxoadenoma {tniks-o-ad-en-o' -mah) mucus ;
ad^v, gland; 6//a, tumor]. An adenoma that has in
part undergone myxomatous degeneration ; an adenoma
of a mucous gland.
lyxochondroma {miks-o-kon-dro' -iiiah) \jn>S,a, mu-
cus; xovfipng, cartilage; Ofza, tumor: //. , Myxochon-
droma/a']. A tumor containing mucous and cartilagi-
nous elements.
lyxochondrosarcoma (jniks-o-kon-dro-sar-ko' -mah)
[/ii'fn , mucus ; ;j;w(5/3of , cartilage ; aap^, flesh ; ofia,
53
tumor]. A mixed tumor containing myxomatous
and cartilaginous tissue and embryonal connective
tissue.
Myxocylindroma {miks - o-sil - in-dro' - mah) \jivla,
mucus; Ki'? ivApog, cylinder; 6//a, tumor]. A myxoma-
tous sarcoma in which the myxomatous tissue is dis-
posed in the meshes of the sarcoma.
Myxocystitis (/luks-o-sis-ti' -tis) \_fii<^a, mucus ; h'votic,
bladder ; ira;, inflammation]. Inflammation of the
mucous membrane of the bladder.
Myxodes {miks-o'-dez) [/^tifa, mucus; eJf5of, like].
Resembling mucus.
Myxoendothelioma {miks - o - en- do - the - le - o' - mah)
[/./i'fa, mucus; iv6ov, within; Qrfki^, a nipple; 6//a,
tumor: pi. , Myxoendotheliomata\ An endothelioma
that contains myxomatous tissue.
Myxofibroma {miks-o-fi-hro' -mah) [///'fa, mucus ; fihra,
fiber; 6/ia, tumor : pi., Alyxofibromata^. A filDroma
that has in part undergone myxomatous degenera-
tion.
Myxoglioma {miks-o-gli-o'-Jitah) [//I'fa, mucus ; yXia,
glue ; biia, tumor : pl.,Myxogliomata'\. A glioma with
myxomatous elements.
Myxoid {miles' -oid) [fi'v^a, mucus ; fkSof, like]. Like
mucus.
Myxoinoma [miks-o-in-o' -mah) [/'t'fa, mucus; if, a
fiber; 6//n, a tumor]. A benign form of inoma, with
myxomatous elements.
Myxolipoma {miks-o-lip-o' -mah) [//{ifn, mucus ; 'k'nro^,
fat ; 6//a, tumor : //. , RIyxolipomata'\. A fatty tumor
that has in part undergone myxomatous change.
Myxoma {miks-o' -mah) \_jx'v^a, mucus ; byia, tumor: //.
Myxotiiata\ A connective-tissue tumor the con-
sistency of which is similar to the jelly of Wharton of
the umbilical cord. It consists of a gelatinous,
mucin-containing intercellular substance, in which are
scattered peculiar branched or stellate cells.
Myxomatoses {miks-o-mat-o' -dez) [//t'fa, mucus; o^a,
tumor]. Characterized by myxomatous degeneration.
Myxomatous {miks-o' -niat-us) [//I'fa, mucus ; bjia,
tumor]. Of the nature of, or pertaining to, myxoma.
M. Degeneration, the same as mucoid degenera-
tion. It attacks epithelium and connective tissue,
giving rise to the production of a gelatinous substance
containing mucin. In epithelial tissue the cells only
are affected ; in connective tissue the intercellular sub-
stance. M. Degeneration of the Placenta. See
Mole.
Myxomycetes [miks-o-nii-se' -tez) [fi'v^a, mucus ; /dmi/c,
fungus]. A genus of slime-fungi found in decaying
wood and moss.
Myxoneuroma (^miks-o-nii-ro' -mah) [//('fo, mucus ;
vFvpov, nerve ; 6//a, tumor: //. , Myxoneuromata'\. I.
A glioma. 2. A neuroma with mucous elements.
Myxopodia {miks-o-po' -de-ah) [/a''fa, mucus ; Jro/'f ,
(TTOfJ-) a foot]. In biology, a form of pseudopod,
protrusible, retractile, soft, fusing with neighboring
pseudopodia into a network, and, in many Rhizopoda,
often collecting by flowing together outside the body,
into small masses at the points where they meet with
food. They are characteristic of the Rhizopoda and
most Radiolaria, and are to be distinguished from
Axopodia.
'^yx.oxxh.t.3i(miks-or-e' -ah) [//j ^a, mucus ; po/n, a flow],
A copious mucous discharge.
Myxosarcoma {tniks-o-sar-ko' -mah) {ji'v^a, mucus;
(Trt/)f, flesh ; 6|Ua, tumor]. A sarcoma that has in part
undergone myxomatous degeneration.
Myxospore {miks' -o-spor) \_u'v^a, mucus; ff-o^wf , seed] .
In biology, a spore produced in the midst of a gelat-
inous mass without a distinct ascus or basidium.
Myxosporidia {miks-o-spor-id' -e-ali) \ji'v^a, mucus;
MYXOTHECA i
OKopoQ, seed]. A group or order of Sporozoa, found
as parasitic bodies in the muscles and epithelia of tislies ;
they produce a psorospermosis which is frequently
wide-spread and destructive.
Myxotheca {t>nks-o-the' -kah) \jivi,a, mucus ; ^nnii, a
834 NAIL
sheath: //. , Myxothcuf\. In biology, the horny
sheath of the tip of the lower mandible of a bird.
Myzesis [mi-ze'-sis) [_/ivi^eiv, to suck]. Synonym of
sucking.
N
N. The symbol of nitrogen ; also, the sign of the index
of refraction.
N. A. Abbreviation for numerical aperture.
N. F. National Formulary; a collection of formulas
issued by the American Pharmaceutical Association as
a kind of supplement to the U. S. Pliai'macopeia.
Na. Symbol of natrium or sodium.
Ni. The symbol for nickel.
Nabalus {nab' -al-us) \ya\i'/M., a harp]. A genus of
composite-flowered plants ; by some considered a sec-
tion of Prenantlies. There are many American
species, called drop-flower and rattlesnake-root. A
poultice of the pounded fresh leaves of N. altissimus,
or " white lettuce," of N. America, has been used as
an application to ulcers, gangrenous sore.s, etc. Unof.
Naboth, Cysts of, N., Glands of. See Glajid. N.'s
Menorrhagia, a serous discharge from the vagina in
pregnant women.
Nabothian Ovule (jia-bo' -the-an). See Ovule.
Nacre [tta'-ker) \_Ax., 7iakir, hollowed out]. Mother-
of pearl.
Nacreus (na'-kre-its) [Ar., nak'ir, hollowed out]. Re-
sembling nacre or mother-of-pearl.
Naegele's Fluids. Fluid culture-media. I. Water
loo c.c, ammonium tartrate I gm., potassium biphos-
phate O.I gm., magnesium sulphate 0.02 gm., cal-
cium chlorid o.oi gm. 2. Water 100 c.c, albumin-
peptone I gni. , potassium biphosphate 0.2 gm. , mag-
nesium sulphate 0.04 gm., calcium chlorid 0.02 gm.
3, Water 100 c.c, cane-sugar 3 gm. , ammonium tar-
trate I gm., potassium bitartrate o. 21 gm., magnesium
sulphate 0.04 gm. , calcium chlorid 0.02 gm. Filter
and sterilize. N.'s Obliquity of the Head, lateral
flexion of the fetal head toward the mother's sacral
bone, the left ear approaching the left shoulder, and
the right parietal bone presenting in a left occipito-
anterior position. It is the third step in the mechan-
ism of delivery. See Obliquity. N.'s Rule, for
predicting the date of confinement : " Count back
three months from the date of cessation of the last men-
strual flow, and add seven days." Hirst modifies this
by counting from the date of appearance, believing
that the result will be more accurate. N.'s Pelvis.
See Pelvis, Female, Deformities of. N.'s Theory.
See Heredity.
Nsevoid {ne'-void). See Nevoid.
Naevose {iie'-vos). See Nevose.
Naevus {ne'-vus). .See Nevus.
Nail [ME., a nail]. The horny lamina cov-
ering the dorsal aspect of the end of each finger and toe.
N.-area, a thickening of the epitrichium over the end
of the digit, marked out quite definitely by a limiting
groove that persists more or less distinctly through-
out life. It first appears in the human embryo about
the beginning of the third month. N.-bed, the de-
pression in which the nail rests. N.-bone, the lacry-
mal bone or os unguis. N. -brush, a hand brush for
cleaning the finger-nails. N. -culture, a term applied
in bacteriology to a stab-culture showing a growth
along the needle-track, and on the surface a button-like
projection, giving the appearance of a nail driven into
the gelatin. N.-file, a small single-cut file for trim-
ming the finger-nails. N.-fold, the portion of epi-
Ungual Extremity of
Finger, showing Nail.
I. Fold of skin covering root
of nail. 2. Incised and
turned back. 3. Semilunar
portion of subungual skin.
4. Portion corresponding to
body of nail.
Concave Aspect of Nail.
I. Its proximal border. 2.
Portion corresponding to
lunula. 3. Body. 4. Free
distal border.
Longitudinal Section of
Ungual Extremity of
Finger, showing Nail.
:. Corneous layer of epider-
mis of dorsal aspect. 2. Re-
flection of this layer upon
nail. 3. Superficial layer of
nail. 4. Corneous layer ol
epiderm of pulp of finger
5. Rete Malpighii of dorsal
aspect. 6. Reflection of this
layer. 7. Second reflection.
8. Rete Malpighii of pulp ol
finger. 9. Derma of dorsal
aspect. 10. Reflection ol
derma, n. Second reflec-
tion of derma. 12. Derma
of palmar aspect of finger,
13. Ungual phalanx.
dermis that covers the root and edges of the nail. N--
groove, the depression for the insertion of the nail.
N., Hang, a little shred of skin hanging from the
finger at the side of the nail. Hang-nails are some-
times quite painful, and the little wounds offer en-
trance to septic matter. N., Infleshed, Ingrow-
ing, or Ingrown, an overlapping of the nail by the |
flesh, from jiressure, attended with ulceration. N.- j
matrix, the proximal end of the A'. -bed: the struc- ■)
ture from which the nail grows. N.-pad. The same ]
as N.-rampart. N. -plate, the volar side of a claw.
N. -rampart, the epidermic border against which tin-
margin of the nail rests. N., Reedy, N., Striated,
a nail presenting longitudinal furrows. N,-root, tin'
portion of the nail attached to the N.-mntrix. N.,
Spring. Same as Hang-nail. N., Turtle-back, a
NAILERS' CONSUMPTION
835
N API FORM
name given by S. Weir Mitchell to a nail curved in
all directions ; it is a condition seen in certain trophic
disturbances. N.-wall. The same as N.-raiupart .
Nailers' Consumption. See Siderosis.
Nail-smiths' Cramp. See Cramp.
Naked {na' -ked) [ME., naked, naked]. Unclothed;
nude. N. Broomrape. See Aphyllon. N. Eye,
the eye unaided by a magnifying instrument.
Nakra [na'-krah) [Beng.]. A Bengalese disease re-
sembling influenza.
t^sX^xAo^ [iial-ar-do' -fe) [native Iceland]. In Iceland,
an endemic numbness of the hands, probably caused
by the milking of ewes.
Namangitis [nam-att-ji'-fis). Synonym of Lymphan-
gitis.
Nameless Crime. The name given to perversion of
the genetic instinct, by which sexual gratification is
secured in other than the normal way, as by buccal
or anal coitus, etc.
Nanander [nan-an' -der) [yiivog, a dwarf; iivi/p, male].
Same as Micrander.
jNancy Method. See Hypnotism.
jNanism [nan'-izm) [I'dwif, dwarf]. Abnormal small-
ness of size from arrested development. Dwarfish-
ness.
Nanization {nan-iz-a'-shiiu') [yavof, a dwarf]. In bi-
ology, artificial dwarfing, as practised by the Japanese
on certain trees.
Nanocephalia [nan-o-sef-a' -le-a/i) [yivoq, dwarf; /ce^-
aTdi, head]. The condition of being nanocephalous.
Nanocephalism [nati-o-sef -al-izm). ties Na7wcep/ia/ia.
! Nanocephalous {nan-o-sef -al-us)\y(ivoq,Av;&ri ; neipa'/Jj,
head]. Possessing a dwarfed or diminutive head.
Nanocephaly [nan-o-sef -al-e'). See Nanocephalia.
Nanocormia, Nanocormus, {nan-o-kor' -me-ah, nan-o-
j kor'-mtis) \_vavoc, dwarf ; Kop/jo^, trunk]. I. A mon-
1 strosity possessing a dwarfed trunk. 2. A dwarfed
! condition of the trunk.
Nanoid [nan'-oid) [i^ai'of, dwarf; fiJof , like]. Dwarf-
like.
jNanomelia, Nanomelus (nan-o-me' -le-ah, nan-om'-
el-tis) [I'dvof, dwarf; fifXoq, limlj]. A fetal mon-
strosity characterized by undersized limbs.
'Nanophyes [^nan-off' -e-ez) \yavo(;, dwarf; <pveiv, to
i; grow]. Dwarfish.
JNanosomia {uan-o-so'-me-ah). See Jl/icrosomia.
jNanosomus [nan-o-so'-mits) [mwf, dwarf; auna,
body]. One dwarfed in body.
Nanus [nan'-tis) \yavo(;, a dwarf], i. A dwarf. One
of less than ordinary stature. 2. Dwarfish ; stunted;
very small.
Nape [tidp) [ME., nape, nape]. The back part of the
neck; the nucha.
Napellin (na-pel'-in^ \_napeUus, dim. of napzis, a
turnip], C.^gHggNO,,. An alkaloid from Aconituni
napellus. It is an anodyne and antineuralgic. Dose,
gr. \-\. See Aconite.
Napellus (/m-pcl'-us) [L., dim. of napus, a turnip].
Aconitum napellus, q. v.
Naphtha (naf'-tliah) {vd^()a, asphaltum]. Danforth's
oil ; a product obtained from petroleum, boiling at 80°
to Ilo° C. ; specific gravity .69010 .700 or 76° to 70°
B. It is used for burning in vapor-stoves and street-
lamps, as a solvent for resins in making varnishes, and
in the manufacture of oilcloths.
Naphthalene (naf -thal-en) [vaipHa, asphaltum] , C,oHg.
One of the principal constituents of coal-tar, occurring
m it in various proportions of from five to ten per cent. ;
It is also formed when the vapors of organic substances
are passed through tubes heated to redness. The
specific gravity of naphthalene when solid is 1.158 ; at
its melting-point (79.2° C. ) the specific gravity is 0.978 ;
it boils at 216.6° C. The odor is pleasant, though char-
acteristic. Naphthalene crystallizes in large, silvery,
brilliant, thin, rhombic plates, that are feebly soluble in
hot, but insoluble in cold water, though easily soluble
in methyl and ethyl alcohols, chloroform, ether, and
benzene. It is employed in the manufacture of a large
series of coloring-matters ; as an enricher of illuminat-
ing gas ; and when specially refined, as a substitute for
ordinary camphor in preventing the ravages of insects
in woollen goods. It is an antiseptic, and, internally,
an active expectorant ; it is useful as a dressing for indo-
lent sores, and, internally, in pulmonary catarrh. Dose,
gr. ij-x in emulsion, or in pill, gr. -?, given every hour.
In large doses it is toxic, causing emesisand purgation.
Unof. N.-red, C3pH2,N^Cl ; magdala-red ; a saf-
ranin of naphthalene. It is a dark-brown powder
that dissolves very readily in alcohol with a bluish-red
coloration. It imparts a beautiful rose- red color to
silk. N. -yellow. See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Naphthalidin [naf-thal'-id-in) \ya<^tia asphaltum],
Cj|,H,|N. An amin derivative of naphthalene, occur
ring in two isomeric forms.
Naphthalin {naf'-thal-in) [vdfda, asphaltum]. Same
as Naphthalene. N. Dye-stuffs. See Pigments, Con-
spectus of. N.-red, N. -scarlet, N. -violet. See
Pigments, Conspectus of.
Naphthalol (jiaf'-thal-ol) [ra^^a, asphaltum ; oleum,
oil], CpII^OH.COOC,gH,. A salicylic-acid deriva-
tive of /j-naphthol.
Naphthamein [naf-thajn-e'-in). See Pigments, Con-
spectus of.
Naphthene [naf -then) [vacpda, asphaltum], Q^Op. A
hypothetic substance existing in many naphthalin
compounds. The naphthenes are hydrocarbons present
in German oils, and are also contained in Caucasian
petroleum ; they are insoluble in sulphuric acid ; octo-
naphthene, C^H^g, and nono-naphthene, CyHji^, are
well known ; the naphthenes are considered identical
with the benzene hexa-hydrids.
Naphthol, or Alpha-naphthol {naf'-thol) [mcpda, as-
phaltum], C,|,H7.0H. A substance that results from
a-naphthylamin by means of the diazo compound. It
is soluble with difficulty in hot water, readily in al-
cohol and ether, crystallizes in shining needles, and
has the odor of phenol. It melts at 95° C. , and boils
at 278° 280° C. It is used in the preparation of alpha-
oxynaphthoic acid. N., (3-, or Beta-naphthol,
CjqH-.OH, is formed from /3-naphthylamin. It is
readily soluble in hot water; it crystallizes in leaflets,
melting at 122° C, and boiling at 286° C. N.-blue.
See Pigments, Conspectus of. N. -camphor, a mix-
ture of /^-naphthol one part, with camphor two
parts. It is antiseptic, and is used in diphtheria and
pulmonary tuberculosis. Unof. N. -green, N. -violet,
N. -yellow. See Pigments, Conspectus 0/'.
Naphthylamin (jiafthil'-am-in). Same as Naphthal-
idin.
Naphthylcarbamid (naf-thil-kar' -bam-id). See N^aph-
thylurea.
Naphthylene (naf'-thil-en) \ya<l)6a, asphaltum]. Syno-
nym of N^aphthene. N.-blue. See Pigments, Con-
spectus of.
Naphthylurea [ttaf-thil-u' -re-ah ) [j'dofla, asphaltum ;
ol'pov, urine]. A substance that appears in the urine
after free administration of naphthalin ; it colors the
excretion brown. With acetic acid it gives a rose
color ; with sulphuric acid it has a green reaction.
Napifolious [na-pif 0' -le-us) \jiapus, a turnip ; folium,
a leaf]. In biology, having leaves like those of the
turnip.
Napiform [na' -pif-orm) [;;?//«, turnip ; forma, form].
Turnip-shaped.
NAPKIN
836
NASAL
Napkin {nap' -kin) [ME. , a napkin]. I. A
handkercliief. 2. A diaper. 3. A cloth used by
menstruating women. N. -holder, an instrument used
by dentists for tiolding a napkin in position within the
mouth while a fiUing is being inserted in a tooth.
Naples (jia'-pls) [Ital.]. A city of southern Italy. N.
Fever. A synonym of Fever, Typhoid. N. Green.
See Pigments, Conspectus of. N. Red. Same as
Ocher. N. Yellow. See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Napoleon Blue. See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Narceia {nar-se'-yak). Same as Narcein.
Narcein [nar'-se-in) \_vdpKii, numbness], CjgHjgNOg.
An alkaloid contained in opium. It is sparingly sol-
uble in water and alcohol, and forms fine, silky, in-
odorous, bitter crystals. It is sometimes used in medi-
cine as a substitute for morphin. Dose gr. }(. Unof.
Narceinic Acid [nar-se-in'-ik ) [yapKt], numbness],
Cj^HjjNOg -|- 3H2O. An oxidation-product of nar-
cein ; it is a tribasic acid.
Narcema {nar-se' -tnali) . Synonym of A7z;vfj/j.
Narcesis {nar-se' -sis) . Synonym of Narcosis.
Narcissus [nar-sis'-us) [I'apKiaao^ , narcissus, so called
from its narcotic qualities]. A genus of monocotyled-
onous plants. N. pratensis, N. sylvestris, common
daffodil or chalice-flower, used as a diuretic. Unof.
Narcitin {nar' -sit-in). Synonym o{ Pseudo-narcissin.
Narcohypnia [nar-ko-hip' -ne-ah) [yapar/, stupor;
aipvnvovp, to awake]. Waking numbness ; a peculiar
state in which the patient has a sense of numbness on
awaking.
Narcolepsy {iiai' -ko-lep-se) [ca/j/iT/, stupor; Xafijiaveiv,
to seize]. A term applied to the sudden but short
attacks of deep sleep occasionally accompanying epi-
lepsy, gouty, diabetic, and other affections. See also
Nelavan and Filariasis.
Narcoleptic (wa^-z^o-Zf/'-i'//^) [i'q/jk;/, stupor; Tiafijiaveiv,
to seize]. Affected with narcolepsy.
Narcoma [tiar-ko' -mah) \yapKri, stupor]. The stupor
produced by the use of a narcotic.
Narcomania («ar-/^o-;««'-«^-<7/i) [vdp/c;?, stupor; fiavia,
mania]. Insanity characterized by stupor.
Narcomatous (nar-ko' -mat-us) [ydpm], stupor]. Per-
taining to, affected with, or of the nature of, narcoma.
Narcopepsia, Narcopepsis [nar-ko-pep' -se-ah , ?tar-ko-
pep'-sis) [_i>dpK7/, stupor; 7rt-i/;(f, digestion]. Slow or
torpid digestion.
Narcorthopnea (nar-kor-thop-ne' -aJi) \yapKri, stupor ;
bpHu<;, straight ; nvoia, breathing]. Orthopnea ac-
companied by stupor.
Narcose (nar'-kdz) [vdp/c//, stupor]. In a condition of
stupor.
Narcosis {nar-ko' -sis) \ydpKu(jiQ, numbness]. The
deadening of pain, or the production of incomplete or
complete anesthesia by the use of narcotic agents, such
as the anesthetics, opium, and other drugs.
Narcospasmos {nar-ko- spaz' -mos) [rfip/<?/, stupor; anaa-
fioc, spasm]. Spasm accompanied by stupor.
Narcotic (nar-kot'-ik) [vapKuriKOg, from vapKovv, to be-
numb]. I. Producing stupor. 2. A drug that pro-
duces narcosis.
Narcotin [iiar' -kof-in) [I'mp/curwdf, narcotic] , C2.^H23N-
O,. An alkaloid of opium, separated from morphin
by potassium hydroxid. It crystallizes from alcohol in
shining prisms, and melts at 176° C. It is said to be
sudorific and antipyretic, but has no narcotic or hyp-
notic effects. Dose, gr. j-ij. Unof.
Narcotism [nar'-kot-izm) [^I'apKuTiKog, narcotic; from
vnpKTi, stupor]. The condition resulting from the con-
tinued use of a narcotic.
Narcurethritis [nar-ku-re-thri' -tis). Synonym of
Gleet.
Nard [vaprfor, nard]. .See Spikenard.
Nardine, Nardy [nar' -din, nar'-de) [mptSof, nard].
Pertaining to, or redolent of, nard.
Naregamia [nar-eg-a'-me-ah) [E. Ind.]. Goanese
Ipecacuanha ; the bark of iV. (data, having properties
due to an alkaloid, naregamin . It is useful in bilious
disorders and rheumatism. The alkaloid has proved
valuable in dysentery. Dose gr. xv. Dose of the
tincture ( I to 4) as an alterative ?TLv-x ; as an emetic,
tT\^xv-xxx. Unof.
Naregamin (iiar-eg' -am-in) \_naregamia'\. An alka-
loid contained in Naregamia alata.
Narial (11a' -re-al). Synonym of Nasal.
Naricorn [na'-rik-orn) \_naris, nostril ; cornu, horn].
In biology, the horny nasal case or rhinotheca of cer-
tain birds.
Nariform {na' -rif-onn) \jiaris, nostril ; forma, form].
Shaped like a nostril.
Narine {tia'-rin) \_naris, a nostril]. Narial; pertain-
ing to the nostrils.
Naris («3''-r/j)[L. : //. , Aara]. The nostril. Sttt Nasal
Fossa. N., Anterior, the nostrils. N., Internal, N.,
Posterior, the posterior openings of the nasal cavi-
ties, through which they connect with the pharyngeal
cavity.
Narthex [nar'-theks) \_i>apdi]^, narthex]. The genus
Terula ; also a splint for the leg.
Nasal (//a'-ca/) \_nasus, the nose]. Pertaining to the
nose. N. Angle. See Angle. N. Artery. See
Arteries, Fable of. N. Bones, the two small bones
forming the arch of the nose. See Bones, Table of.
I. Nasal septum. 2. Anterior extremity of middle turbinatt'd
bone. 3. Middle meatus. 4. Section of inferior turbinated
bone 5. Inferior meatus. 6. Lacrymal canal. 7. Canalic-
uli. 8. Nasal canal. 9. Section of reflected mucous mem-
brane. 10. Maxillary sinus or antrum of Highmore.
N. Canal. See Canal. N. Cartilage. See Cartilage.
N. Catarrh, catarrh of the nasal cavities; cold in
the head ; coryza. N. Cavities, the nasal fossae, q.
N. Cough, a reflex cough, due to irritation of the
mucous membrane of the nasal fossae. N. Crest.
NASARIUM
837
NATURAL
See Crest. N. Diplopia. Same as Crossed Diplopia.
N. Duct. See Lacryinal Duct. N. Eminence. See
Eminence. N. Floor, the floor
of the nasal fossae. N. Fossae,
the nostrils ; the cavities in the
middle of the face leading to the
internal surfaces of the nose.
N. Ganglion, the spheno-pala
tine ganglion. See Ganglia,
Table of. N. Groove. See
Groove. N. Index. See Index.
N. Labyrinth, the irregular
cavity formed by the turbinal
bones in the nasal passages. N.
Line. See Lines, Table of. N.
Meatus, one of the nostrils.
N. Membrane, the Schneideri-
an membrane. N. Nerve. See
Nerves, Table of. N. Notch.
See Notch. N. Passages, the
meatuses of the nose. N. Point.
See Craniometric Points. N.
Process, 'at.e. Process. N. Re-
flex. See Reflexes, Table of.
Nasal Bones, Exter-
nal Aspect.
I, I. The two nasal
bones. 2, 2. Superior
extremity. 3, 3. In-
ferior border. 4, 4.
Internal border. 5,
5, 5, 5. External bor-
der.
N.
Septum. See
Septum of the Nose. N. Spine. See Spine. N.
Voice, a peculiar muffled twang of the voice, espe-
cially marked in cases of perforation of the palate.
See Dead Voice.
Nasarium [ria-za' -re-ttni) \_nasiis, nose]. Nasal mu-
cus.
Nascal [nas'-kl) [nascale'\. A pledget or dossil of
. lint, cotton, or vi^ool, used in the treatment of uterine
or vaginal disease.
Nascent (jias'-eni) \iiascor, nasci, to be born]. A
term applied to gaseous substances at the moment of
their liberation from chemic union.
Nasen i^na'-zen') \nasits, a nose]. Belonging to the
nasal bone in itself.
Nasethmoid [na-zeth'-tnoid) [itasus, nose; rflfidg, a
sieve; fMof, like]. Pertaining to the nasal and eth-
moid bones.
Nasiform (iia' -zif-orni) \riasits, nose; forma, form].
Shaped like the nose.
Nasilabial [na-zil-a'-be-al). See Nasolabial.
Nasio-alveolar (ria' -ze-o-al-ve' -o-lar") \_nasus, nose ;
alveolus, socket]. Relating to or connecting the
nasion and the alveolar point.
Nasio-bregmatic (iia' -ze-o-breg-mat' -iJc) \_nasus, nose ;
l^pey/xa, bregma]. Pertaining to the nasion and the
bregma.
Nasio-inial [na'-ze-o-in'-e-al^ \_nasus, nose; 'iv'iov,
occiput]. Pertaining to the nasion and the inion.
Nasio-mental {na'-ze-o-men'-tal^ \_nasiis, nose; men-
turn, chin]. Pertaining to oi- connecting the nasion
and the mentum.
Nasion (71a' -ze-on) [^iiasiis, nose]. The median point
of the naso-frontal suture. See Craniometric Poitits.
Nasitis [na-zi' -tis). See Rhinitis.
Nasmyth's Membrane. The epithelial membrane
enveloping the enamel of the teeth during their
development and sometimes also for a short time after
birth; cuticula dentis.
Naso- [na'-zo-') \jtasus, nose]. A prefix to denote con-
nection with or relation to the nose. N. -alveolar.
Same as Nasio-alveolar. N. -basal, pertaining to the
nose and the base of the skull. N. -basilar, pertaining
to the nasal point and the basion. N. -frontal, pertain-
j ing to the nasal and frontal bones. N. -labial, pertain-
I nig conjointly to the nose and the lips ; applied to cer-
tain muscles. N.-lacrymal, pertaining to the nose and
to the lacrymal apparatus, as the naso-lacrymal duct.
N. -maxillary, pertaining to the nasal bone and the
upper jaw-bone. N.-opisthiac, pertaining to the
nasion and the opisthion. N. -palatal, N. -palatine,
pertaining to both nose and palate. Also, the name of
the nerve entering the nasal fossa and passing across
the roof of the nose to the roof of the mouth, supply-
ing that part of the mucosa behind the incisor teeth.
See Nerves, Table of. N. -pharyngeal, pertaining
conjointly to the nose and the pharynx. N. -pharyn-
gitis, inflammation of the mucosa lining the naso- .
pharynx. N. -pharynx, the arching space between
the posterior nares and a horizontal plane through
the lower margin of the soft palate. N.-subnasal,
in craniometry, applied to a line connecting the nasal
and the subnasal points.
Nasocular («a-co/^''-z/-/(7;) [;z<j^mj, nose ; ociilus, eye].
Pertaining to the nose and the eye ; nasorbital.
\^a.so\oQy {na-zol' -o-Je) \_nasiis, nose; Aoyof, science].
The study of noses.
Nasorbital [na-zor'-bit-al) \_}2astis, nose; orbitalis,
orbital]. Nasal and orbital.
Nasta [nas'-tah) [yaaroi;, solid]. A fleshy tumor of
the neck about the shoulders.
Nasus (na'-zus) [L. ]. The nose.
Nasute [na'-siit) [^nasus, nose]. Large-nosed.
Nasutiform (na-su'-tif-orm) \_nastitus, long-nosed;
yorwa, form] . In biology, applied to nose-like pro-
cesses of the heads of insects.
Natal [jia'-tl) \_natalis, from nasci, to be born]. Na-
tive ; connected with one's birth.
Natal (na'-tl) \_natis, rump]. Gluteal ; pertaining to
the nates.
Natal Sore. See Furiinculiis orientalis.
Natalitial {tta-tal-ish' -al) \_natalis, from nasci, to be
born]. Pertaining to one's birth.
Natality (ria-tal' -it-e) \_natalis, of birth]. In State
medicine and statistics, the birth-rate.
Nataloin (^nat-al' -o-in^ \_ Natal ; aMrj, the aloe],
C.^jH.^gOjj. The aloin derived from Natal aloes.
Natant {71a' -taut) \_7iatare, to swim]. Swimming or
floating on the surface of a liquid.
Nates (wa'-Zi's) \_71atis, Xht buttock: pi., N[ates\ The
buttocks. N. of Brain, the anterior pair of the Cor-
pora qiiadrige/iiina.
Natiform [nat'-ifon/t) \_7iates, buttocks; fori7ia, form].
Buttock-shaped,
Native (na^-tiz') \_nativus, born]. Coming into ex-
istence by birth ; of indigenous origin or growth. N.
Albumins, a class of animal proteids occurring in a
natural condition in animal solids and fluids. They are
soluble in water, and are not precipitated by alkaline
carbonates, sodium chlorid, or very dilute acids. Their
solutions are coagulated by heat at 65° to 73° C.
Dried at 40° C. they yield a clear, yellow or amber-
colored, friable mass soluble in water, called soluble
albumi/!. The two chief varieties of native albumins
are serum-albumin and egg-albumin.
Nativism (71a' -tiv-izm') {tuitivus, born]. The psycho-
logic theory that assumes that our ideas of form,
space, and distance are, at least in part, due to the
make-up of the organism or to some native power or
endowment, and not entirely to experience.
Nativistic [na-tiv-is' -tik) [«;7/?'z7«, native]. Pertaining
to nativism.
Natrium (72a' -tre-um). See Sodiu7/i.
Natron {7ta^ -i7-on') [Ar. , nat7-ii7i, native carbonate of
sodium]. Native sodium carbonate. Also, sodium
or potassium nitrate. This was formerly the exclusive
meaning of the word.
Natta (7iat'-ah). An old name for a wen, fleshy excres-
cence, or tumor. [Obs.]
Natural (nat'-u-7'al) \71atura, nature]. I. Pertaining
to nature. 2. An idiot. N. Gas, the mixture of
NATURALIA
838
NECROCEDIA
inflammable gases that is found issuing from the earth
in various localities. It consists essentially of methane,
with small quantities of hydrogen, carbon monoxid
and dioxid, and some nitrogen. N. History, a term
including a description of all the products and phe-
nomena of nature, but now usually restricted to the
sciences of zoology and botany. N. Order, one of
the divisions in the classification of both animals and
plants, varying in its technical meaning according to
the system of classification. N. Philosophy, the
science treating of the physical properties of matter at
rest and in motion. It is now usually called Physics.
N. Selection. .See Evolution.
Naturalia [naf-u-ra' -ie-ah) [jiatura, nature]. The
genitalia.
Naturalism [nat' -ti-ral-izm) \_naiura, nature]. The
expectant method of treating disease.
Naturalization (iiat-u-ral-iz-a' -shun) \_nafura, nature].
The process by which a plant or an animal trans-
ferred from its natural habitat adapts itself to its new
surroundings.
Naturalized (jiaf -u-ral-izd) \jiaHira, nature]. Relat-
ing to naturalization.
Nature {na'-titr) \jia(ura, birth, origin]. The aggre-
gate action and product of many natural laws (Dar-
win). The energy by which the innumerable phe-
nomena that fall daily under observation are produced.
The word is loosely used as covering indiscriminately
both biologic and non-living phenomena.
'^sXwx\s,xa. {na' -tfir-izm). vSynonyni of Natitralism.
Naupathia [na-u-pa' -the-ah) [I'auf, ship ; rrddoi-, sick-
ness]. Seasickness.
Nauplius (naw' -ple-us) \yav^, a ship ; ttTisiv, to sail].
In biology, the earliest recognizable form of the crus-
tacean larva, having an unsegmented ovate body, a
median frontal eye, and three pairs of natatory feet, of
which the anterior are simple and the other two bira-
mose. N. Eye, the unpaired eye of all larval Crus-
taceans, and retained in the adult Entomostraca.
Nausea {naia'-ze-ah) [^nausea, vavaia, seasickness].
Sickness at the stomach, with inclination to vomit.
N. marina, N. navalis, seasickness.
Nauseant (jta-L<' -ze-ant) \yavr5la, seasickness]. I. Nau-
seating ; producing nausea. 2. Any agent that pro-
duces nausea.
Nauseating [naw' -ze-a-ting). Synonym of Nauseous.
Nauseous [nmv' -ze-us, or ttawz^-yus) [yava'ia, seasick-
ness]. Producing nausea, or loathing.
Nautomania [na-ci-to-nin'-nf-ah) [vaurz/f , sailor ; ftavia,
madness]. A kind of homicidal madness said by
some writers to exist among sailors.
Navel {na' -vl) [ME., navel, navel]. See Umbilicus.
N.-ill, a disease of calves, in which the navel be-
comes inflamed and the adjacent parts red and
swollen. N. -string, the umbilical cord.
Navicula [na-i'ik'-u-lah) [dim. of navis, .ship]. A
genus of diatoms of many species, some of which
have the frustules marked with very minute striae, the
definition of which is sometimes taken as a test of the
power of microscopes.
Navicular [na-vik'-u-lai-) \_navicula, a little ship].
Boat-shaped. N. Bone. See Scaphoid. N. Fossa,
applied to several cavities, especially to a depression
between the vaginal aperture and the fourchet, and
to a dilatation of the urethra near the glans penis. N.
Sheath, the synovial membrane covering the navicular
bone in ungulates, as in the horse.
Naviculoid [nav-ik' -u-loid) \_navicula, a small boat ;
f(VSor, like]. Scaphoid.
Naviform {}ia' -vif-orin) \_navis, ship ; foniui, form].
Boat-shaped ; scaphoid.
Navis (na' -vis) \juivis, ship]. The vulva.
Navy-blue. Same as Prussian Blue and Soluble Blue.
Neale's Lung. An apparatus devised for the purpose
of removing the carbon dioxid and ammonia from
the vitiated atmosphere of a room. It is also called
jVcale' s Chemical Lung-.
Nealogy [ne-al'-o-je) [i'faA//f, young, fresh; Adyof,
science]. In biology, the doctrine of the morphologic
Correlations of a young organism.
N eanderthaloid (na-ahn' -der-tahl-oid) [from Ahander-
tJial in Rhenish Prussia]. Resembling the fprehis-
toric) Neanderthal skull, a noted skull found near
Bonn, in Germany. A term used in craniology and
anthropology.
Neapolitan Fever. See Mediterranean Eever. N.
Ointment, blue ointment ; mercurial ointment.
Near [ner) [ME., nere, near]. I. Being close by, not
distant. 2. Closely akin. 3. The left side of an
animal as distinguished from the "off," or the right
side. N. Point. Hee Punctum proxiinu?n. N. -sight,
N.-sightedness. ' See Myopia.
Nearthrosis (tie-ar-tliro' -sis) [i fof, new ; cipBpuci^.
joint]. A new and abnormally-produced articulation,
in the sequence of a fracture, dislocation, or disease
of the bone.
Neat (net) [ME., neet, an ox or cow]. Cattle of the
bovine genus. N.'s-foot Oil, Oleum bubulum, is
prepared from ox-feet collected from the slaughter-
houses. It is a clear, yellowish oil of specific gravity
.916 at 15° C. It does not congeal until below 32° F.,
and is not liable to become rancid. It is of great
value as a lubricant, and is used for softening leather
and in the grinding of metals. It is recommended as a
substitute for cod-liver oil. Unof
Nebula (neb'-u-lah) [L. ,a cloud]. A faint, grayish
opacity of the cornea. When more pronounced, it is
called Leukoma.
Nebulization (neb-u-liz-a' -shun). Synonym oiAtoinim-
tion .
Nebulizer (neb' -u-li-zer) \_nebula, a cloud]. An instru-
ment intended to produce a spray, and then to break
this up into a veritable nebula by impact against the
wall of the containing vessel or other convenient
obstacle. It is a valuable form of inhaler in tuber-
culosis. See Atomizer.
Nebulose (neb'-u-loz) \jiebula, a mist, a cloud]. In biol-
ogy, having cloudy markings.
Necessity, Triangle of. See Triangle, Carotid, In-
ferior, in Triangles, Table of.
Neck (nek) [ME., necke, neck]. The constricted
portion of the body connecting the head with the
trunk ; also, the narrow portion of any structure
serving to join its parts. See Cervix. N., Ana-
tomic, the constricted portion of the humerus, just
below the articular surface, serving for the attachment
of the capsular ligament. N., Derbyshire. Synonym
of Goiter. N., Nithsdale. Synonym of Goiter. N.- i
rest, in massage, having the hands joined behind the
neck. N., Surgical, the constricted part of the
humerus just below the condyles. N.,Wry-. Synonym
of Torticollis.
Necrectomy (nek-rek' -to-me)\_vfKp^)r^,^ie^^A ; e KTOfir/ eKCi- \
sion]. The excision of the necrotic conductors of sound
in chronic purulent otitis media ; in amore general .sense,
any removal of necrosed material by a cutting operation.
Necrencephalus (nek-ren-sef -al-ns) [cf/vpof , dead ;
cyid(paAor, brain]. .Softening of the brain.
Necrobiosis (/lek-ro-bi-o'-sis) [_reKp6(;, dead ; filoc, life]- '
Molecular death of a tissue.
Necrobiotic (nek-ro-bi-ot'-ik) [reicpoc, dead; /5''of, life].
Pertaining to or causing necrobiosis. _ 1
Necrocedia (nek-ro-se' -de-ah) \_vi:Kpuc^, corpse ; (('/''"f .
care]. The process of embalming.
NECK
Muscles of Supra-hvoid and Infra-hyoid Regions.
[. Posterior belly of digastric. 2. Stylo-hyoid. 3. Anterior
belly of digastric. 4. Tendon and pulley of digastric.
5. Anterior belly of
right digastric. 6.
Mylo-hyoid. 7. Hyo-
glossus. 8. Sternal
fibers of right sterno-
mastoid. 9. Sternal
fibers of left sterno-
mastoid. 10. Cleido-
hyoid. II. Tendon
of omo-hyoid. 12.
Thyro-hyoid. 13.
Sterno- thyroid. 14.
Inferior constrictor
of pharynx. 15.
Trachea. 16. Esoph-
agus. 17. Rectus cap-
itis anticus major.
18. Longus colli. 19.
Scalenus anticus. 20,
20. Scalenus posticus.
21,21. Levator anguli
scapulae. 22. Sple-
nius capitis. 23, 23.
Splenius colli. 24.
Trapezius. 25. At-
.tachment of sterno-
mastoid. 26. Retra-
hens aurem. 27. Oc-
cipital portion of oc-
cipito-fr o n t al. 28.
Deltoid. 29. Attach-
ment of pectorales
majores to sternum.
30. External intercos-
tal. 31. Internal in-
tercostal .
HE Sterno-cleido-mastoid Muscle. Muscles of the
SUPRA-HYOID and INFRA-HYOID REGIONS.
Anterior belly of digastric. 2. Posterior belly. 3. Tendon
and pulley for ten-
don. 4. Stylo-hyoid.
:i, ■ ,s. Mylo-hyoid. 6.
Hyo-glossus. 7. Ster-
no-cleido-mastoid. 8.
Anterior or sternal
portion. 9. Posterior
or clavicular portion.
10. Left sterno-hyoid.
11. Right stern o-
hyoid. 12, 12. Omo-
hyoid. 13. Thyro-
hyoid. 14, 14. Sterno-
thyroid. 15. Anterior
portion of inferior
constrictor of phar-
ynx. 16. Occipital
muscle. 17, 17. Re-
trahens aurem. 18.
Trapezius. 19. Sple-
nius capitis. 20.
Splenius colli. 21.
Levator anguli scap-
ulae. 22. Sea 1 e n us
posticus. 23. Scalenus
anticus. 24. Superior
portion of deltoid. 25.
Superior portion of
pectoralis major. 26.
Inferior and anterior
portion of right pla-
tysma myoides. 27.
Depressor anguli
oris. 28. Depressor
labii inferioris. 29.
Masseter. 30. Bucci-
nator.
Vessels and Nerves of the Neck.
I. Subclavian artery. 2. Subclavian vein. 3, 3. Common carotid artery. 4. Internal jugular vein. 5. Anterior jugular
vein. 6. Omo-hyoid muscle. 7. Sterno-hyoid muscle. 8. Trunk of pneiimogastric nerve. 9. Hypoglossal nerve. 10. Its
terminal portion, ii. Its descending branch. 12. Internal descendin.g branch of cervical plexus. 13. Plexus formed by
last two branches. 14. External carotid artery. 15. Superior tlivroid artery and vein. 16. Lingual and facial arteries.
17- Facial artery and vein. 18. Occipital artery. 19. Anterior branches of the first four cervical nerves. 20. Superior laryngeal
nerve.
NECROCOMIUM
840
NECTAR
Necrocomium {nck-ro-ko' -me-uvi). See Morgue.
Necrodermitis (iiek-ro-der-7iii' -tis)\ytKj)6(;, dead ; (Up/m,
skin ; , inflammation]. A gangrenous inflamma-
tion of the skin.
Necrodochium (nck-ro-do' -ke-uiii). See Morgue.
HecTogenic [ne/e-?'o-Je>i'-!k) [I'e/tpof , dead ; yevvav, to
beget]. Originating from dead substances.
Necrology (iiek-roF -o-je) [I'fKpof, dead ; Koyoq, science].
A register containing the statistics concerning the
causes and rate of mortality.
Necromania (jiek-ro-ma' -ne-ali) [vf/ipdf, corpse ; jiavia,
madness]. See Necrophilism.
Necrometer (^nek-rom'-et-er) [w/cpof, dead ; juerpov,
measure]. An instrument for weighing organs at an
autopsy.
Necromimesis {nek-ro-mim-e' -sis) \yeKp6q, dead ;
filfirioLii., mimicry]. I. The insane delusion of one
who believes himself to be dead. 2. Simulation of
death by a deluded person.
Necronarcema [nek-ro-nar-se' -niah) [yEKp6^, corpse ;
vapKijfia, numbness]. Synonym of Rigor mortis.
Necronectomy [iiek-ron-ek' -to-me) [fe/cpdf, dead ; in,
out ; Tt/iiveiv, to cut], The excision of a necrotic part
— applied especially to the excision of the necrotic ossi-
cles of the ear.
Necronium (tiek-ro' -tie-iini) [^veKpor, dead]. A sub-
stance said to be found in the dead body in cases of
saponification.
Necropathy {iiek-rop' -atJi-e) \ytKp6<;, dead ; TraOo^, ill-
ness]. Any gangrenous or necrotic disease.
Necrophagous (itek-roff ' -ag-us) \vekp6q, dead ; (j>ayc7v,
to eat]. A term applied to those animals that feed on
dead or putrid flesh. Carrion-eaters.
Necrophile (/iek^-i-o-/i/)l_veKp6^, dead; <l>i?ieiv, to love].
One who violates dead bodies.
Necrophilia [nek-ro-fil' -e-ali). See Necrophilism.
Necrophilism \nek-roff'-il-izm') \yeKp6<;, a corpse;
(pi'Aeiv, to love]. A form of sexual perversion in
which dead bodies are dug up and violated ; insane *
sexual desire for a corpse.
Necrophobia [nek-ro-fo' -be-ali) [^vsKpor, corpse ; (pdjioc;,
fear]. I. Insane dread of dead bodies, or of phan-
toms. 2. Thanatophobia ; extreme dread of death.
Necropneumonia \uek-ro-nu-mo' -ne-ah') \yzK.p6q,
dead; Trvev/xovia, pneumonia]. Gangrene of the
lung.
Necropsic [iiek-rop' -sik) [v£/cpdf, dead; oi/i/f, seeing].
Pertaining to a post-mortem examination.
Necropsy [nek'-rop-se) \yeKp6c^, corpse; 6i,()«f, seeing].
The examination of a dead body.
Necroscopic {nek-ro-skop' -ik) [w/i-pof, dead ; aKowcip,
to view]. Pertaining to necroscopy.
Necroscopy (nek-ros' -ko-pe) [rf/vyjof, corpse ; OKonftv,
to inspect]. Post-mortem examination of the body.
Necrose [nck-i-dz')\_vtKp6(; , dead]. To become affected
with necrosis ; to cause necrosis.
Necrosemiotic (jiek-ro-sem-e-ot' -ik) [w/cpdf, corpse;
arifielov, sign]. Serving as a sign of death.
Necrosis (nek-ro' -sis) \_vtKpuaiq, from veKpdc, dead].
The death of cells surrounded by living tissue. Necro-
sis proper refers to death in mass, necrobiosis to death
of individual cells. Among the causes of necrosis are :
(l) direct injury ; (2) obstruction of the circulation ; (3)
loss of trophic influence. The varieties of necrosis
are: (l) coagulative necrosis; (2) liquefactive necro-
sis ; (3) cheesy necrosis ; (4) dry and moist gangrene.
See Gangrene. Necrosed tissues may be absorbed, re-
tained, or thrown off^. The dead tissue is called seques-
trum in case of bone, a.nd sphacelus in case of soft parts.
In surgery the term necrosis is often applied speciiically
to the death of bone. N., Anemic. See /nfarct , An-
emic. N., Caseous. See Cheesy. N., Balser's Fatty,
the occurrence of areas of opaque whitish tissue often
seen surrounding the lobules of the pancreas in acute
pancreatitis, and also occurring in the omentum and
mesentery and in the abdominal fatty tissue generally.
They are usually about the size of a pin's head, but
may reach the size of a hen's egg. On section they
have a soft, tallowy consistence. They are constituted
of a combination of Hme with certain fatty acids,
and may be encrusted with lime. They may occur
independently of disease of the pancreas. See Diseases,
Table of. N., Cheesy, necrosis characterized by
the formation of a cheese-like material. Dry and moist
cheesy necrosis are the two varieties described. It
is usually due to the presence of the tubercle-bacillus,
and is most often seen in the lungs. N., Coagulative,
a variety characterized by the formation of fibrin. Its
most common seat is the blood in thrombi. It also
occurs on mucous membranes, where it produces false
membrane, chiefly under the influence of the bacillus
of diphtheria, but also of other irritant agents. Occa-
sionally it occurs in the interior of organs as the result
of embolism or thrombosis, leading to the formation
of an anemic infarct q. v. N., Colliquative. See
N, Liquefactive. N., Embolic, coagulative necrosis
in an anemic infarct following embolism. N., Hya-
line, coagulative necrosis ; also a synonym of hyaline
degeneration. N. infantilis. Synonym of Cancrum
oris. N.laryngis. Synonym o{ Perichoftdritis of the
Larynx. N., Liquefactive, a process analogous to
coagulative necrosis, but instead of fibrin the peculiar
reaction of fluids and cells gives rise to the formation
of a liquid. Blisters and vesicles, softening of the
brain subsequent to embolism, and suppuration are the
results of liquefactive necrosis. It may also be the
terminal stage of all other forms of necrosis. N.,
Mercurial, a necrosis of bones due to chronic
poisoning with mercury. N., Phosphorus, a necro-
sis of bone, especially of the lower jaw, occurring in
those exposed to the fumes of phosphorus. N. of
the Teeth, odonto-necrosis. By the term necrosis,
when applied to the teeth, is meant the entire death
of the pulp and the loss of vitality of the peridental
membrane. N. ustilaginea, dry gangrene from
ergotism.
Necrosozoic [nek-ro-so-zo'-ik) [w/cpdf , dead ; ou^eiv,
to preserve]. Having power to preserve or to era-
balm.
Necrosteon (jiek-ros' -te-on) \ysKp6c, dead ; oaTfov,
bone]. Necrosis of bone.
Necrotic {nek-rot' -ik) \ytKp6q, dead]. Pertaining to
or characterized by necrosis. N. Pneumonia. See
Pneumonia.
Necrotomic [nek-ro-tom' -ik) [ve/cpcJf , dead ; ro//^/, a cut-
ting]. Pertaining to necrotomy.
Necrotomy [nek-rot' -o-me) [w/cpdf, a corpse ; rop), a
cutting]. The dissection of a dead body.
Necrotype [nek'-ro-tip) \veKp6<;, a corpse ; t'vtzoc, a
type]. In biology, applied to types of organisms as
regards any special region, in which, after having ex-
isted, they became extinct.
Nectandra [nek-tan' -drah) [vi^Krap, nectar; (ivfii>,
male]. A genus of lauraceous tropical American
trees, of some 70 species, of which Bebeeru bark, the
bark of N. rodiici, the green heart, a large tree of S.
America, is commercially the most important, its tim-
ber being of great value. It contains an alkaloid,
bebeerin, or bttxin, C,,„H,^.,NO.,, and is a bitter tonic
and febrifuge. Dose of the sulphate of the alkaloid,
gr. ij-v. Unof.
Nectandrin [nek-tan' -drin). Same as Buxin.
Nectar [nek'-tar) [vcKrap, the drink of the gods]. In
biology, nectar, the sweet liquid in flowers from which
NECTARIFEROUS
841
NEL AXON'S CATHETER
the bees make honey. It is secreted by certain special-
ized organs known as nectar-glands. N. -gland,
a gland secreting nectar or honey. N. -spots, N.-
guides, Sprengel's name for the contrasted colors
often seen in a single flower and so disposed in spots
or lines as to suggest that they bear a direct relation
to the point where the nectar is secreted.
Nectariferous [iiek-tar-if ' -er-iis) [t't/crap, nectar ; ferre,
to bear]. In biology, honey-bearing, or having a
nectary.
Nectarilyma [iiek-tar-il-i' -niaJi) \jiectaritim, nectary ;
lucre, to wash]. In biology, a collection of long hairs
found on the inner surface of some flowers.
Nectary (w^/i-'Var-i') [wTcrap, nectar : pi. , Nectaries'^. In
biology, that part of a flower which secretes nectar.
Necteric. See N^ekteric.
Nectocalycine (iiek-to-kal' -is-iti) [w/zcrdf, swimming ;
Kokv^, a cup]. In biology, resembling or pertaining
to a nectocalyx or swimming-bell.
Nectocalyx (nek-lo-ka' -liks) [t')?/crOf, swimming ; mXv^,
a. cup : Nectocalyxes, Nectocalices\. In biology,
the swimming-bell or locomotive organ of certain
Hydrozoa, which, however modified, may be reduced
. to a simple type — that of a cup lined by a muscular
membrane, by whose contractions the water is expelled,
the animal being consequently urged by its reaction
in the opposite direction ; a nectophore.
Nectocyst [iiek'-to-sisf) [w/zcroi;, swimming ; kvotic, a
bag]. Same as Nectosac.
Nectophore [iiek'-io-for) swimming; (pepsiv,
to bear]. In biology, a swimming-bell, or nectocalyx.
Nectosac Uiek' -to-sak) [w;/crof, swimming ; crd/cKOf , a
bag or sack]. In biology, the interior of the swim-
ming-bell ; the nectocyst, or nectophore , of a hydrozoan.
Nectosome [iiek' -to-sdui) \yriKr6<;, swimming ; adfia,
body] . In biology, the upper locomotor portion of a
siphonophorous stock, as distinguished from the sipho-
soine or nutrient portion.
Nectozooid [nck-to-zo' -old) [yrjKTd^, swimming ; •^(mx>,
animal; fMof, form]. In biology, the swimming-bell,
or nectocalyx, considered as a specialized zooid.
Necusia (nek-u' -se-aJt) \_viK.v^, corpse]. Poisoning by
a dissection-wound.
Necusin [nek'-u-sin] [vekvi;, corpse]. The supposed
septic principle in necusia.
Needham's Bodies or Filaments. The spermato-
phores of the cephalopoda. N.'s Receptacle, a cyst-
like annex of the excretory duct of the seminal vesicle
of the cephalopoda.
Needle [ne'-di) [JAJL., nedle, needle]. An instrument
used in surgery for suturing tissues, ligating vessels,
and for other purposes. N., Aneurysm, one with a
handle, and with the eye at the point, especially
adapted for ligating vessels. N., Cataract, one for
operating upon the cataractous lens or its capsule. N.,
Deschamp's, a needle with the eye at the point, and
with a handle, for ligating arteries. N., Discission,
one for insertion through the cornea, and breaking the
capsule and substance of the crystalline lens. N.,
Exploring, an eyeless needle, grooved to bring away
a few drops of the contents of a cavity, a tumor, or an
abscess. N. -forceps, a forceps for seizing needles in
surgery. N., Hagedorn's, a flat suture-needle curved
on its edge, with the eye perforating the side. N.,
Hare-lip, one provided with a small canula to be left
in situ after withdrawal of the needle. N. -holder,
a handle for clasping a needle. Also, an insulated
handle for holding the needles employed in certain
forms of electro-cautery. N., Hutchinson's, a needle
for the ligation of hemorrhoids ; it is fixed on a handle
and has the eye at the point. N., Hypodermatic,
the fine needle-pointed metallic tube attached to the
barrel of the hypodermatic syringe. N., Knife, one that
has a sharp cutting edge ; it is used in the discission
of cataracts. N., Ligature. Synonyraoi N., Aneu-
jysm. N., Open-eyed, one in which the eye is not
completely closed but is in the form of a hook. N.-
operation. See Extraction of Cataract. See also Acu-
puncture a.nA Acupressure. N., Spanish. Ste. Spanish
Needle. N., Startin's Wire, a hollow needle for
carrying silver wire. N., Suture, a needle used for
suturing. N., Whitehead's Spiral, a spiral needle
with a terminal eye for use in staphylorrhaphy.
Needling (>ie' -dling) [ME., nedle, needle]. I. See
Extraction of Cataract and Discission. 2. .\ proced-
ure sometimes employed for the detection of calculi
in the biliary passages, gall-bladder, and kidney.
Neef's Hammer. An automatic arrangement for
opening and breaking the current in an inductorium.
Neelsen's Carbolic-acid Solution. See Stains,
Table of.
Neftgil [neft'-jil). A solid paraffin found free in Baku.
Negative (neg' -at-iv) \_nc^are, to deny]. A qualification
the opposite of positive ; not affirmative. N. Chemo-
taxis, the absence of the power of attracting leuko-
cytes and wandering cells, or th€ir repulsion. See
Chemotaxis. N. Ocular. See Ocular. N. Pole,
that pole of a galvanic cell connected with the carbon
or least oxidizable plate. Also, that pole of an elec-
tric generator toward which the assumed electric cur-
rent flows.
Negativism [neg'-at-iv-iztn) \jiegare, to deny]. A
symptom observed in some cases of so-called Cata-
tonia attonita,m which the patient exhibits no sponta-
neous movements, although his muscles spontaneously
and powerfully antagonize any passive motion.
Negro {ne'-gro) \_niger, black]. A race of people dis-
tinguished mainly by woolly hair, black skin, thick,
protruding lips, and flattened nose. The melanochroi
of Huxley's classification. Also, an individual of the
race. See Mulatto. N. -cachexy, N. -cachexia,
N. -lethargy. See African Lethargy and Cachexia.
N.-type of Idiocy. See Idiocy, Ethnic.
Neisser's Method. A method of double-staining of
spore-bearing bacilli. Cover-glass preparations are
immersed for twenty minutes in fuchsin-anilin-water at
80° or 90° C. , then rinsed in water or alcohol, and
counterstained with an aqueous solution of methylene-
blue, rinsed in water, dried, and mounted in balsam ;
the spores are stained red, other objects blue. N.'s
Micrococcus. See Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of.
N.'s Oil, a modification of Lang's oil. It consists
of mercury, 20 parts; ethereal tincture of benzoin,
5 parts; liquid vaselin, 40 parts ; it is used by injec-
tion in the treatment of syphilis.
Neisseria {m' -se-re-ah) [after Neisser, a German physi-
cian]. A generic term for a group of schizomycetes.
The majority are micrococci. They will be found
described under Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of.
Nekteric («t'/'-/t'r'-//f') [i'/;/c-//f, swimming]. In biology,
applied by Hackel to the voluntarily swimming or-
ganisms of the ocean, as distinguished from the
drifting or forms.
Nekton {nek'-ton) l^vr/K-i/g, swimming]. In biology,
the nekteric or actively swimming portion of the or-
ganic life of the ocean {planhton), taken as a whole.
Nelaton's Catheter, the soft rubber catheter. N.'s
Dislocation, a form of dislocation of the ankle-joint
in which there is a displacement of the astragalus be-
tween the lower extremities of the tibia and fibula.
N.'s Fibers, the circular muscular fibers of the
rectum. N.'s Line. See Lines, Table of. N.'s
Method. See Treatment, Methods of . N.'s Operation.
See Operations, Table of. N.'s Probe. See Probe.
NELAVAN
842
NE( )TOCOGALACTOZEMIA
Nelavan (iid'-av-aii). See African Lethargy.
Nematachometer {jiem-at-ak-oin' -et-er) {^m/fia, thread ;
Tiixoc, rapidity ; fierpov, measure]. An instrument for
measuring the rapidity of transmission of nervous im-
pulses in peripheral nerves.
Nemathece [iiem' -ath-es). Same as N^emathecium .
Nemathecium {nem-atli-e' -se-itiii) \yfiaa, a thread;
OrjKiop, dim. of Ol/nii, a case or receptacle : //. , A^cDiathe-
cia'\. In biology, a wart-like growth of tetraspores of
the thallus of one of the higher algse [Floridea-).
Nemathelminth {iii'm-ath-el' -mintli) \yijjia, thread;
eAfiivc, worm]. Any nematode worm. The Nemath-
elmintkes (the round-worms, or thread- worms), form a
class of Vermes, many of which are endoparasitic.
Nematilla {nem-at-W -ali) [y?]/j.a (yrijiar-), a thread:
//. , N'ciiiatill(£'\. In biology, one of the urticating-
organs of a ccelenterate ; a nematophore, or Organa
iir/irantia.
Nematoblast {uem'-at-o-hlast) [viifia, thread ; ft^aaroc,
germ]. A spermatoblast. See also Spermatogonia.
Nematocalyx [nem-at-o-ka'-tiks) thread ; Ka?.t)f,
calyx: pi., Nematocalyxes, Nematocalices\. In biol-
ogy, a hydrozoan calyx containing nematocysts.
Nematocyst (nem'-at-o-sist) \yf]fia, a thread; kvotic,
bladder]. In biology, one of the stinging-cells char-
acteristic of the Cnidaria; a thread-cell, lasso-cell,
snidocell, cnida, nemocyst.
Nematode {uem' - at - od ) \_v>/i.iaT<j(hjc, thread-like].
In biology, liliform, thread-like ; resembling a thread ;
it is applied to thread- worms, hair-worms, round-
worms, pin-worms.
Nematodes (^neiii-at-o'-dez). Synonym o{ Nematoidea.
Nematogen (nem-at'-o-jen) [yfijia, thread ; yevijg, pro-
ducing]. In biology, the vermiform embryo of a
nematode worm.
Nematoid [nem'-at-oid) [i''//;a, thread; suhc, form].
Same as Nematode.
Nematoidea [nent-at-oi'-de-ah) thread; el6o<;,
like]. Thread-worms; nemathelminths. The most
important nematoidea parasitic upon man and the
lower animals belong to the following genera, ar-
ranged alphabetically : Anguillula, Ankylostoma,
Ascaris, Eustrongylus, Filaria, Nematodium, Oxyuris,
Strongylus, Trichina, Trichocephalus. .See Parasites
{.Animal'), Table of.
Nematophore (nem'-at-o-for) [i«//za, a thread ; <p6po^,
bear]. In biology, a cecal process of the cenosarc of
hydrozoans, invested by a continuation of the hard
cuticular layer, so as to be quite firm and inflexible,
and containing thread-cells. Lendenfeld considers
that the expression nematophore should be reserved
for the chitinous envelop of the guard-polyp [Afac/io-
polvp] ; a nematilla, or urticating organ.
Nematozooid {iiem-at-o-zo'-oid) thread; t,C)ov,
animal ; fv'Ajf, fomi]. In biology, one of the sting-
ing tentacles of a siphonophore regarded as a zooid.
Nemocyst (nem' -o-sist). Same as iVemaforvst.
Nemophilous [nem-off''-il-ns)\_vt:itiir, a wooded pasture ;
ibiAor, loving]. In biology, fond of or inhabiting the
woods ; nemorose.
Nemorose (uem'-or-oz) \_uemHs, a grove]. In biology,
growing in groves or woodland.
Nemours-blue. See Pigments, Coiispeetiis of.
Neo- {ne'-o-) [w'or, new]. .\ prelix signifying new.
Neoarthrosis (tie-o-arth-ro' -sis) new ; apBpov,
a joint]. A new or false joint.
Neoblastic (tie-o-blas'-tik) [I'for, new; jSlaaruc, a germ].
Originating, or of the nature of, new tissue.
Neochmosis (ne-ok-mo' -sis) \_%>eoxp(>c, new]. A re-
lapse or recurrent attack of a disease.
Neo-Darwinism, Neo-Lamarckism {ne-o-dar'-win-
ir.111, ne-o-lam-ark' -izm) [I'of, new; Darwin; La-
w<?;r/t]. In Inology, the doctrines of Darwin and
Lamarck concerning evolution as modified by recent
advocates.
Neoembryo {ne-o-ei>i'-b?-e-o) [vEOf, new ; efijipvov,
embryo]. In biology, the earliest ciliated stage in
the embryonic development of a metazoan.
Neogala [^ne-og'-al-ali) [wof, new ; yd'Aa, milk]. Same
as Colostrum.
Neohymen {iie-o-hV -men) \ykoq, new ; viiriv, mem-
brane]. A new or false membrane.
Neo-Lamarckism {ne-o-lam-ark' -izm) [wof, new;
Lamarck~\. See Neo-Darwinism.
Neomembrane {iie-o-mem' -hraii). See Neohymen.
Neomorphism {ne-o-mor' -fizm) [i'«of, new; fiop(ji^,
form]. In biology, the development of a new form.
Neonatus {ne-on-a' -ins) [reof, new; natus, born : gen.
pi., N^eonatoritm'\. One newly born. Neonatorum,
Melaena. See Alelena. Neonatorum, Ophthalmia.
See Ophthalmia. Neonatorum, Trismus. See Tris-
mus.
Neonomous [tie-on' -o-mns) [I'fof, new ; vojioi;, law].
In biology, recently specialized or adapted to modified
environment.
Neontology {ne-on-tol'-o-je) [wof, new; being;
/.(iyof, science]. In biology, Flourens' term for the
study of existing organisms, as opposed to paleontology
or the study of fossils.
Neopathy [ne-op' -ath-e) [wof, new ; iraOoq, illness].
I. A new or newly-discovered form of disease. 2. A
recent complication or new condition of disease in a
patient.
Neophilism {ne-off ' -il-izm) [w'of , new ; (^i)\,kuv, to
love]. Morbid or undue love of novelty.
Neophobia {ne-o-fo' -be-ali) [I'foc, new; (pSpoc, fear].
Insane dread of new scenes or of novelties.
Neophrenia (ne-o-fren'-e-ah) [i^fof, new; (ppi/v, mind].
Mental deterioration in early youth.
Neoplasia (ne-o-pla'-ze-ah) [rfof, new ; Trldaaeiv, to
mold]. The formation of new tissue or of a tumor.
Neoplasm, Neoplasma (ne'-o- plazm, ne-o-plaz' -mah)
[ivof, new; n'A.noija, growth]. A new growth of tis-
sue marked by histologic difference from its matrix ;
a tumor. See Tumors, Table of. N., Inflammatory
Fungoid. .Synonym of Granuloma fungoides.
Neoplasmatic {ne-o-plaz-mat' -ik) [wof, new ; TrXaacuv,
to mold]. Of the nature of neoplasm; neoplastic.
Neoplastic [ne-o-plas' -tik) [I'fof , new ; Tr'AacdEiVj to
mold]. Pertaining to, or of the nature of, a neoplasm.
Applied, also, to plastic operations for restoring lost
tissue. See Aiitoplasty.
Neoplasty (ne'-o-plas-te) [wof, new ; nX.naaeiv, to
mold]. An operation for the restoration of lost tissue.
Neoscytechos, Neoscytechus {ne-os-kit'-ek-os, ne-os-
kit'-ek-ns) [I'f'or, new ; cr/.ijrof, skin ; i/xo^^ echo]. See
Murmnr, Nezu Leather, and Bruit de cuir nenf.
Neosote (ne'-o-sot) [I'fof, new]. A derivative of coal-
tar having antiseptic properties.
Neossin (ne-os'-in) \_rfonaici, a nest], C.j.jHj-NjO,,.
Mulder's term for an insoluble material, the chief com-
ponent of the edible birdsnest.
Neossology (tie-os-ol' -o-je) [rfooTOC, a young bird ;
Aoyoc, science]; In biology, the study of the incuba-
tion and rearing of young birds.
Neotenia (ne-o-tc'-ne-ah) [I'fwrepor, an innovation or
revolutionary movement]. In biology, Kollmann s
term for the lengthening (for an indefinite time) of the
period during whicli amjihibians are gill-breatliers.
Neotocicterus (ne-ot-o-sik'-ter-us) [I'fo-ohor, new-born;
/KTf/iof, jaundice]. Icterus neonatorum.
Neotocogalactozemia {ne-ot-ok-o-gal-al;-to-ze' -me-ah)
[/•fOf,new; rckor, birth; >c(/a. milk ; C'?/"''J, loss]. A
flow of milk from the breast of a new-born child.
NEOTOCOPHTHALMIA
843
NEPHRITIS
Neotocophthalmia (nc-ol-ok-off-thaF -nie-ali) [vfdro/iof ,
new-born ; 'o<pda'Ajj.ia, ophthalmia]. Ophthalmia neona-
torum, (]. V.
Nep \_nepeta, catmint]. The catnip, Ncpcta cataria.
Nepal or Nepaul Tumor. A pendulous tumor of the
ear, at times reaching the size of a child's head.
It is endemic in Nepal, India.
Nepalin (tiep'-al-in). Synonym of Pseiidaconitin,
Nepenthe (ite-pan' -the) \yi)-n:ivO)iz, banishing pain].
An old name for an Egyptian anodyne, probably
opium.
Nepenthes (jie-pen' -this) [yr/vev6?}^, banishing pain].
A genus of some 37 recognized species of tropical climb-
ing pitcher-plants. The pitchers contain "droserin,
I/. V. and azerin, q. v., and have the power of digesting
insects that are drowned in their watery secretion.
Nepeta (nep'-et-ah). See Catnip.
Nephablepsia (iief-ab-lep' -se-ah). See Niphablepsia.
Nephalism [uef'-al - izm) l_v//<paXia/u6(;, soberness].
Total abstinence from spirituous liquors.
Nephela (^iief -el-ah) \_v£(j>eK7/, cloud]. Leukoma; also
cloudiness of the urine.
Nephelium {nef-cF -e-iii)i). See Nebula.
Nepheloid (nef -el-oid) [vec/ifA//, cloud ; eMof, like].
Cloudy or turbid, as the urine under certain conditions.
Nephelopia {nef-el-o' -pe-ah) \_vE(j)e'A7/, cloud; (Jl/^ eye].
Cloudy or dim vision, due to some diminution of the
transparency of the ocular media.
Nephradenoma [^iief-rad-en-o' -mah) [y£<pp6r, kidney ;
a6f/v, gland; o/ja, tumor: //. , Nephradenomata'\.
Adenoma of the kidney.
Nephralgia, Nephralgy {nef-raU -je-ah, iief-j-al'-je)
[pf^pof, kidney; a'Ayo^, a pain]. Pain referred to the
kidney ; renal colic.
Nephranuria (iief-ran-ti' -re-ali) [i'e0pof, kidney; av,
priv.; oiipov, urine]. Suppression of the renal secre-
tion.
Nephrapostasis (nef-rap-os'-tas-is) \_vecj>p6r, kidney;
aTrdaraaic, suppurative inflammation]. Abscess, or
, suppurative inflammation, of the kidneys.
Nephrapragmonia {nef-rap-rag-mo' -ne-ah) [ve^pof,
kidney ; a, priv. ; rrpayfiuv, work]. Inactivity or
torpidity of the kidneys.
Nephrarctia («(;/-rar/J''-^<?-(7/i) [i-o/ipof, kidney ; arctus,
from areere, to find]. Contraction of the kidney.
Nephrastoma [nef-ras'-to-i/iah] \ye<bp6^, kidney; arufia
{GrSfiara), the mouth : pt. ,A^ephrasto7>iata'\. In biology,
one of the ciliated funnels of the primitive kidney.
Nephratonia (iief-rat-o' -ne-ah), Nephratony [/tef-rat'-
on-e) [i'f(T)/;df, kidney; o, priv. ; Tovor, tone]. Atony
or paralysis of the kidneys.
'Ht^hra.n-x.t {nef-ra-vhs'-e) [I'ci/i/odf, kidney ; ah^r), in-
crease]. Enlargement of the kidney.
Nephrectasia (iief - rek - ta' - ze - ah) \ye<^p(K, kidney;
fKroCT/f, dilatation]. Dilatation of a kidney.
Nephrectomy [tief-rek' -to-me) [cf^pdc, kidney ; kKTofilj,
excision]. Excision of the kidney. N., Abdominal,
nephrectomy through an abdominal incision. N.,
Lumbar, removal of the kidney through an incision
in the loin.
Nephredema [nef-re-de'-iiiah) \_\>c(pp6g, kidney ; oUh/fia,
edema]. Edema of the kidneys.
Nephrelcosis '^iief-rel-ko' -sis) [wc^/idf , kidney ; D.Kuair,
ulceration]. Ulceration of the kidney,
Nephrelcus (nef-rel' -kits) \y£(^p6c, kidney ; kAao^, an
ulcer]. An ulcer of the kidney,
Nephremorrhagia [nef-rem-or-a' -je-ah) [rf^pdr, kid-
ney; aiiia, blood; piiyvvvai., to burst forth]. Hemor-
rhage from the kidney,
Nephremphraxis [nef-rem-fraks'-is) [I'e^pdf, kidney;
E/ifpa^iC, obstruction] , Obstruction of the vessels of
the kidneys.
Nephresia {iief-re'-ze-ah) [I't^pdf, kidney]. Disease
of the kidney.
Nephretic {ncf-ref -ik) [i'f(-/)pdf, kidney]. Affected with
nephresia.
Nephria \ ncf'-}-e-ah). See Bright' s Disease.
Nephric (tief'-rik) [yei^pdc, kidney]. Pertaining to the
kidney.
Nephridia [iief-rid ' -c-ah). Plural of A^ephridiuin.
Nephridial (nef-rid'-e-at) \_vi:(j)p6<;, a kidney]. Of or
pertaining to a nephridium. N. Ridge, the larger of
the two ridges on the dorsal aspect of the body-cavity
of a vertebrate embryo. It contains the transverse
excretory tubules (segmental tubules, nephridia) which
are developed from the nephrotomes. It is also called
the Wolffian ridge. N. Row, one of the single or
double cell -rows which lie near the neural rows,
developed from the polar cells (or nephroblasts) in the
embryos of certain worms,
Nephridium, Nephridion [nef-rid'-e-uin, nef-rid'-e-
on) [dim, of vecbpuc, kidney: pi., A^ephridia'^. In
biology: I, The fat about the kidneys, 2, The renal-
sexual organ (organ of Bojaniis) in certain inverte-
brate animals. Much convoluted cellular tubes func-
tioning as kidneys in tht annelida and certain niolliisea.
They occasionally act as ducts for the transmission of
the sexual products, Cf, A\phrogonaduet. I, Pro-
visional or Embryonic Nephridia, those that tem-
porarily appear in the ontogenetic development ; (a)
those that appear in that region of the embryo or larva
that corresponds with the subsequent head-segment
and which lie at the anterior extremity of the cell-mass
(mesoderm streaks) are called emhryonie head ticphri-
dia or head kidneys ; [b) those that appear in the
trunk-segments are called embryonic or provisional
trunk nephridia or kidneys, II, Permanent Neph-
ridia, on account of their frequently strict segmental
arrangement, are often called segmental organs, or on
account of their looped or winding course (in Oligo-
cheeta and Hiritdinea) looped canals. The anal tubes
of the EchiitridiF are sometimes called nephridia.
Nephrism [nef'-rizm) \_v((pp6c^, kidney]. The grave
condition of patients suffering from pronounced or
advanced disease of the kidney.
Nephritic [iief-rit' -ik) \_ve(j>pi-iK6c, from iif^pdr, kidney].
Pertaining to nephritis, or to the kidney.
Nephritis {nef-ri' -tis) \yi(^p6r^, the kidney ; i'k;, inflam-
mation]. Inflammation of the kidneys. Itoccursin
various forms designated as acute, chronic, desqiiama-
tive, glomerular, interstitial, parenchymatous, and
tubal. Bright' s Disease. N., Acute Albumin-
ous. See A^., Acute Desquamative . N. aposto-
matosa, suppurative inflammation of the kidney. N.,
Cachectic, a synonym of Bright's disease in gen-
eral. N., Clostridial, a form of chronic nephritis
believed by Hopkins (F. V.) to be due to a peculiar
microorganism, the " Clostridium renale.'" The symp-
toms are nervousness, sleeplessness, flatulent dyspep-
sia, albuminuria, dropsy, dyspnea, heart-failure, and
the presence of the Clostridia in the urine, free and
attached to casts. N., Consecutive, an inflammatory
affection of the kidney secondary to disease of the
lower portions of the urinary tract. N., Glomerular.
See Glomerulo-nephritis. N., Interstitial, renal in-
flammation affecting the connective tissue mainly. N.,
Intertubular. 'n&mta.i A\, Interstitial. N., Larda-
ceous, nephritis associated with amyloid degeneration
of the kidney. N., Metastatic, that secondary to dis-
ease of another organ, N., Mycotic, that accompany-
ing any form of mycosis, N., Parasitic, that depend-
ent upon the presence of renal parasites, N., Paren-
chymatous, that involving the true renal parenchyma.
See Bright' s Disease. N., Puerperal, the congested
NEPHROABDOMINAL
844
NEPHRO-TYPHOID
kidney of the puerperium, associated with albuminuria.
N., Saturnine, that due to chronic lead-poisoning.
N., Septic, that caused by germs. N., Toxic, that
consequent upon the presence of irritant poisons in
the blood. N., Traumatic, that following traumat-
ism of the kidney. N., Tubal. Same as N., Pa>-en-
■ chyniatoiis. N., Tuberculous, that due to the pres-
ence of tubercle-bacilli. N., Tubular. Same as N'. ,
Pa reti chyin a tons.
Nephroabdominal [m-f-ro-ab-dom' -in-al') [w0pdf, kid-
ney ; abdomen]. Pertaining to the kidneys
and the abdomen.
Nephroblast [nef'-ro-Masl] \_v£<pi)6(;, a kidney ; (iTiaaroq ,
a germ]. In loiology, one of the polar cells in em-
bryos of certain worms, that give rise to the nephridial
rows.
Nephrocele {iief -ro-sel') [ve^pdf, kidney ; /f?//l//, tumor] .
Hernia of the kidney.
Nephrochalazosis (iief-ro-kal-az-o' -sis)\ye^p6c,, kidney;
Xakai,it<v, nodule]. Granular kidney.
Nephrococcosis { ne/-ro- kok-o'-sis ). Synonym of
Nepli roiliala zosis .
Nephrocolica {^nef-ro-kol'-ik-ali) [i'£0p(5?, kidney;
KwA/hOf, colic]. Renal colic.
Nephrocystitis [nef-ro-sis-ti'-tis) [w^pdf, kidney;
/ci')t7r;f, bladder ; mg, inflammation]. Inflammation
of both bladder and kidneys.
Nephrocystosis ( nef- ro - sis - to ' -sis ) [ vetjipdc, kidney ;
KvoTir^, cyst]. The condition of cystic kidney, or its
formation.
Nephrodinic inef-ro-din' -ik) [w^pdf, kidney ; 61voq,
a rotation, a round area]. In biology, discharging
the genital products by nephridia or nephrogonaducts.
Nephrodysneuria {iii'f-ro-dis-ttu' -re-ah) [feippdf, kid-
ney; 6vi;, difficult; iJfiipov, nerve]. A morbid state of
the renal nerves..
Nephrogenous [nef-i-oj'-en-us) [ve^pdf, kidney ; yevvav,
to beget]. Of renal origin.
Nephrogonaduct (iief-ro-gon' -ad-ukt") [i'S(/ipdf, kidney ;
gonadtut, from yoiv), seed ; dticttcs, a duct]. In biology,
a nephridium specialized to act as a gonaduct, as in
certain molluscs.
Nephrography [nef-rog'-ra-fe) [ w0pdf , kidney;
ypnipeiv, to write]. A description of the kidneys.
Nephrohydrops (^7tef - !-o - hi' - drops ) , Nephrydrosis
(^iief-rid-ro' -sis). See Hydronephrosis.
Nephrohypertrophy (tief-ro-hi-pitr' -tro-fe) [w^pdf kid-
ney ; /'Tf'p, over ; rpo0/), nourishment]. Hypertrophy
of the kidney.
Nephroid (nef'-roid) [I'f^pdf, a kidney; fMof, form].
Kidney-shaped; reniform ; resembling a kidney.
Nephrolith (;?^/''-ro-////z) [vfi/ipof, kidney ; XlOog, stone].
Calculus of the kidney.
Nephrolithiasis {nef-ro-lith-i' -as-is) [i'f0pdf, kidney ;
'Ai6inai(;, lithiasis]. The formation of renal calculi,
or the diseased state that leads to their formation.
Nephrolithic [ncf-ro-lith' -US) [i'f(/)pdf, kidney;
stone]. Pertaining to, or affected with, a nephrolith.
Nephrolithocolica (nef-ro-lith-o-koF -ik-ah , [I'f^jpdf,
kidney; "Kido^, stone; kuAiko^, colic]. Renal colic
due to stone.
Nephrolithotomy [nef-ro-lith-ot' -o-me) [rci^pdf, kid-
ney; lifloc, stone; ro/ir/, a cutting]. An operation for
calculus of the kidney.
Nephrology (nef-roF -o-je) [rf^pdf, kidney ; X6yoq,
science]. The science of the anatomy, physiology,
and diseases of the kidney.
Nephromalacia (ncf-ro-ina!-a' -se-ah) [i'fci>pdf , kidney ;
liakaKia, softness]. Softening, or abnormal softness,
of the kidney.
Nephromegalia {nef-ro-meg-a' -le-a h) [rei^pdf , kidney ;
/'iya(, large]. Same as A'ephrait.xe .
Nephromere (iief -ro-iner') [I'fi/ipdf, kidney; fiepo^,
part]. The part of the mesoblast from which the
kidney is developed.
Nephromiosis, Nephromeiosis {nef-ro-mi-o'-sis)
[i'fippdf, kidney; fieiuv, less]. Contraction of the
kidney.
Nephroncus {iief-rong' -kits) [I'c^pdf, kindey ; byKO^
tumor]. Tumor of the kidney.
Nephroparalysis [ni'f-?-o-par-al'-is-is) \_ve<j)p6q, kidney,
trapd'/ vaig, palsy]. Paralysis of the kidney.
NeolT' resis {iief-ro-par' -es-is) [^v£(j>pd(;, kidney;
Ttapeaic:, paresis]. Same as Nephi-oparalysis.
Nephropathy [nef-rop'-ath-e) [i't0pof, kidney ; TrdSof,
disease]. Any disease of the kidney.
Nephropexy [fief -ro-peks-e) [w(/)pdf , kidney ; Trij^i^,
fixation]. Surgical fixation of a floating kidney.
Nephrophlegmasia (nef-ro-Jieg-ina' -ze-ah) [vf^pdf,
kidney; (b'Xtypaaia, inflammation]. Any inflamma-
tion of the kidney.
Nephrophlegmatic (tief-ro-fleg-mat'-ik) [ve^pdf,
kidney; ^/^fy/zncrfa, inflammation]. Of the nature of
or due to nephrophlegmasia.
Nephrophthisis (iief-roff'-this-is) [vf0pdf, kidney ;
(jyOiotg, a wasting]. A cheesy inflammation of the
kidney, the process often beginning in the mucous
membrane of the bladder, or in the prostate, and
extending to the kidney. The urine is generally acid,
and small cheesy masses, elastic fibers, and shreds of
cast-off" connective tissue may be found in it. The
disease is most frequent in males, and is due to the
presence of the tubercle-bacillus.
Nephroplegia (7ief-ro-ple' -je-ah) [fE^pdf, kidney ;
Tr'^rjylj, stroke]. Paralysis of the kidney.
Nephroptosis \nef-rop-to'-sis) [^(^pdf, kidney ; irrijaL^,
fall]. Downward displacement of the kidney. See
Floating Kidney.
Nephropyelitis {nef-ro-pi-el-i' -lis) [rf^pdf, kidney;
■KvcXoq, pelvis; /r(f, inflammation]. Inflammation
of the pelvis of the kidney ; pyelonephritis.
Nephropyic {nef-ro-pi' -ik) \yt<l>pi)<;, kidney ; t:vov,
pus]. Relating to suppuration of the kidney.
Nephropyosis l^nef - ro -pi - o' - sis). Same as Pyo-
nephrosis.
Nephrorrhagia {nef-ror-a' -je-ah) \yt<^pbq, kidney;
peyvl'vat, to burst forth]. Renal hemorrhage.
Nephrorrhaphy [iief-ror' -af-e) [i'f0pdf , kidney ; pa^ij,
suture]. Suture of a floating kidney to the posterior
wall of the abdomen or to the loins. The stitches may
be introduced through the capsule or even through the
substance of the kidney.
Nephros (uef'-ros) \i<e(j>p6c, kidney]. The kidney.
Nephrosclerosis {nef-ro-skle-ro' -sis) [w^pdf, kidney;
ff/f/l?/pdf, hard]. Induration of the kidney.
Nephrospastic ( itef - ro - spas'- tik ) [ vefpdc, kidney ;
OTrdeiv, to wrench]. Pertaining to spasm of the
kidney.
Nephrostegnosis (nef-ro-steg-no'-sis) [w^pdf , kidney ;
areyvovi', to cover]. A cirrhotic condition of the
kidney.
Nephrotome (nef -ro-toin) \yEi^p6q, kidney; rbfinq, cut].
In embryology, one of the two divisions of the
primitive segments of the celum in vertebrate em-
laryos ; it lies next to the lateral plates or mesothe-
lium of the splanchnocele. It is also called the inter-
mediate mass, Mittelplatte (Kolliker).
Nephrotomy [nef-rot' -o me) \_ve<^p6q, kidney ; ropj,
a cutting]. Incision of the kidney. N., Abdomi-
nal, nephrotomy through an abdominal incision. N.,
Lumbar, nephrotomy through an incision in the loin.
Nephro-typhoid, Nephro-typhus (ne/-ro-ti'-foid, nef-
ro-ti'-fiis) [I'f^pdf, kidney ; Tv<po(;, stupor]. Entenc
fever with renal complications.
NEPHROZYMOSE
845
NERVE
Nephrozymose [nef-ro-zi' ■moz) [x'fopdf , kidney ; Ci^//,
leaven]. A gum resembling diastase sometimes found
in urine.
Neptune's Cingulum or Girdle. Cingtilum neptuni,
a folded sheet, the end of which has been soaked in
hot water, wrung out and applied to the abdomen, the
larger and dry portion being utilized as a bandage.
See Girdle.
Neptunium [nep-tu' -He-u??i) \_N^eptunns, a sea-god].
A doubtful new element obtained from columbite.
Atomic weight, Il8.
Nerac, Plan of. An herpetic form of syphilis.
Neritic (iie-rif -ik) \^ripiTrjc^, son of Nereus]. In
biology, a term applied to the swimming faunas and
floras [plankton) of the coast regions of the continents
as well as the archipelagoes and islands. Their com-
position is essentially different from that of the oceanic
plankton, and they are quantitatively as well as quali-
tatively richer.
Nerium (ne' -re-u?!i) \_vf/piop, the oleander]. The
leaves and root of JV. odorum, the common oleander.
The extractive principles exert a marked effect on the
motor centers, in lethal doses producing paralysis and
death from heart-failure. In small doses they act as a
cardiac tonic resembling digitalis. Dose of the extract
gr. The tincture may be given cautiously, in
one-drop doses, gradually increased. Unof.
Neroli, Oil of. See Aurantiutn.
Neronian Phlebotomy. Venesection in which several
veins are opened simultaneously.
Nerval {tier' -val) \_nervus, a nerve]. Pertaining to a
nerve or nerves.
Nervate [tier' -vat') \_neriius, a nerve]. In biology,
having nerves, as a leaf.
Nervation [ner-va' -shun) \_nei-vus, a sinew or nerve].
In biology, the arrangement or disposition of the fibro-
vascular bundles in the blades of leaves, or of the
nerves or veins of an insect's wing; innervation.
Nervature [ner' -vat-ur) . Same as Nervation.
Nervaura [ner-vaw' -rali) [nervi/s, nerve; aura, air].
A subtle hypothetic essence emanating from the ner-
vous system, and enveloping the body in a kind of
sphere.
Nerve [nerv) \_nervus, nerve]. A nerve is an elongated
cord or tract of protoplasm made up of aggregations
of nerve-fibers and having the property of transmitting
impulses. N., Accelerator. Synonym of A^., Aug-
mentor. N., Afferent, one that transmits impulses
from the periphery to the central nervous system.
N., Anabolic, one directly or indirectly bringing
about constructive metabolism. N., Arresting. Same
as N., Inhibitory. N., Augmentor, the cardiac sym-
pathetic nerves, stimulation of which causes accelera-
tion of the heart's action. N.-aura. Same, as Ner-
vaura. N.-axis, the axis-cylinder. See N. -fiber.
N. -bristles, fine broaches barbed on one side, or
with the end bent at right angles, employed for re-
moving devitalized pulps from the canals of the teeth.
N. -broach, a wire instrument for extracting the nerve
of a tooth. N., Calorific, a nerve, stimulation of which
increases the heat of the parts to which it is distributed.
The term is applied to the dilator nerves and to those
stimulating functional activity of organs. N. -canal,
the pulp-cavity of a tooth. N. -canal Reamer, an
instrument for enlarging the pulp-canal of a tooth,
prior to the filling of the canal. N. -capping, a cap
placed over a tooth to protect an exposed nerve. N.,
Catabolic. See A'!, Katabolic N.-cell, a mass of
protoplasm containing a large vesicular nucleus within
which lies a well-marked nucleolus. Nerve-cells have
one or more elongated processes, and in accordance
with the number of these are designated unipolar, bi-
polar, or multipolar. The processes are of two kinds:
the axis-cylinder process and the protoplasmic process.
The axis-cylinder (Deiter's) process either becomes
continuous with the axis-cyUnder of a nerve-fiber, or
divides within the gray matter into minute branches
forming a delicate network. N. -cement, neuroglia.
N. -center, a group of ganglion-cells acting together in
the performance of some function. N., Centrifugal.
Synonym of N., Efferent. N., Centripetal. Syn-
onym of N., Afferent. N., Cerebral, a cranial nerve,
q.v. N. -chord. Same as A^.-^rorf/. N. -cord, a nerve ;
a cord composed of nervous tissue. N. -corpuscles,
nucleated corpuscles lying between the neurilemma
and the medullary sheath of meduUated nerve-fibers ;
they are stained by methyl-anilin. N., Cranial, a
nerve arising directly from the brain, the oblongata
or the cervical part of the cord, and making its exit
through one of the foramina in the skull. N. -current,
a current, by some thought to pass through the nerves
and muscles. N., Depressor, an afferent nerve, irri-
tation of which depresses or inhibits the vaso-motor
center. N. -drill, an instrument for enlarging the pulp-
cavity of a tooth. N., Kfferent, one carrying impulses
from the central nervous system to the periphery. N.-
eminence. Same as N'.-hill. N. -endings, the ter-
minations of nerves at the periphery or in the nerve-
centers. N. of Expression, the facial nerve. N.-
fat. 'ir^z.mt id Protagon. N. -fiber, a fiber having the
property of conducting invisible or molecular waves
of stimulation from one part of an organism to another,
and so establishing physiologic continuity between
such parts, without the necessary passage of waves of
contraction (Romanes). There are two kinds of
nerve-fibers: \he medullated and the non-mediillated.
A typical medullated fiber consists of : [a) the axis-
cylinder, which may be surrounded by a sheath, the
axilemma ; (b) the medullary sheath, or white sub-
stance of Schwann ; [c) the neurilemma , or sheath of
Schwann. The axis-cylinder consists of fine fibrillse
cemented together by a granular interstitial substance,
the neuroplasm. The medullary sheath consists of a
reticulated framework composed of a material resem-
bling neuro-keratin, and a semifluid substance filling
the interstices, called myelin. At regular intervals
the medullated sheath is marked by interruptions, the
nodes of Rativier. Each intcrnode, as the portions of
fiber included between two Ranvier's nodes are termed ,
possesses a nerve-corpuscle. Under certain conditions
the white substance of Schwann is seen to be com-
posed of elongated pieces, the so-called Schmidt-
Lantermann segments. These may be artefacts. The
neurilemma, sheath of Schwann, or primitive sheath,
is a delicate elastic membrane, closely investing the
medullary substance. On its inner surface are placed
the nerve-corpuscles. The nou-medultated, pale, or
Remak's fibers, do not possess a medullary sheath,
but consist only of axis-cylinder and neurilemma.
The nerve-corpuscles are more abundant than in me-
dullated nerve-fibers. Medullated nerve-fibers are
found in the cerebro-spinal nerves, while non-niedul-
lated fibers occur in the sympathetic nerves and tend
to form plexuses. Nerve-fibers are aggregated into
fasciculi; these in turn unite to fonn nerve-trunks. The
nerve-fibers in a fasciculus are held together by the
endoneurium ; while each fasciculus is surrounded by
a sheath termed the perineurium. The epineurium
holds together the several fasciculi composing a nerve-
trunk. N. -fiber, Amyelinic. A synonym of non-
medullated nerve-fiber. See A^. -fiber. N. -fiber,
Myelinic. A synonym of medullated nerve-fiber. See
N. -fiber. N. -fiber, Organic. A synonym of non-
medullated nerve-fiber. See A\ -fiber. N. - fiber,
NERVE
846
NERVE
White. A synonym of medullated nerve-fiber. See
N. -fiber. N-fibril, a very fine filament of nerve-
tissue entering into the formation of the axis-cylinder.
N. -force, the energy of the nervous system. See
Isomeric T/ieorv of. N., Forty-fourth, the sympa-
thetic nerve. N., Frenator, an inhibitory nerve. N.,
Frigorific, a sympathetic nerve, so-called because its
stimulation causes a fall of temperature; thevaso-con-
strictor nerves are frigorific nerves. N., Ganglionic.
A synonym of N., Syiiipathetic. N. -grafting, the
ILLUSTRATIONS OF
Primitive Fibrilla and Medullatkd Varicose
Axis-cylinder. Fiber.
transplanting of a portion of healthy nerve from an
animal to man, after surgical operations necessitating
the removal of a portion of a nerve. N.-head, the
optic disc or papilla. N.-hill, N. -hillock, the motor
end-plate of a nerve. N., Incident. A synonym of
yV. , Affereiit. N., Katabolic, one giving rise to chemic
and destructive changes in a muscle or other tissue. N.,
Krause's Ulnar Collateral, a branch of the mus-
culo-spiral, vt^hich accompanies the ulnar nerve for
some distance and ends in the lower part of the inner
L NERVE-STRUCTURES.
Multipolar Nerve-cell from the Spinal Cord.
z. Axis-cylinder process, y. Protoplasmic processes.
Remak's Fibers.
Nerve-fibers treated with silver nitrate and showing Froh-
niann's lines.
Peripheral Ganglionic Ganglionic Cell, showing
Cell, with a Connec- a Spiral and a Straight
tive-tissue Capsule. Process
NERVED
847
NESTIATRIA
head of the triceps. N.-less, without a nerve. N.-
like, resembling a nerve. N.-loop, an arched con-
nection between two or more nerves. N. -medulla,
the axis-cylinder of a nerve. N., MeduUated. See
N. -fiber. N. -mimicry, 'iam^ Nctiroiniiiiesis. N.,
Mixed, one made up of both afterent and efferent
fibers. N. -motion, the condition of excitement of
nerves in the normal, intact body, due to physiologic
or normal stimulus; its nature is unknown. N.,
Motor, one containing only or chiefly motor fibers.
N. -needle, in dentistry, an instrument used for broach-
ing out a pulp-cavity. N., Non-medullated. See
N.fibcr. N. -paste, a preparation for destroying the
nerves of teeth, for the composition of which dif-
ferent formulx are given. Some are composed of
arsenious acid and creasote, others of arsenious acid,
creasote, and sulphate of morphin. N.-path, the
course pursued by a nervous impulse. N. -plate,
a layer of nervous tissue, which may develop into
a nerve-tube or nerve-cord. N. -plexus, a grouping
of nerves. N. -power, the nervous energy of the body.
N., Pressor, an afferent nerve, irritation of which
stimulates the vaso-motor center. N.-ring, the ring
of nerve-fibers surrounding a hair-follicle below
the orifice of the sebaceous glands. N.-root : I.
The root of a nerve ; the nerve or one of its con-
stituent parts, as it emerges from a central organ. 2.
The plant CypripediuDt pubescens. N. -rudiment,
the rudiment of a nerve. N., Secretory, an efferent
nerve, stimulation of which causes increased activity
of the gland to which it is distributed. N. -section,
the division of a nerve for the relief of neuralgia.
N. -shaken, having the nervous system shattered. N.,
Spinal, one of those arising from the spinal cord and
making its exit through an intervertebral foramen.
There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves. N. -storm, a
sudden outburst or paroxysm of neurotic disturbance.
N. -stretching, mechanical elongation or tension of a
nerve, for neuralgia, spasmodic contraction, and other
pathologic conditions. N. -substance, the substance
of a nerve-cell. N., Sympathetic, one of a sys-
tem of nerves distributed chiefly to the blood-vessels
and to the viscera. They are so-called because they
were thought to establish a communication or sym-
pathy between distant organs of the body, especially
in diseased states. See Sympathetic. N., Thermic.
A synonym of TV., Calorific. N.-tire, neurasthenia.
N. -tissue, the intrinsic substance of a nerve or nerve-
fiber. N. -track, same as N.-path. N., Trophic, a
nerve, the function of which is to preside over the
nutrition of the part to which it is distributed. N.-
trunk, the main division or stem of a nerve. N.-tube,
a nerve-fiber ; also a hollow cord of embryonic nervous
tissue. N.-tuft, a minute plexus of nerve-fibers. N.-
tumor. See Neuroma and Tumors, Table of. N.-
tunic, an investiture by nervous tissue. N.-twig, a
minute ramification of a nerve. N., Ulnar Collateral.
See N., Krause's. N., Vaso-constrictor. See
N., Vaso-motor. N., Vaso-dilator. See N., Vaso-
motor. N., Vaso-hypertonic. A synonym of N. ,
Vaso-copstrictor. N.,Vaso-inhibitory. A synonym
of Al, Vaso-dilator. N., Vaso-motor; vasomotor
nerves are of two kinds — those, stimulation of which
causes contraction of the vessels, vaso-constrictor
nerves, and those, stimulation of which causes active
dilatation, vaso-dilator nerves. Ordinarily vaso-motor
IS synonymous with vaso-constrictor. N.-wave, a
■wave-motion in a nerve.
Nerved [nervd) [nen'us, a fiber]. Having nerves;
nervose ; innervated.
Nervelessness («rr7''-/«-««) [;/iTT'«.t, a nerve]. Lack
of vigor ; a nerveless state.
Nervi [iier'-7'i) [L.]. Plural of A'ei-zais, a nerve.
Nerves. N. nervorum, a term applied to the small
nerves distributed to the nerve-sheaths.
Nerviduct {)ier' -vid-ukt) \_nervus, nerve ; ductus, duct] .
The channel by which a nerve passes through a bone.
Nerville (tier'-vil) \jiervillus, dim. of nervus, nerve].
In biology, a very fine nerve in the blade of a leaf.
Nervimotion i^ner' -vim-o-shwi) \_nervus, a nerve ;
motion]. In biology, the reflex action of the
nervous system, or the power of self-motion, as in
leaves.
Nervimotor [tier' -vim-o-tor') \_iiervus, a nerve ; motor,
a mover]. I. Pertaining to or causing nervimotion.
2. That which causes nervimotion.
Nervine {jter'-vin) \_nervus, nerve]. I. Pertaining to
the nerves. 2. Acting favorably, or decidedly, upon
the nerves. 3. A remedy that calms nervous excite-
ment or acts favorably on nervous diseases. 4. The
plant Cypripedium pubescens.
Nervose \ner'-vdz) \_nervosus, full of fibers]. Nerved;
conspicuously nerved.
Nervosism (wt-r'-w-j/cw) [Fr. nervosisme ; nervus, a
nerve]. I. Neurasthenia or nervousness. 2. The
doctrine that all morbid phenomena are caused by al-
terations of nerve-force.
Nervous [iier'-vus] \_nenius, a nerve]. Pertaining to
nerves. Applied to conditions of hyperesthesia and
neurasthenia. N. Bladder. See Bladder. N. Break-
down. See Neurasthenia . N. Cough, an hysteric
disturbance of the motor functions of the larynx, mani-
festing itself as an almost constant cough, unassociated
with disease of the laryngeal mucosa. N. Fluid,
a hypothetic fluid supposed to traverse the nerves from
the nerve-centers to the periphery. N. Impulse, the
impulse propagated along a stimulated nerve. N. In-
fluence. Same as Nerve-po-i<er . N. Irritability, a
morbid condition of excitability of the nervous system.
N. Quinsy. A synonym of Globus hystericus. N.
Shock, a functional disturbance of the central nervous
system, following fright or other violent emotion. N.
System. See Cerebrospinal. N. Temperament.
See Temperament. N. Vomiting, a condition not
associated with anatomic changes in the stomach or
with any morbid state of its contents, but due to ner-
vous influences acting either directly or indirectly upon
the centers presiding over the act of vomiting. It
usually occurs in brunet women, and is, as a rule, not
of much gravity, although death has occurred.
Nervousness (iter' -vus-nes) [_neri/us, nerve]. A con-
dition of over-excitability of the nervous system, char-
acterized by great unrest, mental and physical.
Nervule, Nervulet {)ier'-vrd, ner' -tiu-let^ [dim. of
nervus, nerve]. A small nerve.
Nervulose [tier'-vu-ldz) \_nervulus, dim. of nervus, a
nerve]. In biology, minutely nervose.
Nervure [ner'-vur) \jiervus, a sinew]. In biology,
one of the veins or nerves of a leaf or an insect's
wing.
Nesis (lie' -sis) [i7/(j/f, suture]. Suture.
Nessler's Reagent and Test. A solution of potas-
sium iodid, mercuric chlorid, and sodium hydroxid,
used in estimating the amount of ammonia in water.
See Tests, Table of.
Nesslerizing (lies' -ler-i-zing) [after N'essler, a chemist].
The process of using Nessler's reagent.
Nest [ME., nest, a nest]. The home of a bird; the
place where its eggs are laid. N.-cell, an aggrega-
tion or cluster of cells, as in carcinoma.
Nesteia (nes-ti' -aJi) \_vna-aa, fasting]. I. Fasting.
2. The jejunum.
Nestiatria (nes-te-a'-tre-ah) [iv/orc/o, a fast; larpeta,
treatment]. Hunger-cure; treatment by fasting.
NERVES
848
NERVES
The Sympathetic
System of Nerves.
Carotid Plexus
to G.ofIU)ot ofPneumoff.
toPetrosal G.of^
Glosso-pk.
from, I'f'J CerincalMi
- 2^
to
. Vidian toS-fGanijlum
£arg^ S.Petm&ttl ?!>
G.= 6AN0LI0N.
P." PLEXUS.
A.' ARTERY.
I.Z.S.'t. BRAN CHES.
FROM PNEUMOGASTRIC
NERVE TO THE CAROiAC
PLEXUS.
dastroAiadenal
'^Fylort'c
4th.
Jrtm Caccjyoal
5 Sup.Ifemorrhoidal.
6 Spermatic Plexus.
Pelvic P. orlnfHypogaslnc.
SUPfJLIES ALL THE PELVIC VISCERA AND THE PENIS.
Ganglion Jmpar.
Fmmfbtters Compeni o/Matomi^.
NERVES
854
NERVES
I. Falx cerebri. 2, 2. Its convex bor-
der, with the great longitudinal sinus.
3. Its concave border. 4, 4. Inferior
longitudinal sinus. 5. Base of falx
cerebri. 6. Straight sinus. 7. Apex
of falx cerebri. 8. Right half of the
tentorium, seen from below. 9. Right
lateral sinus. 10. Superior petrosal
sinus. II. Inferior petrosal sinus.
12. Posterior occipital sinus. 13. Falx
cerebelli. 14. Optic nerve. 15. Motor
oculi. 16. Pathetic. I7- Trigeminus.
18. Abducens. 19. Facial and audi-
tory nerves. 20. Glosso-pharyngeal,
pneumogastric and spinal accessory
nerves. 21. Hypoglossal nerve. 22.
First cervical nerve. 23. Second cer-
vical nerve. 24, 24. Upper ex-
tremity of ligamentum denticulatum.
Medisection of Brain. Points of Exit of Nerves.
I. Floor of fourth ventricle. 2. Supe-
rior cerebellar peduncle. 3. Middle
cerebellar peduncle. 4. Inferior cere-
bellar peduncle. 5. Enlargement at
upper extremity of postero-mediau
column. 6. Glosso-pharyngeal nerve.
7. Vagus. 8. Spinal accessory. 9.
9, 9, 9. Ligamentum denticulatuin.
10, 10, 10, 10. Posterior roots
of spinal nerves. n, n, "1
Postero-latera! fissure. 12, 12, 12, 12.
Ganglia of posterior roots. 13. '3-
Anterior roots. 14- Division of united
roots into anterior and posterior
nerves. 15. Terminal extremity of
cord. 16, 16. Filum terminale. i7.
17. Cauda equina I.VIH. Cervical
nerves. I, XII. Dorsal nerves. I,V.
Lumbar nerves. I, V. Sacral nerves.
SiPERiOR OR Cervical
Segment of Spinal
Cord.
Middle or Dorsal
Portion of Cord.
Inferior Portion of
Cord and Cauda
Equina.
NERVES
855
NERVES
TABLE OF NERVES (alphabetic).
Name.
Function.
Origin.
Distribution.
Branches.
Abdominal.
Sensation and motion.
Vagus.
Surface of stomach.
Filaments.
Abducens (sixth cranial).
Motion.
Fourth ventricle.
External rectus of eye.
Filaments.
Alveolar.
Sensation.
Inferior dental.
Molar and bicuspid teeth,
and adjacent gums.
Gingi vales.
Arnold's.
See Auricular.
Articular.
Trophic, sensory (?).
Anterior crural.
Knee-joint.
Capsular, synovial.
Articular, 2.
Trophic, sensory (?).
Ulnar.
Elbow-joint.
Filaments.
Articular, recurrent.
Motion.
Externa! popliteal.
Knee-joint and anterior
tibial muscle.
Filaments.
Auditory (eighth cranial,
portio mollis of 7th).
Hearing.
Restiform body.
Internal ear.
Vestibular, cochlear.
Auricular.
Sensation.
Lesser occipital.
Integument of post, and
upper portion of pinna.
Filaments.
Auricular {anterior).
Sensation.
Inferior maxillary.
Integument of external
ear.
Filaments.
Auricular (Arnold's).
Sensation.
Vagus.
External ear.
Filaments.
Auricular (posterior).
Motion.
Facial.
Retrahens aurem, attol-
lens aurem, occipito-
frontalis.
Auricular, occipital.
Auricularis magnus.
Sensation.
Cervical plexus, 2d
and 3d cervical.
Parotid gland, face, ear.
Facial, mastoid and auric-
ular.
Auriculo-temporal.
Sensation.
Inferior maxillary.
Pinna and temple.
Articular, two branches
to meatus, parotid, ante-
rior auricular, superfi-
cial temporal.
Of Bock.
See Pharyngeal.
Buccal.
Motion.
Facial.
Buccinator and orbicularis
oris muscles.
Filaments.
Buccal, long.
Sensation, motion?
Inferior maxillary.
Cheek.
Superior and inferior buc-
cinator and external
pterygoid.
Calcanean, internal.
Sensation.
Posterior tibial.
Fascia and integument of
heel and sole.
Several small filaments.
Calcaneo-plantar, cuta-
neous.
See Calcanean, inter
nal.
Cardiac (cervical and
thoracic).
Inhibition.
Vagus.
Heart.
Branches to cardiac plex-
uses.
Of Casser.
See Perforating, and
Mnsculo-cutaneoHS.
Cavernous.
Sensation.
Prostatic plexus.
Erectile structures of
penis.
Filaments.
Cervical, eight.
Motion and sensation.
Cord.
Trunk and upper ex-
tremities.
Ventral and dorsal divi-
sions. See Plexus.
Cervical, first (anterior
division).
Motion and sensation.
Cord.
Rectus lateralis and two
anterior recti.
Filaments and communi-
cating to vagus, hypo-
glossal, sympathetic.
Cervical, first (posterior
division).
Motion and sensation.
Cord.
Recti, obliqui, complexus.
Communicating and cuta-
neous filaments.
Cervical, fourth (ante-
rior division).
Motion and sensation.
Cord.
Shoulder and communi-
cating.
Communicating filaments,
muscular, etc.
Cervical, second (ante-
rior division).
Motion and sensation.
Cord.
Communicating.
Ascending, descending,
communicating and fila-
ments.
Cervical, second (poste-
rior division).
Motion and sensation.
Cord.
Obliquus inferioris, scalp,
ear, complexus, splenius,
trachelo-mastoid.
Internal or occipitalis
major, and external.
Cervical, third (ante-
rior division).
Motion and sensation.
Cord.
Communicating.
Ascending, descending,
and communicating fila-
ments.
NERVES
856
NERVES
Brachial Portion of Musculo-
cutaneous, Median AND Ulnar
Nerves.
Terminal Portion of Median
Nerve and of Ulnar Nerve.
. Musculo-cutaneous nerve. 2. Branch to coraco-brachialis 3. Branch to bi-
ceps. 4. Branch to brachialis anticus. 5. Anastomotic branch from median.
6. Division of musculo-cutaneous. 7. Radial nerve. 8. Its external cutaneous
branch. 9. Internal cutaneous. 10. Its anterior, or ulnar branch. 11. Upper
portion of median and ulnar nerves. 12. Their middle portion. 13. Branch to
pronator radii teres. 14. Trunk giving rise to anterior muscular branches. 15.
Branches to flexor profundus digitorum. 16. Branch to flexor longus proprius
pollicis. 17. Interosseous branches. 18. Palmar cutaneous branch. 19. Branch
for muscles of thenar eminence. 20. External collateral branch to thumb. 21.
Internal collateral branch. 22. External collateral branch to index finger. 23.
Common trunk of internal collateral branch to index finger and external col-
lateral branch to middle finger. 24. Trunk of internal collateral to middle
finger and external collateral branch to ring finger. 25. Branch of ulnar nerve
to flexor carpi ulnaris. 26. Branches to two inner fasciculi of flexor profundus
digitorum. 27. Cutaneous and anastomotic filament. 28. Dorsal branch. 29.
Superficial palmar branch. 30. Common trunk of internal collateral branch to
ring finger and external collateral branch to little finger. 31. Internal collateral
branch to little finger. 32. Deep palmar branch. 33. Branch of the latter to
hypothenar muscles. 34. Branches to muscles of fourth interosseous and to
fourth lumbricalis. 35. Branches to muscles of third interosseous space and to
third lumbricalis. 36. Branches to the adductor of the thumb and to the mus-
cles of the first two interosseous spaces.
Terminal Branches of the
Radial Nerve.
I. Trunk of radial nerve. 2. Branch
to supinator longus. 3. Branch to
extensor carpi radialis longior. 4.
Branch to extensor carpi radialis
brevior. 5. Bifurcation. 6. Poste-
rior, or muscular division. 7. This
division traversing the supinator
brevis, to which it furnishes several
branches. 8. Its terminal branches,
9, 9. Anterior, or cutaneous division
10. Terminal branches of this div
sion. II Musculo-cutaneous nerve.
12,12,12. Its terminal branches. 13
One of its branches descending to
the wrist and anastomosing with the
cutaneous branch of the radial.
NERVES
857
NERVES
TABLE OF 'tiY.KVY.S,.— Continued.
Name.
Function.
Origin.
Distribution.
Branches.
rior division).
R^otion and sensation.
Cord.
OcClpUtj SplcillUS, COtll"
plexus.
Internal, external, and fila-
ments.
Cervicals, 5th to 8th
(anterior divisions).
Motion and sensation.
Cord.
Brachial plexus.
Communicating.
Cervicals, 4th to 8th
(posterior divisions).
Motion and sensation.
Cord.
Muscles and skin of neck.
Internal and external
branches.
Cervico-facial.
Motion.
Facial.
Lov^er part of face and
part of neck.
Buccal, supra-maxillary,
infra-maxillary.
Chorda tympani.
Motion.
Facial.
Tongue, tympanum, sub-
maxillary gland.
Filaments.
Ciliary.
Sensation, nutrition,
motion.
Ciliary ganglion.
Eye-ball.
Filaments.
Circumflex.
Motion and sensation.
Brachial plexus.
Teres minor, deltoid and
skin.
Anterior, posterior and ar-
ticular.
Coccygeal.
Motion.
Coccygeal plexus.
Coccygeus and gluteus
maxiraus.
Filaments.
Cochlear.
Hearing.
Auditory.
Cochlea.
Filaments.
Colli, superficialis.
Sensation.
Cervical plexus.
Platysma myoidesand ven-
tro-lateral parts of neck.
Ascending and descending
branches, filaments.
Communicans hypo-
glossi.
See Communicans noni.
Communicans noni.
Motion and sensation.
Second cervical, third
cervical.
Descendens noni, depres-
sor muscles of hyoid
bone.
Omo-hyoid and filaments,
ansa hypoglossi.
Communicating.
Motion and sensation.
Cervical plexus.
Spinal accessory.
Branches.
Communicating.
Sensation and motion.
First and second cer-
vical.
Vagus, hypoglossal, sym-
pathetic.
Three branches and fila-
ments.
Of Cotunnius.
See Na s o-p alatine
nerve.
Crural.
Sensation.
Genito-crural.
Skin, upper and central
part ant. aspect of thigh.
Filaments.
Crural, anterior.
Motion and sensation.
Lumbar plexus, second,
third and fourth lum-
bar nerves.
Thigh.
Middle and internal cuta-
neous, long saphenous,
muscular, articular.
Cutaneous.
Sensation.
Musculo-spiral.
Skin of arm, radial side of
forearm.
One internal, two external.
Cutaneous.
Sensation.
Ulnar.
Wrist and palm.
ist and palmar cutaneous.
Cutaneous (dorsal).
Sensation.
Ulnar.
Little and ring fingers.
Filaments and communi-
cating branches.
Cutaneous (external).
Sensation.
2d and 3d lumbar.
Skin of thigh. ^
Anterior, posterior.
Cutaneous (internal).
Sen.sation.
Brachial plexus.
Forearm.
Anterior and posterior
branches and filaments.
Cutaneous (lesser inter-
nal) {of Wrisberg).
Sensation.
Brachial plexus.
Inner side of arm.
Filaments.
Cutaneous (middle and
internal).
Sensation. Motion?
Anterior crural.
Thigh and communica-
ting.
Communicating and fila-
ments.
Cutaneous, perforating.
Sensation.
Fourth sacral.
Integument covering glu-
teus maximus.
Filaments.
Cyon's.
See Depressor.
Dental (inferior or man-
dibular).
Sensation.
Inferior maxillary.
Teeth, muscles.
Mylo-hyoid, incisor, men-
tal, dental.
Dental, superior.
See Dentals {posterior
and anterior).
Dentals (post, and ant.).
Sensation.
Superior maxillary.
Teeth.
Filaments.
Depressor.
Lowering of the
blood-pressure.
In the rabbit, from the
vagus.
Heart.
Filaments.
Descendens hypoglossi.
Motor.
Cervical plexus.
Omo-hyoid, sterno-hyoid.
sterno-thyroid, thyro-hy-
oid, genio-hyoid, hyo-
glossus and muscles of
tongue.
Muscular, tongue.
NERVES
858
NERVES
Muscular Nerves of the Antero-
INTERNAL ASPECT OF THE ThIGH.
I. Anterior crural nerve. 2. Branches
to iliacus muscle. 3. Branch to inner
part of psoas. 4. Large cutaneous
branch. 5, 6. Muscular filaments of
small musculo-cutaneous branch. 7.
Cutaneous branches. 8. Deep, or
anastomotic filament of internal cuta-
neous branch. 9. Branches to rectus
femoris. 10. Branches to vastus ex-
ternus. 11, 11. Branches to vastus
internus. 12, 12. Internal saphenous
nerve. 13. Its patellar branch. 14.
Vertical, or tibial branch. 15. Obtu-
rator nerve. 16. Branch to adductor
longus. 17. Branch to adductor
brevis. 18. Branch to gracilis. 19.
Branch to adductor magnus. 20
Lumbo-sacral trunk. 21. Union of
this trunk and the first sacral nerve.
22, 22. Lumbar and sacral portions
of sympathetic. 23. External inguino-
cutaneous branch.
External Popliteal, or Peroneal
Nerve.
I. External popliteal nerve. 2. Fibular
cutaneous branch. 3. Communicans
peronei. 4. External saphenous nerve.
5. Trunk formed by the union of the
last two. 6. Calcanean branches. 7. Ex-
ternal terminal branch. 8. Internal
branch. 9, 9. Musculo-cutaneous nerve.
10, 10. Its terminal branches. 11. Anas-
tomosis of its external terminal branch
with internal saphenous. 12. Anastomosis
of internal terminal branch with ex-
ternal. 13. Anterior tibial nerve. 14. Its
terminal portion, anastomosing with the
musculo-cutaneous and dividing to form
the deep dorsal internal collateral
branch to the great toe, and the external
collateral branch to the second toe.
The Great Sciatic Nekve.
I. Superior gluteal nerve. 2. Inferior
gluteal, or small sciatic nerve. 3,3.
3. Branches to gluteus maxinius. 4-
Branch to pyriformis. 5. Genital
branch of small sciatic. 6. Femoro-
popliteal branch. 7, 7. Trunk of
great sciatic. 8. Branch to long head
of biceps. 9. Branch to short head.
10, 10. Branches to semitendinosus.
11, II. Branches to semimembrano-
sus. 12, 12. Branches to adductor
magnus. 13. External popliteal. 14.
Internal popliteal. 15. Filament to
plantaris. 16, 16. Branches to gas-
trocnemius. 17. Origin of external
saphenous.
NERVES
859
NERVES
TABLE OF NERVES.— Con^mueJ.
Name.
Function.
Origin.
Distribution.
Branches.
Descendens noni.
See Descendens hypo-
glussi.
Digastric.
Motion.
Facial.
Posterior belly of digastric.
Filaments.
Dorsal, 12 (anterior and
posterior divisions).
Motion and sensation.
Cord.
Muscles and skin of chest
and trunk.
External, internal, cuta-
neous.
Dorsal (of clitoris).
Analogue of dorsal of
penis.
Filaments.
Dorsal (of penis).
Sensation.
Pudic.
Penis.
Filaments.
Esophageal.
Motion.
Vagus.
Mucous and muscular
coats of esophagus.
Esophageal plexus.
Facial.
Sensation.
Great auricular.
Skin over parotid.
Filaments.
Facia! (seventh cranial,
portio dura).
Motion.
■
Floor of fourth ven-
tricle. .
Face, ear, palate, tongue.
Petrosals, tympanic, chor-
da tympani, communicat-
ing,post. auricular, digas-
tric, stylo-hyoid, lingual,
temporal, malar, infra-
orbital, buccal, superior
and inferior maxillary.
Frontal.
Sensation.
Ophthalmic.
Forehead and eyelids.
Supra-orbital, supra-troch-
lear.
Gastric.
Motion.
Vagus.
Stomach.
Filaments.
Genital.
Motion and sensation.
Genito-crural.
Cremaster muscle.
Filaments.
Genito-crural.
Motion and sensation.
First and second lum-
bar.
Cremaster and thigh.
Genital, crural, communi-
cating.
Glosso-pharyng eal
(ninth cranial).
Sensation and taste.
Fourth ventricle.
Tongue, middle ear, ton-
sils, pharynx, meninges.
Tympanic, carotid,
pharyngeal, muscular,
tonsillar, lingual.
Gluteal (inferior).
Motion.
Sacral plexus (2d and
3d sacral nerves).
Gluteus maximus.
Filaments.
Gluteal (superior).
Motion.
Sacral plexus.
Glutei, tensor vaginas fem.
Filaments.
Gustatory.
See Lingual.
Hemorrhoidal (inferior).
Sensation and motion.
Pudic.
External sphincter ani,
and adjacent integument.
Filaments.
Hepatic.
(?)
Vagus.
Liver.
Hepatic plexus.
Hirschfeld's.
Motion.
Facial.
Styloglossus and palato-
glossus.
Filaments.
Hypogastric.
Sensation.
Ilio-hypogastric.
Skin about external ab-
dominal ring.
Filaments.
Hypoglossal (twelfth
cranial).
Motion.
Floor of fourth ven-
tricle.
Hyo-glossus and hyoid
muscles.
Descendens noni or hypo-
glossi, muscular, thyro-
hyoid, genio-hyoid and
meningeal.
Iliac.
Sensation.
Ilio-hypogastric.
Integument covering fore
part of gluteal region.
Filaments.
Iliac.
Sensation.
Last dorsal.
Integument covering fore
part of gluteal region.
Filaments.
Ilio-hypogastric.
Motion and sensation.
First lumbar.
Abdominal and gluteal
regions.
Iliac, hypogastric, com-
municating.
Ilio-inguinal.
Motion and sensation.
First lumbar.
Inguinal region and scro-
tum.
Muscular, cutaneous and
communicating.
Incisive.
Sensation.
Inferior dental.
Canine and incisor teeth
and corresponding gums.
Filaments.
Infra-mandibular.
See Infra-maxillary.
Infra-maxillary.
Motion.
Facial.
Platysma myoides.
Filaments.
Infra-orbital.
Sensation and motion.
Facial.
Nose and lip.
Palpebral, nasal, labial.
Infra-trochlear.
Sensation.
Nasal. ,
Skin and conjunctiva of
inner part of eye, lacry-
mal sac.
Filaments.
Intercostal.
Motion and sensation.
Spinal cord.
Muscles and integument
of thorax.
Muscular, anterior and lat-
eral cutaneous.
NERVES
860
NERVES
TABLE OF '^Y.KVES.— Continued.
Name.
Function.
Origin.
Distribution.
Branches.
Intercosto-humeral.
Sensation.
Second intercostal.
Integument of upper two-
thirds of inner and poste-
rior part of arm.
Filaments.
Interosseous (anterior).
Motion.
Median.
Deep muscles of forearm.
Filaments.
Interosseous (posterior).
Motion and sensation.
Musculo-spiral.
Carpus and radial and pos-
terior brachial regions.
Filaments.
Jacobson's.
See Tympanic, of the
glosso-pharyngeal.
Labial.
Motion and sensation.
Superior maxillary.
Muscles and mucous mem-
brane of lips.
Filaments.
Lacrymal.
Sensation.
Ophthalmic.
Gland and conjunctiva.
Filaments.
Of Lancisi.
Longitudinal stria-
tlons on upper sur-
face of corpus cal-
losura.
Laryngeal (recurrent or
inferior).
Motion.
Vagus.
Larynx.
Branches to all laryngeal
mus. except crico-thyroid.
Laryngeal (superior).
Sensation and motion.
Vagus.
Larynx.
External — eric o-thyroid
muscle and thyroid gland.
Internal — mucous mem-
brane of larynx.
Lingual.
Motion and sensation.
Facial.
Mucous membrane of
tongue, palato-glossus
and stylo-giossus mus-
cles.
Filaments.
Lingual.
Sensation.
Glosso-pharyngeal.
Circumvallate papillae and
glands of tongue.
Filaments.
Lingual.
Taste and sensation.
Inferior maxillary.
Tongue and mouth.
Filaments.
Lumbar (5).
Motion and sensation.
Cord.
Lumbar and genital tis-
sues.
Anterior and posterior di-
visions, lumbar plexus.
Malar.
Motion.
Facial.
Lower part of orbicularis
palpebrarum, and eye-
lids.
Filaments.
Malar.
Sensation.
Orbital.
Skin over malar bone.
Filaments.
Mandibular.
See Maxillary, infe
rior.
Masseteric.
Motor.
Inferior maxillary.
Masseter muscle (and tem-
poral ?).
Filaments.
Mastoid.
Sensation.
Great auricular.
Skin over mastoid process.
Filaments.
Mastoid.
Motion.
Lesser occipital.
Skin over mastoid process.
Filaments.
Maxillary (inferior).
Sensation, motion,
and taste.
Trigeminus.
Muscles of mastication,
ear, cheek, tongue, teeth.
Masseteric, auriculo-tem-
poral, buccal, gustatory,
inferior dental.
Maxillary (superior).
Sensation.
Trigeminus.
Cheek, face, teeth.
Orbital, spheno-palatine,
dentals, infra-orbital.
Median.
Motion and sensation.
Brachial plexus.
Pronator radii teres,
flexors, two lumbricales,
fingers, palms.
Muscular, anterior inter-
osseous, palmar cuta-
neous.
Meningeal.
Sensation.
Glosso-pharyngeal.
Pia and arachnoid.
Filaments.
Meningeal.
Sensation.
Hypoglossal.
Dura mater.
Filaments.
Meningeal.
Sensation.
Vagus.
Dura around lateral sinus.
Filaments.
Meningeal, recurrent.
Sensation.
Inferior maxillary.
Dura and mastoid cells.
Filaments.
Mental.
Motion and sensation.
Inferior maxillary.
Mucous membrane of
lower lip and chin.
Filaments.
Motor oculi (third cra-
nial).
Motion.
Floor of aqueduct of
Sylvius.
AH muscles of the eye, ex-
cept external rectus, su-
perior oblique, and orbic-
ularis palpebrarum.
Filaments.
Muscular.
Motion and sensation.
First and second cer-
vical.
Rec. cap. lat., rec. anterior
major et minor.
Filaments.
Muscular.
Motion and sensation.
Cervical plexus.
Sterno-mastoid, lev. ang.
scap., seal, med., trapez.
Filaments.
NERVES
861
NERVES
TABLE OF NERVES.— Co«/zwzW.
Name.
Function.
Origin.
Distribution.
Branches.
Muscular.
Motion.
Brachial plexus.
Longus colli, scaleni,
rhoinboidei subclavius.
Filaments.
Muscular.
Motion.
Musculo-spiral.
Triceps, anconeus, sup-
inat. long., extens. carpi
rad. long., brach. antic.
Internal, post e ri 0 r , ex-
Muscular.
Motion.
Median.
Superficial muscles of fore-
arm.
Filaments.
Muscular.
Motion.
Ulnar.
Flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor
profundus digitorum.
Two branches.
Muscular.
Motion.
Great sciatic.
Biceps, semimembranosus,
semitendinosus, adduc-
tor magnus.
Filaments.
Muscular.
Motion.
Sacral plexus.
Pyriformis, obturator int.,
gemelli, quad, femoris.
Filaments.
Muscular.
^lotion.
Anterior crural.
Pectineus and muscles of
thigh.
Filaments.
Musculo-cutancous.
iVlotion and sensation.
Brachial plexus.
Coraco-brach . , biceps
brach. anticus, forearm.
Anterior and posterior.
Musculo-cutaneous.
Motion and sensation.
External popliteal.
Muscles of fibular side of
leg, skin of dorsum of foot.
Internal, external.
Musculo-spiral.
Motion and sensation.
Brachial plexus.
Back of arm and forearm,
skin of back of hand.
Musculo-cutaneous, radial,
posterior interosseous.
Mylo-hyoid.
Motion.
Inferior maxillary.
Mylo-hyoid and digastric
muscles.
Filaments.
Nasal.
Sensation.
Dental, anterior.
Mucous membrane of
inferior meatus.
Filaments.
Nasal.
Sensation.
Maxillary, superior.
Integument of lateral as-
pect of nose.
Filaments.
Nasal.
Sensation.
Ophthalmic.
Iris, ciliary ganglion, nose.
Ganglionic, ciliary, infra-
trochlear.
Nasal, inferior.
Sensation.
Anterior palatine.
Mucous membrane of nose.
Filaments.
Nasal, superior.
Sensation.
Meckel's ganglion.
Mucous membrane of nose
and post, ethmoid cells.
Filaments.
Naso-palatine (of Cotun-
nius).
Sensation .
Nasal septum.
Filaments
Obturator.
Motion and sensation.
Lumbar plexus, third
and fourth nerves.
Obturator externus, ad-
ductors, joint and skin.
Ant and post, articulating
and communicating.
Obturator (accessory).
Motion and sensation.
Lumbar plexus.
Pectineus and hip-joint.
Filaments.
Occipital, smallest or 3d.
Sensation.
Third cervical.
Integument of occiput.
Filaments.
Occipitalis lesser or
minor.
OCl 1 3d. L 1 (J 1 1 •
Second cervical.
Gommunicating, auricular,
filaments.
Occipitalis magnus.
Motion and sensation.
Second cervical.
Complexus, trap, and scalp.
Filaments.
Oculo-motor.
See Motor octili.
Olfactory (first cranial).
Smell.
Frontal lobe, optic
thai., island of Reil.
Schneiderian membrane
of nose.
Twenty branches.
Ophthalmic.
Sensation.
Trigeminus.
Forehead, eyes, nose.
Frontal, lacrymal, nasal.
Optic (second cranial).
Sight.
Cortical center in oc-
cipital lobe.
Retina.
None.
Orbital.
Sensation.
Meckel's ganglion.
Mucosa of posterior
ethmoid cells, and
sphenoid sinus.
Filaments.
Orbital.
Sensation.
Superior maxillary.
Temple and cheek.
Temporal and malar.
Orbito-temporal.
See Orbital (of supe
rioi' maxillary).
Palatine, anterior or
great.
Sensation.
Meckel's ganglion.
Hard palate, gums and
nose.
Two inferior nasal.
Palatine, external.
Sensation.
Meckel's ganglion.
Tonsil and soft palate.
Filaments.
Palatine, posterior or
small.
Motor.
Meckel's ganglion.
Levator palati and azygos
uvulae.
Filaments.
Palmar cutaneous.
Sensation.
Median,
Thumb and palm.
Outer and inner.
NERVES 862 NERVES
TABLE OF -iiY.KN^?,.— Continued.
Name.
Function.
Origin.
Distribution.
Branches.
Palmar (deep).
Motion.
Ulnar.
Little finger, dorsal and
palmar interosseous, two
inner lumbricales, ab-
ductor pollicis.
Filaments.
Palmar (superficial).
Sensation and motion.
Ulnar.
Palmaris brevis, inner
side of hand and little
finger.
Filaments and two di^^ital
branches.
Palpebral.
Motor.
Superior maxillary.
Integument of Jower lid.
Filaments.
Parotid.
Sensation.
Auriculo-temporal
Parotid gland.
Filaments.
Patellar.
Sensation.
Long saphenous.
Integument over patella
and plexus patellae.
Filaments.
Patheticus (4th cranial).
Motion.
Valve of Vieussens.
Superior oblique of eye.
None.
Pectineus.
Motion.
Anterior crural.
Pectineus muscle.
Filaments.
Perforating (of Casser).
See Mu s culo- cuta
neous.
Perineal.
Motion and sensation.
Pudic.
Perineum, genitalia and
skin of perineal region.
Cutaneous and muscular.
Perineal.
Motion and sensation.
Fourth sacral.
External sphincter ani
and integument of anus.
Filaments.
Petrosals.
Motion.
Facial.
Ganglia and plexus.
Great, small, external to
Meckel's ganglion otic
ganglion, and meningeal
plexus, respectively.
Phiaryngeal.
Motion and sensation.
Glosso-pharyngeal.
Pharynx.
Enters into formation of
pharyngeal plexus.
Pharyngeal.
Sensation.
Meckel's ganglion.
Upper part of p h a r y n x,
posterior nares and
sphenoid sinus.
Filaments.
Pharyngeal.
Motion.
Vagus.
Pharynx.
Pharyngeal plexus, mus-
Pharyngeal.
Sensation.
Sympathetic.
Pharynx.
Helps to form the pharyn-
geal plexus.
Phrenic.
Motion and sensation.
Third, fourth, and fifth
cervical.
Diaphragm, pericardium,
pleura.
Filaments.
Plantar (external).
Motion and sensation.
Posterior tibial.
Little toe and deep mus-
cles of foot.
Superficial and deep.
Plantar (internal).
Sensation and motion.
Posterior tibial.
Sole of foot, adduct. pol-
lic, flexor brev. dig., toes.
Cutaneous, muscular,
articular, digital.
Pneumogastric (tenth
cranial, "par vagum").
Sensation and motion.
Floor of fourth ven-
tricle.
Ear, pharynx, larj'nx,
heart, lungs, esophagus,
stomach.
Auricular, pharyngeal,
superior and inferior
larvii'^eal recurrent la-
ryngeal, cardiac, pul-
monary esophageal, gas-
trie, hepatic, cimmuni-
CJitin^ m cii i ii§[C3l •
Popliteal (external).
Sensation and motion.
Great sciatic.
Extensors of foot, skin,
and fascia.
Anterior tibial, mu.sculo-
cutaneous, articular,
CUttlllCOllS.
Articular, muscular, cuta-
neous, external saphen-
ous plantar, external or
short saphenous.
Popliteal (internal).
Motion and sensation
Great sciatic.
Knee, gastrocnemius, tibi-
alis posticus, plantaris,
solcuSf p)op)Iit6tiS| skin of
foot.
Pterygoid, external.
Motion.
Inferior maxillary.
External pterygoid muscle.
Filaments.
Pterygoid, internal.
Motion.
Inferior maxillary.
Internal pterygoid nniscle.
Filaments.
Pudendal, long (nerve of
Soemmering).
Sensation,
Small sciatic.
Integument of genitalia
and inner and proximal
part of thigh.
Filaments.
Pudic.
Motion and sensation.
Sacral plexus.
Perineum, anus, genitalia.
Inferior hemorrhoidal,peri-
neal, cutaneous, dorsal of
penis.
Pulmonary (anterior
and posterior).
(?)•
Vagus.
Lungs.
Branches to pulmonary
plexuses.
NERVES
863
NERVES
TABLE OF NERVES.— Con(mued.
Name.
Function.
Origin.
Distribution.
Branches.
Radial.
Sensation.
Musculo-cutaneous.
Thumb and three fingers.
External and internal.
Sacral (five).
Motion and sensation.
Cord.
Multifidus spinse, skin,
gluteal region.
Filaments and sacral
plexus.
Saphenous (external or
short).
Sensation.
Internal popliteal.
Integument of foot and
little toe.
Filaments.
Saphenous (long or in-
ternal).
Sensation.
Anterior crural.
Knee, ankle.
Cutaneous, patellar, com-
municating, filaments.
Of Scarpa.
See Naso-palatine .
Sciatic (great).
Motion and sensation.
Sacral plexus.
Skin of leg, muscles of
back of thigh and those
of leg and foot.
Articular, muscular, pop-
liteals.
Sciatic (small).
Sensation and motion.
Sacral plejtus.
Perineum, back of thigh
and leg, gluteus maximus.
Muscular, cutaneous, long
pudendal.
Septal.
Sensation.
Meckel's ganglion.
Back part of nasal septum.
Filaments.
Of Soemmering.
See Pudendal, Long.
Spheno-palatine.
Sensation.
Superior maxillary.
Meckel's ganglion.
See Ganglion.
Spinal.
Motion and sensation.
Spinal cord.
Trunk.
Filaments.
Spinal accessory
(eleventh cranial).
Motion.
Floor of fourth ventri-
cle.
Sterno-cleido -mastoid,
trapezius.
Filaments.
Splanchnic (great).
Sympathetic.
Thoracic ganglia.
Semilunar ganglion, renal
and supra -renal plexuses.
Communicating and fila-
ments.
Splanchnic (lesser).
Sympathetic.
Tenth and eleventh
thoracic ganglia,
great splanchnic.
Celiac plexus and great
splanchnic.
Communicating and fila-
ments.
Splanchnic (renal or
srriallest).
Sympathetic.
Last thoracic ganglion.
Renal and celiac plexus.
Communicating and fila-
ments.
Stapedial.
Motion.
Facial.
Stapedius muscle.
Filaments.
Stylo-hyoid.
Motion.
Facial.
Stylo-hyoid muscle.
Filaments.
Subscapular (three).
■
Motion.
Brachial plexus.
Subscapular, teres major,
and latissimus dorsi.
Filaments.
Supra-acromial.
Sensation.
Cervical plexus.
Skin over deltoid".
Filaments.
Supra-clavicular (de-
scending) .
Sensation.
Third and fourth cer-
vical.
Skin of neck, breast and
shoulder.
Sternal, clavicular, acro-
mial.
Supra-mandibular.
See Maxillary, supe
rior.
Supra-niaxillary.
See Maxillary, supe
rior.
Supra-orbital.
Sensation.
Ophthalmic.
Upper lid, forehead.
Muscular, cutaneous and
pericranial branches. '
Supra-scapular.
Motion and sensation.
Brachial plexus.
Scapular muscles.
Filaments.
Supra-sternal.
Sensation.
Cervical plexus.
Integument over upper
part of sternum.
Filaments.
Supra-trochlear.
Sensation.
Ophthalmic.
Forehead and upper eyelid.
Muscular and cutaneous.
Sympathetic.
See Sympathetic, Gan
glion, and Plexus.
Temporal.
Motion.
Inferior maxillary.
Temporal muscle.
Filaments.
Temporal.
Sensation.
Orbital.
Integument over temporal
muscle.
Filaments.
• diijjLii cil.
Motion.
Temporo-facial.
Orbicularis palpebrarum,
occipito-frontalis, attra-
hens and attollens aurem ,
corrugator supercilii.
Muscular.
Temporal, superficial.
Sensation.
Auriculo-temporal.
Integument over temporal
fascia.
Filaments.
Temporo-facial.
Motion.
Facial.
Upper part of face.
Temporal, malar, infra-
orbital.
Teitiporo-malar.
See Orbital.
NESTIS
864
NETTLE
TABLE OF NERVES.— Coniinueif.
Name.
Function.
Origin.
Distribution.
Branches.
Thoracic (posterior or
long). E.\ternal respi-
ratory nerve of Bell.
Motion.
Brachial plexus.
Serratus magiius.
Filaments.
Thoracic, spinal.
Motion and sensation.
Cord.
Muscles of skin of thorax.
Filaments.
Thoracics (ant. and ext.).
N^otion.
Tlfar'riial tilf^viic
fectoralis major et minor.
Filaments.
Tibial (anterior).
Motion and sensation.
External popliteal.
Tibialis antic, extensor
lou^. d i^i t. , pcroncus ttir»i
joints of foot, skin of
^ 1 Cdt LUC •
Muscular, external, inter-
Tibial (posterior).
Motion and sensation.
Internal popliteal.
Tibialis post., flexor long,
di^iti flexor loii^i polliCa
skin of heel and sole,
knee-join t.
Plantars, muscular, cal-
caneo-plantar, cutaneous
or internal calcanean, ar-
Tonsillar.
Sensation.
Glosso-pharyngeal.
Tonsil, soft palate, and
Filaments.
Trigeminus or trifacial
1, fifth cranial).
Motion and sensation
(taste).
Medulla and floor of
fourth ventricle.
Skin and structures of
face, tongue and teeth.
Ophthalmic, superior and
inferior max. divisions.
Trochlear.
See Patheiicus.
Tympanic.
Motion.
Facial.
Stapedius and laxator
tympani muscles.
Filaments.
Tympanic.
Sensation.
Sympathetic.
Tympanum.
Filaments.
Tympanic {Jacobsoti's
nerve).
Motion.
Glosso-pharyngeal.
Tympanum.
Tympanic plexus, commu-
nicating, and filaments.
Ulnar.
Motion and sensation.
Brachial plexus.
Muscles, shoulder-joint
and wrist-joint, and skin
of little finger.
Two articular, muscular,
palmar cutaneous, dor-
sal, superior palmar, deep
palmar.
Vagus.
See Pneumogastric.
Vestibular.
Sensation.
Auditory.
Utricle and ampullae of
the semicircular canals.
Filaments.
Vidian.
Sensation.
Union of large super-
ficial and deep petro-
sal.
Spheno-maxillary fossa,
and posterior part of
upper nasal meatus.
Filaments, nasal.
Of Willis.
See Spinal accessory.
Wrisberg's.
See Cutaneous, lesser
internal.
Nestis {ties' -lis) [r^crnf, fasting]. Fasting.
Nestitherapy {ites-tith-er' -ap-e). See Nestiatria.
Nestle's Food. A variety of milk-food for infants.
Its composition is: Water, 4-72; fat, I.91 ; grape-
sugar and millc-sugar, 6.02 ; cane-sugar, 32.93 ; starch,
40.10; soluble carbohydrates, 44.88; albuminoids,
8.23 ; ash, 1.59.
Nestoposia {nes-top-o' -ze-ali) [^'f/aTic, fasting; irdat^,
drinking]. Drinking on an empty stomach.
Net [ME., net, net]. A reticulation or cancellation ; a
web or mesh ; a rete ; anything formed with inter-
stices or meshes, like a net. N., Bathygraphic, or
N., Bathographic Zone, a deep-sea closable net em-
ployed in the study of the many different faunal belts
overlying one another in the great deep-sea zones,
designed by Palumbo, Petersen, Chun, etc. N.,
Miiller's, the "fine pelagic net" of Johannes
Miiller, a round bag of Miiller gauze or silk mull, the
mouth of which is kept open by a circular metallic ring.
In ordinary pelagic fishing this ring is fastened to a
handle from six to twelve feet long (like the ordinary
butterfly net). While the boat moves along the opening
of this net is held at the surface in such a way that
swimming animals are caught in the bag, in the bot-
tom of which they remain hanging, while the water
passes through the narrow meshes of the net. After a
time the net is carefully inverted and the tow-stuff
{Auflfieb) is emptied into a glass vessel filled with
sea- water. If one wishes to fish below the surface, the
ring of the net is fastened by means of three strings
equally distant from one another, which at a point
(about three feet from the opening of the net) are
joined to a longer line which is sunk by weights to a
definite distance corresponding to the desired depth.
{E. H(Fckcl.) N., Palumbo's. See JV. , Bathygra-
phic. N. -work, the arrangement of fibers in a retic-
ulum. Network, Gerlach's, a network of processes
of nerve-cells found in the gray matter of the spinal
cord. Network, Haller's, the rete testis.
Netraneurysm (iiet-?-an'-n-riziii) [iv/r/wr, spindle;
('ivciptfTfia, aneurysm]. A fusiform aneurysm.
Nettle {net'-/) [ME., nett/e, nettle]. The root of
Urtica dioicn, the common stinging-nettle, a common
domestic remedy for renal complaints and hemorrhages.
It is astringent, diuretic, and antiscorbutic. Dose of
the fid. ext. 1T\,xx-xl. Unof N. -fever, urticaria, q. v.
N. -fiber, one of the bast-fibers of the common nettle
{Urtica c/ioica). When cleaned these fibers are soft,
of good length and strength, and quite lustrous and
white. N.-rash. See Urticaria.
NETTLING-CELL
865
NEURATROPHIA
Nettling-cell [)ici' -ling-sel). See Lasso-ccll.
Nettorrhynchus {jiet-or-in' -kus) \_vfiTra, duck ; p'vyxoc,
bill , snout]. A pseudoparasite present in human feces.
See Parasites (Anii/ial), Table of.
Neubauer's Artery. See Arteries, Table of. N.'s
Test. See Tests, Table of.
Neubauer and Vogel's Reagent and Test. See Tests,
Table of.
Neuber's Tubes. Decalcified bone drainage-tubes.
Neufch^tel Cheese. See Cheese.
Neugebauer's Operation. See Le Fort's Operation,
under Operations, Table of.
Neumann, Corpuscles of. See Corpuscle. N.'s
Dentinal Sheath, an elastic homogeneous mem-
brane between Tomes' fibers and the ivory of the
dentinal canals. N.'s Hematoblasts. Same as
N.'s Corpuscles. N.'s Membrane. Same as N.' s
Dentinal Sheath. N.'s Sheath. S&e N.'s Dentinal
Sheath. . ■
Neurad (im'-rad) a nerve; ad, to]. Toward
the neural aspect or axis.
Neuradynamia [nu-rad-in-a^-me-ah). See Neuras-
thenia.
Neuradynamic {nu-rad-in-am' -ik). See Neurasthenic .
Neursemia [ntt-re'-tne-ah). Neuremia.
Neuragmia [nu-rag'-me-ah) \_vevpnv, nerve ; ir/fiuc, a
breaking]. The bruising or tearing of a nerve-trunk
above or below its ganglion for the purpose of study-
ing the trophic changes that will follow. Also
called the Neuragniic Method.
Neuragmic (nu-rag' -mik') \ytvpov, a nerve ; ayfior, a
breaking]. Pertaining to neuragmia. N. Method.
See Neuragmia.
Neural (tiu'-rel) [y^vpoi', nerve]. I. Pertaining to
nerves. 2. Richard Owen's term for that surface or
aspect of the body which in progressive motion is car-
ried upright and directed backward in man, and hom-
ologous surfaces indicated by the position of the ner-
vous and vascular centers, which surfaces are horizontal
and carried respectively upward and downward in ver-
tebrates below mankind, but are carried downward and
upward respectively in the invertebrates. See Dorsal.
N. Arch, the arch formed by the two neurapophyses,
and forming the dorsal cover of each section of the
spinal canal. N. Axis, the spinal cord. N. Canal,
the dorsal tube of the embryo, formed by the union
of the dorsal folds of the lateral tract above the line
of the embryonic axis. N. Crest. See Crest. N.
Foramen, the vertebral foramen. See Foramina,
Table of. N. Furrow, a furrow of the blastoderm
giving rise to a part of the nervous system in insects.
It is an invagination occurring later than the gas-
trula mouth, and exactly in the location from which
the latter disappeared, but having no connection
with it whatever. N. Groove, the same as the Me-
dullary G?-oo2ie, q. V. N. Lamina, the lateral portion
of the neural arch of a vertebra. N. Metamere, a seg-
ment of the vertebral column and spinal cord. N.
Plate, the structure formed by the paired cerebral
rudiments in the embryos of certain worms, arising as
products of the ectoderm, sinking below the surface
and becoming mesodermal. It is the same as Medul-
lary Plate. N. Rows, two rows of cells that develop
anteriorly from the neuroblasts, in the embryo of
worms, and form the rudiments of the ventral cord.
N. Tube, the closed medullary groove of the epiblast.
Neuralgia [nu-ral' -je-ali) \_veipov, nerve ; n?.y<ic, pain].
A severe paroxysmal pain in the area of distribution of
a nerve or along its course. Age, sex, heredity, and
anemia are important predisposing causes. The true
nature of neuralgia is obscure ; it is possible that in
many cases the cause is an inflammatory or circulatory
55
disturbance in the nerve-trunk. Among exciting
causes cold and traumatism play an important role.
Certain disease-poisons, as those of typhoid fever,
variola, malaria, and metallic poisons, such as lead,
arsenic, copper, mercury, in addition to alcohol and
nicotin, are sometimes causative agents of neuralgia.
Gout and diabetes also occasionally give rise to neu-
ralgia. Finally, there is a class of so-called reflex
neuralgias met with in connection with uterine and
ovarian disease and occurring in remote organs.
Lesions of the central nervous system also give rise to
attacks of neuralgic pain. According to their anatomic
situation the following forms of neuralgia are de-
scribed : trigeminal, tic douloureux or prosopalgia, the
most frequent variety ; cervico-occipital ; cervico-bra-
chial and brachial ; intercostal ; sciatica or ischias ;
coccygodynia ; visceral neuralgias. N. cerebralis. A
iynonym oi Hemicrania. N. dentalis. See Odon-
talgia. N., False, nerve- pains due to mechanical
compression of a nerve. N. mesenterica. A
aynonym o( £/iteralgia. N., Red. See Frythrome-
lalgia.
Neuralgic [nu-ral^ -J ih) \_vsvpof, nerve; a/) of, pain].
Pertaining to, or aftected with, neuralgia.
Neurameba {tiu-ram-e' -bah) \yivpov, nerve; afioijii/,
change]. In biology, a nerve-cell regarded as an
organism. Cf. Alyameba, Osteameba.
Neuramebimeter [iiu-ram-eb-im' -et-er) [I'eiipoi', nerve ;
aHoijSi/, return ; fjirpov, measure]. The nerve-reply
measurer ; an instrument devised by Exner and used
in psycho-physics to obtain the reaction-time of ner-
vous impressions.
Neuranagenesis [mt- ran - aj - en^ - es - is) [ye'vpov,
nerve ; avayevvaeiv , to renew]. Regeneration or
renewal of nerve -tissue.
Neuranagennema (tin - ran - aj - en'- em - ah) [vevpov,
nerve; fii'a;fi'!7///a, that which is renewed]. There-
generated part of a nerve.
Neuranaphysis i^nii - ran -af - is - is) \_va)pov, nerve;
nva(l>ven-, to grow again]. The renewal, or renewed
growth of the nerve-elements.
H euTapophy sis [nu - 7-ap - of^' - is - is) \_vevpov, nerve;
a~u<pva(r, offshoot]. Either one of the two apophyses
on each vertebra which blend and form the neural
arch, or the dorsal wall of the spinal foramen.
Neurasthenia [mc-i-as-the' -ne-ah) [I'evpov, nerve ;
arjHtveia, weakness]. A group of symptoms resulting
from debility or exhaustion of the nerve-centers.
Among the more common symptoms are a lack of
energy, undue readiness of fatigue, disinclination to
activity, a sense of fulness or pressure at the top of
the head; pain in the back, impaired memory, and
disturbed sleep ; gastro-intestinal symptoms, such as
anorexia, constipation, fulness after eating, are com-
mon ; and amenorrhea and dysmenorrhea in females,
and spermatorrhea and impotence in the male, are
frequent accompaniments. N., Cerebral, is marked
by depression, inability to concentrate the mind,
insomnia, irritability, headache, visual disturbances,
etc. N. gastrica, feeble digestion of a purely
nervous origin. N., Spinal, commonly known as
spinal irritation, is characterized by pain in the back,
tender points along the spine, weakness of the ex-
tremities, great prostration on slight exertion, neuralgic
pains, and other nervous manifestations.
Neurasthenic {mi-ras-tlien'-ik) \yevpov, nerve ; 'aaOk-
vFia, weakness]. Relating to, or characterized by,
neurasthenia.
Neuration {nu-ra'-shun). Same as Nervation.
Neuratrophia i^nu-rat-ro' ft-ah)\_vevpQv, nerve ; inpo^ia,
atrophy]. Atrophy, or impaired nutrition, of a nerve,
or nerves.
NEURATROPHIC
866
NEURITIS
Neuratrophic [nu-rat-ro' -fik') [pfiipoi', nerve ; a.Tpo(pin,
atrophy] . Pertaining to neuratrophia.
Neuraxis (nu-i-aks'-is) \_vevpov, nerve ; af(f , axis].
The neural axis : neuron.
Neurectasis, Neurectasy {iiu-Tdk'-tas-is, mi-rek'-
tas-e) [vevpov, nerve; iiiTaat<;, stretching]. Nerve-
stretching.
Neurectomy {im-rek' -to-me) \ytvpov, nerve; kiircijx}},
excision]. The operation of excising part of a
nerve.
Neurectopia (jiu-rek-to' -pe-aJi) \yevpov, nerve ; t/croTrof ,
out of place]. Displacement, or other abnormity of
the distribution of a nerve.
Neuremia (tiii-re' -tne-aJi) \_vEvpov, nerve ; a(//a, blood].
A purely functional nervous disorder.
Neurempodism i^mt-rem' -po-dizm) \_vEvpov, nerve;
tiino^iaiior, hindrance]. Interference with nervous
action.
Neurenteric [nu-reJi-h-r^ -ik) \yevprir, nerve ; evrepov,
intestine]. Pertaining to the embryonic neural canal
and the intestinal tube. N. Canal, the temporary
communication existing between the neural canal and
the intestinal tube in Tunicates and Vertebrates. It
was discovered by Kowalevsky in Ascidians and Am-
phioxus, and is called also Kowalevsky'' s Canal. See
Canal.
Neurepithelium lynu-rcp-ith-e' -le-um'). See Neiiro-
epilht'liiiin.
Neuria [nn' -re-ah) [veiipoi', nerve]. Nervous tissue;
a delicate layer of nerve-substance.
Neuriasis {nu-ri' -as-is) \yevpov, nerve]. Hysteric
hypochondriasis.
Neuriatry (tiu-ri' -at-re) \ye.vpov, nerve ; larpeia, ther-
apy]. The study and treatment of nervous diseases.
Neuric {^iiii'-rik) \ytvpov nerve]. Pertaining to a
nerve or to nerves.
Neuricity (nu-ris' -if-e) [Fr. , iieuricite, from vevpov,
nerve]. Nerve-force ; nervous quality, or function.
Neuridin {nn' -rid-in) [^vevpov, a nerve], C^Hj^Nj. A
ptomain, the first diamin isolated from animal tissues
by Brieger in 1884. It is one of the most common
products of putrefaction ; it has been obtained from
putrid human flesh, horseflesh, fish, gelatin and cheese.
It can be obtained in the preparation of cholin by
heating fresh eggs with baryta, and by heating fresh
brain with a two per cent, solution of hydrochloric
acid. It is almost invariably associated with cholin
in the proce.ss of putrefaction ; according to the dura-
tion of putrefaction, the amount of cholin decreases,
with a corresponding increase in the amount of tri-
methylamin, while the amount of neuridin increases in
quantity according to the nature of the decomposing
organ. The greatest yield is from gelatinous tissue,
such as the intestines ; tissues like those of the liver and
spleen yield little. Neuridin is isomeric with cadaverin.
The free base has an excessively repulsive seminal
odor. It is soluble in water, but not in ether and alco-
hol. Pure neuridin is not poisonous, but when mixed
with the products of putrefaction, it has a toxic effect
like peptotoxin. This holds true of other non-poison-
ous bases. See Ptoiiiains, Table of.
Neurilemma [tiu-yil-evi' -ali) \yc-vpov, nerve ; 7^kfLjia,
bark]. The sheath encasing a nerve-fiber; the
sheath of Schwann. See A'^en/e-fibcr.
Neurilemmatic (nit-ril-ein-af'-ik) [vevpov, nerve;
Ifjijin, bark]. Pertaining to the neurilemma.
Neurilemmitis (mi-j-ilein-i' -lis) [wi'/jor, nerve ; ^.ifLfia,
bark; (r/r, inflammation]. Inflammation of the neuri-
lemma.
Neurility [nti-i-il'-i/-r) [Fr. nevrilite, from vevpov,
nerve]. The stimulus or power possessed by a nerve-
fiber to cause contraction of a muscle ; neuricity.
Neurilyma [iiu-ril-i' -inali). Synonym of A\-urilcmma.
Neurin {mi'-rin') \yevpov, nerve]. I. The albuminous
basis forming the substance of nerve-tissue. 2. Cj-
Hj.jNO ; a toxic body, one of the ptomains, the pro-
duct of decomposition of protagon by caustic baryta.
It is a syrupy fluid, with a strongly alkaline reaction,
and is extremely soluble in water. See Ptomains,
Table of. 3. An extract of nerve-tissue employed
therapeutically. See Organotherapy.
Neuriorhabdium (nii-re-or-ab'-de-iim) [vevp'iov, nerve;
papSiov, rod; ]il. Neuriorhabdia'\. Any one of the
rods of the rod-and-cone layer of the retina.
Neurischias [nii-ris'-ke-as) \^vevpov, nerve ; laxio.^,
pain in the loins]. Neuralgia in the loins.
Neurism [nu'-riz?!i) [7'fiipoi', nerve]. I. Nerve-force;
neurility ; neuricity. 2. Nervousness.
Neuristos (tiu-ris' -tos) \_vtvpov, nerve ; 'larbq tissue].
Nerve-tissue.
Neuritic [nn-rit'-ik) [^vtvpov nerve; iri^, inflammation].
Pertaining to neuritis.
Neuritides [nii-rit-i'-dez). Same as Neuroses.
Neuritis {nu-ri' -tis) \yCvpov, nerve ; iriq, inflammation].
Inflammation of a nerve, especially of a nerve-trunk.
The nerve-structure itself is said to be little subject to
inflammation, which is usually confined to the cover-
ings, and therefore the condition is more properly I
termed perineuritis. N., Acute, an acute inflammation I
of a nerve. N., Adventitial, inflammation affecting 1
especially the connective-tissue sheath of a nerve. N., i
Alcoholic. N'., Multiple, Polyneuritis pota-
torum. N., Ascending, inflammation extending from ■
the periphery of a nerve centrad to the spinal cord or
brain. N., Carcinomatous, infiltration of a nerve
with carcinomatous tissue. N., Chronic, a form pur-
suing a protracted course, and with symptoms not 1
actively manifested. N., Degenerative, neuritis in
which the nerve-substance proper degenerates. It is ■'•
the same as N., Parenchymatous. N., Descend- :
ing, neuritis, the result of extension of disease from !
the spinal cord or the brain toward the periphery. N.,
Diabetic, a polyneuritis sometimes seen in diabetes, '
and probably the result of autointoxication with the j
products of faulty metabolism. N., Eichhorst's. See I
Af.faseiaiis. N., Endemic. A synonym of Beri-beri. '
N. fascians, that form of neuritis in which the
change in the nerve-sheath appears to extend directly
to the interstitial tissue of the muscles. It is also
called Eichhorst's A^curitis. N., Interstitial, in- |
flammation of the interstitial connective tissue of a 1
nerve-trunk. N., Leprous, a neuritis or perineuritis ;
due to the Bacillus lepra or a toxin produced by it. N., |
Lipomatous, that form in which the nerve-fibers are 1
completely destroyed and replaced by a fibrous con-
nective tissue in which much fat is sometimes depos- :
ited. It is also called Leyden'' s A'euritis. N.,
Malarial, neuritis, sometimes multiple, due to the mala-
rial poison. N., Migrant, Migratory or Wandering,
one that changes its position from ]ilace to place. N., ;
Multiple, the simultaneous inflammation of several !
nerve-trunks, usually symmetrically situated on both •
sides of the body. Its most common cause is alcoholic
poisoning ; it may be due to arsenic, malaria, mercury, I
lead; to diphtheria, pneumonia, typhoid fever, and
other infectious diseases. Beri-beri is a form of mul-
tiple neuritis. N., Optic, inflammation of the
optic nerve. See Papillitis. N., Parenchymatous,
a form in which the medullary substance and the axis-
cylinders are chiefly involved, the interstitial tissue
being but little altered or only affected secondarily.
It is also called degenerative neuritis. N., PC"
ipheral, a form confined to the terminal filaments of
nerves. N., Pressure, inflammation of a nerve as a
NEURO-
867
NEURt)-KERATIN
result of compression. N., Pressure, Musculo-
spiral, inflammation of the musculo-spiral nerve from
pressure usually by the head on the arm rested upon a
sharp edge during alcoholic intoxication. N., Rheu-
matic, that due to rheumatism. N., Terminal. See
Erythrotnelalgia. N. , Wandering. Set A^. , Aligrant.
Neuro- [nu'-ro-) \_i'evpov, nerve]. A prefix signifying
connection with or relation to a nerve.
Neuro-anatomy ( nu-ro-an-at' -o-me ) \ytvpov, nerve ;
ixva, apart; rkyivuv, to cut]. The anatomy of the
nervous system.
Neuroasthenia [iin-ro-as-the' -ne-ah). Same as Neu-
rasthenia.
Neuroasthenic [^iiu-yo-as-iJicn' -ik). Same as Neu-
rasthenic.
Neuroblacia [iiu-ro-b/a-se^ -ah) \_vevpoi>, nerve; (iXan^'ia,
dulness ; /J/d^, dull]. Paresis; obtundity of ner-
vous sensibility.
Neuroblast [nu' -i-o-blast) \_v£vpov, nerve ; [S'Aaard^,
germ]. Any segmentation-sphere whose division
gives origin to cells that belong to the nervous system
exclusively; a mesodermal nerve-cell or ganglion-cell.
Neurocanal {nu-i-o-kan-al') \yivpov, nerve ; canalis,
canal]. The central canal of the spinal axis.
Neurocardiac [iiu-ro-kar' -de-ak) \ytvpOi>, nerve; Kap6in,
heart]. Pertaining to the nervous system and the
heart. N.-c. Disease. Synonym of Exophthalmic
Goiter.
Neurocele {nu'-ro-sel) [vei'pov, nerve ; koIXov, hollow].
.The system of cavities and ventricles in the cerebro-
spinal axis.
Neurocentral (////-ro-j^w'-Z^v?/) [i-'eD^oi', nerve ; Kevrpov,
center]. Relating to the neural arch and the centrum
of a vertebra.
Neurochondrous (uu-ro-kou'-i/rus) [_i<i vpov, cord ; ,^oi'-
rfpof, cartilage], Fibro-cartilaginous.
Neurochord i^nu' -ro-kord ) \ytvpin\ nerve; X'^P'^'h
chord or string]. The nerve-chord. N. Strands,
or Giant Nerve-tubes, tubes with a wide lumen
and wall formed of neurilemma, which run back in
varying but always small numbers on the dorsal side
of the ventral chord of the Annulata and Thoracostraca .
Neurocrane (iiid -ro-krdn) [ vevpov, nerve ; upaviov,
skull]. The brain-case, or cranial portion of the
head,
Neurocranial [iiu-ro-kra'-ne-at) [virpoi\ nerve; i<pa-
woy, .skull]. Pertaining to the neurocrane.
Neurocyte [nn'-ro-sit) [veTipo!', nerve ; Krroc, cell]. A
nerve-cell ; the essential element of nervous structures.
Neurodealgia (}iu-ro-de-al' -je-ah) \y(ivp(dfiric, nerve-like;
the retina ; a/.; or, pain]. Retinal pain.
Neurodeatrophia [tiu-ro-de-at-ro' -fc-ali') [vTOpu(5//f,
retina; a -/)0(/);a, atrophy]. Atrophy of the retina.
Neurodermatosis (mi-ro-der-/na/-o'-sis) \_vevpov, nerve;
Skpfia, skin ; rouof , disease]. A neurotic skin-affection.
Neurodermatrophia [nu-i-o-der-iiiaf-ro'-fe-ah) \_verpov,
nerve; (S.-'/yhi, skin ; a7po(pia, atrophy]. Atrophy of
the skin from nervous disturbance.
Neurodes (lui-ro' -dez) [v£iYJ(jf5/yf , nerve-like]. The
retina, as being made up of nerve-elements.
Neurodiastasis {nu-ro-di-as' -tas-is) \_vtvpov, nerve ;
(Stdffracr/f, separation]. Separation of nerves ; neurec-
tasis.
Neurodictyitis {nu-ro-dik-te-i' -tis). Synonym of Neuro-
retinitis.
Neurodynamia (nu-ro-di-nam' -e-ah) \_mvpov, nerve;
('ii'va/j/r. strength]. Nervous strength or energy.
Neurodynamic (jiii-ro-di-nam' -ik) \y(vpov, nerve ;
(^vva/uc, strength] . Pertaining to the power of a
nerve-current or of the nervous forces of the system.
Neurodynia [nu-ro-din' -e-ali) \\>evpo\', nerve ; oM'vi/,
pain]. See Neuralgia.
\y^vpov, nerve;
dysentery]. Dysentery with typhoid
[nu-ro-en-ter' -ik). Same as iVeur-
Neurodysentery {uu-ro-dis'-e>i-ter-e
dvnt vTtpia ,
symptoms.
Neuro-enteric
enteric.
Neuro-epiblastic [nu-)-o-ep-ib-las' -tik) \ytl'pov, nerve ;
tTT/', upon ; flkiiGTor, germ]. Pertaining to the neural
epiblast, /. e. , that which enters into the formation of
the nervous system.
Neuro-epithelial [nit-ro-ep-ith-e' -le-al ) [ysvpov, nerve ;
fir/, upon ; HifA}/, nipple]. Pertaining to or of the
nature of neuro-epithelium.
Neuro-epithelium (nu - ro - ep - ith - e' - le-tim) \_v(l<pov,
nerve; i-i, upon; tiijlri, nipple]. The retinal layer
of rods and cones. In a wider sense, that part of
any epithelial structure that contains nerve-endings
is called by this name. See Epithelium.
Neurofibroma ( nu - ro - fi- bro'- mah ) [ vevpov, nerve ;
/ibra, fiber; opa, tumor]. A tumor of the connective
tissue of a nerve, composed of fibrous tissue.
Neurofrontal {nu-ro-frun' -tal) [wi'poi', nerve ; frons,
frontis, the forehead]. Pertaining to the brain and the
frontal bone.
Neurogamia (nii-ro-ga' -me-ah) \\in<pov, nerve ; yapoq,
marriage]. The alleged condition of rapport between
the animal magnetizer and the mesmerized person, or
between the hypnotizer and the hypnotized.
Neurogangleitis [tiu-ro-gang-le-i' -ti^) [vtypof, nerve ;
ydyyAfoi', tumor ; inq, inflammation]. Inflammation
of a ganglion of the nervous system.
Neurogenesis [nu-ro-jen'-es-is) \_vEvpiiv, nerve ; yeveair,
genesis]. The formation of nerves.
HeuiogVia. (>iu-rog^-le-ah) [^vevpov, nerve; ) A/a, glue].
The reticulated
framework or skele-
ton-work of the sub-
stance of the brain and
spinal cord. The tenn
is sometimes abbrevi-
ated to Glia.
Neurogliac, Neurog-
liar (nu-rog' -le-ak, nu-
rog' - le - ar) [yevpov,
nerve ; yXia, glue].
Pertaining to or resem-
bling neuroglia. „
Neuroglioma {tiu-ro- plasm. /.
zli -0 '- Utah ) \ythpov, {Stirling)
nerve; yA/'a, glue ; o^a, tumor : pi. , Neurogliomata'\.
A tumor composed essentially of neurogliar elements ;
glioma. N., Ganglionar, a tumor developing in the
central nervous system and consisting of hyperplastic
neuroglia, ganglion-cells, and nerve-fibers.
Neurography (««-;7)o-''-ra-/<') \_vevpQv, nerve; ypa(^ELv,
to write]. Descriptive anatomy of the nerves.
Neuro-humeral (nu-ro-hu'-nier-al) \_vevpov, nerve;
Iiumor, moisture]. Pertaining to the nervous system
and to the fluids of the body. N.-h. Theory. See
Duckworth'' s Theory.
Neurohypnologist [nu-ro-liip-jioF -o-jist') \y(l)pov,
nerve ; 'vnvoc, sleep ; '/.6yuc, science]. One skilled in
neurohypnology.
Neurohypnology (mi-ro-hip-nol'-o-je) [vEvpov, nerve ;
v-viK, sleep; /d; or, science]. The science or study
of hypnotism.
Neurohypnotism [nu-ro-hip' -not-iziii). Synonym of
Hypnotism.
Neuroid (//«'-ro;V/)[i'nipoi', nerve ; fHSor, like]. Resem-
bling a nerve or nerve-substance.
Neuro-keratin {nu-ro-ker' -at-in\ \\<Evprt\\ nerve ; nipaq,
horn]. The form of keratin found in nerve-sheaths
and the white substance of Schwann. See Keratin.
Isolated Neurogi.ia-cell of
Spinal Cord of Ox.
Nucleus, c. Granular proto-
Fibers of neuroglia.
NEUROKINESIS
868
NEUROPATHY
Neurokinesis (jiu-ro-kin-e' -sis). A synonym o{ Ncrve-
stretching.
Neurolemma {jiu-ro-loii' -ali). Synonym of Retina.
Neurolemmatitis (tiii-ro-!em-at-i' -tis). A synonym of
Retinitis.
Neurologist {nn-roV -o-jist) \ytvpov, nerve; ^oyoq,
science]. One versed in neurology.
Neurology (nn - rol' - o -Je) \_v£i>poi\ nerve; /loyof,
science]. The anatomy, physiology and pathology
of the nervous system.
Neurolymph (nu' -i-o-lii/if) [yevpov, nerve; XcfKpa,
lymph]. The cerebro-spinal fluid.
Neurolysis [nit-ro/' -is-is) \_vevpov, nerve ; Tivaic a loos-
ing]. I. Relaxation of a nerve. 2. A change in the
relation of nerves follovifing the operation of nerve-
stretching.
Neurolytic [im-ro-lit' -ik) \ythpov, nerve ; Xuoie, a loos-
ing]. Pertaining to neurolysis.
Neuroma [>ih-)-o' -mah) \viivpov, nerve; bpa, tumor:
Neuroviata\. A tumor of or on a nerve. Most
neuromata are really fibromata. N., Amputation, the
neuroma of a stump, forming at the end of a divided
nerve. N., Amyelinic, a neuroma made up of non-
medullated nerve-fibers. N., Cellular. See TV". , Gang-
lionic. N. cutis, a tumor of the skin, resembling a
myoma, and consisting mainly of firm connective tissue,
originating from the neurilemma. It is pathologically
considered as a Jibro-nenro-inyoma. N., Diffuse, a
condition characterized by the existence of multiple
neuromatous tumors. N., False, a fibromatous tumor
forming on a nerve. N., Ganglionic, N., Gangli-
onated, a neuroma made up of nerve-cells. N.,
Gliomatous. ^■^•aonymoi Neuroglioma. N., Medul-
lated, one made up of medullated nerve-fibers. N.,
Myelinic. Synonym of N., Medullated. N., Myxo-
matous, a tumor composed of nervous and myxoma-
tous tissues. N., Peripheral, N., Peripheric, one
formed near the peripheral termination of a nerve. N.,
Plexiform, the development of multiple fibromatous
tumors along the course of one or more nerves. There
is in these cases, however, .some hyperplasia of the
nerve-fibers, constituting a true neuroma.
Neuromalacia, Neuromalaxis [nu-ro-mal-a' -se-aJi,
nti-ro-mal-aks' -is) \\'i vpov, nerve ; /laAaKia, a soften-
ing]. A softening of nerve-tissue.
Neuromast {mi' -ro-rnast) \_vtvpQV, nerve ; fiaardc, a
hillock]. In biology, R. Ramsay Wright's term for
the " nerve-hillock " and other sense-organs of the
same character, whatever their shape ; any neuro-epi-
thelial sense-organ. This name is seldom given to
the sense-organs of man, or of the higher vertebrate
animals.
Neuromation (nti-ro-tna' -te-on) \yEvpov, nerve ; 6/;a,
tumor; dim. of neuroma']. A small neuromatous
tumor.
Neuromatoid {nn-ro' -inat-oid) \ytvpov, nerve ; bfia,
tumor; fJfior, like]. Resembling a neuroma.
Neuromatosis (nn-ro-uiat-o'-sis) \jvevpov, nerve ; bfia,
tumor; 7'(i(T0f, disease]. A morbid tendency to the
formation of neuromata.
Neuromatous {nii-ro' -mat-tis) \ytl<pov, nerve ; ojia,
tumor]. Of the nature of a neuroma.
Neuromeninx [nu-ro-men' -inks) [vciipoi', nerve ;
lifivr,^, a membrane]. A nervous expansion, such as
the retina.
Neuromere (;«/-ro-»/fr) [vEvpov, nervt; /.ifpor, part].
A natural segment of the neuron.
Neuromerism [nn-rom' -er-ism) \y>:vpov, nerve ; fit^poc,
a part]. In biology, neural segmentation.
Neurometabolic {nu-ro-met-ab-ol '-ik) [I'fiywr, nerve ;
/jeTa(3o'AiK6r . changeable, metabolic]. Relating to
metabolic changes in the nervous system.
Neurometadrasis (itu-ro-niet-ad-i'a'-sis) \_vtvpov,
nerve ; //tra, with ; 6pdaic, efficacy] . The influence of
one person, or will, over another, as seen in hypnotism.
Neurometastasis [nu-ro-met-as'-tas-is) [veiipoi^, nerve;
/j.eTdaTaai<;, metastasis]. Metastasis to the nervous
system.
Neuromimesis (nu-ro-mi-me'-sis) ^vevpov, nerve;
li'ipT/OK;, imitation], Paget's term for hysteric mimicry
of organic disease.
Neuromuscular [nu-ro-?>ius'-kii-lar) \_vevpov, nerve;
imtsculus, a muscle]. Pertaining conjointly to nerves
and muscles.
Neuromyalgia (nu-ro-mi-al' -je-ali) \_vivpov, nerve;
//jjf, muscle ; akyoq, pain]. Neuralgia of a muscle;
an association of myalgia and neuralgia.
Neuromyelitis [nii-ro-nii-el-i'-tis) \i'^vpov, nerve;
jivc'Aoq, marrow; itiq, inflammation]. Inflammation
of myelonic substance, or of the medulla spinalis. •
Neuromyeloid {nii-ro-!ni'-el-oid)\_vevpov, nerve; fivOvoc,
marrow; elSoc, like]. Resembling nervous or mye-
lonic substance.
Neuromyelous (nu-7'o-nii' -el-tts)\_vevpov ,utrve; pvcXo;,
marrow]. Pertaining to or of the nature of nervous or .
myelonic substance.
Neuromyopathic (jiii-ro-mi-o-path' -ik) \yEvpov, nerve ;
//i'f, muscle ; Tra^of, disease]. Relating to disease of
both muscles and nerves.
Neuromyopathy {tiu-ro-ini-op' -ath-e) \ye.vpov, nerve;
//{if, muscle ; TrdOog, disease]. A neuralgic disease
of a muscle.
Neuromyxoma (iiu-ro-miks-o' -mah). Synonym of
Neuroma, Myxomatous.
Neuron (tiu'-ron) \yevpov, nerve: //. , Neura\ In .
biology : (a) the cerebro-spinal cord taken as a whole :
{b) a vein or costa of an insect's wing.
Neuronasal [nu-ro-na' -zal) \ytvpov, nerve; nasis,
nose]. Relating to the brain and the nasal bone.
Neuroneoplasm {nu-ro-ne' -o-plazm) \\'i:vpov, nerve ;
i'/of, new; ■K'Xnooiiv, to mold]. A neoplasm made
up of or containing nerve-elements ; a neuroma.
Neuronosus [nu-ro)t'-o-sus) \_vt.vpov, nerve; voaoc, \
disease]. Synonym of Neu?-osis. N. of the Skin,
neurotic skin-disease.
Neuronyctic (ttu-ro-nik'-tik) \yevpov, nerve ; vvyjia,
a prick, from vvoaeiv, to prick]. Pertaining to A'eii-
ronyxis.
'^t.\ixorvy^rri\\^[jiu-ro-nig' -intis)\\'ivpov, nerve ; vvyjioc;,
a puncture]. A punctured wound of a nerve.
Neuronymic (nu-ro-tiini' -ik) \\'(vpov, nerve ; bvviia,
name]. Pertaining to neurologic nomenclature.
Neuron5rxis [nu-ro-niks'-is] [yevpov, nerve ; v'raaeiv, ,
to prick]. The puncturing of nerves. !
Neuroparalysis (iiu-ro-par-al' -is-is) [reiipoi', nerve ; ^
Trapn'Avaic, paralysis]. Paralysis due to disease of a ^
nerve. j
Neuroparietal {nu-ro-par-i' -et-al) \ytvpov, nerve; .
paries, wall]. Relating to the brain and the parietal
bones. . 1
Neuropath (nu'-jv- path) [vtvpnv, nerve; ■n-ndoi;, dis-
ease]. One who ascribes a nervous origin to disease.
Neuropathic {nu-ro-palh' -ik) {^I'ivpov, nerve; TraSof, ■
disease]. Pertaining to nervous diseases. N. Eschar, |
a bedsore following disease of the spinal cord. |
Neuropathologist [nu-ro-path-ol'-o-jist){ycvpov,nerft;
TrdBoq, disease ; MyoQ, science]. One versed in neu- |
ropathology. j
Neuropathology [nu-ro-patk-ol' -o-je) \_i-ivpnv, nerve; j
TTcidor, disease; Xbyo^, science]. The pathology of |
diseases of the nervous system. ^
Neuropathy, Neuropathia {riu-rop'-ath-e, nu-ro-pa -
t/ie-ak) [vevpov,ntrvt; Traffof, disease]. Any nervous
disease.
NEUROPHLOGOSIS
869
NEUROTIC
Neurophlogosis {iiu - ro -flo - go' - sis). Synonym of
Neuritis.
Neurophonia [jiu-ro-fo' -ne-a/i) \_vEvpov, nerve ; <puv>i,
voice]. A rare choreic disease of the larynx and
muscles of expiration characterized by the utterance of
sharp spasmodic cries resembhng the barking of a dog.
Neurophthalmia [}ui-roff-thal' -ine-aJi) \yn)pov, nerve ;
b(l>0a'A/x6(;, the eye]. Nervous ophthalmia.
Neurophthisic («;^-ro/"-/'/^/c;''-//') [wiipoi', nerve ; (pdiat^,
wasting]. Pertaining to Neurophtkisis.
Neurophthisis {nu-roff' -this-is) \ytvpov, nerve ; (fidiaig,
wasting]. Wasting of the nerves or nervous tissue.
Neuro-physiology (jiu-ro-Jiz-e-ol' -o-je) \y(vpov, nerve ;
(^vou;, nature; Aoj-of, science]. The physiology of
the nervous system.
Neuroplasia {iiu-ro-pla' -ze-ali) [vt iipoi', nerve ; ixXacntn',
to mold]. The tendency to the formation of neuro-
mata.
Neuroplasm [mi' -ro-plazt)i) \ytvpov, nerve ; irXaaativ,
to mold]. That form of bioplasm exhibited in living
brain-tissue.
Neuroplasma of Kiipffer [nu-ro-plaz' -tnaJi) \yEvpov,
nerve; 'KAaapa, a figure formed «f molded]. In
biology, a fluid lying between the fibrils of the axis-
cylinders of meduUated nerve-fibers.
Neuroplastin [nu-ro-plas' -tiit) \y(vpav, nerve; ■K\acata\
to mold]. A variety of plastin found in the brain and
in nerve-tissue.
Neuroplasty {iiu' -ro-plas-te) \yfvpov, nerve ; irTiaaativ,
to mold]. Plastic surgery of the nerves.
Neuroploca (iiu-rop' -lo-kali) \yivpov, nerve ; irTioKij, a
twisting]. A ganglion of the nervous system.
Neuroploconarcosis (iiu-ro-plo-ko-na7--ko' -sis) \yzvpov,
nerve; nloKT], a twining; vapKuaii;, a benumbing].
Insensibility of a ganglion of the nervous system.
Neuropodium [nu-ro-po' -de-um) \ytvpov, a nerve ;
7r(5iif, foot : //. , Neiiropodia'\. In biology, one of the
ventral foot-stumps of a worm.
Neuropore [mi' -ro-por) \_vzvpov, nerve; TTopog, pore].
In biology, a pore between the neural canal and the
exterior in certain embryos.
Neuro-prosopalgia {jiu-ro-pros-o-paU -je-ah). Synonym
of Prosopalgia.
Neuro-psychology [nu-ro-si-kol'-o-je) [_vevpov, nerve ;
mind ; Aoyof, science]. A system of psychology
based upon neurology.
Neuro-psychopathy [iiu - ro - si - kop'- ath - e) \yEvpov,
nerve; tpvxf], mind; nadog, disease]. A mental dis-
ease based upon, or manifesting itself in, nervous
disorders or symptoms.
Neuro-psychosis [nu-ro-si-io'-sis) [^^i/evpov, nerve ;
^)vx'/,m\nd; i'(5crof, disease]. Any psychosis or mental
disorder complicated with a nerve-disease; a nerve-
disease manifesting itself in association with some
mental disorder ; an association of a neurosis and a
psychosis.
Ne\iTo-purp\iTic{mi-7-o-piir-pu'-rii') [j'fiJpoi', nerve ; pur-
pura, purple]. Pertaining to purpura developed in
association with disease of the nervous system. N.
Fever. Synonym of Cereliro -spinal Fever.
Neuropyra {itu-ro-pi'-rali) \_v£vpov, nerve; 7r£ip, fire].
Nervous fever.
Neuropyretic [mi-ro-pi-ref'-ik) [yevpov, nerve; ivvp,
fever]. Pertaining to Neuropyra.
Neuro-retinitis {rm-ro-ref-in-i' -tis) \yivpm\ nerve ;
retina, x&\xniL\ fr^f, inflammation]. Inflammation of
both the optic nerve and the retina.
Neurorrhaphy (nu-ror' -af-e) [yevpov, nerve ; pa<j>r/,
suture]. The operation of uniting a divided nerve by
sutures.
Neurorrheuma {mi - ror - rit' - mah) [ vn'pov, nerve ;
p£ii/«j, flow]. Nervous force.
Neurosal {nit-ro' -zal) \yevp<iv, nerve]. Pertaining to,
or of the nature of, a neurosis.
Neuro-scirrhus [nu-ro-skir'-iis). Synonym of A^eu-
roiiia.
Neuro-sclerosis [mi - ro ■ skle - ro'- sis) \ytvpov, nerve ;
csK.Xiip6c;, hard]. Sclerosis of nervous tissue.
Neurose [nu'-roz) [yevpov, nerve]. In biology, nerved.
Neurosis [mi-ro'-sis) [vevpov, nerve ; voaoq, disease].
An abnormal nervous action or an affection of the nerves
or nerve-centers of a functional nature. In biology,
one of two sets of successive clianges incident to all
intellectual operations ; a change in the physical basis
of consciousness. (Huxley.) Cf. Psychosis. N.,
Aero.-, a neurosis of an extremity. N., Cutaneous,
a term used to express abnormal functional condi-
tions of the cutaneous nerves. N., Occupation,
See N. , Professional. N., Professional, one of a class
of spasmodic and coordinative disturbances, mainly of
functional origin, affecting groups of muscles used
in the performance of special movements. N.,
Psycho-. See Psychoneiirosis . N., Reflex, a func-
tional nervous disease whose origin resides in some
irritation or part distant from that in which the
affection is manifested. Such a neurosis may be suc-
ceeded by the development of organic lesions. N.,
Spasmodic. Maudsley's term for Epilepsy. N.,
Thyro-exophthalmic. A synonym of Graves^ Disease.
N., Vascular, a neurosis of the blood-vessels or
of their nerves. N., Vasomotor, a neuropathy of
the vasomotor nerves.
Neurosism (nii'-ro-sizm). Same as Neurasthenia.
Neurosity {nit-ros' -it-e). A synonym of Neuricity.
Neuro-skeletal [nu-ro-skel'-et-al)[vevpov, nerve ; aiceAe-
Toi', skeleton]. Pertaining to the neuro-skeleton.
Neuro-skeleton {nu - ro - skel' - et - on) [yevpov, nerve;
aKeXerdv, skeleton]. Carus's term for the vertebrate
endo-skeleton, or true skeleton; so called from being
made up of parts that correspond with and largely
serve to protect portions of the central nervous sys-
tem.
Neurospasmos (nii-ro-spaz'-!uos) [vehpov, nerve;
OKuajjor, spasm]. Nervous spasm or twitching.
Neurospongium [nu-ro-spun' -je-iini) [vevpov, nerve ;
arvoyyiov, dim. of OTToyyoi;, sponge]. In biology, a
granular matrix in the periopticon of insects' eyes.
Neuro-stearic [iiti-ro-ste-ar' -ik) [vevpov, nerve ; areap,
fat]. Pertaining to nervous tissue and fat. N.-s.
Acid, an acid isomeric with stearic acid, occurring in
the brain. N.-s. Ether, a substance formed by
treating phrenosin, an element of brain-tissue, with
sulphuric acid and alcohol.
Neurosthenia ( mi-ro-sthe' -ne-ah ) [ vevpov, ne^ve ;
(rffj'of, power]. Great nervous power, or abnormal
excitation of the nervous' centers.
Neurostremma {nu-ro-strem'-a/i ) [vevpov, nerve ;
arpepfia, a twist, or knot: //. , Neiirostre7nmata'\. A
nerve-ganglion.
Neurotabes (jiii-ro-ta' -bez) [vevpov, nerve; tabes, wast-
ing]. A complex of symptoms, resembling those of
posterior sclerosis, but due to multiple neuritis. N.,
Peripheric Multiple, peripheral neuritis simulating
tabes dorsal is.
Neurothele [mt-ro-fhe'-le) [vevpov, nerve; ^?///( 7, nip-
ple]. A nervous papilla.
Neurothelic [mt-ro-flie'-lik) [vevpov, nerve ; 6ii'X7], nip-
ple]. Pertaining to a neurothele; applied to the skin
considered as the organ of tactile sense.
Neurotherapy {nii-ro-the7-' -ap-e) [vevpov, nerve ; l^epa-
Tveia, treatment]. The treatment of nervous diseases.
Neurothlipsis {7iit-ro-thlip' -sis) [vevpov, nerve ; ffk'iftew,
to press]. Pressure on a nerve.
Neurotic [itu-rot'-ik) [vevpov, nerve]. Pertaining to
NEUROTOME
870
NEWTON'S COLOR-RINGS
the nerves ; nervous ; also, pertaining to neuroses. In
therapeutics, neurotics are such drugs as have a special
influence upon the nervous centers and functions.
N. Albuminuria, albuminuria due to nervous dis-
turbance. N. Atrophy, atrophy dependent upon
changes in some part of the nervous system. N. Dys-
pepsia. See Dyspepsia. N. Fever, fever following
traumatism of the central nervous system. N. Hyper-
trophy, hypertrophy resulting from excessive nutrition
or other trophic abnormality.
Neurotome \nu'-i'o-ioin) [yevpov, nerve ; TOfiii, a cut-
ting]. A small knife for the division of a nerve,
especially subcutaneously.
Neurotomy {)m-rot' -o-me) [wypor, nerve ; Ttfivetv, to
cut]. The division of a nerve.
'NeuTO-toxico\ogy(/iii-ro-/oks-ik-c>l^-o-Je) \_vivpnv, nerve ;
rof (TO)', poison ; Myoc, science]. The toxicology of
the nerves ; the science of the nervous disorders of
toxic origin.
Neurotripsy {nu'-ro-trip-se) [vEwpoi', nerve ; rpifSeir,
to rub]. The crushing of a nerve.
Neurotroma [jiu-ro-ti-o' -niali) \yEvpov, nerve; rpufia,
wound]. The wound of a nerve.
Neurotrophic {iin-ro-tro' -fik) \ytvpov, nerve; Tpo(fi//,
nourishment]. Depending on or attained through
the trophic influence exercised by the nerves.
Neurotrophy i^nn-rot' -ro-fe) \ytvp(w, nerve; Tpo<l>//,
nourishment]. The nourishment of a nerve.
Neurotrosis, Neurotrosmus {nu-rot'-ro-sis, tza-ro-
troz'-mus) [I'siipoi^, nerve ; rpioaci;, a wounding]. The
wounding of a nerve.
Neuro-varicosis {mi-ro-vai'-ik-o' -sis) \_vevpov, nerve ;
7'ai-ix, varix]. A varicosity on a nerve-fiber, or the
formation of one.
Neurymen {nit-ri' -men). Synonym of Neiiriletnma.
Neurymenitis [hu-ri-jiien-i'-tis). Synonym of N'eu-
rilemmatitis.
Neurypnology {nit - rip -nol'- o - je). See Neuroliyp-
nology .
'Neuter {nu'-^et) [L.]. Sexually not properly developed;
an organism of neither sex.
Neutral (w^^'-Z/v?/) [?/£Wto-, neither]. Neither alkaline
nor acid ; bland and soothing ; having no active
effect upon a tissue. N. Blue. See Pigiiieiifs , Con-
spectus of. N. Mixture, liquor potassii citratis. See
Potassitiin. N. Oils. See Lubiicating Oils. N.
Red. See Toluylene-red, and Pigments, Conspectus
of. N. Violet. See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Neutraline {nu' -tral-in) [neuter, neither]. A com-
mercial or proprietary name given to a brand of Petrol-
atum, q. 'c>.
Neutralization (jiu-tral-iz-a' -shun) [neuter, neither].
That process or operation that precisely counter-
balances or cancels the action of an agent. In medi-
cine, the process of checking the operation of any
agent that produces a morbid effect. In chemistry,
a change of reaction to that which is neither alkaline
nor acid.
Neutralize (>iu' -tral-iz) [neuter, neither]. To render
neutral ; to render inert.
Neutrophile (nu'-tro-fil)[neuter,-ne\ih.e-r; (^i'MiQ, loving].
Stained readily by neutral dyes ; applied to certain
bacteria and tissue-elements, especially leukocytes. N.
Leukocytes, .small colorless cells in normal human
blood, containing several much-contorted nuclei that
are readily stained. The protoplasm of these cells
usually contains granules colorable by neutral stains,
hence their name. See Leukocyte.
Neuwied-green. Same as Schweinfurth-grecn.
Nevoid [ne'-void) [na-~nis, birth-mark; tWof, like].
Resembling a nevus. N. Elephantiasis. 'Aee Lymph-
scrotum.
Nevose [ne'-voz) [ncrvus, a birth-mark]. Freckled;
having nevi.
Nevus, Naevus {ne'-vus) [L.: plural Xcvi\ A mark
or blemish due to the dilatation of the blood-vessels
near the surface of the skin or within its texture. N.
araneus. Acne rosacea. N., Capillary, one that
involves the capillaries of the skin. N. cerasus, a
slightly elevated vascular nevus resembling somewhat
the appearance of a cherry. N., Cutaneous, a nevus of
the skin. N.flammeus. N. maternus . N. frag-
arius, the strawberry mark. N. lipomatodes, a large
mole, soft and lax, containing a quantity of fat and loose
connective tissue. N. lupus. See Angioma serpig-
inosum. N. maternus. Mother'' s mark; the patch
t)f congenital discoloration of the skin due to a dilated
condition of the capillaries. If this is diffuse, very
slightly, if at all, raised, red, or purplish-red, and on
some part of the face, often involving the whole of
one side, it is called N. flammeus, or ^'■port-wine
mark." This is a relatively common condition. N.
morus, the mulberry nevus ; a vascular nevus some-
what elevated and with an irregular surface. N. nati-
vus, birth-mark. N. neuroticus, a minor degree of
Ichthyosis hystrix. N. papillaris, a minor degree of
Ichthyosis hystrix. N. papillomatosus, a mole
covered with soft, papillary growths. N. pigmento- J
sus, pigmenta>y mole ; Uie^'us 7'errucosus : memis I
sigilum ; 7iisvus pilosus ; navus spilus ; a circum-
scribed, congenital pigmentary deposit in the skin,
varying in color from a light-fawn to a blackish tint,
and often associated with hypertrophy of the hairs as to
number, size, and color-elements. It varies in size from
a pinhead discoloration to bean-sized or larger flattened
and warty elevations, or it may reach the size of a ,
cocoanut or fetal head. N. pilaris, N. pilosus. See |
IV. pig?)U'ntosus. N. planus, a non-elevated pig- ,
mentary nevus. N. sanguineus. See N. vascularis.
N. sigilum. .Synonym of JV. pigmentosus. N.,
Spider. Synonym of A'', araneus. N. spilus. See
iV. pigmentosus. N. tuberculosus. Synonym of
N. verrucosus. N., Varicose. See N., Venous.
N. vascularis, A^. vasculosus ; A^. sanguineus:
a congenital overgrowth of cutaneous vascular tissue i
forming the so-called nevi. These may be capillary
or cutaneous, and venous or subcutaneous. The
former vary in size from a mere point up to large
areas, standing on a level with the skin or raised
more or less above it, of a bright-red color or of a
more or less purjilish hue. The venous nevus is gen-
erally more raised than the capillary ; it is convex,
smooth, or lobulated, and of a dark-purple color,
compressible, but rapidly filling after the compression
has been removed. N. vasculosus. See A', vas- ■
cularis. N. verrucosus, ^ea A'^. pigmentosus. N., ■
Venous, a raised, convex, and sometimes lobulated i
form, consi^ting of thin-walled veins and sinuses bound j
together by connective tissue. ]
New {nu) [ME., z^.'-ff, new]. Not old ; freshly pro-
duced; recent. N. Blue. Same as French Blue. I
\r<Qe Pigments, Conspectus of. N. -born, a designation t
applied to the child for a short period after birth. N. i
Coccin. See Pigments, Conspectus of N. Fast |
Violet. Same as Gallocyanin. N. -formation. See '
/Neoplasm. N. Jersey Tea. See Ceanothus. N. Red. j
Same as Fuclisin. N. Victoria Green. Same as j
Brilliant Green. N. White. See Pigments, Con- j
spectiis of. N. Yellow. Same as Flavatirin. N. )
Zealand Flax. See Flax.
Newman's Treatment. See Treatment, Methods of. j
Newton's Color-rings. The colorings produced when .
a cover-glass is pressed upon the slide. They are tnt-
result of chromatic aberration. N.'s Disc, a circular '
NGAI CAMPHOR
871
NIGHT
card colored in triangular areas with the colors of the
spectrum. On being rapidly revolved it appears white.
N.'s Law. See Law. N.'s Metal, a term for Bis-
muth. N.'s Theory, the theory of light. See
Light. I
Ngai Camphor. A camphor, CjpHjgO, derived from
Bhiinca Balsamifera, a tree of S. E. Asia.
Niata (jii-a' -tah) [deriv. obscure]. A breed of small
"bull-dog" oxen, produced by a sudden variation,
in South America, between the sixteenth and eigh-
teenth centuries.
Niatism {ni' -at-izin) \_niata, a breed of bull-dog
"oxen"]. In biology, a form of sudden variation
characterized by dwarfing, at times occurring, among
animals.
Nibble [nib'-l) [LG., nibbcln, to nibble]. To gnaw;
to eat in small bits.
Nickel (wZ/J'-f/) [G., 7«2V/^«/, nickel]. Ni = 58 ; quan-
tivalence 11, I v. A metal of silver- white luster, resem-
bling iron in physical properties. In 1 889 it was
asserted by Krauss, of Alunich, to be a compound
body. It is much used for plating metallic surgical
appliances. See Elements, Table of. N. Bromid,
recommended for epilepsy. Dose gr. v-x. N. Chlo-
rid, a tonic in anemia. N. Sulphate, has been used
as a nerve-tonic in tabes dorsalis. Dose gr. iij-v.
All unof.
Nicking [nik'-ing) [origin obscure]. The incising of a
horse's tail near the root, to cause it to be carried
higher.
Nickles' Test. See Tests, Table of.
Nicol [nik'-el) [after William Nicol, of Edinburgh].
An abbreviation for Nicol' s prism.
Nicol's Prism (ni/c-el) [after William Nicol, of Edin-
burgh]. A polished prism of Iceland spar, cut diag-
onally across the principal axis, the sections being
joined together by means of Canada balsam. It has
the property of reflecting the ordinary ray of light out
of the field, while the so-called polarized ray is trans-
mitted. See Prism.
Nicomorrhuin {nik-o-mor' -ii-iii), C^^H.^gNj. One of the
alkaloids of cod-liver oil. See Alon-kuolins.
Nicotia (tiik-o' -she-all). Synonym of Nicotin.
Nicotian {nik-o'-shc-an) [after Jean Nicot\ i. To-
bacco. 2. One who uses tobacco. 3. Pertaining to,
or derived from, tobacco.
Nicotiana {nik-o-she-a' -nali). See Tabaciim.
Nicotianic Acid {tiik-o-she-an' -ik). Synonym of Nico-
tinic .4 c id.
Nicotianin {nik-o' -she-an-in) [after jean Nicot, a French
ambassador to Portugal]. The solid volatile princi-
ple to which tobacco owes its flavor.
Nicotic Acid [tiik-of -ik). Same as Malonic Acid.
Nicotin [nik'-o-tin) [after Jean Nicot, a French Am-
bassador to Portugal], CjdHj^Nj. A poisonous alka-
loid found in the leaves of the tobacco-plant ; it may be
obtained by distilling the residue from the aqueous
extract with lime. It is an oil, readily soluble in
water and alcohol. Its odor is very penetrating. It
becomes brown on exposure to the air ; its specific
gravity at 15° C. is I.oil ; it boils at 241° C.
Nicotinic Acid [nik-o-tin' -ik) [after Jean Nicot'\, C5H5-
NOj. .\n oxidation-product of nicotin.
Nicotinism [nik' -o-tin-izm) [after Jean Nicot']. The
constitutional effects of the continued or excessive use
of tobacco.
Nicotism (nik' -o-tizm) . Synonym of Nicotinism.
Nictating [nik-ta'-ting) [tiictare, to wink]. Winking.
Nictation [nik-ta'-shun). Same as Nictitation.
Nictitating {nik' -tit-n -ting) {itictitare, to wink].
Winking. N. Membrane. See Membrane. N.
Spasm, blepharospasm.
Nictitation [nik-tit-a'-shun)\_nictitai-e, to wink]. Ab-
normal frequency of winking.
Nidamentum [nid-am-en'-titm) \_nidits, nest]. The
decidua ; also any covering of the developing ovum ;
an egg-case.
■Nidation [ni-da' -shun) \_nidus, nest]. The develop-
ment of an endometrial epithelium in an inter-menstrual
period.
Nidulant («zV^^-M-/a«/) [/«'(/z^/rtr/, to build a nest]. In
biology, lying loose in a nest-like receptacle or pulp,
like the seeds or sporangia of certain plants.
Nidularium [iiid-u-la' -re-um) [dim. of nidus, nest].
The mycelium of fungi.
Nidus (iii'-dus) [L., nest]. I. A central point or focus
of infection ; a place in which an organism finds con-
ditions suitable for growth and development. 2. A
collection of ganglion-cells at the deep origin of a
cranial nerve ; a nucleus. N. hirundinis, a deep
fossa in the cerebellum situated between the velum
medullare posterius in front, and the nodulus and
uvula behind.
Niemeyer's Pill. A pill of quinin, grain I, digitalis,
grain one-half, and opium, grain one-quarter. It is
used in pulmonary tuberculosis, and is taken every six
hours.
Niepa [ne'-pah) [E. Ind.]. The bark of Samadera
indica, a simarubaceous tree of S. Asia ; it is intensely
bitter, and a good tonic. Unof.
Nigella [rii-jel' -ah) \_nigellus, dark]. A ranuncula-
ceous genus of plants represented by several species
having medicinal properties. N. sativa, fennel-flower,
is diaphoretic and emmenagogue. Unof.
Nigellin (iii-jeF -in) [itigellus, dark]. A bitter extrac-
tive of Nigella sativa.
Niggl's Test. See Tests, Table of.
Night [nif) [}A.K. , night, night]." The portion of the
day during which the sun is below the horizon. N.-
blindness. See Hemeralopia. N. -blooming Ce-
reus, the flowers of Cereus grandi flora, a sedative
and diuretic plant, useful in functional ailments of the
heart, palpitation and .angina pectoris. Dose of the
fld. ext. (alcoholic) n\x-xxx. Unof. N. Blue. See
Pigments, Conspectics of. N. -cries, a symptom of
nervous or physical disorders of children, and especi-
ally of the early stage of hip-disease. The child cries
out in its sleep from pain produced by reflex spas-
modic twitching of the muscles already abnormally
irritable. N. Green. See Pigments, Conspectus of.
N.-mare, a feeling of distress or suffocation during
sleep, attended with fright, hideous dreams and often
with inability to stimulate muscular contraction except
in a very slight degree. N.-pain, a symptom of hip-
disease ; pain in the hip or knee occurring during
muscular relaxation of the limb in sleep. N. -palsy,
a nervous manifestation of no especial significance,
consisting simply of a feeling of numbness in one or
more extremities of the body when the sleeping
patient awakes; the so-called "dead fingers.^' It
principally attacks women at the menopause. N.-
shade, a popular name for plants of the genus So-
lanum, and also the genus Atropa. N. -shade, Bit-
tersweet. See Solanum dulcamara . N. -shade,
Deadly. See Atropa belladonna. N. -sight. Syno-
nym of Nyctalopia. N.-soil, the contents of privy-
vaults (often removed in the night). This material is
largely employed as manure. N.-soil Fever, a syno-
nym of Typhoid Fever. N. -starting, a jerking of the
lower extremity occurring at night in children with
hip-disease. N. -sweat, the profuse nocturnal sweat-
ing often observed in pulmonary tuberculosis and other
wasting disorders. N. -terrors, Pavor nocturnus ;
consternatio ; a sudden terror that attacks young
NIGHTINGALE
872
NITRO-
children during sleep. N. -walker, a somnambulist.
N.- walking, somnambulism.
Nightingale {ml' -in -gal) [after YXox^rvz^ Nightingale\.
A sleeved scarf used in the hospital-treatment of the
sick and wounded, to protect the shoulders and parts
liable to become uncovered in bed.
Nigredo {iii-grc' -do) black]. A black color;
melasma. N. a sole, siinbiini. N. nativa, a natural
dark coloring of the skin. N. necrotica, the black-
ness, of parts that are becoming gangrenous. N.
sordida, dark pigmentation from dirt.
Nigrescent [ni-gres' -ent) [iiigresce?'e, to become black].
Turning black ; blackish, dusky.
Nigric Acid [ni'-grik) \_7iiger, black], C^HgO^. A
black powder obtained when ethyl oxalate is treated
with potassium.
Nigricant -grik-ant ). i3a.Ta.e. as, A'igrescent.
Nigrismus {ui-grh'-iints) [L.]. Synonym of Nigredo.
N. linguae, black tongue.
Nigritia, Nigrities [ui-grish'-e-ak, ni' -grit-ez). Same
as Nigrisiiitis, and Glossophytia.
Nigritudo {nig-ri(-ii' -do). Synonym of Melanosis.
Nigrosin (>ti' -gro-sin) [tiiger, black]. A blue-black
anilin-dye, useful in staining sections of brain-tissue.
For the nigrosins see Indnlins. See also Pigments,
Conspectus of.
Nile-blue [ni/'-li/ii). See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Nine {nin) [ME., nine, nine]. Thrice three. N.-
bark. l. The plant A'eillia opulifolia, of N. America ;
it is astringent, tonic, and vulnerary. Unof. 2. The
same as Seven-bark. N.-day Fits. Synonym of
Tetanus neonatorum .
Niobium [ni-o^-be-um) [liiojiii, the daughter of Tan-
talus]. A rare metal, akin to bismuth and to anti-
mony; symbol Nb ; atomic weight 94. It is also
known as Coliimbitan. Its medicinal properties are
little known. See Elements, Table of.
Niphablepsia {nif-ab-lep' -se-ah) [I'/^ia, snow; al^'Asfia,
blindness]. See Snow-blindness.
Niphlotyphlotes (niflo-tiflo'-tez) \_vi(pa, snow; tv<I)-
Ai'.iTiic^, blindness]. Snow-blindness.
Niphotyphlosis ( nif-o-tif-lo'-sis) [i^/ip« , snow ; Tv(plu(Tic.
blindness] . Snow-blindness.
Nippers [nip'-erz) [ME., nippen, to nip]. An instru
ment for seizing small bodies. N., Bone, an instru-
ment for grasping small bits of bone.
Nipple {nip' -I) [ME., neple, nipple]. The conic ele-
vation in the center of the mammary areola. The
mammilla, acromastium, or thele. N. -cactus. See
Alammillaria. N., Cracked, a nipple the epidermis
of which is broken in places.
N.-line, in physical diagnosis,
a vertical line drawn on the
surface of the chest through the
nipple. N. -protector, a de-
vice worn by nursing women
to protect the nipple. It is
called also a A'/Z/Zc-.f// /<■/(/. N.
Retracted, a nipple drawn
below the surrounding level.
protector.
Nirls, Nirles (nerlz) [origin obscure],
herpes.
Nirlus [nir'-lus) [origin obscure]. An ephemeral
papular eruption sometimes following measles or scarlet
fever.
Nisbet's Chancre. A lymphatic abscess on the dorsum
of the penis proceeding to the formation of a chancre.
Nisus (ni'-sus) [iiisus, eftbrt, from niti, to endeavor].
The periodic desire for procreation manifested in the
.spring .season by certain species of animals. Also, the
contraction of the diaphragm and abdominal muscles.
NiPPLE-PROTECTOR.
{From Fnllerton s "Obsl.
Nursing ".)
N. -shield. See A'.-
A variety of
for the expulsion of the feces or the urine. N. -for-
mations, Blumenbach's, the force of an aggregate
organism which constrains the newly-integrated atoms
to take a definite form ; the ''■spiritus rector. ' ' According
to Weisniann, this is located in an "accessory idio-
plasm," consisting of the determinants of the parts to
be regenerated.
Nit [ME., nitte, a nit]. A popular name for the larva
of several species of pediculus ; during incubation it
is attached to the hair.
Niter [v/rpor, natron]. Potassium nitrate. N.,
Cubic, Sodium nitrate. N., Spirit of, Spiritus
cetheris nitrosi, sweet spirit of niter.
Nitid {nit' -id) [7iitere, to shine]. Shining.
Nitidous {nit' -id-us) \_nitidus, shining]. Same as
Nitor (ni'-tor) \_nite?-e, to shine]. Synonym of Enamel.
Nitrate {ni'-trat) [I'erpoi', natron]. Any salt of nitric
acid. All nitrates are soluble in water. N. Test
Reagent. See Acid Phenyl Sulphate.
Nitrated {ni'-tra-ted) \_viTpov, natron]. Combined with
nitric acid.
Nitration (ni-tra' -shun) [I'/rpor, natron]. The pro-
cess of combining or treating with nitric acid.
Nitre {ni'-ter). See Niter.
Nitric {7ii'-trik) [I'ir/aoi', natron]. Pertaining to or con-
taining niter. N. Acid. See Acid, Nitric. N. Acid
Test. See Tests, Table of . N. Magnesian Reagent.
See Roberts' Reagent.
Nitrification {ni-trif-ik-a' -shun) [yirpov, natron ; fcare
{facere), to make]. In biology, the oxidation of the
nitrogen of organic matter by means of microorgan-
isms. Cf. Bacterioid, and Nitrifying Bacillus of
U'inogradsky, under Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of.
Nitrify {nlt'-rifi) [I'lrpov, natron ; facere, to make].
To convert into niter.
Nitriles {ni'-trils) [I'/Vpor, natron]. Those derivatives
of the alcoholic radicles with the cyanogen group,
CN, in which the fouith affinity of carbon is limited
to the alcohol radicles. They are liquids usually in-
soluble in water, possessing an ethereal odor, and
readily decomposed on heating with acids or alkalies.
Nitrite {ni'-trit) {yirpov, natron]. A salt of nitrous acid,
HNO,^. Also applied to certain combinations with
organic radicles, as nitroglycerin, QH5(N0.2)j, nitro-
benzol, amylic nitrite, and other compounds. N.,
Amyl, C,-H,,NO.^, possesses a fruity odor. Inhaled
it causes tumultuous action of the heart and a slowing
of the respiration. It is useful in angina pectoris,
asthma, and occasionally in sea -sickness. Dose, in-
ternally, rt\^ '4^ -j, dissolved in alcohol; by inhalation,
ti\ij-v. N., Ethyl, C^H-NO._„ used to make sweet
spirit of niter. N., Sodium, NaNO.^, acts like amyl
nitrite, but is less prompt. It is employed in desqua-
mative nephritis when accompanied by weak action
of the heart. Dose, gr. ^-v.
Nitro- (///'-/;-o-)[W-por, natron]. A prefix denoting com-
bination with nitrogen. Also, denoting combination
with the radicle NO.,- N.-amins, a group of chemic
compounds containing the nitro-group in union with
nitrogen. N. -bacteria, a term given by Winogradsky
to those bacteria that convert ammonia into nitrous
and nitric acids. N. -benzene (QH^NC).,), Nitroben-
zol; a liquid prepared by adding benzol drop by drop
to HNO3. It closely resembles oil of bitter almonds
in flavor, and is important as a source of anilin in the
manufacture of dyes. It is actively poisonous, with
the general efl'ects of hydrocyanic acid. N. -benzol.
"^ft^ N. -benzene. N. -benzol-red. .Same as /vVww-
liu. N.-cellulin, N. -cellulose, a substitution-com-
pound of cellulose, NO,^ replacing H. Mononitro-cel-
lulose, C.H„(N0.,)03 ; Dinitrocellulose, QH,,(N0.J05,
or pyroxylin : T'rinitrocellulose,Q^\\.{^O.^P^, or gun-
NITROFORM
873
NOCUOUS
cotton. N. -compound, a carbon compound that is
formed from another by the substitution of the mona-
tomic radicle NO^ for hydrogen, and in which the
nitrogen atom is regarded as directly joined to a
carbon atom.
Nitroform 'yiii' -tro-form) \_v'npi>v, natron ; foniia, form],
CH(N02)j. An oily acid compound, chemically
analogous to chloroform. It is usually obtained by
treating biliary acids with nitric acid.
Nitrogen [iii' -tro-jeii) \yiTpov, natron; ysvvav, to beget].
N=I4; quantivalence I, ill, v. One of the non-
metallic elements, gaseous at ordinary temperatures.
It is a component element of albumins, proteids, urea,
and other organic substances, of alkaloids, ammonia,
and its derivatives, and many other inorganic sub-
stances. It forms about 79 per cent, of the air, and is
most active in combination with oxygen. The French
call it azote. The salts of nitric acid are called nitrates,
those of nitrous acid nitrites. See Elements, Table
of. A description of various methods for detecting
nitrogen is appended : Kjeldahl's Method ; the sub-
stance is dissolved by heating it with concentrated sul-
phuric acid. Potassium permanganate (pulverized, or
dissolved in sulphuric acid) is then added until a
distinctly green color appears. The liquid is diluted
with water and the ammonia is expelled by boiling
with sodium hydroxid. Limprecht's Method, a
method of determining the nitrogen of nitro-com-
pounds and nitroso-compounds indirectly by means of
a titrated solution of stannous chlorid. Will and
Varrentrap's Method ; two parts of calcium hydrate
are added to one part of an aqueous solution of
pure sodium hydroxid ; the mixture is evaporated and
gently ignited. The weighed, finely-pulverized sub-
stance is mixed with soda-lime (about ten parts) and
the mixture is placed in a combustion-tube, about 30
cm. long, which is filled in with soda-lime. In the
open extremity of the tube is placed a rubber stopper
bearing a bulb-apparatus containing dilute hydrochloric
acid. The anterior portion of the bulb is first heated
in the furnace ; then, that containing the mixture.
That all of the ammonia may be carried into the bulb,
air is conducted through the tube, after breaking off the
point. The ammonium chlorid in the hydrochloric
acid is precipitated as ammonio-platinum chlorid by
means of platinic chlorid, and the residual platinum is
weighed. One atom of platinum corresponds to two
molecules of NH3 or two atoms of nitrogen. N.,
Gaseous Oxid of. See Nitrous Oxid.
Nitrogenized (iii-troj' -en-lzd^ [7'/r/;oi>, natron ; ytvvav,
to produce]. Containing nitrogen.
Nitrogenous [ni-troj'-en-iis) \_viTp()v, natron ; yevvav,
to produce]. Containing nitrogen.
Nitroglycerin {ni-tro-glis'-er-in)\_vi-pov, natron; yhMvq,
sweet], C.jH-N.jO(,. Glonoin, Trinitrin, Trinitrite of
Glyceryl; Glycerol xVitric Ester ; a substance produced
by the action of a mixture of sulphuric and nitric acids
upon glycerol. It is a colorless oil, with a sweet taste,
and is poisonous when taken internally. It is insol-
uble in water. Heated quickly, or upon percussion,
it explodts very violently. Mixed with Kieselgiihr it
forms dynamite. Therapeutically, it acts like amyl
nitrite. Dose gr. Dose of the tincture,
one per cent, in alcohol, rr^ >^-x. N., Liquor (B.P.),
contains pure nitroglycerin one part by weight, recti-
fied spirit q. s. to produce lOO fluid parts. Dose TT\_
X-ij- N., Tabellae (B. P.), tablets of chocolate each
containing gr. .j-^^ of pure nitroglycerin. Dose j-ij.
Nitrohydrochloric Acid (ni-tro-hi-dro-klo'-rik). See
Acid. '
Nitroleum {ni-tro' -le-itni). Synonym of iVitroglycerin.
Nitrolin {ni' -tro-lin') \y'Lrpov, natron ; oleum, oil]. An
explosive compound consisting of a mixture of cellu-
lose, niter, and nitrosaccharose.
Nitrometer i^ni-trom'-et-er) [y'lrpov, natron; /jtrpov,
measure]. An apparatus for collecting and measur-
ing nitrogen gas, or for decomposing nitrogen oxids
and estimating the resulting gases.
Nitromuriatic Acid {ni-tro-mu-re-af -ik). See Acid,
Nitroliydrochloric.
Nitrosaccharose {iii-tro-sak' -ar-dz)\_v'npov, natron ; oIik.-
Xapov , sugar]. An unstable, resinous, explosive com-
pound produced by treating saccharose with nitric acid.
Nitrosate (tii' -tro-sat)\y'iTpov , natron]. One of a class
of carbon compounds resulting from the action of
nitrogen tetroxid upon the alkylenes.
Nitroso- [ni-tro' -so-) \_viTpov, natron]. In chemistry, a
prefix signifying combination with nitrosyl, the univa-
lent compound radicle, NO. N.-amins, a class of
nitroso-compounds in which the nitroso-group is linked
to nitrogen. They are mostly oily, yellow liquids,
insoluble in water, and may be distilled without suffer-
ing decomposition. N. -compounds, a class of
chemic compounds containing the group NO attached
to carbon. N. -phenol. See Qiiinoxim.
Nitrous (ni'-triis) [virpov, natron]. In chemistry, per-
taining to or derived from niter. Nitrous compounds
contain less oxygen than do nitric compounds. N.
Acid. See Acid, Nitrous. N. Ether, C.^HjNOj ; a
very volatile liquid, with properties very similar to
those of amyl nitrite. N. Oxid, LaugJiing gas;
a gaseous compound, having the structure N^O.^. In-
haled, it produces mental exaltation and cerebral
excitement, followed by anesthesia. It is much used
in dentistry. See Anesthetic.
Nival [fii'-val) [^nivalis, snowy]. Living in or near
snow.
Njinio-wood [African]. A remedy used in West
Africa in the treatment of gastric pains and loss
of appetite. Its effects are similar to those of coca.
Unof.
Noasthenia i^no-as-the' -ne-ah) [I'dof, mind ; aadeveia,
weakness]. Mental feebleness.
Nocard, Bacillus of. ' See Bacteria, Synonytnatic
Table of.
Nocarodes {no-kar-o' -dez) \_vuiiap, lethargy ; el6o<;,
like]. Lethargic.
Nocent (no'-sent) \_nocens, from nocere, to harm].
Harmful ; injurious.
KoctaLmhu\a.X.ior\.{nok-farii-l>u-la'-sliui!)\_nocta!i!biclatio ;
nox, night; ajnbulare, to walk]. Same a.s Somnam-
bitlism.
Noctambulatory [nok-tam' -bu-la-tor-e) \jiox, night ;
ambulare, to walk]. In biology, wandering at night,
as many predatory mammals.
Noctambulism ( nok - tam'- bu - lizm ) . See Somnani-
bulism .
Noctidial [nok - tid ^- e -al) [^tsox, night; dies, day].
Lasting for a day and a night, or for twenty-four
hours.
Noctisurgium {nok-tis-ur' -je-um). Synonym of Som-
nambitlism.
Nocturnal (nok-ttir'-ttal) \_nocturnus, of the night].
Pertaining to the night-time. N. Blindness. See
Hemeralopia. N. Crisis, the nightly exacerbation of
symptoms. N. Emission and N. Pollution. See
Spertnatorrhea . N. Enuresis, incontinence of urine
at night during sleep. N. Epilepsy, epilepsy in
which the convulsions occur at night. N. Sight.
Same as Hemeralopia.
Nocuity (nol'-u' -it-e) \^nocuiis, injurious]. Injurious-
ness ; harmfulness ; the quality of being noxious.
Nocuous (itok'-u-us) \_nocuus, injurious]. Noxious;
hurtful ; venomous. N. Meat, meat from animals
NOD
874
NON-IDENTIST
affected with diseases that may be transmitted to
man.
Nod [ME., noddcu, to shake], i. To drop the head
forward with a quick, involuntary motion. 2. The
motion so made.
Nodal {no'-dcl) [nodus, a. node]. Nodated ; pertain-
ing to a node. N. Point, the point of intersection
of convergent rays of light with the visual axis of the
eye. The J^trst N. P. is 6.9685 mm. behind the
summit of the cornea. The Second N. P. is 7.3254
mm. behind the summit of the cornea, or 0.1254
mm. behind the lens.
Nodated {iio-da' -ted) \jiodiis, a node]. Knotted ; hav-
ing nodes.
Nodding {^nod'-ing) [ME., nodden, to shake]. I. The
act of inclining the head forward. 2. Having a droop-
ing position, as a flower-head. N. Spasm, spasmus
nutans ; salaam convulsions. See Eclampsia nutans. ,
Node (nod) \_nodi(s, a swelling, or node]. A knot or
protuberance ; an oblong, indurated swelling or tumor
that forms upon bones in some forms of periostitis and
osteitis. Ns., Heberden's, overgrowths of the nat-
ural tubercles of the digital phalangeal bones in rheu-
matoid arthritis. Ns., Parrot's, bosses of bone on the
outer table of the skull, the result of syphilitic perios-
titis. Ns., Ranvier's, certain constrictions occurring
in the course of medullated nerve-fibers, so that the
sheath of Schwann lies upon the axis-cylinder. The
part of the nerve between the nodes is called an
interannular or internodal segment. See A^erve-fibcy.
Ns., Schmidt's, a term for the medullated interan-
nular segments of a nerve- fiber. N., Syphilitic, the
localized swellings on bones due to syphilitic peri-
ostitis.
Nodicorn [nod ' -ik-orti) \_nodus, a knot; cormi, a horn].
In biology, having nodose antennse.
Nodiferous \_no-dif'-er-iis) [nodus, a node; ferre, to
bear]. In biology, bearing nodes.
Nodose [no'-doz) [nodus, node]. Characterized by
nodes or nodosities ; jointed or swollen at intervals.
Nodosis (no-do' -sis) [nodus, node]. The condition of
having or forming nodes.
Nodosity (no-dos'-it-c). See jVodc. N., Bouchard's,
a nodose condition of the second joints of the fingers,
supposed to be indicative of gastrectasis. See Signs
and Symptoms, Table of.
Nodous (tio'-dns) [vudoc, from vrj, negative ; bthrg,
tooth]. Toothless.
Nodular (nod'-n-lai-). Synonym of Nodose.
Nodule (nod'-fd) [nodulus, dim. of nodus, a node].
A little knot or excrescence ; a tubercle ; in derma-
tology, an elevation of the skin varying in size from a
split pea to a hazelnut, and due to a cellular infiltration
(granuloma of Yirchow), N. of Aurantius. See
Corpus. N. of Cerebellum, the termination of
the inferior vermiform process of the cerebellum
situated in front of the uvula. N. of Morgagni.
Same as N. of Aurantius.
Noduliferous [nod-u-lif -er-us) [nodulus, a little knot ;
ferrc, to bear]. Having nodules.
Noduliform (nod-u' -lif-orm) [nodulus, a little knot ;
forma, form]. In the form of a nodule.
Nodulo-dermitis (nod' -u-lo-dcr-ini' -tis) [nodulus, small
node ; i^tpfia, skin ; iric, inflammation]. An inflam-
matory nodular skin-affection, such as Madura foot,
leprosy, and other skin-diseases.
Nodulose, Nodulous (nod'-u-loz, nod' -u-lus) [nodulus,
a little node]. In biology, having little knobs.
Nodulus (nod' -u-lus) [L. : //., A'oduli]. I. See
Nodule. 2. The nodule of the cerebellum. N. hys-
tericus. Same as Globus hystericus. Noduli al-
bini, a term given to certain small pathologic knots
occasionally found on the free border of the auriculo-
ventricular valves.
Nodus (no'-dus) [L. : //., A'odi~\. See Node.
Noeggerath's Method. See Treatment, Methods of.
Nceud vital (nu(r)d-ve-tahl') [Fr.]. See Center, Res-
piratory.
Noisome (noi'-sum) [ME. , noysomc. hurtful]. Hurtful ;
noxious.
Noli-me-tangere (no' -li-me-tan' -jer-e) [L.]. I. See
Rodent Ulcer. 2. Ecballium o_fficinarum, the squirt-
ing cucumber. 3. Impaticns imli-mc-tangere, the
touch-me-not, an animal of the Balsam family.
Noma (no'-mah) [vofxri; vefulv, to eat]. Synonyms:
Cancrum oris, Gangrrena oris. Gangrenous stomatitis.
A grave form of stomatitis, gangrenous in type, and
either secondary to ulcerative stomatitis or primary.
The process is rapidly progressive, usually fatal, but
recovery with great deformity of the face may occur.
It is most common between the second and twelfth
years. The disease is probably due to microorganisms ;
many have been found, but their relations have not
been determined.
Nomarthral (nom-ar' -thral) [I'o/^of, law; apBpov, a
joint]. In biology, normally articulated or jointed;
the opposite of .xcnarthral.
Nome (no'-mc). .Same as A'oma.
Nomenclature (no-men' -kla-tur) [nomcn, a name;
calare, to call]. A systematic application and ar-
rangement of the distinctive names employed in any
science. Cf. Onym, Onymy.
Nomogeny (no-moj' -en-e) [I'd/zor, law ; yfviiq, pro-
ducing]. In biology, Richard Owen's term for the
origin of life through the operation of existing natural
law.
Nomology («()-OTo/'-o-/>) [i'd//of, law ; /dyof, science].
In biology, that department of botany devoted to a
study of the laws of variation.
Nomopelmous (nom-o-pel' -ynus) [rofioc, law ; TTiAfia,
sole]. In biology, applied to birds having the normal
arrangement of the flexor tendons of the foot. Cf
antiopelmous , heteropelmous , schizopelmous, sympcl-
mous.
Non- [non, not]. A prefix denoting negation. N.
compos mentis [E.]. A legal term denoting an
acquired unsoundness of mind, of such character that
one is incapable of conducting his own affairs.
Nona («(/ [L.]. A name given in Italy, Bavaria,
and Russia to a.su]iposed new disease, which, however,
in all probability is not new, but is typhoid fever with
coma, a severe influenza, or a grave form of smallpox.
Non-access (non-ah'-ses) [non, not ; accessus, an
approach]. In medical jurisprudence, the failure to
cohabit. The reverse of access, t/. A child born
under such circumstances is a bastard.
Non-achromatic (non-ak-ro-maf -ik). See Objective.
Non-adjustable (non-ad-jus' -ta-bT). See Objective.
Nonan [nonus, ninth]. Applied to a fever
that has an exacerbation every ninth day.
Nondecatoic Acid (non-dek-at-o' -ik) [nonus, ninth ;
<ifTO, ten], C,,,H.,sO._,. A monobasic acid, the nine-
teenth member of the fatty acid series.
Non-deciduata (non-de-sid-u-a'-tah) [non, not; de-
ciduous, falling off]. A class of mammals charac-
terized by a non-shedding of the uterine mucous mem-
brane after birth of the young.
Non-electric (uou-c-lek' -trik) [non, not; iilrnrpav,
amlter]. A term applied to those substances that
permit electricity excited in them by friction to
escape as fast as it is formed.
Non-identist (non-i-den'-tist) [non, not ; identicus, the
same]. .\ designation applied to a person who be-
lieves in the non-identity of certain diseases, such as
NON-MEDULLATED
875
NOSE
typhus and typhoid, chancre and chancroid, mem-
branous croup and laryngeal diphtheria.
Non-medullated [iion-iiud'-nl-ia-ted) \_uoti, not;
ulla, marrow]. Without marrow. N.-m. Nerve-
fibers. See Nerve-fiber.
Non-motile [non-mo' -ti7) not ; wo/?7/j, moving].
Not having the power of spontaneous motion.
Non-naturals, The Six. In the old hygiene, this
term designated air, food, exercise, sleep, secretion
(and excretion), and mental activity.
Nonose*(«o«'-oc) \_nonns, nine]. One of a group of
the glucoses, with the formula CgHjgO,,. See Carbo-
hydrates, Table of.
Non-parous [non-par' -ns). Same as Nulliparnis.
Non-restraint {tion-re-strdnf ) \^non, not; Fr. , re-
straindre, to restrain]. The treatment of insanity
without any possible means of compulsion.
Non-sexual [non-seks' -u-al) \_non, not; sexiis, sex].
Same as Asexual.
Noology (no-ol' -o-Je") [vdof, mind; 'K6yoQ, science].
The science of mind, including that of mental dis-
orders.
Noosphales [no-os'-fal-ez) [rdof, mind ; <paW^iv, to
overthrow]. Demented.
Nobsteresis [no-os-ter-e' -sis^ [I'ood mind ; ariprriaiq,
privation]. Dementia; loss of reason.
Nooth's Apparatus. An apparatus for saturating water
with carbon dioxid ; it consists of three glass vessels
united by tubes. The gas is generated in the first,
washed in the next, and stored in the third.
Norm \)iorma, a rule]. Standard.
Norma [nor' -mali) [L. ,a measure]. In anatomy, a
view or aspect — essentially of the skull. N. basi-
laris, a view or aspect of the skull looking toward the
inferior aspect. N. facialis, the aspect looking toward
the face. N. lateralis, the aspect looking toward
either half ; a profile view. N. occipitalis, the
aspect looking toward the back of the skull. N.
verticalis, the aspect viewed from above, or that
directed toward the top of the skull.
Normal [nor'-mal) \_norma, rule]. Conforming to
natural order or law. N. Position, the typical position
to which all vertebrates, especially, are most easily
referred for comparison. In it the body axis is straight,
the limbs project directly to the right and left ; the
radius and ulna, tibia and fibula, are parallel with the
thumb and great toe on the cephalic (upper) aspect or
edge. N. Salt Solution or N. Saline Solution,
an aqueous solution of sodium chlorid of a strength
similar to that of the body-fluids — usually 0.6-0.75 pei"
cent. N.-sightedness. ^^(t Emme/ropia. N. So-
lution, in chemistry a solution of a salt or an acid con-
taining in 1000 grains of the solvent a quantity of the
salt or acid equal in grams to the molecular weight.
A decinormal solution is one of one-tenth the strength,
and a centinormal solution one of one-hundredth the
strength of the normal solution. N. Structure, in
organic chemistry, the union of carbon atoms in a
simple, open chain.
Normality [nor-maV -il-e) [iiorma, rule]. Normal
quality ; the normal state.
"NoimaXizsXion [nor-iiial-iz-a'-shtin) \_norina, rule]. In
biology, a term used to include all processes by which
modified or morphologically abnormal forms and rela-
tions may be reduced, either actually or ideally, to
their known primitive and presumed normal conditions.
Normandy Colic. See Colie.
Normoblast [nor' -mo-blast). See Corpuscle.
Noropianic Acid [nor-o-pe-an' -ik). See Acid.
Norris's Invisible Corpuscles. See Corpuscle.
Norton's Abyssinian Tube-well. A tube or tubes
driven into the soil, tapping the subsoil water.
Norway Itch. See Itch, jVorway. N. Spruce. See
Abies.
Norwegian Itch. A variety of aggravated scabies seen
mainly in lepers. See /tc/i, Nor^vay.
Nosacerus [noz-as'-er-us) [votro/cepof , from vocog, ill-
ness]. Diseased.
Nosazontology [nos-at-on-toF ■o-je') \_voad^eof)ai, to fall
ill; to-jog, science]. The science of the etiology of
diseases.
Nose [noz) [ME., nose, nose]. The special organ of
the sense of smell. It is also associated in the per-
formance of phonation and respiration. The anterior
or external entrance is termed the anterior nares, and
comprises the nostrils. It is lined throughout by a
delicate mucosa termed the Schneiderian membrane,
in the upper portion of which the terminations of the
olfactory nerves are distributed. N. -bleed. See
Epistaxis. N., Bottle, an hypertrophied condition
of the nose with a varicose condition of its veins,
usually associated with alcoholism. N. -brain, the
olfactory lobes of the brain ; the rhinencephalon.
Transverse Section of the Nasal Fossae.
I. Nasal septum. 2. Anterior extremity of middle turbinated
bone. 3. Middle meatus. 4. Section of inferior turbinated
bone. 5. Inferior meatus. 6. Lacrymal canal. 7. Canalic-
uli. 8. Nasal canal. 9. Section of reflected mucous mem-
brane. 10. Maxillary sinus or antrum of Highmore.
N., Bridge of, the prominence formed by the junction
of the nasal bones. N. -cavities, the nasal fossae. N.-
cough, a reflex trigeminal cough due to irritation of the
nasal mucosa. N. -glasses, eye-glasses held on the
nose by a spring ; a pince-nez. N.-hole, a nostril.
N. -piece, a mechanical device to be attached to a
microscope for holding two, three, or four objectives.
It is screwed into the object-end of the tube of the
microscope. N., Tench's, a name for the external as
uteri. N. -truss, an instrument for keeping the nasal
bones in place after dislocation. N., Wings of, the
bulging borders of the nostril, formed by folds of skin
enclosing adipose and fibro-connective tissue.
NOSEGAY
876
NOTCH
Nosegay, Riolan's. The entire group of muscles
arising from the styloid process of the temporal bone.
Noselia [iios-e'-li-ah) \yoa)iKtveiv , to attend the sick].
Nursing of the sick.
Nosema [rios - e' - maJi) [_v6ajj/ja]. Illness, disease.
Also a genus of Schizomycetes.
Nosencephalon [iios-en-sef -al-oii). See Notenceph-
alns.
Nosencephalus {jios-en-scf -al-us). Same as Noteti-
ceplialtts.
Nosephorous [nos-ef'-or-us) [vdcof , disease ; <i>op6(;,
bearing] . Producing disease.
Nosesesthesia (/los-es-es-t/ie' -ze-a/i) [roaz/pog, diseased ;
alaflr]ai<;, perception]. Perverted sensibility.
Nosistoria {nos-is-to' -re-ah) [voffof , disease ; iaropia,
history]. The history of disease or of a disease.
Nosocephalus (iio-so-sef -al-us). See Notencephalus.
Nosocome {nos' -o-kdin). Same as Nosocomium.
Nosocomial {nos-o-ko' -me-ai) [I'dffof, disease ; KOfiEiv,
to take care of ] . Pertaining to a hospital, or a nosoco-
mium. N. Gangrene. Synonym of hospital gangrene.
Nosocomium (>!os-o-ky-//ie-it//i)l_v6Gar, disease; Ko/ieif,
to take care of]. A place designed for the care of
the sick. A hospital.
Nosocratic {jios-o-krat^ -ik) [voanr, illness ; Kpareli', to
be strong]. Specific (applied to disease).
Nosode (nos^-dt/) \_vnao}(ir/g , like a disease]. A homeo-
pathic or isopathic remedy.
Nosodochium [}ios-o-do' -ke-iim). Synonym of Noso-
loiiiiiini.
Nosogenesis {nos-o-jen'-cs-is). Synonym of Nosogeny.
Nosogenetic [nos-o-jen-ef -ili) \yi)coq, disease ; yiveaig,
genesis]. Pertaining to nosogenesis.
Nosogeny (nos-oj' -en-c) [voooq, disease; yEiwav, to
beget]. The development and progress of diseases.
Nosographic {nos-o-graf -ik) \y6aoq, disease ; ypafeiv,
to write]. Pertaining to nosography.
Nosography {>ios-og' -ra-fe) [I'Ofor, disease; ypa^e/v,
to write]. A descriptive treatise on the character and
nature of diseases.
Nosologic {nos-o-log' -ik) \y6aoq, disease ; 'kbyoq, sci-
ence]. Pertaining to nosology.
Nosologist [iios-oF -o-JIst) [I'OCTOf, disease; /loyof, sci-
ence]. One versed in nosology.
Nosology [nos-ol' -o-Je) \y6aoi;, disease ; Xoyog, science].
The scientific classification of diseases.
N osomania [nos-o-ma' -ne-ali) [rrfffof, disease ; iiav'ia,
mania]. The insane or hypochondriac delusion of a
patient that he is suffering from some disease, from
which, in point of fact, he may not be entirely free.
Nosomycosis [uos-p-ini-ko' -sis) [i'(5iTor, disease ; fivKijg,
fungus] . Any disease due to the presence of a para-
sitic fungus, or schizomycete.
Nosonomy [nos-on' -o-i/ie) [iJ<5(T0f, disease; 6vo/ia,name].
The nomenclature of diseases.
'Hosonomy [iios-on' -o-me) [I'ouor, disease ; v6fio(;,\a.\s'\.
The study, or science, of the laws of disease.
Nosophobia (nos-o-fo' -he-ak) \_t>6ao(;, disease ; (pd/io^,
fear]. The insane, or exaggerated, fear of disease;
patliopholna.
Nosophthoria {nos-off -thor' -e-ah^ \yunnc, disease;
(pfldiin, destruction]. The eradication of diseases by
prophylactic measures.
Nosophyte {)ios' -o-fif] [rofror, disease; (pnrbv, plant].
Any pathogenic vegetable microorganism.
Nosopoietic (wo^-rt-yioZ-c/'-;'/') [rdcrof, disease ; ■Kntr/TiKoi;,
making]. Causing disease.
Nosotaxy (nos'-o-iaks-e) [rdffor, disease ; raf/f , arrange-
ment]. The classification of diseases.
Nosotrophe {nos-ot' -ro-fc) \_v/taoc, disease ; rpcKpli, sus-
tenance]. I. The nourishment of disease. 2. The
care of the sick.
Nosotrophic, Nosotrophous [iios-o-fro'-fik, nos-ot'-ro-
///i) [wiaof, disease; r^jo^?/, sustenance]. Maintaining
disease.
Nostalgia (tios-tal'-je-ali) [I'dtrrof , return ; a/lj of , pain].
Homesickness.
Nostalgic (nos-taF -Jik) [yooTog, return ; dAyof, pain].
Affected with nostalgia.
Nostoc (woj-'-Zf/') [Ger. , nostocJi, nostoc]. A genus of
algous plants, often of a gelatinous nature, such as
witches' -butter and star-spittle. Some of the species are
edible, e.g., N. edule, being used in soups. Unof.
Nostologic ( nos-to-loj' -ik ) [ voarot;, return ; Xoyoq,
science]. Pertaining to nostology, or to second child-
hood ; extremely senile.
Nostology (iios-tol' -o-je)\y6c,To<;, return ; Aoyof, science].
In biology, the department devoted to the study of
senility.
Nostomania {jios-to-ma' -nc-aJi) [I'darof, return ; ^avia,
madness]. Nostalgia amounting to monomania.
Nostrasia {>ios-tra' -ze-ah) \_iiostras, of our country].
Nostalgia.
Nostril {nos'-tril) [A. S. nosii, nose; thyrl, to drill].
One of the external orifices of the nose. N., False, a
conic, curved diverticulum or blind pouch, from two to
three inches in depth, leaving the nostril of the horse
immediately within the opening, and lying in the notch
formed between the nasal and premaxillary bones.
Nostromania [jios-tro-ma' -ne-ali). Same as Nosto-
mania.
Nostrum {>ios' -trttni) \jioster,ow!i\. Any quack medi-
cine or cure-all ; any proprietary medicine.
Notacanthous (no-fak-an'-ikiis) [vurof, the back;
aiMvOci, a spine]. In biology, having dorsal spines.
Notal («f [I'w-of, back]. Dorsal, or tergal; per-
taining to the back.
Notalgia {jio-taF -je-ali) [I'urof , back ; hXyoq, pain].
Any pain in the back.
Notanencephalia (iio-tan-cn-sef-a' -le-ali) [I'orof, back ;
a priv. ; eyKtil)a?.o( , brain]. Congenital absence of
the dorsal part of the cranium.
Notaspis {}io-tas' -pis) [rwrof, the back ; aa-iq, shield].
In embryology, the germ-shield or dorsal area of the
embryo, in which appears the primitive furrow.
Notate (}io' -tat) [notatus, p.p. of notare,\.o mark]. In
biology, marked, spotted, variegated.
Notch [an assibilated form of nock^ An indenta-
tion, especially on the circumferential edge of a
bone. N., Acetabular. See Cotyloid. N. of the
Cerebellum, the depression between the two hemi-
spheres of the cerebellum, anteriorly and posteriorly.
N., Coraco-scapular. See yV. , Siipra-scapidar. N.,
Cotyloid. See Cotyloid. N., Ethmoid, the notch
separating the two orbital plates of the frontal bone.
It is occupied by the cribriform plate of the ethmoid.
N., Great Sciatic. See iV. , Ischiatic. N., Inter-
clavicular. Synonym of TV!, Suprasternal. N.,
Intercondyloid. See Jjitercondyloid Fossa. N.,
Intervertebral, any one of the depressions on the
vertebral pedicles, either on the upper or lower surface.
The apposition of two notches of contiguous vertebne,
forms the intervertebral foramen. N., Ischiatic, the
notch in the ischium that is converted into a foramen
by the ischiatic ligaments. N., Jugular, a notch
forming the posterior boundary of the jugular foramen.
N., Lantermann's, the appearance of the internodai
segments of the nerve-sheath under the influence of
certain reagents, dividing the same into strips obliquely
cut at the ends. N., Lesser Sciatic, a notch below
the spine of the ischium over which the tendon of the
obturator internus muscle passes. N., Nasal, an
uneven interval between the internal angular processes
of the frontal bone, which articulates with the nasal
NOTE
877
NUCLEIC ACID
bone and the nasal process of the superior maxillary
bone. N., Popliteal, the depression on the posterior
surface of the head of the tibia, separating the two
tuberosities. N., Pterygoid. Same as Fossa, Ptery-
goid. N. of Rivinus, the deficiency in the osseous
tympanic ring filled by Shrapnell's membrane, q. t.
N., Sacro-sciatic. See N., Ischiatic. N., Sig-
moid, a deep semilunar depression separating the
coronoid and condyloid processes of the inferior max-
illary bone. N., Spheno-palatine, the notch that
separates the orbital and sphenoid processes of the
palate bone. N., Supraorbital. See Supraorbital.
N., Suprascapular, a notch on the superior border
of the scapula at the base of the coracoid process, for
the passage of the suprascapular nerve. N., Supra-
sternal, the depression at the top of the manubrium,
between the two sterno-clavicular articulations.
Note a mark]. A sound. N., Percussion,
the sound elicited on percussion.
Notencephalia {not-en-scf-a' -le-aliY See A'otenceph-
alus.
Notencephalocele (iio-tcn-sef -al-o-sll^ \yC)Tm\ back ;
kyidipaAog, brain ; kIja?], hernia]. Tumor of the brain
in a notencephalus.
Notencephalus (iidt - eii ■ sef - al - us) [vuror, back;
kyKt<t>a7.oc,, brain]. A variety of single autositic mon-
sters of the species exencephalus, in which the cranial
contents are in large part outside of the skull, resting
upon the back of the neck like a huge " waterfall,"
but not adherent. Hydrocephalus, to some degree,
is almost always present. The cranium is misshapen,
the forehead sloping backward, and the eyes are di-
rected upward and stand out prominently.
Noteum [I'wrof, the back: //. , Notea'\. In
biology, the dorsal surface of the body of an animal.
Nothros [iio'-thi-os) \yu)6p()(;'\. Drowsy, torpid.
Notochord (tio' -to-kord) [i^wrov, back ; x'^P'^'h a- cord].
A cellular cord inclosed in a structureless sheath,
which in the embryo represents the vertebral column ,
the chorda dorsalis, or primitive backbone. Also,
incorrectly the spinal cord.
Notomelus [no-tom'-el-tts) [I'urov, back; //i'Aoc, limb].
A form of double monster in which the rudimentary
limbs are attached to the back.
Nototnyelitis iyiio-to-mi-el-i' -tis') [I'uror, back ; fivtkoc,
marrow ; itl^, inflammation]. Inflammation of the
myelon, or spinal cord.
Notomyelus {no-to-mi' -el-US') [vurof, back ; fivEAu^,
marrow]. The spinal marrow ; the myelon.
Notopodium («o-fo-/c>'-(-/<'-tt7«) [I'u-of, the back ; iroi'f,
foot]. In biology, one of the dorsal oars or double
foot-stumps of certain worms. See Parapodiurn.
Notopsyche {no-top-si' -kc) [I'wrof, back; i'v^J/, soul].
Haeckel's term for the spinal cord, or myelon.
Notorhizal (no-to-ri' -zal) [I'w-or, the back ; p/fa, root].
In biology, having the radicle applied to the dorsal
part of the cotyledons : incumbent.
Nototribe [no'-to-trib) [rurof , back ; rpipeiv, to rub].
In biology, applied to flowers so arranged that the
pollen comes in contact with the back of a visiting
insect. Cf. Pleiirotribc, Sternotrihe.
Nototrocha (iio-to-tro' -kali) [I'urof, the back; r/mxtig,
a wheel]. In embryology, a form of segmented
chstopod larva in which the segments of the body
bear half-rings of cilia on the dorsal surface.
Nottingham System. See Se7uage, Disposal of.
Notum (iio'-tiini) [i'6/roi', I'urof, the back: /■/., N^ota\
In biology, the dorsal aspect of the thorax of an in-
sect. Cf. Pronotiim , Mcsonotum, Metanotunt.
Notumbrella [iidf -uin-brel-ah) [vurof, the back ; tivi-
bra, shade]. In biology, the dorsal ectoderm or
chrotal epithelium of medusre.
Novacula [iio-vak' -u-lali) \jiovare, to make new]. A
razor ; a surgeon's knife.
Noxa (noks' -all) [L.]. An injurious principle ; especi-
ally a pathogenic microorganism, or other niaterics
morbi.
Noxious (jioks' -yus) [noxius, harmful]. Harmful ;
poisonous or deleterious. " N. Thing," in forensic
medicine anything administered to a person that is
harmful in its effects ; especially applied to the pro-
duction of abortion.
Noyes' Method. See Treatment, Methods of.
Nubecula [tiu-bek' -ii-laJi) [dim. of mibes, a cloud].
I. The cloudiness caused by the suspension of in-
soluble matter in the urine. 2. A cloudiness of the
cornea.
Nubile (nu'-bit) \_nubilis ; nubere, to marry]. Marri-
ageable. Of an age at which there exists the possi-
bility of procreation or child-bearing.
Nubility {iiu-bil'-it-e) \jmbilitas , from nubere, to marry].
The state of development marked by ability to consum-
mate marriage.
Nucament kain - ent) \iiuiamenttim, anything
shaped like a nut]. In biology, an anient or catkin.
Nucellus (;?//-.r^/''-z/.r) a little nut: pl.,Nucel-
//]. In biology, that part of the ovule in which the
embryo-sac arises ; the equivalent of the macro-
sporangium of cryptogams.
Nuces [uii'-sk). Plural of Nux, q. v.
Nucha [iiu' -kali) [L.]. The nape of tlie neck.
Nuchal [nu'-kal) [nucha, nape of neck]. Pertaining
to the nucha, or nape.
Nuchalalgia [iiu-kal-aF -je-ah). Synonym of jYiiehal-
Nuchalgia (nu-kal'-je-ah) \^!iucha , nape ; d/iyof, pain].
Pain at the back of the neck.
Nuciform (nu'-sif-onn) [^nux, a nut; forma, form].
In biology, nut-shaped.
Nucite [nu'-sit), CjHj.jOg -|- 4H.^0. A carbohydrate
resembling inosite, found in the leaves of Juglans regia.
Nuck, Canal of. See Canal. N.'s Diverticulum.
Same as A'! , CV7«a/ o/". N.'s Glands. See Gland.
Nucleal, Nuclear {nii'-kle-al, nu'-kle-ar) [^nucleus, a
cell]. Pertaining to or resembling a nucleus ; en-
doplastic. N. Figures, the peculiar arrangement of
the mitome during karyokinesis. N. Layer, a
stratum of gray matter in the cortex of the brain.
N. Paralysis, paralysis from lesions of nuclei or
centers. N. Spindle, delicate strise appearing in the
nucleus undergoing mitosis and arranged in the shape
of a double crux with the apices pointing toward the
poles of the future nuclei. Its function probably is
to guide the movements of the mitome threads. N.
Stain, a pigment showing a relatively strong affinity
for nuclei. A Direct Nuclear Stain is one that
colors nuclei so quickly as to require no subsequent
treatment to differentiate them from the plasma. An
Indirect Nuclear Stain is one that colors the entire
tissue, but in order that the nuclei may be differ-
entiated, the color must be removed from the plasma.
The more important nuclear stains are : — Bismarck
Brown, Carmin, Cochineal, Fuchsin, Gentian-violet,
Hematoxylin, Hoffman's Blue, Methylene-blue,
Methyl-green. See Stain, Plasmatic Stain, Specific
Stain, Stains, Table of, and Pigments, Conspectus of.
N. Substance. See Heredity.
Nucleate, Nucleated {nu' -kle-at, nu' -kle-a-ted )
ileus, nucleus]. Having a nucleus.
Nuclei [nu'-kle-i) [L. ]. Plural of A'ucleus, q. v. N.
of the Thalamus, the three portions into which the
cinerea of the thalamus is separated. They are called
the anterior, internal, and external nuclei.
Nucleic Acid. Altmann's name for an organic phos-
NUCLEIFORM
878
NUCLEUS
phorus-containing acid, the chief product obtained
by analysis of nuclein. Kossel's formula is CjqH-jN^-
PjO,,. Nucleic acid occurs free in the heads of the
spermatozoa and contains no sulphur.
Nucleiform {iiu' -kle-if-orm) Sjimlciis, nucleus ; forma,
form]. Resembling a nucleus.
Nuclein [im' -kle-iii) \_iiiiclens , nucleus]. A compound
of proteid substances with nucleic acid, obtained
by means of artificial digestion, by Horbaczewski,
Miescher, Plosz, Geohegen, Hoppe-Seyler, Lubavin,
von Jaksch,Vaughaa, and others, from pus-corpuscles,
the spermatozoa of various animals, testicles, and thy-
roid gland, the yolk of hens' eggs, yeast, liver, brain,
covi's' milk, etc. The results of the analysis of
nuclein from different sources are discordant.
From the
From Pus. Spermatozoa, t-romtne
{Hoppe-Seyler.) 'of Salmon. "'iriak/chT
(Miescher.) K^^. J amen.)
C 49.58 36.11 50.06
H, 7.10 5.15 7.60
N, 15.02 I3-0Q 13.18
P, 2.28 9.59 1.89
Hoppe-Seyler's classification of nucleins, as modified
by Halliburton, is: (l) Nucleins that contain no pro-
teid. They are synonymous with Xucleic acid, q. v.
(2) Nucleins rich in nucleic acid and in reaction very
similar to that substance ; they occur in nature in
the chromatic fibers of the nucleus. (3) Nucleins
that are poorer in nucleic acid ; these form numerous
links in a chain, which pass insensibly into those of
the next group ; they occur in nature in the nucleoli
(ypyreni)i) and constitute the chief bulk of the sub-
stance called plastin. (4) Nucleins that contain
very little nucleic acid ; they are chiefly proteid in
nature, and pass gradually toward proteids which con-
tain no phosphorus whatever. They occur in the nu-
clei of cells ; it is difficult to be positive whether the nu-
clear matrix is composed chiefly of these or of phos-
phorus-free proteids ; probably both are present. They
occur in milk (casei)iogen'), 'va. egg-yolk (vi/ellin, icthit-
lin, etc.), in aleurone-grains of plants {plant vitcllin),
and in cell protoplasm generally [cen iiucieo-aiiumiii).
The great insolubility in alkalies that characterizes
nucleins of the third group is not seen in those of the
fourth. According to Horbaczewski, nuclein is the
source of uric acid. Nuclein has also been proved to
possess germicidal properties.
Nucleo-albumin (nu'-klc-o-al'-bu-min) \_niicIeHS, nu-
cleus; albumen, albumin]. One of the series of nu-
cleins obtainable from cell-protoplasm, poorer in nucleic
acid than the plastins of the nucleus. It appears to be
the most constant of the proteids obtainable from cell-
protoplasm, but is not confined to cells, being the chief
constituent of tissue-fibrinogen. The chief proteid of
milk [caseinogeii), the so-called mucin of bile, and the
mucinoid substance in the mucus of urine, are nucleo-
albumins. Nucleo-albumin is insoluble in acetic acid,
precipitable by magnesium sulphate, not reducible by
prolonged heat in the presence of an acid ; it is formed
by the combination of nuclein and albumin in the pro-
cess of digestion. It contains phosphorus. The pre-
sence of nucleo-albumin in the urine has been observed
in cases of leukemia, icterus, diphtheria, and in scarla-
tinal and other varieties of nephritis.
Nucleochylema (iiii-klc-o-ki-le' -mali) \iiiiclens, nucleus ;
;t;i'/(ir, juice]. The fluid filling the interstices of the
nucleohyaloplasm.
Nucleochyme [nu'-kle-o-kim). See Xucleochylcma.
Nucleohiston (iiu-kle-o-his'-ton) \_nucleiis, nucleus;
lOToc, tissue]. A substance found by Lilienfeld in the
leukocytes of the blood. It is a combination of nu-
clein and histon. Nuclein induces coagulation of the
blood ; histon prevents it. The liquid state of the
blood is dependent on the integrity of the compound
formed by these two bodies. Liquidity, then, is due
to the leukocytes by virtue of the histon contained in
them ; as is also coagulation, by reason of the contained
nuclein.
Nucleohyaloplasm {}ui-kle-o-hi' -al-o-plazm") \jiucleus,
nucleus ; ixzAof, transparent substance ; -KXanauv, to
mold]. A scarcely tangible substance, which, with
chromatin, makes up the threads or mitoma of the cell-
nucleus. See Liiiin.
Nucleoid {>iii' -kle-oid) [«/ci/c'«^, nucleus ; flfSof, like].
Shaped like a nucleus.
Nucleoidioplasm {nu-kle-o-id' -e-o-plazni) \tiucleus, nu-
cleus; (f5;of, special ; 7r/ld(T(Tett;, to mold]. The idio-
plasm of the nucleus.
Nucleolar [itii-kle' -o-lar) \_iiitcleolus, dim. of nucleus, a
nucleus] . Pertaining to the nucleolus.
Nucleolid [mi-kle' -o-lid) [^nucleolus, a little nucleus;
ai^oi;, like]. A corpuscle resembling a nucleolus.
Nucleolin (nie-kle' -o-liii) \jiucleolinus'\. The nucleus of
a nucleolus.
Nucleolinus {nu-kle-o li'-nus) [^nucleolus, dim. of nu-
cleus, a little nut: pi.. Nucleoli n!"\. In biology, the
germinal point within the germinal spot of the nuclei
of certain egg-cells.
Nucleolus [nu-kle' -o-lus) [dim. of nucleus, a nucleus].
The small spheric body within the cell-nucleus. It
probably plays but a subordinate part in the life-activity
of the cell, although its true function has not as yet
been established.
Nucleomicrosoma [nu-kle-o- mi-kro-so'-mali) [^nucleus,
nucleus; /uKpoi;, small; au/ja, body: //. , Nucleomicro-
so)nata\ Any one of the many minute tangible bodies
that make up each fiber of the nucleoplasm,
Nucleopetal [nu-kle-o-pef -al)\nucleus, nucleus; petere,
to seek]. Seeking the nucleus (said of the movement
of the male pronucleus toward the female pronucleus).
Nucleoplasm [nu' - kle - 0 - plazm) nucleus;
-7aa(jfiv, to mold]. The formative hyaloplasm of
the nucleus; chromatin. E. van Beneden describes
the nucleus of the ovum as composed of a membrane
within which is a network of chromatin, containing in
its meshes a fluid substance. The whole of this mass
he calls the tiiicleoplasm, com\>ose^d. o{ : I. An achro-
matic substance in fine moniliform filaments. 2. A
chromatic substance permeating the whole. He sup-
poses each fiber to consist of minute bodies, readily
stained, called Nucleomicrosomata. Strasburger de-
scribes a nucleus as consisting of Nucleoplasm (or
/varyoplasma) in which there are two matters, the
nucleomicrosomata, taking up pigment, and the nucleo-
hyaloplasm, not stained.
Nucleoplasmatic, Nucleoplasmic [nu - klc - 0 - pla"-
niat'-ik, nu-kle-o-plaz' -mik) \_nucleus, nucleus; ir'kae-
neiv, to mold]. Relating to nucleoplasm.
Nucleoplastic (nu kle-o-plas'-tik). Synonym of A'k-
clcoplasmatic.
Nucleus (nu'-kle-us) \_nucleus, from mix, nut]. The
essential part of a typical cell, usually round m
outline, and situated near the center. The center
around which the mass of a crystal aggregates ; also,
the central element in a compound, as the carbon m
hydrocarbons. In physiology, the controlling ormotor
center of a muscle or organ ; also, the deep origin
(nidus or nidulus) of a nerve. N. ambiguus, N.,
Anterior, a center near that of the vagus. N. amyg-
dalae, an irregular aggregation of cinerea situated at
the apex of the temporal lobe of the brain, between
it and the apex of the middle ventricular horn ; ii
lies ventrad of the leniicula. N., Amygdaloid.
NUCLEUS
879
NUDIROSTRATE
See N. amygdalfe. N., Anterior {of the thala-
mus). See Nuclei. N., Arciform, an aggre-
gation of nerve-cells in the oblongata between the
pyramidal tracts and the arciform fibers. N., Arcuate,
the largest of the collections of gray matter in the
arciform fibers of the pyramidal tracts. N., Bal-
biani's, a nucleus supposed to be present in all ova, in
addition to the germinal vesicle. Its function is
believed to be the separation of the contents of the
ovum into a germinal part and a nutritive portion.
N. of Bechterew, an ill-defined group of ganglion-
cells lying dorsad of Deiter's nucleus, and supposed
to give origin to some of the fibers of the middle root
of the auditory nerve. It is also called the nucleus
vestibularis. N., Burdach's. Synonym 'of N'.,
Ctmeate. N., Caudal. Synonym of iV. of the
Oculo-motor Nerve. N., Caudate. See Caudatum.
N., Caudo-ventral. Synonym of N., Oculo-motor.
N. cerebelli, the corpus dentatum, q. v. N.,
Cervical, an accumulation of nerve-cells in the upper
part of the spinal cord, opposite the third and fourth
cervical nerves. N. cinereus, a term sometimes
used to designate the gray substance of the restiform
bodies. N., Cleavage. Synonym of A'! , &^''/«('«i'(7-
tion. N., Daughter. See Mitosis. N., Dental,
the dental papilla. N. dentatus, a nucleus located
in the mesal part of the corresponding cerebellar
hemisphere, in the direct prolongation of the prepe-
duncle which enters it, and very close to the roof
of the fourth ventricle. It is composed of a folded
lamina of cinerea, convoluted like the similar nucleus
of the olive, and is open cephalo-mesad. N. de
reliquat, a granular body associated with the sickle-
shaped rods in coccidia. N. emboliformis, a small
mass of gray matter situated in the interval between
the N. dentatus and N'. fastigii, and lying nearer the
former. It is elongated cephalo-caudad, and is prob-
ably an accessory detachment of the N. dentatus.
N. fastigii, the Fastigatuiii ; a flat expanse of gray
matter on each side of the inferior vermis cerebelli,
directly over the roof of the fourth ventricle. N.
fimbriatus. Synonym of Corpus dentatum. N.
funiculi teretes, a distinct accumulation of small
nerve-elements, closely crowded, found on either
side of the sulcus ventriculi of the oblongata. Its rela-
tions are unknown. N., Germinal, the nucleus re-
sulting from the union of the male and female pronuclei.
N., Gingival, a part of the cerebellum in the fetus
(between the third and fourth months), which bears
some resemblance to the gums. N., Globic. Syno-
nym of A^. globosus. N. globosus , the globulus,
a number of small round or oval masses of cinerea
situated in the interval between the N. dentatus and
N. fastigii, lying near to and probably an accessory
detachment of the latter. N. gracilis, a column
of cinerea in the clava or posterior pyramid of the
medulla oblongata. N., Gray, the cinerea of the
spinal cord. N., Intraventricular, the caudatum.
N., Kolliker's, the cinerea surrounding the canal of
themyel (spinal cord). N., Laryngeal, the nucleus of
origin of the nerve-fibers of the larynx. N. of Laura,
the external auditory nucleus of nerve-cells. N., Len-
ticular, N. lentiformis, a cluster of cinerea of the
striatum. N. of Luys, an almond-shaped mass
of cinerea with pigmented ganglion-cells in the
regio subthalamica. N., Macro-, a form of nucleus
found in certain infusoria. N. magno-cellularis,
Deiters' Nucleus : a nucleus of cinerea in the oblongata,
situated mesad of the restiform column at the level
entry of the auditory nerve-roots. It is probably a
station for a spinal tract. N., Medullary, any circum-
scribed collection of white matter in the central
nervous system. N., Micro-, a small nucleus (erro-
neously called nucleolus) found in infusoria. N.,
Mother. See Mother-star, under Karyokinesis.
N., Motor, a collection of nerve-cells in the
central nervous system giving origin to a mo-
tor nerve. N., Naked, one apparently unsur-
rounded by cell-protoplasm. N., Olivary. See
Dentoliva. N. of Origin, the collection of ganglion-
cells in the central nervous system giving origin to a
nerve. N. of Pander, the upper expanded end of
the flask-shaped mass of white yolk in the hen's egg.
N. pulposus, the pulpy substance in the center of the
intervertebral discs, the remains of the notochord.
N. pyramidalis, the inner accessory olivary nucleus.
N. quintus, the nucleus of the fifth or trigeminal
nerve. N., Red. N. tegmenti. N., Restiform,
the gray matter of the restiform body. N., Roof.
Synonym of N'. tegmenti. N. ruber. See N. te^menti.
N., Segmentation, the nucleus that appears shortly
after the fusion of the male and female pronuclei, the
last step in the process of fertilization ; it is so called
because within it cleavage is first established. N.,
Spermatic. Synonym of the male pronucleus. N.,
Stilling's. Synonym of iW tegmenti. N., Sub-
ependymal, the internal nucleus of the eighth or
auditory nerve, lying just beneath the ependyma of
the metacele. N., Tectorial Cerebellar. Synonym
of A', tegmenti. N., Tegmental. See N. tegmenti.
N. tegmenti. Red nucleus ; a nucleus with a reddi.sh
tinge and a round or oval outline, situated in the
isthmus at those section-levels where the ganglion of
Soemmering has its greatest extent. N., Vesicular,
a rather large nucleus, the membrane of which stains
deeply, while the central portion remains relatively
pale. N. vestibularis. See A", of Bechterew. N.,
Vitelline, a nucleus resulting from the fusion of the
male and female pronuclei within the vitellus.
N., Westphal's, the nucleus of origin of a part of the
trochlear fibers ; it is situated posteriorly to the
trochlear nucleus proper. N., White, the white
substance of the dentate body of the olive.
Nucloplasm {nu' -klo-pla'zm). See Nucleohyaloplasm,
Nucleoplasm.
Nuculanium (nu-ku-la' -ne-um) [nucula, a little nut:
//. , .Niculania']. In biology, a fruit like the medlar,
containing several nut-like seeds or carpels.
Nucule (nu'-kiil) a little nut] . In biology,
the female organ of Characece.
Nude (nud ) \_nudus, naked]. Naked ; bare. In biology,
destitute of hairs, leaves, feathers, and similar dermal
appendages.
Nudibrachiate {nu-de-bra' -ke-at) \_nudus, naked ; bra-
chium, the forearm]. In biology, having naked arms,
or non-ciliated tentacles.
Nudibranchiate {nu-de-bi-ang' -ke-at) \nudus, naked ;
branchiic, gills]. .See Gymnobranchiate.
Nudicaudate [nu-dik-a^v'-dat] \jiudus, naked ; cauda,
a tail]. In biology, having a hairless tail.
Nudicaul {nu' -dik-aiul) \_)iudus, naked ; caulis, stem].
In biology, having leafless stems.
Nudiflorous {nu-diflo' -rus) \_midus, bare; flos, a
flower]. In biology, having flowers destitute of hairs,
glands, etc.
Nudifolious inu-dif-o'-le-us) \_nudus, bare; folium, a
leaf]. Having smooth leaves.
Nudil {nu'-dil) [origin obscure]. An old name for a
medicated pledget, or dossil of wool, lint, or cotton.
Nudiped {nu'-dip-ed) \^nudus, naked; /c-t, foot]. In
biology, having naked feet.
Nudirostrate {nu-dc-ros' -trat) \_nudiis, naked ; ros-
trum, beak]. In biology, having a naked rostrum, as
a hemipterous insect.
NUDISCUTATE
880
NUX
Nudiscutate {nu-dis-ku' -tat ) \jiiidiis, naked ; smtiiin
a shield]. In biology, having a naked scutellum.
Nuel's Space. In the ear, a triangular space lying
between the outer hair-cells and the slanting outer
rods of Corti. It is roofed over by the lamina reticu-
lata.
Nuhn's Glands. See Gland.
Nuisance [nu'-sajis] \_^iY,. , iizdsance, nuisance]. In
medical jurisprudence, that which is noxious, offen-
sive, or troublesome ; applied to persons or things.
Nuke [nCik) [Fr. , nitque, the neck]. The nape of the
neck. N.-bone, the basi-occipital bone.
Nullipara [iiiil-ip' -ar-ali) \jiiil/iis, none ; parere, to
bring forth]. A woman who has never borne a
child.
Nulliparity [tiul-ip-ar'-it-e) \_nullus, none ; parere, to
bring forth]. The condition of being nulliparous.
Nulliparous [md-ip'-ar-us] \jiidlns, none ; parere, to
bring forth]. Applied to a woman who has not borne
a child.
Numb [fiitiii) [ME., notne, taken]. Having impaired
sensibility.
Number Six. See Hot Drops.
Numbering of Teeth ; Fingers and Toes ; Series.
See Teetli ; Fingers and Toes ; Series, Numbering
of.
Numbness (imm'-nes') [ME., nome, taken]. Partial,
or local anesthesia with torpor ; deficiency of sensa-
tion ; obdormition.
Nummiform (iium' -if-orm) \_nummus, a coin ; forma,
form]. Having the form of a coin ; nummular.
Nummular {}iH?ii'-u-lar) \jitimmus, coin]. Resem-
bling a small coin in form ; also, resembling rouleaux,
or rolls of coins ; applied to the red globules of the
blood ; or the rounded clots of sputum sometimes
observed in pulmonary tuberculosis.
Nuptiality [imp-^he-al' -it-e) \_nuptial, nuptial]. The
proportion of marriages to the population.
Nurse {tiers') [Fr. nourriee, nurse]. The caretaker of
an infant. Also, a person caring for the sick. N.,
Dry, one who does not suckle the infant. N., Hos-
pital, one who cares for the sick in a hospital. N.,
Monthly, one who attends a woman in confinement.
N., Probationer, in hospitals a probationer is one
who has entered upon her career as a nurse, and is
under observation to determine her fitness for the
profession. N., Professional, one who devotes him-
self or herself to the care of the sick as a life-work or
profession. N., Wet, one who suckles the infant.
N.'s Contracture, Trousseau's term for tetany found
in association with debility following lactation.
Nursing [ncn'-ing) [Fr., nourriee, a nurse]. A term
applied to the babe's taking the breast, and also to the
mother's giving the breast. Also, caring for the sick.
N. -bottle, a bottle fitted with a rubber tip or nipple for
feeding infants not nursed from the breast.
Nursling [ners'-ling) [Fr, , )iourriee,z. nurse]. An
infant that is nursed.
Nurture (ner-tnr) [ME. , «f;-/«rc, nurture] . I. Nour-
ishment ; food. 2. The act of supplying with nour-
ishment. 3. To feed or nourish.
Nussbaum's Method. .See Anesthetic. N.'s Mix-
ture. See Anesthetic. N.'s Narcosis, the condition
of prolonged anesthesia induced when the adminis-
tration of chloroform is preceded a few minutes by the
hypodermatic injection of a full dose of morphin.
N.'s Theory of Germinal Continuity, the hypoth-
esis that some of the germ-substance is directly
abstracted from the developing ovum and preserved
without essential alteration, to become, by giving rise
to the sexual elements, the germ-substance of another
generation. See Heredity.
Nut [ME., nutte, nut]. See Ahix. N.-bone, a sesa-
moid bone in the foot of a horse. N.-gall. See
Galla. N.-meg. See Myristica. N.-meg Liver,
a mottled appearance of the liver, the center of the.
acini -being dark, while the periphery is lighter in
color. The condition is seen especially in passive
congestion and in fatty infiltration,
Nutant [nu'-tant) \_nutare, to nod with the head]. In
biology, drooping, or sloping.
Nutation [nu-ia' -s/iuii) \jiutare, to nod]. Nodding or
oscillation. In biology, the same as Cireumnutation.
N. of Sacrum, a partial rotation of the sacrum on its
transverse axis, whereby the distance between the
upper extremity or the lower extremity and the an-
terior pelvic wall is increased.
Nutator [nu-ta' -tor) \_nutare, to nod]. A muscle
causing anterior flexion of the head.
Nutatory (nid-tat-or-e) \_nutare, to nod]. In biology,
nodding.
Nutriant {nu'-tre-ant) \jiiitrire, to nourish]. A medi-
cine or agent that modifies nutritive processes.
Nutrient [nu'-tre-ent) \_nutrire, to nourish]. I. Af-
fording nutrition. 2. A substance that nourishes ; a
food.
Nutrility {tiu-tril' -it-e) \_nutrire, to nourish]. The
power of a cell or an organism to take part in the
function of nutrition ; metabolism.
Nutriment (iiu' -trim-ent') \jiutriinentu7n , from nutrire,
to nourish]. Anything that nourishes or enters into
the formation of living tissue.
Nutrition [nu-tris/d-un) \_nutrire, to suckle]. The |
most important of the vital functions, the anabolic j
process, or the molecular renovation of living proto-
plasm. N., Centers of, points held by Goodsir to exist
in the basement-membrane of mucous membranes.
Nutritious [nu-trish' -ris) . Synonym of Ahitritive.
Nutritive (w/^'-Zr/Z-zV) [«///r/;-c, to nourish] . Possessing
the (juality of affording nutrition.
Nutritorium [nii-trif-o'-re-utn) \tmtrire, to nourish], |
The nutritive apparatus, or that part of the organ- 1
ism that is directly concerned with anabolic changes. |
Nutritory (nu'-frit-o-re) \iiutrire, to nourish]. Con- ;
cerned in the processes of nutrition. ]
Nutrix {nu'-triks) [L. ://. , Nutrices\ A female nurse,
especially a wet-nurse.
Nuttall's Method. See Sputum, Methods of Exami-
nation .
Nux {nitks) [L.]. A nut. N. moschata [L. , " musky
nut'"]. The nutmeg: myristica. N. vomica, dog-
button ; tlie seed of Strychitos nux vomica. Its !
properties are due mainly to two alkaloids, strychnin i
and brucin, and with the properties of which its own j
properties are identical. In small doses it is a bitter
tonic, exciting the secretions and stimulating the
functions of the body. In larger doses it exalts the
function of the spinal cord, causing tetanic s|)asms ;
of the extensor muscles. In toxic doses it paralyzes ,
the functions of the spinal cord, arrests respiration i
and causes death by suffocation. It is valuable as a
general tonic in cardiac failure, in hemiplegia,
dyspnea and in certain forms of amblyopia. The
proportion of strychnin in nux vomica varies from ,
^-V per cent. N. v., Abstractum. Dose gr. ^, I
gradually increased. N. v.. Ext. Dose gr. N:
v.. Ext., Fid. Dose n\^j-v. N. v., Tinct., 20 per |
cent, of the drug. Dose rr\^v- xx. Brucina, QiH-nNj- |
O,,, ^-^ the strength of strychnin and in action one-
third 'as rapid. Dose gr. J^-i. (Unof.) Liquor
brucinae, i per cent. Dose tr\^x. Strychnina,
strychnin, Q,H.^„N,p.^, the alkaloid, exceedingly
bitter ; chloroform is its best solvent. Dose gr,
^-i,. S. Sulphate (C,,H.,,NA)2 H.,SO, iW-P, '
NYCHTHEMERON
881
NYXIS
soluble in water. Dose gr. eVitj- Liq. s. hydro-
chlorat. (B. P.) Dose Ti^v-x.
Nychthemeron (nik-thcm'-er-on) night; tjixcpa,
day]. A day and a night.
Nychthemerous (jiik-them' -ei--tts) [li'i, night; ruikpa,
day]. Pertaining to night and day ; ephemeral.
Nyctalopia («/i'-/(7/-(7''-/t'-rt/;)[i'i''f, night; wi/;, the eye] .
I. Night-vision ; the condition in which the sight is
better by night or in semi-darkness than by daylight.
It is a symptom of central scotoma, the more dilated
pupil at night allowing a better illumination of the
peripheral portions of the retina. 2. According to the
usage of some writers, this term designates night-blind-
ness. See Hemeralopia.
Nyctamblyopia (tiik-tam-bh'-o^ -pe-aJi) \y'v^, night;
afi^XvoTzia, dim-sightedness]. Imperfect vision at
night.
Nyctegersia {nik-tej-er' -se-ah) [I'l'f, night ; tytfjmc:, a
; rousing]. Nocturnal excitement.
Nyctipelagic {nik-tip-el-af -ik) \y'vi,, night ; Tzi'kaydi;, ■
the sea]. In biology, pertaining to marine animals
that remain in the depths during the day and arise
to the surface only at night. See under Plankton.
Nyctipolus, Nyctiporus [iiik-tip' -o-lits, nik-tip' -or-iis).
Synonyms of SomnamhiiHst.
Nyctitropic [nik-t!t-rop'-ik)[i'v^, night; rpo-oc, a turn].
In biology, applied to movements connected with the
phenomenon called the " sleep of plants."
Nyctitropism {iiik' -tit-ro-pizni) [I'rf , night ; rpd-of, a
turn]. In biology, the " sleep of plants."
Nyctobadia, Nyctobatesis (nik-to-ba'-de-ah, nik-to-
bat-e'-sis). Synonyms of Soinnambtdism.
Nyctophobia {nik-to-fo'-he-nh) \y'v^, night; (l>6j3oc,
fear]. Insane dread of the night.
jNyctophonia [nik-to-fo' -ne-aJi) [vv^, night; (po)v^,
I voice]. The hysteric loss of the voice during the
day.
Nyctotyphlosis [nik-to-tif-Io'-sis] [vi'f, night; Tv<pl(jai^,
' blindness]. Night-blindness.
Nygma {tiig'-mah) \i'vyim'\. A punctured wound.
'•: Nylander's Solution and Test. See Tests, Table of.
Nymph (nimf) \\''vfi^ri, a nymph]. In biology, the chrys-
alis or pupa of an insect.
jNympha {nim'-fah) [vi'fi(pa, nymph : //., Ny7nphce\. A
labium minus of the vulva. See Labium.
Nymphsea [nitn-fe'-ah) [yvficpri, a nymph]. A genus
of plants including the water-lilies. N. odorata,
sweet-scented water-lily ; the root of the well-known
plant. It contains gallic and tannic acids, to which
56
its properties are due. It is bitter and astringent. A
decoction of 5j-0j may be used. Dose §ss-j, or a
fluid extract in doses of 3ss-j. The roots are em-
ployed in domestic practice in making poultices. Unof.
Nymphitis (tiii/i-fi' -tis) \_vhfjiij)a, nymph ; itii;, inflam-
mation]. Inflammation of the nymphae.
Nymphochrysalis [jziiii-fo-kris' -al-is) \yi'jiipT), a nymph;
Xpvi^nJji;, the gold sheath of butterflies]. In biology,
the egg-like stage from which the nymphae of certain
mites are developed.
Nympholepsy (nim' -fo-lep-sc) \_vv/m//, nymph ; h/TT-6c,
inspired, seized]. An exaltation, or ecstatic trance;
a religious frenzy. [Old.]
Nymphomania {)tim-fo-ma' -ne-aK) \y'vii(^j), nymph ;
//ai'fa, madness] . Excessive or furious sexual desire
on the part of a woman. It is called, also, Hystcro-
ma)iia, and Fttror iiterimis.
Nymphomaniac [iiini-fo-nia' -ne-ak) ^v!;/j(pr/, nymph ;
fiai-ia, madness]. One affected with nymphomania.
Nymphoncus (^nim-fong' -kiis) [i')j^07;, nymph ; oymq,
tumor] . Tumor of the nympha.
Nymphosis [iiiiii-fo'-sh) a nymph ; specifically
the pupa of an insect]. In biology, the process of
changing into the nymph stage.
Nymphotomy [nim-fot' -o-ine) [yvfi^t], nymph ; rout], a
cutting]. The surgical removal of one or both
nymphas.
Nyssa (nis'-ah) \_"Svaa, the nurse of Bacchus]. A
genus of cornaceous trees ; gum trees ; tupelo or pep-
peridge. N. candicans, N. capitata, N. grandi-
dentata, and N. uniflora, are species of the U. S. ,
whose roots are used in making tupelo-tents. See
Tents and Tupelo.
Nystagmus {nis-tag' -miis) {yvarayfxbq, nodding of the
head]. An oscillatory movement of the eyeballs,
generally horizontal, inherited, and associated with
some other ocular abnormality, with albinism, or de-
pending on intracranial disease, especially meningitis
or multiple sclerosis. N., Lateral, oscillation of the
eyes in the horizontal meridian. N., Miner's, a variety
of nystagmus occurring in miners, due to the irregular
action of the ocular muscles as the eyes follow the
flickering light of candle or lamp, the miner lying in an
unnatural position. N., Rotatory, a partial rolling
of the eyeball around the visual axis. N., Vertical,
oscillatory movement in the vertical meridian.
Nystaxis [iiis-taks' -is). Synonym of Nystagmus.
Nyxis (niks'-is) [yv^Lg, puncture]. Pertaining to sur-
gical puncture.
o
882
OBJECT
O. The chemic symbol of Oxygen. The symbol of
Ociilits, eye. It is also used in prescriptions as the
abbreviation of Octariiis, a pint.
O. D. Abbreviation for oculus dexter, right eye.
Oph. An abbreviation sometimes employed for ophthal-
mia, ophthalmoscope, and ophthalmoscopy.
Oaf (of) [AS., tt-^, elf ]. An idiot, or underwitted per-
son.
Oak (ok) [ME., oke, oak]. A tree or shrub of the
genus Qttercus, q. v. O.-bark, an important tannin-
containing material used in leather-manufactures. It
is taken from the common English oak ( Quercus
rolmr) , and contains from twelve to fifteen per cent,
of tannic acid. It produces an e.xcellent quality of
leather. Other varieties in use are Q. coccifera, of
which the bark, known as coppice-oak, is yellowish-
brown in hue and very rich in tannin ; Q. siiber (or
cork-oak), and Q. ilex (or evergreen-oak). The tannin
of the several varieties of oak is known as qiiercitantiic
acid, Cj,HjgO<,. In addition to this acid the main
constituents of oak-bark are : the first anhydrid of
this acid, phlobaphene, C^^H^^Oj^ ; its second anhy-
drid, C,5^H.2gO]„ ; its third anhydrid, Oscf's oak-red,
Cj^HjgOij ; and its fourth anhydrid, Lozve'' s oak-red,
Cj^H.^^Oj^. Of these, the quercitannic acid and the
phlobaphene are especially concerned in the tanning
process. O.-bark (Quercus alba, U.S. P., Quercus
cortex, B.P.) is an astringent tonic mostly employed
in washes and decoctions for external use. The
official species in the U. S. is Q. alba ; in Gr. Britain,
Q. robur.
Oakum (o'-/?'«w) \W^., ocumbe, \.ov{\ The fiber ob-
tained by picking old rope into pieces. Oakum, vari-
ously medicated, is used to some extent in surgical
dressings.
Oamma (o-am'-ah) [(j()///(o, from oir, ear]. Hearing;
ear.
0&X2X^\z. (o-a-ral' -je-ah) \i)apiov, ovule; aPijof, pain].
Ovarian neuralgia.
Oaria (o-a'-re-ah). Plural of Oariuin, q.v.
Oz-xv:. (o-ar' -ik) [wap/nr, ovule]. Ovarian; relating to
the oaria.
Oariocele (o-(z''-ri.'-f-.t^/) [6jap;oi', ovule; nip)], tumor].
Hernia involving an ovary.
Osci\ozy^^\s (o- a' -re-o-si-e' -sis) \i,Mpinv, ovule; n'vijair,
pregnancy]. Ovarian pregnancy.
Oarioncus (o-a-i-e-ong'-kus) [Ljapiov, ovule ; oymQ,
tumor]. An ovarian tumor.
Oariopathy (o-a-rc-op'-aih-e) \L)hpiov, ovule ; ■koOoc dis-
ease]. Any ovarian disease.
Oariophyma (o-a-re-o-fi' -mah) \i>apiov, ovule; ^'fini,
tumor]. Same as Oarioncus.
Oariorrhexia (o-a-re-or-eks' -e-ah) [diopiof, ovule ; pf:S.i(;,
rupture]. Rupture of the ovary.
Oarioscirrhus (o-a-re-o-skir' -us) \_loaptov, ovule ; aKip-
por, hard]. Scirrhus of the ovary.
Oariosteresis (o - a - re - o - s/er - e'- sis) [^udpiov, ovule ;
aripr/a/i;, privation]. Same as Oario/omy.
Oariotomy (o-a-i-e-ot' -o-me) \uapim>, ovule ; ro//?/, a cut-
ting]. Surgical removal of an ovary.
Oaritis (o-a-ri' -lis) \jMpiriv, ovule; iric, inflammation].
Inflammation of an ovary.
Oariule (o-a'-re-fil) \_i.)apiov, ovary; oiO-ij, scar]. A
corpus luteum.
Oarium (o-a' -re-uiii) [(japMJi', ovule : //., Oaria\ See
Ovarium.
Oasis (o-a'-sis) \ba(5ir, a dry spot: //. , Oases'^. In
surgery, an isolated spot of healthy tissue surrounded
by diseased tissue.
Oat (dt) [ME., ote, oat]. A cereal plant, Arena saliva,
and A. orientalis, or its seed. Oats are used mainly
as food for horses, although they are being largely
used as food by man in the United States and other
countries. See Arena. O.-malt, malt made from
oats. O.-meal, the meal made from oats. The <
proximate analysis of oat-meal gives fat, 7.74; starch,
59.88; sugar, 1.27; albumin insoluble in alcohol, '
15.66; albumin soluble in alcohol, 4.21 ; cellulose,
2.05; mineral matter, 1. 94; moisture, 7.25. O.-m.
pyrosis, a condition of fermentative dyspepsia, at-
tended with acidity, related to the eating of oat-meal.
Ob- \_ob, on, against, towards]. A prefix signifying
on, against, or towards.
Obalinski's Method. See Anesthetic.
Obconic, Obconical (ob-kon' -ik, ob-kon' -ik-al) \ob,
reversed; kuviko^, pertaining to a cone]. Conic, but
with the point of attachment at the apex.
Obcordate (ob-kor' -ddt) \ob, reversed ; corda, a heart]. .
In biology, inversely heart-shaped.
Obdeltoid (ob-deF -toid) \ob, reversed; delloides, delta- 1
shaped]. In biology, triangular, with the apex down-
ward.
Obdormition (ob-dor-niisli' -un) \obdormitio ; obdormire,
to fall asleep]. The phenomenon known as " sleep "
of the limbs ; the benumbing of a part due to inter- i
ference with nervous function. ;
Obduction (ob - duk'- shun) \ob, against ; ducere, to ,
lead]. Post-mortem examination. Necropsy.
O'Beirne's Tube. Along flexible tube used in making
rectal injections in cases of obstinate constipation. J
Obeliac (o-be' -le-ak) [o/3£Adf, a spit]. Pertaining to, i
or situated near, the obelion. '
Obelion (o-be'-le-on) [o/^fldf , a spit], ^tt Ci-aniometric |
Points. '
Obermeier, Spirillum of. A spirillum found in the ^
blood in relapsing fever. See Bacteria, Synonyinatu
Table of. j
Obese (o-bes') \obedere, to eat]. Extremely fat ; corpu- I
lent. j
Obesity (o-bes'-it-e) [obesitas, from obedere, to eat]. !
Corpulence ; polysarcia. An excessive development |
of fat throughout the body. Usually it occurs after i
the prime of life, but it may be congenital or may occur I
at any period of life. Ebstein's Treatment consiits. in j
reducing the quantity of food ingested, and in select- t
ing a diet that the patient may adhere to for the j
remainder of life. Carbohydrates, including sugar, I
sweets, and potatoes, are absolutely forbidden. Bread |
is limited to the smallest possible quantity. All kinds •
of meat and vegetables are allowed, especially the i
leguminous vegetables, with tea, coffee, and light |
wines. Banting's Cz/;r excludes almost all fats, but !
permits a much larger allowance of albuminous food. I
Obex (o'-beks) [L., a barrier : //., Ohices\ A band
of white nervous matter at the point of the calamus
scriptorius. ,
Obfuscation (ob-fus-ka' -shun) {^obfuscare, to make
black]. The act of darkening or of producing be- j
wilderment of sight.
Obituary (o-bif -li-a-re) \^obitus, death]. Pertainmg 0
death. A notice or account of one who has recently
died. ,
Object (ob'-jekt) [^j/yVv/z/.t, a casting before; from fl*-
jicere, to cast before]. I. Anything that is perceived,
OBJECTIVE g
known, thought of, or signified. 2. A purpose, aim,
or end. O. -blindness. See Apraxia.
Objective (ob-jek'-tiv) \objicere, to throw against]. In
medicine, a qualification applied to the symptoms ob-
served by the physician, in distinction from those
felt only by the patient. In psychology, pertaining to
all things lying external to one's self, in contradistinc-
tion to subjective, pertaining to the essential ego, or
observer. The lens of a compound microscope
nearest the object viewed. O., Achromatic, the ob-
jective of a microscope in which the lenses, formed
of crown-glass and flint-glass, tend to eliminate the
color, or chromatic aberration. O., Adjustable, in
microscopy, one in which the distance between
the systems of lenses may be changed at the will of
the observer. O., Aplanatic [d priv. ; 7r/,a/7/rdf ,
wandering], in the microscope, an objective in which
both chromatic and spheric aberration are avoided.
O., Apochromatic, one in which the lenses, made of
a peculiar kind of glass, admit of the combination
of the rays from three spectral colors at one focus,
instead of two colors, as in the ordinary achromatic
objective. O., Dry, in the microscope, one in which
the medium between the objective and the cover-
glass consists of air. O., Endomersion, a form of
objective, devised by Zeuger, in which the chromatic
aberration is removed by the employment of a liquid
(as a mixture of ethereal and fatty oils) placed be-
tween the separate lenses. O., Homogeneous Im-
mersion, one between which and the cover-glass a
fluid of the same refractive index as glass is placed.
Cedar-oil is such a fluid. O., Immersion, one in
which some fluid is placed between the front of the
objective and the cover-glass. O., Microscopic, the
systems of lenses at the lower end of the tube near
the object, giving an enlarged and inverted real image.
These objectives are of two classes. Dry and Iinmer-
sion. O., Non-achromatic, an objective which pro-
duces an image with a colored border. It also permits
spheric aberration. O., Non-adjustable, an objec-
tive in which the relative positions of the lenses or
lens-systems are fixed. O., Oil-immersion, an ob-
jective between which and the object a drop of oil
is placed. Cedar-oil is most commonly employed.
O., Unadjustable. See O., Non-adjustable. O.,
Water-immersion, an objective between which and
the cover-glass water is placed as a medium.
Oblanceolate (ob-lan' -se-o-lat) \ob, reversed ; lanceola,
a little lance]. In biology, lanceolate, with the apex
downward.
Obligate {ob' -lig-at) \_obligatus, obligare, to oblige].
In biology, necessary, essential, constrained, bound.
O. Aerobic, See Aei-obic. O. Anaerobic. See
Aerobic. O. Parasite, an organism which is con-
strained to a parasitic life for the attainment of its
development.
Obligatory (ob-lig'-at-or-e) [obligare, to bind], Com-
pelling; binding. O. Aerobes. See Aerobic.
Oblique (ob-lek' or ob-lik') \obliquus, oblique, slant-
ing]. Not direct; aslant; slanting. In botany, un-
equal-sided. In anatomy, an oblique muscle, as the
external or internal oblique of the abdomen, or the
superior or inferior oblique of the eye.
Obliquity {ob-lik' -mit-e) [o/'//(/«zV(7.r, obliqueness]. The
state of being oblique. O., Naegele's, in obstetrics
the lateral inclination of the fetal head, in conse-
sequence of which the sagittal suture is directed more
posteriorly. O., Roederer's, in obstetrics, the ex-
tremely flexed position of the fetal head on the body.
O., Solayres's, in obstetrics, the entrance of the
fetal head into the pelvic inlet in an oblique diame-
ter.
J OBTUNDITY
Obliquus {ob-li'-kwus) [L., slanting]. Slanting; ob-
lique. A term applied to various muscles. O. Mus-
cle. .See Muscles, Table of. O. Reflex. See Re-
flexes, Table of.
Obliterate {ob-lit'-er-at) \obliterarc, to erase]. To
wipe out. In biology, indistinct ; applied to marks,
spots, punctures, and strite, in animals.
Obliteration {ob-lit-er-a' -shuii) \obliteratio ; obliterare,
to efface]. Extinction of a part; closure, as of the
lumen of a passage.
Oblivion (ob-liv'-e-on) \oblivio, lethargy]. Forgetful-
ness ; lethargy.
Oblongata (ob-long-gah' -tah) [L.]. The medulla ob-
longata.
Oblongatal [ob-long-ga' -tal) {oblongata , she medulla].
Pertaining to the oblongata.
Obmutescence {ob-inu-tes'-ens') \_ob/nutescere, to become
dumb]. Aphonia; loss of voice.
Obnubilation [ob-nu-bil-a'-shuti) \obnubilare , to be-
cloud]. A beclouded state of the mind or spirit.
Obovate [ob-o' -vcit) \ob, reversed ; ovatus, egg-shaped].
In biology, inversely ovate.
Obovatifolious ( ob-o-va-tif-o' -le-us ) [ ob, reversed ;
ovatus, egg-shaped; folium, a leaf]. In biology,
having inversely ovate leaves.
Obovoid (ob-o' -void) [o/;, reversed ; ovum, an egg]. In
biology, solidly obovate.
Observation (ob-zer-va' -shun) \observatio'\. The exam-
ination of a thing ; a systematic study of phenomena.
Obsession iob-sesh' -un) \obsessire, to beset] . Beset-
ment. Possession as by evil spirits ; an imperative
idea; a dominant delusion.
Obsolescence [ob-so-les' -ens) \obsolescere, to grow old] .
The state of becoming old or going out of use. Also,
the cessation of growth.
Obsolete (ob' -so-let) \_obsoletus, p. p. of obsolescere, to
wear out]. In biology, indistinct, imperfectly devel-
oped or rudimentary.
Obstetric (ob-stcf -rik) \_obstare, to stand before]. Per-
taining to the practice of obstetrics. O. Position.
See Postures, Table of.
Obstetrician [ob-stet-rish' -ait) \obstare, to stand before].
One who practises obstetrics.
Obstetrics {ob-stef -riks) \_obstare, to stand before].
The care of women in pregnancy, childbirth and the
puerperal state.
Obstetrix (ob-stet'-riks) \obstare, to stand before]. A
midwife.
Obstipation (ob-stip-a' -shun) \obstipatio ; obstipare, to
close tightly]. Constipation.
Obstipitas [ob-stip'-it-as] \obstipus, awry, stiff-necked ;
stipes, 2L 'i\\Qk'\. Wry-neck; torticollis.
0\>s\.x\x<:X\or\. {ob-struk' -shun) \obstructio ; obstruere, to
stop up]. Stoppage or blocking up of a canal or
opening of the body. See Imperforation, Occlusion.
Obstruent (ob'-stru-ent) \_obstruere, to close up]. I.
Obstructive ; tending to obstruct. 2. In therapeutics or
pathology, any remedy or agent closing the lumen or
orifice of vessels or ducts.
Obstupefacient (ob-stu-pe-fa'-she-ent) \_obstupefacere ,
to stupefy]. Narcotic or stupefying.
Obstupescentia (ob-stu-pes-en' -she-ah) [L.]. A state
of stupefaction, with a look as of astonishment.
Obtected (ob-tek'-fcd) \_ob, over; tegere, p. p., tectic^,
to cover]. In biology, concealed under a neighboring
part.
Obtund (ob-tund') \obtundere, to dull]. To blunt or
dull ; to lessen, as pain.
Obtundent (ob-tun'-dent) \obtundere, to make dull].
Soothing ; quieting. In therapeutics, any remedy
that relieves or overcomes irritation or pain.
Obtundity (ob-tun' -dit-e) \obtundere, to make dull].
OBTURATOR
884
OCHLOPHOBIA
The state of being obtunded, or dulled ; diminished
sensibility.
Obturator (ob' -tti-ra-lor') \ohtzirator : ofitura re, to stop
up]. That which closes a cavity. In surgery, an
instrument for closing an opening caused by a wound or
by disease. O. Artery. Arteries, Table of. O.,
Dental, an instrument used in the treatment of pala-
tine defect when operative surgical means are not
applicable. O. Foramen, a foramen in the anterior part
of the OS innoniinatum. See Foramina , Table of.
O. Muscle. See Museles, Table of. O. Nerve. See
Nerves, Table of.
Obturbinate (ob-ter'-biii-dt) \_ob, reversed; turbo, a
top]. In biology, top-shaped, with the apex or peg-
end up.
Obtuse (ob-tits') \_obtnsiis, p. p. of obtiindcre, to blunt,
dull]. Blunt.
Obtusifolious (ob-tu-sifo' -le-us) \_obtiisiis, blunted ;
folium, leaf]. In biology, having blunt leaves.
Obtusilobous (ob-tu-sil-o' -bus) \_obtHsiis, blunted ; lobus,
a lobe]. In biology, having leaves with obtuse lobes.
Obtusion [ob-tn'-zkun] \_obtundere, to blunt]. The
blunting or weakening of the normal sharpness or
strength of sensation ; a symptom of certain diseases.
Obumbrant [ob-uin'-brant) \_ob, over; tiinbrare, to
shadow, shade]. In biology, overhanging.
Obumbrate [ob-uin'-bi-dt] \_ob, over; to shad-
ow]. In biology, situated under an overhanging part.
Obuncous (ob-ung' -kiis') [o/;, against ; uncus,\)&i\t in,
hooked]. In biology, very crooked or hooked.
Obvallate [ob-val'-at) \_ohvallare, to surround with a
wall]. In biology, walled in.
Obvolute [ob' -vo-lilt) [(j/'t'o/jvrf, to wrap] . In biology,
the term applied to that form of vernation in which
half of one leaf covers half of another ; half equitant.
Obvolvent [ob-voF -I'ent) \obvolvere, to wrap]. In bi-
ology, curved downward or inward.
Occipital [ok-sip'-it-al) \_oceipi talis, occipital]. Per-
taining to the occiput. O. Artery. See Arteries,
Table of. O. Bone, the bone of the skull situated at
its posterior, middle, and inferior part. See Bones,
Table of. O. Crest. See Crest. O. Fossa. See Fossa.
O. Lobe. See Lobe. O. Nerve. See Nei-res, Table
of. O. Points. See Craniometric Points. O. Pro-
tuberance, the prominence on the inner surface {in-
ternal') or on the outer surface (t'x/wze?/) of the occi-
pital bone. O. Sinus. See Sinus. O. Triangle. See
Triangles, Table of . O. Vertebra, the occipital bone,
in the vertebral theory of the skull.
Occipiten (ok-sip' -it-en) [occiput, occiput]. Belong-
ing to the occipital bone in itself.
Occipito- {ok-sip' -it-o-) \occiput, occiput]. A prefix to
denote connection with or relation to the occipital
bone. O.-atloidean, pertaining conjointly to the
occipital bone and the atlas. O.-axoid, or O. -axial,
pertaining to both the occipital bone and the axis, or
second vertebra. O.-bregmatic, pertaining conjointly
to the occipital bone and the bregma. O. -cotyloid,
in obstetrics, a term applied to a condition in which
the fetus has the occiput directed toward the acetabu-
lum of the mother. O. -frontal, both occipital and
frontal. O. -frontal Triangle. See Triangle. "O.-
frontalis. See Muscles, Table of. O. -mastoid,
relating to the occiput and the mastoid process.
O. -mental, pertaining to chin and occiput. O.-
odontoid, pertaining to the occipital bone and the
odontoid process of the axis. O. -parietal, pertaining
conjointly to the occipital and parietal bones of the
head. O. -posterior, in obstetrics, a term apjilied to
the condition in which the fetus has the head directed
toward the mother's sacrum. O. -sacral. Synonym
of O. -posterior. O. -sternal Triangle. See Triangle.
O. -temporal, pertaining to the occiput and the
temples.
Occiput {ok' -sip- lit) [ob, against; caput, the head: gen.
Occipitis : pi. , Occipita'] . The back part of the head.
Occludent (ok-lu'-i/ent) [occluclere, to shut up']. In bi- i
ology, applied to parts that shut up or close.
Occlusio {ok-lu'-ze-o) [L.]. Closure. O. pupillae, i
obliteration of the pupil. O. pupillae lymphatica,
obliteration of the pupil by a false membrane.
Occlusion {ok-lu'-zhun) [occlusio; occludere, to shut
up] . I . A closure , blocking or shutting up of a normally
patent aperture, as of the anus or ear. A synonym of
Imperforation and Obstruction. 2. In chemistry, the
absorption by a metal, of gas in large quantities, as of
hydrogen by platinum.
Occlusive {ok-lu'-ziv) [occludere, to shut up]. Effect-
ing an occlusion, as an occlusive dressing, in surgery.
Occlusor {ok-lu' -zor) [occludere, p. p. occlusus, to close
up: pl.,Occlusores\ In biology, an organ that closes ■
an opening ; or draws parts together.
Occult {ok-kult') [occiiltus, hidden]. Hidden ; con-
cealed ; not evident. O. disease, any disease the
nature of which is not readily determined.
Occupation-diseases. Those caused by or connected
with the occupation of the patient, divisible into : —
a. Irritant, mechanic or chemic effects of materials:
Toxic, from poisonous matter absorbed into the
blood: and c. Fatigue, as in scrivener's palsy. O.
neurosis, a neurosis occasioned by one's employment
or trade, as writer's cramp. See, also, Anapeiratic. \
Ocellar {o-sel'-ar^ [ocellus, a little eye]. In biology,
pertaining to ocelli.
Ocellatae {os-el-af -e) [ocellus, a little eye]. In biology,
the marginal vesicles in the Leptomedusic. Cf. Ocelli-
cyst, j
Ocellate {os'-el-at) [ocellatus, having little eyes]. In
biology, same as ocellated ; having a colored patch like \
an eye, e.g., certaiii feathers, flowers, butterflies' i
wings, or fishes' fins. |
Ocellated {os'-el-a-ted) [ocellus, a little eye]. Resem-
bling or having eyes. i
Ocelli {o-scl'-i) [ocellus, dim. of oculus, an eye]. The ■
simple eyes of insects. j
Ocellicyst {o-sel' -is-ist) [ocellus, a little eye ; Kvarii;, a i
bladder]. In biology, one of the pigmented margin-
al vesicles of the hydrozoons.
Ocelliferous {os-el-if -er-us) [ocellus, a little eye ; ferre,
to bear] . Same as Ocellate.
Ocelligerous {os-el-ij' -er-us) [ocellus, little eyes ; gerere,
to carry]. Same as Ocellate.
Ocellus {o-sel' -lis) [a little eye: //., Ocelli\ In bi-
ology : (a) one of the simple eyes or pigment-spots of
invertebrate animals. Cf. Stetnmatus ; {b) one of the j
elements of a compound eye ; {c) one of the colored
spots on many feathers, flowers, etc. |
Ochema {ok-e' -tna/i) [bx'/f^a, from bxelv, to carry]. A
vehicle for medicines. •
Ocher, Ochre {o'-ker) [ijxpk, pale yellow]. A name I
given to clay variously colored by the oxids of iron.
See Pigments, Conspectus of. O. -colored Stools,
a descriptive term applied to the dejecta ol typhoid-
fever patients. ^ ]
Ocherous, Ochreous {o'-ker-us, o'-kre-us) [i>XPk> \
pale, wan]. In biology, brownish-yellow. i
Ocheus {ok'-e-us) [oa'f'i', to carry]. The scrotum. :
Ochlesis {ok-le'-sis) [o,t^"f. crowd]. Crowd-poison- \
ing ; disease due to over-crowding, and lack of ventila-
tion.
Ochletic {ok-let'-ik) [o;^^, crowd]. Pertaining to, or
of the nature of, ochlesis.
Ochlophobia {ok-lo-fo'-be-ali') [ oxM, crowd ; (pdpoc,
fear]. Morbid dread of crowds.
OCHLOTIC
885
OCULAR
Ochlotic [(j,t''io?, crowd]. Same as Ochletic.
O. Fever. Synonym of Typhus Fever.
\ Ochopetalous [ok-o-pef -al-iis) [6;fo(;, anything that
holds ; TrkTa7Mv, a petal]. In biology, having capacious
i petals.
! Ochraceous {o-kra' -se-ns) [u;tP°. ocher]. Ocher-col-
S ored ; yellowish-brown.
Ochre (o'-ker'). See Ocher.
' Ochriasis {o-kri' -as-is) [<j,tpof, yellow]. Sallowness
of complexion.
;i Ochrocarpous (o-kro-kar'-piis) [^i>xpoQ< pale-yeilow ;
\ /capTTOf, fruit]. In biology, having yellowish fruit.
I! Ochroid {o'-kroid) [6j;i'pa, ocher; fZfSof, form]. . Like
II ocher in color.
Ochroleukous {o-kro-ln' -kits) [u,tpof , pale-yellow ;
A£/i/coc, white]. In biology, yellowish- white.
Ochronosis [o-kron' -o-sis) [(j;tP''fi yellow ; I'dtrof, dis-
ease]. A brownish or blackish discoloration of carti- .
lage and allied structures ; it is probably an intensifi-
cation of the pigmentation normally present in these
structures, occurring in advanced life.
Oz\i\o^yT2L (o-kro-pi' -rah) [(Ii,\'pof, yellow ; Trt'p, fire].
Yellow fever.
Ochthe ipk'-the) [ox^'h a bank]. The edges of an ulcer.
Ochthiasis [ok-thi' -as-is). Synonym of Alolhiscum.
Ocrea [ok'-re-ah) [L.,agreave: //. , Ocreee\. In bi-
ology, a sheath formed about the stem by one or both
stipules.
Ocreate (ok'-re-at)\ocrea, a greave]. In biology, having
a stipular sheath.
Ocreous (o'-kre-its) \idxpd<;, pale]. Resembling ocher.
Octagonal [ok-tag'-o-nal] [o/c-u, eight; yuvia, an
angle]. Having eight sides and angles.
Octatnerous {nk-tam' -er-ns) [o(crw, eight; |UEpof , part].
I In biology, having the parts in eights.
Octan {ok' -Ian) \ok-u>, eight]. Returning every eighth
I day, as an octan fever.
Dctandrous {pk-tan' -drus) [o«;ra, eight ; a.vr/p,a male].
' In biology, having eight stamens.
Octane [ok'-tan) [o/i-u, eight], Cj,H,g. The eighth
I member of the paraffin or marsh-gas series. See Hy-
drocarbons, Table of.
Dctarius (ok-ta' -re-iis) [o/crw, eight]. An eighth part
I of a gallon. One pint. Symbol O.
pctavus humeri \ok-ta' -viis-htt' -mer-i). Synonym
I of Teres minor. See Muscles, Table of.
pcto- (ok'-to-) [o/iTu, eight]. A prefix denoting refer-
I ence to the number eight.
Octoblast [o/iru, eight; ^'kacToc^, germ].
In biology, the eight-celled stage of a segmenting
I ovum.
pctobrachiate {pk-to-bra' -ke-at) [o/frw, eight ; Ppax'tuv,
the arm]. In biology, having eight tentacles, rays,
1 arms or brachia.
pctocerous (pk-tos' -er-tis) [o/crw, eight ; Kepac;, a horn].
I In biology, having eight horns, tentacles, rays or arms,
pctocotyloid {ok-to-kot' -il-oid) [oh-ru, eight ; kotv'Iti, a
1 hollow; cWof, form]. In biology, having eight fos-
\ settes or bothria.
Wctogynous (ok-tof -in-iis) [o/c-ti, eight ; yvvij, a
1 female]. In biology, having eight pistils.
)ctolocular (pk-to-lok' -ii-la7^ [o/crw, eight ; locuhis,
I dim. oi locus, a place, cell]. In biology, having eight
I cells.
ktonemal, Octonematous [ok-to-ne'-mal, ok-io-nem'-
at-us) [o/v-rw, eight; viijia, thread]. In biology, hav-
I sight filamentous organs or appendages.
|ctonocular (ok-ton-ok'-u-lar) [oktu, eight ; oculus,
I eye]. In biology, eight-eyed.
Ictoped, Octopede {ok'-to-ped, ok'-to-ped) [o^■7(J,
I S'ght; pes, foot]. In biology, an eight-footed
creature.
Octopetalous [ok-to-pet' -al-us) [li^ru, eight ; Tri-aXov,
a leaf]. In biology, having eight petals.
Octophthalmous ( ok - toff - thai'- mus ) [o^rw, eight ;
oipHn/./j6(; , eye]. In biology, having eight eyes.
Octophyllous (ok-to-fl'-us) [o/ira, eight; iphAAov, a
leaf]. In biology, having eight leaflets.
Octoradial [ok-to-ra' -de-al ) [o/iru, eight; radius, ray].
Same as Octoradiate.
Octoradiate (ok-to-ra' -de-at) [uktu, eight ; radius, rayl.
In biology, having eight rays.
Octoroon (ok-tor-oon') [o/»r<i, eight]. The offspring of
a white person and a quadroon.
Octosepalous (ok-to-sep' -al-us) [o/vru, eight ; sepalum, a
sepal]. In biology, having eight sepals.
Octoses (pk'-to-sez) [6hT(j, eight]. A group of the
glucoses with the formula CjHjgOj. See Carbo-
hydrates, Table of.
Octospermous [ok-to-spei-'-nius) [oktu, eight; airepfia,
seed]. In biology, producing eight seeds.
Octospore [ok'-to-spor) [o/cru, eight; awopog, seed].
In biology, a spore from many fungi and lichens,
the asci of which produce eight spores each.
Octostichous (ok-tos'-tik-us) [oktu, eight; gtIxoc, line,
row]. In biglogy, eight ranked.
Octylene (ok'-til-en) [oktw, eight], CgHj^. A colorless
liquid derived from octane.
Ocular (ok'-u-lar) \oculus, the eye]. I. Pertaining to
the eye. 2. An optic combination that refracts the
diverging rays forming the real object-image so that
they may pass through the pupil of the observer's
eye ; the eye-piece of a compound miscroscope. Like
the simple microscope, it also forms a virtual or
magnified image of the real image. 0„ Cam-
pani's. See O., Huygenian. O. Cleft. See Cleft.
O., Compensating, an ocular specially constructed
for use with the apochromatic objective. It serves to
correct or compensate for aberrations in the ob-
jective outside the axis. O. Cup. See Cup. C,
Erecting, one that is provided with an erecting
prism and gives an erect image of the object. O.,
Huygenian, one that consists of two plano-convex
lenses, the convexities being directed toward the ob-
jective. The lower and larger lens is the field-lens ;
the upper and smaller is the eye-lens. O., Kellner's.
See O., Orthoscopic. O., Micrometer, is an ocular
with which is connected a micrometer for the pur-
pose of measuring the real image of the object.
O. Micrometer Ratio. See Hatio. O. Muscles,
External, the six muscles moving the globe of the
eye. See Muscles, Table of. O. Muscles, Inter-
nal, the ciliary muscle and the iris. O., Negative, an
ocular in which the real image formed by the objec-
tive lies somewhere between the two lenses or lens-
systems forming the ocular. O., Orthoscopic, one
that consists of a bi-convex field-glass and an achro-
matic double meniscus (bi-convex and bi-concave)
eye-lens. Os., Parfocal, oculars of different powers
which may be interchanged without putting the image
wholly out of focus. O., Periscopic [-£/)/, around;
GKOTTuv, to look] ; a positive ocular devised by
Gundlach ; it has a double convex field-lens and a
triplet eye-lens. O., Positive, one through which
the real image is formed outside of the ocular, and
is magnified by the entire system of ocular lenses
like a simple microscope. O., Projection, an ocular
especially designed for projecting the image formed
by an objective on a screen for class-demonstration,
or for photography. O., Ramsden's, an ocular con-
sisting of two plano-convex lenses with their convex
surfaces facing each other. It has been used in mi-
crometry. O., Searching, an ocular of low power
used for finding an object. It consists of a single
OCULATE
886
ODONTOBLAST
field-lens and a double eye -lens. O. Sheath, the
loose sheath-like tissue extending from the apex of
the orbit of the eye to the vertical diameter of the
globe, the posterior part of which up to the pas-
sage of the tendons of the external ocular muscles
is called the Capsule of Bonnet, and the anterior
portion, the Capsule of Tenon. O., Solid, an eye-
piece devised by ToUes. It consists of a solid piece
of glass, with a moderate curvature at one end for a
field-lens, and more greatly curved at the other end for
use as an eye-lens. For a diaphragm a groove is cut
transversely at the proper level and filled with blade
pigment. O., Spectral, an ocular with a direct-vision
spectroscope connected with it. See Micro-spectro-
scope. O., Spectroscopic. See O. , Spectral and
Micro-spectroscope. O. Spot, a differentiated pig-
mented organ having the function of sight, found
among the Protozoa, chiefly in the Flagellata, e. g. ,
Euglcna (pretty eye) ; the Colenterates [Sarzia) ; Ac-
tinozoa (^-/(//^/Vz), Asteridea, Echinidea, Rotifera, Tre-
matoda, and Nematoda. O. Vesicle. .See Vesicle.
O., Working, an ocular used for ordinary microscopic
observation, in contradistinction to one of very low
power used for finding objects. There a/e both positive
and negative forms.
Oculate an eye]. In biology, hav-
ing eyes or eye-shaped markings.
Oculauditory [ok-u-laiu' -dit-or-e) \_octtlus, eye ; audire,
to hear]. In biology, combining the functions of eye
and ear, as the marginal bodies or sense-organs of
certain invertebrates.
Oculiferous {ok-u-lif -er-iis) \oculus, eye ; ferre, to
bear]. In biology, eye-bearing; applied to the eye-
stalks of a crustacean or snail.
Oculiform (ok' -u-lif-orvt) \oculus, eye ; fon?m, shape].
In biology, resembling an eye.
Oculigerous (bk-u-lij' -er-us) \_octtlus, eye ; gerere, to
carry]. Same as Oculiferous.
Oculist (ok' -u-list). Synonym of Ophthalmologist.
Oculo- (ok'-u-lo-) \_ocuhis, eye]. A prefix signifying
relation with the eye. O. -motor, moving the eye.
O.-muscularis, pertaining to the muscles of the eye.
O. -pupillary, pertaining to the pupil of the eye. O.-
zygomatic, pertaining to the eye and the zygoma.
See Jadelof s Lines.
Oculomotorius (ok' -tt-lo-jno-to' -re-tis) [octilus, eye ;
movere, to move]. The third, or motor oculi, nerve.
See Neri'es, Table of.
Oculus (ok'-u-lus) [L. , an eye : //. , Oculi^- In biology,
an eye or leaf-bud, e. g. , in the potato. O. bili. See
TabdsJicer. O. bovinus, O. bovis. Synonym of
Hydrophthalmia. O. bubulus. Synonym of O.
bovinus. O. caesius, glaucoma. O. elephantinus.
Synonym of Hydrophthalviia. O. lacrimans, epi-
phora. O. leporinus, lagophthalmos. O. mundi.
See Tabasheer .
Ocyodinic (o-se-o-diii' -ik) [whiV, swift ; (I)(5/'f, to avail].
Oxytocic ; hastening the delivery of the fetus.
Ocyphonic, Ocyphonous (o-sif-on' -ik, o-sif -on-us)
[dwi'f, swift ; </)orof, slaughter]. Killing quickly.
Ocytocic, Oxytoceous(<'.f-//'-«''-//{', oks-it-os' -e-us) [u/c/'f ,
swift ; TiiKor, birth; labor]. Hastening the process of
childbirth ; oxytocic.
Od (6d or od) [an arbitrary name given by Baron von
Reichenbach]. The supposititious force producing
the phenomena of mesmerism.
Odaxesmus (o-daks-ez'-n!us)\h6a^riaji6<;, a sharp biting] .
The biting of the tongue, lip, or cheek, occurring
during an epileptic fit.
Odaxetic (o-daks-et'-ik) [(V5af)?r//f<)C, biting]. Giving
rise to an itching or stinging sensation.
Odd-pinnate (od-pin'-dt ) [ME., od, odd; pinna, a
wing]. In biology, pinnate, with a terminal odd
leaflet ; imparipinnate.
-ode, -odes (-od, -o'-dez) [wiJf, like]. A suffix denoting
likeness.
Odinagogue (o-din' -ag-og). Synonym of Oxytocic.
Odinolyontous (o-diji- ol-e-on' -iiis) [difS/f , pain ; Ivuv,
to lose]. Soothing.
Odinopean (o-din-o' -pe a)i) [wfJ/f, pain ; Tioitiv, to
make]. Causing pain.
Odont- (o'-dont-). See Odonto-.
Odontagma (o-don-tag'-mah) [otioi'f, tooth; ayvhvai,
to break] . Same as Odontoclasis.
Odontagra (o-don-ta'-grali) [otSorf, tooth ; a) pa, seiz-
ure]. Toothache; also, a kind of forceps for the
surgical removal of teeth.
Odontalgia (o-don-tal' -je-ali) {h&o'vq, tooth ; akyoo,, i
pain]. Toothache. O. nervosa, neuralgic tooth- i
ache.
Odontalgic (o-don-tal' -jik) \h8ovQ, tooth ; akyoq, pain].
I. Anti-odontalgic. 2. Relating to toothache. 3.
A remedy for toothache.
Odontalgy (o-dou-tal' -je). Same as Odontalgia.
Odontalite (o-dou'-tal-it) [b<hi%, a tooth ; A/6of , a
stone]. A petrified tooth.
Odontapotribe, Odontapotripsis (o-don-tap' -o-trlb,
o-don-tap-o-trip' -sis) [oi'o/'f , tooth ; cittu, from ; TpijSetv,
to crush]. Wearing away of the surface of the teeth. '
Odontatrophy (o-don-tat' -ro-fe) [ofSoi'f, tooth ; aTpo(l>ia,
atrophy]. Atrophy of the teeth.
Odontelephas (<'-(/(V/-/<'/'-ty-<7j'). Synonym of Z'^«//«f. i
Odonteuros (o-don-tu'-ros) [ofSoif , tooth ; tf''P"f > decay].
Dental caries. \
Odontharpagra (o-don-thar-pa'-grah). Synonym of '
Dentagra. \
Odonthercos (o-don-ther'-kos) [liSoh^, tooth ; epmc, '
fence]. A set of teeth. '
Odonthyalophthora (o-dont-hi-al-off'-thor-ah) [hSM>u i
tooth; va'/og, glass; (pticlpeiv, to destroy]. Destruc- \
tion of the enamel of the teeth. '
Odonthyalus (o-dont-l/i'-al-us). Synonym of Enamel. '
Odontia (o-don'-she-ah) [orSo/'f, tooth]. Odontalgia, j
O. deformis, deformity of the teeth, arising either from !
error of shape, position, or malformation of the jaws '
or alveolar border. O. incrustans, tartar of the j
teeth.
Odontiasis (o-don-ti'-as-is) f_oSovTtav, to cut teeth]. |
Dentition. The cutting of teeth. ;
Odontiater (o-don-te-a'-ter) \_b6oix, tooth ; larpSc, phy- |
sician]. A dentist.
Odontiatria (o-don-te-a-tre'-ah) [oJorf , tooth ; 'larpeia, j
a healing]. Dental surgery.
Odontic (o-don'-tik) [orSo/f, tooth]. Appertaining to
the teeth.
Odontinoid (o-don'-tin-oid) [o(5o('f, orfdi'Tof, tooth;
fvMoc, resemblance]. Resembling or having the nature |
of teeth.
Odontitis (o-don-ti ' -tis) [ofSor?, tooth ; mf, inflamma-
tion]. Dentium infaiiiinatio ; inflammation of the <
teeth. Formerly a synonym of dental caries, when :
this affection was supposed to be an inflammation of |
the dentine. ,
Odonto- (o-doii'-to-) [oJo/if, gen. Mvtoc, a tooth]. A '
prefix that signifies resemblance to, connection with, j
or relation to a tooth.
Odontoblast (o-don' -to-blas/) [jxWic, tooth; pUawc.
germ]. In biology, one of the formative cells ot
dentine ; one of the columnar cells forming the oultr
layer of the pulp of teeth ; they do not enter into the
dentine which they have secreted (as do osteoblasts
into bone), but they all remain at its base and send
into it numerous finely-branched processes, which run
parallel to each other in as many little channels of tne :
ODONTOBLASTIC 887 ODONTOSMEGMA
bony substances. The fibers are connected by fine
anastomoses. (A. Lang.)
Odontoblastic [o-don-to-blas' -tik') [oJoi'f, tooth; P'/iaa-
tdf, germ]. Of the nature of, or pertaining to, an
odontoblast.
Odontobothriitis [o-don-to-both-re-i' -tis) \l)iWi%, tooth;
jiotipioi:, a little cavity; mc, inflammation]. Inflam-
mation of the socket of a tooth.
Odontobothrium [o- don-to-both' -re-titii) [o(Sci/r, tooth ;
^oOpioi:, a little cavity]. The alveolus of a tooth.
Odontoceramic (^o-don-to-ser-ain' -ik) [o(5o/'f, tooth ;
Kepauog, clay]. Pertaining to porcelain teeth.
Odontochalix [o-don-tok' -al-iks) [o(Sot)f, tooth ; _;i;d/'i,(f,
gravel]. Dental cement.
Odontochirurgical ( o - don - to - ki - rur'-jik -al) [li(')oi'c ,
tooth; ,^t7/50Dp)7'a, surgery]. Pertaining to dental
surgery.
Odontoclasis {o-don-tok' -las-is) [oJo/'f, tooth ; uTiaeiv,
to break]. The breaking of a tooth.
Odontoclast [o-do)i'-to-k/ast) [oJouc, tooth ; n'/.aeiv, to
break]. A multinuclear protoplasmic cell engaged
in the process of absorbing the fang of a deciduous
tooth. Numbers of these cells exist between the
milk-tooth and the permanent tooth.
Odontocnesis [o-don-tok-ne'-sis) [oiSot'c, tooth; Kvt'/aic,
itching]. A painful itching sensation in the gums.
Odontodesmium [o-don-to-dez'-me-um) [hfiohc, tooth ;
Stojioi;, bond]. A ligament described as holding the
teeth in their sockets.
Odontodiarrhea (o-don-to-di-ar-e'-ah) \o&o'vq, tooth ;
did, through ; pom, flow]. Diarrhea due to disturb-
ances of dentition.
Odontodynia {o-don-to-din' -e-ali) [oJorf, tooth ; o&'vvrj,
pain]. Toothache.
Odontogen (o-do)i' -to-jeji) [ocSoi'f, tooth; }fi'i'dy, to
produce]. A material producing dentine.
Odontogenic [o-don-to-jen' -ik) [6(5orf, tooth ; yevvav,
to produce]. Pertaining to the origin and develop-
ment of teeth.
Odontogeny {^o - don - toj'- en - e) [otJo/'f, tooth ; yevrjc,
producing]. In biology, the origin and development
of teeth.
Odontoglyph (o-don' -to-glif) \o6ohi;, tooth ; y?/u<peiv,
to carve]. An instrument used for scraping the
teeth.
Odontoglyphous {o - don - tog' - lif- us) [oJoiV, tooth ;
yXvibiLv, to scrape]. In biology, having furrowed
teeth.
Odontography [o-don-tog' -ra-fe) [odoi' f , tooth ; ypcKpeiv,
to write]. The descriptive anatomy of the teeth.
Odontoid [o-don' -toid) SJj&o'vq, tooth; f/(!of, like].
Resembling a tooth. Serrated. O. Ligament. .See
Ligament. O. Process, the dentate process of the
second cervical vertebra.
Odontolith {o-don' -to-lith) [oJoi'f , tooth ; 7.Woq, a
stone]. The calcareous stone-like accretion on the
teeth popularly known as " tartar."
Odontologic {o-don-to-loj' -ik) \h6o'vq, tooth ; Idyoq,
science]. Pertaining to odontology.
Odontologist {o-don-tol'-o-Jist) [6(5oiif , tooth ; Myoq,
science]. One versed in odontology.
Odontology {o-don-tol' -o-je) [ 0601%, tooth ; loyo^,
science]. The science of dentition, or of the teeth.
Odontoloxia, Odontoloxy {o-don-to-loks' -e-ah, o-don' -
to-loks-e) [ofSoi'if, a tooth ; /of or, slanting]. Irregu-
larity or obliquity of the teeth.
Odontoma (o-^/ow-Zo'-OTf?/;) [ofSof'c, tooth ; o/;a, tumor :
//., Odontomata^. A new formation arising in connec-
tion with the teeth and presenting the structure and
appearance of teeth.
Odontoma {o-don' -tout). See Odontoma.
Odontomous {o-don'- to- mus) [bdo'vc;, teeth ; bfia, a
tumor]. Pertaining to, of the nature of, or affected
with, an odontomn.
Odontomys {o-don' -to- mis) [dJoi'f, tooth ; fivq, mouse].
The dental pulp.
Odontonecrosis {o-don-to-ne-kro'-sis') [oiSo/f, tooth;
viiipuniQ, death]. Dissolution or decay of the tissues
of the teeth. See iVeerosis of the Teeth.
Odontonosology {o-don-to-nos-ol' -o-je) [otSoi'f, tooth ;
I'oaoq, disease ; Adyof, science]. A treatise on diseases
of the teeth ; also that branch of medicine that treats
of diseases of the teeth.
Odontoparallaxis ( o-don -to- par-al- aks'- is ) [ orSo/f,
tooth ; ■KcipaWka^ic, deviation]. Irregularity of the
teeth ; deviation of one or more of the teeth from
the natural position.
Odontopathology (<)-(/o«-/(!-/(?//r(7/'-c7-/V) [ofJot'if, tooth ;
TToBoq, a disease ; f.uyoq, science]. The science of
diseases of the teeth.
Odontopathy {o-don-top' -atli-e) [oJot'f, tooth ; KaOoc:,
suftering]. An abnormal or pathologic condition of the
teeth, or of the organs connected with them ; dental
disease.
Odontoperiosteum {o-don' -to-pcy-e-os' -te-nin). Syno-
nym of Periodonteum.
Odontophatne {o-don-to-faf -ne). Synonym o{ .4 h'eo/ns.
Odontophatnitis {o-don-to-fat-ni' -tis). Synonym of
Odontobothriitis .
Odontophore {o-don' -to-for) tooth ; lifpctv, to
bear]. In biology, a comprehensive name for those
mouth -parts of a mollusc known as rasp, radida,
radii/ar apparatus, buceal mass, lingual ribbon, or
tongue.
Odontophorous {o-don-toff' -or-us) [odorf , tooth ; (pipeiv,
to bear]. Bearing or having teeth.
Odontophyia {o-don-to-fi' -c-ah) [orfoi'f , tooth ; cfiveiv,
to grow]. Dentition.
Odontopiester ( 0 - don - to -pi - es'- ter ) [6(5o)''f , tooth ;
TTieari/p, squeezer]. An instrument for exerting press-
ure on the teeth ; it is used to relieve odontalgia.
Odontoplerosis {0- don -to-ple-ro'- sis) [bdo'vq, tooth;
-'/ i/puair, filling]. The filling of teeth.
Odontoprisis (o-don-to-pri'-sis) \_bfiovq, tooth ; Trpiaiq, a
sawing]. Stridor dentium, or grinding of the teeth.
Odontorine, Odontorrhine (o-(/();?-/o-;-//;')[6(5oi'f, tooth ;
pivT}, file]. A tooth-file. See J^ile, Dental.
Odontorrhagia {o - don - tor - a'- je - ah ) [odorf , tooth ;
pr/yvvval , to burst forth]. Hemorrhage from the
socket of a tooth.
Odontorrheumalgia {o-don-to-ru-mal' -je-ah) [of'oiif,
tooth; ptvfia, flow; h'tiyog, pain]. Rheumatic tooth-
ache.
Odontorrhizophthisis {o-don-tor-iz-off ' -this-is) [oiSoyf,
tooth; pi^a, root ; (pfl/aig, wasting]. Caries of the root
of a tooth.
Odontorthosia {o-don- for- tho'-ze- ah) [6r5o!ir, tooth ;
bpOuoic, a straightening]. That part of dental surgery
concerned in the straightening of irregularly growing
teeth.
Odontoschisis (o-don-tos'-kis-is) [ddoi'f, tooth ; ax'^civ,
to split]. Splitting of a tooth.
Odontoschism {o-don' -to-skizin) \bf^ovq, tooth ; cr^/'Cen',
to split]. A fissure in a tooth.
Odontoseisis {o-don-to-si' -sis) [6(5o(''f, tooth; aEwic,2i
shaking ; agitation]. Looseness of the teeth, arising
from partial or total destruction of the alveolar pro-
cesses, caused most frequently by disease of the
gums. See Looseness of the Teeth.
Odontosis {o-don-to'-sis) [orSorf, tooth]. The forma-
tion and development of teeth ; dentition.
Odontosisimus {o-don-to-siz' -im-us). See LooseJiess of
the Teeth.
Odontosmegma {o^don-to-smeg' -tnah) [o(5o(''f, tooth;
ODONTOSPASMOS
888
OIDIUM.
afiex^'-'"-: to cleanse]. Anything employed for clean-
ing teeth ; a tooth-powder or tooth-brush.
Odontospasmos {o-don-to-spaz' -tiws) [o(So/'f, tooth ;
crraajioi;, spasm]. Convulsions from difficult den-
tition.
Odontosphacelis, Odontosphacelismus (o-don-to-
sfas' -t'l-is, o-dt'H-to-sfas-il-h' -unis). Synonyms of
Dental Caries.
Odontosteophyte, Odontosteophyton {o-don-tos'-te-
o-fit, o-don-tos-te-off ' -it-on ) [ oJoi'f , tooth ; oariov,
bone ; <j>iitn>, to grow]. A bony outgrowth from a tooth.
Odontosteresis {o-don-to-ster-e' -sis) \o&o'vq, tooth ;
(Tript/air, privation]. Loss of the teeth.
Odontostomatous \o-don-to-sto' -mat-us) [odoi'if, tooth ;
GToiia, mouth]. In biology, applied to animals hav-
ing jaws that bite like teeth.
Odontostomous (o-don-tos' -to-mus'). Same as Odon-
tostomatous.
Odontosynerismus ( o - don - to - sin - er- iz' - inns) [ocSoi'if ,
tooth; cryiJfp/CEfi', to strike together]. Chattering of
the teeth.
Odontotechny (p-don' -to-tek-ne) [otSotif , tooth ; rkxi^'l,
art]. Dental surgery.
Odontotheca (o-don-to-tke'-kak) [orfoi'f, tooth ; 0/jKr],
case]. The follicle of a tooth.
Odontotherapeia {o-don-to-tlier-ap-i' -ah) [otSotf ; tooth,
Hepa-ei'eiv, to heal]. See Odontotherapy.
Odontotherapy [o-doit-to-ther'-ap-e). Dental thera-
peutics ; the treatment or care of the teeth.
Odontothrypsis (o-don-to-t'irip' -sis). See Odontoirip-
sis.
Odontotrimma ( o - don - to - trim'- ah ) [6(Soif, tooth ;
rpt///jn, a pulverized substance : //., Odotitotrimmata'].
A tooth-jjowder.
Odontotripsis [o-don-to-trip' -sis)\b6ov(: , tooth ; Tplpetv,
to rub]. The hatural abrasion or wearing away of
the teeth. See A/>rasion of the Teeth.
Odontotryphy, Odontotrypy {o-don-tot' -rif-e , o-doii-
tot' -rip-e) [ofSoi'f, tooth ; rpvTrcietv, to perforate]. The
perforation of a tooth for the purpose of removing
pus, or diseased pulp.
Odophone {o'-do-fon) \_odor, smell, scent, odor]. A
scale or gamut of odors arranged by the French
chemist, Septimus Piesse.
Odor (o'-dor) [L.]. A scent, smell or perfume.
Fragrance.
Odoramentum (o-dor-ani-en'-tnm) \_odorainentnin , a
perfume ; from odorare, to perfume]. A remedy used
on account of its odor.
Odoration {o-dor-n' -shim) [o^/(?/-a//(>, a smelling]. I.
The act of smelling. 2. The sense of smell.
Odoriferous [o-dor-if -er-ns) \odor, odor; ferir, to
carry]. Bearing odor or scent. Fragrant.
Odoroscope, Odorscope [o'-dor-o-skop, o' -dor-shop)
\_odor, odor; (T/fOTTf/r, to examine]. An instrument
for testing odors.
Odous (o'-diis) [ofSoiV, a tooth]. A tooth.
O'Dwyer's Method. See Treatment, Methods of.
O'D.'s Tubes, peculiar tubes used for intubation
of the larynx.
-odyne, -odynia {-o-d'in, -o-din' -e-ah) \o6vvi}, pain].
A suffix denoting pain.
Odynephatous [o-din-ef -at-us). "i^ywowyvaoi Anodyne.
Odynephobia {o-din-ef-o' -he-ah) [oih'iiv/, pain ; (p6j3o^-,
fear]. Morbid dread of pain; algophobia.
Odynephorous [o-din-ef -or-us) \b6vvii, pain ; "(fiopeti',
to liear]. Producing pain.
Odynphagia (o-din-fa' -je-ah) YotVwri, pain ; (paye'iv,
to eat]. Painful deglutition.
Odynuria (o-din-n'-j-e-ah) [hi\in>r/, pain; oi'poi^ urine].
The painful passage of urine.
CEciomania (e-ke-o-ma' -ne-ah). See Oikiomania.
CEcium (e'-se-um) \o\kU)v, a house: , Qicia'\. In
biology, the special receptacle, attached to the 20-
oecium, in which the ova complete their development
into larvEe, in many of the Cheilostomata among
Polyzoa. The ovicell.
CEcoid [e'-koid). See Ecoid.
CEcology (e-kol-o' -je) [okof, a house, family; Adyof,
science]. In biology, the science of vegetable and
animal economy and activity as shown by their modes
of life, e. g., socialism, parasitism. ■' The terms
biology and oecology are not interchangeable, because
the latter only forms part of physiology." (Hseckel.)
CEcophobia {e-ko-fo' -be-aJi). See Oikophobia.
CEdema, (Edematous {e-de'-tnah, e-dem' -at-us). See
Edema, Edematous.
QSA&o\i\a.sX (e' -le-o-blast) ['fP.aZor, oil ; /"^Ancrrdf, germ].
In biology, a mass of large, irregular, non-nucleated,
polygonal bodies situated near the cloacal opening
of Salpa and other compound Ascidians. The bodies
are opaque, coarsely granular and consist of a sort of
yolk-material. The function of the oeleoblast is
undetermined. Vogt called it the statoblast ; it is also
spelled elccoblast.
CEnanthylic [e-nan-thil'-ik). See Ettanthylic.
CEnomania (e-no-ma' -ne-ah). See Enoinania.
Oertel's Method. See Treatment, Methods of.
Oese [Ger.]. In biology, a platinum- wire needle, looped,
with a glass handle, employed in bacteriologic investi-
gation.
CEsophagism {e-sof -aj-izm^. See Esophagismus.
CEsophagitis {e-sof-aj-i'-tis). See Esophagitis.
CEsophagus (e-sof -ag-ns). See Esophagus.
CEstromania (es-tro-ma' -ne-ah). See Estrotnania.
CEstruation (es-tru-a' -shun). See Estruatioti.
CEstrum [es'-trtim). See Estrum. ^
Off [ME., off, of : same as preposition of'\. The name <j
commonly applied to the animal on the right hand j
side of a yoke of oxen or a team of horses, or to the right
side and the right fore-foot and hind-foot of a single
animal ; the antonym of near. O.-set, a short, rooting \
branch. A short stolon.
Offal {off'-avjl) [ME., (T^a/, fallen remnants]. Refuse
of any kind.
Official [off-ish'-al) \officium, an office]. In pharmacy
and materia medica, a medicine or preparation emanat-
ing from and sanctioned by the pharmacopeia. 1
Officinal {of-is'-in-al) \offcina, a worksho]i]. For
sale in the shops ; kept on sale in apotliecaries'
shops; authorized in pharmacy. O. Preparations,
those that are kept for sale in apothecary stores.
Offspring {off' -spring) [ME., ofspring, progeny].
Descent ; family ; progeny. !
Ogmomele (og-mo-me' -le) [6j//of, furrow ; \ii]h],
probe]. A grooved probe.
Ogston's Line. See Lines, Table of. O.'s Operation.
.See Operations , Table of.
Ohio Scratches. Same as Army Itch.
Ohm (om) [after Dr. G. S. Olun, an electrician]. In
electricity, the unit of resistance. Practically, it is
the resistance of a pure silver wire, one meter in length
and one millimeter in diameter. The theoretic or j
absolute unit is x(SiTT(TwrtTi P^' ' ^'^ ^^'^ practically j
used. See Electric Units. O.'s Law. See Law.
Ohmad {o'-mad) [after Dr. G. S. Ohm, an electrician].
Same as Ohm.
Ohmic {o'-mik) [after Dr. G. S. Ohm, an electrician]. ^
Pertaining to an ohm.
-oid {-oid) [fMot-, like]. A suffix signifying likeness or j
resemblance.
Oi'dium [o-id'-e-nm) [dim. of oif^v, egg]. A genus of .
parasitic fungi, Oidium , o\ ErysipJic tucken ; the dis- ;
ease of the vine it causes is called 7vhite disease or
OIDTMANN'S PURGATIVE
889
OIL
Meunier. O. albicans is found in thrush, upon the
tongue. O. lactis, the white mold found on
milk, bread, etc. O. tuckeri, the conidian stage of
Erysvphi- tuckeri. See Mildew.
Oidtmann's Purgative. The rectal injection of gly-
cerin, two grams.
Oigopsid [oi-gop'-sid) [olyeiv {or avoiyetv, to open ; 6ipi(;,
vision]. In biology, applied to such cephalopods as
have an opening in the fibrous capsule of the eye,
through which the lens projects {Loligophes, Omma-
strephfs); or, the lens being absent, the capsule of the
eye becomes an open cup i^Nautilus). The opposite
of Myopsid.
Oikiomania {oi-ke-o-nia' -ne-ah) [okeiof, domestic ;
fiavia, mania]. Domestic perversity; shrewishness
manifested specially in one's own home.
Oikoid [oi^ -koid ) [oknf , house ; f «5of , like] . The
stroma of red corpuscles, so called by Briicke.
Oikophobia (pi - ko -fo' - be - ah) [okof, house ; (p6[3oc,
dread]. Morbid dread, or dislike of home, or of a
house.
Oil [ME., oi/e, oil]. A greasy liquid not miscible with
water, and usually of lighter specific gravity, composed
of glyceryl and a fatty acid. In a wider sense the word
is applied also to mineral hydrocarbons and to solid
fats. The oils are liquid or solid substances charac-
terized by unctuousness to the touch, and inflamma-
bility. They may he volatile or they may be non-vola-
tile or fixed. The term is also applied to any oily
substance, as oil of vitriol, z/. See also OleiDii. O.
of Allspice, an aromatic oil, and a constituent of
bay-rum. Dose TTLij-vj . Se^ Fimenta . p. of Almond,
an essential volatile oil from almond kernels, used as a
perfume in dermatology, and in making Ungitentum
aqua rosce. See Amygdala. Dose ITlXt)-
Amber, an essential oil. It is a stimulant, anti-
spasmodic, and diuretic internally, and externally an
irritant and rubefacient. Dosegtt. v-x. See: Succimem .
O. of American Wormwood. See O. of Chenopo-
dium. O. of Anda, an essential oil from Joannesia
princeps. It is a purgative. Dose gtt. 1-lxx. O. of
Anise, a volatile oil ; it is an ingredient of paregoric.
Dose n\j-v. O. of Asafetida, a volatile oil ; a car-
minative and antispasmodic. Dose gtt. j-ij. O.-
bag, in biology, a bag or cyst containing oil. O.,
Banks, an unrefined cod-liver oil obtained from the
livers which are allowed to putrefy in barrels on the
ships. It is darker and more offensive than the better
oils. O. of Basil, a flavoring agent. O. of Bay,
a narcotic volatile oil from the berries of Lain-ns no-
bilis. O. of Bayberry, an oil from the leaves of
Myrica acris, used in the manufacture of bay-rum.
O. of Ben, a fixed oil from the seeds of Moringa
pterygosperma ; it is used internally as a purgative,
and externally in gout and rheumatism. O. of Ben-
zoin, an essential oil used in perfumery. O. of
Bergamot, a volatile oil from the fruit of Citrus
bergamia, used in the manufacture of perfumes. O.
of Black Mustard, a fixed oil from the seeds of Sin-
apis nigy.i.. It is used in pharmacy and as a car-
minative. Dose See Sinapis. O. of
Black Pepper, a volatile oil from the unripe fruit of
Piper nigrum. Externally it is an irritant ; internally,
a carminative. Do.se ^Wi-y See Piper. O.-blue.
See Pigments, Conspectus of. O., Bone, a volatile
product obtained by the dry distillation of bones.
O., British, a rubefacient liniment. It is a variety
of petroleum. O. of Cade, an oil derived from the
wood of Jttniperits communis , and used in derma-
tology. See Juniper. O. of Cajuput, a volatile oil
distilled from the leaves of Leukadendron cajuputi.
Its actions are similar to those of O. of Turpentine.
Dose n\,j-v. O.-cake, a side-product obtained in
the manufacture of oils. It is a compacted mass of
crushed seeds or nuts, from which the oil has been
expressed or extracted. It contains all of the woody
fiber and mineral matter of the seed or nut, the resi-
due of oil or fatty matter not extracted, and, that
which gives it special value, the proteids or nitrogenous
constituents. It is a most valuable cattle-food and is
used as a basis for artificial fertilizers. The following
table gives the composition of a number of the most
important oil-cakes (Sadtler s Industrial Organic
Chemistry). O. of Calamus, a volatile oil from the
Water.
Fat.
non-nitrogenous
Materials
Woody Fiber.
Ash.
Proteid Mate-
rial.
Nitrogen, Per
.CENT.
Earth-nut cake,
11.50
8,80
31.10
7-25
41 35
6.80
Cotton-seed cake, , 13.00
7-50
51.00
8.50
20.00
2.90
Rape-oil cake, j 10.12
9-23
41-93
6.48
31.88
5.00
Colza-oil cake,
"■35
9.00
42.82
6.28
30-55
4-50
Sesame-oil cake.
IO-35
10.10
38.80
9.80
31-93
5-00
Beech-nut cake.
11.40
8.50
49.80
5-30
24,00
3.20
Linseed cake.
10.56
983
44.61
6.50
28.50
4-25
Camelina cake,
9.60
9.20
50.90
7.00
23-30
3.60
Poppy-oil cake,
9-50
8.90
37-67
11-43
32-50
5.00
Sunflower-oil cake, 10.20
8.50
48.90
11.40
21.00
2.40
Hempseed cake, 1 10.00
8.26
48.00
12.24
21.50
3-30
Palm-nut cake, , 9. 50
8.43 .
40.95
10.62
30.40
4.50
Cocoa-nut cake, | 10.00
9.20
40.50
10.50
30.00
4-50
root of Acorus calamus. It is a stomachic. O. of
Camomile, from the flowers of Anthemis nohilis. It
is a stomachic. O., Camphorated, one impregnated
with camphor ; a solution of camphor in olive-oil.
See Camphor. O. of Camphorwood, an essential
oil from Dryobalanops aromatica. Its properties are
similar to those of camphor. O., Canadian, oil of
winter-green. O. of Cananga, an essential oil from
the flowers of Cfz;? (7 oi/flraA^, used in the manufac-
ture of perfumery. O. of Caraway, a volatile oil
from the fruit of Carum carvi. It is a carminative
and flavoring agent. Dose Tl\^j-v. See Carum. O.
of Cardamom, a volatile oil from the seeds of Elet-
taria cardamomum . It is a carminative. O. of Car-
maru, a fixed oil from the fruit of Dipteryx eboensis.
It is used in manufacturing perfumes. O. , Carron,
a useful application to burns, consisting of equal or
nearly equal parts of linseed-oil and lime-water. It
is named after the Carron iron- works in Scotland,
where it was first employed. O. of Cassia, an essen-
tial oil from the bark and buds of Cassia lignea, used
in making perfumery. O. of Castonha, a fixed oil
from Brazil-nuts, used in making perfumery. O.,
Castor, a fixed oil from the seeds of Ricinus com-
munis, used as a purgative. Dose ss. See Ricimis.
O. of Celery, an essential oil from the fruit and leaves
of Apium grai'eolens. It has emmenagogic properties.
Set ApiiDu. O., Cedar, a fragrant oil obtained from
the red Virginia cedar, used in microscopy as a clari-
fying agent. O., Chabert, an oil consisting of
OIL
890
OIL
3 parts of oil of turpentine and I of animal oil. It
is used as is O. of Tnrpentmc. O. of Chaulmoogra,
a fixed oil expressed from the seeds of Gynocardia
odorala. It is used in dermatology and rheumatism.
Dose gtt. v-x. O. of Chenopodium, a volatile oil
derived from the fruit of Clwuopodhiin anthi liniiiticuiii.
It is an efficient anthelmintic. Dose TTLv-xv. O.
of Cinnamon, a volatile oil from the bark of Ciii-
iiainotnuin zcylaniciim. It is used in medicine and
perfumery. Dose gtt. j-v. O. of Cloves, an essen-
tial oil from cloves. It is used in histology, dentistry,
and perfumery. O., Cod-liver. See Alovrhiia. O.
Color. See Pigments, Colors and Dyestiiffs. O. of
Copaiba, a volatile oil from the Balsamitm copaiba.
It is used as a diuretic. DoseJTLx-xv. O. of Cori-
ander, a volatile oil from the fruit of Coriandntiii
Siitiviiiii. It is a carminative. Dose tT^ij-v. O.,
Croton. a lixed oil from the seeds of Croton tiglii.
It is a purgative. Dose TT\ yz-\]. O. of Cubeb, a
volatile oil from the fruit of Piper cubcl)a. It is a
stimulant diuretic. Dose TT^ v-xx. O., Dead, a
heavy oil. O., Drying, one that on drying loses its
oily properties and becomes a transparent flexible
solid. Such oils are used as bases of paints and var-
nishes. O., Dugong, an oil from the blubber
of dugongs, used sometimes as a substitute for cod-
liver oil. O. -emulsion, an emulsion containing ex-
pressed oil of almonds 15 parts; acacia 15 parts,
syrup of acacia 20 parts; orange-flower water 15 parts,
and water 100 parts. O. of Ergot, a fixed oil from
the ergot of rye. It is an ecbolic. See Ergot. O.
of Erigeron, a volatile oil from the herb Erigeron
lanadi-nse. Its action is the same as that of oil of
turpentine. DoseTTLx-^ss. O., Essential, a vola-
tile oil, so called because it contains the essence or
active principle of the plant. O., Ethereal, heavy
oil of wine, q.v. ; also an essential oil. O. of Euca-
lyptus, a volatile oil from E. glolititus, and other
species of Eucalyptus. It is an antiseptic and stom-
achic. Dose rr\^v-xxx. O. of Eulachon, an oil
from the blubber of candle-fish, used as a substitute
for cod-liver oil. O. of Euphorbia, a cathartic oil
from the seeds of Ettphorhia lathvris. O., Fatty, a
fixed oil. The fatty oils, as distinguished from the
mineral oils and the volatile oils, belong to the class
of compound ethers. They are salt-like bodies, com-
posed of characteristic acids (oleic, palmitic, and
stearic) , known as fatty acids, in combination with
an alcohol or base. In most cases the base is the tri-
atomic alcohol, glycerin, so that the oils are said to be
glycerids of the several fatty acids. Some few, known
as waxes, do not contain glycerin, but, instead, a
monatomic alcohol in combination with the fatty acid.
Most of the animal and vegetable fats contain three
proximate constituents, olein, palmitin and stearin,
the combinations of oleic, palmitic, and stearic acids
respectively with glycerin. In the more liquid oils
the olein predominates, in the more solid, palmitin
or stearin. The so-called " drying oils " contain a
different acid — linoleic acid — in combination with
glycerin. The fish-oils contain a variety of the lower
fatty acids and some solid unsaponifiable alcohols like
cholesterin. The most satisfactory classification of the
oils and fats, is that of H. Allen, which is here given
in abstract. I. Oli't'e-oil Group. — •\'egetable oleins.
Vegetable non-drying oils. These are lighter than the
oils of groups II, III, and IV, and yield solid elaidins
with nitrous acid. The group includes olive, almond,
earth-nut, ben, rape-seed, and mustard oils. II. Cotton-
seed-oil Group. — Intermediate between drying and
non-drying oils. These oils undergo more or less dry-
ing on exposure and yield little or no elaidin. This
group includes cotton-seed, sesame, sun-flower, hazel-
nut, and beech-nut oils. III. Linseed-oil Group. —
Vegetable drying oils that yield no elaidin. They
are of less viscosity than the non-drying oils. This
group includes linseed, hemp-seed, poppy-seed, niger-
seed, and walnut oils. IV. Castor-oil Group. — Medi-
cinal oils. These are very viscous and of high density.
The group includes castor and croton oils. V. Palm-oil
Group. — Solid vegetable fats, which do not contain
notable quantities of glycerids of the lower fatty acids.
The group includes palm-oil, cacao-butter, nutmeg-
butter, and shea-butter. VI. Cocoanut-oil Group.—
Solid vegetable fats, in part wax-like. Several of these
oils contain notable proportion^ of the glycerids of the
lower fatty acids. The group includes cocoanut-oil,
palm-nut-oil, laurel-oil, Japan wax, and myrtle-wax,
\ II. Lard-oil Group. — Animal oleins, which do not
dry notably on exposure, and which yield solid elaidins
with nitrous acid. The group includes neat's-foot oil,
bone-oil, lard -oil, and tallow-oil. VIII. 7\illow Group.
— Solid animal fats. These are predominantly glycer-
ids of palmitic and stearic acids, although butter con-
tains lower glycerids. The group includes tallow, lard,
bone-fat, wool -fat, butter-fat, oleomargarin, and man-
ufactured stearin. IX. Whale-oil Group. — Marine
animal oils, characterized by offensive odor and a
reddish-brown color when treated with caustic soda.
The group includes whale, porpoise, seal, menhaden,
cod - liver, and shark-liver oils. X. Sperm-oil
Group. — Liquid waxes that are not glycerids hut
ethers of monatomic alcohols. They yield solid elai-
dins. The group includes sperm-oil, bottle-nose-oil,
and dolphin-oil. XL Spennaceti Group. — Waxes
proper. These are compound ethers of the higher
monatomic alcohols, with the higher fatty acids in a
free state. The group includes spermaceti, beeswax,
Chinese wax, and carnauba wax. O. of Fennel, a
volatile oil from the fruit of Eanicitluin officinale. It
is a carminative, and is also used in perfumery. Dose
n\^ij-v, O., Fixed, a fatty acid ; one of certain bodies
soluble in ether and chloroform, and obtained by ex-
pression from various organic substances. See 0.,
Eatty. O. of Galanga, a volatile oil from the root
of Alpinia officiuarutn. O. of Garlic, an essential
oil formerly used in medicine. It is derived from the
bulbs of Allium sativum. O. of Geranium, an essen-
tial oil from species of L\'liirgonium , used in the
manufacture of perfumery. O. of Ginger, an essen-
tial oil from the roots of Zingiber officinale. It is a
carminative and flavoring agent. Dose fT\_ ^-j- O.-
gland, the uropygial gland of birds, secreting the oil
used in dressing their plumage. O. -globules, in
microscopy, are prepared by beating a small drop of
clove oil with mucilage. In focusing up with central
light, the bright center of the globule is clearest last.
With oblique light the bright spot will appear on the
side toward the mirror. O., Grain, amyl alcohol.
O., Gray, an oily substance or ointment made by
triturating mercury with oil or liquid paraffin. 1 he
quantity of mercury varies from I to 33 per cent. O.
of Hazel, a fixed oil from hazel-nuts used in the
manufacture of perfumes. O., Heavy, the substances
distilled from benzene at between 210° and 400° C.
O., Heavy {of wine), the product obtained when alco-
hol is treated with an excess of sulphuric acid. It con-
sists of several ethers and other compounds. O.
of Hedeoma, oil of pennyroyal, a volatile oil from
the leaves and tops of Hedeoma pulegioides. It is a
carminative, and is used externally to drive away
mosquitoes. Dose n\,ij-x. O. -immersion, the use
of oil as the medium between the objective and the
cover-glass. O., Infused, a class of medicated oils,
OIL
891
OLECRANARTHROCACE
{oka infusa, N. F.), prepared by digesting a drug in
ammoniated oil and alcohol, the ammonia and alco-
hol being evaporated in the process. O. of Jas-
mine, an essential oil from Jasminiim odoratissii/iur/i,
used in perfumery. O. of Jatropha, a purgative oil
derived from the seeds of Jalropha purgans. O. of
Jonquin, an essential oil from the flowers of Nar-
cissus jonquilla, used in perfumery. O. of Juniper, a
volatile oil from the berries of Juniperus communis.
It is a diuretic and diaphoretic. Dose tT\^v-xx. O.
of Lavender, a volatile oil from species of Lavandula
used as a carminative and flavoring agent. Dose
Tt\^j-v. O. of Lemon, a volatile oil from the rind of
lemons. It is used in perfumery, and as a flavoring
agent. Dose TTLj-v. O., Light, the distillates of
benzene at between iio° and 210° C. O. of Lilies,
an essential oil from the flowers of Lilium candidum,
used in perfumery. O., Linseed. See Oleum lini.
O. of Mace, an essential oil from lifyrisHca officinalis,
used as a carminative and flavoring agent, and in per-
fumery. O. of Marjoram, an essential oil from Ori-
ganicin majorana used in perfumery. O., Menhaden,
an oil from the blubber of menhaden, used as a sub-
stitute for cod-liver oil. O., Middle, the distillation-
products of benzene between 170° and 230° C. O.
of Mignonet, an essential oil from the flowers of
Reseda odorata used in perfumery. O., Mineral, re-
fined petroleum. O. of Mint, an essential oil from
Mentha viridis, used as a carminative, and in per-
fumery. Dose Tr\^ij-v. O. of Mirbane. See Mir-
bane. O. of Morrhua. See Morrhua. O. of
Mustard. See Sinapis. O. of Myrrh, an essential
oil from gum myrrh. O. of Myrtle, an essential
oil from Alyrtus communis , used in perfumery. O.,
Neatsfoot, a lubricant oil from the feet of neat cattle.
O. of Neroli, an essential oil from the flowers of bitter
orange, used as a perfume. O., Nobel's Explosive,
nitroglycerin. O., Non-drying, a non-oxidizing oil,
such as almond oil. O., Olive. See Olive. O. of
Orange. See Orange. O. of Orris, an essential oil
from the roots of Iris florentina, used as a perfume
and flavoring agent. O., Ozonized, an oil containing
ozone. Ozonized oil of turpentine is an antidote in
phosphorus-poisoning. O., Palm. See Palm. O.,
Parsley. See Apiol. O. of Pennyroyal, an essen-
tial oil from Hedeoma pulegioides. It is a stimulant,
emmenagogue, and carminative, and is also used to
keep away mosquitoes. Dose gtt. ij-x. O. of Pep-
per, the volatile oil from the seeds of Piper ttigrum.
O. of Peppermint, the volatile oil from Mentha pip-
erita. It is a carminative, anodyne, and antiseptic.
Dose gtt. j-iij. O., Phosphorated, an oil charged
with phosphorus. O. of Pimenta, a volatile oil from
the fruit of Pimenta officinalis. It is a carminative.
Dose gtt. ij-vj. O., Provence, an olive-oil of supe-
rior quality. O., Rock, petroleum. 'Ae^ Petrolatum.
O. of Rose, an essential oil from the fresh flowers of
Rosa damascena . It is used as a perfume. See .Attar
of Rose. O. of Rosemary, the essential oil from the
flowering tops of Rosmarinus officinalis. It is a car-
minative and anodyne. Dose gtt. j~ij. O. of Rue,
the essential oil derived from Ruta grai'eolens. It is a
vermifuge and emmenagogue. Dose gtt. j-v. O.
of Sage, a volatile oil derived from Salvia officinalis.
It is used as a mouth-wash in stomatitis. O. of San-
dalwood, Oleum santali , distilled from the wood of
Santalum album. It is used in gonorrhea. Dose
gtt. x-xx. O. of Sassafras, a volatile oil from
the wood of Sassafras officinale. It is a carminative.
Dose gtt. ij-x. O.-seed, castor-bean ; the seed of
■the Ricinus communis. O., Shore, cod-liver oil pre-
pared on shore; it is the finest quality. O. of Spear-
mint, an essential oil from Mentha viridis. It is
a carminative. Dose gtt. ij-v. O., Sperm, a yellow-
ish oil derived from the Physeter macroccphalus. It
is used as a lubricant. O. of Spermaceti, derived
from spermaceti. O., Straits, the first oil obtained by
the exposure of tiie livers of cod-fish to the sun in casks,
on board the ships. O., Sweet. See Oleum oliT'a.
O. -sugar. See Oleosaccharum . O. of Tansy, an
essential oil derived from Tanacetum vulgare. It is
used as an emmenagogue and oxytocic. O. of Tar,
Oleum picis liquidiT, obtained from wood-tar. It has
been largely used in dermatology. See Pix. O. of
Thyme, a volatile oil from Thymus vulgaris. It yields
Thymol on oxidation. O. of Tobacco, an empyreu-
matic oil from tobacco, formerly used as an application
to ulcers. O.-tube, in biology, a longitudinal canal
filled with aromatic oil, found in certain fruits. O.,
Virgin, the finest variety of olive-oil, made from olives
that are not quite ripe. O., Volatile, or essential oil, is
one characterized by a pungent, aromatic odor. These
oils usually vaporize at ordinary temperatures, and
leave no permanent stain on paper. O., Whale. See
under C, Fatty. O. of Wintergreen, an essential
oil from the leaves of Gaultheria procumbens. It is
used in chronic cystitis and rheumatism. Dose gtt.
v-x.
Oinomania {pi-no-iiui' -ne-ah). See Enoinania and
Alethomania.
Ointment (pint' -ment'). See Unguentum. O., Ban-
yer's, an ointment used in chronic eczema and favus.
It is composed of calomel, 2 drams ; burnt alum and
carbonate of lead, each 4 drams ; Venice turpentine,
6 drams; spermaceti ointment, ounces. O.,
Cyrillo's, used by inunction in syphilis. It con-
sists of perchlorid of mercury, 4 parts; lard, 32 parts.
O., Maury's, an ointment largely used as an applica-
tion to chronic ulcers. It contains one dram of
nitrate of mercury and half a dram each of powdered
opium and rhubarb to an ounce of simple ointment.
Okada, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Synonymatic
Table of.
Okenian Bodies [after Lorenz Oketi, the naturalist,
Jena, 1779-1851]. Oken'' sche Korper, a name ap-
plied by Rathke to the primitive kidneys or Wolffian
bodies.
Old (old) [ME., old, old]. Advanced in life; having
many years. O. Age, senility ; senectus.
Olea (p'-le-ah) [kXain, the olive-tree]. I. A genus of
trees. See Olive. 2. Plural of Oleum, q. v. O. in-
fusa, infused oils.
Oleaginous [o-le-aj' -in-us) [oleum, oil]. Oily.
Oleamen [o-le-a'-men) [L. : //. , Oleamina']. An oily,
soft ointment or liniment.
Oleander [o-le-an' -der). See AVrium.
Oleandrin (o-le-an' -drin) [a corruption from o/f'rt', olive-
tree ; laurus, laurel]. A poisonous alkaloid from
Nerium oleander.
Oleate (o'-le-af) \_oleum, oil: //., Oleatal. A salt
formed from oleic acid. A mixture of oleic acid
with certain medicinal principles. There are three
official oleates in pharmacy, oleatum hydrargyri , olea-
tum veratrinic, and oleatum zinci, neither of which is
a definite chemic compound. The oleatum aconitince,
oleatum plumbi, and oleatum qitinina: are recognized
in the National Formulary.
Olecranal, Olecranial (o-lek' -ran-al, o-lek-ra' -ne-al)
\ld7'.iKpavcie , the head of the elbow]. Pertaining to
the olecranon.
Olecranarthritis (0 - lek - ran - ar - thri' - lis) \_i)7J.Kpnvov,
head of elbow; hpOpov, joint; (r/f, inflammation] .
Inflammation of the elbow-joint.
01ecranarthrocace,01ecranocace(f-/('/{'-/-(7;?-(7;-//z-r(7/J'-
OLECRANOID
892
OLFACTORY
as-e, o-lek-ran-ok' -as-e) \ii'hS:K{Mvov , the head of the
elbow; apfpoj', joint ; KOKOf, evil]. Inflammation of
the elbow-joint.
Olecranoid (o - kk' - ran - oid) [LXsKpavov, head of the
elbow; sMof, like]. Resembling the olecranon. O.
Fossa, the fossa at the dorsal side of the distal end
of the humerus for the reception of the olecranon.
Olecranon (^o-lek' -ran-uii) \iiKtKpavQV ; Ld'KkvTj, elbow ;
Kpdviov, head]. The large process forming the head
of the ulna.
Olefiant Gas (o-lef ' -e-ant)\olcu!)i , oil ; ficare, to make].
Heavy oil of carbon. See Ethylene.
Olefin {o'-lef-iii) \oleuin, oil ; ficare, to make]. The
name of a series of unsaturated hydrocarbons contain-
ing two hydrogen atoms less than the paraffins or
ethanes, CnHj^. They are produced with paraffins
in the dry distillation of many complicated carbon
compounds ; hence their presence in illuminating gas
and in tar-oils. The lower members of the series are
gases ; the intermediate members, ethereal liquids ;
the higher (from CjgHjj up), solids. They boil at
points a few degrees higher than the corresponding
paraffins. For Table of Olefins see under Hydrocarbon.
Oleic Acid ((/-/d'-//'). "i^t Acid.
Oleiferous [o-le-if -er-us) \_oleitin, oil; /^r;r, to bear].
Producing oil.
Olein {o'-le-in) \oleum, oil], CjjHjg^Og. One of the
most widely distributed of the natural fats ; the trioleic
ether of glyceryl. It is a colorless oil at ordinary
temperatures, with little odor and a faint sweetish
taste, insoluble in water, readily soluble in alcohol and-
ether.
Oleo- {o'-le-o-) [o/tv/OT, oil]. A prefix to denote con-
nection with or relation to an oil.
Oleomargarin (o-lc-o-iiiar' -gar-i n) [oleum, oil ; fiap-
yapoc, the pearl oyster]. Butterin ; an artificial
butter made by removing the excess of stearin from
tallow or suet (or from lard in winter seasons), and
flavoring the residue with the natural flavoring-prin-
ciple of butter. The fat is melted at a temperature not
exceeding llo° F. — otherwise the product becomes
granular and coarse — and in cooling, the excess of
stearin is separated by crystallization ; the remainder
is oleomargarin. When prepared from pure materials,
the artificial product is less liable to become rancid than
ordinary dairy butter, being free from the bacteria
frequently found in the latter. The following analysis
of oleomargarin is given by Dr. Bell : —
ANALYSIS OF OLEOMARGARIN OR BUTTERIN.
Water.
Salt.
Curd.
Fat.
Specific Grav-
ity at 100° F.
Percentage of
Fixed Acids.
Percentage of
Soluble Acids.
Melting-point,
Fahrenheit.
14.30
3.8i
0.48
81.41
903.84
94-34
82°
II.2I
1.70
1-73
85-36
902.34
94-83
0.66
78°
12-33
4.00
1.09
82.58
903-15
95-04
0.47
79°
5-32
1.09
0.67
92.92
903-79
96.29
0.23
81°
13-21
3-99
1.07
81.73
901.36
95.60
0.16
78°
Oleometer {o-le-om' -el-er^ [oleii>?i, oil ; fnTpnv, meas-
ure]. An instrument for ascertaining the weight and
purity of oil.
Oleoresin {o-le-o-rez'-jn)[oleitm, oil : res/'na, resin ; //. ,
Oleo>-esina'\. In pharmacy, a preparation consisting
chiefly of a mixture of natural oils and resins extracted
from vegetables by percolation with stronger ether.
There are six official oleoresince.
Oleosaccharum (o-le-o-sak-ar' -zini) \oleiim, oil ; (rd/c-
Xc-pov, sugar: , Oleosacchara\ An oil-sugar; a
preparation made by saturating thirty grains of sugar
with one drop of volatile oil.
Oleosaccharure [o-le-o-sak' -ar-ur). See Oleosaccha-
rum.
Oleose (o'-le-dz) \_oleosics, oily]. Oily.
Oleosity [o-le-os' -it-e) [oleostts, oily]. The property of
being oily or fatty.
Oleous [o'-le-i/s) \_oleosus, oily]. Oily ; having the
character of oil.
Olera i^o-ler' -ali) \_olus, a pot-herb]. In biology, the
name given by early botanists to the kitchen herbs.
Oleraceous [o-ler-a' -sc-us) \_olns, a pot-herb; oleraceus,
resembling herbs]. Esculent, as a pot-herb.
Oleum (o'-le-um) [L. : //., Olea'\. See Oil. O. ca-
tharticum, oil of juniper. See Juniper. O. ceta-
ceum, whale-oil. O. cinereum. See Gray Oil.
O. fagi, the empyreumatic oil of beech, useful in
various skin-diseases. Unof. O. phosphoratum.
See Oil, Phosphorated, and Phosphorus. O. rusci,
Russian oil ; the empyreumatic oil of birch, useful in
various skin-diseases. Unof. O. terrae, rock-oil.
Olfaction {olfiak' -shuii) \olfacere, to smell]. The
function of smelling.
Olfactive (ol-fak' -tii') \olfacere, to smell]. Synonym
of Olfactory. O. Angle, the angle formed by the line
of the olfactory fossa and the os planum of the sphen-
oid bone.
Olfactometer [olfak-tom'-et-er)\_olfacfus, smell; fiirpov,
measure]. An instrument for measuring the power
of smell in any given case.
Olfactor (ol-fa/y-tor) [olfacere, to smell]. A unit of
olfactory sensibility.
Olfactory iyolfiak' -to-re') \olfacere, to smell]. Pertaining
to the sense of smell. O. Angle. See Olfactive
Angle. O. Bulb, 'bee Bulb. O. Cells. The cells of the
nasal fossae forming the peripheral end -organs of the
olfactory apparatus. O. Center, the cerebral center that
appreciates smell, supposed by
Munk to be in the hippocampal
gyrus. O. Cleft, a slit between
the tip of the middle turbinated
bone and the nasal septum. O.
Clubs, the clavillce niarginales,
or condyli niarginales of medusae.
O. Foramina. See Foramina,
Table of. O. Fossa. See
Fossa. O. Ganglion, the olfac-
tory bulb. O. Glomeruli. See
Glomerulus. O. Groove. See
O. Sulcus. O. Lobe, the olfac-
tory tubercle, tract, bulb, and
roots, considered as a whole. O.
Membrane, the mucous mem-
brane of the nose. O. Nerve
(.Stirling). See AV;t'«, Table of.
O. Pit, the primitive ectodermal
invagination to become the nasal
cavity. O. Plate, one of the
two areas of thickened ecto-
derm immediately above the primi-
tive oral cavity, and in contact
with the wall of the fore-brain ; it
is the earliest indication of the
nasal mucous membrane. O. Region, the area of dis-
tribution of the olfactory nerve. O. Roots, the regions
connecting the olfactory tract with the cerebral hemi-
spheres. O. Sulcus, the furrow for the olfactory tract
Olfactory Cells.
N. From human be-
ing, n. From frog.
E. Supporting cell.
OLIBANUM
893
OLIGOTRICHIA
and bulb on the cribriform plate of the ethmoid, and
on the orbital siirface of the cerebral hemispheres. O.
Tract, the cenlral portion of the olfactory lobe, ter-
minating anteriorly in the olfactory bulb, and posteri-
orly in the olfactory tubercle. O. Trigone, a triangu-
lar gray area forming the base of the O. Tuber. O.
Tuber, O. Tubercle, Tuber. O. Ventricle, a
prolongation of the cavity of the lateral ventricle into
the olfactory lobe. It is rarely found in the adult brain,
though present in the fetus and in most animals.
Olibanum [o-lib' -an-itni) [Ar. , al-htban, frankincense].
A gum-resin produced by various Asiatic and E. Afri-
can trees, mainly of the genus Boswellia ; true frank-
incense. It is now little used, except in certain
plasters and as a fumigant. Unof.
Olibene [Ar. , (7/-/«^a«, frankincense], Cj^-
Hjg. A hydrocarbon found in oil of olibanum.
Oligsemia (ol-ig-e' -me-ah). See Oligemia.
Oligandrous [ol-ig-an' -drus) [o/l/yof , few ; avijp, a
male]. In biology, having few stamens.
Oliganthous (ol-ig-an' -thus) [o/liyof, few ; avBoq, a
flower]. In biology, having few flowers.
Oligarch {ol' -ig-ark) ['O/iyap/ce/a, contentment with
little]. In biology, containing few fibro-vascular
bundles ; applied also to fibro-vascular bundles that
have few rays.
Oligemia {ol-ig-e' -me-aJi) \hXiyoq, scant; aijia, blood].
A diminished quantity of the blood. O. hypal-
buminosa, diminution in the proteids of the blood.
O. sicca, diminution in the volume of blood by loss of
water. O. vera, diminution in the quantity of the
blood, as a whole.
Oligemydria (pl-ig-em-id' -re-ali) . Synonym of Anhy-
dremia.
Olighydria [ol-ig-hi' -dre-ali) [o/l/yof, scanty; h&u)p,
water]. Deficiency of the fluids of the body.
Oligo- (t>/'-/f-<j-)[6X(yof , few]. A prefix that signifies
want or deficiency.
Oligoblennia [ol-ig-o-bleti' -e-ah) [oX/'yof, little ; (i^.ivva,
mucus]. A deficient secretion of mucus.
Oligocardia iol-ig-o-kar' -de-ah) [oA/j-of, few; Kap6ia,
heart]. Abnormal smallness of the heart.
Oligocarpous [ol-ig-o-kar' -pus) ['M/'jof , few ; Kapirof;,
fruit]. In biology, having few fruits.
Oligocatantes (ol-ig-o-kat-an' -tez) [o/l/yof , scant ;
mTavTiiq, steep]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which
the angle formed between the radius fixus and the
line joining the hormion and the staphylion is between
20° and 23°.
Oligocholia {ol-ig-o-ko'-le-a/i) [<j/.(';or, few ; ;foX^, bile].
A deficiency of bile.
Oligochromemia (ol-ig-o-kro-me' -me-ah) [oA/yof, few ;
;tP<J«c!, color; aifia, blood]. Deficiency of hemo-
globin in the blood.
Oligochromemic [ol-ig-o-kro-me' -mik) [o/l/yof , few ;
Xpujj.a, color; a(,ua, blood]. Pertaining to, affected
with, or of the nature of, oligochromemia.
Oligochrosis [ol-ig-o-kro' -sis) [o/.(;of , few ; ;);p(j(T(f, a
coloring]. Deficiency of hemoglobin in the blood-
I corpuscles.
Oligochylia {al-ig-o-ki' -le-ah) [h/jyoQ, scant; X'^'^-O'^y
chyle]. A deficiency of chyle.
Oligochymia [pl-ig-o-ki' -me-ali) [o/./yof , scant ; ;ti'|"of,
juice] . A deficiency of chyme.
Oligocopria (pl-ig-o-kop' -re-ah) [6/./}'0f , few ; Koirpo^,
excrement]. Deficiency of excrement.
Oligocystic {ol-ig-o-sis' -t'ik) {oliyoc, few; k-votlc, cyst].
Having few cysts or open spaces.
Oligocythemia [ol - ig - o - si - the' -me - ah) [oA/yof , few ;
Kirof, cell; al/^a, blood]. A deficiency of red cor-
puscles in the blood ; a symptom of nearly all forms of
anemia, but especially of pernicious anemia.
Oligodacrya [ol-ig-o-dak' -re-ah) [oTiiyoc, few ; daKpvov,
tear]. Deficiency of the tears.
Oligodactylia [ol- ig- o - dak - til'- e - ah) [oA/yof, few;
SaKTv'Aog, finger]. A condition characterized by a
deficiency of fingers.
Oligoerythrocythemia (pl-ig-o-er-ith-ro-si-tlie' -me-ali)
\h'/Ayoq, scanty ; ipvOpo^, red ; Kvrog, cell ; aifia,
blood]. Deficiency of the coloring-matter of the red
corpuscles of the blood.
Oligogalactia (ol-ig-o-gal-ak' -te-ah) \j)Xiyoc,, scant ;
-)a'/j:i, milk]. Deficiency in the secretion of milk.
Oligohemia [ol-ig-o-he' -me-ah). See Oligemia.
Oligohydramnios [ol - ig-o - hi - dram'- ne - os) [o/ltyof,
scant; vSup, water; d/aviov, the amnion]. A de-
ficiency in the quantity of the amniotic fluid. It is
a rare condition, occurring once in 3000 or 4000
pregnancies.
Oligohydria (ol-ig-o-hi'-dre-ah). Same as Olighydria.
Oligokatantes [ol-ig-o-kat-an' -tez). See Oligocatantes.
Oligomania [ol-ig-o-»ia' -ne-ah) [6/V/yof, few; fiavia,
madness]. Insanity with delusions relating to a few
subjects. Cf. Oligopsychia.
Oligomenorrhea [ol-ig-o-itien-or-e' -ah) [oA/yof , few ;
fiiiv, month ; po'ia, flow]. Insufficiency of the men-
strual flow.
Oligomerous [ol-ig-om' -er-us) [oA/yof , few ; f^iipo^,
part]. In biology, having few segments, somites,
members, or metameres.
Oligopepsia [ol-ig-o-pep' -se-ah) [oA/yof, scant; Trctpig,
digestion]. Feebleness of digestion.
Oligopetalous [ol- ig-o-pet' -al-us) [i'Aiyoc, few ; ■nhalov,
■ a petal]. In biology, having only a few petals.
Oligophyllous [ol-ig-off ' -il-iis) [oA/yof , few ; (jiv?iAov,
a leaf]. In biology, having few leaves.
Oligopionia [ol-ig-o-pi-o' -ne-ah) [o/./;of, scant; -iuv,
fat]. Wasting; emaciation.
Oligopodous [ol-ig-op' -o-dtis) [6?L(yof , few ; 7ro?'f, a
foot]. In biology having only a few feet.
Oligoposia [ol-ig-o-po' -ze-ah) \hXiyoQ, scanty; -noair,
drink]. Defective desire for drinking.
Oligopsychia [ol-ig-op-si' -ke-'ah) \hXiyo<;, scant ; '<pvxi/,
mind]. Fatuity; imbecility.
Oligopyrenemia [ol- ig- o- pi- ren - e'- jne -ah ) [hViyo^,
scanty; -up;}'!', a fruit-stone ; ai/za, blood] . Deficiency
of red corpuscles in the blood.
Oligoria (oZ-^^-f [o/Jyof ,few, scant; iipa, heed,
notice]. Susceptibility to but few mental impres-
sions ; oligopsychia.
Oligosepalous [ol-ig-o-sep' -al-ui) [oAiyo^, few ; sepa-
lum, a sepal]. In biology, having only a few sepals.
Oligosialia [ol-ig-o-si-a' -le-ah) [oA('yor, scant; aia)M,
saliva]. Deficiency of saliva.
Oligospermatic [ol-ig-o-sper-mat'-ik) [o/a'/of, scant;
aTripfxa, seed]. Pertaining to oligospermia.
Oligospermia {ol-ig-o-sper'-tne-ah) [oXiyo^, scant;
o-TTi/j/za, seed]. A deficiency in the secretion of
semen.
Oligospermism [ol-ig-o- sperm' -izm). See Oligospermia.
Oligospermous [ol-ig-o-sper'-mt{s)[o'Aiyoi, few ; anep/ia,
seed]. In biology, having few seeds.
Oligospondylous [ol-ig-o-spon' -dil-us) [oA/yoc, few ;
a-KovhvAoc^, vertebra]. Having fewer vertebrae than
normal.
Oligosteatosis [ol-ig-o-ste-at-o' -sis) \o'KiyoQ, scant;
artap, tallow]. Deficiency of the sebaceous secre-
tion.
Oligostemonous [ol-ig-o-ste' -vton-us) [oA/yof, few ;
ari/iiuv, stamen]. Same as Oligandrous.
Oligotokous [ol-ig-of -o-kus) {^o/iyog, few ; t'ikteiv,
tekeIv, to bear.] In biology, producing few at a birth.
Oligotrichia [ol-ig-o-trik'-e-ah) [o/./yof, few, scant;
Op'it,, hair]. Scantiness or thinness of the hair.
OLIGOTROPHOUS
894
OMICHOLIN
Oligotrophous (ol-ig-of -ro-fus) [o^/;of , scant ; Tpo<pii,
nourishment]. Only slightly nutritious.
Oligotrophy [ol-ig-ot' -ro-fe) [oX/jof, few ; Tpo<pf/, nour-
ishment]. Defective or imperfect nutrition.
Oligozobspermia (ol-ig-o-zo-o-spcr' -iiw-ah) [o/'Jyof,
few; fiior, animal ; aTvipjia, seed]. Abnormal few-
ness of the spermatozoa.
Oliguresis (ol-ig-ti-re'-sis). See Oliguria.
Oliguria {oJ-ig-n' -re-ah) [o/./jof, scanty; niipov, urine].
A diminution in the quantity of urine excreted.
Oligydria [oZ-ig-id^-re-a//) [o/l/}Of , scanty ; wJ/juf,
sweat]. Ischidrosis ; a deficiency in the sweat.
Olisthema (ol-is-the' -mah) [^u'/uaOdvsiv, to slip]. Dislo-
cation.
Oliva [o-le' -vail) [L.]. The olivary body of the brain.
Olivaceous {ol-iv-a' -se-tis) [oliva, olive]. In biology,
olive-green.
Olivae, Oleum (o-le'-ve o'-le-tim). See Olive-oil.
Olivary (ol'-iv-a-re) [oliva, olive]. Pertaining to an
olive ; like an olive. In anatomy, pertaining to the
oliva. O. Bodies, the olive-shaped bodies laterad of
the anterior pyramids of the medulla oblongata.
O. Eminence, the small, rounded, transverse prom-
inence of the body of the sphenoid bone immediately
cephalad of the pituitary fossa. O. Fasciculus.
See Fasciculus. O. Nucleus, the corpus dentatum
of the olivary body. O. Peduncle, the mass of
fibers entering the hilum of the olivary body. O.
Process. See Process.
Olive [ol'-iv) [oli-<'a, an olive]. I. The olive-tree. 2.
The fruit of the olive-tree. 3. The Olivary Body,
q.v. O.-oil, Oleum oliva ra ; Sweet Oil, Salad Oil ;
the oil expressed from the fruit of Olea europaa.
The purest oil is nearly inodorous, pale-yellovv, with
a pure oily taste, and a specific gravity of .918 at
15° C. It does not decompose or become rancid
easily, and congeals at 32° F. to a granular solid
mass. It is used extensively as an article of food or
condiment, in pharmacy, as an illuminant and lubri-
cant, in soap-making, and as a cathartic in the place
of castor oil.
Oliver, Sign of. See Signs and Symptoms, Table of.
O.'s Test. See Tests, Table of.
Oliverin (ol-iv'-er-in) [oliva, olive]. A body obtained
from Olea europcea ; it has been used instead of
quinin. Unof.
Oliviform [ol-iv'-if-orm) [oliva, an olive ; forma,
form]. In biology, olive-shaped.
Olivil [oliva, oW-ve; v'hi, matter], Cj^HjgOj.
A crystalline body found in resin of wild olives.
Ollier's Layer. See Layer, Osteogenetic.
Olophlyctis (pl-o-flik' -tis) [oXoc^/aiKr/f, herpes]. Herpes;
a dark vesicular skin-eruption. [Rare.]
Olophonia {ol-o-fo' -ne-ah) [o/'iOf, whole; (^uvij, voice].
The condition of having a loud and harsh voice,
-oma (-o'-w?//) [6//«, tumor : pi. , ■omata'\. A termina-
tion signifying a neoplasm or tumor.
Omacephalus (o-mas-ef -al-its) [w/^of , shoulder ; Kf0-
a'Kii, head]. A variety of omphalositic monsters of the
species paracephalus, in which there are present the
characteristics of paracephalus except that there is
more imperfect development, with absence of the
upper extremities.
Omagra (f-wa'-i.Tf?/;) [6j//of, shoulder ; (i}'pa, seizure].
Gout in the shoulder.
Omalgia (o-mal' -je-ah) [<j//of, shoulder; a>)'Of, pain].
Pain about the shoulder.
Omarthralgia {o-mar-tliral'-Je-ali) [«/-/of, shoulder;
(ipHpov, joint ; «/)«';, pain]. Pain in the shoulder-joint.
Omarthritis {o-mar-thri' -lis) shoulder; iipOpov,
joint; ir/f, inflammation]. Inflammation of the
shoulder-joint.
Omarthrocace [o-mar-throk' -as-c") [u/iof, shoulder;
apHpop, joint; mnor, evil]. Disease of the shoulder-
joint.
Omasal {o-mat -sal) [omasum, a paunch]. Pertaining
to the omasum.
Oma.s\im[o-ma'-siim) [omasum , a. -p^wnch: pi.. Omasa'].
The third stomach of a ruminant ; it is also called the
psallcriidii, and manyplies. Cf. Abomasum; Reed.
Omatocia (o-mat-o' -se-ah). See Omotocia.
Omeire (o-mi'-ra) [African]. A vinous and acetous
fermented milk used in parts of Africa.
Omelysis [o-me' -lis-is) [li)pii}-vaic, bruised meal of raw
corn]. Barley or wheat-meal used for poultices.
Omental [o-men' -tal) [omentum, the caul]. Pertaining
to the omentum. O. Foramen. See Fora>?iina , Table
of. O. Hernia. See Epiplocele. O. Sac. See Sac.
Omentitis (o-men-ti'-tis) [omentum , omentum ; mq, in-
flammation]. Inflammation of the omentum or caul.
Omentocele (o-men' -to-sel) [omentum, omentum; nijhi,
hernia]. Omental hernia.
Omentulum {o-iiwn' -tu-lum) [dim. ol omentum , om^a-
tum]. The smaller omentum.
Omentum [o-men' -tum) [L. ]. A fold of the periton-
eum connecting the abdominal viscera. O. colicum,
the part of the great omentum of the fetus that in
adult life becomes the hepato-colic ligament. O.,
Gastric. See O. , Greater. O., Gastro-colic, the large
peritoneal fold attached to the greater curvature of the
Omentum of Cat, Silvered. i
T = Trabecula, with c, blood-vessel. /.Fat-cells, i. Silver- j
lines, and a. nuclei of the endothelium, m. Meshes. *. ,
Nuclei of the connective-tissue corpuscles. Silver nitrate
and hematoxylin. X 100. (Stirling.) [
stomach above and after dipping down over the intes- ,
tines returning to be attached to the. transverse colon.
O., Gastro-hepatic, a double fold of peritoneum
passing from the lesser curvature of the stomach to the
transverse fissure of the liver. On the left side it in- .
eludes the esophagus ; on the right its edges are free j
and inclose all the structures issuing from or entering |
the transverse fissure of the liver, the hepatic vessels ,
and nerves, and the bile-duct. Behind it is the fora-
men of Winslow. O., Gastro-splenic, the fold of j
peritoneum passing from the stomach to the spleen.
O., Greater. See O., Gastro-colic. O., Hepato-
gastric. See O., Gastro-hepatic. O., Lesser. Syn-
onym of O., Gastro-hepatic. O. majus, the greater
omentum. O. minus, the gastro-hepatic or lesser
omentum.
Omichesis {o-mih-e' sis) [(')/" .T^'i'. to urinate]. Unna- j
tion. . i
Om\c\ima [o-mik' -mail] [bfuxiM, ■amt]. ^rine. ,
Omicholin (p-mik' -o-lin) [oiiix/Jf, urine], C^HjjlNUs. |
OiMISSION
895
OMPHALONEURORRHEXIS
A resinous substance said to give the fetid odor to
putrid urine.
Omission, Death of Children by. In medical juris-
prudence, a form of cliild-murder from neglect or
improper attendance at or shortly after birth.
Omitis [o-i?ii'-tis) [w/iof, shoulder ; ing, inflammation].
Inflammation of the shoulder.
Ommateal, Ommatidial {oin-at-e' -al, om-at-id' -e-al)
[b/x/ia (ofifiar-), eye]. In biology, pertaining to the
ommatidium or single eye of an arthropod. O.
Layer, the inner layer of that part of the epidermis
from which the optic ganglion originated in decapods,
consisting of retinophor* burrounded by their circles
of retinute.
Ommatidium [otn-at-id'-e-tcin] [hfifiaThhoii, dim. of
bjiiia, an eye: //. , Oininatidia\ In biology, one of
the closely-packed, radially-arranged single eyes com-
posing the compound eye of an arthropod. Each
ommatidium has three chief constituents, the retinuhx,
the crystal cone, the hypodennal elements (cornea,
etc.).
Ommatophore [om-at' -o-for) [ojifia, an eye ; (pkpeiv, to
bear]. In biology, one of the eye-stalks, ophthal-
mites, or eye-bearing tentacles of various inverte-
brates.
Omnivorous [om-niv'-o-i-us) [^o/nnis, all ; vorai'e, to
devour]. Subsisting on all kinds of food.
Omo- [o'-tHo-) [<j|"0(,', raw]. A prefix signifying raw or
crude.
Omo- (o'-mo-) [w/Mf, scapula]. A prefix that de-
notes connection with or relation to the scapula or
shoulder.
Omo-atlanticus (o->no-at-lan' -tik-ics) [w/zof , shoulder ;
OT/laf, atlas]. Synonym of the Levator angidi scapula.
See Muscles, Table of.
Omo-brachialis [o-mo-bra-ke-a'-lis) [w//of , shoulder ;
(ipax'nov, arm]. Synonym of Coraco-brachialis . See
Muscles, Table of.
Omocace {o-mok'-as-e)\uiioc,, shoulder; KrtKof, evil].
Disease of the shoulder.
Omo-cervicalis (o-mo-ser-vik-a' -lis) [w/^of , shoulder ;
cervix, neck]. Synonym of Levator anguli scapula.
See Muscles, Table of.
Omo-clavicular (o-aio-kla-vik'-u-lar) [(j//of, shoulder ;
clavicula, clavicle]. Pertaining to the shoulder and
the clavicle.
Omocotyle {o-nio-kof -il-e) [(j//of, shoulder; kotvIt],
cup]. The glenoid cavity ; also, the shoulder -joint.
Omodynia [o-ino-din'-e-ah] [W|UOf, shoulder; oSiw)/,
pain]. Pain in the shoulder. See Dorsodvnia.
Omohyoid {o-mo-hi' -oid) [(i/^of, shoulder ; voeidl/c;, like
the Greek letter upsilon]. Pertaining conjointly to
the scapula and the hyoid bone. O. Muscle. See
Muscles, Table of.
Omoideum [o-inoi'-de-um) [w^of, the shoulder ; dfiog,
form: //. , Omoidea']. In biology, the true pterygoid
bone of the skull of a bird.
Omophagia {o-mo-fa' -je-ali) [w//o?, raw ; (payeiv, to
eat]. The practice of eating raw food.
Omophagous (o-juof -ag-us) [<j//of , raw ; djiayeiv, to
eat] . Eating raw food.
Omoplate {o' -mo-plat) [w^uoi;, the shoulder; 7r/dr//, a
plate]. See Scapula.
Omositia {o-mo-sit'-e-ali) [u/zof, raw; airteip, to feed].
The eating of raw flesh.
Omostegite {o-mos' -tej-it) [6j/.zof, the shoulder; rsreyoq,
roof]. In biology, the thoracic portion proper of the
carapace of a crustacean.
Omosternal (p-mo-ster' -nal) [di/zoc shoulder ; aripvov,
sternum]. Pertaining to the shoulder and the sternum.
Omosternum [o-mo-stei-'-num) [(J^t/of, the shoulder;
aripvov, th.^ sternum: //. , Omosternal. In biology,
a superior median ossification in the pectoral arch of
a batrachian ; the homologue of the interclavicle.
Omostrophosis [o - ?nos - trof- o'- sis) [of/yof, shoulder ;
OTpE^ew, to turn about]. Dislocation of the shoulder.
Omotocia {o - mo - to'- se - ah) [w/zof , untimely ; tokoc,
birth]. Premature birth.
Omotocous {o-mot' -o-kus) [(j//dro/tOf ; i>p(i<:, untimely ;
ToKng, birth]. Bearing young prematurely.
Omotrachelius [p-nio-tra-ke' -le-us) [w,t«'f> shoulder;
r/jd Y'//of, the neck]. The muscle elevating the clav-
icle in certain animals.
Omozone [o' -tno-zon) [w//or, the shoulder ; Cwi"/, a
girdle]. A term proposed by Coues and Wilder. 1871,
for the shoulder-girdle, including the scapula, clavicle,
and coracoid process.
Omphacine {om'-fas-iii) \_bp^a^, unripe fruit]. Per-
taining to unripe fruit. O. Oil, the viscous brown
juice expressed from unripe olives.
Omphacomel (oin-fak'-o- mel) \_bu(t>a^, unripe fruit;
pe'Ai., honey] . An ancient confection ; a syrup pre-
pared from unripe grapes and honey.
Omphalectomy {out - fal - ek'- to - me) \jtju^aXb^, navel ;
EKTopi/, excision]. Excision of the navel.
Omphalelcosis {otn - fal - el - ko'- sis) \o)ii^a\bq, navel ;
t '/jMait:, ulceration]. Ulceration of the navel.
Omphalexoche (om - fal- eks' - 0 - ke) [bn(j>a?i6(;, navel ;
prominence]. Synonym oi Exomphalos.
Omphalic (om-fal' -ik) \_ufi<paAiiv6g, from bfi(paX6r, navel].
Pertaining to the navel or umbilicus, O. Duct, the
vitelline duct ; the duct connecting the umbilical vesicle
with the fetal intestines during the first three months
of intrauterine life.
Omphalitis {om-fal-i' -tis) \oii^a/or, navel; /r^f, inflam-
mation]. Inflammation of the navel.
Omphalo- [om-fal'-o-) \hji<^a'/.6q, navel]. A prefix
used to denote relation to the umbilicus or navel.
Omphalocele (om-fal'-o-sel) \hp.<j)al6<;, navel; /oyA//,
tumor] . Umbilical hernia.
Omphalocraniodidymus (om' -fal-o-kra-ne-o-did' -im-
us) [iip<l)nM(;, navel; Kpai'iov, skull; (^l6vpo(, twin].
A form of double monstrosity in which the parasite is
attached to the cranium of the autosite.
Omphalode [om' -fal-bd ]\hp^d/Mc, navel]. The same as
Oinph a lod iu m .
Omphalodes (om-fal-o'-dez) [6//0a/^df, navel ; Eidof,
like] . Resembling the navel.
Omphalodium (oin-fal-o' -de-um) [bp.cjiaXdg, a navel :
//. , Omphalodia'\. In biology, the axial part of the
hilum of a seed, containing the vessels that enter
the raphe or chalaza.
Omphalo-enteric [om'- fal -0 - en- ter'- ik) [ufi<paX6i;,
navel; evTepov, intestine]. Pertaining to the navel
and the intestine.
Omphaloid (o»i' -fal-oid) [o/-/0a/idf, a navel ; fwSof,
form]. Resembling the navel.
Omphalolysis (om-fal-ol'-is-is) \bpyaX6c, navel ; Xljaig,
loosing]. The dividing of the umbilical cord.
Omphalomesaraic [om' -fal-o-mez-ar-a'-ik). The same
as Omphalomesenteric.
Omphalomesenteric {om' -fal-o-mez' -en-ter-ik) [b/i(tia-
/I Of, navel ; ^ffffiTf/j^oc, mesentery]. Pertaining con-
jointly to the navel and the mesentery. O. Duct.
See L)uct.
Omphalomonodidymi (om - fal-o - mon - o - did'- im - i )
[y(/(paAdf, navel; ptivoq, one; &[6vpoi;, twin]. A form
of twin monstrosity in which the fetuses are joined at
the umbilicus.
Omphaloncus {oin-fal-ong' -kus) \hp<^a'>J)Q, navel ; oyKoc;,
tumor]. A tumor or swelling at the navel.
Omphaloneuron (om-fal-o-)tu' -ron) \bii<^akuQ, navel ;
nvpov, cord]. The umbilical cord.
Omphaloneurorrhexis (om-fal-o-nu-ror-eks' -is) \_bp(pa-
OMPHALONEUROSTREPSIS
896
ONOMATOPOIESIS
Pidf, navel; revpov, cord; pf/Sic, rupture]. Laceration
of the umbilical cord.
Omphaloneurostrepsis {oni -fal- o - tiK - ro - strep' - sis)
\o!iipa7'jj(;, navel ; vevpor, cord ; arphliig, a turning
about]. Torsion of the umbilical cord.
Omphalopagus {oin-fal-op' -ag-zis) [^o/upa^-oc , navel ;
Trrjyviivai , to make fast]. A better term for the fetal
monstrosity known as Xiphopagus, q. v.
Omphalophlebitis [oi?i-fal-o-J?e-bi'-/is)[ofi^ahj(;, navel;
0Af vein ; iTbg, inflammation] . Inflammation of the
umbilical vein.
Ompha.Xo'phyvcLaL [om-fal-o-Ji'-inah). Synonym of Om-
plialoiuus.
Omphaloproptosis {out - fal - o - prop - to' -sis) [^bfi(l>a?.6g,
navel ; -po-ruair, a falling forward]. Abnormal pro-
trusion of the navel.
Omphalopter {om-fat-op'-tcr) [6//^a/ldf , navel ; onTr/p,
a viewer]. A double convex lens.
Omphaloptic [^oin-fal-op' -tik\ [hpipa?i6(;, navel ; otttiko^,
of seeing]. The same as Omphalopter.
Omphalorrhagia (om-fal-or-a' -je-ali) [^opcpaMc, navel ;
pi/yvi'vai , to burst forth]. Hemorrhage from the
umbilicus.
Omphalorrhea (om-fal-or-e' -ah)YojL<^a'A6q, navel; pola,
a flow]. An effusion of lymph at the navel.
Omphalorrhexis ior/i-fal-or-eks'-is) \_bfi<l)a?i6c, navel;
prj^ir, rupture] . Rupture of the navel, or of the navel-
string.
Omphalos {om' -fal-os)[bp(j)a'A6i; , navel]. The umbilicus.
Omphalosite {om-fal ' -o-s'it) \bfi<pa'k6^, navel; (Ttrof,
nourishment]. An embryo or fetus dependent for its
imperfect growth in the uterus upon another embryo
or fetus, usually well-developed, that supplies the cir-
culation of blood for both by means of extensive and
intimate anastomoses of the umbilical and placental
vessels.
Orripha\osot&r {oin-fal-o-so' -ter)\hfj(pa'X6<;, navel; auri/p,
preserver] . An instrument for replacing a prolapsed
funis.
Omphalotacterium (om-fal-o-tak-te' -re-uni) [6/^(^a/ldf,
navel ; rdnatn', to arrange]. An instrument for re-
placing a prolapsed umbilical cord.
Omphalotaxis [otn - fal -o - taks'- is) [bii<paA6^, navel ;
raaniiv, to arrange]. Reposition of the prolapsed
, funis.
Omphalotome [am' -fal-o-tdni] Yop^akoq, navel ; ro//?/,
a cutting] . An instrument for dividing the umbilical
cord.
Omphalotomist {omfal-ot'-o-mist) [o//(/ia/df , navel;
ro/y?/, a cutting]. A midwife.
Omphalotomy (oin-fal-ot' -o-mc) [oiKpakd^, navel ; rofifj,
a cutting]. The obstetric separation of the cord at
the umbilicus. Also, an obsolete term for obstetrics.
Omphalus [on' -fal- its) [hn(pa'k6(;, navel]. See 0>?i-
phalos.
Onanism [o'-naji-izin) [from Onan,i\ie son of Judah].
I, Incomplete coitus. 2. Masturbation, or other per-
version of the sexual instinct.
Onanist (o'-nan-isf) [from Oiian, the son of Judah].
One who practises onani.sm.
Onchosphaera, Onchosphere (ong' -kos-ef'-rah, ong'-
kos-fer) [ojKor, bulk, mass; a<paipa, a sphere]. In
biology, a stage in the development of certain platode
worms.
Oncograph [ong' -ko-graf) [oyKOf , swelling ; ■ypd(pf:iv, to
record]. The registering portion of an oncometer; a
plethysmograph.
Oncology (ong-kol'-o-Je) [o>KOf, tumor ; Ad/of, science].
The science or study of tumors.
Oncome {on'-ktitn) [ME., on, on; ME., cumen, to
come]. The oncoming, attack, or onset of a disease
or illness.
Oncometer [ottg-kom' -et-er) [oy/eof , mass ; /jerpov, meas-
ure]. An instrument for measuring the size of a
tumor or the volume of an organ, especially for
measuring the size of any variable organ, as the
kidney.
Oncosis {ong-ko' -sis) [djvcof, tumor]. The presence of
a tumor ; the diseased state characterized by the
growth of tumors.
Oncothlipsis {ong-ko-thlip' -sis) [dyraf , tumor ; dXlijji^,
pressure]. Pressure caused by a tumor.
Oncotomy [ong-kot'-o-me) [dy/cof, tumor ; ro/(^, a cut-
ting]. The lancing or opening of a tumor or abscess.
One [wun) [ME., one]. A single unit or indi-
vidual. O.-eyed, cyclopean, having but one eye.
O. -hundred Day Disease, the Japanese term for
whooping-cough. O. -sided, developed better upon
one side than upon the other. O.-year Ulcer, the
Arabic synonym of Aleppo Boil.
Oneirodynia [o-ni-ro-din'-e-ah) [dw/pof , a dream ;
biVvvr], pain]. Disquietude of the mind during
sleep ; painful dreaming ; nightmare. O. activa,
somnambulism.
Oneirogmus (on-i-rog' -tnus) \j)v?Lpcjyp-6c, an effusion
during sleep]. Emission of semen during sleep.
Oneirogonorrhea, Oneirogonos {on-i-rug-on-or-e' -ah,
on-i-rog' -on-os). Synonyms of Oneirogmus.
Oneirology {on - i - rol'- o - je) [ovtipoq, dream ; /Idyof,
science]. The science or scientific view of dreams.
Oneironosus [oti-i-ron' -o-siis) [^bvc/pog, dream ; vdaoc,
disease]. Disorder manifesting itself in dreams;
morbid dreaming.
Onion (ini'-yiin) [L. , unio, an onion]. A garden
plant. Allium cepa ; also its esculent bulbous root.
Onion-syrup and onion-poultices are much used in
domestic medicine ; the juice is stimulant, expectorant,
and diuretic. Unof.
Onobaio [on-o-ba' -yo) [Nat. Obock]. An arrow-poison
used by the natives of Obock.
Onomatology [on-o-mat-ol'-o-je) \_bi>opa, name ; Adyof,
science]. The science of nomenclature; the forma-
tion of names.
Onomatomania (on-o-!}iat-o-ma' -ne-ah) [^rivo/xa, name;
fiavla, mania]. Functional derangement of speech,
of which five varieties are described: I. A pow-
erful effort to recall some word. 2. An irresistible
impulse continually to repeat a word, by which the
patient seems perplexed. 3. The patient attaches
some peculiar and dreadful meaning to a commonplace
word. 4. The patient attaches talismanic significance
to certain words, which he repeats as a safeguard.
5. The patient is impelled to spit out some word, like
a disgusting morsel. A word is a complexus of images,
localized in certain centers of the cerebral cortex, the
images being partly auditive, partly visual, partly mo-
tor. " Onomatomania is characterized by irregular
action of one or several verbal images, resulting from
some functional disturbance of the corresponding cen-
ter." In simple onomatomania, the ]iatient is possessed
with the idea of recovering a word that escapes him.
The word is familiar ; its significance can be given ;
the place where read or the time when heard can be
given, but the word cannot be recalled. Articulate
speech may be at fault. The patient knows the word,
sees it written before him; but cannot articulate it.
He may utter a synonym or a .similar word. In as.toa-
ated onomatomania , words, acquire a peculiar or ]3re-
ponderant meaning.
Onomatopoiesis [on-o-mal-o-poi-r'-sis) [brnpa, name;
TTo/ff 77', to make]. The extemporaneous formation of
words by the insane. Words so formed are generally
meaningless, or incorrect, but are sometimes quite the
reverse.
ONOSMODIUM
897
ONYM
Onosmodium [on-oz-mo' -de-uiii) \hvor, an ass ; ocr//?;,
smell; E/tio^', form]. A genus of boraginaceous
plants. O. hispidum, O. virginianum, a plant of
the genus of Boraginacex, growing in the Eastern
and Middle States ; it has been used in gonorrhea and
diseases of the bladder. Unof.
Ontogenesis {on - to - jen' - es - is) \yv, ovToq, existing ;
yhsaic;, birth]. The development of the individual
cell into the mature being.
Ontogenetic [on-to-jen-et' -ik) [ui", ovtoc, existing ; yfv-
eatc, birth]. Pertaining to ontogenesis. See also
Evolution .
Ontogeny [ojt-toj'^-i'n-e) [wr, being ; yfiv/f, producing].
In biology, the history of the development of the in-
dividual ; it is a short recapitulation of the history of the
race, or phylogeny, </. zk; that is, every animal passes
on to its descendants by inheritance, not only its or-
ganization at an adult stage, but also its own course of
development. (Lang.)
Ontographic {on-to-graf -ik) [ui', being ; ypd(j)eiv, to
write]. Of, or pertaining to, Ontography.
Ontography {on - tog' - ra - fe) \l)v, being ; ypai^eiv, to
write]. A description of beings, their nature and
essence.
Ontoi'dic (ou-io-id'-ik) [uv, duroc, being; idus, the di-
viding or division]. In biology, Weismann's term for
the ontogenetic stages of the idioplasm from the hered-
itary substance or germ-plasm forming the first onto-
idic stage and preceding the division of the egg-cell
to the natural death of the organism.
Ontologic (on-to-lo}' -ik) [<ji',6vrof, being; Adyof, science] .
Pertaining to ontology.
Ontology (on-tol' -o-ji')\y)v, di'Toq, being ; ^-Syof:, science].
The metaphysical inquiry into the nature and essential
quality of beings, or of being in the abstract. Accord-
ing to Flourens, one of the divisions of physiology.
A. Biology, the study of life proper. B. Ontology, the
study of hving beings, which he divides into Neon-
tology and Paleontology. C, Medical, a view which
regards diseases as distinct entities.
Onuphin [on'-u-fin), Q^H^NOjg. A substance ob-
tained from the rings of a species of worm, the Omt-
phis tubicola. It forms a white mass resembling pipe-
clay, dissolving easily in water.
Onychatrophia [on-ik-at-ro' -fe-ah)\hi'v^ ,n^\\', aTpoip!a,
atrophy]. Atrophy of the nails.
Onychauxe, Onychauxis (on-ik-awks'-e, on-ik-awks' -is)
[oyuf, the nail ; "iif//,, increase]. Increased growth or
hypertrophy of the nail, usually with alteration in tex-
ture, color, and shape.
Onychia (o-nik'-e-ah)\bvv^,
nail]. Inflammation of
the matrix of the nail.
See Paronychia. O.
maligna. See Onyxitis.
O. simplex, onychia with-
out much ulceration, with
loss of the nail and its
replacement by a new
one.
Onychisterion {on-ik-is-te' -
re - on'') \_bvvxiijTi/p/nv, a
nail-knife]. An instru-
ment used for cutting the
nails.
Onychitis ( on - ik - i'- tis )
[owf , nail ; nir, inflam-
mation]. Inflammation of
a nail.
Onychium ( o-nik'-e-um )
\hyvxinv, a little claw ;
dim. of ovDf, a nail, claw : //., Onychia']. In biology,
57
Chronic On\chia.
a little claw ; specifically the small terminal append-
age of the tarsus of many insects, between the two
claws proper.
Onycho- (on' -ik-o-) [oi'nf, nail]. A prefix denoting
connection with, or relation to, the nails.
Onychoclasis [on-ik-ok' -las-is) [ovv^, nail ; KAaatc, a
breaking]. Breaking of the nail.
Onychocline [on-ik-ok' -lin-e) [ovv^, nail; kX!v7/, abed].
The bed of a nail.
Onychocryptosis [on - ik - o - krip - to'- sis) \ovv^, nail ;
Kpv7TT6(;, hidden]. Ingrowing of a nail.
Onychogryposis (pn-ik-o-gri-po' -sis) [dvcf, nail ; yp'v-
nuair, curvature]. A thickened, ridged, and curved
condition of the nail. It sometimes takes the well-
known form of ingrowing nail.
Onychohelcosis [on-ik-o-hcl-ko' -sis) [oi'nf , nail ; f Akw-
aiq, ulceration]. Ulceration of the nail.
Onychoid (o«'-//^-(7?V) \hvu^, nail ; eHiorlike]. Resem-
bling a nail. Having a texture like that of the
nails.
Onycholepra [on - ik - o - lep'- rah) \j)vv^,nd.\\; AtTrpa,
lepro.sy]. Leprosy affecting the nails.
Onycholysis [on - ik - ol'- is - is) [owf , nail ; /Iw/f , a
loosening]. Loosening of the nail.
Onychomycosis [on-ik-o->ni-ko' -sis) [ovv^, nail ; /j'finjc,
fungus]. A parasitic disease of the nails of men and
the hoofs of the horse, mule, etc. In man it is termed
dry caries. It is caused by the fungus Achorion kera-
topkagus, or other similar parasite. O. circinata.
Same as O. trichophytina. O. favosa, favus of
the nails. O. tonsurans. Same as O. trichophytina.
O. trichophytina, ringworm of the nails, due to the
parasite Trichophyton tonsurans.
Onychonosus [on-ik-on' -o-siis) [oi'iif , nail ; voaoQ, dis-
ease]. Any disease of the finger-nails or toe-nails.
Onychopathic [on-ik-o-path' -ik) [ori^, nail ; TraHo(;,
disease]. Pertaining to disease of the nails.
Onychophagy [on-ik-off' -aj-e) [ornf, nail ; (paydv, to
eat]. The practice of biting the nails.
Onychophthora [on - ik - off' - tho - rah). Synonym of
Onychosis.
Onychophyma [on-ik-o-fi' -inah) [o/'i'i, nail ; (t>v/ta,
growth]. A morbid degeneration of the nails, some-
times observed in leprosy and in tertiary syphilis.
Onychophyton [on- ik-off'-it-o7i). Synonym of Onycho-
mvcosis.
Onychoptosis [on-ik-op-to' -sis) \bvvS, nail ; KTuaic, a
falling]. The falling off of the nails.
Onychorrhiza [on-ik-or-i' -zah) nail ; p\C,a, root].
The root of the nail.
Onychosarcoma [on-ik-o-sar-ko' -7nah)\(ivv^ ; (itt/of ,
flesh; oua, tumor], A fleshy outgrowth from a nail.
Onychosarcosis [on-ik-o-sar-ko'-sis) [Si'yf , nail ; capK-
ucric, the growth of flesh]. The development of an
onychosarcoma ; an onychosarcoma.
Onychosis [on-ik-o'-sis) [oi'i'f , nail ; voaoc, disease].
Any disease of the nails. O. arctura, ingrowing nail.
O. seline, white spots on the nails. O. tinea, ony-
chomycosis.
Onychostroma [on-ik-os-tro' -7nah) [oi'i'f, nail ; crpiifia,
mattress]. The matrix or sensitive tissue of the
finger, forming the bed of the nail.
Onychostromelcosis [on-ik-os-trom-el-ko' -sis). Syno-
nym of Onvchohclcosis.
Onychothlasis [on-ik-oth' -las-is) [oi'v^, nail ; BXdaiq, a
crushing]. Crushing of the nails.
Onychyphosis [on-ik-if-o' -sis) \hvvi, nail ; v^ii, web].
A disease of the toe-nails, consisting of thickened,
horny layers of the epidermis accumulated beneath
the nail, raising it from its bed, and sometimes alter-
ing its growth.
Onym [on' -im) [oyo.ua, a name]. In biology, the
ONYMAL
898
OOTYPE
technical name of a species or otlier taxonomic divi-
sion.
Onymal [on' -?ni-al) [orowr/, a name]. In biology,
of, or pertaining to, a technical name or technical
nomenclature.
OnymaXic (on-im-at'-ik) [oi'o/za, a name] . In biology,
pertaining to technical nomenclature, or scientihc
ta.Konomy. Cf. Synoiiyinatic.
Onymize {on' -im-lz) [6i'o/;a, a name]. In biology,
to employ onyms, technical names, or nomenclature.
Onymy (on'-im-e) \bvojia, a name]. In biology, the
use of onyms ; a system of nomenclature.
Onyx (oii'-iks) [ovv^, nail]. I. A nail. 2. A collection
of pus between the corneal lamelht, at the most
dependent part. See Hypopyon.
Onyxis {on-iks' -is) nail]. An abnormal incurva-
tion or ingrowing of the nails.
Onyxitis (on-iks-i' -tis) \ovv^, nail; ni<;, inflammation].
Onychia maligna ; an inflammation of the matrix of
the nail, occurring most frequently in unhealthy chil-
dren, after some traumatism.
Ooblast {o'-o-hlast) \y6v, an egg; (Slaarog, a germ].
In biology, Ludwig Will's term for the unripe or
primitive ovum, the central chromatin-body of
which gives rise to the nuclei of the cells forming the
egg-follicle by ejecting a large number of chromatin-
pellets.
Ooblastema [o-o-blas-te' -mah) \}mv, egg; (i'AaoTijfia,
increase]. The protoplasm of an ovule.
Ooboo-waioo {0' -o-boo-wa' -00) [Beng.]. A Bengalese
term for Beri-bei i.
Oocyesis [o-o-si-e'-sis) [uoi', egg ; /ci'iz/cr/cr, pregnancy].
Ovarian pregnancy ; oariocyesis.
OocysX. [o'-o-sist) \_imv, an egg; /ii'itrrff, bladder. ] See
Eiiinii.
Oodeocele [o-o-de-o-sll') [woi', egg ; fZfSoi;, like ; Ktflj],
tumor]. Obturator hernia.
Oogamous {o-og-'-a?n-iis) [wor, an egg; ya//of, mar-
riage]. In biology, exhibiting or reproduced by the
conjugation of dissimilar gametes.
06ga.my [o-og'-a/n-e] [woi', an egg; ya/zof, marriage].
In biology, the conjugation of two dissimilar gametes,
as distinguished from isogainy.
Oogenesis {o-o-j-.-n' -es-is) [tjoi', egg; ykveaic, birth].
The process of the development of the ovum.
Oogenetic [o-o-jen-et'-ik) [yoi', egg; ytvvhv, to beget].
Relating to oogenesis.
Ooglea [o-o'-gle-a/i) [woi', egg; }'Ao/a, glue]. Egg-
glue ; a tough, viscid gelatinous substance enveloping
the eggs of certain animals, as crustaceans.
Oogonium [o-o-go'-ne-iiin) [woe, an egg; yovfj, genera-
tion: //. , Odgonial. In biology, the female sexual
organ in the Oospores before fertilization.
Ooid (fl'-oid) [uo)', egg; eUor^, like]. Egg-shaped.
Ookinesis [o-o-kin e'-sis) [woi', egg ; Kivijaa;, move-
ment]. The changes occurring in the egg during
maturation, fertilization and segmentation.
Oolecithymen [o-o-h-s-ith-i' -men) [oioi', egg; AsKitiuQ,
yolk of egg; vu'/i', membrane]. In biology, the vitel-
line membrane.
Oolemma [o-o-lcin' -ali) [i.ioi', an egg; 'kijiiia, peel,
skin]. In biology, the vitelline membrane of an
egg-
Ooleukon {o-o-hi' -kon). Synonym of Albumin.
Oology (o-ol'-o-je) [wdv, an egg; /d>or, science]. The
study of eggs and nidification. Cf. Caliology.
Oolysis (o-o/'-is-?s) [u^ir, egg; //•cr/f, a loosing]. In
biology, a monstrous ovular development.
Oometra {0-0-me' -Irali) [wov, egg; liijrfta, uterus].
In biology, the ovary of phanerogamous plants.
Oometry [o-om' -ei-rf) [uor, an egg; fihpov, a meas-
ure]. In biology, the measurement of eggs.
Oophoralgia {o-off-or-al' -je-aJi) [wdi', egg; (pepeiv, to
bear; 0/) or, pain]. Neuralgia of the ovary.
Oophorauxe . {o-off-or-awks' -e) [oidi', egg ; (fiipeiv, to
bear; ah^r/, growth]. Hypertrophy of the ovary.
Oophore {o'-o-for) [udi', an egg; (popoc, bear]. In
biology, the sexual stage in plants exhibiting alternate
generation.
Oophorectomy {o-off-or-ek' -to-me) \yliv, egg ; <j>epeiv, to
bear; fKiopr/, excision]. Excision of the ovary.
Battey's Operation, the removal of both ovaries
to hasten the menopause.
Oophoridium [o-o-for-id' -e-itm) \_Cidv, an egg; odpof,
bear: //. , Oophoridia'\. Ste. Maci-osporangiu}?i.
Oophoritis [o-off-or-i' -tis). See Ovaritis.
Oophoro-epilepsy {0' -off-or-o-ep' -il-ep-se) \_w(>v, egg;
(pipeiv, to bear; eTTiXTjijua, epilepsy]. Epileptiform
disease due to an ovarian lesion.
Oophoroma [o-off-or-o' -inali) [udf, egg ; ^epuv, to bear ;
uiw, a tumor : //. , OdpJioyomata\. A dermoid cyst of
the ovary, characterized by metastasis.
Oophoromalacia (o-off-or-o->nal-a' -se-ah) [(jdi", egg ;
(ptpeii', to bear; ixa'Aania, softness]. Softening of the
ovary.
O6'p\ioroma.r\.ia.{o-off-or-o-ma' -7ie-ah) [i^idv, egg; (pfpeiv,
to bear ; /uavta, mania] . Insanity due to ovarian dis-
order.
Oophoromyeloma {o-off-or-o-7ui-el-o'-7nah) \wuv, egg ;
^tpdv, to bear; iive7Mr, marrow; bua, tumor]. An
ovarian encephaloma.
Oophoron, Oophorum, (o-of-or-on, o-off'-or-tm).
.See Oophore, Ovarium, Oi'aiy .
Oophoropathia { o-off-or-o-pa' -the-ah ) [ ubv, egg ;
(piptiv, to bear; ttciHoq, disease]. Any disease of the
ovary.
Oophoro-salpingectomy ( 0' -off-or-o-sal-ping-gek' -to-
me) [ojdi', egg; (pipfif, to bear ; cdZ-Tr/yf , tube ; ektoui/,
excision]. .Surgical removal of an ovary and oviduct.
Oophorrhapy (6'-<?^-cr'-<?'-/t') [wdi', egg; <pipeiv, to bear;
pa<pi/, suture]. The surgical fixation, by suture, of a
displaced ovary.
Oophyte (o'-o-fit) [uop, an egg; 0?j-dj', a plant]. Same
as OopJwre.
Ooplasma (0-0-plaz' -mah) [(JOf, egg; T^Xaooaw, to
mold]. The vitellus.
Ooplasty (0' -o-plas-te) [udi', egg ; ■k'/Aooeiv, to form].
The process of fecundation.
Oopoda [o-op' -o-dah) [wdi', an egg; Trorif, foot]. In
biology, the three pairs of blade-like elements of the
sting or modified ovipositor of insects.
Oosperm {o' -o-sperm) [odi', egg ; mrep-a, seed]. The
ovum after union with the male element.
Oospermospore [o-o-sper' -mo-spor) [iJ'Ii', an egg; ai^kp-
pa, seed ; ciropor, seed]. See Oospore.
Oosphere [o'-o-sfei-) [(j'ii', an egg ; n(paipa, a sphere].
In biology, the unfertilized germ- cell in the oogonium ;
the female reproductive cell.
Oosporangium {0-0-spor-an' -je-iim) [udi', egg; (TTrdpof,
seed ; ayye'iov, vessel]. The sac enclosing the oospores.
Oospore [o'-o-spoi-) [udi', an egg; aizopui;, seed]. In
biology, a fertilized and matured oosphere.
Oostegite [o-os' -tej-U) [oiiir, an egg ; a-f ; f/x, 10 cover].
The laminar expansion of some of the limbs of certain
crustaceans, beneath which the eggs are retained.
Ootheca {o-o-the' -kali) [<jdi', an egg; i^liK'l, a case://.,
Odlhei,e\ In biology, an egg-case or sporangium.
Ootocia (o-o-to'-ke-ah) [udr, an egg; reneiv, to produce,
to lay]. In biology, ovulation ; the discharge of the
egg from the ovary. Cf. Oviposition.
Obtocous {o-ot' -ok-iis) [(jdr, an egg; -muv , io \vj\
In Ijiology, producing eggs; oviparous. -
Ootype (o'-o-t'ip) [cjdi", an egg; nVo?, stamp, mold,
pattern]. In biology, the small part at the beginning
OOZE
899
OPERATIONS
of the egg-passage in platode worms, which receives
the efferent ducts of the shell-glands.
Ooze [il^) [ME., 7V0SI-, mud]. The deposit of calca-
reous or siliceous shells or frustules, found making up
extensive areas of the floor of the ocean and derived
from thehalobios (bctilhos and plankton), or organisms
living in the sea, i.e.. Diatom-ooze, Radiolaria-ooze
(about 1000 species are included, the richest regions
being the tropical central Pacific), Globigerina-ooze,
Pteropod-ooze.
Oozoa (o-o-zo' -all) [cjor, an egg; C'j"'^ an animal]. In
biology, the onym proposed by Carus for unicellular
animals, because of their resemblance to ova. Cf.
Protista, Protozoa.
Opacity (o-pas'-it-e) \opacus, dull]. The condition of
being impervious to light. Non-transparency. Also,
an opaque spot, as opacity of the cornea. O.of Lens.
See Cataract.
Opal (o'-i>al) \l}-(ik'A.ioq, an opal]. A mineral of a blue
color, consisting of silicon. O.-blue. Same as
Spirit-blue.
Opaline (o'-pal-ln) [o^A/.wf, an opal]. Having the
appearance of an opal. O. Patch, the mucous patch
of syphilis, forming in the mouth a whitish pellicle.
Opaque {o-pak') [opacus, shaded]. Dark, obscure,
not transparent. O. Nerve-fibers, persistence of the
medullary sheaths of the optic-nerve fibers beyond the
lamina cribrosa, forming brilliant white patches upon
the retina as seen by the ophthalmoscope.
Open [o'-peti] [ME., open, open]. Unclosed, unfolded.
O. Method. See Aneithetic.
Opening {o' -pe7i-ing) [ME., openyng, opening]. A
mouth, or hole ; a perforation. O., Aortic. See
Aortic. O., Caval, the opening in the diajihragm for
the passage of the vena cava. O., Saphenous, an
oval opening in the fascia lata at the upper and inner
part of the thigh below Poupart's ligament. It trans-
mits the internal saphenous vein and is covered by
the cribriform fascia.
Opeocele (o'-Z^-o-j^/) [on-//, an opening; KifKrj, a tumor].
Synonym of Hernia.
Operable (op'-er-ab-l) [operari, to labor]. Admitting
of an operation.
Operating [op' -er- a -ting) \_operari, to work]. Per-
forming; acting; doing some surgical process. O.-
table, the table on which a patient lies during a
surgical operation.
Operation [op-er-a' -sliitn) \_operari, to labor, to do].
An act ; especially a surgical act upon the body. A
table of many of the most important operations is ap-
pended. O., Curative effect of, per se ; the improve-
ment or disappearance of symptoms after a simple
e.xploratory incision, with closure of the wound, the
supposed condition not being found to e.xist, or not
being amenable to interference. O., Major, a serious
and important surgical operation. O., Minor. See
Surgery, Minor. O., Plastic. See Surgery.
EPONYMIC TABLE OF OPERATIONS AND METHODS IN
SURGERY.
Abbe's : I. Lateral anastomosis of the intestines with
cat-gut rings. 2. For varicocele ; resection of the scro-
tum, with ligation of the exposed veins. Abernethy's ,
for ligation of the external iliac artery. In the earlier
operation an incision was made in the line of the artery
for about three inches, commencing nearly four inches
above Poupart's ligament. Later the incision was less
nearly vertical and more curved, with the convexity
downward and outward, extending from about one inch
within and one inch above the anterior superior spine
to one and one-half inches above, and external to, the
center of Poupart's ligament. Adams': I. Osteotomy
for ankylosis of the hip-joint, the neck of the femur being
divided subcutaneously within the capsule. 2. Corec-
topy : the iris is drawn into a small, corneal incision,
in order to change the position of the natural pupil. 3.
For deviated nasal septum ; the bent cartilaginous sep-
tum is forcibly straightened by means of special flat,
parallel-bladed forceps. 4. Yox Diipuytreti' s contrac-
tion, when the bands extend far down the sides of the
finger. It consists in multiple subcutaneous section
of the palmar fascia from without inward. 5. For
ectropion ; a triangular wedge is removed from the
whole thickness of the lower lid, and the edges are
united by sutures. 6. co/o/o/zy ; a modification of
Cripps^ optration, in which a vertical incision is made
external to the epigastric artery. 7. For prolapsus
uteri. See O., Alexander'' s. Affleck's, a method
of performing embryotomy : also known as J/acdon-
ald's method.- it consists in rachiotomy followed by
forcible podalic version. Agnew's ( Cornelius R.): I .
For cataract ; it consists in the laceration or removal of
the capsule in secondary cataract by means of a stop-
needle and hook. 2. For chalazion ; incision along the
ciliary margin of the lid, followed by curettement or by
expression. 3. For destruction of the lacrymal sac:
It consists in slitting the canaliculi, vertical incision of
the sac, and cauterization of its interior. Agnew's
{D. Hayes): I. Vox amputatiofis ; it is a modification
of I'ermaW s operatioti by which elliptic tegumentary
flaps are made and allowed to retract before the mus-
cles are cut through. 2. For inguiiial hernia : a modi-
fication of ll'utzer's operation, q. v. 3. For salivary
fistula ; after the introduction of a probe into the duct,
a thread is passed from the inside of the mouth,
around the duct, the probe is withdrawn, and the
thread tied tightly. As it sloughs off, the natural
orifice is reestablished. The external opening may
be closed subsequently by operation or caustics. 4.
For webbed fingers ; a dorsal flap, triangular in
shape, is cut from the upper surface of the web. The
apex corresponds to the free margin, the base to the
interval between the proximal ends of the first phal-
anges ; this is reflected back, and the web is divided as
far as necessary ; the flap is then folded between the
fingers, and the wound closed with sutures. Alan-
son's, a method of performing amputations ; it con-
sists in division of the skin and muscles in the form of
a hollow cone. Albert's, for flail knee-joint ; exci-
sion of the knee to secure ankylosis. Alexander's :
I. For the relief of epilepsy ; ligation of the vertebral
artery to diminish the blood-supply to the brain. 2.
¥ or prolapse and retroflexion of the uterus; shorten-
ing of the round ligaments for the purpose of holding
the uterus in its normal position. Alexander-
Adams'. See Alexander' s. Allarton's, for lith-
otomy ; it is the modern median operation for stone in
the bladder. AUingham's (H.), for inguinal col-
otomy ; an incision, from one and one-half to three
inches long, is made parallel with the outer third
of Poupart's ligament, and about one-half inch above.
The edges of the peritoneum, in most cases, are
stitched to the cut muscles and skin ; the intestine is
stitched to the edges of the wound, and opening
OPERATIONS
900
OPERATIONS
of the bowel is deferred, if possible, until the third
day. Allingham's (W.) : I. For excision of the
rectum ; the patient in the lithotomy position, an
oval incision is made into both ischio-rectal fossse,
around the bowel, and prolonged backward to the
coccyx ; the bowel is isolated, and separated with
the ecraseur, scissors, or Paquelin cautery. 2. For
hemorrhoids ; the pile is dissected ofl from the mus-
cular tissue with scissors, the pedicle ligated, and the
mass cut off Alonette's, for amputation at the hip-
joint ; a semicircular external flap is made, extending
to the great trochanter, with disarticulation of the head
of the femur, and the making of a large internal flap
by cutting from within outward. Alquie-Alexan-
der's. Thi sa.mt as Alexander s. V. Ammon's : I.
Blepharoplasty : removal of all cicatricial tissue and
freeing of the remains of the lid, followed by transplan-
tation of a flap from the cheek. 2. For destruction of
the lacrymal sac ; incision into, and excision of, a
portion of the anterior wall of the sac ; closure by adhe-
sive inflammation. 3. For ectropion (from caries) ; an
incision is made around the cicatrix, the tissues are dis-
sected free, and after closing the lid the wound is closed
over the cicatrix. 4. For symblepluxron ; the lid is di-
vided, by two converging incisions, into three portions
— two lateral and a central wedge-shaped portion ; the
former are united by sutures, and after union the central,
wedge-shaped part is dissected out. Amussat's :
I. A method of arresting hemorrhage by torsion of
the arteries by means of two forceps. 2. For atresia
vagiuce ; dilatation by the use of the finger or a dull
instrument, without cutting. 3. For castration ; by
incision upon the posterior surface of the scrotum. 4.
P'or enterorrhaphy ; in cases of completely divided
intestine, each end is invaginated and passed over a
cork, with a groove at either end, and the intestine is
tied in the grooves. 5. Y ox imperforate rectum ; the
formation of an artificial anus in the perineum, with
or without excision of the coccyx. 6. For lumbar col-
otomv ; a transverse incision is made, crossing the outer
border of the quadratus lumborum muscle. Anagnos-
takis' : l. For entropion ; an incision is made parallel
and close to the free margin of the upper lid, a horizontal
fold of skin, with the underlying tissue, is excised,
and the wound closed by sutures. 2. For trichiasis ;
the offending cilia are included between two perpen-
dicular incisions and excised. Anderson's, for length-
ening tendons : the tendon is split longitudinally, the
cut surfaces slid along, and sutured. Anel's : I. For
aneurysm ; ligation on the cardiac side close to the
aneurysm. 2. For stricture of the lacrymal duct ;
dilatation by means of a gold probe, followed by the
injection of an astringent fluid into the sac. Anger's :
I. For hypospadias : the formation of a urethra by
superimposing a quadrilateral flap from one side and
lower border of the penis, over another flap from the
other side, which has been turned over a catheter. 2.
For ingro-cing toe-nail ; the lateral-flap operation, with
removal of the diseased portion of the matrix. 3. For
union of divided tendons : the use of "distance-sutures,
when the ends of the tendon are widely apart. Annan-
dale's : I. ¥or dislocated cartilages : incision into the
knee-joint and stitching of the dislocated cartilages
into their proper position. 2. For genu valgum ;
partial excision of both condyles of the femur. 3.
For naso-pharyngeal polypus : division of the alveolar
margin and palatal portions of the upper jaw along
their center, from before backward, and perforation of
the bony septum of the nose, thus permitting separa-
tion of the two portions of the bone and exposure of
the polypus. 4. For varicocele ; a modification of
Lee's operation, the veins only being excised, the
scrotum being left intact. 5. F'or webbed-fingers ;
the longitudinal incisions are made along the sides of
each finger. Pi.nX.A\'s, {or tumor of the bladder-wall : j
after a supra-pubic incision the tumor is removed with ]
the portion of the bladder from which it springs, and ]
the vesical wound is closed ; the peritoneum is rolled
up and not opened. Antyllus', for aneurysm ; it
consists in ligation above and below the sac, followed
by opening of the aneurysm and evacuation of its con-
tents. Antyllus-Kuhnts', for paralytic ectropion;
excision of a wedge-shaped portion of the conjunctiva
and tarsus from the lid, in order to shorten the latter. S
The base of the wedge is on the free border of the
lid. Apostoli's, electrolysis of z. uterine fibroid when
an electrode cannot be introduced into the woml).
One broad abdominal electrode is used, and a spear-
pointed electrode is thrust through the vaginal wall
into the tumor. Appolito's, for enterorrhaphv, by
means of a form of right-angle continuous suture.
Argyll-Robertson's: l. For entropion; apiece of
sheet-lead is fastened inside of the lid, so that the
pressure will cause absorption of the hypertrophic
tissue. 2. Y or glaucoma ; trephining the sclerotic for
the relief of pain. 3. For pterygium ; the growth is
separated and excised; the conjunctiva, previously
dissected up, is brought over the wound and sutured.
Arlt's : I. For blepharoplasty ; a modification o( Dief-
fenbaclC s operation , with a downward inclination of the
cantho-temporal incision, and a slight deviation of the
tempero-genal incision. 2. Y ox cicatricial ectropion ;
a V-shaped incision is made, removing the cicatrix; the
wound is closed by interrupted sutures. 3. Y ox entro-
pion ; (a) a modification of Gaillard' s suture ; a thread,
with a needle at either end, is passed subcutaneously
from the margin of the lid down to the clieek, and the
two ends are tied ; there results a puckering of the skin
and thereby relief of the entropion ; (/') a /lap-splitting
operation upon the lid, with the removal of an oval por-
tion of the skin, and suturing of the latter. 4. For^w;/-
cleation of the eye ; Desmarre's retractors are introduced,
and the conjunctiva is divided all around the corneal
junction ; then the external rectus (if the left eye, the
internal if the right eye) is caught by a blunt hook and
divided behind it, leaving a stump ; then the remain-
ing ocular muscles and the optic nerve are divided by
scissors. The internal rectus (if the left eye, the exter-
nal if the right eye) and the two oblique muscles are
divided after luxation of the ball in front of the lids ;
the conjunctiva is stitched in and out, so as to form a
suture like the string of a tobacco-bag, and a pressure-
bandage is applied. 5. Yor median tarsorrhaphy ; exc\-
sion with scissors and forceps of a narrow strip of skin
from both the upper and lower lids, close to their inner
angle, meeting on the inner side of the inner commis-
sure ; they are then united by interrupted sutures. 6. ,
Yox stricture of the lacrymal duct: incision of the an-
terior wall of the sac, evacuation of the pus and gradual j
dilatation of the duct. 7. For j;iv///'/</'//(?;-cvz ,• dissection ]
of the symblepharon, and suturing of the flap on itself. I
8. Yor trichiasis ; 'kxiownaXioa.ilhe Jaesche-Arli opera-
tion ; it is a modification of Jacsche's operation, m
which the lid is separated into anterior and posterior
flaps by Flarer's incision. Arlt-Jaesche, for disli-
chiasis ; the edge of the lid and the contained ciliary
bulbs are dissected from the tarsus, a crescentic-i-haped
piece of skin is removed from the lid above the flap,
and the edges of the wound are united, thus trans-
planting the ciliary bulbs further away from the edge of
the lids. K\m's.hy'%, {ox radical cure of ingmnnt j
hernia; the integument is invaginated, and a single
thread is introduced as a seton through the sac of the <
hernia and the inguinal canal. Ashton's, for a con- ,
OPERATIONS
901
OPERATIONS
gested and bleeding reitiim, without distinct hemor-
riioidal tumor; cauterize with fuming nitric acid.
Assalini's, for iridodialysis ; the iris is detached with
eye-forceps through a large opening in the cornea.
Atlee's, for ovariotomy ; the ecraseur is applied
to the pedicle. Aveling's : I . For suture of the
soft palate ; a double loop of suture is passed on one
side and the loop drawn out of the mouth ; a sin-
gle suture is then passed through the opposite side
and looped into the double one ; by pulling the
latter back, the single suture is drawn across the
cleft. 2. Transfusion by the direct method ; this
permits measurement of the amount of blood trans-
fused. Avery's, for uranoplasty. Same as 'Lang-
enbeck'' s operation. Ayres', for ectopia vesiccE ; clo-
sure by means of a flap of skin turned down from
the abdomen over the bladder. Bader's : I. For
conical cornea ; an elliptic piece of the cornea is re-
moved from the apex of the cone, and this is followed
by the application of a tight bandage. 2. For the re-
lief of pain in glaucoma ; stretching or laceration of
the infratrochlear nerve. 3. Vox sclerotomy ; the inci-
sion is confined to the scleral margin, without division
of the overlying conjunctiva. Baer's [B. /''.) : I.
For perineorrhaphy ; the same denudation is made as
in Emmef s operation. The needle is passed deeply
on the outer side of the denuded sulcus, brought out
at the bottom of the sulcus, again introduced on the
rectal side and brought out at the top of the opposite
side of the sulcus ; the crest of the rectocele is then
picked up at the upper border of the denudation, the
needle is passed down the inner side of the left sulcus
and up on the outer side, the entire sweep being made
with one suture. The same process is repeated once
or twice. 2. Yox supravaginal hysterectomy ; median
celiotomy, ligation of the ovarian arteries in the broad
ligament ; the clamp is applied close to the uterus and
the ligament divided between the ligature and the
clamp ; ligation of the uterine arteries in the broad
ligament ; formation of anterior and posterior perito-
neal flaps ; division of the cervix ; if necessary, suture
of the flaps over the cervical stump. Neither ligature
nor suture must pierce or embrace cervical tissue, and
nothing whatever is done to the cervical canal.
Baker's {M.) : l. To secure union of bone ; the use of
steel pins to keep the bones together after excision of
the knee. 2. Y ox carcinoma of the cervix uteri ; the
cervix is removed by means of a uterotome that
makes a funnel-shaped excavation, the base of which is
on aline with the internal os, and the apex approaches
or meets the fundus. 3. Y ox excision of the tongue ;
removal through the mouth with the use of the ecra-
seur as a supplemental means. Ball's: I. Y ox iliac
colofomy ; a modification of Cripps' operation, in
which the incision is made in the left linea semilunaris,
and the bowel secured above and below the future
artificial opening by means of two special clamps,
which are removed after suturing and opening of the
bowel. 2. For inguinal hernia ; the sac is separated up
to the abdominal portion of the neck and then twisted
around its own axis, after which the fundus is cut away
and the stump is secured in the ring. Ballingall's,
for excision of the upper ja^v. The same as Velpcui's
operation. Bandl's, for uretero-vaginal fistula; a
catheter is passed into the bladder, and through an
artificial opening in the bladder into the ureter, and
the original opening is closed over the catheter. Banks'
{M.y. I. Yox aneurysm of the third part of the sub-
clavian artery : ligation of the first part of the artery.
2. For the radical acre of inguinal hernia ; the sac is
exposed and separated from the surrounding parts ; a
ligature is then applied close to the ring, and the fundus
of the sac is cut away, after which the inguinal ring is
closed by sutures. 3. For internal uretlirotoiny ; a
special urethrotome is used to divide the stricture from
within outward. 4. Yox removal of the breast : xlcow-
sists in removal of the entire breast, the overlying skin,
the fascia over the pectoral muscle, and (if suspicious-
looking) the fibers of the muscle. The axilla is
always to be cleaned out. 5- ^"or retnoval of nasal
polypi ; avulsion with forceps, when the nostrils are in
a dependent position, so as to prevent choking by the
blood. Bardeleben's, for double harelip : the mucous
membrane and periosteum are stripped up behind the
pre-maxillary bone ; the septum is then divided and
the projection reduced, or grasped by forceps and
twisted upon itself. Barden's, for atigular anky-
losis of the knee ; removal of a wedge-shaped piece
of bone from the shaft of the femur, and fracture
of the remaining part. Bardenheuer's : I. For
cholecystotomy ; performed in two stages: the first
operation consists in fixing the gall-bladder to the
abdominal incision. After adhesions have formed, the
bladder is opened and the operation completed. 2.
Exploratory incision ; an extraperitoneal explora-
tory incision, to allow of the palpation of the contents
of the abdomen through the parietal peritoneum.
3. For resection of the sacrum ; the removal of the
entire lower part of the bone at the third sacral fora-
men. 4. Yox suprapubic cystotomy ; a skin-incision,
about the length of a finger, in the middle line, close
above, and parallel with, the up[3er border of the pubis.
Barker's (A. E.): l. For excision of the astragalus :
the incision runs from just above the tip of the exter-
nal malleolus forward and a little inward, curving
toward the dorsum of the foot. 2. For excision of the
hip ; by an anterior incision, commencing on the front
of the thigh, one-half inch below the anterior superior
iliac spine, and running downward and inward for
three inches. 3. Yox gastro-entcrostomv ; the visceral
incision is made only through the serous and muscular
coats, and the most important part of the suturing is
done before the stomach or bowel is opened. 4. For the
radical cure of inguinal hernia ; a modification of
Banks'' operation^ in which the neck of the sac is
ligatured and the sac below the ligature divided, but
not dissected out, being used to occlude the internal
ring. 5. For spinal abscess; the abscess is opened
and scraped, and the debris washed out by the use of
the flushing-curet. 6. For ununited fracture of the
clavicle ; the false joint is exposed by an incision ;
the two ends of the bone are removed by oblique
cuts in the same plane, and held together by silver
wire. 7. For varicocele ; the application of subcu-
taneous aseptic silk ligatures at one or two points.
Bartisch's, for entropion ; removal of the entire ciliary
margin of the lid. Barton's {/. Rhea) : I. Yox bony
^ankylosis of the knee ; the removal of a wedge-shaped
piece of bone from the lower end of the femur, to
allow of the correction of the deformity. 2. For oste-
otomy ; division of the femur between the two trochan-
ters. Barwell's (A'.): i. For aneurysm; («) the
use of ox aorta in the ligation of aneurysm ; (/') pass-
ing a needle, armed with a silver wire, subcutaneously
around vascular tumors to avoid scars. 2. For aneu-
rysin of the itinominate or aorta ; ligation of the carotid
and subclavian arteries. 3. Yox ligation of the first part
of the subclavian artery ; the formation of a triangular
flap turned upward and outward, with division of both
heads of the sterno-mastoid muscle and the sterno-
thyroid muscle. 4. Osteotomv for genu zmlgum ;
division of the lower end of the femur and upper end
of the tibia, above -and below their respective epiph-
yses. 5- For vai-icocele ; the subcutaneous applica-
OPERATIONS
902
OPERATIONS
tion of a silver wire, and twisting of the free ends from
day to day. Bassini's, for the radical cure of inguinal
hernia ; the sac is exposed, twisted, and the neck h-
gated and remo%'ed ; the spermatic cord is Ufted, and
the border of the rectus is stitclied to the edge of the
internal oblique, the transversalis muscle and the trans-
versalis fascia to Poupart's ligament under the cord.
The cord is placed upon this layer and the border of
the external oblique is stitched to Poupart's ligament
over the cord. Bates', for internal urethrotomy ; a
special urethrotome is used to divide the stricture from
within outward. Battey's (/?.), iox oophorectomy ;
also called "■ tiormal ovariotomy removal of the
ovaries in order to eliminate their physiologic influ-
ence. Bauden's : l. For amptitation through the
foot : it is made at the tarso-metatarsal joint, disartic-
ulating the first metatarsal bone, and sawing through
the remaining ones on a level with the internal cunei-
form bone. 2. Y ox amputation at the knee-joint ; by
oval anterior and posterior flaps. 3. For excision of
the shoulder ; by a single anterior vertical or oblique
incision. Baum's, for stretching the facial nenie ;
an incision is made downward and forward from be-
hind the ear, about opposite the meatus, to a point
immediately below the lobule, and then prolonged
nearly to the angle of the jaw, a small, transverse
incision being also made below the pinna. Bayn-
ton's, a method of healing leg-ulcers ; it is the original
method of applying adhesive straps and a bandage in
cases of indolent ulcers. Beaufils', for uranoplasty ;
a single flap is twisted on itself so as to fill up the
aperture. Beclard's, iox amputation at the hip-joint ;
a modification of Liston's amputation, by cutting the
posterior flap first. Beer's : I. For cataract ; ex-
traction by the flap-method. 2. ¥ ox iridectomy ; an
incision is made near the margin of the cornea with a
lance-knife entered perpendicularly, then made parallel
with the plane of the iris, making a section concentric
with the cornea, of the desired length. 3. For irido-
dialysis. The same as Hi/nly's operation. Begin's,
for excision of the hiee. Similar to Textor's operation,
q.v. Bell's (C): I. For gastrotomy ; a parietal
incision is made in a line extending from the umbilicus
toward the left false ribs. 2. For ligation of the first
part of the lingual artery ; the same incision is used
as in the operation of election, its center being oppo-
site the body of the hyoid bone. Belmas' {M.), for
the radical cure of inguinal hernia : it consists in in-
troducing gold-beaters' skin in the neck of the sac, to
excite sufficient inflammation. Benham's, for he/zi-
orrhoids ; \ht saxxie as Pollock^ s operation, q.v. Ben-
nett's {^W. H.), for varicocele; a modification of
//o7C'se's operation, in which the elongated cord is
shortened. Benson's, for etitropion ; a modification
of van Mill/ngcn' s operation, in which a flap of
mucous membrane is taken from the lower lip.
Bent's, for excision of the shoulder ; a flap is taken
from the deltoid region, with the base inward, by means
of one vertical and two transverse incisions. Berard's
for naso-pharyngeal tumor ; an incision is made
either along the median line or the side of the nose, ex-
tending down through the upper lip ; by means of the
cutting-forceps the outer wall of the nasal cavity and of
the antrum is removed. Berger's (/'. ),for interscapulo-
thoracic amputation : it is made by two flaps — an an-
tero-inferior or pectoro-axillary flap, and a postero-
superior or cervico-scapular flap. Von Bergmann's
{E.) : I. Yox hydrocele ; excision of the parietal part of
the sac. 2. Yox mastoid and middle-car disease ; it con-
sists in making a long, crescentic incision from above
and in front of the auricle, backward and downward,
and then loosening the perio.steum from the entire osse-
ous auditory canal ; the bony portion between the audi-
tory canal and the middle cranial fossa is penetrated
with a chisel as far as the bony annulus tympanicus, and
the incision is then carried backward toward the mas-
toid process, avoiding injury of the facial canal ; there
is then inserted a tamponade of iodoform-gauze. 3.
For neplirectomy : a lateral kmibar incision is made
from the upper end of the twelfth x\h obliquely toward
the junction of the outer and middle thirds of Poupart's
ligament. Berlin's: l. For entropion; incision
through the entire thickness of the lid, parallel to the
ciliary margin, and excision of a portion of the tarsus
and conjunctiva. 2. Yox excision of the lacrymal sac ;
the same as Plainer^ s operation, q. v. Berling-
hieri's, for entropion and t7-ichiasis ; a horizontal inci-
sion is made along the margin of the lid, a vertical
incision from each end of this, away from the margin,
followed by dissection up of the flap, and extirpation
of the hair-bulbs ; the flap is then replaced. Bernays'
{A. C.),iox gastrotot?iy ; removal of the growths bulg-
ing into the cavity of the stomach by the curet or other
instrument, after making an incision through the wall
of the stomach. Bernheim's, for circumcision ; the
operation is performed with the galvano-cautery instead
of the knife. Berthold's. See under Myringoplastic.
Bigelow's (//. y!), for vesical calculus ; the ordinary
operation of litholapaxy, q. v. Billroth's ( 71 ) : I. For
blepharoplasty ; a modification of Dieffenbacli' s opera-
tion, q. V. 2. For ectopia vesiav ; a modification of
Thiersch's operation, in which two broad, lateral,
doubly-pedunculated flaps are dissected up. 3. For
excision of the tongue ; a curved, submental incision is
carried backward along the lower border of the jaw
on both sides ; the bone is then divided in two places,
and after excision of the tongue, is replaced. 4. For
genu valgum; incomplete linear osteotomy of the
tibia. 5. For naso-pharyngeal tumor; an incision
from the root of the nose to the tip is carried into the
nostril. An incision from either end of this is carried
horizontally across the cheek. The nose is separated
in the line of the first incision, and the superior max-
illa is sawn through in the line of the second and third
incisions, and the bone pried out of place, hinging
upon the pterygoid process. 6. Yox ovariotomy ; the
pedicle is ligated between two forceps, and then
divided with the thernio-cautery. 7. Vox pylorectomy ;
a parietal incision is made in almost a transverse direc-
tion ; the divided walls of the stomach and bowel are
brought together and united by sutures on the side of
the greater curvature of the stomach. 8. For resec-
tion of the intestine ; when the segments of the intes-
tine are of unequal size, one end is closed by sutures
and the other end implanted into a slit made in the
long axis of the bowel. Bird's (C): I. Vox excision
of the knee : the patella is sawn through transversely
to reach the joint, and the two fragments are brought
together afterward with sutures. 2. For jejun ostomy^ ;
an oblique incision is made in the same position as in
pylorectomy ; the transverse colon is drawn upward,
and the omentum is pushed to the left and the bowel at-
tached to the margin of the parietal wound, and opened
after adhesions have formed. 3. Osteotomy for extreme
Jlat-foot ; resection of a wedge of bone (the scaplioid
alone, or the scaphoid and the head of the astragalus)
from the inner side of the foot. 4. For the removal 0/
new-growths of the tonsil ; a modification of Cheroer s
operation in which the second incision is made through
the cheek, from the angle of the mouth to that of the
lower jaw. Bischoff's, for laceration of the female
perineutn ; a denudation is made similar to that made
in Freund's operation, except that the tongue of va-
ginal tissue left in the median line is narrower, and
OPERATIONS
903
OPERATIONS
the denuded strips on either side are wider and nearer
together. The tongue of the posterior vaginal wall
is dissected up and brought forward over the median
raphe, stitched between the labia and lateral walls,
and the perineum is united by deep external sutures
beginning behind. Bishop's [Sian//tore) : I. For the
radical cure of inguinal hernia : a modification of
Maceweii' s operation in which the thread is passed
through the wall of the sac on each side, so that when
drawn upon, the sac is thrown into folds like a purse ;
Bishop also cuts open the anterior wall of the inguinal
canal. 2. For suture of the intestine; an interrupted shoe-
maker's stitch is introduced on the mucous aspect, each
suture loop being tied on alternate sides of the line of
junction. Blandin's : l. Yor deviated nasal septum ; \ht
removal of discs from the septum by means of a special
punch. 2. For (/kw/'/c" repression of the pre-max-
illary bone after excision of a wedge-shaped piece of the
vomerine plate immediately behind it. 3. For excir
sion of the upper jaw ; it is done by a median incision.
The cheek flap is raised by means of two incisions —
the first carried down from the inner canthus along the
side of the nose and into the mouth through the median
line of the lip ; the other is carried along the lower
margin of the orbit. 4. For syniblepharon ; dissec-
tion from above downward, and folding inward of the
flap to form the palpebral conjunctiva. Blasius' :
I. Yox blepharoplasty ; a flap is taken from the fore-
head to form a lower eyelid. 2. For chiloplasty ;
two curved incisions are made, each beginning at
the center of the lower lip and extending outward and
downward to the sides of the cheeks, for the purpose
of forming a lower lip. 3. For uranoplasty : a flap
is dissected from the forehead, and the long pedicle is
twisted so that the flap (the nose being absent) can be
brought through the nares into the cleft. Bobbs'
(J. S.), for cholecvstotomv ; the gall-bladder is incised
and, after removal of calculi, is closed by one suture.
Boeckel's {£.) : I. For the removal of tumors of the
naso-pharvnx : an incision is made down to the bone
across the bridge of the nose, from one lacrymal sac to
the other, and is carried down one nasal furrow to the
margin of the nostril, which it opens. The columna
is also separated ; the bones in the line of the incision
are divided, and the septum is separated and the tumor
removed ; the parts are then to be restored. 2. For ex-
cision of the -vrist : it is done by a single dorsal incision
on the radial side, with division of the extensor tendons
on the same side, and ending by the subperiosteal
operation. Boen's, a method of performing embry-
otomy ; it consists in the removal of all of the pro-
lapsed portions of the fetus, followed by thoracic and
abdominal evisceration, complete division of the fetus
into two parts and separate extraction of the two.
Bogue's, for varicocele ; ligation with catgut of the
veins at different points, after exposing them by means
of an incision. Bohm's, for tenotomy ; it is the
modern method of performing tenotomy. Bond's,
for fat-foot : it consists in making two transverse and
two semicircular incisions across the side of the foot
with a Paquelin cautery, beginning at the inner malle-
olus and extending one-third of the distance across
the sole of the foot, the semicircular incisions crossing
the transverse. The contraction following healing is
said to restore the arch. Bonnet's {M. A.): i. For
enucleation of the eye : the conjunctiva is divided at the
corneal border, and separated from the ball for some
distance back ; the tendons are next cut, and pressure
backward on the lids will usually dislocate the ball
forward, when it may be grasped and the enucleation
completed. 2. For the radical cure of hernia ; after
reduction of the hernia, a fold of skin is tucked up.
and three or four needles are passed through and
allowed to remain ; these set up inflammation, which
closes the canal. The spermatic cord must be avoided.
Bonzel's, for iridodialysis ; the iris is detached with
a small hook through a corneal incision. Borelli's,
for staphyloma ; the staphyloma is transfixed with two
pins introduced at right angles to each other, and en-
circled behind the pins with a thread. Bose's, for
tracheotomy ; a vertical incision is made in the middle
line for about one-and-a-half or two inches from the
center of the thyroid cartilage ; a transverse incision
is then made along the upper border of the cricoid
cartilage to divide the deep cervical fascia. Bos-
vi^orth's, for deviated nasal septum ; removal of the
obstructing tissue by means of a delicate saw. Bot-
rel's, for the remoz'al of naso-pharyngeal tumors : in
order to preserve the free border of the soft palate,
Maisonneuve' s incision is made, followed by Nelaton' s
operation. Bottini's (i?.), for enlarged prostate
gland ; a fresh urethra is bored through the substance
of the gland by means of the galvano-cautery.
Bouisson's {F. ), for rhinoplasty ; this is very similar
to Thiersch'' s operation, but tfie flaps are formed
somewhat differently. Boutonniere : I. For exter-
nal urethrotomy ; the stricture is divided through an
opening made in the urethra just beyond it. 2. For
the removal of nasal polypi ; extraction through an
incision in the middle line of the soft palate. Bow-
man's : I. For conical cornea; a circular portion
of the apex is removed with a small trephine which
is not allowed to penetrate the whole thickness of the
cornea. 2. For discission ; two needles are passed
through the cornea at the same time, one near the inner
and the other near the outer margin. The points of the
needles are plunged into the center of the membrane
and drawn apart by sweeping movements. 3. For
ectropion ; The same as v. Ammon's operation. 4. For
excision of the pupil ; the puncture and counter-punc-
ture are made with Graefe's linear knife ; the blades of
fine scissors are introduced and a triangular piece of
the iris, as well as the constrictor pupillx, removed. 5.
For fistula of the lacrymal gland ; the establishment
by means of a thread of a fistula on the conjunctival
surface, to permit of the opening in the skin being
permanently closed. 6. For //■/(/oo'^w ,■ radial incision
of the iris from the pupillary margin. 7. For lacry-
mal obstruction ; slitting of the canaliculi. 8. For
ptosis ; subcutaneous division of the tarsal portion of
the orbicular muscle. Boyer's, for excision of the
tongue ; it is done through the mouth by two converg-
ing incisions and two lateral ones, meeting at the
same point. Bozeman's i^N. ), for vesico-vaginal fis-
tula ; the edges of the fistula ar6 pared and wire sutures
are introduced in the usual manner, after which a lead
plate or " button " is threaded on the sutures so as to
cover the fistula. It is held in place by perforated shot.
Brainard's : I. ¥ or angular ankylosis of the knee;
the shaft of the femur is drilled subcutaneously and
then fractured. 2. For ectropion; a flap-transplant-
ing operation. 3. For ununited fracture ; drilling of
the fragments to excite reparative action. Brandt's,
for uranoplasty ; in cases of a wide cleft and a deep
palate, all the molars of the upper jaw are extracted
some months before the operation to produce flattening
of the palatal arch. Brasdor's, for aneurysm ; ligation
immediately beyond the aneurysm. Braun's, for ne-
phrectoviy : it is done by means of a transverse incision
eight or ten cm. long, parallel with and one cm. below
the arch of the ribs. Bribosia's, for cataract ; the
knife is passed across the anterior chamber and the iris
is caused to prolapse upon the knife as the incision is
made, so that iridectomy is simultaneously performed.
OPERATIONS
904
OPERATIONS
the capsule having previously been lacerated by a stop-
needle. Briggs' : l. Vox ti-auiiiatic epi/epsy ; excision
of the painful cicatrix. 2. P'or varicocele ; ligation of
the veins at two points with subcutaneous division.
Brinton's, for ainpiitatioii tlirough tJie knee-joint ; the
same as Stephen Smith's operation with the exception
tliat the semilunar cartilages are left in sitti.
Brown's, for nyi/iphotnania ; amputation of the clit-
oris. Browne's, for inversion of the uterus : incis-
ion of the fundus, and dilatation of the inverted
cervix through the incision. Briins' (?'.): i. Eor am-
putation through the foot ; a modification of Pirogoff' s
amputation, in which the sawn surface of the os calcis
is made concave and the tibia convex. 2. For arthrec-
tomy ; the interior of the ankle-joint is exposed by two
anterior and two posterior vertical incisions, and all
diseased tissue, including the synovial membrane, lig-
aments, cartilage and bone, is removed by erasion.
3. Plastic ; a quadrilateral gap is closed by displacing
a rectangular flap from each side and uniting them in
the median line. 4. For removal of a nasopliaryngeal
polypus ; it is done through the upper jaw by an
osteoplastic operation, the whole nose being turned
over to one side. 5. For restoration of the lotver lip ;
two quadrilateral flaps are fashioned out of the whole
thickness of the cheek and upper lip on each side of
the mouth, and so turned downward that their upper
borders can be sutured together in the median line.
Bryant's ( 71 ) : i . For lumbar colotomy ; an oblique
incision is made midway between the last rib and the
iliac crest. The bowel is fixed in position and opened.
2. For splenecto!?!y ; the incision is made a little to the
outer side of the linea semilunaris. 3. For varicocele ;
subcutaneous ligation of the veins at two points by
means of two needles. Buchanan's: I. Vor lithot-
omy : the medio-lateral operation, with the use of an
angular staff. 2. For restoration of the louver lip ;
elevation of an oblique flap from each side of the
chin and union of the two flaps in the middle line.
3. For tenotomy for talipes varus in children ; division
of the tendo Achillis and abductor pollicis muscle, to-
gether with the adjoining half of the flexor brevis digi-
torum muscle, and, insome cases, part of the deep plan-
tar ligament. Buck's: \.Yox hone-suture ; \!at.\X'ie. oi
metallic sutures to keep the bones together after excis-
ion of the knee. 2. For chiloplasty ; to form a lower
lip. Pins are inserted into the skin to mark the points
of the incisions, and a triangular flap is made from the
cheek on either side of the mouth. 3. For genu val-
gum ; a cuneiform osteotomy in which the tibia, fibula,
and patella are included. 4. For restoration of the
upper lip : («) for one-sided deficiency, a quadrilateral
flap from the lower lip is twisted upward and connected
by sutures with the freshened edge of the upper lip ;
(/') for contracted angle, an incision is made along
the red border of the lip skirting the deformed angle ;
a transverse cut is then made outward, and sutures
are introduced. Bumstead's : i. Yox circumcision ;
the method formerly employed of grasping the fore-
skin with forceps and snipping off with a bistoury.
2. For internal urethrotomy : done with a modification
of A/aisonnettve's or Peter's urethrotome. Burck-
hardt's, for retropharyngeal abscess : an opening is
made on the outside of the neck. Von Burow's :
I. For chiloplasty; the large triangular gap is closed
by raising flaps on each side after making lateral incis-
ions. 2. For entropion : a deep groove is made par-
allel to and 3 mm. inside the ciliary margin, with ex-
cision of a narrow strip of skin, and closure by su-
tures. Busch's : I. For Dupuvtren's contraction:
a triangular flap of skin and subcutaneous tissue is
dissected over the palmar cord, the base of the flap
being where the finger and palm join, and the apex at
the proximal extremity. 2. P"or entropion ; removal
of a V-shaped piece of skin from the lower lid, fol-
lowed by suturing. Butcher's: l. For dentigeroiis
cysts : cutting away of the expanded bone, followed by
the use of the gouge. 2. For double harelip ; cutting
through the projecting pieces, without dividing the soft
parts, or interfering with the vascular supply from
behind, previous to bending them back. Buzzi's, for
the for/nation of an artificial pupil: separation of
the iris from its peripheral attachment by means of a
needle inserted through the cornea. Byrd's : I. For
closure of an artificial atius ; the same as Dzipuytren' s
operation. 2. For imperforate rectum / the formation
of an artificial anus in the perineum, after colotomy,
Calignani's, for neurectomy : resection of the inferior
dental nerve through an incision made between the
lobe of the ear and the angle of the jaw. Callisen's
for lumbar colotomy : a vertical incision is made
following the line of the colon. Garden's i^R. ): i.
A method of performing amputations : the formation
of a single anterior tegumentary flap. 2. For ampu- j
tation abo7'e the knee-joint : a single rounded flap is I
removed from the front of the joint, and the operation
is completed by a circular incision. Carnochan's : I.
For elephantiasis : ligation of the main artery of the
limb. 2. For neurectomy : removal of the second
division of the fifth nerve, together with the spheno-
palatine ganglion as far back as the foramen rotun-
dum. A horizontal incision is made just below
the orbit, and this is joined in the middle by a
vertical one running downward ; this is followed by
exposure of the spheno-maxillary fossa by trephining
through the antrum. Carpue's, rhinoplasty : repair
of the nose by taking a heart-shaped flap from the ,
forehead. Carter's, for the formation of an artif- \
cial pupil : a small incision is made through the i
cornea, in front of the plane of the iris, followed by i
iridotomy. Cassel's, for exostoses of the ear: re- j
moval through the external orifice of the ear. Celsus':
1. A method of performing (7OT/?//«/z'o«j' .■ division of |
the skin by the circular method, its retraction, and the
cutting to the bone at the level of the retracted
skin. 2. For chiloplasty ; the removal of tumors of ,
the lower lip by a V-shaped incision ; horizontal in- j
cisions are carried out from the base to enable the ;
wound to be approximated more easily. 3. A method 1
of performing embrvotomy : also called cervical embry- j
otomy ; it is the method of decapitation of the fetus. j
4. For lithotomy ; localization of the stone by finger 1
in the rectum with perineal incision. 5. For rhino- j
plasty ; flaps are secured from the cheeks, the |
septum being formed, if necessary, from the upper 1
lip. Cesarean, in case of otherwise impossible labor ;
incision into the gravid uterus through the abdominal
wall, and removal of the fetus. Chalot's, for the
removal of naso-pharyngeal polypi : the nasal fossre are
ojiened by dividing the attachments of the upper lip to
the bone. The two upper canine teeth are then re-
moved, and the alveolus and hard palate divided from
before backward from the starting-point. The piece of
bone thus isolated is turned down into the mouth, j
arid the polypus is exposed. Chamberlaine's (A'.) : I- I
For ligation of the first part of the axillary artery ; \
the vessel is exposed by means of a curved incision,
having its convexity downward, across the supra-clavic-
ular fossa and extending ]/, inch below the clavicle.
2. For ligation of the brachial artery ; an incision is
made along the lower margin of the clavicle, and this 1
is joined near its middle by a second incision over the 1
deltoid and pectoral muscles. Championniere's, a ^
method of performing embryotomy ; it consists in ^
OPERATIONS
905
OPERATIONS
evisceration followed by rachiotomy in two or three
places and extraction of the fetus in two portions.
Charriere's, internal uyethrotoiiiy ; it is done with a
modification of Civiale s urethrotome. Chassaignac's :
I. Y or amputation of a finger ; it is done with a single
dorsal or palmar flap. 2. Eor excisioti of the eiboi^' ;
a longitudinal posterior incision is made along the
outer side of the olecranon process. 3. For excision
of the rectum; it is done by means of scissors, knife,
and ecraseur. 4. For excision of the tongue ; it is done
with the ecraseur by the suprahyoid method. Chau-
vel's, for restoration of the upper lip; the same as
Dieffenbach's operation. Cheever's : I. For the re-
moval of a naso-pharyngeal tumor; {17) single opera-
tion ; a single incision is made from the inner canthus
of the eye to the angle of the mouth on the side
on which the tumor is situated ; an incisor tooth is
then extracted, and the superior maxilla is removed ;
(1^) double operation ; an osteoplastic operation is per-
formed on both bones, the facial surfaces are divided
by horizontal incisions from the middle meatus out-
ward to a point below the zygoma. The septum and
vomer are then divided, and the lower parts of the jaws
are depressed. 2. For removal of tonsillar tumors ; it is
done by an incision through the neck, passing from the
lobule of the ear, downward and forward, to the hyoid
bone. A second incision is then made along the hori-
zontal ramus of the lower jaw to form a flap. Chesel-
den's : I. A method of performing r^-w/w/rt/Zowj ,• it is
the same as Celsus' method, except that the skin-flap is
dissected loose from its subjacent attachments, and
hence increased in length. 2. For iridotomy ; a horizon-
tal incision is made through the iris by means of a sickle-
shaped needle introduced through the sclerotica. 3. For
lithotomy ; the lateral operation. See Lithotomy.
Cheyne's [li^.], for the radical cure of femoral hernia ;
after reducing the hernia, a flap of the pectineus muscle
is raised and made to cover the hernial orifice. Chi-
bret's, for glaucoma ; the establishing of corneal
drainage. Chiene's, for genu valgum ; the removal
of an oblique transverse wedge from the body of the
condyle of the femur. Chopart's: i. A method of
amputation through the foot ; the bony structure is di-
vided at the articulation between the astragalus and
the calcaneum behind, and the scaphoid, and cuboid
bones anteriorly. 2. For restoration of the lower lip :
the elevation of a square flap from below. Chry-
mar's, for ovariotomy ; the pedicle is tied in two por-
tions and the ends are left outside. Circular, a method
oi amputation by a circular sweep of the knife, in con-
tradisrinction to the flap-operation. Civiale's {J.): I.
For internal urethrotomy; a special urethrotome is
used to divide the stricture from within outward. 2.
For lithotomy ; the medio-bilateral operation. See
Lithotomy. 3. For lithotrity. See Lithotrity. Clark's,
for urethroplasty for urethral fistula ; the edges of
the fistula are pared ; then a transverse incision is
made through the integuments of the penis about an
inch above and below it. The skin-flaps are dissected
up and brought together by clamps or quill -suture.
Clemot's, for harelip; flaps are turned down on
either side, the incision stopping at the red margin
of the lip. The cleft is then united from side to side.
Cleveland's, iox lacerated perineum \ denudation of a
triangular area, having for its base a line joining the
bases of the labia majora and for its apex the crest of
the rectocele. The sutures are introduced in loops,
each suture having two points of entrance and two of
emergence. Cloquet's {J.G.), a method of circumcis-
ion ; it is done by means of an incision by the side of
the frenum. Coates', for internal hemorrhoids ; a
pile is seized with forceps, Coates' clamp is applied to
its base, a few fine catgut sutures are passed beneath
the clamp, the pile is excised, bleeding is checked,
the clamps are removed, and the sutures are tied.
Cock's, a method of external urethrotomy ; the urethra
is opened behind the stricture without a guide, the
knife being carried into the median line of the peri-
neum and the incision extended vertically as far as is
necessary. Cohnstein's, a method of performing
Cesarean section; it is a modification of the usual
operation, consisting in turning the whole uterus out
of the abdominal wound and making the opening
on its posterior aspect. Colles', for single hare-lip ;
the inner margin is incompletely pared and hinged
backward on the mucous membrane, to which it is still
attached ; the outer margin is then transfixed and two
flaps are cut, an upper and a lower, which are turned
upward and downward respectively, and attached on
the opposite side. Colley's, for talipes. See Davies-
Colley's operation. Collis', for excision of the tongue.
The same as Jaeger's operation. Cooper's {Sir A.):
I. For ligation of the abdominal aorta; the intra-
peritoneal operation. The abdomen is opened by an
incision three or four inches in length, made in the linea
alba, with the center corresponding to the umbilicus. 2.
For ligature of the external iliac artery ; an incision
four or five inches long is made parallel with Poupart's
ligament, and nearly an inch above it, commencing
just outside the center of the ligament and extending
outward and upward beyond the anterior superior iliac
spine. 3. For tinnitus ajid deafness in otitis media
chronica ; excision of a portion of the membrana tym-
pani. 4. For varicocele ; excision of a part of the redun-
dant scrotum. Cornuan's, for amputation at the hip-
joint ; disarticulation by a modified oval method, with
the summit of the incision on the outer side. Cot-
ting's {B. E.), for ingrowing toe-7iail ; all the over-
lying tissues, together with the sides of the toe, are
sliced off freely. The contraction in healing pro-
duces a cure. Courvoisier and von Hacker's, a
method of -^^xiormma^ gastro-enterostomy : the jejunum
is connected to the stomach directly after tearing or
cutting a passage through the bloodless area of the
transverse meso-colon, under the meso-colic arch
of Riolan. Cowell's, for glaucoma ; paracentesis
of the vitreous chamber. Crampton's : l.Vorenti'o-
pion ; incisions are made in the lid, and healing allowed
to take place by granulation. 2. For ligation of the
common iliac artery ; the incision is commenced at the
anterior extremity of the last false rib, and, proceeding
directly downward to the ilium, follows the line of the
crest to the anterior superior spine. The vessel is
reached from behind. Crede's, a method of performing
hysterectomy; it is a modification of Freund' s operation,
and consists in making a resection of the pubes. Cres-
cent operation, for lacerated perineum, involving the
vaginal entrance only ; a crescent-shaped denudation is
made from the vulvo vaginal entrance, the angles of
which extend into the vulvo-vaginal sulci. Cripps'
(/Z) : I. For excision of the rectum ; dissection of the
rectum from the adjacent tissues and removal of the
diseased portion, the wound being allowed to heal by
granulation. 2. For iliac colotomy ; an imaginary line
from the anterior superior iliac spine to the umbilicus
is crossed at right angles, inches from the superior
spine, by an incision 2^/^ inches long. The bowel is
fixed in position and opened. 3. A method of trans-
fusion ; it is the same as Aveling' s operation , the instru-
ment, however, being supplied with clips instead of
taps. Critchett's : I. Yox cataract-extraction ; a slight
modification of Graefe's incision. 2. For evisceration
of the eyeball ; a number of deep stitches are passed
through the sclera before removing the staphyloma ;
OPERATIONS
906
OPERATIONS
after the evisceration they are brought together and tied.
3. For iridodesis ; drawing of tlie iris through a corneal
incision and its ligation with silk. The ligatured loop
sloughs oft. 4. Eor keratocotitts ; excision of an ellip-
tic portion by a two-edged knife. 5. For stap!iy-
lotna ; a method of carrying several curved needles
through the ciliary region before abscinding the sta-
phyloma. 6. ¥or stillicidium lacrimaritm ; excision of
a portion of the posterior wall of the canaliculus, thus
forming a reservoir for the tears. 7. For subconjtinc-
tival strabotomy ; a small incision is made at the lower
edge of the insertion of the internal rectus, close
to which the tendon is divided. A small counter-
puncture may be made at the upper edge of the
tendon for the escape of the effused blood. Croft's :
I. For exposing the aiitriiitt ; an incision is made from
the ala nasi to the nasal process of the superior maxil-
lary bone, then along the margin of the orbit ; the
nasal process is cut through with forceps, the peri-
osteum stripped off and a portion of bone removed. 2.
Plastic ; a bridge of sound skin is raised and separ-
ated from the subjacent tissues, except at the extremities,
by means of oiled silk. After granulation has been es-
tablished the adjoining contracted (cicatricial) struc-
tures are divided and the bridge of skin severed at one
end, and made to occupy the gap. Crosby's, for bacA-
7vai'd dislocation of the first phalanx of the thii/nb ;
the phalangeal portion of the thumb is first raised to a
right angle with the metacarpal bone ; the proximal
phalanx is then pressed from behind forward. (An
old method, having been practised by Sir C. Bell
and by Gerdy.) Curling's, for varicocele : a straight
pin is passed between the vas deferens and the veins
about two inches above the testicle, and another three-
quarters of an inch below this point. A figure-of-eight
ligature is then' applied and the veins are divided
subcutaneously between the pins. Cusack's, for hemor-
rhoids : removal by the clamp and cautery. Cushing's
(//. IV.), for suture of the intestine : a right-angled con-
tinuous suture is introduced, the needle passing through
the serous and muscular coats of the bowel only.
Czerny's (/'.) : l. For the radical cure of inguinal
hernia ; the sac is exposed and isolated ; the neck is
tied with a strong catgut ligature, and amputated below
this point ; the stump is pushed into the abdominal
cavity ; the borders of the opening are freshened and
united by continuous catgut sutures. 2. P'or the re-
moval of tonsillar tumors ; tracheotomy is performed
and the larynx or fauces plugged. The growth is then
exposed by cutting downward and outward from the
angle of the mouth to the anterior border of the mas-
seter, and sawing through the lower jaw, between the
second and third molar teeth. 3. For suture of the
intestine; a modification of Lemberfs suture, in
which there is inserted an inner row of interrupted
sutures which unite the mucous membrane only. 4.
Y ox vaginal hvsterectomv ; uterus is drawn down
by Muzeux's forceps and the vaginal vault is completely
opened around the cervix. The uterus is sejiarated
from the bladder with the finger. A free incision is
next made in Douglas's cul-de-sac, when the uterus
is turned backward, and brought through the vaginal
incision. The peritoneum is now separated anteriorly
and the broad ligaments are ligated in from three to six
portions on each side. Czerny- Schroder's, hyster-
ectomy. See Czerny's hysterectomy. Dallas', for
the radical cure of ittguinal and femoral hernia ; after
a transverse incision through the integument a special
instrument is introduced to produce abrasion of the
hernial canal; the instrument is then withdrawn, and
the external wound sealed with iodoform-collodion, and
a compress applied. The canal is obliterated by the
resulting inflammatory action. Davat's, for varico-
cele ; after separating the vas deferens from the veins,
an acupressure pin is passed through the scrotum. By
means of a perineum needle a thread is carried sub-
cutaneously over the veins through the same skin-
punctures as the needle has made. The loop is then
slipped over the head of the pin and tied tightly over
the needle. A cork is now placed on the point of the
pin. David's, for cataract; extraction through a
large corneal incision downward, without an iridec-
tomy. Davies-Colley's : I. Osteotomy for tali-
pes ; resection of a wedge of bone from the outer side
of the tarsus without regard to the articulation. It
always includes portions of the os calcis, cuboid,
astragalus and scaphoid bones. 2. For urano-
plasty ; a triangular muco-periosteal flap is dis-
sected from one side of the cleft, while on the other
side a raw surface is prepared by reflecting a longitu-
dinal flap in such a way that it can be turned, as on a
hinge, into the cleft. The first flap is then implanted
upon the second. Davy's, ior osteotomy ; the same as
the Davies-Colley' s operation. Dace's, for webbed
fingers ; a fold of skin is pinched up near the base of
the web, and dissected toward the commissure ; the
fingers are then kept apart. Delagarde's, to improve
a stuftp ; stitching of the extensor tendons into the '
tissues of the sole-flap in Choparf s amputation, to '
prevent tilting upward of the heel and downward \
of the scar. Delore's. See Rcdressement force.
Delpech's: i. For ligation of the first part of the
axillary artery ; an oblique incision is made down-
ward along the gap that separates the pectoralis major
from the deltoid, starting from the clavicle. 2. For
urethroplasty ; a single flap is raised and carried across ^
the fistula to a new surface prepared for it. Del [
Tore's, for conical cornea; destroying the apex by
means of a white-hot knife. Demarquay's, for «<jw-
pharyngeal tumor ; an incision is made from the in- j
ternal angle of the eye along the nasal furrow to the 1
free margin of the nose ; it is then carried outward ;
horizontally to the margin of the masseter muscles. ,
Liston's forceps are used to remove sufficient bone
to expose the tumor. Denans', iox enterorrhaphy ; \
the joining of the serous surfaces of the cut intestines 1
by means of three metallic tubes. Dennis', for liga- [
tion of the internal iliac artery ; it is done by a celiot- |
omy, the abdomen being opened in the middle line !
by an incision extending from the symphysis pubis to (
the umbilicus. Denonvillier's, for rhinoplasty ; a
triangular flap is raised from the side of the nose above ;
the defective ala, with its pedicle internal, and is then I
displaced downward into position. Desault's (/*._/.) :
I . For double hare-lip ; gradual and continuous back- ^
ward pressure of the pre-maxillary bone, by means of a \
bandage. 2. For a preternatural anus ; a plug^ is 1
placed in the two ends of the intestine so that its mid- s
die rests on the spur of mesentery ; when the latter ;
has been sufficiently obliterated, the plug is removed
and an external obturator bandage is applied. 3. !'<"■
restoration of Stensen's duct; a seton is passed througli
the cheek into the mouth in the course of the duct. |
When the patency of the new duct has been established, |
the seton is removed and the external aperture is
closed. 4. For stricture of the lacrymal duct : the ap- j
plication of cauterants by means of threads passed
through the duct. Desmarres' : i. Iridectomy: '
after incision of the cornea with eye-forceps, a fold of ,
iris is drawn out and excised. 2. For pteryguwi ; ,
detachment and transplantation of the pterygium. ;
Desprez', for nasopharyngeal polypus; removal by ,
an osteoplastic operation through the nose. T he car-
tilaginous part of the nose is turned over to one side
OPERATIONS
907
OPERATIONS
after division of its connections on the opposite side.
Dezeanneau's, for naso-pliaryngeal tumor : the hard
palate is divided in the middle line, from its junction
with the soft palate, forward to or beyond the palato-
maxillary suture ; the section is then carried across at
right angles until it approaches the alveolar process,
when it is turned and carried backward to the soft
palate. Dianoux's, for entropion : the formation of a
ciliary and cutaneous flap ; separation of the underlying
muscle from the tarsus, and suture of both flaps to the
margin of the latter. Diday's, for -webbed fingers ;
two narrow longitudinal flaps are dissected up from
the palmar and dorsal aspects of the Angers, and each
flap is then folded round to cover the denuded surface
of the finger to which it is attached. Didot's, for
webbed fingers : the same as Diday's operation. Dief-
fenbach's (y. .^.) : I. ¥ot amputation at the hip-joint ;
an elastic ligature is applied around the limb, a circular
incision is made down to the bone, the vessels are se-
cured and the ligature removed ; a knife is inserted
two inches above the greater trochanter and the incis-
ion is carried down the outer aspect of the bone to
meet the circular incision ; the joint is then disarticu-
lated. 2. Yor blepharoplasty : a quadrangular flap is
taken from the cheek. 3. For <-/^?7(7//ajz)' .• the diseased
portion of the lower lip is removed by a wedge-
shaped incision ; the gap is closed by making horizon-
tal incisions on both sides, and then introducing sutures.
4. For cicatricial entropion ; a triangular flap is re-
moved and the gap is closed by displacing and trans-
planting a large quadrilateral flap and leaving the raw-
surface to close by granulation. 5. To expose the
whole of the tipper ja^u : an incision is made through the
center of the lip, around the ala, and up along the side
of the nose to the inner canthus, and then outward just
below the margin of the orbit, as far as the malar prom-
inence. 6. For the removal of naso-pharyngeal tumors ;
an incision, beginning at the lower and outer angle of
the nostril, is carried along the base of the nose in the
naso-labial fold until the ala of that side can be easily
turned upward and inward. If necessary the same
can be done on the opposite side. 7. Osteoplasty,
for cleft in the hard palate : the edges are pared and
both soft tissues and bone divided on each side, the
detached portions being prised toward the middle line.
5. Yox restoration of the upper lip : (a) the formation
of a quadrangular flap, attached below, at the level of
the mouth, which is turned horizontally inward to meet
a similar one on the other side ; this is the reverse
of Sedillot's operation : (h) two curved incisions start
from the apex of the partial central defect and are car-
ried round the a\x of the nose ; the flaps thus marked
out are detached and brought together in the median
line. 9. P"or rhinoplasty : {a) repair of the nose by
taking a pyriform flap from the forehead; {b) three
elongated flaps are raised from the sunken nose and
then re-united with sutures, and made to project for-
ward by draw ing previously detached portions of the
cheeks toward the median line. 10. For single hare-
lip ; a modification of Stohes' operation in which ad-
ditional incisions are made skirting the ala nasi, with
theobjectol securing more tissue. II. For s^'mbleph-
aron : it consists in folding the lid inward and plac-
ing the skin against the eyeball. 12. For tenotomy ;
division of the belly of the muscle. Dittel's, for e?i-
larged prostate : enucleation of the lateral lobes of the
prostate by an external incision. Dolbeau's, for
luhototny : a median incision is made into the prostatic
urethra, followed by dilatation of the wound by means
of metallic dilators : the stone is then crushed and the
debris evacuated. Donegana's, for iridodialysis ; it is
done by means of a special needle ; the iris is detached
and then incised from its circumference toward the
center. Dowell's ( G.), {or the radical cure of hernia ;
plugging of the mouth of the sac with its invaginated
fundus and securing the fundus to the surrounding tis-
sues by sutures tied over a piece of cork. Drausart's :
1. For ptosis ; the occipito-frontalis muscle is brought
to act on the lid through the medium of cicatricial bands,
by means of threads, which are allowed to ulcerate
their way through the tracks along which they were
passed. 2. For retinal detachment ; iridectomy, the re-
cumbent position, a pressure-bandage, and subcutane-
ous injection of small doses of pilocarpin. Dub-
rueil's : I. For amputation of the hand ; a single
semilunar flap is formed from the dorsal surface of the
metacarpal region of the thumb, and when raised, the
two ends of its base are joined by a circular incision
around the arm at the wrist, followed by disarticulation.
2. For amputation of the toes ; disarticulation of the toes
en masse at the metatarso-phalangeal joints by a more
or less circular incision, a U-shaped flap being cut from
the inner side of the great toe. Dudley's, for retro-
version of the uterus ; the abdomen is opened, and a
strip is denuded from the anterior surface of the uterus,
and likewise a strip along the inner side of each round
ligament, followed by suturing of the three together.
Duncan's : i. For lacerated perineum ; an incision is
made in the median line on the posterior vaginal wall
as far as the laceration extends. From the lower end
of this an incision is made up along the vulval border
of the laceration on either side. The flaps thus out-
lined are dissected up, and stitched together, and the
labia brought together by deep cutaneous sutures. 2.
A method of transfusion ; re-infusion of the patient's
own blood mixed with a solution of sodium phosphate.
Duplay's : l. For ^//j-/'W/i7^ ,• the urethra is formed
at the expense of the corpus spongiosum and corpora
cavernosa instead of by flaps. 2. For hypospadias ;
it is performed in three stages ; (l) straightening of
the penis and the formation of a meatus ; (2) the for-
mation of a canal from the meatus to the hypospadiac
opening ; (3) junction of the old and new canals.
Dupuytren's {G.) : l. Method of performing ampu-
tations : the double-flap method, the skin-incisions
being made by cutting from without inward, and the
flaps completed b}' transfixion. 2. For amputation at
the shoulder-joint ; \vio xovcai^&A flaps are taken from
the outer and inner aspects of the arm ; the outer flap
is made first by transfixion from behind at a point two
inches below the acromion ; the bone is then disarticu-
lated and a short inner flap cut from within outward.
3. For atresia vagiitie ; combined incision and dilata-
tion. 4. For chiloplasty ; excision of the diseased
tissue, the wound being allowed to heal by granula-
tion. 5. For closure of an artificial anus ; compression
of the spur with the clamp, followed by a plastic
operation on the skin. 6. For diz'ision of contracted
palmar fascia : the open method, both skin and fascia
being divided by a simple transverse incision. 7. For
excision of the elbon'. The same as .Moreau's operation.
8. For /////t)/oOTi'/ the bilateral method. Set Lithotomy.
9. For stricture of the lacrymal duct : incision of the
anterior wall of the sac, and the passage of a fine gold
or silver probe through the duct. 10. For suture of
the intestine : the edges of the wound are turned in-
ward and the opposed folds of serous membrane
brought together by means of an ordinary continuous
suture, without involvement of the mucous membrane.
II. For -L'ry-neck; tenotomy of the stemo-mastoid
muscle. Duval's (-1/.) : l. For amputation of the
leg : an oblique elliptic incision is made around the
limb above the malleoli and the bone divided higher
than in Guyon's operation. 2. For ligation of the
OPERATIONS
908
OPERATIONS
conimoi iliac aiiery ; an incision about five inches in
length is commenced one-and-one-quarter inches to
the outer side of the spine of the pubes, just above
Poupart's ligament ; after running parallel with this
ligament for one-and-a-half inches, the incision curves
sharply upward and is directed toward a point one-
and-one-quarter inches to the outer side of the um-
bilicus. Ely's, for o/ilis media suppurativa chronica ;
the grafting of small pieces of skin on the granulat-
ing surfaces. Emmet's ( 7". ) : l. Colporrhaphv ;
a modification of Sims' colporrJiapIiy : the sutural ap-
proximation of three equidistant, transverse, infracer-
vical denuded spots on the anterior wall of the vagina,
and the apposition of the opposing edges of the folds
thus formed after abrasion. 2. For cystocele and ure-
throcele ; the buttonhole operation ; the removal of a
small circular portion of tissue, opening the bladder or
urethra, to provide for drainage ; this is afterward
closed by operation. 3. For lacerated perijieiim ; the
crest of the rectocele and the two lower caruncles are
drawn together by tenacula, and the tissue thus folded
together is denuded as far into the sulci as the folds
extend. The V-shaped stitches are passed from the
center toward the circumference in the sulci, and the
perineum is closed by two or three superficial sutures.
4. For ovariotomy ; the pedicle is ligated with silver
wire. 5. For procidentia uteri ; freshening of the an-
terior vaginal wall in the middle line and on either
side. The two lateral denudations together should
correspond in size and shape to the one in the median
line. The lateral fresh surfaces are then folded on the
central one and stitched. See Em/net's colporrhaphv.
6. For trachelorrhaphy ; the edges of the rent are
pared and united by sutures. Erichsen's : i. For
iievus ; ligation of the base with a double ligature
which is tied in. segments. 2. For 7'artcocele : after
separation of the vas deferens from the veins, an in-
cision one-half inch long is made on the anterior and
posterior aspects of the scrotum ; the veins are then
included in a loop of wire without implicating the
scrotum. Esmarch's : I. For a^nputation through
the foot ; a modification of Firogoff' s amputation ;
two incisions are made, one across the sole and the
other across the dorsum of the foot. 2. For amputa-
tion at the hip-joint ; the soft parts of the thigh are
divided to the bone by a single sweep of the knife
five inches below the tip of the trochanter ; the bone is
then sawn across and a second incision is made to
join the first from a point two inches above the
trochanter, when the bone is shelled out. 3. Yox
ankylosis of the loiaer ja'u ; an incision about two
inches long is made along the lower border of the jaw,
and a wedge-shaped piece of bone is removed from
the horizontal portion. Estlander's: I. Thoraco-
plasty for empyema ; resection of several ribs to allow
the chest-wall to come in contact with the lung. 2.
For restoration of the lower lip : a triangular flap is so
fashioned from the upper lip that its base contains the
coronary artery, while its apex is situated on the cheek ;
this flap is turned downward, with its apex occupying
the lower angle of defect. D'Etiolles' {^Leroy^ :
I. For tlie radical cure of inguinal hernia; a scro-
tal fold is passed in the inguinal canal and held by
means of special forceps. 2. Yox iridectomy ; removal
of a portion of the iris by an instrument constructed
like a tonsillotome. Everbusch's, for ptosis; it
consists in shortening the tendinous attachment of
the levator palpebra' to the tarsus. A horizontal in-
cision is made in the center of the lid ; threads armed
at each end are used, and, after transfixing the tendon
in the wound, the needles are brought out at the free
margin of the lid, and the silk tied. Farabeuf's
{L.H.): I. Yox amputation at the elboiv-joint ; an
elliptic amputation with the highest point of the ellipse
over the prominence of the olecranon ; [b) a modi-
fication of Cicerin's operation in which the single
external flap is made longer. 2. For amputation of
the foot. See sid>astragaloid amputation of the same
surgeon, with which this is identical in all essentiai
points. 3. For amputation of the forefinger ; dis-
articulation at the metacarpo-phalangeal joint by an
external palmar flap. 4. P'or amputation of the great
toe ; disarticulation at the metatarso-phalangeal joint
by an internal plantar flap. 5. For amputation above
the knee-joint ; a modification of Cafden' s amputation
in which two flaps are formed, the anterior being the
longer one. 6. P'or amputation of the leg ; it is done
at the ' ' place of election " by a large external flap, being
a modification of Sedillof s oferation in which the an-
terior tibial artery is preserved in the entire length of
the flap. 7. For amputation of the thigh ; a modifica-
tion of Spencer s amputation in which slightly different
flaps are used. 8. For amputation of the thumb;
disarticulation at the metacarpo-phalangeal joint by an
oblique palmar flap. 9. For subastragaloid amputa-
tion ; by a large internal and plantar flap. 10. For
otherwise impossible labor. See Galbiati's Operation.
Fenger's [C): l. For gastrostomy; a parietal in-
cision is made parallel with and near to the left
costal margin. 2. For traumatic cerebral abscess;
exploratory puncture and aspiration, in conjunction
with trephining. Fenwick's, for excision of the
knee ; both femur and tibia are sawn in a curved line
so as to make them fit together more accurately.
Fergusson's {Sir IV.'): I. Yox amputation through
the foot; the same as Pirogoffs operation, except
that the malleoli are not interfered with, unless dis-
eased, the retained portion of os calcis being thrust
up between them. 2. For ampidation at the hip-
joint ; a modification of Liston s amputation in which
the posterior flap is made longer than the anterior.
3. For division of the levator palati muscle ; a triang-
ular-bladed knife, set at right angles, is introduced be-
hind the velum and the muscle divided close to its
origin. 4. For double hare-lip ; removal of the pre-
maxillary bone. 5. For excision of the upper jaiv;
the same naso-labial incision is made as in Liston'' s
operation, a second cut being made from the angle of
the mouth to the malar bone, and, if needed, a third
at right angles to the outer extremity of the buccal
wound. 6. For lithotomy ; lateral lithotomy with the
curved staff. 7. Osteoplasty for a cleft in the hard
palate; i\it same as Dieffenback' s operation. Fisch-
er's, for stricture of the lacrymal duct; the same as
Schmah's operation, except that a loop of twilled
silk is used on the end of a catgut string. Flajani's,
for iridodialysis ; the same as Himlf s operation.
Flap-operation: I. A method of amputation ; the
formation of definite flaps, embracing the skin only, or
all the soft parts. 2. For cataract-extraction ; a
curved section of the cornea of sufficient extent for the
removal of large, hard cataracts. 3. For cicatricial
entropion. See Fricke's and Dieffenbach's operations.
Flap-splitting. See Tail's Operation. Flarer's,
for trichiasis and cicatricial entropion ; the lid is split
into two portions as far back as the ends of the hair-
bulbs of the cilia. The anterior flap, containing the
bulbs, is then cut away by incision through the skin
from above. Forbes' [S. F.), for amputation throiig'i
the foot: a modification of Chofarfs operation, the
three cuneiform bones being disarticulated from the
scaphoid and the cuboid bone sawn through in the
same line. Forbes' ( IF. S.), the division of the ac-
cessory tendons of the extensor communis digitorum
OPERATIONS
909
OPERATIONS
muscle, in order to give the ring-finger of musicians
(especially pianists) greater freedom of action. F(5rs-
ter's, for ti ripciiini^ cataract ; iridectomy, followed
by circular rubbing of the cornea with a blunt instru-
ment. Forster's ( C. ), for ^(Zj/r(W/(wy .• a parietal in-
cision is made in a vertical direction through the top
of the linea semilunaris. Foullioy's, for amputation
at the hip-joint ; the same as Ra'c>aton^s amputation,
the common femoral artery being ligated at the fold of
the groin as a preliminary step. Franco's : I. For
cystotomy ; the original supra-pulsic method. See Cystot-
omy. 2. Yox double Iiare-lip : complete removal of the
pre-maxillary bone as a preliminary step. Frank's, a
method of performing Cesarean section : the uterus is
turned out of the abdomen before incising ; drainage
is obtained by passing a tube through the wound and
into the vagina ; the round ligaments are brought to-
gether and sutured. French's, {or carbuncle ; subcu-
taneous incision. Frere Gome's, for lithotomy ; the
high operation. See Lithotomy. Frere Jacques', for
lithotomy ; a long knife is thrust in the ischio-rectal
fossa, penetrating the bladder behind the prostate, then
cutting forward ; a staff is used, which, however, is not
grooved. Freund's : I. Vox hysterecto?ny : by abdo-
minal section. 2. For laceration op' the female peri-
neum ; the bilateral method, with extension of the
vaginal triangles or tongues along the cicatrices on
either side, and leaving sound vaginal wall about
the median line. Fricke's : I. ¥or blepharoplasty ;
a tongue-shaped flap is taken from the temple or cheek.
2. For cicatricial entropion ; a flap-operation similar
to Dieffenback' s operation. Fritsch's : I. For pos-
terior colporrhaphy for extreme degrees of rectocele ; a
modification of Simon' s operation ; denudation of the
posterior vaginal wall, with a larger perineal denuda-
tion. The raw surfaces are closed by vaginal and
perineal sutures. 2. For vaginal hysterectomy ; the
broad ligaments are first operated upon ; lateral in-
cisions are made in the vaginal vault, the tissues care-
fully separated, hemorrhage controlled by sutures, and
the incisions united by anterior and posterior incisions ;
the uterus is turned forward and brought down.
Fritz's, for the radical cure of inguinal hernia ; after
reduction, pins, protected at each end by ivory or bone
discs, are passed in front of and behind the cord in the
canal and allowed to remain ten days; ulceration results,
which is intended to close the canal and consequently
cure the hernia. Fryer's, a method of transfusion ;
the direct method, with the use of a modified Aveling
instrument. Fuchs' {E.), for tarsorrhaphy ; the lower
lid is split into two laminre to the desired extent by an
interraarginal incision ; this is converted into a flap
by a short incision downward from the inner extremity
of the first incision ; the same incision as the first
is made in the upper lid and then the zone of hair-
folhcles is ablated ; the wound is then sutured. Fur-
nari's : l. For iridectomy; the same as Phvsick's
operation. 2. For pannus ; removal of a circular strip
of conjunctiva at the circumference of the cornea.
Gagnele's, for varicocele ; subcutaneous ligation
of the varicose veins by silver wire twisted on metal
buttons. Gaillard-Arlt's, for entropion. See Arlfs
Operation. Galabin's : I. Yor lacerated perineum :
the denudation follows the cicatrix, but extends a
little beyond in all directions. 2. A method of trans-
fusion ; the direct method ; a piece of elastic tubing,
supplied at the extremities with cannula and spring-
clips, is employed. Galbiati's, for otherwise impossible
labor due to contracted pelvis ; I. Also called bi-pubco-
tomy and ischio-pubeotomy ; it consists in the division of
the ischiatic and horizontal branches of the pubes with
the chain-saw, followed by the application of the ob-
stetric forceps to the head of the fetus. 2. Symphysio-
tomy. Galezowski's : l. For cataract ; the incision is
made as in IVrighf s operation, except that the point of
the knife is made to divide the capsule. 2. For ptery-
gium : turning of the apex under the base. 3. Yoxsynec-
tomy ; it is done by means of a needle with a cutting-
edge. Gant's : X.Yox excision of the tongue ; s-xixo^A-
cation of faeger's operation. 2. Yox ankylosis of the hip-
joint ; division of the shaft of the femur just below the
lesser trochanter. Ga.XTetson's,{ox staphylorrhaphy ;
the same as Fergusson s operation, except that the
operator stands behind the patient. Garrigues', a
method of transfusion ; the indirect method, the
blood being defibrinated and filtered before being
injected. Gely's, for suture of the intestine ; two
straight needles at the ends of a single thread are
introduced behind and at the sides of the wound, and
made to traverse the outer coats of the bowel in a
direction parallel to the edge of the wound for a dis-
tance of four or five mm. The needles are then crossed
and the procedure repeated as often as necessary.
Gensoul's : l. Y ox double hare-lip ; forcible repression
of the pre-maxillary bone by seizing the projecting
tubercle at its extremity and fracturing the bony pro-
cesses that support it. 2. For excision of the upper
jaw; one incision is carried vertically downward
from the level of the inner canthus through the lip ;
a second is started at right angles to the first at the
level of the floor of the nose ; and a third is carried
upward in front of the ear to the external angular
process of the frontal bone. 3. For stricture of the
lacrymal duct. See Laforest's Op -ration. Gerardin's,
for prolapse of the uterus ; denudation of the median
portion of the ventral and dorsal vaginal walls, or
of the ventral lip of the cervix and dorsal vaginal
wall, and union by sutures. Gerdy's (/'. yV!) : I. For
entropion ; also called the scalping operation ; removal
of the entire margin of the lid. 2. For the radical
cure of inguinal hernia ; by invagination of the
scrotum in the inguinal canal, and its retention
there by means of a suture passed by a long needle.
3. For stricture of the lacrynial duct ; by two verti-
cal parallel incisions into the duct, with excision
of a quadrilateral piece of bone from the inner wall.
Gibson's : l. For the formation of aii artificial pupil.
See Beer's Operation. 2. For cataract ; removal of a
soft lens through a small corneal incision. Gilles-
pie's, for excision of the ivrist ; it is done by a single
longitudinal dorsal incision between the extensor
communis and extensor secundi muscles, without
division of the tendons. Gioppi's, for rrt/cnzir/,- the lens
in its capsule is extracted with a spoon-like instrument
through an incision similar ,to Graefe's incision.
Giraldes', for single hare-lip ; the mortise operation ;
two flaps are made, the first with its base attached above
to the root of the nose, the second attached below, on
the opposite side of the cleft at the muco-cutaneous
junction ; an incision is then made outward from the ala
and the surfaces are approximated by turning the first
flap up and the second down. Giraud's, for stricture
of the lacrymal duct; a modification of Desault's
operation, in which a thread is passed through the
duct. Godlee's, for hepatotomy ; it is performed in
two stages, as in I'olkmann^ operation, except that
stitches are passed deeply into the substance of the
liver, and in a double row. Goodsall's, for horse-
shoe fistula in ano : a single division is made in the
posterior median line, to avoid incontinence from re-
peated division of the sphincter. Gould's (/"(V^rrf) : I.
For amputation of the penis ; complete removal of the
organ by dissecting off" the crura. 2. Y ox varicocele ; the
vas deferens is separated from the veins at the upper
OPERATIONS
910
OPERATIONS
part of the scrotum, and the skin is divided between
the two by transfixion ; the veins are then secured in a
loop of platinum wire attached to a battery. Gouley's :
{J. IV. S.) I. For externa/ urethrotoiny; a small conduc-
tor is passed through the stricture, and, guided by this,
the stricture is divided and a catheter conducted into the
bladder. 2. Y ox extirpation of tlie penis ; 3^ z\xr\\Wx\e.z.x
incision is made on either side of the root of the
penis ; the cavernous bodies and the urethra are
transfixed with needles, and the organ is amputated
inch in front of these ; a grooved staff is passed
into the bladder ; a sharp-pointed scalpel is carried
through the perineum and lodged in the groove of the
staff, and all the tissues are divided from behind for-
ward ; the urethra is stitched to the skin ; the crura are
removed. 3. For hypospadias ; a flap is removed from
either side of the normal site of the urethra, and the
skin brought forward so that the denuded surfaces
are doubled on themselves ; they are then secured
by ' stitches. 4. For internal tiretlirotoiny ; it is
done with a special tunneled urethrotome after
Alaisonneuve and I'oilleniier ; or, with a special
dilating instrument. Goyrand's (.A^) : I. For divi-
sion of the contracted palmar fascia ; a longitudinal
incision is made in the skin in the long axis of the
contracted band, which, when exposed, is divided
transversely. 2. For ligation of the internal iiiaininary
artery : an oblique incision two inches long is made at
the end of the intercostal .space near the edge of the ster-
num. Von Graefe's : l. Yor cataract ; extraction of
the cataract through a scleral incision, with iridectomy
and laceration of the capsule. 2. For conical cornea ;
[a) A small portion of the cornea is removed in the
immediate vicinity of the apex of the cone, without
perforation, in order to induce cicatricial contraction.
{t>) The production of an ulcer at the apex of the cornea
to give rise to cicatricial contraction. 3. For dacryops ;
the introduction of a fine thread through the lacrymal
duct and anterior wall of the cyst ; the ends are tied
and the ligature is allowed to slough through, or the
tissue may be divided after a few days. 4. For
ectropion ; the denudation of a wedge-shaped portion
of the lid, and the edges brought together by a hare-lip
suture, after an incision in the cheek, parallel with
the margin of the orbit. 5. For entropion : (a) two
vertical incisions are made through the skin of the
upper lid, which lid is split into an anterior and a poster-
ior leaf, and the cutaneous margins are entered higher
up along the vertical incisions. (/') A horizontal
inci.sion is made through the skin of the upper lid, and
a triangular piece of skin, with its base downward,
is removed ; also a triangular portion of the tarsus,
base upward, is removed ; the wound is then sutured,
6. For evisceration : removal of the cornea and ad-
jacent zone of the sclera ; the contents of the eye-
ball are entirely scooped out with a spoon, and the
opening is closed with sutures. 7. For fistula of the
lacrymal gland ; extirpation of the gland. 8. For
prolapse of the lower lids; excision of a triangular
portion of skin, and closure of the wound vertically.
9. For ptosis ; excision of the fibers of the orbicu-
laris muscle. 10. For retinal detachment ; incision
of the retina by a needle made to penetrate the
vitreous chamber through the sclerotic, near the cornea.
1 1 . For rhinoplasty ; the same as the Tagliaco-
tian method, q. ',<. 12. For single hare-lip ; the edges
are prepared by an arch-like incision and brought
together with the muco-cutaneous margins even. 13.
Vox staphyloma ; the production of suppurative choroid-
itis, followed by natural atrophy of the globe of the
eye. 14. Yox strabotoiny ; a small incision is made mid-
way between the center and the lower edge of the mus-
cle's insertion (internal rectus) near the edge of the
cornea ; a hook is introduced from below upward
and the tendon is divided close to its insertion. 15.
For trichiasis ; a modification of Arlt' s operation ; the
lid is split into two flaps, and the flap containing the
hair-bulbs is transplanted away from the margin of the
lid after two vertical incisions have been made on
either side. Graefe-Romberg, for blepharospasm ;
division of the supraorbital nerve. Green's : I. Fort';z-
tropion ; an operation combining the essential features
of the Arlt-Jaesclie and Anagnostakis' operations, but
the chief feature is that the sutures are made to include
the upper border of the tarsus and the tendon of the
levator. 2. For readjustment of the levator palpe-
bne muscle ; dissection through the upper border of
the upper lid to reach the eyeball, without opening
the conjunctival sac, followed by suture of the tendon
of the levator. Gritti's { A'. ) , for atnputation above the
knee-joint ; the patella is preserved in a long anterior
flap, and, having had a thin slice removed from its
deep surface, is secured in apposition with the femur,
the latter having been deprived of its articular surface
by being sawn through the condyles. Gross' [S.D.) :
1. Yox amputation of the foot ; a modification of Syiiie's
operation : the plantar incision is made further an-
teriorly, thus aff ording greater chances of a good blood-
supply. 2. For amputation of the great toe: the
operation is performed through the continuity of the
metatarsal bone, not at the articulation ; there is a dor-
sal incision. 3. F'or T'ar/Vtiri'/i' ,• subcutaneous ligation
with a stout cord or silver wire and a cork compress.
Gross' (.S". lV.^,iox internal urethrotomy; a special
exploratory urethrotome is used to divide the stricture
from within outward. Grossmann's, for retinal de-
tachment; aspiration of the effused sub-retinal fluid
and slow injection of a warm saline solution into the vit-
reous. Gruening's : l. For /a;z«;i:j; curetting of the
cornea. 2. For removing steel or iron from the eye ;
by means of a magnet the foreign body is drawn out
through the original wound, or extracted through an
incision made in the sclera, when the particle can be
drawn to a favorable site. Guerin's : l . For ampu-
tation at the elbow-joint ; by a single external flap.
2. For carbuncle. See French^ s operation. 3. For
excision of part of the upper jaw ; a curved incision,
with its convexity outward, is made from the ala of
the nose to the angle of the mouth ; the soft parts
are dissected up, the nostril opened, and the bone re-
moved by dividing the hard palate in the middle line
and its facial aspect outward to the maxillary tuberos-
ity. 4. For iridotomy ; a. crucial incision of the iris
through the cornea. 5. For the removal of a naso-
pharyngeal polypus ; by removal of part of the upper
jaw. See Gueriii' s excision of part of the upper jaw.
6. For subconjunctival strabotomy ; a Z-shaped teno-
tome, introduced between the muscle and the sclera,
divides the former when the cutting-edge of the instru-
ment is turned forward, and a slight sawing motion is
applied. Guerin and Brodhurst's, for congenital dis-
location of the hip ; subcutaneous division of the stronger
muscles connecting the femur and the pelvis, followed
by continuous extension. Guerin and Desmarre's,
for corectopy ; by means of a punch-like knife a small
portion of the cornea is removed, into which opening the
iris falls, and is retained by adliesions. Gianther's, for
amputation at the hip joint ; disarticulation by a modi-
fied oval method, with the summit of the incision on the
outer side. Gussenbauer's : l. Yox suture of the in-
testine ; it combines the C'scr/y and Lembert sutures'xa
one, but does not traverse the mucosa. 2. For tapping
the pericardium ; resection of part of the fifth rib, fol-
lowed by incision of the pericardium. Guthrie s: !•
OPERATIONS
911
OPERATIONS
For amputation at the hip-joint ; aatero-posterior flaps
are made by cutting from without inward. 2. For
amputation at //w neck of the liHinertis ; it is done by the
oval method, the incision being commenced beneath the
acromion process and carried to the inner side of the
arm, then beneath to the outside, where it is met by
another incision begun at the same point as the first. 3.
For ligation of the first part of the axillary artery ; an
incision is made in the course of the artery through the
ventral fold of the armpit, with complete division of
the soft parts. Guyon's, for amputation of the leg ;
supramalleolar diviiiion of the bonesand covering of the
terminal part of the stump with the tissues of the back of
the heel. Hagedorn's : l. Yox double hare-lip ; the
soft parts covering the premaxillary bone are pared, also
the margins of the cleft, and the parts are then brought
together by sutures. 2. For single hare-lip : the mar-
gins of the gap are isolated by incisions and removed,
and the raw surfaces are brought together. Hahn's :
I. For gastrostomy ; the parietal incision is made
parallel with the lowest rib, and the stomach is opened
through the eighth intercostal space. 2. For intuba-
tion of the pylorus : gastrotomy is performed and the
tube is carried through the stenosed pylorus into the
duodenum and left there. 3. Y ox knock-knee ; osteot-
omy on the outer as well as on the inner side of the
femur. 4. For nephrorrhaphy ; the capsule of the
kidney is exposed by an incision in the loin between
the ilium and the last rib. In the first operation sutures
were carried through the perinephric fat alone ; later,
they were placed in the capsule proper. Halpin's,
iox extirpation of the lacryinal gland: a curved inci-
sion is made through the middle of the eyebrow, with
removal of the gland, and drainage. Halsted's ( Jl^.
S.) : I. For the radical cure of ingtiinal hernia ; the
samt as Bassini' s operation. 2. Yor suture of the intes-
tine ; a modification of Lembert^s suture m which each
stitch includes not only the who4e muscular coat, but
also a little of the submucous coat. Hancock's :
1. For amputation through the foot : a modification of
Pirogoff' s operation in which the sawn surface of the
OS calcis is brought in contact with the transverse sec-
tion of the astragalus. 2. For glaucoma ; intraocular
ciliary myotomy. Handyside's, a method of per-
forming ovariotomv : the ligatures of the pedicle are
carried through Douglas's pouch into the vagina.
Hardie's, iox division of a contracted palmar fascia ; a
modification of Goyrand^s open method, in which an
incision is made across the hand above the principal
transverse fold of the palm and over the tense fascia.
Harrison's (A'.): i. For internal urethrotomy; a
special urethrotome is used to divide the stricture from
without inward. 2. For puncture of the bladder
through the prostate gland ; a special straight trocar
is introduced in the middle line of an inch in front
of the anus, and pushed through the prostate into the
bladder. Hasner's, for blepharoplasty ; two tongue-
like flaps are made, one above, and the other below
the eye, to supply the deficiency in the lid. Hawkins',
for contraction of the palmar fascia ; one transverse in-
cision in the palm, to divide the large fascial bands, and
semicircular incisions at the base of the little and ring-
fingers, to divide the digital prolongations of the fascia.
Hay's: l. Y ox stricture of the lacrymal the pas-
sage of a special probe, having a hook at one extremity.
2. Yox strabismus : conjunctival incision and tenotomy.
Heart's, for excision of the tongue ; the section
through the tongue is made with an ecraseur. Heath's,
iox fxity 0/ the lo-tocr jaw ; division of the ascending
ramus beneath the masseter with a saw introduced
through the mouth by means of a small incision above
the last molar tooth. Heaton's [ G.), for the radical
cure of inguinal hernia ; the subcutaneous injec-
tion of an astringent solution to produce irrita-
tion and contraction of the tissue about the rings.
Hegar's : l . For Colporrhaphy for lacerated peri-
neum ; also called the median operation ; it consists
in a triangular denudation upon the dorsal wall of
the vagina, the base of the triangle being parallel
with the lower margin of the vagina, and the apex
reaching almost to the cervix, an oval denudation
being made upon the skin-perineum. 2. For oophor-
ectomy : the same as Battey' s operation. Hegar-
Tait's, for oophorectomy ; a misnomer for Tails oper-
ation. Heineke's : l. For exostosis of the external
meatus of the ear ; removal by means of a mallet
and gouge. 2. For pyloric obstrtiction : the ventral
wall of the strictured pylorus is divided in the long
axis of the canal, and the incision is carried for the
distance of one inch into the healthy tissue ; the
incision is then sutured in a transverse direction by
catching the center of the cut on either side and mak-
ing traction. Heineke-Mikulicz's, for pyloric obstruc-
tion ; the same as Heineke's operation. Heisrath's, for
trachoma ; the excision of a moderately broad piece
of the transition-fold of the conjunctiva, the incision
to include the subconjunctival tissue and a portion of
the tarsus. Heliodorus', for the radical cui-e of in-
guinal hernia ; after reduction of the hernia the sac is
twisted and incised, gentle traction being made so
that sufficient of the sac maybe removed. Henry's,
for varicocele ; a modification of Cooper' s operation ;
the application of a specially devised clamp, from
above downward, in the line of the raphe, and re-
moval of the redundant skin. Herzenstein's, for
trichiasis ; this is especially applicable in the partial
forms ; a ligature is passed subcutaneously around the
roots of the offending cilia, and allowed to cut its way
out. Ylzxzit\d''s, iox carcinoma of the 2iterns ; extir-
pation of the uterus through -a sacral opening. Heur-
teloup's, for varicocele ; a. modification of Cooper s
operation ; it consists in resection of the redundant
scrotum, together with a portion of the veins behind.
Hay's : I. For amputation through the foot : the same
as Lisfranc'' s operation, except that the internal cunei-
form bone is sawn through in a line with the articulation
of the second metatarsal bone, instead of being disar-
ticulated. 2. Yox amputation of the leg ; the amputa-
tion is made in the middle of the leg by a long pos-
terior flap, cut by transfixion, and a slightly shorter
anterior one. High Operation: i. vSuprapubic
lithotomy, i^e.^ Lithotomy. 2. Deliverv by forceps of a
fetus, the instrument being applied at the superior strait.
Hill's ), for internal tirethrotomv : it is done with
a modification of A/aisonneuve' s urethrotome. Hil-
ton's : I. P'or amputation of the penis; the spongy
body is divided about inch in front of the cavern-
ous portion, splitting it longitudinally and uniting
the lateral flaps to the skin. 2. For opening an
axillarv abscess ; an incision is made through the skin
with a knife ; then a grooved director is pushed into
the deeper structures until pus escapes. 3. For fissure
of the anus ; an incision is made from without, a
sharp-pointed bistoury being inserted beneath the
base and the point made to protrude in the bowel. 4.
For obturator hernia ; it is done by abdominal section
and withdrawing the intestinal loop from within.
Himly's: I. For corectopy ; the same as Adams'
operation. 2. For iridodialvsis ; the same as Scarpa's
operation, except that the needle is introduced through
the cornea. 3. For symblepharon ; preliminary per-
foration of the adhesion along the fornix, and the pass-
ing of a lead wire along the canal so formed, thus
converting a posterior into an anterior symblepharon,
OPERATIONS
912
OPERATIONS
which can then be operated upon by simply separating
the adhesions. Von Hippel's, iox transplantation of the
cornea ; a circular portion of tlie leukomatous cornea
is removed by means of a trephine, the membrane of
Descemet being left intact ; a piece of the whole
thickness of a rabbit's cornea is then excised with
the same trephine and transplanted. Hirschberg's,
for detacliinent of the retina : paracentesis of the
sclera over the seat of the effusion. Hodgson's :
1. For ligation of the axillary artery; a semilunar
incision is made just below the clavicle, terminating
near the anterior margin of the deltoid muscle. 2.
For ligation of the femoral artery ; ligation at the
apex of Scarpa's triangle. Hoffa's, for congenital
dislocation of the hip ; the head of the femur is
reached through a 3-inch incision and freed from its
attachments ; the cotyloid cavity is then gouged out
to receive it, and reduction is accomplished under ex-
tension. The dressing consists of a plaster-of- Paris
bandage, with continuous extension. Hoin's, for
amputation at the knee-joint ; it is done by the posterior-
flap method. Holmes' (7".): I. Yax ectopia vesiccc ;
closure by means of reversed and superimposed flaps.
2. For excision of the os calcis ; an incision is made
from the inner edge of the tendo Achillis along the
upper border of the os calcis and the outer border of
the foot to the calcaneo-cuboid joint, and this is
joined by another incision running across the sole, the
peroneal tendons being divided. 3. For varicocele ; a
small incision is made in the scrotum, and the veins are
ligated with kangaroo tendon. Holt's, for internal
urethrotomy ; rupture of the stricture by rapid dilata-
tion. Horn's, for chiloplasty ; removal of the diseased
tissue by a V-shaped incision, and filling in of the gap
by tissue from the maxillary bones. Horner's: I. For
cicatricial ectropion ; the lid is dissected loose and a flap
from the cheek is used to fill in the gap produced. 2.
For sali-c'arv fistula ; the diseased tissues are cut out
with a punch, on a wooden spatula held in the mouth ;
the external wound is then closed. Horsley's ( ), for
craniectomy ; the skull is exposed by raising a flap,
and the bone is removed with the trephine and bone-
cutting forceps. Hotz's : I. For entropion; it is
on the same principle as Anagnostakis' operation, but
more of the orbicularis muscle is removed, and the
sutures are placed higher up. 2. For trichiasis ; the
skin above the lid-margin is united to the upper border
of the tarsal cartilage. Howse's : I. A method
of performing ^o-^i/ro^/owi' ,■ a vertical incision is made
in the sheath of the rectus muscle, a little to the inner
side of its outer border. 2. For lumbar colotomy ;
a modification oi Bryaiif s operation in which the oper-
ation is carried out in two stages, two pairs of pressure-
forceps being made to grasp the muscular coats of the
colon, and to hold the bowel until the time for estab-
lishing the artificial anus. 3. For nephro-lithotomy ;
an incision is made in a vertical direction, and this is
supplemented by a transverse one ; the knife is entered
close to the edge of the erector spinte muscle, below
the lower border of the twelfth rib, and is carried
oi^liquely downward and forward toward the crest of
the ilium. 4. For varicocele ; after the vas deferens has
been separated from the veins, an incision \% ox 2.
inches long is made over the varicocele ; the veins are
then ligated above and below, and the included
bundle is excised. Hue's, for performing circumcision ;
an elastic ligature is made to transfix the dorsal aspect
of the prepuce by means of a curved needle ; the
ligature is then tied in front and allowed to cut through.
Hueter's : I. For excision of the elbow ; a modifica-
tion of Ollier\ operation. 2. Yox excision of the facial
nerve ; the incision is made in front of the ear, and one
of the branches of the nerve is exposed in the parotid
gland ; this is to be followed back to the trunk. 3. For
excision of the shoulder ; it is done by a single anterior
vertical or oblique incision. 4. For chiloplasty [lower
lip); the margins of the defect are brought together and
an incision is made in the cheek horizontally outward
from the oral angle, involving the whole thickness on
the distorted side ; the mucosa on each side of the
new wound is reflected a little and then united
to the skin by sutures. 5- For rhinoplasty ; a quadri-
lateral flap is taken from the dorsum of the nose to form
a new columna. 6. For stretching the facial nerve ;
an incision two inches long is made in front of the
ear, its center being opposite to the upper part of the
lobule. Huguier's : I. A method of performing
colotomy ; the right lumbar operation. 2. For irido-
dialysis ; the iris is divided from the center to the cir-
cumference, and each lip is then detached. 3. For
the remo.val of a naso-pharyngeal tit)nor ; the same as
Berard's operation, except that a smaller fragment is
removed ; the bone is divided horizontally from the
maxillary tuberosity to the anterior nares, and the base
of the pterygoid process is cut through : the lower part
of the jaw is then dislocated downward within the
mouth. Hulke's, for fistula of the lacryinal gland ;
a silk thread armed with a needle at either end is
passed from the orifice of the fistula through the con-
junctiva and allowed to remain ; a triangular portion
of the upper lid is thus included in the thread. Hum-
phrey's : I. Yox amputation of the penis; a circular
skin-flap is made, the urethra is dissected loose from
its attachments to the stump of the corpora cavernosa,
drawn through a slit made at the base of the scrotum
on the under side and attached to the margins of the
slit so as to make an artificial meatus in the perineum.
2. For excision of the condyle of the loiver ja'v ; the
condyle is exposed by reflecting a triangular flap up-
ward, and the bone'is sawn through the neck, all of the
condyle and external pterygoid process being removed. i
Hunter's (y()/;«) : I. Yox aneurysm; ligation of the \
artery on the cardiac side of the aneurysm at some dis- 1
tancefromit. 2. Yox internal urethrotomy ; \\.'K>d^ox\t ■
with a special dilating urethrotome, t,. Yox ligation of ,
the femoral artery ; it is done in the aponeurotic canal. 1
4. For trichiasis ; after puncturing the hair-bulb with a ,
fine knife to the depth of ; § of an inch, a needle, dipped
in some irritant, is introduced and the hair extracted. j
Hutchinson's: l. A method of performing ovari- \
otomy ; application of a clamp to the pedicle. 2. A |
method of transfusion : the indirect method, with the
use of a fountain-syringe devised for the purpose. I
3. For varicocele ; the open method of deligation. |
Indian, for rhinoplasty; a flap is taken from the
forehead, with its pedicle at the root of the nose;
hollow plugs are inserted into the nostrils, and the
flap is secured. Kecgan' s operation. Invagina-
tion Method. See Joberf s operation. Italian
Operation: l. Yox cystotomy. Ste. Allarton' s opera-
tion. 2. Yox rhinoplasty ; the skin is taken from the
arm over the biceps ; the flap is cut on three sides,
and after the skin has shrunk it is fitted to the fresh
margins of the defect, the arm being bandaged m
position for at least eight days. Jaboulay's. See
Exothyropexv. Jacobs', for trichiasis; scalping of
the edge of the lid, including the cilia and the hair-
bulbs. Jacobson's : i. Yox amputation cf the penis ;
it is done by the flap-method, the flap being taken
from above. 2. Yox cataract-extraction ; scleral sec-
tion, the flap skirting the lower margin of the cornea ; ;
iridectomy. Jacque's, {ox excision of the tongue ;
is done through an opening made in the cheek.
Jaeger's: i. For cataract-extraction; the incision is
OPERATIONS
913
OPERATIONS
made with a concave knife. 2. For ectropion ; detach-
ment of the everted lid, except at the angles, and its
adaptation to the eyeball. 3. For ectropion of the up-
per lid ; the incision is made parallel to the edge of
the lid, with excision of a portion equal to the differ-
ence in the lengths of the lids ; the wound is then
sutured. 4. For entropion ; excision of a portion of
the lid with the cilia and hair-bulbs, and healing by
granulation. 5. Yor excision of tJie elbow ; a modifi-
cation of Moreau' s incision, in which the outer verti-
cal limb of the H is omitted. 6. For excision of the
tongue ; excision through an opening made in the
cheek by a curved incision extending from the angle
of the mouth to the anterior edge of the m^sseter
muscle. 7. Yor trichiasis ; paring away of the edge
of the lid ; removal of the portion of skin over the
hair-bulbs. Jaesche's : l. Yor distichiasis ; the mar-
gin of the lid is separated except at either end ; an
incision is made parallel to this, and the intermediate
portion of skin is removed ; the wound is then closed
with sutures. SeeArlt's Operation. 2. Plastic ; the
triangular gap is closed by displacing and transplant-
ing a flap marked out by a curved lateral incision, and
Sutures are applied. Janir\'s, for iridotoz/iy ; a vertical
incision of the iris is made on the inner side of the pupil
by a knife or scissors introduced through the cornea.
Jeffray's, for excision of the knee ; it is done by two
vertical lateral incisions. Jenks', for lacerated peri-
neum ; denudation of the surface by means of scissors
introduced at the lower edge, close to the integument,
and made to dissect up the lower surface without being
withdrawn. Jobert's (7)/. ): I. Yor castration; ^.cwrseA
incision is made upon the scrotum, with its convexity
turned downward and inward. 2. For ligation of the
upper part of the popliteal artery ; an incision, three
inches in length, is made parallel with and just pos-
terior to the tendon of the adductor magnus muscle,
commencing at the junction of the middle with the
lower third of the tiiigh. 3. ?"or the radical cure of
hernia ; two cannulated needles are passed and the
cannute allowed to remain until the requisite amount of
inflammation has been produced. 4. For suture of
the intesti7ie ; the invagination method; the upper
segment is transfixed near the divided margin on two
opposite sides by a needle and thread ; the two ends
of the thread hanging down on each side are both
armed with needles, and, the intestinal wall of the
lower segment being transfixed, the invagination is
completed, partly by traction on the sutures, and partly
by squeezing. Jones' (/".), for lumbar colotomy ; a
modification of Bryanf s operation in which the
lower end of the colon is closed by detaching the
mucosa from the upper segment of the bowel and
adjusting it by sutures. Jones' (.9.), a method of
performing gastrostomy ; the parietal incision is made
almost in a vertical direction, in a line drawn from the
left nipple to the spine of the pubes. Jones' {IV.),
for ectropion ; a V-shaped incision is made with its
apex directed away from the margin of the lid ; when
this is united with sutures, after the skin has been
freed from the underlying tissues, the wound is Y-
shaped. Jordan's, {or resection of the nose for removal
of polypi; osteoplastic resection of the nose and split-
tmg of the upper lip to give more room. Jordan's
[Furneaux] : I, For amputation at the hip- joint ;
the soft parts are divided down to the bone by the
circular method, as low down as possible, and the
femur is shelled out by a longitudinal incision along
the outer side of the thigh. 2. For amputation at the
shoulder-joint ; the soft parts are divided down to the
bone by the circular method, three or four inches below
the axilla, and the humerus is shelled out by a longi-
58 ^ ^
tudinal incision along the outer and posterior aspect
of the limb, meeting the circular incision at right
angles. 3. Yor excision of the tongue ; division of the
cheek back to the ramus of the jaw, and removal of
the diseased part by two ecraseurs, worked simultane-
ously. The same as Jaeger^ operation. 4. For removal
of a tumor of the naso-pharytix ; an incision begin-
ning at the gingivo-labial fold, just below the posterior
margin of the nostril, is carried forward into the nasal
cavity, on through the ala of the nose, and along
the lateral aspect of the nose ; the whole upper lip is
then divided, the flaps turned aside, and the anterior
nares exposed. Jbrg's, for otherwise impossible labor.
See Laparo-elytrotomv. Jurine's, for iridotomy ; the
needle is introduced through the sclerotic, and the
iris is punctured from behind forward, and from
before backward, and the punctures are united by
an incision. Kappeler's, for cholccystenterostomy ;
it is performed in one stage ; the distended gall-
bladder is emptied by puncture with a trocar, and
the margins of the wound, after being enlarged, are
united, by means of a double row of sutures, to the
highest part of the jejunum. Keegan's, a method of
rhinoplasty; Indian method; the flap being de-
rived mainly from one side of the forehead. Keen's
{IV. JV.): I. For linear craniotomy ; the skull is
exposed through a slight flap, and the bone is divided
by means of a special bone-cutting forceps. 2. For
prominent auricles ; a large oval piece of skin is re-
moved from the back of the ear, and a V-shaped piece
of cartilage is excised. 3. For stretching the facial
nerve ; the use of a weak faradic current to find the
nerve, and stretching from the periphery toward the
center ; the remainder of the operation is the same as
Ba2ii?i's operation. Keetley's {C. B.], for the radical
cure of 2imbilical hernia ; after separation and torsion of
the sac, it is drawn, by means of a ligature, into a pre-
pared space between the linea alba and the peritoneum,
above the umbilical ring. Kehrer's : I. A method of
performing Cesarean section ; a modification of the usual
operation, in which the uterus is opened at the level
of the internal os by a transverse incision. 2. For
depressed nipple ; excision of a ring of skin around
the nipple, and healing by granulation. Keith's :
1. A method of ■perforrmng hysterectomy for tnyoma ;
either enucleation, or removal of the entire organ and
its appendages, with the clamp- treatment of the pedicle.
2 A method of performing ovariotomy ; treatment of
the pedicle with the cautery and clamp. Kelly's {H.
A.), for retro-positions of the uterus ; median celiotomy,
followed by stitching of the uterus to the ventral abdomi-
nal wall. Kelsey's, for inguinal colotomy ; the incision
is parallel to and half an inch above Poupart's ligament.
Kerr's, for amputation at the hip-joint; the same as
Ravaton'' s amputation. Kessel's: I. Yor establishing
a permanent perforation in the ear-drum ; it consists
in the removal of the tendinous ring that attaches the
drum-membrane to the bone, and in chiseling away a
portion of this bone along the posterior circumference.
2. For the mobilization of the stapes, in chronic non-
suppurative middle-ear inflammation ; it consists in
separating the inflammatory adhesions. Key's, for
lithotomy ; the lateral operation with the straight staff.
See Lithotomy. Keyes' {E. Z.), for varicocele ; sub-
cutaneous ligation with a special needle, carrying two
silk ligatures ; it is best performed in the standing
position under the use of cocain. Kinloch's, for in-
ternal zirethrotomy ; it is done with a special urethro-
tome used to divide the stricture from within outward.
Klineberger's, for lumbar nephrectomy ; a curved in-
cision is made with its convexity upward and outward.
Knapp's ): l. Yor blepharoplasty ; the formation
OPERATIONS
914
OPERATIONS
of a quadrangular flap from the cheek and nose, followed
by the insertion of sutures. 2. Yox cataract-ext7-action ;
the formation of dc Wecker'' s corneal flap ; a broad
iridectomy and peripheral opening of the capsule ; the
lens is expelled by gentle pressure on the lower part of
the cornea. 3. For cUft lobule of Ihe ear ; denudation
by transfixion, and cutting out and suturing. 4. Eor
coloboma fialpebra ; a combination of simple union and
blepharoplasty. 5. Yor divergent slrabismiis ; division
of the external rectus ; insertion of a double suture
through the inner margin of the cornea and through
the inner canthus. 6. For evisceration ; a modification
of Critche/t's method, in which conjunctival instead of
scleral sutures are used. 7. F'or pterygium ; a modi-
fication of Desmarre' s operation ; the corneal portion
is excised, and the remainder is divided into two parts,
one being transplanted under the conjunctiva above
the wound and the other below. 8. For staphyloma ;
a modification of Critchetfs method of closing the
wound after operation upon the staphyloma. Critchett
inserted stitches in the sclera, Knapp only in the
conjunctiva. 9. For symblepharon ; a modification
of Teale^s operation. Knox's, for excision of the
tongue ; a vertical incision is made through the center
of the lower lip, and the inferior maxilla is ex-
posed and sawn through at the symphysis ; the
tongue is then dealt with as the case demands.
Kocher's: I. For excision of the ankle-joint ; the
incision is made beneath the external malleolus, and is
followed by division of the peroneal tendons after
being secured with threads, and opening of the joint
with removal of the diseased parts ; the foot is replaced
and the tendons sutured. 2. For excisiojt of the
thyroid gland ; an incision is made in the median line
from the sternal notch to the upper limit of the bron-
chocele ; from this point two lateral incisions are made
upward and outward to a point a little below the angle
of the jaw. 3. For excision of the tongue : preliminary
tracheotomy and packing of the pharynx with sponges;
the incision begins below the tip of the ear, extends
along the anterior border of the sterno-mastoid muscle
to about its middle, then forward to the body of the
hyoid bone, then upward along the anterior belly of
the digastric muscle to the symphysis menti ; the
tongue is then removed by the galvano-cautery or
scissors through the incision. This operation was
devised to avoid pneumonia and septicemia. 4. For
varicocele; ligation of the veins at two points, and
subcutaneous division. Koeberle's : I. A method of
performing oophorectomy ; the pedicle is grooved with
a specially-devised wire constrictor prior to liga-
tion. 2. For retroflexion uteri ; abdominal fixation.
Kolomnin's, for hip-joint disease ; ignipuncture or
cauterization of the diseased tissue. Konig's: I. For
nephrectomy ; an incision is made vertically down-
ward along the outer border of the erector spina; muscle
to just above the iliac crest, then curving anteriorly,
and extending nearly, or quite, to the umbilicus. 2. For
single hare-lip; both margins are pared, and two
small prolabial flaps are formed by horizontal incisions
parallel to the lip-margin. Kraske's : I. For car-
cinoma of the rectum : resection of the coccyx and of
a portion of the sacrum to give access to the rectum
high up. 2. For extirpation of the uterus ; the opera-
tion is made through the same sacral opening as in
operating for carcinoma of the rectum. 3. For melo-
flastv ; a flap is taken from the immediate neighbor-
hood, and union follows, even if the pedicle consists
of subcutaneous tissue only. Krimer's, for urino-
plasty ; muco-periosteal flaps are dissected up on either
side of the cleft, then reversed from without inward,
and united in the middle line by sutures. Kiickler's ;
I. For cataract-extraction ; the incision passes
through the center of the cornea. 2. For splenec-
tomy; the incision is made through the linea semilu-
naris. Kuhnt's : I. For canthophisty ; a flap of
skin is cut from the upper or lower lid, and turned
into a wound made at the outer canthus. 2. For
ectropion ; a modification of Antyllus^s operation.
3. For symblepharon ; the use of skin-flaps grafted
upon the surface, or pedicellate flaps which are thrust
in between the eyeball and eyelid through fenestra cut
through the latter. Kiister's : l. For performing
gastrostomy ; the parietal incision is made in the linea
alba. 2. Yox mastoid and middle-ear disease ; \\. con-
sists in making an opening in the posterior wall of the
auditory canal as far away from the membrana tympani
as possible in cases in which some of the membrana
and the ossicles are still retained ; if the drum-cavity
is filled with granulations the incision should be carried
through the bone into the drum-cavity, and the morbid
material removed with a spoon. Kiister-Dolbeau's,
for vesical exploration ; paraprostatic section of the ure-
thra and subsequent dilatation to allow of the introduc- I
tion of the fingers. Labbe's, for i^'aj-Z/ o/owy/ the pari- I
etal incision is made parallel to the left costal margiti.
Lacauchie's, for amputation at the hip-joint; the
same as Esmarch' s amputation. Lafage's, for cas-
tration ; by an elliptic incision in the scrotum. La-
forest's, for stricture of the lacrymal duct ; the in-
jection of an astringent solution through an S-shaped
hollow probe. Lallemand's, for r/Vrt/wrw/tiw / dorsal
transfixion, followed by excision of the two lateral
flaps. Landolt's, for blepharoplasty ; a portion of the
upper lid is taken to replace a lost lower lid. Lang-
enbeck's : l. A method of performing a/«/?/A?//t;«i ,•
the making of musculo-tegumentary flaps by cut- j
ting from without inward. 2.. Yox cholecystectomy ; \!cit \
entire gall-bladder is removed, after division of the /[
cystic duct, between two ligatures, t,. Yox double hare- j
lip; the edges of the prominent tubercle and of the i
maxilla are pared, and, after replacement into position,
the parts are transfixed with hare-lip pins. 4. For
duodenostomy ; the bowel is attached to the wound in
the parietes and opened at a later stage of the oper- j
ation. 5. For ectropion; the same as v. Ammon's I
operation. 6. Yox excision of the ankle; a modifica-
tion of Moreau^ s operation, in which the outer incision
follows the anterior portion of the fibula, curves around
and below the malleolus and ascends about one inch
along its posterior border. 7. P'or excision of the
elbow ; a longitudinal posterior incision is made along ;
the inner side of the olecranon. 8. For excision of
the hip ; an external incision is made in the long axis |
of the limb over the outer surface of the great \
trochanter. 9. For excision of the knee ; a vertical <
incision is rnade on the antero-internal aspect of the I
joint. 10. For excision of the shoulder : a single 1
vertical incision is made, having for its starting-point '.
the acromio-clavicular joint. II. Yox excision of the 1
upper ja'ci) ; a transverse curved incision, with its con- 1
vexity downward, is carried from the junction of the
nasal cartilage with the nasal bone to the middle of the
malar bone. 12. Yox excision of the wrist ; fiamt &i 1
Barker s operation. 13. Yox iridodialysis ; 'm^ac\:ion t
is united with detachment ; the detached flap of the 1
iris is drawn into the corneal wound, where it is j
retained by adhesions. 14. For completely lacerated ■
perineum ; the edge of the recto-vaginal septum is
denuded and then split for some distance ; a flap is cut
out of the vaginal side, and, after closure of the rec-
turn, is stitched forward over the new perineuni by
vaginal sutures ; the external sutures are placed from ,
before backward. 15. For the removal of a ,
OPERATIONS
915
OPERATIONS
pharyngeal polypus : (a) nasal route ; the nasal bone
and nasal process of the superior maxilla are exposed
and forcibly displaced upward ; (/') maxillary route : a
tongue-shaped flap is marked out on the face, and a
large part of the maxillary bone separated and tempo-
rarily'displaced inward. l6. For nephrectomy ; an in-
cision is made through the abdominal wall at the outer
edge of the rectus muscle, in the linea semilunaris, com-
mencing just below the margin of the ribs. 17. For
neurectomy ; the division of the superior maxillary
nerve in the spheno-maxillary fossa by means of a long
tenotome passed into the fossa along the outer wall of
the orbit. 18. For osteotomy ; the subcutaneous
method, it). Yox restoration of the lower lip ; (rt) the
lower horizontal margin of the defect is prolonged on
either side by incisions, which pass along the remainder
of the lower lip, around the angles of the mouth and
into the upper lip ; the portion of the lip is then
mobilized and drawn together by sutures, {b) By a
single flap derived from the chin. 20. For rhino-
plasty; the Indian method ; a single lateral flap is
brought from the opposite side, the apex being left
attached at the inner angle of the eye on the side of
the deficiency, while the base comes from the ala of
the sound side. 21. For uranoplasty ; complete clos-
ure of the cleft in the palate by dissection of muco-
periosteal flaps obtained from either side, and suturing
in the middle line. Langier's, for stricture of the
lacrymal duct ; perforation of the wall of the duct and
the maxillary sinus, to drain the tears into the
antrum. Lannelongue's : l. For craniectomy ; (a)
The vertex of the skull is exposed by means of a
single incision in its long axis and a narrow strip of parie-
tal bone is removed close to the sagittal suture ; (b) The
bones of the skull are so cut as to produce osseous
flaps of various shapes. 2. For cleft-palate ; a rec-
tangular flap of mucous membrane is brought down
from the side of the septum of the nose ; the upper
edge of the cleft is then freshened and the two sur-
faces brought together. Lariche's, for removal of a
tumor of the naso-pharynx ; a V-shaped incision is
made, the ends of which run into either nostril, and
the apex is in the middle line one-fourth of an inch
telow the columna, which is then separated from the
tipper lip. Larrey's : I. A method of performing
amputation ; the same as Dupuytren'' s amputation
by the double-flap method. 2. For amputation at the
hip-joint ; lateral flaps are made by transfixion, the
common femoral artery being tied as a preliminary
step. 3. For amputation at the shoulder-joint ; an
incision is made from the acromion to a point 234^
inches below, from which point anterior and posterior
spiral incisions are carried down the arm, meeting on
the inner aspect ; after disarticulation of the bone
the flap is brought up and secured in the space made
by the gaping of the first incision. Lateral opera-
tion, a method of performing cystotomy ; the lateral
perineal operation. Lauenstein's, iox iliac colotomy ;
the peritoneum is sutured to the skin ; a loop of intes-
tine is then drawn out and the parietal wound closed
by sutures passed through the meso-colon of the ex-
truded portion of gut; finally, the serous covering of
each limb of the prolapsed loop is stitched to the parietal
peritoneum, and the bowel is opened. Lawrence's
{Sir I'F.) : I. For extirpation of the lacrymal gland :
an incision is made over the outer third of the orbit,
followed by division of the external commissure and
extirpation of the gland. 2. For removal of a naso-
pharyngeal polypus : the nasal bones and nasal pro-
cesses of the superior maxillre are cut through ; the
septum is then divided, and the nasal cavity exposed
by turning up the nose. Lawson's, for dlepharo-
plasty ; separation of the adhesions and dissection
up of the edges of the wound, followed by grafting.
Lebrun's : l . For cataract-extraction : the incision is
made farther in the cornea than most operators make it.
2. For entropion ; similar to that o{ Anagnostahis' oper-
ation. Ledran's, ior suturing the intestines. See Zft/-
ran' s Suture. L-ee's {//cnry) : l. For amputation of the
leg: a modification of Teale's operation, in which the
long flap is taken from the posterior aspect of the limb.
2. A method of performing embryotomy ; brachiotomy,
followed by perforation of the thorax and extraction
by the crotchet. 3. For traumatic cerebral abscess;
the same as Fengei-^ s operation. 4. For varicocele ;
transfixion by two pins and figure-of-eight turns of a
ligature, followed by subcutaneous division of the
veins. Le Fort's: I. For amputation of the foot;
a modification of PirogOjfs operation, in that the
section of the os calcis is more nearly horizontal, all
the upper part of the bone being removed. 2. For
procidentia uteri ; denudation of the anterior and
posterior walls of the vagina and the formation of a
longitudinal septum. Lembert's, for suture of the
intestine ; the interrupted suture is used, and a fold of
serous, or of serous and muscular, tissue is picked up
on one side of the wound ; the needle is then carried
over to a corresponding point on the other side of the
wound, where a similar fold is picked up. Lenoir's,
for amputation of the leg; a modified circular oper-
ation ; a circular incision is made above the malleoli
and below the point at which the bones are to be
sawn ; this is joined by a vertical incision carried up
along the inner side of the tibial crest ; the skin-flaps are
then dissected up and the remaining soft parts are di-
vided down to the bone at the level of the saw-line.
Lente's, for stricture of the rectum ; incisions are made
in the anterior and posterior median lines. Leten-
neur's, for plastic purposes ; the quadrilateral gap is
closed by a flap freed from below and displaced upward.
Leucke's, a method of ■\^^x{or\nm^ gastro-enterostomy ;
in order to expedite the operation the first present-
ing portion of the small intestine is attached to the
stomach. Leveille's, for iridodialysis ; it differs
from Scarpa'' s method only in the previous depression
of the lens. Levis's : I. For the radical cure of
hydrocele ; the injection of twenty drops of pure car-
bolic acid into the tunica vaginalis testis after withdraw-
ing the fluid. 2. F'or varicocele ; after ligation of the
varicocele the ligature is tied over a piece of rubber
tubing so as to maintain the tension of the thread.
Liebreich's : I. For cataract-extraction ; the incision
is carried farther into the cornea than usual. See also
Lebrun^s Operation. 2. For sfrabotomy ; the incision
is made at the lower edge of the muscle's insertion ;
the conjunctiva and capsule of Tenon are separated
as far as the semilunar fold ; the tendon is divided and
the vertical incision is extended upward and downward
to the necessary extent. Lignerolle's : i. For ampu-
tation' of the foot ; the astragalus is preserved in situ.
2. For subastragaloid disarticulation ; by a short ex-
ternal, and a long internal flap, taking in part of the
sole of the foot. Linhart's, for the j-emoval of a
tumor of the naso-pharynx ; an incision is made from
the root of the nose to its tip, and is extended into
the nostril of one side : the nasal bone is forcibly
turned to one side after having been separated
from its fellow. Lisfranc's : I. For ampu-
tation of the fingers at the metacarpo-phalangeal
joints ; it is done by rounded lateral flaps of equal
size, the base of each corresponding to the joint-
line, and the free extremity to the level of the web.
2. For amputation through the foot; disarticula-
tion through the tarso-metatarsal joints. 3. For a?n-
OPERATIONS
916
OPERATIONS
putation at /he hip-joint; lateral flaps about four
inches long are made by transfixion, the outer one being
cut first. 4. For anipictation at the shoulder-joint ;
external and internal flaps are made by transfixion ;
in operating on the left shoulder the knife is entered
near the posterior fold of the axilla, and after passing
close to the outer aspect of the joint, is made to
emerge between the coracoid process and the clavicle ;
on the right side the direction of the transfixion is
reversed. 5. For excision of the hip ; it is done by
raising the flap from over the great trochanter.
Lister's {Sir Joseph'): I. A method of performing
amputations ; by double rectangular flaps, the difter-
ence in length not being so great as in Teale's oper-
ation : the angles of the flaps are rounded off, the
posterior one consisting of skin and fascia only. 2. For
amputation at the hip-joint; disarticulation through an
external racket incision ; after Ravaton s and Fur-
neaux Jordan s amputations . 3. Yor amputation abo7<e
the knee ; a modification* of Cardenas amputation, in
which a short posterior skin- flap is formed. 4. A
method of button suture ; oval perforated discs of lead
are used which are threaded on the ends of wire. 5 . For
excision of the 'vrist ; the open method, by two
dorsal incisions, with division of the extensors of the
carous. 6. For ununited fractures of short bones ; the
fragments are wired together. Liston's : I. A
method of performing amputations ; a combination
of the double-flap and circular operations, by first
dissecting up two semi-oval flaps to serve as covers for
the flat-faced stump. 2. For atnputation at the hip-
joint ; disarticulation by antero-posterior flaps, cut
by transfixion ; the anterior flap is the longer of
the two and is made first ; the disarticulation is
effected before the posterior flap is cut. 3. For
chiloplastv ; removal of the diseased tissues, and
transplantation • of a flap from the chin or the cheek.
4. For excision of the elbow ; a modification of
Moreau" s incision, in which the outer vertical limb of
the H is omitted. 5. For excision of the upper jaw ;
it is done by three incisions : (a) an incision from the
external angular process of the frontal bone through
the cheek to the angle of the mouth ; {b) a short inci-
sion along the zygoma to meet the first ; (c) an incision
along the side of the nose and through the center of the
lip. Littre's : l. Yox enterotomy ; occlusion of the
lower end of the intestine, with the formation of an arti-
ficial anus. 2. For inguinal colotomy ; it is performed on
the left side for opening of the sigmoid flexure ; an in-
cision from to 3 inches long is made parallel with
the outer part of Poupart's ligament, and about inch
above it. Lizars' (_/.), a method of exposing the up-
per jaw by cutting through the cheek, from the angle of
the mouth to the malar bone. Loreta's : \. Yox aneu-
rysm ; the insertion of a small wire into the sac. and
the use of electrolysis as well. 2. For stenosis of the
orifices of the stomach ; digital or instnimental divulsion
of the pyloric or cardiac orifice, following gastrotomy.
Lossen's, for neurectomy ; a modification of Liicke^ s
operation in which the masseter muscle is not divided.
Lowdham's, a method of performing amputations ; it
is done by a single flap. Lubbock's, for lacrymal
fistula ; an incision is made into the anterior wall of
the lacrymal sac, followed by the introduction of a
grooved knife to the bottom of the duct, and the
passage of a leaden style. Lucse's, for strabismus ; a
semicircular incision is made in the conjunctiva near
the cornea, followed by division of the tendon close to
the sclerotic. Lucas's: l. Yox lumbar nephrectomy ;
an oblique incision is made as for colotomy, supple-
mented by a vertical incision carried along the outer
edge of the quadratus lumborum muscle from the last
rib to the iliac crest. 2. Yor u//ibilical hernia ; excision
of the sac and redundant skin , with suture of the ring.
Lucke's : l. For excision of the hip ; it is done by an
anterior incision in the long axis of the femur, com-
mencing ]4 inch below and to the inner side of the
anterior superior iliac spine. 2. Yox neurectomy ; xt-
moval of the second division of the fifth ne.rve
at the point of exit from the skull ; the incision is |
made above the external canthus along the upper
border of the zygoma, and the spheno-maxillary fossa
is exposed by sawing and breaking through the arch.
Luke's: l. A method of performing amputations;
the first flap is made by Langenbeck' s metJiod, and the
second by Vermale^ s method. 2. Yox iliac colotomy ; a,
modification of Cripps' operation in which the in-
cision is made in a vertical direction and external to
the epigastric artery. Lund's, for talipes ; the re-
moval of the astragalus. Luzardi's, for iridodialy-
sis ; by means of a special needle a portion of the iris is
drawn out through either the cornea or sclerotica, and
retained by adhesions. Lydston's, for varicocele ; an
incision one inch or more in length is made parallel
with the spermatic cord and beginning just below the
external abdominal ring ; the cord and veins are ex-
posed, separated, and the veins ligated with a single
silk ligature ; after closure of the wound a clamp is ap-
plied and the redundant scrotal tissue removed. Mac
Cormac's {Sir IV.) : l. Yor excision of the shoulder ;
by a posterior vertical incision starting from the
angular projection on the inferior margin of the
acromion. 2. For genu valgum; division of the
femur from the outer side, above and parallel with
the articular surface. 3. For ligation of the popliteal
artery ; it is done from the front at the inner side ; the
artery is exposed by an incision behind and parallel to
the tendon of the adductor magnus. 4. For 7-hino-
plasty ; the Italian method, the flap being taken from
the inner aspect of the arm. 5. For suture of the
intestine ; the same as Lemberfs method, except that
only an external line of sutures is used. Macdon- j
aid's, a method of performing embryotomy. See j
Affleck" s operation. Macewen's : I. For aneu-
rysm; a long pin with a tapering point is passed into
the aneurysm and the point is made to touch the oppo-
site wall of the sac; the point is then to be moved
over the inner surface of the aneurysm for ten minutes
for the purpose of causing irritation ; in this way each
point accessible to the point of the needle is to be
treated. 2. For genu valgum ; a modification of
Chiene^ s operation, the wedge being removed through
the same line of incision as in Ogston' s operation. 3.
For the radical cure of inguinal hernia ; the sac is
dissected out and separated from its connections, and
then so drawn upward by means of a suture as to \
form a pad upon the inner surface of the circumfer-
ence of the ring ; the ring and canal are then closed
by means of sutures. 4. For intubation of the larynx ;
a long, cylindric tube, of the pattern of the gum-
elastic catheters, is introduced from the mouth into
the trachea through the larynx. 5. Osteotomy for
genu valgum ; supra-condyloid division of the femur ■
from the inner side. Mackenzie's: I. Yox amputa-
tion of the foot ; the flap is taken from the inner and
plantar surface of the foot and ankle in performing a
Syme amputation. 2. For excision of the knee ; by rais-
ing an anterior U-shaped flap. Macleod's, for (7W/K-
tation at the ankle-joint ; a modification of Symc's
operation, in which only the malleoli are removed, the
cartilage on the under surface of the tibia being pre-
served. yi&cHa.xnaxa.''s, iox cataract-eirtractum ; xt- |
moval of the lens in its capsule without an iridectomy, 1
through a large corneal incision extending outward.
OPERATIONS
917
OPERATIONS
Madelung's, for lumbar coloto»iy ; a modification of
Bryant's operation in which the lower end of the
colon, after being completely detached, is closed by
invagination and two rows of sutures, and dropped
back into the abdomen. Maisonneuve's : i.
A method of performing amputations ; it is also
called the diaclastic method, and was devised for the
purpose of avoiding hemorrhage, infection, and other
accidents ; the bone is first broken with an osteoclast
and the soft parts are divided by means of an ecraseur.
2. For excision of the elbow ; it is done through a pos-
terior median incision. 3. For excision of the rectum :
a circular incision is made around the anus, and several
needles, armed with ligatures twelve inches long, are
passed into the incision and through the bowel above
the growth, and brought out of the anus and made to
retrace their course — one free extremity of the thread
presenting at the anus, and the other in the wound.
A whip-cord is passed through the loops of thread in
the anus, when traction on the ends in the wound
draws the cord through the bowel after the ligatures.
The bowel is divided by allotting each loop of cord to
an ecraseur. 4. Yox excision of the tongue ; a modifi-
cation of faeger's operation, q. v. 5. For excision of
part of the upper jaw; Guerin 5 operation, slightly
modified. 6. For excision of the wrist ; it is done by
a single median dorsal incision. 7. For ititernal
urethrotomy : a special urethrotome is used to divide
the stricture from without inward. 8. F"or oophorectomy ;
the entire pedicle is twisted. 9. For the removal of a
naso-pharyngeal polyp ; a slight modification of
Guerin' s operation : an incision is made in the me-
dian line, from the junction of the hard palate down
into the body of the uvula as far as is necessary, its free
border being preserved. Malgaigne's [f. F.): i. A
method of performing amputations : it is a variety of
oval amputation in which the spiral incisions are con-
tinuous above with a single longitudinal one, so that
the gaping wound has the form of a racket. 2. For
amputation of the arm : a single rounded flap is cut,
usually from the flexor surface of the arm. 3. For
amputation through the foot ; subastragaloid disarticu-
lation by a single, large, internal flap, the astragalus
only being left. 4. Yox amputation at the hip-joint ;
a modification of Ravaton s amputation, in which the
vertical incision is shorter and the circular incision
more oblique. 5. For chiloplasty ; two lateral in-
cisions are made on either side of the lower lip to re-
store this portion by the sliding method. 6. For ex-
cision of the shoulder ; it is done by a single anterior
vertical or oblique incision. 7. For hare-lip : the
same as Clemot's operation. Manec's, for amputa-
tion at the hip-joint ; a single long anterior flap is
made by transfixion ; the joint is then disarticulated,
and a circular incision made posteriorly. Marine's,
for the removal of a polyp from the naso-pharvnx ; an
incision is made through the soft palate with a bis-
toury, in the median line, from the tip of the uvula
to its junction with the hard palate ; after removal of
the polyp, 'he parts are restored by one or more
sutures. Margary's, (or congenital dislocation of the
hip; iht formation of an acetabulum in the normal
position, reduction of the femur, and the formation of a
capsule from the periosteum. Marian's, for lithot-
omy; the old median perineal operation for stone
in the bladder. See Lithotomy. Markoe's, for
varicocele; a modification of VidaP s method, in
which the pin is dispensed with, and a loop of silver
wire is clamped to a lead plate ; the wire is gradually
tightened. Martin's (.4.) : \. Yox lacerated perineum :
a modification of Freund' s operation, in which the
vagmal tongues are denuded more deeply into the
vagina, and the vulval denudations are carried higher
up. 2. For the radical cure of hydrocele : the in-
jection of tincture of iodin after aspiration. 3.
For vaginal hysterectomy ; an incision is made
around the posterior margins of the cervix until the
peritoneum is reached ; the edges of the vaginal
wound are then sewn parallel to the incision to bring
the peritoneum and vaginal wall together and so
arrest hemorrhage ; the broad ligaments are ligated
with silk ligatures in successive portions ; the cen-
tral fissure is now incised, the bladder separated, the
cervix freed from the broad ligament on either
side, the fundus retroflexed, and the remainder of
the broad ligaments ligated and severed ; a drainage-
tube is inserted into Douglas's space. Martino's, for
the remedy of a large and prominent ear ; a V-
shaped piece is removed and the wound closed by
sutures. Mason's: l. Yox osteoplasty ; a modifica-
tion of Dieffenbach'' s operation in which holes are
punched, as a preliminary step, along the line the
chisel is subsequently to take. 2. For rhinoplasty ; it
consists in bringing across the gap two lateral and one
superior flap of integument as a base of support for
the frontal flap. 3. For uranoplasty ; perforation of
the bone at several points in the line of the lateral in-
cision before applying the chisel, to prevent com-
minution. Masslorsky's, a method of performing
oophorectomy ; double flaps are made of the pedicle,
and these are stitched together. Mastin's, for in-
ternal urethrotomy ; it is done with a modification
of Maisonneuve's urethrotome. Mathews': I. For
fistula in ano ; after dilating the sinus with a laminaria
tent, a urethrotome is introduced to the full depth of
the sinus, the knife is protruded, and the instrument
withdrawn ; the operation is repeated with the knife
in the opposite direction. Mathews has devised a
special fistulatome for this purpose. 2. For inguinal
colotomv ; the incision is made two-thirds above and
one-third below, and at right angles to a line drawn
from the anterior superior spine of the ilium to the
umbilicus, one and a half inches from the spine ; when
the bowel is brought out of the wound, two large pins
are passed parallel and close together through one
edge of the incision, through the mesentery near the
bowel, and out at the other wound-margin ; the oper-
ation is completed by stitching the bowel to the skin;
the colon is incised at a later period. Mathewson's,
for exostosis of the external meatus ; removal by a drill.
Maunoir's, for iridotomv ; incision of the cornea
and removal of a triangular flap of the iris, the apex
of which is toward the pupil. Maunsell's, for intes-
tinal anastomosis ; after dividing the gut, circularly, at
the proper points, a longitudinal incision about an inch
and a half long is made in the larger segment oppo-
site the mesenteric attachment ; a long suture is then
passed through all the coats of the two divided ends
at the mesenteric attachment and one similarly di-
rectly opposite this point ; the sutures are then passed
in the lumen of the larger segment and out the longi-
tudinal incision, the ends of the gut are invaginated and
accurately coaptated by sutures, the invagination is re-
duced and the longitudinal incision closed by sutures.
Maury's [F.) : I. Yox ectopia 7'esic<s ; a modification of
Roux' s operation, in which one flap is taken from the
perineum and the scrotum, the other from the abdomen.
2. Yox gastrostotnv ; a curved parietal incision is made
with its convexity toward the middle line. Maydl's,
for iliac coloto»ty ; the peritoneal cavity is opened by
Littre s incision ; the loop of intestine is drawn out of
the wound and held there by a hard rubber cylinder
inserted through a slit made in the mesentry close to the
gut; the latter is stitched in the abdominal incision.
OPERATIONS
918
OPERATIONS
and opened from four to six days later. Maynard's, for
suture of the bladder: the sutures are placed in two
double rows by a special needle before the bladder is
opened. McBurney's, for the radical cure of in-
guinal hernia ; after exposing the sac the anterior
wall of the canal is incised and the sac ligated and
excised at the internal ring ; the skin is inverted and
stitched to the ligamentous and tendinous structures,
the wound healing by granulation. McCreik's, for
entropion : the removal of a horizontal strip of the
tarsus from the inner surface of the lid. McCurdy's,
for amputation at tJie kip-joint : a modification of
Mylcs' operation, a single needle being inserted at the
most prominent point of the great trochanter, passing
directly through the thigh in front of the femur to
emerge just below the tuber ischii. McDowell's
(jEf.), for oophorectomy ; the first complete operation;
the pedicle was secured by a single ligature, the ends
of which were brought out of the abdominal wound.
McGill's, for prostatectomy ; it is done by a supra-
pubic incision, as in supra-pubic lithotomy. Mc-
Leod's {^K."): I. A method of performing oophorec-
tomy; torsion of the pedicle between two pairs
of forceps. 2. For prolapse of the rectw?t ; the
upper part of the rectum is stitched to the anterior
abdominal parietes, a wound being made through the
abdominal wall for the purpose. Mears', for neurec-
tomy ; removal of the inferior dental nerve from its
canal by traction after exposing the outer surface of the
jaw, trephining over the position of the inferior dental
foramen, and loosening the nerve at the mental fora-
men. Median Operation. See Hegar' s operation, and
also Lithotomy. Mejean's, for stricture of the lacrymal
duct; a thread is passed through the canaliculus and
duct into the nose, and medicated cotton fibers are drawn
through. Mercier's, for prostatotomy ; an instrument
shaped like a short-beaked lithotrite with sharp edges
is used to punch out portions of the floor of the urethra.
Meyer's: l. Vox genu valgum ; a cuneiform osteotomy
of the tibia below the tuberosity. 2. For hypertrophy
of the pharyngeal tonsil ; a ring-knife is passed through
the nose, and the manipulations are directed by the left
forefinger passed into the vault of the pharynx. 3. For
sympathetic ophthalmia ; an incision is made over the
painful portion of the ciliary region with division of
the ciliary nerves. Michaelis', a method of per-
forming embrvotomy ; evisceration followed by rachi-
otomy and forced evolution. Mika Operation. See
Alika. Mikulicz's: 1. Yor Xh& removal of tonsillar
tumors ; it is done by an incision through the neck,
the cut extending from the mastoid process downward
and forward as far as the great cornu of the hyoid
bone ; the ascending ramus of the jaw is then resected
and the wall of the pharynx is divided ; a preliminary
tracheotomy is performed. 2. For tarsectoniy : the
same as IVladimirOjf's operation, but independently
designed. yii\\ex''s, ior amputation of the pe?zis ; the
flap is cut from below. Milne's, for internal urethrot-
omy ; it is done with a special dilating urethrotome.
Miner's, for the removal of an ovarian tumor ; enu-
cleation when removal cannot be effected in the usual
way, owing to absence or shortness of the pedicle,
or to adhesions. Miot's, for chronic nonsuppurative
middle-ear inflammation : the stapes is exposed, either
by excision of the upper posterior part of the mem-
brane, or by the use of the electro-cautery, after which
methodic mobilization of the exposed stapes is
carried out by means of a probe or other instrument.
Mirault's : I. ¥ox excision of the tongue; excision
after ligation of the lingual arteries as a preliminary
measure. 2. For liare-lip ; a flap is turned down on
one side and brought across and attached to the pared
opposite side. Molliere's : l. For amputation
through the foot ; the foot is treated as though it con-
tained but one bone ; if necessary, bone is cut through
rather than disarticulation being made. 2. For infan-
tile paralysis ; osteoclasis is performed, instead of re-
section. Moore's: \.Yox aneurysm ; the introduction
of a fine wire into the sac through a cannula. 2. For
cataract-extraction : extraction several weeks after the
performance of a preliminary iridectomy. Mooren's,
{ox cataract ; an operation similar to Jacobsoti s opera-
tion , but the iridectomy is made several weeks before
the extraction. Moreau's : I. For excision of the
ankle; by lateral incisions, the outer one following the
posterior border of the fibula and bending forward
beneath the malleolus ; the inner one is along the inner
surface of the tibia in the axisof that bone. 2. For ex- :
cision of the elbow ; a posterior H -shaped incision over •;
the joint. 3. For excision of the knee : by an anterior
H- shaped incision. 4. For excision of the shoulder ;
a flap with its base below is taken from the deltoid
region. Morel's, for excision of the shoulder; a
rounded flap with its base upward is taken from the
deltoid region. Morgan's, for chiloplasty ; after the
removal of the entire lip, a curvilinear flap is made by
an incision below and parallel to the first, allowing the
ends to remain attached and securing the flap in the
place of the diseased tissue. De Morgan's, 7Wf/z rff
spinal accessory nerve; an incision is made behind
the sterno-mastoid muscle. Morris' {H. ) : I. For
excision of the radius ; an incision is made parallel to
the long axis of the bone between the supinator longus :
and extensor carpi radialis longior muscles. 2. For '
lumbar nephrectomy ; a transverse or slightly oblique \
incision is made a short distance below the last rib, j
and this is joined by a vertical incision running down-
ward from a point near the posterior extremity of the !
former. 3. For nephrorrhaphy : the sutures are passed ■
through the entire thickness of one lip of the wound, |
then through the capsule and cortex of the kidney ■-.
and finally through the other lip of the wound. I
Mortise Operation. See Giraldes' Operation. Mor-
ton's : I. For c/£y>//a«/'/(7,f?>,- the excision of a portion of |
the nerve-trunk, supplying the affected member. 2.
For the reduction of club-foot ; tenotomy combined with
forcible correction by " Morton's club-foot stretcher." j
Mosetig Moorhofs, for staphyloplasty ; a modifica- I
tion of Schdnbein' s operation, in which the fistula is
allowed to remain at the position of the anterior pala-
tine canal. Mott's: I. Vox ligation of the common j
iliac artery ; an incision five to eight inches in length j
is commenced just outside the center of Poupart's I
ligament, and one and a half inches above it; curving
upward and outward toward the ribs, it passes one and
a half inches in front of the anterior superior spine of
the ilium. 2. For the ligation of the innominate <
artery ; a transverse incision is made above and par-
allel to the top of the sternum and inner end of the !
clavicle, and this is joined by another of the same ,
length along the anterior border of the sterno-mastoid '
muscle. Mulder's, for iridectomy : a crucial incision
is made into the iris, with removal of the flaps one by
5/ one. Mulcts, (ox e7'isceration of the eye-iiall : evkceM-
^ tion of the globe followed by the insertion of a silver
or glass ball within the sclerotic, with the view of
rendering the stump better suited to an artificial
eye. Muller's : l. For Cesarean section; a modi- |
fication of Porro's operation, whereby the whole '
uterus is turned out of the abdomen before it i''
opened. 2. For vaginal hysterectomy ; the uterus i''
divided into halves longitudinally; one part isbrougiu
down at a time, and the broad ligament is ligated "i
sections. Murphy's, for intestinal anastomosis : uy ^
I
i
OPERATIONS
919
OPERATIONS
the use of a specially devised apparatus. See Mur-
phv's Button. Murray's, for ligation of llic abdoi/ii-
nal aorta ; the extra-peritoneal operation ; a curved
incision, with its concavity forward, and about six
inches in length, is made upon the left side of the
body, from the anterior extremity of the tenth rib to a
point about one inch to the inner side of the anterior
superior iliac spine. Mutter's, for chiloplasty ; the
formation of two quadrilateral flaps to fill the defect
caused by removing the diseased tissue. Myles',
for amputation at the hip-joint : a stout steel skewer is
thrust through the thigh from before backward, the
point entering an inch below Poupart's ligament and
just to the outer edge of the femoral artery; it 'passes
to the inner side of the neck of the femur and emerges
a little above the gluteal fold ; an india-rubber cord is
passed around the ends in a figure-of-eight. Nail's
(B. R.), for interna/ urethrotomy : it is done with a
special dilating urethrotome. Nassiloff's, for esopha--
gostomy ; the formation of a fistulous opening between
the esophagus and the surface of the neck in cases of
stricture or tumor of the former. Neal's, {or gasti-ot-
omy ; a parietal incision is made in a line extending
from the umbilicus toward the left false ribs. Nela-
ton's : I. For amputation through the foot : subastrag-
aloid disarticulation by dorsal and plantar flaps, larger
on the inner than on the outer side. 2. For enterotomv ;
the abdomen is opened in the right iliac region by an
incision parallel to and a little above the outer portion
of Poupart's ligament ; the first coil of intestine that
presents is drawn into the wound. 3. For epispadias;
it is done by reversed flaps, one being obtained from
the median line of the anterior abdominal parietes,
the other from the anterior surface of the scrotum. 4.
For hare-lip ; an incision is made around the upper
angle of the cleft and the lower edge is turned down-
ward, so that the wound becomes diamond-shaped ;
the sides are then brought together and sutured.
5. ¥or lithotomy ; the pre-rectal method, correspond-
ing with the bilateral operation, with the addition of a
careful dissection to obtain more space between, the
rectum and the bulb of the urethra, to avoid wound-
ing the latter. See Lithotomy. 6. For the removal
of a naso-pharyngeal polypus ; it is done through the
mouth, by exposing the hard palate and drilling two
holes in it, so that the intervening bone can be re-
moved. 7. For proctotomy ; the external method ;
the left index finger is introduced as far as the stricture,
and, with this as a guide, the soft parts below the
stricture are divided in the median line by a blunt-
pointed bistoury. 8. For rhinoplasty : two trapezoid
flaps are taken from the cheeks, each flap being intended
to form the corresponding half of the new nose. 9. For
urethroplasty : the edges of the fistula having been
pared, the surrounding skin, to the extent of about an
inch, is dissected up subcutaneously, through an open-
ing made below the fistula, and the fistula is closed by
sutures. 10. F"or wehbcd fingers ; the same as Didof s
operation. Neudorfer's : I. For ectopia vesicce ; a
modification of Trendelenburg' s operation, in which the
sacro-iliac synchondroses are not separated, but approxi-
mation of the margins is made possible by two lateral
incisions through the abdominal wall ; the pubic bones
are brought together by sutures. 2. For e.xcision of
the shoulder ; it is done by a curved supra-acromial
incision, the acromion being sawn through and the
head of the bone thrust out. Neugebauer's, for
prolapsus uteri; the same as that subsequently de-
scribed by Le Fort, and best known by his name.
Newman's, for nephrorrhaphy ; in addition to stitch-
ing the kidney to the abdominal parietes, the fibrous
capsule is split and separated from the surface of the
kidney ; the resulting adhesion thus aids in fixing the
kidney. Nicoladoni's, for talipes calcaneus ; in cases
of paralysis of the calf-muscles, with the peroneal
muscles intact, the tendo Achillis is cut and sewn to the
peroneal tendons. Norton's, for webbed fingers ;
small triangular flaps are raised between the knuckles
on the dorsal and palmar aspects ; the webs are then
cut through the bases of the flaps, which are stitched
together. Noyes' : I. For bLpharoplasty ; [a) The
formation of a bucco-temporal flap, sliding the whole
cheek, with the shortened lid, inward and upward.
(/') The formation of a naso-buccal flap. 2. For in-
flamnmtory secondary cataract ; the formation of an
artificial pupil ; a hole is made in the obstructing mem-
brane with a V. Graefe knife, and this is enlarged by
tearing. 3. For entropion ; cure by a plastic operation.
4. ¥or staphyloma ; incision of the limbus, followed by
total avulsion of the iris. 5. For strabismus ; ad-
vancement of the elongated tendon. Nuel's, for
corneoscleral rupture ; the wound in the sclera is re-
opened by making a section with a knife, and the sur-
rounding conjunctiva is drawn over the opening by
means of a special suture. Nunneley's, for excision
of the tongue ; it is done by a suprahyoid incision and
the use of the ecraseur. Nussbaum's, a method
of performing ovariotomy ; the pedicle is tied in sec-
tions with catgut and dropped into the pelvic cavity.
Oberst's, stomatoplasty ; the defects of the mucous
membrane of the cheek are covered with tissue re-
moved from the upper or lower lip. Obre's, for the
radical cure of obturator hernia ; by cutting down
on the sac as in other herniee. Odhelius's, for
iridotomy ; the same as Reichenbacli s operation.
O'Dwyer's, for intubation of the larynx ; the same
as Macewen'' s operation, except that a shorter tube
of metal is introduced into the larynx. Oettin-
ger's, for trichiasis ; an incision is made in the inter-
marginal space, and is carried to a point above the
upper border of the tarsus, so that all the skin that
covers the tarsus can be displaced upward. Ogston's
{Alexander): I. Yov extreyne flat-foot ; excision of the
astragalo-scaphoid joint in a wedge-shaped piece, and
the fixing of the astragalus and scaphoid together with
pegs. 2. Osteotomy for genu 7<algum ; division of
the internal condyle of the femur obliquely, from before
backward. 3. For opening the frontal sinuses; it is
done by trephining in the middle line of the frontal
bone. 4. Yox varicocele ; subcutaneous ligation with
silk ; the same as JiTeyes' operation. Ollier's : I.
For excision of the elbo'w ; by lateral incisions, the
main one external and " bayonet" '-shaped, the inter-
nal one short and vertical. 2. F'or excision of joints ;
the subperiosteal method, in which the whole of the
periosteum of the involved district and the capsular
ligament are preserved. 3. For excision of the knee ;
by Aloreaii s incision and the carrying out of the
periosteal method. 4. For excision of the scapula;
one incision along the spine, and a second along the
internal border of the scapula, and the subperiosteal
removal of the bone. 5. F"or excision of the shoul-
der; by a single anterior vertical or oblique incision
and the carrying out of the periosteal method. 6.
For excision of the -wrist ; the subperiosteal method
by two dorsal incisions, after those made by Bceckel
and Lister. 7. For genu valgum.; section through
the epiphyseal cartilage. 8. For the removal of a
naso-pharyngeal polypus ; it is done through the nose
by an osteoplastic operation ; the nasal bones are
exposed and sawn through in the upper portion, so
that the nose can be turned downward. 9. For
rhi)ioplasty ; two diverging incisions are commenced
in the median line of the forehead and carried down-
OPERATIONS
920
OPERATIONS
ward along the border of the nose ; the triangular flap
is then drawn downward to supply the loss of the
lower part of the nose. Olshausen's, for vaginal
hysterectomy ; a modification of Czertiy^ s operatio>i ;
the uterus is not turned backward, but the connections
are gradually separated, as traction is made on the
organ ; the broad ligaments are tied with rubber liga-
tures. Orred's, for excision of the shoulder ; it is
done by a longitudinal incision from the socket of the
shoulder to the insertion of the deltoid. Otis' iV!),
for internal urethrotomy , it is done with a special
dilating urethrotome. Pagenstecher's : i. For
cataract-extraction ; extraction of the lens in the
closed capsule ; a scoop is inserted under the lens
and gentle pressure is made on the cornea. 2. For
entropion ; division of the external canthus ; stretch-
ing of the horizontal wound to a vertical one, and
suture of the opposed surfaces. 3. For iridodesis ; a
modification of Critchetfs operation, the incision being
made with a broad needle or narrow knife. 4. For
obliteration of the lacrymal sac ; slitting of the canalic-
uli, and the introduction of zinc chlorid paste into
the sac. 5- Fo"" pterygium ; separation from the
cornea and sclerotic and turning back ; the edges of
the conjunctival wound are brought together with
sutures. 6. For ptosis ; the fibers of the occipito-
frontalis are made to act on the lid. 7. For stricture
of the lacrynuil duct; the introduction of Bowman's
probe No. 3; slitting of the canaliculus and sac, and
the daily passage of sounds. Paget's, for excision
of the tongue ; a modification of Nunneley' s operation,
the tongue being made free by incision of its attach-
ments to the floor. Palasciano's, for tumor of the
naso-pharynx ; an incision is made through the skin
over the lacrymal sac ; this is partially dissected out
and a puncture is made through the lacrymal bone,
thus exposing the superior meatus. Panas' : I. For
proctotomy; linear proctotomy. 2. Vox ptosis ; the
tarsal portion of the lid is raised by sutures and the
occipito-frontalis muscle is caused to assume, to a great
extent, the function of the levator palpebrx. Pan-
coast's { Joseph) : I. P"or amputation at the knee-
joint ; three flaps are made: a short, oval, anterior
flap including the patella, and two latero-posterior flaps
which join in the middle of the popliteal region. 2.
For ectopia vesica' ; closure by means of two lateral flaps
dissected upon either side of the defect, and reversed,
but not superimposed. 3. For ker/iia ; a. method of
operating by injections. 4. For neurectomy ; the re-
moval of the second division of the fifth nerve at its
point of exit from the skull ; a square-shaped flap is
raised over the ramus of the jaw, and the masseter
muscle is elevated ; the coronoid process is then re-
sected and the internal maxillary artery is ligated, after
which the spheno-maxillary fissure is exposed by sep-
arating the two heads of the external pterygoid muscle.
5. V or rhinoplasty ; the subcutaneous division of the
depressed tissues, so that they may be separated from
their bony connections. 6. For varicocele ; a modifi-
cation of Levis' s operation : a button is introduced
between the skin and the rubber. Pare's (.^.),for
hare-lip ; the edges are united by means of pins and
figure-of-eight sutures. Park's : I . For excision of the
elhoiv : it is done through a posterior median incision.
2. For excision of the knee; it is done by an anterior
crucial incision, with its convexity downward. Par-
ker's : I. For the relief of chronic cystitis in the male ;
perineal cystotomy. 2. For perityphlitic abscess; in-
cision. 3. Svndesmotomv ior talipes varus m chWArtn ;
division of the " astragalo-scaphoid capsule" and the
anterior and posterior tibial tendons. Parker's (R.
Willard) incision, for excision of the hip; employed
originally by Dr. Hueter, and later and independently
by Parker; the incision commences on the fi-ont of
the thigh half an inch below the anterior superior
spine of the ilium, and runs downward and a little
inward for three inches. As the knife sinks into the
limb, it passes between the tensor vagina femoris and
the rectus on the inside, until it reaches the neck of tile
femur. Pasquier and Le Fort's, for amputation
through the foot ; a modification oi Pi rogoff' s operation ;
the section of the os calcis is made horizontally, its
upper part being removed. Passavant's : l.Yor syne-
chia ; breaking up of the adhesions with forceps. 2.
For stapliylo-pharyngorrjiapliy ; the halves of the
velum are stitched to the posterior pharyngeal wall in
order to shut off the nose from the mouth. Patru-
ban's, for varicocele ; excision of the dilated veins. '
Paul's, for iliac colotomy ; the bowel is divided and
the distal end invaginated as in Senn's method; a
glass tube is tied into the proximal end of the bowel,
which is fixed into the parietal wound by sutures ;
after three days the projecting bowel is cut away.
Pean's : l. For amputation at the hip-joint; the
vessels are caught as the operation proceeds. 2.
Y or hysterectomy for fibroid tumor ; the extraperitoneal
method; after an abdominal incision, the uterus
is brought out through the wound, and the stump
is transfixed with long heavy needles placed at j
right angles to each other ; beneath these a wire is 1
passed and made tight by means of a serre-nosud ; the |
tumor is amputated above the needles, and the ab-
dominal wound is closed around the stump. 3. For the
removal of a iiaso-pharyngeal tumor ; an incision is
made from the root of the nose down the median line
to the lip, through the nostril, and through the median '
line of the upper lip, which is completely divided ; the ;
flaps are separated ; a portion of the hard palate is re-
moved after separating the periosteum ; the second |
bicuspid tooth is extracted and the antrum is exposed |
by bone-forceps. 4. For pylorectomy ; a vertical .|
parietal incision is made in the middle line. 5- F*"" I
vaginal hysterectomy for carcinoma ; removal of the '
affected uterus per vaginam by morcellement, or bit by
bit. Peaslee's, for trachelotomy; an incision of one ,
or both ora uteri for stenosis by Peaslee's metrotome, '
followed by dilatation. Percy's, for excision of the
hip ; it is done by raising a flap from over the great
trochanter. Perier's, for uterine inversion ; re-
moval of the inverted uterus by the elastic ligature, j
Perrin's (^/.), for amputation through the foot ; sub- 1
astragaloid disarticulation by the oval operation. \
Peters', for internal urethrotomy ; a special ure- j
throtome is used to divide the stricture from within |
outward. Petersen's, for lithotomy; the high |
operation. See Lithotomy. Petit's: I. A method j
of performing amputations ; the same as Cheselden's •
method. 2. For amputation of the fingers ; lateral |
flaps are cut from within outward. 3. For hernia ; ■
the sac is not opened. 4. For stricture of the lacry- \
mal sac ; incision into the sac behind the internal
canthal ligament. Petrequin's, for symblepharon,^
gradual strangulation by means of a thread. Phelps
[ A. M.): I. For club-foot ; a direct open incision is
made through the inner and plantar surfaces of !
the foot. 2. For hare-lip ; a loop is passed through ,
the margin of the lip on either side of the cleft ; the |
incision is curved on both sides, and a V-shaped
flap is allowed to remain in the middle line, be-
neath the septum of the nose ; the wound is
closed with silk sutures. Physick's, for iridectomy; \
removal of a circular piece of the iris by the cutting-
forceps. Pick's, for amputation at the knee-joint; \
a modification of Stephen Smith's operation by com- j
OPERATIONS
921
OPERATIONS
mencing the anterior incision higher, and removing the
patella. Pirogoff's : I. ¥ot amputation through the
foot; a partial osteoplastic operation in which the
OS calcis is sawn through obliquely from above down-
ward and forward, and the posterior portion is
brought up and secured against the surface made
by sawing off the lower ends of the tibia and fib-
ula. 2. For the radical cure of hernia : after reduc-
tion, a bladder of gold-beater's skin is introduced into
the canal through a small incision, inflated and al-
lowed to remain. Pitts', for stretching the inferior
dental nerve ; the nerve is found by a vertical in-
cision within the mouth, along the inner border of the
ascending ramus, and is stretched with a blunt hook.
Platner's, for excision of the lacrymal sac; incision
of the anterior wall, followed by entire removal of
the sac-wall. Poinsot's, cuneiform tarsotomy for
talipes varus ; a T-shaped incision is made, the
horizontal limb of which extends from the external
malleolus to the head of the fifth metatarsal bone, while
the vertical branch passes across the dorsum toward
the scaphoid bone ; the periosteum is incised in the
same direction as the skin, and a wedge of bone is
removed. Politzer's : I. Section of the anterior
ligament of the malleus. 2. F"or artificial aperture
of the membrana tympani ; a crucial incision of the
membrane is made, followed by the application of the
galvano-cautery. 3. For atrophied tympanic ?nem-
brane tvith middle-ear catarrh ; repeated incision of
the membrane every two or three days with a para-
centesis-needle. Pollock's (C. ): I. For amputation
at the knee-joint ; it is done by a long anterior and a
short posterior skin-flap, somewhat rectangular in
outline, the patella being left. 2. For division of
the levator palati muscle ; the knife is passed through
the mucous membrane of the velum in front, and to
the inner side of the hamular process, and the muscle
is fully divided. 3. For hemorrhoids ; by crushing
them with a special clamp, and excisiVig or cauteriz-
ing the projecting portion. Pope's: I. For the
formation of an artificial pupil ; incision at the
sclero-corneal margin, with excision of a portion of
the iris without dividing the sphincter pupillte. 2.
For entropion ; incision and extirpation of the tarsus.
3. For trichiasis; similar to the Arlt-Jaesche opera-
tion. Porro's, for puerperal hysterectomy ; Cesarean
section, followed by removal of the uterus at the cer-
vical junction, together with the ovaries and oviducts.
Porro-Miiller's, for otherwise impossible labor; a
modification of the Porro operation in which the uterus
is brought out of the abdomen before extracting the
fetus. Porro- Veit's, for otherwise impossible labor ;
a modification of the Porro operation ; the stump is
ligated and dropped. Porta's : I. A method of
performing embryotomy ; perforation of the thorax in
the axillary region, followed by evisceration and
podalic version. 2. For varicocele ; the injection
of a saturated solution of hydrate of chloral. Post's,
for rhinoplasty ; a. modification of the Tagliacotian
operation, the flaps being taken from the patient's
finger. Pott's (/".), for fistula in ano ; it consists
in a simple incision. Pouteau's, for stricture of the
lacrymal duct ; a modification of Petit' s opei-ation,
the incision being made inside the internal canthus.
Power's, for corneal leukoma ; removal of the opaque
portion with a sharp punch, and transplantation of
a healthy rabbit's cornea. Prevot's, for rupture of
the gravid uterus ; removal of the uterus by abdomi-
nal incision. Prince's: l. For pterygium; simi-
lar to A'^za/i/'^ modification of Desmarre' s operation.
2. For strabismus ; advancement of the rectus mus-
cle. Pritchett's, for internal urethrotomy ; it is
done with a modification of Maisonneuve's urethro-
tome. Purse-string, for cystocele. See Stoltz' s opera-
tion. Quaglins', for sclerotomy; incision of the
sclera with a small knife, and the use of a small
spatula to prevent prolapse, should it tend to occur.
Ramdohr's, for enterorrhaphy ; the insertion of the
proximal within the distal end of the intestine, and
suturing. Ramsden's, for ligation of the third part
of the subclai'ian artery ; a transverse incision three
inches in length is made across the base of the posterior
triangle of the neck, about one-half inch above the clav-
icle. Rau's, for the formation of an artificial pupil ;
perforation of the sclera and iris with a narrow knife,
followed by iridectomy. Ravaton's : I. A method
of performing amputations ; it is done by a circular
incision through the soft parts of the bone, with two
longitudinal cuts — one in front and the other behind —
extending from the circular incision upward to the
level at which the bone is to be sawn through. 2.
For amputation at the hip-joint; disarticulation
through an external racket-incision ; a vertical cut
is made on the outer side, and this is joined on
each side by two oblique crescentic incisions which
meet on the inner side of the thigh. Recamier's, for
extirpation of the uterus ; vaginal hysterectomy. Rec-
lus', for iliac colotomy : a modification of A/avdl's
operation, in which the sutures are omitted.
Reeves' {H. A.) : I. For inguinal colotomy ; the usual
incision is made, and sutures are passed through the
gut to fasten it to the skin. 2. For knock-knee ;
a modification of Ogston's operation, in which an
effort is made not to open the joint. Regnoli's,
for excision of the tongue ; an incision is made in the
median line of the neck from the lower margin of
the symphysis to the center of the hyoid bone,
and from the upper end of this cut two lateral in-
cisions pass outward along the lower border of the
jaw to the anterior borders of the masseter muscles.
Reichenbach's, for iridotomy ; incision of the
cornea and division of the iris from before back-
ward. Reverdin's : I. For blepharoplasfy ; re-
moval of the cicatricial tissue, suturing of the lid to
the opposite one in its normal position, and skin-
grafting of the raw surface. 2. For skin-grafting ;
a point of skin is raised on an ordinary sewing-
needle, and shaved off with a scalpel or scissors ; the
graft is then transferred to the fresh surface next to
the healthy granulations. 3. F'or symblepharon ;
detachment of the lid and transplantation of a small
flap from the cheek. Reybard's, for enterorrhaphy ;
invagination of the upper extremity by passing two
sutures through the wall and out of the lumen, and then
in the lumen and through the wall of the lower
extremity ; traction now effects invagination, and
sutures are applied. Richard's: I. For ectopia
vesicic ; the same as Rou.x' s operation, following
the lines of jAWa/ow'j for epispadias. 2. For
the removal of naso-pharyngeal polypi ; an incision is
made in the middle line, from the posterior border of
the hard palate, forward to the alveolus ; the periosteum
Is dissected up on either side, and as much of the hard
palate as necessary is chiseled away. Richet's : i.
For Dupuvtren' s contraction, or contractio)i of the
palmar fascia ; a longitudinal incision is made over
the bands and transverse incisions at either extremity
of the first ; the flaps are dissected back, the bands
cut or excised, the wound united, and the finger fixed
in extension. 2. For tT/nj/i/o// ,• the cicatrix (situated at
the outer side of the lowerlid) is excised, and, after the
lids have been stitched together, the gap is filled, and
the operation is completed by raising and transplanting
two tongue-shaped flaps. 3. For varicocele ; cauteriza-
OPERATIONS
922
OPERATIONS
tion of the scrotum by means of a special apparatus.
Richter's : I. For iridotomy ; the ham^ 3& KeicJii'n-
bach's operation. 2. For stricture of the lacryiiial
duct ; incision of the sac and dilatation of the duct by
means of catgut strings. Ricord's : I. For circum-
cision ; the prepuce is grasped with fenestrated forceps
corresponding with the direction of the corona, and
the forceps is slid in advance of the glans ; the pre-
puce is cut off in front of the forceps, which are then
removed and the mucous membrane is trimmed off,
leaving a short stump; stitches are next applied. 2.
For varicocele ; the introduction of two double ligatures
through a single opening in the scrotum, one pass-
ing above and the other below the veins ; the ends
of the ligatures are attached to a yoke provided
with a screw, which is tightened from day to day.
Riesel's, for the radical cure of inguinal hernia : the
external ring is exposed by an incision ; the anterior
wall of the canal is split up to the internal ring ;
the neck of the sac is tied as high as possible ; part
of the anterior wall of the canal is cut away, and
deep transverse sutures are then introduced. Rig-
aud's, for z<;rM;-p//;?,t/i' ,• a quadrilateral flap with its
base above is turned over the fistula, and lateral flaps
are brought over the first and secured in position by
sutures. Riggs', for the radical cure of inguinal
hernia; a variety of seton-operation, the peculiarities
of which consist in the use of a large-sized meche and
an ingenious stop-needle. Rima's, for castration ; a
U-shaped flap is cut by transfixion from the posterior
wall of the scrotum. Rizzoli's : I . For ankylosis of the
lower jaw ; a linear osteotomy through the mucous
membrane, thus avoiding an external scar. 2. For i//i-
perforate anus (the rectum terminating in the vagina) ;
an incision is made in the perineum, antero-posteriorly
— if the anus is' absent — followed by dissecting the
rectum from the vagina, and after pulling the former
down, it is stitched to the skin-incision. Roberts'
{f. -B.), for deflected nasal septum; a. linear in-
cision is made with a bistoury along a prominent
line of the deflection, so as to enable it to be pressed
into its proper position, after which a long steel
pin is thrust into the septum in such a manner as to
maintain this position. Roberts' y. ) : \. Electro-
osteotomy in knock-knee, bow-legs, and anterior tibial
deformities. 2. Cuneiform osteotomy for hallux val-
gus. Robertson's \A.), for conjujictival entro-
pion ; a modification of Snellen'' s operation, in
which the threads are passed through the conjunc-
tiva at the bottom of the fold, between its palpe-
bral and outer portions. Robson's (^Mayo), for
ectopia vesic<r ; a modification of ll'ood's operation,
in which, in female subjects, the folds of integument
following the labia majora are detached and displaced
upward. Rodger's, for ankylosis of the hip ; the
cuneiform method of osteotomy. Rogers', for
internal tirethrotomv ; it is performed with a special
dilating urethrotome. Roonhuysen's, for chilo-
plasty. See Horn'' s operation. Rose's : I. For
double hare-lip ; the central tubercle is pared in a V-
shaped manner, and the lateral segments by cur\fed
incisions from above downward to the muco-cutaneous
junction, and then obliquely upward and inward. 2.
For sins^le hare-lip ; a semilunar incision is made as far
as the red margin of the lip, and an oblique upward
cut is made on either side to form the prolabium ;
the flaps are held in po.sition by means of wire and
catgut sutures. 3. For the relief of tieuralgia of
the fifth 7!CJ"ve ; removal of the Gasserian ganglion.
Rossbach's, for tumor of the larynx; this con-
sists in introducing a thin knife antero-posteriorly
into the median line of the larynx from without,
and amputating the tumor while the operation is
watched in the laryngeal mirror, held in the usual
position. Rotter's, for uranoplasty ; a modification
of Blasius' operation, in which a long cutaneo-
periosteal flap is taken from the forehead, passed
through the unclosed hare-lip, and grafted into the
cleft of the palate. Rouge's, for access to the nasal
cavities; the upper lip is freed from the jaw by an
incision through the mucous membrane ; the cartil-
aginous septum and lower lateral cartilages are then
detached so that the nose and lips can be raised to the
necessary extent. Rouse's, ior proctotomy ; the mak-
ing of a deep incision in the fossa beside the sphincter
without severing the latter ; through this incision
the diseased portion of the rectum is pressed out
and excised. Routh's, for pyosalpinx ; aspiration
of the contents of the diseased Fallopian tube.
Roux's : I. Yox amputation of the foot; a modification
of Syme" s operation, in which the flap is made chiefly
from the inner side of the foot. 2. For chiloplasty :
after removing the diseased parts and the formation of
suitable flaps, the prominent portions of the superior
maxillary bones are removed to permit of better adjust-
ment of the flaps. 3. F"or ectopia -'esiciv ; closure by
means of flaps, one being dissected from the abdomen
above, and another from the scrotum below. 4. For
excision of the elbo-w ; a modification of MoreatC s
incision, in which the inner line of the H is omitted.
5. For excision of the hip ; it is done by raising a flap
from over the great trochanter. 6. P"or excision of the
tongue ; division of the symphysis menti and removal
of the entire tongue. 7 . For hysterectomy ; temporary
resection of the sacrum. 8. For ligation of the
axillary artery ; the incision is made through the
delto-pectoral interval. 9. For removal of a naso-
pharyngeal polypus ; it is done through the upper jaw
by an osteoplastic operation, the whole jaw and malar
bone with the soft parts being turned upward and
outward upon the temple. 10. Plastic; a flap is
transferred from a distant part by successive migra-
tion. Roux-Sedillot's, for excision of the tongue.
See Roux^ s operation. Rudtorffer's, for webbed
fingers; division of the web after a cicatricial
hole has been established through it, at the root
of the fingers. Ruysch's, for amputation at the
wrist-joint ; a semilunar incision is made over the
dorsum of the hand ; the articulation is opened,
and the anterior flap is cut from within outward.
Rydygier's, for pylorectomy ; a vertical parietal in-
cision is made a little to the right of the middle line.
Sabatier's : I. Vox excision of the shoulder; a V-
shaped flap is raised from the deltoid region. 2. For
iridectomy ; excision through a corneal incision as in
cataract-extraction. Saemisch's, {ax hypopyon ulcer;
the cornea is transfixed and the intervening tissue,
including the ba.se of the ulcer, is divided by cutting
outward. Saint Germain's: I. For phimosis; dila-
tation of the foreskin. 2. For tracheotomy for stenosis
of the larynx ; rapid laryngotracheotomy ; the single
stroke method ; the larynx is fixed between the thumb
and finger of the left hand, and a straight sharp-
pointed bistoury is thrust through the crico-thyroid
membrane. Salmon's, for fstula in ano ; in cases in
which there is much induration an incision from one-
eighth to one-fourth of an inch deep is made along the
track. This is the well-known " backcut ; " it is said
to greatly promote healing. Sanger's, a method of
performing Cesarean section ; a modification of the usual
operation in which the uterus is delivered through a
long abdominal incision before extraction of the
fetus. Sanger-Leopold's, for Cesarean section;
improved suture of the uterine wound, a deep and a
OPERATIONS
923
OPERATIONS
superficial row being introduced, two of the superficial
alternating with one of the deep. Sanger-Tait's. See
Taif s operation. Sanson's, for excision of the knee ;
similar to Texfor s operation. Sauter's, for colpo-hys-
terectomy ; vaginal hysterectomy, the ovaries and tubes
being left in situ. Sauter-Recamier, for hysterec-
tomy; the same as Sauters operation. Sayre's : I.
For ankylosis of the hip ; section of the femur above
the lesser trochanter, with removal of a semicircular
piece of bone and rounding of the upper shaft-end so
as to facilitate the formation of a false joint. 2. P"or
excision of the hip-joint; the subperiosteal method;
the incision is made down to the bone, the periosteum
is peeled off and the bone is divided above- the tro-
chanter minor. 3. Intertrochanteric osteotomy for the
formation of a false joint in ankylosis : removal of a
disc of bone from between the trochanters, having its
upper surface convex and its lower surface flat.
Scalping Operation. See Gen/y's operation.
Scarpa's: I. For iridodialysis ; a needle is plunged
through the sclerotica, the point passed through the
superior internal border of the iris from behind for-
ward, and with a see-saw motion the iris is detached
in one-third of its circumference. 2. For ligation of
the femoral artery ; it is done at the middle of Scarpa's
triangle. 3. For stricture of the lacrymal duct ; in-
cision of the anterior wall of the sac and the intro-
duction of a leaden style into the duct. Schafer's, a
method of arterial transfusion ; the dorsalis pedis
artery ise.xposed in each subject and the distal ends are
ligated ; glass cannulse attached to rubber tubing are *
then tied into the arteries, both ends being directed
toward the heart. Schede's : I . For carcinoma of
the rectum ; a modification of Kraske'' s operation in
■which the free edge of the peritoneum is secured to
the serous surface of the gut ; a preliminary inguinal
colotomy is performed to avoid the fecal fistula and
protracted healing. 2. For genu valgum ; osteectomy
of the tibia and a linear complex osteotomy of the
fibula. Schmalz's, for stricture of the lacrymal duct ;
the introduction of a thread through the sac, and as
far into the duct as possible. Schmidt's, for iridodi-
alysis ; the same as Scarpa'' s operation. Schmitz's,
iox genu valgum ; the same as Ogston's operation, ex-
cept that it is done through a larger wound. Schon-
bein's, for staphyloplasty : a flap of mucous membrane
is taken from the posterior pharyngeal wall and is
stitched to the velum in order to shut off the nose
from the mouth. SchiaLmm's, ior carcinoma of the
cervix uteri ; the injection of antiseptic fluids directly
into the carcinomatous tissues ; he employs a solution
of corrosive sublimate. Schroeder's : I. Colpor-
rhaphy ; the removal of a single long and broad strip
of the vaginal wall and the approximation of the cut
edges by sutures. 2. Hysterectomy ; celiotomy and
removal of the entire body of the uterus, with
intra-peritoneal treatment of the pedicle. 3. Trache-
lorrhaphy ; the whole of the erosion is exsected, and
stitches introduced. Schroeder and Lohlein's, for
pruritu: vulva; excision of the diseased skin. Schlick-
ing's, for prolapse of the uterus ; vaginal hysteropexia
by means of a' special needle, the thread being passed
through the uterine cavity, out at the fundus, and
through the anterior vaginal vault ; the two ends are
tied together and allowed to slough out. Schueller's,
for entropion ; two elliptic skin-incisions are made,
united at their ends, and the distal margins are sutured
together, over the included portion of attached skin.
Schultze's, for refrodisplacements of the uterus ; it con-
sists in carefully tearing the adhesions from the uterine
surface while replacing the uterus. Schwalbe's, for
reducible hernia ; it consists in the subcutaneous in-
jection of alcohol (from 20 to 70 per cent.) , by means
of a Pravaz syringe, into the ring as near as possible to
the hernial sac ; the amount injected is two or three
grams ; these injections are repeated in from four to
fourteen days, according to the sensitiveness of the pa-
tient and the amount of reaction ; they are then omitted,
and recommenced after a pause of from eight to four-
teen days ; the ring is eventually closed by fibrous
thickening and contraction ; the duration of treatment
varies from one month to two-and-a-half years or
more. Schwartze's, for mastoid and middle-ear
disease ; opening of the mastoid cells by the use of
the hammer and chisel. Schweigger's, for advance-
ment of a rectus mtcscle ; the muscle is transfixed by
catgut sutures, a portion of the tendon is removed and
the ends are approximated by passing the sutures that
have been placed in the muscle. Scoutetten's : I.
A method of performing amputation ; the oval opera-
tion in which a single llap is made on one side of the
limb to be received into a corresponding space on the
opiiosite side. 2. For amputation at the hip-joint ;
disarticulation by the modified oval method, with the
summit of the incision on the outer side. Sedillot's :
I . A method oj' performing ampliation ; the combina-
tion of the flap and circular methods ; the superficial
flaps are formed from within outward, and the deep
muscles are divided circularly. 2. For amputation at
the ankle-joint; this method resembles Symes operation,
except that the flap is made from the inner and plantar
surfaces of the foot and ankle. 3. For amputation of
the leg; it is done at the " place of election" by a
large external flap cut by transfixion. 4. For ampu-
tation of the thigh ; it is done by a single long anterior
flap, the structures at the back of the limb being
divided to the bone by one transverse incision. 5.
Chiloplasty for restoration of the lower lip ; vertical
flaps are taken from either cheek, and brought together
in the median line, to form the lip. 6. Chiloplasty
for restoration of the upper lip ; the formation of quad-
rangular flaps extending below the level of the mouth
and attached above ; it is the reverse of Dieffenhacli' s
operation. 7. For double hare-lip ; flaps consisting of
the outer margins of the clefts are turned down to
form the red border of the completed lip, and are
united in the middle line, oblique incisions being made
upward and outward to free the outer segments ; the
central tubercle is then pared, and the raw surfaces
are brought together. 8. For excision of the hip ; it is
done by raising a flap from over the great trochanter.
9. Vox excision of the knee; it is done by two lateral
vertical incisions. 10. For excision of the tongue ; a
modification of /i'o?«'j operation, q. v. 11. For gastros-
tomy ; a transverse incision is made below the xiphoid
cartilage. 12. For ligation of the innominate artery ;
an incision is made between the heads of the sterno-
mastoid muscle. 13. For the removal of a naso-
pharyngeal polyp ; a linear incision is made through
the soft palate, and extended as far up on the hard
palate as the palato-maxillary suture ; by means of
the periosteal elevator, the palatal processes are
denuded first on the oval surfaces, then on the nasal ;
the horizontal plate of the palatal bone is then ex-
sected by scissors or forceps, and the edges of the
wound are to be united by sutures. 14. For staphylor-
rhaphy ; liberating incisions are made on each side
of the suture. 15. For sfrabotomv ; an incision is
made over the body of the muscle ; when the latter
is completely exposed, the hook is inserted and division
made with the scissors. Semiramidian Operation,
castration ; a name firoposed for castration on the belief
that it was first performed by Semiramis. Semon's
(^Felix), for adenoid vegetations of the naso-pharynx ;
OPERATIONS
924
OPERATIONS
scraping with Gottstein's curet while the patient's head
is hanging over the edge of the table, to prevent the
blood and fragments from entering the air-passages.
Senn's (A^. ) : I. For amputation at the hip-joint ; by
means of a skewer as in Alylcs' operation. 2. For gastro-
enterostomy ; it is done with the use of perforated bone-
plates, as in Senn's operation for intestinal anastomosis.
3. For intestinal anastomosis ; the diseased tissue is
excised and the ends of the bowel entirely and per-
manently closed, the continuity of the canal being
restored by means of " intestinal anastomosis by lateral
approximation" with the use of bone-plates. 4. For
pancreatic cyst; two stages : (l) the bottom of the
wound is packed over the cyst-wall with iodoform-
gauze ; (2) the cyst is opened after six or eight days.
5. For silt lire of the intestine; a moditication of
Jobert'' s operation, in which a soft, pliable rubber
ring, made of a rubber band transformed into a ring
by fastening the ends together with catgut sutures, is
placed within the upper segment of the bowel ; the
sutures in transfixing the bowel pass through the upper
portion of the ring. Serres' : I. F'or hlepharoplasty ;
the same as Knapfs operation. 2. For restoration
of the angle of the mouth ; two triangles are so fashioned
that their bases meet at the site of the new angle of
the mouth. Seton Operation, any operation in
which a seton is used to give rise to inflammatory
adhesions. Sexton's, for otorrhea ; it consists in
the removal of any traces of the membrana flaccida,
of the membrana vibrans and the malleus and incus, if
present, and of the granulation and carious tissues. ^'
Sharp's, for iridotomy ; the same as Cheselden'' s oper-
ation, except that the needle is introduced through the
cornea. Sharpe's, a method of performing a)nputa-
tions ; 'sZ.\iie.-!& Souparf s operation . Sigault's, for
otherwise impossible labor ; pubic symphysiotomy. Sig-
norini's, for the radical cure of hernia ; similar to
Gerdv' s operation, except that a female catheter takes
the place of the finger, and three pins are used instead
of sutures. Simon's (y.): l. Yor ectopia vesica ; com-
munication between the bladder and the bowel is
effected by means of threads passed from the ureters
into the rectum. 2. For elongation of the vaginal
portion of the co'vix ; it consists in the removal of a
wedge-shaped section of the elongated cervix, the
apex of which extends high up into the cervical wall,
while the base is formed by the lower portion of the
lips. 3. For exploration of the rectum and adjacent
parts ; it consists in introducing the hand or the hand
and arm of the operator into the bowel. 4. For lacer-
ation of the perineum ; the edges are freshened ; then
sutures are first passed so as to include all the
denuded rectal mucous membrane ; each suture com-
mences and ends in the rectum, and is tied as soon as
passed ; the wound is then closed as usual. 5. For
tiretero-vaginal fistula ; an opening is made into the
bladder where the ureter empties into the vagina;
through this opening a sound is passed from the
bladder into the ureter; the uretero-vaginal wall is
slit up from the bladder on the sound ; the margins of
the wound are daily separated by a sound until
cicatrization has taken place ; the vaginal fistula is
closed at a second operation. 6. For vesico-vaginal
fistula : adaptation of the pared margins, the mucous
membrane of the bladder being included in the
abrasion ; the stationary catheter is not retained after-
ward. Simpson's (Sir J.): I. For oopherectotny ;
acupressure is applied to the pedicle inside of the
abdominal wall. 2. For stenosis of the cervix uteri ;
bilateral iilcisions through the whole length of the
cervical canal. Sims' (Marion): I. For anfe-
Jiexion of the uterus ; incision of the posterior lip of
the cervix in the median line up to the point of flexion,
to permit of communication between the upper por-
tion of the uterine canal and the posterior vaginal fornix,
so that the discharges may escape the curve of flexure.
2. Yox cholecystotomy ; the gall-bladder is stitched to
the abdominal wound and a permanent fistula is estab-
lished. 3. For colporrhaphy ; denudation of a V-
shaped surface on the anterior wall of the vagina and
apposition of its arms by sutures. 4. For lithotomy
[in the female) ; the parts are exposed as for the oper-
ation for vesico vaginal fistula; a curved director is
passed through the urethra into the bladder, and made
to project on the anterior vaginal wall ; this is cut down
upon, and the stone extracted ; the opening is not to
be closed. 5. For supra-vaginal elongation of the
cervix ; the cervix is amputated with scissors, and the
mucous membrane is drawn over the stump and united
with four stitches. 6. Yox trachelotomy ; division of
the cervix on either side up to the vaginal junction,
and division of the cervical canal as high as the in-
ternal OS ; if the cervix is flexed, the lip on the con-
vex side is divided, and the canal is enlarged as before.
7. Yox vesico-vaginal fistula; coaptation of the pared
margins, the abrasion not including the vesical sur-
face ; retention of a catheter afterward. Sinclair's,
for diseased Fallopian tubes ; free incision per vaginam,
and subsequent washing out of the empty tubes.
Skene's (_/. A. C), for a7ite flexion of the uterus with
i??iperfect invagination of the cennx into the vagina ;
transverse division of the anterior vaginal wall after
the anterior column of the vagina has been put on the
stretch by drawing the cervix backward toward the
hollow of the sacrum ; the upper and lower edges of
the incision are drawn apart by stretching the incised
portion, and sutures are introduced from the sides,
transforming the transverse incision into a longitudinal
incision. Skewer Methods, for amputation through
the hip-Joint. See Alyles' , Spcnce's, and Wyeth^s op-
erations. Skey's : l. For tarso-metatarsal atnputa-
tion ; disarticulation through the outer three and inner
joints, the base of the second metatarsal bone being
sawn through. 2. For rhinoplasty ; two lateral flaps
made from the side of the nose upon the cheek are
brought into the mesial line. Skutsch's, iox salpingost-
omy ; after ascertaining by aspiration the nature of the
contents of a tube which has been converted into a
serous cyst, an oval piece about half an inch wide is
excised from the abdominal end, and the mucous and
serous surfaces are united with silk sutures around the
opening ; the new ampulla should be sutured to the
ovary. Smith's [Greig): 1. For ectopia vesica;
a modification of Wood's operation in which the flaps
are made larger. 2. For extreme intestinal obstruc-
tion ; an artificial anus is made, and the intestine is
patiently milked to squeeze out the feces. 3. For
removal of the uterine appendages ; it is done by ab-
dominal incision. Smith's (C. A'.), for internal ure-
throtomv; it is done with a special dilating urethrotome.
Smith's {//.), for hemorrhoids; crushing by means
of a clamp, and applying the Paquelin cautery to the
stump after cutting away the projecting part. Smith s
{ N. ) : I . For amputation at the knee-joint ; it is done
by a large anterior and a smaller posterior skin-flap. 2.
A method of performing ovariotomy ; the arteries of the
pedicle are tied separately and the ligatures (strips cut
from a kid-glove) are cut short, the pedicle being
dropped ins ide. Smith's (.S'.) : I. For ainpulatwn
through the knee-joint ; it is done by " lateral hooded
skin-ilaps," the incision commencing in front about
one inch below the tubercle of the tibia, and being
carried up to the center of the articulation behind, the
patella being preserved. 2. Osteotomy ; two partial
OPERATIONS
925
OPERATIONS
sections of the femur are made just below the trochanter
minor, one anteriorly, the other posteriorly; the bone
is then fractured. Smith's ( 7! ) : l. Yox double hare-
lip ; the outer segments are pared and the parings re-
moved ; the prolabial flaps are then turned down from
the sides of the central tubercle. 2. For uranoplasty ;
the utilization of the mucous membrane covering the
vomer as a means of bridging the cleft. Smyth's,
for ligation of the vertebral artery ; the incision is
commenced at the clavicle, and is carried upward
along the posterior border of the sterno-mastoid muscle
for three inches ; the process of the sixth cervical
.vertebra is sought for as a guide. Snellen's : I. For
conjunctival ectropion ; traction is exerted on the con-
tracted conjunctiva so that it becomes permanently
inverted, the sutures being passed through the highest
part of the everted mucous membrane. 2. For
ectropion ; two needles on the same thread are passed
parallel to each other some distance apart, from the
summit of the everted conjunctiva beneath the
skin and out about the margin of the orbit ; the two
ends are then tied over a roll of gauze. 3. For
entropion; a modification of StreatJieLV s operation,
in which, after grooving the tarsus throughout its
whole extent, sutures are used to effect the desired re-
sult. 4. For strabotoiiiy : a horizontal incision is
made in the conjunctiva over the middle of the ten°-
don ; the tendon is then seized with forceps, and a snip
is made into it with the scissors ; the upper portion
of the tendon is divided first, then the lower portion.
5. For trichiasis ; a loop of thread is passed, by means
of a needle, in the free margin of the lid as near as
possible to the offending hair ; the hair is caught in
the loop and drawn through the needle-tract. Socin's :
I. For the radical cure of inguinal hernia ; ligature
and excision of the sac. 2. For the removal of tumors
of the thyroid gland ; incision through the normal
gland-structure and enucleation of the neoplasm.
Sonnenburg's: i. Y or ectopia vesica ; the bladder is
extirpated and the ureters united to the dorsal groove
of the penis. 2. For resection of the bladder ; a
supra-pubic operation with removal of a tumor in-
volving the anterior wall of the bladder ; the bladder-
wound is closed by stitching the peritoneum over it.
Sotteau's, for the radical cure of inguinal hernia ; a
double invagination of the scrotum is made to fill the
canal. Soupart's, for amputation at the elbow-joint :
an elliptic amputation, with the highest point of the
ellipse in front, the flap being taken from behind.
Spanton's : I. Yox fixity of the lower jaw ; subcuta-
neous division of the adhesions between the condyle
and the glenoid cavity. 2. For the radical cure of
inguinal hernia ; the subcutaneous method ; after re-
duction of the rupture a small incision is made over
the fundus of the sac and the pillars of the ring are
closed with the screw-instrument. Spence's : I. For
amputation at the shoulder-joint : this resembles Lar-
rey's operation, except that the longitudinal incision is
made on the inner aspect of the arm. 2. For ampu-
tation of the thigh ; it is done by long anterior and
short posterior flaps, the latter being cut from without
inward, and commenced two inches below the base
of the anterior flap. Sperino's, for cataract ; repeated
paracentesis of the aqueous humor. Spiegelberg's,
for prolapse of the uterus, with marked cystocele ; the
middle of the lower portion of the anterior vaginal
wall is united to the middle of the upper portion
of the posterior wall, after each has been denuded,
in addition to the repair of the perineum. Squire's,
for port-wine marks; multiple parallel incisions.
Stacke's, for middle-ear disease : incision through
the skin, circumscribing the auricle posteriorly ; the
membranous meatus is shelled out of the osseous
canal ; the median upper part of the bony meatus
is cut away and the exposed malleus and incus re-
moved ; the superior wall is then chiseled to near
the drum-insertion ; then the posterior wall of the
meatus is cut away ; thus the attic, tympanum, an-
trum, and meatus are converted into one large cavity.
Star-operation, for transversely lacerated perineum ;
after denudation of a transverse strip, a median tri-
angular or bilateral figure is denuded across the trans-
verse strip. Steams', for internal urethrotomy : it
is done with a special dilating urethrotome. Steele's,
for deviated nasal septum ; a modification of Blandin^ s
operation, q. v. Stellwag's : I. Canthoplasty ; an
oblique blepharotomy or sphincterotomy. 2. Yox cat-
aract-extraction ; a corneal flap-extraction. 3. For
trichiasis ; re-attaching the raw surface of the tarsus
to the ablated zone of hair-follicles, so that the border
that bears the cilia looks upward and that which has
the raw surface looks downward. Stevens', for
ligation of the internal iliac artery ; an incision about
five inches long is made parallel with the deep epi-
gastric artery and nearly ^ inch on the outer side of
it. Stevens' (C T. ), for muscular asthenopia ; par-
tial or graduated tenotomy of one of the ocular mus-
cles. Stilling's : I. Ovariotomy; the cautery is ap-
plied to the pedicle, which should be stitched in the
parietal wound. 2. Yox stricture of the nasal duct;
internal incision. Stillman's, for heinorrlioids ; the
patient is placed in the knee-chest position and each
mass is reduced by manipulation as for hernia, after
which a pile-bougie is introduced. Stimson's, for
fracture of the patella ; four small punctures are made
deeply through the skin at the margin of the patella, at
equal distances from it, ;Ol A half-curved Hagedorn
needle armed with a heavy silk suture is carried in one
lower incision, through the ligamentum patellw, and out
the opposite incision, reentered at the point of exit and
brought out at the upper incision on the same side,
inserted again at the same point, made to transfix the
quadriceps tendon and emerge at the other upper in-
cision, introduced again at the same point and brought
out at the place of starting. The fragments are held
together by strong tenacula and the sutures tied tightly
and the ends cut short ; the incisions are then closed.
Stokes' <ySir IV.) : I. Yox amputation above the knee ;
the same as Gritti' s operation, except that section of
fhe femur is made above the condyles. 2. For excis-
ion of the tongue; a modification of Jaeger^ s opera-
tion. 3. For fiat-foot ; by removing a wedge-shaped
piece of bone from the head and neck of the astrag-
alus. 4. For single Iiare-lip ; the prolabium is formed
by tissue from both sides of the cleft by means of in-
cisions skirting the red margin ; the upper part of the
cleft is incompletely pared and the partially dissected
flaps turned back, while the edges of the skin are
brought together and the prolabial flaps drawn down-
ward and outward. Stoltz's, for cystocele ; it is also
called the purse-string and tobacco-pouch operation ;
denuding a circular patch on the anterior vaginal wall,
and running a suture around the margin and tying.
Streatfeild's : I. F'or atresia of the punctum lacry-
male ; slitting of the canaliculus. 2. For cataract-
extraction; it is made with a Sichel's knife without
counter-puncture, the wound being enlarged by a
sawing motion. 5- For entropion ; removal of a
wedge-shaped strip from the tarsal cartilage. 4. For
synechia; the same as Passavanf s operation, except
that a cutting-hook is used in place of forceps. Streat-
feild-Snellen's, for entropion ; like Streatfeihf s ope-
ration, except that the groove in the tarsus is made
higher up. Strohmeyer's, iox strabotomy ; an incis-
OPERATIONS
926
OPERATIONS
ion is made with a cataract-knife in the line of the ten-
don ; the probe is then passed beneath tlie muscle and
the latter is divided with scissors or knife. Sutton's
(A'. 6'.), for trachelorrhaphy ; the denudation removes a
large amount of diseased tissue, and the patency of the
canal is maintained. Syme's ( J.^ : I. A method of
performing aw/rt/^z/'/tJwj,- the oval tegumentary flap ope-
ration ; a modihcation of the mixed amputation. 2. For
atnpiitation at the ankle-joint ; a single plantar flap is
made, from which the os calcis is dissected out, after
disarticulation has been accomplished ; the malleoli
and lower end of the tibia are then removed. 3. For
amputation of the thigh ; a modification of the circular
amputation ^ in which retraction of the skin is aided
by two lateral cuts after the usual circular incision has
been made. 4. For excision of the elbow; the same
as Moreau^ s operation. 5. Yor excision of the shoulder ;
a large posterior flap is taken from the deltoid region.
6. F'or excision of the tongue ; a modification of
Roux's operation, q. v. 7. P"or external urethrotomy ;
the stricture is divided through the perineum upon a
grooved director. 8. P'or restoration of the lower lip ;
two large lateral flaps are dissected from the chin and
sides of the face and brought together in the middle
line. 9. For rhinoplasty : two flaps from the cheeks,
with a conjoint pedicle at the root of the nose, are
united in the middle line. Szokalski's, for ptery-
gium : it is removed by means of a thread, armed
with two needles, so that the growth is strangulated
at each end and en masse between. Szymanowski's :
I. For the closure of an artificial anus ; it is done by
means of a flap of integument without any sacrifice
of the intestinal wall. 2. For blepharoplasty ; a mod-
ification of the cantho-temporal and temporo-genal
incisions, the former running obliquely upward and
outward and the latter obliquely downward and inward.
3. ¥or ectropion of the lower lid ; excision of a triangu-
lar piece of skin at the external canthus, removal of a
part of the ciliary margin, and suture of the lid in the
proper position. 4. For hypospadias ; a straight incis-
ion is made near one edge of the fistula, and the skin
is dissected loose ; on the opposite side of the fistula, a
curved flap is raised, and after the epidermis is
scraped off, the flap is turned under the first one and
secured by sutures. 5. For restoration of the upper
lip ; lateral flaps of the full breadth of the lip are cut
from the cheek on each side, and their inner extrem-
ities are brought together in the median line. 6. For
urethral fistula ; a flap is dissected up on either side
of the fistula, and one is slid under the other, the
under one having the epidermis removed, except at
the point that will lie over the fistula. Tagliacotian,
or Italian Method, for restoration of the nose. See
Tagliacozzi ' s operation. Tagliacozzi's, for rhino-
plastv : the forming of a new nose from a flap from
the arm secured in place, and left attached to the
arm until union has occurred. Tail's (Lawson) : I.
For hepatotomy for hydatid cyst ; it is performed in one
stage and involves opening of the abdominal cavity,
incision and evacuation of the cyst, and the suturing
together of the margins of the hepatic and parietal
wounds. 2. YoT lacerated perineum : the fiap-splitting
operation ; the recto-vaginal septum is split transversely
and from the extremities of this incision two lateral
incisions are made, running up toward the lower ter-
minus of each nympha and do\\*n to a little above the
anal orifice ; these two flaps are dissected up ; the upper
one is drawn toward the urethra, the lower one down
toward the anus ; sutures are passed laterally and the
edges are brought together. 3. P'or oophorectomy ; the
same as Battey's operation, with inclusion of the Fallo-
pian tube. 4. P'or co^//07rf/owj' ,• the pedicle is secured
with a silk ligature and the '■'■Staffordshire knot."
See Knot. Tate's, for uterine inversion; similar to
Watts' operation except that one finger is also passed
into the bladder to act in conjunction with the fingers in
the rectum. Tausini's, for //(/rt/y/tiw/ / the cyst is
dissected out, and the wound in the liver is closed by a
double series of catgut and silk ligatures. Taylor's :
1. P'or cataract-extraction ; the incision is made with
a broad needle, the capsule is lacerated and an artificial
pupil is made, through which the lens is extracted. 2.
P'or genu valgum due to fetnoral curving ; section of
the shaft of the femur on the outer side, a short distance
above the joint. Teale's : l. Vox amputation of the
arm ; the long flap is placed upon the antero-external
aspect of the arm ; the brachial artery and the median
and ulnar nerves are divided with the posterior flap.
2. P'or amputation of the leg ; a rectangular-flap opera-
tion, in which a long anterior and a short posterior
flap are made, each consisting of both integument and
muscle ; the length of the anterior flap is equal to
half the circumference of the limb, and the posterior
flap is one-quarter of the length. 3. For amputation
of the thigh ; the same procedure as in Teale's ampu-
tation of the leg. 4. P'or cataract-extraction ; removal
of a soft cataract by suction . 5. P'or lacrymal stricture ;
slitting of the lower canaliculus and introduction of
different sized olive-pointed probes. 6. Vox symbleph-
aron ; two flaps of the bulbar conjunctiva are taken
from either side, one of which is used for covering the
inner surface of the lid, while the other serves as a
covering for the eye. Teevan's, for internal urethrot-
omy ; it is done with a modification of Alaisonneuve' s
urethrotome. Terrillon's, for hepatotomy for hydatid
cyst ; the portion of the liver containing the cysts is re-
moved by means of an elastic ligature applied after the
performance of celiotomy. Textor's, for excision of the
knee ; it is done by a curved transverse anterior incis-
ion, with its convexity downward. Theobald's, for
subconjunctival strabotomy ; it is performed after
Critchett' s method, a " crochet-hook " being used in-
stead of the ordinary blunt one, to prevent the tendon
slipping off'. Thiersch's: l. P'or ectopia vesica;
closure by means of two large lateral flaps, one to
cover the lower half of the defect, and the other the
upper half. 2. Yox rhinoplasty ; two lateral flaps from
the cheeks are turned over to meet in the middle line,
their raw surface being turned out ; a flap from the
forehead is then brought down and covers all. 3.
P'or skin-grafting ; the graft is made by a to-and-fro
motion with a razor, shaving oft as long and as broad
a section of the upper layers of the skin as is desired.
4. For epispadias ; the formation of a meatus and
urethra by dissection of various flaps, the entire
treatment covering a period of several months. 5-
P'or uranoplasty ; the alveolar process is chiseled
away and a flap consisting of the whole thickness
of the cheek is turned in to close the hole in
the hard palate. Thomas's (T. G.): I. fox hys-
terectomy ; celiotomy with the use of the clamp and
the charring of the end of the pedicle with the galvano-
cautery. 2. For lafaro-elytrotomy ; removal of the
fetus through incisions in the abdominal wall and in tlie
vagina, without opening the peritoneum or woundmg
the uterus. Thompson's (.S'/r //.) : l. Yox cystitis due
to hypertrophicd prostate ; the establishment of a per-
manent vesical fistula over the pubes. 2. Yox internnl
urethrotomy; it is done with Thompson's modification
of Civiale' s urethrotome. 3. Yox vesical tumor ; the
removal by a median perineal cystotomy, with the use
of Thompson's special forceps. Thread-operation, an
operation proposed by von draefe, for regulating the
position of the eyeball after tenotomy ; the thread is
OPERATIONS
927
OPERATIONS
passed through the stump of the tendon and is fastened
to the skin near the eye. Tiffany's, for union o/ti-ndon
andjlap; in amputation of fingers at the joint between
the first and second phalanges, tiie stitch that unites
the skin is passed through the tendon and its sheath.
Tillaux's, for cholecystenterostoiny ; it is performed in
three stages : (l) the gall-bladder is fi.xed by sutures to
a loop of the jejunum and a biliary fistula is established
by uniting the margins of an opening made in the gall-
bladder to the parietal wound ; (2) after about nine
days an artificial communication is established between
the bowel and the gall-bladder through the fistula ;
{3) eighteen days later the biliary fistula is closed
by a plastic operation. Travers', for cataract-extrac-
tion ; the capsule is divided and the lens is displaced
into the anterior chamber ; it is then removed through
a small corneal incision. Travignot's, iox amputation
of the leg : it is done by a large posterior flap and a
short anterior one. Trelat's : i. For Dupuy-
tren's contraction ; division of the attachments be'
tweenthe skin and fibrous bands, followed by division
of the bands themselves. 2. Y ox internal uretlwotoiny ;
a special urethrotome is used and the stricture is
cut both ways. Trendelenburg's: i. For ectopia
vesica ; narrowing of the defective area by approxi-
mating the two innominate bones, after division of the
sacro-iliac synchondrosis on either side. 2. For Jiat-
foot; supra-malleolar osteotomy. 3. For staphylo-
plasty; the .same <i.i, Schonbein^ s operation. Treves'
\F.^ : \. for spinal abscess ; a vertical incision, two and
a half inches in length, is made in the loin, midway
between the last rib and the crest of the ilium, the
incision to be parallel with the vertebral side of the
outer border -of the erector spins muscle. 2. For
ununited fracture of short bones ; the fragments are
held in position with a pair of modified A/algaigne' s
hooks. 3. For varicocele ; exposure of the veins, the
application of two ligatures and excision of the included
portion. Treves' [IV- A^), for excision of the knee ;
it is done by two vertical lateral incisions. Triangu-
lar-flap operation, ior lacerated perineum. See Dun-
can's operation. Tripier's : l. ¥ox amputation through
the foot ; a modification of Choparf s operation in which
the OS calcis is sawn through horizontally at the level of
the sustentaculum tali and its lower portion is removed.
2. For blepharoplasty ; a flap is taken from the upper
lid to close a deficiency in the lower lid. Valette's :
I. For the radical cure of hernia ; an attempt is made
to close the canal by causing an eschar by means of
Vienna paste. 2. For the removal of a naso-pharyn-
geal tumor ; by an operation similar to those of Berard
and Hugier, but of less extent ; the anterior and
inner wall of the maxillary sinus is removed, and the
sinus is thus opened into the nasal cavity. Van
Best's, for the radical cure of hernia ; subcutaneous
suturing of the inguinal rings. Van Buren's, for
prolapsus ani ; a linear cauterization of the mucosa
with the Paquelin cautery. Van Millingen's : I.
For entropion : the mucosa is transplanted into the
wound made by an incision at the lid-margin. 2.
For trjchiisis ; the covering of the wound made in
Arlf s operation by mucosa from the patient's lips
or from the conjunctiva of a rabbit, instead of with
skin. Veit's : l . A method of perfonning embry-
otoviy ; evisceration followed by simultaneous trac-
tion on an arm and the breech, the fetus being de-
livered doubled up. 2. For otherwise impossible labor ;
the same as Porro- Veif s operation. Veitch's, for am-
putation at the hip-joint : the same as Esmarch' s opera-
tion. Velpeau's : I. Yox excision of the upper jaw :
an incision is commenced at the angle of the mouth and
IS carried in a curved direction, through the cheek to
end over the center of the malar bone. 2. Yax excision
of the wrist ; by raising a dorsal tlap. 3. For iridotomy ;
a long double-edged knife transfixes the cornea, passes
through the iris to the posterior chamber and back to
the anterior chamber, through the cornea again, and a
flap is cut ; this leaves a triangular opening in the iris.
4. For preternatural anus ; removal of the adventi-
tious tissue around the preternatural anus, and suturing
of the wound. Vermale's: I. A method of per-
forming amputation ; the ordinary double-flap opera-
tion, the flaps being cut by transfixion whenever pos-
sible. 2. For amputation of the arm ; by lateral flaps
marked out by a skin-incision, the remaining soft parts
being divided by transfixion ; the inner flap is cut the
longer. 3. For amputation op' the thigh : by lateral
flaps of the same size and including all the soft parts
down to the bone ; both flaps are cut by transfixion.
Verneuil's : I. For amputation through the foot ;
subastragaloid disarticulation, the incision commenc-
ing over the outer tuberosity of the os calcis and being
carried forward to and over the dorsum of the foot,
just behind the base of the metatarsal bones and
finally sweeping across the sole to the point of com-
mencement. 2. Y ox iliac colotomv ; a nearly vertical
incision is made, and a knuckle of gut is transfixed
and kept in place by two needles which lie on the
parietes ; the exposed bowel is then stitched to the
margins of the parietal wound and the protruding
knuckle is excised. 3. Y ox proctotomy ; the rectum
is first divided into lateral halves with the ecraseur,
and the subsequent dissection is done with the galvano-
cautery knife. 4. Y ox rhinoplasty : two flaps from the
cheeks and forehead are superimposed to secure
elevation of the sunken nose. 5. Y ox stricture of the
rectum ; the same as Lei/ti's operation, except that a
posterior incision only is made. Vidal's (de Cassis) :
I . For gastrotomy , the parietal incision is made in the
middle line. 2. For varicocele ; subcutaneous con-
striction of the veins by means of wire ligatures. Der
Villard's ( Grrro/z) : I. For ectropion: shortening of
the skin of the lid in a transverse direction. 2. For
iridotomy ; the same as A/aunoir' s operation. Voil-
lemier's, for internal urethrotomv : it is done with a
modification of MaisottneuTe' s urethrotome. Volk-
mann's : I. Y ox amputation at the hip-joint : the same
as Esmarch' s operation. 2. Yox excision of the rectum ;
{a) For a circwnscribed growth ; dilate the anus ; pull
down the diseased portion ; remove by incision ; suture.
(b') For disease involving the circumference of the bowel,
but not the anus : divide the anus forward in the
perineum and backward to the coccyx ; remove the
growth by a knife or scissors, and the fingers, and
stitch the healthy mucosa together; deep drainage;
suture, {c) For disease involving the circumference of
the bo'vel, and part or all of the anus ; make the anterior
and posterior incisions as directed ; then carry a circular
incision around the sphincter, and dissect out the
growth ; the healthy mucosa is stitched to the skin-
border ; drainage ; suture. 3. Hepatotomy for hydatid
cyst : it is performed in two stages ; in the first, adhesion
is secured between the parietal peritoneum and the he-
patic peritoneum over the seat of puncture ; the second
stage consists in incising the adherent cyst after some
days. 4. For Jivdrocele : by a free incision in the
tunica vaginalis and stitching the serous membrane to
the skin. 5. For .• erasion with a curet. Von
Graefe's {^Alfred). See Graefe's operations. Von
Hippel's. See v. Hipper s operations. Von Wal-
ther's, for tarsorrhaphy : ])aring of the borders of the
upper and lower lids adjoining the external angle and
securing the denuded surfaces together. Waldau's,
for cataract-extraction ; this differs from the linear
OPERATIONS
928
OPERATIONS
method of Gmefe only in the smaller incision (less
than ^ of the circumference of the cornea) and in the
use of a special scoop to remove the lens. Walsham
and Willett's, for talipes calcaneus : oblique division
of the tendo Achillis from above downward and from
before backward, and slipping of the ends past each
other and suturing. Walton's, {or lacrytnal stricture ;
slitting of the upper canaliculus into the sac, and the
introduction of pure silver pins. Wardrop's : I.
For aneurysm : ligation of a main branch of the
artery distal to the aneurysm, leaving a circulation,
however, through another branch. 2. For entropion ;
ligation of a small portion of the skin by a suture
passed beneath. Warlomont's : l. Vor cataract-ex-
traction ; a modification of the Graefe incision. 2. For
trichiasis ; the portion of lid in which the cilia are
implanted is detached, shifted upward, and fixed upon
the tarsus. Warren's (/!/.): I. For excision of the
upper jaw ; the same as Velpeau^ s operation. 2, For the
radical cure of hernia ; the tissues of the inguinal rings
are injected, by means of a syringe, with a mixture
composed of the fluid extract of white oak, reduced to
a syrupy consistence, and sulphuric ether and mor-
phin. 3. Uranoplasty; the mucous membrane is
dissected up and the soft palate is freed by dividing
the posterior pillars, and then sutured in the middle
line. Waterman's, for removal of a naso-pharyngeal
tumor ; similar to Chccver'' s operation, except that the
hard palate is not fractured, but acts as a hinge to the
disarticulated superior maxilla, as in Cheever's double
operation. Watson's (.£.), for amputation through
the foot ; a modification of Pirogoff's operation, in
which the posterior part of the os calcis is sawn off
and the cut is extended up behind the ankle-joint ; the
tibia and fibula are then sawn through from before
backward and downward. Watson's [P. II.) : I.
For tarsectoniy ; the joints between the astragalus and
scaphoid and the os calcis and cuboid are opened
and the metatarsal bones are sawn through from below
upward. 2. ¥or goiter; extirpation of the goiter. 3. For
rhinoplasty ; a modification of Fergusson'' s operation,
q. V. Watson's {^Spencer) : I. For entropion ; trans-
planting a bridge of skin from the eyelid through to
the conjunctival surface. 2. Yox trichiasis ; Xh^^oxmA.
is covered by a pedunculated flap. Watts', for
uterine inversion ; the same as Courty'' s method , except
that the fingers passed into the rectum are used to
dilate the inverted cervix. Weber's: I. For cata-
ract-extraction ; the incision is made with a curved
bistoury. 2. Y ox lacrymal stricture ; a modification of
Bo7vt?ta?i^ s operation ; slitting of the upper canaliculus,
subcutaneous division of the canthal ligament, and
dilatation by a conic silver sound and elastic cat-
gut bougies. 3. Plastic; the large elliptic gap is
closed by displacing a curved flap ; then a second
curved flap is displaced into the gap thus made. 4.
Rhinoplasty ; an oval flap is taken from the center
of the upper lip, consisting of only part of its thick-
ness, and turned up and attached to the freshened
edges of the defective ala. De Wecker's : i.
Blepharoplasty ; a modification of Reverdin^ s opera-
tion ; it consists in transplanting small pieces of epi-
dermis covered with gokl-beater's skin. 2. For cata-
ract-extraction ; a modification of the Graefe incision in
cataract-extraction, and extraction without iridectomy.
3. For corneal or lenticular opacities ; division of the
sphincter of the iris by introducing forceps-scissors
through the corneal incision. 4. For evisceration ; a
suture is run through the previously loosened con-
junctival and subconjunctival tissue surrounding the
cornea, and is carried entirely around by repeated
punctures ; the protrusion is then cut off and the two
ends of continuous suture are drawn together, thus
preventing the escape of the vitreous. 5. For glau-
coma ; trephining of the cornea. 6. For iridectomy ;
an incision is made with von Graefe' s knife through
the cornea and iris ; the forceps-scissors is then in-
troduced, and a V-shaped portion of iris is removed. 7.
For leukomata of the cornea ; tattooing the leukomata.
8. Vox ptosis ; removal of an oval piece of skin from
the lid, followed by suturing of the wound. 9. For
retinal detachment ; a very fine gold wire is introduced
through the sclera and choroid and allowed to remain,
as a drain. 10. For sclerotomy ; the cataract-knife is
entered into the sclera, without completing the incis-
ion ; prolapse of the iris is thus prevented. 11. For
staphyloma ; excision and uniting of the conjunctiva
over the wound. 12. For strabismus ; advancement
of Tenon's capsule, and thus of the insertion of the
muscle. Wehr's, for resection of the intestine ; the
end of the narrower part of the bowel is divided ob-
liquely, so that the oblong opening which results shall
correspond to the lumen of the other end. Weir's {^R.
P.): I. Yor lumbar nephrectomy ; a vertical lumbar in-
cision three inches from the spine, just below the twelfth
rib, is joined at the top by a transverse incision running
along the edge of the ribs. 2. Rhinoplasty ; a trans-
verse cut is made through the sunken nose, and the
tip is drawn down to the desired position, the result-
ing wedge-shaped gap being filled by transplanting
flaps from the cheeks. 3. For 7'i77-?V(?<-c/f ; subcutaneous
ligation with carbolized or juniperized catgut. Wells'
[SirS.y. I. Cholecystotomy; a modification of Sims' op-
eration, in which it is proposed to close the incision in
the gall-bladder by a continuous suture and return it to
the abdominal cavity. 2. Splenectomy ; the incision is
made through the linea semilunaris. Wells': I.
Yox blepharoplasty of the upper lid ; dissection of the
cicatrix, replacement of the lid to its normal position,
and transplantation of a flap from the temple. 2.
For entropion ; splitting of the lid into anterior and pos-
terior leaves, excision of a fold of skin, and removal of
a wedge-shaped piece of the tarsus. 3. For strabot-
omy ; division of the tendon, subconjunctivally, close
to its insertion. Wenzel's : l. For cataract-extrac-
tion ; in cases of total posterior synechia, a curved
incision is directed downward, passing through the
iris, and opening the lens. 2. Iridectomy; the same
as Velpcau" s operation, except that the flap is removed.
West's, {ox excision of the tvrist ; two dorsal incisions
are made and the tendons of the thumb and fingers
are not divided, but are drawn aside. Westmore-
land's, for internal urethrotomy ; it is done with a
modification of Maisonneuve'' s urethrotome. Whar-
ton's, for amputation of the foot ; a modification of
Teale^s operatioit in which only one flap is made and
the bone is sawn off at the level to which a short
flap, made according to Teale's method, would reach.
Wheelhouse's, for external urethrotomy ; division
of the stricture on a grooved probe passed through
the stricture from an opening made into the urethra
in front of it. White's: l. Yox excision of the hip-
Joint ; a semicircular incision is made above and behind
the greater trochanter, the joint is exposed and dis-
articulated, and the section made. 2. For iiterme at-
version ; it is replaced by pressure by mean.s of a ciii)
having at its base a short staft' terminating in a steel
spiral spring which rests against the operator, counter-
pressure being made above. White's [J- IVillmm),
for hvfertrophv of the prostate ; removal of the testicles.
White's ( O. '), for the radical cure of hernia ; invagin-
ating the sac into the ring and plugging the latter with
an instrument devised for the purpose. Whitehead s .
1. For excision of hemorrhoids ; removal of a circular
OPERATIONS
929
OFERCULIGEROUS
strip of mucous membrane around the anus, including
the tumors. 2. Vor excision of the tongue; removal
through the mouth, using only scissors. 3. Tracheoto-
my; the incision is made in the usual situation, but of
greater length than is common. Wickerkiewicz's,
for scleritis ; the removal by means of a small sharp
spoon of the diseased tissue in stubborn cases.
Wickham's, for varicocele ; it is done by Heur-
teloup's modification of Henry's clamp, with removal
of a large amount of scrotum. Wilde's: l. For
mastoid or cerebral abscess; the bone is exposed
from the base to the apex of the mastoid process,
inch behind the auricle, and if necessary, the
bone is opened with a drill, gouge, or trephine.
2. For staphyloma ; very similar to Critchetf s oper-
ation, q. V. 3. For trichiasis ; an incision is made
to the roots of the inverted cilia followed by
cauterization with silver nitrate and removal of the
cilia. Willett's, for talipes calcaneus; the tendo
Achillis is divided obliquely and the cut ends are slid
past each other until the proper shortening is obtained,
when they are stitched in place. Williams', for lacry-
mal stricture; a modification of Walton s operation ;
dilatation by large silver probes. Winckel's, for
vaginal hysterectomy ; after securing the cervical por-
tion of the uterus an incision is made in the anterior
vaginal vault, and is carried spirally around the cervix,
ligating the vessels when necessary, and exerting
steady traction on the uterus ; the peritoneal cavity is
thus easily penetrated, and posteriorly the entire
supracervical portions of the broad ligament can be
plainly seen and ligated in position. Winiwarter's,
cholecystenterostomv : it is performed in two stages;
in the first the gall-bladder is united to the upper por-
tion of the jejunum and the parts are fixed to the pari-
etal peritoneum ; in the second, after about five days,
the bowel is incised and a communication is estab-
lished between the latter and the gall-bladder. Wit-
zel's, {ox gastrotomv ; an incision is made, four inches
long, beginning at the middle line and running to the
left a finger's breadth below the border of the ribs ;
the fibers of the rectus muscle are separated by the
fingers and not divided ; the stomach is brought out-
side of the wound and opened toward the cardiac ex-
tremity, and a rubber tube introduced ; the stomach is
then returned and sutured to the margin of the abdom-
inal opening. WladimirofTs, for farsecfomv ; the
heel portion of the foot, consisting of the astragalus,
the calcis, and the soft parts covering them, is re-
moved; the articular surfaces of the tibia, fibula, cub-
oid, and scaphoid are sawn off and the foot is brought
into a straight line with the leg. Wladimiroff-
Mikulicz's, for tarscctomy ; the same as Mikulicz's
operation. WoeWer's, for gastro-enterostomv ; the
first part of the jejunum is united by sutures to the mid-
dle of the anterior surface of the stomach and a commu-
nication is established between the two. Wolf's, for
mastoid and middle-ear disease; it consists in penetra-
ting the bony partition between the antrum and the ex-
ternal auditory canal by successive layers, after removal
of the soft parts. This operation is indicated for sub-
periosteal removal of exostoses and hyperostoses of the
auditory canal, in caries in the upper and back part of
the auditory canal, and when the transverse sinus is so
far forward as to interfere with other operations.
Wolfe's: I. ¥or ectropion ; transplantation of a flap
from a distance, without a pedicle. 2. For retinal de-
tachment : a vertical incision is made in the conjunctiva
and subconjunctival tissue, and an oblique incision into
the sclera, followed by gentle pressure and suture. 3.
For symblcpharou ; transplantation of the conjunctiva
of a rabbit after division of the adhesions of the lid. 4.
59
For tympanic granulations ; scraping away of the pro-
liferating granulations by small, sharp spoons of vari-
ous shapes. Wolfler's, for pyloric stenosis ; gastro-
enterostomy in malignant disease of the pylorus.
Wood's (y. ): I. For rhinoplasty ; a new nose is
formed from a broad flap taken from the upper lip. 2.
For ectopia vesica ; closure by means of three flaps, a
reversed upper or umbilical, and two lateral trans-
planted flaps which are made to cover over the upper
one. 3. For hypospadias ; the anterior half of the ure-
thra is formed from the prepuce (if redundant), and the
remainder by means of a flap cut from the front of the
scrotum. 4. Yor the radical cure of hernia ; (l) the
hernial canal is closed by subcutaneous sutures through
the tendinous structures forming its boundaries ; (2) for
small hernia; and hernite in children, a pair of rectan-
gular pins are used instead of sutures. 5 . For vari-
cocele ; a modification of Ricora\ operation; it con-
sists in the application of a single subcutaneous liga-
ture of annealed iron wire, the ends of which are
fastened to a light steel spring, the veins being divided
by the constant tension. Woolhouse's, for the
formation of an artificial pupil ; division of the
fibrous deposit binding the iris by means of a needle
introduced through the sclerotica. Wright's (G.A.) :
I. Arthrectomy ; the interior of the knee-joint is
exposed by an anterior transverse curved incision, and
all of the diseased tissues, including the synovial
membrane, ligament, cartilage, and bone, are removed
by erasion. 2. For cataract-extraction ; an incision is
made with Beer's knife entirely within the cornea ;
puncture and counter-puncture are made at the sclero-
corneal junction. Wtitzer's, for the radical cure of
inguinal hernia ; plugging of the hernial canal by an
invagination of the scrotum, and its retention by a
special instrument, thus exciting adhesive inflammation
in the neck of the sac. Wyeth's {/. A.): I. For^?^-
pntation at the hip-joint ; the " bloodless" method ; two
steel mattress-needles are inserted in the tissues and
rubber tubing is passed several times around the limb
above the needles. 2. Y ox internal urethrotomy ; it
is done with a modification of Otis^s urethrotome.
Wylie's, for retroflexion of the utcrzis ; shortening of
the round ligaments after abdominal incision ; the lig-
aments are folded upon themselves and sutured. Zel-
ler's, for webbed fingers ; a triangular flap is dissected
up on the dorsal aspect of the root of the web, and the
latter is divided, after which the apex of the flap is
drawn down between the fingers and attached to a pre-
pared raw surface on the palm.
Operative [op' -er-a-tii') \operari, to labor]. Effective;
pertaining to an operation. O. Dentistry, the depart-
ment of dentistry that pertains to the surgical treat-
ment of diseases of the teeth and surrounding parts.
Operator (op' -er-a-tor') [o/^ra^/, to labor] . A surgeon.
Operatory [op'-er-at-oi'-e) \_operator, a worker]. A
laboratory.
Opercle [o-per'-kl) \operculiim, a lid]. See Operculum.
OpexculaT (o-per'-hu-lar) \_opercztluin, a.Wd'l. Pertain-
ing to an operculum. Designed for closing a cavity.
Having an operculum.
Operculate (o-per' -ku-lat) \_operculum, a lid]. Possess-
ing an operculum.
Operculiferous (o-per-ku-lif -er-us) \operculum, a lid;
ferre, to bear]. In biology, having an operculum.
Operculiform (o-per' -ku-lifonit) \operculum , a lid ;
forma, form]. In biology, resembling an operculum.
Operculigenous (o-per-ku-lif -en-us) [^operculum, a lid ;
gignere, to produce]. In biology, having an oper-
culum.
Operculigerous (o-per-ku-lij' -er-tts) \oprrculum, a lid ;
gerere, to carry]. Having an operculum.
OPERCULUM
930
OPHTHALMIA
Operculum [o-per'-ku-lum) [L. : //., Operiiila'\. A lid
or cover. In biology, a lid, cap, flap, or cover; ap-
plied to various occlusive apparatuses, structures, or
organs, in plants and animals, as the cover of the cap-
sule in mosses, the plate for closing the aperture of
gasteropod shells, the feathered flaps of the ear of a
bird, etc. In ichthyology, an osseous formation which,
in part, closes the great opening of the gills. In an-
atomy, the convolutions covering the insula, consisting
ot the operculum proper, preoperculum, suboperculum,
and postoperculum. O., Burdach's, the O.insiilcs. O.
cutis, the epidermis. O. ilei, the valve of Bauhin.
O. insulse, the gyri of the brain over the insula.
They are the .subfrontal, the precentral and post-
central, and the inferior central gyri. O. laryngis,
the epiglottis. O. oculi, the eyelids. O. sellae,
the dura over the pituitary body.
Operimentum {o-pcr-im-en' -tiDii). Synonym of the
Menibrana tympanic q. v.
Opertorium [o-per-to'ri-uiii) [L., a cover]. Same as
Operciihtin.
Ophelia Acid (p-feV-ik), Cj.jH.3qO,(,. An amorphous
sticky substance found in Chiretta. It is soluble in
water, in ether, and in alcohol.
Ophiasis [off-i'-as-is) [oip'iaaig, serpentine baldness].
Alopecia areata in which the baldness progresses in a
serpentine form. [Old.]
Ophicephalous {o(p-is-ef' -al-its) [o0/f, a serpent ; Kfctiakl/,
the head]. Having a head like that of a serpent.
Ophidomonas sanguinea (off-id-o' ->iio-nas san-gwin' -
e-ah) [L.]. An old name iox Beggicitoa roseopersicina.
See Bacteria, Synonyiiiatic Table of.
Ophiography (off-e-og'-ra-fe) [bipig, a serpent; ypaq)eiv,
to write]. Descriptive ophiology.
Ophioid [off'-e-oid) [6^(f, a serpent ; tvfSof, like]. Re-
sembling a serpent.
Ophiolatry [op-e-ol'-at-i-e) [6^(f, a serpent; Xarpeia,
worship]. .Serpent-worship.
Ophiology [off-e-ol'-o-je') [6i/)/f , a serpent ; ?^d} of , science] .
The scientific study of serpents.
Ophiophagous (^;^-c-(^'-«4'-;<^) [ociif, a serpent ; (payeif,
to eat]. Feeding upon serpents.
Ophiosis {off-e-o'-sis) [o^^f, serpent]. Circumscribed
baldness with scaliness.
Ophioxylin [off-c-oks'-il-in) [6(/)/f , a serpent ; ^vXoi',
wood] , CipHijOg. A yellow crystalline body obtained
from Ophioxylon seipen/iiunii , a purgative and anthel-
mintic ; its solutions stain first yellow, then brown.
Ophioxylon, Ophioxylum (off-e-oks' -il-on, off-e-oks' -il-
uiii) [o(/"c, a serpent ; ^vlov, wood]. A genus of apo-
cynaceous plants ; serpent- wood. O. serpentinum.
East Indian snake-root, used as an oxytocic and as a
remedy for snake-bite. Unof.
Ophryitis (o/f-re-i'-hs) [h<ppv^, brow ; iTi^, inflamma-
tion]. Inflammation of the eyebrow.
Ophryocystis [cff-n'-o-sis'-fis) [6(/)pi''f, eyebrow ; Kmrn;,
l)ladder]. A parasitic sporozoon.
Ophryo-iniac (off ' - re-o-tn' -e-ak)[J>^pvc , eyebrow ; iviov,
occiput]. Pertaining to the ophryon and the inion.
Ophryon (off ' -fe-oJ!)\o(j>i)i'^ , eyebrow]. In craniometry,
the middle of a line drawn across the forehead at the
level of the upper margin of the orbits. See Cranio-
metric Points.
Ophryo-opisthiac [off ' -re-o-opis' -tlie-ak) [Ixppvi;, eye-
brow ; 07r(iTf/()f, hinder]. Pertaining to the ophryon
and the opisthion.
Ophryoscolex (off-re-o-sko' -leks) \_b(j>phr, brow ; okuXt/^,
worm: //. , Ophiyoscolices\. A genus of endopara-
sitic peritrichous infusorians, representatives of which
almost constantly inhabit the stomachs of cattle and
sheep. .See Parasites (Animal), Table of.
Ophryphtheiriasis (off-rif-thi-ri'-as-is) \o^pv<;, eye-
brow; <pHeipiaait;, pediculosis]. Pediculosis of the
eyebrows and eyelashes.
Ophrys (off'-ris) [oi^pi'if, eyebrow]. The evebrow.
Ophrytic (off-rit' -ik) [bfpv^, eyebrow]. Pertaining to
the eyebrow.
Ophthalmagra ( off-thal-ma' -grah ) [b(l)fla7,.fi6c, eye;
liypa, a seizure] . Gouty or rheumatic pain in the eye.
Ophthalmalgia (off-thal-inaF -je-ah) \_u(pOaAfidg, eye;
a'Ayo(;, pain]. Neuralgia of the eye.
Ophthalmalgia {off-t/ial-n/al' -jik)[o(pHa2/j.6c ,eye ; aXyog,
pain]. Pertaining to ophthalmalgia.
Ophthalmanthracosis (off"- thai - man - thrak - o' - sis)
l_o(j)t)a?,/i6(;, eye; avOpaKuoii;, anthrax]. Anthrax in-
volving the eyelid.
Ophthalmatrophy ((i^-Z/^rtZ-wa/'-ro-y^) \_o<pdatitui;, eye;
aTpo(pla, atrophy]. Atrophy of the eyeball.
Ophthalmecchymosis (off - 1 ha I - niek- i in -o' -sis)
eye ; iKx'f<jiuaiq, ecchymosis]. A conjunc-
tival eft'usion of blood.
Ophthalmedema (off-thal-?ne-de' -inah) l_b(l>da?L/ji6g , eye ;
oi(h;/ia, edema]. Conjunctival edema.
Ophthalmencephalon (off-thal-men-sef -al-on) [orfi-
i^akpdi;, eye; iyKC(paAoc, in the skull]. The portion i
of the eye developed from the neural epiblast.
Ophthalmentozoon (off-thal-men-to-zo' -on) \b<pf)aXiib^,
eye; trrof, within; fwor, animal]. An intraocular
parasite.
Ophthalmia (off-thaF -me-ah) [^(j(f)fla'/fj6(-, eye]. An in-
flammation of the superficial tissues of the eye, and
especially of the conjunctiva. O. angularis. The
same as Canthitis. O., Army, purulent conjunctivitis.
O. arthritica. A synonym of Glauco7na. O.,
Asiatic. See Trachoma. O., Brazilian, a form
of xerophthalmia occurring in poorly-nourished
children in Brazil ; the cornea first dries and j
is finally destroyed. O., Catarrhal, a synonym of i
simple conjunctivitis ; a hyperemia of the conjunctiva,
with a catarrhal or muco-purulent secretion. 0.,
Croupous, a rare disease, characterized by a severe,
usually painless, swelling of the lids, a membranous
exudation upon the surface of the conjunctiva, and a
scanty sero-purulent discharge. It occurs only in
children, but no distinct cause is known. O., Diph-
theric, a contagious variety of ophthalmia, character-
ized by a rigid and painful swelling of the lids, a
scanty sero-]iurulent or sanious discharge, and an
exudation within the layers of the conjunctiva which
leads to the death of the invaded tissues, and tends,
by spreading to the ocular conjunctiva and by pres-
sure, to destroy the cornea. The membrane is of a dull, j
grayish -red appearance and is intimately connected j
with the conjunctival tissues. O., Dry, a synonym j
of Xerophthalmia. O., Egyptian. See Trachoma, j
O., Electric, an ophthalmia sometimes occurring;
in workmen exposed to the glare of electric light.
O., Follicular, an afl'ection of the conjunctiva, asso-
ciated with the presence of small pinkish jirominences
in the conjunctiva, chiefly located in the retrotarsal
folds, and usually arranged in parallel rows. The
disease is often due to poor hygienic surroundings and
may become epidemic. O., Gonorrheal, an acute
and severe fonn of purulent conjunctivitis, caused by
infection from urethral discharges containing the gono-
coccus of Neisser. 'i^ee. Ractcria, Synonyiiiatic Tahle\
of. O., Granular. See Trachoma. O., Hop-?
pickers', a form of ophthalmia due to the impac-
tion in tile cornea of the spinous hairs from the
bracts of the hop. O. humida, conjunctivitis witli|
profuse discharge. O., Lacrymal, a form of chronic
conjunctivitis depending upon obstruction of the lac-
rymal passages. O., Leukorrheal, ojihthalmia sup-
posed to be due to infection with leukorrheal dis-
OPHTHALMIATER
931
OFHTHALMOiMELANOSIS
charges. O., Malignant, an acute form of ophthal-
mia, usually fatal from extension of the purulent process
to the brain. O., Menstrual, a foiTn associated with
suppression of the menses, or with the menopause.
O., Migratory. O., Sympathetic. O., Military.
See Trachoma. O. neonatorum, a gonorrheal or
purulent ophthalmia of the new-born, the eyes having
been infected by the mother's uterine or vaginal dis-
charges. O., Neuro-paralytic, ocular disease from
lesion of the Gasserian ganglion or of branches of
the fifth nerve supplying the eyeball. O., Periodic,
an ophthalmia seen in horses and leading to total
destruction of vision. O., Phlyctenular, a disease
in which phlyctenules or small vesicles are situated
in the epithelial layer of the conjunctiva or cornea.
O., Plastic, ophthalmia characterized chiefly by the
deposition upon the conjunctiva of a false mem-
brane ; it is also called Psendo-mcmbranous OphtJial-
tnia. O., Pseudo-membranous. See O., Plastic.
O., Puerperal, a form occurring in the puerperal
state. O., Purulent, conjunctivitis with a purulent
discharge. O., Pustular. See O., Phlyctenular.
O. sicca. The same as Xerophthalmia. O.,
Spring, Fruehjahrs- ox Frttehlint^s -Catarrh ; Phlyc-
tena pallida; a form of conjunctival disease, usu-
ally seen in children, characterized by photophobia,
stinging pain, considerable mucous secretion, the
formation of flat granulations on the conjunctiva,
and hypertrophy of this tissue surrounding the lim-
bus of the cornea. It is common in the spring
of the year. O., Sympathetic. See Sympathetic.
O., Tarsal. See Blepharitis. O. taraxis, a syno-
nym of Conjunctivitis. O., Varicose, a form asso-
ciated with a varicose condition of the veins of the
conjunctiva.
Ophthalmiater (off-thal-jtie-a'-ter) [u(j>6a? /jo^, eye;
larpdg, a physician]. An oculist or ophthalmolo-
gist.
Ophthalmiatric {ojf-thal-me-af -rik') \_b<j>da?Lfj6^, eye ;
tarpela, treatment]. Pertaining to the treatment of
eye-diseases.
Ophthalmiatrics [off-thal-me-at' -riks) \i>i^dalji6c, , eye ;
larpsla, treatment]. The treatment of eye-diseases.
Ophthalmic {off-thal'-mik) [ofdakino^, eye]. Pertain-
ing to the eye. O. Artery. See Arteries, Table of.
O. Ganglion. See Ganglia, Table of. O. Migraine,
migraine due to diseased conditions of the eyes. O.
Nerve. See Nerves, Table of. O. Plexus, a plexus
of sympathetic nerves around the ophthalmic artery.
O. Vein, the vein returning the blood from the eye ;
it empties into the sphenoidal sinus.
Ophthalmin [off-thai' -niiit) [^(MfiaTifiog, eye]. The name
given to the hypothetic contagium of purulent oph-
thalmia.
Ophthalmist {off-thai' -mist) [o(/.^^a;i,//df, .eye]. The
same as Ophthalmologist.
Ophthalmite {off-thai' -mit) [oipda^./ioi;, the eye]. In
biology, the eye-bearing stalk of a crustacean ; an
ommatophore.
Ophthalmitic (off-thal-mif -ik) lo(p0a/./j6c, eye ; trtQ,
inflammation]. Pertaining to ophthalmitis. Also
pertaining to an ophthalmite.
Ophthalmitis {off-fhal-mi' -lis) [oil>6a7,fi6c, eye ; iric, in-
flammation]. Formerly synonymous with ophthalmia,
but latterly used as indicating inflammation of some
of the deeper tissues of the eye, or restricted to the
term Sympathetic Ophthalmia, q. v. Consult also.
Panophthalmitis.
Ophthalmo- (off- thai' -mo-) [IxpOaAfJu^ , eye]. A pre-
fix signifying connection with or relation to the eye.
O. -blennorrhea. See Ophthalmia, Gonorrheal.
O.rneuritis, a peripheral neuritis of the ophthalmic
branch of the fifth nerve. In part synonymous with
Herpes zoster ophthalmicus.
Ophthalmobiotic (off-thal-mo-bi-ot'-ik) [o(/)^)o/',//df, eye-
ball ; liio^, life]. Relating to the physiology and
development of the eye.
Ophthalmobrachytes (off-thal-mo-brak' -it-ez) [btpHa'A-
/liir, eye ; ftpfixerf/r, shortness]. .Shortness of the
ocular axis ; also the shortened axis. [Old.]
Ophthalmocace iyoff-thal-mok' -as-e) [^bfjjda'Afidg, eye ;
naKo^, evil] . Disease of the eye.
Ophthalmocarcinoma {off-thai' -»io-kar-sin-o' -mah )
[^iKpHa/ifioc, eye ; hciiiKivw/ia, carcinoma]. Carcinoma
of the eye.
Ophthalmocele {off-tlial' -nw-sel). ^ee Staphylo>na s.nd
Exophthalmus.
Ophthalmocentesis {off-thai' -mo-sen-te' -sis) \_b(pOa'/./i6g,
eye ; iit i'T>/oi(;, puncture] . Surgical puncture of the
eye.
Ophthalmocholosis {off-thai' -mo-kol-o' -sis) \ii<^()a}ix6(;,
eye ; \u/.oe, bile]. Ophthalmia due to liver-disease.
[Old.]
Ophthalmochroites {off-thai' -mo-kro-i' -tez) [wjidaAfioc; ,
eye ; Xf"^i't color]. The black coloring-matter of theeye.
Ophthalmocopia {off-thai' -mo-ko' -pe-ah ) [6^fe^|Udf ,
eye; ^oTrof, fatigue]. Fatigue of the visual powers.
Ophthalmodesmitis {off-thai' -mo-dez-mi'-tis). Syno-
nym of Conjunctivitis.
Ophthalmodesmon {off-thai' -mo- dez' -mon) [^bqiftal/joc,
eye ; fStfr/zdi;, bond]. The conjunctiva.
Ophthalmodesmoxerosis {off-thai' -mo-dez-tno-ze-ro' -
sis] [^(xpHa'A/iog, eye; Sta/^og, bond; ^';p6r, dry]. Xe-
rophthalmia, q. V.
Ophthalmodiastimeter {off -thai' -mo-di-as-tim' -et-ei-)
\_oip6aA/ju(;, eye; Sia.(jT///ia, interval; /yf rpov, measure].
An instrimient for use in discovering the proper ad-
justment of lenses to the axes of the eyes.
Ophthalmodynamometer {off-thai' -mo-di-nam-om' -et-
er) ^b(f)6a?i/j6c, eye; Hvva/uig, power; ^lirpov, meas-
ure]. An instrument for measuring the power of con-
vergence of the eyes.
Ophthalmodynia {off-ihal-mo-din'-e-ah) [b(pfta'Afi6<;,
eye; udintj, pain]. Any violent pain in the eye not
resulting from inflammation.
Ophthalmography {off-thal-mog' -ra-fe) \jj(p6aAfj6^, eye ;
ypdtfeiv, to write]. Descriptive anatomy of the eye.
Ophthalmohydrorrhea {off- thai' -mo-hi-dror- e'-ah).
Synonym of Ophthalmydrorrhea.
Ophthalmokopia (p^-///(7/-;«o-/J'o/''-<?-ff//). See Ophthal-
mocopia.
Ophthalmolith {off-thai' -mo-lith) \l><bdaKjiuq, eye ; XSoq,
stone]. A calculus of the eye.
Ophthalmologic {off-thal-mo-loj' -ik) \b<fidalu6q, eye ;
/dyoi;, science]. Pertaining to Ophthalmology.
Ophthalmologist {off-thal-mol' -o-jist) [^dtjylia'Afjo^ , eye ;
Aoyog, science]. t)ne versed in ophthalmology.
Ophthalmology {off-thal-mol' -o-je) [iioOa'Afiug, eye ;
/djof, science]. The science of the anatomy and
physiology and the diseases of the eye.
Ophthalmolyma {off-thai' -mo-li' -mah) [o9fc/i//df, eye ;
't'rjnj, destruction]. Destruction of the eye.
Ophthalmomacrosis {off-thai' -mo-mak-ro' -sis) \h^tiaA-
j-iog, eye; ijaKpS^, large]. Enlargement of the eye.
Ophthalmomalacia {off-thai' -mo-mal-a' -se-ali) [^hoiHa/.-
fioQ, eye; pa/an'ia, softness]. Abnormal softness of
the eye, revealing itself in a diminution of tension.
Ophthalmomelanoma {off-thai' -mo-iuel-an-o' -jnah)
\j}ibdaXfi6e^ , eye; ftiAai;, black; bua, tumor]. A melan-
otic tumor, usually sarcoma, of the eye.
Ophthalmomelanosis {off - thai' - mo - mel - an - o' - sis)
[(j0Wfi///(ii;, eye ; //f'/a^ , black ; vuaor, disease]. The
formation of an ophthalmomelanoma ; also the growth
itself.
OPHTHALMOMETER
932
OPHTHALMOPLASTIC
Ophthalmometer [off-thal-mom' -et-e>-) \^b<i>fta2 juoi; , eye ;
/ifTpov, measure]. I. An instrument for measuring
the capacity of the chambers of the eye. 2. An in-
The Ophthalmometer of Javal and Schiotz.
A. The perimeter-bar. B, B. Telescope. C. Chin-rest. D. Disc of radiating lines and con-
centric circles. E. Eye-piece, at which the observer sits. H. Head-rest. L. Lights. M,
M. The mires, or targets. P. Pointer, indicating the axis by the degree numbers on the
peripheral border of the disc.
Mires Exactly Approximated.
strument for measuring refractive errors, especially
astigmatism. 3. An instrument for measuring the
eye as a whole.
Ophthalmometry [off - thai - mom' -ct-re) \hi}i)aXji6r ,
eye; |«f-/)oi', measure]. The use of the ophthalmom-
eter ; mensuration of the eyeball, or of the corneal
curves.
Ophthalmomicroscope [off - thai' - mo - mi' - kro - skof)
\_0(b6n'A/i6r, eye ; /jii<pnr, small; anorrelv, to view]. An
instrument for examining the interior of the eye.
Ophthalmomyces (o_ff-tli<!l'-mo^//'-is-e:)[u<pdalfi6^, eye ;
^i'lijir^, fungus]. P'ungous disease of the eye.
Ophthalmomyitis (off-thal'-mo-mi-i'-tis) \_b(p6al/j.6c,
eye; //rr, muscle ; (7/r, inflammation]. Inflammation
of the ocular muscles.
Ophthalmomyotomy {off-thal-mo-mi-of -o-me) \lii^Qat.-
^i6q, eye; five, muscle; ro////, a cutting]. Division
of the muscles of the eye.
Ophthalmoncus {off-thal-mong'-kus) [cKpdaA/iidc, eye;
(i}/vof, tumor]. A tumor or swelling of the eye.
Ophthalmoneuritis [off-thai' -nio-nu-ri' -tis] lixpdaAftd^,
eye ; vt l'por, nerve ; iTig,
inflammation]. Inflam-
mation of the ophthalmic
nerve.
Ophthalmoneuromeninx
[off-thai' - mo - ntt-ro-men' ■
inks). Synonym of Re-
tt ji a .
Ophthalmoneurymen [off-
thai' - mo - 7! It - ri' - men).
Synonym of Retina.
Ophthalmonosology [off-
thai' - mo - no - sol' - 0 -je)
\_b(pdaA/i6c , eye ; vdaoc, dis-
ease; M}og, science].
The study of the diseases
of the eye.
Ophthalmoparacentesis
[off - thai'- tno - par-as-en-
te'-sis). Synonym of Oph-
thalmoeentesis.
Ophthalmoparalysis [off-
thai' -}iio -par - al'- is - is).
Synonym of Ophthalmo-
plegia.
Ophthalmoperipheritis
( off - tlial' -mo-per-if-er-i' ■
tis) \_o(f>fta'Au6g, eye ; ~epi(^-\
epela, the periphery ; itic,\
inflammation]. Inflam-
mation of the tissue;
around the eyeball. j
Ophthalmophantoma [off- i
thai' -mo-fan-to' -mali)\oii-'\
da'kfidg, eye ; (pavraajjo
phantom]. A model o:
mask for jiractising opera
tion.s on tlie eye.
Ophthalmo phasmatos -
copy ( off -thai' -mo-faz
mat-os' -ko-pe) [otj)Oa?ifwi-
eye ; (bavra^eiv, to niaki
to happen ; oKone'iv. t(
view]. Ophthalmoscopii
and spectroscopic exami
nation of the interior ol
an eye.
Ophthalmophlebotom}
( off-thai' -mo-fle-bot' -o-vie
[b(pHa?ifidg, eye; oaH', .
vein; Ttfivsiv, to cut]
Blood-letting from a conjunctival vein. j
Ophthalmophore [off-thai' -mo- for) [iipdalfidc, the eye i
(bopnc, bear]. In Isiology, the eye-stalk or peduncle oj
a gasteropod ; an ommatophore. j
Ophthalmophorium [off-thal-mo-fo' -re-iim) [o^to//(i!j
eye; (pdpoc;, bear: Ophthal)nophoria\ Same a,
Ophthalmophore.
Ophthalmophorous [off-thal-mof'-or-iis) [Ixtidalijni
eye ; tj>6por, bear]. In biology, supporting the eye.'
Ophthalmophtharsis [off-tha)-mo-tars'-is) \o^al\m,
eye; <^(^(ipaig, corruption]. Destructive degeneratio
of the eye. [Old.]
Ophthalmophthisis [off-thal-moff ' -this-is). See Phthi
is hidbi ; also Ophthalnioiiialaiia.
Ophthalmophyma [off-thal-mo-fi' -mah) \hi^alu(i
eye; (/iiy/a, growth]. Swelling of the eyeball.
Ophthalmoplastic (off-thal-mo-plas' -lik) [!i(i,da'A/i6c, ey
Tr'Adaativ, to mold]. Pertaining to ophthalmoplasty
Mires Overlapping One Diopter.
OPHTHALMOPLASTY
933
OPHTHALMOTONOMETER
Ophthalmoplasty {off-thai' -mo-plns-ti') [(xplia/udc, eye;
TT/.naamv, to mold]. Plastic surgery of the eye or
accessory parts.
Ophthalmoplegia [off-thal-mo-ple' -je-ah) [u<ljOa'A/u6c,
eye; 7r/y?y?;, stroke]. Paralysis of the ocular muscles.
O. externa, paralysis of the external muscles. O.
interna, paralysis of the internal muscles, or com-
bined iridoplegia and cycloplegia. O., Nuclear,
ophthalmoplegia due to a lesion of the nuclei of origin
of the motor nerves of the eyeball. C, Partial, a
form in which only some of the muscles are para-
lyzed. O., Progressive, a form in which all of the
muscles of both eyes gradually become paralyzed.
O., Total, that form involving the iris and ciliary
muscle as well as the external muscles of the eyeball.
Ophthalmoplegic {off-thal-mo-ple' -jik) [o0faA//of, eye ;
nhiyt], stroke]. Pertaining to ophthalmoplegia.
Ophthalmoponia (off-thal-mo-po' -ne-ah) \_6(j)tia't fioi;,
eye ; jrovog, pain]. Pain in the eye.
Ophthalmoprosopsis {off-thai' -mo-pros-ops' -is) \_b(t>6a?,-
fiog, eye; TrpoooTpi^, appearance]. The power of
accommodation.
Ophthalmoprostatometer {off-thai' -mo-pros-tat-om' -et-
er) \_b(plia?ii/6c , eye ; TrpoidTavat , to stand before ; iut-
pov, measure]. An instrument for measuring the
degree of protrusion of the eyes.
Ophthalmoptoma {off- thai - mop - to' - mah) \_b(t>da}:fi6g ,
eye; nTijjxa, fall]. Exophthalmos ; protrusion of the
eyeball.
Ophthalmoptosis {off-thal-mop-to' -sis) l_bipSa?i/Li6(;, eye ;
Tramf, fall]. The same as Ophthalmoptoma .
Ophthalmopyorrhea {off-thai' -mo-pi-or-e' -ah) [^bcp'ia?.-
/i6g, eye; ttvov, pus; poia, a flow]. A discharge of
pus from the eye.
Ophthalmopyra {off-thai' -mo-pi' -rah) \b<^daKfi6r^, eye ;
Triip, fire]. An epidemic form of ophthalmia.
Ophthalmorrhagia {off-thal-mor-a' -je-ah) [o^dalfio^,
eye; pr/yvvvai, to burst forth]. A hemorrhage from the
eye.
Ophthalmorrhea {off-thal-tnor-e' -ah) [cxpOaXfid^ , eye ;
/(om, a flow]. A watery or sanguineous discharge
from the eye.
Ophthalmorrhexis {off-thal-mor-eks'-is) l_b(pdalfi6g ,
eye ; pr/^ig, rupture] . Rupture of the eyeball.
OphihaAmos {off '-thal->Nos) l_b<i)da? fi6(; , eye]. The eye.
Ophthalmoscope {off-thai' -mo-shop) \_b(j>6a'}ifi6g, eye ;
am-rrelv, to see]. An instrument for examining the
fundus or interior of the eye. It consists essentially
of a mirror with a hole in it, through which the ob-
server looks, the concavity of the eye being illuminated
by light reflected from the mirror into the eye and seen
by means of the rays reflected from the eye -ground
back through the hole in the mirror. The ophthalmo-
scope is fitted with lenses of different powers that may
be revolved in front of the observing eye, and these
neutralize the ametropia of either eye, thus rendering
the details of the fundus oculi clear. The autoph-
thalmoscope is so constructed that one may observe
the details of his own eye-ground.
Opthalmoscopic {off-thal-mo-skop' -ik) [b(i)ftaA./j6^ , eye ;
OKo-civ, to view]. Pertaining to the ophthalmoscope,
or its use.
Ophthalmoscopist {off- thai - mos' - ko -pist) \b^(^a'Kjx6q,
eye; cmoTrdv, to view]. One versed in ophthalmos-
copy.
Ophthalmoscopy {of-thal-mos' -ko-pe) \jj(pda\ji6i;, eye ;
dKOKslv, to observe]. The examination of the interior
of the eye by means of the ophthalmoscope. O'.,
Direct, the method of the erect or upright image, the
observer's eye and the ophthalmoscope being brought
close to the eye of the patient. O., Indirect, the
method of the inverted image ; the observer's eye is
placed about l6 inches from that of the patient and a
20 D. biconvex lens is held about two inches in front
of the observed eye, thereby forming an aerial inverted
image of the fundus. O., Medical, ophthalmoscopy
as an aid to internal medicine in the diagnosis of such
diseases as manifest themselves in changes in the
fundus of the eye ; such diseases are brain-lesions,
giving rise to pressure, Bright's disease, syphilis, and
leukemia. O., Metric, ophthalmoscopy for purposes
of measuring refraction.
Ophthalmospintherism {off- thai -mo-spin' -ther-izm)
\l)<p^a'Kji6q , eye ; anivdr/p, spark]. A condition of the
eye in which luminous sparks are seen.
Ophthalmostasis {off-thal-mos' -tas-is) \j)<b{)aAji6<;, eye;
ffroOTf, a stopping]. The fixation of the eye in any
position during a surgical operation upon it.
Ophthalmostat {off - thai' - Jiio - stat) [_<iipHaAfi6q, eye;
aTaroc, fixed]. An instrument used in ophthalmos-
tasis. See the preferable word. Blepharostat.
Ophthalmostatometer {off-thai' -mo-stat-om' -et-er) [o(4-
daXudq, eye ; la-avai, to cause to stand ; /utrpov, meas-
ure]. An instrument for determining the position of
the eyes.
Ophthalmostatometry {off-thai' -mo-stat-om' -et-re) [o(^-
Oa'Apbg, eye ; ara-, root of lardvai, to cause to stand ;
pirpov, measure]. The measurement of the position
of the eyes.
Ophthalmosteresis {off-thai' -mo-ster-e' -sis) [b<pRa'kp6q,
eye ; orfp^/OTf , deprival]. Deprival, or absence, of the
eyes.
Ophthalmosynchysis {off-thai' -mo-sin' -kis-is) [60^?aA-
fibq, eye ; avyx^aiq, a mixing together] . Effusion into
the interior of the eye.
Ophthalmotheca {off-thai' -mo-the' -kah) l_b(bfta'A/j6i;, the
eye; f a case : //. , Ophthalmotheca'\. In biology,
that part of the integument of a pupa which covers the
compound eye.
Ophthalmotherapeutics ( off-thai' -mo-ther-ap-ti' -tiks )
[_b<pfta/ p6(;, eye ; depmreia, treatment]. Medical treat-
ment of diseases of the eye.
Ophthalmotherapy {off-thal-mo-ther'-ap-e) [brpOaA/Jor,
eye ; HFparreia, treatment]. The treatment of ophthal-
mic diseases.
Ophthalmotomy {off-thal-mof -o-me) \j:i<l>daXii6<; , eye ;
roiiii, a cutting]. The dissection, or incision of the
eye.
Ophthalmotonometer {off-thai' -mo-ton-om' -et-er) \b(p-
Ha'/p6(,, eye ; ropof, tone ; pf-poi>, measure]. An in-
strument for measuring intraocular tension.
OPHTHALMOTONOMETRY
934
OPISTHOTONOS
Ophthalmotonometry {off-thai' -mo-toii-om' -ct-re) [o0-
tla/./-t6r, eye; ruvuc, tone ; fiirpov, measure]. Meas-
urement of the intraocular tension.
Ophthalmotrope (off-thai' -ino-frop) \_o(j)da'Afi6c, eye ;
TfjuTToc, a turn]. An instrument intended for the dem-
onstration of the direction and the position that the eye
takes under the influence of each of its muscles, and
the position of the false image in the case of paralysis
of a given muscle.
Ophthalmotropometer {off - thai' -ino-trop - oin'-et-cr )
[o0f?aA//(jf , eye; tiiott/'/, turning; /itrpuv, measure].
An instrument for measuring the movement of the eye-
balls.
Ophthalmotropometry [off-thai'- mo - tro - poiu'-et-re)
[oipdaXf-ior , eye; rponrj, turning; fjcrpov, measure].
The measurement of the movement of the eyeballs.
Ophthalmotyphus [o^-thal'-mo-t/'-/i(s)l_o<i>6a'Afi6g, eye ;
Ti<(pur, stupor]. A virulent and epidemic form of oph-
thalmia.
Ophthalmoxerosis (off-thai' -mo-ze-ro' -sis). See A>;--
ophflialinia .
Ophthalmoxysis (off-thai' -moks-i' -sis) [cKpOalfiOQ, eye ;
ii<ai(;, a scraping]. The treatment by scraping or
scarification, sometimes employed in certain affections
of the conjunctiva.
Ophthalmoxyster (off-thal-moks-is' -tcr). The same as
Oplitlialinoxystriini .
Ophthalmoxystrum (off-thal-moks-is' -trnm) [jxfUalfioi; ,
eye ; ^'varpa, scraper]. An instrument for scraping or
scarifying the conjunctiva.
Ophthalmozoa (off-thal-mo-zo'-ah) [otjilia/ /Wi', eye ;
l^Ciov, animal]. I. Entozoa parasitic upon the eye or
its appendages. 2. One of Oken's five zoologic
divisions.
Ophthalmula (off-thal-mu' -lah) [_0(l)6aXfi6g , eye; bh/,
matter]. A scar of the eye.
Ophthalmuria (off-thal-mu' -re-ah) [o</i&a///oc, eye ;
iii'iiov, urine]. A hypothetic metastasis of urine to
the eyes.
Ophthalmus (off-thai' -mus). See Ophthalmos.
Ophthalmy (off-thaF -me). The same as Ophthalmia.
Ophthalmyalus ( off-thal-mi' -al-tts ). Synonym of
/ itreoiis IIiiDior.
Ophthalmydrorrhea (off-thal-mid-roi--e' -ah) [oij)Ha?iiii6(: ,
eye; i'V?w/i, water; poia, flow]. A watery discharge
from the eyes.
Ophthymen (off-thi'-meu) [_b(t>da?i,/i6c, eye ; vfii/v, mem-
brane]. The retina.
-opia (-o'-pe-ah). See -ops.
Opiane (o'-pc-dn). Same as Narcotin.
Opianic (o-pe-au'-ik) [ottiov, opium]. Derived from
opium. O. Acid. See Acid.
Opianin (o-pe-an'-in) [o7r(oi', opium], CgpH,.^N302. An
alkaloid obtained from opium by precipitation with
ammonia, and extracting the precipitate with alcohol.
Opianyl ((/-/c-(7«-?7) [oTnoi', poppy-juice ; iA;?, matter] ,
CjiiHjdO^. A synonym of Mfooniii.
Opiate (o'-pe-dt) [bwioi', poppy -juice]. A preparation
of opium.
Opiokapnism (o-pc-o-kap' -iiizm) [oTrinv. opium ; KanvoQ,
smoke]. Opium-smoking.
Opiologia (o-pe-ol-o' -je-ah) \b-;xio\\ opium ; '/.iyeiv, to
gather]. The gathering of opium.
Opiology (o-pe-ol'-o-Je) [ott/oi', opium ; Aojof, science].
The ]ihannacology of opium.
Opionin (o-pe-o' -niti') [omoi', poppy -juice] . A non-
nitrogenous crystalline substance extracted from
Smyrna opium.
Opiophagia (o-pc-off-a' -jc-ah). Synonym of Opio-
phagism. .
Opiophagism (c-pe-off' -aj-ism"). Opiophagy {o-pc-off'-
aj-e) [uTiiav, opium; ^oytir, to eat]. Opium-eating.
Opiophile (0' -pe-o-fil) [hniov, opium ; (j>tXeiv, to love].
A lover, or eater, of opium; an opium-smoker.
Opisthantrus (o-pis-thait' -trits) \_uTriaHev, behind ;
avrpnv, a cave: //., Opisthantri'\. Lissauer's term i
for a skull in which the vertical line dropped from !
the most prominent part of the torus frontalis to the
radius fixus is from I to 6 mm. behind the vertical
line from the nasion to the radius fixus.
Opisthen (o-pis'-thiii) [ij-iaOev, behind]. In biology,
the hind part of the body of an animal.
Opisthenar (o-pis' -the-nar) [^b-iaftimp, from dntaStv,
behind; divap, the palm]. The back of the hand.
<^'f Thenar.
Opisthion (o-pis' -the-on) [hnlcOioi;, hinder]. See Crani-
ometric Points.
Opisthobregmus (o-pis-tho-breg' ->itits) [fmiatiev, behind; .
ppeyp6(;, the bregma]. Lissauer's term for a skull in '
which the angle formed between the radius fixus and
the line joining the hormion and the bregma is be- I
tween 55.5° and 68°.
Opisthocelous (o-pis-tho-se'-lns) [i)iria(l£v, behind;
Koi/.oc, hollow]. Concave anteriorly and convex pos-
teriorly, as the centrum of a vertebra.
Opisthocephalon (0 - pis - tho-sef- al - on) [oTrtcr'^fi', be-
hind ; 0a///, the head]. A synonym of Oav/)?//. I
Opisthochasmus (o-pis-tho-kaz' -mus) [oTrmfep, behind; |
;fo(7|W«, chasm]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which |
the angle between the radius fixus and the line join- i
ing the basion and the staphylion is between 13°
and 26°. 1
Opisthocranion (o-pis-tho-kra' -ne-on) [oTricrflsi', behind ; |
Kpavlov, the skull]. A synonym of the occipital bone.
Opisthodont (o-pis' -tho-dont) \h-LaQ^v, behind ; odotif,!'
tooth]. In biology, possessing back teeth only.
Opisthogastric (o-pis-tho-gas' -trik) [o7r/t7fei', behind ;
yaariip, the stomach]. Situated back of the stomach. ;
Opisthoglyphic (o-pis-tho-glif'-ih) [b-madev, behind;.,
ylrfjieiv, to curve]. Grooved posteriorly, e. g., certain I
teeth. !
Opisthognathism (o-pis-thog' -nath-izm) [omtrftv, be- :
hind; )i'nf^of, jaw]. Recession of the lower jaw. I
Opisthognathous [op-is-thog' -na-thus) be- j
hind; yvnOoi;, jaw]. In biology, having retracting,|
jaws ; the antonym of Prognathous. '
Opisthokyphosis (o-pis-tho-ki-fo'-sis) [hnioBev, back-
ward; iii<po)ai<;, bending]. Curvature of the spinal
column, the convexity being forward.
Opisthomelophoros (o-pis-tho-mel-off ' -or-os) [bnicdioc,
hinder; //f/lof , limb ; ^o/jfZi^, to bear]. A monstrosity
with limbs projecting from the back.
Opisthophalacrosis (o-pis-tho-fal-ak-ro'-sis) [oma&f,
behind; ^n/rtft/jwOTf, baldness]. Baldness of the back :
of the head.
Opisthoporia (o-pis-tho-po-ri' -ah) [umaBcv, backward;
■Kopela, going]. Involuntary backward walking in an
attempt to go forward.
Opisthorrhexis (o-pis-thor-eks' -is) [omaffi', behind;
piliic, a rupture]. A tearing backward. I
Opisthosynechia (o-pis-tho-sin-ek' -e-ah). Synonym of |
Svneihia, Posterior. _ I
Opisthothenar (o-pis-thoth' -en-ar). The Erector spina
muscle. See Muscles, Table of.
Opisthotic (op-is-thot'-ik) [oKiaOev, behind ; ore, ear].
In biology, applied to parts of the ear-apparatus, pos-i
terior in position. !
Opisthotonic (o-pis-tho-ton'-ik) [oKindev, behind ; rovoc,
tone]. Pertaining to opisthotonos.
Opisthotonoid (o-pis-thof -on-oid) [oTriaOcv, behind,:
riirof, tone ; dihc, like]. Resembling opisthotonos. ,
Opisthotonos (0 -pis - that'- on - os) [bn-iaticv, behind
Tovnc, tone]. A tetanic condition of the muscles.;|
especially of the back, whereby there is an arching
OPISTHURAL
935
OPPOSITIPINNATE
backward of the trunk, which thus rests upon the
head and heels. This condition is seen in tetanus,
strychnin-poisoning, hydrophobia, liysteria, and other
tetanic conditions.
Opisthural [o-pis'-f/iii-rai] [oTriaHtv, behind; o'vpa,
the tail]. Of, or pertaining to, the opisthure.
Opisthure [o-pis' -thur) behind; oiyiu, tail].
In biology, the posterior termination of the caudal
axis of certain hshes or their embryos.
Opium [o'-pe urn) \inxmv, poppy -juice]. The inspis-
sated juice of the unripe capsules of the Papaver som-
niferuin, or poppy, obtained by incising the capsules
and collecting the milky juice which is exuded. Most
of the opium in the American market coines from
Smyrna, Asia Minor. Opium is a very complex sub-
stance and contains, besides niorphin and codein, a
large number of less important alkaloids — narcein,
narcotin, thebain, laudanin, papaverin, porphyroxin,
cryptopin, meconin, opianin, paramorphin, and me.-
conic, thebolactic, and sulphuric acids, in addition to
a variety of extractives. Good opium should yield
at least 9 per cent, of morphin. The dominant phys-
iologic action of opium is the relief of pain. It
also causes slowing of the respiration and pulse,
contraction of the pupils, diaphoresis, constipation ;
more rarely nausea and vomiting, headache, itching
of the skin, erythema ; occasionally instead of sleep,
wakefulness, delirium, even convulsions. In toxic
doses it produces sleep followed by deep coma, with
very slow respirations, and pin-point pupils ; death is
due to paralysis of the centers of respiration. Thera-
peutically, opium is a most useful drug ; it induces
sleep, allays excitement, relieves pain and irritation,
checks vomiting and diarrhea, and is sudoritic. Small
doses stimulate ; large doses depress. O., Acetum,
vinegar of opium, " black drop,''" prepared with nut-
meg, sugar, and dilute acetic acid. Opium-strength
10 percent. Dose TT\^v-xx O., Confectio. {B. P.)
Dose gr. v-xx. O. denarcotisatum, powdered opium
freed from substances soluble in ether ; 14 per cent, of
morphin and a varying per cent, of narcotin. Dose gr.
ss-iij. O., Emplastrum, extract of opium 6, Bur-
gundy pitch, 18, lead-plaster 76 parts. O., Enema
[B. P.), contains g ss of the tincture of opium and
g ij of starch-mucilage. O. et Glycyrrhizae, Troch.,
each contains gr. -.^^ of opium. Dose j-iv. O. et
Ipecacuanhae, Pulv., Dover's powder, contains ipe-
cac 10, opium 10, sugar of milk 80 parts. Dose gr.
v-xv. O. et Ipecacuanhae, Tinct., contains deodor-
ized tincture of opium 100 parts evaporated to 85, fl.
ext. ipecac 10, dilute alcohol q. s. ad 100. Dose n^v-
XV. O., Ext., an aqueous extract containing glycerin.
Dose gr. 14: -j. O., Liniment {B. P.), contains
tinct. opii and soap-liniment. O., Ext., Liq. (B. P.)
Dose iv-xx. O., Liq. , Comp., compound solution
of opium, unof. , strength 10 per cent. Dose Tr\^ v-xx .
O., Pil., each contains I gr. opium with ^ gr. soap.
Dose j-iij. O., Pulv., powdered opium; should
contain 12-16 per cent, of morphin. Dose gr. ss-iij.
O., Pulv., Comp. (B. P.) Dose gr. ij-v. O.,
Tinct., Ammon. (B. P.) Dose .^ss-j. O., Tinct.,
Camph. [Tinct. camphor, comp., B. P.), camphor-
ated tincture of opium, paregoric ; contains opium,
benzoic acid, camphor, oil of anise aa 4, glycerin 40,
dil. alcohol ad jooo parts. Dose, for an infant, gtt.
v-xx; for an adult, 5 j-iv. O., Tinct., Comp.,
SqmbU' s diarrhea-mi.xfure, contains laudanum, spt. of
•^^wphor, and tinct. capsicum, aa f^], pure chloroform
.^iij, stronger alcohol q. s. ad _^ v. Dose gtt. x-gj.
I O., Tinct., Deodorata, McMitnn'' s elixir, an aqueous
I extract shaken with ether, the residue being dissolved
I m water and alcohol. Opium-strength 10 per cent.
Dose tT^v-xx. O., Tinct., laudamim, contains 10
per cent, of opium. D'ose tT\^v-xx. O., Trochis.
(B.P.) Each contains gr. of opium. Dose j-iv.
O., 'Vinum, 7vinc of opiii/>i, Sydenliant' s laudanum , a.
vinous tincture, with cinnamon and cloves ; opium-
strength 10 per cent. Dose TT^v-xx. O. -eater, one
addicted to the use of opium as a stimulant. O. -eat-
ing, the habitual use of opium as a stimulant and
narcotic. O. -habit. See Alorphiomania. O. -lini-
ment, an anodyne liniment made of soap-liniment
and laudanum. O. -plaster, the Emplastrum opii
of the U. S. Pharmacopeia. O -smoking, the inhal-
ation of the fumes of burning opium for the pur-
pose of experiencing the exhilarating effects so pro-
duced.
Opiumism {o'-pe-nm-izm) \_bjztov, poppy-juice]. The
symptoms of chronic opium-poisoning.
Opobalsamum (op-o-bawl-sam' -um) [oirof, juice ; ^ak-
aajitw, balsam]. Balsam of Mecca, produced by the
tree Amyris gileatlensis.
Opocalpason, Opocalpasum [op-o-kal'-pas-on, op-o-
kal' -pas-um) \Jjn6g, juice ; mXnaaoi: , a plant-name].
A variety of gum-arabic.
Opocephalus [op-o-sef -al-us) [wi/'t wTof, the eye ; /ce^-
a///, head]. A variety of single autositic monsters, of
the species otocephalus, in which there issynopsia, with
the characteristics of otocephalus, but with the absence
of both mouth and proboscis.
Opodeldoc (()/-()- (/('/'-(/f/') [origin obscure]. Soap-lini-
ment. See Sapo.
Opodidymus (op-o-did ' -im- us) [wi/i, eye ; 6'i6vftor, twin].
A monosomic dual monstrosity with the heads united
behind, but with two faces ; the eyes vary in number.
Opodymus [opod' -im-us) [wii', eye ; (5/r5ii,(/of, twin]. A
term for a monstrosity with a single body and skull,
but with two distinct faces.
Opopanax {o-pop' -an-aks) \(>-n:6c, juice ; Trdr'af , an all-
healing plant]. I. A genus of umbelliferous plants.
2. The gum-resin afforded by O. chironium, a plant
of the Mediterranean region ; it is used like asafetida,
but is inferior to it. Dose, 10-30 gr. Unof.
Opotomocatheter {p-pot-o-mok-ath' -et-er) [oir^, open-
ing ; Tour/, a cutting ; mdeTrjp, catheter]. An elastic
catheter with a stylet.
Oppilation (pp-il-a' -shmi) \oppilatio, closure]. Closure ;
constipation.
Oppilative {op' -il-a-tiii) \oppilatis, closure]. I. Ob-
struction ; closing the pores ; causing constipation. 2.
A constipating agent or remedy.
Opponens (op-o'-nenz) \ob, against ; ponere, to place].
Opposing ; a descriptive term applied to certain mus-
cles that bring the thumb and fingers in juxtaposition.
Opposite [op'-o-zit) \oppositus, placed against]. I.
Opposed to. 2. As a noun, the similar part in the
remaining half of the body; platytrope; lateral homo-
logue ; fellow of the remaining side ; and in general,
whether referring to the names of parts or to terms of
position and direction, the opposite is either member
of a symmetrically placed pair, as the right hand is
the opposite of the left, the term ventral of dorsal,
lateral of mesal, afferent of efferent, etc. O. Stand-
ing, in massage, leaning forward and resting the
elbows or forearm on some object at about the level of
the nipple.
Oppositifolius (pp-oz-it-if-o' -le-us) \oppositus, opposite ;
folium, leaf]. In biology, situated opposite a leaf.
Oppositipetalous [op-oz-it-ip cf -al-us) [ oppositus, op-
posite ; Trira'/.nv, a leaf]. In biology, placed opposite
a petal.
Oppositipinnate (op-oz-it-ip-in'-dt) \_opposittis, opposite ;
pinna, a feather]. In biology, applied to a pinnate
leaf in which the folioles are opposite to each other.
opposrnsEPALOus
936
ORANGEADE
Oppositisepalous {op-oz-it-is-ep'-al-us) \_oppositits,
opposite ; sepalum, a sepal]. In biology, placed oppo-
site a sepal.
Oppression {op-resh' -im) \_oppressio ; opp!-ime!-e,t.ohta.r
against]. Any sensation of pressure or weight upon
any part, especially the chest.
Oprescu and Babes, Bacillus of. See Bacteria,
Synouymatic Table of.
-ops, -opsia, -optic {-ops, -ops'-e-aJi, -op'-tik) [wi/i,
eye]. Variant forms of a suffix denoting connection
with or relation to the eye.
Opsialgia [op-se-al' -Je-ak) [ui/'> face ; aXjof , pain] .
Neuralgia of the face.
Opsigonous (pp-sig' -on-us) \hi^i, late; ytyveadai , to be
born]. Developing late.
Opsiodont {op'-se-o-dont) \i)i^tc, eye; bSovg, tooth].
An eye-tooth.
Opsiometer [op-se-o»i' -et-er) \u\\)csi^, sight; fiirpov,
measure]. The same as Optometer.
Opsionosis (op-se-on'-o-sis) [o\pic, sight ; voaog, disease].
A disease of the eye, or of vision.
Opsitocia [op-sit-o'-ke-ah) \oi^k, late; ro/cof, birth].
Abnormally long pregnancy.
Opsomania (op-so-ma'-ne-a/t) [o->pov, dainty food ; fiavia,
mania]. Insane desire for dainty food, or for some
special food.
Opsomaniac {op-so-ma' -ne-ak) \b-i\)nv, dainty food ;
/uivia, mania]. One affected with opsomania.
Opsophagia [op-so-fa^ -je-ah) \b\poi>, dainty food ;
(baynv, to eat]. Morbid daintiness in respect of food.
Optactin [op-tak' -tin) [oTrOf, visible; ciktk;, ray]. The
visual axis.
Optasioscopy (pp-taz-e-os' -ko-pe) \hTtTaaia, a vision ;
aiiOTzeti', to view]. The testing of retinal perception
without the action of light, but by pressure or electric-
ity, subjective sensations of light being produced.
Optic, Optical {op'-tik, op' -tik-al) [o7rr//>of, from orrai^,
to see]. Pertaining to vision or its organ, or to the
science of optics. O. Angle. See Angles, Table of.
O. Atrophy, atrophy of the optic nerve. See Atrophy .
O. Axis, the axis of the eye. O. Center, the point
in the main axis of the crystalline lens at which the
rays of light meet. Also applied to the nervous
center concerned in the visual function. O. Chiasm.
Commissure, Optic. O. Commissure. See Gv//-
missure. O. Cup, the concave area formed by the
involution of the distal extremity of the primary
optic vesicle. O. Disc. See Disc. O. Foramen.
See Foramina , Table of. O. Groove, the groove on
the sphenoid bone for the optic chiasm. See Groove.
O. Lobes, the coqjora quadrigemina. O. Nerve. See
Nerves. O. Neuritis. See Papillitis. O. Papilla.
See Disc, Optic. O. Radiations, the term given by
Gratiolet to the large fasciculus of nerve-fibers join-
ing the corona radiata of the optic thalamus and the
occipital lobe of the cerebrum. O. Section. See
Section. O. Stalk, a soft process on the head of mol-
luscs supporting an eye ; an ommatophore. O. Thal-
amus. See Thalamus. O. Tract. See Tract.
O. Vesicle, in embryology, a diverticulum from each
side of the primary anterior vesicle, which forms the
basis of the future eye.
Optically (op'-tik-al-e) [otttikoi;, from h-av, to see]. In
accordance with the science of optics ; by optic
means. O. Active, a qualification applied to many
carbon compounds, liquid and solid, capable of rotating
the plane of polarized light.
Optician (op-tish' -an) [o^r/Kof, from ottoi', to see]. A
maker of optic instruments.
Opticist [op' -tis-ist) [uTTTLnor, from o-di', to see]. One
skilled in optics.
Opticociliary {op-tik-o-sil'-e-a-re) [uTZTtKur, from unav,
to see ; cilium, hair]. Pertaining to the optic and
ciliary nerves.
Opticocinerea {op-tik-o-sin-e' -re-ah ) [o-r;/t(5f, from
(j-ui', to see ; ("z'«t';-tv«, resembling ashes]. The gray
matter of the optic lobes.
Opticon [op'-tik-ou) [InrriK/x;, seeing]. In biology, a
ganglionic swelling in the optic nerve of insects.
(I/ickson.)
Optics (op'-tiks) [orrr/hof, from bnav, to see]. That
branch of physics treating of the laws of light, its re-
fraction and reflection, and of its relation to vision.
See Dioptrics.
Optimism (op' -tim-izm) \optimus, best]. Delusional
exaltation ; delirium of grandeur ; amenomania.
Optimum (op' -tim-nm) [optimus, best]. In biology,
that temperature at which vital processes are carried
on with the greatest activity. Midway between the
minimum, or lowest endurable, and maximum, or high-
est endurable, temperatures.
Optocele {op'-to-sel). See Paraqueduct.
Optoeidometer [op-to-i-dom' -et-er) [oTrr^/fdf, seeing ;
eiSor, like; /JSTpov, a measure]. An instrument for
testing the acuity of vision and the refraction of the eye.
Optogram {op' -to-gram) [ojrrfSf , visible ; ypafeiv, to
write]. A faint image stamped on the retina for a
brief period after death, believed to be that of the
last object seen before death.
Optograph {op'-to-graf) [o— rdf, seen ; ypa^eiv, to
write]. The image of an external object fixed upon
the retina.
Optomeninx {op-to-7nen' -inks). Synonym of Retina.
O'^xovn&\.&x{op-tom' -et-er) [oTrrof, visible ; ptrpov, meas-
ure]. An instrument for facilitating the measurement
of the refraction of the eye.
Optometry {op-tom' -et-re) [oTrrof , visible ; fikrpov, meas-
ure]. Measurement of the visual powers.
Optoscope {op'-to-skop) [o-rdf , seen ; oKmreiv, to in-
spect] . An instrument for testing unilateral amblyopia, j
Optostriate {op-to-stri'-at) [o~rof, visible ; striatum,
striped]. Pertaining to the optic thalami and the
corpora striata. O. Body, a thalamus and a striatum
considered as forming a unit.
Optotype (op' -to-tip) [oTrrof , visible ; TUTvog, type]. A
test-type used in testing the acuity of vision.
Opuntia {o-pun' -te-ah) [opuntius, relating to Opzts, a
town of Greece]. Prickly pear; a genus of cactace-
ous plants represented by numerous species, many of
which, as O. reticulata and O. tuna, have slight me-
dicinal properties, the former being anthelmintic, pur-
gative, and locally sedative; the latter has been used
i'or palpitation of the heart. Unof.
Ora (o'-rah) [L.]. Margin. O. serrata, the serrated
endings of the zonule of Zinn, or ligament of the I
lens, and the retina. j
Orad {o'-rad) \^os, oris, mouth]. Toward the mouth, or I
the oral region.
Oral {o'-ral) \_os, oris, the mouth]. In biology, situated j
on the .same side as the mouth ; actinal ; opposed to ;
aboral, abortinal, anal. O. Catarrh. Synonym of j
Stomatitis catarrhalis. O. Whiff. See Whiff. \
Orange {or'-anj). iitt Auranliu/n seciA Pigments, Con- |
spectus of. O. Colors. See Pigments, Conspectus oj.
O. -grass, a small North American plant, Hypericum
sarothra ; pineweed ; a popular remedy for colds and j
catarrhs. Unof. O. Minium. Same as Minium, j
O. Ocher. Same as (9f/w. O. -peas : I. The seeds |
of the orange dried and used for issue-peas. 2. Small j
unripe dried oranges, used in the flavoring o{ lujueurs. ;
O. Sarcina. See Sarcina. O.-skin, a yellowish j
tinge of the sldn observed in newly-born infants. J
Orangeade (or-anj-ad') [ME., orenge, ormgt]. A
drink made of orange-juice and sweetened water.
ORARIANS
937
ORCHIDOCATABASIS
Orarians {or-ar' -e-anz) \orarius, of, or belonging to,
the coast]. In ethnology, a collective term proposed
by Dall for the Aleids and people of Inntiit stock, as
indicative of their coastwise distribution and as desig-
nating a well-defined race.
Orbicular [or-hik'-ti-lar) \_orbiculus, dim. of orbis, cir-
cle]. Having a circular shape. A term applied to
the circular muscles of the eyelids and the mouth. O.
Bone. See Bones, Table of. O. Ligament. See
Ligament.
Orbicularis (or-bik-u-la'-ris). See Muscles, Table of.
Orbiculate (or-bik' -n-ldt). Same as Orbicular.
Orbit {or' -bit) \orbita, from orbis, circle]. The bony
pyramidal cavity in which the eyeball is suspended.
Seven bones enter into its formation, its somewhat
indeterminate sides being called the roof, the floor,
the inner and outer walls.
13
The Orbits.
I. Anterior orifice of nasal fossae. 2. Anterior extremity of
inferior turbinated bone. 3. Malar bone. 4. Orbital cavity.
5. Lacrymal fossa, at base of which may be seen the line of
union of the ascending process of the superior maxilla with
the OS unguis. 6. Os planum, forming with this bone the
internal wall of the orbit. 7. Optic foramen. 8. Sphenoid
fissure. 9. Spheno-maxillary fissure, continuous posteriorly
with the preceding. 10. Upper portion of the great wing
of the sphenoid. 11. Squamous portion of temporal. 12.
Antero-inferior angle of parietal. 13. Part of frontal which
contributes to form the temporal fossa. 14. Mastoid process.
15. Styloid process.
Orbita [or'-bit-ah) \orbis, a circle, orbit : //. , Orbit(f\.
The same as Orbit.
Orbital (or'-bit-al) \_orbita, from orbis, circle]. I.
Pertaining to the orbit. 2. The orbital portion of the
orbicularis palpebrarum. O. Arch, the upper margin
of the orbit. O. Breadth, in craniometry, the dis-
tance between the middle points of the inner borders
of the orbits. O. Fascia, the capsule of Tenon.
O. Fossa, the cavity of the orbit. O. Height, in
craniometry, the greatest vertical width of the exter-
nal opening of the orbit. O. Index. See Index.
O. Plane, i^ee Plane. O.Plate: I. That part of
the frontal bone helping to form the roof of the orbit.
2. That part of the ethmoid bone helping to form the
inner wall of the orbit. O. Point, the lowest point
on the inferior margin of the orbit. O. Process : I.
The orbital portion of the malar bone. 2. The orbital
portion of the palate bone. O. Ridge, the free edge
of the nasal process of the superior maxilla. O.
Surface, that portion of the superior maxilla that
helps to form the floor of the orbit. O. Vault, the
roof of the orbit.
Orbito- [or'-bit-o-) \_orbita, orbit]. A prefix denoting
relation to the orbit. O. -basilar, both orbital and
basilar. O.-b. Angle, the angle formed between
th^ line continuing the axis of the orbit and one
tangent to the lower border of the inferior maxilla.
O. -malar, pertaining to both the orbit and the malar
bone. O.-m. Index, in craniometry, the ratio exist-
ing between the bizygomatic diameter of the face,
and the superior facial diameter, the latter being taken
as 100. O.-nasal, pertaining to both orbit and nose.
0. -occipital, pertaining to both orbit and occipital
bone. O.-o. Angle, in craniometry, the angle formed
between the optic axis and the plane of the foramen
magnum. O. -ocular, pertaining to both orbit and
eye. O.-palpebral, pertaining both to the orbit and
the eyelids. O. -sphenoid : I. Pertaining both to the
orbit and to the sphenoid bone. 2. The lesser wing
of the sphenoid bone ; in some animals, and in early
human life, it is a separate bone.
Orbitocele {or' -bit-o-sel) \orbita, o\\>\\.; KtfAr], tumor].
1. A tumor of the orbit. 2. The same as Exoph-
thaliitos.
Orceic Acid {or'-se-ik^. Synonym of Orcein.
Orcein (o)'-se-in) [^Orcus, Pluto, from its dark color],
C-H,N03. A dark-red substance derived from orcin.
Orcheitis {or-ke-i' -tis). Synonym of Orchitis.
Orchella {or-kel'-ah). See Orchil.
Orchellin {or-kel'-in) [after Oricellari, a chemist]. A
purple dye found in Roccella titictoria.
Orchemphraxis {or-kem-fraks' -is). Same as Orchid-
emphraxis .
Orcheocele {or'-ke-o-sel). See Orchiocele.
Orcheodesmosarcoma {or' -ke-o-dez' -mo-sar-ko' -niah )
\oj)x^'^', scrotum ; dioiioq, bond ; ddpf, flesh ; 6//a,
tumor]. .Scrotal elephantiasis.
Orcheoplasty {or'-ke-o-plas-te). See Orchioplasty.
Orchectomy {or-ke-ot' -o-me). See Orchotomy.
Orchestromania {or-kes-tro-ma' -ne-ali) \opxiio(^aL, to
dance; jiavla, madness]. Dancing mania; chorea,
or St. Vitus' dance.
Orchi-, less correctly Orchid- {or'-ke-, or'-kid-) \_bpxi-?,
testicle]. A prefix signifying connection with, or re-
lation to, the testicles.
Orchialgia {ar-ke-al' -je-ah) [bpxiC, testis ; aAyof, pain).
Neuralgic pain in the testicle.
Orchic {or'-kik) [opxi;, testicle]. Pertaining to the
testicle.
Orchichorea {or-kik-or-e' -ah) [bpx"^t testicle ; ^yopf/'o,
dance]. Irregular movements of the testicle due to
contraction of the cremaster muscle.
Orchid {or'-kid) [opx^C, testicle]. Any orchidaceous
plant ; a plant of the orchis family or order. Orchids
are of many species and genera, and are mostly tropi-
cal. Salep and vanilla are produced by plants of this
order. Faham, cypripedium, and a few others are em-
ployed in medicine.
Orchidalgia {or-kid-aF -je-ah). Synonym of Orchialgia.
Orchidatonia {or - kid - at - 0'- ite - ah) \_bpxir, testicle;
(iroiv'a, atony]. Atony of the testicle ; laxness of the
testicle.
Orchidatrophia {or-kid-at-ro' -fe-ah) \opxi<i, testicle ;
aTpn<pia, atrophy]. Atrophy of the testicle.
Orchidauxe {or-kid-aivks' -e) [op^'f. testicle; a'vS,ri,
growth]. Hypertrophy of the testicle.
Orchidectomy {or-kid-ek'-to-me) [6pj/f, testis ; EKTOjir),
excision]. Surgical removal of a testis ; castration.
Orchidemphraxis {or-kid-em-fraks'-is) [6p;|;/c, testicle ;
eiKppaiir, stoppage]. Obstruction of the vessels of
the testis.
Orchidion {or-kid' -e-on) [dim. of hax^Q, testicle]. A
small testicle.
Orchiditis {or-kid-i'-tis). Synonym of Orchitis.
Orchidocatabasis {or-kid-o-kat-ab' -as-is) [6p;f(f, testi-
cle ; KuralSnaK;, a going down]. Descent of the tes-
ticle into the scrotum.
ORCHIDOCELE
938
ORGAN
Synonym of OrchioLi'le .
of Or-
Orchidocele [or-kid' -o-sel )
Orchidodynia (or-kid-o-diti'-e-ah). Synonym
chiodynia .
Orchido-meningitis {or-kid' -o-men-in-ji' -lis) [6/);i-/c,
testicle ; fujviyi, membrane ; iric, inflammation]. Bla-
sius' terni fur the ordinary form of hydrocele.
Orchidomyeloma [or-kid' -o-ini-el-o' -mah) \bpxi-i-, testi-
cle ; //('£/dc, marrow ; 6/ya, tumor : pi. , Orchidoniyelo-
»iata\ Myeloid sarcoma of the testicle.
Orchidoncus [or-kid-oug' -kits) \_opxic, testicle; oyKo^,
tumor]. A tumor or tumefaction of the testicle.
Orchidopexia (or-kid-o-peks' -e-ali). See Orchidopexy.
Orchidopexy [or' -kid-o-pcks-e) [6p;['/c, testis; 7r%;f , a
hardening]. I. Hardening of the substance of the tes-
ticle. 2. Same as Orchidorraphy.
Orchidorrhaphy [or-kid-or'-a-fe) {opx'U testicle ; pn^?/,
suture]. .Stitching of the testicle to the surrounding
tissues.
Orchidoscheocele (or-k/d-os' -kc-o-se/) \_dpxtg, testicle ;
o(j\//, scrotum; kz/'/j/^ tumor]. A scrotal hernia with
enlargement of the testicle.
Orchidospongioma [or-kid' -o-spiin-je-o' -mali) [op;t-'?>
testicle; c-oyy^a, sponge ; o/^a, tumor]. A tubercu-
lous tumor of the testicle.
Orchidotomy [or-kid-of -o-mc) [op^^'fj testicle; to////,
a cutting]. Incision of the testicle.
Orchidotyloma [or-kid' -o-ti-lo' -luali) [6p;t;(<-, testicle ;
riiAor, callus; opa, tumor]. A callous nodule of the
testicle.
Orchiectomy (or-ke-ek'-to-me). Synonym of Orchid-
cctomv ■
Orchiepididymitis [or' -ke-ep-id-id-im-i' -tis) [op^YTi tes-
ticle ; i:Ki<)ii)vjiic, epididymis ; itl^, inflammation].
Inflammation of both testis and epididymis.
Orchil [or'-kil). See Archil. O. -purple. See Pig-
ments, Conspectus of.
Orchilla [or-kil' -ah). -See Archil.
Orchiocele [or' -ke-o-sll) [op^i;if, testis; nrfkri, tumor].
I. A tumor of the testicle. 2. Scrotal hernia. 3.
A name loosely applied to several different diseases
of the testicles and their envelops.
Orchiococcus [or-ke-o-kok' -us). See Diplococczis of
Orchitis under Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of.
Orchiodynia [or-ke-o-din' -e-ah) \hpxi-':, testis ; bdvvr/,
pain]. Pain in the testicles.
Orchiomyeloma [or'-ke-o-»ii-el-o'-mah). .Synonym of
Orch idoiii veloDia .
Orchioncus [or-ke-ong'-kus). Synonym of Orchid-
oncus.
Orchioneuralgia [or-ke-o-nu-ral'-je-ah). Synonym of
Orchialgia.
Orchioplasty (or'-ke-o-plas-te) [bpxi^, the testicle ;
Tr'Aaanfiv, to form]. The surgical repair following the
loss of any part of the scrotum from disease, by sup-
plying flaps of healthy tissue from an adjacent part.
Orchioscheocele [or - ke - os'- ke - 0 - sel). Synonym of
Orchidoicheocele.
Orchioscirrhus [or-ke-os-kir'-us) [bpxLC, testis ; CKippoc,
induration]. A hard carcinomatous tumor of the
testicle.
Orchiotomy [or-ke-ot' -o-me). Synonym of Orchidotomy.
Orchirrhaphy [or-kir' -afc). Synonym of Orchidor-
rhaph v.
Orchis [or'-kis) [6p,Y/f, testis]. I. The typical genus
of the family of orchidaceous plants. 2. The testicle.
See Orchid.
Orchitis [or-ki'-tis) [6p;fj?, testis ; irir, inflammation].
Inflammation of the testicle.
Orchitomy [or-kit' -o-inc). .Synonym of Orchotomy.
Orchocele (or'-ko-sel ). Synonym of Orchiocele.
Orchos [or'-kos) \_6pxoc, tarsus]. The tarsal cartilage.
Orchotomy [or-kot' -o-me) [op^jf, testis ; roprj, a cut-
ting]. I. Castration. 2. [opyof, tarsus ; ro/^r/, a cut-
ting]. Removal of the tarsal cartilages.
Orcin (or' -sin) [Orcus, Pluto, from its dark color],
CYHg(OH).^. Orcinol ; a substance found in many
lichens of the genera Roccella and Leconora. It crys-
tallizes in colorless, six-sided prisms, containing one
molecule of water ; it is readily soluble in water
alcohol and ether, and has a sweet taste. It melts at
56° C, and boils 31290° C. It yields azo-coloring
substances with diazo-compounds. See Pigments, Con-
spectus of.
Orcinol [or'-siti-ol). See Orcin.
Ord's Theory. A theory of the origin of gout. It is
that there is a tendency, inherited or acquired, to a
special form of tissue-degeneration.
Ordeal Bark [or'-de-al bark) [ME., ordal, a judgment].
See Casca. O. Bean, O. Nut. See Physostigma.
O.-tree. See Cerbera (of Madagascar). Also, the
Erythrophlccum gititioise .
Order [or'-der) \ordo, a rule]. Systematic arrangement.
In biology, the taxonomic group below a Class and
above a Family.
Ordinary [or'-din-a-rc) \ordinarius, regular]. Usual;
regular. O. Ray. See Ray.
Ordinate [or' -din-dt) \ordinare , to order, ordain]. In
biology, placed in regular rows or series.
Ordure [or'-dur) \_ME. , ordure, filth]. Dung; excre-
ment ; feces.
Orectic (or-ek'-tik) [opff/f, appetite]. Stimulating
appetite.
Oregon Grape. See Berberis.
Orellin (o-rel'-in) [orellina']. A yellow coloring-mat-
ter found in ^^Wrt/Zo. Hee Pigments, Conspectus of.
Orexegen [o-reks' -ej-in). See Orexin.
Orexin [o-reks' -in) [opef/r, appetite], Cj^HjjNj.HCl.-
2H2O. Hydrochlorate of phenyl-di-hydro-quinazolin ;
a chinolin-preparation, of some repute as a stomachic.
It is useful in anorexia not dependent upon gastric dis-
ease proper. Dose gr. ij-v in wafer or pill. Unof.
Orexis [o-reks' -is) [6pff/c, appetite]. Appetite.
Organ [or'-gan) [opyawir, organ]. In biology, any part
of the body having a determinate function ; a complex
of similar or dissimilar cells or tissues that perform in
common one or more vital functions. O., Accessory,
an organ that has a subordinate importance in the
carrying on of a particular function, but which under
certain conditions may act as a suljstitute for an im-
portant organ. O. -albumin, the albumin that consti-
tutes a part of the solid tissues. O. of Bojanus, the
renal organ of molluscs, found in the majority of lamel-
libranchs. O.ofCorti. See Cor//. O., Cup-shaped,
one of the organs of
taste in Vermes ; widely
scattered over them
in the integument, but
especially numerous at
the edge of the mouth.
O's., Digestive, the
digestive tract and its
glands. O. of Eimer,
a tactile organ in the
nose of the mole, consist-
ing of a group of termi-
nal nerve - fibrils. O.,
Enamel, a club-shaped
process of epithelium
growing from the dental
ridge and forming a cap
over the dental papilla.
From it the enamel of
the tooth is developed,
certain ciliated organs
Nose of
Organ of Eimer,
Mole.
K. Nerve, e Epithelium. Gold
chlorid. (Stirling.)
O. of Gegenbauer, one of
in the Pteropoda proved by
ORGANA
9159
ORGANOPATHISM
Spengel to have an olfactory function. O. of Giraldes,
the paradidymis. O., Goblet-shaped, one of the
large rod-shaped end-organs of nerves, observed in
the skin of the teleostei and sturgeons. O., Jacob-
son's, a short cul-de-sac extending along Stensen's
duct, lined by epithelium continuous with that of the
nasal mucous membrane. It is well developed in some
lower animals, in which it is believed to have an olfac-
tory function. O's., Lateral : («) Segmentally ar-
ranged, retractile sensory organs occurring among
Vei'/ites ovAy in the CJuetopoda . They carry sensory hairs
connected on the one hand with transverse muscle-
fibrillae and on the other with a ple.xus of ganglion-cells
joined by a special nerve to the ventral cord ; their
function is unknown. (/') A series of nerve end-organs
in the "mucous canals" in the head and lateral line
of fishes and amphibians. O's., Mayer's, a series of
slit-like depressions on the side of the tongue of cer-
tain mammals, first discovered by C. Mayer in the
African elephant ; afterward found in the Uakari
monkeys {^Pithekia satanis) ; 15 slits in front of the
palato-glossal fold. O's., Pelvic, those organs sit-
uated in the pelvis. O's. of Reproduction, the tes-
ticles and penis and its glands in the male, the uterus
and its appendages and the vagina and its glands,
in the female. O's., Respiratory, the nose, pharynx,
larynx, trachea, lungs, and glands connected with
these difterent parts. O. of Rosenmiiller. See
Parovarium. O., Segmental, a mesoblastic embry-
onic structure consisting of three parts — the pro-
nephros, the mesonephros, or Wolffian body, and the
metanephros. O's. of Semper, glandular structures
found in gasteropods, well developed at the sides of
the mouth in Liinax. According to Sochaczewer,
they are not olfactory in function. O's. of Special
Sense, those parts of the body endowed with highly
specialized functions and through which perceptive
impressions are received : the eye, ear, skin, mucosa
of the mouth and nose are the principal. O. of
Syrski, the male organ of the eel discovered by
Syrski in 1873.
0\%a.n3. [or' -gan-ah)\y,.\ Y\ax2\ o{ Organum. O. pal-
pantia, tactile organs. O. urticantia, the nemato-
phores or nematillce of Ca'lcjiterates.
Organic (or-gan' -ik) \o{)yavov, an instrument]. Hav-
ing, pertaining to, or characterized by, organs ; per-
taining to the animal and vegetable worlds ; exhibiting
animal or vegetable characteristics. O. Cell, the
structural element which is regarded as the basis of
the structure of all organized bodies. O. Chemistry,
the chemistry of the carbon compounds. O.
Constituents. .See Constituent. O. Disease, dis-
ease of an organ attended with structural changes. O.
Molecules, Doctrine of, Buffon's hypothesis that
life is the indefeasible property of certain indestructi-
ble molecules of matter, which exist in all living
things, and have inherent activities by which they are
distinguished from non-living matter. Each individual
living organism is formed by their temporary combina-
tion ; they stand to it in the relation of the particles of
water to a -cascade, or a whirlpool ; or to a mold
into which the water is poured. The form of the
organism is thus determined by the reaction between
external conditions and the inherent activities of the
organic molecules of which it is composed ; and as
the stoppage of a whirlpool destroys nothing but a
form and leaves the molecules of the water with all
their inherent activities intact, so what we call the
death and putrefaction of an animal, or of a plant, are
merely the breaking up of a form, or manner of as-
sociation, of its constituent molecules, which are then
set free as infusorial animalcules. It will be perceived
that this doctrine is by no means identical with Ahio-
genesis ,\^'\\\\ which it is often confounded (Huxley).
O. Reflexes, those pertaining to the acts of mictu-
rition, erection, ejaculation, defecation, digestion,
respiration, etc.
Organicism [or-gan' -is-iziii) \hpyavov, organ]. The
doctrine that all diseases are caused by material lesions
of one or more organs.
Organisata {or-gan-is-a' -tali) [neut. : //. of Organisatits ,
organized]. In biology, any or all organisms.
Organism [or' -gan-izin) [bpyavov, organ]. A living
being, animal or vegetable, simple or composed of
many organs ; also the assemblage of organs constitut-
ing a living being. O., Micro-, a minute or micro-
scopic body or organism ; a schizomycete ; a bacte-
rium.
Organite [or'-gan-it) [6/jj'ni'Of, organ] . An elementary
organ.
Organization [or-gan-i:-a' -s/nin) \_6pyai'ov, organ]. I.
The orderly arrangement of organs or parts ; also an
organism. 2. The conversion of something into, or
its replacement by, living tissue — as the organization
of a thrombus.
Organo-chernistry [or' -gan-o-kein' -is-tre). .See Or-
ganic Chemistry.
Organogen [or-gan'-o-jen) [opyai'oi', an organ ; ■jEvpav,
to beget] . A compound containing carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, and nitrogen.
Organogenesis [or-gan-o-jen' -es-is) \bpyavov, organ ;
yevvav, to beget]. The process of the development
and growth of an organ. The same as Organogeny.
Organogenetic [or-gan-o-jen-et' -ik) \bpyavov, organ ;
yiivvav, to beget]. Pertaining to organogenesis.
Organogeny [or-gan-oj' -en-e) \opyavov, organ ; yivi]<;,
producing]. In biology, the history of the develop-
ment of organs.
Organographism [or - gan - og' - raf ■ izin) [opyavov, an
organ ; ypdoeiv, to write]. The demonstration of the
successive increase in size of an organ, by tracing its
outlines upon the skin.
Organography [or -gan - og'- ra -/e) \_6pyminv, organ;
ypd(j)eiv, to write]. A descriptive treatise of the
organs of an animal or plant.
Organoid [or' - gan - oid) Y6pyavox<, an organ; fMor,
like]. A term applied to tumors composed of several
tissues and resembling an organ, as carcinoma,
which somewhat resembles an epithelial gland.
Organoleptic [or-gan-o-lep' -tik ) \hpyavot\ organ ; a^tt-
r(«:df, taking]. I. Making an impression upon some
organ, chiefly of .special sense. 2. Plastic ; capable
of receiving organization.
Organologic [or-gan-o-loj' -ik ) [(j/)}ai'oi', organ ; Adyoq,
science]. Pertaining to organology.
Organologist [or-gan-o/' -o-jist) [opyavov, organ ; Myoq,
science]. One versed in organology.
Organology [or-gan-ol' -o-je) \jtpyavov, an organ ; Adyof,
science]. The department of biology that treats of
the organs of plants and animals.
Organon [or' -gan-oit) [opyavov, an organ ; instrument].
A code of principles.
Organonomy [or-gan-on' -o-ine) [opyavov, organ ; vopo^,
law]. The totality of the natural laws of the conduct
and functions of organic life.
Organonym [or - gan' - o - nim) [opyavov, an organ;
bvvjia, name]. The name of an organ or part.
Organonymy [or - gan - on' - im- e) [opyaiw, organ;
bvvpa, name]. A system of nomenclature of the
organs.
Organopathic [or-gan-o-path' -ik ) [opyavov, an organ ;
TTfWof , disease]. Pertaining to Organopathism and to
Organnpathy.
Organopathism [or-gan-op' -ath-izni) [lypyavov, an or-
ORGANOPATHOLOGISM
940
ORIENTATION
gan ; iradoq, disease]. The doctrine of special study
and investigation of the pathology of each and every
organ by itself.
Organopathologism {or-gan-o-path-oF -o-jizm) \bpyav-
01', organ ; -nddoq, disease ; A(5yof, science]. The
same as OrganopatJiy.
Organopathology [or-gan-o-path-ol' -o-je) \hpyavov, or-
gan ; ■7T(Wo(;, disease ; '/oyog, science]. The science
of the diseases of organs.
Organopathy i^o>--gaji-op' -ath-e) [ofiyavov, organ ; ndBog,
disease]. I. The disease of an organ. 2. A term
used by Sharp to express the local action of drugs. 3.
The same as Orgaiiopathism .
Organophyly (or-gan-off' -il-e) \opyavov, an organ ;
i!n'A)i,a. tribe]. In biology, the phylogeny of organs.
Organoplastic {o7--gan-oplas' -tik ) \bpyavov , an organ ;
TvAanctiv, to form, to mold]. In biology, applied to
cells or tissues from which organs are developed.
Organoplasty [or' - gan - o - plas - te) \hp-yavo\\ organ;
T^'Kaaaeiv^ to form, to mold]. In biology, the origin
or development of plant and animal organs.
Organopoiesis [or-gan-o-poi-e' -sis) [opyavov, an organ;
■jo'iiiGic, formation]. The same as Organoplasty.
Organopoietic (or-gan-o-poi-ef -ik ) \opyavov, organ ;
'nohimt;, formation]. Relating to organopoiesis.
Organoscope ( or' -gan-o-skop ) [ opyavov, an organ ;
aKO-tiv, to view]. The same as Endoscope.
Organoscopy [o?--gan-os' -ko-pe) [opyavov, an organ ;
OKOKciv, to view]. Cranioscopy or phrenology.
Organotherapy (or-gan-o-ther' -ap-e) \opyavov, organ ;
OepaTTita, treatment]. The treatment of diseases by the
administration of animal organs, or extracts prepared
from them. Although organotherapy has existed in
some form since the most ancient times, the method as
now practised, is of recent origin. Brown-.Sequard,
in 1889, suggested the employment of testicular juice
in the treatment of the mental and physical deterio-
ration incident to old age. Experiments which he
had made upon himself had, he reported, yielded the
most brilliant results. Physicians in different parts of
France subsequently tested the properties of Brown-
Sequard's extract and found its dynamogenic action
beneficial in diseases attended with debility, especially
in senile changes, in pulmonary tuberculosis, leprosy,
locomotor ataxy, general paralysis and anemia. Paul,
in 1892, under the name of ner7'0!ts transfusion, advo-
cated the hypodermatic use of an extract of sheeps'
brain in conditions of neurasthenia. The method of
preparation of the various extracts as employed in
France is that suggested by d'Arsonval. The organ
is removed with all possible antiseptic precautions, and
is cut into small pieces of about one c.c. The segments
are covered with pure glycerin and allowed to macerate
for twenty-four hours. Before filtering, two or three
parts of distilled water are added. Sterilization is ac-
complished by means of carbonic acid gas under pres-
sure. The first step toward a rational application of the
method of organotherapy was the subcutaneous trans-
plantation of pieces of thyroid gland in cases of myx-
edema and cachexia strumipriva by Horsley and
Kocher, and later the employment of extract of sheeps'
thyroid in myxedema, the credit of which belongs
to G. R. Murray, of Newcastle, England. Since
Murray's announcement, in 1891, the method has
been extensively tested in England and elsewhere ;
many cases of myxedema have been reported as
improved, and not a few cured. Gratifying results
have also been achieved in sporadic cretinism, and
in psoriasis and other chronic affections of the skin.
Various preparations of the thyroid gland have been
employed, e.g., glycerin extracts, dry extracts in*
powder, and finally the uncooked or partially cooked
gland has been used. In the particular case of myx-
edema neither the kind of preparation nor the mode
of administration seems to be of much importance.
The results have been practically the same whether a
liquid extract was given by hypodermatic injection,
or whether a dry extract was administered by the
mouth. The fresh gland, slightly fried and seasoned,
has also been used, and at present is preferred by
many. The success attending thyroid-therapy in
myxedema has led to the employment of many other
organic extracts in diseases of corresponding organs.
Extracts have been prepared from nearly every organ
in the animal body ; thus there are on the market cere-
brin, from the brain, medullin or myelin, from the
cord, cardin, from the heart, musculin, from muscles,
ossin, from bones, retiin, from the kidneys, gastrin,
from the stomach, pancreatiii, from pancreas, ovai'in,
from the ovary, and iestin, from the testis. Brain-
extract has been reported as beneficial in various
organic and functional diseases of the nervous system,
such as locomotor ataxy, bulbar palsy, general paraly-
sis of the insane ; also in epilepsy, neurasthenia, mi-
graine, hysteria, hebephrenia, and other conditions.
Heart-extract is recommended for cases of nervous
prostration. It is said to raise the blood-pressure,
augment the quantity of urine, and increase the num-
ber of red blood-corpuscles. In diseases of the mus-
cular system, muscle-extract is also reported as of
value. Extract of pancreas, containing the active
ferments of the gland has been administered with
doubtful success, in certain cases of diabetes mellitus,
which disease, as is well known, is sometimes depen-
dent upon morbid changes in the pancreas. Of all the
extracts, that from the thyroid gland is still the one
most successfully employed. Its use is not confined to
the two diseases mentioned, myxedema and cretinism ;
it has also proved useful in diseases of the skin, in
leukemia, and affections of the nervous system, both
organic and functional. In exophthalmic goiter the |
results have not been encouraging ; the symptoms, j
were as a rule, not ameliorated, in some cases they i
were even intensified. j
Organotrophic [or-gan-o-tro' -fik) \hpyavov, organ ;
Tpoi>lj, nourishment]. Relating or belonging to the
nourishment of organized tissue.
Organule (or'-gan-nl). The same as Organite.
Organum [or'-gan-nm) [L.]. See Organ.
Orgasm [or'-gasni) lopydntv, to swell]. Any eager
desire or excitement. The crisis of venereal passion.
See Estriim.
Orgastic [or-gas'-tik) [opj aE(v, to swell]. Pertaining
to, or characterized by, orgasm.
Orgeat [or-gzah') [Fr. orge, Lat. hordeum, barley].
Pavy's recipe for a demulcent and nutritive drink: i
Blanch two ounces of sweet almonds and four of bitter i
almond-seeds ; pound them into a paste with a little
orange-flower water ; rub this up with a pint of milk, .
diluted with a pint of water, until it forms an emul- j
sion ; strain and sweeten with sugar.
Orgosis (or-go' -sis'). Synonym of Orgasm. I
Oriental [o-ir-e/i' -tal) [orirns, rising]. Pertaining to 1
the Orient or east. O. Boil. See Furuncuhis on-
entalis. O. Plague. Synonym of the Plague, q. v.
O. Sore, an endemic ulcer probably due to a specific
microorganism, prevalent in the Orient. See Fur-
iiiiciilus orientalis. '
Orientation (o-ri-en-ta'-s/iun) [oriri, to rise (in the east)].
In Inology: (a) The determination of the east pohit,
and hence of the other points; the direction of a locality.
The localization of oneself ; the ascription of ob-
jects to the place in space where they actually belong,
either with respect to each other [objective orienta- !
ORIFACIAL
941
ORRHOSIS
tion) or with reference to the observer {subjective
orientation). False orientation is observed in some
cases of monocular squinting paralysis, etc. (b) The
homing instinct of animals, (e) The arrangement of
tissues in the imbedding-mixture before sectioning.
Orifacial (or-if-a' -shal ) \os, oris, mouth; fades, face].
Pertaining to the mouth and face. O. Angle, in
craniometry, the angle formed by the junction of the
plane passing through the masticating surface of the
superior maxilla with the facial line.
Orifice [Br'-if-is) \orificiiiin : os, oris, mouth ; facere to
make]. A mouth or opening. O., Abdominal, the
internal abdominal ring. O., Anal, the anus. O.,
Cardiac. The same as Cardia. O., Esophageal,
the perforation in the diaphragm for the esophagus.
O., Pyloric. The same as Pylorus. O., Tympanic,
the oval opening of the atrium into which the tym-
panic membrane is inserted.
Orificial (or-if-ish' -al) \orijicium, an orifice]. Per-
taining to an orifice of the body. O. Surgery, the
surgery of the orifices of the body.
Orificium [or-if-ish' -e-um) [L. ]. Orifice. O. epi-
ploicum, a synonym of Foramen of Monro. O. in-
fundibuli, a synonym of Helicotreina.
Oriform [or'-iforiii) \os, oris, mouth ; forma, form].
Having the shape of a mouth.
Origanum (o-rig'-an-um) [jjpiyavov, marjoram]. Wild
marjoram. The leaves and stems of O. vulgare, with
properties due mainly to a volatile oil. It is a tonic,
stimulant, and carminative, and formerly was pop-
ularly used as an emmenagogue. Dose jj-ij in infu-
sion. The oil is esteemed as an ingredient in liniments,
especially in veterinary practice. Most of the com-
mercial oil of origanum is in reality oil of thyme
{yOleum Ihymiy The oil is also used in histology as a
clearing-fluid for stained specimens.
Origin (or' -if in) [origo, originis, beginning]. The
beginning or source of a muscle ; its more fixed at-
tachment, or that nearest the axis of the body. O.,
Apparent. See Superficial. C, Deep, or Ental,
of a nerve, its origin in the cells of the nerve-center.
O., Superficial, or Ectal, of a nerve, the point
at which it emerges from the brain or cord.
Orinasal (o-rin-a' -zal) [im, f/7>, mouth ; nose].
Pertaining to the mouth and nose.
Orist (o'-rist) \_os, oris, mouth]. A specialist in oristry.
Oristry (o'-ris-tre) \os, oris, mouth]. A term proposed
to designate the treatment, surgical, dental, or medi-
cal, of diseases of the inouth.
Orleans (or-lenz''). Same as Annatto.
Ormsby's Inhaler. See Anesthetic.
Ornis [or'-nis) [opvif, a bird]. In biology, the avi-
fauna of any region.
Ornithic (or-nith' -ik) [_bpvidiK6g, of, or belonging to,
birds]. Avian ; of, or pertaining to, birds.
Oinithm (or' -nitli-in) [o^ji^^r, a bird], C5Aj2N.^02. A
base found in ornithuric acid.
Ornithobiography (or-nith-o-bi-og' -ra-fe) [opivf, bird ;
i3/'of, life; ■ypd<l)eti>, to write]. The life-history of
birds.
Ornithocephalous (or-nith-o-sef'-al-iis) [opf/f , a bird ;
KCfa'tr/, head]. In biology, shaped like a bird's
head.
Ornithocoprus (or-nith-o-kop' -rus^ [o^jivf, bird ; ko--
pof, dung]. Guano.
Ornithography (or-7tith-og' -ra-fe) [6p!'/f, bird; ypa-
fei.v, to write]. A description of birds.
Ornithoid (or'-nit/i-oid) l_bpvtc, a bird ; etdof, form].
In biology, bird-like.
Ornithologist (or-nith-oV -o-jist) [opivf, bird; A(5>of,
science]. One versed in ornithology.
Ornithology (or-nith-oF -o je) \hpviq, bird ; Adyof, a
science]. The science of the nature and habits of
birds.
Ornithomyzous (or-ftith-o-tnl' -ztis) [opvic, bird ; fiv^eiv,
to suck]. Parasitic on birds.
Ornithophilous (or-nit/i-of -il-us) [opivf, a bird ; <j>i?iog,
loving]. In biology, fertilized through the agency
of birds.
Ornithotomist (or-7iith-ot' -o-mist) ^bpvic, a bird; To/uia,
a cut]. One versed in the anatomy of birds.
Ornithotomy (or-)iith-ot' -o-me) [6/jt7f , a bird ; rkyLveiv,
to cut]. In biology, the dissection of birds.
Ornithuric (or-nitli-u' -rik)\iipvi^, a bird ; uvpov, urine].
Pertaining to the urine of birds. O. Acid, C,^H2oN.,-
O^. An acid found in the dung of birds fed with
benzoic acid.
Ornus (or' -mis) [L.]. See Fraxinus.
Oroanal (o-ro-a'-nal ) \_os, oris, mouth; anus, anus].
Extending from the mouth to the anus.
Orobechos (o-ro-bek'-os) [bpoPoc;, a species of pulse ;
llX'K, sound]. The crackling sound sometimes pro-
duced by pressure on the inner canthus of the eye.
Orography (o-rog' -ra-fe) [6/jof, mountain; }pa(peiv, to
write]. I. A treatise on the distribution and phy-
sical geography of mountain-ranges. 2. The same as
Orology.
Orohydrography (or-o-hi-drog' -ra-fe) [opof , mountain ;
'v6up, water; ypd(j)eii>, to write]. A treatise on the
mutual relation of divides and drainage-basins.
Orolingual (o-ro-lin' -gwal) \os, or/i-, the mouth; lin-
gua, the tongue]. Pertaining to the mouth and the
tongue.
Oronasal (o-ro-na' -zal). See Orinasal.
Oronosus (o-ron' -o-sus) [o(QOf , mountain ; vooo^, dis-
ease]. A disease prevalent in mountain regions.
See Mountain Sickness.
Oropharyngeal (o-ro-far-in'-je-al) \os, oris, mouth;
(pdpvy^, pharynx]. Pertaining to, or situated in, the
orpharynx.
Oropharynx (o-ro-far' -inks) \os, oris, mouth ; ^dpvy^,
pharynx]. The pharynx proper, situated below the
level of the lower border of the soft palate, as dis-
tinguished from the naso-pharynx.
Oros (or'-os) [opof, a mountain]. I. The upper part
of the foot. 2. A mountain.
Orotherapy (or-o-fher'-ap-e) \op6^, whey ; depa-KEia,
treatment] . Whey-cure.
Oroya Fever (o-roi' -yah) [S. Amer. ]. The febrile
stage of Verrugas, q. v.
Orpiment (or'-pim-ent) [auri pigmentum, golden pig-
ment]. A common name for arsenious sulphid, As.^-
Sj, also known as King'' s Yelloiu. It is poisonous.
See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Orrhagogus (or-ag' -o-gus) \_b'pp6g, serum ; ayeiv, to
lead]. Synonym of Hydragogue.
Orrhochezia (or-o-ke'-ze-ah) \b'p'p6g, serum ; ;i;fCf(j^, to
relieve oneself]. Serous diarrhea.
Ori\\ocyst(or'-o-sist) \b'p'p6(;, serum; kvotl^, cyst\. A
serous cyst.
Orrhoid (or'-oid). Synonym of Serous.
Orrhophallus (or-o-fal'-us) \bppoc, the end of the sac-
rum ; (^la'KXbq, the penis]. A monstrosity with a penis
protruding from the sacral region.
Orrhoposia (or-op-o' -ze-ah) [bppug, whey ; Koatc, drink-
ing]. Whey-drinking.
Orrhorrhagia (or-or-a' -je-ah). Synonym of Orrhor-
rhea.
Orrhorrhea (or-or-e'-ah) [bp'pdg, serum ; poia, a flow].
An abnormally great flow of serum. Also, a watery
discharge ; rice-water discharges.
Orrhos (or'-ros) [b'p'puc;, serum]. Serum; whey.
Orrhosis (or-o'-sis) [b'ppoQ, serum]. The production of
serum.
ORRHOSOLEN
942
ORTHODONTOSY
Orrhosolen i^or- o - so'- k>i) [oppdf, serum; auXi/v, a
channel]. I. A lymph-duct. 2. The sheath of a
tendon.
Orrhosolenitis {iv-o-so-len-i' -tis). Synonym of Lym-
plumgitis.
Orrhymen [o7--i'-mc'u) [op/ior, serum ; v/J'/i', mem-
brane]. A serous membrane.
Orrhymenitis {or-i-men-i' -tis) \h'pp6(;, serum; vfirjv,
membrane ; I'lq, inflammation]. Inflammation of a
serous surface.
Orrhymenoid [or-i'-iiien-oid) [o'p'poQ, serum ; v/j-jiv, a
membrane; eiAoc, like]. Resembling a serous mem-
brane.
Orrhymenous (or-i'-?i!en-!is) [o'ppot , serum ; Vjur/D, a
membrane]. Having a serous membrane.
Orris (or'' -is) [origin obscure]. The plant yielding
orris-root. O.-pea. See Isstw-pea. O.-root, the
rhizome of Ii'is Jloreniitia , containing a volatile oil
and various extractive principles. It is aromatic
and astringent, and is much used for flavoring and as a
dentifrice. Unof.
Orseillin (o>--sa'-liu) [Fr., orseille, archil]. A coal-tar
color used in dyeing ; it is the sodium-sulphonate salt
of beta-naphthol-azo-naphthalene. It yields a fast and
full red, but is not bright red. It is also called rocelU7i,
rttbidiii, rauj-acienne. See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Orsellinic Acid (or-sel-in'-ik). Ste Acid.
Orth's Lithium-carmin. See Stains, Table of. O.'s
Picro-carmin. See Stains, Table of.
Orthacanthous [ortk -ak-an'-t/ius) \_bp66r, straight;
anavlki, a thorn]. In biology, having straight thorns.
Ortharthragra (ortk - artk - ra'- grah) \_bp66i;, true,
straight; ap^por, joint ; a}po, seizure]. True gout.
Orthaxial {prth-aks' -e-al) \_op66c, straight; axis, axis].
In biology, having a straight vertebral axis.
Orthiauchenus {ojiJi-e-a7vk' -en-us) [opSioc, upright ;
a'l'X'/v, neck]. Lissauer's term for a skull in vi^hich
the angle formed between the radius fixus and the line
joining the basion and the inion is between 38° and
49°
Orthin (orth'-ni) [hpOuc, straight]. A substance pre-
pared by combining hydrazin with paroxybenzoic acid.
Its hydrochlorate has been found actively antipyretic ;
an overdose causes collapse and profuse sweating.
Dose gr. V, twice daily, given with great caution.
Unof. See also Hydrazin.
Orthiochordus [orth-e-o-koi-d'-ti.-;) \_hp6ioc, upright;
Xop(yi, cord]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which tlie
angle formed between the radius fixus and the line
joining the hormion and the basion is between 33.2°
and 52°.
Orthiocoryphus {prth-e-o-kor' -if-iis) [upOinc, upright ;
Kopv^r/, head]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which
the angle formed between the radius fixus and the
line joining the bregma and the lambda is between
29° and 41°.
Orthiodontus {ort/i-e-o-don'-tns) \_up6Loc, upright ; b6o'vc,
a tooth], Lissauer's term for a skull in which the
angle between the radius fixus and the line joining the
alveolar and subnasal points is between 88° and 121°.
Orthiometopus {orth-e-o-niet-o' -pus) [^opHmr, upright ;
f/eruTTov, forehead]. Lissauer's term for a skull in
which the angle between the radius fixus and the line
joining the bregma and the nasal point is between
47° and 60°.
Orthiopisthius (orth-e-o-pis' -the-us) [^upOioc, upriglit ;
li-i(jHt >.', behind]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which
the angle between the radius fixus and the line joining
the lambda and the inion is between 84° and 95°.
Orthiopisthocranius (ort/i-e-o-pis-t/w-kra' -ne-us) [op-
dtoc;, upright ; dwiaHev, behind ; Kpavlor, skull]. Lis-
sauer's term for a skull in which the angle formed be-
tween the radius fixus and the line joining the lambda
and the opisthion is between 107° and 119°.
Orthioprosopus (prt!i-e-o-pros-o' -pus) \_dpdio(;, upright ;
irpoauTTOv, face]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which
the angle formed between the radius fixus and the
line joining the nasion and the alveolar point is be-
tween 89.4° and 100°.
Orthiopylus {orth-e-op' -il-us) [opHioi;, upright; nvly,
gate]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which the angle
formed between the radius fixus and the line joining
the middle point of the anterior margin of*the fora-
men magnum and the middle point of the posterior
margm of the foramen magnum is between 15.5° and
24°.
Orthiorrhinus [ortk-e-or-i' -nus) \op6ioc, upright ; pt'f,
nose]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which the angle
formed between the radius fixus and the line joining
the nasion and the subnasal point is between 87.5°
and 98°.
Orthiuraniscus (orth-e-u-7-an-is' -kus) \_bpdm, upright ;
ohpaviaKOQ, canopy]. Lissauer's term for a skull in
which the angle formed between the radius fixus and
a line joining the posterior border of the incisor fora-
men and the alveolar point is between 40° and 60°.
Ortho- {or'-tho-) [op^or, right, straight]. A prefix de-
noting right, straight, normal, or true. In chemistry
the prefix indicates the normal compound ; among
derivatives of the benzol ring it refers to those formed
by the substitution of two adjacent hydrogen atoms.
Orthocelic [or-tko-se' -tik) [bpHut;, straight ; KoiXla,
belly]. In biology, applied to birds that have the
eight intestinal folds close to and parallel with each
other [Tubinares, Steganopodes and Erodii), as distin-
guished from the Cyclocelic (Felargi, Raptores and
Laridtc^
Orthocelous {or-tJio-se' -his) [opfldf , straight ; Kotlla,
cavity]. Having the intestinal canal straight.
Orthocephalic (or - tho - sef - al'-ik) [bpHog, straight;
Kt:(j)a7Ji, head]. Pertaining to orthocephaly.
Orthocephalism (or-tho-sef'-al-izw). Synonym of
Orthocephaly.
Ovihoct.'pha.lo-as {or-tho-sef'-al-us) [op^df, straight;
Kc<pa?J/, head]. Having a straight head or face.
Orthocephaly {or-iho-sef'-al-e) [opffdf, straight; ke^-
aXr), head]. The condition of having a skull with a
vertical index of from 70.1° to 75°.
Orthochorea (or-tho-ko-re'-ah ) [op'^df, straight ; ;f''fe''a,
dance]. Choreic movements in the erect posture.
Orthochromatic [or-tlio-kro-iiiat' -ik ) [op'^df, straight ;
Xpidim, color]. A term used in photography to de-
note correctness in the rendering of colors.
Orthocolon {or-tho-ko' -Ion) [bpd6<;, straight; kuTiov,
limb]. Straightness of a limb from tonic muscular
spasm.
Ortho-cresol {or-tlio-kre' -sol) [bpOor, straight ; Kpia^,
flesh; olcu//i, oil], C^HgO. One of the forms of cre-
sol, I/. 1'. It occurs in small amounts in urine.
Orthocyllosis (or-tho-sil-o'-sis) [dpf^d?, straight; ki'A-
Aunic, crippling]. Ankylosis of a limb in the straight
position.
Orthodactylous {or-tho-dak' -til-us) [dpffdf, straight;
(MKriiXor, a finger]. In biology, having straight
digits.
Orthodolichocephalous [or - tlio-do - lik - o-sef- al- us)
[bpHog, straight ; diiAi x'k, long ; Ke<l>al!/, head]. Hav-
ing a long and straight head ; having a vertical index
between 70.1° and 75°, and a transverso-vertical index
between 70° and 74-9°
Orthodontia {or-thn-don'-she-ah) [ dpfldc, straight ;
biWvr, tooth]. The correction of irregularities of the
teeth.
Orthodontosy {or - tho - don' - to- se) lbp66(, straight;
ORTHOGAMV
943
ORTHOTROPHY
6(5o)0f, a tooth]. That division of dentistry concerned
in the straightening of irregular teeth.
Orthogamy [or-i/iog' -am-e) [o/jWdf , straight ; yajMq,
marriage]. In biology, direct fertilization without
any mediate agency.
Orthognampsia [o7--t!wg-namp' -sc-ah ) [opWf , straight ;
yvafiTTTttv, to bend]. A bending of the body at the hips.
Orthognathic [or-lJiog-na' -thikY Same as Ortliogna-
thoiis.
Orthognathism {or-thog' -na-thizni) [op^id^', straight;
■yvddog, jaw]. The quality of being orthognathous, or
of having jaws with little or no forward projection.
Orthognathous (or-thog' -na-thus) [o/jfdf , straight ;
yva^oq, the jaw]. In biology, straight-jawed a facial
profile having a gnathic angle of from 83° to 90° ; also
called Alesogiiathoiis. See Index.
Orthognathy [or-tliog' -iia-the). See Orthognathism.
Orthogonial [or-tho-go'-iie-al) [o/;^^df, straight ; yuvia,
an angle]. Right-angled. O. Cancelli, those can^
celli in bone-tissue in which there are two sets of
bony structure applied at right angles to each other.
Orthomesocephalous [LV-tho-tnez-o-sef'-al-us) [dpydf,
straight; piiao(;, middle; K^tpaT^Tj, the head]. In cra-
niometry, a term applied to a skull with a transverso-
vertical index between 75.1° and 79.9°, and a ver-
tical index between 70.1° and 75°.
Orthometer [or-thom' -et-er) [bpHo^, straight ; ahpov,
measure]. An instrument for measuring the relative
degree of protrusion of the eyes.
Orthomorphia {or-tho-mor' -fe-ah)\_(ip66Q,sXx3.\^t ; fiop(f)//,
form]. The correction of abnormalism of shape or
form by surgical procedure.
Orthomorphic {or-tho-mor' -fik). Same as Orthopedic.
Orthomorphosis (or-tho-mor-fo' -sis). Same as Ortho-
tnorphia.
Orthomorphotic {or-tho-mor-fot' -ik) [bpOoc, straight ;
fiop(p//, form]. Pertaining to orthomorphosis.
Orthopedia (or-tho-pe'-de-ah) [opOuc straight ; Trai^,
child]. The surgical and mechanical correction of the
deformities of children, and of deformities in general ;
orthomorphia.
Orthopedic {or-thope' -dik) [opOoc, straight ; 7ra/f,
child]. Pertaining to orthopedia ; intended to correct
deformities, congenital or acquired. O. Surgery, the
branch of surgery devoted to orthopedia.
Orthopedics See Orthopedic Surgery.
Orthopedist {or-tho-pe'-dist) \hp()6q, straight; Tra^f,
child]. One who practises orthopedic surgery.
Orthopedy [or' -tho-pe-de). See Orthopedia.
Orthophonia [or-tho-fo'-ne-ah) \bpB6<;, straight ; (jtuvr/,
voice]. Having a normal voice.
Orthophony [or-thof -o-ue) [bpOoc, straight; (jxjv//,
voice]. The treatment and correction of defects of
the voice.
Orthophoria {or-tho-fo' -re-ah) [bpHoc, straight; fpnpoc,
a tending]. A tending of the visual lines in paral-
lelism.
1 Orthophosphoric Acid {or-tho-fos-fo7-' -ik). See Acid.
I Orthophrenia {or-tho-fre' -ne-ah) [opfldf, straight ; 0p//j',
I mind]. Sanity ; the correction or cure of insanity.
Orthophremc [or-tho-fren'-ik] [opfior, straight ; ij>p>/i',
the mind]. Pertaining to Orthophrenia.
Orthophrenismus [or-tho-fren-iz'-inus). Same as
Orthophrenia.
Orthophreny {or'-tho-fren-e). Synonym of Ortho-
plirenia.
Orthophthalmic {or-ihoff-thal'-mik) [bpftoi;, straight ;
oyftaXfiog, the eye]. Relating to the correction of
strabismus.
Orthopnea (or-thop-ne'-ah) [op^df, straight;
breathing]. A condition marked by quick and
labored breathing, in which the patient finds relief
only by maintaining an upright position. O. card-
iaca. Synonym of Angina pectoris. Q. clangosa.
Synonym of Whooping-cough. O. cynanchica.
Synonym of Croup. O. tussiculosa. Synonym of
\ f 7; ooping- cough .
Orthopneic [or-thop-ne' -ik) [op^'"'. , straight ; -Kvoiij,
breathing]. Characterized by orthopnea,
Orthopnic (or-thop' -nik) [dp(^of, straight ; kvcIv, to
breathe]. One aftected with orthopnea.
Orthopraxis, Orthopraxy (or-tho-praks' -is, or'-tho-
//•(^/C'j-d') [opf/df, straight ; Trpa^/f, doing]. The correc-
tion of deformities of the body.
Orthopterous {or-tlwp' -ter-us) l_bpH6r^ straight ; irrEpdv,
wing]. In biology, straight-winged; having wings
that lie straight when folded, e.g., grasshoppers.
Orthoptic ((;r-///()/'-///{')[()pyd(;, correct ; otttihoi;, seeing].
Pertaining to iiormal binocular vision. O. Training, a
method of correcting the monocular or defective
vision of those having strabismus or muscular insuf-
ficiency, by stereoscopic and other ocular exercises of
a gymnastic kind. -See Dyerism.
Orthopygium (or-tho-pij'-e-uin) \_opd6i;, straight ; i^vyr/,
the rump]. Synonym of Coccyx.
Orthoscope (or' -tho-skop) \l)p^6i;, straight ; aKOKelv, to
see]. I. An instrument for examination of the eye
through a layer of water, whereby the curvature, and
hence the refraction of the cornea is neutralized and
the cornea acts as a plane medium. 2. An instrument
for use in drawing the projections of skulls.
Orthoscopic [or-tho-skop'-ik) [dpWr, straight ; anoTrelv,
to see]. I. Pertaining to an orthoscope or to ortho-
scopy. 2. Applied to lenses cut from the periphery
of a large lens in such a manner as to act as if decen-
tered. 3. Having normal vision. O. Ocular. See
Octtlar.
Orthoscopy (or-thos' -ko-pe) \l:ip06r, straight ; CKOKe/.v,
to see]. The examination of the eye by the ortho-
scope ; also, the microscopic examination of objects
in such a way that they appear as flat bodies without
relief; the absence of spheric aberration in the appear-
ance of an object seen through a lens or microscope.
Orthosiphon (oi--tho-si' -fon) [/(pWdf , straight ; niaxjv, a
tube]. A genus of oeimoideaceous plants. O.
stamineus, Java tea; a labiate plant of the E. Indies.
Its aqueous extract, an infusion of the plant, and a
syrup have been employed. It is a safe and efficient
remedy in diseases of the bladder. Unof.
Orthosis (or-tho' -sis:) [upOuaic:, a making straight]. The
process of straightening a distorted part.
Orthospermous [or-tho-sper' -iiius) [op^df, straight ;
anipfia, seed]. In biology, having straight seeds.
Orthostichy (or' -tho-stik-c) [opfdf, straight ; ar/xoc, a
row or line]. In biology, a vertical rank, as leaves
on a stem.
Orthostomatous (or-tho-sto' -mat-us) [op'Jdf, straight ;
nTopn, a mouth]. In biology, having a straight
mouth.
Orthosyne {or-thos' -in-e) [opdoavvri']. Erectility.
Orthotast [or'-tho-fasf) [opffdf, straight ; racjcren', to ar-
range]. An apparatus for straightening curvatures of
long bones. It has also been used as a tourniquet.
Orthoter {or-thot'-er). Synonym of Orthopedist .
Orthoterion, Orthoterium {or-tho-te'-re-on, or-tho-te'-
re-tun) [npflik, straight]. An apparatus for straight-
ening curved limbs.
Orthotonos, Orthotonus [or-thot' -o-nos, or-thot' -o-nus)
[op'^dr, straight; rovor, tension]. Tetanic cramp in
which the body lies rigid and straight.
Orthotropal (or-thot'-ro-pal). Same as Orthotropous.
Orthotrophy [or-thot' -ro-fe) [bpOik, straight ; rpo(l>r/,
nourishment] . Correct or normal nourishment ; the
normal process of nutrition.
ORTHOTROPIC
944
OSITE
Orthotropic {or-tho-trop' -ik) straight ; TpcKtiv,
to turn] . In biology, pertaining to, or exhibiting ortho-
tropism.
Orthotropism (or-thof -i-o-pizm) [6/3f?d?, straight ; rpf-
7rf/^, to turn]. In biology, vertical, upward, or down-
ward growth.
Orthotropous {or-thot' -ro-pus) \hpd6q, straight ; rpeiretv,
to turn]. In biology, applied to straight, symmetric
seeds in which the chalaza is at the base and the
micropyle at the apex.
Orthysteroptoma ( or - this - ter - op'- to - mah ) [bpdoQ,
straight; iwrt'/ja , womb ; TTTu/na, fall]. Prolapse of
the uterus without inversion.
Orticaria {or-tik-a' -re-ah). Same as Urticaria.
Oryctographic [or-ik-to-graf -ik) \hpvK-6q, dug out ;
-ypcK^ziv, to write]. Pertaining to oryctography.
Oryctography (or-ik-tog'-ra-fe) [opvKTog, dug out ;
ypd(j)ttu, to write]. A description of minerals or of
fossils.
Oryctologic (or-ik-to-loj' ik)\_bi)VKT6c, dug out; Adyof,
science]. Pertaining to oryctology.
Oryctologist [or-ik-tol' -o-jist ) [opwrdf, dug out ; Adyof,
science]. One versed in oryctology.
Oryctology [or-ik-tol' -o-je) [opwrdf, dug out; Xdyor,
science]. The science of the nature and character of
minerals and fossils.
Oryctozoologic [or-ik-to-zo-o-ioj' -ik) [hpvKTOQ, fossil ;
Ccjor, an animal]. Same as Paleontologic .
Oryctozoology {or-ik-to-zo-ol' -o-je) [ipwrdf , fossil ;
Ciioj), an animal; /ld}'Of, science]. The same as
Paleontology.
Oryza (o-ri'-za/i) [dpiico, rice]. The common rice-plant,
O. saliva, belonging to the grass family. Its seed con-
sists mainly of starch, and is one of the most nutritious
of the various grains. Also, in pathology, the fecal
discharges of cholera, which closely resemble rice-
water.
Os [L. : gen.. Oris; pi. , Ora"]. The mouth. O. exter-
num, the external opening or entrance to the womb.
O. internum, the internal orifice of the womb. O.
tincae (" tench's mouth "), the os uteri, or mouth of
the uterus. O. uteri. Same as O. interntiin.
Os [L. : gen., Ossis;pl., Ossa'\. A bone. Se.t Bone. O.
innominatum. See Bones, Table of. O. magnum.
See Bones, Table of.
Osanore, or Ozanore, Teeth {oz'-an-or) \_os, bone].
A name given by Mr. William Rogers to artificial
teeth constructed from the ivory of the tooth of the
hippopotamus, and, as he says, submitted to the action
of some peculiar chemic agent, by which the pores of
the ivory become filled with a siliceous substance.
Osazone [o'-zali-zdn) \_ose, systematic termination for
members of the starch and sugar-group ; az, a syllable
indicative of nitrogen ; one, the systematic termination
of certain derivatives of the sugar-group]. A com-
pound formed when solutions of sugars are warmed
for some time with a solution of phenylhydrazin
(CpHjNHNH.^) and dilute acetic acid. They sepa-
rate either in the amorphous or crystalline state. An
intermediate product called a hydrazone is first formed.
Each sugar forms a special osazone, lactose, for ex-
ample, forming phenyl-lactosazone.
Oschea {os' -ke-ah). Synonym of Scrotum.
Oscheal (os'-ke-al) \_oaxzov, scrotum]. Pertaining to
the scrotum.
Oscheitis (os-ke-i'-tis) [6(j,yfoi', scrotum ; trix, inflam-
mation]. Inflammation of the scrotum.
Oschelephantiasis [osk-el-e- fan-ti'-as-is) \_baxenv,
scrotum ; eAecpavrlaait: , elephantiasis]. Elephantiasis
of the scrotum.
Oschematedema, Oschemedema (ps-kem-at-e-de'-
niah, os-kc»i-e-de' -mail) [d(7^\;eoi', scrotum ; cujia.
blood ; olStjua, edema]. Eflusion of blood into the
scrotum ; hematoma of the scrotum.
Oscheocarcinoma [ps-ke-o-kar-sin-o' -mah) \ooxzov,
scrotum ; KapmvDjia, carcinoma : //. , Oscheocarcino-
7nata\ Carcinoma of the scrotum.
Oscheocele (os'-ke-o-sel) [oaxeov, scrotum; ki/It],
hernia]. Scrotal hernia.
Oscheochalasis [os-ke-o-kal-a'-sis) [baxi^ov, scrotum;
;fd/off(r, loosening]. Hypertrophy of the connective
tissue of the scrotum ; also, pendulous scrotum.
Oscheohydrocele {os-ke-o-ki' -dro-sel) [oCT^foi', scrotum ;
'vf)up, water; h///?/, tumor]. A hydrocele occupying
an old hernial sac in the scrotum, after the cure of the
hernia.
Oscheolith (ps'-ke-o-lith) [o(T;i-fOi', scrotum ; A(6of,
stone]. Scrotal calculus.
Oscheon (o.?'-/f'£'-f)«) [off^foi-, scrotum]. The scrotum.
Oscheoncus {os-ke-ong'-kiis) [_baxeov, scrotum ; 6>/cof,
swelling]. A swelling or tumor of the scrotum.
Oscheonyssis (ps-ke-on-is' -is) [off^foi', scrotum ; vvaa-
fiv, to puncture]. Paracentesis of the scrotum.
Oscheophlogosis (os-ke-o-flo-go' -sis) \haxiov, scrotum ;
(pM-juoLc, inflammation]. Same as Oscheitis.
Oscheoplastic {os-ke-o-plas'-tik) [oax^ov, scrotum ;
7v?dau(ir, to form]. Pertaining to plastic operations
upon the scrotum.
Oscheoplasty (os'-ke-o-plas-fe) [daxeov, scrotum ;
Tr'/aaanv, to form]. Oscheoplastic surgery; plastic
surgery of the scrotum.
Oscheopyedema {os-ke-o-pi-e-de' -mah) \oaxzov, scro-
tum; -Kvov, pus ; di(h][ia, edema]. Purulent edema of
the scrotum.
Oschitis [os-ki'-tis). See Oscheitis.
Oschocarcinoma (ps-ko-kar-sin-o' -mah). Synonym of
Osch eoca rein oma.
Oschuredema ( os-ku-re~de' -mah ) [ hcx^ov, scrotum ;
ovpov, urine; o'i<h]j.ia, edema]. Extravasation of urine |
into the scrotum. i
Oschydredema (osk-hi-dre-de'-mah) [oax^v, scrotum; I
v6up, water; oUh/fia, edema]. Edema of the scrotum. '
Oscillation {os-il-a' -shun) \_oscillatio ; oscillare, to sway }
to and fro]. A swinging or vibration. Also, any j
tremulous motion. See Hippus. O., Consecutive. ■
Same as Phenomena-of Transfer. |
Oscitancy [os'-it-an-se) \_oscitare, to yawn]. The dis-
position to yawn ; drowsiness.
Oscitant [os' -it-ajit) \_oscitare, to yawn]. Yawning.
O. Fever, fever accompanied by much yawning.
Oscitation [os-it-a' -shun) \oscitatio ; oscitare, to yawn].
The act of yawning or gaping.
Osculant [os'-ku-lant) [osculari, to kiss]. In biology,
closely connected.
Oscularis [os-ku-la'-ris] [osculans, kissing]. The kiss-
ing-muscle, or orbicularis oris. See Jl/uscles, Table of.
Osculation [os-ku-la' -shun) \_ osculafio ; osculari, to
kiss]. The union or anastomosis of vessels or lymph-
channels by their mouths. Also, the act of kissing.
Oscule [os'-kiil) \_osculum, a little mouth, dim. of os,
mouth]. Same as Osculum.
Osculum [os'-ku-him) [a little mouth : //. , Osculd]. A
small aperture. In biology : [a) the mouth or ex- |
halant aperture of a sponge, either "scattered," "ex- |
cun-ent " or •' cloacal." Cf Pseudoproel : [b) one of j
the bothria or fossettes of the head of a platode worrii ;
((•) the opening into the pituitary body. |
-ose [-oz) [-(i.r«.9]. A suffix signifying full of. Also, |
the systematic termination for the members of the J
starch and sugar group. |
Oser's Oak-red. ."-lee Oak-bark.
-osis [o'-sis). A suffix signifying the progress or condi- ,
tion of.
Osite [os'-it] \_os, a bone]. The name applied by Leidy
OSLER'S METHOD
945
OSSICLE
to a form of guano made up largely of the altered
bones of marine animals.
Osier's Method. A method of studying blood-plaques ;
a drop of osmic acid is placed on the cleansed finger,
which is then pricked and the drop transferred to a
slide. O.'s Phenomenon,"the aggregation of hemat-
oblasts occurring immediately in blood drawn from the
body.
Osmate {oz'-niat) {oaiili, smell]. A salt of osmic acid.
Osmatic (oz-mat'-ik) [oc/j//, smell]. Characterized by
a keen sense of smell ; having a highly developed rhi-'
nencephalon.
Osmazome [oz' -inaz-oiii) [ijauli, smell ; ^u/ioc;, soup].
A brownish-yellow substance developed by heat in
muscular fibers, and imparting to cooked meats their
peculiar fiavor. [Old.]
Osmesis [uz-nu'-sis) [oajnjai(;, a smelling]. The act
of smelling.
Osmeterium {oz-me-te' -re-iiiii) [baiiij, odor; rr/piov, a
suffix : //. , Osmeteria\. In zoology, an organ produc-
ing scent or odor, especially in the larvae of certain
lepidoptera.
Osmiamic Acid (oz-me-am' -ik) [hdfiii, smell ; ammonia\ ,
HjOs^N.^Oj. A compound of ammonia and osmium
tetroxid.
Osmiate {oz' -me-at). Synonym of Osmaie.
Osmic (oz'-itiik) smell]. Pertaining to or obtained
from osmium. O. Acid. Osmic acid is used as a
fixing and staining agent ; it stains fat black. See
Acid, and Slains, Table of.
Osmidrosis (oz - mid - ro' - sis) [haiuj, smell; Wpuai^,
sweat] . The secretion of a malodorous perspiration ;
bromidrosis, i/. v.
OsmioMS {oz'- Die- us) [o(7|U?/, smell] . Containing osmium
as a dyad or tetrad element.
Osmium {oz' -me-iiin) \hajxii, smell]. The heaviest of
the known metals (symbol Os, sp. gr. 22.48., at. wt.
190.08) ; the basis of osmic acid. See Elements,
Table of.
Osmodysphoria (pz-mo-dis-fo' -re-aJi) [bajifi, smell ;
SvQ-, ill ; (j)epeiv, to bear]. IntolerSnce of certain
odors.
Osmogene [oz'-mo-jen) [(ja/zof , pushing ; yevi/g, pro-
ducing]. A laboratory apparatus employed in effect-
ing osmosis.
Osmograph {oz' -mo-gi-af ) [_ioafi6g, an impulse ; ypa.(peiv,
to write]. An apparatus for registering the changes
in the level of the liquid in an endosmometer.
Osmology {oz-inol' -o-jc). Synonym of Osphresiology.
Osmometer {oz - mom' - et - er) [bauri. smell; /lirpov,
measure]. An instrument for testing the sense of
'smell.
Osmometric
a measure].
Osmometry
measure]
sense of smell.
Osmonosology {oz-mo-nos-ol' -o-je) [oapifj, smell ; v6ao<;,
disease ; Aoyof, science]. The science of the diseases
affecting the sense of smell.
Osmonosus {oz-mon' -o-sies)\_()Ci-tfi,odLor ; t'offor, disease].
Disease of the sense of smell.
Osmose (oz'-moz), Osmosis [oz-mo' -sis') im-
pulse]. That property by which liquids and crystal-
line substances in solution pass through porous septa ;
endosmosis and exosmosis.
Osmotic {oz-mot'-ik) [(j(7/zdf, impulse]. Pertaining to
osmosis. O. Equivalent, " that figure that indicates
the weight of water which replaces by osmosis one
part by weight of the substance subjected to the pro-
cess." O. Pressure, the pressure exerted by the
particles of compounds when dissolved, directly ex-
■ 60
{oz-mo-mef -rik) [ijap!/, smell ; /j-erpov.
Pertaining to osmometry.
{oz - mom'- ef - )-e) [oc//?/, smell; juerpov,
The estimation of the acuteness of the
pressed or shown by osmotic phenomena. It is equal
to that which would be exerted by an equal amount
of the substance if it were converted into gas and
occupied the same volume at the same temperature as
the solution.
Osmunda (oj-OTz/w'-i/ff//) [L.]. A genus of ferns. O.
regalis (osmund, royal-fern, flowering-fern, buck-
horn) is tonic, astringent, and demulcent, and is
vaunted as a cure for rickets. Unof.
Osphradium {os-fra' -de-um) \l)a<^pa6mv, z.\\ olfactory;
dim. of bafpa, smell : Osp/iradia'\. In biology, a
special sense-organ in molluscs, supposed to be ol-
factory in function.
Osphrasia {os-fra' -ze-ak). Synonym of Osphresis.
Osphresiologic {os-fre-ze-o-loj' -ik) {ha-^piioiq, smell ;
/.d}Of, science]. Pertaining to osphresiology, or to
smell.
Osphresiology {os - fye - ze - ol'- o - />) \_diy<l>p)i(ng, smell ;
y.oyoc, science]. The science of the sense of smell
and its organs ; also of odors and perfumes.
Osphiesis {os-f re' -sis) [y(Ti/)p//cT(f, smell] . The sense of
smell ; olfaction.
Osphretic {os-fret' -ik) l_ba<f>p?jTtK6c, capable of smelling].
Same as Olfac/ory.
Osphristics {os-fris' -tiks) \oa<iipiiciq, the sense of smell].
The science of the phenomena of olfaction.
Osphus {os'-fus) [ocr^i'f, loin]. Loin.
Osphyalgema {os-fi-al-je' -mali). Synonym of Osphy-
algia.
Osphyalgia [os-f-al'-je-ah) [oa^wf, loin ; dAyof, pain].
Sciatica. Also, any pain in the hips or loins.
Osphyarthritis {os-fi-arth-ri' -lis) . Synonym of Coxitis.
Osphyarthrocace {os - f, - arth - rok' - as - e)
loin; a joint ; (ca/cdf, evil]. Synonym of Cox-
itis or Morbus coxarius.
Osphyitis {os-fi-i' -tis) [oc^t'f , loin ; (r;f, inflammation].
Lumbar inflammation ; coxitis.
Osphyomyelitis {os -fi - a - mi - el - i'- tis) [ocr^i'f , loin ;
livf}6r, marrow; inf, inflammation]. Myelitis of the
lumliar portion of the spinal cord. See Iscliiomyelitis.
Osphyrrheuma {os - fi - ru' - mah) [ocri/)i''f, loin ; pev/na,
rheum]. Rheumatism of the loins or the hip-joint.
Ossa. (os'-a/i) [_L., pi of a bone]. Bones. O. in-
nominata, the irregular bones forming the sides and
anterior wall of the pelvis. O. lata, the broad or fiat
bones composing the walls of cavities, as the bones
of the cranium, in distinction from O. longa, the long
bones, as those of the limbs. O. triquetra. See
[Wormian Bones and Triquctrum. O. wormiana,
See IVortnian Bones.
Ossature {os'-at-i'ir) \_fls, a bone].
of the bones of the body.
Ossein {os'-e-in) \_os, a bone] . A
combination of proteids, mainly
collagen and an albuminoid, com-
posing the organic structure of
bone ; it is called also ostein and
bone-cartilage.
Osselet {os'-el-et) [dim. of os, a
bone]. A small bone; also a
hard nodule on the inner aspect
of the horse's knee.
Osseous {os'-e-us) \_osseus ; os,
bone]. Bony; composed of or
resembling bone.
Ossicle {os'-ik-l) [ossiculum, dim.
of OS, a bone]. In biology, a
small bone, or in invertebrates a
calcareous, bone-like structure.
O., Auditory, a chain of small
bones found for the most part in the tympanic cavity
of vertebrates.
The arrangement
Auditory Ossicles.
I. Head of malleus.
2. Processus bre-
vis. 3. Processus
gracilis. 4. Man-
ubrium. 5. Lono;
process of incus 6.
Articulation be-
tvi'een incus and
stapes. 7. Stapes.
OSSICULA
946
OSTEOCAMPSIA
Ossicula (os-ik' -ti-lah) [L.]. Plural of Ossiculum.
O. auditus. See Ossicle.
Ossicular (os-ik' -ii-la?-) \jissiciilii7ii, a small bone]. Re-
sembling small bones.
Ossiculate [os-ik' -ii-lcit ) \_ossictiluii!, a small bone].
Provided with ossicles.
Ossicula [os'-ik-ul). Same as Ossicle.
Ossiculum (ps-ik' -u-liini). Synonym of Ossicle.
Ossiculus [os-ik' -u-lits) [masc. dim. of os, a bone].
Same as Fyreiw.
Ossiferous [os-if -er-us') \os, a bone ; ferre, to bear].
Bearing or producing bone-tissue.
Ossific [os-if -ik) [oi,bone; facere, to make]. Pro-
ducing bone.
Ossification [os-if-ik-a' -shuii) \_os, a bone ; facere, to
make]. The formation of bone ; also a bony formation.
Ossified [os'-if-id) [_os, bone; facere, to make].
Transformed into bone.
Ossifluent [os-if -bi-eiit) \os, ossis, a bone ; fluere, to
flow]. Breaking down and softening the bony tissue ;
as an ossifluent abscess.
Ossiform [os'-if-onn) \_os, a bone; forma, form].
Bone-like.
Ossifying [os' -if-i-iuif) [os, bone ; facere, to make].
Change into bone. O. Chondroma, a chondroma
which is changing into hard tissue resembling bone.
O. Myositis, inflammation of muscle, attended with,
or followed by, the deposition of hard, bone-like
masses.
Ossin [os'-in) \_os, a bone] . An extract made from bone-
tis.sue, and used in organotherapy, q. v.
Ossiterra [os-it-er'-ah ) \os, bone ; terra, earth] . The
chalk-like substance, composing about two-thirds by
weight of adult bone ; it is called also bone-earth. The
other third consists of bone-cartilage or ossein.
Ossivorous [os-iv' -o-riis) [_os, a bone ; vorare, to de-
vour]. In biology, feeding upon bones.
Ostsemia [os-te' -me-ah ). See Ostemia.
Ostagra [os-ta'-grah) [oirrfov, bone ; aypo, seizure].
A bone-forceps.
Ostalgia [os-tal'-je-ah) [oor/oi', bone; dA)of, pain].
Pain in a bone.
Ostarium [os-ta' -re-iini). Synonym of Ossicle.
Ostarthritis [ost-ar-thri' -tis). See Osteoarthritis.
Osteal [os'-te-al) [jjorhw, bone]. Osseous, bony; per-
taining to bone.
Ostealgia [os-te-al' -je-ah ). See Ostalgia.
Osteaileosis [os-te-al-e'-o-sis') [oaTCov, bone ; aHolu-
aig, alteration]. A metamorphosis of the substance
of bone, as exemplified in osteosarcoma.
Osteameba [os-te-am-e' -baJi) \haT(ov, bone ; amoeba, a
rhizopod, from a^ioiftii, change]. In biology, a bone-
cell or osteoblast regarded as an organism. Cf. N'enr-
amcha, A/vatiicba .
Osteanagenesis [os-te-an-aj-en' -es-is^ \harkciv, bone ;
avayfvvav , to regenerate]. The regeneration of bone.
Osteanaphysis [os-te-an-af -is-is) [ocTtov, bone ; avn-
(pveiv, to reproduce]. The reproduction of bone-tissue.
Synonym of Osteanagenesis.
Ostearthrocace [os-te-ar-throk '-as-e) \on-h)v, bone ;
apft/iov, joint; kukoc, bad]. Malignant caries of the
bones of a joint.
Osteauxe (os-te-awks'-e) [ocrrfor', bone ; nt'f;/, growth].
Abnormal enlargement of a bone.
Osteche [os-tek ' -e). Synonym of Ostechema.
Ostechema [os - tek - e'- mah) [oaTtov, bone; r/xvpfi-
sound]. The sound produced on percussing the frontal
bone.
Ostectopy [os-tek' -to-pe) [ia-iov, bone ; tK-o-or, dis-
placed]. Displacement of bone.
Osteectomy [os-te-ek'-to-///e) [ocrrfoi', bone ; tKTO////,
excision]. Excision of a portion of bony tissue.
Osteide [os'-te-id) [oaT^ov, bone]. A small bony mass
sometimes found in the pulp-cavity of a tooth.
OsX.€in [os'-te-in) [borkov, bone]. I. The organic consti-
tuent of bone ; ossein. 2. Less frequently, the min-
eral part of bony substance.
Osteitic (oi-/;'-/'/'-//' ) [barkov, bone; ir/f, inflammation].
Pertaining to osteitis. i
Osteitis [os-te-i' -tis) [ooTiiov, bone ; /r/f, inflammation].
Inflammation of bone. O. carnosa, inflammation
of bone, attended with the presence of an excess of !
fungous granulations. O., Condensing. See Osteo-
sclerosis. O. deformans, the bones yielding to pressure ,
and becoming distorted. O., Gummatous, a chronic
form due to syphilis and characterized by the formation
of gummata in the cancellous tissue of the epiphysis,
in the shaft of the bone, or in the periosteum. O., '
Ossifying;. Synonym of Osteosclerosis. O., Osteo- 1
plastic. Synonym of Osteosclerosis. O., Rarefying. ,|
See Osteoporosis. O., Suppurative, inflammation 1
of bone attended with suppuration.
Ostembryon [os-tem' -bre-071) [ocrrfoi', bone; e/u[5pvov, '
fetus]. Synonym of Lithopedion.
Ostemia [os-te' -me-ah) [hrireov, bone; ni/za, blood] . A
morbid condition of bone, distinguished by its turges-
cence with blood.
Ostempyesis [os-tem-pi-e'-sis') [ocrreoi', bone ; e/iTri/^cif,
suppuration]. Suppuration of a bone.
Osteo- [os'-te-o-^ [otrrfoi', bone]. A prefix that signifies
connection with or relation to bone. 1
Osteoanabrosis (os'-te-o-an-ab-ro' -sis) [ha~kov, bone ; 1
ava, up ; /i/jwcr/f, eating]. The absorption of bone,
or its destruction, as by osteoclasts.
Osteo-aneurysm [os'-te-o-an'-ii-rizm) [ogtsov, bone;
avei'/wnfin, aneurysm]. Aneurysm of the arteries of
a bone ; a pulsating tumor of a bone.
Osteo-arthritis [as' -te-o-ar-thri' -tis) [bareov, bone ;
apOpov, joint ; ni^, inflammation]. A chronic inflam- ;
mation of the bones forming a joint. j
Osteoarthropathy [os' -te-o-ar-throp' -ath-e) [hariov, 1
bone; apdpmi, joint; TrdHog, disease]. Any disease I
of bony articvWations. O., Hypertrophic Pulmon- j
ary, a disease first described by Marie, characterized ,
by a bulbous enlargement of the terminal phalanges |
of the fingers and toes, a thickening of the articular |
ends of the bones, a peculiar curvation of the nails,
and an enlargement of the lower jaw. According to
Marie the condition is usually associated with disease
of the lungs or pleura, whence the name osteoartho-
pathie, pneumiijue hypertrophiante, and results from
the absorption of toxic products from the diseased foci.
The disease is not allied to akromegaly. j
Osteo-arthrotomy(<3,r-A'-i)-(?r-///rt'/'-«-;«<')[(!/i7riov, bone ;
apBpov, joint; ro//?/, a cutting]. Inter-articular osteot- |
omy, as in cuneiform operations on the tarsus. See j
the various cuneiform operations in Opei-ations, Table of.
Osteoblast [os' -te-o-blast) [hoTfiov, bone ; pkaazbi, a |
germ]. In biology, one of the formative cells of bone- j
tissue: a name proposed by Gegenbauer (1864), j
for the connective-tissue cells that proliferate on |
one side of bone-substance, in the direction of the
supplanted cartilage. Their processes and finally the •
cells themselves become imbedded in the calcified j
matrix and become bone-cells. The intercellular
threads of protoplasm lead to the development of the
canaliculi, the cell-bodies producing the so-called
lacunse. ^ j
Osteoblastic [os-te-o-blas'-tik) [barkov, bone ; jilaaTOU
a germ]. Pertaining to osteoblasts, or to the forma-
tion of bone. , j
Osteocampsia [os-te-o-kamp'-se-ah) [oa-^ov, hone ; xa/'- 1
-reiv, to bend]. Curvature of a bone without frac-
ture, as in ostetmialacia.
OSTEOCANCER
947
OSTEOMALACTIC
Osteocancer {os-te-o-kan'-si-i-). Synonym of Osteocar-
cinoina.
Osteocarcinoma (its' -ti--o-kar-sin-o' -inali')\hGT(ov, bone ;
K(jpK/V(j|Ua, carcinoma : //. , Osteocarcinoinata\ Car-
cinoma of bone ; ossifying carcinoma.
Osteocele [os' -te-o-sel) [ourtoi', bone ; kz/A//, tumor].
A bone-like substance found in old hernial sacs ; also
marked hardening of the testicle.
Osteocephaloma [os' -tt'-o-sef-al-o' -mali) \oaTkov, bone ;
neipa/j/, head; ofia, tumor: //. , Osteocephalomata\.
Encephaloma or encephaloid sarcoma of bone.
Osteochondritis (os' -te-o-kon-dri' -tis) \haTkov, bone ;
;(;oii(5/)0f , caVtilage ; /r;f, inflammation]. Inflammation
involving both bone and cartilage.
Osteochondroma [os' -te-o-kon-dro' -niaIt)\oaTi:ov, bone ;
Xoi'&poc, cartilage; 6//a, tumor: //. , Osteocho)idro-
mata\ A tumor that is in part bony, and in part
cartilaginous.
Osteoclasia [os-te-o-kla' -ze-aJi). See Osteoclasis.
Osteoclasis [os-fe-ok' -las-is) [boTiov, bone ; iOiAeiv, to
break]. I. Fracture of bones for purposes of reme-
dying deformity. 2. The destruction of bony tissue
by osteoclasts.
Osteoclast [os' - te - o - klast) [ocrrtor, bone; /cAacrrdf,
broken]. I. An instrument for perforniing osteoclasis.
2. One of the large multinucleate cells, derived from
mesenchymal cells, and frequently found against the
surface of bone in little eroded depressions [Hoivshi/i' s
lacuna). They are concerned in the removal of bone.
They are so called by Kolliker, and are named by
Robin and other French histologists Myeloplaxes or
Myeloplaques.
Osteoclastic {os-te-o-klas' -ti/S) \hnTkov, bone ; /c/laorof,
broken]. Of the nature of an osteoclast ; concerned
in the breaking down and absorption of bone.
Osteoclasy [os' -te-o-kla-ze). See Osteoclasis.
OsttocoWa. (os-te-o-kol' -all) [ooTfoi', bone ; k($A/Io, glue].
Bone-glue ; inferior glue obtained from bones.
Osteocomma (ps-te-o-kom'-ali) [bariiov, bone; KOfiua,
segment : //. , Osteocommata'\. Any one of a series of
bone-segments ; in the adult skeleton, a vertebra is an
example.
Osteocope (os' -te-o-kop) \_o(yTtov, bone ; kottoc, pain].
Bone-ache ; the pain in the bones, usually felt at night,
when the body is warmly covered, that characterizes
syphilis.
Osteocopic [os-te-o-kop' -ik) [oorfoi', bone; /coTrof , pain].
Resembling, or consisting of, an osteocope ; like a
bone-ache.
Osteocyst [os'-tc-o-sist] [oariov, bone; kvoti^, cyst].
A cyst with hard, bone-like contents.
Osteocystoid (os-te-o-sis'-toid) [orrrfoi', bone ; Kvari^,
cyst; f/Jof, like]. Resembling an osteocyst.
Osteocystoma [os - te - o - sis - to'- mali) [off "foi', bone ;
Kwanf, cyst ; 6,ua, tumor]. A cystic tumor of bone,
psteocystosarcoma [os' - te - a - sis'- to - sar - ko'- mali)
I [6(7rfoi>, bone ; ki'ittk;, cyst; aap^, flesh ; d/ia, tumor],
j A cystosarconia of bone.
bsteodentinal (os-te-o-den' -tin-al) [oarf oj', bone ; dens,
I tooth]. Made up of osteodentine.
Ipsteodentine [os-te-o-den' -tin) [ooTfoi', bone ; dens,
I tooth]. A tissue of the nature of, and intermediate in
I structure between, bone and dentine.
l3steodermatoplastic [os' -te-o-der-mat-o-plas' -tik) [ba-
I rfoi', bone; lUp/ia, skin; ■K'kaaaeLv, to mold]. Per-
taining to the formation of osseous tissue in dermal
structures.
Osteodermatous [os-te-o-dei-' -viat-jis) [oortoi', bone ;
^'^Plia, skin]. Having an ossified integument. Per-
taining to osteodermia.
'Steodermia [os-te-o-der' -me-ali) [offrfov, bone ; depfta,
skin]. The existence of osseous formations in the skin
or outer covering. It occurs normally in many ani-
mals, and occasionally abnormally in man.
Osteodermous [os-te-o-der' -7niis). Same as Osteoder-
matoiis.
Osteodiastasis [os - te - o - di -as' -tas-is) \l>aTioi>, bone ;
iSiaoraair^, separation]. Sepiaration of bone (as an
epiphysis), without true fracture.
Osteodynia [os-te-o-din' -e-ali) \_oaTtov, bone; oAiwij,
pain]. xV chronic pain in the bone.
Osteoepiphysis [os' -te-o-e-pif -is-is) [oo•r^o^■, bone ; ii^i-
<pvai(;, epiphysis]. A bony epiphysis.
Osteogangrene [os'-te- o-gang'-gren) [odrtoi', bone ;
) II) ) paiva, gangrene]. Gangrene or necrosis of bone.
Osteogen [os' -te-o-jen) \jjciTiov, bone ; yevvav, to pro-
duce]. The substance of which osteogenic fibers are
made up.
Osteogenesis [os-te-o-jeti' -es-is) [oariiov, bone ; ytvcai^,
genesis]. The development and formation of bone-
tissue.
Osteogenesy [os-te-o-jen'-es-e). See Osteogenesis.
Osteogenetic [os-te-o-jen-et' -ik) \h(srtov, bone ; yevvav,
to beget]. Pertaining to, or concerned in, osteogen-
esis. O. Cell, an osteoblast. O. Fibers, Schafer's
name for the soft and pliant bundles of faintly fibril-
lated, transparent fibers running out from growing
spicules of bone. O. Layer, the deep layer of peri-
osteum from which bone is formed.
Osteogenic [os-te-o-jen' -ik). Synonym of Osteogenetic.
Osteogeny [os-te-oj' -en-e). See Osteogenesis.
Osteography [os-te-og' -ra-fe) \l)G-iov, bone ; ypd(ptiv,
to write]. Descriptive anatomy of the bones and their
articulations.
Osteohalisteresis [os'-te-o - lial-is-ter-e'-sis) [oarkov,
bone; a?f, salt; (T7e/5«ni, to deprive]. A partial loss
of the mineral constituents of bone, concomitant with
cur\ature. See Rachitis.
Osteohelcosis [os - te - o - licl - ko' - sis) [oarkov, bone;
i'lKuair, ulceration]. Caries of bone.
Osteoid [os'-te-oid) [ocr-f oi', bone ; fMof, like]. Resem-
bling or having the nature of bone.
Osteolith («^'-;'d'-o-///'//) [offrt'or, bone ; ^/^?of, stone]. A
petrified bone.
Osteologist [os-te-oU -o-jist) [ofirf'or, bone ; Ao/of, sci-
ence]. One versed in, or expert in, osteology.
Q^\^o\o%y [os-te-oU -o-je) [ooTfoi", bone ; /'udyof, science].
The science of the nature and structure of the
bones.
Osteolysis [os-te-oF -is-is) SJxjrknv, bone ; "kvaii;, disso-
lution]. Absorption and disappearance of bone.
Osteolytic [os-te-o-lif -ik\ [ocr-aw, bone ; Avoir, dissolu-
tion]. Pertaining to, or concerned in, osteolysis.
Osteoma [os-te-o' -?nah)[oa-tov,hon&; 6/ia, tumor: //. ,
Osteo??iata~\. A bony tumor ; exostosis. O., Dental,
dental exostosis or hypercementosis. O. durum, a
tumor consisting of very hard, bone-like tissue. O.
eburneum. Synonym of O. diiruin. O. medullo-
sum, an osteoma formed chiefly of cancellated tissue.
O. spongiosum. Synonym of O. medullosinn.
Osteomalacia [os-te-o-mal-a'-se -alii) \l)aTknv, bone;
jia'AciKia, softness]. Softening of bone from loss of
its earthy constituents, occurring in adults, especially
in females, and in the course of pregnancy. The true
cause of the disease is not known ; by some it is con-
sidered to be infectious, but this view is not proved.
O. infantum. See Rickets.
Osteomalacia!, Osteomalacic [os-te-o-tnal-a'-se-al,
os-tc-o-iiial-a' -sik) [oor/oi^, bone; /na/aKia, softening].
Pertaining to, or atiected with, osteomalacia.
Osteomalacosis [os-te-o-mal-ak-o' -sis). Synonym of
Osteomalacia.
Osteomalactic (os-te-o-inal-ak'-tik) [ha-kov, bone;
/laAaKTiKoi;, emollient]. Pertaining to osteomalacia.
OSTEOMERE
948
OSTEOSPONGIOMA
Osteomere (os' -te-o-mer) [ooTfoi', bone ; iJ-^poq, part].
Same as Osteoconima.
Osteometry (os-te-om' -et-re) \bG-tov, bone ; fikrpov,
measure]. The study of the proportions and measure-
ments of the skeleton.
Osteomiosis [os-td-o-mi-o' -sis) [horkov, bone ; fj.£iLjau;,
dnninution]. Disintegration of bone.
Osteomyelitis (os-te-o-ini-el-i' -lis) [ocrrf'oi', bone ; jive-
'Aur, marrow; ltlq, inflammation]. Inllannnation of
the marrow of bone. C, Conchiolin, Alother-of-
pearl Osteomyelitis : a plastic form of inflammation of
bone caused by the presence of pearl-dust in the
capillary vessels of the epiphyseal extremities of the
long bones in persons employed in the manufacture of
articles of pearl. O., Gummatous, a form due to the
development of gummata in the bone-marrow. O.
malleosa, osteomyelitis due to the Bacillus malleus,
orglanders-bacillus. See Bacteria, Synonymatic Table
of. O., Mother-of-pearl. See O., Conchiolin. C,
Scrofulous, probably a chronic inflammation of the
bone-marrow of tuberculous character.
Osteomyelon, Osteomyelum [os-te-o-mi'-el-on, os-tc-
0- nil' -el-ui)i) \jjaTtm\ bone; (UWAof, marrow]. The
marrow of bone.
Osteonabrosis [os-te-ou-ab' -ro-sis) . See Ostcoanabrosis.
Osteonagenesis [os - te - on - aj - en'- es - is). See Osteo-
genesis.
Osteoncosis, Osteoncus [os-te-on-ko' -sis, os-te-ong'-
kn-;) [off-foy, bone ; 6)/vfif, tumor]. A tumor of a
bone. An exostosis.
Osteonecrosis (os-te-o-ne-k7-o' -sis) \hoTl:ov, bone ; vt-
Kpucir, death]. Necrosis, or death of bone.
Osteoneuralgia (os-te-o-nii-ral' -je-ah) \hortov, bone ;
vei'pov, nerve ; a'Kyoq, pain]. Neuralgia of bone.
Osteonosus ( os-te-on' -o-sus ) [ oartui', bone ; vomi;,
disease]. Disease of bone.
Osteopalinclasis [os-te-o-pal-in' -klas-is) [ourfov, bone ;
TTfC/uv, again ; K\aair, a breaking]. Rebreaking of a
bone for the correction of deformity.
Osteoparectania {os-te-o-par-ek-ta' -ne-ali). Synonym
of Ostroparecfasis.
Osteoparectasis [os-te-o-par-ek'-tas-is) [bariiov, bone;
TTaptKTaair, a stretching out]. Abnormal lengthening
of a bone ; over-extension in the treatment of a frac-
ture.
Osteopathy yos-te-op' -ath-e). Disease of bone.
Osteopedion [os-te-o-pe' -de-oii). See LitJiopedion.
Osteoperiosteal [os' -te-o-per-e-os' -te-al) [ourfoi', bone ;
TTf/i/, around ; ocrrf'oi', bone] . Pertaining to bone and
its overlying periosteum.
Osteoperiosteitis [as' -te-o-per-e-os-te-i' -tis). Same as
Osteoperiostitis. ^
Osteoperiostitis (ps' -te-o-per-e-os-ti' -lis) \haTiiOv, bone ;
nsp'i, around ; oorinv, bone ; trie, inflammation]. Os-
teitis with periostitis.
Osteophage [os'-te-o-faj) [oarfoi', bone ; <payelv, to eat].
A myeloplax, or osteoclastic cell.
Osteophlebitis {os-te-o-/1e-bi' -tis) [offrfoi', bone ; (/lAii',
vein ; iri.r, inflammation]. Inflammation of the veins
of a bone.
Osteophone (os'-te-o-fon) [ocrrf'oi', bone ; (puvr/, sound].
An apparatus for the transmission of sounds through
the bones of the face ; it is miscalled audiphone.
Osteophony [os - te - off'- o - ne) [iiarkiv, bone; </)uiv/,
sound]. The transmission of sound through bone.
Osteophor (os' -te-o-for) [ocrwi^ bone; i/jt/jfrt', to bear].
A heavy tooth-forceps for crushing bone.
Osteophthisis [os-te-off ' -titis-is) [ocrrt'ii', bone ; (pf)i(7ir,
a wasting]. Wasting of the bones.
OsteophthoTia[os-te-off-tlio'-re-ali) \_oGTioi>, bone ; ijtOopn,
decay]. An old name for tuberculous affections of
bones and joints.
Osteophyma [os - te - o - fi.' - mali) \ljari^ov, bone ; i^vjia,
swelling : //. , Osteop/iyinata~\ . Any tumor or swelling
of a bone.
Osteophyte [os' -te-o-fit) [oiTTtoi', bone ; fvrdv, plant].
A bony outgrowth or nodosity.
Osteophytic [os-te-o-fif -ik) \hoTiov, bone ; i/mrdi', plant].
Of the nature of an osteophyte.
Osteophyton [os-te-off ' -et-on) [ooteov, bone ; (pvrov, a
plant: //. , OsteopAyta'\. Same as OsteopJiyte.
Osteoplaque [os' -te-o-plak) [otrrfoi', bone ; -n'ka^, plate].
A layer of bone ; a flat osteoma.
Osteoplast [os'-te-o-plast) [oortor, bone ; n'Aaaaeiv, to
form]. Same as Osteoblast.
Osteoplastic [os-te-o-plas' -tik) [ocrrf op, bone ; ■wlaaauv,
to mold]. Pertaining to plastic operations upon bone ;
also to the natuial or pathologic formation or devel-
opment of bone. O. Resection, an operation in which
a bone or portion of bone, cut loose from all but one i
of its attachments, is laid back, the underlying dis- •
eased structure removed, and the bone replaced. j
Osteoplasty [os' -te-o-plas-te) [oa-f'or, bone ; Tr/taurof,
formed]. A plastic operation, as l3y grafting, etc., ]
performed upon bone ; plastic surgery of bone. See |
Dieffenbach^ s , Feigiisson s, Alasoii s, and other opera- !
tions, in Operations, Table of.
Osteoporoma [os-te-o-por-o' -mah) \_boT£ov, bone ; nopog,
passage]. The changes produced by osteoporosis.
Osteoporosis (os-te-o-por-o' -sis) [uaTtov, bone ; Tropog,
a pore]. A form of osteitis in which the bones be-
come more vascular and are marked by an increase of
the spaces filled with granulation-tissue or marrow-
tissue, with corresponding decrease in their compact-
ness. This is also called Rarefying Osteitis.
Osteopsathyrosis [os-te-op-sath-ir-o' -sis) [oCTrtov, bone ;
■ijiaHvpdr, friable]. Fragility of bones.
Osteopyr [os'- te - o -plr) \_oaT£ov, bone; Trip, fever], i
Gangrene of bone. ,
Osteorrhagia [os-te-or-a' -je-ah) \hnrkov, bone ; priyvi/vai. j
to burst forth] Hemorrhage from a bone.
Osteorrhaphy [os-te-or' -a-fe) \ha-iov, bone ; pa^?/, ;
suture]. The suturing of bones.
Osteosapria [os-te-o-sa' -pre-ali) [jicriov, bone ; aairpoc,
soften]. Caries of bone.
Osteosarcoma (os-te-o-sar-ko'-mah) [liariov, bone;
(Tfipf, flesh; bpa, tumor: //. , Osteosano/nata']. A sar-
coma of bone. O., Central, one arising in the interior
of a bone. O., Infiltrated, one infiltrating the entire
bone, which becomes softened. O., Internal. Syno-
nym of O. , G'«/r«/. O., Periosteal, one springing
from the periosteum. O., Peripheral. Synonym of
O., Periosteal.
Osteosarcomatous [os-te-o-sar-ko'-viat-tis) [oort'oi',
bone; aapi, flesh; opa, tumor]. Of the nature cf
sarcoma. ^ j
Osteosarcosis [os-te-o-sar-ko' -sis) \l1a7iiov, bone ; aiip^, ,
flesh]. The conversion of bone into sarcomatous |
tissue.
Osteoscirrhus [os-te-o-skir'-us) {jiariov, bone; amppog,
a hardening]. A scirrhous carcinoma of bone.
Osteoscleroma [os -te-o- skle - ro'- mah) . Synonym of
Osteosclerosis. \
Osteosclerosis [os -te-o- skle - ro'- sis) {jjariov, bone ;
fT/>v/}/)<,)fi/r, hardening]. A form of osteitis in which
the bone increases in density at the expense of newly
formed or pre-existing marrow-cells. It is also called ;
Condensing Osteitis. . ■
Osteosis [os-te-o'-sis) \_!>a-tov, bone]. The formation j
of bone. ;
Osteospongioma [os-te-o-sptin-je-o'-mnli) [offrt'oi', bone; j
n-To;; or, sponge ; 6//n, tumor: //. , Ostcospons^wmaia]-
A tumor consisting of a spongy or highly cancellous ^
growth of bony tissue. j
OSTEOSPONGIOSIS
949
OTITIS
Osteospongiosis [os-te-o-spiin-je-o' -sis). See Osteoph-
thoria and Osteospongioma.
Osteosteatoma (os-te-o-ste-al-o'-inah) [lioreov, bone ;
arsa/3, fat ; b[ja, tumor: OstcOsteatomata\. Fatty
tumor, or growth, of bone.
Osteoteleangiectasis [os' -te-o-tel-e - an - je - eh' - /as-is)
[(j(TTfOi', bone ; rt/o^-, end ; dyyrioi', vessel ; enTaatc,
dilatation]. Dilatation of the blood-vessels of a bone ;
also a telangiectatic osteosarcoma.
Osteothrombosis [os' -ie-o-throin-l>o' -sis) \hnTioi>, bone ;
6p6fti3uaig, thrombosis]. Thrombosis of the veins of
a bone.
Osteotome {os' -te-o-tom) [oarioi', bone; ro//?/, a cut-
ting]. I. A saw, or other instrument, for. cutting
bone. 2. An instrument used in cutting the bones of
the fetal head in embryotomy.
Osteotomist [os-te-of -o-i)iisl) \j)(^TiiQV, bone; joi^ii/, a.
cutting]. One who performs osteotomy.
Ost^oioxay [os-te-ot' -o-ine) [offrtoi', bone ; TOfii/,z. cutr
ting]. The cutting or division of a bone. See
Adams', BarivelVs, Gatifs, and other operations, in
Operations, Table of. O., Complete, one in which
the bone is completely divided. O., Cuneiform, an
osteotomy in which a wedge of bone is removed .
0., Extra-articular, one not involving a joint. O.,
Incomplete, one in which the bone is not completely
divided. O., Linear, a simple division of a bone,
without removal of any part. O., Partial. Synonym
of 0., Incomplete. O., Simple. Synonym of O.,
Linear. O., Supracondylar, one done just above
the condyles of the femur.
Osteotophus [os-te-ot' -o-fiis) \haTiov, bone ; tophus,
sandstone]. A bony outgrowth or excrescence.
Osteotribe [os'-te-o-trib). Same as Osteotrite.
Osteotrite [os' -te-o-trlt) \oaTkov, bone ; Tp![3eip, to rub].
A scraping-instrument for use in operations upon
carious bones.
Osteotylus (os-te-o-ti'-lus) [ocr-t'oi', bone : rt'Aof , cal-
lus]. Bone-callus.
Osteulcus (ps-te-nl' -ktis) [ocrreot^A/cdf : bartov, bone ;
e/.KsiA', to draw]. A bone-forceps.
Osthelcus (pst-hel' -kus) \hoTkov, bone ; f/l/cof , suppura-
ting around]. Caries of bone.
Osthistos (ost-his' -tos) [ooreot', bone; 'iotIk;, tissue].
Osseous tissue.
Ostial (os'-te-al) \_ostium, a door or mouth]. Pertaining
to an opening or orince.
Ostiole {os'-te-ol) [(>j//«ot, a door, mouth]. In biology,
a small ostium, as the orifices in plants for the discharge
of spores, pollen-grains, etc. , or in insects for the
emission of irritant or foul-smelling fluids.
Ostiolum (os-ti'-o-lum) [dim. of os., mouth]. A valve.
Ostitis [os-ti'-tis). See Osteitis.
Ostium [os'-te-um) [L., a door://., 0stia'\. In biol-
ogy, a mouth or mouth-like opening ; specifically, one
of the slits in the dorsal vessel of certain Crustacea.
(Branchippiis). O. abdominale, the orifice of the
oviduct communicating with the peritoneal cavity.
O. cesophageum ventriculi, the opening of the
esophageal or cardiac orifice of the stomach. C,
Gastric, tne mouth by which a radial canal in sponges
opens into the paragaster. O. internum, the orifice at
the beginning of the oviduct in the uterus. O.
pharyngeum, the pharyngeal opening of the Eusta-
chian tube. O. tympanicum, the tympanic opening
of the Eustachian tube. O., Vaginal, the external
orifice of the vagina.
Ostology (os-tol'-o-je). Same as Osteolo'-'v.
Ostoma [os-to' -mail). Synonym of Osteoma.
Ostosis [os-to'-sis). Same as Osteosis.
Ostracosis (ps-trak-o' -sis) [oor/ra/foi', oyster-shell ; vboo^,
disease]. The degenerative change that sometimes
takes place in a portion of bone and causes it to re-
semble an oyster-shell.
Ostrea (os' -tre-ah) \oa~\ieov, oyster]. Oyster.
Ostrein [os'-tre-in) [ocTpeov, oyster]. A nitrogenous
body of uncertain composition found in the flesh of
oysters.
Ostreios (os-tre-i'-os) [barpeov, oyster; 'luc, poison].
The poison found in some oysters and mussels.
Ostreotoxicum (os-tre-o-toks' -ik-um). Synonym of
Ostreios.
Otacoustian, Otacoustic (p-tak-oos' -te-a7i, o-tak-oos'
-tik) [o(ir, gen, (jrof, ear; aKovaiQ, hearing]. Per-
taining to, or aiding, audition. 2. An ear-trumpet.
Otacousticon [o-tak-oos' -tik-on) \_ovg, ear ; ukovolq,
hearing]. An otacoustic, or ear-trumpet.
Otagra ' .Synonym of Otalgia.
Ox.a.\g\a. [o-tal' -je-ah) \jn'i;, eoLX ; aAyof, pain]. Earache.
Otalgic [o-tal'-jik) \ove, ear; d/ljof, pain]. Affected
with, or pertaining to, otalgia.
Otalgy [o-tal'-je). Same as Otalgia.
Otaphone [o' -taf-on) [oif , ear ; ^ujv/, sound]. A
clamp so adjusted as to throw the external ears for-
ward and outward, and thus assist the hearing.
Otechos, Otechus [o'-tek-os, o'-tek-us). Synonym of
Tinnitus aurium.
Otemplastrum [o-tem-plas' -trum) [o«f , ear ; eji-K'kaa-
r/joi', plaster]. A plaster placed behind the ear.
Otenchyte (p'-ten-kit) [oyf , ear ; lyx^^i-v, to pour in].
An aural syringe.
Othelcosis [o-thel-ko' -sis) [oi?, ear ; t'liKuaK;, ulcera-
tion]. Ulceration of the ear.
Othematoma [ot-hem-at-o' -mah)\ovi;, ear; aJ/za, blood;
6/(0, tumor: //. , Othematoniala~\. Hematoma of the
external ear, usually the pinna; hematoma auris.
The condition is not rare in insane persons, whence
its name " insane ear.'' It is probably a trophic le-
sion.
Othemorrhea [ot-hem-or-e' -ah) [n/V, ear ; a},ufi , blood ;
fioia, flow]. A sanguineous discharge from the ear.
Otheoscope [o' -the-o-skop) \i)iifiv, to part ; dKOTTttv, to
view]. An instrument somewhat like a radiometer.
Othydrops [o-thi' -drops) \ovq, ear; 'vi\j)w\\i, dropsy].
Dropsy of the tympanic cavity.
Othypersarcoma [o-thi-per-sar-ko' -mah) [orf, ear;
^Trtp, above; cfdpf, flesh; hfia, tumor: //. , Othy-
persarcomata'\. A fleshy outgrowth from the ear.
Otiater [o'-te-a-ter) [oi'f, ear; lari/i), surgeon]. An
aural surgeon.
Otiatric [o-te-at'-rik) [oi'f, ear; 'larijp, surgeon]. Per-
taining to the treatment of diseases of the ear.
Otiatrics [o-te-at' -riks) [of'f, ear; larijp, surgeon].
The study of diseases of the ear and their treatment.
Otic (o'-tik) [wr/hof, from ojf, ear]. Pertaining to
the ear. O. Ganglion. See Ganglion. O. Vesicle.
See Vesicle.
0\\cod\r).\z. [o-tik-o-din' -e-ah) [ur/KOf , otic ; f5;rof, ver-
tigo]. Vertigo from disease of the ear; Meniere's
disease ; also, labyrinthine vertigo, as a symptom of
Meniere's disease.
Oticodinosis [o-tik-o-din-o' -sis). See Oticodinia.
Otidium [o-fid '-e-um) [m'f, ear; Otidia']. In
biology, the auditory organ or otocyst of the Mollusca.
Otitis [o-ti'-tis) [oi'f, ear; ;r/r, inflammation]. Inflam-
mation of the ear. O., Catarrhal, catarrhal inflamma-
tion of the middle ear. O., Desquamative, a pro-
liferation and thickening of the epidermic layer of the
external auditory canal and the tympanic membrane.
The epithelium becomes desquamated and lies in the
canal. O., Diphtheric, a pseudo-membranous in-
flammation of the middle ear, sometimes also of the
external canal, due to extension of diphtheria from
OTIYINDIMBA
950
OTOPORPA
the throat. O. externa ; O. interna; O, media;
inflammation of the external, internal, and middle
ear, respectively. O., Furuncular, the formation of
small furuncles in the external auditory canal. O.
labyrinthica, inflammation of the labyrinth. Its
symptoms resemble those of meningitis ; it is not fatal,
but leads to permanent deafness. O.mycosa. Syno-
nym of O. parasitica. O. parasitica, inflammation
of the external or middle ear from the presence of
parasites, Myiasis aiiriip/i. O. phlegmonosa, acute
otitis with suppuration. O. purulenta chronica,
chronic inflammation of the middle ear, with per-
sistent discharge. O., Sclerotic, chronic catarrhal
otitis media, with thickening and hardening of the
tissues.
Otiyindimba {o-te' -c-iii-diin' -bah) [nat. African]. A
pustular dermatitis prevalent in Damaraland.
Oto- (o' -to-) \()h<; , ge II . , utoc, ear]. A prefix signify-
ing connection with, or relation to, the ear.
Otoblenorrhea (o' -to-blen-or-e' -alt) \ovq, ear; ftMvva,
mucus ; pom, flow]. Any abnormal discharge of
mucus from the ear.
Otocatarrh (o' -to-kat-ar') [oif, ear ; Karappog, catarrh].
Catarrh of the ear.
Otocell (o'-to-sel) \ov<;(i)T-), ear; KCikia, a hut: //. ,
Otocelli\ In biology, an auditory sac or cell, as in
the Hydi'o-niediisa.
Otocephalus (o-to-sef -al-us) [or^-, ear ; />f(iia/i?;, head].
1. A sjiecies of single autositic monsters characterized
by an absence or a rudimentary condition of the lower
jaw, with ill-development of the mouth, which may
be merely a minute orifice, and an approach of the
ears to each other, which may touch at their lower
parts or even be united. It is a very rare condition
in the human species, but is not infrequent among sheep.
2. A variety of the foregoing species in which there
is .some degree of synopsia, the maxillae and mouth
being distinct, and a proboscis wanting.
Otocerebritis [o' -to-ser-e-bri' -tis) [oi'if , ear ; ceyebmin,
brain; itk;, inflammation]. Inflammation of the
brain from disease of the ear.
Otocleisis [o-to-k/i' -sis) [ovg, ear; kXiwic;, closure].
( )cclusion of the ear.
Otoconia [o-to-ko' -ne-ah). Plural of Otoconiiim.
Otoconial {o-to-ko' -iie-al) [oif, ear; Kovig, dust]. Per-
taining to, or of the nature of, otoconia.
Otoconite {o-to¥ -o-nlt). Synonym of Otoconiiim.
Otoconium (o-to-ko' -ne-iiin) [oi'f (i)T-), ear; noviq,
dust: Oloconia'\. In biology, one of the gritty
particles or minute otoliths from the membranous
labyrinth of hii^her vertebrates.
Otocrane, Otocranium (o'-to-krdii, o-to-kra' -ue-iuu)
[o))f, ear; Kpav'iov, skull]. The cavity of the skull
holding the organ of hearing.
Otocranial, Otocranic [o-to-kra' -ne-al, o-to-kra' -nik)
[orr, ear; Kpavinv, skull]. Pertaining to the oto-
crane.
Otocyst (o'-to-sist) ["(V, ear; Krarir, bladder]. In
biology, an auditory vesicle, otocell, or otidium in in-
vertebrates, or an otolithic sac in vertebrates.
Otocystic (o-to-sis'-tik) [oi'f, ear; kuotic, a cyst]. Per-
taining to an otocyst.
Otodynia (o-to-d/ii'-e-ak) [oiV, ear ; oShvr], pain]. Pain
in the ear.
Otoganglion [o-to-gang' -gle-on). See Ganglion, Otic.
Otoglyphis (o-tog' -tif-is) [oi'f, ear; -yAvfeii', to scrape].
An ear-spoon.
Otography [o-tog'-ra-fc] [oiV, ear; ypa(peir, to write].
The descriptive anatomy of the ear.
Otoiatry [o-to-i' -at-re). Synonym of Otiatrics.
Otolite (o' -to-lit) [oif, ear; Ai'^of, stone]. .Same as
Otolith.
Otolith [o'-to-lith) [off, ear
careous concretion
within the mem-
branous labyrinth
of the ear of fishes,
in fish-like verte-
brates and in the
auditory vesicles
of invertebrates 2.
One of the otic
bones proper. An
otostion.
Otolithic, Otolitic
[o-to-lith'-ik, o-to-
lit'-ik) [off, ear ;
/li'ffof, stone]. Per-
taining to an oto-
lith.
Otologist [o-tol'-o-
jist ) [ oi'f , ear ;
^oyof, science].
One versed in otol-
ogy ; an aurist.
Otology (o-tol'-o-ji
Section of Wall of Utricle of
THE Internal Ear, through macu-
lar region, from rabbit, showing
otoliths (o), embedded within gran-
ular substance {g). h. Ciliated-cells
with processes extending be-
tween sustentacular elements {s).
n. Nerve-fibers within fibrous tissue
(/) passing toward hair-cells and
becoming non-medullated at base-
ment-membrane. (After Piersol.)
\oi>i;, ear; Tioyo^, science]. The
science of the ear, its anatomy, functions, diseases, and
treatment.
Otomyces [o-tom' -is-ez) [ovg, ear; /irKi/c, fungus]. A
fungous growth within the ear. O. hageni, a fungus,
with green conidia, sometimes found in the external
canal of the ear. O. purpureas, a dark-red fungous
growth in the ear.
Otomycosis (o' -to-iiii-ko' -sis) [of'f, ear ; /ivktic, fungus].
The growth of fungi within the ear, or the diseased
condition associated with such a condition.
Otoncus (o-tofig' -kiis) [oi'if, ear ; byKo^, tumor]. A
swelling or tumor of the ear.
Otonecronectomy [o' -to-nek-ro-nek' -to-vie) [oi'f, ear;
veKpor, dead ; fATo/;?/, excision]. Surgical removal
of necrosed sound-conductors from the ear.
Otoneuralgia (o-to-nii-ral' -je-ah). Synonym of Otal-
gia.
Otopathema [o-to-path-e'-n/ah) [o/'f, ear; 7rd'%ja, an at-
tack of sickness]. A disease of the ear.
Otopathic [o-topath'-ik) [oh, an ear; iradog, disease].
Pertaining to ear-disease.
Otopathy {o-top' -ath-e) [off, ear; i^aQoq, disease]. Any
affection of the ear.
Otopharyngeal {o-to-far-in' -je-al) \ovq, ear; (pdpvy^,
pharynx]. Pertaining to the ear and the pharynx.
O. Tube, the Eustachian tube.
Otophone {o'-to-fon) [orf , ear ; 0wi7/, voice], i. An
ear-trumpet, or other device for gathering and inten-
sifying sound-waves. 2. An auscultating tube used
in ear-diseases.
Otophthalmic [o-toff-thaV -mik) [r/iV, ear ; iK^M.nbu
eye]. Pertaining to the ear and the eye.
Otopiesis {o-to-pi' -es-is) [orf, ear; ttwotc, pre.ssure].
Excessive pressure upon the labyrinth, with consequent
deafness. Depression of the tympanic membrane by
atmospheric pressure, owing to the rarefaction of the
air within the tympanic cavity.
Otoplasty {0' -to-plas-te) [mV, ear; TrWffdf/r, to form].
The operation of repairing certain lesions of tlie external
ear by the engrafting of healthy tissue from some otller
part of the body ; plastic surgery of the ear.
Otoplexiometer [o-to-plcks-e-oiii' -et-er) [o?'?, ear; ■kHM,
percussion ; ptTpov, measure]. An instrument lor
examining the concealed portions of the ear by per-
cussion.
Otoporpa [o-to-por'-pah) [oi'c, ear ; nnpnt), a buckle :
Otoporpa'']. In biology, one of the " auditory
clasps ' ' of Meiiusce.
OTOPYORRHEA
951
OVARIOMANIA
Otopyorrhea [o-to-pi-or-e'-ah) [oi'f, ear ; -mv, pus ;
poia, a flow]. A purulent discharge from the ear.
Otopyosis {o-to-pi' -o-sis) [oif, ear; ■kvov, pus]. Sup-
puration within the ear.
Otorrhagia (p-tor-a' -je-ali) [oiJf, ear; priyvvvai, to burst
forth]. A discliarge of blood from the external audi-
tory meatus.
Otorrhea [o-tor-e' -ah) [oiif, ear; poia, a flow]. A dis-
charge from the external auditory meatus.
Otorrheumatismus (o-tor-ru-iiiat-iz' -inus ) [ oi'o, ear ;
pev/ja, rheum]. Pain in the ear due to rheumatism.
Otosalpinx [oi'f> ear; (jdATrjjf, tube].
The Eustachian tube.
Otoscleronectomy (o-to-skle-ro-nek' -to-me) [o(;f , ear ;
aKXrip6<;, hard; tKTOfjt'/, excision]. The surgical re-
moval of sclerosed and ankylosed conductors of sound
in cases of chronic otitis media.
Otoscope (o'-to-skop) [')('c, eai''; anoKeiv, to examine].
An instrument for examining the ear. What is ordi;
narily called and used as an otoscope is a rubber
tube, one extremity of which is inserted into the ear
of the subject, and the other extremity into the ear
of the examiner, a current of air being passed by
means of a Politzer bag and a Eustachian catheter
through the middle ear. In case of tympanic perfora-
tion the rushing sound made by the passing air is audi-
ble to the examiner.
Otoscopic [o-to-skop' -ik) [oo^-, ear ; aKoireiv, to view].
Pertaining to otoscopy. '
Otoscopy [o-tos' -ko-pe) [oiif, ear ; (tkottsIv, to examine].
The use of the otoscope ; clinical examination of the
ear.
Oiosis [o-fo^ -s!s) [off, ear]. A mishearing ; a false im-
pression as to sounds or words heard.
Otosteal (p-tos' -te-al) [off, ear ; hcriov, bone]. Per-
taining to the bones of the ear.
Otosteon {o-tos' -te-on) [off, ear ; oartov, bone : //. , Olos-
iea\. I. An ossicle, or ear-bone. 2. An otolith.
Otostylic {o-to-sti' -lik') [off, ear; otv'Xoi;, pillar].
Relating to the ear and to the styloid process.
Ototechnos (p-to-tek' -nos) [of f , ear ; rf^w/, art]. A
peculiar hammering sensation in the ear.
Ototomy (o-tot'-o-me) [o/'f, ear; rofi)/, a cutting]. Dis-
section of the ear.
Ottar, Otto {ot'-ar, of'-o). See Atiar.
Otto's Restraining Band. A band used in diaphrag-
matic pleurisy to relieve the pain. It is applied low
down to favor thoracic respiration and diminish the
abdominal and diaphragmatic movements.
Ouabain {oo-ah-ba'-in) \^ouab(xio\, C^jH^i^O,.,. A highly
poisonous glucosid extracted from the wood of a species
of Apoiyiiea, the Can'ssa scliiinpcri. It is a cardiac
I stimulant. Dose, gr. j^^j^ to ti\-^, given as a per
mille solution.
Ouabaio (oo-a/i-im'-yo) [native African]. A virulent
arrow-poison used by certain African tribes.
Oudemann's Method. A method of estimating iron
in organic substances, e.g.. hemoglobin. A weighed
amount of the material is incinerated ; the ash is dis-
solved in HCl, and to the dilute ferric solution, which
should not contain more than o. i to 0.2 gram Fe in
100 c. c. , nor much free HCl, are added 3 c. c. of
a one per cent, solution of cupric sulphate, 2 c. c. of
I concentrated HCl, and I c. c. of a one per cent, solu-
tion of potassium sulphocyanid. The mixture is slightly
warmed, and a standard solution of sodium thiosulphate
(l c. c. of a decinormal solution of which corresponds
to 0.0056 Fe) is run in from a buret, until the pre-
viously red mixture becomes as colorless as water.
Oulachon (oo'-lak-on). See Eulachon.
Pulitis {oo-li'-tis). See U/ltis.
i)uloid (oo'-Zo/rt) [oi/?/, scar / fMof, like]. Resembling
a scar. Also, a form of cicatrix characteristic of
lupus, elephantiasis, and syphilis.
Oulorrhagia {po-lor-a' -je-aJi) \_oVkov, gum ; pr/yvuvai, to
burst forth]. Hemorrhage from the gums.
Ounce [owns) \_uni-ia, a contraction of itndecia, a
twelfth part]. A twelfth part of the Troy pound, or
480 grains ; symbol, § . Also, a sixteenth part of
' the avoirdupois pound, or 437.5 grains. Symbol oz.
Ourari (00- rah' -re). Same as Curare.
Ourology [oo-rol' -o-je) \_obpriv, urine; 'A6yoc, science].
The science of the nature and secretion of urine.
Ontosco'py [oo-ros'-ko-pe). See Uroscopy.
Out {otvt) [ME., out, out]. Forth; from within to
the exterior. O.-cast Cell, an apoblast ; in the unim-
pregnated ovum, one of a group of cells that are
finally cast off and disappear. See Apoblast. O.-
knee, bow-leg ; valgus.
Outlet. I. The lower aperture of the pelvic canal. 2.
The passage that removes the air from a room in ven-
tilation. O. of Pelvis. See Outlet.
Ova [o'-7'ah) [L.]. Plural of ovum, an egg.
Oval ((/-cw/) \_ovu?ii , egg]. Elliptic; egg-shaped. O.
Amputation. See Alalgaigne ' s and Scoutettiii' s Am-
putations, in Operations, Table of.
Ovalbumin {p-val' -bu-inin) [ovum, egg; a!bumin'\.
The albumin of the egg.
Ovalescent (p-val-es' -ent) \ovalis, oval]. Somewhat
oval.
Ovaliform (o-val'-if-orin) \_ovalis, oval ; forma, form].
Oval-shaped.
Ovaloid [o'-val-oid) [ovalis, oval; tMof, like]. Re-
sembling an oval.
Ovaralgia [o-var-al' -je-ah). See Ovarialgia.
Ovarial [o-va'-re-al). See Ovarian.
Ovarialgia [o-va-re-aV -je-ah) \_ovarium, an ovary ;
a/ync, pain]. Pain in the ovaries.
Ovarialgic [o-va-re-al' -Jik) \ovarium, ovary; dz/of,
])aia]. Pertaining to, or affected with, ovarialgia.
Ovarian [o-va' -re-an) \_02'arium, an ovary]. Pertain-
ing to the ovaries. O. Center. See Dysmenorrhea.
O. Cyst, O. Cystoma, a cystic tumor of an ovary.
O. Dysmenorrhea. See Dysmenorrhea. O. Plexus,
the pampiniform plexus of the female. O. Preg-
nancy, extra-uterine pregnancy in which the ovum
resides in the ovary. O. Vesicle, in biology, the
gynophore or female gonophore of a polyp.
Ovaric (o-va' -rik). Synonym of Ovarian.
Ovariectomy (o-va-re-ek'-to-me) ovarium, ovary ;
hiTujui, excision]. Excision of an ovary ; oophorec-
tomy.
Ovariocele [o-'m' -re-o-sel) \_ovarium, ovary; mft^p,
tumor]. Tumor of the ovary ; hernia of an ovary.
O., Vaginal, invasion of the vaginal wall by one or
both ovaries.
Ovariocentesis (p-va-re-o-sen-te' -sis) [ovarium, ovary ;
Kti'Tz/rr/g, puncture]. Puncture of the ovary or of an
ovarian cyst.
Ovarioclasis (o-va-re-ok^-las-is) [oz'an'mn. ovary;
i('/nnir, a breaking]. The breaking up of an ovary.
Ovariocyesis {o-va' -re-o-si-e' -sis) \_ovarium, ovary;
Kf^ff/f, pregnancy]. Ovarian pregnancy.
Ovariodysneuria [o-va' -re-o-dis-nu' -re-ah) \ovarium,
ovary; f^vc-, painful; vcfpof, nerve]. Ovarian neu-
ralgia.
Ovario-hysterectomy ( o-va' - re-o-his-ter-ek' -to-me)
[ovarium, ovary; varipa, womb; iKTofi?/, excision].
Surgical removal of the ovaries and uterus.
Ovariole [o-va'-re-dl) [ovariolum , a small ovary]. In
biology, a small ovary, or one of the elements of a
composite ovary.
Ovariomania [o-va-re-o-ma'-ne-ah). Synonym of
Oophoromania.
OVARIONCUS
952
OVARY
Body of uterus.
Fallopian tube
Ovarioncus {o-va-re-ong' -kus) [ovariu??i, ovary ; oyKoc,
tumor] . An ovarian tumor.
Ovariorrhexis (o - va - re - or - eks'- is) \ovariinn , ovary ;
piliir, rupture]. Rupture of an
ovary.
Ovariosteresis [o-va-re-o-ster-e^ -sis)
\_0Tariiiiii , ovary; artpi/ai^, depriva-
tion] . Extirpation of an ovary.
Ovariotomist [p -va - re - of - o - »ns/)
[ovarium, ovary; TOfjij, a cutting].
One who performs ovariotomy and,
by extension, also oophorectomy.
Ovariotomy [o-va-re-ol' -o-me) \ovari-
Mii, ovary; ro///), a cutting]. Liter-
ally, incision of an ovary. Improp-
erly, the surgical removal of an
ovary ; synonymous with oophorec-
tomy. O., Abdominal, ovariotomy
through an abdominal incision. O.,
Normal, a term for Battey's opera-
tion, q. V. in Operations. Table of.
O., Vaginal, removal of an ovary through an incision
in the vault of the vagina.
Ovario-tubal (o-va' -re-o-tii' -bal) \ovariiun, ovary ; tuba,
tube]. Pertaining to the ovary and the oviduct.
Ovarism [o' -var-izm) \_o~'ariui?i, ovary]. The theory
that every animal organism is developed from an ovum.
Ovarist [o' -iiar-isi) \ovarinm, ovary]. One who be-
lieves in ovarism.
Ovaritis (o-var-i'-tis) \_ovarium, ovary; (r/f, inflamma-
tion]. Inflammation of the substance of an ovary.
It may be ParencJiyinatous or Follicular, or hiterstitial.
In the former, the contents of the ovarian follicles
become turbid and then purulent. This occurs in
the acute exanthemata and other diseases, and cannot
be recognized clinically. Interstitial ovaritis is usu-
ally a sequel of parturition, when it is a part of a
general septicemia. It occurs in three forms: (l)
serous; (2) suppurative or hemorrhagic ; and (3) ne-
crotic, the organ being converted into a brown pulp
with entire destruction of its tissue.
Ovarium [o-va'-re-um) [L. , ovary: pl.,Ovaria\ In
biology, an ovary or oophoron.
Ovariypertrophy [o-var-e-ip-er' -tro-fe). Synonym of
Oophorauxe.
Ovary (o'-var-e) \_ovarius, an egg-keeper ; ovarium, an
egg-producing organ ; ovum, egg]. The most im-
portant part of the female reproductive apparatus. A
glandular, secreting organ, giving rise to ova. In
woman it is a paired organ projecting from the pos-
terior surface of the broad ligament. Its weight is
about 100 grains. The right is usually a little larger
than the left. It consists of a parenchyma and a cap-
sule, or tunica albuginea. In the cortex of the former
are numbers of small vesicles called ovisacs or Graafian
follicles in which the ova are developed. In biology,
among the lower organisms {e. g. , Paramecium)
the nucleus gives rise to bodies analogous to ovules,
while in animals a grade higher, the undifferen-
tiated endoderm or mesoderm is the female germinal
layer (e. g., Forifera). Specialization follows localiza-
tion of function, and the parts of the body set aside
for the production of ova gradually take the form of
glands {germaria, ovaria), the products of which may
become detached from the spot where they are formed,
and pass into the somatic or body-cavity, or into the
digestive sac [e.g., Actina-, Folyzoa, Brachyopoda), or
even directly to the exterior {e.g., Echinidea, Proc-
tiicha. Nemestea). Gradually, as the animal scale is
ascended, ducts of a complicated character are found
to be added to the ovary proper. These ducts are not
primitively connected with the germinal glands, but
may be regarded as excretory organs which have
entered into the service of the genital organ. These
ducts [oviducts) become provided with appendages or
Posterior Aspect of Female Internal Genitalia.
2. Ovaries. 3. Left oviduct. 4 Fimbriated extremity of
5, 5. Broad ligaments. 6. Anterior vaginal cul-de-sac.
dilatations from which the ova get special envelops
{"yelk gland,^' "shell gland,^' oviducal gland,"
" nidaniental gland,'^ "accessory gland"), are fer-
tilized {sperntatheca , appendicular gland, fertilizing
pouch), or further developed {uterus). The relation
of the ovary to the testis varies greatly, and must also
be considered from the standpoint of differentiation.
In the lower animals, male and female reproductive
6
Section of Cortex of Cat's Ovarv, Exhibiting Large
Graafian Follicles.
a. Peripheral zone of condensed stroma. *. Groups of imma-
ture follicles, c. Theca of follicle, d. Membraiia granu-
losa, c- Discus proligerus. /. Zona pellucida. VitelUis.
h. Germinal vesicle, i. Germinal spot. i. Cavity of liquor
folliculi. {After Piersol.)
glands are so united with one another, that one and
the same gland produces both spermatozoa and ova
(" hermaphrodite <.;land," " oTotest/s," as in ^ynapta,
Helix, Uyahra, etc.). Thus, hermaphroditism is the
OVATE
953
OVOPLASM
primitive condition of the sexual apparatus, the pliylo-
genic and ontogenic precursor of sexual differentiation,
which is effected by the abortion or reduction of one
kind of sexual apparatus and lunction taking place at
very different stages in the organism, and often when
the sexual organs have attained a very high degree of
specialization, the human ovary becoming histologi-
cally recognizable about the sixth week, and readily
distinguished in a three-months embryo. 2. That
part of the pistil of a flower which produces and con-
tains the ovules and seeds. The ovarium or ger-
marinm. O., Irritable, an ovary the seat of inter-
mittent neuralgic pain.
Ovate [o'-vat) [ovatiis, egg-shaped]. Egg-shatped.
Oven i^Hv'-n) [o7'en, an oven]. An apparatus used in
bacteriologic laboratories for sterilizing culture-media,
for maintaining the cultures, etc., at a constant temper-
ature by an automatic mechanism. Those of Koch,
Pasteur, d' Arson val, and Babes are most used.
Over [o'-ver) [ME., over, over]. In a place higher
than a given object. O.-crowding, the dwelling to-
gether of too many persons in a locality, house, or
apartment, with the consequent failure in sanitary and
hygienic arrangements, whence result conditions favor-
able to the development and spread of certain diseases.
O.-eat, to surfeit with eating. O.-feed, to feed to
excess. O.-grown, grown too large. O.-laid, said of
a child suffocated by the parent lying on it. O.-lying
of Children, a frequent cause of death in infants irom
suffocation from one of the parents lying upon the
child while in an intoxicated condition or intention-
ally. O. -maximal, beyond the normal maximum, as
the over- maximal contraction of a muscle. (Fick.)
O. -pressure, applied chiefly to the school-system that
forces too long and continuous periods of study upon
the pupils, with consequent unhealthy conditions of
mind and body. O.-reach, to strike the toe of the
hind-foot against the heel or shoe of the fore-foot ; said
of a horse. O.-riding, overlapping of the broken
ends of a fractured bone. O.-sight. See Hyperme-
tropia. O.-strain, to strain to excess; a condition
resulting from exhausting effort. O.-toe, a variety of
Hallux varus in which the great toe overlies its fellows.
O. -tones, the notes represented by the vibrating sub-
divisions of a string ; harmonics. O.-work, Mental.
See ParatJiyinia.
Ovic (o'-znk') [<Joi', ovum, an egg]. Relating to an ovum.
0. Cell, in biology, a primitive ovum (the Urei of
German authors). Primitive ova exist in great num-
bers in cord-like ingrowths of the epithelium of the
ovary [P/lilgei-^ sckeii Schlduche) in which each ovic cell
finally becomes surrounded by a separate envelop of
epithelial cells, forming t\ie. primordial follicle.
I Ovicapsule [o-vik-ap'-sill) [_u)6v, ovu?n, egg; capsula,
capsule]. An egg-case, ovisac, or Graafian follicle.
Ovicell [o' -vis-el) \_i^6v, ovum, an egg; cella, a cell].
1. An unimpregnated ovum. 2. Same as Ovicyst.
Ovicyst (o' -vis-ist)\u6v , ovum, an egg ; Kvarig, a pouch].
In biology, the incubatory pouch of an ascidian or
polyzoan.
Ovicystic {p-vis-is' -tik') [uoi', 07>um, an egg ; Kvaric, a
j bladder]. Pertaining to an ovicyst.
Oviducal [o-vid-u' -kal), Oviducent {o-ve-dii' -sent)
\}iov, ovum, (///r^r, to lead]. Pertaining to the
oviduct, or its functions. O. Gland, an enlargement
of the oviduct in Sepia.
Oviduct [o' -vid-ukf) \jliov,ovum, egg; ductus, a. canal].
The Fallopian tube ; a small tube upon either side of
the uterus through which the ovule passes to the uterus.
O., Ampulla of, O., Pavilion of, the expanded
portion of the abdominal end of the oviduct, the
fringed edge of which is called the fimbria.
Oviferous {o-vif -er-us) [utir, ovum, an egg ; ferre, to
bear]. In biology, bearing eggs or ova.
Ovification [o-7<i f-ik-a' -shun) \_io6p, ovum, egg ; facere,
to make]. The production of ova.
Oviform [o'-vif-orm) [_(j}uv, ovum, egg; for ?na, {orm].
Egg-shaped ; oval.
Ovigenous {o-vij' -en-us) [yov, oi'um, egg; }ev//r, pro-
ducing]. Producing ova, as an ovary. O. Layer, the
outer layer of the ovary, in which the ovisacs contain-
ing the ova are situated.
Ovigerm (o' -vij-erm) \_i^6v, ovum, an egg ; germen,
sprout, bud]. In biology, an ovum, or ovicell.
Ovigerous [o-vij' -er-us) \_uov, ovum, egg ; gerere, to
carry]. Producing eggs or ova ; oviferous, ovigenous,
oviparous.
Ovination {o-vin-a' -sJiiin) \ovis, a sheep]. Inoculation
with the virus of sheep-pox. It has been employed
like equination and Pasteurism, as a substitute for
vaccination.
Oviparous (o-vip' -ar-us) \y6v, ovum, egg; parere, lo
bring forth]. Producing, or laying, eggs ; a term ap-
plied to those species of animals, the females of which
bring forth their young in the egg-stage of develop-
ment; incubated outside the body, as distinguished
from ovoviviparous , or viviparous.
Oviposit (('-W/-03''-//) \ih6v, ovum, an egg; positus, p.p.
of ponere, lay]. In biology, to lay or deposit eggs,
especially with an ovipositor, as an insect.
Oviposition {o-vip-o-zish' -un) \C^i)v,ovum, ≫ ponere,
to place]. In biology, the act of laying or deposit-
ing eggs by the females of oviparous animals.
Ovipositor [o-z'ip-oz' -it-or) [u ir, ovum, egg ; positor,
builder]. In biology, an organ, common among
insects, composed of several modified rings or somites,
forming the end of the abdomen, and employed in de-
positing the eggs in places fit for development.
Ovis [o'-vis) [L.]. Sheep.
Ovisac (p'-vis-ak) \Ci6v, ovum, egg; wrrz/^, sack]. In
biology, the capsule, sac, cyst, case, cell, or pod of an
individual ovum ; a Graafian follicle, an ovicell, ovi-
cy,st, ovicapsule.
Oviscapt [o' -vis-kapt) \_(i6v,ovum, an egg ; OKa-reiv, to
dig]. Same as Ovipositor.
Ovism [o' -vizm) \}mv, ovum, egg]. The doctrine that
the ovum encloses within itself in an undeveloped form
all the organs of the future being; the doctrine of
incasement, ij. v.
Ovispermary (o-vis-per' -mar-e') \pw, ovum, an egg ;
spermariuiii , spermary]. In biology, an ovotestis or
sexual organ producing both ova and spermatozoa.
Ovist [o'-vist) [(,)fir, ovum, egg]. In biology, an ad-
herent of the doctrine of incasement, q. v. ; an ovulist.
Ovoblast (o'-vo-l'last) \_t^v, ovum, ovum ; j-i'Aauro^,
germ]. The primordial ovum.
Ovococcus {o-vo-kok' -us) [g'oi', ovum, egg; k6kk.o(;,
berry: //. , Ovococci\ In biology, the nucleus of the
ovicell, or unimpregnated ovum.
Ovogenesis (o-vo-Jen' -es-is) \_(j6v, ovu?n , egg; yheatg,
genesis]. The process of the development or pro-
duction of the ovum.
Ovogenetic {o-vo-jen-et^-ik') [c)6v, o-'um, egg; yevvav,
to beget]. Pertaining to ovogenesis.
Ovogenous {o-voj' -en-us). Synonym of Ovogenetic.
Ovoid {o' -void) [cJoc, ovum, egg; f/dof, like]. Egg-
shaped. O., Fetal, the fetal ellipse, or the ellipse
formed by the bending of the fetal body in utero.
Ovolemma {o-vo-lem' -ah) [u(5i', ovum, egg ; J,qii/a,
bark]. The membrane surrounding the yolk of the
human egg.
Ovology {o-'aoF -o-je) [<dor, egg ; /'ifjyof, science].
Same as Oology.
Ovoplasm [o' -vo-plazm') [(.I'oi', oz>um, egg ; ■K'kaGtia,
OVOTESTICULAR
954
OXALETHYLIN
plasm]. The protoplasm of the unimpregnated ovum
or ovicell.
Ovotesticular (o-i>o-tes-tik'-n-/ar) [uoi', ovum, egg ;
testis, testicle]. Pertaining to an Ovotestis.
Ovotestis (()-t'y-/«'-//.t) \y6v, ovum , egg; testicle :
//. , Ovotcstes'^. In biology, a generative organ produc-
ing both male and female products ; an ovispermary,
as seen in opisthobranchiate Brancliiogasteropoda.
Ovoviviparity {o-vo-vi-vip-ar' -it-e) \_i^6v , ovicm , egg;
-I'iviparus, bringing forth alive]. The character of
being ovoviviparous.
Ovoviviparous (o-vo-vi-i'ip' -ar-us) [woi', ovum, egg ;
viviparus, bringing forth alive]. In biology, repro-
ducing by means of eggs incubated within the body,
as distinguished from oviparous and viviparous.
Ovula {o'-vu-lah) [L.]. Plural of Ovtdum. O. of
Naboth. See Ovule.
Ovular, Ovulary [o' -vu-lar, o' -vu-lar-e) \jmv, ovum,
egg]. Relating to an ovule or ovum.
Ovulate {o' -vu-lcit) \ovidum , a little egg]. In biology,
to produce ovules or discharge them from the ovary.
Ovuliferous.
OvyxiaXioTL^o-vu-la' -sIiuii)\_ovuhtin , dim. of o£«/«,egg].
The maturation and escape of the ovum.
Ovule yo'-vul) [wo!', ovum, egg]. In biology: {d) A
small ovum or animal egg; (/')a young or rudimentary
seed. O., External Migration of, the transfer of an
ovule from the right ovary to the left oviduct, or from
the left ovary to the right oviduct. O., Membrana
granulosa of, the layer of stratified follicular epithe-
lium lining the cavity of the ovisac. The prominence
formed at one side is called the cumulus ovi^s^erus,
or discus proligerus. O., Migration of, the transfer
of the ovule from the ovary to the oviduct. O. of
Naboth, one of the small cysts resulting from obstruc-
tion of the ducts of the glands of the cervix of the
uterus. O., Polar Cells of, certain cells thrown off
upon the surface of the vitellus of the unimpreg-
nated ovum. O., or Cell, Primordial, one of the
primitive ovules in the substance of the ovary. O.,
Tunica granulosa of, the layer surrounding the
ovum.
Ovuliferous [o-vu-lif -cr-us) \o7>ulum, a little egg; an
ovule; y^'/rc, to bear]. In biology, ovule-bearing.
Ovuligerous (o-vu-lij'-er-tis). Same as Ovuliferous.
Ovulist (o'-vti-list) [<jof, ovum, an egg]. In biology,
an adherent of the doctrine of incasement, q. v. ; an
ovist.
Ovulurn [o' -vu-luiii) [L. : //. , O-'ula^. An ovule.
See Ovule.
Ovum (o'-vwii) \jli()v , ovum , K\\ egg: //. , Otv?]. In
biology, the female reproductive cell of an animal ; the
egg. It consists of protoplasm (\\\& yolk'), and a nucleus
(the germinal vesicle) in the unfertilized ovum. It is
either naked or covered by one or more membranes
and e7ivelops, which either originate from the egg itself,
constituting real primary yolk or egg-integuments, or
from the surrounding parietal tissues, constituting sec-
ondary or accessory egg-envelops. Ova arise in special
organs of the metazoan body called o^'aria or germaria.
The nucleus or germinal vesicle (ziesicula germinativa)
is of relatively great size, and central or peripheral in
situation. It consists of a distinct membrane and an en-
closed nuclear Jluid, in which lie one or more solid
nucleoli ox germinal spots [maculce germinativie), which
may be connected by an intranuclear network of fine
threads. The protoplasm consists of fine, firm particles,
forming the threads and meshes of a fine network, the
spongioplasm, within which is the more iluid Iiyaloplasm.
This constitutes the formative yolk, besides which
there is frequently ]iresent nutrient material in the form
of drops of fat or oil, and small plates or spheres which
form the deuteroplasm , or nutritii'e yolk. This is rarely
absent ; usually it is present in considerable quantity.
Eggs are distinguished as (A) Alecithal, in which the
food-yolk is entirely absent, or present only in very
small quantity. (B) Telolecithal, in which the food-
yolk and the formative yolk divide the egg into two
hemispheres, called respectively the vegetative and the
animal ; or in which the quantity of the nutritive yolk is
greatly in e.xcess, the formative yolk being but a seg-
ment or mass at the animal pole, in which lies the germ-
inal vesicle. In both cases a thin layer of jirotoplasm
spreads over the entire surface of the ovum. (C)
Centrolecithal, in which the formative yolk is ar-
ranged in a regular layer around the whole ovum, as
well as in a mass at the center of the ovum in which
lies the germinal vesicle. The region between the
central and the peripheral formative yolk is more or
less completely occupied by deuteroplasm. The distri-
bution of formative yolk and food-yolk affects the germ-
inative phenomena. When the food-yolk is scant and
more or less thoroughly intermingled with the forma-
tive yolk, germination is accompanied by a practically
uniform segmentation and the egg is called Itoloblastic,
e.g., as in all mammals except monotremes, and in
some invertebrates, e.g., spiders. When the formative
yolk and the food-yolk are separated into more or less
well-defined masses, the segmentation is less symmetric
and uniform and is called meroblastic. The egg en-
velops are divided into : (l) Prijiiary envelops, yoW-
membranes ; these are sometimes double, perforated by
numerous pores (zona radiata) and occasionally there is
a special opening, the micropyle. (2) Secondary acces-
sory envelops, some of which are formed by the ovum
itself. O., Apoplectic, one the seat of a hemorrhagic
extravasation. O., Blighted, an impregnated ovum
the development of which has been arrested by disease
or by hemorrhage into the chorion or amniotic cavity.
O.-cycIe, an ovum-product. O., Male, certain cells
found in diverticula of the seminiferous tubules,
considered to be rudimentary or imperfect spermato-
zoa. O., Meroblastic, an ovum with a large amount
of food-yolk which takes no active pari in the devel-
opment of the embryo. O., Permanent, the fully
developed ovum capable of being fertilized. O., Pri-
mordial. See Egg-cells. O. -product, the whole
product of an ovum.
Owen's Fissures. See Fissures, Table of. O.'s Line.
See Lines, Table of.
Ox [oks) [ME., oxe',OY.\ The adult male of the Aw
faurus ; a bull. O.-acid. Same as Oxyacid. O.-
bile. Same as (9.-,^'V7//. O. -eyed, having large, full
eyes. O.-fly, tlie bot-fly (Ilypoderma bovis), which
infests cattle. O.-foot, in farriery, the hind foot of
a horse when the horn cleaves just in the middle of
the fore part of the hoof from the coronet to the shoe.
O.-gall. See Fel bovis. O. -warble, a fly trouble-
some to cattle ; also called heel-fly. See Ilypoderma
bovis under Parasites {Animal ), Table of.
Oxalantin {oks-al-an' -tin) [ofiV, acid; Ger., alatU,
elecampane], C„H„Np,;. Leukoturic acid; an acid
obtained by the action of zinc and HCl upon oxalyl
urea. It occurs in crystalline crusts, sparingly soluble
in water.
Oxalate (oks'-al-at) [oia'A'i^, sorrel]. Any salt of oxalic
acid. In the plural, the term usually refers to calcium
oxalate, which is found in the urine under certain con-
ditions.
0-x.a.\e:m{a. (oks - al - e'- me - all) [ofaX/f, sorrel; aijia,
blood]. Excess of the oxalates, or of oxalic acid, in
the blood.
Oxalethylin (oks-al-etld -il-in) [of/'C acid ; cWiip, ether;
vAri, matter], C,;H,„N.^. An oily liquid boiling at
OXALIC
955
OXYCAULORRHEA
2I3°C. It is soluble in water, in chloroform, and in al-
cohol, is poisonous, and stimulant to the cardiac centers.
Oxalic (pks-al' -ik) [cifa/'t((;, sorrel]. Pertaining to wood-
sorrel. See Acid, Oxalic.
Oxalimid [oks - al' - im - id) [ofaPi/f, sorrel; amiii\,
(C0)2NH. A substance obtained from oxamic acid.
It dissolves with difficulty in cold water and crystallizes
from hot water in shining needles.
Oxalis [oks'-al-is) [ji^akig, sorrel]. A genus of plants,
including the plant familiarly known as wood-sorrel
(0. acetoselld). Many of the species contain oxalic
acid.
Oxalmethylin [oks-al-nielh' -il-in) [6,fa/l/f, sorrel ; ^»ra,
with; i>/l?/, matter], C^HgN.^. A substance .identical
with methyl glyoxalin ; it is a strongly alkaline liquid,
boiling at 195-199° C. It solidifies in the cold, and
melts at 5° C.
Oxalpropylin (pks-al-pro' -pil-iti) [ofaA/f , sorrel ; -pu-
T0(;, first ; ttiup, fat]. A compound from propyl and o.x-
amid. It stimulates reflex activity.
Oxaluria (oks-al-u' -rc-ali) [ofaX/c, sorrel; oupov, urine].
A term used to indicate the presence of calcium ox-
alate in the urine in an undue amount. There is a
white deposit on standing. It occurs in the urine of
hypochondriacal and depressed patients, and in that
of gouty patients. Excessive venery and masturba-
tion will produce it, as also will the ingestion of certain
foods, as rhubarb.
Oxaluric (oks-al-ii' -rik) [6fa/t/f, sorrel ; ovpov, urine].
Derived from urea and oxalic acid. O. Acid, C.^H^-
; an acid normally present in the urine ; it occurs
as a white or yellowish crystalline powder, having an
acid taste.
Oxalyl [oks'-al-il) [ofa/l/f, sorrel; 'v/r/, matter], Cfj.^.
The hypothetic radicle of oxalic acid.
Oxalyurea (oks-al-e-u-re' -ah) [ofaA/f, sorrel ; ovpov,
urine]. Parabamic acid. An acid derived by oxidiz-
ing uric acid or alloxan with nitric acid.
Oxamate {oks' -aiu-at ) [ofa/,/f, sorrel ; a>iiiii\. Any
salt of oxamic acid.
Oxamic Pi.z\.di{oks-aiii' -ik). See Acid.
Oxamid (oks-am'-id) [ofaX/f, sorrel; amid'], CjO.,-
(NH.^)^. A compound that separates as a white, crys-
talline powder when neutral oxalic acid is shaken
with aqueous ammonia ; it is insoluble in water and
in alcohol.
Oxamidin {oks - am - id' - in) [ofa/i/f, sorrel; aiiiia'\.
Amidoxim ; an amidin in which one Il-atom of the
amid-group or imid-group is replaced by hydroxyl ;
the oxamidins are crystalline, unstable bodies, which
readily break up into hydroxylamin and acid amids or
acids.
Oxamilic Acid {oks-am-il'-ik) [(j^7?//f, sorrel], C3H,-
NO3. A crystalline substance melting at 150° C.
Oxazotic (o/«-ac-o'-///{-). Synonym of A'iVr/c. [Old.]
Oxeronosus [oks - er - on' - 0- sus) {h^'vQ, sharp; voaoc,
disease]. A diseased state depending on an accumu-
lation of acid in the body.
Oxid (oks' -id) [of I't', sharp]. Any binary combination
of oxygen and another element or radicle.
Oxidant {oizs' ■id-ant)\t)^'vc,2LZ\A'\. An oxidizing agent.
Oxidate [oks'-id-at) [ofcf, acid]. To convert into an
oxid.
Oxidation [oks-id-a' -shun) [oftV, sharp]. In chemis-
try, the process of the atomic combination of oxygen
with any other element.
Oxidize [oks'-id-iz) [of/'f, sharp]. In chemistry, to
cause to combine with oxygen.
Oxidized [oks'-id-tzd) [6ft»f, sharp]. Combined with
oxygen.
Oximido-compounds [ok^-im-id' -o-kom' -potundz) . See
Isonilroso-compoiutds.
Oxindol [oks-in' -dol) [oft'f, sharp; indiciim, indigo],
CgHjNO. A substance produced in the reduction of
aceto-amido-mandelic acid with HCI. It crystallizes
from hot water in colorless needles, and melts at 120°
C.
Oxisalt [oks'-e-sa'ejli) [of/'f, sharp; ME., salt, salt].
A salt of an acid containing oxygen.
Oxonic Acid [oks-on' -ik) [ofi'f, sharp]. A derivative
of uric acid not yet obtained in the pure state.
Oxter (oks'-ter) [AS. , o/zj/rt, the armpit]. The axilla,
or armpit.
Oxy- [oks'-e-) [oji'if, sour or sharp]. A prefix denoting
chemic combination with oxygen. O. Acids, acids
containing oxygen. O.-salt, in chemistry, any salt
containing oxygen in combination with both a base and
an acid. O. -sulphate, a basic salt formed by a com-
bination of a basic oxid and the sulphate of the same
element or radicle.
Oxyacanthin [oks-e-ak-an'-f/tin) [of sharp ; anavda,
spine], C.,.^H,^gNOj[ (?). An alkaloid of Barberry,
occurring in small quantities.
Oxyacanthous (oks-e-ak-an' -thus) [of ('f , sharp ; anavda,
a spine]. In biology, possessing sharp thorns or
prickles.
0-x.ya.c^X.\c PlCiA. (oks-e-as-e'-tik). See Acid, Glycollic.
Oxyacoa [oks-e-ak-o'-ak). See O.xyakoia.
Oxyacusis [oks-e-ak-u'-sis). Synonym of PTvperacusis.
Oxyaesthesia [oks-e-es-t/ie' -ze-ah). See Oxyesthesia.
Oxyakoia, Oxyacoa [oks-e-ak-oi' -ah, oks-e-ak-o' -ah)
[of I'f, shar|5 ; iiKoi/, hearing]. A state of the auditory
sense in which there is an increased capacity for the
detection of sounds of very low pitch. There may be
also a subjective sensation of hearing an acute sound.
Oxyamygdalic AciA.(oks-e-am-ig'-dal-ik) [ofi'f, sharp;
d/ivy6a/:r/, almond], CgHgO^. A crystalline body
found in the urine in cases of acute yellow atrophy of
the liver.
Oxyanthraquinone (oks -e-an- thrak - 7vin'- d/i) [ of I'f,
acid; o/'6'/OTf, coal ; Sp. , t/uina, bark]. Any one of
the numerous hydroxyl compounds of anthraquinone.
The various derivatives are distinguished by a prefix
corresponding to the number of hydroxyl molecules
present.
Oxyaphia {oks-e-a' -fe-ah) [of/'f, acute ; di^//, touch].
Abnormal acuteness of the sense of touch.
Oxyarteritis [oks-e-ar-ter i'-tis) [of iOf , sharp ; aprepia,
trachea; ctic;, inflammation]. An acute arteritis.
Oxyarthritis (oks-e-ar-thri'-tis) [of if , acute ; apBpov,
a joint ; itic;, inflammation]. An acute arthritis.
Oxybase (oks' -e-luls) [of I'f , sharp ; basis, base]. A
basic oxid.
Oxyblepsia (oks-e-blep' -se-ah) [of/'f , sharp ; p'AiTretv, to
see]. Acuteness of vision.
Oxybolia (oks-e-bo' -le-ah) [ofk-, quick ; fioAr], a throw].
Premature ejaculation of semen.
Oxybracteate (oks-e-brak' -te-at) [ofyfj sharp; bractea,
a thin plate]. In biology, having sharp bracts.
OyLyhxor\c't\ilis(oks-e-bron!f-ki'-tis) [of rr , sharp; l^poyx'Kt
bronchus; (r/f, inflammation]. An acute bronchitis.
Oxybutyric Acid (oks-e-bu-ti'-/-ik)[o£i<g , acid ; butvni//i,
butter], C^H^O,,. A fatty acid found in the urine in
certain fevers, and especially in diabetes. Its pres-
ence in the body in diabetes, simultaneously with that
of diacetic acid, is supposed to be the cause of diabetic
coma. The oxybutyric acid of diabetic urine is levo-
rotatory.
Oxycannabin (oks-e-kan' -ab-in) [ofrr, acid; cannabis,
hemp], C„flH.,„N.^O,. A crystalline substance pro-
duced when cannabin is treated with nitric acid.
Oxycarpous (oks-e-kar' -pus) [ of i'C, sharp ; Kap-Kog,
fruit]. In biology, bearing sharp-pointed fruit.
0'X.yc.aL\AQTt):iea.(oks-e-ka%ol-oy e' -cih) [oft'f, sharp; nav-
OXYCEPHALIA
956
OXYLIENITIS
"koc,, the penis ; po'ia, a flow]. Acute blennorrhea in
the male.
Oxycephalia [oks-is-ef-a' -le-ah) [of/'f, sharp ; Ketpa'Ali,
head]. The character of a skull that is high and
pointed ; hypsicephaly.
Oxycephalus (oks-is-ef -al-us). See Oxycephalia.
Oxycephaly [oks-is-ef -al-e). See Oxycephalia.
Oxychilous, Oxycheilous (oks-ik-i'-liis) [ofif , sharp ;
^^•t^Xof, the li])]. In biology, having sharp lips, g.,
certain shells.
Oxychinaseptol (oks-ik-i}t-as-ep' -tol ) . See Diaphtherin.
Oxychlorid {^oks - ik - lo' - rid) [ofi'f, acid; ;f/ltjpdf,
green]. A salt of an element or radicle containing
both oxygen and chlorin.
Oxycinchonin [oks-is-iii'- ko-nin) [ofi'C, acid; cin-
clioiia^, C.^(|H,^^N.30.^. An isomer of quinin.
Oxycinesis {oks-is-in-e' -sis). Same as Acrociiiesis.
Oxycitric Acid [oks-is-it' -rik). See Acid.
Oxycollidin (oks - ik - ol' - id -i)i) [ofi'f, sharp; Ko/Cka
glue], CgHjiNO. One of the alkaloids of cod-
liver oil. See MorrJiuolins.
Oxycoumarin [oks-ik-u' -mar-in). See Unibelliferon.
Oxycyanid [oks-is-i' -an-id) [6^i>f, sharp; /cuam; , blue] .
A product of the union of an aldehyd with hydrogen
cyanid.
Oxyd [oks' -id). Synonym of Oxid.
Oxydactyl [oks-id-ak' -til) [of/'C, sharp; (5d/crw?.of, a
linger or toe]. In biology, having slender digits.
Oxydant (oks' -id -ant) [ofwf, sharp]. An oxidating
agent.
Oxyderces (oks-id-er'-sez) [ofi'f, sharp; (UpKeaDat, to
see clearly]. Sharp-sighted; producing keenness of
vision.
Oxydercia {oks-id-er' -se-ah) [dfi'if, sharp; dipKeadai, to
see clearly]. Keenness of vision.
Oxydiabrosis (oks -id-i-ab-ro'-sis) [of/'f, sharp; 6ia-
Spuatt;, ulceration]. A rapidly progressing ulcera-
tion.
Oxydimorphin (oks-id-im-or' -fin) [of lOf, sharp ; Mor-
pheus, the god of sleep], C^^HjgNjOg. A finely
crystalline derivative of morphin.
Oxydoid [oks'-id-oid) [o.;iOf, sharp ; f«5of, like]. Re-
sembling an oxid.
Oxydulated [oks-id' -u-la-ted) [ofwf, sharp.] Partially
or slightly oxidized.
Oxydum (oks'-id-iii/t). See Oxid.
Oxyacoia (oks-e-ek-oi' -ah). Synonym of Oxyakoia.
Oxyencephalitis (pks-e-en-sef-al-i' -lis) [dfi'f, acute ;
(yKf:<pn'/ (h;, brain; itk;, inflammation]. Acute en-
cephalitis.
Oxyendocarditis (oks-e-en-do-kar-di' -lis) [of , sharp ;
h'^ov, within ; KapiVia, the heart ; irig, inflamma-
tion]. Acute endocarditis.
Oxyenteritis (oks-e-e7i-/er-i'-tis) [ofi'f , sharp ; eprepov,
intestine; ;r;f, inflammation]. Acute enteritis.
Oxyepatitis (oks - e - ep - at- i' - tis) [ofi'f, sharp; y/Trap,
liver; /7/r, inflammation]. Acute hepatitis.
Oxyesthesia [oks-e-es-the' -ze-ali) [ofi'f, sharp ; aldrjoi^,
sensation]. A condition of increased acuity of sen-
sibility.
Oxyformobenzoilic Acid [oks-if-or-ino-ben-zo-il' -ik)
[ofwf, acid; formica, an ant; benzoin'], C^V{^0^.
An acid said to be found in the body in acute yellow
atrophy of the liver.
Oxygala (oks - ig'- al - ah) [ofrf, sour; yala, milk].
.Sour milk.
Oxygastromenia (oks-ig-as-tro-mc'-ne-ah) [ofrf, sharp;
yanri/p, the belly; /n/viam, the menses]. Sudden,
vicarious menstruation from the stomach.
Oxygen (oks'-ij-en) [ofi'f, acid; ytvvav, to produce].
O = 15.96; quantivalence 11. One of the elements.
See Elements, Table of. It is a colorless, tasteless,
odorless gas, constituting one-fifth of the atmosphere,
eight-ninths of water, three-fourths of organized
bodies, and about one-half the crust of the globe. It
is characterized by its affinity for the other elements,
with every one of which it unites, excepting fluorin.
It is an active element in the oxy-acids, and in all the
alkaline hydrates. In organic chemistry it unites with
radicles and forms alcohols, ethers, and their deriva-
tives. Oxygen is inhaled as a therapeutic agent in
diseases of the respiratory organs and blood. It is
essential to respiration ; its combination with the tis-
sues yields heat and otlier energy. Combustion is
also dependent upon it, consisting of a rapid oxida-
tion, with the evolution of heat and light. It exists
also in an allotropic form known as ozone.
Oxygenated (oks' -ij-en-a-ted) [ofrf , acid ; yetwav, to
produce]. Containing or provided with oxygen.
Oxygenation (oks-ij-en-a' -shun) [of/'if, acid ; yevvdv,
to produce]. The saturation of a substance with
oxygen, either by chemic combination or by mixture.
Oxygenesis (oks-ij-en'-es-is) [of/'f , acid ; yevvhv, to
produce: //., Oxygetieses]. Baumes' name for any
disease due to alteration of the normal quantity of
oxygen in the blood.
Oxygenic (oks-if-en'-ik) [ofi'f, acid ; yevvav, to pro-
duce]. Producing acids.
Oxygenized (oks' -ij-en-tzd). Synonym of Oxygenated.
Oxygenometer (oks-ij-en-om'-et-er). Same as Eudi-
ometer.
Oxygeusia {oks-ig-u' -se-ah) [of/'f, acute ; yevai.Q, taste].
Marked acuteness of the sense of taste.
Oxyglossitis (oks-ig-los-i'-tis) [o^vq, acute ; yAuaaa, a
tongue; <r/f, inflammation]. Acute glossitis.
Oxygnathous (oks-ig'-na-thus) [ofi'i?, sharp ; yviiBo^,
jaw]. In biology, applied to molluscs in which the
jaws are smooth or nearly so.
Oxyhaloid (oks-e-hal'-oid) [of i f, acid ; d/f , salt ; fMof,
like]. A compound of an element or radicle with j
oxygen and a halogen. |
Oxyhematin (oks-e-hem' -at-in). Synonym of Hema-
tin. \
Oxyhemoglobin (oks - e - hem - o - glo' - bin) [dfi'if, acid;
(iiiia, blood ; globus, a round body]. Hemoglobin
united, molecule for molecule, with oxygen. It is
the characteristic constituent of the red-corpuscles
to which the scarlet color of arterial blood is due.
It may be obtained in crystalline form, the crystals
not being so pleochroic as are those of hemoglobin.
Oxyhemoglobin forms from 86 to 94 per cent, of
dry, red, human blood-corpuscles.
0-&y\\ydLXO%e.n (oks - e - hi' - dro -jen) [of I'f , acid ; w5(,)/3,
water; ytivvav, to produce]. A mixture, in gaseous
form, of oxygen and hydrogen. O. Blowpipe, a
blowpipe in which the heat is obtained by the com- j
bustion of a mixture of oxygen and hydrogen. Ihe
heat produced is intense. \
Oxyhydroparacoumaric Acid (oks-e-hi' -dro-par-ak-u- ^
mar'-ik] [of/'c, acid; viSup. water; ~(ipa, beside; ]
coumariu']. A complex substance believed to be j
formed in the body by the decomposition of tyrosin. j
Oxyicterus (oks - e - ik'- tcr - us) . [of /'f . sharp ; hirepou j
jaundice]. Intense acute jaundice. |
Oxyiodid (oks-e-i' -o-did ) [df/'C, acid; Jwd//?, like |
violet]. A salt containing both oxygen and lodin j
united to an element or radicle. _ j
Oxylaryngitis (ol-i-il-nr-in-ji'-tis) [dfiV, sharp ; Aapvy^, j
larvnx; /r/f, inllamniation]. Acute laryngitis. I
Oxyleukotin (<'/-.f /■<'-//«) [dfiV, acid; ?^ew£6f. j
white], C.„H.|.p,2. A substance found in Parncoto- |
bark.
OxyWeniUs (oks-il-i-en-i' -tis) [df/'c, sharp ; spleen; 1
erif, inflammation]. Acute inflammation of the spleen, j
OXYLINOLEIC ACID
957
OZOUF'S APPARATUS
Oxylinoleic Acid [oks-i/-in-o-le'-ik) [of('f , acid ; Hnnin,
flax; oleum, oil], C[gH,gO-. A compound derived
from linoleic acid by oxidation.
Oxylizaric Acid [o/is-i/-!z-ar^-/7c) [of uf, acid ; /izari,
madder]. A synonym of purpurin ; also a distinct
compound found in madder.
Oxymastitis (o/cs-i//i-as-/i^ -/is) [o.;i)t-, sliarp ; /uaaroc:, a
breast; (7(i-, inflammation]. Acute mastitis.
Oxymel (o/C'j''-z;«-<?/) [o^ of, sharp ; honey]. Honey
mixed with vinegar or dilute acetic acid. O. of
Squill, the same, prepared with vinegar of squill.
Oxymeter (oks-im' -et-er"). Same as Eudiometer.
Oxymetritis (oks - im - et - ri'- lis) [o.f/'f, sharp ; ftr/rpa,
womb; (r;^', inflammation]. Acute metritis.
Oxymetrorrhea (oks - im - et - ror - e'- ah) [o^uCt sharp;
liijTjM, womb; poia, a flow]. Acute metrorrhea.
Oxymorphin (oks-im-or' -fiii) . Same as Pseudomorpkin.
Oxymyelitis [oks-im-i-el-i' -tis) [of yf, sharp ; nve'Ao^,
marrow ; (nf, inflammation]. Acute myelitis.
Oxymyitis {oks-i?iii-i'-tis) [of ur, sharp ; /ii>f, muscle;
ir/f, inflammation]. Acute myitis.
Oxynaphthoic Acid (oks - in - af- tho'- ik). See Acid,
Alpha -oxynapkthoic.
Oxynaphthol (^oks-in-af -thol) [of inf, acid ; ndtfiHa, as-
phaltum], C,|,HgO.^. A derivative of naphthol existing
in two isomeric forms.
Oxynarcotin [oks-in-ar^ -kot-in) [of yf, acid ; vapKUTiKor,
narcotic], C22H.^.jNOg. A crystalline alkaloid de-
rived from narcein.
Oxyneurin (pks-in-u' -riti). See Bctain.
Oxynosema [oks-in-o-se' -/iiah) [oft'f, sharp; v6ar/ua, a
sickness]. Any acute sickness.
Oxynosos i^oks-in-o' -sos) [ofyf, sharp; uoffof, disease].
An acute disease.
Oxyntic {oks-in'-tik) [ofvirdf (b^vvetv), to make sharp,
to make acid]. Rendering acid. O. Cells, the acid-
fixing cells of Langley ; cells of the fundus-glands of
the stomach ; see Delomorphous Cells of Kollet. O.
Gland, any acid-secreting gland.
Oxynusos (oks-iii-u' -sos) [of cf, sharp ; vuvauc, disease].
Any acute disease.
Oxynvitic Acid {oks-in-vit'-ik). See Acid.
Oxyopia {oks-e-o' pe-ah) [of (if, sharp; ui/), eye]. More
than ordinary acuity of vision.
Oxyopy [oks'-e-o-pe). Same as Oxyopia.
Oxyosphrasia [oks-e-os-fra' -ze-ah). Same as Oxvos-
phresici.
Oxyosphresia (pks-e-os-fre'- ze-ah) [of (if , sharp ; otr-
(l>pr/atg, smell]. Marked or abnormal acuteness of
smell.
Oxyphenic Acid {oks-if-en' -ik). Synonym of Pyro-
catechin.
Oxyphile [oks'-if-il) [of/'f, sharp; <p'v~a7mv, leaf]. In
biology, Ehrlich's term for histologic elements that
attract acid dyes, ordinarily called eosinophilous. The
opposite of hasophile or basophilons elements, which
attract basic dyes.
Oxyphlegmasia [oks-if-leg-ma' ■ ze-ah) [ ()f (''f , sharp;
ipAeyiwma, inflammation]. An acute inflammation.
Oxyphonia {oks-if-o' -ne-ah) [ofiif, sharp ; i^uivii, voice].
Shrillness of voice.
Oxyphyllous [oks-if-il' -us) [<jf('f, sharp ; <^'vXhov, aleaf].
In biology, having acuminated leaves.
Oxypyridin [oks-ip-ir' -id-in) [(ifrf, acid; nvp, fire],
C5H5NO. A derivative of pyridin existing in three
isomeric forms.
Oxyquinin [oks-ik-win'-iii] [6fj;f, acid; S. Amer.,
quina, bark], C2„H.j^N20.,. An alkaloid resulting
when quinin sulphate is boiled with potassium nitrite.
Oxyquinizin [oks-ik-tvin' -iz-in) [(jf/'f, acid: S. Amer.,
quina, bark], C^HgN./J. An oxidation-product of
quinizin.
Oxyquinolin [oks-ik-win' -o-lin). See Carlwstyril.
Oxyregmia (oks-ir-eg' -me-ah) [of ('f , acid ; tpvyyLuq, eruc-
tation]. Acid eructation.
Oxyrhine (oks'-ir-in) [('(f/'f, sharp; pic, nose]. In
biology, possessing a sharp-pointed nose, or snout;
having an acute olfactory sense.
Oxysaccharum [oks-is-ak' -aj-~icm) [ofi'f, sharp ; aiiKxa-
pov, sugar] . A mixture of vinegar and sugar.
Oxysepsis (oks-is-ep'-sis) [ofuf, acid; (jz/i/xr, putrefac-
tion]. Putrefaction during which acids are developed ;
also, riie decomposition following quickly after death.
Oxysitia (oks-is-ish'-e-ali) [ofijf, acid; ciToq, food].
Acidity of the stomach.
Oxyspartein [oks-e-spai-i-ie-in) [of iif , sharp ; aTvnprov,
Spanish broom]. A derivative of spartein ; it is a
cardiac stimulant.
Oxystrychnin [oks-is-trik' -nin) [ofyf, acid; aTpvx''og,
a plant of the nightshade family], C.2iH2gN.20Y. An
alkaloid produced by boiling strychnin sulphate with
potassium nitrite.
Oxytartarus (oks-it-ar' -tar-us). Synonym of Potassium .
Acetate.
Oxytes (oks'-it-ez) [((f('f, acid]. Acidity.
Oxytocic {oks-it-os' -ik) [(jf(if, sharp; Toiiog, labor]. I.
Hastening parturition ; ocytocic. 2. A drug that
hastens childbirth by stimulating uterine contraction ;
an ocytocic.
Oxytocous (oks-it-ok'-us). See Oxytocic.
Oxytolyltropin {oks-it-ol-iF -ti-o-pin). Same as Homat-
ropin.
Oxyuricide {^oks-e-u' -ris-id) [ofi'f, sharp; nvpa, tail;
ccedere, to kill]. Any anthelmintic that is destructive
to worms of the genus Oxynris, or pinworms.
Oxyuris {oks-e-u' -ri.<:) [(vf/'f, sharp; nhpd, tail]. A
genus of nematode worms founded by Rudolph, in
1809; the pinworms. See Parasites [Animal ) , Table
of.
Ozena [o-ze' -nah) [oCaiva; 60/, a stench]. Chronic
disease of the nose accompanied by a fetid discharge.
See Rhinitis, Chronic Atrophic.
Ozenacoccus (p-ze-nak-ok' -us) \bZ,aiva, ozena ; kokkoq,
a grain]. The Micrococcus lonvenbergii. 'i^e Bacteria,
Svnonvmatic Table of.
Ozocerite (o-zo-se' -rit). See Ozokerite.
Ozochrotous (p-zok' -ro-tus) [6C;/, stench ; ,tP"?> skin].
Having a baci-smelling skin.
Ozokerite (o-zo-ke'-rti) [oCv, smell; Mpog, wax]. A
solid paraffin found free in Galicia and Roumania.
It is also called mineral 'Max. It is like resinous
wax in consistence and translucency, of a brown or
brownish-yellow color, and of a pleasantly aromatic
odor.
Ozone [o'-zon) \_bCeip, to smell]. An allotropic form
of oxygen, its molecule having the structure C).,. It is
present in the atmosphere in small quantities, being
produced constantly by the evaporation of water, by
electric discharges, and in the growth of chlorophyl-
containing plants. It is also formed during the slow
oxidation of phosphorus, of turpentine and other es-
sential oils. It is an active oxidizing agent, possess-
ing bleaching and antiseptic properties.
Ozonization (o-zo-niz-a'-shun) [jKeiv, to smell]. The
act of ozonizing, or of impregnating with ozone.
Ozonized (o'-zo-mzd) \_b^i:iv, to smell]. Containing
ozone.
Ozonometer {o-zo-nom' -et-er) [6>(i', to smell ; pii-pov,
measure]. A device for use in estimating tlie propor-
tion of ozone in the atmosphere.
Ozostomia (0 - zos - to'- me - ah) [6C??, stench ; aro'ia,
mouth]. A foul odor from the mouth, or the breath.
Ozouf s Apparatus. An apparatus for charging water
with CO.^ bv the intermittent method.
p
958
PACHYPOD
P
P. Used in chemic nomenclature as the symbol of
phosphorus.
Pabular {/>i7i'- u -/a r) [pafiu/u/fi , {ood~\. Of, pertaining
to, or of the nature of, pabulum.
Pabulation [ pah-n-la' -shun) \_pabiilari, to graze]. I.
The act of feeding. 2. Same as Pabuhtm.
Pabulin [pab' -u-lin)\_pabuluni,ioodL\. An albuminous
and fatty substance present in the blood immediately
after the process of digestion.
Pabulous \pab' -ii-lus). Sam£ as Pabular.
Pabulum [pab' -u-luin) [L.]. Food. Anything nutri-
tive.
Pacchionian Bodies, or Pacchioni's Glands [pak-e-
o'-iie-an) [after Pacchio)ii , an Italian anatomist, 1665-
1726]. A name given to certain granulations, produced
by the increased growth of the villi of the arachnoid.
See Gland. The bodies are found along the superior
longitudinal sinus ; along the margin of the fissure of
Sylvius ; on the surface of the pia ; on the posterior and
antero inferior parts of the posterior lobe of the cere-
brum ; in the interior of the superior longitudinal sinus.
They not infrequently contain small, hard, calcareous
concretions, called "brain-sand." P. Fossae, or De-
pressions, the pit-like depressions on the cerebral
surface of the skull, produced by the pressure of the
Pacchionian bodies. See Depression.
Pacchionius, Foramina of. See Foramina, Table of.
Pachemia (pal- e'-iiie-ah). Synonym of Paclivemia.
Pachismus [pak-iz'-nms) \_-axv(;, thick]. Thickening ;
induration.
Pachulosis [pak-u-lo'-sis). See Pachylosis.
Pachy- i^pak'-e-) [/raxt'f, thick], A prefix, denoting
thick.
Pachyacria { pak-e-ak' -re-ah) [7ra;^'!)f, thick ; aKpog, ex-
tremity]. Synonym oi Akromegaly.
Pachyaemia [ pak-e-e' -me-aJi). See Pachyemia.
Pachyblepharon {pak - e - blef - ar - on) [-Ta^i'?, thick ;
j3Xf(fiaiHiv, the eyelid]. Thickening of the eyelids
arising from the presence of tubercles or some inflam-
matory process.
Pachyblepharosis { pak-e-blef-ar-o' -sis) \'Kaxv<^, thick ;
;3/f(/)o/)oi', eyelid]. Chronic thickening and indura-
tion of the eyelids.
Parchycarpous [ pak-e-kar' -pus) \_~axvq, thick; napivo^,
fruit]. In biology, having a thick pericarp.
Pachycephalia [ pak-e-sef -a' -le-ah). See Pachycephaly .
Pachycephalic { pak-e-sef-al' -ik) [/ra;tf!if, thick; K^^aXrj,
head]. Having unusual thickness of the skull.
Pachycephalous ( pak-e-sef -al-us). See Pachycephalic.
Pachycephaly [pak-e-sef ' -al-e) [7ra;t-i''f , thick ; K£<t>aAi],
head]. Abnormal thickness of the bones of the skull.
Pachycholia { pa k-e-ko' -le-ah) [7ra;fi''f , thick ; x^^flt
bile]. An inspissated condition of the bile.
Pachychymia [pak-e-ki' -ine-ah) [7r«j/r, thick ; xw'K'i
juice]. Increased concentration of the bodily fluids.
Pachydactyl ( pak-e-dak' -til ) \_~cix'i-K, thick ; i)aiiTv').oc,
finger]. A thick digit.
Pachydactylous [pak-e-dak'-fil-us) [TTaxi%, thick ;
AdKTo'/jic, finger]. Having thick fingers.
Pachyderm f pak' -e-derm) [7ra,v('f , thick ; 6epfia, skin].
Thick-skinned.
Pachydermal {pak-e-der' -iital) \j^ax'vc., thick ; iVipiia,
skin]. Same as Pachyderm.
Pachydermatocele [pak - e - der ■ jnat' - 0 - sel) [^TTax'i'i:,
thick ; (Upiia, skin; Kr/^.r/, hernia]. A tumor due to
thickening of the skin. The term is applied to
Elephantiasis arabum, and to the condition of the
skin in Dermatolysis.
Pachydermatoid [pak-e-der' -mat-oid) \r:axv<:, thick;
fifp/zo, skin ; £/rfof , like] . Somewhat thick-skinned.
Pachydermatous ( pak-e-der' -mat-us) [jra^^rf , thick ;
6tp/ia, skin]. Thick-skinned.
Pachydermia [ pak-e-der' -me-ali) [Tra^Y^'fi thick ; dep/ia,
skin]. See Elephantiasis arahum. P. lactiflua,
elephantiasis complicated with lymphorrhea. P.
laryngis, extensive thickening and induration of the
mucosa of the larynx. P. vulgaris, elephantiasis
without lymphorrhea.
Pachydermoid (/<7/6-£'-(/d';"'-;;?o/i/) \_-axvQ, thick; depfia,
skin; d6or, like]. Pachydermatous.
Pachydermous [pak-e-der' -inns) [7ra,Y('f, thick ; Sepjia,
skin]. In biology, thick-coated.
Pachyemia ( pak-e-e'- me-ah ) [frn ^i'T) thick ; ahia,
blood]. Abnormal or morbid thickening of the blood.
Pachyglossal, Pachyglossate [pak-e-glos'-al, pak-e-
glos'-at) thick; y'/waaa, tongue]. Having a
thick tongue.
Pachygnathous ( pak-ig'-jia-thus) \_~axvQ, thick ; yva-
ftnc, jaw]. Having thick or heavy jaws.
Pachylosis [pak - il - 0'- sis) [-axvAibg, thickly]. An
extraordinary development of epidermis, most com-
mon about the legs, usually a sequel of chronic eczema
or of ulceration.
Pachymenia ( pak-e-me'-ne-ah) \_Traxvc, thick; vui/v,
membrane]. Thickening of the skin, or of a mem-
brane.
Pachymenic [pak - e - men'- ik) \_~axt'C, thick; hpi/v,
membrane]. Affected with pachymenia.
Pachymeningitic [pak-e-men-in-jif -ik) [/ra;i;i'f, thick ;
fifjviy^, membrane ; itk;, inflammation]. Afi'ected
with, or pertaining to, pachymeningitis.
Pachymeningitis ( pak-e-men-in-ji' -tis) \Tr:axv<;, thick ;
fii/rq^, membrane; mc, inflammation]. Inflamma-
tion of the dura, especially of the ectal layer.
It is usually due to extension from adjacent bone-dis-
ease, especially caries; it may be due to syphilis, sun-
stroke, or injuries. The symptoms are much the same
as in leptomeningitis. P., Hemorrhagic, P. haem-
orrhagica interna, an eff^usion of blood on the inner
surface of the dura. The quantity may be large and
enclosed in a sac — hematoma of the dura — or very
small, only a fine rust-colored layer that is easily
stripped off. The cause is still sub judice; probably it
is a trophic phenomenon in most cases.
Pachymeninx [pak-e-me' -ninks)\_nax'H, thick; fiirviyl,
membrane]. The dura.
Pachymeter [pak-im'-et-er) [-a^yrf, thick; ptrpov,
measure]. An instrument for measuring small thick-
nesses.
Pachynsis (pak-in'-sis) [-nxwa/c, thickening]. A
thickening, as of a membrane.
Pachyntic [ pak-in' -tik) {TraxmniKbc, making thick].
Pertaining to an abnormal thickening or hardening of
a part : increasing the thickness.
Pachyodont ( paP -e-o-dont] \_irax'>'C, thick ; «(5o('f ,
tooth]. In biology, having thick or massive teeth.
Pachyopterous [pak-e-op' -ter-us). Same as Pachypter-
oits .
Pachyote [pak'-e-dt) [-ajiV, thick; ovr, ear]. Hav-
ing thick ears.
Pachyperitonitis ( pak-e-per-it-on-i' -tis) [-a.vi'f, thick ;
TTf/i^rdro/or, peritoneum ; /-'f, inflammation], .^n in-
flammation of the jieritoneum characterized by thick-
ening of the membrane.
Pachypod [pak'- ip - od) [-oi'iV, thick; Troi'f, foot]-
Having thick or heavy feet.
PACHVPTEROUS
959
PAIN
Pachypterous [pak-ip' -ter-iis) {jTaxvq, thick; nrepop,
wing]. In biology, having thick wings, or fins.
Pachyrhynchous {pak-ir-ing'-kus) [7ra;fi)f, thick;
phyX'K, 'j'"! beak]. In biology, having a thick ros-
trum, bill, beak, or snout.
Pachystichous [pak-is'-tik-iis) \_TTaxv<:, thick ; arixor,
a row, line]. In biology, thick-sided.
Pachytes {pak'-it-ez) [Tro.ti'f, thick]. Thickness;
pachyblepharon.
Pacini's Fluid. A conserving and diluting fluid used in
counting the red blood-corpuscles. Its composition
is : Mercuric chlorid ' 2 grams ; sodium chlorid 4
grams; glycerin 26c.c. ; distilled water 226 c.c. To be
diluted with three parts of water before using. P.'s
Line. Stt Lines, Table of. P.'s Method, a method
of performing artificial respiration, by forcibly" drawing
the shoulders upward, in the direction of the long axis
of the body, to expand the chest, and then relaxing.
See Artificial Respiration.
Pacinian (pas-in'-e-an) [Paeini, an Italian anatomist,
1812-1883]. Described or discovered by Pacini. P.
Bodies or Corpuscles, elliptic, semi-transparent
bodies, that occur along the
nerves supplying the skin,
especially of the hands and
feet, the external genitalia,
the points of the extremi-
ties, the periosteum of cer-
tain bones and many other
localities in man and other
mammals ; the so-called
Corpuscles of Vater, or
Kraiise^ s Corpuscles.
Pacinian Corpuscle, from
Mesknterv of Cat.
c. Capsules, d. Endothelial
lining separating the latter.
n. Nerve, f. Funicular
sheath of nerve, vi. Cen-
tral mass. 11' . Terminal
fiber ; and a. Where it
splits up into finer fibrils.
Transverse Section of a Pa-
cinian Corpuscle from
Fetal Skin.
Endothelium of Lamf.i.l/e of a Pacinian Corpuscle.
(From Slirling.)
Pack (/rt/^) [ME., pak, pack]. A blanket wrapped
about the body. P., Cold, a blanket wrung out of
cold water and wrapped about the body. P., Dry,
one which is not soaked in water. P., Half, one
limited to the trunk. P., Hot, a blanket wrung out
of hot water and wrapped about the body. P.,
Wet, a blanket wrung out of warm or cold water and
wrapped about the entire body or a part, and sur-
rounded by dry blankets. It may be used as a means
to reduce temperature (cold pack) or to produce sweat-
ing (hot pack).
Packer's Knot. See Fascici nodosa.
Packing {pak'-ing) [ME., pak, pack]. The act of
filling a wound or cavity with gauze or other material.
P., Gauze, gauze cut in strips and used for the pack-
ing of cavities. P., Iodoform, a packing with gauze
impregnated with iodoform.
Packvifax {pak' -uiaks) [ME., paxwax]. The ligamen-
tum nucha; of the ox. See Paxwax and Paxwax.
Pacquelin Cautery. See Cautery.
Pad [ME,, padde, a pad]. I. A small bag stuffed with
cotton, hair, etc., used as a cushion for the support
of any part of the body. See Liver-pad. 2. Also,
synonym of Compress. P. of Corpus callosum, the
splenium of the callosum. P., Dinner, a folded
towel laid over the region of the stomach in ap-
plying a plaster-of- Paris jacket, to give space for the
distention of ttie stomach by the food.
Padding (pad'-tng) \_MK. , patlde, & pad]. The mate-
rial used in stuffing anything. P. of Splints, the
covering of the splint-board with oakum or raw cotton
for purposes of smoothness and to equalize pressure.
Pae-. For words so beginning, see Fe-.
Psedogenesis i^pe-do-Jen'-es-is). ^ee Pedogenesis.
Pagapoplexia {^pa- gap- o-pleks' -e- ali). Synonym of
Pagoplexia.
Pageism i^pa' -jizm) \_pagius, a servant]. A manifes-
tation of masochism in which the iridividual affected
revels in the idea of being a ]3age to a beautiful girl.
Pagenstecher's Ointment. An ointment used in oph-
thalmic practice. It consists of from one to three grains
of the yellow oxid of mercury to the dram of vaselin.
P.'s Operation. .See Operations, Table of a
Paget's Disease of the Nipple. See Dermatitis and
Diseases, Table of. P.'s Osteitis. See Diseases,
Table of. P.'s Recurrent Fibroid, the small spin-
dle-celled variety of sarcoma, occurring chiefly in the
subcutaneous tissue and sometimes in the breast. It
recurs in the course of many years a dozen or more
times, while distant parts and the lymphatic glands
never become infected. See Diseases, Table of.
Pagiorrheumatism (paj-e-or-rtl'-mat-izm) [nayio^,
firm ; /levimriofiog, rheumatism]. Chronic rheuma-
tism.
Pagliari's Fluid. A styptic fluid composed of benzoic
acid and alum. It is likely to interfere with the heal-
ing of wounds.
Pagoplexia i^pa-go-pleks' -e-ali) [Trdyof, frost ; ~'Afi^ii;,
stroke]. Frost-bite; numbness due to cold. See
Frost-bite.
Paidiaphtha {pa-de-af -thah) [irajf, child; afdfe,
aphtha]. The thrush of infants.
Paidonosology i^pa-don-os-ol' -o-je) [jT-air, child ; voan^,
disease; /l.ojof, science]. The science of diseases of
children ; pediatrics.
Pail {pal) [ME., pail, a pitcher]. A cylindric vessel
for carrying liquids. P. System. .See Seivage, Dis-
posal of.
Pain [pail) [fSlY.., paine, pain]. Bodily or mental suf-
fering. Distressing or agonizing sensation. It is
usually due to irritation of a sensory nerve, although
there are said to be pains of central origin. P., Bor-
ing, severe pain in bones, of a boring character.
P., Electric. See P., Fulgurant. P., Fulgurant,
P., Fulgurating, the intense shooting, cutting pains
aft'ecting principally the limbs of patients suffering
from locomotor ataxy. P., Girdle, a painful sensa-
tion as of a cord tied about the waist ; it is a symptom
of organic spinal-cord disease. P., Growing, a popu-
lar term for the sorenes; about the joints in young
persons at puberty. Some attribute these pains to in-
PAINFUL
960
PALATE
creased vascularity of the epiphyses of long bones ;
others believe them to be rheumatic. P.-joy[Ger. ,
Schmerzfrende~\. Hysteric enjoyment of suffering ; a
symptom not uncommon in a certain class of neuras-
thenic patients. P., Jumping, the pain peculiar to
disease of joints when the bone is exposed by ulcera-
tion of the cartilage. P., Lancinating. See P. ,
Fidgurant. P., Lightning. See P., Fidgurant.
P., Osteocopic, bone-tiring pains ; a common symp-
tom of secondary syphilis. P., Shooting. See P. ,
F'ldgHj aiit. P., Starting. Synonym o{ P. , Jumping.
Ps., After-, those following labor, and caused by the
uterus contracting to expel clots, etc., or to resume its
normal proportions. Ps., Bearing-down, pains with
a sensation of dragging or bearing down of the pelvic
organs, occurring in labor and in various inflammatory
affections of the female pelvic organs. Ps., False,
those occurring in the latter part of pregnancy, not
preceded by the premonitory signs of labor and not
directly caused by labor. Ps., Grinding, the labor-
pains during the stage of dilatation of the os uteri.
Ps., Irregular, those not recurring accortling to the
normal periodic or rhythmic nature of uterine contrac-
tions. Ps. of Labor, a synonym for uterine contrac-
tions, since these are attended Ijy pains, increasing
in severity according to the intensity and frequency
of the contractions. Ps., Premonitory, so-called
painless uterine contractions preceding the onset of
true labor.
Painful [ME. , /(^/wt", pain]. Characterized
by pain. P. Heel. See Pododynia and Achillodynia.
Paint {pd?if). See Pigments, Colors, and Dye-siiiffs.
Painters' Colic. See Colica pictomim.
Pair {par^ [ME. , /rt?'rt', a pair]. Two similar organs,
one right and the other left, occupying the same rela-
tive position on either side of the body ; as a. pair of
nerves.
Pajot's Law. The law governing the rotating move-
ments of the child during labor. It is expressed as
follows: When a solid body is contained within an-
other, if the receptacle is the seat of alternations of
movement and repose, and its svu-faces are slippery and
but slightly angular, the contained body will tend in-
creasingly to accommodate its form and dimensions to
the form and capacity of the receptacle. P.'s Ma-
neuver. Same as P.'s Me/hod. P.'s Method, a
method of decapitation of the fetus in embryotomy.
It consists in passing a strong cord around the child's
neck, and by a sawing movement cutting through
the parts. The vagina should be protected by a
speculum.
Paku-kidang {pa' -kii-kid' -ang) [Sumatra]. A drug
obtained in Sumatra from several species of ferns.
Under the name of Agnus scythicits it was formerly
used as a styptic. Unof.
Pal's Method. A method of staining the tissues of
the central nervous system. Allow the sections that
have been hardened in Muller's solutions and then in
alcohol to remain from five to six hours in Weigert's
hematoxylin, and wash in distilled water till no more
dye is removed. Then place the sections in potassium
permanganate solution (0.25 per cent.) for from 15 to
20 seconds to differentiate, then in Pal's solution for
from 1-2 minutes till the gray and white matter be-
come well defined. Wash for from 15 to 30 minutes
in water. If black spots appear at any stage, reverse
the steps and then repeat. The medullary sheaths
stain bluish-black. To stain nuclei follow with alum-
carmin ; dehydrate ; clear ; mount. P.'s Solution.
A solution used in Pal's Met/ind. It consists of
oxalic acid I part, potassium sulphite I part, distilled
water 200 parts.
Pal-Exner Method. A method of staining nerve-cen-
ters. Cut the brain or the cord into % -inch squares ; fix
and harden the segments for two days in ten times the
volume of 0.5 per cent, osmic-acid solution; change
each day; wash in water; pass up to absolute alcohol,
and embed in celloidin. Place the sections as fast as
cut in glycerin; treat with 0.25 per cent, aqueous
solution of potassium permanganate for from 15-20
seconds; pass through Pal's solution for from 1-2
minutes ; stain the nuclei with alum-carmin ; dehy-
drate ; clear ; mount (after Squire).
Pala {pa'-lah) [L. , a " spade " ]. I. A thin lamella
connecting the fimbria and the tenia of the brain. It
has a shape like the blade of a turf-cutter. 2. [Native
Hawaiian]. The Hawaiian word for syphilis.
Paladina's Palladium Chlorid Method. See Stains,
Table of. P.'s Fonifero. See IVioniphore.
Palseo- [pa'-le-o-) [Tra^adg, old]. A prefix denoting
old, early, long ago, etc. For words thus beginning
see Paleo-.
Palama [pal' -am-ah) [Tra/.n^/;/, the palm of the hand:
//. , Palaiiur^. In biolog)', the webbed state of the
toes of certain animals, either palinaiion , semipalma-
tioii, toti-palmation.
Palamosyphilolepis {pal-am-o-sif-il-o-lep' -is') [7ra?id//7,
palm of hand ; Syphilis, syphilis ; ~At-iq, scale]. A
squamous syphiloderm of the palm.
Palatal [pal'-at-al) [palatum, palate]. Pertaining to
the palate ; palatine. P. Glands. See Glatid, Pala-
tine. P. Reflex. See Rejlexes, Table of.
Palate [pal' -at) \_ palatum , palate]. The roof of the
mouth. P., Artificial, a plate of hard material used
Medtan Section of Mouth and Nasal Fossae.
I. Left nostril. 2. Upper lateral cartilage. 3- 1""^^ portion
of lower cartilasje. 4. Superior turbinated bone and meatus.
5. Middle tnrbinated bone and meatus. 6. Inferior turbni-
ated bone and meatus. 7. Sphenoid sinus. 8. Posterioi
nasal fossa. 9. Internal orifice or jiavihon of Eustacinaii
tube. 10. Velum palati. 11, 11. Vestibule of nioul 1. I2-
Palatine vault. 13. Genio-glossus muscle. 14. Genio-liyom.
IS. Mvlo-hvoid. 16. Anterior pillar of velum palati. i;-
Posterior pillar. 18. Tonsil. 19. Circumvallate PJP.'",^,?
tonsrue. 20. Cavity of larvnx. 21. Ventricle. 22. Epifl ouis
23. Hvoid bone. 24. Thyroid cartilage. 2,s. Tliyro-liyoia
membrane. 26. Posterior portion of cricoid cartilage, z/-
Anterior portion. 28. Crico-tbyroid membrane.
PALATIC
961
PALEOZOOLOGIST
as an obturator to close a fissure in the palate. P.,
Cleft, a congenital deformity characterized by incom-
plete closure of the lateral halves of the palate. The
soft palate and the uvula, the hard palate, or all
together may be involved. P., Hard, the bony plate
adjacent to the gums and alveolar arches. P. -myo-
graph, an instrument for taking a tracing of the move-
ments of the soft palate. P. Plates, the horizontal
portions of the superior maxilhe that unite to form
the hard palate. P., Soft, the muscular membrane-
like structure forming an incomplete septum between
the mouth and the naso-pharynx. In biology, the con-
vex base of the lower lip of a personate corolla, more or
less completely closing the throat. In entomology,
the epipharynx.
Palatic \pal-at' -ik) \_palatitm, the palate]. Palatal ;
palatine.
Palatiform [pal-at' -if-onii) \_palatuiii , palate ; p'orma,
form]. In biology, resembling a palate.
Palatiglossus i^pal-at-i-glos' -us). Same as Palato-
glossus.
Palatine (/cr/'-ai'-zw) [/^^r/ff//^/;/, palate]. Pertaining or
belonging to the palate. P. Arches, the arches, pos-
terior and anterior, upon each side of the beginning
of the pharynx. P. Canals, several canals in the
palatal portion of the superior maxilla. P. Fossa.
See Fossa. P. Glands. See Gland. P. Orange.
See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Palatitensor {pal-at-it-en' -sor) \_palaiuin, palate ; ten-
sor, a stretcher]. The tensor palati muscle. See
Muscles, Table of.
Palatitis [^pal-at-i' -tis) [palatum, palate ; nii;, inflam-
mation]. Inflammation of the palate.
Palatoglossal [pal - at - o - glos'- al ) \_ pala tum , pa.\a.te ;
y'Aaaaa, tongue]. Pertaining to the palate and
the tongue.
Palatoglossus {pal-at-o-glos' -us). See RPuscles , Table of .
Palatognathous { pal-at-og' -na-thus) \_palatum, palate;
yi'fifJoc, jaw]. Affected with palatognathus.
Palatognathus [pal-at-og' -na-thus) [^palatum, palate ;
yva.Oo(;, jaw]. Cleft palate.
Palato-labial [pal-at-o-la' -be-al') [palatum, palate;
labium, lip]. Pertaining to the palate and the lips.
Palato-maxillary [pal-at-o-maks' -il-a-re) [palatum,
palate; wrtx///^?, jaw]. Pertaining to the palate and
the jaws.
Palato-nasal [pal-at-o-na'- zcl) \_ palatum , \>a}^■^^.& ;
nasiis, nose]. Pertaining to the palate and the nose.
Palato-pharyngeal ( pal-at-o-far-in' -je-al ) [palatum,
palate ; (pdpvy^, pharynx] . Pertaining conjointly to the
palate and the pharynx.
Palato-pharyngeus { pal-at-o-far-in' -Je-us). See Mus-
cles, Table of.
Palatoplasty ( pal'-at-o-plas-te)[palatuin, palate ; TrAau-
ativ, to form]. Plastic surgery of the palate.
Palatoplegia [pal-at-o-ple' -je-ah) [palatum, palate;
''^hj-yij, a stroke] . Paralysis of the soft palate.
^aXai\.o^\.Qrygo\&[pal-at-o-tei-'-ig-oiii)[palatuii/, palate;
I TTTepov, wing; tliiof, like]. Pertaining to the palate
bone and the pterygoid processes of the sphenoid bone ;
pterygopalatine.
Palatoquadrate [pal-at-o-kwod'-rat'] [palatum, palate;
quadratum, quadrate bone]. Pertaining to the palate
and to the quadrate bone.
Palatorrhaphy [ pal-at-or' -a-fe). See Staphylorrhaphy.
Palatoschisis [pal-at-os' -kis-is) [palatum, palate;
(7;t;((T£f, a cleft]. Cleft palate.
Palatostaphylinus {pal-at-o-staf-il-i'-nus) [palatum,
palate ; r5Ta<^v\r], uvula] . The azygos uvulae muscle.
See Muscles, Table of.
Palatum [pal-a'-tuin) [L.]. The palate. P. durum,
the hard palate. P. fissum, cleft palate. P. mobile,
6i
P. molle, the soft palate. P. pendulum, the soft
palate.
Pale, Palea [pal, pa'-le-ah) [palca, chaff: //., PalecE'\.
I. In biology, one of the inner bracts of the in-
florescence of grasses. Also applied to the flattened
brown hairs or chaff found on the stems and leaves of
ferns. 2. The dewlap or wattle of a bird.
Pale {pal) [Fr. /«/<.', pale]. Deficient or wanting in
the color natural to health. P. Bark. See Cinchona.
P. Catechu. See Gambler. P. Rose. See Posa
centifolia.
Paleaceous (pa-lc-a'-she-us) [palea, chaft']. In
biology, furnished with chaff, or chaffy in texture.
Paleichthyology, Palaeichthyology \pa-le-ik-the-ol' ■
o-je) [~a\aLU(;, ancient ; IxOvi;, a fish ; Xo^of, science].
In biology, the science of fossil fishes.
'Pa\si{orvn [pa' -le-iform) [palea, chaft"; forma, form].
Chaff-like.
Paleness [pdl'-nes). Same as Pallor.
Paleo-anthropic, Palaeo-anthropic [pa-le-o-an-
tJirop'-ik) [-na'Aaii'ir, ancient; avdpu-oc, man]. In
biology, of, or pertaining to, aboriginal man.
Paieobotanic [pa-le-o-bot-an' -ik) [Tvakawi;, ancient ;
jSordvi/, herb]. Pertaining to paleobotany.
Paleobotanist [pa-le-o-bof -an-ist) [jra/a/of, ancient;
liiiTiivr/, herb]. One versed in paleobotany.
Paleobotany, Palaeobotany (pa-le-o-bot'-an-e) [Tra/.-
atuQ, ancient; poravr/, herb]. In biology, the science
of fossil plants.
Paleo-ethnologic [pa - le - o- eth- lui - loj' -ik) [~a7\m()c,
ancient; f^^i'of , race ; Puij-of, science] . Pertaining to
paleo-ethnology.
Paleo-ethnologist [pa-le-o-eth-nol'-o-jist) [iva/MiOQ,
ancient; Wvoq, race; ASyoq, science]. One versed in
paleo-ethnology.
Paleo-ethnology [pa - le - o - eth - 7iol' - o - je) [Tro/a/of,
ancient; e^^j^of , race ; Ao}of, science]. The science
of the primitive peoples.
Paleola [ pa-le' -o-lali) [palea , e\\2S\ In biology, a
diminutive palea.
Paleolate [pa' -le-o-lat) [/a/tv?, chaff]. In biology,
having paleolte or palea of a second order.
Paleology [pa-le-ol' -o-je) [■KaAator, old ; /o}of, science].
The science of the biology of remote geologic peri-
ods, or of antiquities.
Paleontography [pa-le-on-tog' -ra-fe) [-a'taiijc, old ;
i'ji\ being; -jpcKpeiv, to write]. A description of the
fossil or extinct forms of life.
Paleontologic (pa-le-on-to-loj'-ih) [-alaior, old ; iciv,
being ; /lojof, science]. Pertaining to paleontology.
Paleontologist [pa-le-on-tol'-o-jist) [iTrtAniuc, ancient;
(,>v, being; ?.6yoc, science]. One versed in paleon-
tology.
Paleontology [pa-le-on-toF -o-je) [-Kaliai/K, old ; uv,
being; 'Ain,or, science]. The science of the early life-
forms of the earth.
Paleophytology, Palaeophytology [pa-le-o- fi-tol' -o-je)
[~a7.m6i;, ancient ; <pvT6r, plant ; Xdyof, science].
Same as Paleobolanv .
Paleornithology, Palaeornithology [pa - le - or - nith-
ol'-o-jc) [na'Aiuor , ancient ; bpvic, bird ; Auyoc, science].
In biology, the science of fossil birds.
Paleozoic [pa-le-o-zo' -ik) [Tva'Aaibq, old ; C'fjoi', animal].
Pertaining to the geologic age preceding that of the
carboniferous age, the age in which the first life-forms
appeared. Also, pertaining to the life-forms of that age.
Paleozoologic [pa-le-o-zo-o-loj' -ik) [-aJMioq, ancient ;
ukji', animal ; Aoyn^, science]. Pertaining to paleo-
zoology.
Paleozoologist [pa-le-o-zo-ol' -o-jist) [Tvalan'ic, ancient ;
Ci-Mv, animal ; 'Aoyo^, science]. One versed in paleo-
zoology.
PALEOZOOLOGY
962
PALM ELLA
Paleozcology, Palseozoology [pa - le - o -zo - ol' - o -je)
\jTaXai6r, ancient; CCtov, animal; Aoyof, science].
In biology, the science of fossil animals.
Palestric ( pa-les'- trik) [_7raAaiaTpiK6g, pertaining to
wrestling]. Pertaining to systematic exercise, or
physical training ; athletic.
Palet {pal'-et). See Palette.
Palet (^pal'-et) \_palea, chaff]. English term for Palea.
Palette, Pallet, Palet {pal'-et) \_pala, a spade]. In
biology, a disc-shaped organ found especially on the
front and middle tarsi of the males of certain beetles.
Pali [pa'-lc) [Ind.]. Pali or Indian plague — an infec-
tious febrile disease of India, where it is also known as
Maliaiiiurri. P. Plague. 'A^nowymoithe. Plagne,q.v.
Palicourea {pa-lik-oo' -re-ah) [L.]. A Brazilian rubia-
ceous shrub, nvmibering several species, some of which
are poisonous. P. diuretica and P. officinalis, have
diuretic properties. Unof.
Palillo [pal-el' -vo) [Sp.]. A Peruvian plant of value
in gastric disorders.
Palimptosis [pal-imp-to' -sis) \_-n:akiv, back; Trrwcr/f, a
fall]. A falling back ; properly, a falling back to a
former position, whether after a proptosis, or abnormal
forward displacement, or after the rectification of
backward displacement.
Palincotesis [pal-in-kot-e' -sis) \_-KaKiv, again; Kore'iv,
to be angry]. Recrudescence or recurrence of a dis-
ease or wound.
Palindromia [pal-iH-e/ro'-i)ie-ah)\TtaXiv,a.g2Lm; dpofioQ,
a course]. Recurrence or growing worse of a disease ;
a relapse.
Palingenesis [pal-i>i-/en'-es-is) [_7ra?.jv, again ; yeveaig,
production]. I. In biology, the theory that the
developmental history of an individual germ is the
brief recapitulation of the development of its ancestors ;
unmodified ontogeny, the antonym of Keiiogeiiesis. 2.
The transformation or metamorphosis of an insect.
3. The recreation of life after a geologic catastrophe. 4.
The supposed generation of a parasite from its host
or from dead matter.
Palingenesy [pal-in-jen' -cs-e). Same as Palingenesis.
Palingenetic [pal-in-jen-et' -ik) [TrdAty, again ; ytveatg,
genesis]. Of, or pertaining to, palingenesis ; develop-
ment according to the primitive or original mode.
Palingeny [pal-in' -jen-e) ^jrakiv, again; ytvi/g, pro-
ducing]. vSame as Palingenesis.
Palirrhea [ pal-ir-e'-ah) \_~n/iv, again; poia, flow].
The return of a mucous discharge.
Palisade [pal-is-ad') [Fr., palisser, to inclose with
pales]. A fence made of strong poles or stakes set
firmly in the ground. P.-cell, in biology, a constitu-
ent cell of palisade-tissue. P. -parenchyma, the
same as P. -tissue. P. -tissue, in biology, applied to
certain cells which are elongated at right angles to the
surface, occurring especially on the upper side of
leaves. P. -worm. V^ft^t Parasites [Animal), Table of .
Palladium [pal - a' - de - nm) \TTaWa6iQV, a statue of
Pallas], A rare and valuable metal, in some respects
resembling platinum. Symbol, Pd., at. wt., 106. 5,
spec. grav. n.4. It is sometimes used in making in-
struments of precision, and it has been employed in
dentistry. See Elements, Table of.
Pallet [pal'-et). See Palette.
Palliation [pal-e-a' -shtin) \_palliare, to cloak]. The
act of soothing or moderating, without really curing.
Palliative [pal' -e-a-tiv) [^pallia re, to cloak]. A drug
relieving or .soothing the symptoms of a disease with-
out curing it.
Pallid [pa)' -ill) \_pallere, to look pale]. Pale.
Palliobranchiate [pal-e-o-brang' -ke-at) \_palliinii, a
cloak ; brancliia, gills]. In biology, breathing by
means of the mantle.
Palliocardiac [ pal-e-o-kar' -de-ak) \_ pallium, a cloak;
/ia/)(5/a, heart] . In biology, pertaining to the mantle
and to the pericardial sac of a mollusc.
Palliopedal [ pal-e-o-ped'-al) \_pallium, cloak; pes,
foot]. In biology, pertaining to both the foot and the
mantle or pallium of a mollusc.
Pallium [pal' -e-um) \_palliu;n, a mantle, cloak]. In
biology, the mantle or enclosing and shell-forming
tissue of a mollusc ; the straguluni.
Pallor [pal' -or) [L.]. Paleness, especially of the skin
and mucous membranes. P. chloroticus, the peculiar
paleness of chlorotic persons. P. eximius, abnormal
paleness, usually due to anemia. P. pathematicus,
the pallor due to terror or fright. P. virginum.
Synonym of C/ilorosis.
Palm [pakm) \_palma, Tra'Ad/ia, palm]. I. The inner
or ventral surface of the hand ; the flat of the hand.
2 [/(^/w;?, a palm-tree]. A palm-tree. P. -oil. Oleum
palmie, is obtained from the fruit of several species of
palm. Fresh palm-oil has an orange-yellow tint, a
sweetish taste, and an odor resembling that of violets.
Its specific gravity is about .968 ; its consistency is that ;
of butter or lard. It ordinarily becomes rancid rapidly, |
and hence usually contains free acid. It is used in
candle-making and soa])-making, and also to color |
and scent ointments, pomades, soap, and powders.
See Oil. P. -wine, the juice of several species of
wine-palms which has undergone vinous fermenta-
tion. The distilled product is known as arrack. |
Palma [pal'-mah) [L.: pi., Palma\ I. In biology: (a) |
The palm of the hand, [b) The enlarged first joint of j
the front tarsus of a bee. (c) The dilated and setose ;
tarsus of an insect. 2. A palm-tree. Oleum palmae.
See Palm-oil. Palmae plicatse, the arborescent j
rugffi of the interior of the vagina. j
Palmar [pal' -mar) \_palma, palm]. Pertaining to the
palm of the hand. P. Abscess, an abscess in the j
palm of the hand, usually situated beneath the pal- I
mar fascia. P. Arch, one of the curved arches
formed by the anastomosis of the radial and ulnar ar-
teries in the hand. There are two, a superficial and a |
deep. P. Arteries. See Arten'es, Table of. P.
Fascia, the sheath investing the muscles of the hand.
P. Muscles. See Muscles, Table of P. Reflex.
See Reflexes, Table of. P. Triangle. See Triangle.
'Pa.XmBXis [pal-tna'-ris). See A/ascles, Table of.
Palmate [pal' -mat) [palma, the palm of the hand]. In
biology, resembling in some way the open palm, as
the webbed foot of a bird or reptile, or a five-lobed leaf
Palmatifid [pal-mat'-ifia) [pal/natns , palmate ; /«-
dere, to cleave]. In biology, palmately cleft.
Palmatiform [pal-maf -if-orm) \^ palma, the palm of
the hand ; forma, form]. In biology, having the form
of a hand. j
Palmatilobate ( pal-mat-il-o' -bat) \^ palma, the palm of j
the hand; lobus, a lobe]. In biology, palmati-ly
lobed. I
Palmation [ pal-ma' -simn) \_palina, the palm of thai
hand]. In biology, the state of being palmate, astiie
webbed foot of a bird, or a five-lobed leaf.
Palmatipartite [pal-mat-ip-ar' -tit) [• palma, the palm
of the hand ; partiri, to divide]. In biology, palmately I
parted. I
Palmatisect [pal-maf -is-ekt) [palma, the palm of the |
hand; secare, to cut]. In biology, palmately com-;
pound. . (■ I
Palmature [pal' -mat-ur) [palma, ■^■nXm]. Union of ,
the fingers, either congenital or from burns, wounds, |
or other trauma.
Palmella [pal-mel' -ah) [-n;i7./df, vibration]. A genus
of fresh-water algx believed by Salisbury to be the
origin of the spores that produce malarial fever.
PALMELLIN
963
PALPITATION
Palmellin ( [-aAuof, vibration]. Phipson's
name for the coloring-principle of a fresh-water alga,
the Palmella cniaita. It is red in color, resembling
hemoglobin, and contains iron in combination with an
albuminous substance.
Palmetto [^pal-met' -o). See Saw Palmetto.
Palmic [pal' -?nik) \_palina, palm]. Referring to the
palm; palmitic. P. Acid, ti&t Acid, Pa/initic.
Palmic [pai'-inik) [-a/i/;uf, throb]. Pertaining to the
pulse or to palpitation.
Palmicolous [pal - mik' - o - Ins) \_palma, palm-like;
colere, to inhabit]. Growing on the palm-tree.
Palmification [pal - viif - ik - a'- shun) \_palma, T^2L\\a \
Jicare, facere, to make]. In biology, the .artificial
fertilization of the flowers of certain trees ; originally
applied to the date-palm.
Palmiform [pal' ■tnif-onn) \_palina, the palm of the
hand; for??ia, form]. The same as Palmatifonn.
Palmigrade [p>al' -mig-7-ad) \_palma, the palm of the
hand; gradi, to walk]. In biology, treading on the
soles of the foot ; plantigrade.
Palmilla [pal-mil' -ah). Synonym of Palinella.
Palminerved [pal' -min-ervd) \_palina, palm; nervtis,
nerve] In biology, palmately nerved.
Palmiped [pal' - mip- ed) [palma, psdm ; pes, foot].
Having webbed feet.
Palmistry ( \_palma, palm of hand]. The
comparative study of the lines, marks, and mounds on
the palm of the hand ; it has been made the basis of
a system of fortune-telling.
Palmitamid (/a/-OT/V'-a/«-?V) \_palma, palm; amid'\,
CjgHggNO. A solid substance melting at about 93°
C, formed by the union of the amid radicle of am-
monia and the radicle of palmitic acid.
Palmitic Acid [pal-mit'-ik). See Acid.
Palmitin [ pal' - mit - in') [palma, palm-tree]. C.^Hj
(CijHjjO.J.,. A solid crystallizable substance which,
with stearin, constitutes the greater proportion of solid
fats. It occurs both in animal and in vegetable fats.
It is a constituent of palm-oil, from which it derives
its name. Chemically, it is the tripalmitate of gly-
ceryl.
Palmitolic Acid [pal-mit-oV -ik). See Acid.
Palmitone [pal'-mit-on) \_palma, palm-tree], C,j,H^^.,0.2.
A ketone of palmitic acid resulting when the latter is
distilled with slaked lime.
Palmitoxylic Acid [pal-mit-oks-il'-ik). See Acid.
Palmi-veined [pal' -tniv-and ) \_palma, a palm ; vena,
a vein]. In biology, netted-veined, with the veins
radiating from the base toward the margin of the leaf-
blade.
Palmodic [pal - mod' - ik) \jTa'kii{d(\r]c, like palmus].
. Pertaining to, resembling, or affected with, palmus.
Palmo-plantar [pal' - mo - plan' - tar) {_palma, palm;
planta, the sole of the foot]. Pertaining to both the
palms of the hands and the soles of the feet. P.-
plantar Sign, Filipovitclt' s Sign ; said to be diagnos-
tic of typhoid fever. It consists of an orange or saf-
fron coloration of the prominent parts of the palms
of the hands and the soles of the feet. The change
in color is attributed to feebleness of the action of the
heart, causing incomplete filling of the capillaries, and
dryness of the skin. See Signs and Symptoms, Table of.
Palmoscopy [pal-mos'-ko-pe) [iraA/jof, throb; moTreiv,
to observe]. The observation of the heart-beat and
the pulse.
Palmospasmus [pal-mo-spaz' -inns') [-nA/zof, throb;
<T7racr//rff, spasm]. A clonic spasm. P., Electric, a
peculiar reaction of the muscles to the electric cur-
rent in progressive muscular atrophy.
Palmosseus [pal-mos' -e-us) \_pal'na, palm; osseus,
hony]. Any palmar interosseous muscle.
Palmus [pal'-mns) [rraXfiOt;, a twitch]. I. Jumpers'
disease ; lata, or miryachit ; a convulsive tic, with
echolalia and abulia. 2. Subsultus ; palpitation ; pul-
sation ; twitching ; jerkiness.
Palmus [pal'-mns) \_palmns, the palm of the hand].
An old measure of length. P. major, contains twelve
lingers. P. minor, four inches.
Palp [/^/^iTrt", to touch softly, to stroke]. In biology,
a tactile organ. See Palpns.
Palpal [pal' -pal) \_palpare, to touch softly]. In
biology, of, or pertaining to, a palp. P. Organs, the
modified recti-palpi of male spiders, functioning as im-
pregnating organs.
Palpate [pal' -pat) \_palpare, to feel]. To examine by
touch .
Palpation [ pal-pa' -shiin) \_palpafe,X.o {te\'\. In phys-
ical diagnosis, the laying of the hand on a part of
the body or the manipulation of a part with the hand or
fingers for the purpose of ascertaining its condition or
that of underlying organs. P., Abdomino-vaginal,
examination of the pelvic contents in women by means
of a finger in the vagina and a hand in the suprapubic
region pressing downward. P., Bimanual, the use
of the two hands in examining an organ ; the hands
are placed on opposite sides, or one in the vagina and
the other on the abdomen, and press toward each
other. P., Combined or Conjoined. Synonym of
P. , Bimanual.
Palpatometry [pal-pat-om' -et-re) \_palpare, to feel ;
jthpov, measure]. A measuring of the greatest pres-
sure that can be borne without pain.
Palpebra ( pal' -pe-brah) [L. ] . The eyelid.
Palpebral [pal' -pe-bral) \_palpebra, eyelid]. Pertain-
ing to the eyelid. P. Conjunctiva, the conjunctiva
of the eyelids. P. Fissure, the opening between the
upper and lower eyelids. P. Folds. See Folds. P.
Portion of the Lacrymal Gland. See Gland, Acces-
sory of Rosenmi'iller.
Palpebralis [pal-pe-bra' -lis) \_ palpebra , eyelid]. The
levator palpebra; superioris muscle. See Muscles,
Table of.
Palpebritis [pal-pe-bri' -fis) \_palpehra , eyelid ; iri^,
inflammation]. Synonym of Blepharitis.
Palpicil [pal' -pis-il) \_palpus, a feeler; cilium, a cover,
an eyelid]. In biology, a tactile hair.
Palpifer [ paV -pif-er') \_ palpus, a feeler; ferre, to bear].
In biology, the outer lobe of the maxilla of an insect ;
the bearer of the palpus.
Palpiform [pal' -pif-orm) \_ palpus, a feeler; forma,
form]. Having the form or function of a palp.
Palpiger [pal' -pij-er) \_ palpus, a feeler; gerere, to
bear]. In biology, an appendage to the labium of
certain insects ; the bearer of the labial palpus.
Palpitate [pal' - pit - at) \_palpitare, to quiver]. To
flutter, to tremble or to beat abnormally fast ; applied
especially to the heart.
Palpitation [pal-pit-a' -shun) \_palpitafio, a beating].
Any spasmodic fluttering or tremor, especially the
abnormally rapid beating of the heart, of which the
person is conscious. It is associated often with a
choking sensation in the throat. It may be due to
organic disease or to functional disturbance of the
heart ; very often it is caused by disorders of the
stomach. P., Arterial, arterial pulsation synchronous
with the action of the heart, seen sometimes in the
epigastric region in the course of the aorta. It is
quite common in hysteric persons. P., Celiac, palpi-
tation of the abdominal aorta. P., Nervous, palpi-
tation of the heart due to reflex disturbances from
diseases of other organs. P., Symptomatic, of
Andral, the reflex palpitation of the heart sometimes
observed when tenise are present in the intestines.
PALPOCIL
964
PANCREAS
Palpocil ( pa!' -po-sil) . Same as Falpicil.
Palpon (pal'-pon) \_palpiis, a feeler]. In biology,
a siphonophoran polyp, specialized as a taster or
feeler. Cf. person.
Palpulus {pal' -pu-lits) [dim. of palpus, a feeler: //. ,
Palpuri\. In biology, a diminutive palpus.
Palpus [pal'-ptis) \_palpare, to touch softly : Palpi\.
In biology: (o) one of the tactile organs or feelers at-
tached to the maxilla or labium of an insect ; (/') one
of the fleshy lobes at the side of the mouth of certain
molluscs, usually called the labial palpus.
Palsy (paii/l'-ze) [ME., palsey, palsy]. Paralysis.
P., Bell's. See -D/seasfs, 7a/>'lt' of. P., Birth. See
Birth. P., Cerebral, a paralysis due to a lesion in
the brain. P., Creeping, an old term for progressive
muscular atrophy. P., Crutch, that due to pressure
of the crutch in the axilla upon the brachial nerves.
P., Dancers', a cramp affecting especially the mus-
cles in the calf of the professional danseuse. P.,
Krb's : I. Paralysis of the brachial plexus. 2.
Spastic paraplegia. See Diseases, Table of. P.,
Facial. See Paralysis, Bell's. P., Pen. See
Writers' Cramp. P., Scriveners'. Synonym of
Writers' Cramp. P., Shaking. Synonym of
sis agitaus. P., Wasting, progressive muscular
atrophy.
Paludal { pal' -tc-dal ) \_palus, paludis, marsh]. Per-
taining to a marsh or the exhalations of marshes. Also
a synonym of Malarial. P. Fever. Synonym of
Intermittent Fever.
Paludicole [pal-u'-dik-ol) [pains, a marsh; eolere,
to inhabit]. In biology, inhabiting marshes.
Paludine [pal' -ii-din\ \_palus, a marsh]. Paludal.
Paludinous (pal-ti' -dijt-zis) \_palHS,& marsh]. Per-
taining to marshes.
Paludism ( pal' -u-dizm] \_palus, a. mseriW\. Malarial
poisoning ; impaludism.
Paludose [pal'-u-ddz] \_palus,3. marsh]. In biology,
growing in marshy places.
Paludous (pal'-n-dns) \_palHs, a marsh]. Marshy or
swampy. Having the nature of, or affected with , marsh-
fever.
Palulus [ pal'-H-lns) [dim. of pains, a stake, pale: //.,
Paluli.\ A small palus ; applied to the columellar
rods in actinozoa.
Palumbo's Net. See Net, BatJiygraphic.
Palus [pa'-lus) \_palns, a stake, pale: //., Pali.^ In
biology, one of the plates found in corals between the
inner edge of certain septa and the axis of the vis-
ceral chamber.
Palustral ( pal-us' -tral) \_palns, marsh]. Pertaining
to, or having the nature of, marsh-fever; paludal.
Palustrine ( pal-ns' -trin) \_ pains, a swamp]. The same
as Paludal.
Pambotano [ pam-bo-fan'-o) [native Mexican]. A
Mexican plant, Calliandra houstoni, belonging to the
order of Leguminoscr. It is a bitter and antimalarial
of the first order. Dose of the powdered drug, 70
grains in 24 hours. The preparations are the tincture,
decoction, elixir, and alcoholic extract. Unof.
Pamphagous ( pant' -fag-ns) \_-ar, all ; (paydv, to de-
vour]. Omnivorous. '
Pamphilus (pam' -fil-us) \j^az, all; oi'Auv, to love].
.\ ]ilaster.
Pamphobia ( pam-fo'-be-ab). See Panophohia.
Pampinary (pain'-pin-a-re) \_pampinus, a tendril, or
young shoot of a vine]. In biology, of, or pertaining
to, a young shoot.
Pampiniform ( pam - pin' - if- orm ) \_pampiniformis :
pampinns, tendril ; forma, form]. Having the form
of a tendril. P. Plexus. See Ple.xns, Spermatic.
Pampinocele [pam-pin'-o-sel) \_pampinus, tendril;
Krfh], tumor]. A varicocele of the veins of the pam-
piniform plexus.
Pamplegia [pam-ple'-je-a/i) [-df , all ; rz'hjyrj, stroke].
General paralysis.
'Pam'pTods.cXylouB [pam-pi-o-dak'-til-us) [-cif , all ; Trpd,
forward ; (Sd/cruAor-, finger]. In biology, applied to
birds in which all four toes turn inward.
Pan- [/rdy, neuter of Trdf [gen. Travroq), all, every-
thing]. A Greek word signifying all, everything.
The form panto- is frequently employed.
Pan [ME., panne, & pan]. A low, ilat-bottomed ves-
sel. P., Bed, a large, flat oval pan, usually of china,
serving as a receptacle for the fecal discharges and urine
of bed- patients. P., Brain, P., Head, the skull.
P., Knee, the patella.
Panacea [pan-as-e' -ah) \_-avdiiEia, a cure-all]. A cure-
all ; a name applied to various empiric preparations
alleged to cure a multitude of diseases.
Panache [pa-nash') \_penna, feather, plume]. In
biology, a tuft of hairs or feathers.
Panacon ( pan'-ak-on) , C2,,H,;,Og. A white, tasteless,
crystalline body derived from the root of Aralia qitin-
qucfolia.
Panado [pan-a' -do) [Sp. panada, from panis, bread].
Bread softened in water. Also, a bread-poultice.
Panaesthesia {pan-es-the' -ze-ah). See Panesthesia.
Panaesthetism [pan-es'-thet-izm). See Panesthesia.
Panama Fever. l. See Fever. 2. A synonym of
Yellow Fever.
Panaquilon (/^?«-<-?/{''-7ot7-o« ), Q,^^.^Xi.^^. An amor-
phous, bitter-sweet principle extracted from the root
of Aralia quinquefolia.
Panaricium [pan-ar-is' -e-iim). See Panaris.
Panaris (pan-a' -ris) \^panarieiiim, a disease of the finger-
nails]. Phlegmonous inflammation of the finger or
toe. Whitlow. See also Paronychia. P., Anal-
gesic. See Aforvan' s Disease. P., Periosteal, pha-
langeal periostitis. P., Tendinous, inflammation of
the sheath of a digital tendon.
Panaritium ( pan-ar-ish' -e-um). See Panaris and Whit-
loiiK
Panarthritis [pan-ar-thri'-tis) [p^cic, all ; u^y/;oj', joint ;
ua', inflammation]. General inflammation of the
structures of a joint.
Panas' Solution. A mild antiseptic collyrium, ser-
viceable in conjunctivitis, blepharitis, etc. It contains
mercuric iodid I, absolute alcohol 400, distilled water
sufficient to make 20,000 parts.
Panax (pa'-naks) [Trdrai^, panacea]. Ginseng. The
root of P. qninqnefolium, much used in China as a
cure-all. It is a demulcent and mild purgative. Unof
Pancenonosos [pan-sen-ou' -o-sos) [jra^-, all ; Kowd;,
common; X'dcrof, disease]. An epidemic disease.
Pancenus [pan-sen' -21s) {j^aq, all ; KOtvug, common].
Epidemic.
Panchrestus [pan-kres' -tus) [Trdf, all ; ,Y/"/'J™f> use-
ful]. Same as Panacea.
Panchymagogue [pan-ki' -mag-og) [Trdf, all; A'''/'"'
juice; d;, leading]. A drug supposed to deplete
all the fluids and humors of the body. [Old.]
Pancratic {pan-kraf -ik) [77df, all; k/kitoc, strength].
Having a variable magnifying power ; applied to the
eye-pieces of certain microscopes.
Pancreas { pan' -kre-as) [Trdf, all; Ayj/fif, flesh]. A
large racemose gland, from six to eight inches in length,
lying transversely across the posterior wall of the
abdomen. It secretes a limpid, colorless fluid for the
digestion of proteids, fats, and carbohydrates. 'Hie
sweetbread of animals ; the abdominal salivary gland of
the Germans. It is vulgarly termed "gut bread, or
" belly s-weetbread," in contradistinction to the thymus
or true sweetbread. P., Accessory, a small mass of
PANCREATALGIA
965
PANDOCHEUM
glandular structure similar to the pancreas, and ad-
jacent to it. P. Aselli, a collection of lymph-glands
in the mesentery of some mammals, resembling a
Pancrealic duLU
Pancreas and Duodenum Removed from the Body, and
Seen from Behind.
The gland is cut to show the ducts.
pancreas. P., Lesser, a small partially detached
portion of the gland, lying posteriorly to its head and
having occasionally a separate duct which opens into
the pancreatic duct proper. P., Little. Same as 7-'.,
Lesser. P.-ptyalin, an amylolvtic ferment secreted
by the pancreas ; amylopsin. P., Small, a glandu-
lar mass frequently found under the true pancreas,
and similar in structure. P. Winslowii. Same as
P. , Lesser.
Pancreatalgia (/<7«-/{';-f-c7Art'/'-y>-/7//) [rraf, all ; Kpta(;,
flesh ; (i/yof, pain]. Pain in the pancreas.
Pancreatectomy {pan-kre-af-ek' -tome) [-nf, all;
Kpf«r, flesh ; MTo/zf/, excision]. Excision of a portion
or all of the pancreas.
Pancreatemphraxis ( pan-kre-nt-cm-fraks' -is") [Trnf,
aU; Kpiar, flesh; t-jifpa^ig, stoppage]. Obstruction
of the pancreatic duct.
Pancreathelcosis ( pan-kre-alh-el-ko'-sis) [Traf , all ;
Kpiag, flesh; tA/cucr;f, ulceration]. Ulceration of the
pancreas.
Pancreatic i^pan-kre-at' -ik) [ir/if, all ; apkaq., flesh].
Pertaining to the pancreas. P. Duct, the efferent
duct carrying the secretions of the pancreas to the
intestines ; it is also known as the duct of Wirsung. See
Diut. P. Fluid, or Juice, the fluid secreted by the
pancreas. It is thick, transparent, colorless, odorless,
of a salty taste, and strongly alkaline. By heat it is
coagulated into a white mass, from the presence of
serum-albumin. Its composition is water 900.8, and
solids 99.2. Of the latter, 90.4 are organic matter, and
8.8 inorganic matter. The asli from 1000 parts of
juice yields soda 0.58 ; sodium chlorid 7. 35 ; potassium
chlorid 0.02 ; phosphates of alkaline earths and iron
0.53 ; sodium phosphate O.OI ; lime and magnesia 0.32.
Traces of leucin and soaps are present in the fresh
juice. The ferments or enzymes, four in number, that
it contains give to it its important digestive power.
Its diastatic action is due to ainvlopsin ; its tryptic
or proteolytic SiCixon results from the presence of trypsin:
its action on fats is due to the presence of steapsin,
which cau:,es the fats to split up into glycerin and the
corresponding fatty acids ; and, finally, it contains a
7nilk-cnrdlini^ ferm e n t .
Pancreatica i^pan-kre-at' -ik-a!i) \jvayiipeac^, pancreas].
The pancreatic artery.
Pancreatico-duodenal [pan-kre-nt' -ik-o-du-od' -en-al)
[TTdr, all; Kpkac^, flesh ; //w, duodenum]. Per-
taining to the pancreas and the duodenum. P.-d.
Artery. See Arteries, Table of.
Pancreatico-splenic ( pan-kre-at' -ik-o-splen' -ik") [vrof,
all; xpf-Qf, flesh; aiTA7]v, spleen]. Pertaining to the
pancreas and the spleen.
Pancreatin {pan' -kre-at-in) [~af, all; apkir, flesh].
The active elements of the juice of the pancreas ; also
the commercial extract of the pancreas. It is added
to fats, milk, soups,
Common bile-duct. gruel, etc. Pan-
creaticus, Liq-
uor, prepared by
digesting pigs' pan-
creas with four
times its weight of
alcohol. Dose 3 j-
_^ss. Unof. See
also Organotlier-
apy.
Pancreatitic {pan-
kre-at-it'-ik) [rray-
Kpeac, pancreas ;
;r(f, inflammation] .
Pertaining to pan-
creatitis.
Pancreatitis {pan-kre-at-i' -tis) {jra^Kptac, pancreas;
nir, inflammation]. Inflammation of the pancreas.
Pancreatize { pan' -kre-at-iz) [rra-j Kpea<;, pancreas]. To
treat, or digest, with pancreatin.
Pancreatogen. ( pan-kre-al' -o-jen) \_-ayKpEaq, the pan-
creas ; ; t]T(j(c, production] . A nutritive element capa-
ble of Ijeing changed into pancreatin.
Pancreatogeny (pan-kre-at-oj'-en-e) \_~n-} upeoQ , pan-
creas; yeveaic, genesis]. The conversion by the pan-
creas of suitable pabulum into pancreatin.
Pancreatoid {pan' -kre-at-oid) [ 7r(!)/v7Jt«?, pancreas;
f((ior, like]. Resembling the pancreas.
Pancreatomy (/(7«-/'rc-fl^'-o-w/f). See Pancreatoto7ny.
Pancreatoncus { pan-kre-at-ong'-kus) [-()}Kpenf, pan-
creas; 6]/,7h;, tumor]. A tumor of the pancreas.
Pancreatorrhagia {pan-kre-at-or-a'-je-ah) [7rr;; /</jfaf ,
pancreas; pii)v\vai, to burst forth]. Hemorrhage
from the jiancreas.
Pancreatotomy {pan-kre-at-ot'-o-ine) \y:ayKpeac, pan-
creas; ro////, a cutting]. Incision of the pancreas.
Pancreazymose {pan-kre-az-i' -moz) \_-KayKpEaq, pan-
creas; C)'////, leaven]. One of the pancreatic fer-
ments.
Pancreectomy {pan-kre-ck'-to-me). See l^anereatec-
toiiiv.
Pancreopathia {fan-kre-o-path' -e-ah) \jxayKpzar, pan-
creas ; TTitHiir, disease]. Disease of the pancreas.
Pandalitium {pan-dal-ish' -e-uni). Synonym of Par-
on vehia.
Pandanus {pan-da' -mis) [Malay, pandang, conspicu-
ous]. A genus of pandaneaceous plants. P. cari-
cosus, a species of screw-pine indigenous in the Mo-
lucca Islands, and the leaves of which are used in gas-
tro-intestinal disorders. P. odoratissima, P. utilis,
fragrant screw-pine ; keora oil-plant, used in dysen-
tery. Unof.
Pandemia {pan -de' -vie- ah) all ; (5v//of, people].
An epidemic that attacks all persons.
Pandemic {pan-dein' -ik) [ Traf, all; (%"f, people].
Epidemic over a wide area.
Pandemy { pan' -dem-e). Same as Pandemia.
Pander, Blood-islands of. Multinucleated areas of
the angioblastic cells of the mesoderm, which give rise
to the endothelium of the blood-vessels, or are converted
into primary blood-corpuscles. P., Nucleus of.
.See Aliileits.
Pandiculation {pan-dik-u-la'-shun ) \_pandieulatio :
pandere, to stretch out]. The act of stretching the
limbs, especially on waking from sleep. It is some-
times symptomatic of fever, hysteria, and of malarial
affections. Also, yawning.
Pandocheum, Pandochium {pan-do' -ke-um) [iraf,
PANDURATE
966
PANSPERMATISM
all; (?£,^f(Tt*a(, to receive]. A hospital receiving all
diseases.
Pandurate [ pan' -du-rdt) \_panihira , a musical instru-
ment]. vShaped like a pandura or violin.
Panduriform, Pandurate {pan-du' -rif-orni, pan'-du-
rat) \_pniidura, a lyre ; forma, form]. P'iddle-shaped ;
pandurate. P. Head, a head whose transverse sec-
tion would show a liddle shaped outline.
Panesthesia {pan-es-the' -ze-ah) [/ra?, all; diaHijair,
perception]. General or total sensation ; cenesthesia.
Panesthetism {paii-cs' -thet-izm). Same as Panesthe-
sia .
Pang [ME. , pange, a pang]. A momentary sharp pain.
P., Breast, angina pectoris.
Pangene [pau'-jen] [nac (ttcw-], all ; ytpean;, birth, pro-
duction]. In biology, according to DeVries' theory
of heredity, one of the primary bearers of the individual
qualities or characters of the cell, /.f. , the constituent
qualities of the species ; one of the ultimate vital par-
ticles. Germ-substance is held to be formed of a num-
ber of different kinds of pangenes, of which as many
are present as there are qualities in the species ; they
have no definite arrangement, but are freely miscible.
They differ from the " gemmules " of Darwin and
correspond to the "biophors" of Weismann. See
I/eredl/y.
Pangenesis {pan-Jen' -es-is) [~af, all ; yeveaig, produc-
tion]. In biology, Darwin's theory of heredity, which
supposes the existence of gemmules separated from the
body-cells and segregated from the circulation by the
reproductive glands. These preformed constituents
of all parts of the fully-formed animal or plant become
aggregated in the germ, and give rise by a process of
evolution to the new organism. Pangenesis is opposed
to the theory of epigenesis. or the origin of the fully-
formed organism by a gradual process of differentiation.
See Heredity. P., Intracellular, the origin of ulti-
mate vital particles (pangenes, gemmules, biophors)
within the cell.
Pangenetic {pan-/en-et'-ik) [irdf, all; yevt-aig, genesis].
Pertaining to pangenesis.
Pangium edule {pan' -je-ttm-e-dn'-le) [L.]. A bi.xa-
ceous plant of Java. Its oily leaves, though edible
after due preparation, contain a powerfully narcotic
principle which is readily removed by maceration in
C(3ld water. Unof.
Panhistophyton [pan-kis-toff'-it-ott] {irag, all; 'iaT6g,
web, tissue ; tpvTiiv, plant]. See Microbe of Pebrine,
under Bacteria. See also Microsporidia.
Panhysterectomy {pan-his-ter-ek' -to-ine) [~(jf, all ;
va-epa, womb; (KTo/iij, excision]. Complete extirpa-
tion, or surgical removal, of the uterus.
Panicle { pan'-i/c-/) \_paniis, a thread wound upon the
bobbin in a shuttle]. In biology, a branched raceme ;
an inflorescence of varying shape (determinate, inde-
terminate, cymose, botryose) , but typically loose and
spreading, with repeatedly branched peduncles, as seen
in the grasses or the lilac.
Panicula (pan-ik'-u-lah) [L.]. A swelling or tumor.
Paniculate {pan-ik' -u-lat) \_panicttla, a panicle]. In
biology, arranged in panicles.
Paniculus {pan-ik' -ti-his). See Panniciilus.
Panicum {pan'-ik-niii) [L.]. Panic-grass, a grami-
naceous plant widely distributed. P. insulare, a
West Indian species, having purgative properties. Unof.
Panidrosis { paii-id-j'o' -sis) \_~(ic, all; iSfjut;, sweat].
General pers|)i ration.
Panis (/<?;/'-/.()[l,.]. Bread.
Panizza, Foramen of. See Foramina, Table of.
Panmixia { pan-mi ks' -e-ali) [Trac, all ; //if^f, mixing].
In biology, Weismann' s term for the tendency of or-
ganic structures to retrogress and disappear when
their value to the species becomes nil, as e.g., the eyes
in cave-animals.
Pannecrotomy ( pan-nek-rot' -o-me') [jraf , all ; v£Kp&q, <
dead; tou//, a cutting]. The dissection of all dead
bodies, suggested by Kraus as the best method to
prevent burial of living persons.
Pannetier's Green. Same as Mittler^ s Green.
Panneuritis {pan-nu-ri'-tis)[TTai:, all, every ; veiipov,
nerve ; ;r(f, inflammation]. A synonym of multiple
neuritis.
Panniculus { pan-ik' -u-liis) [dim. of pannus, a piece
of cloth]. A small piece of cloth. In anatomy, a
small membrane. P. adiposus, a compact layer in
the subcutaneous stratum of the skin, in which the
interfascicular spaces of the reticular framework of
tibro-elastic bundles are occupied by adipose tissue.
The large, thin muscles by which the lower animals
move the skin, represented in man mainly by the
platysma and by some of the facial muscles. P. |
cordis, the pericardium. P. subtilis, the pia mater.
P. transversus, the diaphragm.
Pannose ( \_pannits, cloth, rag]. In biology:
{a) Having the texture or appearance of woolen cloth
or felt, {b) Covered with a felted coat of hairs.
Pannus {pan' -us) [L. ,a cloth]. Vascularization of
the cornea, usually due to the irritation of trachoma-
granulations. (The cornea is normally non-vascular. )
P. carnosus, P. crassus, one that has acquired a |
considerable thickness. P. siccus, an old pannus i
composed of connective tissue and poor in vessels. |
Panochia {pan-o' -ke-ali). Synonym of Venereal Bubo.
Panococo {pan - o - ko' - kd) [S. Amer.]. The South 1
American leguminous tree, Swartzia tomentosa ; its ■
bark is strongly sudorific, and the tree affords a black j
resin. Unof. j
Panoistic ( pan-o-is'-tik) [ttoc , all ; udv, egg]. In bid- !
ogy, applied to ovaries that produce ova only; as j
distinguished from meroistic ovaries, which produce |
separate ova and yolk-cells or nutritive cells. I
'P&no-paXhy {pan-op'-at/i-e) [Trrif, all ; naSog, disease]. |
A disease widely prevalent among many people, or j
affecting all the tissues of one individual.
Panophobia ( pan-o-fo'-be-ak). See Pantophobia.
Panophthalmia {pan-off-thai' -me-ali). See Panoph-
thalmitis.
Panophthalmitis {pan off-thal-mi'-tis) [iraf, all ; o^foA-
fitjc, eye; itic, inflammation]. Inflammation of all
the tissues of the eyeball.
Panosteitis {pan-os-te-i'-tis) [/rdf, all; oor/w, bone ;
i-(r, inflammation]. An inflammation of all the parts
of a bone.
Panotitis {pan-o-ti' -tis) [rraf, all; oi'f, ear; (nf, in-
flammation]. An inflammatory aft'ection involving i
all the structures of the ear, and resulting in complete ,
destruction of its functions, with dangerous bone- i
sequela;. I
Panpharmacon {pan-far' -mak-on) [jrac, all ; (jiapfiaKOv, \
drug]. A panacea. 1
Panphlegmon {pan-yleg'-mon) [ttoc, all ; ^Afy/zoi'?/, in- j
flammation]. Gangrene of rapid course and develop- j
ment, probably microbic in origin. '
Panphobia { pan-fo' -be-ah) [-(;r, all; 0o/3o?, dread]. (
Synonym of J'linoplioliiii. I
Panplegia {pan-plc' -jc-ah) [^af, all ; ■^'kriyi], stroke]: |
Generalized paralysis. |
Pansch, Fissure of. See Fissures, Table of. \
Pansclerosis ( pan-skle-ro'-sis) [ttoc, all ; (SKAejm, hard]. (
Complete sclerosis or hardening of a part. '
Panspermatism {pan-spcr' -ii/at-izm) [ir-af, all ; crTrip/in, ;
seed]. In biology, Spallanzani's theory that the air |
is full of invisible germs ; the theory of omnijiresent j
germs. j .
PANSPERMIA
967
PAPAVERALDIN
Panspermia i^pan-sper' -ine-ali). Same as Pansperma-
tism.
Panspermic {paii-sper'-mil:) [rraf, all; OKep/ia, seed].
Pertaining to panspermatism.
Panspermism [paii-spcr'-//ii:.:/i). See Panspeniiatisni.
Panspermist (/(/«-j/i7-'-w/^/) [Traf , all ; a7rfp//n, seed].
One who believes in spontaneous or equivocal gener-
ation. See Abiogenesis.
Panspermium i^pan-sper' -me-iuii) [iraf, all; aizkjyjia,
germ]. The hypothetic ultimate element of matter.
Panspermy [pan-spo-' -nie) [Trdf, all; airipiia, seed].
Same as Panspennatisin.
Pansphygmograph [pan - sjig'- ino -graf) [nac, all;
a(j)v-)fi6(;, pulse; ypaipeiv, to write]. A variety of car-
diograph by means of which tracings can bS taken
simultaneously of the cardiac movements, the arterial
pulse, and the respiration.
Pansy [pan'-ze). See Vio/a tricolor.
Pant [ME., /sMtoz, to pant, gasp]. To breathe hard or
quickly.
Pantadenodes [pan-lad-en-o' -dez) ["ac, all ; in^iv,
gland; tJiJof, like]. Made up entirely of glandular
tissue ; e. g. , the pancreas.
Pantagogue { pan' -tag-og) [jtuq, all; rl; (if , leading].
A medicine intended to expel all morbific matters.
[Old.]
Pantais. See Pantas.
Pantamorphia [pan-tam-or' -fe-ali) [ttoc , all ; fiopibl/,
form]. General deformity.
Pantamorphic [pan-lani-or'-fik) [nac, all; afwp(j>ia,
shapelessness]. Completely deformed.
Pantanencephalia [pan-tan-en-sef-a' -le-ah') [-or, all;
ave}'i^t(pa'/o(;, brainless]. Total congenital absence of
the brain.
Pantanencephalic [pan-tan-oi-sef-al'-ik) [Trrir, all ;
a priv. ; kyKecpalog, brain]. Congenitally destitute of
brain.
Pantaphobia [pan-taf-o' -be-ah) [irdf, all ; d priv. ;
(jiSjio^, fear] . Total absence of fear.
Pantas (pan'-tas) [pantais, pantois, a disease of
hawks]. A pulmonary disease of hawks. Spelled
also pantass, pantasse, pantess, pantais.
Pantatrophia, Pantatrophy ( pan-tat-ro' -fe-ah , pan-
tat' -ro-fc) \nhr, all ; ciTftvipia, atrophy]. Complete
or general atrophy.
Pantaphobia [pan-tef-o' -be-ali). Synonym of Hydro-
phobia.
Pantess (pan'-tes). See Pantas.
Panthodic (pan-thod'-i/c) [irdr, all ; d(5df, way]. Of
nervous impulses, radiating to all parts of the body.
Panting [pant'-ing) [ME., panten, to pant]. Breath-
ing loudly and rapidly, like a dog that has run fast.
Panto- {pan' -to-). See Pan-.
Pantogamy {pan-tog' -a;n-c) [Trdf, all ; ya/iog, mar-
riage]. Reckless, indiscriminate sexual intercourse.
Pantogangliitis {pan-to-gang-glc-i' -tis) [Trdf, all; yay-
yliov, ganglion ; ltk;, inflammation]. A synonym of
Asiatic Clwlera.
Pantograph {pan'- to - gra/') [ -dr, all; ypa<peiv, to
write]. An instrument for the mechanical copying of
diagrams, etc. , upon the same scale, or upon an en-
larged or a reduced scale.
Pantographic {pan-to-graf '-i/^) [irdf, all ; ypacjieLV, to
write]. Pertaining to a pantograph and to panto-
graphy.
Pantography {pan-too' -ra-fe) [irdf, all ; ypa<S>en>, to
write]. I. General description. 2. The process of
copying by a pantograph.
Pantologic {pan-to-loj' -ik) [-df, all ; Xoyoc, science].
Pertaining to pantology.
Pantologist {pan-tol' -o-jist) [~df, all ; '/■.6yu(;, science].
One versed in pantology.
Pantology {pan-toF -o-jc) [Trdc, all ; 'K6yo<;, science].
Universal knowledge.
Pantometer {pan-loin' -et-er) [Trdf, all; ptrpuv, meas-
ure]. An instrument for measuring angles of all
kinds.
Pantometric {pan-to-met' -rik) [irdf, all ; fitrpov, meas-
ure]. Pertaining to pantometry.
Pantometry {pan-torn' -et-re) [yrdf, all ; fieTpov, meas-
ure]. I. Universal measurement. 2. The use of
the pantometer.
Pantomorph {pan'-to-morf) [nai;, all; /JOptpi/, form].
That which assumes, or exists in, all shapes.
Pantomorphic {pan - to - mor' -fik) [ ttqc, all; iJ.o()^>f,
form]. Assuming all shapes.
Pantophagist {pan-toff '-aj-ist) [-df, all; (j>ayeii\ to
eat]. One who is omnivorous.
Pantophagous {pan-toff '-ag-ns) [rrac, all ; ipaytii', to
eat]. Omnivorous.
Pantophagy {pan-toff '-aj-c) [-df, all ; i^ayelv, to eat].
The habit of eating all kinds of food.
Pantophobia {pan-to-fo' -be-ali) [Trdf , all ; ^d/9cif, fear].
Insane dread of all things.
Pantophthalmia {pan-toff-thal' -me-a/i). Synonym of
Pan oplitli aim itis .
Pantoplethora {pan-to-pleth' -or-ah) [Trdf, all ; -Mfiupij,
fulness]. General hyperemia.
Pantoscopic {pan-to-skop' -ik). See Bifocal.
Pantostomate {pan - to - sto'- mat). Same as Panto-
stomatoiis.
Pantostomatous {pan-to-sto' -mat-us) [irdf, all ; aTofia,
mouth]. In biology, capable of ingesting food at any
or every point on the surface of the body, e.g., an
ameba.
Pantozootia {pan-to-zo-o'-she-ak). Synonym of Pan-
zooty .
Panygrous {pan - ig' - rits) [jTavvypo^, wet]. Fluid
throughout.
Panzoism {pan - zo'- izm) [irdf, all; CtJ'/, life]. In
biology, a collective term for the various elements or
factors of vitality.
Panzootic {pan - zo - ot' - ik) [Trdf, all; ZCiov, animal].
Of the nature of a panzooty ; attacking all, or man)-
animals.
Panzooty {pan-zo' -o-te) [Trdf, all; i^O>ov, animal]. A
disease attacking all, or a great many, animals at once.
Pap [ME., pap, pap]. A soft, semiliquid food for
infants. Also the nipple. P. -pox. .Same as Coto-
pox.
Papain {pa' -pa-in) \_Papaiainaram , the native Malabar
name of papaya]. A proteolytic ferment obtained
from papavv-milk, the juice of Carica papava, a tree
native to South America. It has the digestive proper-
ties of pepsin, but is far more active, dissolving fibrin
in neutral, acid, or alkaline liquids. It is an excellent
solvent of false membranes. Papayotin and Caricin
are other names for the ferment. Dose gr. j-x. Unof.
Papaina {pa-pa-in'-ak)\_gcn., Papaincc]. See Papain.
Papaver {pa-pa' -ver) \_papaver, poppy: gen., Papa-
veris'\. The poppy, the juice and extracts of which
possess narcotic properties. Opium is obtained from
P. somnifertim. The British Pharmacopeia includes
the nearly ripe dried capsules of the foregoing, from
which are prepared the following : Papaveris, De-
coctum, only used externally. P., Extract. Dose
gr. ij-v. P., Syrup. Dose gj. The action of these
preparations is similar to, but much weaker and more
uncertain than, that of opium. P. rheas, the red or
corn poppy resembling opium in its action, but milder.
Rheados, Syr. Dose ^j.
Papaveraldin {pa-pav-er-al' -diii) \_papazier, poppy],
C.,„H,,|N05. ^ crystalline oxidation-product of papav-
erin.
PAPAVERIN
968
PAPILLITIS
Papaverin {pap-av' er-iii) \_papaver, poppy], CjjHj,-
NO^. An alkaloid found in opium. It is narcotic,
and produces primarily muscular relaxation, later con-
vulsions. Dose gr. ^ . Unof.
Papaverous [pap-av' -er- us) \_papaver , poppy]. Par-
taking of the character of the poppy.
Papaw [pa-paw') [a name of Malabar origin]. I. The
seed of Asimiiia triloba, a prompt emetic. Dose of
the fid. ext. Tl\x-xxx. Unof. 2. The tree Carica
papaya; also, its edible fruit. See Papain.
Papayotin [pap-a-yo' -tin). See Papain.
Paper [pa' -per) [TraTrtipof, the plant papyrus]. See
Charta. P. -shell Lobster. See Buckle-shell.
Papilionaceous [pap-il-e-on-a' -she-us) \_papilis, butter-
fly]. Resembling a butterfly.
Papilla [pap-il'-ah) [L., a nipple]. In anatomy, any
small, soft, conic eminence, as the nipple. The word
is used alone to designate the optic disc or nerve-head
as seen by the ophthalmoscope. In pathology, a
pimple, or pustule. Cf. Mammilla; IVart. P.,
Caliciform, P., Cir-
cumvallate, one of
the large papillse
at the root of the
tongue, arranged like
a V opening forward.
P., Clavate. Syno-
nym of P. , Fungi-
form. P., Com-
pound, a papilla
covered with several
perfect secondary
papillx. P., Conic.
See P., Filiform.
P., Conoidal. Syn-
onym of P. , Fili-
form. P., Detital.
See Organ, Enamel.
P., Duodenal, the
elevation at the
point where the
ductus choledochus
communis enters the
duodenum. P. of Eye. See Disc. P., Filiform,
any one of the smallest and most numerous of the
lingual papillse. They are conic and have project-
ing from their apices filiform processes of a whitish tint.
P., Foliate,
one of the
small folds
0 f mucous
mem b rane
at the sides
of thetongue
near its
base, con-
taining taste-
organs. P.
Fungiform,
ainy one of
the medium-
sized papil-
1 oe of the
ton g u e .
They are named from their resemblance to a young
mushroom. P., Hair, the projection of the corium
into the depression at the end of the hair-bulb. P. of
Kidney. See P. , Renal. P. Lacrymal, the small
elevation at the inner edge of the eyelid containing the
opening into the canaliculus. P., Lingual, one of the
elevations of the mucous membrane of the dorsum of
the tongue ; they are covered by stratified epithelium,
and are of three \a.r\e\.iei,fliform,fungifor?n, and foli-
ate. See Illustrations. P. mammae, the nipple. P.,
Filiform Papilla. X 30.
Primary papilla. 2. Secondary
papillae on its summit. 3. Epi-
thelial process on papilla. 4.
Single process, with entangled
epithelial cells.
Fungiform
Papilla. X 30.
Foliate Papilla in the Rabbit. X 80.
I, r. Primary and secondary septa, Taste-buds. n. Medul-
lated nerve,
fibers.
d. Serous gland, a. Its duct. M. Muscular
Tongue of Rabbit, Showing
Foliate Papill-e, P. F. (From
Stirling.)
MaximaL Same as P., Circumvallate. P., Medul-
lary, one of the small eminences on the medulla oblon-
gata. P., Minimal. Same as /'. , CowzV. P., Nerve,
any one of the skin-papillse containing tactile corpuscles
or nervous plexuses.
P. optica, the optic
disc or prominence
formed by the fibers
of the optic nerve
after having entered
the cavity of the eye-
ball. ■ P., Renal, the
summit of any one of
the renal pyramids
projecting into the
renal pelvis. P. of Skin, any one of the minute
finger-like projections of the corium. P. spiralis, the
same as Organ of Corti. See Corti, Organ of. P.,
Tactile, one of the papillre of touch ; little eminences
of the true skin containing tactile corpuscles and
nerve-fibers. P. truncatae. Synonym of P., Cir-
cuimHillate.
Papillar [pap-il' -ar). Synonym of Papillary. .
Papillary [pap' -il-a-re) \_ papilla, nipple]. Pertaining
to a papilla. Also, pertaining to the nipple. Bearing
papillie. P. Wave. See Percussion-wave.
Papillate [pap'-il-at) [papilla, nipple, bud]. In
botany, covered with papillce.
Papilliferous (pap-il-if -er-us) [papilla, \:z.^f\\\■^•, ferre,
to bear]. Papillate; bearing one or more fleshy ex-
crescences.
Papilliform (/(?/'-//'-?/-t';7«) [/^7////rt, nipple ; forma,
to form]. Shaped like a papilla, or nipple. P.
Bodies of Van Bemmelen. See Megalesthete. P.
Layer of the Skin, the layer bearing the papillre. P.
Muscles, those conic columnre carnex of the heart
to which the chordx tendinere are attached.
Papillitis [pap-il-i'-tis) papilla ; /rtf, inflam-
mation]. Inflammation of the optic disc or papilla
of the eye. The old terms choked disc, descending
neuritis, etc., implied unproved theories of causa-
tion, and have been replaced by the adoption of the
PAPILLOMA
969
PARACELE
better term papillitis. Intracranial diseases, as tu-
Papillitis.
mors, meningitis, abscess, etc., are the most frequent
cause.
Papilloma {pap-il-o' -mah) \_papilla, papilla; hjia.
tumor: //. , Papilloniaia\ A term loosely employed
to include corns, warts, horns, and certain nevi.
Papillomata stand midway between true tumors and
inflammatory growths ; a papilloma is any growth on
the skin or mucous membrane based upon, or resem-
bling, a normal papilla. P., Hard, a form in which
the connective-tissue framework is denser and the
cells fewer than usual. It grows chiefly from the
skin. P., Soft, one growing from mucous mem-
branes, especially in the uterus, rectum, and bladder.
Papillomatosis {pap-il-o-?>int-o' -sis) \_papilla, papilla ;
tumor ; Tocrof, disease]. The widespread forma-
tion of papillomata ; also the state of being affected
with multiple papillomata.
Papillomatous [ pap-il-o' -niat-tts') \_papilla, papilla;
6/ya, tumnr]. Pertaining to a papilloma.
Papilloretinitis i^pap-il-o-ret-in-i' -tis). Synonym of
Neiiroyetinitis.
Papillose [pap'-il-oz] [papilla, a nipple]. Bearing
papilln;.
Papillulate {pap-iF -ii-lat) \_papill2tla, papillule]. Pap-
ular; covered with papilluliTe.
Papillule {pap'-il-nl) [papillula, dim. of papilla, a
nipple]. I. A small papilla or tubercle. 2. Also
applied to a small depression, as a variole, when it has
a central elevation.
Papoid (pap' -aid). A proprietary preparation similar
to or identical with papain.
Papoose, Pappoose (pap-oos') [Amer. Ind.]. An Indian
babe or young child. P. -root. Synonym of Can-
lophyllunt.
Pappiferous {pap-if -er-iis) [TraTTTrof, down; /erre, to
bear]. Bearing a pappus.
Pappus {pap' -Its) [TraTrTTOf, down]. The fine down first
appearing on the cheeks and chin. In biology, the
modified calyx-limbs of the florets of the CompositcF.
Papula {pap'-u-lah ). See Papule.
Papular (pnp'-u-lar) \_papula, papule]. Of the nature
of a papule.
Papule [pap'-til) \_papula, a pimple]. A small cir-
cumscribed, solid elevation of the skin. P., Moist,
a name for a broad condyloma. P., Mucous, a
mucous patch of syphilis.
Papuliferous ( pap-u-li/'-er-us) \_papiila, a pimple;
ferre, to bear] . Pimply ; covered with papulae.
Papulose [pap' -u-ldz). Synonym of Papular.
Papulous (pap' -II -Ills). Synonym of Papular.
Papyraceous (pap-ir-a' -se-iis) \_papyrus, paper]. In
biology, of a papery texture.
Papyritious (pap-ir-is/i'-its) \_papyyus, paper]. In
biology, resembling paper, as the nests of certain
wasps.
Paquelin's Cautery. See Cmitery.
Par [L.]. A pair. P. duodecimum, an old name
for the hypoglossal nerve. P. medullae primum,
an old term for the glosso pharyngeal nerve. P.
medullae secundum, the vagus nerve. [Old.] P.
nonum, an old name for the hypoglossal nerve. P.
piqtare. See Culture. P. vagum, the vagus nerve.
Para- (par' -all-) [%a/)a, beyond, beside]. A prefix
signifying beyond, beside, near, the opposite of, etc.
In chemistry, it denotes close relationship, and is
applied, e. g.,\.o a derivation of the benzol ring formed
by the substitution of two atoms of hydrogen situated
opposite each other. In biology, it indicates compari-
son with another object, although a distinct difference
exists. In pathology, it signifies a condition varying
from the normal, though resembling it somewhat.
Para-analgesia (par-ah-an-al-je' -ze-ah) [tto/jo, beside;
cira'/^^i/aia, insensibility to pain]. Analgesia limited
to the lower limbs and the lower half of the trunk.
Para-anesthesia (par-ali-an-es-tlie' -ze-ali) \_7Tapa, be-
side; ai'ciinHi/Hin , anesthesia]. Anesthesia affecting
both sides of the body below the waist.
Parabanic Acid {par-ab-a' -nik). See Oxalyurea.
Parabin (par'-ab-in). See Gelose.
Parablast (par' -ab-last) \Tvapa, beside ; (iAaaTog, germ].
In biology, Kupfifer's term for peculiar nutritive cells
lying under the blastoderm of certain reptilian mero-
blastic eggs, as distinguished from the archiblast or
formative cells. From it are developed the connective
tissues, the endothelial cells, the corpuscles of the
blood, the blood-plasma, and the lymph.
Parablastic (par-ab-las' -tik) \napa, beside ; ^XaaToi;,
germ]. Pertaining to the parablast.
Parablepsis (par-ab-lep' -sis) [Trapa, beside; li^iki^iq,
vision]. False or perverted vision.
Paraboulia ( par-ab-00' -le-ali). See Parabulia.
Parabranchia [par-ah-rang'-ke-ah) [napa, beside,-
(ipa-) xic, gills: //. , Parabranchiie^. In biology, the
second gill of a gastropodous mollusc.
Parabranchial (par-ab-rang'-ke-al) \pKapa, beside;
I3pd},\'ia, gills]. Pertaining to a parabranchia.
Parabulia (par-ab-u'-le-ah) [Trapd, beside ; /Soi'A?), will].
Abnormality of the volitional action.
Parabuxidin ( par-ab-uks' -id-iii) [irapd, beside ; buxus,
the box-tree]. A crystalline alkaloid found in the
common garden-box.
Parabuxin ( par-ab-uks' -i?i) [jrapa, beside ; buxus, the
box-tree], C,,^H^i,N.^O. An alkaloid found in common
garden-box.
Parabysma ( par-ab-iz'-niah) [TTaphftvapa ; -rrapaPveiv,
to stuff: //. , Parabysmata'] Turgescence, especially
of a viscus.
Paracanthoma (par-ak-au-tho' -mah) [Trapri, beside ;
nKnrUn, prickle; bfja, tumor]. A new growth affect-
ing the prickle-cell layer of the skin.
Paracanthosis (par - ak - an - tho' - sis) [Trapd, beside ;
d/fai'fla, prickle ; roo-of, disease : //. , Paracanthoses'\.
Any skin -disease characterized by some anomaly of
the prickle-cell layer.
Paracarpium [par-ak-ar' -pe-um) [Tnpd, beside ; sap-
TFoi;, fruit]. In biology, an abortive pistil or ovary.
Paracele (par'-as-el) [irapd, beside ; /coi/l^, a hollow].
A lateral ventricle of the brain.
PARACENTERION
970
PARACRESOTIC ACID
Paracenterion ( par - as - en - te'- re -on). Synonym of
Trocar.
Paracentesis {^par-as-en-te' -sis) [Trapd, beside; kevtii-
Gii;, puncture]. Piercing or tapping a cavity of the
body, such as tlie chambers of the eye, or the thorax,
for the evacuation of fluid.
Paracentral { par-as-en' -tral) [jra/ja, beside ; la vrixir,
center]. Alongside, or situated near, a center. P.
Lobule. See Lohulns.
Paracentric [par-as-en'-(rik) [rrapd, beside ; idivrpov,
center]. Approaching the center.
Paracephalus [Trafxi, beside ; Kfipalrj,
head]. I. A species of omphalositic monsters, char-
acterized by the presence of four extremities, more or
less imperfect, especially in the digits, an imperfectly-
formed head, a rudimentary condition of the viscera,
and, occasionally, absence of the heart. The paracepha-
lus is one of unioval twins, the sex being always the
same, and usually female. It is incapable of living.
2. A variety of the foregoing species in which the
head is very imperfectly-formed, more or less defect-
ive in all its parts, but exhibiting rudiments of the
cranium and of the organs of sense, and possessing
even an oral orifice and a buccal cavity. The trunk is
also defective, and there are no superior extremities.
Parachloralose {par - ak - lo' - ral - do) [-Trapd, beside ;
x'Aojpuij, green]. A product of the action of chloral
upon sugar. It is insoluble in water and is practically
inert.
Paracholesterin [par-ak-o-les' -ter-in) [^apd, beside;
^YoA/}, bile ; orfap, fat], QgH^^O. One of the vege-
table cholesterins.
Paracholia {par- ak - o' - le - ah) [Trfrpd, beside ; X'>''''ly
bile]. Any abnormality in the secretion of bile.
Parachordal (/;?;--<7/&-tir'-(/<7/) [7r(2/)d, beside; ;i'op(S//, a
string; specifically the chorda or notochord]. In
biology : («) One of two bars of cartilage extending
alongside the occipital notochord in the human fetus.
(7;) Adjoining the cephalochord ; situated at the side
of the cranial part of the notochord of the embryo.
(c) Pertaining to the cartilaginous basis of the cranium
in the embryo.
Parachrea { pa )--a k-rc' -ah)\ji(i\)d , beside ; ;i7J0m, color].
Morbid discoloration, or change of complexion.
Parachroma [par-ak' -ro-maJi) [-a/ja, beside; xp^l'-^i
color]. Any pigmentary disease of the skin. See
Parachroniatism.
Parachromatin {par - ak - ro' - mat - in) [Tct/jd, beside ;
Xpo)ua, color]. In biology, that portion of the
nucleoplasm which goes to form the spindle-threads
during mitosis; linin. It is but slightly stainable,
whence the name.
Parachromatism {par-ak-ro' -inat-izm) [n-apd, beside;
Xpo)ua, color]. False, or incorrect perception of
color. It is not the same as true color-blindness,
which it may ap[)roach more or less completely.
Parachromatoblepsia {par-ak-rotnat-o-bhp' -sc-ah).
See ParacJiroinatlsin.
Parachromatosis {par-ak-ro-inat-o' -sis)\TTapii, beside ;
Xpi^pn, skin ; wcof , disease]. Any one of the pig-
mentary skin-diseases.
Parachromophore ( par-ak-ro' -ino-for) [Trapd, beside ;
jP«//<-j:, color ; (iripot;, bearing]. In biology, applied
to clironiogenic bacteria that produce the pigment
as an excretion-product, but retain it in the organism.
Parachrosis { par-ak-ro' -sis) [Tapd, beside; XP"'^"',
coloring]. The existence of a pigmentary skin-disease.
Parachymosis {par - ak - i - mo ' - sis) \_napa, beside ;
XVfioc, juice]. A morbid .state of a secretion or a
secreting organ.
Paracinema {par-as-in-e' -inah). Synonym of Dislo-
cation .
Paracinesis {par-as-in-e'-sis) [irapd, beside ; Kivi/aK;,
motion]. Morbid movement of the voluntary muscles,
arising from a diseased condition of the motor nerves
or centers.
Paraclonus { par-ak' -lo-nus). Synonym of Paranivo-
cliiniis.
Paracmasis {par-ak' -mas-is). Synonym of Paracme.
Paracmastic {par-ak-mas'-tik) \_~apa, beside; iiKjiy,
acme]. Pertaining to the declining stage.
Paracme (par-ak' -me) [Trapd, beside ; d/f/j?/, point,
prime]. In biology, the degeneration or decadence
of a group of organisms after they have reached their
acme of development.
Paracnemion {par-ak-ne' -me-on). Synonym of Pibula.
Paracoe {par - ak' - o - e) \T:apamij, only half heard].
.Some perversion of the sense of hearing, in which i
sounds are not heard distinctly. I
Paracoele {par' -as-el). See Paracele.
^2iX&z<sX\a. {par-as-e' -!e-ah). 'ia.me Paracele. \
Paracolitis {par - ak - o - li'- tis) [napa, beside ; Kuhjv, \
colon; i7i(, inflammation]. Inflammation of the |
outer coat of the colon. I
Paracolpitis {par-ak-ol-pi' -tis) [Trapd, by ; ™/i.-()f, j
vagina ; ;r/r, inflammation]. Inflammation of the i
connective tissue about the vagina. |
Paracondylar, [par-ak-on'-dil-ar) [rrapd, beside ; kov-
6v'/ijr, knuckle; f/iSof, like]. Situated alongside a I
condyle or a condylar region. I
Paracondyloid { par - ak - on'- dil - oid) [Tapd, beside;
/.[di'Aii/.or, knuckle ; ekSof, form]. Adjoining the con- j
dyles. ;
Paracone (par'-ak-dn) [irapa, beside; hijvoi;, cone].
The antero-external cusp of an upper molar tooth. I
Paraconicin (par-ak-on'-is-in) [-apd, beside; Kuveiov, j
hemlock]. An isomer of coniin, possessing similar j
physiologic properties. i
Paraconid {par-ak-o'-nid) [irapd, beside ; K(jvn(;, cone]. i
The antero-internal cusp of a lower molar tooth. ]
Paraconiin {par-ak-o' -ni-in) [irapd, beside; kuveiov, |
hemlock], C,H,jN. A principle formed from normal !
butyraldehyd and butylidene chlorid upon heating |
them with alcoholic ammonia. It is a colorless liquid, •
with a stupefying odor, boiling at l68°-I70° C. It is
said to have the physiologic properties of coniin, I
whence the name.
Paracope {par-ak' -o-pe) [irapd, beside, aside; ku-t^lv,
to .strike]. Insanity or delirium.
Paracopic {par-ak-op' -ik) [Trapfi/coTrr/zcdf, frantic]. In-
sane or delirious.
Paracorolla {par-ak-o-rol' -ah) [-upd, about; Kopuv:/,
crown, garland]. In biology, an appendage in the i
throat of the corolla; the crown, as in Narcissus. I
Paracoto {par-ak-o' -to) [-a/)d, beside; Sp. , coto, a |
cubit]. A South American tree closely related to ;
Coto. Its bark contains a neutral substance, paraco- I
toin, closely resembling cotoin, but about half as ;
strong. P. Bark, a variety of bark from Bolivia, of i
undetermined origin, but much resembling coto. Unof. )
Paracotoin { par-ak-o' -to-in) [-apd, beside ; Sp. j
a cubit], Ci,,H,.,0,,. An active px'mcx^Xe of Paracoto j
and Paracoto Bark, valuable in cholera. It is similar !
to, but less active than, cotoin. Dose gr. %-]■ Unof.
Paracotoinic Acid { par-ak-o-to-in'-ik) [-apd, beside;
Sp., CO/0, a cubit], C,,,H|.,0 + Vi.f>. An amorphous
substance obtained when paracotoin is boiled with
potassium hydrate.
'Pac!:a.co\imax\c Pi.c\dL {par-ak-oo-mar'-ik) [jrapd, beside;
cn?imarin'\, C,,H,,0.,. An acid obtained by treating |
aloes with sulphuric acid. j
Paracousia, Paracousis { par-ak-oo'-ze-ah, par-ak-u ■
sis). .See Paracusis.
V^crsicresoiic Azid {par-ak-rc-sot'-ik). ^ee. Acid.
PARACRESYLOL
971
PARAGENETIC
Paracresylol i^par-ak-cres' -il-ol ) \_~apd, beside; Kpeac,
flesh; oil]. A derivative of cresol.
Paracrusis [pur-a/i-ru^-sn ) [^rrapd, beside, aside;
Kpoveiv, to strike]. I. Insanity, delirium. 2. The
checking or "driving in" of an eruption or exan-
them.
Paracusia, Paracusis lypar-ak-ii' -ze-ah, par-ak-ii' -sis)
\japd, beside; uKureiv, to hear]. Any perversion of
the sense of hearing. P. acris, excessively acute hear-
ing, rendering the person intolerant of sounds. P. du-
plicata, a condition in which all or only certain sounds
are heard douljle. P. localis, P. loci, Politzer's
term for the difficulty in estimating the direction of
sounds met with in unilateral deafness, or when the
two ears hear unequally. P. obtusa, hardiiess of
hearing. P. perversa, synonym of -ivillisii. P.
willisii. See Deafness, Paradoxic .
Paracyanogen - as - i - an'- o - Jeti) [rrapa, beside ;
Kuavui;, blue; yevvav, to produce]. A black, amor-
phous substance resulting when mercuric cyanid is
heated, with the evolution of cyanogen gas ; it is a
polymeric form of cyanogen.
Paracyesis [par - as - i - e'- sis) [-a/id, beside ; Kvi/otg,
pregnancy]. E.xtra-uterine pregnancy.
Paracynanche (par - as - in - ang' - ke) \_-Kaph, beside ;
Kvi'ayx'/, cynanche]. Inflammation of the connective
tissues about the larynx.
Paracystitis (par-as-is-ti'-fis) [napa, beside; Kraru-,
bladder; inflammation]. Inflammation of the
connective tissue that surrounds the bladder.
Paracytic [par-a-si' -iik) [Trapu, beside ; kvtoc, cell].
Lying among cells.
Paradactylar [par-ad-ak' -til-ar) \Trapa, beside; ^Im-
TvXnq, a finger]. In biology, pertaining to the paradac-
tylum.
Paradactylum ( par - ad - ak'- til - tini) \_Trapa , beside ;
ddKTv'Aor, a finger: //., Paradactyla'\. In biology,
applied to the side of a bird's toe, to distinguish it from
the top or sole.
Paradenitis (/(?;'- a' w //j) [770(00, about ; (i6i/r,
gland; iri(;, inflammation]. Inflammation of the
areolar tissue about a gland.
Paraderm [par' -ad-erin) [rrapci, beside ; fiepfia, skin].
In biology, Kupffer's term for a peculiar invagination
of the blastoderm of reptilian eggs.
Paradesmosis [par-ad-ez-//w'-sis) [irapo, beside; deajuor;,
bond]. A disease of the skin characterized by a typical
connective-tissue neoplasm.
Paradidymis [par-ad-id' -iiii-is) [jrapa, beside ; dUhiijoc,
testicle]. The organ of Giraldes ; the remains of the
urinary part of the Wolffian body of the fetus.
Paradise (/ar''-(Z(/-/j) [7rapa(5f/(T0f, a park] . i. A park
or pleasure-ground. 2. The home of primeval man ;
the garden of Eden. P. , Grains of. See Grains of
Paradise. P. -tree, the tree Simaruha glauca,
found in America from Florida to Brazil. Its bitter
bark is a good tonic. Unof.
Paradoxia ( par-ad-oks' -e-ali) \_-Kaph^oS,or , incredible].
An absurd or contradictory statement or proposition.
P. sexualis, sexual excitement occurring independ-
ently of the period of the physiologic processes in the
generative organs ; the abnormal exhil)ition of sexual
instincts in childhood or prior to puberty.
Paradoxic [par - ad - oks' - ik) [ -ap(ii)oi;ot;, incredible].
Of the nature of paradoxia. P. Contraction. .See
Contraction. P. Deafness. Sec Deafness. P. Knee-
jerk. See Reflexes, Table of. P. Muscular Contrac-
tion, a slow tonic contraction occurring in a muscle
when suddenly relaxed or when its length is suddenly
shortened. P. Temperature, '^ec Thermal Ataxia.
Paraesthesia {par-es-the' -ze-ah ). See Paresthesia.
Paraesthetic {par-es-thet'-ik ). See Paresthetic.
Paraffin { par' -af-in) \_paruiii, little; affnis, affinity].
I. A white, odorless, translucent, crystalline hydro-
carbon obtained from coal-tar, or by the destructive
distillation of wood. In a pure state it resembles
white wax in physical properties. 2. In cliemistry,
the term is applied to any member of the paraffin series
Cii H2n + 2, the lowest representative of whicli is CH^,
methane. In a more limited sense, the high-boiling
(beyond 300° C.) solid liydrocarbons arising from
the distillation of the tar obtained from turf, lignite
and bituminous shales. Pure paraffins occur as white,
translucent, leafy, crystalline masses, soluble in ether
and hot alcohol. They melt between 45° and 70° C.
and are essentially mixtures of hydrocarbons boiling
above 300° C. For Table of Paraffins, see under
Hydrocarbons. See also Ethane. P. durum, hard
or solid paraffin, a mixture of several of the harder
members of the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. It is
usually obtained by distillation from shale. P.,
Liquid, a liquid hydrocarbon of the paraffin series. P.
Method, a method of interstitial embedding of tis-
sues, in which there is thorough and complete impreg-
nation of the tissue with the embedding mass. The
tissue must be saturated with some fluid with wliich the
paraffin is perfectly miscible, and the fluids usually
employed for this purpose are cliloroform or turpentine
oil. The order of preparation of the tissue is as fol-
lows: I. Into 95 per cent, alcohol for from 12 to 24
hours. 2. Into absolute alcohol for from 24 to 48
hours, until complete dehydration has been secured.
3. Into pure chloroform for from 6 to 8 hours, or until
the chloroform has replaced the absolute alcohol. 4.
Into a saturated solution of paraffin in chloroform for
from 2 to 3 hours. 5. Into pure melted paraffin which
has a melting-point of about 50° C. , and in this the
tissue remains until every interstice has been com-
pletely filled with the embedding mass and all the
chloroform has been drawn oft. P. moUe, soft par-
affin or vaselin. See Vaselin. P. -paper, paper
saturated with melted paraffin. P., Scaly, a paraffin
that has been resolved into hydrocarbons ranging from
heptdecane, C^H.^i;, to tricosane, C,23H^g. P. -treat-
ment. See Diphtheria.
Parafibrin (par- af-i'- hrin) \_-apa, 'btsid-t ; Jibra , a
fiber]. A modified fibrin.
Paraflagellate (par-af-laj' -el-cit) [-a/jo, beside ; fiagel-
liim, a flagellum]. In biology, provided with para-
flagella.
Paraflagellum ( par - af - laj - el'- im) \napa, beside ;
tlagelliini, a whip: pi, Parajlagella'\. In biology, a
small supplementary flagellum.
Parafiocculus ( par-af-tok' -u-his). 'irscs. Flocculus.
Paragammacismus (far-ah-gam-as-iz' -iiuis) [n-apa,
besiile ; yappa, the letter g] . Inability to pronounce
the hard g, and also k, other consonants being substi-
tuted, as d or t.
Paragaster (par-ah-gas' -ter)\jiapd, beside ; yaarijp, the
stomach]. In biology, the central cavity of a sponge.
Paragastric (par-ah-gas' -trik) \_-apd, beside ; yaarijp,
stomach]. Lying alongside the gastric cavity.
Paragastrula {par - ah - gas'- tru - lah) \_-apa, beside ;
yaoriip, belly: //. , Paragastriila-'\. In biology, the
two-layered sac or gastrula formed by the invagination
of an ampliiblastula.
Paragastrular (par ■ ah - gas'-tn/ - lar) [7ra/)a, beside ;
)naT>/p, belly]. Pertaining to the paragastrula.
Paragenesis (par-aj-en' -es-is) \jvapd, beside ; yiveaic,
origin]. In biology, the third of Broca's four degrees
of fecundity in the union of two species. Cf. Agenesis,
Dysgenesis, Eiigenesis.
Paragenetic (par-aj-en-ef -ik) [irapf; , beside ; yheotg,
genesis]. Pertaining to paragenesis.
PARAGEUSIA
972
PARALLAX
Parageusia {par-ag-ii'-zi-ah). See Pamgensis.
Parageusia {^par- ag - u' - zik) [n-apa, beside; yevoK;,
taste]. Pertaining to, or affected witli, parageusia.
Parageusis (par - ag - u' - sis) \_~apa, beside; yehaig,
taste]. Perversion of tlie sense of taste.
Paraglenal ( par - ag - le' - nal) [-apd, beside ; y'^ijvij,
the soclcet of a joint]. In biology, tlie coracoid of a
fish.
Paraglobin (par-ag-lo'-bin). Same as Paraglobulin.
Paraglobularetin {par-ag-lob-u-lar-el'-iii) be-
side; globus, a round ball ; pi/rw//, resin], C^.^Hj^O^.
A decomposition-product of globularin obtained when
the latter is treated with dilute acids.
Paraglobulin {par-ag-lob' -u-lin) [Trapa, beside; glob-
ulus, a little ball]. A native proteid of the globulin
class obtained from blood-serum and other fluids of
the body. It is called, also, Fibroplastin , Fihrinu-
plastin, and Sericm-globulin. It is precipitated as a
white amorphous substance when carbonic acid gas
is passed through diluted blood-serum.
Paraglobulinuria [par-ag-lob-ii-lin-u' -re-ali) [-apd,
beside; globiihts, a little ball; ovpov, urine]. The
presence of paraglobulin in the urine.
Paraglossa (par-ag-los' -ali) [Ttapd, beside ; -y'/.uaaa,
tongue]. .Swelling of the tongue. Also an hyper-
trophy of the tongue, usually congenital. In biology,
one of a pair of appendages of the ligula found in
many insects on each side of the glossa.
Paraglossate [par-ag-los'-dl) [-rapd, beside ; y'AoKyaa,
tongue]. In biology, provided with paraglossie.
Paraglossia {par-ag-los' -e-aJi) [Trapd, beside ; yXunoa,
tongue]. Inflammation of the muscles and connec-
tive tissues under the tongue.
Paragluconic Acid (par-ag-lu-kon' -ik) \_-apa, beside ;
y'kvKvq, sweet]. An isomer of gluconic acid distin-
guished from the latter by forming with the alkaline
metals salts that are crystalline instead of amorphous.
Paragnathous (par-a'-r' -iia-thus) [n-apa, beside ; yva-
lliir, jaw]. I. in biology, having both mandibles of
equal length, their tips falling together, as in certain
birds. 2. Pertaining to paragnathus.
Paragnathus (par-ag' -na-thits') \iTapa, beside; ymHot;,
jaw]. A double monster having a supernumerary
mandible situated laterally.
Paragoge [par'-ag-og) [_Kapa, beside; d}(j;u(:, lead-
ing]. Reduction of a fracture or luxation.
Paragomphosis ( par - ag - oin - fo'- sis) [-apd, amiss ;
youtjiumr, a nailing]. Impaction of the fetal head in
the pelvic canal.
Paragraphia ( par-ag->-af' -c-ah) [-apd, aside; ypatpetv,
to write]. An aphasic symptom in which there is in-
ability to express words in writing. In literal para-
graphia the patient cannot even write the letters of the
alphabet ; in the verbal form he can write the letters
and peril ips some syllables, but not words.
Paraguay Tea. See Mate.
Paraheliotropism ( par-ah-ke-le-ot' -ro-piz?n) [-apd,
about; //X^of , the sun ; rpf jreti^, to turn]. In biology,
the power possessed by certain leaves of placing their
surfaces parallel to the rays of light ; diurnal sleep.
Cf. Diaheliotropisin.
Parahepatic {par-ah-he pat'-ik) [rrapd, beside ; ^-ap,
liver]. About or near the liver.
Parahypnosis { par-ah-hip-no' -sis)\7:apa , beside ; v-voc,
sleep]. Abnormal sleep, like that of hypnotism or of
narcosis.
Parakanthosis (par-ak-an-tho' -sis). Paracanthosis.
Parakeratosis (par-ak-er-at-o' -sis) [^rapd, beside ;
Kf'paf , horn ; voffor, disease]. Any disease of the skin
characterized by an abnormal quality of the horny
layer. P. variegata, a rare skin-affection character-
ized by the presence upon the entire surface of the
body of a red exanthem leaving small, irregular,
sunken patches of normal skin, and giving to the sur-
face a reticulated appearance. The color varies from
yellowish-red to bluish-red, and the affected patches
are but slightly raised above the surface. Their borders
are sharply defined and their surfaces covered with a
fine lamellar desquamation under which they appear
waxy and bright. There are no subjective symptoms
throughout the course of the affection, which is pro-
tracted.
Parakinesis { par-ak-in-e' -sis) . S&t Paracinesis.
Parakresol [ par-ak-re' -sol). See Kresol.
Paralactic Acid ( par-al-ak' -tik). See Acid, Sarcolactic.
Paralalia {par - al - a' - le - ah) [Tropd, beside; 'kakia,
speech]. I. Inability of correct verbal expression,
without loss of the power of thought. 2. A term
embracing all abnormalities of speech, from trivial
mannerisms to difficulties in the utterance of certain
letters, including those painful defects depending upon
physical malformations.
Paralambdacism, Paralambdacismus {par-al-am'-
das-izin, par-al-am-das-iz' -mus) [irapd, beside; Ad/i/3-
(5a, the letter A]. Inability to pronounce the letter 1,
or the substitution of other consonants as t, r, s, w for 1.
Paralampsis (par-al-amp' -sis) \_-ap<ikaii-Ktiv , to shine
slightly]. A corneal cicatrix. [Old.]
Paralbumin [ par-al' -bii-min) [rrapa, beside; albimien,
white of egg]. This and metalbumin are two proteid
substances found by Scherer in ovarian cysts. They
also occur in the ascitic fluid.
Paraldehyd ( par-al' -de-liid) [Trapd, beside; aldehyd],
C,;H|.,0.j. A polymeric form of aldehyd. It is a
colorless liquid of repulsive odor and unpleasant taste.
It is a powerful hypnotic, and is diuretic. It is valu-
able in delirium tremens, mania, tetanus, and other
nervous affections. P. -habit, morbid addiction to the
use of paraldehyd. The following symptoms may be
present : Emaciation, anemia, weakness and irregular-
ity of the action of the heart, intermittence and softness
of the pulse, palpitation, gastric derangement, costive-
ness, boulimia, general muscular weakness, general
tremulousness, especially in the tongue, facial muscles,
and hands, feebleness and unsteadiness of gait, general
restlessness, paresthesia, insomnia, mental anxiety and
agitation, discontent, unreasonableness, mental confu-
sion, mental excitement, temporary loss of memory,
incoherence of speech, hallucinations, delusions. '1 he
odor of paraldehyd may be appreciable in the breath.
Y>2LVa.\d.o\ [par-al' -dol) \_~aim, beside; aldebyd], (C^H,-
0.,)„. A polymer of aldol that melts at between 8o° and
96° C.
Paraleipsis ( par-al-ip'-sis) [-apd, beside; aAei(petv, to
anoint]. A disorder of the sebaceous secreti6a.
Paralerema [par-al- er-e' -mah) [/rapd, beside; 'Ajjprjjia,
utterance]. Delirium, or delirious utterance.
Paraleresis (par-al-er-e'-sis) [_Trapa, beside; 'Ai/pT/atg,
speech]. Delirium, or moderate mental disturbance.
Paralexia (par-al-eks'-e-ak) [Trapa, beside; Affif,
(reading) speech]. A form of aphasia characterized
by tran,sposition or substitution of words or syllables
in reading.
Paralgesia, Paralgesis ( pa r-al-je' -ze-ah, par-al je' -sis)
\naim, beside ; d>,; of , pain] . Anesthesia or analgesia.
Paralgia { par-al' -Je-ali] [-opd, beside; akyoq, pain].
Any perverted and disagreeable cutaneous sensation,
as of formication, cold, burning, etc.
Paralinin [par-al-i' -nin) [rrapd, beside; linin, para-
chromatin]. In biology, the nuclear sap or matrix, a
proteid of the globulin class, similar to those found in
the cell-protoplasin. Cf. Paramitom, Paraplasm.
Parallax [par' -al-aks) [jrapd, beside ; dAAof , other].
The apparent displacement of an object by a change
PARALLAXIS
973
PARALYSIS
in the position of the observer, or by lool'iing at it al-
ternately with one eye, then with the other ; in the latter
case the object seems to move. P., Binocular, the
angle of convergence of the visual axes. P., Mental,
a slight personal equation in observation due to one's
standpoint. See Equation, Personal.
Parallaxis [pa>--al-aks'-ls] \jrapdXMi^ig, alternation ;
napa, beside; aXXof, other]. I. The overriding or
overlapping of the ends of a fractured bone. 2. Con-
fusion of mind ; mental aberration. P., Crossed.
Synonym of Heteronymous. P., Heteronymous,
the apparent shifting of an object toward the side of
the covered eye. P., Homonymous, the movement
of the object toward the side of the uncovered eye.
Parallel (^par' -at-el) [ -a/ja/i/.v/oy ; -a/jd, beside; aX/jir,
another]. Having the same direction or course. P.
Fissure. See Fissures, Table of.
Parallela [par-al-el'-ah) [rrapn/./z/Aof , parallel]. A
scaly eruption on the palms of the hands, disposed in
parallel lines.
Parallelism (par'-al-el-izi?i). See Isopathy.
'PaxaXogia. {par-a/-o^-je-ali) [-a/ju, beside; Aoyor, rea-
son]. Difficulty in thinking logically. P., Thematic,
a condition in which the thought is unduly concen-
trated on one subject. It characterizes the individual
with a hobby.
Paralogism [^par-aF -o-jisin') [rra^jo, beside; 'Aoyoi;, rea-
son]. The logical error of considering effects or un-
related phenomena as the causes of a condition.
Paralysant [par-al-i' -zant). See Paralyzant.
Paralysis {par-al' -is-is) [rrapa, beside ; 'Aveiv, to loosen] .
A complete loss or great diminution of the power of
motion in one or in a number of muscles, or of sensa-
tion in a part, or of both motion and sensation. P.,
Acute Ascending, Landry s Paralysis; palsy be-
ginning in the feet and ascending to the other muscles
of the body, and finally involving the medulla. There
is no pain, and no trophic changes ; the knee-jerk is
usually diminished ; the sphincters are uninvolved.
The pathology is obscure, and the malady is a very fatal
one, usually terminating in death within a week,
although it may continue for three or four weeks.
Males are more frequently attacked than females, and
the affection occurs chiefly between the ages of twenty
and forty. See also Landrf s Paralysis, and Diseases,
Table of. P., Acute Atrophic. See P. , Infantile.
P., Acute Progressive. Synonym of P., Acute
Ascending. P. agitans. Shaking Palsy ; Parkinson' s
Disease ; an affection marked by tremor or alternate
contraction and relaxation of the muscles of the part
involved. The movements are regular and rhythmic
(distinction from insular sclerosis), and begin usually
in one hand. They almost never affect the head.
They persist during rest and are little influenced by
voluntary movement. Later in the disease there is
a typical gait, known as festination or propulsion.
It consists in a progressive increase in the rapidity
of the gait until the patient breaks into a run, which
grows faster and faster until he either falls or seizes
some support. This peculiar gait is ascribed to the
bent position of the trunk which throws the head so
far forward as to bring the center of gravity beyond
the line of the feet. Rarely the movement is back-
ward ; this is called retropulsion . It may be to one
or the other side — lateropulsion. The speech is
slow, monotonous and high-pitched. The face is
fixed and expressionless. In advanced stages there
is an almost statue-like rigidity of the body. The
hand assumes a peculiar position, as if rolling a
small body between the thumb and the fingers, but
later the position becomes constant, similar to that in
which the pen is held— hence the term of writing
hand. The knee-jerk may be exaggerated. Flushing
and heat are sometimes complained of. The course is
of long duration, the disease at times lasting twenty
or thirty years. The lesion is probably a diffuse
sclerosis of the brain and spinal cord. Paralysis agi-
tans is most common in males over forty years of age.
P., Alcoholic, a multiple neuritis due to alcohol.
See Neuritis. /Multiple. P., Alternate. See Hemi-
plegia. P., Analgesic, with Whitlow. St&Morvan's
Disease. P., Anapeiratic. See Fatigue-diseases, and
Professional Neuroses. P., Angeioneurotic {of the
auditory nerve), a disturbance of the circulation in the
internal ear characterized by sudden pallor of the face,
nausea, tinnitus aurium, partial deafness, and vertigo,
the symptoms disappearing rapidly. P., Antero-
spinal. Synonym of Poliomvelitis, Anterior. P.,
Arsenical, a paralysis due to a multiple neuritis caused
by arsenical poisoning. P., Association. Synonym
of P., Glosso-lnbio-laryngeal. P., Atrophic \of
children). Synonym of P. , Infantile. P., Atrophic,
Infantile. ':iynonyv,\o{ P., Infantile. P., Atrophic,
Spinal. See P. , Infantile. P., Bell's, a paralysis of
the facial muscles arising from a lesion of the seventh, or
facial nerve. This lesion may be on the face, in the
temporal bone, or within the skull. Very rarely the
affection is bilateral. P., Brachial, a paralysis of
one or both arms. It may be due to a lesion of the
brain-cortex, the spinal cord, or the nerves of the
brachial plexus or their roots. P., Brown-Se-
quard's. ^ee Diseases , Table of . P., Bulbar, 67<7iJo-
labio-laryngeal paralysis ; a form of paralysis due to
a degeneration of the nuclei of origin of the nerves
(facial, glosso-pharyngeal, vagus, spinal accessory, and
hypoglossal) arising in the oblongata. At first only
the muscles of the lips, tongue, and pharynx are af-
fected. The disease is marked by difficulty in masti-
cation, deglutition, respiration, phonation, and articula-
lation, and by wasting of the muscles concerned in the
performance of these functions. The condition is
sometimes a sequel to exposure to severe cold ; it may
be caused by morbid growths or by syphilis. It is
usually confined to the latter half of life, and its
prognosis is bad. P., Caisson. Synonym of Caisson-
disease. P., Central, a paralysis due to a brain-lesion.
P., Centro-capsular, a paralysis due to a lesion of
the internal capsule. P., Centrocortical, one caused
by a lesion of the cerebral cortex. P., Cerebral, a
paralysis due to a brain-lesion. P., Cerebral Infan-
tile, P., Cerebral [of childhood), a spastic paralysis
of children due to a lesion of the brain. It is often
caused by the use of the forceps at birth. P., Cortical,
a paralysis due to a lesion of the cerebral cortex ; it
is usually a monoplegia or a hemiplegia. P., Crossed :
I. A paralysis of the arm and leg of one side, associated
with either a facial paralysis or a paralysis of the
oculo-motor nerve of the opposite side, due to a lesion
involving the pyramidal tracts of the side before they
have crossed in the medulla, and a cranial nerve, i'.^'-.,
the third, the sixth, or the seventh, after its fibers of
origin have decussated. 2. Paralysis of the arm on one
side and of the leg on the other. P. cruciata. Synonym
of P., Crossed. P., Crutch. See Crutch-paralysis.
P., Cruveilhier's, progressive muscular atrophy. P.,
Dental, anterior poliomyelitis occurring in teething
children, formerly attributed to disturbed dentition.
P., Diphtheric, a form sometimes occurring in patients
convalescent from diphtheria. It is primarily a multi-
ple neuritis caused by the toxin of diphtheria. P.,
Divers'. See Caisson-disease. P., Duchenne's.
See Duchenne'' s Disease in Diseases, Table of. P.,
Emotional, a hysteric paralysis due to emotional
excitement. P., Erb's. See Erb, and Diseases,
PARALYSIS
974
PARALYSIS
Table of. P., EssentiaL See P., Infantile. P.,
Exhaustion, a functional paralysis due to exhaustion
of the nerve-centers by overwork. P., Facial, a
paralysis of the muscles of the face, usually of one
side only. It may be peripheral or central. P.
festinans. 'Ay\\oxvjVi\oi P. agitans. P., Galloping,
a swiftly destructive form of general paralysis. P.,
General the Insane), Genei'al Paresis ; Paralytic
Dementia ; Paretic D<'/ii<-n/iii : Progressive Paralysis
of the I>isa)ie\ an organic (.lisease of the brain, char-
acterized by progressive loss of power and by a de-
terioration of the mental faculties, ending eventually
in dementia and death. In the early stages of the
disease there are fibrillar tremblings, especially of the
tongue and face. Speech is early disturbed. The
disease is often associated with posterior spinal sclerosis.
In cases presenting this type the knee-jerk is absent.
The pupils very early show changes ; they may be
unequal, irregular in outline, myotic, or may present
the Argyll-Robertson phenomenon. Death may result
from epileptiform or apoplectiform seizures or from
general exhaustion. The affection is most common in
males between the ages of thirty and sixty. It is induced
by overwork and mental and physical strain, intem-
perance, syphilis, and lead-pioisoning. The lesion
is essentially a meningo-encephalitis, with thick-
ening of the cerebral meninges and wasting of
the cortical substance. P., General Spinal, Sub-
acute and Chronic Atrophic Spinal Paralysis ; Sub-
acute and Chronic Anterior Poliomyelitis ; Progressive
Muscular Atrophy : Wasting Palsy ; Chronic Spitial
Muscular Atrophy, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis;
a chronic disease of the spinal cord, characterized by
paralysis followed by atrophy involving first the lower
and then the.upper extremities. It is due to an atrophy
of the ganglionic cells in the anterior gray matter of the
cord. The causes of the disease are obscure ; it usu-
ally occurs between the ages of thirty and fifty. P.,
Glosso-labio-laryngeal, P., Glosso-labio-pharyn-
geal. P., Glosso-laryngeal, P., Glosso-pharyn-
geal. See P. , Bulbar. P., Glossoplegic. Synonym
of Glossoplegia. P., Gubler's. See Guhler. P.,
Hemiplegic. Hemiplegia. P., Hysteric, a par-
alysis occurring in hysteric subjects and simulating
organic disease. It is usually accompanied by im-
pairment or loss of sensation, by peculiar contractions,
and the other hysteric stigmata. P., Idiopathic.
Synonym of Tetany. P., Indian-bow, jiaralysis of
the thyro-arytenoid muscles. P., Infantile, Acute
Anterior Poliomyelitis ; Acute Atrophic Paralysis ;
Atrophic Spinal Paralysis ; Essential Paralysis :
a disease peculiar to childhood, and characterized
by sudden paralysis of one or more limbs or of
individual muscle-groups, and followed by rapid wast-
ing of the affected parts, with reaction of degenera-
tion and deformity. It i^ most common in the first
year, and during the warm months. It may be
produced by traumatism, exposure to cold, or may
follow an exanthem. The tendency is now to con-
sider it infectious. The paralysis is due to changes in
the anterior cornua of the gray matter of the spinal
cord, with degeneration of the multipolar cells and
gradual disappearance of their processes. In ac-
cordance with the occurrence of these changes in the
lumbar or cervical region the legs or arms are affected.
P., Infantile Spastic. See P., Cerebral (^of child-
hood). P., Intermittent, a form due to malarial
poisoning. P., Intra-peduncular, one involving the
muscles of the eye in consequence of a lesion
situated between the crura cerebri. P., Ischemic,
paralysis of a part due to cutting off of the cir-
culation, e. g., paralysis of the lower limb follow-
ing embolism or thrombosis of the femoral artery.
P., Klumpke's, an atrophic paralysis of the inter-
ossei and thenar and hypothenar muscles, with anes- |
thesia of the forearm and fingers and contracted
pupils. The lesion is probably in the spinal cord, at
the level of the first and second thoracic nerve-roots.
P.^Labio-glosso-laryngeal. See P. , Bulbar. P.,
Landry's. Same as P., Acute Ascending. P., La-
ryngeal, a paralysis usually peripheral, of one or
more laryngeal muscles, on one or on both sides.
P., Lead, a paralysis usually of the extensors of
the wrist, causing wrist-di'op. It is nearly always
bilateral and is due to a peripheral neuritis induced
by lead-poisoning. P., Lenticular, one resembUng
bulbar paralysis, due to hemorrhage into the lenticular
nucleus of each side. P., Lingual. Synonym of ]
Glossoplegia. P., Little's. Synonym o[ P., Infan-
tile. P., Local, one confined to a single muscle or
group of muscles. P., Masticatory, paralysis of one
or more of the muscles supplied by the motor trunk
of the trigeminal nerve. P., Mimetic, a feigned
palsy. P., Motor, paralysis of the voluntary muscles.
P., Musculo-spiral, paralysis of the extensors and
supinators of the wrist, due to an injury or to inflamma-
tion of the musculo-spiral nerve. P., Myogenic. See '
P., Infantile. P., Myopathic, palsy due to prim-
ary disease of the muscles. P., Neural, paralysis
due to peripheral neuritis. P. notariorum. See
Writers' Cramp. P., Nuclear, one due to a lesion
of the nuclei of origin of a cranial nerve. P., Ob-
stetric, any paralysis of the child resulting from
injuries received during delivery. P., Occupation.
See Occupation-neurosis. P., Organic, one due to a ]
structural lesion in the nervous system or in the I
muscles, as opposed to functional. P., Painters'. I
Synonym of P., Lead. P., Paraplegic. See Para-
plegia. P., Periodic, a non-febrile paralysis of the j
arms and legs or neck and pharynx occurring in periodic
attacks of short duration. P., Peripheral, loss of
power due to a lesion of the nervous motor mechanism
between the nuclei of origin and the peripheral termi- I
nation, as distinguished from loss of power due to a
lesion between the cortical centers and (including) the
nuclei. P., Phonetic, P., Phonic, laryngeal paralysis
in which the tensors and adductors of the vocal bands
are involved. P., Phosphoric, a paralysis brought
about by poisoning with phosphorus. P., Post-febrile,
a so-called functional paralysis sometimes occurring
during convalescence from certain fevers. P., Pres-
sure, paralysis of a group of muscles sup])lied by a I
nerve which has been subjected to prolonged pressure, j
P. procursoria. Synonym of P. agitans. P., Pro-
gressive Bulbar. See P., Bulbar. P., Pseudo-
(of rickets). See P., Rachitic Pseudo-. P., Pseudo- |
bulbar, a symmetric lesion of the halves of the \
cerebrum producing paralysis of the lips, the tongue, ,
and the larynx or the pharynx. P., Pseudo- j
hypertrophic, Lipomatous Muscular Atrophy ; P'l- ■
,chenne's Paralysis; a chronic dLsease characterized I
by progressive muscular weakness, associ.ated with |
an apparent hypertrophy of the affected muscles, i
There is an interstitial fibrous overgrowth of the raus- |
cles, frequently accompanied by an accumulation j
of fat and atrophy of the true muscle-fibers. The i
disease usually begins in the muscles of the calf, and
spreads over the body, the muscles of the hand almost ]
always escaping. There is marked lordosis and a char- .
acteristic gait with wide separation of the legs and s\yay- j
ing of the body from side to side. The characteristic
symptom is the manner in which the patient arises
from the floor — he " climbs" up on his legs, on ac-
count of the weakened state of the extensor muscles j
PARALYSMA MESENTERICUM
975
PARAMNESIA
of the back. The disease is essentially a chronic one,
but the patient becomes absolutely helpless long
before death. It is most common in young male
children usually under ten years of age. The disease
is entirely myopathic, no adec[uate nerve-lesion hav-
ing as yet been discovered. P., Puerperal, the
paralysis following labor. It may be due to trauma-
tism during delivery, to pressure by the uterus, or
from displacement of the pelvic organs, to puerperal
sepsis, to phlebitis and phlegmasia alba dolens (these
are really septic causes). These causes usually induce
infiammation of the lumbar and sacral nerves. There
may, however, be myelitis from puerperal septic in-
fection. P., Rachitic Pseudo-, the motox weak-
ness observed in the lower limbs of marked cases of
rickets. There is no true paralysis, the condition being
due to changes in the ligaments, softening of the
bones, and weakness of the muscles. P., Radial.
Synonym of P., Aluscnlo-spiral. P., Reflex, the
paralysis which sometimes follows immediately upon
a wound of a nerve, or the paraplegia that is some-
times due to irritation of an adherent prepuce. Other
so-called reflex palsies, as that from renal calculus, are
probably due to secondary changes in the spinal cord
or nerves. P., Regressive, ^et P., Infantile. P.,
Rheumatic, a paralysis from peripheral neuritis the
cause of which is apparently exposure to cold, e. g., in
some cases of facial paralysis. P., Saturnine. Syno-
nym of P., Lead. P., Scrivener's. Synonym of
Cramp, Writers\ P., Segmental, a paralysis of a seg-
ment of a limb produced by hypnotism. P., Sensory,
anesthesia. P., Sleep, paralysis of the musculo-spiral
nerve from pressure upon it during sleep. P., Spastic,
a paralysis associated with rigidity of the muscles and
heightened tendon-reflexes. P., Spastic Spinal.
Synonym of Lateral Sclerosis. P., Telegraphers',
an anapeiratic paralysis sometimes seen in telegraph-
operators. P., Toxemic, one due to the presence of
a poison in the blood. P., Toxic, a paralysis due to
the influence of a mineral or organic poison on some
part of the nervous system. P. vacillans. Syno-
nym of Chorea. P., Vasomotor, a paralysis of the
vasomotor center or the vasomotor nerves ; it leads
to dilatation of the blood-vessels. P. venenata.
Synonym of P., Toxic. P., Writers', paralysis with
incoordination of the muscles of the wrist and fingers
from overuse.
Paralysma mesentericum. Synonym of Tabes mesen-
terica.
Paralytic [par-al-if -ik) \_napa'/.vnic, paralysis]. Hav-
ing the nature of paralysis. Affected with paralysis.
Also, a person suffering from paralysis ; also, one suf-
fering from general paralysis of the insane. P. Cho-
rea, a local choreiform spasm connected with a cere-
bral hemiplegia or monoplegia. It may precede or
follow the onset of the paralysis of the limb. P. de-
mentia. See Paralysis, General (of the Insane). P.
Strabismus. See Sfrahisnnis. P. Theory of In-
flammation. See Theory.
Paralyzant (/<7r-(?/-/'-ci7;z/') [/rapd/iWff, paralysis] . I.
Effecting or causing paralysis. 2. An agent or drug
that induces paralysis. P., Motor, a drug paralyzing
any part of the motor apparatus ; the motor cells of
the spinal cord, the motor nerves, or the muscles.
Paralyzing {par' -al-i-zing) [7ra/jd?tiirr/f , palsy]. Pro-
ducing or giving rise to paralysis. P. Vertigo. See
Gerlier' s Disease.
Param {par' -am), C.,N^Hj. A substance produced by
the evaporation of the aqueous solution of cyanamid.
It crystallizes in leaflets that melt at 205° C. ; it is
insoluble in ether.
Paramagnetic {par-nm-ag-nef -ik) \_napd, beside ;
uayvi/g, magnet]. A term applied to the ordinary
form of magnetism, in which the orientation is north
and south, in distinction from diamagnetism.
Paramagnetism {par-am-ag' -net-iziu) \TTapd, beside ;
/"') '■'/';, magnet]. The phenomena exhibited by para-
magnetic substances.
Paramastitis {par-ai/t-as-ti' -lis) \Tvnpa, near; jiaaToi;,
mamma; irir, inflammation]. Inflammation of the
connective tissue about the mammas.
Paramastoid {par-am-as' -toid) [Trapn, beside ; jinaroi:,
nipple; ndoe, like]. I. Situated near the mastoid
process. 2. The jugular process of the occipital bone.
Paramecium {par-ain-e'-se-zim) [Trapd, along ; /uf/voi:,
length: pi. , Paramecia']. A longitudinal fissure.
Paramedian {par-am-e' -de-an) [Trapn, beside; medius,
middle]. Situated near the median line. P. Sulcus,
a fissure present in the cervical portion of the spinal
cord, not far from the posterior median fissure, and
separating the column of GoU from the funiculus
cuneatus.
Paramenia {par-am-e' -ne-ah) \_-ap(i, beside; fiyvei;,
menses]. Difficult or disordered menstruation.
Paramere {par' -am-er) [7ra/id, beside ; fJ-ipoc, part].
In biology: {a) one of the radial sections composing
the body of certain Alediisir. {/>) Any one of a set
of radiated parts, {c) Either half of a bilaterally
symmetric organism or somite.
Parameria {par-am-e' -re-ali) \_-apa, beside; i^'ipoc,
thigh]. The inner surfaces of the thighs.
Parameric {par-aiii-er' -ik) \_-apa, beside ; fiipor, a
part]. Pertaining to a paramere.
Paramesos { par-am-e' -sos) \_-npn, near ; fJtoog, mid-
dle]. Synonym of Ring-finger.
Parametric {par-am-ef -rik) [rrapa, beside ; /li/Tpa,
uterus]. Pertaining to the tissues about the uterus.
Parametritic {par-am-et-rif -ik) [jrapd, beside ; jirjrpa,
uterus; ltiz, inflammation]. Relating to, of the
nature of, or aftected with, parametritis.
Parametritis {par-am-et-ri' -lis) [7ra/jd, near; nijTpa,
womb ; niq, inflammation] . Pelvic^ Cellulitis ; in-
flammation of the cellular tissue about the uterus. It
is usually due to injury to the cervix and vagina dur-
ing labor, but may also follow abortion and plastic
operations on the cervix. It is marked by pelvic pain,
with fever. Suppuration is very prone to take place.
The abscess usually points in the inguinal region, but it
may point in the thigh, or form a perinephric abscess ;
it may open into the bowel , bladder, or vagina, or bur-
row back to the side of the sacrum, or out upon the
surface near the trochanter.
Parametrium {par-am-e' -tre-uni) [Trapd., near; pij-pa,
womb]. The connective tissue that lies around the
uterus.
Paramic Acid {par-am' -ik) \_-iTapa, beside; amid'\,
Cj.^H-NjO^. A crystalline substance obtained when
paramid is treated with ammonium and precipitated
with hydrochloric acid.
Paramid { par' -am-id) [jrapd, beside; amid~\, Cj^Hj-
N,,Og. Mellimid : an amid of mellitic acid, pro-
duced by the dry distillation of ammonium mellitate.
It is a white, amorphous powder, insoluble in water
and alcohol.
Paramimia {par-am-im' -e-ali) [rrr/pd, beside ; fiiimof^ai,
to mimic]. The aphasic misuse of signs or panto-
mime.
Paramitome {par-am-it' -om) [-apd, beside; piroq,
thread]. In biology, Fleming's term for the more
fluid portions of the cell-substance, contained in the
protoplasmic reticulum. Cf , J\iralinin, Paraplasm.
Paramnesia {par-am-ne' ze-ah) [-o/jk, beside; jitffjai,-,
only used in comp. , remembering, from fjifivijaKdv, to
remind]. The name given by A. Lalande to the very
PARAMONOBROMACETANILID
976
PARAPHENETOLCARBAMID
common illusion of feeling as if one had already under-
gone the experience which may be passing, already
been with just such people, in just such place, saying
just such things, etc. The recognition of the situa-
tion sometimes goes so far as to lead to a correct
expectation of what the next following details are to
be. The phenomenon is too wide-spread to be con-
sidered pathologic. It is exhibited by both sexes, and
all ages and temperaments, in about 30 per cent, of
persons interrogated. The explanation is based upon
subliminal or "unconscious" telepathic perception,
i.e., a double perception, unconscious at first, then
conscious.
Paramonobromacetanilid {^par-aiu-o-no-bro-mas-et-
a>i' -il-id). See Antisepsin.
Paramorphia i^par-am-or' -fe-ali) [-a/ju, beside ; fiojj(fiij,
form]. Abnormality of form.
Paramorphic [par-a/ii-o?-'-fik) [-a/ja, beside; /j.op(})>/,
form]. Pertaining to paramorphism.
Paramorphin [ par-am-or' -fin). See Thebain.
Paramorphism ( par - am - orf - izin ) [ Trapii, beside ;
jjopijiri, form]. In chemistry, a variety of pseudo-
morphism in which there is a change of molecular
structure without alteration of external form or chemic
constitution.
Paramorphosis {pa?- - ant- or -fo'- sis) [7ra;od, beside ;
uop(pii, form] . Same as Paramorphism.
Paramucic Acid {par-am-n' -sik) [napa, beside ; »i!c-
lus, mucus], CgHjijOg. An isomer of mucic acid,
occurring in rectangular crystals.
Paramusia (par-a///-ii'-ze-a/i) [irapa, beside ; jiovoLKi/,
music]. A form of aphasia in which there is perver-
sion of the musical sense, resulting in the production
of im])roper notes and intervals.
Paramyelin [par-am-i'-el-iii) [jTapd, beside ; five'Aoc,
marrow], CggH^^NPO^. A white, solid substance
obtainable from brain-substance and nerve-substance.
Other analogous bodies are spoken of as paramyelins.
Paramylum { par am' -il-um) \j:apa, beside; amyium,
starch], C^HjgOj. Zodainyliitn ; a carbohydrate
occurring in the infusorian, Eugletia viridis, and in all
gregarinae, in the form of granules resembling starch.
It is not colored by iodin. See Carbohydrates, Table of.
Paramyoclonus {pa-rah-mi-ok' -lo-nits) [Kapd, beside ;
plir, muscle; /c/locof, clonus]. Th^ convulsive tremor
of Friedreich ; a functional neurosis marked by the
sudden shock-like character of the muscular contrac-
tions, their bilateral symmetry, and the freedom of the
extremities. There is no ataxia, paralysis, or anesthe-
sia ; electric irritability is normal ; consciousness is
unimpaired ; the convulsive movements are usually in
abeyance during sleep. The disease generally occurs
in males, and manifests itself both in children and in
adults. It is supposed to be caused by fright or phys-
ical overstrain. P. multiplex, an affection character-
ized by clonic contractions, chiefly of the muscles of
the extremities, occurring either constantly or in par-
oxysms. It occurs usually in males, and follows emo-
tional disturbance, fright, or straining. The contrac-
tions are usually bilateral, and may vary from fifty to
one hundred and fifty per minute.
'PaTamyos\rioger\. ( pa>'-am-i-o-sin' -o-jen) \_napa, beside;
//I'f, muscle]. Musculin ; one of the proteids of mus-
cle-plasma. It coagulates at 47° C. See Muscle-
plasma.
Paramyotone {par-am-i' -o-ton) \_-npa, beside; //re,
muscle; rlivoc, tone, tension]. See Paramvolonia.
P., Ataxic, a di.sease much resembling myotonia con-
genita, but not hereditary.
Paramyotonia {par-am-i-o-to' -nc-ah) \napa, aside;
///'f, muscle ; rfiyof, tone]. Any perversion of mus-
cular tonicity, with liability to spasm on small provo-
cation. P. congenita, a rare and obscure family
affection, allied to Thomsen's Disease, and by some
regarded as identical with it. The chief symptom is
tonic spasm, lasting from 15 minutes to several
hours, affecting principally the facial muscles, but
also those of the extremities ; it is directly excited by
cold and allayed by warmth.
Paramyotonus {par-am-i-of -o-nus). See Parainyo-
tonia.
Paranema {par-an-e' -luaii) . Same as Paraphysis.
Paranematic {par-an-e-mut' -ik) [Trapd, about; wy/ya,
a thread]. In biology, resembling a paranema.
Paranephritis {par-an-ef-ri' -tis)\_-apa, beside ; V8(j>p6^,
kidney; irig, inflammation]. I. Inflammation of
the paranephros, or supra-renal capsule. 2. Inflamma-
tion of the connective tissue about the kidney.
Paranephros [par-an-ef'-ros) [jto/jq, beside ; vetjipoc,
kidney: //. , Paranephric A supra- renal capsule, '.
or adrenal.
Paraneurismus [par - an - u - riz' - mus) [n-apd, beside ;
Wi'/joi', nerve]. A nervous disorder, or perversion of
nerve-function.
Parangi [par-an' -Je). See Frambesia.
Paranoea [par-an-e' -ah). See Paranoia.
'Paranoia [par-an-oi' -ah) [iTapa, beside; I'dof, mind].
Primary monomania ; a mental disease characterized I
by systematized delusions. Heredity usually plays an ]
important role. ' |
Paranoiac [par-an-oi' -ak) [rrapd, beside ; vooq, mind]. 1
I. Affected with paranoia. 2. A person who is affected '
with paranoia ; a "crank." j
Paranuclear [par-an-it' -kle-ar)\jTapa, beside; nucleus,
a nut]. Pertaining to the paranucleus. j
Paranucleate [ par-an-it' -kle-at)\_-apa, beside ; nucleus, j
kernel]. Provided with a paranucleus. j
Paranucleolus [par-an-u-hle'-o-liis) [Tzapa, beside;
nucleolus, dim. of nucleus, kernel]. The smaller of j
the nucleoli in a nucleus ; also, a synonym of Pseiido-
nucleolus.
Paranucleus [par-an-u' -kle-tcs)\napa, beside; nucleus,
kernel]. A part extruded from the nucleus of the
spore-mother-cell, in the zoosphores of algK, just be- j
fore division. See Polar Globules. j
Paraparesis (par-ap-ar'-es-is) \_-apa, beside ; Tvapeajg, ^
paresis] . Partial loss of power in the lower extremities.
Paraparetic [par-ap-ar-ef -ik) [rrapd, beside ; TrdpEaiq, ,
paresis]. Pertaining to, or affected with, paraparesis, j
Parapatagial (par-ap-al-a'-Je-al) [-a/io, beside ; Tvara- j
ytidv, a stripe]. Pertaining to the parapatagium. |
Parapatagium ( par-ap-al-a'-Je-um) [-apa,hes,ide ; Jm- j
rayt/oi', a stripe, border: pL, Parapatagia\ In biology,
the fold of skin between the neck and the shoulder of j
a bird.
Parapathia { par-ap-a' -thc-nh) [Trapd, beside; TzMioq, |
aft'ection]. Moral insanity. |
Parapectic {par-ap-ck' -tik) {jrapa, beside; 7r///cr(Sc, 1
fixed]. Of the nature of, or pertaining to, parapec- j
tin. P. Acid, CJ I.^O,,.,, a body derived from pectose j
during the ripening of fruits. i
Parapectin {par-ap-ek' -tin) \_-Kapa, beside; TiiK-dq, ;
fixed], A derivative of pectose found in fleshy fruits |
during the process of ripening.
Parapsplone. [par-ap-ep' -tan), ^tt Peptone. ^ |
Parapetalous (par-ap-et'-al-ns) [rrn/jd, beside ; vera- j
'/nv, a petal]. In biology, located on each side of a j
petal, Cf. .Anlipetalous. ^ I
Paraphasia [ par-ap-a' -ze-ah) [japa, beside; 0d(T'?, \
speech]. A form of aphasia in which there is in- ^
ability to connect ideas with the proper words to ex-
press the ideas ; conduction-aphasia. \
Paraphenetolcarbamid {par-afcn-ct-ol-kar' -bam-id). \
See Dulcin.
PARAPHENYLENDIAMIN
977
PARAPOFHYSEAL
Paraphenylendiamin iypar-af-en-il-en-di'-ain-iii). An
isomer of metaphenylendiamin. It causes great ex-
ophthalmos when injected into the bodies of animals.
Paraphia [par-a'-fe-ak) \_-Kapd, beside; d^//, touch].
Perversion or a morbid state of the sense of touch.
Paraphimosis lypar-af-i-ino' -sis) [_Trapd, beside ; (piij.ul'(;.
to bridle]. Retraction and constriction of the pre-
puce behind the glans penis.
Paraphobia {ptir - af- o'- be - ah). Synonym o{ Hydro-
phobia.
Paiaiphonia (pa>- - a/- 0^- m - ah) [Trapd, beside ; (jxopi/,
voice]. Any abnormal condition of the voice. P.
clangens, shrillness of the voice. P. puberum, P.
pubescentium, the harsh, deep, irregular voice. noticed
in boys at puberty.
Paraphora [par-a/^-o-rah) [Tra/jai/io/jri , wandering]. I.
Slight mental derangement, or distraction. 2. Un-
steadiness due to intoxication.
Paraphragm i^par' -af-ram) [Tropd, beside; (ppaaoEii',
to fence, to enclose]. In biology, an antero-posterior
diaphragm, found in certain Crustacea.
Paraphragmal lypar-af-rag' -mal) [yrapu, beside ; (ppaa-
aetv, to fence]. In biology, forming a paraphragm.
Paraphrasia {^par-aj'-ya' -ze-aJi) [irapd, beside ; (ppdai^,
utterance]. Incoherence of speech. P. praeceps,
precipitant utterance of incoherent speech. P. tarda,
abnormal delay in the e.xpression of thoughts. P.
verbalis, the interpolation of an inappropriate word.
P. vesana, jumbling of words and ideas.
Paraphrenesis i^par - af-7-en - e' - sis') \v:apd, beside;
^pijv, mind]. Amentia ; delirium, or insanity.
Paraphrenia, Paraphrenitis [pai'-af-i-en'-e-ah, pay-af-
ren-i'-tis) [Trapd, beside ; <j>p'ii', mind ; diaphragm ;
mf, inflammation]. I. Delirium; a mental disease.
2. Inflammation of the diaphragm.
Paraphronesis {^pay-af-ro-ne' -sis) [_TTapd<l>po)i', insane ;
Trapd, beside ; <j>prjv, mind]. Insanity.
Paraphrenia i^par-af-yo' -ne-ah). See Payaphronesis.
Paraphrosyne (/«;'-ff/"-r6>j''-/«-d') \j:apaifpocivvrf\. Insan-
ity ; delirium of fever.
Paraphyllum lypay-af-il' -iim) [irapd, beside ; '^I' J/'iO)', a
leaf: , Parap]iylla'\. In biology, a foliaceous ex-
pansion which is not a true leaf. One of the leaf-like
scaly hairs between the leaves of certain mosses.
[ Paraphymosis [par-af-i-jiio' -sis). Synonym of Par-
aphimosis.
Paraphysis [par-af'-is-is) [irapd, beside ; (p'veiv,to pro-
duce : //. , Parapliyses\ I. In biology, sterile filaments
among reproductive bodies of various kinds in certain
cryptogams. 2. A mesal outgrowth from the roof of
the brain, cephalad of the epiphysis or conarium.
Paraphyte [par'-af-tt) [Trapd, beside; ()ii>Tnv, plant].
A disease attended by proliferation of tissue.
Paraplasm i^par' -ap-lazvi) [Trapd, beside ; Ti'/.dopa, a
thing formed], l. 'ntt Paraplasma. 2. A heteroplasm
or false growth.
Paraplasma [pay-ap-laz' -mah'] [~apd, beside ; ■K'/dopa,
anything formed]. In biology, Kupffer's term for the
more fluid matrix of cell-protoplasm. See Payami-
j tome paralinin.
\ Paraplastic [pay-ap-ias' -tik) [Trapd, beside ; Tr/daaeir,
to mold]. I. Of the nature of paraplasm. 2. Hav-
ing morbid formative powers.
Paraplectic [^par-ap-lek' -tik) [yrapd, beside; Tzlriyij,
a stroke]. Stricken with paraplegia.
Paraplegia [par-ap-le'-je-ah) [Trapd, beside; tt?.?/;;/,
stroke ; the term originally meant a paralysis of one
side, or hemiplegia]. Paralysis of the lower extremi-
ties. P., Alcoholic, that due to chronic alcoholism.
It is probably a result of peripheral neuritis, rather than
of cord-disease. P., Ataxic, a disease characterized
clinically by a combination of ataxia and .spastic para-
62
plegia, and anatomically by sclerosis of the poste-
rior and lateral columns of the cord. The disease is
most common in middle-aged males, and may follow
exposure to cold and traumatism. P., Ataxic, He-
reditary. See Friedreich' s A/axia. P., Congenital
Hypertrophic (of Diicheime), a synonym of Puraly-
sis, Pseiido-hypertrophic. P., Congenital Spastic,
that caused by meningeal hemorrhage during birth,
P. dolorosa, paralysis of the lower portion of the
body, arising from compression of the cord as a result
of malignant disease of the vertebra;, and characterized
by the early occurrence of excruciating pains. P.,
Drunkard's, a synonym of P., Alcoholic. P., Dys-
enteric, a paresis of the lower extremities due to the
toxic action of the disease on the peripheral nerves.
P. a frigore, a paraplegia resulting from multiple neu-
ritis, due to exposure to cold.. P., Functional, one
in which no organic lesion is ascertainable. P., He-
reditary Ataxic. See Friedycicli s Ataxia. P.,
Hysteric, a functional paraplegia due to hysteria.
P., Infantile Spasmodic, Spastic Cerebral Para-
plegia; Spasmodic Tabes dorsalis ; Birth-palsy; a
form characterized by muscular rigidity of the lower -
limbs, noticed from, or shortly after, birth. The
gait of the child may be the so-called " cross-legged
progression q. v. There are exaggerated tendon-
reflexes, no loss of sensation, and no interference
with the action of the sphincters. If both arms
and legs are affected, the condition is sometimes
termed '■'■bilateral spastic hemiplegia of children^'' or
"spastic diplegia.^^ Occasionally there are irregular
movements of the arms resembling chorea or athetosis.
These cases have been called " chorea spastica " and
" double congenital athetosis." There may be a con-
siderable degree of mental impairment, amounting
even to idiocy, and convulsive attacks may persist
through life. Nystagmus, squint, retarded dentition,
arching of the palate, and other anatomic defects have
been noted. This affection is due to prolonged labor
or some form of dystocia, of fetal or maternal origin.
P., Puerperal. See Paralysis, Pi/eypeyal. P., Re-
flex, a paraplegia of reflex origin. P., Spasmodic.
Synonym of P., Spastic. P., Spastic. I. Lateral
sclerosis. .See Scleyosis, Lateral. 2. Loss of power,
with spasm of the muscles of the lower extremities.
See Erb' s Palsy. P., Spastic Cerebral. See P.,
Infantile Spasmodic . P., Tabetic. Synonym of ,
Ataxic. P., Toxic, that due to the circulation of
poisons in the blood.
Paraplegic [par-ap-le'-jik) [jrapd, beside; tt/I?/)/;,
a stroke]. Pertaining to, or atilected with, paraplegia.
Parapleurum [par-ap-lii' -mm) [Trapd, beside ; Tv'Aevpdf,
the side : //. , Payapleuya'\. In biology, one- of the
pieces forming the side of a thoracic ring in an ar-
thropod.
Paraplexia {par-ap-leks'-e-ah) [_7rapairXri^ia, derange-
ment]. I. A slight apoplexy. 2. Paraplegia. P. rheu-
matica. Synonym of Enteyitis, Pseudo-mcmbt-anous.
Paraplexus { pay-ap-leks'-us) [Tropd, beside; Tr'/iitoc,
plexus]. The choroid plexus of the paracele or lateral
ventricle of the brain.
Parapod { pay' -ap-od) [rrapd, beside; ttoit, a foot].
A parapodium.
Parapodium [ pay-ap-o'-de-um) [-apd, beside ; Troi'r,
foot]. In biology, one of the foot-stumps or rudi-
mentary limbs of certain worms.
Parapoesis, Parapoiesis { pay-ap-o-e' -sis, pay-ap-oi-e' -
sis) \_-apa-iiitn', to vitiate]. A functional disease.
Parapolar (pay-ap-o' -lay) [Trapd, beside; TrdAof, pole].
In biology, adjoining the pole.
Parapophyseal { par-ap-off-iz' -e-al)\_TTapd, beside ; d~u-
d)vaic, an offshoot]. Pertaining to a parapophysis.
FAR APOPHYSIS
978
PARASITES
Parapophysis iypar-ap-off' -is-is) [irapQ, beside ; arv6(j>-
vai(;, offshoot]. In comparative anatomy, the process
homologous to the lower transverse process of a
vertebra.
Parapoplexy {par-ap' -o-plcks-e) [^wapa, beside; a-rro-
TTAii^ia, apoplexy]. A masked or slight form of
apoplexy.
Paraproctitis {par-ap-rok-li' -tis) [tto/jq, beside ; wpuiK-
Toi;, anus ; /r/f, inflammation]. Inflammation of the
connective tissue about the rectum.
Paraproctium i^par-ap-rok' -te-um) \Kapa, beside;
TTpuKToi;, anus]. The connective tissue that surrounds
the rectum.
Parapsis [par-ap' -sis)\TTapd, beside ; aipi<;,a. touching].
A perverted condition of the sense of touch.
Parapsis [par-ap'-sis) [jLapa, beside; di/j/f, a loop,
wheel: fl. ^ Parapsi\. In biology, MacLeay's name
for the lateral portion of the mesoscutum of the thorax
when separate from the dorsal portion ; the plaga scapu-
larcs of Haliday and the scapula of Thomson.
Parapteral {pai--ap' -ter-al) [Trapd, beside; Kvepov,
wing.] Pertaining to the parapterum.
Parapteron {par-ap' -ter-on). Same as Parapteyuin.
Parapterum iypar-ap' -ter-um) [Trapd, beside ; iKT£p6i\
wing; pL, Paraptera\. In biology : ((/) The third of
the three sclerites into which each lateral segment of
each thoracic segment of an insect is divisible ; {b^
the scapular feathers of a bird's wing.
Vax3LQ^&d.\SiZ\. iypar-ak' -we-dttkt') \jTapa, beside; aqua,
water; ducere, to lead]. The lateral division of the
mesocele in the brain of birds and frogs, serially homo-
logous with the paracele or lateral ventricle.
Paraquinanisol {par-ak-win-an' -is-6l) [_Trapd, beside ;
</«//?««;>(?/], C,(|HjjNO. An artificial alkaloid possess-
ing antipyretic properties.
Pararabin i^par-ar' -ah-in) \napa, beside; 'ApaliiK6<;,
Arabic]. A constituent of sugar-beet. Boiling with
alkalies converts it into arabic acid.
Pararectal i^par-ar-ek' -tal) [rrapd, beside; rectum,
rectum]. I3eside or near the rectum. P. Pouch,
a peritoneal depression behind the broad ligament and
beside the rectum.
Parareducin [ par-ar-c-du' -sin)\jzapa,\>&^\A& ; reduccre,
to lead back]. An alkaloid found in conjunction
with reducin in the urine.
Pararhotacism [par-ar-o' -tas-iz/ii) . See Rhotacisin.
Pararhythmus [par-ar-ifk'-mus) [Tropd, beside;
pvtlijoi;. rhythm]. Disturbed rhythm.
Pararthrema, Pararthresis [par-ar-thre'-mah, par-
ar-thre' -sis) [n-apd, beside ; apdpov, joint]. Sublux-
ation.
Pararthria iypar-ar' -thre-aJi) [rrapd, beside ; apflpop,
articulation]. A disorder or difficulty in the utter-
ance of articulate speech.
Pararthrosis par-ar-thro' -sis). Synonym of Parar-
thria.
Parasaccharose {^par-as-ak' -ar-oz') [jrapd, beside;
cdtixapov, sugar], C[.^H,,./Jjj. A crystalline modifica-
tion of saccharose obtained by allowing a mixture of
saccharose and ammonium phosphate in solution to
ferment.
Parasalpingitis [par-as-al-pin-ji'-tis) [n-apd, near;
aak-Kiy^, tube ; /r/f, inflammation]. Inflammation of
the tissues around an oviduct.
Paraschistes [par-as-kis' -tez) [Trapaaxi^oriiq, one who
opens corpses to embalm them; from napa, to;
ax'Cfii', to rend asunder]. A grade of ancient Egyp-
tian priests who began and carried out the process of
embalming ; they were also called by the Greeks Tari-
c/ieutic (Tapix^ia, embalming), and by the Egyptians
themselves Xar-lieb.
Parasecretion {^par-as-e-kre' -shim) \_~apa, beside ; se-
ceriiere, to secrete]. Any abnormality of secretion ;
any substance abnormally secreted.
Parasemia {^par-as-e' -iiie-ali) \napa., beside ; aariiio^,
unintelligible]. Simulated asemia. See Aseinia.
Parasigmatismus {par-as-ig-mat-iz'-mus) [Trapd, be-
side ; aly/ia, the letter f]. The inability to pronounce
s or sh, another letter, as /, being substituted.
Parasinoidal { par-as-in-oi'-dai) [Trapd, beside; sinus,
sinus]. Eying near or along a cerebral sinus. P.
Space, one of the small venous clefts on either side
of the superior longitudinal sinus of the dura.
Parasite {par^-as-it) [irapd, near ; alroq, food]. I.
The minor and feebler member of a pair of teratically
joined twins. See Autosite. 2. In biology, an organism
that inhabits another organism and obtains nourish-
ment from it ; it may be a phylpparasite or a zoopara-
site, an ectoparasite or an endoparasite, occasional or
constant, temporary or stationary, obligate or facultative,
a true parasite or a pseudo-parasite. The term parasite
is also applied to such birds as construct no nest and
perform none of the duties of incubation, but impose
on other birds for this purpose. Parasites that attain
their full development upon or within a single host are
said to be autecious, or auto.xenous ; those that pass
different stages of development upon or within diiTer-
ent hosts are said to be heterecious, or metecious.
Among certain invertebrates the degenerated male be-
comes a permanent parasite of the female. P., Ac-
cidental, one which, though ordinarily not parasitic,
has found its entrance into the body; e.g., Pentas-
tomia constrictuiu, P. denticulatum, (Pstrus hom-
inis, and others. P., Animal, a parasite belonging to
the animal kingdom. A table of animal parasites is
appended. P., Endophytic, one living within the
tissues of its host. P., Epiphytic, a parasite inhabit-
ing the cutaneous or mucous surfaces.
SYNONYMATIC TABLE OF THE ANIMAL PARASITES OF MAN AND OF THE
ANIMALS COMMONLY ASSOCIATED WITH HIM.
Abraxas grossulariata, Linne. The common goose-
berry-moth ; the larva was reported as a human pseudo-
parasite by Lankester and Norton, of England.
— Acanthia ciliata, Acanthia rotundata, two spe-
cies cited by Cobbold as belonging to Kasam and
Reunion Island respectively, which are said to be more
blood-thirsty than the common bed-bug. — Acanthia
columbaria, Jenyns. The dove-cot bug. It infests
doves and poultry, frequently causing sitting hens to
abandon their eggs. — Acanthia lectularia. See
Cimex lectularius. — Acarus aegyptius, Linne. See
Ixodes (Bgyptiiis, Audouin. — Acarus brachypus,
Olfers. See Sarcoptes scabiei, var. hoininis, Megiiin.
— Acarus du cheval, Gohier. See Psoroptes com-
munis, var. equi, Fiirstenberg. — Acarus domestl-
cus, de Geer. See Glyciphagus cursor, P. Gervais.
Acarus dysenteriae, Linne. See Tyroghphiis siro,
Latreille. — Acarus elephantiacus, Dubini (1850).
See Sarcoptes scabiei, var. lupi, Megnin. — Acarus
exulcerans, Linne ex Nyander. See Sarcoptes scabiei.
var. hominis, Megnin. — Acarus folliculorum,
Simon. See Demodex folliculorum, Owen. — Acarus
hordei, Cleber. See Tarsonemus inonungiiiculoiin.
R. Blanchard. — Acarus humanus subcutaneus,
Linne ex Avelin. See Sarcoptes scabiei, var. homiiin.
Megnin. — Acarus marginatus, Fabricius. See
PARASITES
979
PARASITES
Aigas reflexus, Latreille. — Acarus psoricus, Pallas.
See Sarcoptes scalnei, var. hoiiiinis, Megnin. — Acarus
reduvius, Schrank. See Boophilus hovis, Riley, Cur-
tice.— Acarus ricinoide, de Geer. — Acarus ricinus,
Linne. See Ixodes ricinus, Umne. — Acarus scabiei.
See Sarcoptes scabiei , var. Iiominis, Megnin. — Acarus
siro, Linne ; Acarus siro, var. scabiei, Fabricius. See
Sarcoptes scabiei, var. /nu/n'nis, Megnin. — Acephalo-
cystis endogena, John Hunter, Owen. — Acephalo-
cystis exogena,Kuhl. — Acephalocystis granulosa,
Ljennec, Cloquet. — Acephalocystis macaci, Cob-
bold. — Acephalocystis ovis tragelaphi, Cobbold. —
Acephalocystis ovoidea, Lsennec, Cloquet, Deslong-
champs, Chiaje. See EcJiinococciis polviiiorphus, Dies-
ing. — Acephalocystis plana, Lrennec. See Ovidigera
carpi, Dupuytren. — Acephalocystis racemosa, Clo-
quet. A name including all those grape-like and cur-
rant-like hydatigenous formations frequently present in
certain morbid affections of the chorion and mistaken
forentozoa. — Acephalocystis surculigera, Lxnnec.
See Ec/miococcus polvmorphus, Diesing. — Achylos-
toma duodenale, Bilharz. See Doclimius duodenalis,
Leuckart. — African Leech. Se^ I/irndo interrupfa. —
Afterbremse, Ger. See GastropkUiis hiciiwrrhoidalis ,
Linne. — Aftermade. See Oxytiris vermicularis ,
Bremser. — Agamonema piscium, Diesing. See
Filaria pisciiiin, Rudolphi. — Alakurt. See Ilelmin-
thopsylla alakurii, Schimkewitsch. — Algerian Ixode.
See Ixodes algeriensis, Megnin. — Alyselminthus
cucumerina, Weinland (1858); Alyselminthus
cuniceps, Zeder (1800) ; Alyselminthus ellipticus,
Zeder (1800). See Tania canina, Linne. — Alysel-
minthus infundibuliformis, Zeder. See Tioiia
infundibtdiforiuis, Goeze. — Alyselminthus litter-
atus, Zeder. See Ticnia psciido-cuciimeriiia , Baillet.
— Alyselminthus lobatus, Zeder. See Ticnia per-
foliata, Goeze. — Alyselminthus plicatus, Zeder.
See TcBtiia plicata, Rudolphi. — Alyselminthus pu-
sillus, Zeder. See Tiznia pusilla, Goeze. — Alysel-
minthus serratus, Zeder. See Tcenia crassicollis,
Rudolphi. — Alyselminthus setigerus, Zeder. See
Tania setigera, Frohlich. — Alyselminthus sinuosus,
Zeder. See Tania siituosa, Rudolphi. — Amblyom-
ma americana. — Amblyomma unipunctata, Pack-
ard.— American Ixode. See Argas aiiiericaiiiis, de
Geer. — Amceba buccalis, Steinberg. Syn. Amtrba
deniaiis, GrSiSsi. Quiescent below 25° C. ; most active
at from 38° to 40° C. It is found in the mucus cover-
ing the teeth of man. —
A m oe b a coli, Losch.
Syn. A/na'/ia dysenterice.
Councilman and Lafleur.
It is found in cases of
ulcerative inflammation of
the large intestine. Ex-
periments prove this para-
site capable of causing
violent irritation of the
mucous membrane. Mo-
niez hazards the conclu-
sion that this species is
identical with Ainaha jela-
ginia of the swamps near
St. Petersburg. — Amceba
croupogena, R i v o 1 1 a.
See Coccidium ovifornie,
Leuckart. — Amoeba
dentalis, Grassi. See
Amceba buccalis, Stein-
berg.— Amceba dysen-
teriae, Councilman and Lafleur. See Amoeba coli,
Losch. Amceba parasitica, Lendenfeld. It is
Amceb/e coli, Losch; in iii-
testiiial'mucus, with blood-
corpuscles, schizomycetes,
and similar bodies. (From
Leuckart, after Losch.)
found in a dermatosis of lambs in Australia, attack-
ing the feet, lips, gums, and nostrils. Lendenfeld
could not diflerentiate this parasite morphologically
from Amaha priiiccps, Ehrenberg. It is common in
fresh water. — Amceba vaginalis, Baelz. Recorded
from Japan as occurring in the human vagina. — Am-
phistoma collinsii, Cobbold. Brick-red worms found
in thousands in the large intestine of the horse in India,
where it is known to the natives as Mastiri. It is
perhaps identical with Ampliislonia sonsinoi, Cobbold.
Cobbold describes another AiiipJiistoma collinsii, var.
stanleyi. — Amphistoma conicum, Rudolphi. Found
in the paunch and psalterium of the domestic sheep,
ox, goat, deer, and several wild ruminants. It is rose-
colored, irregular, length lo to 13 mm., breadth 2 to
3 mm. It fixes itself between the papilla; of the
rumen, especially at the border of the esophagus. It
is common in Egypt and Australia, and probably has for
its cercaria that found by Sonsino, in Cairo, on the
gasteropod Physa alexandrina , and forming cysts on
aquatic stones, plants, shells of molluscs, etc. — Am-
phistoma crumeniferum, Creplin. Found in the
rumen of domestic cattle of India, and the zebu {Bos
indicus). — Amphistoma explanatum, Creplin.
F'ound by Gurlt, at Berlin, in the gall-bladder and
biliary duct of a zebu {Bos indicus). — Amphistoma
hawksii, Cobbold. F"ound at times, and in myriads,
adhering to the mucous membrane of the large intes-
tine of the Indian elephant and causing the most fre-
quent disease of that animal, a diarrhea known in India
as Liingen ; death results from exhaustion following
depraved appetite, anemia, and diarrhea. — Amphis-
toma hominis, Lewis and McConnell. Found in
the large intestine and cecum of man. — Amphis-
toma ornatum, Cobbold. Found in the intestine of
the Indian elephant. — Amphistoma papillatum,
Cobbold. Found in the large intestine of the Indian
elephant. — Amphistoma sonsinoi, Cobbold. Syn.,
Gastrodiscus polymastos , Leuckart, Cobbold. Possibly
Amphistoma collitisii is identical with this species. It
is found in the large intestine of the horse. — Am-
phistoma sp., Cobbold. Found in the stomach of
the horse. — Amphistoma truncatum, Rudolphi.
Found in the intestine of the domestic cat. — Am-
phistoma tuberculatum, Cobbold. The only trem-
atode found in the intestine of the domestic ox. It
is found in India associated with the amphistomes of
the rumen. — Analges minor, Norner. See Dermo-
glyphus minor, Norner. — Anchylostoma caninum,
Ercolani. Found in the intestine of the dog. — An-
chylostoma (Agchylostoma) duodenale, Bilharz,
Creplin. See Doclimius duodenalis, Leuckart. — An-
chylostoma stenocephalum, Bailliet. See L'nci-
naria stenocephalus, Bailliet. — Anchylostoma trig-
onocephalum, Rudolphi. — Anguillula appendi-
culata, Leidy. See Oxvuris appendiculata,\^€\Ay. —
Anguilulla intestinalis, Grassi and Parona. .See
Rhabdonema intestinalis, R. Blanchard. — Anguil-
lula leptodera, Nielley (1882). See Rhabditis niel-
lyi, R. Blanchard (1888).— Anguillula sp., Baillet.
Found in the skin of the horse. — Anguillula sp.,
Grassi and Perroncito. F"ound in the small intestine of
the rabbit; the female only appears to be known. —
Anguillula stercoralis, Bavay. See Rhabdonema
intestinale, Blanchard. — Animal bipede, Bastian. See
Sngittula hominis, Lamarck. — Ankylostoma tubae-
forme, Zeder. See Uncinaria trigonocephala, Rudol-
phi.— Anthomyia canicularis, Linne. — See Iloma-
loinyia canicularis, Linne. — Anthomyia incisurata.
See Homalomvia incisurata. — Anthomyia meteori-
ca. See Hydrotira meteorica, Davaine. — Anthomyia
pluvialis. A large European (?) fly, the larva? of
PARASITES
980
PARASITES
which have been found by Danthon de MouHn in the
human ear and in cutaneous wounds. — Anthomyia
scalaris, Fabricius, Judd. See Homaloinvia scalaris,
Fabricius. — Aphrophora bifasciata. The frog-
hopper, a fly. A case is reported by Cobbold, after
Solly and Flower, in which the fly is stated to have
been the cause of dysuria in a woman. — Argas
americanus, de Geer. ':iyn., Argas chinc/ia, Goudet ;
Amblvinnma atticricamim , Koch ; Amhlyomma
unipiinclata, Packard ; Ixodes americatiits , Linne ;
Nigua chinche, the Lone-star Tick. Found in South
America. It attacks sleeping men and animals, pro-
ducing an irritation of the skin so intense as to cause
serious symptoms and even death. It is exceed-
ingly troublesome to horses on the prairies of Guate-
mala.— Argas chincha, Goudet. See Argas ameri-
canus, de Geer. — Argas de Fischer. See Argas
savignvi, P. Gervais. — Argas hermanni, Audouin.
See Argas re/lexus, Latreille.— Argas marginatus, A.
Railliet (1886). Set Argas rejiexus, Latreille.— Argas
mauritianus, Guerin. A pest upon poultry in Mauri-
tius. It closely resembles Argas rejlexus. — Argas
megnini, Duges. A lyriform species, very abundant
in the State of Guanajuato on the horse, ass, and ox,
principally upon the ears. It is often found on other
animals and on man. Megnin holds that the Ixodidic
so troublesome to animals, especially horses, in Mex-
ico, ought to be included in this species. — Argas
miniatus, Koch, "nte Argas re fie xiis,V,3.\.xeA\\t. — Ar-
gas moubouta, Murray. It is found in Angola on
man and animals. — Argas persicus, Fischer. Syn.,
Miana Bug, Mianawanze, Alalleh iter Perser, Malleh
de Mianeh. It lives in the dwellings of the Persians,
especially in Miana ; it is also found in Egypt. It
attacks human beings at night, the bite being especially
troublesome to strangers. — Argas reflexus, Latreille,
1796 (nec Fabricius, 1794). Syn. , Acarus marginatus,
Fabricius (1794) ; Argas reflexus columharum, Argas
?narginatus , Railliet ; Argas hermanni, Audouin
(1812) ; Argas miniatus, Koch (1846) ; Rhynchoprion
colunibce, Hermann (1808) ; Saumzecke. The Bordered
Argas. It is frequently found in dove-cotes in Italy and
France, rarely in Germany and England ; it sucks the
blood of pigeons, especially the young. It is nocturnal,
and is a very troublesome parasite, spreading rapidly,
limiting the rearing of pigeons, and wandering into
houses, where it attacks human beings, producing
painful vesicles, edema, and acute pruritus. Most active
measures should be employed to exterminate it, such
as hot water, lime, petroleum, insect-powder, soft soap.
Ziirn recommends washing the legs of the pigeons
with an alcoholic solution of balsam of Peru. Hugo
Engelmann takes the poison of this mite to be a toxal-
bumin. — Argas savignyi, P. Gervais. L' argas de Sa-
vigny. Found by Savigny in Egypt. Regarded by Au-
douin as identical with Argas /<.'«;V«^, Fischer. — Argas
talaje, Megnin, Guerin. Syn., Garapates, Telajes.
Found in dwellings in Central America. It is nocturnal,
and produces painful edema. — Argas tholozani, La-
boulbene and Megnin . Syn. , Argas of Tholozan, Kcue
der Perser, Sheep-bug. Found on man and sheep in
Persia (Djemalabad). — Argas turicata, Duges. ."-iyn.,
Turicates. A parasite very troublesome to pigs and man
in Guanajuato, Mexico, frequently causing the death of
the former and of the fowls which feed on the para-
sites.— Ascarid of Man. See Ascaris iumhricoides,
Linn6. — Ascarid of the Pig. See Ascaris suilla,
Dujardin. Leuckart, Schneider, and others hold this
to be identical with the ascarid of man (.Ascaris
Iumhricoides, Linne). — Ascarid of the Sheep. See
Ascaris ovis. — Ascaris brachyoptera, Rudolphi. See
Ascaris mystax, Rudolphi. — Ascaris canicutae,
.Schrank (1788). See Ascaris mystax, Rudolphi (1801).
— Ascaris canis, Gmelin (1789). See Ascaris mystax,
Rudolphi (1801). — Ascaris canis aurei, Rudolphi
(1819). See Ascaris mystax Rudolphi (1801). — As-
caris canis et martis, Schrank {1788). See Eustron-
gylus gigas, Diesing (1851). — Ascaris cati, Schrank
(1788). Ste Ascaris mystax, Rudolphi (1801). — As-
caris columbse, Gmelin. See Heterakis maculosa, Ru-
dolphi.— Ascaris conosoma, Jordens (1802), Lenz,
Brera, Bremser, Rudolphi , Diesing. Der Kegelwurm.
Found by Bretschneider in the human intestine.
According to Brera it is but the larva of Musca domes-
tica. — Ascaris crassa, Deslongchamps. '^tt Hetera-
kis infle.xa, Rudolphi. — Ascaris dispar. See Hetera-
kis dispar, Schrank. — Ascaris ensicaudata, Ru-
dolphi. Found in the mouth of the mocking-bird
{Mimus polyglottus, Boie). — Ascaris felis, Gmelin.
See Ascaris mystax. — Ascaris filiformis cauda-
ratundata, Camper. See Ascaris intuli, Goeze. —
Ascaris gallinarum, Gmelin. See Heterakis papu-
losa, Bloch. — Ascaris gallopavonis, Gmelin.
See Heterakis injlexa, Rudolphi. — Ascaris gib-
bosa, Rudolphi. Found in the intestine of the ^
domestic fowl. This is a doubtful species, found
only by Zeder in 1788, and described from mem-
ory in 1800. — Ascaris gigas, Goeze. See Ascaris
Iumhricoides. — Ascaris inflexa, Rudolphi. Found in
the intestine of domestic fowls, and by Chatin in hens'
eggs. Ercolani's statement regarding the descent of
this species and Heterakis vesicularis has no founda-
tion.— Ascaris ischnoptera, Creplin. Found in the
large intestine of the ostrich. — Ascaris leptoptera,
Rudolphi. See Ascaris mystax, Rudolphi. — Ascaris
lonchoptera, Diesing. Syn., Ascarides, Jackson ;
Strougylus elepkanti (sic), Rudolphi. Found in the
biliary ducts and duodenum of the Eleplias indicus,
discovered by Mayor in 1822 ; only the female has been
described. " The first helminth discovered to infest the
elephant, that very species about whose structure and j
economy we are least informed." (Cobbold.) — As- '
caris lumbricoides, Linne (1758), Cloquet, Bloch, |
Goeze. .Syn. , "B/l//a'f, Hippocrates ; "EA/zij'fCTrpoyyii/i?, j
Aristotle; Tinea rotunda, I'Ymy; Lumhricus longus et
rottindiis, Serapion ; Lumhricus rotundas, Caslius (
Aurelianus; Fusaria Iumhricoides, Zeder (1800);
Lumhricus teres hominis, Celse, Tyson, Redi Valisneri ;
Ascaris gigas, Goeze (1782) ; Nematoideum hominis
(ventriculi) , Degland, Leveille ; Nematoideum hominis
[viscerum), Pruner, Diesing; Ophiostoma pontieri,
Cloquet, Delle Chiaje, Bremser ; Spulwurm. Held
by some to be identical with the Ascaris megalocephala
of the horse and the Ascaris suilla of the hog. This
parasite is of cosmopolitan distribution. It is found (
abundantly in the human intestine, especially in chil- ,
dren, and in that of domestic hogs and cattle, in which 1
it reaches a somewhat larger size ; a single female is |
calculated to lay fifty or sixty million eggs. The para-
sites are erratic, sometimes passing into the ductus j
choledochus, stomach, nasal fossa. Eustachian tube, j
larynx, trachea, and, by means of ulceration of the |
stomach and intestines, at times gaining entrance to ,
the peritoneal cavity. Reflex symptoms of neurasthenic, j
hysteriform, epileptiform, or choreiform nature, j •
coma, etc. , may be directly traced to the presence |
of these parasites. Therapeusis : Santonin. This |
should not exceed Ye-yi grain (o.oil to 0.032 ,
gram) in each dose, or 1)4 grains (0.065 to O.ogy ,
gram) in the day ; it is best administered dissolved
in castor-oil. Sodium santonate is preferred by many ,
to santonin. Ammonium embellate is highly reconi- ;
mended by Coronadi as less poisonous to the host j
than other anthelmintics. The alga Alsidium [Cera- j
PARASITES
981
PARASITES
mium) helminthocliortvn, Ktz., the so-called Corsican
moss, Wurmtang, IVuniu/ioos, is much used in southern
Europe in the shape of an infusion, 30 grains to a
pint of water, night and morning ; in the same way
pinkroot, Spige/ia inarylandica and Spigelia anthel-
mia, is employed. In large doses this has narcotic
properties. The most popular vermifuge of Europe
appears to be worm-seed {IVurmsamen, Litttuer-
samen. Semen Jlores, Cince, Cyna: since, Santonicie,
Semen siuicfum), Arfeiiwsia iiiaritiina, var. a Stech-
manniana, Bess, the source of santonin, which is
administered with sugar or syrup. It owes its activity
to the presence of santonin (discovered by Alnus,
1831). The discharged worms should be burned or
have boiling water poured over them to prevent the
spread of the eggs. — Ascaris maculosa, Rudolphi.
See Heterakis maculosa, Rudolphi. — Ascaris mar-
ginata, Rudolphi. See Ascaris mystax, Rudolphi. —
Ascaris maritima, Leuckart (1876). Only one instance-
is recorded of this worm acting as a human parasite,
having been vomited by a child in North Greenland
in 1865. — Ascaris megalocephala, Cloquet. The
largest species of the genus. Peculiar to the Eqiiidie.
It is found in the small intestine of the domestic
ass, horse, mule, and zebra. No intermediate host
is needed ; drinking-water appears to be the vehicle
of infection. The parasites often exist in great numbers,
from 1000 to 1500, in the small intestine, especially the
duodenum, passing at times into the stomach, bile-duct,
and pancreatic duct. The manure of animals affected
should be destroyed by hre. The presence of the para-
site is accompanied by numerous reflex symptoms, e.g.,
chronic intestinal catarrh, slight but obstinate diar-
rhea, the expulsion of feces being immediately pre-
ceded by a discharge of fluid. Treatment : — Arsen-
ious acid with food in increasing doses of I-3 grams a
day for ten days, tartar emetic in doses of 15-20
grams per day in four doses at intervals of 3-4 hours,
with gentian-powder or asafetida, emulsion of oil
of turpentine in peanut or cottonseed-oil 80-150
grams, santonin 80-150 grams. Ferric chlorid and
cupric sulphate have been successfully employed,
but no specific has been found. — Ascaris microp-
tera, Rudolphi. See Ascaris mystax, Rudolphi. —
Ascaris mucronata, Frohlich. See Strongylus nod-
ularis, Rudolphi. — Ascaris mystax, Rudolphi
(1801), Bremser, Dujardin, etc. Syn., Luttibriais
canis, Werner (1782); Ascaris liimbricoides, Bloch
(1782); Ascaris caniciila:, Schrank (1788); Ascaris
canies, Gmelin (1789); Ascaris alata, Bellingham
(1839), Dujardin, Diesing ; Ascaris cati, Schrank
(1788); Ascaris fclis, Gmelin {1789), Thompson,
Pickells; Ascaris maiginata , Rudolphi (1793), Zeder
(1800); Ascaris teres felis, Goeze (1782); Ascaris
tnqnetra, Schrank ; Ascaris leptoptera, Rudolphi ;
Ascaris iiiicroptera, Rudolphi (1819) ; (?) Ascaris
brachyoptera , Rudolphi (1819) ; (?) Fusaria mystax,
Zeder (l8oo) ; Ascaris canisaiirei, Rudolphi (1819).
This parasite is found in the small intestine of the
domestic cat and dog ; also in man. No intermediate
host is necessary. Grassi's experiments show its life-
history to be similar to that of Ascaris lumbricoides ;
drinking-water is the infecting medium. The form
found in the cat appears only to be a larger variety of
that found in the dog. It is most frequently found in
young animals ; by Krabbe, it was found in more than
50 per cent, of cats and 24 per cent, of dogs examined ;
It inhabits the small intestine and stomach, and causes
the vomiting of glairy matter, in which it is to be found ;
in man it causes intestinal obstruction. Treatment :
Santonin in doses of 2-3 centigrams given in milk,
alone or combined with extract of malefern, repeated
twice a week, followed by a laxative. Areca-nut is also
useful. The investigations of Verloren prove that the
eggs of the parasite can retain their vitality for more
than a year. — Ascaris ovis, Rudolphi. F"ound in the
intestine of the domestic sheep. It is very rare, only
two cases having been reported, by Diesing and Neu-
mann.— Ascaris papillosa, Bloch. See Heterakis
papulosa, Bloch. — Ascaris pellucida. Brown. See
Filaria equina, Abildgaard. — Ascaris perspicillum.
See Heterakis injlexa, Rudolphi. — Ascaris renalis,
Gmelin. See Ettstrongylus gigas, Diesing. — As-
caris sp., von Drasche. It is found in the in-
testine of the domestic sheep. — Ascaris stephan-
ostoma, Jordens (1802) ; Lenz, Brera, Bremser,
Rudolphi, Diesing. It was found in the human in-
testine by Bretschneider, and asserted by Brera to be
the larva of Musca carnaria. — Ascaris suilla,
Dujardin. This bears so close a resemblance to the
Ascaris lumbricoides that Leuckart, Schneider, and
others regard it as identical. Cobbold, Dujardin, Cla-
parede, Moquin-Tandon, hold the two to be distinct.
A. suilla is found rarely in the small intestine of the pig.
Cases of epileptiform seizures in pigs have been referred
to reflexes due to the presence of these parasites.
Filaria trachealis, Bristow and Rainey (1855), '"^y
be but the larva of this species. — Ascaris teres,
Goeze. See Heterakis tnaculosa, Rudolphi, and Heter-
akis inflexa , Rudolphi. — Ascaris teres felis, Goeze.
See Ascaris mystax, Rudolphi (1801).. — Ascaris
teres minor (Phasiani Galli et picti), Goeze. See
Heterakis papillosa, Bloch. — Ascaris tetraonis,
Gmelin. See Heterakis papillosa, Bloch. — Ascaris
trichiura, Linne. See 7'ricliocep/iali/s hominis,
Schrank (1788). — Ascaris triquetra, Schrank. See
Ascaris mystax, Rudolphi.- — Ascaris urogalli, Vi-
borg, Rudolphi. See Heterakis papillosa, Bloch. —
Ascaris vermicularis, Linne (1767). See Oxyuris
ver?nicularis, Hxemser (1819). — Ascaris vesicularis,
Rudolphi. See Heterakis Tesicularis , Frohlich. —
Ascaris visceralis aut renalis, (imelin. See Fu-
st roiigyhts gigas, Diesing. — Ascaris vituli, Gmelin,
Goeze, Neumann (1883). Syn., SIrougylus fitnlorum,
Rudolphi ; Cordius viviparus, Bloch ; Ascaris Jilifor-
viis Cauda rotunda ta , Camper; Ascaris vituli, Gme-
lin ; Fusaria zntuli, Zeder. The Calf-ascarid. Found
in the intestine and abomasum of young domestic
cattle ; it is rare in adults. It is frequently found
in the slaughter-houses in France. One case is re-
ported in which 15 liters of these parasites were
found in the intestine of the calf. Therapeusis : —
Give 8-12 grams of a mucilaginous emulsion of
empyreumatic oil at night, and follow in the morn-
ing with a purgative of sodic sulphate. — Asth-
matos ciliaris, Salisbury. Dr. J. H. Salisbury
described, in 1873, ciliated cells in the mucous
fluid from the eyes, nose, and throat of human
beings suffering from infusorial catarrh and asth-
ma, hay-fever or autumn catarrh. He regarded them
as parasites belonging to the cilio-flagellate infuso-
ria. Cutter and Reinsch arrived at the conclusion
that the organism is a protozoon allied to Actino-
phrys, but it was, in 1880, .shown by Leidy to be
merely detached ciliated epithelial cells from the air-
passages, more or less modified by the catarrhal affec-
tion. — Aulacostoma nigrescens, Weigmann et
Ruthe ; Aulacostomum gulo, Grube. See Aula-
stoma gulo, Moquin-Tandon. — Aulastoma gulo, Mo-
quin-Tandon. Syn., Aulastoma vorax, Gratiolet ;
Aulacostoma nigrescens, Weigmann et Ruthe ; Aula-
costomum gulo, Grube. Hirudo depressa fusca Diargine
lalerali. Black-leech, or Voracious aulostoma , incor-
rectly called Horse-leech in the neighborhood of Paris,
PARASITES
982
PARASITES
(dorsal view).
art.)
(After Leuck-
and thus confused with ILimopis saugiiisiiv;a , Berg-
mann. It is widely distributed over Europe and
leaves the water to hide under stones, feeding on earth-
worms, insect larvse, and small fishes. — Aulastoma
vorax, Gratiolet. See Aulastoma gtth, Moquin-Tan-
don. — Autumn Ixode. See Ixodes atitumnalis. Leach.
— Autumnal Breeze-fly. See Tahaniis autuniitalis,
Linne. — Bacon-beetle. See Derinestes /ardariits,
Linne. — Bacterioidomonas sporifera, Kiinstler.
See Monocercoinonas caviiF, Davaine. — Balaninus
nucum, Linne. A beetle, the larvje of which is
reported as a facultative parasite of man by Henry,
Astley Cooper, and
Phillips. — Balantid-
ium coli. Stein
(1862). Syn., Fai-a-
mceciitm coli, Malmsten
( 1857 ) ; Plagiotoina
coli, ClaparSde and
Lachmann { 1858);
Leiicophrys coli, .Stein
( i860 ) ; Holophrya
coli, Leuckart (1863).
An infusorian parasite
first observed in 1856 Balantidium coli, Stein ; (B),
by Malmsten, and yvith widely opened peristome
since found abund-
antly in the colon of
the pig. It has also been found in man in Russia,
Sweden, Italy, Cochin-China, and China. In the
pig it causes no serious disturbance, but in man it gives
rise to profuse and obstinate diarrhea. Calandruccio,
Grassi, and Wising maintain that two distinct species
are classed under the name. According to Lindner this
parasite is practically limited to northern Europe, where
it is not uncommon for the peasantry to live in close and
constant association with their swine. Probably its
protective cysts or capsules enable it to resist the
action of the gastric juice. Diagnosis of its presence
in man or swine is readily made by the introduction
of a sound into the rectum, the infusoria being found
in the mucus and feculent matter brought out on the
instrument. Therapeusis : — Malmsten and Ilenschen
recommend eneraata of dilute hydrocloric acid, or
of vinegar and tannic acid. — Balbiania gigantea,
Railliet (l886). A sporozoon parasite of the order
Sarcosporidia, which has been found in the con-
nective tissues of the sheep, goat, ox, deer, pig,
and eastern buffalo, especially in the muscular
layer of the esophagus, base of tongue, muscles of
pharynx, cheeks, neck, thorax, abdomen, and thighs.
The sudden symptoms of epizooty, asphyxia, and
epileptiform attacks seem to be due to edema of the
glottis. — Balbiania rileyi, Stiles. Found in the
intermuscular connective tissue of ducks (the shoveler
or shovel-bill duck, or spoon-bill duck (^Spatula
clypeata), and the mallard duck, or tame duck {Anas
^(7j(7i(w).— Bed-bug. .See Ciinex leciiilaritis, Merrett
(1667). — Beinwurm. See Draciuiculiis medinensis,
Cobbald. — Benchuate. See Cotior/iiims nigrovaritis.
— Bete rouge. The native name in Guiana, the An-
tilles, and Honduras for Leptiis irritans, q. v. — Bett-
wanze. See Cimex Icctitlarius, Merrett (1667). —
Bewaffneter Bandwurm des Menschen. See
TiCiiit! solium, Linne. — Bicho. See Sarcopsvlla pene-
trans. West wood. — Bicho Colorado, of Argentine
Republic and Uruguay. See Tetranychus tnolestis-
simus, Weyenbergh. — Bilharzia bovis, Sonsino. See
Gyncccophonis crassa. — Bilharzia capensis, Harley.
See Gvncccophonts lucmatobiiis (Bilharz), Diesing. —
Bilharzia crassa. See Gvnrrcopkonis crassa. — Bil-
harzia haematobia, Cobbold (1858). — Bilharzia
Bilharzia h.«mato-
BIA, Cobbold ; male
and female, the lat-
ter in the canalis
gyncecophorus of the
former. (After
Leuckart.)
magna, Cobbold. See Gymecophorus hamatobins,
Diesing. — Bird - flea. See
Fit lex allium, Taschenberg. —
Biseriated Menopon. See
iMenopon biseriatum , Piaget. —
Biting Louse. See Trichodcc-
tes scalaris, Nitzsch. — Black
Breeze-fly. .See Tabanus mo-
rio, Latreille. — Black Leech.
See Aulastoma gulo. Brown.
— Black-mouthed Menopon.
See Menopon pJucostomum,
Nitzsch. — Blaps mortisaga,
Linne. Syn., Todtenkdfer ,
Churchyard-beetle. The larva
of this beetle is recorded as a
facultative human parasite by
Pickells, Thompson, Belling-
ham, and Bateman. This beetle
is common about houses and
cellars in Europe from April
until harvest - time. — Blaue
Fleischfliege. See Calliphora
vomitoria, Robineau-Desvoidy.
— Blinding Breeze - fly, or
Blinding Chrysops. See Chrysops ccecutiens, Linne.
— Blood-sucking Cone-nose. See Cojtorhinns. —
Blow-fly. .See Calliphora vomitoria, Robineau-
Desvoidy. — Blue Flesh-fly, Bluebottle-fly. See
Calliphora vomitoria, Robineau-Desvoidy. — Bodies
of Laveran. See Polimitus malaria, Danilewsky.
— Bodo hominis, Saville Kent (1880). See Cer-
coinonas hominis, Davaine (1854). — Bodo intes-
tinalis, Ehrenberg. Observed by Steinberg in the
white material found between human teeth. Leuck-
art regards it of doubtful parasitic nature. — Bodo
muscse domesticae, Burnett. See Herpetoiuonas
muscce domesticiv, Kent — Bodo saltans, Ehrenberg.
Found by Wedl in great numbers in unhealthy
ulcers in man. Leuckart doubts if it is parasitic.
— Bodo socialis, Ehrenberg. This was observed
by Steinberg in the white substance obtained from
between human teeth. Leuckart doubts its para-
sitic nature. — Bodo urinarius, Hassal (1859). It is
frequently found in the albuminous, alkaline urine of
cholera-patients. R. Blanchard considers it as acci-
dentally occurring in the urine and not a parasitic
species. — Bodo urinarius, Kiinstler (1883). See
Cystomouas urinaria, R. Blanchard (1885). —
Body-louse. See Pediculus vestimenti. Leach. —
Boophilus bovis (Riley), Curtice. Syn. , Ilccmaphy-
salis rosea, Koch ; Ixodes annulatiis, .Say ; Ixodes
bovis, Riley ; Ixodes dugesii, P. Gervais (1844) ; Ixodes
indentatus, Gamgee ; Ixodes reduvius, De Geer. The
cattle-tick ; the most widely distributed of all the ticks,
occurring in America southward from the northern
line of the southern cattle-fever area, to Mexico,
Cuba, South America, and also in northern Africa and
southern Europe ; it is probably a native of N. Africa.
This is the active agent in spreading Texas cattle-fever.
Treatment : Almost any oily or greasy material —
Bot-fly of Cattle. See Ilypoderma bovis, Latreille.
— Bot-fly of the Horse.' See Gastrophilus eqiii,
Fabricius. — Bothriocefalo largo, Bothriocephale
large. S.ee Bothriocephalus latiis. — Bothriocephalus
canis, Ercolani and Bassi. See Bothriocephalus lotus,
Bremser(i8i9). — Bothriocephalus cordatus, Leuck-
art (1863). Syn., Dibothrium cordattiin, Diesing.
It is found in Iceland and North Greenland in the
human body, also in walrus and seal {Phoca barbata)
and in dogs. It is sma Her than B. latus ; Tceiiia
vulgaris, Linne and Pallas, may be identical with
PARASITES
983
PARASITES
this species. The larval stage is found in a fish. —
cefalo : The Broad Tapezvoriii, Bradley (1813). The
largest cestode helminth at present known to infest
the human body. Switzerland forms the first center
for this parasite, and the Russian and Swedish prov-
inces on the shore of the Baltic the second. It ap-
pears to be increasing in Germany and Italy. It is
not rare in Denmark, Ijima reports it in Japan, re
ferring to the fish BnchoryJivnchtts perryi as the
host of the larva. Belgium, Holland, England, Scot-
land, and America are practically free from this para-
BOTHRIOCEPHA-
LUS CORDATUS,
Leuckart ; adult.
(After Leuckart.)
Four young; speci-
mens of BOTHRI-
OCEPHALUS COR-
DATUS, Leuckart;
(nat. size). (Af-
ter Leuckart.)
Head and ante-
rior portion of
BOTHRIOCEPHA-
LUS CORDATUS,
Leuckart; seen
( A ) f r o m the
side, and ( B )
from the surface.
(X 3-) (After
Leuckart.)
Bothriocephalus cristatus, Davaine (1874). .Syn. ,
Bothriocefalo a cresta. It has been found in man in a
few cases in Europe. A doubtful variety, possibly a
monstrosity, and so considered by Moniez. — Both-
riocephalus decipiens, Diesing. This is found in
the intestines of several wild FelidtT, and includes,
according to Diesing, Bothriocepliahts felis, Creplin
(1825), of the domestic cat, q. v. — Bothriocephalus
dubius, Krabbe. This was found by Krabbe in a
dog at Reykjavik, and resembles BoiJiriocephalits fus-
cus, q. V. — Bothriocephalus felis, Creplin (1825).
Syn. , BothriocepJiahts decipiens, Diesing. This is found
in the intestines of domestic cats, and in general features
it resembles Bothriocephalus latiis, Bremser, except in
dimensions. — Bothriocephalus fuscus, Krabbe.
Syn., Bothriocephalus reticiitatus et duhitis, Krabbe.
This is found in the intestine of the dog in Iceland. —
Bothriocephalus hominis, Lamarck. — Bothrio-
cephalus latus (Linne), Bremser (1819), Blainville,
Rudolphi. .Syn., Bothriocefalo largo; Bothrioceph-
ale large ; Bothriocephalus canis , Ercolani and Grassi ;
Bothriocephalus hominis, Lamarck ; Dihothriuin
latum, Diesing (1850) ; The Siviss Tapeworm, Tirnia
lata, Linne (1748), Bloch, Goeze ; Tmiia veteruiit,
Spiegel (1618) ; Ticnia sive fascia intestinorum,
Spiegel (1618) ; Tenia de la second espece, Andry
(1700); Tenia a epine, Andry (1700) ; The Broad
Tapnvorm, Bradley (1813') ; Ticnia vulgaris, Linne
(1748), Werner, Retzius, Gmelin ; Tienia dentnta,
Batsch (1786), Gmelin ; Tenia tenella,Y&\\^.-i{\-]i\),
Retzius ; Tcenia grisea, Schrank ; Tenia a article
courtes. Bonnet ; Tcenia lata event, grisea, Pallas
(1766) ; Ticnia prima. Plater (1603); Tcenia mem-
branacea, Pallas (1781), Batsch; Tenia humanis
inemiis, Brera (1802) ; Breiter Grubenkopfwurm ,
Breiter Bandwurtn des Menschen, Grande bothrio-
Club-shaped head of
Both r iocephalus
LATUS, Bremser.
A, Seen from the
edge ; B, from the
flat surface. (X 5.)
(After Leuckart.)
Bothriocephalus lat-
us, Bremser. (After
Leuckart.)
Free-swimming embryo of
BOTHRIOCIiPHALUS LAT-
US, Bremser. (X 500.)
(After Leuckart.)
site. It appears not to be rare in dogs in Italy and
Russia. The larva or finn has been found in a large
number of fishes; e. g., the perch, turbot, sea-trout,
salmon, pike, stint, etc. Its prevalence is due
to the custom of eating fish imperfectly cured or
cooked. The fish is possibly not the only provisional
host, but is infected by eating some mollusc possess-
ing the parasite in a hydatid condition. It is
claimed that this parasite gives rise to all the symp-
toms of pernicious anemia. — Bothriocephalus ligu-
loides, Leuckart (1886). See Bothriocephalus man-
soni, R. Blanchard (1886).—
Bothriocephalus longicollis,
Molin. Found in the intestine
of the domestic fowl in Italy.
It gives rise to loss of appetite,
emaciation, feebleness, diar-
rhea, and epileptiform attacks.
The powdered bark of pome-
granate-root— a teaspoonful for
every fifty head — mixed with the
poultry-food is regarded as the
best treatment of teniasis in
fowls. — B othriocephalus
mansoni, R. Blanchard (1886).
.Syn., Bothriocephalus liguloides, Leuckart (l
Lii^ula mansoiii, Cobbold (1883). This is found in
the human peritoneum, and is known only in the
Head of Bothrio-
cephalus MAN-
SO N I, R. Blan-
chard. ( X 3)
(After Leuckart.)
PARASITES
984
PARASITES
BOTHRIOCEPHALUS
MANSONi, R. Blan-
ch ard. (A, after
Leiickart ; B, after
Cobbold.)
larval condition. It has its habitat in the connective
tissues of the host, as the conjunctival tissues of the
orbit and subcutaneous tissues
of the tlaigh, but it is capable of
extensive migrations and has
been voided 'with, the urine ; the
cases are limited to Chinese and
Japanese. Bothriocephalus re-
ticulatus, Krabbe. It is found
in dogs in Iceland. See Both-
rioi-e[>Jialus fiiscns, Krabbe. —
Bothriocephalus serratus,
Diesing. This was found by
Natterer in the Pampas fox
( Canis azarcs) of Brazil. Diesing
holds the form found by von Sie-
bold and others in dogs to be
identical. See Botliriocephahis
canis Ercolani and B. latits, Brem-
ser. — Bothriocephalus tropi-
cus, Schmidtmiiller. See Tienia
sagliiata, Goeze. — Brechfliege.
See Calliphora voinitoria, Robi-
neau-Desvoidy. — Breeze. See
GastrophiliiS equi , Fabricius. —
Breiter Bandwurm des Men-
schen, Breiter Grubenkopf-
wurm. See Botlnioccphalus
Bremser. — Brummer. See
Calliphora 7'o/iiitoria, Robineau-
Desvoidy. — Buffalo-fly, or Buffalo-gnat. See Siinu-
Hum pecitarinin. — Burrowing Flea. See Sanopsylla
penetrans, Westwood. — Biitschlia lanceolata, Fio-
rentini ; Biitschlia neglecta, Schuberg ; Biitschlia
parva, Schuberg. Three peritrichous infusorian para-
sites, rarely found in the rumen of the ox. — Caelogna-
thus morsitans. An arachnid discoverd by Hessling
and held by Cobbold to be a genuine human parasite.
Csepophagus echinopus, Megnin (1880). Syn., Ty-
roglypluis eekinoptis, Fumouze et Ch, Robin (1867).
An acaridan, common about liliaceous bulbs, found in
the external auditory meatus of a woman suffering from
otorrhea, also in a case of " seedy toe " in the horse. —
Calf Ascarid. He^Ascarisvituli, Goeze. — Calliphora
anthropophaga, Conil. — Cal-
liphora hominivorax. — Calli-
phora infesta, Philippi. See Lu-
ci/ia Calliphora li-
mensis. A case of myiasis narit/m
due to the larva of this fly is report-
ed by Aguirre from Santiago de
Chile. — Calliphora macellaria,
Jorg. See L/ti i/ia //mee/iaria,Fa.h-
ricius. — Calliphora vomitoria,
Robineau-Desvoidy (1830). Syn. ,
Mitsca vomitoria, Blncboftle-Jly,
Blue Flesh-fly, Bloiu-Jly, Mouche
bleu de la Viani/e, blaue Fleisch-
fliege, Schmeiszfliege, Brechfliege,
Brummer. These flies feed only
on fresh meats and rarely deposit
their eggs in wounds or in the
natural cavities of the body ;
although Leuckart and Summa
cite a case in which the larvre
were passed from the intestines of man, and Summa
refers to cases of Afyiosis narium due to these larva?,
and Langstein to a case in which he removed large
numbers from the bladder of a woman recently con-
fined.— Callodium tenui. See Tricfiosoma tenuis-
si ma, Diesing. — Camel-bot. See CEstrits cameli,
var. — Camel Ixode. See Ixodes camelintis, G.
Larvae of C a l L i -
PHORA VOMITORIA,
Robiueau - Deso-
vidy. i^After Leuck-
art.)
Fischer. — Camel CEstrus. See QLstnis cavieli. —
Camel-tick. See Galeodes araneoides. — Carpho-
glyphus passularum, Ch. Robin (1869). A mite
found on dried fruits, dates, figs, prunes, etc., and
occasionally in vomited matter. — Cat-flea. See
Pulex serraticeps, Gervais. — Cat-louse. See Tri-
chodectes subrostratus, Nitzsch. — Cattle-louse. See
Hamatopiiius eurysternus , Nitzsch. — Cattle-worm.
See Founza ia ngdmbe. — Cayor Fly, Cayor Worm.
See Ochromyia anthropophaga, Blanchard. — Cepha-
lomyia ovis, Latreille. See CEstrus ovis, Linne. —
Ceratopsyllus canis. See Pulex sen-aticeps, Gervais.
— Ceratopsyllus gallinse, Bouche. See Pulex
avium, Taschenbeig. — Cercaria brunnea, Diesing.
According to Diesing this is identical with the
cercaria of Distoma echinatum, Zeder, of the duck.
— Cercaria cystophora, von Willemoes-Suhm. This
was held by Leuckart to be the larva of Distoma
lanceolatum , Mehlis, of the sheep, but has since
been demonstrated by Creutzburg to belong to Dis-
toma ovocaudatum of the frog. — Cercaria echina-
toides, Fil. Syn. , Cercai-ia echini/era, La Valette,
C. spinifera. La Valette, C. brunnea, Diesing (?).
It is the larva of Distoma echinatum, Zeder, of the
ducl^. It is found in aquatic molluscs, Liinncea,
Planorhis, Paludina. — Cercaria echinifera. La
Valette. See Cercaria echinatoides, Fil. — Cercaria
longicaudata. This is the larva of Distoma lan-
ceolatum, Zeder, of the sheep. It occurs in the
pond-snails Helix carthusiana, Muller, and Plan-
orbis marginatus, Draparnaud. — Cercaria spin-
ifera. La Valette. See Cercaria echinatoides, Fil. —
Cercomonas davainei, Moquin-Tandon (i860). See
Cercomonas Iioiiiinis, Davaine (1854). — Cercomonas
gallinae, Rivolta. Syn. , Cercomonas nell intestino dei
gallinacei, Perroncito, Cercomonas de V intestin des
gallinacees. It is found in cases of pseudo-croup in
fowls and pigeons. — Cercomonas globosus, Per-
roncito, Mofiocer-
comonas cavice,
Davaine. — Cer-
comonas of the
Guinea - pig's
Intestines. See
Monoccrcomonas
caviie, Davaine,
Cercomonas ovalis, Perroncito, Ccj-comonas pisiformis,
Perroncito, Cerco?nonas globosits, Perroncito, Bacteno-
idomonas sporifera, Kiinstler. — Cercomonas homi-
nis, Davaine (1854). Syn., Ccrcotnonas intestinalis,
Lambl (1875 nec 1859) ; Cercomonas davainei, Moquin-
Tandon (i860) ; Bodo hominis, Saville Kent (1880) ;
Cercomonas globosus, Perroncito. This infusorian is
of frequent and extensive occurrence in the dis-
charges of cholera and typhoid-fever patients, and
in various diarrheas, also in healthy persons, e.g.,
the intestinal mucus of children. It is also found in
the hepatic ducts. — Cercomonas intestinalis, Lambl
(1859). [The species described by Lambl under this
name in 1859 is referred to Afegasto/iia iiilestinalc,
Blanchard, 1885, q. v.] — Cercomonas intestinalis,
Lanibl( 1875). See Cercomonas hominis, Davaine(l854).
— Cercomonas intestinalis, Marchand (1875)- SeP
Trichomonas intestinalis, Leuckart (1879). — Cer-
comonas muscarum, Leidy. Cercomonas muses
domesticae, Stein. See Ilerpetomonas iniiscic domes-
tier, Saville Kent. — Cercomonas ovalis. 'Ihi'*
was found by Perroncito in the intestine of the
guinea-pig, producing an enteritis; perhaps identi-
cal with Monoccrcomonas cavice, Davaine. — Cerco-
monas pisiformis, Perroncito. See Monocercomonas
caviic, Davaine. — Cercosoma. See Eristalis tenax
Cercomonas hominis, Davaine; (A),
larger, and (B), smaller variety.
{From Leitc/cart, after Davaine.)
PARASITES
985
PARASITES
and Eristalis /^Wi/w/ww.— Cheiracanthus hispidus,
P'edschenko. Syn. , GnalJiosioma hispida. 'I'his is
found in the walls of the stomach of the hog and dog. —
Cheyletus eruditus, Schrank. This is a vagabond
species, occasionally found on man and animals as well
as among old books, rags, moldy forage, etc. De
Mericourt reports a case' in the pus from the ear of a
sailor, and Picaglia attributed to it a dermatosis ob-
served on the horse, resembling that produced by
Dermanyssus azniiin, De Geer. — Cheyletus hetero-
palpus, Megnin. This is a mite living at the base of
(the feathers of pigeons and doves as well as sparrows.
It appears to cause no serious inconvenience to its
host. — Cheyletus scabiei. See Sarcoptes scabiei. —
Chicken-louse. See Gouiocotes gigas, Taschenberg,
Goniocotcs hologastci- , Nitzsch, and Goniodes dissiinilis,
Nitzsch. — Chigga, Chigo, Chigoe, Chigger, Chig-
gre, Chique. See Sarcopsylla peneiraiis, Westwood.
Chigo of Fowls. .See Sarcopsylla gallinaccie, Westr
wood. — Chinche. See Aigas americaiius, De Geer.
— Chorioptes communis, var. ovis, Verheyen. " The
Foot-scab y See Symbiotes coiinuimis , Verheyen. —
Chorioptes ecaudatus, Megnin. See Symbiotes
aurictttaru??i, var. canis, var. cati, Neumann. —
Chorioptes symbiotes, R. Blanchard (1890), the
mange of cattle. See Symbiotes communis,^ ex\i^y&\.
— Chrithoptes monunguiculosus, Geber. This is
found among barley ; the mites cause urticaria and ec-
zema, accompanied by fever for from one to three days.
— Chrysops caecutiens, Meigen, Syn. , Small Blind-
ing Breeze- fly. A common fly, troublesome to man and
animals throughout Europe during the summer.
Churchyard-beetle. See Blaps tiiortisaga. — Ciliaris
bicaudalis, Salisbury (1868). See Trichomonas vag-
inalis, Donne (1837). — Cimaenomonas caviae,
Grassi. See Trichomonas caviic, Davaine. — Cimex
ciliata, Eversmann. This species is native to Russia.
— Cimex columbarius, Jenyns, a bug found on the
pigeon. — Cimex lectularia, Merrett (1667). Syn.,
Acanthia lectularia, Eabricius (1794), Cimex colum-
barius, Jenyns, Cimex hirundittis, Jenyns, Bed-bug,
Punaise des lits, Bettwanze, Hauswanze, IVandlaus.
This was originally introduced from India, and was
known to the Greeks as ;i d^"? and to the Romans as
Cimex. It was first recorded in Europe in Strasburg,
in the nth century, and was carried to London in the
bedsteads of the Huguenots. It is now cosmopolitan.
The female lays in March, May, July, and September,
about fifty eggs at a time ; they take eleven weeks to
reach maturity. Adult bugs will withstand severe cold
and survive the winter. The bed-bug not only attacks
man, but also birds : doves, the swallow, etc. Spirit of
turpentine, corrosive sublimate, mercurial ointment, red
precipitate, and insect-powder are employed in their
destruction, also fumigation (18-24 hours) with sul-
phurous acid gas. In Europe the pepper-grass
{Lepidinm 7'uderale, L.) is used to attract the bugs
which are said to gather on the fresh plant to suck
the juice, when plant and all can be thrown in the
fire. — Cirons. See Sarcoptes scabiei, var. hominis,
Megnin. — Clegg. See Hematopota pluvialis. — Cler-
cus formicarius, Linne. This is a beetle ; the larva,
according to Kiichenmeister, was given to von Siebold
as a urinary parasite. — Clothes-louse. See Pedicu-
lus vestimenti. Leach. — Coccidium bigeminum.
Stiles (1891). Syn., Corpuscules gemines, Finck (1854),
Cytospertnium villoruni iutestinalium canium, Rivolta,
Coccidie gemine, Railliet et Lucet (1890). This is
found in the villi of the small intestine, particularly
the duodenum of dogs and cats. It appears to cause
no ill-effects, being found in healthy animals. —
Coccidium oviforme, Leuckart (1879). Syn., Corpi
oviformes, Vulpian ; Amceba croupogena, Rivolta ;
Psorosperma croiiposum, Rivolta ; Cyfospermium ziir-
nii, Rivolta. This was
the first of the psoro-
sperms to be described.
It is frequent in the
cells of the biliary
ducts of rabbits and
in man, and the intes-
tines of cattle, pro-
ducing " psorosperm-
nodules," or " cocci-
dium-nodules, " which
may bring about
changes resulting in
death. Coccidiosis of Coccidium oviforme, Leuckart;
rabbits is so common from the human liver. (A X 200,
. , , , B and C X Soo,
in certain hutches and art.)
{After Leuck-
warrens near London,
that the keepers recognize it readily, and distin-
guish it by the " wet snout " which the affected ani-
mals exhibit. It is most fatal in young rabbits, which
become affected as soon as they cease to suckle and
begin to eat green food ; they lose flesh rapidly and
suffer from enteritis, dying in from 8 to 15 days.
According to Galloway (l) a most important portion
of the developmental cycle of this parasite takes
place only external to the body, under aerobic cir-
cumstances ; (2) Influences outside the body delay
and even prevent, the external sporulation of the
parasite, thus interfering with its infective power ;
(3) The host cannot be infected by coccidia inocu-
lated directly from an animal already suffering, thus
proving that the disease, though infectious, is so only
in a very special way ; (4) The parasite infects the
host by passing into the alimentary canal, where it meets
suitable conditions for its future development ; (5) The
parasite enters and grows within epithelial cells,
without necessarily destroying them and causes great
proliferation of the neighboring epithelium. This
parasite is also the cause of a cutaneous psorosper-
mosis of fowls, geese, turkeys, and pigeons, forming
wart-like nodules on the head, and showing close
analogy to the disease of man called Epitlielioma con-
tagiosum or Alolluscum coiitagiosuin. Treatment
consists in cauterization by the hot iron or by chemi-
cals. Oil of turpentine is also effective and prophy-
lactic.— Coccidium perforans, Leuckart (1879).
This is found in the intestinal epithelium of the
dog, rabbit, cat, and man. — Coccidium rivolta,
Grassi (1881). It is found encysted in the epi-
thelial cells of the intestine in cats, and also free
in the intestinal contents and feces. This species
closely resembles the Coccidium perforans of the dog.
— Coenurus cerebralis, Rudolphi. This is the cys-
tic larva or finn of Tania caiiurus, Kiichenmeister,
of the dog, (/. V. It is found in the brain and spinal
marrow of cattle, sheep, goats, camels, dromedaries,
horses and exceptionally, in man, producing staggers
[Hydatidocephalus, Gid). It has also been found in
the muscles of the domestic rabbit and in the subcu-
taneous connective tissue of the calf and sheep.
— Coenurus serialis, Gervais. This is the cystic
finn of Tania serialis. Its usual habitat is the con-
nective tissue of domestic rabbits, hares, and squirrels,
occurring on the head, neck, loins, thorax and limbs,
and rarely, in the spinal cord. The fact that the
largest number of coenures have been collected from
wild rabbits would appear to indicate that the Tania
which produces them must inhabit the intestine of
some carnivorous animal that usually lives in the same
localities as the rabbits, and that the development of
PARASITES
986
PARASITES
this Titnia in the dog must be considered purely ac-
cidental. — Ccenurus, sp., Engelniayer. This is
found in the liver of the domestic cat. — -Ccenurus,
sp., Pagenstecher. This was found beneath the skin
in the dog. — Colorado, the native name in Cuba for
Leptus irritans, q. v. — Colpocephalum longicau-
dum, Nitzsch. The long-tailed colpocephalus, a louse
found on many species of pigeons and doves. — Com-
mon Scab. .See Psoroptes communis, Fiirstenberg. —
Common Tick. See Ixodes riciniis, Linne. — Com-
panion Gonicote. See Gonicote coinpar, Nitzsch. —
Compsomyia macellaria, Compsomyia rubifrons,
Macquart. See Liicilia macellaria, Robineau - Des-
voidy. — Cone-nose. See Conorhinus, sp. This
blood-sucking cone-nose has recently been reported
from the Yosemite Valley, Cal., where it is found in
the beds, biting the face, hands, and feet of the sleeper,
causing serious sores in some instances. — Conorhinus
nigrovarius; a predaceous bug in the pampas, Ccii-
ehitcha. which sucks blood like an ordinary tick. —
Conorhinus sanguisugus, sucks the blood of warm-
blooded animals. — Corpuscles of Laveran. See
Polimitits inalaritc, Laveran and Danilewsky — Cor-
puscles of Rainey. See Sarcocystis miescheri, Ray
Lankester. — Cousin commun. See Culex pipiens,
L. — Crab-louse. See Phthirius inguinalis. Leach.
— Crambus pinguinalis. There are three cases
cited of this lepidopterous insect (larvse) acting as
facultative human parasites by Linnaeus, Church and
Angetinus. — Creole Tick. See Ixodes dugesi, Ger-
vais. — Crinons. This is a name given by Chabert in
1782 to Sclerostoma armatum, Rudolphi, q. v., —
Crithoptis monunguiculosus, Geber (1879). See
Tarsojiemiis monunguiculosus, R. Blanchard (1889).
— Crown-tail Strongyle, Cobbold. See Stephanums
denfatus, Die.sing. — Cryptocystis tricodectis, Vil-
lot. This is the larva of TiFnia canitia, Linne, and
was found by Melnikow (1867) in the body-cavity
of the Trichodectis latus, Nitzsch, of the dog. — Cu-
lex anxifer. The species of mosquito cited by Cob-
bold as troublesome to man. — Culex ciliatus. This
is a large species of mosquito found in the Atlantic
States. It bites very severely, but is comparatively rare
and does not appear in swarms. — Culex damnosus,
Say. The common American mosquito, appears in
swarms which invade marshy regions, appearing in the
Middle States in four distinct broods, which only swarm
at intervals of one month. This troublesome species is
reported as becoming common in England. — Culex
equinus, Cobbold. This is especially troublesome to
horses. — Culex Mosquito. It is found in Southern
Asia where, according to Manson, it acts as the host
of Filaria sanguinis hominis and is the agent in in-
fecting man with this, the most important of the ani-
mal parasites attacking man. — Culex pipiens, Linne.
Syn., Zanzara comune, Ital. ; Cousin commun, Fr. ;
Gemeine Stechmi'icke, Ger. ; Common Gnat of Ezcrope.
This gnat takes the place in Europe of the mosquito
of America, being in many regions a veritable scourge
to man, especially at night. It is not aggressive to-
ward animals. — Culex pungicus. This is a species
found in France and according to I^iegard produces
serious symptoms in those bitten by it. — Culex rufus,
Culex taeniorhynchus. Two American species.
Cuterebra cuniculi, Clark (1815); Macquart (1835);
Joly (1846). Syn., CEstnis cuniculi, Clark (1797);
Trypoderma cuniculi, Wildemann (1830). An Amer-
ican species, found on hares and rabbits. — Cute-
rebra noxialis, J. Goudot (1845). .See Dermatohia
7ioxialis, Brauer. — Cyclobdella lumbricoides. The
blind leech. A species found in Brazil ; it attacks men
and animals indiscriminately. — Cynorhaestes aegyp-
tius, Hermann, ^te: Ixodes (Cgyp/ius, Audouin. — Cy-
norhaestes ricinus, Hermann. See Ixodes ricimts,
Linne. — Cynthostoma tetracanthum, Molin. See
Strongylus lelracanthui, Diesing. — Cyrtoneura sta-
bulans, Macquart. Syn., Alusca stabuLuis, Fallen;
Stalljliege. The larva; of this fly were tirst observed as
facultative intestinal parasites of man by Laboulbene.
It is troublesome about stables. — Cysticercus
acanthotrias, Weinland. This is the larva of an
undescribed species of Tcenia, found in the con-
nective tissue and dura mater of man. — Cysticer-
cus albopunctatus. See Cysticercus ticniic solU,
Leuckart. — Cysticercus alpaca, Sappey. Found in
the muscles of the alpaca ; it seems to be very abund-
ant in Peru. The adult worm and its host have not
been discovered yet. — Cysticercus bailletti, Railliet.
Syn., Pleurocercoides bailletti, Railliet, Cysticercus
elongatus, Blumberg. This is found in the pleura
and peritoneum of the cat, dog, rat, ichneumon and
pole-cat. — Cysticercus bicornis, Zeder. See Di-
ceras rude, Rudolphi. — Cysticercus bothrioplitis,
Plana. See Cysticercus tcenice bothrioplitis. Plana. —
Cysticercus bovis, Goze. See Cysticercus tanire
saginata, Goeze-Leuckart. — Cysticercus clavatus.
See Cysticercus tcenice marginatce, Batsch-Diesing.
— Cysticercus conis, Cysticercus cellulosae.
.See Cysticercus tceniit solii, Leuckart. — Cysticercus
coprinus. See Cysticercus tcenice marginat<c, Batsch-
Diesing. — Cysticercus dicysta. A finn found in
the cranial cavity of man ; its tapeworm is unknown.
— Cysticercus elongatus, Blumberg. This name
was applied by Blumberg to the tinns found in the dog
and cat, (see Cysticercus bailletti, Railliet) , but it had to
be dropped, as it had already been applied by Leuckart
to a variety of Cysticercus tceniie serratic, Zeder-
Goeze, q. v. — Cysticercus fascicularis, Rudolphi.
See Cysticercus ticnue crassicollis, Rudolphi. — Cysti-
cercus finna. .See Cysticercus ttcniie solii, Leuclort ;
— Cysticercus fischeriana. A finn found by
Fischer in the choroid plexus of man ; the adult is
unknown. — Cysticercus fistularis, Rudolphi. This
was found in the peritoneum of the horse by Chabert
and Reckleben. The Platode of which this is the
finn is as yet unknown. — Cysticercus globosa, Cys-
ticercus lineata. See Cysticercus tieniic marginata,
Batsch-Diesing. — Cysticercus mediocanellata, Da-
vaine. See Cysticercus tienvc saginatic, Goeze-Leuck-
art.— Cysticercus melanocephalus, Koberle. —
Cysticercus multilocularis. See Cysticercus ticnia
solii, Leuckart. — Cysticercus oviparus, Maddox.
This is found in the muscles of the sheep and is regarded
by Maddox not only as a new species, but as a sexu-
ally mature animal. — Cysticercus ovis, Cobbold.
See Cysticercus tteniie jnarginatie, Batsch-Diesing. Cf.
T.eni'a tenella, Cobbold. Cobbold found this finn on
several occasions in the measles of sheep and held it to
be the larvre of a Ticnia of man, the so-called Tcenw
tenella. Chatin demonstrated Cobbold's error, showing
that the pretended T. tenella, was only a small-sized
T. solium, and that Cysticercus ovis was but an imper-
fectly developed Cysticercus tcenice marginatce , Batsch-
Diesing. — Cysticercus phacochoeri sethiopici, Cob-
bold. .See Cysticercus ticniie inarginattc , Batsch. —
Cysticercus pisiformis, Zeder. See Cysticercus
tceniir serratir , tioeze. — Cysticercus pyriformis,
Cysticercus racemosa (us), Zenker. See Cysticercus
ticniie solii, Leuckart. — Cysticercus turbinata,
Koberle. A variety in which the head-process is
coiled in a regular spiral of sometimes three turns.
See Cysticercus tcenia: solii, Leuckart. — Cysticercus,
sp., Baillet. This is found in the peritoneum of the
domestic fowl. — Cysticercus, sp., Sappey. This is
PARASITES
987
PARASITES
found in the muscles of the llama. — Cysticercus
suis, Cobbold. See Cysticercus ticnice solii, Leuckart.
— Cysticercus taeniae bothrioplitis, Piana. This is
found in the snails Helix cartliusianella , Draparnaud ,
and Helix maculosa, the mature form occurring in the
domestic fowl. — Cysticercus taeniae cesticillus,
Goeze-Molin. Syn., Cysticercus tienicc iuftitidibuli-
foriiiis, Goeze. This is found in the house-fly. The
adult [Tani(e cesticillus, Molin, c/. v.) is found in the
intestine of the domestic fowl. According to Grassi
and Rovelli the earth-worm Allobophora fa-tida,
• Eisen, is its intermediate host. — Cysticercus taeniae
crassicollis, Rudolphi. This is found in the liver
of various rats and mice and is remarkable, for the
elongated form and the smallness of the bladder in
which it is coiled up. Von Siebold demonstrated
(1844) the relation of this tinn to Tccnice crassicollis,
Rudolphi, of the cat. — Cysticercus taeniae cucum-
erinae, Bloch. See Cysticercus ticnicc ellipticce, Batscli.
Cysticercus taeniae cuneatae, von Linstow. Occurs
in the worm, Allobophora fatida, Eisen, and the adult
in domestic fowls. — Cysticercus taeniae diminutae,
Rudolphi. This is found in the orthopterous insect
Anisolabis annulipes , Lucas ; and the beetles Akis
spinosa, Latr. and Scaiirus striatiis, Fabr. , also in the
meal-moth, Asopia farinalis, L. — Cysticercus taeniae
ellipticae, Batsch. Syn. , Cysticercus tceniie cucumeri-
na, Bloch. This is found in the fleas [Pulex irritans, L.
and Pulex serraticeps, Gervais) and the dog-louse
[Trichodectes canis, DeGeer). — Cysticercus taeniae
gracilis, Rudolphi. This is found in the perch
[Perca fluviatilis) and by Thos. Scott in the ostracod
crustacean Caiidona rostrata, which Blanchard holds
to be the intermediate host of TieJiia gracilis, of the
duck. Cysticercus taeniae infundibuliformis,
Goeze. See C. ttejzice cesticillus, M.oWn-Goe.zt. — Cys-
ticercus taeniae krabbei, Moniez, occurs in the rein-
deer [Cervus tarandiis, I^inne),the mature form being
found in the dog. — Cysticercus taeniae marginatae,
Batsch-Diesing. Syn., Cysticercus clavatus, Cysti-
cercus coprinus, Cysticercus globosa, Cysticercus lineata,
Cysticercus tenuicollis, Diesing, Cysticercus phacocha;ri
esthiopici, Cobbold, Cysticercus visceralis, Cysticercus
fw/j, Cobbold. This is the larva of Tivnia viarginata ,
Batsch ; and is found in the peritoneum and sometimes
in the muscles, liver, lungs, and heart of the sheep,
goat, ox, camel, reindeer, and pig, and it seems, as the
result of the researches of Eschricht and others, occa-
sionally to occur in monkeys and man. It rarely pro-
duces serious effects, although at times it grows to the
sizeof achild's head. The sizeand occurrence have per-
haps led to its being confused and ranked with Echiuo-
coccus, which has led to error, even as regards its
human pathology, it having as a consequence been
reckoned among human parasites, especially under the
title, Cysticercus visceralis. — Cysticercus taeniae
microstomae, Dujardin. ^yn., Scolex decipietts, Dies-
ing. This occurs in the orthopterous insect Anisolabis
annulipes, Lucas ; also in the beetle Tenebrio inolitor,
Fabricius. The mature form occurs in rats and mice. —
Cysticercus taeniae proglottidae, Davaine, occurs in
the snails Limax agrestis, Linne , and Umax variegatus,
Draparnaud. The mature form is found in the domestic
fowl. — Cysticercus taeniae saginatae, Goeze-Leuck-
art. Syn. , Cysticercus boziis, Goeze, Cysticercus medio-
canellata, Davaine. Leuckart was the first (l86i) to
show the relation of this finn to the tenia of the ox,
m which animal it often occurs in great numbers,
especially in Abyssinia, Russia, and the regions about
the Mediterranean. The distribution in the tissues
and organs varies. The peritoneum and lymphatic
apparatus are rarely free from them ; the kidneys, lungs,
and liver contain relatively few ; the muscles especially
contain great numbers ; all other tissues and organs
may be infected. In the examination of beeves the
finns should especially be looked for in the masseteric
region, the internal and external pterygoids, heart and
tongue. Owing to the presence of calcareous par-
ticles, they assume a white color upon drying, which
allows their presence to be made out, e.g., in dried
beef; soaking will again render them invisible. E.
Gavoy asserts that it has not been proved that the
finns of TaniiC saginata do not exist in man. — Cysti-
cercus taeniae serratae, Zeder,
Goeze. Syn. , Cysticercus pisi-
for/iiis, Goeze, Cysticercus elon-
gatus, Leuckart, Monostonta
leporis, Kuhn. This finn is the
most common parasite in the
peritoneum of the rabbit. It
traverses the liver and, reach-
ing the peritoneum, excites the
formation of a cyst, which be-
comes full of fluid, and about
the size of a pea. It occurs in
such numbers as to resemble
clusters of grapes. The white
.spot on the surface of each
bladder locates the invaginated
scolex. — Cysticercus taeniae
sinuosae, Zeder. Occurs in
the crawfish (Astacus fluviat-
ilis, Rondelet), and the mature
form in the domestic duck. — Cysticercus taeniae solii,
Leuckart. Syn., TcBuicc hydatigetia, Pallas ; Cysticercus
cellulose, Leuckart ; Cysticercus albopunctatus, Cysti-
cercus racemosa(tis), Zenker; Cysticercus acanthot7-ias,
Weinland (1858); Cysticercus suis, Qoh\io\A.; Cysticercus
canis, Cysticercus multilocularis, Cysticercus pyrifortnis ,
Cysticercus finna. This is the finn of Tirnia soliutn.
Measly Pork
Leuckart.)
{After
Cysticercus t^ni^ solh,
Leuckart ; or the common
bladder-worm of the pig,
(A) with invaginated head,
and (B) with evaginated
head. {After Leuckart.)
Cysticercus t/eni/e
solii, Leuckart ; or
bladder-worm of the
pig, after the diges-
tion of the bladder.
( X 10.) {After
Leuckart^
Kiichenmeister was the first to point out the relation
between this bladder-worm and the hook-bearing
Tanicc solium. It causes the disease known as
measles and is found in swine, dogs, cats, and man,
and occurs in all tissues and organs, producing small
tumors which are readily recognized when subcutane-
ous ; when in the brain various apoplectiform or epi-
leptiform symptoms, paraplegia, violent cephalalgia,
vomiting, vertigo, staggers (touritoiemcnt,totirnis), con-
vulsions, narrowing of the field of vision and deafness
may en.sue. When in the brain the symptoms resemble
those of Tabes dorsalis. No treatment has been found
for cerebral cysticercosis ; some cases recover. The
enforced inspection of meats is important in this con-
nection.— Cysticercus tarandi. See Cysticercus tanicr
krabbei, Moniez. — Cysticercus tenuicollis, Cysti-
cercus visceralis. See Cysticercus tivnicc marginatce,
Batsch-Diesing. — Cystomonas urinaria, R. Blan-
PARASITES
988
PARASITES
chard (1885). Syn., Trichomonas irregularis, Salis-
bury (1868); Bodo urinarius, Kiinstler (1883). A
peculiar flagellate infusorian found in human urine
and vaginal mucus. — Cystotsenia mediocanellata,
Leuckart (1862). See Tiinia sagiiiata, Goeze, 1782.
— Cytodites nudus, \'izioli. Syn., Cytoleuhus sar-
coptoides, Megnin ; Sarcoptes gerlachi, Rivolta. This
is found in the air-sacs of the Gallinacea, especially
fowls and pheasants. They even reach the air-canals
in the bones, and are supposed to cause enteritis. —
Cytoleichus sarcoptoides, Megnin. See Cytodites
nudus, Vizioli. — -Cytospermium villorum intesti-
nalium canis, Rivolta. Oviform, tetrasporous coccidia
found by Railliet and Lucet in the small intestine of the
dog and cat. See Coccidium bigemi>iuin , Stiles. — Cyto-
spermium ziirnii, Rivolta. This was reported by
Proger and Ziirn from the intestine, liver, and glands
of calves. It is probably Coccidium perforans, q. v. —
Cytosporozoon malariae, Danile wsky . See Polimitus
vialariiV, Laveran. — Cytozoa pathogena. The
hematocystis of man and animals, found in malarial
and other fevers. See Polimitus malar ice, Laveran.
Dactylius aculeatus, Curling. See Euchytneus
albidus, Henle.— Dasytricha ruminantium, Schu-
berg. A holotrichous infusorian of the esophagus
and stomach of ruminants. — Deer-tick, Western.
See Dennacentor occidentalis, Linne. — Demodex
canis, Tulk. See Demodex folliculorum, var. canis.
— Demodex folliculorum, Owen. Syn. , Acarus
folliculorum, Simon (1842) ; Demodex folliculoru?n,
var. hominis, canis, cati, suis, ovis, cap;-a, equi,
Kiichenmeister ; Demodex caninus, Tulk ; D. phyl-
loides, Csokor; Macrogaster platypus, Miescher (1843) •
Entozoon follicularum, Erasmus Wilson (1845); Steato-
zo'on follicularum, E. Wilson (1847) ; Si?nonea follic-
ularum, Gervais (1844) ; Simon ct Simonide, Fr.
This is found in the hair-follicles and sebaceous glands
of several species of mammalia: dog, cat, pig, sheep,
goat, ox, deer, fox, rat, mouse, and bat. The derma-
tosis produced by this parasite has been most frequently
and best studied in the dog. Nearly every known
parasiticide has been tried for the cure of follicular
scabies of the dog, but generally in vain (Neumann).
Sulphur baths and applications of creolin or essence
of juniper have given fair results. — Demodex phyl-
loides, Csokor. See Demodex folliculorum, var.,
suis. — Dermacentor americanus, Linne. The
American dog-tick.' Cf Ixodes ricinus, Linne. —
Dermacentor occidentalis, Linne. The western
deer-tick of the United .States. — Dermanyssus
avium, De Geer. Syn., Dermanyssus gallince , Redi ;
Dermanyssus gallopavonis , Gervais ; Dermanyssus
hirundinus, De Geer ; Tique, Raspail. Gamasides
which live on birds and may be transmitted to domestic
mammalia : rabbits, dogs, cats, cows, and man. They
are found in dove-cotes and poultry-yards, and are
essentially noctambulatory. They frequently enter
the nasal cavities or auditory meatus. In nasal or
auricular acariasis, olive-oil, to which has been added
a little ethereal essence of anise-seed, should be intro-
duced by means of a thin feather. Oily mixtures, sul-
phuret of carbon and creolin are the most favored
remedies for the dermatoses produced by this insect.
— Dermanyssus gallinae, Redi. — Dermanyssus
gallopavonis, Gervais. — Dermanyssus hirundinis,
De Geer. See Dermanyssus avium, De Geer. — Der-
matobia cyanoventris, Moquin-Tandon. This differs
from Dermatohia noxialis, Brauer, in the azure hue of
the entire abdomen ; its habits are the same. — Derma-
tobia hominis. See Dermatobia noxialis, Brauer. —
Dermatobia noxialis, Brauer (i860). Syn., Der-
matobia hominis: CEstrus guilditigi, Hope (1840);
Cuterebra noxialis, J. Goudot (1845). ^ bot-fly of
Central and South America, the eggs of which are not
infrequently deposited in the skin of animals and man,
producing a swelling like an ordinary boil. In New
Grenada this larva is know as Nuche, Gusano, or
Macaco Worm, in Cayenne as the Macaw Fly, in Brazil
as Ura, in Costa Rica as Torcel, and in Mexico as the
Aloyoqicil IVorm. It attacks chiefly the ox and dog,
while mules and horses are exempt. In countries
in which the parasite is abundant, the skins of slaugh-
tered cattle are frequently so perforated as to be of
little value. — Dermatodectes communis, Bourgui-
non and Delafond. — Dermatodectes equi, Gerlach.
See Psoroptes communis, var. equi, Fiirstenberg. —
Dermatokoptes communis, Fiirstenberg. See Pso-
roptes communis, Fiirstenberg. — Dermatophagoides
scheremetewski, Bogdanow. .See Symbiotes com-
munis, Verheyen. — Dermatophagus cuniculi, Ziirn,
1872. See Sarcoptes nota'dres, Delafond and Bour-
guinon, 1857. — Dermatophilus penetrans, Guerin.
See Sarcopsylla penetrans, Westwood. — Dermestes
lardarius, Linne. The larvte of this beetle, besides
devouring dead bodies, skins, leather, etc. , develop at
times in the old manure of the dove-cote and attack the
young pigeons, gnawing the skin of the neck and abdo-
men. The best preventive measure consists in
covering the floor of the dove-cote and the nest
with pine sawdust mixed with sand. The larvx are
also reported as facultative parasites of man by Otto
and Chichester (England). — Dermestes murinus,
Linne. The larva is reported as a facultative parasite
of man by Otto and Lister. — Dermofilaria irritans,
Rivolta. See Filaria irritans, Rivolta. — Dermo-
glyphus elongatus, Megnin. One of the plumicole
sarcoptidfe found on the quill of the feathers of the
domestic fowl.— Dermoglyphus minor, Norner.
Syn., Analges minor, var. similis, Norner. This is
found in the quill of the feathers of the guinea-fowl.
— Dermoglyphus varians, Trouessart. One of the
AnalgesincE observed on the guinea-fowl, in the
quill of the beam-feathers of the large wing-covers
along with picobia. It is possibly only a variety of
Dermoglyphus elongatus of the fowl. — Deutscher
Blutegel. See Hirudo medicinalis, Ray. — Diacan-
polycephalus, Stiebel, Bremser, Rudolphi, Diesing.
Determined by Blumenbach to be a raisin-stalk
which had been evacuated per anum.- — Diboth-
rium cordatum, Diesing. See Bothriocephcilus
cordatus, Leuckart. — Dibothrium latum, Uiesing
(1805). See Bothriocephalus latus, Bremser. —
Diceras rude, Rudolphi, Lamarck. Syn., Cysti-
cercus bicornis, Zeder, Ditrachyceras rudis, Sultzer,
Bremser, Diesing, Eschricht, Lerreboullet. A car-
pel of the mulberry (Morus nigra), which had been
macerated and deprived of its color by digestion. —
Dicrocoelium buskii, Weinland (1858). See Dis-
toma crassum. Buck, Cobbold, Leuckart. — Dicro-
ccelium heterophyes, Weinland (185S). See
Distoma heterophyes, von Sieliold (1852). — Dicrocoe-
lium oculi humani, Weinland (1858). See Disto-
ma lanceolatum, Mehlis. — Dimorphus muris, Grass!
(1879). ^ee Megastoma intestinal-, R. Blancliard
(1885). — Dioctophyme, CoUet-Meygret. See Eus-
trongylus gigas, Diesing. — Diplacanthus nanus,
Weinland (1858). See 7;<v//(? )iana, von Kiebold
(1853). — Diplodinium bursa, Fiorentini. A peritri-
chous infusorian found in the stomach of ruminants,
associated with the following species: Diphntinium
cattanci , Fiorentini; Diplodinium caudatuiit, Iior. ;
Diplodinium dentatum. Stein ; Diplodinium ecaiida-
tum, Fior. (considered by Fiorentini to be only a rarer
form of D. caudatum) ; Diplodinium maggi, Fior. ;
i
PARASITES
989
PARASITES
Diplodinium mammosum, Railliet; Diplodinium ros-
tratum, Fior. ; Diplodinium itncinatiim, Fior. (found
in the large intestine of horses) ; Diplodinium vortex,
Fior. — Dipylidium cucumerina, Leuckart (1863).
See Ticnia canina, Linne (1767). — Dipylidium
latissima, Riehm. — Dipylidium lemckarti, Riehm.
— Dipylidium pectinatum, Riehm. See Tienia pecti-
iiata, Goeze. — Diskostoma acephalocystis, Goodsir
(1844). See Eiliinococcits polymorp/iiis, Diesing
(1851). — Dispharagus nasutus, Rudolphi. Syn. ,
Filaria nasnta, Rudolphi ; Spiroptera nasuta, Ru-
dolphi. A tilaria-like worm found in the wall of the
gizzard of the fowl and sparrow, at times so closely
packed together as to form a kind of tissue and giving
rise to an epizooty. — Dispharagus spiralis; Molin.
This was found in the esophagus of the fowl and also
in the intestine by Fedschenko in Turkestan. — -Dis-
toma armatum, Molin, is found in the intestine,
cecum, and rectum of the domestic fowl in Italy. —
Distoma buskii, Wedl, Lankester (1857). See Dis-
toma crassuin, Busk. — Distoma campanulatum,
Ercolani. See Distoma tritncatuni, Rudolphi. —
Distoma capense, J. Harley. See Gynacophorus
hainatobius, Diesing; Distoma cavia, Sonsino. This
was found by Del Chiappa in the biliary ducts of the
guinea-pig. It resembles Fasciola hepatica, of which
Neumann suggests that it maybe but a young form. —
Distoma columbae, Mazzizanti. See Mesogonimus
commutatus, Sonsino. — Distoma commutatum,
Diesing. See Mesogonimus commutatus , Sonsino. —
Distoma conjunctum, Cobbold (1859). Moniez
regards it as not unlikely that this is identical with
Distoma sinense, Cobbold, rather than with Distoma
truncatum, Rudolphi. See Distoma truncatum,
Rudolphi. — Distoma conus, Creplin. See Distoma
truncatum, Rudolphi. — Distoma crassum, Busk
(1859), nec von Siebold (1836), Cobbold, Leuckart.
Syn., Distoma buskii, Wedl, Lankester (1857) ; Dicro-
ccElium buskii ,Y\^t\n\a.n(}L (1858). This was found in
the human intestine. " No other instance has occurred
since the original fourteen specimens were discovered
by Mr. Busk in the duodenum of a Lascar " (Cobbold).
— Distoma cuneatum, Rudolphi. This was found
by Gurlt in the oviduct of the peacock. Rudolphi
considers it very similar to Distoma ovatum, Rudolphi.
— Distoma dilatatum, Miram. Found in the rectum
and cecum of the domestic fowl ; rare. — Distoma
echinatum, Zeder. Dujardin and von Linstow con-
sider Distoma oxycephalum, Rudolphi, as a variety of
this species. It is found in the intestine of the
domestic duck and goose, rarely in the fowl. Gene-
rali found it in the duodenum of a dog and Nathusius
in the black stork. According to the researches of
Pagenstecher and Ercolani, the larvte {Cercaria
echinatoides ) are the most common distome larvfe
found in the aquatic molluscs, Limncea, Planorbis,
and Paludina. — Distoma elegans, Rudolphi, is
found in the intestine of the domestic sparrow. —
Distoma elephantis, Jackson. See Fasciola jack-
soni, Cobbold. — Distoma endemicum, Ijima. See
Distoma shiense, Cobbold. — Distoma felineum, Ri-
volta. See Distoma truncatum , Rivolta. — Distoma
filum, Dujardin. This is found in the intestine of the
domestic sparrow. — Distoma haematobium, Bilharz.
See GyncEcophorus k<Tmatohius, Bilharz. — Distoma
hepaticum, Retzius (1786), Abildgaard, Zeder,
Mehlis. See Fasciola hepatica, Linne (1767). Cf.
Distoma lanceolatum, Mehlis. Cf. Fasciola jacksoni,
Cobbold. — Distoma hepatis endemicum seu per-
niciosum ; Distoma hepatis innocuum, Baelz
(1883). See Distoma sinense, Cobbold. — Distoma
heterophyes, von Siebold (1852), Kiichenmeister,
Bilharz. Syn., Fasciola heterophyes, Moquin-Tandon
(i860) ; Dicrocoelium heterophyes, Weinland (1858).
— Distoma japonicum, R. Blanchard (1886). See
Distoma sinense, Cobbold. — Distoma lanceolatum,
Mehlis (1825), Bucholz, Dujardin. Syn., Distoma
hepaticum, Zeder (1800), Rudolphi (iSlo), Bremser ;
Distoma opthalmobium, Diesing (1850), Kiichenmeis-
ter ; Distoma lentis, von Amnion ; Distoma oculi
humani, von Amnion (1833), Gesclieidt ; Dicrocceliu7n
lanceolattim, Dujardin (1845), Weinland ; Dicrocce-
lium oculi huDiani, Weinland ; Fasciola hepatica.
Block (1782), Jordens (1802), Bosc ; Fasciola lanceo-
lata, Rudolphi (1803), Moquin-Tandon; Fasciola
ocularis, Moquin-Tandon (1862) ; F'estucaria lentis,
Moquin-Tandon (i860) ; Monostoiiui lentis, Nordmann
(1832), Gescheidt, Diesing; Planaria latiiiscula, Goeze
(1782). This is found in the gall-bladder, bile-ducts,
and intestine of sheep, cattle, llama, rabbit, hare, pig,
ass, horse, dog, cat, and man. In the last the
recorded cases are few and include in all probability
the trematodes of the eye described by Gescheidt,
von Ammon, and others. The larva, Cercaria longi-
caudata, is found in Helix ca?-thusiana, Miiller, and
Planorbis marginatus, Draparnaud. Leuckart believed
Cercaria cystophora was the larval form of Distoma
lanceolatum. — Distoma lentis, von Amnion. See
Distoma lanceolatum, Mehlis. — Distoma lineare,
Rudolphi. See Syngamus trachealis, von Siebold. —
Distoma lineare, Zeder. This is found in the large
intestine of the domestic fowl ; rare. — Distoma mag-
num, Bassi (1875). Syn., Fasciola carnosa, Hassall
(July, 1891) ; Fasciola americana, Hassall (Sept.,
1891); Distoma texicanum (Oct., 1891). This para-
site occurs in Antilope picta. Bos taurus, Cerviis aristo-
ieles, Cer'iius canadensis, Cervus dama, Cervus elephas ,
Cariacus (Cervus) virginianus. It is abundant in
Western cattle. — Distoma musculi, Rudolphi. This
is found in the intestine of the house-mouse [Mus
musculus, Linne). — Distoma oculi humani, von
Amnion (1833), Gescheidt. See Distoma lanceolatum,
Mehlis. — Distoma ophthalmobium, Diesing (1850).
See Distoma lanceolatum , Mehlis. — Distoma ova-
tum, Rudolphi. Possibly D. cuneatum is identical
with this species. This is found in the oviducts and
eggs of the domestic fowl, in the intestines of the
domestic goose, and in the bursa of Fabricius of nume-
rous young birds, including the fowl. — Distoma oxy-
cephalum, Rudolphi. See Distoma echinatum,
Zeder. — Distoma pellucidum, von Linstow. See
Mesogonijuus pellucidus, Neumann. — Distoma pul-
monale, Baelz (1883). See Distoma ringeri, Cob-
bold (1880). — Distoma rathouisi, Poirier. This
was found in the liver of a Chinaman at the mission
of Zi-kawei, named after Pdre Rathouis, and at first
sight resembles in size and general form Fasciola
hepatica, Linne. — Distoma ringeri, Cobbold and
Manson (1880). Syn., Distoma pulmonale, Baelz
(1883). This is found in the human lungs in the
mountainous regions of Formosa, Corea, and Japan,
producing a parasitic hemoptysis, the treatment of
which has thus far been unsuccessful. — Distoma
sinense, Cobbold (1875). ^yx\. , Distoma spathula-
tum, Leuckart (1876) ; Distoma hepatis endemicum
seu perniciosum, Baelz (1883) ; Distoma hepatis
innocuum, Baelz (1883) ; Distoma japonicum, Blan-
chard (1886); Distoma endemicum, Ijima. It is held
by Moniez as not unlikely that the Distoma conjunc-
tum of Cobbold belongs here. It is found in the
liver, biliary ducts, and intestine of man and the cat in
Japan, especially in the region of Okayama. — Disto-
ma spathulatum, Leuckart (1876). See Distoma
sinense, Cobbold (1875). — Distoma spiculator,
PARASITES
990
PARASITES
Dujaidin. This is found in the small intestine of the
brown rat [Miis decii/iianus,Va.\\a.ii). — Distoma, sp.,
Duncker. This larva was found by Leunis encap-
sulated in the muscles of the domestic hog, in the fleshy
part of the diaphragm, and in the laryngeal muscles.
Distoma texicanum, Francis (Oct., 1891). See
Distoma inagituiii, Bassi (1875). — Distoma trunca-
tum, Rudolphi, Ereolani. Syn., Distouia conns,
Creplin ; Distoma conjunctuin, Cobbold (1859); Dis-
toma felineniu, Rivolta ; Distoma campanulatnm ,
Ereolani. According to Neumann, this Distoma was
first found in the Greenland seal (Otto and Rudolphi),
then in the cat (Creplin, Rivolta, Zwaardemaker,
Generali), dog (Ereolani, Rivolta, Zwaardemaker,
De Jong, Sonsino), American red fox (Cobbold),
Indian Pariah dogs (Lewis). It is frequent in Hol-
land and in India. It lodges itself in the bile-ducts
and gall-bladder, and gives rise to a cirrhosis, which
has been studied by Zwaardemaker and Neumann — .
Ditrachyceras rudis, Sultzer. See Diceras rnde,
Rudolphi. — Dochmius anchylostoma, Molin
(l8bo) . See Dochmius duodenalis, Leuckart. — Doch-
mius balsami, Pavona. See Uncinaria trigono-
cephala, Rudolphi. — Dochmius duodenalis, Leuck-
Cephalic extremity of Dochmius duodenalis, Leuckart;
profile and front view. {After Leuckart.)
art (1876). Syn., Anchylostoma duodenale, Dubini
(1843) ; Dochmius anchylostoma , Molin (l86o) ; An-
ckylostomum duodena/e, Crs:\)\\n (1845); Pruner (1847);
Dubini (1850); Diesing (1851) ; Sclerestoma duode-
nalis, Cobbold ; Strongylus duodenalis , Schneider
(1866) ; Strongylus quadridentatus , von Siebold
(1851); Uncincaria duodenalis, Railliet (1885). This
nematode occurs in immense numbers in the duode-
num of man in many tropical and sub-tropical coun-
tries, causing a peculiar anemia known to the Ancient
Egyptians as the "Had disease " and in modern times
as dochmiasis , anchvlostomiasis, Egyptian chlorosis,
chlorosis cegyptiaca , tropical chlorosis, hypoamia inter-
tropicalis, brick-)jiakers' anemia, tunnel anemia,
miners' cachexia , anamia v€i cachexia montana, jail
debility. Oswald Baker reports having found the ova
in the evacuations of the dog, and Lutz records
the parasite in the gibbon. Giles and Sinclair
find the disease known as Beri-beri and the
Kala-gar of Assam and Ceylon to be identical
with dochmiasis. No intermediate host is neces-
sary, but the eggs are not able to develop in the
intestine if swallowed immediately after they have
been laid. They must first develop into rhabditiform
larvae in muddy water or upon damp earth, which, after
moulting two or three times, reach a stage in which
they can develop no more outside the human intestine.
The ethereal extract of male fern is a favorite remedy,
but Sonsino, Macdonald, and others regard thymol
as almost a specific. Perfect cleanliness must, of
course, be insisted upon, as this parasite has no inter-
mediate host, it being conveyed directly through dirt
or food contaminated with infected feces. — Dochmius
sangeri, Cobbold (1882). This is found in the intestine
of the Indian elephant. To the naked eye this small
worm looks like an ordinary thread-worm, but a hand
lens is sufficient to demonstrate its strongyloid char-
acter.— Dochmius stenocephalus, Railliet. See
Uncinaria stenocephala, Railliet. — Dochmius trig-
onocephala, Dujardin. See Uncinaria trigonoceph-
ala, Rudolphi. — Dochmius tubaeformis, Molin.
See Uncinaria trigonocephala, Rudolphi. — Docoph-
orus adustus, Nitzsch. See Docophorus icteroides,
Nitzsch. — Docophorus icteroides, Nitzsch. A louse
frequent on ducks, relatively rare on geese, on which
according to Piaget, it constitutes a mere variety
called by Nitzsch Docophorus adustus. — Dog-flea.
See Pulex serraticeps , Gervois. — Dog-lice. See
H(2inatopinus piliferus, Burmeister, and Trichodectes
latus, Nitzsch. — Dog-tick. See Ixodes ricinus, Linne,
and Dermacentor americanus, Linne. — Domestic
Fly. See Musca domestica, Linne. — Douve du foie.
See Fasciola hepatica, Linne. Dovecote Bug. .See
Acanthia columbaria , Jenyns. — Draconcilla Sp. —
Dracunculus, Lister (1690). See Dracunctdus
medinensis, Cobbold (1864). — Dracunculus loa,
Cobbold (1864). Syn., Dracunculus oculi, Diesing
(i860) ; Loa, Guyot, Bajon, Mongin, Guyon,etc. ; Fil-
aria mediiiensis , Gmelin ; Filaria hominis ovis, Leidy;
Filaria lacrymalis,T)^^!ci\\\\ (1850, nee Gurlt, 1831) ;
Filaria oculi, Gervais.Van Beneden, Moquin-Tandon ;
Filaria loa, Guyot (1778). A parasite found beneath
the conjunctiva of negroes of the Gaboon and Congo
region also reported from S. America, Martinique, San
Domingo, etc. The natives state that after a period
of several years the worm voluntarily quits the eye. —
Dracunculus longissimus, Cassalpinus (1585). See
Eustrongylus gigas, Diesing (1851). Dracunculus
medinensis, Cobbold (1864). Syn.,Z'. pcrsarum,
Kampfer (1694), Diesing; Filaria medinensis, Gmelin,
(1789), Olfers, Rudolphi; Filaria dracunculus,
Bremser (1819), McClelland, Pruner; Filaria roma-
norum orientalis, Sarcani ; Furia medinensis, Modeer
(1795); Gordius medinensis, Linne (1767), Grundler;
Vena medinensis , Velsch (1674), Dracunculus, Lister
(1690) ; Vermis medinensis , Grundler (1740) ; Medina-
-vorm, Guinea-worm, Fllaira de medine, Filaire de
Guinnee, Ver de Guinee dragoneau, Ver cutanee des
marchais, Veine de medine, Fr. ; Fadenivurm, Haua-
ivurm, Beinwurm, Pharaohswurm, Guineawurm, Me-
dinawurm, Medinerischer oder guineischer Faden-
zuurm, Ger. ; Draconcillo, Sp.; Rishta, Rus.; Pe-
jmik. Nam, Pers. ; Narambo, Narapoo chalandy,
Hind.; ILanschoschim Haschrofim, Heb.; ApaKAmov
fiiKpov, Agatha rchidas (Plutarch, Svmposiacon viii), a
para.site known to the ancients, being the " fiery ser-
pents " which afflicted the children of Israel during
their stay in the neighborhood of the Red Sea, which
is still the center of the geographic distribution of the
worm. It is exclusively confined to hot countries,
•Arabia Petraea, the border of the Persian Gulf and
Caspian Sea, the banks of the Ganges, Upper Egypt,
."Abyssinia, Guinea, and the Upper Senegal. It also
occurs in the West Indies, Guiana, and Brazil.
.Although chiefly known as a parasite of man, it has
been found in the dog, horse, and ox, the disease
produced by it being known as dracontiasis. The
worm is supposed to have small crustaceans (Cope-
poda) as its intermediate hosts, and to be taken in
drinking-water. Carter suggests the house-fly as its
intermediate host. It occurs in the subcutaneous
connective tissues, especially of the legs and feet. U
is usually removed by gentle and continued traction,
but the natives of India hold the plant Amarpattce,
or I\adpana, as a specific in the shape of ap]5lic.ations
of the bruised leaves. — Dracunculus oculi, Diesing
(i860). .See Dracunculus loa, Cobbold (1864).—
PARASITES
991
PARASITES
Dracunculus persarum, Kiempfer (1694). SeeZ)rii-
cunculus medinensis, Cobbold (1864). — Dracunculus
spathulum, Leuckart. See Distoniuin sineiise. Cob-
bold (1875). — Dragon d'alger, Dragon-leech. See
Hirudo /roitina, Johnson. — Duck-louse. See Li-
peurus squalidiis , Leach. — Diinndarrnbremse. See
Gastrophilus nasalis, Linne. — Dyticus marginalis,
Linne. A beetle the larva of which is reported as a
human pseudo-parasite by Hope. — Earwig. See For-
ficula aiirunlaria, Linne. — Echinococcifer echino-
coccus, Weinland (1861). See 7\enia ec/uiiococcus ,
von Siebold, (1853). — Echinococcus altricipariens,
Kuchenmeister ; Echinococcus alveolaris, Hern-
steiner ; Echinococcus aristis, Blanchard; Echin-
ococcus cerebralis, Perroncito ; Echinococcus
endogenus, Kuhl ; Echinococcus exogenus, Kuhl ;
Echinococcus gallopavonis, von Siebold ; Echin-
ococcus giraffae, Gervais (1847); Echinococcus
granulosus, Rudolphi (1810), Leuckart; Echin-
ococcus hominis, Rudolphi (1810), Bremser, Chiaje ;
Echinococcus hydatidosus, Leuckart ; Echino-
coccus infusorum, Fr. ; S. Leuckart (1827) ; Echin-
ococcus multilocularis, Leuckart. See Echiii-
ocoaus polyinorphus, Diesing. — Echinococcus poly-
morphus, Diesing (1851) , Leidy. Syn. , Acephalocystis
endogena. Hunter, Owen ; Aceplialocystis exogena,
Kuhl; Acephalocystis granulosa, Lasnnec (1804), Clo-
quet ; Acephalocystis macaci, Cobbold ; Acephalocystis
ovis tragelaphi , Cobbold; Acephalocystis ovoidea ^'Lxn-
nec (1804), Cloquet, Deslongchamps, Chiaje ; Acepha-
locystis curculigera, Lcennec (1804), Diskostonia aceph-
alocystis, Goodsir (1844), Echinococcus alveolaris,
Bernsteiner ; Echinococcus altricipariens, Kiichen-
meister ; Echinococcus arietis, Blanchard ; Echinococ-
cus cerebralis, Perroncito ; Echinococcus endogenus ,
Kuhl ; Echinococcus exogenus, Kuhl ; Echinococcus
gallopavonis, von Siebold ; Echinococcus giraffu-,
Gervais; Echinococcus granulosus, Rudolphi; Echin-
ococcus hvdatidosus, Leuckart; Echinococcus homi-
nis, Rudolphi, Leidy, Bremser, Chiaje ; Echinococcus
infusorutn, Fr. , S. Leuckart (1827); Echinococcus
multilocularis, Leuckart ; Echinococcus scolepariens,
Kuchenmeister; Echinococcus si mice , Rudolphi (1810);
Echinococcus simplex, Leuckart ; Echinococcus veteri-
norutn, Rudolphi (1810), Bremser, Gurlt, Blanchard ;
Hydatigena granulosa, Batsch (1786); Hydatis, Liider-
sen, Rudolphi, Olfers, Bremser ; Hydatis erratica, Blu-
menbach (1810) ; Polycephalus hominis, Goeze (1782),
Jordens (1802) ; Polycephalus humanus, Zeder (1803);
Polycephalus granulosus, Zeder (1803), Cloquet;
Polycephalus echinococcus, Zeder . (1803), Tschudi ;
Tania visceralis socialis granulosa, Goeze (1782) ;
Tienia granulosa, Gmelin (1790) ; Vesicaria gran-
ulosa, ^c\\r&rik (1788). The "hydatids," " acephalo-
cysts," " echinococcus-vesicles," " pill-box vesicles,"
etc., of medical writers. This parasite is the finn of a
small tapeworm ( Tcenia echinococcus, von Siebold,
1853) which infests only the dog and the wolf, occurring
in a great variety of animals ; it was long regarded as
an independent and distinct animal, varying specifically
in different hosts and organs. Echinococci have been
found in man, monkeys, the dog, cat, ichneumon,
rabbit, squirrel, pig, wild boar, ox, argali, sheep,
goat, deer, giraffe, camel, dromedary, elan, antelope,
horse, zebra, elephant, tapir, kangaroo, and turkey.
They are most frequently found in ruminants, the pig
and the dog, and are endemic in Iceland and abun-
dant in regions where large numbers of cattle are
raised. They are found in all parts of their host, but
the liver is the favorite location. — Echinococcus
veterinorum, Rudolphi (1810). See Echinococcus
polymorphus, Diesing (185 1). — Echinorhynchus an-
gustatus, Rudolphi. A parasite of fresh water fishes.
— Echinorhynchus caprae, Braun (1810). See Liu-
guatula rhinaria, Railliet, 1886. — Echinorhynchus
cuniculi, Bellingham. This is found in the small intes-
tine of the domestic rabbit. — _
Echinorhynchus filicollis, Ru-
dolphi. This is found in the in-
testine of the domestic duck. —
Echinorhynchus gigas, Goeze
(1782). Syn., Echinorhynchus
hominis, Lambl (1859); the Giant
Echinorhynchus. This parasite
is found in the small intestine
of the hog, the wild boar, the
collared peccary and the stri]3ed
hyena. It is common in India,
North Africa, France, Germany,
and Austria, and occurs in the
United States and Mexico. Only
one case, regarded by Leuckart
as accidental, is recorded of its
occurrence in man. Kaiser finds
that the common rose-chafer
(^Cetoma aurata, Linne) swallows
the larva of this wonn from the
excrement of the pig, and is
probably the intermediate host of
the worm. Schneider regards the
white wor?)i, the larva of the
ordinary May-bug [Melolontha
vulgaris, Fabricius) as the inter-
mediate host, and Lespes caused
the ova of this parasite to be
hatched in the intestine of several
species of snails [Helix p?-omatia.
Linne; Helix hortensis, Miiller ;
Limax maximus, Linne ; Arion
rufus, Linne.)- — Echinorhyn-
chus hominis, Lambl (1859).
See Echinorhynchus gigas, Goeze
(1782). — Echinorhynchus
miliaris, Zenker. See Echinor-
hynchus polymorphtis, Bremser.
— Echinorhynchus monilifor-
mis, Bremser. This parasite,
known to occur rarely in the field-mouse [Arvicola arva-
lis, Selys-Longchamps) and the hamster ( Cricetus fru-
mentarius, Pallas), has been proved by Grassi and
Calendruccio to occur in the brown or Norway rat [Mus
decumanus, Pallas) and in man, the second investigator
having himself voided over fifty specimens from his in-
testine after taking extract of male fern. The common
churchyard-beetle [Blaps mortisaga, Linne) is the inter-
mediate host of this parasite. — Echinorhynchus
muris, Zeder. This is found in the stomach of the
house-mouse (Mus musculus, Linne). — Echinorhyn-
chus polymorphus, Bremser. This is found in the in-
testine of the tame swan (Cygnzis odor, Linne) and the
domestic goose (Anser domesticus , Linne). Graeff has
recognized the larval form of this parasite in the fresh-
water shrimp [Gamtiiarus pulcx , (L.) De Geer), in
which it has been named Echinorhynchus miliaris,
Zenker. Von Siebold found it frequently encysted in
the intestinal walls of the crayfish (Astacus fluviatilis,
Rondelet). — Echinorhynchus sphaezocephalus,
Bremser. This is found in the intestine of the domestic
duck (Anas domcstica , Linne). — Echinorhynchus,
sp., Lewis. This is found in the walls of the stomach
of the dog. — Egyptian Ixode. See Ixodes cegyptius,
Linne, and Ixodes savignyi, P. , Gervais. — Eimeria
falciformis, Eimer. A psorosperm found by Rivolta,
d'Arloing, Tripier, and Silvestrini in the liver of the
A male Echinorhyn-
chus ANGUSTATl'S,
Rudolphi. (The in-
ternal organs con-
sist ofthe sheath of
the proboscis, with
retractor muscles,
lemniscus, and sex-
ual organs. An in-
testine is wanting.)
{After Leuckart.)
PARASITES
992
PARASITES
rabbit, but previously only found in the intestinal
epithelium of the mouse. Artiticial psorospermosis
was produced by feeding birds with masses of affected
flesh. — Eimeria Sp., Blanchard. R. Blanchard re-
fers to this genus as the parasite mentioned by Rivolta
in chickens, and which the latter regarded as Sirn o-
sporidia. Probably the parasites of Kiihn belong here
also. — Elophilus pendulus. See Hdopliilus pendu-
his, Meigen. — Emasculating Bot. See Sitomys cal-
ifornicm. — EnchytrcEUS albidus, Henle. Under
the name Dactyliiis aculeattts. Curling described this
setigerous annelid as having been observed in the urine
of a girl five years old, undoubtedly introduced design-
edly, as this worm is not parasitic, but common in
garden-earth. — Entodinium bursa, Stein. A peri-
trichous infusorian found in the rumen of the ox and
sheep, as are also the three following species : Ento-
dinium caudatum, Stein ; Entodinium minimum,
Schuberg ; Entodinium rostratum, Fiorentini. —
Entozoon folliculorum, Wilson (1845). ■''ee Deiiw-
dex folliadorum, Owen (1843). — Epauletted Ixode.
See Ixodes scapulatiis, Megnin. — Epidermoptes bi-
furcatus, Rivolta (1865). Produces a cutaneous
acariasis of fowls. — Epidermoptes bilobatus (Riv-
olta), Railliet and Lucet (1891). Syn. , Sytiibiotcs
m'iiiin, Caparini (l88o). Produces a multiple cuta-
neous acariasis in fowls.— Epidermoptes cysticola,
Rivolta. See Symplectoptes cysticola, Railliet. — Eris-
talis tenax, Linne. Syn. Ver a queue derat, Ratten-
schuiatnlarve. Rat-tailed larva. The larvae are
reported by Jewell from the human intestine. Under,
the name Ccrcosoma, Canali and Brera, Bremser,
Rudolphi, Siebold, and Diesing described a larva of
this fly, or Helophilits pendulus, which had accidentally
got into the urine. — Eucolus aerophilus, Creplin.
See Trichiosoiiia trrop/iiluin, Creplin. — Eustrong'ylus
gigas, Diesing { 1 851). Syn., Serpents des rog?ious des
loups, Jean de Clamorgan (1570) ; Dracunculus longis-
sitnus cccsalpineus , (1585) ; Ascaris canis et martis,
Schrank, (1788) ; Ascaris visceralis, Gmelin (1789) ;
Ascaris renalis, Gmelin (1789) ; Fusaria visceralis,
Zeder (1800) ; Fusaria renalis, Zeder (1800) ; Lumbri-
cus in renibus, Blasius ; Luinbricus martis et canis
renalis, Redi ; Licmbricus sanguineus in rene canis,
Hartman ; Les vers sort is des reins et de Furethre,
Moublet ; Luinbricus gulonis sibirici, Pallas ; Diocto-
phvnie, Collet-Meygret (1802); Strongvlns gigas,
Rudolphi (1802) ; Strongylus renalis, Moquin-Tandon
(i860). This is the largest of the parasitic Nematodes.
Its habitat is the kidney, although reported from the
liver (Lissizin) and heart (Jones) of the dog. It is met
with in man, the horse, ox, dog, wolf, mink, marten,
weasel, otter, seal, glutton, raccoon, coati, etc. It is
fortunately rare in man ; the symptoms arising from
its presence resemble those of renal abscess or calculus.
The finding of the eggs in the urine is the most im-
portant diagnostic consideration. The intermediate
host is unknown , though the Filaria cystica or Filaria
pisciuin, Rudolphi, found by Schneider encysted in
fishes, is held by some to be the larva of this worm.
Oil of turpentine may cause migration of the worm, but
extirpation is indicated. — Eustrongylus visceralis.
See Fustrongylus gigas, Diesing. — Eutarsus can-
criformis. An arachnidan found by Hessling and
held by Cobbold to be a genuine human parasite. — -
Eutodinium bursaria. Stein. — Eutodinium cauda-
tum, Stein. — Eutodinium dentatum. Stein (1858).
Three species of peritrichous infusoria resembling
Ophryoscolex, and described at the same time as endo-
parasitic in the first and second stomachs of rumi-
nants.— Fadenwurm, Ger. See Dracunculus
medinensis. Lister. — Fadenwurm des Augapfels.
Fasciola hepatica,
Linne. (After
Leuckart.)
See Filaria conjunctiva:, Addario. Falciger rostra-
tus, Bucholz. This is found on pigeons and several
other birds, chiefly in the subcutaneous connective
tissue around the large veins of the neck and on the
surface of the pericardium. The hypopial nympha of
this parasite was described by Megnin as Hypodectes
coluiiibcs. According to Robertson, wild and tame
pigeons are rarely free from these Acarina. — Fas-
ciola americana, Hassall. — Fasciola carnosa,
Hassall. See Distoma magnum, Bassi. — Fasciola
hepatica, Linne (1767), Pallas, Fabricius, Cobbold.
Syn., Fasciola humana, Gmelin
(1789), Fasciola lanceolata, Ru-
dolphi (1803), Distoma hepati-
cuiii, Retzius (1786), Abildgaard,
Zeder, Mehlis ; Planaria latius-
cula, Goeze ; Douve dii foie,
Liverfluke. "The scientific
nomenclature of this parasite in-
volves a question of some import-
ance. Amongst naturalists gen-
erally, the common liver-fluke is
continually described under the
combined generic and specific
title of Distoma hepaticum, but
working parasitologists, who are at the same time
acquainted with the writings of the earlier scientific
observers, know very well that this title is both incor-
rect and inappropriate. The proper generic appellation
of this parasite is Fasciola, as first proposed by the
illustrious Linnaeus (1767) and subsequently adopted
by F. Miiller ( 1 787), Brera (1811), Ramdohr (1814),
and others. Unfortunately, however, Retzius (1786)
and Zeder (1800) changed the generic title without
good cause, and the majority of writers, following
their authority, obstinately refused to employ the origi-
nal name, although fair dealing with the posthumous
reputation of its distinguished
author, and a consideration of the
distinctive types of structure dis-
played by the two genera {^Dis-
tom a and Fasciola), alike demand
the retention of the Linnjean title.
In later times, M. Emile Blanch-
ard (1847), of Paris, has strongly
advocated the final adoption of
the original nomenclature, and
has also from time to time (in
1854-56-58-60 and 1862) dem-
onstrated the propriety of re-
jecting the commonly received
synonym. Another distinguished
French naturalist, namely, Prof.
Moquin-Tandon, has also em-
ployed the term Fasciola, hut by
placing in the genus several
species not properly belonging to it, such as Dis-
toma lanccolatum and Distoma heterophyes, he has
unwittingly rendered "confusion worse confounded
(Cobbold)." This is preeminently a parasite of
ruminants (ox, sheep, goat, camel), but it is also
foutid in the hog, in the horse and ass (Daubenton), in
the hare and rabbit (Cobbold) the squirrel (Tozzetti).
kangaroo (Bremser, Diesing), antelopes and deer
(Ploskal), beaver (Czermak), and man (Partridge,
Giesker, Harris, etc. ). It is usually found in the liver,
gall-bladder, but sometimes wanders about, reachin.S
the lungs and afterwards the muscles and connective
tissue. The egg of the fluke, passing from the biliary
duct through the intestine to the ground, gives rise to
a ciliated embryo, which attaches itself to and pene-
trates the water-snail (Limmca minuta, Draparnaud,
Free embryo of Fas-
ciola HEPATICA.
Linne. {After
Leucliart.)
PARASITES
993
PARASITES
or L. truncaiida, Miiller, and Limiiira peregcr, Drap-
arnaud), in which it lodges in the respiratory cavity,
and after encystment gives rise to redeae and cercariK ;
the latter become free and finally infect mammals.
Neumann suggests Limmea Immilis, Say, as the inter-
mediate host in North America, and Liiiuicea viator,
d' Orbigny, in the Argentine Republic. Prophylaxis
consists chiefly in keeping the sheep or cattle in dry
pastures. According to Trasbot, the young buds of
the maritime pine mi.xed vi'ith bran produce curative
effects. Mojkowski obtained encouraging results with
naphthalin. The regimen must be strengthening.
The liver-fluke is found throughout Europe, except
in Iceland. It is rare in Asia and North Africa, but
is common in North and South America and Australia
and Tasmania. Fascioliasis occurs most frequently
in young animals and is increased by wet weather ;
the epizootics always follow abundant and prolonged
rains. — Fasciola heterophyes, Moquin-Tandoa
(i860). See Distoina heterophyes, Siebold. — Fasci-
ola humana, Gmelin (1789). See Fasciola hepatica,
Linne (1767). — Fasciola jacksoni, Cobbold (1869).
Syn., Distoina hepatica, Jackson {l?)^"]), Distommii
elephantis, Diesing (1858). This is found in the
biliary ducts and duodenum of the Indian elephant
and is the most important of the whole group of para-
sites infecting elephants. — Fasciola lanceolata,
Rudolphi (1803), Moquin-Tandon. — Fasciola ocu-
laris, Moquin-Tandon (1862). See Distoina laiiceola-
tum, Mehlis (1825) ; also fasciola hepatica, Linne
(1767). — Fasciola trachea, Montague. See Syn-
gamiis trachealis, von Siebold. — Federmilbe der
Tauben, Ziirn. See J\Iegninia asternalis, Megnin.
— Festucaria lentis, Moquin-Tandon (i860). See
Distoma lanceolatum, Mehlis. — Filaire bronchiale,
Fr. See Strongylus bronchialis, Cobbold. — Filaire
de Guinea, Filaire de Medine. - See Dracnnculus
mec/inensis, Cohhold (1864). — Filaire de 1 'ceil, Fr.
See Filaria conjunctives, Addario. — Filaire sous-
conjonctivale. See Filaria conjiinctivir, Addario.
— Filaria aegyptiaca, Sonsino. See Filaria san-
guinis hominis, Lewis. — Filaria anatis, Rudolphi.
Found in the heart of the domestic duck by Paul-
linus. — Filaria des Auges. See Dracnnculus loa,
Cobbold, Filaria lacrymalis, Gurlt, and Filaria
lentis, Diesing. — Filaria bancrofti, Cobbold (1877).
See Filaria sanguinis hominis, Lewis. — Filaria bron-
chialis, Rudolphi. See Strojigyltis bronchialis, Cob-
bold.— Filaria bubali, Rudolphi. See Filaria cer-
vina, Dujardin. — Filaria canis cordis, Leidy. See
Filaria iiinnitis, Leidy. — Filaria caprae, von Linstow.
This is found in the muscles of the domestic" goat. —
Filaria cervi-elaphi, Rudolphi. See Filaria cervina,
Dujardin. — Filaria cervina, Dujardin (1845). Syn.,
Filaria cervielaphi, Rudolphi ; papulosa, Rudolphi
(ex parte'); F. labiato-papillosa, Alessandrini ; F. tere-
bra, Diesing (1851) ; buhali, Rudolphi ( ?) ; ten-
taculata, Mehlis ( ?) (1840). This is found in the abdo-
men, eye, and intestinal wall of domestic cattle and deer.
Under the name of Thelozia, Bosc describes it from
beneath the eyelids of an ox, but considers it to be an
insect larva. — Filaria Cincinnati, Perroncito. See
Onchocerca reticulata, Diesing. — Filaria clava, Wedl.
This is found in the peritoneal connective tissue and
intestines of the domestic pigeon. Filaria conjunc-
tivae, Addario (1885). Syn., Filaria palpebralis. Pace
(1867) ; Filaria inermis, Grassi ; Filaire soiis-conjonc-
tivale, Filaire de Vceil, Faden-inirm des Augapfels.
Found beneath the conjunctiva of the eye in man and
the domestic ass and horse. — Filaria cygni, Rudolphi.
Found by Redi in the intestine and abdomen of the
tame swan. — Filaria cystica, Dobson. See Filaria
63
sanguinis hominis, Lewis. — Filaria cystica, Ru-
dolphi. This was found by Schneider encysted in fishes
and identified by him as the larva of Eustrongylus
gigas, Diesing, though without sufficient reason, ac-
cording to Leuckart. — Filaria dermathemica,
O'Niel (1875) ; da Silva Aranjo (1875). This was
found as the cause of an endemic dermatosis of the
negroes of the west coast of Africa. Leuckart reports
an analogous disease among foxes, and Semmer in
horses. — Filaria dracunculus, Bremser (1819). See
Dracnnculus medinensis , Cobbold (1864). — Filaria
equina, Abildgaard, Emil Blanchard. Syn., Gor-
dius equinus, Abildgaard ; Filaria equi, Gmelin ;
Filaria papulosa, Rudolphi (ex parte Allesandrini) ;
F. pell'.tcida, Kennedy; Ascaris pellucida. Brown;
Thelozia rhodesii, Desmarest (1828). This is found
in the thoracic cavity, peritoneum, muscles, men-
inges, and eyes of the domestic horse and ass and
mule, and is frequent in Upper India and Bengal,
where it is known as sanp, or serpent in the eye.
Usually but one eye is affected, the worms swimming
about freely in the aqueous humor. — Filaria evansi,
Lewis. This was found in the dromedary by Griffith
Evans, the larvte in the general circulation (resemb-
ling F\ sanguinis hominis, Lewis), and the adults in
the lungs and mesentery. Filaria haematica, Gruby
and Delafond. See Filaria iinmitis, Leidy. — Filaria
"haemorrhagica, Railliet. -Syn., F. multipapillosa,
Condamine and Drouilly. This was found as the
cause of cutaneous hemorrhage [hiei?iathydrosis) in
horses, especially those of Eastern origin, the steppe
breed, and white horses of Tartary. — Filaria he-
patica, Cobbold. This was found by Mather encysted
in the intestinal mucous membrane and biliary ducts
of a dog. Railliet considers it a larval form. — Filaria
hominis, Diesing (1851). — Filaria hominis bron-
chialis, Rudolphi (1819). See Filaria lymphatica,
Moquin-Tandon (i860). — Filaria hominis oris,
Leidy (1850). Leidy suggested the identity of this
worm with Dracunculus medinensis , Cobbold, in which
Leuckart agreed. Blanchard and others oppose this
view. It may, perhaps, be the Filaria lymphatica,
Moquin-Tandon. The single specimen was obtained
from the mouth of a child. — Filaria immitis, Leidy.
Syn., Filaria hcematica, Gruby and Delafond ; Filaria
canis cordis, Leidy ; Filaria papulosa hcematica,
Molin. This is found in the heart and blood-vessels
of the dog. It is very abundant in Chinese dogs, and
is also found in those of Europe, and North and
South America. The larva? are found in the dog-flea
{Pulex serraticeps, Gervais) and in the dog-louse ( Ti i-
chodectes caiiis, De Geer, and Hamatopinus pilifererus
Burmeister), and by Manson in the mosquito [Czilex
Mosquito). According to Manson, these insects infest
the drinking-water, from which the free-swimming
larvre are taken by dogs in drinking. Grassi disputes
this. — Filaria inermis, Grassi (1887). Set Filaria con-
junctiva, Addario — Filaria irritans, Rivolta. Syn.,
Dermofilaria irritans, Rivolta. — Filaria labialis.
Pane (1864). A parasite found in a pustule on the
lip of a man in Naples ; perhaps it is identical with
Filaria lymphatica, Moquin-Tandon. — Filaria labio
or Filaria labiato-papilloso, Alessandrini. See
Filaria cen'ina, Dujardin. — Filaria lacrymalis,
Dubini (1850). See Dracunculus loa, Cobbold. —
Filaria lacrymalis, Gurlt (1831). Syn., Filaria des
Auges. This is found in the lacrymal duct and
beneath the eyelids of the domestic ox. Baillet
distinguishes it from the filaria of the horse (F. palpe-
bralis, Wilson) , than which it is more common. Its
origin is unknown. — Filaria lentis, Diesing (1851),
Gervais, van Beneden, and Cobbold. Syn., Filaria
PARASITES
994
PARASITES
oculi, Owen, Moquin-Tandon ; Filaria oculi humani,
von Nordmann (1832), Gescheidt, Amraon ; Filaria
des Aitges, Ger. This is found in the crystalline lens
of the human eye. — Filaria leporis pulmonalis,
Frohlich, Diesing. See S/roiigy/iis coinmntattis, Dies-
ing. — Filaria lienalis, Stiles. See Spiroptera relicii-
/ata, Creplin. — Filaria loa, Guyot (1778). See Dra-
cimculiis loa, Cobbold (1 864).— Filaria lymphatica,
Moquin-Tandon (i860). Syr\., Hamiilaria lympliatica ,
Treutler (1793) ; Tentacularia siib-compri-isa , Zeder
(1800); Ilaiiiiilaria siibcompycssa, Rudolphi (1810);
Filaria hoininis brotichialis, Rudolphi (1819) ; Filaria
hominis, Diesing (185 1 ) ; Slroizgylus bronchialis or
Strongylus tracheo-bronchialis , Cobbold (1879) ;
Filaire bronckiale, Fr. A parasite first observed by
Bianchi, Treutler, and Brera, and afterward by Zahn
and others, in the tracheal and peribronchial lymphatic
ganglia of man. Diesing, Weinland, and Cobbold at
one time believed this worm to be identical with
Strongylus LvigiTaginaliis, Diesing, while Leuckart
held Treutler' s worm to be the male of Ascaris mvstax,
Rudolphi, and Brass that it was the larva of a fly.
The Filaria howinis, Leidy (1850), and Filaria
labiajis. Pane (1864), may perhaps be identical with
this parasite. — Filaria mansoni, Cobbold. This is
found in the eye of the domestic fowl in China. —
Filaria medinensis, Gmelin (1789). See Dracun-
iiiliis iiieiliiii'nsis y Cobbold {1864). — Filaria megas-
toma, Rudolphi. .See Spiroptera //ngastoina, Ru-
dolplii. — Filaria microstoma, Schneider. See
Spiroptera /iiegastoi?ia, Gurlt and .Schneider. — Filaria
multipapillosa, Condamine and Drouilly. .See Fi-
laria Jiinnorrhagiea, Railliet. — Filaria muscae, Car-
ter. This was found in the horse-fly of India l)y H. J.
Carter, who suggested that it might be the larva of the
Guinea-worm [Draeiiiiculus medinensis , Cobbold) of
man. — Filaria nasuta, Rudolphi. See Disparagus
nasuttfi, Rudolphi. — Filaria niellyi, Moniez. See
Rhabditis niellyi, Blanchard. — Filaria obtusa,
Schneider. Syn. , Spiroptera obtusa, Rudol]ihi ; Spi-
roptera nutrina, Leuckart. This is found in the
stomach of the brown rat (Mns decumaniis, Pallas)
and of the house mouse [Mtis iiiiiseulus, Linne). —
Filaria oculi, Owen. See Filaria lentis. — Filaria
oculi, Gervais et van Beneden (1859). See Draeun-
enlns loa, Cobbold. — Filaria oculi humani, von
Nordmann (1832). See Filaria lentis, Diesing. — Fila-
ria osleri, Cobbold. -Syn., Strongylus bronchialis canis.
Osier. A parasite found by Blumberg. Rabe, Renault,
and Osier in tubercles of the trachea and bronchi in
dogs, producing a bronchitis fatal in a large proportion
of cases. — Filaria palpebralis. Pace (1867), Wilson.
This is found beneath the eyelids or in the lacrymal
canal of horses, causing at times severe conjunctivitis,
with opacity of the cornea. R. Blanchard holds this
to be identical with Filaria eonjitnctivie , Addario
(1885). — Filaria papillosa, Rudolphi. A term
applied to the filaria of horses and cattle before Ales-
sandrini indicated specific differences. See F. ceri'i)ta
and equina. — Filaria pellucida, Kennedy. This
is considered by Neumann as a young form of F.
equina, Abildgaard. — Filaria peritonei hominis.
Babes (1880). This was found encapsulated in the
gastrolineal ligament of man by Babes in Budapest.
— Filaria piscium, Rudolphi, Siebold, .Schneider
((/. -'.). A parasite held by some to be the larva of
Enstrongyliis gigas, Diesing. It is a parasite very
abundant in many maritime fishes, particularly in the
haddock, but never in the human being, in whom it
was held to occur by Lawrence and others. — Filaria
recondita, Grassi and Calandruccio, a name given to
the adult form (yet undiscovered) of Hiematozodn
lewisii, Grassi. — Filaria restiformis, Leidy (18S0).
This was found in the human urethra. — Filaria rhyti-
pleuritis, Deslongschamps. This is found in the
stomach of the brown rat [A/us decuinanus, Pallas).
The larva is found in the cockroach [Periplaneta ori-
entalis, Linne). — Filaria romanorum orientalis,
Sarcani. See Draeuneulus medinensis, Cobbold
(1864). — Filaria salisburyi. See F. sanguinis hom-
inis, Lewis. Filaria sanguinis, Lewis. See
Filaria sanguinis hoinitiis, Lewis. — Filaria sangui-
nis equi, .Sonsino. The name given to the filarial
larvae found in the blood of the horse. The adult form
is unknown. — Filaria sanguinis hominis, Lewis
Filaria sanguinis hominis, Lewis.
Leuckart, after Lewis.)
{From
(1872), Cobbold. Syn., Filaria banerofti, Cobbold
(1877) i Filaria sanguinis hominis agyptiaca , Sonsino
(1874); Filaria sanguinis, Bancroft; Filaria salis-
buryi; Filaria wuehercri, da Silva Lima (1877);
Filaria cystica, Dobson ; Filaria dermathemica, da
Silva Aranjo (1875) ; Filaria sans;uinis hominum.
Hall (1885) ; Trichina cystica, Salisbury (1868). The
female adult worm was discovered by Bancroft of
Brisbane, the male by Aranja and Santos of Brazil
and Sibthorp of Madras, and the embryo by Demar-
quay, Wucherer, and Lewis. Bernard gives the life-
history of the parasite as follows : —
Embrvo. Larva. Adult.
I. Parasite of 2. Parasite of O^/c-^r 5. Parasite of
the blood of mosquito. the lymphatic
man. 3. Free in water. vessels of
4. Parasite of the man.
" alimentary canal
of man.
Manson, judging this parasite from the wideness of its
distribution and the grave character of the diseases it
produces, holds it to be infinitely the most important of
the animal parasites attacking man. Filariasis, in-
cluding lymph-scrotum, chylous dropsy, and hemato-
chyluria, due to this worm is a malady of the tropics
up to about the 3Sth parallel, N. latitude, but chiefly in
the East. Many cases present lymphatic varix of the
groin and scrotum, the extirpation of which is strongly
recommended by Maitland. Hydrogen is recommended
as a therapeutic agent of great efficacy. — Filaria
sanguinis hominis segyptiaca, Sonsino (1874). ^ee
Filaria sau'^'uinis hominis, Lewis. — Filaria sangui-
nolenta, (irassi (1888). See Spiroptera saiigiiino-
lenta, Rudolphi. — Filaria scutata oesophagea bo-
vis, Midler. See Mvzomijii-us scutatus. Stiles (1892).
—Filaria smithii, Cobbold (1882). This was found
in the walls of the stomach of the Indian elephant.—
Filaria sp., Drechsler. This is found encapsulated
PARASITES
995
PARASITES
in the intestine of domestic cattle.— Filaria sp.,
Megnin. This is found in the connective tissue
of the horse. — Filaria tentaculata, Mehls (1846).
— Filaria terebra, Diesing (1S51). See Filaria
cerviiia, Dujardin (1845). — Filaria trachealis, Bris-
towe and Rainey (1855). 'ie.^ St rongyliis paradoxus,
Mehlis. — Filaria tracheo-bronchialis, Cobbold.
See Filaria lymphatica , Moquin-Tandon. — Filaria
trispinulosa, Diesing. This was found in the vitre-
ous humor of the dog by Gescheidt ; Cobbold holds
it to be a larva. — Filaria uncinata, Rudolphi.
See Spiroptera uncinata, Rudolphi. — Filaria wuch-
eri, da Silva Lima (1877). See Filaria sanguinis
hominis, Lewis. — Filaria zebra, Mongrand. This
was found in the left saphena vein of a convict. Robin
and Davaine regard this as a fibrinous coagulum. —
Filzlaus. See Phthiriasis inguinalis , Leach. Fleas.
See under Pulcx and Sarcopsylla. — Fleischfliege.
'be.i. Musca carnaria, Linne. — Flour-beetle, Flower^
worm. See Tenebrio molitor, Linne. — Forest-fly.
See Hippobosca equina, Linne.— Forficula auricu-
laria, Linne. Syn., Earzuig, Vernie auricolare, Ital. ;
Co;7£'o;7«, Dutch ; Orentvist, Dan.; Ormask, Sw.; Ge-
meiner Ohrwurvi, Ohrbohrer, Ger.; Perceoreille, Fr.;
Fura-orelhas, Per.; Gusano del oido, Sp. But few
cases are on record in support of the popular notion
that this insect acts as a human parasite. See those
of Griffin of Ireland. — Forked worm. See Syngamus
trachealis, v. Siebold. — Founza ia ngombe (cat-
tle-worm). Native name for the larva of a dipter-
ous insect developing beneath the skin of the ox
and man in Central Africa. Freyana anatina,
Koch. This is an acarine parasite of the duck. —
Friihlingskafer. See Geotrupcs vernalis, Linne. —
Fura-orelhas, P. See Forficula auricularia , Linne.
— Furia infernalis, Linne. " An altogether fab-
ulous parasite " (Cobbold), believed in by early parasit-
ologists.— Furia medinensis, Modeer (1795 ). See
Dracimculus medinensis, Cobbold (1864). — Fusaria
lumbricoides, Zeder. See Ascaris liivibricoides,
Linne. — Fusaria mystax, Zeder. See Ascaris mys-
tax, Zeder. — Fusaria papillosa, Zeder. See Hete-
rakis papillosa, Bloch. — Fusaria refiexa, Zeder. See
Heterakis infiexa, Rudolphi. — Fusaria renalis,
Zeder. See Eustrongylus gigas, Diesing. — Fusaria
tetraonis, Zeder. See Heterakis papillosa, Bloch. —
Fusaria vermicularis, Zeder. See Oxyuris vermic-
iilaris, Brem.ser. — Fusaria visceralis, Zeder (1803).
See Eustrongylus gigas, Gmelin. — Fusaria vituli,
Zeder. 'ie.e Asca?'is vituli (GmeA'm) Goeze. — Gad-fly.
See genus Gasterophilus. — Galeodes araneoides,
Pallas. Syn., Galeodes arabs, Koch ; Galeodes fatalis,
Herbst. The Ca?nel Tick, a disgusting and highly
venomous species, nearly two inches in length, and
very apt to attack man if disturbed. Found in Egypt
and the oases of the .Sahara, through Southern Russia
and Arabia to India. It is a great torment to camels in
the countries where it abounds. — Gamasus auris,
Leidy. An acarus found by Turnbull in the external au-
ditory canal of the ox, particularly on the tympanum. —
Gastrodiscus polymastos, Leuckart, Cobbold.
See Amphistoma sonsinoi, Cobbold. — Gastrophilus
asininus, Brauer. See Gastrophilus flavipes, Olivier.
— Gastrophilus elephantis, Cobbold (1882). Syn.,
(Estrus elephantis. Steel (1878). (Estrus of the
elephant, Cobbold (1866). The larvre or bots are
found in the stomach of both the African and Indian
elephant. — Gastrophilus equi, Fabricius, Leach.
Syn. , (Estrus equi, Clark, Fabricius, Latreille, Oli-
vier, Fallen, Macquart, Westwood, Joly ; (Estrus
intesfinalis, De Geer ; (Estrus hcemorrhoidalis,
Gmelin, Schrank; (Estrus gastricus major, Schwab;
(Estrus gastricus vulgaris, Schwab ; (Estrus benga-
lensis, var. equi, Macquart; Gastrus equi, Rondani ;
Common Botfiy of the Horse ; the Breeze or Horse-bee ;
Pferdemagenfiiege or Bremsfiiege, grosse Alagenbremse.
This is a cosmopolitan ; from June to July the eggs
are laid on the hair, whence they are licked off and
transferred to the stomach, to the walls of which the
larvas or grubs adhere and are passed per anum, to
bury themselves in the earth until they reach the
imago stage. — Gastrophilus flavipes, Olivier. Syn.,
(Estrus fiavipes, Olivier; Gastrus flavipes, Brauer;
Gastrophilus asininus, Brauer. This is found in
.Southern Europe, North Africa and Asia Minor;
larvae are found in the stomach of the ass. — Gastroph-
ilus haemorrhoidalis (Linne), Leach, (1817).
Syn., (Estrus ani equorum, Linne, (1746); (Estrus
hcemorrlioidalis, Linne (1761); F (Estres du fonde-
ment des chevaiix, Geoflroy (1764) ; (Estrus equi,
var. hcemorrh., Fabr. (1794) ; Gastrus hcemorrhoidalis ,
Meigen (1824) ; Mastdarmbre»ise, Ger.; Afterbremse,
Ger. ; Ked-tailed Botfly, Red-tailed Horse-bot. This
is found in Europe and North America, the most
common with Gastrophilus equi. The female lays
the eggs on the lips of the horse. The larvte often
become attached to the mucous membrane of the
pharyngeal region, producing dyspnea and asphyxia ;
they may also be found both in the right and left sacs
of the stomach and remain for some time in the ectal
portions of the rectum before leaving the body, and
then they assume a characteristic green tint. They
may be seen at the time of defecation, when the rec-
tum is everted, and it is this which gave rise to the
error that the bots were developed in the region. —
Gastrophilus inermis, Brauer (1858). Syn., Gas-
trus inermis, Schiner (1861). An Austrian species
troublesome to horses, found near Gyois and the
Haklasberge ; the larva is unknown. — Gastrophilus
lativentris, Low. This is found in Kurland, and
infests domestic animals. — Gastrophilus nasalis,
Linne (1761), Schiner (1861). Syn., Mouchedes
chevaux, Reaumur (1734); (Estrus nasalis, De Geer
(1776) ; (Estrus equi, var. (a) nasalis, Fabricius
(1794); (Estrus veterinus, Clark (1797); (Estrus
salutiferus, Clark (1815) ; (Estrus clar kii. Leach
(181 7) ; Gastrus salutaris, Gastrus nasalis, Gastrus
jumentorum, Gastrus clarkii, Meigen (1824) ; (Estrus
salutaris, Macquart (1835) ; (Estrus duodenalis,
Schwab ; Gastrus nigritus, Letterst ; Gastrus sub-
jacens. Walker; Rasenbremsfliege , Diinndarmbremse,
Ger. A European species, most common in Austria
and Prussia, the larvre being found especially in the
duodenum, rarely in the stomach of the horse. The
female deposits the eggs in the aloe of the nostrils and
on the lips of the horse. Brauer considers the form
reported from Nova Scotia ( Gastrus subjacens, Walker)
as belonging here. — Gastrophilus pecorum, Fabri-
cius (1749), Schiner (1861). Syn., (Estrus hovis,
var. /3, Linne (1761) ; (Estrus pecorum, Fabricius;
(Estrus vituli, Fabr. (1794) ; (Estrus equi, var. ji,
Clark (1815); Gastr!/specorum,Me\geu; Gastrus Juba-
ru/n, Megerle (1824) ; (Estrus gasti'icus major,
Schwab (1840) ; Gastrus ferruginatus, Zetterst,
Rondani (1843-8); (Estrus veterinus, var. Joly (1846);
Gastrus selysii, Carlier (1842); Gastrus vetcri7ius.
Green ; Viehbreynse , Horse-bee. This is found through-
out Europe, rare in Sweden, abundant in Hungary. The
larvre are fixed for some time in the rectum before
emerging to undergo nymphosis. — Gastrus clarkii,
Meigen. See Gastrophilus nasalis, Linne, Schiner. —
Gastrus equi, Rondani. -See Gastrophilus equi, Fa-
bricius.— Gastrus ferruginatus, Rondani, Zetterst.
See Gastrophilus peconun, Fabricius. — Gastrus
PARASITES
996
PARASITES
flavipes, Brauer. See Gastrophilus Jlavipes. Oliv-
ier. — Gastrus hsemorrhoidalis, Meigen. See
Gastrophiliis haDnvrhoidalis, Linne. — Gastrus
inermis, Brauer. See Gasiropkiltts inermis, Brauer.
— Gastrus jubarum, Meigen. See Gastrophilus
pecoruin, P'abricius. — Gastrus jumentorum, Mei-
gen. See Gastrophilus nasalis, Linne. — Gastrus
lativentris, Brauer, Schiner. See Gaslrophilus lati-
ventj-is. Low. — Gastrus nasalis, Meigen. See Gas-
trophilus nasalis, Linne.— Gastrus nigricornis, Low.
Infests domestic animals in the Crimea (Bessarabia). —
Gastrus nigritus, Zetterst. See Gastrophilus nasalis,
(Linne) Schiner. — Gastrus pecorum, Brauer, Mei-
gen, Walker. See Gastrophilus pccoritiii, Fabricius. —
Gastrus salutaris, Meigen. See Gastrophilus na-
salis (Linne) , Schiner. — Gastrus selysii, Carlier. See
Gastrophilus pecorum, Fabricius. — Gastrus subja-
cens, Walker. See Gastrophilus nasalis, (Linne)
Schiner. — Gastrus veterinus, Green. See Gastrophi-
lus pecorum, Fabricius. — Gauleblutwiirmchen.
See DrcpanidiuDi ranaruiii, R. Lankester. — Gekor-
nelter BlutegeL See Hirudo granulosa. — Gemeine
Raudemilbe. See Psoroptes comimmis, Fiirstenberg.
— Gemeiner Blutegel. See Hirudo medicinalis, Ray.
— Gemeiner Floh. See Pulex irritans, Linne. —
Gemeine Kriebelmiicke. .See Simulium reptans
Linne. — Gemeiner Zungenwurm. See Linguatula
rhinaria, Railliet. — Geotrupes vernalis, Linne.
Syn. , Frilhlingskdfer. A beetle, the larva of which
is reported by Van Bromell as a facultative human
parasite. — Gewitterfliege. See HydrotcBa meteorica,
Linne. — Globidium leuckartii, Flesch. An infu-
sorian found in the wall of the sustaining con-
nective tissue of the villi of the small intestine of
the horse. An uncertain form which appears to have
analogies with the Sarcosporidcs [Ballnania mucosa),
described by Blanchard, from the kangaroo. Moniez
holds it to be but the embryo of the tenia of the
horse, encysted in the papillte, like those of T. inn-
rina of the rat, described by Grassi. — Globocephalus
longemucronatus, Molin. This was found by
Wedl in the intestine of the hog. — Glossina morsi-
tans, Westwood. Syn., Tse-tse Tze-tze, or Ziiiil>.
The fly so frequently mentioned in the works of Afri-
can travelers. It is about the size of the horse-fly.
The accounts of the virulence of the bite of this pest
are so conflicting as to lead to the conclusion that it
is only poisonous when its proboscis is the carrier of
a virus with which it has been previously infected. —
Glyciphagus buski, Murray (1841). An accidental
parasite in the ulcer on a negro's foot. — Glyciphagus
cursor, Gervais (1841). Syn., Acarus dotnesticus ,
de Geer, 1735- Glyciphagus prunorum, Hering,
1838. Sarcoptes hippopodus, Hering (1838). A mite
found in a horse's foot affected with canker. An ac-
cidental parasite. — Gnat. See Culex pipiens, Linne. — ■
Gnathostoma hispidium. See Cheiracanthus hispi-
dus, Fedschenko. — Goat-louse. See Trichodectes
climax, Nitzsch. — ^ Goldfliege. See Lucilia ccrsar,
Robineau - Desvoidy. — • Gongylonema minimum,
Molin. This was found in the stomach and liver of the
house-mouse [Aius musculus, Linne). — Goniocotes
abdominalis, Piaget. ^yn., Philopterus hologasfer\yi'\,
Verrill. Goniocotes hologaster (Burmeister), Denny.
A louse common to the different varieties of Callus
domesticus, Brisson. — Goniocotes burnetti (Packard)
Verrill. .See Gouiodes burnetti, Packard. — Gonio-
cotes compar, Nitzsch, Denny, Paiget. — Syn.,
Goniodes co!?ipar (N), Verrill. Pediculus bidentatus,
Scopoli. Philopterus coinpar,'Bmmt\'-,ie:x. The louse
of the pigeon. A common parasite of all varieties of
domestic pigeons. According to Denny it has never
been found on the turtle-dove. — Goniocotes gigas,
Taschenberg. One of the lice of fowls. — Goniocotes
hologaster, Nitzsch. Syn., Ricinus gallince, De
Geer. This is a louse found upon the Bankhiva
fowl, but not very abundant. The form described by
Denny as Goniocotes hologaster is referred by Piaget
to Go)iiocotes abdominalis, q. v. — Goniocotes rec-
tangulatus, Nitzsch. Syn., Goniocotes rectangulus,
Burmeister. This is found upon Guinea-fowls and pea-
cocks.— Goniodes burnetti, Packard. This is found
in the domestic fowl and perhaps is identical with Gon-
iocotes dissimilis, Nitzsch (Piaget, 269). — Goniodes
compar (N), Verrill. '6&e. Goniocotes compar, Nitzsch.
— Goniodes dissimilis, Nitzsch. Syn., Philopterus
dissimilis (N), Verrill. A louse of the domestic
fowl, rather rare. — Goniodes falcicornis, Nitzsch.
Syn. , Pulex pavonis , Redi ; Pediculus pavonis,\Armi,
Schrank, Frisch, Panzer; Nirmus tetragonocephalus,
Olfers ; Picinus pavonis, Kirby and Spence. The ;
Louse of the Peacock, Albin, Shaw. The common
louse of the peacock. — Goniodes minor, Piaget.
Syn. , Dwarf Goniode. This is found on Columba
tigrina, C. risoria, C. bitorquata, and on domestic i
pigeons. — Goniodes numidianus, Denny. The
louse of the Pintado or Guinea-fowl {^Numida niel- |
eagris, Linne). — Goniodes parviceps, Piaget. Small-
headed Goniode. This is found frequently on peacocks '
in company with G. falcicornis. — Goniodes stylifer,
Nitzsch. Syn. , Pediculus »ieleagris,S<:\ycdixi\L. Found
upon the turkey. — Goose-louse. See Trinotum
lituratum (Nitzsch), Piaget. — Gordius aquaticus,
Dujardin (1842) ; Syn., Seta or Vitulus aquaticus, A.\-
drovandi (1605). A common worm in the mountainous
regions of Europe and long considered as an occasional
pseudo-parasite of man. — -Gordius chilensis, Emil
Blanchard (1849) ; an imperfectly-known species re-
ported by Gay as a pseudo-parasite of man in Chili, j
Gordius equinus, Abildgaard. See Filaria equina, 1
Abildgaard. — Gordius marinus, Linne. See Filaria i
piscium, Rudolphi. — Gordius medinensis, Linne
(1767). .See Dracunculus medinensis, Cobbold
(1864). — Gordius orientalis, von Siebold. This
is found in the abdomen of the cockroach {Periplaneta
orientalis, IJnne). — Gordius sp., Hess (1887). !
Found in the honey-bee. Cf Alcrmis albicans, von
Siebold (1857). — Gordius subbifurcus, von Siebold .
(1848); See Gordius tolosanus, Dujardin (1842).— j
Gordius tolosanus, Dujardin (1842) ; .Syn., Ophios- I
toma pontieri, H. Cloquet (1822), Gordius subbifurcus, j
von Siebold (1848). A European species reported by .
Degland (1823), and Fiori (1881) as a pseudo-parasite j
of man. — Gordius varius, Leidy ( 1851). A common |
American species, recorded by Diesing after Kirkland ,
as a pseudo-parasite of man. — Gordius viviparous,
Bloch. See Ascaris vituli (GmeVm), Cioeze. — Grand
pou du cheval. .See Hicmatopinus tenuirostns, Bur- ,
meister. —Grande Bothriocefalo. See Bolhrioceph- •
alus latiis, Bremser. — Gray Carnivorous-fly, Gray
Flesh-fly, Graue Fleischfliege. See Sarcophaga ;
carnaria ,M.€\2,en. — Gray Leech. Set Hirudo iiicdt- ,
cinalis, Ray. — Gray Simulium. See Simulium ctn-
ereum, M.e\gen. — Great Breeze-fly. See Tabamts j
bovinus, Linne. — Green Leech. See Hirudo^ medi- \
cinalis, Ray. — Gregarina avium intestinalis.
Psorosperms found encysted in the submucous tissue
of the intestine of the Gallinacea of the poultry-yards.
They are introduced with the food. Symptoms : diar-
rhea, depression, loss of appetite, death from marasmus.
The affection generally occurs in an epizootic form, ,
which has been termed tuberculo-diphtheria. — Gros ;
pou du boeuf. See H<rmatopinus eurysternus, Bur-
meister.— Gros pou du chien. See Trichodectes latus,
PARASITES
997
PARASITES
Nitzsch. — Gros tavin. The name in Burgundy for
the Great Breeze-fly. See Tabanus boviiius, Linne.
— Grub in the Back. See Hypoderma bovis, Latreille,
and Hypoderma lineata. Low. — Grubenfliege. See
Homalomyia lanicularis , Linne. — Guinea-fowl Gon-
iodes. See Goniodes niimidianiis, Denny. — Guinea-
worm, Guineischer Wurm, Ger. See Dracitni-ulm
medineiisis . Cobbold. — Gusano. See Derniatobia
noxialis, Goudot.— Gusano del oido, Sp. See For-
ficula auncitlaria. — Gynaecophorus bovis, Sonsino.
See Gymrcophorus crasstis, Sonsino. — Gynaecophorus
crassus, Sonsino. Syn., Bilharzia bovis, Sonsino ;
Bilharzia crassci, Sonsino. This was found in 1876
at Zagazig, Egypt, in the portal vein, ureters and
urinary bladder of domestic sheep and cattle. It has
since been found in Italy. Neumann regards it as
but a variety of Gynacophorus Jiccmatobius, Diesing,
and hence dangerous to man. It gives rise to symptoms
similar to those caused by the last-named parasite. — -
Gynaecophorus haematobius, Diesing (1858) ; Syn.,
Schistonia k<ematobium, Weinland (185 8) ; Distona
capense, Harley (1864) ; Distoina hcematobimii, Bilharz,
(1852), Kuchenmeister, Moulinie, Leuckart ; Theco-
soma hcematobiuDi, Moquin-Tandon (i860) ; Bilharzia
magna, Cobbold ; Bilharzia hcvniaiobia, Cobbold
(1858). A fluke originally found by Bilharz in 1851
in Egypt in 63 per cent, of fellahs and copts. It has
since been frequently found in the natives and Euro-
pean residents along the entire coast of East Africa,
in Arabia, Mauritius, India, and Brazil, producing a
grave disorder known as endemic hematuria. It also
occurs in an African monkey, the Mangabey {Cercopi-
thecus fuliginosiis, Geoffroy). It is most abundant in
the vessels of the portal system, and mesentery, and in
the hemorrhoidal and vesical veins. It feeds upon the
blood; no intermediate host is known, and it is sup-
posed to be introduced into the human system by im-
pure drinking-water, as a swimming embryo. Fouquet
of Cairo reports favorably on the use of extract of male
fern, and Dight, of Beirut, recommends the injection of
large amounts of sulphuretted hydrogen and carbon
dioxid into the rectum and bladder. — Gyropus gra-
cilis, Nitzsch. , Pedicuhis porcclli , ViQ)L-\xax^. A
louse of the guinea-pig (Cavia cobaya, Shreber). —
Gyropus ovalis, Nitzsch. A minute louse of the
guinea-pig. Cf. Menopon extraneum, Piaget. — Hab-
ronema muscae, Carter. This is found in the head
and proboscis of the house-fly. — Haemadipsa cey-
lonica, Moquin-Tandon. Syn. , Hiriido (Sa/ig/iisuga)
tagalla, Meyen. Hirudo cexdonica, Moquin-Tandon,
Zeylo7i' scher Bhttegel, The Ceylon Leech. A terrestrial
leech; according to Hofmeister and Tennant, the
most detested of all the plagues which beset the traveler
in Ceylon. — Haemamceba praecox ; Haemamceba
vivax ; Haemamceba malariae ; Haemamceba im-
maculata, Crrassi and I'iletti. vSee Foli/nitiis vialariir,
Danilewsky. — Haemaphysalis rosea, Koch. See
Bodphilus bovis (Riley), Curtis. — Haematobia ferox
Davaine ; Haematobia irritans, Meigen ; Haema-
tobia serrata, Davaine. — Haematobia malariae,
Celli and Guarneri. See Polimifiis malaritc, (Lave-
ran), Danilewsky. — Haematobia stimulans, Mei-
gen. A group of flies recorded by Neumann as
troublesome to man, and cattle in pastures. The saw-
hematobia [Hirtnatobia serrata, Davaine) is particu-
larly spoken of as bloodthirsty, and common in Europe
and America. The parasitescoUect in swarms at the base
of the horns, or on the abdomen, back, flanks or upper
parts of the legs. The eggs are deposited in the fresh
dung, and they may be destroyed by throwing lime over
the dung lying in pastures. — Haematomonas evansi.
See Trypanosoma evansi {J^^aw^), Balbiani. — Haema-
tomonas malariae. Osier. — Haematophyllum ma-
lariae, Metschnikoff (1887). See Poliiiiitits malaria,
Danilewsky (1886). — Haematopinus acanthopus,
Denny, Piaget. iiyn. , P/amatopinus serralns,J:ii\.zsch,
Burmeister, Denny. The louse of the mouse [Miis
mtisculus, Linne). — Haematopinus asini, Linne. See
Ilicmatopiniis macrocLplialiis, Burmeister, var. colorata,
Piaget. — Haematopinus cameli, Redi. The louse
of the camel ; it resembles that of the hog [I/cit/iaio-
piniis iiriiis, Nitzsch). — Haemotopinus eurysternus,
Nitzsch, Burmeister. Syn., Pediadus eurysternus,
Nitzsch ; Pediculiis vitidi, Linne ; P. tenuirostris, Bur-
meister ; Hainatopimis oxyrhynchns, Nitzsch ; H.
tenuirostris, Burmeister ; PP. vituli, Stephens ; Gros
poll du bocuf. One of the lice found upon cattle.—
Haematopinus lyriocephalus, Burmeister, Denny,
Piaget. Syn., Pedicnlus lyri'ocephalus, Burmeister.
The louse of the hare ( Lepus tintidus, Linne ). — ■
Haematopinus macrocephalus, Burmeister. Syn. ,
The Horse-louse ; Fcdiciilus asini, Linne ; Pedicnlus
macrocephalus, Burmeister ; PPicmatopinus asini,
Denny. One of the three lice of the horse. — Haema-
topinus macrocephalus, var. colorata, Piaget. The
louse of the ass. — Haematopinus oxyrhynchus,
Nitzsch. See Hamatopinus eiirysteriius , Burmeister.
— Haematopinus piliferus, Burmeister, Denny.
Syn., Pcdi cuius piliferus, Burmeister; Pedicnlus canis
fainiliaris, Miiller ; Pedicnlus bicolor, Lucas ; Petit
pou du chien ; The dog-louse : not common. — Haema-
topinus serratus, Nitzsch, Burmeister, Denny. See
Hcmatopinus acanthopus, Denny. — Haematopinus
spinulosus, Burmeister. Syn., Pedicnlus spinulosus,
Burmeister ; P. denticulatus, Nitzsch. Tlie louse of
the common rat i^Mus decumanus, Pallas). — Haemato-
pinus stenopsis, Burmeister. Syn. , The Goat-louse.
— Haematopinus suis, Leach. See PLamatopinus
urius, Nitzsch. — Haematopinus tenuirostris, Bur-
meister. See Hcmatopinus eurvstcrnus, Nitzsch. —
Haematopinus tuberculatus, Giebel. The louse of
the Eastern buff"alo. — Haematopinus urius, Nitzsch.
Syn., Pedicnlus suis, Linne; Plionatopinus suis.
Leach. The Hogdouse, the largest of the pediculi, and
occasionally found in great numbers on swine. —
Haematopinus ventricosis, Denny. The louse of the
rabbit {Lepus cuniculus, Linne.) — Haematopinus
vituli, Stephens ; See Hceiimtopinus eurvstcrnus,
Nitzsch, Burmeister. — Haematopota pluvialis, Mei-
gen. Syn., Small Rain Breeze-fly ; Petit taon
pluvial, Fr. ; Picolo Tafano pluvialc, It. The Clegg
of the West Highlands of England and Scotland.
This is said by Megnin to be troublesome to man and
animals during stormy weather, especially in Lapland,
where the reindeer is tormented by it. — Haematopota
punctulata, Macquart. A breeze-fly found in the
Southern United States. — Haematozoon lewisi,
Grassi. An embryonic nematode found by Gruby,
Dellafond, Lewis, Manson, Sonsino, Grassi, etc., in
the blood of the dog. The last claimed to have dis-
covered the intermediate host in the cockroach (/Vrz-
planeta orientalis, Linne). Sonsino has found the same
larva in the fleas of dogs [Pulex serraticeps , Gervais),
and in their lice [Hccmatopinus piliferus, Burmeister).
Grassi and Calanduccio have given the name Filaria
recondita to the adult form, yet undiscovered, to which
these embryo belong. — Haematozoon sublatum,
tiurlt. iiee Strongvlus sublatus, Cobbold. — Haemen-
taria costata, Miiller. A Crimean leech employed
in medicine. — Haementaria ghilianii, de Filippi. A
common leech in Brazil especially along the Amazon ;
it attacks man. Haementaria mexicana, de Filippi.
Found in Mexico and Central and .South America. Its
bite produces an acute irritation. Haementaria offi-
PARASITES
998
PARASITES
cinalis, de Filippi. Found in the lagoons of Mexico ;
used medicinally. — Hasmogregarina avium, Dani-
lewsky. See Poliinitns W(;'/(/r/«',Danilewsky. — Haem-
opis sanguisorba, Savigny ; Hasmopis sangui-
suga, Moquin Tandon ; Haemopis vorax, Moquin-
Tandon. See Hirtido sa)ig'iiisui:;a, Bergmann. —
Haemoplasmodium malarise, Marchiafava and
Celli. A liemocytozoon found in the blood of malarial-
fever patients. They are homogenous, protoplasmic
bodies from one-tenth to one-third the size of red blood-
corpuscles and witliin which they occur as pseudo-
vacuoles and also to which they impart a lively move-
ment by their protruded flagella { pseudospirilla).
Danilewsky regards this as but a developmental stage
of Poliinitus malaria, q. v. — Halysis caprina,
Zeder (1803). See Lingiiatiila i-hinaria, Railliet
(1868). — Halysis gracilis, Zeder. See Tienia
gracilis, Rudolphi. — Halysis infundibuliformis,
Zeder. See Ttcuia infundibuliforiiiis, Goeze. —
Halysis lanceolata, Zeder, Dujardin. See Ttenia
lanceolata, Bloch. — Halysis lata, Zeder. See Both-
riocephalits latus, Bremser. — Halysis lineata, Zeder.
See TcBnia lineata, Goeze. — Halysis litterata,
Zeder. See Tania pseudo-cucumerina, Baillet. —
Halysis marginata, Zeder. See Tania inarginata,
Batsch. — Halysis membranacea, Zeder (1803).
See Bothriocephaliis latus, Bremser. — Halysis pas-
seris, Zeder. See Tcvnia fringillaywii , Rudolphi. —
Halysis perfoliata, Zeder. See Tcenia perfoliata,
Goeze. — Halysis plicata, Zeder. See Tania plicata ,
Rudolphi. — Halysis pusilla, Zeder. See Tcenia pii-
silla, Goeze. Halysis serrata, Zeder. See Tccuia
crassicollis, Rudolphi, and Tenia serrata, Goeze. —
Halysis setigera, Zeder. See Tcenia setigera,
Frolich. — Halysis sinuosa, Zeder. See Tcenia
sinuosa, Rudolphi. — Halysis solium, Zeder. See
Tenia solium, Linne. — Halysis torquata, Zeder.
See Tenia sinzeosa, Rudolphi. Halysis trilineata,
Zeder. See Tenia trilineata, Batsch. — Hammularia
lymphatica, Treutler (1793). See Filaria lympliat-
ica, Moquin- Tandon. — Hammularia subcom-
pressa, Rudolphi. See Filaria bronchialis. — Han-
choschim-Haschrofim, Heb. See Dracunculus
}nedinensis. Lister. Harpirhynchus nidulans, Meg-
nin. Syn. , Sarcoptes nidulans, Nitzsch. The pubes-
cent nymphse have been found in the plumage of
pigeons and parrots. — Harvest-bug. See Tetrany-
c/ius auttimnalis, Shaw. — Harvest-mite. See Leptus
irritans and Tetranychus auttimnalis, also Tromhid-
ium americaniLm. — Harvest-tick. See Leptus irri-
Aj'^f.— Hauswanze. See Cimex lectularia, Merrett. —
Hautwurm. See Dracimculus medinensis , Cobbold.
— Head-louse. See Pediculiis capitis. Leach. —
Heel- fly. See Hypoderma lineata. Low. — Helmin-
thopsylla alakurti, Schimkewitsch. .Syn., Alakurt,
A Ilea, allied to the chigoe, abundant in Turke-
stan, upon horses, sheep, camels and oxen in the
autumn and winter, causing extreme debility. — He-
lophilus pendulus, Meigen. A dipterous insect,
the "rat-tailed" larvEe of which, according to Cob-
bold, not infrequently occurs in the digestive canal of
the horse. C{. Eristalistenav, Linne. — Hematopota.
See ILemalopota. — Hematozoaires du paludisme,
Laveran. See Polimitus' nmlarice (Laveran), Dani-
lewsky.— Hemistoma alatum ((joeze), Diesing. A
trematode common in the fox and wolf, and found in
the small intestine of the dog by Creplin and Schone.
— Hen-fllea. See Piilex avium , Taschenberg. — Hen-
lice. See Gnniocotes abdominalis, Piaget ; Goniocotes
hologaster , Nitzsch ; Goniodes dissimilis, Nitzsch ;
Goniodes biirnetti, Packard ; Lipeurus heterographzis,
Nitzsch ; Lipeurus variabilis, Nitzsch ; Menopon bi-
seriatum, Piaget ; Menopon pallidum, Nitzsch. —
Herpetomonas lewisi, Saville, Kent. See Trvpano- \
soma lewisi, Danilewsky, Kent. — Herpetomonas
muscae domesticae, Saville, Kent, ^yn., Monomita •
inuscarum, Grassi ; Cercomonas muscarum, Leidy;
Bodo muscie domesticie, Burnett. Often found in
abundance in the chylific stomach of the house-fly. —
Heterakis columbae, Gmelin. .See Hefcrakis macu-
losa, Rudolphi. — Heterakis compressa, Schneider.
A nematode found in the intestine of the domestic
fowl in South Australia. — Heterakis differens, Son-
sino. This is found in the posterior portion of the *
fowl's intestine. — Heterakis dispar, Schrank. Syn., i
Ascaris dispar. This was found in the intestine and
cecum of the domestic goose and duck by Frohlich,
Schrank, and Zeder. — Heterakis inflexa, Rudolphi.
Syn., Ascaris crassi, Deslongchamps, Ascaris teres,
Goeze; Ascaris gallopavonis, Gmelin; Ascaris perspi-
cillum: Rudolphi, Dujardin; Heterakis perspicillum ;
Fusaria reflexa, Zeder. This is found in the in-
testine of the domestic fowl, turkey and duck, and
is abundant in the latter about Caen. — Heterakis
lineata, .Schneider. This was found in the intes-
tine of the domestic duck of Turkestan by von Lin-
stow, and in a Brazilian cock by Schneider. — Hete-
rakis maculosa, Rudolphi. Syn., Ascaris maculosa,
Rudolphi, Bremser, Bellingham, Dujardin ; Ascaris
coluinbie, Cimelin ; Ascaris teres, Goeze; Heterakis ■
columbie, ( jmelin ; P ascaride del piccioni, Ital.
This is found in the intestine of the domestic pigeon,
producing frequently a fatal disease. Unterberger
has shown that the eggs of this nematode re-
quire to be kept for about seventeen days under
suitable conditions outside the body of the host be-
fore they are capable of further development in the
intestine. — Heterakis papillosa, Bloch. Syn. ,
Heterakis vesicularis, Frohlich, Dujardin ; Ascaris .
vesicularis , Rudolphi ; Ascaris tetraonis, Gmelin ; As-
caris papillosa, Bloch ; Ascaris teres (minor Phasiani ,
et picti), Goeze; Ascaris gallinarum, Gmelin ; Ascaris
urogalli, Viborg, Rudolphi; Fusaria tetraonis , Zeder;
Fusaria papillosa, Zeder. This is found in the cecum
of the fowls, duck, peacock, and turkey. — Heterakis
perspicillum, Rudolphi. See Heterakis inflexa,
Rudolphi. — Heterakis spumosa, Schneider. This
is found in the intestine and cecum of the brown
rat (Mus dectimanus, Pallas). — Heterakis unci-
nata, Rudolphi. This is found in the intestine
and cecum of the domestic guinea-pig. — Heterakis
vesicularis, Frohlich. See Heterakis papillosa, Bloch. \
— Heteromita lens, Miiller. Syn., Monas lens,
Dujardin. Found in the mouth of man by Steinberg. !
— Hexacotyle venarum, de Blainville. See Hex- '
athyridium -rcnarum, Treutler. — Hexamita duo-
denalis, Davaine. .See Megastoma infcstinalr. Blanch- '
ard. — Hexastoma pinguicola, Cuvier. See Phxa- \
thvridium pinguicola, Treutler. — Hexastoma vena- j
rum, Cuvier. See Hcvutlivriilium 7'ciiarum, Treut- |
ler. — Hexathyridium pinguicola, Treutler, fordens, !
Brera. Syn., He vasto///a p/ni;7//ciila, Cuvier ; Lingua/- ;
ula pinguicola, Lamarcl^ ; Polvstornum pinguicola, '
Zeder, Rudolphi, Bremser. A trematode found in the I
ovaries in women. Van Beneden and Gervais hold this <
as likely to prove a larval form of Linguatula rliinano,
Railliet, from which o]iinion Cobbold differs. — Hexa-
thyridium venarum, Treutler, Jordens, Rudolphi.
Syn., Hexastoma 7'cnarum, Cuvier; Hexacotyle ''cnar-
um, de Blainville ; Linguatula 7'enarum, Lamarck ;
Polystoma sanguic ■ola, Delle Chiaje, Frick ; Polystoma j
venarum, Zeder, Rudolphi, Dujardin, Owen. This |
is found in the veins of man ; Rudolphi and others j
referred this to the fresh -water ;-/«-, and Davaine ,
PARASITES
999
PARASITES
thought it DistoDia Lmceolalum, Mehlis, or a young
Fasciola kcpatica, Liniie. — Hippobdella sanguisuga,
de Blainville. See Hiviido sanguisuga, Bergmann. —
Hippobosca canina, Rondaiii. See Hippobosca
equina, Linne. — Hippobosca equina, Linne. Syn.,
Hippobosca caiiiiia, I/ippobosca taiirina, Rondani :
Mouche araignee, I\IoHche plate. Horse-tick, Forest-Jly.
An interesting remittent parasitic insect of the family
Pupipara, common in the summer on horses, sheep,
cattle and dogs, especially about the perineal
region ; it is very troublesome. — Hippobosca ovina,
Linne. See Melophagus ovinns, Latreille. — Hippo-
bosca taurina, Rondani. See Hippobosca equina,
Linne. — Hirudine viva. See Hirudo medicinalis ,
Ray. — Hirudo albopunctata, Diesing. A leech
common in .Sweden. — Hirudo ceylonica, Moquin-
Tandon. See Hcemadipsa ceylonica, Moquin-Tan-
don. — Hirudo chinensis, Schmarda. A small spe-
cies used by the Chinese. — Hirudo decora. A North
American leech used medicinally. — Hirudo depressa
fusea margine laterali. See Aulostoina gulo, Mo-
quin-Tandon. — Hirudo flava, Brossat. See Hirudo
medicinalis, Ray. — Hirudo granulosa, Gekdr-
nelter Blutegel. A leech used in India, and in the
Isle of Bourbon and the Mauritius. — Hirudo grisea,
Brossat. See Hirudo medicinalis, Ray. — Hirudo inter-
rupta, Moquin-Tandon. 'iyn., Sanguisuga interrupta,
Moquin-Tandon ; The Dras;on Leech ; The African
Leech, Bltite^el init unterbrochenen Riickcnstreifot.
A species found in North Africa. — Hirudo javanica,
Wahlberg. Syn., Sanguisuga javanica, Wahlberg.
The Javanese leech. — Hirudo medicinalis, Ray
(1710), Linne (1746). Syn., Hirudo venivsector,
Braun ; Hirudo flava, Brossat; Hirtcdo grisea, Bros-
sat; Hirudo officinalis, Savigny ,• Hirudo prcn'in-
cialis, Braun ( 1805 ) ; Hirudo -c'iridis ; latrobdella
medicinalis, Blainville (1828) ; The Gray Leech; The
Green L^eech ; The Common Medicinal Leech ; The
Speckled Leech ; Hirudine viva ; Sangsue medicinale ;
Sangsue grise ; Sangsue verte ; Deutscher Blutegel;
Der ungarische Blutegel. A fresh-water species
found throughout Europe and the North of Africa ;
the great color- variation of this species has given
rise to the differentiation of some sixty varieties
and a confused nomenclature. A large leech will
take about fifteen grams of blood, which requires
several months to digest.. — • Hirudo mysomelas,
Virey ; SenegaT scher, Blutegel. Found in Sene-
gambia and exported to France. — Hirudo ob-
scura. Syn. , Sano'sue noire. A French species.
— Hirudo officinalis, Savigny. See Hirtulo me-
dicinalis, Ray. — Hirudo provincialis. See Hirudo
medicinalis, Ray. — Hirudo quinquestriata, Schmar-
da. Syn., Hirudo tristriata. An Australian spe-
cies largely exported to Europe. — Hirudo san-
guisorba, Lamarck. See Hirudo sanguisuga, Berg-
mann. — Hirudo sanguisuga, Bergmann (1757).
Syn., Hirudo sanguisorba, Lamarck ( 1818 ) ;
Hcemopis sangtiisorba , Savigny (1820) ; Hsmopis
vorax, Moquin-Tandon (1826) ; Hippobdella san-
guisuga, de Blainville (1827) ; Hamopis sanguisuga ,
Moquin-Tandon (1846). The True Horse-leech;
Sangsue de cheval, Fr. ; Pferdeegel, Ger. Found
in .Spain and Southern Europe generally, but par-
ticularly in the North of Africa, this worm being
inadvertently swallowed in an immature condition
in drinking-water, not infrequently attaches itself to
the mucosa of the nose and pharynx of man, as
well as of animals. Strong solutions of salt cause
it to loosen its hold. — Hirudo sinica, de Blain-
ville. A Chinese species. — Hirudo tagalla. See
Hcemadipsa ceylonica, Moquin-Tandon. — Hirudo
tesselata. A species found in the United States ;
it is green with black dots. — Hirudo tristriata,
Schmarda. See Hirudo quinquestriata . Schmarda.
— Hirudo troctina, Johnson (lSl6). Syn., Sangui-
suga interrupta, Moquin-Tandon (1826) ; latrobdella
medicinalis, var. tesselata, de Blainville (1827) ; Trout
Leech,; Dragon Leech, Sangstie dragon. Dragon
d'' Alger, ¥x. A native of the North of Africa, but
long employed in hospitals throughout Southern
Europe and England. — Hirudo venaesector, Braun.
See Hirudo medicinalis , Ray. — Hirudo verbana.
Syn., Blutegel des Lago-AIaggiore. An Italian spe-
cies.— Hirudo viridis. See Llirudo medicinalis,
Ray. — Hirudo wiffonia. A Japanese variety,
dried, powdered and administered internally to
relieve pain. — Hog-louse. See Hicmatopinus urius,
Nitzsch. — Holophrya coli, Leuckart (1863) ; See
Balantidium coli, .Stein (1862). — Holostoma erra-
ticum, Rudolphi, Dujardin. This is found in the in-
testine of the domestic duck and the tame swan. The
larva {Tetracotyle flippi) has been found in the
viscera of several molluscs and fish, and also as a
parasite in the sporocysts of several Distomata. —
Homalomyia canicularis.
Linne. Syn., Anthomyia can-
icularis, Meigen ; Kleinstuben-
fliege ; Hnndstat^iege. This is
common in Europe from spring
throughout the summer, and
feeds on decaying vegetable
matter. The larva; live in
the earth. — Homalomyia in-
cisurata. Syn., Anthomvia in-
cisurata. The larvx occur in
the human intestine, according
to Moniez. — Homalomyia
scalaris, Fabricius. Syn. An-
thomyia scalaris , Fabricius. This
is common from spring through- t „„,„ r .
. °, ° Larva of Homalo-
out summer, especially under mvia canicularis.
trees; the larvae are found on {Linne.)
decaying substances, and at times
as pseudo-parasites in man, in the intestines nasal
passages and ears. Judd (Amer. Nat., 1 876, p.
374) reports a case of the intestinal discharge of
fifty larvffi of this fly. — Hornfiy. .See Hainatobia
serrata. — Horse-bee. See Gastrophilus equi, Fa-
bricius and Gastrophilus pecorum, Linne. — Horse-
fly. See Tabanus Sp. — Horse-leech. See Hirudo
sanguisuga, Bergmann. — Horse-louse. See Hcctna-
topinus macroccphalus. — Horse-tick. .See Hip-
pobosca equina, Linne. — House-fly. See Musca
domestica, Linne. — Hunde Haarling. See Tricho-
dectus latus, Nitzsch. — Hundstagfliege. See Homa-
lomyia canicularis, Linne. — Hydatigena granulosa,
Batsch. See Echinococcus polvmoiphus. — Hydatis
erratica, Blumenbach. See Echinococcus polymor-
phus. — Hydatis Liidersen, Rudolphi, Olfers, Brem-
ser. See Echinococcus polvmorphus, Diesing. — Hy-
drotaea meteorica, Davaine. Syn., Anthomyia
jneteorica, L. Meteoric Fly; Storm-fly ; Gewitter-
fiege. This is so called because at the approach of
rain it often forms a kind of cloud about horses' heads.
It is common in Europe in summer in damp situa-
tions, as forests, its ordinary nourishment con-
sisting of the sap of flowers. The females attack
animals and although their soft proboscis cannot pierce
the skin, and only allows them to suck up the humors
from the surface, they harass and torment most
stubbornly. They may produce inflammation of the
eyes and ears of domestic animals. The larvse are
found in cow-dung and decaying vegetable matter. —
PARASITES
1000
PARASITES
Hymenolepis flavopunctata, Weinland (1858).
See Tixnia flavopunctata, Weinland, (1S58). —
Hymenolepis nana, Leucl<art, (1863). See lleitia
nana, von Siebold (1853). — Hypodectes columbae,
Megnin. See Falciger rostrafiis, Bucholz. — Hypo-
derma bonassi, Brauer. A grub recorded as being
taken from tlie liaclc of a buffalo in Colorado. —
Hypoderma bovis, De Geer (Latreille, 1825).
Syn. , CEstrus bcnns (1776), Fabricius, Herbst,
Fischer, Clark, Latreille, Leach, Fallen, Macquart,
Westwood, Sells, Saxisen, Walker ; CEstrus liominis,
Gmelin (1788); the Ox - liypodej-ina, Grub-in-tlie-
back, Warbh'-fly, Bot-fly of Cattle. A cosmopolitan
species, the adult fly having a life of about eight days,
occurring during July and August, the larva living
from ten to eleven months in the skin of the cattle
and of man. These parasites cause great damage
to hides, and the effect on the carcass is serious, pro-
ducing virhat is known as " licked beef " or " butcher's
jelly." Squeezing out the maggot is a sure method
of getting rid of it, or the warble may be smeared
with a thick grease that will choke up its breathing
pores. — Hypoderma diana, Brauer (1858). Syn.,
GSstrus hoininis, Volkel. The larvse reported by
Joseph Borthen, Volkel, etc. , as parasites of the skin
in man. — Hypoderma equi, Joly (1849). Syn.,
Hypoderma silenus, Brauer ; Hypoderma loisetti, Joly
(1846); CEstrus cutico/e , hohet ; CEdemagena equi,
Loiset (1844). The larva- are found in the skin of the
horse and ass throughout Europe and S. America. —
Hypoderma lineata (Villers), Low (1863). Syn.,
CEstrus lineatus, Villers (1789) ; lEstrus luFinorrhoid-
alis, var. \i, Clark {1797) ; (Estrus bo'c'is, var. ji %'er-
nalis, Clark; (.Estrus lineatus, OXW\ftx {l'i>l\\, CEstrus
ericetorum, Leach(l8ll); Hypoderma lineatum , Brauer
(1858); the Heel-fly of Texas ; Grub-in-the-back : Ox-
tiiarble. These grubs cause effusion of serum in the
connective tissue, giving an appearance in cattle and
sheep called the "lick" by ranchmen. It is stated
that the only adult warble- flies found in the United
States belong to this species, which appears to be cos-
mopolitan.— Hypoderma loiseti, Joly. See Hypo-
derma equi, Joly. — Hypoderma silenus, Joly. See
Hypoderma equi, Joly. — Hypoderma tarandi, Linne
(1761). Syn., CEstrus rangiferiniis , Linne (1736) ;
CEstrus tarandi, Linne (1761) ; CEdemagena tarandi,
Latreille (1816). Larvae found in the skins of the
reindeer ; they resemble those of Hypoderma bovis,
De Geer, but are smaller. — Hystrichis rachy-
cephalus, Molin. This was found in the walls
of the crop of the tame swan. — Hystrichis tricolor,
Dujardin. Found in the crop of the dome^tic duck.
— Hystrichis tubifex, Uiesing. Found in the esoph-
agus of the domestic duck. — latrobdella medi-
cinalis, Hlainville. .See Plirudo inedieinalis, Ray. —
latrobdella medicinalis, var. tessellata, de Blain-
ville. See Hirudo troefina, Johnson. — Isotricha
intestinalis. Stein. A free - swimming infusorian,
with long, dense ciliary clothing, found in the rumen
of sheep and cattle. — Isotricha prostoma. Stein, has
the same habitat as the preceding. — Ixodes aegyptius,
Audouin (1812). Syn., Ixodes savignyi, P. Ciervais ;
Acarus cegyptius, Linne ; Cynorhastes eegyptius, Her-
mann ; Egyptian Ixode. The largest known i.xode,
very common upon cattle in Africa and upon African
cattle in European markets. — Ixodes algeriensis,
Megnin. This is found upon African cattle. Neu-
mann regards this as closely related to the form known
in the Guadeloupe as Tique shiegalaise, where it pro-
duces farcy on horses, cattle, and mules. — Ixodes
americanus, Linne. See Argas americanus, De
Geer. — Ixodes annulatus, Say. See Bodphilus
bovis, Curtice.- — Ixodes autumnalis, Leach. Syn.,
The Autumn Ixode. A species cited by Neumann as
found in France. — Ixodes bovis, Riley. See Bodph-
ilus bovis, Curtice. — Ixodes brevipes, Murray. A
species found in Ceylon. — Ixodes cameiinus,
Fischer. Found on camels on the Steppes of Asia. —
Ixodes carapatos, a tick troublesome in Brazil. —
Ixodes chelifer, Megnin. This is found on dogs. —
Ixodes distipes, Murray. Pound in Tunis. — Ixodes
dugesi, Gervais (Megnin). See Bodphilus bovis,
Curtice. — Ixodes erinaceus, Audouin. This is a
common species in Britain, attacking dogs, cattle, foxes,
hedgehogs, etc. It is generally known as the dog-tick
and mistaken for Ixodes ricinus, Ixodes itidentatus,
Gamgee. — Ixodes fabricii (Audouin). An acarine
parasite found in Southern Europe on cattle and
sheep. — Ixodes fodiens, Megnin. Syn., Ixodes pus-
tularum, Megnin, Lucas. Found on horses. — Ixodes
marginatus, Leach. 'Syn., Ixodes testudinarius,M\xx-
ray. A British species troublesome to laborers in hay-
fields. — Ixodes marmoratus, Risso. Found on sheep
in France. — Ixodes megathyreus, Leach. Found
on sheep and cattle in .Southern Europe. — Ixodes j
mombata, a troublesome tick in Angola. — Ixodes
pustularum, Megnin. See Ixodes fodiens, Megnin. —
Ixodes reduvius, de Geer. This is common in South-
ern Europe, attacking sheep, cattle, dogs, hares, and 1
man. See Bodphilus bovis, Curtis. — Ixodes ri- ■
cinus, Linne. Syn., Acarus ricinus (1790); Acarus
ricinoide, De Geer ; Cynorhoestes ricinus, Hermann
(1808); Ricinus caninus, Ray; Tique des chiem,
Geoftroy; Coinmon Tick, Dog-tick. This is frequently
found on hunting-dogs, and is the oldest known
species. — Ixodes rotundatus, Koch. A South Amer-
ican species. — Ixodes rugica. A species found in
Surinam and Brazil. — Ixodes savignyi, Gervais. ;
See Ixodes icgyptius, Audouin. — Ixodes scapulatus,
Megnin. A species found on cattle in the South of
France. — Ixodes, Sp. (Stiles). Found on cattle in |
California. — Ixodes testudinarius, Murray. See
Ixodes marginatus. Leach. — Ixodes trabeatus,
Audouin. A French species. — ^Jigger. See Sarcopsylla
penetrans, Westwood. — Kariophagus hominis, Pod-
wyssozki. Coccidia observed frequently in the white |
of fowls' eggs and in the hepatic cells of man. — Kegel-
wurm. i^ee Ascaris conoso?na , ]bxAtn'i(^l'io2). — Kene
der Perser. See Argas tholozani, Laboulb^ne et |
Megnin. — Kleiderlaus. i^ts Fediculus capitis, 'Lt!Lc\\. \
— Kleine Stubenfliege. See Homaloinyia canicu- \
laris, Linne. — Kolumbaczer Miicke. See Sim-
uliuDi cclumhacschensis, Fabricius. — Kopflaus. See .
Fediculus capitis. Leach. — Kriebelmiicke. See 1
Simulium reptans, Linne. — Kritoptes monungui-
culosus, Geber. See Tarso/iemus ii/oniiiigiiicii-
losus, R. Blanchard. — Lamblia intestinalis, Blan- ,
chard. See Megastoma intestinale, R. Blanchard -
(1885). — Laminosioptes gallinarum, Megnin.
See Symplecoptes cysticola, Railliet. — Laverania
.malariae, Grassi and Feletti. See Poliinitus ma-
larice (Laveran), Danilewsky. — Leg-sticker. See
Stomoxys calcitrans, Geofifroy. — Leptodera in- i
testinalis, Cobbold. See Khabdoneiua inhstin<de, |
R. Blanchard. — Leptodera niellyi, Blanchard, j
Moniez. See Rhabditis niellyi, R. IJlancliard.— |
Leptodera stercoralis, Cobbofd. See Khabdonema ,
intestinale, R. Blanchard. — Leptodera teres, Schnei- |
der. See Rhabditis terricola, Oerley. — LeptUS )
autumnalis. The larval hexapod of Tetranychm j
autumnalis, Shaw, q. v. — Leptus irritans. The ,
six - legged stage of a mite, the Tetranychits j
tlnlsahuate, Lemaire, Murray (1876), ^. (tiuiana, |
Antilles, Honduras); Colorado, (Cuba); jViaiH ;
PARASITES
1001
PARASITES
(New Grenada) ; y)/()<7«/ (Para); Tlalsalmate ? (Mex-
ico). See Tetranychus and Tlalsalmate, Lemaire.
Red Harvesl-mite. A widely-dispersed pest, abun-
dant in the Mississippi valley, where it is known as
the chigger, being confused in the popular mind with
the sandtlea or chigoe [Sareopsylla penetrans. West-
wood), which it resembles in its burrowing habits and
serious effects. — Leucophrys coli. Stein (i860). See
Balantidiuin coli. Stein (1862). — Ligula mansonii,
Cobbold (1883). See Bothriocephatus mansojit, R.
Blanchard (1886). — Linguatula constricta, Kiich-
enmeister, R. Blanchard (1888). Syn., Pentastoma
constricta, von Siebold ( 1852); Ncinatoideuin hoininis,
Pruner, Diesing. This is only known in the larval
condition. It is found in negroes and in the giraffe.
— Linguatula constricta, Pruner; Linguatula den-
ticulata, Lamarck (181 6) ; Linguatula ferox, Kiich-
enmeister (1S55) ; Linguatula lanceolata, de Blain-
ville (1818). See Linguatula rhinaria (1866). —
Linguatula pinguicola, Lamarck. See Hexathv-
ridiwn pinguicola, Treutler. — Linguatula rhinaria,
Railliet (1886). Syn., Tenia
lanceole 011 ver rJiinaire, Chabert
(1787) ; Tcenia caprina, Abild-
gaard (1789); Tenia rhinaria,
Pilger (1802) ; Ha lysis caprina,
Zeder ( 1 803) ; Polystoina serrata,
Zeder ; Polystoina tienioide, Ru-
dolphi (l8lo) ; Echinorhynchus
caprce, Braun (1810) ; Poly stoma
dentictdatum, Rudolphi (1810) ;
Telragitliis cavice, Bosc (l8lO) ;
Linguatula teenioides, Lamarck
(l8l6) ; Linguatula denticulata
Lamarck (181 6) ; Prionoderma
lanceolatum, Cuvier (1817); Prio-
noderma rhinarium Rudolphi ;
Linguatula lanceolata, de Blain-
ville (l8l8) ; Pentastoma emargi-
natum, Rudolphi (1819) ; Pen-
tastoiiui ta-noides, Rudolphi;
Pentastoma fcra, Creplin (1829);
Linguatula ferox, Kiichenmeister
(1855); Monostoma settenii, Neu-
mann; Linguatula constricta, Vxw-
ner; Linguatula serrata, Frohlich
(1789) ; Gemeiner Ziingenwurni,
parasitic acaridan with elongate,
which led to its being classed as a worm. The
sexually-mature form inhabits the nasal cavities of
dogs and other domestic animals, where the eggs
are deposited. These become scattered on the grass
and are eaten by herbivorous animals. The larval
and encysted stages are found in the mesenteric
glands, liver and lungs of the goat, ox, horse, camel,
sheep, deer, antelope, peccary, porcupine, rabbit,
guinea-pig, brown rat, sometimes in man and accord-
ing to Creplin in the domestic cat. — Linguatula
serrata, Frohlich (1789) ; Linguatula taenioides,
Lamarck (1816). See Linguatula rhinaria, Railliet
(1886). — Linguatula venarum, Lamarck. See
Hexathyridiuin venarum, Treutler. — Liotheum gi-
ganteum, Denny, Verrill. See RIeuopon latum,
Piaget. — Liotheum pallidum, Nitzsch, Verrill. See
Menopon pallidum, Nitzsch. — Liotheum stramin-
eum, Nitzsch. See Menopon biseriatum, Piaget. —
Lipeurus anseris, Gurlt. A louse of the goose. —
Lipeurus baculus, Nitzsch. Syn., Phiopterus
bacillus (Nitzsch), Verrill ; Pulex columke majoris,
Redi ; Pedicultis columbir, Linne ; Nirmus filiformis,
Olfers, a common louse of the pigeon found together
with Nirmus claviformis and Goniocotes cojnpar. —
Larva of Linguatu-
la RHINARIA, Rail-
liet ; from the liver
of man. {After
Leuc/tart .)
Ger. An endo-
vermiform body.
Lipeurus cygni, Giebel. See Ornithobius bucephalus,
Giebel. — Lipeurus heterographus, Nitzsch. Syn. ,
Philopterus heterographiis, (N) Verrill. A louse found
on fowls. — Lipeurus jejunus, Nitzsch. Syn., Pulex
anseris, Redi ; Pcdiculus anatis anseris. Linne ; Nir-
mus crassicornis , Olfers ; Lipeurus jejiinus, Rudow.
A louse of the goose. — Lipeurus numidae, Denny.
Syn., A'ir/?ius numidu-, Denny. A louse of the
guinea-fowl. — Lipeurus polytrapezius, Nitzsch.
Syn. , Pediculus ineliagrides, Linne ; Philopterus poly-
trapezius, Nitzsch, Verrill. The louse of the turkey.
— Lipeurus squalidus, Nitzsch. Syn., Philopterus
squalidus (Nitzsch), Verrill ; Pediculus anatis, Fabri-
cius. A very common louse of the duck. — Lipeurus
variabilis, Nitzsch. Syn., Philopterus variabilis
(Nitzsch), Verrill ; Pediculus caponis, Linne. A louse of
the fowl. — Listrophorus gibbus, Pagenstecher ; Le
Listrophore bossu. An acaridan found on domestic rab-
bits and hares. — Listrophorus mustelae, Megnin. An
acaridan parasite of the ferret and pole-cat. — Liver-
fluke. See Fasciola hepatica, Linne. — L'CEstre du
fondement des chevaux, Geoffroy. See Gastrophilus
hcCDiorrhoidalis, Linne. — Lone-star Tick. See Argas
ainericanus, De Geer. — Long-nosed Louse. See
LPiematopimis vituli. — Lucilia anthropophagi, Conil.
See Lucilia macellaria , Fabricius. — Lucilia caesar,
Robineau-Desvoidy. '>y\i.,Musca ciesar,\Am\& ; Gold-
fliege. A fly that commonly deposits its eggs on de-
composing organic matter, especially meat, but also
in the wounds of man and animals. — Lucilia feri-
nata, Gerlach. Syn., Lucilia serinata (Perroncito),
Gerlach. A species troublesome to sheep in Olanda,
the larvse producing ulceration of the perineal regions.
— Lucilia hominivorax, Coquerel. See Lucilia
macellaria , Robineau-Desvoidy. — Lucilia macel-
laria, Robineau-Desvoidy (1830). '6yw.,Alusca i>ia-
cellaria, Fabricius (1794); Lucilia liominivorax ,
Coquerel (1858); Calliphora infesta,V\\\\\Tp^\ (1861) ;
Calliphora macellaria , Jorge (1878); JMusca anthro-
pophaga ; Compsomyia rubrifrons, Macquart ; Comp-
somyia macellaria ; Somomyia 7nontevidensis, Bigot ;
Calliphora anthropophaga, Conil (1878) ; Lucilia
anthropophaga , Conil ; Macellaria liominivorax, Mac-
quart ; La Lucilie boucliere ; Texas Screw-worm ;
Screw-worms. This fly is widely distributed over
America from Canada to the Argentina. It deposits
its eggs in the wounds of domestic animals and man,
and also in the natural cavities. These larvae cause
serious symptoms. It is said that in Paraguay foals
die in great numbers from the effects of larvre that
hatch from eggs deposited upon the navel before it has
dried up. The prompt application of a mixture of
pine-tar and grease to all raw surfaces, and about the
ears, eyes, and nostrils of animals is recommended.
Men should avoid sleeping in the open air unprotected
by some netting. The myiosis jiroduced is known
as Peenash. — Lucilia sericata, Meigen. A fly com-
mon in Holland where the larvce produce a form of
myiosis called worm-sickness (worm-ziekte) in young
sheep. — Lucilia serinata, Gerlach. tiee L^ucilia feri-
nata, Gerlach. — Lucilie bouchere. See Luciliamacel-
laria, Robineau-Desvoidy. — Lumbricus canis, Wer-
ner (1782). See Ascaris mystax, Rudolphi (1801). —
Lumbricus guloris sibirici, Pallas. .See Eustrongy-
Ins gi.gas, Diesing. — Lumbricus in renibus, Blasius.
— Lumbricus latus, Plinius ; Lumbricus martis et
canis renalis, Redi. See Ticnia solium, Linne. —
Lumbricus longus et rotundus, Serapion. See
Ascaris luinbricoides, Linne (1758). — Lumbricus ro-
tundus, Ctelius Aurelianus. .See Ascaris luinbricoides ,
Tinne (1758). — Lumbricus sanguineus in rene
canis, Hartmann. See Eiistrongylus gigas, Diesing.
PARASITES
1002
PARASITES
— Macaw Fly, Macaco Worm, Macaw Worm.
See Derniatobia noxialis, Goudet. — Macellaria ho-
minivorax, Macquart. See Lucilia nnn ellaria , Robin-
eau-Desvoidy. — Macrogaster platypus, Miescher,
See Deniodex folliiuhvum, Owen. — Madenwurm.
See Oxyitris verinictilaris, Bremser. — Mange-mites.
See under genera C/wrioptes , Dviiunlex, Psofoptes,
Snrcoph's, Symhiotes. — Mastdarmbremse, Ger. See
Gastrop/ii/us hccmorrhoidalis , Linne. — Massuri. See
Ainphistoma collinsii, Cobbold. — Mastigodes hom-
inis, Zeder (1803) ; Mastigodes siminae, Zeder
(1803) ; See Trichoiephaliis /loi/iinls, Schrank (1788).
— Maw-worm. See Oxyiiris vt-niiicularis, Bremser,
2LnAAs.caris Ininhricoides^xxmk.. — Meal-beetle, Meal-
worm. See TeiiL'brio molitor, Linne. — Medicinal
Leech. See Hinido /iiedicitialis, Ray. — Medicin-
ischer Blutegel. See Hirndo mediciiialis., Ray. —
Medina-worm ; Medinawurm, Ger. ; Medinen-
ischer Fadenwurm. See Dracunciilus iiiedinensis ,
Cobbold. — Megastoma entericum, Grassi (1882).
See Metfasfoi/ia intestiiiale, Blanchard. — Megastoma
intestinale, R. Blanchard (^1885). Syn., Cercomonas
intestinalis, Lambl 1859 (nec 1875) > Lamblia iii-
testiiialis, Blanchard ; Hcxainita duodenalis, Davaine ;
Dimorpliiis miiris, Grassi(l879); Megastoma eiiterici/iii,
Grassi (1882). This infusorian is found abundantly in
the duodenum and jejunum of rats and mice of various
species, especially in old individuals. It is fre-
quently transmitted to man by the excrement of rats or
mice becoming mixed with food-stuffs. — Megninia
asternalis, Megnin. Syn., Fedennilhe der Tauheii,
Ziirn. An acaridan found on domestic fowls. — -Meg-
ninia cubitalis, Megnin. Found on the quill-feathers
of fowls. — Megninia ginglymura, Megnin. Found
on the turkey. — Megninia velata, Megnin. Found on
the domestic duck. — Mehlkafer. See Tenebrio molitor,
Linne. — Meloe proscarabeus, Linne. Syn., Ge-
meiner Oelkdfer. A beetle the larva of which is re-
ported as a facultative human parasite by Germar and
Otto. — Melontho sp. A beetle, the larva of which is
reported as a facultative parasite of man by Le Maout,
Depalse, and Robineau - Desvoidy. — Melophagus
ovinus, Latreille. Syn., Hippobosca ovina, Linne.
The Sheep-tick (a misleading name), a wingless fly,
spending its entire life on the sheep and multiplying
in its fleece. Menopon biseriatum, Piaget. Syn.,
Liotlieumox Menopon straminenm, Wiizsch, Verrill. A
louse of domestic fowls and turkeys. — Menopon ex-
traneum, Piaget. A louse found on the guinea-pig.
— Menopon giganteum, Denny. See Menopon
latum, Piaget. — Menopon latum, Piaget. Syn.
Menopott giganteum, Denny; Liotlieum giganteum,
Verrill. — An ectoparasite of the pigeon. — Menopon
numidae, Giebel. An ectoparasite of the guinea-fowl
[^Numida meleagris, Linne). — Menopon olescuram,
Piaget. Found upon the domestic duck. — Menopon
pallidum, Nitzsch. Syn. , Liotheuin pallidiiin, Nitzsch,
Verrill ; Pulex capi, Redi ; Nirmus trigonocephalus,
Olfers ; Pedicidiis gallium, Schrank, Linnd. One of
the lice infesting domestic fowls. — Menopon phaeos-
tomum, Nitzsch. The Black-mouthed Menopon ;
one of the lice found upon peacocks.— Menopon
stramineum, Nitzsch. See Menopon biseriatum,
Nitzsch. — Menschenfloh. See Pulex irritans,
Linne. — Mermis albicans, von Siebold (1857).
Found in the honey-bee {Apis mellifica, Linne) and in
many other insects. Hess (1887) describes a species of
Gordius as parasitic in the bee. — Mermis blattae
orientalis, Diesing. This is found in the abdomen
of the cockroach [Periplaiiela orientalis, Linne).
Mesocestoides litteratus, Vaillant. See Tu-itia
litterati, Batsch. — Mesogonimus commutatus.
Sonsino. Syn. , Distoma eommutatiim, Diesing. A
trematode found in the intestine of the common
fowl and turkey. — Mesogonimus pellucidus, Neu-
mann. Syn. , Distoma pellucidum , von Linstow. A
trematode found in the esophagus of the domestic
fowl. — Metastrongylus longevaginatus, Molin
(1861) ; See Slrongyliis longevaginatus, Diesing
(1851). — Meteoric Fly. ^ce I/ydrotcra meteorica, Da-
vaine.— Miana Bug ; Mianawanze, Ger. SeeArgas
persieus, Fischer. — Microsporidia. Syn., Aficrobe de
la pebrine ; Bacterium ovatutn, Lebert ; Bacillus
pasteurianus, Hansen ; Micrococcus ovatus ; M. pas-
teurianus, N'osema bombycis, Nageli ; Panhystophyton
i)7'<;/«^, Lebert ; Pleospora herbarum ; Cornalia' s Cor-
puscles : Cornalian Bodies ; Corpuscles de Cornalia ;
Cornalid' sche Korpercken, Corpuscles des vers n
Sole ; Corpuscles piriformes, Granulins, Pasteur ;
Psorospermies des Insects (Balbiani) ; Micrococcus of
pebrine, Alicrococciis der Fleckenkrankheit. A group
of Psorosperms or Sporozoans first discovered by Ley-
dig (1853) in an hemipterous insect [Coccus hesperi-
dum, Linne, the scale-louse of the orange and olean-
der). They were afterwards found in various arthro-
pods, spiders, bees, Crustacea [Dapknia reciirostris).
Munk found them in Ascaris mystax (Bischoff
mistaking them for seminal corpuscles). Vlaco-
vitch found them in the reptile [Coluber carbon- I
arius) and the cricket [Grillus campestris), and 1
Lebert and I'rey in a beetle [Emus oleus). Cor- 1
nalia, Filippi, Ciccone, Vittdini, Pasteur, etc., found |
them in the silkworms suffering from pebrine ;
here they were at first held to be the nucleoli of
broken-down blood-corpuscles (Charannes), or hsema-
tozoa (Guerin-Meneville). While Nageli believed
them to belong to the Schizomycetes, and Lebert to the
unicellular algx, Hallier designated them as the I
stylospores of a mushroom [Pleospora herbarum).
Pasteur finally adopted the idea that they belonged to
the so-called organites." Balbiani was the first to j
prove the truth of Leydig's supposition and to settle I
their sporozoan nature. The Microsporidia have with-
in recent years been found in many insects [Bom-
byx mori, Satturnia pernyi, Bombyx neustria, Liptiris
chrysorrliaa, Tenebrio molitor), the larvre of flies, of 1
ants, etc., etc. — Miescheria muris, R. Blanchard ,
(1885). Utriculiform psorosperms found in the volun- |
tary muscles of mice by F. Miescher, of Basle, in 1843.
The involuntary muscles remained free from the para-
sites.— Miescher's, or Miescherian Sacs, Tubes,
or Utricles ; Miescher'sche Schlauche. See
Sarcocystis miescheri, Ray Lankester. — Monas
anatis, Davaine. See Monocercomotias anatis, Da-
vaine.— Monas canis, Davaine. .See Monocercomo-
nas canis, Davaine. — Monas caviae, Davaine. .See
Monocercomonas caviic, Davaine. — Monas crepuscu-
lum, Ehrenberg, Miiller. A doubtful species ob-
served in the white substance between the teeth
by Steinberg — Monas elongata, Dujardin ; Monas
globulus, Dujardin. Found by Steinberg in tlio
human mouth. — Monas lens. .See Ileteromyia lens,
Miiller. — Moniezia alba (Perroncito, 1879), R. Blan- ■
chard (1891). Syn., T,cnia alba, Perroncito (1879);
Moniezia alba, var. dubia Moniez, 1891. A jiarasite .
of sheep and cattle. — Moniezia benedeni (Moniez,
1879), Blanchard (l8ql). Syn., Tenia benedeni,
Moniez, 1S79 ; 7]cnia denticula'ta. Neumann, 1892.
This is found in the intestines of domestic .sheep and ,
cattle. — Moniezia denticulata (Rudolphi, 1810), K-
Blanchard (1891). Syn., Tenia denticulata, Rudol-
phi, 1810; Tuviia denticolata, Perroncito (1882); ;
Alyselminthus denticulatus, Blainville (1853). A para- ,
site of domestic cattle. Moniezia expansa (Ru- '
PARASITES
1003
PARASITES
dolphi, iSlo), R. Blanchard (1891). Syn., Tania
vasis nutritiis disiiiiciis, Bloch (1782) ; Ticnia ovina,
Goeze (1782), Batsch (1786), Schrank (1788), Gme-
lin (1789) ; Halysis ovina, Zeder (1803) ; Ticnia dui-
ticulata, Mayer ; Alyselminthiis expansiis, Blainville ;
T<i:nia ^- j/rt/^ja, ex parte Rudolphi, Raillet, Neumann,
Perroncito, Curtice. This cestode has for its host,
sheep, goats, cattle, and various wild ruminants. —
Moniezia fimbriata, Aloniez (1S91). See Tliysano-
soma actinioidis, IJiesing (1834) . — Moniezia goezei
(Baird, 1853), R. Blanchard (1891). See Ticnia pec-
tinata, Goeze (1782). — Moniezia leuckarti, Riehm
(1881), R. Blanchard, (1891). See Ticnia pectinata,
Goeze (1782). — Moniezia neumanni, Moniez (1891).
The domestic sheep harbors this platode. — M'oniezia
nullicollis, Moniez (l8gi). Found in sheep in France.
— Moniezia ovilla, Moniez (1891). Moniezia ovilla,
var. macilenta, Moniez (1891). See TJiysatiosoDia gi-
(Kivolta, 187S), Stiles (1803). — Moniezia pecti-
nata, R. Blanchard (1891). See Tienia pectinata,
Goeze(i782). — Moniezia planissima, Stiles and Has-
sall (1892). Syn., Taenia expansa, ex parte Rudolphi.
This is found in the small intestine of domestic sheep
and cattle. — Moniezia trigonophora. Stiles and Has-
sall (1893). Syn., T^rnia expansa, Curtice, ex parte Mc-
Murrich, Ttcnia benedeni, Neumann. A species recent-
ly described as a parasite of sheep, — Monocercomo-
nas anatis, Davaine. Syn., Monas anatis, Davaine. A
flagellate infusorian found in the cecum of the duck. —
Monocercomonas canis, Davaine. Syn. , Monas
canis, Davaine. This is found in the stomach and
duodenum of the dog. — Monocercomonas cavise,
Davaine. Syn. , iJ/(>«i7j crti'/rt', Davaine. A flagellate
infusorian found in the large intestine of the guinea
pig. It is perhaps identical with the form described
by Kiinstler as Bacterioidomonas sporifera, and those
by Perroncito as Cej-comonas ovalis, pisiformis, globo-
sus. — Monocercomonas gallinae, Rivolta. This is
found in cases of croupous angina in pullets and young
pigeons. — Monocercomonas hepatica, Rivolta.
This was found in the diseased liver of a young
pigeon. — Monocercomonas hominis, Grassi (1883).
See Cercomonas intestinalis, Lambl. — Monodontus
wedli, Molin. See Uneinaria eeniiia, Creplin. —
Monomita muscarum, Grassi. See Heipetotnonas
muscie do}iiesfii-ie, Saville Kent. — Monostoma at-
tenuatum, Rudolphi. This was found by Creplin in
the intestine and cecum of the domestic goose. —
Monostoma bijuge, Miescher. See JMonostonia faba,
Bremser. — Monostoma caryophyllinum, Rudolphi.
This is parasitic in the intestine of the stickle-back,
but was found by Gwilt in the intestine of the domes-
tic duck. — Monostoma faba, Bremser. Syn., AI.
bijuge, Miescher. Found in tubercles in the skin of
the domestic sparrow and of canary birds (Fringilla
canaria, Linne). — Monostoma lente, Nordniann,
Gescheidt, Diesing, etc. See Distoina ianeeotatnin,
Mehlis. — Monostoma lepore, Kuhn. See Cystieer-
cus teeniie serratie, Zeder, Goeze. — Monostoma
mutabile, Zeder. Found in the infraorbital space of
the domestic goose. — Monostoma setteni, Neumann.
See lAuguatula rhinaria, Railliet. — Monostoma
verrucosum, Frohlich. Syn., A^otocotyle triscria/is,
Diesing. Found in the large intestine and ceca
of the goose, duck, and fowl. — Mordella sp.
A beetle, the larvK reported as a facultative parasite
of man by Rosen. — Morpion. See Phtliiriits in-
guinalis. Leach. — Mouche araignee. See Hippo-
bosca equina, Linne. — Mouche bleue de la viande.
See Calliphora vonitoria, Robineau - Desvoidy. —
Mouche carnassiere. See Sarcophaga carnaria,
Meigen. — Mouche des chevaux, Reaumur. See
Gastrophilus nasalis, Linne. — Mouche domestique.
See Musca domestica, Linne. — Mouche ou ver du
nez des moutons, Reaumur. See (Estriis oris, Linne.
— Mouche plate. See Hippobosea equina, Linne. —
Mouqui. The native name in Para for Leptiis irri-
tans, q. v. — Mouse-flea. See Pidex niuseuli, Meg-
nin. — Moyoquil. See Dermaiobia noxialis, Goudot,
Miiller. .See 7'enebrio molitor, Linne. — Musca an-
thropophaga. See Litcilia inacellaria, Robineau-
Desvoidy. — Musca bovina, Davaine. A torment to
cattle. — Musca cadaverina, Linne. Syn., Pyretlia
cadavcfina, Robineau-Desvoidy. Aasfliege. A carrion
fly, sometimes depositing its eggs in the open wounds
of cattle. — Musca carnaria, Linne. Syn., Fleisch-
fliege. A carrion fly, the larva of which was found by
Bretschneider in the human intestine ; it is described
by Jordens and others as Asearis stephanostoiua . Rou-
lin, Cloquet, Brera, Wahlborn, Cheyne, and Bateman
report cases of myiosis from its larva. — Musca carni-
fex, Davaine. The executioner fly . Torments cattle.
— Musca cibaria. Two cases are reported by Good
and White (England). — Musca corvina, Fabricius.
This is common in Europe in warm, wet weather, and
is troublesome to cattle, on which it alights to suck the
sweat ; it does not bite. — Musca domestica, Linne.
Plouse fly. Domestic fly, IMouctie domestique, Stuben-
fliege. Dubinsky and Senator report cases of the larva
of the house fly l>eing vomited. It is troublesome to
man and animals, sucking their excretions. The Asearis
eonosonia of Jordens and others is but the larva of this fly.
Musca hortorum, Meigen. Troublesome to domestic
animals. — Musca larvarum, one case reported by
Pickells (Ireland). — Musca macellaria, Fabricius.
See Lueilia macellaria, Robineau-Desvoidy. — Musca
nigra, one case of myiosis attributed to this fly re-
ported by Wahlborn (Sweden). — Musca sp. Syn.,
U'arega fly. This is found in Brazil, and deposits its
eggs beneath the skin of man and animals, causing
painful swellings. — Musca sp. The larva of an un-
identified fly, removed by Dr. Kirk from the leg of
t)avid Livingston in Africa, also from the shoulder of
a negro. The adult fly is said to be not unlike but
smaller than our blue-bottle fi-^ (^Calliphora vomitoria,
Robineau-Desvoidy). — Musca stabulans. Fallen.
See Cyrtoneura stabulans, Macquart. — Musca vac-
cina, Davaine. Troublesome to cattle. — Musca vag-
atoria, Davaine. The vagabond fly, troublesome to
domestic cattle.— Musca vitripennis, Meigen. A
torment to cattle. — Musca vomitoria. See Calli-
phora vomitoria, Robineau-Desvoidy. — Mydasa
vomiturationis, Robineau-Desvoidy. See Teicho-
myza fusca, Macquart. — Myotrichodina. See Tri-
chitta spiralis, Owen. — Myzomimus scutatus.
Stiles. Syn., Spiroptera sciitata , Miiller. Pllaria
scutata cesophagea bovis, Miiller. Found in the walls
of the esophagus of domestic cattle and horses and in
the pharynx and tongue of the domestic hog and
sheep; it probably belongs to the genus Gongleonema ,
Molin (1857). — Narambo, Narapoo chalondy,
Hind. ; Naru, Pers. See PJracnnculus medinensis,
Cobbold. — Nematoideum bovis tauri, Diesing.
Found in the aqueous humor of the eye in domestic
cattle. — Nematoideum canis familiaris, Warren.
Found in the esophagus of the dog. — Nematoideum
equi caballi, Peschel, Diesing. See Sclcrostoma tet-
raeanthum , Diesing. — Nematoideum fringillse do-
mesticae, Rudolphi. This is found in the stomach
of the domestic sparrow. — Nematoideum ovis pul-
monale, Rudolphi , Diesing. -See Strongyhts riifescens,
Leuckart. — Nematoideum sp., Brehm. Found in the
pancreas and liver of the vicunna. — Nematoideum
sp., Ebertz. This is found in the lungs of the domestic
PARASITES
1004
PARASITES
sheep, and is probably Strongyhis filaria, Rudolphi,
or S/roiigy/iis rufescens, Leuckart, q. v. — Nematoi-
deum sp., General!. Found in the house-fly. — Ne-
matoideum sp., Leuckart. Found encapsuled in
the lymphatic glands of domestic cattle. — Nematoi-
deum sp., .Stiles. Found in lymphatic glands of cattle
in capsules. — Nematoideum tracheale, Rainey and
Bristowe. See Filaria trachcalis , Cobbold. This is
possibly but the larval form of Ascaris iiiegalocephala
or Ascaris suilla. — Nephrophages sanguinarius,
Miyake and Scriba (1893). A mite found in consid-
erable numbers in the urine of a native patient in
Tokio. The parasite was held to have its seat in the
kidney, and as being the cause of the hematuria.
— Nettorhynchus blainvillii, Zenker. According
to Raspail, this may have been a partially decom-
posed Bothrioceplialits claviceps or Bothrioccphahis
rugosa of the salmon. — Niaibi. The native name in
New Grenada for the Lepfus irritans, q. v. — Nigua.
See Argas americanus , DeGeer, and Sarcopsylla pene-
trans, Westwood. — Nirmus clavicornis, Denny,
Verrill. The louse of the ring-dove and stock-dove.
Piaget refers them to Lipeurus hacitlus, Nitzsch. —
Nirmus crassicolis, Olfers. See Lipeurus jejumis,
Nitzsch. — Nirmus filiformis, Olfers. See Lipeurus
liaeulus, Nitzsch. — Nirmus numidae, Denny. See
Lipeurus numidce, Denny. — Nirmus tetragonoceph-
alus, Olfers. See Goniodes faleicornis, Nitzsch. —
Nirmus trigonocephalus, Olfers. See Menopon
pallidum, Nitzsch. — Noctua sp. A lepidopterous in-
sect. One case of the larva acting as a facultative
parasite cited by Dumeril (France). — Noisy Breeze-
fly. See Tahanus bromius, Linne. — Notocotyle
triserialis. See Monostoina verrucosum, Frohlich. —
Nuche. See Derinatohia noxialis, Brauer. — Ochro-
myia anthropophaga ; Blanchard. Syn., Cayor Fly-
A Senegal fly, the larva; of which are found beneath the
skin in man, the dog, cat, and goat. — CEdemagena
equi, Loiset. 'Att Hypoderma equi, Joly. — CEdema-
gena tarandi, Latreille. See Hypodenna tarandi,
Linne. — CEsophagostoma columbianum, Curtice.
A worm producing a nodular disease of the intes-
tines of sheep in the Southeastern United States. —
CEsophagostoma dentatum, Rudolphi. Syn.,
(Esopliagosloina subulatuin, Molin ; Sclerasfotna den-
tatum, Strongyhis dentatus, Rudolphi. This is found
in the small intestine, cecum, and colon of the domestic
pig, the wild boar, and the white-lipped peccary
{Diiotyles ( Noetophorus) labiatus). — CEsophagos-
toma inflatum, Schneider, Railliet. Syn., Strongyhis
infleetus, Schneider. Found in the large intestine of
domestic cattle. — CEsophagostoma subulatum,
Molin. See (Esophogostoina dentatum, Rudolphi. —
CEsophagostoma venulosum, Rudolphi. This is
found in the goat, sheep, and roe-deer. — CEstre du
mouton, Geoffroy. See CEstrus ovis, Linne. —
CEstrus ani equorum, T-inne. See Gastropliilus
luemorrhoidalis, Linne. — CEstrus bengalensis, var.
equi, Macquart. See Gastrophihis equi, Fabricius. —
CEstrus bovis, Fabricius, Linne (1761 ). .See Gastro-
pliilus cqiii, Fabricius. — CEstrus bovis, De Geer
(1776). See Hypodenna bovis, DeGeer. — CEstrus
cameli, var. pharyngobalus, Steel. Camel-bot. A
hot producing great irritation of the nasal cavities and
pharynx of camels. — CEstrus clarksii. Leach. See
Gastrophihis nasalis (Linne), Schiner. — CEstrus
cuniculi, Clark (1797). See Ciiterebra ciniieuli, Clark
(1815). — CEstrus duodenalis, Schwab. See Gastro-
phihis nasalis f Linne), Schiner. — CEstrus elephantis.
Steel . See Gastrophihis elephantis, Cobbold. — CEstrus
equi, Clark, F"abricius, Latreille, Olivier, Fallen, Mac-
quart, Westwood, Joly. See Gastrophihis equi, Fabri-
cius.— CEstrus equi, var. a nasalis, Fabricius. See
Gastrophihis nasalis (Linne), Schiner. — -CEstrus equi,
var. ,/i hsemorrhoidalis, Fabricius. See Gastrophilus
hiemorrlioidalis, Linne. — CEstrus ericetorum. Leach.
See Hypoderma lineata (Villers), Low. — CEstrus
gastricus major, CEstrus gastricus vulgaris,
Schwab. See Gastrophilus equi, Fabricius. — CEstrus
guildingi, Hope. See Dermatobia noxialis, Brauer.
— CEstrus hsemorrhoidalis, var. \i Clark. See
Hypoderma lineata (Villers), Low. — CEstrus hsemor-
rhoidalis, Gmelin, Schrank. See Gastrophihis equi,
Fabricius, and Gastrophilus hietnorrhoidalis, Linne. —
CEstrus hominis, Volkel. See Hypoderma diana,
Brauer. — CEstrus intestinalis, DeGeer. See Gas-
trophilus equi, Fabricius. — CEstrus lineatus (Vil-
lers), Olivier. See Hypoderma lineata (Villers),
Low. — CEstrus nasalis, Linne. See Gastrophilus
nasalis (Linne), Schiner. — CEstrus nasalis ovinus,
Neumann. See (Fstrus ovis, Linne. — CEstrus ovi-
nus, Fischer. See CEstrus ovis, h'mne. — CEstrus ovis,
Linne (1760). Syn., Mouehe ou ver du nez des nwu-
tons, Reaumur (1734) ; CEstrus sinus frontalis, Linne
(1746); L' (vstrus de i/ioutons, Geoffroy (1764); CEstrus
ovinus, Fischer (1787) ; Ceplialomyia oins, Latreille
(1825) ; Westwood (1840) ; Joly (1846) ; CEstrus na-
salis ovinus, Neumann (1851); Sheep Bot-Jly ; Sheep
Gad-fly; Grub-in-the-head. The larvEe are found in
the nostrils and nasal and frontal sinuses of sheep. —
CEstrus rangiferinus, Linne. .See Hypoderma tar-
andi, Linne. — CEstrus salutaris, Macquart. — CEs-
trus salutiferus, Clark. See Gastrophilus nasalis
(Linne), Schiner. — CEstrus tarandi, Linne. See
Hypode7'77ia tarandi, Linne. — CEstrus veterinus,
Clark. See Gastrophilus nasalis (Linne), Schiner. —
Ohrbohrer ; Ohrwurm, Ger. ^e.e Forflcula auricti-
laria. — Ollulanus tricuspis, Leuckart. This is
found encapsulated in the muscles of the house-mouse
(A/us miisetilus, Linne,) and in the walls of the stom-
ach of domestic cats, wandering into the muscles, con-
nective tissue, and diverse organs. — Onchocerca
reticulata, Diesing. Syn., Spiroptera eincinnata,
Ziirn ; Filaria eineinnati , Perroncito. Found in the
muscles and coats of arteries in the horse. — Oorworm,
Dan. See Forficula aurirularia. — Ophiostoma
pontieri, H. Cloquet (1822). See Gordius tolosamis,
Dujardin (1842). — Ophryoscolex inermis. Stein
(1858). A peritrichous vorticella-like infusorian found
in the rumen and reticulum of various ruminants. The
infusoria found in the viscera of sheep by Gruby and
Delafond (1843) probably belonged to this genus.
Ophryoscolex purkinjei. Stein (1858). Endopara-
sitic within the first and second stomachs of sheep and
cattle. — Orentvist, Dan. .See Forfieula auricularia.
— Ormask, Sw. See Forfieula aurieularia,\J\xmt. —
Ornithobius bucephalus, Giebel, Piaget. Syn.,
Pulex cvgni, Redi ; Pedieuhis cygni, Linne ; Lipeurus
evgni, Giebel ; Ornithobius eygni, Denny. The louse
of the swan. — Ornithobius cygni, Denny. See 0.
btieephalus, Giebel. — Ovuligera carpi, Dupuytren.
Syn., Acephaloeystis plana, Lrennec. A concretion
found between the tendons and muscles and mistaken
for an entozoon. — Ox Breeze-fly. See Tabaniis hovi-
nus, Linne. — Ox Warble-fly or Ox Bot-fly. See
Hypoderma bovis, Latreille. — Ox Gad-fly. See Tabn-
nus bovinus, Linne. — Ox Warble. See Hypoderma
lineata, Villers.— Oxyporus subterraneus. A
beetle, the larv.-e of which is reported by I'aykul^ as a
facultative human parasite. — Oxyuris ambigua,
Rudolphi. Syn., rassalurus aiiibigiius, Dujardin. Tins
is found in the large intestine and cecum of the dom-
estic rabbit and of the hare. — Oxyuris appendicu-
lata, Leidy. Syn., Anguilhda appendiculala, Leidy ;
PARASITES
1005
PARASITES
Oxyuris hlatta orien talis, Biitschli. This is found in
the large and small intestine of the cockroach [J\ri-
planeta orienta/is, Linne). — Oxyuris blattae orien-
talis, Biitschli. See Oxyuris appendiculata^ Leidy. —
Oxyuris blatticola, Galeb. Found in the cockroach
(Blatta gennanica, Kabricius). — Oxyuris compar,
Leidy. This is found in the small intestine of the
domestic cat. The female only is known. — Oxyuris
curvula, Rudolphi. This is found in the intestine
and cecum of the domestic ass, mule, and horse.
Oxyuris diesingi, Hammerschmidt. 'Syn., Angiiil-
lula ntiicntra, Diesing. This is found in the large
and small intestine of the cockroach {Periplaneta
orienta/is, Linne). — Oxyuris mastigodes, Nitzsch.
This is found in the intestine of the horse. — Oxyuris
obvetata, Bremser. Found in the intestine of the
house mouse [Miis mitsculus, Linne) and of the house
rat iyMiis ratiis, Linne) and the brown rat {Mas decii-
manus, Pallas). — Oxyuris semilanceolata, Molin.
See Oxyuris tetraptera, Nitzsch. — Oxyuris tetrap-
tera, Nitzsch. Syn., Oxyuris semilaticcolata , Molin.
This is found in the large intestine of the house mouse
[JMus musaihcs, Linne). — Oxyuris vermicularis,
Bremser (1819), Chiaje, Duges, etc.. Syn., 'AaKapi^,
Hippocrates ; Liimbrii-ulus, Aldrovandi ; Ascaris ver-
micularis, Linne (1767), Miiller, etc. ; Fusaria vermic-
ularis, Zeder (1800), Madenwurtn ; Pfrienienschwanz,
Spring7ciurni, Afterinade, Ger. ; maw tvorm, thread-
worm, pin worm, seat uwrin. This is found in the
cecum and lower part of the ileum of man and, ac-
cording to Ziirn, occasionally in the dog. The feed-
ing experiments of Cobb prove that no intermediate
host is necessary for the development of this worm. —
Oxyuris vivipera, Probstmayer and Perroncito.
This is found in the cecum and intestine of the do-
mestic ass ; according to Railliet this is a Rhahdo-
nema. — Palisade-worm. See Sclerostoma armata,
Dujardin, or Eustrongvlus gigas, Diesing. — Pampas
benchucha. See Coiiorhinus uigro7.'arius. — Pan-
gonia neo-caledonica, Megnin. A gad-fly which
is very troublesome in New Caledonia (I'lle des Pines) ,
said to have spread an epidemic of anthrax in cattle
and men by its bite. To the genus Pangonia is said
to belong the " seroof^^ or " ziiiib,'' which, according
to Bruce and other African travelers, is so troublesome
in Abyssinia ; others refer this to Glossina niorsitans,
Westwood, q. V. — Papilio (Pieris) brassica. One of
the cabbage butterflies, the larva of which is reported
by Calderwood (Scotland) as a facultative parasite. —
Paramecium coli, Malmsten (1857). "Aae Balautid-
ium coli. Stein (1862). — Passalurus ambiguous,
Dujardin. See Oxvuris amhigua, Rudolphi. — Pedi-
culus anatis, Fabricius. See Lipeurus sqtialidus,
Nitzsch. — Pediculus anatis anseris, Linne. See
Lipeurus jejunus, Nitzsch. — Pediculus anseris,
Sultzer. See Tiinoton conspurcatiun , Nitzsch. —
Pediculus bicolor, I^ucas. See Hiniuitopinus pili-
ferus, Burmeister. — Pediculus bidentatus, Scopoli.
See Goniocotes compar., Nitzsch. — Pediculus bovis,
Linne. See Trichodectes scalaris, Nitzsch. Pedic-
ulus canis, O. Fabricius (?). See Trichodectes laliis,
Nitzsch. — Pediculus canis familiaris, Miiller. See
Hcematopimis piliferus, Burmeister. — Pediculus cap-
itis, Leach, Nitzsch. Syn., Pediculits ordinarius,
Redi; Pediculus cerincalis, I^each ; Pediculus corporis
humanus, var. I ; Linne ; Head-louse, Common Louse,
Pou human de la tete, De Geer ; Le pou ordinaire,
Geoffroy; Pou de la tete, Lamarck, Fr. ; L^opjlaus,
Ger. This louse infests by preference the human
head, but is frequently found on all parts of the
body, and is thus confused with Pediculus vestimenti ,
Leach. According to Murray the colored races
have lice with corresponding colors. Those of the
negroes of West Africa and Australia are nearly
black, those of the Hindoos dark, those of the
Hottentots orange, those of the Chinese and Japanese
yellowish-brown, those of the Indians of the Andes
dark-brown, those of the California Indian olive,
those of the northern Indians, Esquimaux etc. , pale.
The lice from a negro turn light-colored when placed
on the head of a white person. Any simple grease
will destroy these parasites, a fact which ])erhaps ex-
plains the universal use of ointments and ]ioniades by
all savages and people of dirty habits. — Pediculus-
caponis, Linne. See Lipeurtis variabilis, Nitzsch. —
Pediculus cervicalis, Leach. See Pediculus capitis.
Leach. — Pediculus columbae, Linne. See Lipeurus
bacillus, Nitzsch, — Pediculus corporis. See Pedic-
ulus capitis. Leach. — Pediculus cygni, Linne. See
Ornithobius bucephalus, Giebel. — Pediculus denticu-
latus, Nitzsch. See ILcmatopinus spinulosis. — Pedic-
ulus equi, Linne. See Trichodectes pilosus, Giebel.
— Pediculus eurysternus, Nitzsch. See P/icmato-
pinus eurysternus, Stephens. — Pediculus gallinae,
Schrank, Linne. See Menopou pallidum, Nitzsch. —
Pediculus humanus, var. l, Linne. See Pediculus
capitis. Leach. — Pediculus humanus, var. 2, Linne.
See Pediculus vestamenti. — Pediculus inguinalis,
Redi. See Phthirius inguinalis. Leach. — Ped-
iculus lyriocephalus, Burmeister. See ILrmato-
pinus Ivriocephalus, Burmeister. — Pediculus macro-
cephalus, Burmeister. .See Lhcmatopimis macro-
cephalus, Burmeister. — Pediculus meleagris,
Schrank. See Goniodes stylifer, Nitzsch.— Ped-
iculus meleagridis, Linne. .See Lipeurus polytra-
pezius, Nitzsch. — Pediculus ordinarius, Redi. See
Pediculus capitis. — Pediculus ovis, Linne. See
Trichodectes sphcerocephalus , Nitzsch, Leach. — Pedic-
ulus pavonis, Linne. See Goniodes faleicoruis,
Nitzsch. — Pediculus piliferus, Burmeister. See //w-
matopiiius piliferus, Burmeister. — Pediculus porcelli,
Linne, Schrank. See Gyropus gracilis, Nitzsch. —
Pediculus pubis, Linne See Phthirius inguinalis.
Leach. — Pediculus spinulosis, Burmeister. See
LLcematopinus spinulosus, Burmeister. — Pediculus
setosus, Olfers. See Trichodectes latus, Nitzsch. —
Pediculus suis, Linne. See LLcEmatopinus urius,
Nitzsch. — Pediculus tabescentium, Alt. See Pedic-
ulus vestimenti. Leach. — Pediculus tenuirostris,
Burmeister. See ILccmatopinus eurysternus , Nitzsch,
Burmeister. — Pediculus vestimenti, Leach (1864).
Syn. Pediculus humanus, var. 2, Linne, Pediculus hu-
manus corporis, De Geer. P. tabescentium, Alt (1824) ;
Clothes louse. Body louse, Kleiderlaiis, Pou hiimain du
coj-ps, De Geer ; Pou du corps, Lamarck, Pou des
nialades. This is found on the hairless parts of the
body, producing a marked irritation of the skin.
The eggs are deposited in the folds of the clothing.
These lice at times occur in vast numbers in locali-
ties where they were unknown before. — Pediculus
vituli, Linne. .See LLamatopinus eurysternus, Nitzsch,
Burmeister. — Peepsa. See Simiilitim i7idicum. —
Peitschenwurm. See Trichocephaliis hominis.
Schrank. — Pejunk. See Dracunculus tnedinensis,
Cobbold. — Pelodera axei, Cobbold. This is found
in thehoof of the horse. — Pelodera pellio, Schneider
(1866). See Rhaditis pello, Biitschli (. 1873).— Pelo-
dera setigera, Bastian (1879). .See Rhabditis terri-
cola, Oerly. — Pelodera teres, Schneider (1866). See
Rhabditis terricola, Dujardin. — Penetrating Flea.
See Sarcopsylla penetrans, Westwood. — Pentastoma
coarctata, Virey (1823). See Tenia saginata,
Goeze. — Pentastoma constricta, von Siebold
(1852), Leuckart. See Linguatula constricta, Kiich-
PARASITES
1006
PARASITES
enmeister . — Pentastoma denticulatum, Rudolphi
(1819) ; Pentastoma emarginatum, Rudolphi
(1819) ; Pentastoma fera, Creplin (1829). See
Linguatiila rhinaria, Railliet (1886). — Pentastoma
moniliforme, Diesing, Megiiin refers without good
cause, a worm found by Bochefontaine in a dog, to this
species, which in the adult state is found in the lung
and body-cavity of various serpents {Python, Boa,
Crotahis), the crocodile and large lizards. — Pentas-
toma serratum, Frohlich (17S9) ; Pentastoma set-
tenii, Diesing.^ — Pentastoma taenioides, Rudolphi
(1819). See Linguatida rhinaria, Railliet (l886). —
Perce-oreille, Fr. See Forficitla auriciilaria , Linne.
Petit pou du bcEuf. See Trichodedes scalaris, Nitzsch.
— Petit pou du cheval. See Trichodectes equi,
Denny. — Petit pou de la chevre. See Trichodectes
climax, Nitzsch. — Petit pou du chien. See Hcema-
topi)ius piliferus, Denny. — Petit taon pluvial. See
Hceinatopota pluvialis, Meigen. — Pferdeegel. See
Hirudo sanguisiiga, Bergmann. — Pfriemenschwanz.
See Oxyuris verinicu/aris, Bremser. — ^Pharaoh's
Worm. .See Dracunculus medinensis, Cobbold. —
Pharyngobolus africanus. A hot found in the
pharynx of the African elephant. — Philopterus bacu-
lus, Nitzsch. See Lipeurus bacuhis, Nitzsch. — Phil-
opterus compar, Burmeister. See Goniocotes cotiipar,
Nitzsch. — Philopterus dissimilis, Nitzsch, Verrill.
See Gciitiodcs dissimilis, Nitzsch, Piaget. — Philop-
terus heterographus, Nitzsch, X'errill. See Lipeurus
heterog)-aphus, Nitzsch, Denny. — Philopterus poly-
trapezius, Nitzsch, Verrill. See Lipeurus poly-
trapeziiis, Nitzsch. — Philopterus variabilis (Nitzsch),
Verrill. See Lipeurus variabilis, Nitzsch. — Phry-
ganea grandis. A case is reported by Church
( England) of the larva of this lepidopterous insect act-
ing as a facultative parasite in man. — Phthirius in-
guinalis, Denny.
Syn., Hypioi;, Aris-
totle ; Pediculus in-
gu in alls, Redi
(1668) ; Pediculus
pubis, Linne ; Plithi-
rius pubis, I^each ;
Pou de pubis, Lat-
reille, Lamarck ; Le
morpioii, Geoffroy ;
Filzlaus,Schamlaus ,
Crab-louse. This
infests the pubic re-
gion of unclean persons, occasionally spreading over
other parts of the body, eyebrows, beard, breast, axilla,
etc. — Phthirius pubis, Kiichenmeister. See Phth-
irius inguinalis. — Physaloptera truncata, Schnei-
der; found in the proventriculus of the domestic fowl.
— Piccolo tafano pluviale. See IL^matopota pluvi-
alis, Meigen. — -Picobia bipectinata, A. Heller;
Picobia neeri, G. Ilaller; Picobia pectinata, A.
Heller ; Picobia uncinata, Heller. Acaridans found
in the quill of the feathers of poultry, guinea-fowls,
pigeons, peacocks, and other birds. — Pigeon-flea.
See Pulex avium, Taschenberg. — Pigeon - louse.
See Lipeurus baculus, Nitzsch, Nirmns claviformis,
Denny, Goniocotes compar, Nitzsch. — Piguris reticu-
lata, Schlotthauber. This is found in the intestine
and cecum of the mule and horse ; Neumann doubts
its authenticity.— Pincer Ixode. .See Ixodes chelifer,
Megnin. — Pinworm. .See Oxyuris vermicidaris,
Bremser. — Pique. .See Sarcopsylla penetrans. West-
wood. — Plagiotoma coli, Claparede and Lachmann
(1858). See Balantidiuin coli. Stein (1862). — IlXart/a
iy.aLvr, Hippocrates. See Tania solium, Linne. —
Planaria latiuscula, Goeze. See Distoma lanceo-
Phthirius inguinalis, Denny.
latum, Mehlis. — Plasmodium malariae. See Pol-
imitus malaricB. — Pleurocercoides bailleti, Railliet.
See Cysticercus bailleti, Railliet. — Poederus elonga-
tus. A beetle, the larva of which is reported as a
facultative parasite by Paykull. — Polimitus malarias
(Laveran), Danilewsky (1886). Syn., Bodies of
Laveran ; Corps spherique aux filaments mobile
(Laveran, 1884) ; Corpuscles of Laveran ; Cytameba ;
Cytosporozoon malaria, Danilewsky ; Cytozoon ma-
laria ; Filanients JHobile de la malarice ; Hamamceba
immaciclata ; Hiemanioeba malarice ; Hcemamceba
prcecox ; Hcemanmba vivax, Grassi and Feletti ;
Hcematomonas malaria. Osier ; ILcematophylhuii ma-
laria", Metchnikoff (1887) ; Hamatazoa of Laveran,
Grassi and Felletti ; Hamatozoaires du paludism
(Laveran, 1884); LLamocytozoon (Danilewsky);
Hcemogragarina avium ( Danilewsky) ; IPcemoplasmo-
dium malarics, Marchiafava and Celli (1885) ; Laver-
ania malaria, Golgi ; Plasmodiutn malaria; Pseudo-
vacuolen ; Pseudospirilla malaria ( Danilewsky) ;
Pseudovermiculi malaria, Marchiafava and Celli, a
species of sporozoon (hrematozoon or hremocytozoon) ;
occurring as hyaline amoeboid bodies in the blood of
malarial patients and healthy birds. Morphologically
these bodies resemble certain protistans [Polviiiastix
biitschli and Multicella marina). — Polycephalus
echinococcus, Zeder, Tschudi. See Echinococcus
polymorphus. — Polycephalus granulosus, Zeder,
Cloquet. See Echinococcus polymorphus, Diesing. —
Polycephalus hominis, Goeze, Jordens. See Echi-
nococcus polymorphus, Diesing. — Polycephalus hu-
manus, Zeder. See Echinococcus polymorphus, Dies-
ing.— Polystoma denticulatum, Rudolphi (1810).
See Liiiguatula rhinaria , Railliet (1886). — Poly-
stoma pinguicola, Zeder. .See Hexathyridium
pinguicola,Tre\it\er. — Polystoma sanguicola, Bc/le
Chiafc, Frick. See TlexathyridiuDi venarum, Treutler.
— Polystoma serrata, Zeder. — Polystoma taeni-
oides, Rudolphi (1810). .See Linguatula j-hinaria,
Railliet (1886). — Polystoma venarum, Zeder. See
I/exathyridium veiiarum, Treutler. — Pou de la tete.
See Pediculus capitis. Leach. — Pou de pubis. See
Phthirius inguinalis. Leach. — Pou des malades.
See Pediculus vestimenti,'LQ3.c\\. — Pou du chat. See
Trichodectes subrostratis, Nitzsch. — Pou du corps.
See Pediculus vestimenti. Leach. — Pou du pore. See
Hatnatopinus suis, Denny. — Pou humain de la tete,
De Geer. See Pediculus capitis. Leach. — Pou
humain du corps, De Geer. See Pediculus vesti-
menti, Leach. — Pou ordinaire. See Pediculus capitis,
Leach. — Prionoderma lanceolatum, Cuvier (1817);
Prionoderma rhinarium, Rudolphi. See Linguatula
rhinaria Railliet, (1886). — Protomyxomyces cop-
rinarius, Cunningham (1880). .See Monocercoiuomis
hominis, Grassi (1882). — Pseudalius ovis pulmon-
alis, Koch. .See Nematoideuin ovis pulmonale, Dies-
ing.— Pseudalius ovis pulmonalis, A. Koch. See
Strongvlus rufescens, Leuckart. — Pseudalius pubis,
Davaine. See Trichina spii-alis, Owen. — Pseuda-
lius trichina, Davaine (1862). See Trichina spiralis,
Owen (1835). — Pseudo-rhabditis stercoralis, Per-
roncito. See Rhabdonema in/estinale, R. Blanchard.
— Pseudospirilla malariae, Danilewsky ; Pseudo-
vermiculi malariae. .See Polimitus malaria (La-
veran), Danilewsky. — Psoroptes auricularis canis,
.Sewell. .See Svmbioles auriculiuiii, var. canis, Hendz.
— Psoroptes communis, var. bovis, caprae, cunic-
uli, equi, ovis, Fiirstenberg. Syn., Psoroptes longi-
rost) is, Megnin ; Psoropte a long bee, Acarus du cheval,
Gohier ; Sarcoptes equi, P. Gervais ; Dermatodectes
equi, Gerlach ; Dermatodectes communis, Bourguinon
and Delafond ; Dermatokoptes communis, Fiirstenberg;
PARASITES
1007
PARASITES
■ Saugkrdt"milhe der Hausthiere, Gememe Raude/iiilbe,
Mange-mite, Scab-initc, Scab-insect, Common Scab.
The cause of a special form of mange in the horse, ox,
buffalo, sheep, goat, and rabbit. — Psoroptes longi-
rostris, Megnin. See Psoroptes coiniininis, Fursten-
berg. — Psorosperma crouposum, Rivolti. See Coc-
cidiuin ovifoniie, Leuckart — Psorospermies des
Insects, Balbiani. See Microsporidia. — Pterolichus
uncinatus, Megnin. Found on fowls. — Pterophagus
strictus, Megnin. An acaridan found on the pigeon. —
Puce chique. See Sairopsylla penetrans, Westwood.
— Puce de rhomme. See Pulex irritans, Gervais. —
Puce de rats. See Pulex niurinus, Megnin. — Puce
desouris. Pulex musculi, Megnin. — Puce des
pigeons. See Pulex avium, Taschenberg.— Puce
du chat, Puce du chien. See Pulex serraticeps,
Gervais. — -Puce penetrante. See Sarcopsylla pene-
trans, Westwood. — Pulex anseris, Redi. See Lipeu-
rus jejunus, Nitzsch. — Pulex ater, Linne. Ste Pulex
irritans, Linne. — Pulex avium, Taschenberg. Syn. ,
Pulex columbie, Gervais, Denny ; Pulex galliuu:,
Schrank ; Ceratopsyllus gallimc, Bouche ; Ceratopsyllus
avium, Taschenberg ; I 'ogelfloli , Puce des pigeons, Bird-
Jlea, Hen-Jlea. — Pulex canis, Curtis. See Pulex ser-
raticeps, Gervais. — Pulex capi, Redi. See Alenopoji
pallidum, Piaget. — Pulex columbae, Denny, Gervais.
See Pulex avium, Taschenberg. — Pulex columbae
majoris, Redi. See Lipeurns baculus, Nitzsch. —
Pulex cygni, Redi. See Ornithobius bucephalus ,
Giebel. — Pulex felis, Bouche. vSee Pulex serraticeps ,
Gervais. — Pulex goniocephalus, Taschenberg. The
flea proper of hares and raljbits. — Pulex hominis,
Duges. See Pulex irritans, lArmt. — Pulex irritans,
Linne (1758). Syn., Pulex ater, Li nne (1746); Pulex
vulgaris, 'De Geer (1778) ; Pulex hominis (1832) ;
Human Flea, Puce de P liomme,
Gemeiner Floh, Menschenjloh.
This species, common on man,
may be conveyed to dogs and
cats and rabbits. — Pulex mini-
mus cutem penetrans, Catesby.
See Sarcopsylla penetrans. West-
wood. — Pulex minutissimus
nigricans, Barrere. See Sarcop-
sylla penetrans, Westwood. —
Pulex murinus, Megnin. Syn,.
Rat-flea, Puce de rats. A very
small species found on rats. — ■
Pulex musculi, Megnin. Syn. ,
Mouse-Jlea, Puce de souris. A
minute form found on mice, but
not transmitted to dogs and cats.
— Pulex pavonis, Redi. See Go7iiodes falcicornis,
Nitzsch. — Pulex penetrans, Linne. See Sajxopsylla
penetra7is, Westwood. — Pulex serraticeps, Gervais.
Syn., Pulex cati, Megnin ; Pulex felis, Kiinckel,
Bouche ; Pulex canis, Curtis ; Ceratopsyllus canis,
Duges ; Ceratopsyllus serraticeps, Gervais ; Dog- flea ,
Hundefloh, Puce du chien. Puce de chat, Cai-Jlea.
This flea abounds on dogs, is less frequent on
cats and is transmissible to man, but is not usually
troublesome to him ; it is occasionally found on
rabbits. It acts as the intermediate host for Tiznia
canina, Linne. Verrill and others hold the cat-flea
and dog-flea to be different species, the posterior
tarsi of the latter having the fifth joint longer
than the second, while in the cat-flea the second
joint is longer than the fifth. — Pulex vulgaris, De
Geer. See Pulex irritans, Linne. — Pyrellia cada-
verina, Robin. See Musca cadaverina, Linne. —
Rain Breeze-fly. See Ntematopota pluvialis, Mei-
gen, — Rainey's Bodies, Rainey's Tubes, Rainey'-
Larva of the flea
(Pl'lkx irritans,
Linne).
sche Korperchen. See Sarcocystis iniescheri, Ray
Lankester. — Rasenbremsfliege. See Gastrophiius
?iasalis (Linne) , Schiner. — Rat-fiea. See Pulex muri-
nus, Megnin. — Red Flea, Red Harvest-mite, Red
Mite. See I'etranvc'hus autumnalis , Shaw. — Red-
tailed Bot-fly. See Gastrophiius h<iinorrhoidalis,
l.eacli. — Red-tailed Horse-bot. See Gastrophiius
htemorrhoidalis, Linne. — Reduvius amcenus. 'lliis
is found in Borneo. — Reduvius cruentus, an Indian
species. — Reduvius personatus, L. Kothwanze. A
common fly-bug in houses throughout Europe, rarely
in the open ; appears at night to suck the juices of bed-
bugs, spiders, flies, moths, etc. Cobbokl cites it with
the other species as a human parasite. — Reduvius
pungens, LeConte. Frequently found in the Eastern
United States, about bed-rooms, living upon bed-bugs
and other insects. — Reduvius serratus,a predaceous
bug of India. The bugs of the genus Reduvius
although included by Blanchard and others among
those occasionally attacking man, are on the whole
useful. The young stages of these insects cover
themselves over with dust, and thus concealed, lurk in
dark places for the insects upon which they ordinarily
prey. — Red Worm of Game-keepers. See Svnga-
mus trachealis, von Siebold. — Rhabditis cornwalli,
Cobbold. See Rhabditis terricola, Oerley. — Rhab-
ditis genitalis, Scheiber. See Rhabditis pellio,
Biitschli. — Rhabditis intestinalis. See Rhabdone-
ma intestinale,^.. Blanchard. — Rhabditis niellyi, R.
Blanchard (1888). 'Ayn. , Anguillula leptodera,
ly (1882); Leptodera niellyi, R. Blanchard ( 1 885) ;
Filaria niellyi, Moniez. It is found in the skin of
man, producing a dermatitis occurring in discrete and
confluent papules and vesico-papules, covering the
arms, forearms, backs of the hands, and dorsal surface
of the fingers. The eruption also involves the thighs.
From the papules the parasite can easily be expressed.
The disease resembles very strongly the African affec-
tion termed '^Craw-craw." — Rhabditis pellio,
Biitschli (1873). Syn., Pelodera pellio, Schneider
(1866) ; Rhabditis genitalis, Scheiber (1880). This
was found in the urine of a woman. The history of
this case points to the parasite having lived in the
vagina rather than in the urinary passages proper.
— Rhabditis stercoralis {Noi-mand), Bavay. See
Rhabdonema intestinale, R. Blanchard. — Rhabditis
teres, Perez. See Rhabditis terricola, Dujardin. —
Rhabditis terricola, Dujardin (1845), Oerley
(1881). Syn., Pelodera teres, Schneider (1866) ;
Rhabditis teres, Vextz (1866) ; Pelodera setigera, Bas-
tian (1879) ; Rhabditis cornwalli, Cobbold (1879).
This is common in garden earth throughout Europe.
Found in the body of a boy who died from an
epidemic disease on board the British reformatory
school ship " Cornwall " in 1S79, producing a trichino-
sis-scare.— Rhabdonema intestinale, R. Blanchard
(1885). Syn. , Anguillula stercoralis, Bavay (1877),
Normand ; Anguillula intestinalis, Bavay (1877),
Grassi ; Leptodera stercoralis , Cobbold, ( 1S79 ) :
Pseiuio-rhabditis stercoralis, Perroncito (1881) ; Rhab-
ditis stercoralis, Rhabditis intestinalis, Rliabdonevui
strongyloides, Leuckart (1883); Strongyloides intesti-
nalis, Grassi (1883) ; Rhabditis strongyloides, Grassi.
Found in the human intestine in cases of catarrhal
gastro-enteritis. It is said to determine the Cochin-
china diarrhea, both of men and of fowls. Grassi
first demonstrated that Anguillula stercoralis was
but the free state, and Anguillula intestinalis the
parasitic stage, of the same worm. — jRhabdonema
longum, Grassi and Segre Syn., Rhabdonema suis,
Lutz. — Rhabdonema strongyloides, Leuckart. See
Rhabdonema intestinale, R. Blanchard. — Rhabdone-
PARASITES
1008
PARASITES
ma suis, Lutz. See Rhahdo)iema longuin^ Grass! and
Segre. — Rhophalocephalus carcinomatosis, Korot-
neff (1893). Found in carcinomatous growtlis. It is
referred to a group of organisms intermediate between
the monocystic Gregariiiic \Mouocystid^£) and the
Coicidia [Coccididii). It shows close relationship to
Ophryocyslisbiltschli, Schneider ( 1 884) . Korotneff sum-
marizes his observations as follows : I. "Carcinoma
is malignant only in case of the presence of Rlioplia-
locephaltis within it." 2. Rhophalocephalus heXong^ by
nature to the Sporozoa^ and consists of two stages
of development : Ameba and Coccidiim. 3. The
respective conditions of these two stages of develop-
ment are shown by the two kinds of larva, the zodid
(zooit) which has no enclosing envelopment (Hiille),
and the sporozodid (sporozooit), which has an envelop.
4. The zooid, as also the sporozooid, can be eitlier a
coccidium or an ameba, with this difference, however,
that in a coccidium we usually find only one larva
(zooid or sporozooid), while in the ameba we may
find many larvse together, and of both kinds. 5. The
zooid forms a coccidium by encapsulation, but the
sporozooid changes into an ameba when it loses its
envelop. 6. The zooid, under favorable conditions
of nourishment, can enlarge considerably, and assume
a gregarina-like form. 7. The disappearance of the
nucleus before or at the time of the formation of the
larva (multiplication) either in the case of the ameba
or coccidium, is a constant occurrence. 8. A regular
succession of the stages of development (ameba and
coccidium) does not occur in Rhophalocephalus ; it is
entirely accidental. 9. The coccidia, as well as the
larvoe, are entirely passive, and are driven here and
there in the organism, while the amebfe move about
actively. 10. Before the larva is formed within the
ameba, the latter becomes encapsulated and degene-
rates proportionately to the formation of the larva, a
circumstance which corresponds with the penetration
of the leukocytes into the interior of the cysts. ll.
Leukocytes are necrophages which have nothing to do
with living parasites ; their role is not beneficial but
pernicious, as they form in great numbers around the
parasites and change into corpuscles. 12. The zooid
and coccidium are w/ra-cellular parasites, while the
sporozooid and ameba are i'c/o-cellular or inter-c^Ww-
lar parasites. 13. After a zooid has penetrated into
a cancer-cell, it may undergo division and form the
nucleus [Bildimgscetifriini) of a cancer-pearl {Krebs-
perle). 14. The pearls form a necrotic area, which
opening outward takes on the character of an abscess."
— Rhynchoprion columbae, Hermann. ^e.e: Argas
reflexns, Latreille. — Rhynchoprion penetrans,
Owen. See Sarcopsylla penetrans, Westwood. — Rici-
nus canis, De Geer. See Trichodectes latus, Nitzsch.
— Ricinus caninus, Ray. See Ixodes ricimis, Linne.
— Ricinus gallinae, De Geer. See Gonioro/es holo-
gasfer, Nitzsch. — Rischta, Rees. See Dracunczdus
medinensis, Cobbold. — Rouget, Le. -See Tetranychiis
aittiimnalis, Shaw. — Rustic Breeze-fly. See Taba-
mis rus/icus, Fabricius. — Sand-flea, Sandfloh. See
Sarcopsylla penetrans, Westwood. — Sagittula homi-
nis, Lamarck, Chiaje, Diesing. Syn., Animal Bipede,
Bastiani. According to de Blainville and von Siebold.
this is a fragment of the Y-shaped first branchial arch
of some bird which was passed with the feces. —
Sangsue-Dragon. See Hinido troctina, Johnson.
— Sangsue du cheval. .See Hiriido sanguisiiga,
Bergmann. — Sangsue grise. .See Hiriido mcdici-
nalis, Ray. ^Sangsue medicinale. See Hirudo
medicinalis, Ray. — Sangsue noire. See Hirudo ob-
sciira. — Sangsue vert. See Hirudo medicinalis, Ray.
— Sanguisuga interrupta, Moquin-Tandon. See
Hirudo troctina, Johnson. — Sanguisuga javanica,
Wahlberg. See Hirudo javanica, Wahlberg. — San-
guisuga medicinalis, Savigny. See Hirudo medicin-
alis, Ray. — Sanguisuga officinalis, Savigny; See
Hirudo medicinalis, Ray. — Sanguisuga tagalla,
Meyen. See Hemadipsa ceylonica. — Sarcocystis
hirsuta, Moule. See Sarcocystis tenella, Railliet. —
Sarcocystis miescheri, Ray Lankester (1882). Syn.,
Synchytrium miescherianum, Kuhn (1865), Zopf ;
Corpuscles of Rainey: Rainey's Bodies ; Rainefs Cor-
puscles ; Raine/s Tubes; Utricles of Miescher ; Mie-
sclicr' s Tubes ; Tubespore spherique. Sausage-like psoro-
sperm tubes or saccules occasionally found in immense
numbers in the muscles of pigs, cattle, sheep, mice and
fowls, but never in man. — Sarcocystis tenella, Rail-
liet. Syn., Sarcocystis hirsuta, Moule. The cause of
psorospermosis in the muscles of the sheep (Huet,
Moule, von Hessling, Cobbold, Sticker, Brusafeno,
Krause), the goat (Pagenstecher, Moule), the ox (von
Hessling, Cobbold, Perroncito, Krause, Manz, Beale,
Moule), and the horse (Siedamgrotzky, .Schulze, Piitz,
Moule). — Sarcophaga carnaria, Meigen. Syn.,
Gray Carnivorous fly : Mouche carnassiere, Fr.; Graue
Tleischftiege, Ger. Common in Europe in summer and
autumn ; very rarely deposits its eggs and larvae in
wounds. — Sarcophaga magnifica, Schiner, (1862).
Syn., Sarcophaga i^Sarcophila) 7vohlforti, Portschin-
sky (1875); Sarcophaga ruralis, Meigen; Sarcophila
meigeni, Portschinsky ; The Magnificent Sarcophagus.
A fliy common to Europe and Russia, rural in habit,
never entering houses ; found especially about the
flowers of Eryngium. The larvae occur in wounds
and folds of the skin of cattle, horses, sheep, dogs,
and domestic birds, especially geese. They are espe-
cially abundant where collections of sebaceous matter
exist, as in the lacunte of the fourchet of a horse's
foot, the cavity of the sheath, or the folds of the pas-
tern, where they produce ulceration. They are espe-
cially abundant in the districts of Mohilew, Orscha,
and Gorki. Megnin holds that the majority of cases
of myiosis in Europe are due to this fly. — Sarco-
phaga ruralis, Meigen. See Sarcophaga magnifica,
Schiner. — Sarcophaga wohlfarti, Portschinsky.
Syn., Sarcophaga magnifica, Schiner. — Sarcophila
meigeni, Portschinsky.
See Sarcophaga mag-
nifica, Schiner. — Sar-
cophila wohlfarti,
Portschinsky. See Sar-
cophaga magnifica, Schi-
ner.— S arcopsylla
gallinacea, Westwood.
The chigoe of fowls.
Found on domestic fowls
in Ceylon by Morely
and by Green at Colom-
bo.— Sarcopsylla
penetrans, Westwood g
(1840). Syn., Pulex
minimus cutem pene-
trans, Catesby (1743) ;
Pulex minutis simus ni-
gricans, Barrere (1743) ;
A cams ftiscus sub cutem
nidulans, P. Brown
(1756); Pulex penetrans,
Linne (1758); Rhyncho-
prion penetrans, Oken
Sarcopsylla penetrans,
Westwood ; A, female; B,
male. (After Leuckart.)
(1 81 5); Sarcopsylla cants,
Westwood (1840); Dermatophilus penetrans, Guerin-
Meneville ; Chigo, Chigoe, Chique , Chigga , Chtgger,
Chiggre, Jigger, Sandfiea, Sandfioh, Puce penetrante,
Puce-chique, Pique, Tique, Ton, Nigua, Bicliotuttga,
PARASITES
1009
PARASITES
Penetratmg Flea, Bumnving Flea. A variety of flea
found in Brazil, Guiana, Mexico, West Indies, and
recently (1872) introduced into Africa, Congo, Ga-
boon, from Brazil. It lives in woods, on plants, dry
herbage and sand, and attacks man. sheep, goats,
cattle, horses, mules, asses, dogs, and especially
pigs. Its attacks show preference for the feet, caus-
ing gangrenous wounds, arthritis, necrosis, fistulae,
loss of phalanges. Among animals the ears are
frequently attacked. Immediate extraction, care being
taken not to injure the parasites for fear of perfo-
rating the ovigerous sac and allowing the eggs to
escape in the wound, is recommended ; also appli-
cations of grease. In the western United States,
the harvest-mite [Lepiiis aiitumnalis) has been con-
fused with this parasite and called chigger. — Sarcop-
tes auricularum, Lucas and Nicolet. See Symbiotes
auricular iuin, var. canis, Bendz.— Sarcoptes canis,
Gerlach. See Arrco/to jr^z/^/t'/, var. Megnin ; also
var. canis, Railliet. — Sarcoptes cati, Ilering (1838).
See Sarcoptes notanires. — -Sarcoptes crustosae, Fiir-
stenberg. See Sarcoptes scabiei, var. liipi, Megnin. —
Sarcoptes cuniculi, Gerlach. See Sarcoptes iiotcedres,
Delafond and Bourguinon. — Sarcoptes cynotis, Her-
ing. See Symbiotes aitrictilarium, var. canis, var. cati,
Neumann. — Sarcoptes cysticola, Vizioli. See Sy/n-
plectoptes cysticola, Railliet. — Sarcoptes dromedarii,
P. Gervais. See Sarcoptes scabiei, var. caiiieli, Megnin.
— Sarcoptes gerlachi, Rivolta. See Cytodites niidus,
Vizioli. — Sarcoptes hippopodos, Hering (1838). See
Glyciphagus cursor, P. Gervais. — Sarcoptes hominis,
Raspail. See Sarcoptes scabiei, var. hominis, Megnin.
— Sarcoptes Isevis, var. columbae, Railliet (1855).
Found by Railliet and Cadiot at the base of the feathers
on pigeons. — Sarcoptes laevis, var. gallinae, Railliet
(1886). Found on fowls. — Sarcoptes minor, Fiirsten-
berg; Sarcoptes minor, var cati, var. cuniculi, FUrst-
enberg. See Sarcoptes notxdres, Delafond and Bour-
guinon.— Sarcoptes mutans, Robin. Kronido-
koptes im'ipariis, Fiirstenberg. The cause of the leg
scabies of fowls. Reynal and Lanquetin regard it as
transmissible to man. — Sarcoptes nidulans, Nitzsch.
See HarpirhyncliKs nidulans, Megnin. — Sarcoptes
notoedres, Delafond and Bourguinon (1857). Syn.,
Sarcoptes cati, Hering (1838) ; Sarcoptes cuniculi, Ger-
lach (1857) ; Sarcoptes mijior, var. cati, var. cuniculi,
Fiirstenberg (186 1) ; Dermatopliagus cunictcli, Ziirn
(1872). Found on the head of the cat and rabbit by
Surmulot and Coati. — Sarcoptes scabiei, var.
cameli, Megnin (1877). Syn., Sarcoptes dromedarii,
P. Gervais (1841). The cause of the mange of the
camel, llama, giraffe, and certain antelopes. According
toPalgrave, Berenger, Feraud, and Carpot, this form is
transmissible to man and constitutes that formofacari-
asis of the Senegal negroes called larbisch. — Sarcop-
tes scabiei, var. canis, Railliet, Cadiot, Neumann.
Found on mangy dogs ; distinct from the varieties S2iis
and hipi, which are at times found on the dog. — Sar-
coptes scabiei, var. caprae, Megnin (1877). Syn.,
5ari-o/to rn^r^?, Fiirstenberg (l86l), Roloff; Sarcoptes
scabiei, var. .-i^'is, de Geer ; Sarcoptes sijua mi ferns ovis,
Gerlach. The Head-scab of Sheep. Found on the sheep,
goat, moufflon, gazelle, etc. .\ccording to Walbraff,
transmissible to man and domestic animals. — Sarcop-
tes scabiei, var. cati, Hering and Fiirstenberg, or
cuniculi. See Sarcoptes notwderes, Delafond and
Bourguinon. — Sarcoptes scabiei communis, Lat-
reille. .See Sarcoptes scabiei, Ya.r. hominis, Megnin. —
Sarcoptes scabiei, var. , equi, Megnin (1877). Syn.,
Sarcoptes equi , Gerlach (1857). Found on the various
species of the horse tribe ; transmissible to man ac-
cording to experiments of Geraud and Gerlach. —
64
Sarcoptes scabiei, var. hominis, Megnin (1877).
Syn., Acarus scabiei, Linne (1748), De Geer; Acarus
e.Ktilcerans, Linne ex Nyander (1757) ; Acarus psori-
cus, Pallas (1760) ; Acarus humanus subcutaneus,
Linne ex Avelin ( 1761) ; Acarus siro [Ij6l) ; Acan/s
siro,\a.r. scabiei, Fabricius (1775); Sarcoptes scabiei,
Sarcoptes scabiei, var. homi- lupi, Megnin) their bor-
Nis, Megnin. {After Leuck- ings, eggs and excreta.
art.) (After Lenckart.)
Latreille (1806) ; Acarus brachypus, Olfers (1816) ;
Sarcoptes exulce>-ans,Yi\i'i'-,z\\ (\%\%) ; Sarcoptes galei,
Owen (1853) ; Sarcoptes hominis, Raspail ; Cheyletiis
scabiei, Cloquet (1855) ; Sarcoptes cotnmunis, Dela-
fond and Bourguinon (1857). The smallest variety of
a form common to man and many mammals. — Sar-
coptes scabiei, var. lupi, Megnin (1877). Syn.,
Acarus elcphantiacus, Dubini (1850). Sarcoptes scabiei
crustoscc, Fiirstenberg (1861). Found on mangy wolves ;
most common in Norway ; transmissible to man and
dogs, causing a crusty form of scabies known as Nor-
wegian itch, Scabies crustosa, or Scabies norvegica.
A case has recently been reported from America by
Hessler. — Sarcoptes scabiei, var. ovis, de Geer.
.See Sarcoptes scabiei, var. capne, Megnin (1877). —
Sarcoptes scabiei, var. suis, Megnin (1877). Syn.,
Sarcoptes suis, Gerlach (1857) ; Sarcoptes canis,
Gerlach (1857) ; Sarcoptes squamiferus, Fiirstenberg
(i85i). The sarcopt of the pig. — Sarcoptes squa-
miferus, Fiirstenberg. See Sarcoptes scabiei, ^2iX. caprce,
Megnin, and Sarcoptes scabiei, var. suis, Megnin. — Sar-
coptes suis, Cierlach. See Sarcoptes scabiei, var. suis,
Megnin. — Saugkratzmilbe der Haustiere. See Pso-
roptes coiumunis, Fiirstenberg. — Saumzecke. See
Argas rejlexus. — Scab-insect, Scab-mite. See under
genera Chorioptes, Demode.x , Psoroptes, Sarcoptes, Sym-
biotes.— Scatella wimaria, Robineau Desvoidy, See
Trichomyza fusca, Macquart. — Schaff Haarling. See
Trichodectes splicer ocephalus, Nitzsch. — Schamlaus.
See Phthirius inguinalis, Leach. — Schistoma, Wein-
land. See GyncEcopkorus hcrinatobius. — Schmeiss-
fliege. See Calliphora voniitoria, Robineau - Des-
voidy. — Sclerostoma armata, Dujardin, Molin.
Syn., O-/;?!);?^, Chabert (1782); Strongylus equinus,
Miiller, Goeze, Gmelin ; Strongvlits arrnatus, Rudolphi,
Bremser, Westrumb, Schmalz, Lebland, Gurlt ; Scleros-
toma equimtm, Blainville ; Sclerostoma armatum aneii-
rysmaticum, Rayer, Diesing ; Strongylus armatus
minor, Rayer ; Palisade-worm. The Armed Strongyle.
This is found in the adult state in the cecum and colon
and the visceral arteries of the horse, ass, mule, and
hemione ; very common. The larval condition of this
worm is passed in water or damji earth, after which
development takes place not in the intestine of the
host, but in the mesenteric arteries, giving rise to
PARASITES
1010
PARASITES
SCLEROSTOMA 1 F.TRA-
c A N T H A, Diesing ;
encysted. (After
Leuckart.)
aneurysmal dilatations, in whicli the larviie remain for
a time, finally making their way into the large intes-
tine of the host, where they become sexually mature.
Hayem found parasites in the trachea of ducks which
he assigned to this species. They more likely belong
to Syn^amiis hyoiichialis, Miihleg. — Sclerostoma
clathratum, Baird. See Stroiii^ylus ilatliratus (Baird),
Cobbold. — Sclerostoma dentatum. See QLsophai^os-
toiiia dentaium, Rudolphi. — Sclerostoma duodenale,
Cobbold. See Doihiiiins ditodenalis, Leuckart. — ■
Sclerostoma equinum, Blainviile. See Sclcrosioina
arinata, Dujardin. — Sclerostoma hypostoma, Du-
jardin. Syn., Strongy/us hypos/oiinis, Rudolphi, Brem-
ser, Creplin, Diesing. Common in the large intestine
of the sheep and goat. Probably ingested, in the water
drunk, as embryos. Dujardin
includes here the Strongylus
aniinonis, Rudolphi. — Scler-
ostoma pinguicula, Verrill.
See Siephaniii-iis dentatiis, Die-
sing.— Sclerostoma quadri-
dentatum, Dujardin. See
Sdeyostoma tctracantka, Die-
sing. — Sclerostoma sipun-
culiforme, Baird, Cobbold.
Found in the large intestine of
the Indian elephant. — Scler-
ostoma struthionis, Horst.
Found in the cecum and intes-
tine of the ostrich. — Scleros-
toma syngamus, Diesing.
See Syngamus trachealis. Siebold. — Sclerostoma
tetracantha, Diesing (1851). Syn., Pro/es stron-
gyli aniiati, Rudolphi (1808); Strongylus /etracant/i'us,
Mehlis (1 831) ; Sclerostoma quadridentatiim , Dujardin
(1845); Ncmafoideum cqid cahalH, Diesing (1851);
Cyathostomnm tctracanthtim, Molin (i860); Trich-
onema arcitata, Cobbold (1874-5). Found between
the mucous membrane of the cecum and colon of the
various members of the horse-tribe, producing tumors,
hemorrhagic enteritis, and sometimes fatal colic.
Sclerostoma tracheale, Diesing. See Syngamus
tracht-alis, von Siebold. — Scolex decipiens, Diesing.
See Cysticcrcus titniic muroslointe, Dujardin. — Screw-
worm. See Liicilia macellaria, Robineau-Desvoidy.
— Scrub-tick, a formidable acarine parasite of horses,
dogs, and man in the scrub of Australia. Species
unidentified. — Seat-worm. See Oxyuris vermicularis,
Bremser. — Senegal'scher Blutegel. See Hirudo
mysomelas. — Senegal Tick. See Ixodes algeriensis,
Megnin. — Seroot. See Pangonia. — Serpent des
rognons des loups, Jean de Clamoyan (1570). See
Eustrongvlus gigas, Diesing (1851). — Seta, Aldro-
vandi (1605). See Gordiits aquaticus, Dujardin
(1842). — Sheep Bot-fly. See CEstrns ovis, Linne.
— Sheep-bug. See Argas ll/olozani, Laboulbene and
Megnin. Sheep-tick. See Melophagus ovinits, Lat-
reille. — Short-nosed Louse. See Hicmatopinus
eurysterjius, Burmeister. — Simondsia paradoxa,
Cobbold (1864). See Tropidocera paradoxa, Cob-
bold.— Simonea folliculorum, Gervais. See Demo-
dex folliculorum, Owen. — Simonee, Simonide, Fr.
See Demodcx folliculorum, Owen. — Simulium
boreale, one of the gnat-like flies so troublesome to
the reindeer and cattle in Lapland. — Simulium
cinereum, Meigen. G?-av Simulium. Common in
the wooded regions of England and France, attacking
horses and producing within their ears a veritable
psoriasis guttata. — Simulium columbacschensis,
Fabricius. Syn., Simulium nurculata, Meigen. A'l-
lumbaczer Miicke. A true pest in Central and
Southern Europe in April and May, and again in
August ; it is especially abundant about the Servian
town, Kolumbacz, or Gollabatz, on the right bank of
the Danube, where the peasants believe these flies to
come from a neighboring cave in which St. George is
said to have killed the dragon. Cattle and sheep dying
from their bites are considered poisonous. — Simulium
indicum, a form common and troublesome in Assam,
where it is called Pcepsa. — Simulium maculatum,
Meigen. See Simuliinn columbacschensis, Fabricius. —
Simulium meridionale, the Turkey-gnat. A species
found in the Southern U. S. attacking fowls, and es-
pecially turkeys, about the head and eyes, often de-
stroying them in numbers. — Simulium molestum,
a species common in the mountainous regions of the
Eastern United States, and very troublesome to man
and beast. — Simulium pecuarium, Buffalo-fiy or
Buffalo-gnat. Very injurious by its bite to cattle and
horses in the Southern and Western United States.
— Simulium reptans, Linne. Syn., Gemeine Krie-
helmi'icke. Common in wooded regions throughout
Europe, attacking horses and cattle, especially in the
nostrils. — Small Biting Fly. See Stomoxys calci-
trans, Geoffrey. — Small Blinding Breeze-fly. See
Chrysops ciecutiens, IJnne, Meigen. — Small Ram
Breeze-fly. See Hcematopota pluvialis, Meigen. —
Solium (Syriac, Sclntschl-e, the tapeworm, properly
" chains " ' ; Arab. , susl or sosl ; Middle Age writers,
solium, Krehl). The name applied by Andry to a
species of tenia, " parce qu'il est toujours seul de
son espece dans les corps ou il se trouve," hence the
term " P'er solitaire," afterward improperly applied
to this worm. The tooth-bearing T<enia solium
often occurs in groups. Andry 's parasite was in
reality the modern Tania saginata, Goeze. —
Somomyia montevidensis, Bigot. See Liuilia
macellaria, Robineau-Desvoidy. Speckkafer. See
Dermestes lardarius, Linne. — Speckled Leech. See
Hirudo medicinalis, Ray. — Sphaerogyna ventricosa,
Moniez. An acaridan normally parasitic upon the
larvae of various insects, but at times troublesome to
laborers in the wheat-fields of Europe and America. —
Sphodrus leucopthalmus, Clairville. A European
beetle common in cellars. The larva is reported as
parasitic by Paykull. — -Spiroptera cincinnata, Erco-
lani. See Spiroptera reticulata, Creplin. — Spiroptera
hamulosa, Diesing. Syn., Cltilospirura kaiiiulosa,
Diesing. Found on the mucous .surface of the giz-
zard in the domestic fowl in Brazil by Natterer. —
Spiroptera hominis (Rudolphi), Owen, Dujardin.
See Jularia pisciuni (Rudolphi), Siebold, Schneider.
— Spiroptera inflata, Mehlis, Creplin (1840). See
Tropidocerca inflata, Diesing (1861), and Tropidocerca
paradoxa, Diesing. — Spiroptera leporum, Moniez.
Found beneath the gastric mucous membrane of the
rabbit and hare. — Spiroptera megastoma, Rudolphi.
Syn., Filaria megastoma, Diesing. Forms tumors in
the gastric mucous membrane of the horse and ass.
— Spiroptera microstoma, Schneider. Found in the
stomach of horses and asses. — Spiroptera murina,
Leuckart. See Filaria obtusa, Schneider. — Spirop-
tera nasuta, Rudolphi. See Disparagus nasutus,
Rudolphi. — Spiroptera obtusa, Rudolphi. See Fi-
laria obtusa, Schneider. — Spiroptera quadrialata,
Molin. Found in the stomach of the house-mouse
(Mus musculus, Linne). — Spiroptera ratti, Diesing.
Tliis was found in the urinary bladder of the house-
rat {Mus rattiis, Linne). — Spiroptera reticulata,
Creplin. 'Ayn., Spiroptera cincinnata, Ercolani, Ziirn ;
Onchocerca reticulata, Diesing ; Filaria cinciiinat,!,
I'erroncito; Filaria lienalis (sic), Stiles. Found i"
the collateral artery of tiie cannon and in the arteries j
adjoining the cervical ligaments, also in the connective |
PARASITES
1011
PARASITES
tissue and muscles of the horse. — Spiroptera ru-
dolphii, Delle Chiaje. See Filaria piscium, Rudol-
phi. — Spiroptera sanguinolenta, Rudolplii. Syn.,
Filaria sanguinolenta , Grassi. Usually found lodged
in tumors of the stomach and esophagus in the dog,
but occasionally in the aorta, lungs, and lym-
phatic glands. It is common in China and
Brazil. The infective agent is the cockroach
{^Periplaneta orientalis, Linne ) , which, according to
Grassi, Sonsino. etc., is the intermediate host of the
parasite, which is not to be regarded as a hematozoon.
— Spiroptera scutata CEsophagus bovis, Miiller.
See Myzomimus sciitatus. Stiles. — Spiroptera sp.,
Gerstacker. Found in the walls of the stomacji and
the intestines of the house-rat (^Miis iinisctihts, Linne)
and in the brown rat [Miis dccumanits, Pallas). —
Spiroptera sp., IJokody. Found encapsulated in the
wall of the intestine of the domestic fowl. — Spirop-
tera strongylina, Rudolphi. Syn., Filaria sirongy-
lina, Rudolphi. Found in the stomach of the hog
and wild boar. — Spiroptera uncinata, Rudolphi.
See Filaria uncinata, Rudolphi. — Sporozoon in the
Intestinal Villi of Cattle, Theobald Smith. The
evidence adduced is not sufficient to bring this para-
site into any of the known groups, but it at least indi-
cates that it does not belong to the coccidia, and that
it has characters which might bring it within the range
of the Sarcosporidiir. — Springwurm. See Oxyuris
vermicularis, Bremser. — Spulwurm. See Ascaris
lumbricoides, Linne. — Stallfliege. See Cyrtoneura
stabulans. Fallen. — Staphylinus frescipes, Staphy-
linus politus, Staphylinus punctulatus. Beetles,
the larvae of which are reported as facultative human
parasites by Paykull, of Sweden. — Steatozoon foUic-
ulare, E. Wilson. See Deniodex folliculoruin ,0\\&ci.
Stechmiicke. See Culex pipiens,\Anr\s. — Stepha-
nurus dentatus, Diesing. Syn., Sclerostoina pinguic-
iila, Verrill. The Crown-tail Strojigyle, Cobbold.
The only species of its genus ; one of the most import-
ant parasites of swine. It is found in pigs in Brazil,
the United States, and Australia, in the mesentery and
the fat about the viscera and "spare ribs." — Stilesia
centripunctata, Rivolta (1874), Railliet (1893). Syn.,
Tcenia centripunctata , Rivolta (1874) ; Tcenia centri-
punteggiata, Perroncito (1882). This is reported as
a parasite of sheep and cattle, but there seems to be
some doubt of its authenticity. — Stilesia globipunc-
tata, Rivolta (1874), Railliet (1893). Syn., Taviia
globipunctata, Rivolta (1874) ; Tcenia m'ipunctata,
Rivolta {1874). This is a parasite of sheep and per-
haps of cattle.— Stomoxys calcitrans, Geoffroy ;
Gemeine Stechfliege, IVadenstecher, Leg-sticker. A
small biting-fly of wide distribution, closely resem-
bling Miisca domestica, but distinguished from it by
its palps being as long as the proboscis. Bancroft,
of Brisbane, finds it capable of absorbing the embryo
■of Filaria immitis of the dog, and Megnin con-
siders it the most active agent in the inoculation of
anthrax and septicemia. It is a very troublesome
fly, particularly during the showery weather and sultry
days, common in May, August, and September,
attacking men and beasts. The latter may be pro-
tected by washing them with a decoction of walnut
leaves, one application a week. — Storm-fly. See
Hydrotaa metcorica, Davaine. — Stratyomis sp., a fly.
One case (larvae) reported by Hope (England). —
Strongyloides intestinalis, Grassi. See Rhabdo-
netna intestina, R. Blanchard. — Strongylus ammo-
nia, Rudolphi. Referred by Dujardin to Sclerostoina
hypostonia, Dujardin. — Strongylus anseris, Zeder.
See Strongylus nodularis, Rudolphi. — Strongylus
amnatus, Rudolphi. See Sclerostoina arinata,
Dujardin. — Strongylus arnfieldi, Cobbold. Found
in the trachea and bronchi of the domestic horse and
ass. Cobbold referred the bronchial strongyle of the
ass to Strongylus micritrtis, Mehlis, of Ijovine animals,
but Railliet has shown its identity with Strongylus arn-
fieldi.— Strongylus axei, Cobbold. Found in the
walls of the stomach in the domestic ass. — Strongylus
bronchialis, Cobbold (i860). See Filaria lyiiiphat-
ica, Moquin-Tandon. — Strongylus bronchialis
canis. Osier. See Filaria osleri, Cobbold. — Strongy-
lus capreoli, Rudolphi. A doub'ful species reported
from an old Vienna catalogue as from the kidney of a
goat. — Strongylus cernuus, Creplin. See Uncin-
aria cernua, Creplin. — Strongylus clathratus,
Baird. Syn., Sclerostoiniim clathriiin (Haird). Found
in the stomach and intestines of Indian and Afri-
can elephants. — Strongylus commutatus, Diesing.
Syn. , Filaria leporis pulinonalis, Frohlich. Found in
the trachea and bronchi of hares and wild rabbits and
rarely in the domestic rabbit. — Strongylus contortus,
Rudolphi. Syn., Strongylus ovinus. Fabricius, Gmelin ;
Strongylus fillicolis, Rudolphi. Found in the abomasum
of the sheep, goat, argali, chamois, and cattle ; pro-
ducing at times in Europe and the United States an
epizootic disease [Magenwurinseuc/ie) , a kind of per-
nicious anemia in lambs and yearling sheep. —
Strongylus convolutus, Ostertag (1890). Syn.,
Strongylus ostertagi. Stiles (1893). Found frequently
in the abomasum of cattle, causing a pernicious anemia
and gastric catarrh in young knimals. Stiles takes
exception to the specific name convolutus as it was
once employed for a parasite of the dolphin, now
referred to the genus Pseudalus . We prefer to retain
the discoverer's name. It may be, as suggested by
Neumann, a variety of Strongylus contortus, Rudolphi.
— Strongylus dentatus, Rudolphi, Dujardin, Zilrn.
See CEsop/iagostoina dentatuin, Rudolphi. — Strongy-
lus dorcadis, Rudolphi. Vienna catalogue (1821).
See Strongylus filaria, Rudolphi. — Strongylus doug-
lassii, Cobbold. This was found in the crop of the
ostrich. — Strongylus duodenalis, Schneider ( 1866).
See Dochmius duodenalis, Leuckart (1876). —
Strongylus elephanti (sic), Rudolphi (1819). See
Ascaris loiichoptera, Diesing. — -Strongylus elon-
gatus, Dujardin. See Strongvlus paradoxus, Meh-
lis.— Strongylus equinus, Miiller. See Sclerostoina
arinata, Dujardin. — Strongylus falcifer, Cobbold
(1882). Found in the intestine of the Indian elephant.
— Strongylus filaria, Rudolphi. This is found in the
trachea and bronchi of the domestic sheep and cattle,
goat, Bactrian camel, roebuck, fallow-deer, argali,
and gazelle, producing a disease called " Hoose," or
"Sheep-cough." Dujardin refers the Strongylus dor-
cadis, Rudolphi, from the old Vienna catalogue, to
this species. — Strongylus fillicolis, Rudolphi. There
is a confusion of this worm with Strongylus contortus,
Rudolphi, by early writers. It is found in the
abomasum and small intestine of the domestic sheep
and goat. According to Curtice it is frequently found
in the United States in autumn and winter. The
Trichosoma papillosum, Wedl, may be but a young
form of this parasite. — Strongylus foliatus, Cobbold.
Found in tumors of the stomach of the Indian ele-
phant.— Strongylus gigas, Rudolphi (1802). See
Eustrongylus gigas, Diesing (1851). — Strongylus
hypostomus, Rudolphi, Bremser, Creplin, Diesing.
See Sclerostoina hvpostomuiii, Dujardin. — Strongylus
infiatus, Schneider. .See CF.sophagosloina inflatum,
Schneider. — Strongylus longevaginatus, Diesing
(1851). See Strongylus paradoxus, Mehlis (1830).
Diesing, Weinland, Kiichenmeister, and Cobbold hold
this to be identical with Filaria Ivinphatica, Moquin-
PARASITES
1012
PARASITES
Tandon. — Strongylus meleagris gallopavonis,
Buckingham. Sy)tgamiis trackealis, von Siebold. —
Strongylus micrurus, Mehlis. Found in the arterial
aneurysms, trachea, and bronchi of domestic cattle. An
ovoviviparous species. The strongyle of horses and
asses was formerly included in this species, but is now
referred to Strongylus arnficldi by Cobbold and Rail-
liet. — Strongylus minusculus, Neumann. See
Strongylus tenuissiiinis, Mazzanti. — Strongylus
minutissimus, Megnin. This is shown by Railliet to
be but a form of Strongylus rufescens, ^.z/.— Strongy-
lus nodularis, Rudolphi. Syn., Ascaris niiicronata,
Frohlich; Strongylus anseriSyXeder. This is found in
the esophagus, gizzard, and duodenum of the domestic
goose. — Strongylus ostertagi, Stiles (1892). See
Strongylus convolutus, Ostertag. — Strongylus ovi-
nus, P'abricius, Gmelin. See Strongylus contortus,
Rudolphi. — Strongylus ovis pulmonalis, Diesing,
Curtice. See Strongylus rz^/i'jrtw, Leuckart. — Stron-
gylus paradoxus, Mehlis (1830). Syn., Strongylus
elongatus (1845) ! Strongylus longevaginatus. Die-
sing (1851) ; Filaria trachealis, Bristowe and Rainey
(1855) ; Mctastrongylus longevaginatus, Molin (1861).
Discovered at the end of the eighteenth century by
Ebel in the lung of a wild boar; afterward by Modeer
and Bremser, Rayer, Bellingham, Cobbold, etc., in
the bronchial tubes of domestic swine, and by Jort-
sits (or Jovitsits) in man, and by Koch in sheep. —
Strongylus pergracilis, the parasite of the Red
grouse [Lagopus scoticzis) of Europe, causing so-
called grouse-disease. — Strongylus pulmonalis,
Ercolani, found in the bronchi and lungs of domestic
cattle. — Strongylus pusillus, S. Muller. This is
found in the bronchi of hares and wild rabbits, rarely
in the domestic rabbit, but very frequently in the cat ;
according to Railliet and Neumann all cases of pul-
monary helminthiasis in cats are due to this parasite,
which is present in one-fourth of all cats examined. —
Strongylus quadridentatus, von Siebold(i85i). See
Dockiiiitis duodenalis, Leuckart (1876). — Strongy-
lus radiatus, Rudolphi. See Uncinaria radiata,
Rudolphi. — Strongylus renalis, Moquin-Tandon
(i860). See Eustrongylus gigas, Diesing (1850). —
Strongylus retortasformis, Zeder, Rudolphi, Du-
jardin. This infests the small intestine of the hare
and wild rabbit. This name was incorrectly applied
by Bremser to Strongylus strigosus, Dujardin. —
Strongylus rubidus, Hassall and Stiles. An ex-
tremely small species found in the stomachs of pigs in
the United States. In some lots of hogs examined
the parasite was present in 75 per cent. — Strongylus
rufescens, Leuckart. Syn., Neinatoideum oi'is pul-
monale, Diesing ; Pseudalius ovis pulmonalis , A.
Koch ; Strongylus ovis pulmonalis , Curtice. This is
found in the bronchi and pulmonary follicles of the
domestic sheep, goat and roebuck. The Strongylus
minutissitnus, Megnin, which causes the verminous
bronchitis of African sheep, is but a variety of this
worm, as shown by Railliet. — Strongylus strigosus,
Dujardin. Syn., Strongylus retortaformis, Bremser.
This is very abundant in warren rabbits, giving rise to a
fatal anemia. — Strongylus sublatus, Cobbold. Syn. ,
Hcematozoon sublaluiii, Curlt. Found in the veins of
the dog. — Strongylus tenuis, Eberth. This is found
in the intestine and cecum of the domestic goose. —
Strongylus tenuissimus, Mazzanti (1891). Syn.,
Strongylus minusculus, Neumann. Found in the mu-
cous membrane of the stomach of the horse. — Stron-
gylus tetracanthus, Diesing. See Sclerosloma tetra-
cantha, Diesing. — Strongylus trachealis, Nathusius.
See Svngamus traclicalis, von Siebold. — Strongy-
lus trigonocephalus, Rudolphi. See Uncinaria
trigonocephala (Rudolphi), Neumann. — Strongylus
tubaeformis, Zeder. See Ankylostomum tiibce-
formc, Zeder. — Strongylus vasorum, Baillet. The
adult worm is found in the right ventricle of the heart
and in the lungs, the embryos in the pulmonary
arteries of the domestic dog. — Strongylus ventrico-
sus, Rudolphi. This is found in the stomach and
small intestine of domestic cattle and European
deer. — Strongylus venulosus, Rudolphi. See Un-
cinaria radiata, Rudolphi. — Strongylus vitulorum,
Rudolphi. See Ascaris vituli (Gmelin), Goeze. —
Strongylus vulpis, Zeder. See Uncinaria trigono-
cephala, Rudolphi. — Stubenfliege. See Musca
domestica, Linne. — Surra Parasite. See Trypano-
soma evansii, Balbiani. — Swiss Tapeworm. See
Bothriocephalus latus, Bremser. — Symbiotes (1857).
A genus of psoric acaridans founded by Gerlach
(" Kratze und Raude, entomologisch und klinisch
bearbeitet, Berlin," 1857). Megnin's grounds for
referring all members of this genus to the genus Chori-
optes, Gervais (185 9), seem insufficient, as accord-
ing to Scudder (Nomenclator zoologicus) the coleop-
terous genus Symiiotcs was not created by Redtenbacher
until 1858 (^Fauna austrica, " Die Kafer,' ' 2te Auflage,
Vienna, 1858, p. 371). We have therefore retained
Gerlach' s genus. — Symbiotes auricularum, var.
canis, var. cati, Neumann (1892). Syn., Sarcoptes
cynotis, llering (1834) ; Sarcoptes aziricularum, Lucas
and Nicolet (1849); Symbiotes canis, Bendz (1862);
Symbiotes f(ra/<^/^?/'z<j, Megnin (1876) ; Chorioptes ecau-
datus, Megnin (1880); Psoroptes auricularis canis, ?i&y<i-
ell (1891). This is found in the ears of dogs and cats,
producing that form of otacariasis accompanied by
epileptic symptoms, with which packs of hunting-dogs
are often attacked. — Symbiotes avium, Caparini,
(1880). See Epidermopfes bilobatus, Rivolta. — Sym- '
biotes canis, Bendz. See Symbiotes auricularum,
var. canis, Neumann. — Symbiotes communis, Ver- j
heyen. Syn., Sarcoptes bovis [?), Hering ; Symbiotes\
bovis, Gerlach ; Symbiotes equi, Gerlach ; Dermatopha- ;
gus bovis, Fiirstenberg ; Dermatophagoides scheremetew- i
ski, Bogdanow (1864) ; Symbiotes spathiferus, Meg- j
nin (1876); Chorioptes spathiferus, M-tgnm fl88o|;|
Chorioptes symbiotes, var. bovis, R. Blanchard (1890) ;
Chorioptes com?nunis , var. ovis, Verheyen ; Foot-scab, j
This parasite lives in colonies, and without excavatingi
sub epidermic galleries causes a localized scabies;
especially on horses and cattle but also on the goat, j
sheep, and rabbit, and is, according to Bogdanow,
and Zurn transmissible to man. — Symbiotes ecau-^
datus, Megnin. See Symbiotes auricularum , var. 1
canis, yriLX. cati, Neumann. — Symbiotes spathiferus, j
Megnin. See Symbiotes communis, Verheyen. — '
Symplectoptes cysticola, Railliet (1885). Syn.,,
Epidermoptes cysticola, Rivolta (1880) ; Sarcoptes]
cysticola, Vizioli (1870) ; Laminosioptes gallinarumX
Megnin (1880). An acaridan peculiar to the Calh-.^
nacecc, living in the connective tissue of the abdominal'
viscera, peritoneum, muscles, and beneath the skin of,
fowls, pheasants, and turkeys, especially old birds.— j
Synchytrium miescherianum, Kuhn. See Sarco-,
cystis miescheri, Ray Lankester. — Syngamus bron-|
chialis, Miihleg (1884). Found in the larynx, trachea,!
and bronchi of geese by Pezibylka (1853-4) and Muh-
leg (1884) . The specimens found in ducks by Haycii'
and referred by him to Sclerosloma armafum, Diesing
may belong here. — Syngamus primitivus, Molin.
See Syngamus trachealis, Siebold. — Syngamuf
sclerostomum, Molin. See Syngamus trachealis, v-'
Siebold. — Syngamus trachealis, von Siebold (1836-
'37-'42), Youat (1840), Gurlt (1841), Dujardir
(1845), Ehlers (1872), Perrier (1875), Megnin (1S83) ,
PARASITES
1013
PARASITES
Walker (1884), Neumann (1892). Syn., Distoma
lineare [tracheale), Rudolphi (1800); Fasciola
trachea, Montagu (l8n) ; Strongyhts (racheal/s,
Nathusius (1837), v. Siebold (1838), Creplin
(1846) ; Strongylus meleagris gallopavoiiis, Belling-
ham (1843) ; Sclerostomum traclieale, Diesing (1851) ;
Sderostoina syngamus, Diesing ( 1 85 1 ), Cobbold
(1864), Davaine (1877) '> Syngaiims sclerostoniitm ,
Molin (1861); Syngamus priinitivus, Molin (1861) ;
Forked Worm ; Red-worm of Ganiekeepers. The
cause of gapes in the domestic fowl, peacock, turkey,
partridge, black stork, magpie, hooded crow, green
woodpecker, starling, swift, robin, etc. The investi-
gations of H. D. Walker indicate the earthworm
as the intermediate host of this worm.— Tabanus
albifacies, Fabricius (1 792-4). A breeze-fly, very
widely spread in Egypt, called by the Arabian
fellahs or bedouins El Debab or Debatie (Fly),
and falsely blamed by them for a mortality among
their horses and camels, but which, according to
Piot, is really due to hydatid cysts in the lungs. —
Tabanus albipes, Fabricius. Syn., The White-footed
Breeze-Jiy. — Tabanus ater, Meigen. See Tabanus
morio, Latreille. — Tabanus atratus, Fabricius
{1775)- ^5yn- > Black Horse-fly. The large, common
gad-fly of the United States. — Tabanus autumnalis,
Linne. Syn. , The Autumnal Breeze-fly ; Taon a' aii-
tomne. A European species. — Tabanus bovinus,
Linne. Syn., The Ox Breeze-fly ; Ox Gad-fly; Great
Breeze-fly, Gros taon, Taon des btvufs, Rinderbrenise .
A wide-spread and formidable species. The blood-
sucking females are equally troublesome to cattle and
horses. — Tabanus bromius, Linne. Syn.,77;c Noisy
Breezc-fly ; Taon bruyant. Common in Europe, espe-
cially in wooded regions. — Tabanus fulvus, Meigen.
Syn., The Tawny B)-eeze-fly. A European species. —
Tabanus lineola, Fabricius. A very common
American gad-fly. — Tabanus luridus, Fallen. A
European species common in wooded regions. — Tab-
anus morio, Latreille. Syn., Tabanus ater , M.t\gtn ;
The Black Breeze-fly ; Taon noir. A common Euro-
pean species. — Tabanus rusticus, Syn., The Rustic
Breeze-fly ; Taon riistique. A common European spe-
cies.— Tabanus tectus, Riley. A crepuscular species
reported from Missouri, by G. M. Dodge, as swarm-
ing upon cattle and horses after sunset during June and
July, rendering them well nigh frantic in their eftbrts
to escape. — Tabanus tropicus, Linne. A European
species common in woods. Taiuial, Aristotle. See
Ttenia soliiun , Linne. Taenia a artici courtes. Bon-
net. See Bothriocephalus latus, Bremser (1819). —
Taenia a epine, Andry. This name was based upon
the belief that the uterine coils of the worm were ver-
tebra. It refers to the modern Bothriocephalus. —
Taenia abietina, Weinland (1858). See Tenia
mginata, Goeze. — Taenia acanthotrias, Weinland
(1858), Leuckart. This name was applied by
Weinland and Leuckart, to a tapeworm of which
only the finn with three rows of hooks has been
described under the name Cysticercus acanthotria,
Weinland (1858). Kiiehenmeister, Davaine, Cobbold,
and Dallinger, regard it as but a variation of Cysticer-
cus cellulosiT. — Taenia aculeata, Perroncito (1882).
See Thysanosoma giardi, Rivolta (1878), Stiles (1893).
— Taenia acutissima, Pallas. See Tcenia lauceolata,
Bloch. — Taenia aequabiles, Rudolphi (1810). This
cestode was found by Rudolphi in the intestine of the
swan [(2yg}iiis ferns) , and by Bremser in that of Cygnus
olor; rare. — Taenia alba, Perroncito (1879). See
Moniezia alba,\<. Blanchard (1891). Found in the
intestine of domestic sheep and cattle. — Taenia albo-
punctata hominis, Treutler. See Tenia solium.
Linne. — Taenia alpaca. Only the finn observed
hitherto. — Taenia anatina, Krabbe (1866-67). This
cestode is found in the intestine of the domestic
duck. — Taenia anatis, lineata, Gmelin. See
Tenia trilineata, Batsch. — Taenia anserum, Fischer.
See Tcenia lanceolata, Bloch. — Taenia apri, Gmelin.
See Tcenia marginata, Batscli. — Taenia articulis
conoideis, Bloch. See Tenia infundibuliformis,
Goeze. — Taenia articulus demittens, Dyonis.
See Tcenia solium, Linne. — Taenia avium, Pallas.
See Tetiia fringillarMm, Rudolphi. — Taenia bene-
deni, Moniez (1S79). See Moniezia benedeni,
R. Blanchard (1891), and Aloniezia irigonophora.
Stiles and Hassall ( 1893 )• Found in the intes-
tine of the domestic sheep. — Taenia botryopli-
tis. Plana (1881). Found in the intestine of the
domestic fowl. The larva or finn, Cysticercus tcenia
bothryoplitis, occurs in the snails, Helix carllmsia-
nella and Helix maculosa. — Taenia bovina, Cime-
lin. See Tcenia margijiata, Batsch. — Taenia bra-
chydera, Diesing (1854). Found in the small in-
testine of the brown rat (A/us decmnanus, Pallas)
by Bellingham, of Ireland. — Taenia canina, Bloch,
Carlisle. See Tenia serrata, Goeze. — Taenia canina,
Linne (1767), Pallas (1781), Batsch (1786), Syn.,
Tcenia osculis nutrginalibus oppo-
sitis, Linne ( 1 748) ; Tcenia monil-
iformis, Pallas (1781), Schrank
(1788) ; Tcenia cucumerina, Bloch
(1782) ; Tenia c a n i n a felis,
Werner (1782) ; Tenia elliptica,
Batsch (1786); Tcenia cateni-
formis, Goeze (1787); Tcenia
cateniformis e felis, Gmelin
(1788) ; Tenia {Alyselminthus)
cuniceps, Zeder (1800), Rudolphi
(1810) ; Alyselminthus elliptica,
Zeder (1800) ; Tenia [Alyselmin-
thus) cucumerina, Weinland
(1858); Tenia [Dipylidium)
cucumerina , Leuckart (1863).
This is found in the small intes- Taenia canina, Linne.
tine of dogs, cats, and man; in (After Leuckart.)
the latter its occurrence is rare
and only during childhood. The larva or finn ( Cysti-
cercus tcenite elliptiae, Batsch ; Cryptocystis trichodectis,
Villot) has for its hosts the fleas of dogs, cats and
man [Pulex serraticeps, Gervais, and Ptilex irritans,
Linne), and the dog-louse ( Tricodectes canis,de Geer).
— Taenia canina solium, Werner. See Tenia ser-
rata, Goeze. — Taenia canis lagopodis, Rudolphi,
Viborg. Syn., Tcenia pseudo-cuctimerina, Baillet.
This is found in the small intestine of the isatis
[Canis lagopus, Linne), or arctic fox, and in the cat, the
dog, and the house-mouse {iMus musculus, Linne). —
Taenia cantaniana, Polonio. Found in the intes-
tine of the domestic turkey. — Taenia capensis,
Kiiehenmeister, Moquin-Tandon. See Tenia sagi-
nata, Goeze. — Taenia capite bonae spei, Kiiehen-
meister. See Tcenia sa^innta, Goeze. — Taenia caprae,
Rudolphi (1810); Taenia capreoli, Viborg (1795).
Provisional names given to fragments of worms ob-
tained from the intestine of the domestic goat. As a
result of recent investigation Stiles concludes that
these two species should be entirely ignored. — Taenia
caprina, Abildgaard (1789). See Linguafula rhin-
aria, Railliet (1886). — Taenia caprina, Gmelin. See
TcEnia marginata, Batsch. — Taenia cateniformis,
Goeze (1877) ; Taenia cateniformis, var. E felis,
Gmelin (1788). See Tenia canina, Linne (1767). —
Taenia cateniformis, Rudolphi (1810). See Tcenia
echinococcus, von Siebold (1853). — Taenia cateni-
PARASITES
1014
PARASITES
formis of Glirium, Gmelin. See Taiiia pianilla,
Goeze. — Taenia cateniformis lupi, Goeze. See
Tccnia ina)ginata, Batsch. — Taenia cateniformis
vulpis, Borke. 'SttsTteiiia pseitdo-cuciimerina, Baillet.
— Taenia cellulosa, Gmelin. See Ticnia solium,
Linne. Taenia centripunctata, Rivolta (1874). See
Stilesia cenlripiinctata, Railliet {1893). Found in
sheep. — Taenia centripunteggiata, Perroncito
(1882). '■ntt Stilesia l euh-ipunitata, Railliet (1893). —
Taenia cesticillus, Molin. Syn., Tienia itifundibuli-
formis, Dujardin. A common .species found in the
intestine of the domestic fowl. The larva {Cysti-
cercus tcenia itifmidihulifonnis, Goeze) is found in
the house-fly. Megnin considers Ticnia cesticillus to
be only an incomplete state of Tienia cchinobothride .
— Taenia ccenurus, Kiichenmeister (1853). Found
in the small intestine of the dog. The larva {Ccenu-
rus cerebralis, Rudolphi) is found in the brain, con-
nective tissue, and spinal cord of domestic cattle,
sheep, dromedary, and horse. It is the cause of the
symptoms known as "g'id," "sturdy," " stagg-ers," or
" turnside" in sheep. — Taenia collari nigro, Bloch ;
Taenia collaris, Bloch. See Ticnia sinuosa, Ru-
dolphi.— Taenia collo brevissimo, Bloch. See
Tienia crassicollis, Rudolphi. — Taenia collo longis-
simo, Bloch. See 7;<"///(i' j^'WiY/V/^ (Zeder), Rudolphi.
— Taenia communis, Moquin-Tandon. See Ticnia
solium, Linne. — Taenia conica, Molin. Found in
the intestine of the domestic duck. — Taenia conoi-
dea, Schrank. See Tienia infundibuli formis, Goeze.
— Taenia continua, Colin. An anomalous form of
Tenia solium, Linne {q. v.^. Taenia coronula. Du-
jardin. Found in the intestine of the domestic duck.
— Taenia crassicollis, Rudolphi (1819), Bremser,
Gurlt, Dujardin (1845), Diesing (1850). Syn.,
Tenia ciicnrbitina, Pallas ; Tenia collo brevissimo,
Bloch ; Tenia serrata felis, Goeze, Batsch, Schrank,
Gmelin, Rudolphi ; Tenia inoniliformis, Batsch,
Gmelin ; Tenia felis, Carlisle, Gmelin ; Alyselmin-
thus serratus, Zeder ; Halysis serrata, Zeder ; Tenia
semiteres, Baird. Found in the small intestine of do-
mestic cats and various wild Felidie [Felis catus ferns,
Felis concolor, Felis mcllivora, Felis onca, Felis par-
dalis, Felis macroura, Felis tigrina'), giving rise at times
to an epizooty among them, accompanied by epilepti-
form attacks and chronic enteritis. The larva [Cysticer-
cus fasciolaris, Rudolphi) is found encapsulated in the
liver of the brown or Norway rat [Mus decumanus,
Pallas), in that of the black rat or house-rat {Mus rat-
tiis, Linne), in the house-mouse {Mus musculus, Linne),
as well as in moles and water-rats. Baird' s specimen
is regarded by Neumann as but a monstrous form of
this species. R. Blanchard includes Tenia crassicollis,
Diesing (1851), among the synonyms of Tenia echin-
ococcus, von Siebold, of the dog. — Taenia crassula,
Rudolphi. Found in the intestine of the pigeon ; rare.
— Taenia cucumerina, Bloch (1782), Weinland
(1858), Leuckart (1863). See Tenia canina, Linne
(1767). This is included among the synonyms of
Tcenia echinococcus, von Siebold, by R. Blanchard.
— Taenia cucurbitina, Pallas (1781), Bloch (1782),
Goeze (1782), Batsch (1786), Schrank (1788). See
Tenia solium, Linne (1767), Rudolphi (1819) ;
Tenia saginata, Goeze (1782) ; Tenia serrata,
Goeze (1782) ; Tenia crassicollis, Rudolphi ;
Tenia inarginata , Batsch ; and Tenia pucilla,
Goeze. — Taenia cucurbitina plana pellucida, Goeze .
See Tenia solium, Linne. — Taenia cuneata, Batsch,
von Linstow. See Tenia in findibuli formis, (ioeze.
— Taenia cuniceps, Zeder (1800), Rudolphi (1810).
.See Tenia canina, Linne (1767). Taenia cysti-
Cerci tenuicollis, Leuckart. .See Tenia marginala.
Batsch. — Taenia degener, Spigel. '?>&e Tetiia soliwn,
Linne. — Taenia dentata, Batsch (1786), Gmelin
(1790), Nicolai (1830). See Bothriocephalus latus,
Brem.'^er ; Tenia saginata, Goeze {1782) ; and
Tenia solium (Linne), Rudolphi. — Taenia denti-
colata, Perroncito (18S2). .See Moniezia deniicit-
lata, R. Blanchard (1S91). — Taenia denticulata,
Rudolphi (1810), Mayer (after Baird, 1853), Neu
mann (1892). See Aloniezia benedeni, R. Blanchard
(1891) ; Moniezia denticulata, R. Blanchard (1891);
and Moniezia expansa, K. Blanchard (1891). This
is found in the intestine of domestic cattle. — Taenia
diminuta, Rudolphi. See Tenia Jhwopiinctata,
Weinland (1858). — Taenia echinobotrida, Megnin.
Found in the intestine of the domestic fowl.
Megnin considers this to be the complete stage of
Tenia cesticillus, which has lost its hooks and
suckers. — Taenia echinococcus, von Siebold (1853),
Leuckart. Syn., Tcenia cateniformis, Rudolphi
(1810); Tenia cucumerina, Bloch (1810) ; Tcenia
visceralis socialis granulosa, Goeze ; Terratas, Roll
(1852) {nec Goeze 1782) ; Tenia granulosa, Gmelin,
Prochaska ; Tenia serrata rdlli, Kiichenmeister ;
Tenia echinococcus scoliopariens, Kiichenmeister ;
Tenia nana, van Beneden (1861) {nec Bilharz et von
Siebold 1853) ; Ecliinococcifer echinococcus, Weinland
(1861). This worm in its adult or st^obila state infests
only the small intestine of the dog and the wolf. The
well-known larva {Echinococcus polymorphus, Diesing,
q.v.) is found in the viscera of man, swine, sheep,
goat, cattle, dromedary, Bactrian camel, and domes-
tic ass. — Taenia echinococcus scoliopariens,
Kiichenmeister. See Tenia echinococcus, von Sie-
bold (1853). — Taenia elliptica, Batsch (1786). See
Tenia canina, Linne (1767). — Taenia equina,
Pallas, Miiller, Chabert. See Tienia petfoliata,
Goeze ; and Tenia plicata, Rudolphi. — Taenia ex
cysticerco tenuicolli, Kiichenmeister. See Tania
marginata, Batsch. — Taenia exilis, Dujardin. Found
in the intestines of domestic fowls. — Taenia ex-
pansa, Rudolphi (1810), Railliet, Neumann, Per-
roncito, Curtice, McMurrich and various authors.
See Moniezia expansa, R. Blanchard ( 189I ) ; Mo-
niezia planissima. Stiles and Hassell ( 1892 ) ; and
Moniezia trigonophora , Stiles and Hassell (i793)'
{Tenia caprce, Rudolphi, probably belongs here).
Found in the intestine of domestic sheep, goats, and
cattle. — Taenia fasciata, Feuereisen. See Tcenia seti-
gera, Frohlich. — Taenia fasci-
ata, Rudolphi. Found in the in-
testine of the domestic goose. —
Taenia fasciolaris, Pallas.
Syn. , Tenia malleus, Goeze.
Found in domestic fowls. —
Taenia felis, Carlisle. See Tenia
crassicollis, Rudolphi. — Taenia
fenestrata, Delle, Chiaje. The
name applied to tapeworms ex-
hibiting an anomalous perforated
condition, first observed and de-
scribed by Masars de Cazeles in
Tenia saginata, afterward by
Notta and Marfan in Tenia
solium, Linne. — Taenia ferra-
rum, Gmelin. See Tenia margi-
nata, Batsch. — Taenia fimbri-
ata, Diesing (1850). See Thy-
sanosoma actinioides, Diesing
(1834), -Stiles (1892). The cause of most of the
tapeworm-disease among western ( U. S. ) sheep.
— Tania finna, Gmelin. See Tenia solium, Linne.
—Taenia flavopunctata, Weinland (1S5S). Syn.,
T/ENIA FLAVOPUNC-
TATA, Weinland-
(•From Leuckart,
after Weinland.)
PARASITES
1015
PARASITES
Tania diniinuta, Rudolphi ; Ticnia IcploccpJiala, Crep-
lin ; Hyinenolepis Jlavopunctata , Weinland (1858).
This tapeworm has been found but five times in
man, in America (Weinland, Leidy) and Italy (Pa-
rona, Grassi). It is not at all uncommon in the
intestine of the brown or Norway rat [Mus dccu-
manus, Pallas), in the house-mouse [Mits inusculus,
Linne), and in the black rat or house-rat {Miis rattits,
Linne). The larva or finn {Cvsticerctis t(enia: Jiavo-
punctata, Weinland, Rudolphi) is found in certain
insects, e.g., Anuolabris aiDtii/ipes, Lucas. — Taenia
fringillarum, Rudolphi. Syn., Tania avium, VaWdL^-
Tania passeris, Gmelin ; Halysis passeris, Zeder.
This tapeworm is commonly found in the intestine
of the domestic sparrow [pyingilla domestica ct
canabina, Pallas, liuaria, F. inontana, F. spimts).
— Taenia fusa, Colin. An anomalous form of
Tania soliuDt, Linne, q. — Taenia giardi, Moniez
(1879). See Thysauoioina giardi, Rivolta ( 1878 ),
Stiles (1893). — Taenia globipunctata, Rivolta.
See Stilfsia globipunitata, Rivolta (1874), Railliet
(1893). A species found in domestic sheep and
cattle. — Taenia globosa, Rudolphi. See Tania
marginata, Batsch. — Taenia gracilis (Zeder), Ru-
dolphi. Syn., Tenia tollo iongissinio, Yi\oc\i; Plalysis
gracilis, Zeder. This is found in the domestic duck ;
a cysticercoid found by Scott in the ostracode crus-
tacean [Candona rostrata) is thought to be the finn
of this worm. — Taenia grandis saginata, Goeze.
See Tania solium, Linne. — Taenia granulosa,
Graelin (1790), Prochaska. See Tania echiiuu-occus,
von Siebold (1853), and Echinococcus polyiiiorphus,
Diesing (1851). — Taenia grisea, Pallas ( 1766), or
grysea isic), Schrank (1788). See Bothj-iocephalus
latus, Bremser. — Taenia hutnanis inermis,^ Brera
(1802). See Bothrioci'phalus latus, Bremser (1819). —
Taenia hydatigena, Pallas. See Tania marginata,
Batsch. Cf. Cvstict'rcus tania solii , l^euckaxi. — Taenia
hydatigena anomala, .Steinbach ; Taenia hydati-
gena suilla, Fal)ricius. See Tania solium, Linne.
— Taenia hydatula, Linne. See Tania marginata,
Batsch. — Taenia imbricata, Diesing (1854). Syn.,
Tania pusilla (?), Bellingham. Found in the small
intestine of the house-mouse (Mus mttsculus, Linne).
— Taenia imbutiformis, Polonio. Found in the
intestine of the domestic duck. — Taenia inermis,
Moquin-Tandon (i860) ; Taenia inermis hominis,
Brera [pro parte) (1802). See Ta)iia saginata,
Goeze (1782). — Taenia infundibuliformis, Dujardin.
See Tania cesticillus, Molin. — -Taenia infundibuli-
formis, Goeze, Batsch, Siebold, von Linstow. Syn.,
Tania avium, Pallas (^ex parte) ; Tania infundibuluiii,
Bloch ; Tania articulis conoideis, Bloch ; Tania cunc-
ata, Batsch ; Tania coiioidea, Schrank ; Alvselminthus
infundibuliformis , Zeder ; Halysis infundibuliformis,
Zeder ; Tania phasiani cochlici, Rudolphi. This en-
tozoon is found in large numbers in fowls. According
to Grassi and Rovelli the cysticercus of this tenia has
for its intermediate host an earthworm [Allolobopliora
fxfi(la,VAs'tr\). Cf Tania si?zttosa,'K\\Ao\'pWi- — Taenia
infundibulum, Bloch. See Tania infundibuliformis,
Goeze. — Taenia krabbei, Moniez. An Icelandic
species found in the intestine of the domestic dog.
The larva or finn occurs in the reindeer i^Cervus tar-
andit^, Linne). — Taenia lanceolata, Bloch, Goeze,
Batsch, Schrank, Gmelin, Frohlich, Creplin, Dujardin.
Syn., Tenia anserum, Frisch (1727) ; Tania aeu-
tissiina, Pallas; Halysis lanceolata, Dujardin, Zeder.
Most frequently found in the intestine of the domes-
tic goose, often, according to its discoverer Frisch,
producing a veritable epizooty. — Taenia lanceolata,
Chabert (1787). See Linguatula rhinaria, Railliet
(1886).— Taenia lata, Linne (1748); Taenia lata
event, grisea, Pallas (1776). .See Bothrioceplialus
latus, Bremser. — ^Taenia lata, Tutscheck, observed
by Tumale (Africa). See Tania saginata. — Taenia
lata, Pruner (1847), included by R. Blanchard
among the synonyms of Tania saginata, Goeze, and
by Cobbold among those of Tenia solium (Linne),
Rudolphi. — Taenia lata, Reinstein. See Tania soli-
um, Linne, Rudolphi. — Taenia leptocephala, Crep-
lin. See Tenia Jlavopunctata, Weinland. — Taenia
lineata, Bloch. See Tenia trilineata, Batsch. —
Taenia lineata, Goeze, Batsch, Schrank, Gmelin,
Diesing. With this species found in the wild-cat,
Hamann (1885) has classed a form e.xpelled by a
domestic dog. — Taenia litterata, Batsch. See Tania
pseudo-cucumerina , Baillet. — Taenia litterata, Goeze.
See Tania pseudo-elliptica, Baillet. — Taenia longi-
rostris, Frohlich. See Tania trilineata, Batsch. —
Taenia lophosoma, Cobbold. See Tania saginata,
Goeze (1872). Cobbold insists that this is a good
species despite the criticisms bestowed upon his de-
termination.— Taenia lupina, .Schrank, Cioeze. See
Tania tnarginata, Batsch. — Taenia madagascari-
ensis, Davaine (1869). Syn., Tenia ex cysticerco
tenuicolli, Kiichenmeister. Found in the human
intestine. — Taenia magna, Abildgaard. See Tcenia
plicata, Rudolphi. — Taenia malleus, Goeze. See
Tania fasciolaris, Pallas. — Taenia mammillaria,
Mehlis, Diesing, Neumann. Found in the intestine of
the horse. — Taenia marginata, Batsch, Rudolphi,
Dujardin, Diesing, Cobbold. Syn., Tania cucurbiti-
na , Pallas, Bloch ; Tenia cateniformis lupi, Goeze ;
Tania lupina, Schrank, Goeze ; Tania ex cysticerco
temiieolli, Kiichenmeister ; Tania tenuicollis, Gun-
ther, Moquin-Tandon ; Tcenia hydatigena, Pallas,
Bloch ; Tania hydatula, Linne ; Tania globosa, Ru-
dolphi, Gmelin ; Tania simia, Gmelin ; Tania fer-
rarum, Gmelin ; Tania caprina, Gmelin ; Tcenia
ovilla, Gmelin ; Tania vervicina, Gmelin ; Tania bo-
vina, Gmelin ; Tania apri, Gmelin ; Halysis nmrgi-
nata, Zeder ; Tania cysticerci tenuicollis, Leuckart.
This is the largest of the tapeworms infesting the
dog and wolf. The finn or larva (^Cysticercus tania
marginata , Batsch-Diesing, q. v.), is found in various
ruminants, sheep, goats, hogs, horses, squirrels, mon-
keys, and man. — Taenia mediocanellata, Kiichen-
meister (1S52). The parasite described as new imder
this name by Kiichenmeister being in reality a speci-
men of Tania solium, the name was unfortunately
transferred to the unarmed species, but it should be
dropped. " It is surely not onlv justifiable, but really
demanded by the rules of zoologic nomenclature,
that the thoroughly unsuitable designation ' medio-
canellata ' should be replaced by Goeze's very appro-
priate name ' saginata,'' and since Kiichenmeister
has himself declared that he was prepared to accept
any name more suitable than his own, I have no scruples
in using the name Tenia saginata''' (I^euckart). —
Taenia megaloon, Weinland. See Tania saginata,
Goeze. — Taenia megalops, Nitzsch, Neumann.
Found in the intestine of the domestic duck. — Taenia
membranacea, Pallas (1781), Batsch (1786). See
Bothriocephalus latus, Bremser (1819). — Taenia mi-
crostoma, Dujardin, Diesing. This is found in the
intestine of the house-mouse {Mus musrulus, Linne),
and of the house-rat {Hfus rattus, Linne). The larva
or finn occurs in the insect Anisolabris annulipes,
Lucas. — Taenia moniliformis, Batsch, Gmelin.
.See Tania crassicollis, Rudolphi (1819). — Taenia
moniliformis, Pallas (1 781), Schrank (1788). See
Ta7tia catiina, Linne (1767). — Taenia murina,
Dujardin. A platode found in the intestine of the
PARASITES
1016
PARASITES
brown rat (^Mus deciiinantis, Pallas ), and of the house-
mouse [Miis muscuiits, Linne). — Taenia musculi,
Rudolphi, Diesing. Syn. , Trntiia tenella, Pallas.
Found in the abdominal cavity of the house-mouse
[Mhs musculus, Linne) ; a doubtful species. — Taenia
nana, van Beneden (1861) ;
nec Bilharz et von Siebold
(1853). See Tcenia cchiiiococciis,
von Siebold (1853). — Taenia
nana (Bilharz), von Siebold
(1853). Syn., Diplacanthus
nanus, Weinland (1858) ; Hy-
meno/cpis ( 7\ciua) nana, Leuck-
art (1863). A small species found
in man, especially in children. —
Taenia nigra, Laboulbene. A
variety characterized by having a
pigmented scolex. According to
Blanchard it is nothing more
than a Tania sa^inata affected
Head of Taenia nana, vou Siebold ;
with retracted rostellum. (X 75.)
A. An isolated hook. (X 300 ) (After
Leuckarl .)
T/ENIA NANA, VOtl
Siebold. (X 10.) Egg of T^nia nana, von Siebold,
{After Leuckart.) (X 300-) {After Leuckart.)
with melanosis. — Taenia osculis marginalibus op-
positis, Linne (1748). See Ta-nia canina , Linne
(1767). — Taenia osculis marginalibus solitariis,
Linne (1748), Bradley. See Ticnia solium, Linne.
— Taenia ovilla, Gmelin. See Tuviia viarginata,
Batsch. — Taenia ovilla, Rivolta (1878). See Thy-
sanosoma ;riardi, Rivolta (1868), Stiles (1893). —
Taenia ovina, Goeze (1782), Batsch (1786), Schrank
(1788), Gmelin (1789). See Moniezia expansa, R.
Blanchard (1891). — Taenia ovipunctata, Rivolta
(1874). See Stilesia g/oinpiinf/a/a , Railliet (1893). —
Taenia passeris, Gmelin. See Tania frinc:;iUariitn,
Rudolphi. — Taenia pectinata, Goeze. This tape-
worm (possibly the name includes several species)
is found in the intestine and stomach of the do-
mestic rabbit. The tapeworms of rabbits and hares,
owing to their variable characters, have been
grouped by Riehm into the following species:
Ticnia rhopalocephala, Riehm; Titnia tminerosa,
Moniez; Dipylidiiim latisslniinn, Riehm; Dipy-
lii/iiiin leuckarti, Riehm ; l^ifvlifiiitii pectinatinii ,
Riehm. — Taenia perfoliata, (loeze, Schrank, Rudol-
phi, Bremser, Gurlt, Dujardin, Diesing, Neumann.
Syn., Tivnia equina , V?\\-aa, Batsch, Gmelin ; Ternia
quadrilohata, Abildgaard ; Alyselniinthus lohatus,
Zeder; Ilalysis perfoliata, Zeder. A platode found in
the small intestine and colon of the horse. — Taenia
phasiani cochlici, Rudolphi. See JWnia iiifundibuli-
fonnis, Goeze. — Taenia plana pellucida, Goeze
(1782). See Tivnia solium (Linne), Rudolphi (iSlo).
— Taenia plicata, Rudolphi, Bremser, Gurlt, Dujardin,
Diesing, Neumann. Syn., Ttcnia equina, Y3\\2&,y[.^-
ler, Chabert ; Ttsnia tnagna, Abildgaard ; Alyselmin-
ihtis plicatus, Zeder ; Halysis plicala, Zeder. A form
found in the small intestine and stomach of the horse.
— Taenia prima, Plater (1603). See Bothriociphalm
latus, Bremser (1819). — Taenia proglottina, Davaine.
Found in the intestine of the domestic fowl. The
larva or fnin occurs in the snails, Limax agrestis,
Linnii, and I^iiuax I'ariegatus, Draper. — Taenia
pseudo-cucumerina, Baillet. Syn. , P'ania cateni-
formis vulpis, Borke apud Goeze, Schrank, Gmelin ;
Tania ////t'ra/a, Batsch, Rudolphi, Dujardin, Diesing;
Alyselniinthus littcratus, Zeder; flalysis litterata,
Zeder. Found in the dog in Iceland. — Taenia
pseudo-elliptica, Baillet. Syn., Tcenia litterata,
Goeze. Found in the cat. Resembles closely and is
perhaps identical with the Tcenia pseudo-cucumerina,
Baillet, of the dog. — Taenia pusilla, Bellingham.
See Tcenia imbricata, Diesing. — Taenia pusilla,
Goeze, Batsch, Schrank, Rudolphi, Dujardin,
Diesing. Syn. , Tcenia cncurbitina, Pallas ; Tania
cateniformis, e Gilriuin, Gmelin ; Alyselminthiis pusil-
lus, Zeder ; Halysis pusilla, Zeder. Found in the
small intestine of the brown rat {Mus decu?nanus, Pal-
las), and of the house-mouse (Mus musculus, lAnnt),
and of the house-rat [Mus rattus, Linne), and in Mus
sylvaticus. — Taenia quadrilobata, Abildgaard. See
Ta:nia perfoliata, Goeze. — Taenia ratti, Rudolphi,
Diesing. Found in the intestine of the house-rat
{Mus rattus, Linne). — Taenia relicta, Zschokke.
Found in the intestine of the brown rat (Mus decu-
manus, Pallas). — Taenia
rhinaria, Pilger (1802).
-See Lins^uatula rhinaria,
Railliet "(1886). —Taenia
rhopaliocephala, Riehm.
See Tcetiia pectinata,
Goeze. — Taenia sagi-
nata, Goeze (1782).
Syn. , Tcrnia s 0 li ii m ,
Cephalic end of T/Enia Sag-
inata, Goeze : (A) in re-
tracted, .ind (B) extended
state. {After Leuct:art.)
T/f.nia kacinata, Goeze.
{After Leuckart.)
\fm-at, pro parte (1767); Tcenia cncurbitina, Vs!^^,
pro parte (1781) ; Tenia inermis hominis, Brera,
pro parte (1802) ; Pcntastoma coarctata, \'irey (1823);
PARASITES
1017
PARASITES
T(Cnia dentata^ Nicolai (1830) ; Tccnia lata, Pi u-
ner (1847), Tutschek ; Bothriocephalus tropicus,
Schmidtmuller (1847); Titiiia mediocanellata, Kiichen-
meister ; Tenia sans epine, Andry ; Ver solitaire,
Andry ; Tania solium, var. viediocanellata, Diesing
(1854) ; Tisnia e capite ttona spei, Kuchenmeister ;
Tcenia vom Kap der gute7i Hoffnimg, Kuchenmeister
(1855) ; Tattiai'/iynchus mediocanellatiis, Weinland
(1884) ; Tirnia solium , var. abietina, Weinland (1858) ;
Tania megalodn, Weinland ; Tu iiia ineriiiis, Moquin-
Tandon (i860) ; Tania tropica, Moquin-Tandon
(i860) ; Tcznia capense, Moquin-Tandon ; Tenia
algirien. Radon ; Tenia fenetre, Masars de Cazeles ;
Tenia hybride, Brera ; Tenia inerme ; Qystotocnia
mediocanellata, Leuckart (1862) ; Unbewaffneter
Bandwurm des MenscJicn ; The Beef Tapeworm , the
most prevalent cestode of man. It is frequent in
Southern and Western Europe and Russia, and ap-
pears to be increasing in Great Britain, France, and
Switzerland, and is abundant throughout Asia and
Africa. It is rare in North and Central America, but
is quite common in Equatorial Brazil, increasing in
Peru and Chili. It is least abundant in heavily
wooded regions. The finn or larva, a simple scole.K
known as the h&ei-xae^aA&iyCysticercus tania saginata ,
Goeze-Leuckart, q. v.), has for its host all the varie-
ties of the ox (yBos taurus). — Taenia saginata, Lewin,
See Tcmia soUidh, Bremser. — Taenia secunda.
Plater. See Tania solium, Rudolphi. — Taenia semi-
teres, Baird. See Tania crassicollis , Rudolphi. —
Taenia serialis, Baillet. This species was first found
in dogs after feeding them the Canurus serialis, Ger-
vais [q. v.), from the connective tissue of rodents, es-
pecially warren rabbits. — Taenia serrata, Goeze
(1782), Batsch, Schrank, Gmelin, Rudolphi, Giirlt,
Mehlis, Dujardin, v. Siebold, Diesing, Neumann.
Syn., Tcenia cucurbitina , Pallas, Batsch, Gmelin ;
Tania canina, Bloch, Carlisle ; Tania canina solium ,
Werner; Halysis serrata, Zeder. The common tape-
worm of the dog which becomes infested by eating
hares, rabbits, or mice affected with the finn, Cysticei -
cus tania serrata (Zeder), Goeze {q. v.). — Taenia
serrata felis, Goeze, Batsch, Schrank, Gmelin,
Rudolphi. See Tania crassicollis, Rudolphi. —
Taenia serrata rolli, Kiichenmeister. See l\cnia
echinococcus, von Siebold (1853). — Taenia setigera,
Frohlich, Gmelin, Rudolphi, Siebold, Dujardin, Crep-
lin, Diesing, Neumann. Syn., Tania /asciata , I'euV'
eisen ; Alyselininthiis setigerus, Zeder ; Halysis seti-
gera, Zeder. Found in the intestine of the tame
goose and swan, producing at times an epizootic tenia-
sis. — Taenia simiae, Gmelin. See Tania marginata,
Batsch. — Taenia sinuosa, Rudolphi, Mehlis, Dujar-
din, Creplin, Diesing. Syn., Tania collari nig)-o,
Bloch ; Tania collaris, Bloch ; Tania torquata,
Gmelin, Rudolphi ; Alyselminthtis sinuosus, Zeder ;
Halysis torquata, Zeder; Halysis sinuosa, Zeder;
Tania infundibuliformis anserum, Goeze, Rudolphi.
This cestode is found in wild and domestic ducks and
geese [Anas acuta. Anas bosclias fera, Anas anscr
domesticata. Anas anser fera. Anas fuligula, Anas
brasiliensis') . The larva or finn [Cysiicercus tcenia
sinuosa, Zeder), is found in the craw-fish (Astacus
fluviatilis, Rondelet). — Taenia sive fascia intestino-
rum, Spigel (1618). See Bothriocephalus latus,
Bremser (1819). — Taenia solitaria, Leske. See
Tania solium (Linne), Rudolphi. — Taenia solium,
Bremser. See Tenia saginata. — Taenia solium,
Linne (1767), Hasselquist, Werner, Gmelin, Carlisle,
Jordens, Rudolphi (1810), Cuvier, Olfers, Frank,
Bremser, Gomez, Delle Chiaje, Mehlis, Owen, Crep-
lin, Randel, Lewacher, Nordmann, W^ahruch, Dujar-
din, Diesing, Leuckart, Cobbold, Neumann, Perron-
cito, Moniez. Syn., 'iaiviai, Aristotle ; WItnxlia el-
fni'(;, Hippocrates ; Luvibriculatus, Plinius ; Tenia dc
la second espece, Andry ; Tenia a epine, Andry (1700) ;
Tania secunda. Plater; Vermis cucurbita. Plater;
Tania osculis marginalibus solitariis, Linne, Bradley ;
Tania articulos demittens, Dyonis ; Tania cucurbi-
tina, Pallas (1 781), Bloch, Goeze (1782), Batsch,
Schrank ; Tania cucurbitina plana pellucida, Goeze ;
Tania vulgaris, Werner (1782) ;
Tania umana armata, Brera
(1802) ; Tania stigmata latera^i-
bus. Bonnet ; 7'ania dentata,
Gmelin (1790), Nicolai; Tania
lata, Reinstein ; Tania fenes-
trata, Delle Chiaje ; Tania de-
gener, Spigel ; Tania solitaria,
Leske ; Tania communis, Mo-
quin-Tandon ; Tcenia alhopunc-
tata hominis, Treutler ; Tania
Iiydatigena anomala, Steinbach ;
Tania hydatigena suilla, Fabri-
cius; Ta}iiafin7ta, Qmt\m ; Te-
nia cellulosa, Gmelin, Treutler ;
Halysis solium, Zeder (1800) ;
Pentastoma coarctata, Virey Cephalic end of T^-
, „ . , „ . ' \ NiA soLU'M, Lmne.
(1823); the Tenia fusa and (After Leuc/cart.)
Tcenia eontinua of Colin are but
anomalous forms of this species. Kiichenmeister's
Tenia mediocanellata was in reality a Tania solium ;
Bexvaffneter Bandwttrm des Menschen ; The Armed
Tapeworm. This tapeworm has
been known as a parasite of man
from the earliest times. It has
been observed in all parts of
Elurope, but with remarkable dif-
ferences in frequency, being rela-
tively rare in Turkey in Europe,
the Danubian 'provinces, Greece,
Italy, France, Spain, and Eng-
land. It is more frequent in Central Europe, in Ger-
many and Austria, the prevalence of the parasite hold-
ing direct relation to the quantity of pork consumed.
It is rare throughout Asia, Japan, Oceanica, and Africa.
In North America it appears to be somewhat on the
increase. It is very rare in Mexico and South Amer-
ica. The \z.xv2L[Cysticercus cellulosa, Cysticercus tcenia
solii, Leuckart q. 7'.) is found in the tissues of swine,
dogs, cats, rats, and man, producing measles [q. z'. ).
Taenia solium, var. abietina, Weinland (1858). See
Tania saginata, Goeze. — Taenia solium, var. medio-
canellata, Diesing (1854). See Tania saginata,
Cioeze (1782). — Taenia stigmata lateralibus. Bon-
net. See Tania solium, Linne. — Taenia struthionis,
rioultayn. Found in the intestine of the ostrich
(Struthio cainelus). — Taenia tenella, Cobbold. This
name was first applied to Bothriocephalus latus by
Pallas and Retzius (1781), afterward by Cobbold to
a small-sized Tania solium (according to Chatin),
which he held to be a distinct species and derived
from a finn which he termed Cysticercus oi'is (be-
cause found in the pseudo-measles of sheep) ; this in
turn proved to be Cysticercus tania. — Taenia tenella,
Pallas. vSee Tania musculi, Rudolphi. — Taenia
tenuicoUis, Giinther, Moquin-Tandon. See Tania
marginata , Batsch. — Taenia tetragona, Molin.
Found in the intestine of the domestic fowl. — Taenia
torquata, Gmelin. See Tania sinuosa, Rudolphi. —
Taenia trilineata, Batsch, Rudolphi, Dujardin, Crep-
lin. Syn., Tania lineata , Bloch; Tania anatis,
P lineata, Gmelin ; Tania longirostris, Frohlich ;
Halysis trilineata. Zeder. Found in the intestine of
Egg of TAENIA SOLI-
UM, Linne. (X 300.)
(After Leuckart.)
PARASITES
1018
PARASITES
the domestic duck. — Taenia tropica, Moquin-Tandon
(i860). See Ticnia saguiala, Goeze (1782). — Taenia
umana armata, Brera (1802-3). 'Ate Tcenia soliiiiit,
Linne. — Taenia umbonata, Molin. Found in the
intestine of the house-mouse [I\/iis 7nusciilus, Linne).
— Taenia vasis nutritiis distinctis, Bloch (17S2).
See Motiieda expansa, R. Blanchard (1891). — Taenia
vervicina, Gmelin. See Ticnia marginala , Batsch. —
Taenia veterum, Spigel (1618). See Bothriocepha-
liis lafiis, Bremser. — Taenia visceralis socialis gran-
ulosa, Goeze (1782). See Twnia tcliinococcus , von
Siebold (1853), and Echinococciis polyinorphus. Die-
sing (1851). — Taenia vogti, Moniez (1879). Syn.,
Ancploccphala vogti, Moniez (l8gi). A doubtful
species reported as parasitic in sheep. — Taenia vom
Kap der guten Hoffnung, Kticlienmeister (1855)
(the T<enia capensis of Moquin-Tandon). See Toenia
saginata, Goeze. — Taenia vulgaris, Linne (1748),
Werner (1782). See BothrioctpJialus latiis, Brem-
ser (1819) ; and Ttniia soliitin (Linne), Rudolphi
(1810).- — Taenia wimerosa, Moniez. Found in the
wild rabbit. See Ticnia pectinata, Goeze. — Taenia-
rhynchus mediocanellatus, Weinland (1855). See
TcBitia saginata, Goeze. — Taon bruyant. See Tab-
anus bromitts, Linne. — Taon d'automne. See Tab-
anus aiitumnalis, Linne. — Taon des bceufs. See
Tahaniis hovlniis, Linne. — Taon noir. See Tabanns
tiiorio, Latreille. — Taon rustique. See Tabanns
riisticns, Fabricius. — Tarsonemus intectus, Kar-
pelles. See Tarsonemus moniinginiiilostis, R. Blan-
chard.— Tarsonemus monunguiculosus, R. Blan-
chard (1889). Syn., Crif/iopfes monunguiculosus,
Geber (1879) ; Kritoptes monunguiculosus, Geber
(1884); Acarus /i 0 rcf e i, Geher (1884); Tarsone^nus
uncinatus, Flemming (1884) ; Tarsonemus intectus,
Karpelles. An acaridan which is frequently very
troublesome to workers in barley. — Tarsonemus un-
cinatus, Flemming. See Tarsonemus monunguiculo-
sus, R. Blanchard. — Tavin, the common name for tlie
breeze-fly. Cf. Tabanus sp. — Tawny Breeze-fly.
See Tabanus fulvus, Meigen. — Trichomyza fusca,
Macquart. Syn., Scatella zirinaria, Robineau-Des-
voidy ; Mydcca vomiturationis, Robineau-Desvoidy.
A fly very common about urinals 'and water-closets,
the larvre being represented as pseudo-parasites, the
possibility of which is not fully settled, but is unlikely.
— Tenebrio molitor, Linne. Syn., ]'er de farine,
Fr. : Mehlkafcr, Muller, Ger. ; Meal-beetle, Flour-
beetle. The larva or meal-worm is reported as a
facultative parasite in the nose, digestive tube, and
urinary passages of man, by Bateman, Allen, Shaw,
Foresters, Tulpius, Kellie, Pickells, Thomson, Traill,
Gleadow, and Acrel. — Tenia a anneaux courts.
Bonnet (1750). See Bolhriocephalus latus, Bremser
(1819). — Tenia a epine, Andry (1700). See Bothrio-
cephalus latus, Bremser. — Tenia algerien, Redon.
An anomalous pigmented form of Tenia saginata,
Goeze. — Tenia de la second espece, Andry (1700).
See Bothriocephalus latus, Bremser. — Tenia fenetre,
Masars de Cazeles. See Trnia saginata, Goeze. —
Tenia hybrida, Brera. An anomalous form of
Tenia saginata. — Tenia inerme. .See Tenia sagin-
ata, Goeze. — Tenia lanceole ou ver rhinaire, Cha-
bert (1787). See Linguatula rhinaria, Railliet
(1886). — Tentacularia subcompressa, Zeder. See
Filaria Ivmpliatica , Moquin-Tandon. — Terratas,
Roll (1852). See Tenia eckinococcus, von Siebold
(1853). — Tetracotyle, Filippi. See Holostoma errat-
icum, Rudolphi. — Tetragulus caviae, Bosc (1810).
See Linguatula rhinaria, Railliet (1886). — Tetra-
meres haemochrous, Creplin (1846). See Tropido-
cerca injlata, Diesing (1861), and Tropidocerca
parado.xa, Diesing. — Tetranychus autumnalis,
Shaw. Syn., Leptus autumnalis ; Tromhidium
autumnalis. The common harvest-bug'' of Eng-
land and the rouget of the French, which has been
incorrectly referred by Megnin to Trombidium
Jiolosericeum, P'abricius. A minute, scarcely visible,
spinning-mite, breeding upon plants, beans, currants,
raspberries, gooseberries, etc, which it deserts when-
ever opportunity offers, to fasten on animals, having a
special predilection for human beings, especially
women and children. It causes severe itching.
The mite is very abundant in England, Scotland, and
on the continent of Europe, especially near the sea-
shore. The larval he.xapod is the form most often
met with. — Tetranychus molestissimus. Syn.,
Bicho Colorado of the Argentine Republic and Uru-
guay ; a small, red Acarus that lives on the under
surface of the leaves of Xanthiuin macrocarpuin : it
attacks man and other warm-blooded animals, causing
insupportable itching. — Tetranychus tlalsahuate,
Lemaire, Murray (1867) ; a mite called by the Indians
of Mexico Tlalsahuate. It lives among the herbage
and is almost imperceptible to the naked eye. It at-
tacks man and fixes itself upon the eyelids or armpits,
etc. It is included by authors under the spurious
genus Leptus. — Tetrastoma renalis, Lucarelli and
Delia Chiaje. A trematode found in the urinary
tubules of an Italian woman. — Texas Screw-
worm. .See I^ucilia macellaria, Robineau-Desvoidy.
— Thecosoma haematobium, Moquin- Tandon. See
Gyntecophorus luematobius, Diesing. — Thelazia
rhodesii, Desmarest. See Filaria equina, Abildgaard.
— Threadworm. See O.xyuris vermicularis, Brem-
ser.— Thysanosoma actinioides, Diesing (1834),
Stiles (1892). .Syn. , Tenia Jimbriata, Diesing (1850) ;
Moniezia Jimbriata, Moniez (1891). This is found in
sheep and several species of deer. It appears to be
the cause of much of the tapeworm-disease of the
western United States. — Thysanosoma giardi,
Rivolta (1878), Stiles (1893). .Syn., Tenia 07'illa,
Rivolta (1878) ; Tenia giardi, Momuz {li^Tc,) ; Teenia
aculeata, Perroncito (1882) ; Moniezia ovilla, Moniez
(1891); Moniezia ovilla, var. macilenta , Moniez
(1891). This cestode has sheep and cattle for its
hosts. — Tinea rotunda, Plinius. See Ascaris liim-
bricoides, Linne (1758). — Tipula sp. A fly, the
larvne of which are reported by Kirby (England)
as facultative human parasites. — Tique, Raspail.
vSee Dermanyseus avium, de Geer, and Sarcopsylla
penetrans, Wt&i^ood. — Tique des chiens, Geoffrey.
See Ixodes ricinus, Linne. — Tique senegalaise.
See Ixodes algeriensis, Megnin. — Tlalsahuate. See
Tetranychus tlalsahuate, Lemaire. — Todtenkafer.
See Blaps mortisaga, Linne. — Ton. See Sarcopsylla
penetrans, Westwood. — Torcel. .See Dermatobia iiox-
ialis, Goudot. — Trichina affinis, Diesing, Herbert,
Kiichenmeister, Wedl, Leidy. Found encapsulated in
the connective tissue and muscles of the hog, cat, dog,
mole, badger, gull, buzzard, and crane. — Trichina
circumflexa, Polonio. Found encapsulated in the
peritoneum of the brown rat {Mus decumanus, Pallas).
— Trichina contorta, Botkin. See Tylenchus putre-
faciens, Kiihn. — Trichina cystica, Salisbury (1868).
.See T-llaria sanguinis hominis, Lewis (1872). •
Trichina papillosa, Rivolta and Delprato. These
nematodes were found encysted in the connective tis-
sue about the esophagus, crop, and gizzard of the
fowl. To this species probably belongs the Dispara-
gus spiralis, Molin. — Trichina spiralis, Owen
(1835). Syn., Vibrio huiiiana, Lizars (1843);
Trichina spiralis, Bischoff (1840) ; Pseudalius
trichina, Davaine (1862). The adult parasite is
PARASITES
1019
PARASITES
found in the intestines, and the larva; encapsuled in
the connective tissue of all warm-blooded animals,
especially man, the hog, dog, cat, mouse, and rat.
Trichina spiralis, Owen ; (A) encapsulated with con-,
nective tissue covering (in situ) ; (B) calcified.
(After Leuckari.)
Leidy (1846) was the first to discover this parasite in
the hog, the source from which man is infected. —
Trichina spiralis, Bischoff (1840). See Trichina
spiralis, Owen (1835). — Trichocephalus, Gceze
Trichinosed pork. (X 30.) situ.) (After Leuck-
(After Leuckart.) art.)
(1782). See Trichocephalus hominis, Schrank (1788).
— Trichocephalus affinis, Rudolphi. Found in
the large intestine of the domestic sheep, goat, cattle,
dromedary, and Bactrian camel. — Trichocephalus
campanula, von Linstow. Found in the intestine
of the domestic cat. — Trichocephalus crenatus,
Rudolphi. Found in the large intestine of the hog.
— Trichocephalus depressiusculus, Rudolphi.
Found in the cecum of the dog and ferret. — Tricho-
cephalus dispar, Rudolphi (1801). See Trichoceph-
alus hominis, Schrank (1788). — Trichocephalus
echinophyllus, Nitzsch. Found in the intestine of
the dromedary. — Trichocephalus hominis, Schrank
(1788). Syn., Trirhiiris, Biittner (1761); Ascaris
trichiura, Linne (1771); Trichocephalus, Gceze
(1782) ; Trichocephalus sinner patas, Treutler (1793) ;
Trichocephalus dispar, Rudolphi (1801) ; Alastii^odes
honmiis, Zeder (1803) ; Aiastigodes simite, Zeder
(1803); Tricliocephalttslemuris,^\xdLo\^\\(\%\()); Tri-
chocephalus paltrfoniiis, Rudolphi(i8l9). This parasite
of the human intestine is much more common than is
generally suspected by physicians, owing to the
tenacity with which the worms adhere to the mucous
membrane. Recent investigations prove that many
cases of obscure and persistent anemia may be traced
to its presence by a search for the eggs in the feces.
— Trichocephalus lemuris, Rudolphi (1819). See
Trichocephalus hominis, .Schrank (1788). — Tricho-
cephalus nodosus, Rudolphi. Found in the cecum
of the house-mouse {Mus musculus, Linne) and of
the house-rat (^AIus rattus, Linne). — Trichocephalus
palseformis, Rudolphi (1819). See Trichocephalus
hoiniius, Schrank (178S). — Trichocephalus serra-
tus, von Linstow. Found in the intestine of the
domestic cat. — Trichocephalus simise patas, Treut-
ler (1793). See Trichocephalus hominis, Schrank
(1788). — Trichocephalus unguiculus, Rudolplii.
Found in the intestine, especially the cecum of the
wild and domestic rabbit and hare. — Trichodectes
canis, de Geer. See Trichodecles la/us, Nitzsch. —
Trichodectes caprse, Packard, Gurlt. See Tricho-
dectes climax, Nitzsch. — Trichodectes climax,
Nitzsch. Syn., Trichodectes caprtr, Gurlt, Packard;
Trichodectes solidus, Rudow ; Trichodectes mombricus,
Rudow ; Petit pou de la chevre. Goat-louse. The com-
mon goat-louse frequent on the goat [Capra hircus,
Linne). — Trichodectes crassipes, Rudow. Syn.,
Trichodectes penicillatus, Piaget. Found on the An-
gora goat and kangaroo (Macropus penicillatus). —
Trichodectes equi, Denny (1842). Syn., Tricho-
dectes parumpilosus, Piaget (1880), varieties ocellata
and tarsata. — Trichodectes latus, Nitzsch, Bur-
meister, Denny, Piaget. Syn., Ricinus canis, de
Geer ; Trichodectes canis, de Geer ; Pedicuhis setosus,
Olfers; Pedicuhis canis, O. P'abricius (?) ; Gros pou
du chien ; Himde-Haarling ; Dog-louse. Found on
dogs, especially puppies, mostly on the head and neck.
This louse is the host of the finn ( Cryptocyslis Iricho-
a't'iv'/j, Villot) of the tapeworm of the dog i^Tivnia
cattina), Linne. — Trichodectes limbatus, Gervais.
See Trichodectes <limax, Nitzsch. — Trichodectes
mombricus, Rudow. See Trichodectes climax,
Nitzsch. — Trichodectes ovis. See Trichodectes
sphcerocephalus, Nitzsch. — Trichodectes parumpil-
osus, Piaget'(l88o). See Trichodectes ec/ui, Denny
(1842). — Trichodectes penicillatus, Piaget. See
Trichodectes crassipes, Rudow. — Trichodectes pilo-
sus, Giebel. Syn., Pedicuhis equi, Linne. The
louse of the horse and ass. — Trichodectes pubes-
cens. See Trichodectes equi , Denny. — Trichodectes
pubescens, Neumann. Louse of the Horse ; Petit pou
du cheval. Found on the domestic horse, Burchell's
zebra, and the small horses of Java. — Trichodectes
quadricornis. Gay (Neumann, 1890). A louse of
the horse. — Trichodectes scalaris, Nitsch, Piaget.
^yn., Pedicuhis boc'is, Linne; The Biting Louse ; Petit
fou du bauf. Found on cattle. — Trichodectes
solidus, Rudow. See Trichodectes cli>nax, Nitsch.
— Trichodectes sphaerocephalus, Nitzsch, Piaget.
.Syn., Trichodectes ovis, Pedicuhis ovis, Linne. The
Sheep-louse Schaf-IIaarling. The adults lay their
eggs at the base of the wool fibers ; no other host is
known. — Trichodectes subrostratus, Nitzsch, Pia-
get. Syn., Pou du chat ; Cat-louse. The only louse
found on the cat. — Trichodes crassicauda, Belling-
ham. See Trichosoma crassicauda , Bellingham. —
Trichomonas caudata, Steinberg. An infusorian
found in the human mouth. — Trichomonas caviae,
Davaine '1875). Syn., Cimtrnomonas caviir, Grassi.
An infusorian found in the intestine of the guinea-
pig. — Trichomonas columbae, Railliet. An infu-
sorian intestinal parasite of the pigeon. — Tricho-
monas eberthi, Neumann. Found by Eberth in
the fowl and in the glands of Lieberkiihn of the
duck. Neumann holds that the Alonocercomonas
anatis of Davaine may be identical with this species.
— Trichomonas elongatus, Steinberg. Found in
the human mouth. — Trichomonas evansi, Crook-
♦
PARASITES
1020
PARASITES
shank. See Trypanosoma evatisi, Balbiana. — Tri-
chomonas flagellata, Steinberg. Found in the
human mouth. — Trichomonas intestinalis, Leuck-
art. Syn. , Cercomonas intesti- _
nalis, Marchand (1875). This
infusorian has been frequently
found by Grassi in human dejec-
tions in cases of acute and sub-
acute diarrhea, and in cases of
typhoid fever and enteritis by
Marcliand and Zenker. — Tri-
chomonas irregularis, Salis-
bury (1868). See Cystoinonas „
^ - - ^r8er^ Trichomonas in
TES-
TiNALis, Leuckart.
(From Leuckart,
after Zenker.)
Trichomonas Vagi-
na l i s, Donne.
[from Letickart,
after Kdlliker.)
urinaria, R. Blanchard (1885).
— Trichomonas suis, Davaine.
A flagellate infusorian parasite
in the stomach of the pig. — Tri-
chomonas vaginalis, Donne.
Found abundantly in the acid
mucus of the human vagina. —
Trichonema arcuata, Cobbold.
See Sc/erosto/na t,-tracantlia , Die-
sing. — Trichosoma asrophi-
lum, Creplin. Syn., Eucoleus
arophiiiis, Creplin. A filiform
worm found in the trachea and
bronchi of the cat, fox, and mar-
ten.— Trichosoma annulatum,
Molin. This is found beneath
the esophageal membrane of the
domestic fowl. — Trichosoma annulosum, Dujar-
din. This is found in the small intestine and duo-
denum of the brown rat [Mas decumanus, Pallas),
and the house rat {Mus rallies, Linne). — Trichosoma
bacillatum, Eberth. This is found in the esophagus
of the liouse-mouse [Mits muscn/us, Linne). — -Tri-
chosoma brevicoUe, Rudolphi. This is found in
the intestine and cecum of the domestic goose. — ■
Trichosoma coUare, von Linstow. Occasionally
found in great quantities in the intestine of the
domestic fowl. — Trichosoma columbae, Rudolphi.
See Tric/ioso/na temiissima, Diesing. — Trichosoma
contortum, Creplin. A nematode found in the
intestine of ducks, causing a disease termed by
Railliet and Lucet (1890) " ingluvial indigestion."
— Trichosoma crassicauda, Bellingham. Syn.,
Triclwdes irassicaiida , Bellingham. Found in the
urinary bladder and ureter of the brown rat {Mns
decumanus). — Trichosoma felis cati, Bellingham.
Found in the urinary bladder of house-cats by Wedl,
and in wild-cats by Bellingham. — Trichosoma lin-
eare, Leidy (1856). Found in the small intes-
tine of the domestic cat. — Trichosoma longi-
coUe, Rudolphi. Found in the large intestine
and cecum of the domestic fowl ; not frequent. —
Trichosoma muris musculi, Creplin. Found in the
large intestine of the house-mouse ( Mus musai/its,
Linne). — Trichosoma papillosum, Polonio. Found
in the urinary bladder of the l)rown rat (Mns deni-
mantts, Pallas). — Trichosoma papillosum, Wedl.
Found in the intestine of domestic sheep. Curtice
holds it to be the young of Strongyliis filicoUis, Ru-
dolplii. — Trichosoma plica, Rudolphi. Found in
the urinary bladder of the dog, fox, and wolf. — Tri-
chosoma schmidtii, von Linstow. Found in the
urinary bladder of the brown rat {Mns decumanus,
Pallas). — Trichosoma tenuissima, Diesing. Syn.,
Trichosoma coliimlicr, Rudolphi ; Calodium tome,
Dujardin. Found in the large intestine of the
domestic dove ; it induces extreme anemia. —
Trichuris, Biitner (1761). See Trichocephalns Jiotn-
inis, Schrank (1788). — Trinoton conspurcatum,
Nitzsch, Denny, Piaget. Syn., Pediculus anseris,
Sultzer ; Trinotuin conspurcatum , Burmeister. One
of the largest of the lice found on domestic animals,
common on the goose and swan, particularly the
latter. — Trinoton continuum, Piaget. Probably
only a variety of the preceding species. — Trinoton
lituratum, Nitzsch, Denny, Piaget. Syn., Ricinus
stirnce hirundinis, Linne ; Trinotum lituratum, Bur-
meister ; Trinoton squalidntn, Denny ; Trinotum sqtial-
idum, Verrill. Found with other species on geese
(Dendrocygna arborca, Anser alhifrons. Anas clyp-
eala). — -Trinoton luridum, Nitzsch, Denny, Piaget.
Found on the domestic duck. — Trinoton squali-
dum, Denny. See Trinoton lituratum, Nitzsch. —
Trinotum conspurcatum, Burmeister. See Trinoton
conspurcatiDu, Nitzsch. — Trinotum squalidum, Ver-
rill. See Trinoton lituratum, Nitzsch, Denny, Piaget.
— Trombidium americanum. The true American
harvest-mite, with eight legs, sometimes confounded
with the hexapod stage of a species of Tctranychus,
under the name of Leptus irritans. — Trombidium
autumnalis. See Tetranychus autumnalis , Shaw. —
Trombidium cinereum. The hexapod larva of this
or some closely allied species is reported as a pseudo-
parasite of man. — Trombidium holosericum, Fabri-
cius. According to Megnin it is the larval hexapod
of this species which has long been designated as
Rouget, Red Flea, Harvest-bug, Leptus autumnalis,
etc. This is a mistake, as this hexapod is the larva
of Tetranychus autumnalis, Shaw, q. v. — Tropido-
cerca fissispina, Diesing (1855), von Linstow (1879).
Syn., Tetrameres sp., l^euckart (i860). A nematode
found in the mucous membrane of the proventriculus
of the duck [Anas boschas domesticus). — Tropidocerca
infiata, Diesing (1861). Syn., Spiroptera inflata,
Mehlis, Creplin ; Tetrameres hcemochrous, Creplin
(1846); Tropidocerca paradoxa, Diesing [pariim)
1 851). Found in the proventriculus of the domestic
duck. — Tropidocerca paradoxa, Diesing (1851).
Syn., Tropiuirus paradoxus, Diesing; Spiroptera
inflata, Mehlis, Creplin (1846); Tetrameres hamocrpus,
Creplin (1846). Found in the proventriculus of sev-
eral birds, among them the domestic duck. The
worm discovered by Simonds, and named Siinondsia
paradoxa by Cobbold (1864), is referred to this species
by some writers, but it seems improbable that this is
warranted, as the worm was found in a hog, whereas the
entire genus of Tropidocerca seems to be parasitic only
in birds. — Trout-leech. See Ilirudo troctina, John-
son.— Trypanosoma evansi, Balbiani. Syn., Sp/ro-
chcete evansi , .Steel ; Trichomonas evansi, Crookshank ;
Hcematomonas evansi. Osier ; Surra Parasite. The
cause of the very serious epizootic pernicious anemia
in horses, mules, and camels, called Surra, prevailing
in India and Southern Asia. Rankin recommends
large doses of quinin frequently in milk, with iron
and arsenic, at the commencement of the disease. —
Trypanosoma lewisi, Danilewsky (Saville Kent).
Syn.. Ih-rpetomonas Icivisi, Saville Kent. A pale, trans-
lucent, motile, flagellate hematozoon found by Lewis in
the blood of the rat. Kent suggests, on the grounds
of the particular position of the llagellum, that further
investigation may demonstrate this to be one of the
spermatic elements of minute nematodes, microfilaria,
or other endoparasitic forms. Danilewsky calls atten-
tion to the similarity between this form and that
described by him in the blood of birds. — Trypsoderma
cuniculi, Wiedemann (1830). See Cutcrchra cumc-
uli, Clark (1815). — Tse-tse, Tse-tsefliege, Ger. ;
Tse-tsevlieg, Dutch. See Glossina morsitans. West-
wood (it closely resembles Stomoxis calatrans) ;
abundant in Central Africa. — Tunga. See Sar-
PARASITES
1021
PARASPHENOID
copsylla penetrans, Westwood. — Turicatas. See
Argas turicata, Duges. — Turkey - gnat. See
Swndiutn meridiotiale . — Tylenchus contorta,
Kiihn. Syn., Tricliiiia contorta, Botkin. An
ocoasional parasite of man. — Tyroglyphus echino-
pus, Fumouze et Robin. See Cccpophagits echinopus,
Megnin. — Tyroglyphus mericourti, Laboulbene.
A singular mite with enormous palpi, found on man
by Le Roy de Mericourt. — Tyroglyphus sire, Lat-
reille (1806). Syn., Acariis dvscnteriic , Linne. Com-
mon in flour, cheese, etc. Reported as the cause of
gastric catarrh in a person who preferred cheese con-
taining these mites. Cases of diarrhea due to them
are also recorded. Burke also describes, ijnder the
name of Stomatitis piistttlosa acarosa, an affection of
horses caused by eating bran containing these mites.
— Unarmed Tenia of Man, Unbewaffneter
Bandwurm des Menschen. See Tania saginata,
Goeze. — Uncinaria balsami, Parona and Grassi.
See Uncinaria trigonocephali , Rudolphi. — Uncinaria
cernua, Creplin. Syn., Monodontus wedli, Molin.
Found in the small intestine of the domestic sheep. —
Uncinaria duodenalis, Railliet (1885). See Dock-
mitis duodena/is, Leuckart (1876). — Uncinaria radi-
ata, Rudolphi. Syn., Strongylus radiatiis, Rudolphi ;
Strongylns venulosiis, Rudolphi. Found in the intes-
tine and duodenum of cattle and goats. — Uncinaria
stenocephala, Railliet. Syn., Ankylostomum steno-
cephalum ; Dochiniiis stetiocepliahis. Found in dogs,
along with Uncinaria trigonocephahts ; it appears to
play as active a part as its congener in the develop-
ment of anemia in packs of sporting-dogs (Neumann).
— Uncinaria trigonocephala, Rudolphi. Syn.,
Ankylostot)mm trigonocepliahon , Rudolphi ; Anky-
lostomum tidniforme, Zeder ; Dochmiiis trigonoceph-
ahis, Rudolphi ; Doclimius balsatni, Parona ; Uncina-
ria vulpis, Frohlich ; Strongylns viilpis, Zeder. Found
in the small intestine of the dog and cat, producing a
not uncommon anemia known as " Pernicious Anemia
of Packs of Hounds," attended with bleeding at the
nose, edematous and indolent engorgement of the
limbs, persistent diarrhea, loss of appetite, and emacia-
tion. Greatest care as to cleanliness of kennels and
food, and thymol as a vermicide are recommended.
This parasite also gives rise to a pernicious anemia of
cats, prevalent in Italy. — Uncinaria vulpis, Frohlich.
See Uncinaria trigonocephala, Rudolphi (Neumann).
— Ungarische Blutegel. See Hirndo medicinalis,
Ray. — Ura. See Dcnnatobia noxialis, Goudot. —
Utricules of Miescher. See Sarcocystis miescheri,
R. Lankester. — Veine de Medine, Fr. ; Vena med-
inensis, Veloch (1674). See Dracnnculiis medi-
nensis. Lister. — Ver cutanea des marchais ; Ver
de Guinea dragonneau. See Dracnncjilus medinen-
sis, Cobbold. — Ver da farine. See Tenebrio ynolitor,
Linne. — Ver rhinaire, Chabert. See Linguatiila
rhinaria, Railliet. — Ver solitaire, Andry. Applied
by Andry to his Solium, which was in reality Tccnia
saginata, q. v. — Verme auricolare, Ital. See For-
ficnla anricularia, Linne. — Vermes cucurbitini.
See Ticnia saginata, Goeze. — Vermis cucurbita.
Plater. See Tanin solium, Linne. — Vermis medi-
nensis, Grundler (1740). See Dracitnculus medi-
nensis, Cobbold. — Vers sortis des reins et de
I'urethre, Moublet. See Eusti-om^ylus gigas, Bremser.
Vesicaria granulosa, Schrank. See Echinococciis
polymorphus. — Vibrio humana, Lizars (1843). See
Trichina spiralis, Owen (1843). — Viehbremse. See
Gastrophihis pecornm, Fabricius. — Vituli aquatictis,
Aldrovandi (1605). See Gordiits aqiiaticns, Dujardin
(1842). — Vogelfloh. See Fulex a-iuin, Taschen-
berg. — Wandlaus. See Cimex lecttiaria, Linne. —
Warble - fly. See Hypodenna bovis, Latreille. —
Warega Fly. See Musca sp. — Western Deer-
tick. See Dermacetitor occidentalis , I^inne. — Whip-
worm of Ruminants. See Tricocephalus ajfinis,
Rudolphi. White-footed Breeze-fly. See Taba-
ntis albipes, Fabricius. — Zanzara comune, Ital. See
Culex pipiens. — Zeylonischer Blutegel. See Ham-
adipsa ceylonica. — Zimb. See Glossina morsitans ,
Westwood ; also Fangonia.
Parasitic [par-as-it' -ik ) \_-Kai)aamK.6(;, parasitic]. In
biology, of, or pertaining to, a parasite; holding the
position of a parasite. In ornithology, applied to such
birds as deposit their eggs in the nests of other birds,
to which are left the duties of incubation and care of
the young (t'.^., the European cuckow, Cuculus cano-
rus, Linne, the American Cow Black-bird, Alolobrus
pecoris) ; also to such birds as obtain their food by sys-
tematically robbing other species [e.g., the Parasitic
Jaeger, Stercorarius parasiticus and the Bald Eagle,
Halicctus leucocephalus). P. Castration, sterility in
plant or animal induced by a parasite. P. Disease,
one due to the presence of parasites. P. Hemop-
tysis, hemoptysis associated with cough, due to the
presence of a treniatode, or fluke, the Distoma 7-ingeri
in the bronchial tubes. It is a disease of China,
Japan, and Formosa. See Farasites {Animal'), Table
of. P. Male, applied to the male of certain inverte-
brates which lives upon, and is nourished by, the
female; e.g., the microscopic male of the crustacean
LerncBa, which becomes practically a spermatophore,
and the diminutive Titrbellaria-Wke ciliated male of
the vermian Bonellia, which establishes itself upon
the sexual organs of the female. P. Plant, a plant
deriving its nourishment from another plant or from
another organism ; a bacterium. P. Twin, an autosite.
Parasiticide [par-as-if -is-ld) [napa, beside; alro(:,
food; ceedere, to ]s\\\'\. Any substance destructive of
parasites.
Parasitism [par' -as-it-izm) \jrapa, beside; aZrof, food].
The relation which a parasite bears to its host ; infesta-
tion by parasites.
Parasitize i^par' -as-it-lz) [7ra/jd, beside ; cr/rof, food].
To infest ; the act of one organism becoming parasitic
within or upon another.
Parasitogenesis [par-as-it-o-Jen'-es-is) [tto/iq, beside ;
aiTog, food; ytvcai^, genesis]. I. The formation of
parasites. 2. A bodily condition favoring the develop-
ment of parasites.
Parasitogeny [par-as-it-oj'-en-e). Same as Farasito-
genesis.
Parasitoid {par'-as-it-oid) [Trapd, beside ; airoc, food;
f/(5of, like]. Parasitic; like a parasite.
Parasitologist i^par-as-it-oF-o-jist) [napa, beside;
airiir, food ; /ioyof, science]. One versed in parasitol-
ogy-.
Parasitology (^par-as-it-ol'-o-/e) \_TTnpn, beside; airoc,
food ; Adj'Of, science]. The science, or study, of
parasites.
Parasitosis [par-as-it-o'-sis) [Trapn, beside ; mrof,
food ; voan^, disease]. Any disease dependent upon
the presence of ])arasites. The development of a
parasitic disease.
Parasorbic Acid [par-as-or'-bik), CgHgO.^. An oily
liquid, of unpleasant odor, obtained in the production
of malic acid from the berries of the mountain-ash.
Paraspadia (par-as-pa'-de-ah) [Trapn, beside ; ffirdtij',
to draw]. An opening of the urethra, usually con-
genital, on one side of the penis.
Parasphagis [par-as' -faj-is) [Trnpd, beside; acbay],
throat]. The region about the throat.
Parasphenoid [par-as-fe'-noid] [irapd, beside ; a<l>f/i',
wedge ; f/fiof, form]. In biology : [a) Located along-
PARASTATA
1022
PARAXYLENE
side or under the sphenoid, (d) A membrane-bone
occupying the position of the sphenoid bone proper in
the Saitropsida. (c) A mesal bone articulating with
the vomer in amphibians and fislies.
Parastata [par-as' -fat-ah) ^TrapaaTdTr/i; , epididymis].
Synonym of EpiJidyniis.
Parastatadenitis {par-as-tat-ad-en-i'-tis). Synonym
of Epididymitis.
Parastatitis i^pay-as-tat-i' -tis). Synonym of Epididy-
mitis.
Parasteatosis {^par-as-te-at-o' -sis) \napa, beside ; armp,
SL hard fat]. Fatty degeneration attended with an
altered sebaceous secretion.
Parastemon iypar-as-te' -vioii) \_-Kapa, about; aTlijiDv,
the warp of a web]. Same as Staininodeiim.
Parasternal (/(7/--ai-/£'r''-«<7/) [Trapd, beside ; arkpvov,
sternum]. Beside or near the sternum. P. Line,
the imaginary vertical line midway between the margin
of the sternum and the line passing through the nipple.
P. Region, the region between the sternal margin and
the parasternal line.
Parastichy (pa/--as'-tik-e) [irapd, about ; arlxoc, a row,
line, rank: //. , Parastichies^. In biology, a whorl
or spiral row of organs. Cf. Orthostichy.
Parastigma [par-as-tig' -mak) [-wapd, beside ; ari-y/j.a,
a prick, spot: //. , Parastigmata\. In biology, a
chitinous spot on the wings of an insect.
Parastigmatic [par-as-tig-ma/'-ik) [Trnpa, beside;
ffWy^/a, a spot]. I. Of, or pertaining to, the parastigma.
2. Situated beside the stigma of an insect's wing.
Parastramnia, Parastremma(/a;--aj-/raw'-;z^-o/i,/a;--
as-trein' -all') \jiapaa-p!:>ftiv, to twist]. Distortion of
the mouth or face.
Parastrepsis [par-as-trep'-sis). Synonym oi Siibhi.va-
tion.
Parastyle ( par' -as-til) [Tzapa, beside ; ort'/lof, a pillar].
In biology, an abortive style.
Parasynovitis [pa?--as-iti-o-vi' -tis) \_-apa, about; ai'v,
with ; ()?7/w, egg ; /r/f, inflammation] . Inflammation
of the structures about a joint.
Parasyphilitic [par-as-if-il-it' -ik) [/rapri, beside ; a'v^i-
X(f, syphilis]. Not unlike syphilis, or in some way
resembling syphilis.
Parasystole (par-as-is'-to-le) [Trapd, beside; avaTolij,
systole]. The interval between the cardiac systole and
the diastole.
Paratarsia [par-at-ar'-se-ah) \jTapa, beside; rapaoc,
tarsus] . Ectopia of the tarsus.
Paratarsial (par-at-ar'-se-a/) [irapd, beside; rapaSi;,
tarsus]. Pertaining to the paratarsium.
Paratarsium [par-at-ar' -se-tim) [Trapd, beside ; rapaor,
the sole of the foot: //. , Paratarsia^ In biology,
applied to the side of the tarsus of a bird to distinguish
it from the acrotarsium.
Paratartaric {par-at-ar-tar' -ik) [Trapd, beside; tarta-
ruiii, tartar]. Resembling tartaric acid. P. Acid.
Synonym of Acid., Racemic.
Paratela (par-at-e'-ia/i) [irapd, beside ; tela,-d. web].
The tela of the lateral ventricle of the brain.
Parateresiomania {par-at-er-es-e-o-ma' -ne-ali) [Trapa-
Tiipi/nir, observation; jiavia, madness]. A mania
for observing, or seeing new sights.
Parathenar ( par-atli-e'-nar) [Trapd, beside ; Qtvap, the
flat of the foot]. Applied to the abductor and flexor
brevis muscles of the little toe.
Parathymia [par-ath-i' -t/ie-a/i) [irapd, beyond ; Ovfiuc;,
mind]. Mental strain, or overwork.
Parathyroid {par-atli-i' -roid) [Trdpa, beside; ftvpe6c,
a shield; f/fV)^', like]. Lying beside the thyroid
gland.
Paratoloid ( par-at' -o-loid ). A synonym of Tiiheriiilin.
See l.yiiipli.
Paratoluidin {par-at-o-ln'-id-in) [;r apd, beside ;
din\ A so-called aromatic, or benzyl-compound
resembling toluidin, and derived from coal-tar. It has
been proposed as a remedy in tuberculosis.
Paratolyl { par-at' -o-lil). A liquid with a strong odor,
inducing, when inhaled, headache and epistaxis. It is
also called PliospJienc.
Paratomial {pai--at-o' -me-al ) [Trapd, beside; ra/ieiv, to
cut]. Pertaining to the paratomium.
Paratomium i^par-at-o' -me-um) [;rapd, beside ; rafielv,
to cut : //. , Paratomia\ In biology, applied to the
side of the upper mandible, to distinguish it from the
culincn and tomium.
Paratonia [par-at-o' -ne-ah) [ Trapd, beside ; rovof,
stretching]. In biology, over-extension ; excessive
tension.
Paratonic [par-at-on'-ik) [Trapd, beside ; rkveiv, to
stretch]. In biology, Sachs' term for states of de-
pressed activity in plants.
Paratopia (par-at-o' -pe-aJi) \_7Tapa, beside; rdTrof,
place]. Displacement.
Paratremma (par-at-rem'-ah). Synonym of Para-
trimiiia.
Paratrichosis {par-at-rik-o' -sis) [irapd, beside; (^p/f,
hair]. Trichosis characterized by an excessive growth
of imperfect hair, or by growth in abnormal places.
Paratrimma [par-at-rim'-ak) \_-apa, along; rpipeiv,
to rub]. Intertrigo. Chafing. See Erythema.
Paratriptic [par-at-rip' -tik) \_-apa, beside; rpipetv, to
rub]. Rubbing together ; increasing waste.
Paratrope {par-at'-ro-pe) [Trapd, beside ; rpevreiv, to
turn]. Twisting of a limb.
Paratrophy {par-at'-ro-fe) [irapd, beside; rpop?/, nu-
trition]. Perverted or abnormal nutrition.
Paratyphlitis {par-at-if-li' -tis) [rrapd, beyond; ri^^oc,
blind ; itk;, inflammation]. Inflammation of the extra-
peritoneal and post-cecal connective tissue. It is
always secondary to typhlitis. The tumor in the right
iliac fossa is frequently concealed by intestinal folds
that are filled with air and mask the dulness on percus-
sion. The term is going out of use, and is being re-
placed by appendicitis.
Parauchenium (par-a-v-ke'-ne-wit) [jrapa, beside;
aiix'/i', neck]. In biology, the lateral cervical region.
Paraumbilical ( par-ah-um-l>il' -ik-al) [irapd, beside;
o/jISi'A/koi;, umbilicus]. Near the navel.
Paravaginitis (/rtr-r/<'-ay-/«-t'-//.t) [Trapd, beside ; va-
gina, vagina ; iri^, inflammation]. Inflammation of the
connective tissue surrounding the vagina.
Paravertebral {^par-a^-er' -te-hral) [Trapd, beside;
Tfr/c/tra, vertebra]. Situated near the spinal column,
Paravesical (/(/r-^n'-^'-Z/f'-a/) [TTopd, beside; vesica,
bladder]. Situated near the urinary bladder. P.
Pouch, the peritoneal pocket on either side of the
bladder.
Paraxanthin [par-az-an'-l/iin) [^apd, beyond; fai'ffdf,
yellow], C,H^N^O.,. A leukomain discovered in 1883,
and since shown to be a normal constituent of urine,
though present in very small quantities. It was for-
merly called iirotheohroini)!. Paraxanthin is isomeric
with theobromin, also with dioxy-dimethyl-purpurin ;
it is, therefore, a dimethyl-xanthin. It crystallizes
readily in characteristic flat, somewhat irregular, six-
sided tables when its solutions are slowly evaporated,
or in needles if rapidly evaporated. .See Lenkomcnns,
Table of.
Paraxial { par-aks' -e-al) [Trapd, beside; df/c. axis].
Eying near the axis of the body. In anatomy, a de-
^riptive term applied to certain muscles which, in the
Bimaita, are represented by the intercostal and abdom-
inal muscles.
Paraxylene (par-aks' -il-en) [ Trapd, beside; ^vhn),
PARAXYLORCINOL
1023
PARESTHESIC
wood], ParadimetJiylbenzene ; a hydrocarbon found
in xylol.
Paraxylorcinol (par-aks-il-or'-siii-ol) [ Tvnpa, beside;
fir/*,or, wood; o;r/«f/], CgH,|,(.).^. A crystalline body
melting at 163° C; chemically, it is dihydroxylene.
Parazoe {pay-az-o' -e) \_-Kapa, beside; Cwm', animal]. A
disease characterized by the presence of adult parasites.
Parazygosis [par-az-i-go' -sis) \j:aiM, Ijeside ; (^vyelv, to
yoke]. The condition of a double monster in which
there is union of the trunks above the umbilicus. It
includes xiphopagus, thoracopagus, and pleuropagus.
Parchment i^parch' -ment) [JAYL., pair/ienwii/, parch-
ment]. ,See Leather. P. -crackling, the peculiar
sound elicited by pressure on the cranial tjones in
children the subjects of rickets and congenital syphi-
lis. It is due to a localized hypertrophy of the bones.
P. -glue. See Glue. P. -induration, a form of
chancre, or primary lesion of syphilis, in which the
induration is parchment-like in feel. P. -skin. See
Xeroderma.
Parcidentate {par-sid-eii' -tat) [/^nvM, sparing ; dens,
tooth]. In biology, having relatively few teeth.
Parecceloma {par-ek-se-to'-tiia/i) [Trapa, beside; in,
out ; Koi'/.ot;, hollow]. A cavity produced by disease.
Pareccrisis {^par-ek' -ris-is) [-apd, aside ; t/i, out ;
Kpivstv, to separate]. A disorder of a secretion.
Parecious, Paroecious {par-e' -she-us) [jra/ja, beside ;
okof, house]. In biology, having male and female
organs developed side by side.
Parecism, Parcecism- [par'-es-izni) \_-apa, beside;
okof, house]. In biology, the state or condition of
being parecious.
Parectama (pa-ek' -tam-ah). Synonym of Pareitasis.
Parectasis [par-ek'-tas-is) [napa, beyond ; mraaiQ, a
stretching out]. Excessive stretching or dilatation
Paifgoric \^pnr-e-gor' -ik) \_-apij)opiK<'ir, consoling]. I.
Soothing, or assuaging. 2. A soothing remedy. P.,
Klixir. See Opii, Tinct. , Catnphorata.
Pareia {^par-i' -ah) \y:apeia, cheek]. Cheek.
Pareira [ par-a' -rah) [native Braz.]. The root of
Chondodetidron tomentositin, a plant of South Amer-
ica. It is diuretic and laxative, and tonic to the
mucous membrane of the genito urinary organs. It
is valuable in cystitis, gonorrhea, and leukorrhea, and
■ is used internally and locally for the bites of poisonous
serpents, etc. P., Decoct. (B. P.) Dose ^j-ij.
P., Extract. (B. P.) Dose gr. x-xx. P., Ext., Fid.
Dose gss-gj. P.,Ext., Liq. (B. P.) Dose ^j-ij.
P., Infus, unof. Dose ^j-ij- P. brava. Synonym
1 of Pareira.
Pareirin [par-a' -riji). See Pereirin.
Parelectronomy { par-e-lek-tron' -o-nie^ \_-apa, beside ;
^/lE/crpot-', amber ; v6/joc, law]. The electric condition
of a transverse section of a muscle audits tendon, com-
pared with that of the natural surface of the muscle.
The former is negative, the latter positive.
Paremptosis (par-e>?ip-to'-sis) [-apd, beside ; kfiiriTTTEiv,
to sink in]. I. Dislocation. 2. A form of amau-
rosis.
Parencephalis {par-en-sef'-al-is). Synonym of Paren-
ceplialon.
Parencephalitis {par-eti-sef-al-i' -tis) [;rn/id, beside;
iyKf<knAoc , brain ; itk;, inflammation]. Inflammation
j of the parencephalon, or cerebellum.
Parencephalocele { par-en-sef -al-o-sel) [xapd, beside ;
£y/££^n?oc, brain ; Kli'trj, hernia]. Hernia of the par-
encephalon.
Parencephalon {par-en-sef ' -al-on) [Trrepd, beside ;
£)'/cf0aAof, brain]. The cerebellum.
Parencephalus ( par- eti - sef - al - us) \jiapa, beside;
eyKe4a'Ao(, brain]. A congenital malformation of the
brain.
Parenchyma {par-eng'-kiin-ah^ \TTapd, beside; iyxi^'iv,
to pour in]. In biology, soft cellular tissue, whether
of plants (pith, pulp of leaves, etc.), or of animals, as
the solid parts of a gland, any substance lying between
ducts, vessels or nerves, connective tissue, corpuscles
or amorphous matter. In physiology, the secreting or
functionating structure of an organ. P., Digesting,
a mass of stellate, branched cells representing the
alimentary canal in the so-called Acada among platode
worms. Food enters this mass directly through the
mouth or esophagus.
Parenchymal {par-eng' -kim-al) [7ra/jf'j';(^i)//a, paren-
chyma]. Pertaining to, or of the nature of, paren-
chyma.
Parenchymatic [par-eitg-kim-at' -ik) [Tiap^yxvi-ia, par-
enchyma]. Parenchymatous.
Parenchymatitis {par-eng-kim-at-i' -tis) [jrapd, beside ;
t} V*'i% to pour in ; <r(f, inflammation]. Inflammation
of parenchyma.
Parenchymatous {par-eng-kim' -at-tis, or par-eiig-ki' -
inat-tis) \_-(>pa, beside ; tyxeiv, to pour in]. Pertaining
to, or having the nature of, parenchyma. P. In-
flammation, inflammation of the parenchyma, as dis-
tinguished from that of the interstitial tissue. In
reality there can be no inflammation of the par-
enchyma without the same process in the interstitial
tissue.
Parenchyme [par-eng'-klm). Same as Parenchyma.
Parenchymepatitis \par-eng-kim-ep-at-i' -tis) [ irap-
iyX''fja, parenchyma; rjirap, liver; irig, inflammation].
Inflammation of the parenchyma of the liver.
Parenchymous {par-eng'-ki/ii-tis). Same as Paren-
chymatous.
Parenchymula { par-eng-kim' -it-Iah) [dim. of paren-
chyma : pi. , ParencIiymiilLc'\. Hyatt's name for the
embryonic stage immediately succeeding that of the
closed blastula.
Parencranis [par-en-kra' -nis). Synonym of Cerebel-
lum.
Parent {par' -ent) \_parens, a parent]. One who has
generated or produced ; a father or mother. P. -cell.
See Cytida, Mother-cell. P. -form, in biology, a
stock ; a parent of any kind. P. -hood, the state of
being a parent. P. -kernel, the nucleus of a parent-
cell ; a cytococcus.
Parepicele [par-ep' -is-el) \_Trapn, beside ; e-i, upon ;
Kni'/iir, hollow]. The lateral recess of the epicele ex-
tending latero-ventrad.
Parepididymal {par-cp-id-id'-im-al') [Trrapd, beside;
fTT/', upon ; (Vi6vjK)c^, the testes]. Pertaining to the
parepididymis.
Parepididymis [par-ep-id-id'-im is). See Paradidy-
7nis.
Parepithymia {par-ep-ith-i' -mc-ali ) [ jropd, aside ;
tTTi6vf.ua, desire]. A morbid or depraved desire or
habit.
Parerethisis {par-er-eth' -is-is)\_napn ,hsyonA ; epiSi^eiv,
to excite]. Abnormal excitement, or stimulus.
Paresis {par'-es-is) [rcaixi, from ; iivai, to let go]. I.
Slight paralysis ; partial loss of muscular power. 2.
Same as general paralysis.
Paresoanalgesia {pa7--es-o-an-al-je' -ze-ah) [jrapd, be-
side ; (Vi'i7/, to let go ; hi'a'Ayriaia, analgesia]. Paresis
with analgesia; a symptom of Morvan's disease.
'P2StsihQsiai(par-es-the'-ze-ali)\_Knpa, beside; niad/jmc,
sensation]. Morbid or perverted sensation, as numb-
ness, formication, " pins-and-needles. "
Paresthesic (par-es-the'-zih) \_7Tnpn, beside; dLoHtjair,
sensation]. Pertaining to paresthesia. P. Neurosis,
a peculiar neurosis, in which the patient complains of
paresthesia: as follows : gnawing, boring, " pins and
needles," sensations in the extremities, particularly
PARESTHETIC
1024
PARISTHMIC
the upper, involving the fingers, hands and forearms,
often of botli sides, but not infrequently of only one.
The neurosis appears in the following types : I. The
emotional. 2. The mental. 3. The neurasthenic.
4. The toxic. 5. Waking numbness (?). 6. The
type that may be called an occupation-paresthesia, as
it is often associated with a certain class of occupations.
It is more frequent in women.
Paresthetic {par-cs-thef -ik) [jrapo, beside; aladijaic,
sensation]. Pertaining to, or having the nature of
paresthesia.
Paretic {par-ef -ik^ \_-apa, beside ; levai, to let go].
Pertaining to, or affected with, paresis. Also, a person
suffering from paresis. P. Dement, a person suffer-
ing from paretic dementia. P. Dementia. See
General Para/vsis of the Insane.
Pareunia [pai--u' -ne-ak) [;ra^jd, beside ; evvr/, bed].
Coitus ; se.\ual congress.
Parfocal Ocular. See Ocidar.
Parhidrosis iypar-hid-ro' -sis). Same as Paridrosis.
Parhomology lypar-ho-jnoF -o-je) [Trapd, beside ; ofio'/.-
oyia, agreement, conformity]. In biology, apparent
homology ; imitative homodynamy.
Paricin equal ; C««(r/zo«a] .CjgHjgNjO.
An amorphous alkaloid of the Cinchonas.
Paridigitate {^par-id-ij' -it-dl) equal ; digitatus,
having fingers or toes]. In biology, having an even
number of digits, as in artiodactyl ungulates.
Paridin [par'-id-in) [par, equal], CjgHjgO,. A glu-
cosid obtained from Paris quadrifolia.
Paridol {par'-id-ol) \_par, equal], Cj^Hj^Og. A de-
composition-product of paridin.
Paridrosis [par ■ id - ro'- sis ) [rrapa, beside; I6p(j(;,
sweat]. Qualitative change in the secretion of sweat.
Paries [pa'-re-ez) [/<zr/(?j, a wall : //. , Parietes^. In
biology, an enveloping or investing structure »r wall.
Parietal [par-i'-ef-al) \_parietalis, belonging to walls].
(a) Pertaining to the walls of a body-cavity, [b)
Applied to placentas that are borne on the walls of the
ovary. P. Angle. See Angle. P. Bone, one of the
two large, rectangular bones that by their union form
the sides and roof of the skull. See Bones, Table of.
P. Boss. Same as P. Eminence. P. Cell, one of
a variety of cells, also called acid cells, found irregu-
larly distributed among the epithelium of the peptic
glands. They communicate with the lumen of the
tube by means of intercellular clefts. P. Convolu-
tion. See Convolutions, Table of. P. Kminence.
See Eminence. P. Eye. .See Pineal Eye. P.
Foramen. See Foramen. P. Fossa, the deep-
est part of the inner surface of the parietal bone.
P. Gyrus. See P. Convolution. P. Lobe. See
Lobes of Brain. P. Lobules, two lobules of the
cerebrum, ijiferior and superior, separated by the
interparietal sulcus. P. Peritoneum, the peritoneum
covering the internal surface of the abdominal wall.
P. Placenta, in biology, a placenta borne on the ova-
rian wall. P. Pleura, the pleura lining the thoracic
wall. P. Protuberance. .Same as P. Eminence.
P. Segment: l. The second cranial segment, be-
tween the occipital and frontal, and including the
basisphenoid, alisphenoid, and parietal bones. 2. The
posterior segment of the mitral valve. P. Sulcus, the
intrapraietal sulcus. P. Vertebra. Same as Segmetit.
Parietale [par - i - et - a' - le ) \_parietalis, belonging to
walls]. One of the parietal bones.
Parieten [par-i'-et-eii) \_paries, wall]. Belonging to
the parietal bone in itself.
Parietic Acid. A synonym of Acid, Chrysoplianic .
PaT\eto-honta.l {pa)--i^-ef-ofrun^-tal) [paries, a wall ;
frons, front]. Of, pertaining to, or representing both
the parietal and frontal bones; frontoparietal.
Parieto-mastoid (par-i'-et-o-mas'-toid) \_ paries, a
wall; fiaoTUQ, the breast; el6oc, like]. Pertaining to
the parietal bone and the mastoid process of the tem-
poral bone ; mastoparietal.
Parieto-occipital [par-i' -et-o-ok-sip' -it-al) [paries, a
wall ; occiput, the back of the head]. Pertaining to
the parietal and occipital bones or lobes, as the
parieto-occipital fissure, the parieto-occipital convolu-
tions, and the parieto-occipital suture.
Parieto-quadrate {par-i' -et-o-kiuod' -rat) [paries, the
wall; quadratus, 'iQ^2LX^'\. Pertaining to the parietal
and quadrate bones. P. Arch, an arch in the skull
of reptiles.
Parieto-sphenoid [par-i' -et-o-sfe'-noid) [paries, wall ;
(70^1', wedge ; eISoq, like]. Pertaining to the parietal
and sphenoid bones.
Parieto-splanchnic {par-i' -et-o-splangk' -nik) [paries,
a wall ; cr7r>dj ^;i'oi', viscera] . Of or pertaining to the
walls of the alimentary canal, as the nervous ganglia
of certain molluscs.
Parieto-squamosal [par-i' -et-o-skwa-mo' -sal) [paries,
a wall ; squama, a scale]. Of or pertaining to the
parietal and squamosal bones. P. Suture, a suture
between the squamous portion of the temporal bone
and the parietal bone.
Parieto-temporal [par-i' -et-o-tetn' -po-ral ) [paries, a
wall ; tempora, the temples]. Pertaining to the pari-
etal and temporal bones. P. Suture, the suture be-
tween the parietal and temporal bones.
Parieto-vaginal [par-i' -et-o-vaj' -in-al )[paries, a wall;
vagina, a sheath]. Of or pertaining to the ectoder-
mal and endodermal layers of a polyzoan, as the
parieto-vaginal muscles.
Parieto-visceral [par-i' -et-o-vis' -er-al) a wall ;
viscus, a bowel, entrails]. Of or pertaining to the
walls of a body-cavity and the contained viscera. .
Parietti's Solution. See Stains, Table of.
Parigenin {par-ij' -en-in). See Parillin.
Parillin [par-iV-in) [parilla, dim. of /^zrra, a trained
vine]. A glucosid obtained from sarsaparilla. It
crystallizes in white scales or needles, permanent in
the air, neutral, odorless, at first tasteless, but after-
ward bitter and acrid, slightly soluble in cold water
and alcohol, freely so in hot. If treated by dilute
mineral acids it yields parigenin and sugar.
Parin {par' -in). Synonym of Paridin.
Pari passu {par' -e pas' -u) [\^.\ Coincidently ; side
by side ; with equal progress ; in the same degree.
Paripinnate {par-ip-in' -at) [/ar, equal; pinna, wing,
feather]. In biology, abruptly pinnate ; i. e., without
an unpaired terminal leaflet.
Paris {par' -is) [par, equal]. I. A genus of liliace-
ous plants. 2. The capital of France. P. Blue.
-Same as Cobalt-blue. P. Green. Same as Schwein-
furth Green and Rinrnajin' s Green. .See also Copper.
P. quadrifolia, a common European herb, the one-
berry, true-love, or four-leaved grass, which is actively
poisonous. It yields paridin. Unof. P. Red. Same
as Colcothar, Mauvein, and Minium. P. Violet.
'sj'Sime: ^i, Methvl-violet. P. Yellow. Same as C7i/w«c-
yelloit.1.
Parisagoge {par-is' -ag-og) [napa, beside ; riyo>)i>€, lead-
ing]. Intussusception.
Parish {par'-ish) [ME., /(zra/z^, a pari.sh]. .-^ place
for which a separate poor-rate is or can be made, or
for which a sejiarate overseer is or can be appointed.
(Brit. Pub. Health Act, 1875.)
Parish's Chemical Food. See Phosphorus.
Paristhmia {par-ist' -»ie-ah) [-napa, beside; In^f^o;,
throat]. The tonsils.
Paristhmic {par-isf -inik) [-Kapli, beside; 'i<0\ii>i,
throat]. Relating to the tonsils.
PARISTHMITIS
1025
PAROTIDO-AURICULARIS
Paristhmitis (^par-ist-ini'-tis) [ Trapa, beside; io6/x6q,
throat; mc, inflammation]. Tonsillitis.
Paristyphnin ( par-is-tif -nin ) \_p<ii-, equal ; rroor,
smoke], Cj^Hg^Oj^. A glucosid found in the root of
Paris quadrifolia.
Parity (par'-it-e) {_par, equal]. Equality.
Parity fypar' -it-e) \_parerf, to bring forth]. The con-
dition of being able to bear children.
Park's Aneurysm. Stt Aneii?-vsiii, Tind Diseases, Table
of.
Parkinson's Disease. See Paraivsis agitans, and Dis-
eases, Table of. P.'s Mask, the immobile, mask-like
expression of patients suffering with paralysis agitans.
See Signs and Symptoms, Table of.
Parma-blue. Same as Spirit-blue. P.-violet. • Same
as Rosanilin-violet .
Parmesan Cheese. See Cheese.
Paroarium, Paroarion {^par-o-a'-re-um, par-o-a' -re-
on) [Tvapd, beside; uapiov, dim. of ciov, egg]. Same
as Taroi'arium.
Paroccipital {par-ok-sip' -it-al) \napa, beside; occiput,
occiput]. I. Literally, beside the occipital region.
2. The mastoid apophysis. See Parieto-occipital.
Parodinia (^par-o-din' -e-ali) [Trapri, beside ; L&iq, labor].
Difficult parturition.
Parodontis [par-o-don' -tis"). Synonym of Epulis.
I Parodyn [par'-o-din). Synonym oi Antipyrin.
j Parcenia [par-e'-ne-ah) [-apd, from; oh'of, wine]. In
legal medicine, an act committed while intoxicated, or
drunken.
'PaioicoViS [par-o'-ik-us] [-upn, beside ; okof, house].
Same as Parecioiis.
Parolivary [par -ol' -iv - a - re) \_napa, beside; oliva,
olive]. Situated near the olivary body.
Paromphalocele [par-om-fal'-o-sel) [;rapd, near ; 6/y-
0a/idf, navel ; kti'/it], tumor]. Hernia in the region of
the navel.
Paroniria {par-o-ni'-re-ah) [napa, beside; dveipoc,
dream]. Depraved or morbid dreaming. A condition
marked by imperfect sleep and by dream-excitement
or action of the voluntary muscles. P. ambulans,
sleep-walking. P. salax, a restless condition at-
I tended with involuntary seminal emissions and lasciv-
ious dreams.
Paronychia [^par-o-nik' -e-aJi) \_-apa, beside ; hvvi,
nail]. Inflammation about the finger-nail. It may be
phlegmonous and form an abscess. Applied also to
inflammation of the flexor-tendons and of their sheaths.
Run-around, for the lightest form, and ivJiitlow, for the
severer form, are popular names for these affections.
P. gangrsenosa, a gangrenous inflammation around
the nail, resulting in the loss of the terminal phalanges.
P., Syphilitic, an ulcerative form due to syphilis.
The swelling is very marked.
Paronychial [par-o-tiik'-e-al] [irapuvvxta, a whitlow].
Having the character of paronychia.
Paronychis, Paronychitis {par-o-7tik' -is, par-o-nik-i'-
tis). Synonym of Paronychia.
Paronychium i^par-o-nik' -e-uni) [-apn, beside ; hvvx-
(ov, a little claw; dim. of bvv^, a nail : //., Parony-
chia']. In biology, a bristle-like organ between the
terminal claws of the foot of an insect.
Paronychosis {par-o-nik-o'-sis) \_-apa, beside ; bvvi,
I nail; voaog, disease]. A diseased condition of the
structures about the nails ; also growth of a nail in
unusual places.
Paronym (par'-o-nim) \_-apa, beside ; urviia, name].
A word that exactly represents a word in another lan-
guage, differing from it only in some slight modifica-
tion. Thus ner7'e is a paronym of Latin nervits ;
muscle of miisculus ; canal of canalis.
^aroophoritis [par-o-off-or-i' -tis) [Trapa, beside ; uoi-
65
dpor, egg -bearing ; ir(f, inflammation] . i. Inflamma-
tion of the parovarium. 2. Inflammation of the tis-
sues about the ovary.
Paroophoron [par-o-off'-o-ron) \_napa, beside; 6jdy, an
egg; <pt pen', to bear: pi. , Parodphora'\. In biology,
the organ constituted by the persistent tubules of the
posterior part of the Wolffian body. It was first de-
scribed in the male by Giraldes under the name of the
corps innomine, and was first described in the female
by Waldeyer. See Paradidymis.
Parophobia (/ar-6'-/(?''-(^d'-«//) [Trcpor, before (intensive) ;
cpoiioi;, fear]. Hydrophobia.
Parophrenitis (par-o-fren-i'-tis) [/lapa, beside ; (jipvv,
diaphragm; ;rif, inflammation]. Inflammation about
the diaphragm.
Parophthalmia [par -off- thai' -?ne- ah) [~apd, beside ;
oiplia?.fi6r, eye]. Inflammation about the eye.
Paropia. (par-o''-pe-ah) [Trnpd, beside ; ui/<, e3'e]. The
angle of the eyelid toward the temple.
Paropion [par-o' -pe-on) \_-apa, beside; wi/', eye]. An
eye-screen.
Paropsis [par-op'-sis) \_Tr-apa, aside; di/xf, vision].
Disordered or false vision.
Paroptesis [par-op-te'-sis) [rrcpd, near; bnTr/aig, a
roasting]. A hot-air bath.
Paroral {par-o' -ral) [Tropd, beside; os, oris, mouth].
In biology, alongside the mouth or oral aperture.
Parorasis [par-o-ra'-sis) [napa, beside ; bpaeiv, to see] .
Any perversion of vision or of color-perception ; an
hallucination.
Parorchid (par-or'-kid). Same as Parorchis.
Parorchidium [par-or-kid' -e-nm) [-opd, beside ; bpxi-i,
testicle]. Abnormal position of a testicle, or its non-
descent.
Parorchido - enterocele [par-or- kid'- 0- en- ter'-o-sel)
[irapd, beside ; dp;f;f, testicle ; fiTfpoi', intestine ; KrjArj,
tumor]. Inguinal hernia combined with displacement
of the testis.
Parorchis (par-or' -kis) [rrapd, near; opx^^, testicle].
See Epididymis.
Parorexia [par-or-eks' -e-ah ) [Trapa, aside ; bpe^i^, ap-
petite]. A perverted appetite.
Parosmia {par-oz' -me-ah ) [Trapd, aside; ou////, smell].
Hallucination of smell, usually unpleasant.
Parosmis (par-oz'-mis). See Parosmia.
Parosphresis [par-os-fre'-sis). Same as Parosmia.
Parosteitis [par-os-te-i'-tis). Synonym of Parostitis.
Parosteosis (par-os-te-o' -sis). See Parostosis.
Parostia [par-os'-te-ah ) [Trapd, beside ; doTfoi', bone].
Disorder or defect of ossification.
Parostitis (par-os-ti'-tit) [Trapa, near ; bariov, bone ;
iTic, inflammation]. Inflammation of the outer sur-
face of periosteum.
Parostosis (par-os-to'- sis) [Trapd, beside; bariov,
bone]. The abnormal formation of bone outside of
the periosteum, or in the connective tissue surrounding
the periosteum.
Parotic (/<7;--o;'''-//^ ) [Trapd, near; oi'f, ear]. Situated
near or about the ear.
Parotid (par - ot'- id ) [ Trapd, near ; oi)f, ear]. Near
the ear. P. Abscess, an abscess of the parotid
gland ; also sometimes applied to abscess of the
lymphatic gland lying upon the parotid. P. Duct,
the excretory duct of the parotid gland. P. Glands.
See Salir'arv Glands.
Parotidectomy (par-ot-id-ek' -to-me) [wapd, beside;
orf, ear; e/cro/z?/, excision]. Excision of the parotid
gland.
Parotiditis (par-ot-id-i'-tis). See Parotitis.
Parotide - auricularis (par-ot'-id-o - a'u-rik-zi-la'-ris)
[Tropd, near; nvc, ear; aura, ear]. A muscle, well-
developed in lower animals, arising from the surface
PAROTIDONCUS
1026
PARTURIFACIENT
of the parotid gland and inserted into the base of the
concha. Its function is to abduct and depress the
pinna.
Parotidoncus {par-ot-id-on;:;' -kus). "Aee Pai-otitis.
Parotidoscirrhus {par-ot-id-o-skir' -us) [Trapa, beside ;
OT'i;, ear ; ff/c/ppof, hard]. Scirrhous carcinoma of the
parotid gland.
Parotis [pai--o'-iis) [L.]. The parotid gland. P.
accessoria, a small lobule near the parotid gland,
called the accessory parotid gland.
'PaxoX.iX.ic [par-o-tit'-ik) \Trapd,hti,ide\ oSf , ear ; ltl<;,
inflammation]. Having the mumps ; affected with
parotitis.
Parotitis \napa, beside; ovc, ear; itic,
inflammation]. Inflammation of the parotid gland,
commonly called the mumps. P. contagiosa,
mumps. P., Epidemic, ordinary mumps. P., Idio-
pathic, mumps. P., Metastatic, mumps secondary
to disease elsewhere ; it is not uncommon in infec-
tious diseases, and usually goes on to suppuration.
Parotoid (par^-o-toid) [Tropwr/f, the parotid gland;
f(f5of, form]. In biology, applied to certain cutaneous
glands near the external ear in some batrachians.
Parous [par^-us) [^parere, to bear]. Having borne one
or more children.
PaiovSLtian (par-o-va^-re-nn) [Trapd, beside; ovarium,
ovary]. Situated in or occurring near the ovary.
Parovarium (^par-o-va' -re-iiiii)\_-apa, beside ; (lAv, egg :
//., Parovaria^. In biology, the functionless remnant
or vestige of the Wolffian body of the female ; the
organ of Rosenmiiller, q. v.
Paroxysm [par'-oks-iz??i) [napa, beside ; b^vvciv, to
sharpen]. The periodic increase or crisis in the
progress of a disease ; a fit or sudden attack of pain
or convulsion. P., Febrile, an accession of fever.
PaxoTnysmaX [pai'-oks-iz' -ma/) [jrapa, beside; b^iweiv,
to sharpen]. Of the nature of or resembling a par-
oxysm ; recurring in paroxysms. P. Sleep. See
Narcolepsy.
Paroxysmic (ypar-oks-iz'-mik). Same as Paroxysmal.
Parrot ( par' -of) \yr.,pierrof, a sparrow]. Any bird of
the family Psittacidic, having a curved and hooked
bill. P. -beak Nails, nails that are curved strongly
antero-posteriorly, like the beak of the parrot. P.-
mouth. A deformity of the mouth of a horse in
which the upper incisors project in front of and beyond
the lower ones. This results in interference with
prehension and mastication, and indirectly with diges-
tion.
Parrot's Disease. Syphilitic pseudo-paralysis. See
Diseases, Table of. P.'s Nodes. See Signs and
Syinpto»is, Table of, and also Node. P.'s Sign. See
Signs and Symptoms, Table of.
Parry's Disease. Exophthalmic goiter. See Diseases,
Table of.
Pars {par"^ [L. ]. Part. P. ciliaris retinae, the part
of the retina in front of the ora serrata. P. inter-
media. I. Same as Portio inter durem et mollcm.
2. Also a small plexus of veins establishing com-
munication between the bulbs of the vestibule
of the vagina and the clitoris. P. juncturse,
the lock of an obstetric forceps. P. minoris resis-
tentiae. Synonym of Locus minoris resistentice.
Parsley {pars'-le) [/r/rpof, rock ; ai:'kivov, a kind of
parsley]. A biennial garden herb, Petroselinum
sativum. It contains a volatile oil and a camphor
{Apiol). P. -camphor. See Apiol.
Parson's Disease. Exophthalmic goiter. See Diseases,
Table of. P. Method. See Treatment, Methods of
Part \_pars, a part]. A segment or section ; a member
or organ.
Parted [part'-ed) \_partire, to divide]. In biology,
applied to a leaf that is separated into parts almost
to the midrib or base.
Parthenicin, Parthenin [par-then' -is-in, par' -then-in)
[ -apSevtoc, maidenly, pure]. The alkaloid of Par-
theniiim liysterophorus, native to the Gulf States and
the West Indies. It has proved efficacious in neuralgia
and in intermittent fever. Dose gr. ; as an anti-
periodic, gr. v-xv. Unof.
Parthenium (pa?--the'-ne-ttm) [napBtvio^, maidenly,
pure]. A genus of composite- flowered herbs of
America. P. hysterophorus, and P. integrifolium,
of N. America, are useful in fever. Unof,
Parthenochlorosis [par' -then-o-klo-ro' -sis) \_TrapBsvo^,
virgin ; x^^^P°C, green]. The chlorosis of young
maidens.
Parthenogalactozemia {^par' -then-o-gal-ak' -to-ze' -me-
ah) l_~apHivoc, virgin ; yd/lo, milk ; t^tjfiia, loss].
The secretion of milk in the breast of a virgin.
Parthenogenesis [par-then-o-jen'-es-is) [jTaptikvo^, a
virgin; yeveoK;, production]. In biology, a variety
of asexual or virginal reproduction in which the
whole development of the embryo is affected without
the aid or stimulus of fecundation ; the production of
young without any previous congress with the male
organism, as in various forms of Medttsce, Tenia,
and Aphidtc. The common black scale-bug, Lecan-
eum olece, of the oleander affords an example, all the
insects being oviparous females.
Parthenogenetic [par-then-o-jen-et'-ik] [_TTap6evog, a
virgin ; ytvEOK;, genesis]. In biology, of or pertain-
ing to parthenogenesis. P. Eggs, eggs developed
without fertilization, as the statoblasts of the fresh-
water Bryozoa. In these eggs, according to some ob-
servers, only one polar body is formed.
Parthenogenous (par-then-oj' -en-zis) [jrapdkvo^, a vir-
gin ; yevi/c, producing]. Producing spores, eggs, or
young, without fertilization.
Parthenogeny [par-then-oj' -en-c) [_Trap6hog, a virgin;
yevij^, producing]. Same as Parthenogetiesis.
Parthenogonidium [par-then-o-gon-id' -e-ttm) [Knp6c-
I'of, a virgin; yovi/, generation : //. , Parthenogonidia'].
In biology, an individual of an asexual generation
which produces by continuous incomplete fission a
colony that separates from the mother-colony.
Parthenology [par-tken-ol'-o-je) \_-apdevo(;, virgin;
Tioyo^, science]. The study or science of the dis-
eases and conditions peculiar to or characteristic of
virginity, or of young girls.
Parthenosperm [par' -then- o-spei-m) [_'KapHivo^ , a vir-
gin ; o-ippa, seed]. Same a.s Part/ienospore.
Parthenospore [par' -then-o-spor) [irftpWi'of, a virgin ;
a~npa, seed]. In biology, a spore resembling a zygo-
spore, but produced without fertilization, in certani
a\gx.
Particle [par'-tik-l) [dim. of pars, part]. A small
part. The smallest visible portion of any substance.
Particulate [par-tik' -u-lat) \_pars, part]. Composed
of minute particles ; applied to various contagia.
Partite [par' -tit) \_partiri, to divide]. In biology,
divided from base to apex.
Partridge-berry [part'-ridj-bcr'-e). See Gatdtheria
proiiiiiibeus : also A/itchella repens.
Partridge's Hernia. Hernia external to the femoral
vessels. .See Hernia, and Diseases, Table of.
Parturiate [par-tii'-re-dt) \^parturire, to bring forth].
To bring forth young.
Parturiency [par-tu'-re-en-se) \_parturire, to bring
forth]. The state of being parturient ; parturition.
Parturient [par-tu' -re-ent) \_parturire, to bring forth].
Being in labor; giving birth. P. Apoplexy. See
Collapse, Parturient.
Parturifacient [par-tu-rif-a' -se-ent) [parturire, to
PARTURIOMETER
1027
PASTE
bring forth ; facere^ to make]. I. Causing to bring
fortii. 2. A medicine or agent that induces parturi-
tion.
Parturiometer [par - tu - re - oin'- et - er') \^ partnrire, to
bring forth ; fitTjiDV, measure]. An instrument for
measuring the expulsive force of the uterus and indi-
cating the existing stage of labor.
Parturious [par-tu' -re-its) \_parturire, to bring forth].
Parturient.
Parturition [par-tu-rish'-nn) \_partitritio ; parturire,
to bring forth]. The act of giving birth to young.
See Labor.
Parturitive [par-tti'-rii-iv) \_ parturire, to bring forth].
Obstetric ; relating to parturition.
Partus [par'-tns) \_partus ; parere, to bring forth].
The bringing forth of offspring ; labor. P. csesarius,
Cesarean section. P. difficilis, dystocia. P. imma-
turus, premature labor. P. maturus, labor at term.
P. prsecipitatus, precipitate labor. P. siccus, dry
labor.
Parulidodontitis {par-ti-lid-o-don-ti' -tis) [Trapn, be-
side; oiViov, gum ; oSovq, tooth; iriq, inflammation].
Inflammation of a tooth and the gum.
Parulis [par-u'-lis) \_-apa, near; ovXov, the gum].
Alveolar abscess of the gums. Gum-boil.
Parumbilical {par-jun-bil' -ik-al) [rrapa, beside ; um-
bilicus, navel]. Situated or occurring near the um-
bilicus.
Paruria {par-u' -re-aJi) [Trapd, beside ; ovpov, urine].
Any abnormality in the excretion of the urine. P.
I mellita. Synonym of Diabetes mellitus.
iParvipsoas [par-vip'- so- as) \_ parvus, small; -^(ia,
1 //. »/)da/, a muscle of the loins]. The psoas parvus
muscle. See Muscles, Table of.
Parvirostrate [par-ve-ros' -trai) \_pan<us, small; ros-
trum, beak]. In biology, having a small bill or beak.
Parvolin [par'-vo-liii). A name given to Gautier and
Etard's ptomain-base, CgHjjN, obtained (l88l) from
decomposing mackerel and horseflesh, and isomeric
with Waage's synthetic parvolin. The free base is an
oily, amber-colored fluid, having the odor of hawthorn-
blossoms. Its constitution and physiologic action
have not yet been definitely settled. See Ptomains,
Table of.
Parvule {par'-vfil ) [Fr. ; L. , parviilus, small]. A
I small pill, or pellet of medicine.
Pascual [pas'-ku-al) \_pascmim, a pasture]. Same as
I Pascuous.
Y^'S,zwa.n\.[pas' -ku-ant) \_pascere ,Xa'ittA\ In biology,
j feeding, as in a pasture ; pasturing.
i Pascuous {pas' -ku-us) \_pascere, to feed]. In biology,
growing in pastures,
asma [paz'-mnh) [Trdcr/za ; ■Kamm.v, to sprinkle : //. ,
Pasmata^. i. A powder for sprinkling on a surface.
2. A powder mixed up into a paste, q. v.
asque Flower (pask). See Pulsatilla.
ass (pas) [passus, step]. To go, or to put through,
or by ; to discharge from the intestinal canal ; to void.
a&s&gs [pas' -dj) \_passare, to pass]. I. A channel.
2. The act of passing from one place to another. 3.
The introduction of an instrument into a cavity or
channel. 4. An evacuation of the bowels. P., Lac-
ryinal, the excretory ducts of the lacrymal gland,
including the puncta canaliculi, lacrymal sac, and lac-
rymo-nasal duct. P., Tympanic. See Scala tym-
pani. P., Vestibular. See Scala vestibuli.
'asset's Bacillus. See Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of.
*assifiora [pas-iflo' -rali) \_passio, passion; flos, a
flower]. Passion-flower, a genus of climbing plants
represented by a number of species several of which
have medicinal properties. P. foetida, is emmena-
gogue and antispasmodic. Unof
Passio [pash'-e-o) [L.]. Same as Passion. P. colica.
Synonym of Enteraly;ia. P. haemoptoica, hemopty-
sis. P. hysterica. Synonym of //i'jVwi?. P. iliaca.
Synonym of Volvulus. P. uterina. Synonym of
Hysteria.
Passion [pash'-un) \_passio ; to suffer]. Pain;
suffering. Any intense emotion of the mind. Intense
sexual excitement. In pathology, a term formerly
used to include all acute diseases. P., Iliac, volvulus.
P. -fits, a common name for the spasms occurring in
laryngismus stridulus, from the supposition that the)'
are due to anger on the part of the child.
Passive [pas'-iv) \_pati, to suffer]. Not active. P.
Insufficiency of Muscles. See Insufficiency. P.
Motion, the movement of a limb or part of the body
by a second person or by external agency, and not
by the patient himself.
Passivism [pas' -iv-izm) \_pati, to suffer]. The term
given by Stefanowski to that variety of sexual perver-
sion which consists in the complete subjugation of
the will of one person to the profit of another, with an
erotic end. Stibjectivism would be a preferable term,
as there is an active acquiescence engendering feelings
of a positive type. Passivism is the exact opposite of
sadism. Passivism in the male may be defined as
voluntary subjugation of the male will to the profit of
the female, accompanied by an intense desire for
abuse and maltreatment by her. In the last factor
consists the voluptuous ecstacy of the passivist. Pas-
sivism may be physical or moral. Moral passivism
consists essentially of humiliations and abasements
before women. Here should be included the perverse
tastes for female secretions, the cttnuilingtiists, reni-
fleure, etc. Passivism may accompany sexual imier-
sion, in which case the loved olsject is a male, and the
passivist becomes a fellator. The fellator is the so-
called bote, said to be common among the Indians of
the N. W. United States.
Passivist [pas'-iv-ist) \_pati, to suffer]. One who is
the subject of passivism,^.?'.
'Pa.ssula. [pas' -ti-lali) [L. : //. zxiA geiz ., Passulce'\. A
raisin. P. major, the common or large raisin. P.
minor, the small raisin, or Greek currant. See Uva
pass a.
Paste [past) pasta ,• Trdor;/, mess ; Traaosiv, to sprinkle.
Cf. , Pasma^. Any tenacious substance for cementing
or uniting parts, especially a semi-solution of starch or
flour in water. Also, a confection of gum arable,
sugar, and water, flavored with any aromatic sub-
stance. Also, a caustic preparation composed of arsenic
acid, cinnabar, and caustic alkali. P., Arsenical,
a caustic paste containing arsenic. P., Bonnet's, a
caustic paste composed of equal parts of zinc chlorid
and flour. P., Canquoin's. See Cani/uoin. P.,
Coster's, a solution of iodin in oil of tar. P.,
Dupuytren's, a caustic paste composed of arsenious
acid, calomel, and a solution of gum. P., Esmarch's.
See Esmarch. P., Felix's, a caustic paste composed
of zinc chlorid, mercuric chlorid, iodol, croton-
chloral, bromid of camphor, carbolic acid, starch, and
wheat-flour. P., Landolphi's. See Landolphi. P.,
London, a mixture of equal parts of sodium hydrate
and slaked lime, moistened with alcohol. P.,
Manec's. See Manec. P., Michel's, a caustic
paste composed of three parts of strong sulphuric acid
and one part of finely powdered asbestos. P., Socin's
Antiseptic, a mixture of zinc chlorid one part, and
zinc oxid and distilled water each 10 parts. It is used
as a dressing. P., Vienna, a mixture of potassium
hydrate and caustic lime moistened with water. P.,
Ward's, a paste consisting of black pepper one part ;
root of Inula helenium, one part ; white sugar, two
PASTERN
1028
PATHOGENIC
parts ; fennel-seed, three parts ; to which, before
using, two parts of honey are added.
Pastern [pas'-tern) [OF., pasttiron, a shackle for a
horse at pasture]. That part of a horse's foot be-
tween the fetlock-joint and the coronet of the hoof.
P. -bone, either of the two proximal phalanges of a
horse's foot. P. -joint, the articulation between the
proximal phalanx (great pastern-bone) of the horse's
foot and the cannon-bone.
Pasteur's Fluid or P.'s Liquid. An artificial liquid
for the cultivation of bacteria. They flourish in it,
but not so well as when proteid elements are also added.
It is composed of water loo parts, crystallized sugar
ID parts, carbonate of ammonium and ashes of yeast,
each, I part. P.'s Method. I. See Pasteurizing. 2.
See Fasteurisni. P., Microbe of. See Bacteria,
Synony?)tatic Table of. P.'s Oven. See Oven.
Pasteuring {pas' -ttir-ing) [after the French biologist,
Louis Pasteur'\. See Pasteurizing.
Pasteurism { pas' -tur-izin') [after the French biologist,
Louis Pastei(r\ Prophylactic or protective inocula-
tion ; a synonym for the word vaccination.
Pasteurization [pas-tur-iz- a'-s/iun) [after the French-
biologist, Louis Pasteur"]. The preservation of or-
ganic fluids by the destruction of the contained fer-
ments or fungi through heating to 60° or 70° C.
Pasteurize [pas' -tur-iz) [after the French biologist,
Louis Pasteur"]. To sterilize fermentable fluids, as
milk or cream, beer or wine, by heat.
Pasteurizing {pas' -tur-i-zing) [after the French biolo-
gist, Yjoms Pasteur]. An important process employed
for the preservation and protection of wine and other
organic fluids against diseases. It consists in heating
the substance, either in casks or in bottles, to a tem-
perature of 60° C, and then preserving it without
exposure to the air.
Pastil, Pastille [pas' -tit, pas-tit') [dim. of paste
or confection]. A lozenge or similarly shaped mass
composed of aromatic substances and employed in fumi-
gation. Also, a troche or tablet of medicinal sub-
stance.
Pastinaca [pas-tin-a'-kah) \_pastinare, to dig]. A
former genus of umbelliferous plants. P. sativa,
the common parsnip, formerly used as a diuretic and
as an antiperiodic. Unof.
Pastophor [pas' -to-for) [Traoro^opoc, a shrine-bearer :
//. , Pastophori]. A priest-physician; a clan of
priests in Ancient Egypt who united the calling of
physician and priest. Thus the High Priest of Sais
bore the title of Chief of the Doctors.
Pat [MK., patten, to strike]. To tap ; to strike gently
with the fingers.
Patagium [pat-a'-je-um) [^Tva-ays'iov : pi. , Patagia]. I.
The flight-membrane of birds and bats ; also a congen-
ital malformation consisting in a fold of skin passing
from the thigh to the leg. 2. In biology, the expansion
of the skin of the trunk, limbs, and tail of flying mam-
mals or reptiles. Cf. Ectopatagium , Dactylopatagium.
Patch [pack) [ME., /^7i-<r/zc, patch]. An irregular spot
or area. Ps., Drab-colored, a name given by Macna-
mara to certain areas occurring in the livers of persons
who during life had been exposed to the influence of
a tropical climate. They are thought to be due to a
coagulative necrosis. P., Mucous. Same as Condy-
loma. Ps., Peyer's. See Glands, Peyer' s.
Patchouly ( pa-e/ioo'-le) [E. Ind.]. The labiate herb
Pogosteinon patehottlv, of India, much used in the East
as a perfume and insecticide. Unof.
Pate [pat) [ME. the crown of the head]. The
crown or top of the head.
Patella [dim. o{ patina, dish]. The knee-
pan or rotula. The small, round sesamoid bone in
front of the knee, in the tendon of the quadriceps ex-
tensor femoris muscle.
Patellar [pat-el' -ar) \^ patella, dim. of patina, dish].
Pertaining to the patella or knee-cap. P. Clonus.
Same as P. Reflex. P. Reflex, or P. Tendon-re-
flex. See Knee-jerk and Reflexes, Table of.
Patellate [pat-el' -at) \_ patella, a patella]. Provided
with a patella.
Patelliform [pat-el' -if-onn) \_ patella, patella; forma,
form]. Having the shape of a patella.
Patelline [pat'-el-in) \_pafella, patella]. Patelliform.
Patellula [pat-el' -u-lah) [dim. of patella, a pan: //.,
Patellule]. In biology, applied to the suctorial fos-
sets on the lower surface of the tarsi of some insects.
'PaX.eWuXaXe. [pat-el' -u-ldt). Same as Patellate.
Patency [pa' -ten-se) \_patere, to stand open]. Open-
ness (as of the foramen ovale in fetal life, and in some
cases of cyanopathy).
Y'S.\^r\X [pat' -ent , pa' -tetit) \_patere,X.o\i^o^iin'\. Open, j
exposed. P. Glue. See Glue. P. Leather. See (
Leather. P. Lint. See Lint. P. Medicine. See 11
Medicine. P. Yellow. Same as Cassel Yellow.
Pateriform [pat' -er-if-orm) \_ patera, z. flat dish ; forma,
form]. In biology, saucer-shaped.
Pathema [palh-e'-mah) \_TTa6//fia ; nadoQ, disease]. Any
disease or morbid condition.
Pathematology [path-em-at-ol' -o-je). Same as Path- '
ology. \
Pathengenetic [path-en-jen-et' -ik) disease;
kyyevt/c, born in, native]. Induced by, or originating
in, a disease. P. Disease, a disease arising from,
or secondary to, another disease.
'Pa.X.heX.ic [path-et'-ik)\TTaflr]TiK6<;;na.do(;,6\it2LSt\. That
which appeals to or stirs the passions. P. Muscle.
See Obliquus superior, in Muscles, Table of. P.
Nerve. See Ne7-ve. '>
Pathetism [path' -et-izm) [7rd^9of, disease]. A generic
term to express such conditions as hypnotism, tele- \
pathy, clairvoyance, etc. I
Pathfinder [path' -f in-der) [ME, path ; ME., I
finden, to find]. An instrument for finding the open- |
ings of a urethral stricture. i
Pathic [path'-ik) \_-n:a6iii6<;, passive]. Diseased; path- \
ologic ; pertaining to a morbid condition. Also, one j
who tolerates the commission of an unnatural crime
upon the person. I
Pathisotherapy [path-is-o-ther' -ap-e) [Traflo?, disease;
iVrof, equal; dtpaTveia, treatment]. Same as Isopathy.
Pathoanatomic [path-o-an-at-om' -ik) [n-dSof, disease ;
avaro^iij, a cutting up]. Pertaining to pathologic j
anatomy.
Pathoanatomy [path-o-aii-at' -o-me) [Trdffof, disease ;
avarnnij, a cutting up]. Pathologic anatomy.
Pathobiologic [path-o-bi-o-loj'-ik). Ss-mc us Pathologic, j
Pathobiologist [path-o-bi-ol' -o-jist). Same as Path-
ologist. I
Pathocratia [path - o - kra' - she - ah) [rrdflof, feeling; i
Kparieiv, to rule]. The control of the passions ; self- ■
restraint.
Pathoctonus [path-ok' -to-nus) [7ro(?of, passion ;
veiv, to kill]. The killing of the appetites; self-
restraint.
Pathogene [path'- 0 - jen) [naOoc, disease; yewav,io
beget]. A disease-producing germ or principle.
Pathogenesis [path - 0 - jen'- es - is) [ndHog, disease ;
yevecic, birth]. The origin and development of dis- j
ease. . |
Pathogenic, Pathogenetic [path-o-fn'-ik, pa/h-a-Jti- j
^'/'-^■/^•) [jTofef, disease; >fri.>«i;, to beget]. Producing
disease. P. Microorganism, any one of the various
forms of microbic life which, when introduced into the
system, causes disease.
PATHOGENOUS
1029
PAXWAX
Pathogenous (^path-oj' -en-iis) [/raSof, disease; y^vl/i;,
producing]. Same as Pathogenic.
Pathogeny {pa//i-oj''-en-e) [Trdfof, disease ; yew/f, pro-
ducing]. See Pathogenesis.
Pathognomonic [path-og-no-7?!on' -ik) [Tza6o(;, disease ;
■}V(jj2tji', judge]. Characteristic of a particular dis-
ease, distinguishing it from other diseases.
Pathognomy (/«///-!%'■''-«<'-/;/£') [-af'of, disease ; yvai/j?/,
a sign]. The science of the signs by wliich disease
is recognized.
Pathognostic {path-og-nos' -tik). Synonym of Pathog-
noiiumic.
Pathogeny {path-og'-o-ne). Same as Pathogeny.
Pathographic \^path-o-graf' -ik) \jr:a%r^, disease"; ypa-
<l)eiv, to write]. Pertaining to pathography.
Pathography {path-og' -ra-fe) [Trdfof, disease; ypd(j>eiv,
to write]. A description of diseases.
Pathologic (ypath - 0 - loj' - ik) [Trd^of, disease ; Adyof,
science]. Pertaining to pathology. Morbid or dis-
eased. P. Anatomy. See Anatomy. P. Histol-
ogy, the microscopic study of diseased tissues.
Pathologist iypath - oF - 0 - jist) [Trdf^of, disease ; Uyuq,
science]. A specialist in pathology.
jPathology [patk-ol'-o-Je) [ndOo^, disease ; /Idyof, sci-
ence]. That branch of medical science which treats
of the modifications of function and changes in struc-
Iture caused by disease. It is divided, especially on the
European continent, into P., External, or surgery,
and P., Internal, or medicine limited to diseases of
internal organs. Of pathology in general three sub-
divisions are made — morbid anatomy, morbid physiol-
ogy, and etiology. P., Cellular, pathology that makes
the cell the basis of all vital phenomena, and teaches
that every cell is derived from a pre-existing parent-
cell. P., Comparative, a study of pathologic pro-
cesses in lower animals, for purposes of tracing resem-
blances and differences among them and between them
and those of the human body. P., Experimental,
the study of pathologic processes artificially induced
in lower animals. P., General, that department of
pathology which takes cognizance of those morbid
processes that may be observed in various diseases and
in any organ, e.g., inflammation and hypertrophy.
P., Geographic, pathology in its relation to climatic
and geographic conditions. P., Humoral, the old doc-
trine that all disease is due to abnormal conditions of
the blood. It has been revived in recent times in a
I modified form, and is now based on the theory that both
immunity and susceptibility to disease reside in the
juices of the body. P., Medical. Synonym of
P., Internal. P., Special, the science of such
changes in function and structure as occur in special
organs, e.g., pneumonia. P., Surgical. Synonym
of P., Extej-nal.
atholysis [path-ol' -is-is) [Trdflof, disease; "kveiv, to
dissolve]. The dissolution of tissues or substances by
the influence of disease.
athomania (^path-o-?na' -ne-ah')\_'KadoQ, disease ; navia,
madness]. Moral insanity.
athometry [path-om'-et-re) \_-aOo^, disease ; fierpov,
measure]. The measure of suffering; the distinction
or diagnosis of different kinds of suffering.
mhonomia ( pat/i-o-no'-Me-a/i)\_T7dfln(;, disease; v6/xog,
jlaw]. The study of pathologic laws,
ithopatridalgia [pat/i-o-pat-ricZ-aF-fe-a/i) [Trdflof, ill-
ness ; Trarp/f, fatherland ; d?iy or, paml. Nostalgia,
ithopatridomania ( path-o-pat - rid- o - ma' - ne - ah) .
Synonym oi Nostromania.
^Xhcrphotixa^path-o-fo' -he-ah) [irdfof, disease ; <j>6poc,
fear]. Exaggerated dread of disease,
ithophorous i^path-off' -or-iis') [7rd(?of, disease; <^6poq,
bear]. Pathogenic.
Pathopoiesis [paih-o-poi-e'-sis) \jTaBog, disease ; Troie'iv,
to make]. The creation of disease.
Patience \ pa' -shejis) \_patientia'\. A species of dock ;
Rumex patientia, of Europe, sparingly naturalized
in N. America ; is used in medicine (see Rumex) as
an alterative and tonic. Unof.
Patient {pa' -shcut) \_pati, to suffer]. One who is
under the care of a physician. A sick person.
Patten [pat' -en) \¥r., patin, a clog]. An iron support
placed under a sound foot to remove pressure from
and permit extension of the diseased limb in hip-joint
disease.
Patterson's Powder. A mixture of bismuth subnitrate
and magnesia.
Pattison's White Lead. See Pigments, Conspectus of .
Patulous {pat' -2i-liis) \_patere, to lie open]. In biology,
spreading, gaping, open.
Pauci-articulate {paw-se-ar-tik'-n-ldt) \_pa2icus , ievi ;
articiilattts, articulate]. In biology, having few joints.
Paucidentate {pa7v-sid-en' -tat) \_paiiciis, few ; dens,
tooth]. In biology, having few teeth.
Pauciflorous {paw - sif- lo' - rus) \_paucus, few; Jlos,
flower]. In biology, having few flowers.
Paucifolious { paw-sif-o'-le-ns) \_pancus, few; folium,
a leaf]. In biology, having few leaves.
PaViZV^ewaXe {paiv-sin-er' -vat) [pauciis, few; nerva,
nerve]. In biology, having few nerves.
Pauciradiate {paw-se-?-a' -de-dt) \_pauczis, ie^, little;
radius, ray]. In biology, having few rays.
Paucispiral {paw-se-spi' -ral ) \_paucus, few; spira, a
fold, coil]. In biology, having few spirals, whorls,
or turns.
Paul's Sign. See Signs and Symptoms, Table of.
PauUinia {paiu-lin'-e-ah). See Gttarana.
Paunch {pawnch) [M.'E., pau/iche, paunch]. The ab-
dominal cavity and its contents. In comparative
anatomy, the largest stomach of cud-chewing animals.
See Farding-bag.
Pausimenia {paw-sim-e' -ne-ah). See Menopause.
Pavasi's (Carlo) Method. A method of masking the
taste of cod-liver oil : looo parts of the oil, 50 parts
of ground coffee, and 25 parts of animal charcoal are
placed in a flask and heated for an hour over a water-
bath. The mixture is then set aside in a cool place,
and stirred occasionally for three days, when the oil
is filtered off and is ready for use.
Pavement {pav'-ment) \_pavimentu7n , s. pavement].
A floor or paved structure ; a formation like pave-
ment. P. Epithelium. See Epithelium.
Pavilion {pa-vil' -yon) \_pavilio, a canopy]. A name
sometimes given to the expanded portion of a canal
or tube ; the outer ear ; the pinna or auricle of the
ear. P. of Oviduct, P. of the Tube, the fimbrice or
fringe-like process of the outer extremity of the ovi-
duct ; the center of the ovarian extremity of the
oviduct ; the morsiis diaboli.
Pavimentum {pav-im-en' -tutu) [r>.]. A floor. P.
orbitae, the floor of the orbit. P. ventriculi, the
floor of a ventricle.
Pavitation {pav - it - a' - shun) \_pavifatio ; paver e, \.o
quake]. Terror, or fear, with trembling.
Pavor {pa'-vor) [L.]. Fright ; fear. P. nocturnus.
See Alght-mare and A'ight-terrors.
Pavy's Disease. Intermitting or recurrent albumi-
nuria. See Diseases, Table of. P.'s Test, a test
for grape-sugar. It consists in the use of ammonia
instead of caustic alkali in Fehling's solution. See
Tests, Table of
Paxton's Disease. See Tinea nodosa. Morbus paxtonii,
and Diseases, Table of.
Paxwax {paks'-'vaks) [ME.]. The ligamentum nuchae
in the larger quadrupeds. See Faxwax.
PAYNE'S TREATMENT
1030
PECTINIC ACID
Payne's Treatment. See Treatment, Methods of.
Paytin [pa'-it-in) [S.A., Payta'\, C^jH^^NjO + H^O.
An alkaloid of one of the cinchona barks.
Peach {peck) [ME., /i-^/ic-, peach]. The rosaceous tree
or shrub, Aiuygdahis persica, and its valuable fruit.
The kernels of the seed are a good substitute for bitter
almonds ; the decoction of the leaves is laxative and
anthelmintic, as well as sedative. Peach-brandy is dis-
tilled from the fruit. Unof. P. -black. See Pig-
ments, Conspectus of. P. -brandy, a liquor distilled
from peaches. P. -cold. See Hay fever , 2.x\(\. Rhi-
nitis, HyperestJu'tic. P. -fever, a morbid condition of
the respiratory and cutaneous surfaces, with some con-
sequent systemic disturbances, due to irritation from
the pubescence of the skin of the common peach,
the Atnygda/iis persica. It is tolerably frequent among
persons employed in the fruit-packing and canning
establishments of Maryland and Delaware. The
Schneiderian membrane becomes turgid ; then fol-
lows a copious discharge of serum and mucus ; the
frontal sinuses, the conjunctivae, and the larger bronchi
also become the seat of cataiTh, and asthmatic attacks
may be induced. A macular or papular eruption comes
out on the wrists, forearms, neck, and forehead ; the
cutaneous affection may go on to true dermatitis, and
the lesions may become pustules. Anderson believes
the source of irritation to be some germ whose habitat
is the " fuzz " of the peach.
Peacock-sound (pe'-kok-sozmtd). A peculiar sound of
the voice supposed to be the result of too close adapta-
tion of the posterior half arches (palato-pharyngeal
folds) of the fauces, but according to Harrison Allen
due to a faulty method of breathing, neglected catarrh,
or a growth in the upper air-passages.
Pean's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Peanut {pe'-niit) [ME., pease; ME., niitte, nut].
An edible fruit of Arachis hypogcca. P. -oil. See
Cround-mit Oil.
Pear [ME., pere, pear]. The tree Pyrus communis,
and its fruit. P.-oil, a dilute alcoholic solution of the
acetic ester of the amyl alcohol of fermentation ; it is
used in flavoring, cookery, and in candies.
Pearl (/^r/) [ME., /<?;-/(■, a pearl]. I. \w pharmacy ,2l
small, glass globular body completely filled with liquid
medicine. 2. A cataract ; an opacity growing on the
eye. 3. A peculiar arrangement of the epithelial cells.
P. -barley. See Barley. P. Disease, a name for
tuberculosis of serous membranes in the lower animals,
especially cattle, given to it on account of the most mani-
fest lesion, the pearly nodules or tumors, which are often
pendulous. P., Epidermic, P., Epithelial, one of the
spheroid concentric masses of epithelial cells often seen
in hard papillomata, in squamous epitheliomata and
in cholesteatomata ; they are also called pearly bodies.
See Cell-nests. P. -eye, afflicted with cataract ; an
opacity of the crystalline lens of the eye. P. Tumor.
Synonym of Cholesteatoma. P. -white. Same as
Bismuth-white and White Lead.
Pearly [pe?-F-e) [ME. , /t';-/t% a pearl]. Resembling a
pearl; nacreous; clear; translucent. P. Bodies.
See Pearls, Epithelial. P. Sputa, a term given by
Laennec to the transparent, tough, tenacious masses
of mucus of the size of a pea, or smaller, expectorated
in the chronic bronchitis of old people, occurring dur-
ing cold weather. P. Tubercle. See Grutiim.
Pearson's Solution. See Arsenic.
Peaslee's Formula, "^^it^ Alimentation, Rectal.
Peat {pet) [ME., pete, peat]. The product of the
spontaneous decomposition (decay) of plants, especi-
ally swamp-plants, in many cases mixed with sand,
loam, clay, lime, iron pyrites, ocher, etc. It is
largely employed for fuel in some portions of the
world, and is extensively used in some countries in
mud-baths and for poultices.
Pebrine [peb'-rin) [Fr.]. 'Ayn. , gattina, Ital. ; gat-
tine, Fr. ; petechia, maladie des corpuscles, nialadie des
petites, etisie, maladie corpusculeuse. An infectious
epidemic disease which has frequently devastated the
silkworm establishments [inagnanneries) of Europe.
The silkworms become infested with Alicrosporidia
[corpusciiles de Coriuilia, corpuscules vibra>tts),^\a^
have been variously regarded as bacteria, hematozoa,
unicellular algae, spores of higher fungi, or " organ-
ites." Cf. , Microbe of Pebrine, under Bacteria, Syn-
onyniatic Table of, and Alicrosporidia.
Pebrinous {peb'-rin-us) [Fr. , /^^r/«^, pebrine]. Af-
fected with pebrine.
Peccant {pek'-ant) \_peccare, to sin]. Pathogenic;
morbid ; unhealthy ; offensive.
Pechyagra [pek-e-a'-grali) [jiiixvQ, forearm ; aypa,:
seizure]. Gout in the elbow-joint.
Pechytyrbe {pek-it-er' -be) . Synonym of Scurvy.
Pecklin, Glands of. See Gland. ,
Pecquet, Cistern of. The receptaculum chyli. P., Duct
of. 'Atte Duct. P., Reservoir of. See P., Cistern of.
Pectase (pek'-taz) [-r/nTuc, fixed], A supposititious
ferment of plants which converts pectose into pectin.
Pecten (pek'-ten) \_pecten, a comb: //., Pectines^.
The OS pubis. In biology, a comb-like structure or
organ.
Pectic {pek'-tik) [Trr/zirof, fixed]. Concealing, curd-
ling. P. Acid, C.,.^H^gO.,2, a gelatinous substance
obtained when pectin is treated with an alkali and
acid successively.
Pectin, Pectine (pek'-tin) [-iVTjKrtKoc, congealing.:
curdling]. One of a series of vegetable bodies found
combined with lime in fleshy fruits and roots ; andalsc'
in bark, stems and leaves. According to Braconnot, il (
is present in all plants. It forms the basis of vegetable!
jelly. Cf. pectase, pectose, parapectin, metapectin,
pectosinic acid,pectinic acid, metapectinic acid,pectinose.\
arabinose.
Pectinal {pek'-tin-al) [pecten, a comW]. Comb-like.
Pectinate {pek' -tin-at) \_pecten, a comb]. In biology,
comb-like ; arranged like the teeth of a comb. P.
Antenna, in biology, an antenna that resembles a
comb, due to a linear projection of each joint on the
inner side. P. Ligament, fibers of connective tissue
at the angle of the anterior chamber of the eye, be-
tween the iris and the cornea. P. Muscles, the mus
culi pectinati of the heart. P. Zone, the upper surface
of the basilar membrane external to Corti's organ.
Pectination [pek-tin-a'-shun) \_ pecten, a comb]. Ir
biology: (a) the state of being pectinate ; (b) a pec
ten or comb-like structure. j
Pectinato-fimbricate ( pek - tin - a'- to -fin'- brik - at\
{^pecten, a comb; fimbria, a fringe]. In biology |
having the pectinations fringed. !
Pectineal {pek-tin-e'-al) [/crfw, a comb]. Pectinaj
or pectinate. P. Crest. Same as P. Line. P. Fascia i
the fascia covering the pectineus and adductor longuij
muscles. P. Line, a linear prominence on the os in !
nominatum. The same as the ileopectineal line. Se(
Lines, Table of . P. Ridge. Same as P. Line. \
Pectinella ( pek-tin-eT-ah) [dim. o{ pecten, a. corrib: pi \
Pectincll,r\ In biology, a pectinated appendage ofj
the protomala of myriapods.
Pectineus (/|-v;'-///^-^''-«.r). Stt Muscles, Table of. \
Pectinic Acid [pek-tin'-ik] [TTrjurbc, fixed], QjH.j., ^
0,j„, or C.5.,H.,80.,g. This equals 4C,H,0.,. accordinii
to Fremy';" C^^ll.,rP^f,, according to Chodnew. It i.s :j
colorless, transparent jelly, drying up to a horny mass j
insoluble in cold water, scarcely soluble in warm water
insoluble in alcohol and ether.
PECTINIFORM
1031
PEDICLE
Pectiniform {pek-tin' -if-orm) [_pecten, a comb; for??!a,
a form]. Having the form of or resembling a comb.
Fimbriated or serrated. P. Septum. See Septum.
Pectinose [pek'-tin-oz). Same as Arabinose .
Pectize [pck'-tiz) [ttiiktuc, bxed, congealed]. In bi-
ology, to congeal or form jelly. Cf. Pectin.
Pecto-antibrachialis [pek'- to - an - te - bra - ke- a' -lis)
[pectus, breast; antibrachiuiii, the forearm]. In
biology, a muscle extending from the sternum to the
elbow of certain animals.
Pectocaulis [ pck-to-kaw' -lis) [pcrteii, comb ; caulis,
stem: //., Pectocauli'\. In biology, the common
stalk of the polypides of a polyzoary.
Pectoral {pek^-to-ral) [pectus, breast]. Pertaining to
the breast. Of a medicine, useful in diseases of the
respiratory tract. P. Fin, the thoracic limb of a fish.
P. Fremitus, vocal fremitus of the chest. P. Glands,
lymph-glands along the lower border of the pectoralis
major muscle. P. Laminae, the basal joints of the
legs. P. Limb, the anterior or upper limb of a ver-
tebrate animal. P. Muscles. See Muscles, Table
of. P. Nerves, the cutaneous branches of the thoracic
intercostal nerves. P. Ridge, the anterior or extei'nal
bicipital ridge of the humerus. P. Species. See Breast-
tea. P. Tubercle, the impression on the anterior surface
of the clavicle for the attachment of the pectoralis
major muscle.
Pectoralgia (pek-tor-aF-je-ali) [pectus, breast ; a/.} of,
pain]. Neuralgic pain in the breast.
Pectoralis (Jtck-tor-a' -lis). See Muscles, Table of.
Pectoriloquism [pek-tor-il' -o-kwiztti). Same as Fec-
toriloquy.
Pectoriloquy [pek-tor-il' -o-kwe)[ pectus, breast; loqui,
to speak]. The distinct transmission of articulate
speech to the ear on auscultation. It may be heard
over cavities in the lung, over areas of consolidation
near a large bronchus, over a pneumothorax when
the opening in the lung is patulous ; over some pleural
effusions. P., Whispering, the transmission of the
whispered words to the auscultating ear. The sounds
seem to emanate directly from the spot auscultated.
Pectorophony [pek-tor-olf ' -o-ne) [pectus, breast ; <puvi],
sound]. Exaggerated vocal resonance, as heard in
auscultating the chest.
Pectose [pek'-toz) [ir7]K-6c, fixed]. A compound oc-
curring in fruits, intermediate between starch and glu-
cose. Its exact composition is not known. Heat and
other reagents change it into pectin.
Pectosinic Acid [pek-to-sin'-ik) [ttiiktoc^, fixed], C,;^-
H^0fl2. A substance produced from pectose by treat-
ment with dilute watery alkalies. It is amorphous and
of an acid reaction, insoluble in cold dilute acids,
scarcely soluble in cold water, but easily soluble in
warm water. Its salts are jelly-like and amorphous,
and soluble in warm dilute acids.
Pectous (pek'-tus) [-?/K70f, fixed, congealed]. In bi-
ology, consisting of one or more pectin bodies.
Pedunculate [pek-tiing'-ku-lat] [pectimculus, a. little
comb]. In biology, furnished with a comb-like ar-
rangement of minute .spines or bristles.
"P&cXxmcMM [pek-tunk'-u-li) [ pecten, comh']. Plural of
Pectunculus. Longitudinal striations in the walls of
the Sylvian aqueduct.
Pectus (pek'-tus) [pectus, breast: //. , Pectora']. That
part of the body between the neck and the abdomen.
In biology, the chest, breast, lower surface of the
thorax or pectoral region. P. carinatum. Same as
Pigeon-breast. P. gallinatum. Same as Chicken-
breast. P. gallinaceum. See Chicken-breast.-
Pedal [pe' -dal)[pes, pedis, foot]. Pertaining to the foot.
Pedanchone {ped-ang' -ko-ne) [ ~wc, child ; ayxoi''!,
choking]. A synonym of Cynanche maligna.
Pedarthrocace [ped-arth-rok' -as-e) [Tvalc, child ; apd-
pov, a joint ; aanog, evil]. A necrotic ulceration or
caries of the joints of children. The same as Ostc-
oplithoria.
Pedate [ped'-dt) [pes, foot]. In biology, resembling a
foot in form or arrangement.
Pedatifid (ped-at'-ifid) [pcdatus, furnished with feet;
findere, to divide, cleave]. In biology, pedately di-
vided or cleft about half-way to the base.
Pedatinerved (ped-at' -in-ervd) [pedatus, furnished with
feet ; nervus, nerve]. In biology, applied to leaves
having no mid-rib, but supplied with two strong lateral
nerves, which give rise to others extending toward the
apex ; pedately veined.
Pedatipartite {ped-at-ip-ar'-ttt) [pedatus, furnished
with feet; partire, to part]. In biology, pedately
lobed or cleft, with the sinuses extending about half-
way to the base.
Pedatisect (^ped-at' -is-ekt) [ pedatus, furnished with
feet ; secare, to cut]. In biology, pedately cleft or
parted ; having the cleft reaching nearly to the mid-rib
or base.
Pedatrophia, Pedatrophy {ped-at-ro'-fe-ah, ped-at'-ro-
fe) [7ra/c, child ; arpocpla, atrophy]. I. Any wasting
disease of childhood. 2. Synonym of Tabes i7iesen-
terica, or Intestinal Catarrh of Children.
Pederastia, Pederasty [ped-er-as'-te-ah, ped' -er-as-te)
[iToic, boy; epaeiv, to love]. Intercourse with a boy
per anum.
Pederastic (ped-er-as'-tik) [-aKhparria, pederasty].
Pertaining to pederasty.
Pedesis [pe-de'-sis) [Tr'/<h/aic, leaping or bounding].
Jevon's name for the indefinite dancing or oscillating
motion of the particles of any substance sufficiently
powdered and suspended in a suitable liquid. It is a
purely physical phenomenon probably due to the fact
that the particles are in very delicate equilibrium and
hence extremely sensitive to the slightest change of
temperature. It is with less propriety termed Molecu-
lar Movement, Brotvnian AIoveme7it, and Titubation .
Pedialgia [pe-de-al'-je-ah) [ireSiov, foot; aXyor, a pain].
Pain in the foot.
'PQdisciphX.'b.a.{pe-de-af'-thah) [iraif, child; a^Qa, thrush].
Infantile aphtha.
Pediatric [pe-de-at'-rik) [nai(;, child ; larpia, thera-
peutics]. Pertaining to pediatrics.
Pediatrics [TraZf, child ; larpia, thera-
peutics]. The treatment of the diseases of children.
Pediatry (pe' -de-at-re). See Pediatrics.
Pedicel (ped'-is-el) [pediculus, dim. of /«, a foot].
In biology : [a) a branch of a flower-cluster support-
ing one or more flowers ; {l>) any little foot, foot-stalk,
or foot-like organ. P. -cell, in biology, a cell acting
as a foot-stalk to some organ ; as the flask-shaped cell
which supports the antheridium in the Characece.
Pedicellaria (ped-is-el-a' -rc-ah) [pedicellus, a pedicel :
//. , Pedicellaria:'\. In biology, one of the tactile
organs of the echinoderm, serving to keep off para-
sites, to retain protective substances (sea- weeds, etc.),
and- as organs of attachment or aids to locomotion.
Pedicellate (ped-is-el'-at) [/dv//rt7/«j, a pedicel]. In
biology, having a pedicel.
Pedicellus {ped-is-el' -us) [dim. of pediculus, sl little
foot: //., Pedicelli]. In biology: (a) a pedicel;
(b) the third joint of the antenna of an insect.
Pedicle (/d'(;"-?/f-/) [pediculus, & \\tt\e foot]. In biol-
ogy : (a) the stalk of a flower-cluster, whether sup-
porting one flower or more ; (b) the bony process giv-
ing support to the antler? of a deer ; (< ) the foot of the
neural arch of a vertebra. In patholog)', the narrow
part of a tumor or morbid growth by which it is at-
tached or which supports it. P. of Invagination, a
PEDICULAR
1032
PEDUNCLE
group of cells supporting the hypoblast in a stage of
development of certain molluscs (Fisidiitiii), and
which subsequently develops into the rectum ; the
rectal peduncle. P. of a Vertebra, the portion of a
vertebra that projects dorsad from the body on each
side.
Pedicular [ped-ii-u-/ar) [from pedicithis, dim. of pes,
a foot]. Pertaining to a pedicle or little foot-stalk.
Peduncular.
Pediculation {ped-ik'-u-la'-shun) \_pedicidus, dim. of
pes, foot]. The state of being lousy.
Pedicule (ped'-ik-fd) \_pediculus, a little foot]. In
biology, a pedicel, pedicle, or peduncle.
Pediculi ^pe-dik' -u-li) [L.]. Plural of Pedicidtis, q. v.
Pediculodermata {pe-dik-u-lo-der' -mat-ah^ \_pedicidiis,
louse; (5f/j/m, skin]. The skin-lesion produced by
lice.
Pediculophobia [pe-dik -ic- lo-fo'-be- ah) \_pedicidiis,
louse; <p6l3og, fear]. Morbid dread of lousiness.
Pediculosis i^pe - dik-ii- lo'- sis) \_pediciihis, louse].
Phthiriasis ; lousiness ; a contagious animal parasitic
skin-aflection characterized by the presence of pedic-
uli, which occasion peculiar lesions, scratch-marks,
and excoriations, accompanied with itching. See
Pediculus and Pkt/iiriasis, under Parasites [Animal),
Table of.
Pediculus {pe - dik'- u- lus) \_pediciilus, & louse]. A
small parasitic hemipterous insect. See under Para-
sites {Animal), Table of .
Pedicure [ped'-ik-ur) \_pes, foot; nira, care]. A
chiropodist ; also the care of the feet.
Pediferous [ped-if -er-us) \_pes, foot; ferre,X.o bear].
Having feet.
Pediform [ped'-if-orm) \_pes, foot; forma, fomi]. In
biology, foot-shaped.
Pedigerous [ped-ij' -er-iis) \_pes, foot; gerere, to bear].
Bearing feet ; pediferous.
Pedigree [ped'-ig-re) [possibly from Fr. pied de grue,
a crane's foot, from the irregular lines on charts of
descent]. An account of genealogy or descent.
Pediluvium {ped-il-id -ve-um) \_pes, foot ; lavare, to
wash]. Afoot-bath.
Pedimana (/^^/-/;«'-(7«-<7/; ) [/iV.foot; wawz^j, hand].
A family of mammals represented by the marsupials,
which have the fore limbs so constructed as to serve
either as hands or as feet.
Pedimanous [ped - im' - an - zis) \_pes, foot; nianus,
hand]. In biology, having hand-like feet.
Pediocle {ped' -e-o-kl) \_pes, foot; oculus, eye]. A
stalk-eyed crustacean.
Pediococcus (pcd-e-o-kok'-iis) [pes, a foot ; kokko^, a
berry] . A term formerly given to a genus of micro-
cocci.
Pedion [pe'-de-on) [vrsSlov, sole]. Sole of the foot.
Pedion, Pedium [pe'-de-on, pe'-de-itm) {ycaic^, child].
A child ; also, a fetus.
Pedionalgia (ped-e-on-al' -je-ali) [Tveiiov, sole of the
foot; (i'Ayor, pain]. Pain in the sole of the foot.
Pedipalp [ ped' -ip-alp) \^pes, foot; palpus, feeler]. In
biology, a maxillary palpus, so modified as to serve as
an efficient limb, tactile or prehensile organ, as in
scorpions, chelifers, etc.
Pedipalpous { ped-ip-al ' -pus) [/c"5, foot ; palpare, to
feel]. Having pedipalps.
Pedipalpus (/t'</-/)*-rt/''-/'z<j) [/«, a foot; palpare, to
touch : //. , Pedipalpi'l . A pedipalp.
Peditis {pe-di'-tis) {_pes, foot; itk^, inflammation].
Williams' term for the serious complication of 1am-
initis of the horse's foot, in which not only the lam-
ina;, but the periosteum and the coffin-bone also, are
involved in the inflammatory process.
'P&do6iyna.mome^X.^r{ped-o-di-tiam-om'-et-er)\_pes, foot ;
Svvaiu^, power ; fierpou, measure]. An instrument
intended to measure the muscular strength of the
leg.
Pedogenesis, Paedogenesis [pe-do-jen' -es-is) [Traif,
child; yfi'EOTf, generation]. In biology, a form of
heterogeny, in which an imaginal generation repro-
ducing sexually by means of fertilized eggs alternates
with several generations of parthenogenetically repro-
ducing viviparous larvae [e.g., in Cecidomyia).
Pedologic {pe-do-loj' -ik) [/ra/f, child ; Aoyoq, science].
Pertaining to pedology.
Pedology [pe-dol'-o-Je) [ira/f, child ; Aoyof, science].
The science, or sum of knowledge, regarding child-
hood, its diseases, hygiene, etc.
Pedometer {pe-dom' -et-er) [Tra/f, child ; fitrpov, meas-
ure]. An instrument for determining the weight and
height of a new-born child.
Pedometer [ped - o?n'- et - er) \_pes, foot; fihpov, a li
measure]. An instrument for automatically measur- i
ing any distance traveled. As formerly constructed, I
it registered the number of footsteps.
Pedometry {pe-dom' -et-re) [7ra?f , a child, or pes, foot ; '
/.//t/jo)', measure]. I. The measurement of the new- i
born child. 2. The use of the pedometer.
Pedomorphism (/c-(/(J-«/f;y"''-;'c;w) [7ra(f(7ra;(S-), child ; \
l^op(flj, form]. In biology, Harrison Allen's term I
for the disposition occasionally exhibited in adult ani- \
mals for the proportions of different parts of the body 1
to remain as they were in the immature individuals,
not due to arrest of growth, but to the fact that certain '
parts preserve the peculiarities of the young. '
Pedonosology (/(»-(/('-;«(?.?-<)/'-()-/<?) [7ra/f, child ; v6aog, i
disease; Xoyog, science]. The nosology of diseases ,j
peculiar to infancy and childhood. Pediatrics. |
Pedonosos, Pedonosus [pe-don'-o-sos, pe-don' -o-sus) I
[-a7f, child; I'ticof, disease]. A disease of child- '
hood.
Pedopathy [pe-dop' -ath-e') [iraZf, child ; irddo^, suffer- j
ing]. The science of the diseases of children, their i
treatment, etc. |
Pedophlebotomy {pe - do -fie - hot' - o - me) [7ra7f , child ;
<t)?J\li, vein; TOfti/, a cutting]. Venesection in chil- '
dren. j
Pedophlysis(/^-<?'f^'-//j-?.r) [-air, child ; <p/.vaic, erup- '
tion]. A ijullous or pustular eruption in young
children.
Pedophthisis {pe - dof- tin's - is) [jra/f, child; <pd'mg,
wasting]. Tabetic or other wasting disease of chil-
dren. I
Pedopyra {pe-dop' -ir-ah) [to'C, child ; ttij/), fire]. !
A febrile disease of children. P. americana. Syno- j
nym of Cholera infantum.
Pedotrophic {pe-do-tro' -fik) [7ra7f, child; r/)o0;/, nour-
ishment]. Pertaining to the rearing of children. ;
Pedotrophist {pe - dot' - ro -fist) [Tra/f, child ; rpo^it, \
nourishment]. One skilled in, or devoted to, the 1
rearing of children. ]
Pedotrophium {pe - do - tro'-fe - urn) [-ofC, child;
Tpiitifiv, to nourish]. A foundling hospital, or one
f(jr orphan children. ;
Pedotrophy (/t'-</«/'-;-o-/') [-(!/>, child ; rpoi^rj, nourish-
ment]. The hygiene of childhood ; the care, nursing, '
and regimen of children.
Peduncle {pe' -dung-kl) [peduncidus, a little foot].
In biology, a foot-stalk, or foot-like part, a pedicel or
pedicle, the stalk of a flower-cluster, of a barnacle, or
of any organ. In anatomy, any supporting part. P.,
Anterior Cerebellar, "i^ywowyxw o{ P., Superior Cere- ,
bellar. P. of the Cerebellum. Ste P., dnferior, :
Middle, and Superior Cerebellar. P., Cerebral. I
Synonym of Crus cerebri. P. of the Cerebrum, the
crus cerebri. P. of the Corpus callosum, the '
PEDUNCLED
1033
PELLAGRIN
anterior perforated space. P., Inferior Cerebellar,
one of the two bands of white matter passing up from
the oblongata, a continuation of the restiform bodies,
and connecting the medulla with the cerebellum.
It forms the lower lateral wall of the fourth ventri-
cle. P., Middle Cerebellar, one of the bands of
■white matter joining the pons and the cerebellum. P.,
Olivary, a band of fibers passing from the olivary
nucleus to the lemniscus and the tegmentum. P.
of the Pineal Gland, a delicate white band passing
forward from each side of the pineal gland along the
edge of the third ventricle. P., Posterior Cere-
bellar. Synonym of P., Inferior Cerebellar. P.,
of the Spinal Cord, the inferior cerebellar peduncle.
P. Superior Cerebellar, one of the two bands of white
matter that pass from the cerebellum to the testes of
the corpora quadrigemina. P., Transverse. Syno-
nym of P. , Middle Cerebellar.
Peduncled i^pe' -dung- kid) [pedunculus, a little foot]-.
Furnished with a peduncle ; pedunculate.
Peduncular {pe-diing'-ku-lar) \_pedunculiis ; dim. of
pes, foot]. Pertaining to a peduncle.
Pedunculate, Pedunculated [pe - dung'- ku - la/, pe-
dung'-ku-la-ted) \_peduncuhis, dim. of pes, foot].
Having a peduncle ; stalked.
Pedunculus [pe-dung' -ku-lus). Same as Peduncle.
Peeling [peF-ing) \_pellis, skin]. A term applied to
the process of desquamation, as in scarlet fever.
Peenash [pe'-nash) [E. Ind.]. The Eastern name for
myiasis, produced by Lucilia inacellaria. See Para-
sites {Animal) , Table of.
Peeosyne [pe-e-os'-in-e). Synonym of Therapeutics.
Peg \W?.., pegge, a spike]. I. A pointed pin of wood,
metal, or other material. 2. A wooden leg. P. -leg,
a wooden leg of the simplest form. P. -teeth, a
name given by Hutchinson to the teeth of children
with hereditary syphilis, from the peg-like appearance
of the crowns.
Pegology [peg-ol'-o-je) \_Trr]y!], fountain ; Idyoc, sci-
ence]. The science of medicinal springs; balneol-
ogy.
Peinotherapy {pi-no-ther'-ap-e) [TrEtva, hunger ; dcpa-
■Ktveiv, to heal]. The cure of disease by the depriva-
tion of food ; hunger-cure ; limotherapy.
Pelada {pel'-a-dah) [Fr.]. Alopecia of the scalp;
also syphilitic alopecia.
Pelade [pel-ahd'')\y'x.\ A synonym of Alopecia areata
or Area celsi.
Pelage [pel-ah/) [Fr.; ■KelTia, the hair]. In biology,
the hairy system of the body as a whole. The hair,
wool, or fur of a mammal.
Pelagian (/fZ-a'-yV-ffw) [-{'Aayof, the sea]. Inhabiting
the deep sea.
Pelagic [pel-a/-ik) [TrePiayf/cdf, pertaining to the open
sea; from Trt Aajo^-, the sea]. Inhabiting the high
seas, the deep or open ocean, as contrasted with
limnetic, or fresh-water inhabitants or the littoral ma-
rine fauna and flora. Cf. Ollopelagic, Autopelagic,
Bathypelaoic, Chimopelagic, Eupelagic, Xvciipelagic ,
Spanipelagic, under Plankton. P. Fauna and
Flora, the animals and plants (passively floating or
actively swimming) which remain at the surface of the
sea and never leave it, or only for a short time descend
to a slight depth. Among such true pelagic animals
are the Radiolaria , Peridinia, Noctiluca, Meduste,
Siphonopliora, Ctenophora , Sagitta, Pteropoda, Heter-
opoda, 3. greater part of the Crustacea, the larvoe of
Echinodrrjuata , of many Vermes, etc P. Tow-stuff,
the small organisms obtained by towing nets at sea.
Pelargonic Acid {pel-ar-gon' -ik) \TTiXnf>y(')r, a stork],
CyHjjiO.^. a monobasic crystalline acid obtained from
the essential oil of Pelargonium roseum and from
other oils. It is employed in the flavoring of wines.
See Acid.
Pelargonium {pel-ar-go'-ne-um) \_-f'/.,apy6<;, a stork].
A genus of the Pelargoni<e or stork's-bills, indigenous
in Africa and India and cultivated in Europe and
America. Several species have medicinal properties.
P. anceps is an emmenagogue. P. antidysenteri-
cum, is used in dysentery. P. roseum, the rose-
geranium, contains an oil from which pelargonic acid
is obtained. Unof.
Pelican {pel' -ik-an) [^-e'AeKdv, to hew with an ax]. An
old variety of forceps, or key, for the extraction of
teeth. In chemistry, a glass vessel for continued dis-
tillation.
Pelicology {pel - ik - ol'- 0 -je ) [ 7rt'/af , pelvis; Adyof,
science]. The study of the pelvis and its proportions.
Pelicometer {pel-ik-om'-et-er). Synonym of Pelvimeter.
Pelidnephidrosis ( pel-id - 7ief-id - ro' -sis ) [ T:e\L6v6(i,
livid ; f(ft/V5/)a«T/f , ephidrosis]. Same as Melinephidrosis.
Pelidnoma {pel-id-no'-mah). Synonym of Ecchvmosis.
Pelidnus (pel-id'-nus) \Tis'kn]v6v, livid]. A leaden-
colored condition of the skin.
Pelioma {pel-e-o' -mah) [7rfA/6j//a, a livid spot: //. ,
Peliomata\ A livid spot, as seen in peliosis. P.
typhosum. See Taches bleuatres.
Peliosis {pel-e-o' -sis) [jrf/Kdf, livid]. A livid condition
of the skin due to extravasation of blood. P. pemphi-
goides. See P. rhemnatica. P. rheumatica. Purpura
rheiimatica ; an acute purpuric skin-disease, more com-
mon in persons from fifteen to thirty years old, and
characterized by the presence of non-elevated or
slightly elevated spots, from the size of a pin's head to
a lentil, of a deep-red color, which do not disappear
on pressure, and soon become dark-purple. They are
usually seen on the legs and feet, often clustered around
painful joints ; they are also found on the hands and
arms, and very rarely on the trunk and face. At times
erythematous or urticarial rashes {P. urticans) are
present on other parts of the body, and more rarely
vesication occurs {P. pemphigoides). P. senilis, the
minute hemorrhages into the skin seen in marantic
senile persons. P. urticans. See P. rheumatica.
Pellada {pel-a'-dah). See Pelade.
Pellagra {pel-a' -grah) [It., pelle, skin ; agra, rough; or
■KfWa, skin; ay pa, seizure]. Ergotism, Lombardian
Leprosy ; an endemic trophoneurotic skin-disease oc-
curring among the squalid and destitute, due to
chronic poisoning with diseased or fermented maize,
and affecting chiefly the cerebro spinal and digestive
systems. It usually occurs in those between thirty
and fifty years of age. It always begins in spring, and
the lesion appears on the parts of the body exposed to
the air and light (face, neck, back of hands, and feet).
It consists of an intense, rapidly-extending erythema,
bright-red, livid or brown in color, with much swell-
ing, and causing violent burning or itching. The
spreading edge of the patches is much elevated and
generally darker than the central portion. There are
marked nervous and general symptoms, insanity, mania,
or melancholia being common. P. sine pellagra,
[L. , pellagra without pellagra]. Pellagra without
cutaneous eruption.
Pellagracein {pel-a-gra' -se-in) [It., pelle, skin ; agra,
rough; or -kX>.a, skin ; aypa, seizure]. A name given
by Lombroso to a poisonous substance found in de-
composed corn-meal ; it is probably a mixture of pois-
onous ptomains, some of which induce narcosis
and paralysis; other symptoms are like those of nicotin-
poisoning.
Pellagrin (/tV'-fT-^Tz'w) [It., pella, skin; agra, rough;
or~f'/?a, skin; aypa, seizure]. One who is afflicted
with pellagra.
PELLAGROUS
Pellagrous [pel-a' -grus) [tte/./.q, skin; ajpa, seizure].
Aflected with pellagra ; pertaining to pellagra.
Pellet [pel'-et) [pi/n, ball]. A small pill or tablet.
Pelletierin {pcl-cf -e-er-iji) [after Bertrand Pelktier, a
French chemist, 1761-97], CgHjjNO. An aromatic
oily alkaloid from pomegranate-bark. Its tannate is
an efiective teniafuge. Dose ^ to I gr. , followed by
a purgative. Pelletierin is actively poisonous, causing
weakness of the legs. L^nof.
Pellibranchiate [pel-ib-fniig'-ke-at) \_penis, skin;
hrancIiicB, gills]. In biology, breathing by means of
the skin.
Pellicle [pel'-ik-l) [pellis, skin], I. A thin membrane,
film, scum, or cuticle. 2. The cor/zV;?/ /<7jw of plants.
P., Medicated, a medicainentous layer or film left on
the skin by the evaporation of collodion which is
charged with some drug.
Pellicula [pel-ik' -u-lah) [_pe//ta(/a, a. sm3.\\ skin]. In
biology, the cortical layer of a plant, as in lichens and
some fleshy fungi.
Pellicular (pel-ik' -ii-lar'] \_pellicida, dim. of pellis,
skin] . Of the nature of, or resembling a pellicle ;
thin-skinned.
Pelliculate {pel-ik' -ii-lat) \_peniada, a small skin].
Covered with a pellicle.
Pellis [L.]. The skin.
Pellitory (/6'/'-?V-()r-f) [ME. , /^//if/^r, pellitory]. See
PvrethriiDi. P., Persian. See Pyt-ethrum roseiim.
See also Parietaria. P., American, Parietaria penn-
svh'auica.
Pellous {pel' -us^ \_peUis, skin]. Dark-skinned.
Pellucid {pe/-u'-sid) \_pellticeye, to shine through].
Transparent ; translucent ; not opaque. P. Zone,
the zona pellucida, or inclosing membrane of the mam-
malian ovum. It is also called the zona radiata.
Pellucidity {pel-it-sid' -it-e). Same as Pellucidness.
Pellucidness {p'el-ii' -sid-ness) \_pelliicere, to shine
through]. The state of being pellucid.
Pelma ( pel' -mah) [7rf/.//a, sole]. The lower surface
of the toes ; also the entire sole of the foot.
Pelmatogram {pel-mat' -o-grani) [rrfZ/io, the sole of
the foot ; ypafifxa, a writing]. A print of the sole.
Pelor {pel' -or) [TTfAup, a monster]. A fetal mon-
strosity with some parts abnormally large.
Peloria {pel-o'-re-ali) [TTt'/up, a monster]. In biology,
the production of regular flowers upon plants the
flowers of which are normally irregular.
Peloriate {pel-or' -e-at) [rrtAw/j, a monster]. Charac-
terized by peloria.
Peloric {pel-or' -ik) [-f'/.wp, a monster]. Character-
ized by peloria.
Pelorisation, Pelorization {pel-or-iz-a' -shun') [Tre/lup,
a monster]. The becoming affected with peloria.
Pelorism {pel' -or-izm) \_-t7.up, a monster]. Same as
Peloria.
Pelorize {pel' -or-lz) [jrcAwp, a monster]. In biology, to
bring about peloria.
Pelosin ( pel' o-zin). See Biixin.
Pelotonnement { pel-o-toti' -nion( g)) [Fr.]. The fold-
ing and the compression of the lower extremities of
the fetus against the trunk, preliminary to expulsion
in breech-presentations.
Pelt [ME.,/t-//, pelt]. The skin of a beast with the
hair on it.
Peltate {pel'-tat) [itHti], a light shield]. In biology,
shield-shaped.
Peltatifid ( pel-tat' -if-id) [-fPr?/, a light shield - fndere,
to clean]. In biology, peltate and cut into subdivi-
sions.
Pelticleis { pel'-tik-lis] [-f/tr;;, a shield; /c/if/f, bolt].
In biology, a tubercle attached to the posterior margin
of the carapace of certain crustaceans (Bate).
PELVIGRAPHY
Peltifolious {pel-tif-o'-le-ns) \_pelta, a shield ; folium,
a leaf]. In biology, having peltate leaves.
Peltiform {pel' -tifooriii) \_pelta, a shield ; forma, form].
Peltate.
Peltinerved {pel' -tin-en-d) \_pelta, a shield ; ttervits, a
nerve]. In biology, having nerves radiating from a
central point, e. g., certain leaves.
Pelvangustia {pel-van-gus' -te-ah) \_pelvis, pelvis;
augtistia, narrowing]. A contracted state of the
pelvis.
Pelveoperitonitis {pel' -ve-o-per-it-on-i' -lis ) [pelvis,
pelvis; —fp/rdi'a(o;', peritoneum ; itk;, inflammation].
Inflammation of the pelvic peritoneum.
Pelveoscope {pel' -ve-o-skop) [ /f/t'/.r, pelvis ; nKo-tiv,
to examine] . An instrument for examining the pelvis ;
a pelvimeter.
Pelveoscopy [pelvis, pelvis; aKoneiv,
to examine]. The examination of the pelvis ; pel-
vimetry.
Pelviarium {pel-i'e-a'-re-itm) An artificial pelvis
used as a model to demonstrate the anatomy and func-
tions of the pelvic basin.
Pelvic {pel'-vik) [pelvis, a basin]. Pertaining to the
pelvis. P. Abscess, a suppurative inflammation of the
connective tissue of the pelvic cavity, most common in
women, and usually associated With puerperal or gonor-
rheal infection. P. Aponeurosis, the tendinous lamina
having its origin at the brim of the pelvis and lining
the pelvic cavity. P. Arch. Same as P. Girdle. P.
Axis, the curved axial line of the pelvic cavity. P.
Canal, the birth-canal. P. Cavity, the cavity form-
ing the lower part of the abdomen. P. Cellulitis,
inflammation of the connective tissues in the vicin-
ity of the uterus, or between the uterus and perineum.
See Parametritis. P. Contraction. See Pelvis,
Planes of. P. Diameters. See Pelvis, Diameters
of. P. Diaphragm, the muscles forming the pelvic
floor. P. Expansion. See Pelvis, Planes of. P.
Fascia. See Fascia. P. Girdle, the arch formed by
the ilium, ischium and pubis, or in the higher verte-
brates by the two innominate bones. P. Hematocele.
See Hematocele. P. Hernia, a rare condition in which
there is a protrusion of some portion of the pelvic
contents through an abnormal opening below the brim
of the true pelvis ; the chief forms are the perineal,
vaginal, sciatic, and pudendal. P. Index, the relation
of the antero-posteriorto the transverse diameter of the
pelvis. P. Inlet, the superior strait. P. Limb, the
limb attached to the pelvic girdle. P. Outlet, the
inferior strait. P. Peritonitis. See Perimetritis anil
Pelveoperitonitis. P. Plexus. See Plexuses, Table
of. P. Region, the region within the true pelvis.
Pelvicellulitis {pel-vis-el-u-li'-tis) [pelvis, pelvis; eel-
lula, a little cell ; niq, inflammation]. See Pelvic
Cellulitis.
Pelvicliseometer {pel-vik-liz-e-otn'-et-er) [pelvis, pel-
vis; fc^iaig, inclination; //frpoc, measure]. An m-
strument for determining the inclination and the
diameters of the pelvis.
Pelvicology {pcl-vik-ol'-o-je). Same as Pelycology.
Pelvicrural {pel-vik-ru'-ral) [pelvis, pelvis; crus,
leg]. Pertaining to the pelvis and the thigh.
Pelvicula {pel-vik' -u-lalt). Synonym of Orhit.
Pelvidymus { pel-vid'-im-ns) [pelvis, ^tW^; (^((Si'/'Of,
double]. The same as Dipygus.
Pelviform {pel' -vif-orm) [pelvis, a basin ; forma,
shape]. In biology, shaped like a shallow cup.
Pelvigraph (/('/'-r7>-n?/) [pehis, pelvis; ypdyiw, to
write]. An apparatus that automatically records the
outline of the pelvic wall.
Pelvigraphy {pel-vig' -ra-fe) [pelvis, pelvis ; ypnpeiv, to
write]. A contour or tracing of the pelvic wall.
1034
PELVIMETER
1035
PELVIS
Pelvimeter {^pel-uini' -ci-er') [/i'/z/zj, pelvis ; lusrpoi', a
measure]. An instrument for measuring the pelvic
dimensions.
Pelvimeter.
Pelvimetry {^pel-vim' -et-)-c) \_ pelvis, pelvis ; fit:Tpoi>,
measure]. The estimation of the dimensions of the
pelvis. P., Combined, a combination of external
and internal pelvimetry. P., Digital, pelvimetry
by means of the hand. P., External, measure-
ment of the external diameters of the pelvis, by
which to estimate the dimensions of the internal
parts. P., Internal, measurement of the internal
dimensions of the pelvis by the hand or by the pelvi-
meter. See Pelvis.
Table of Measurements of the Female Pelvis Covered
WITH the Soft Parts.
Between iliac spines 26 cm.
" " crests, 29 "
' External conjugate diameter, 205^ "
Internal " diagonal, 12^5 "
True conjugate, estimated, 11 "
Right diagonal, 22 "
Left " 22 "
Between trochanters, 31 "
Circumference of pelvis, 90 "
Pelvimyon [pel-''iiii-i' -oii) [pelvis, a basin ; /uvuv, a
cluster of muscles]. Anymyon of the pelvic arch.
Pelviotomy (^pel-ve-of -o-me) \_pelvis, pelvis; TOfiij, a
cutting]. Section or cutting of the bones of the pelvis,
especially the division of the symphysis pubis in case
of difficult labor.
Pelviperitonitis ( pel-vip-er-it-on-i' -lis). Synonym of
Pelveoperitonitis .
Pelvis [pel' -vis) \_pelvis, a basin]. The basin-like cav-
ity of the inferior part of the trunk containing the
rectum, and the urinary bladder and genital organs.
inferiorly by the floor of the pelvis. P. sequabiliter
justo-major, one equally enlarged in all diameters,
with preservation of the normal proportions. It
complicates labor by rendering it too pre-
cipitate. P. aequabiliter justo - minor, a
normally proportioned pelvis, but with all
its diameters reduced. P., Anatomic. See
P., Static. P., Axis of [of inlet o?- outlet),
a perpendicular to the middle of the antero-
posterior diameter. P., Beaked, one in
which the pubic bones are compressed later-
ally so as to approach each other, and are
pushed forward. It is seen in the osteo-
malacic pelvis P., Bony, the framework
of the pelvis. See Pelvis. P. , Brim of, the
entrance to the pelvic cavity, variously called
the inlet, superior strait, margin, or isth-
miis. Capuron, Cardinal Points of, four fixed
points of the pelvic inlet, the two ileo-pectineal
Female Pelvis, viewed in the Axis of the Brim.
Showing the diameters of the superior strait.
Female Pelvis, seen from the Front.
and bounded anteriorly and laterally by the innomi-
nate bones, posteriorly by the sacrum and coccyx, and
Outlet of Pelvis.
Antero-posterior and transverse diameters of outlet seen from
below.
eminences anteriorly, and the two sacro-iliac joints
posteriorly. P. cerea, an osteomalacic pelvis in
which the bones are very soft. P., Cordate, one in
which the inlet is heart-shaped. P., Cordiform, an
abnormal pelvis in which the inlet is shaped like the
heart of playing cards. P., Coxalgic, a pelvis de-
formed as the result of hip-disease. P., Deformities
of. See Classification at end of this article. P., Di-
ameters of {of the inlet), the antero-posterior {sacro-
pitbic, or conjugate), from the upper edge of the pro-
montory of the sacrum to a point an eighth of an inch
below the upper border of the pubic symphysis ; it
PELVIS
1036
PELVIS
measures II cm. ; the transvi'rse, from side to side at
the widest point; it measures 13 '-^ cm. ; the oblique
{right and /eft), obhquely between the points of Cap-
uron ; it measures 12-54^ cm.; (of the outlet), the antero-
posterior, from tlie tip of the coccyx to the sub-pubic
Hgament ; it measures 9 Y2 cm. ; the transverse, be-
tween the ischial tuberosities ; it measures 1 1 cm. ; the
oblique, from the under surface of the sciatic Hgaments
to the junction of the ischio-pubic rami. P., Dwarf,
Synonym of P., Osteomalacic. iP., Kyphotic, one
with a posterior curvature of the lumbar spinal column
with increase of the conjugate diameter of the inlet,
but decrease of the transverse diameter of the outlet,
through approximation of the tuberosities of the
ischium. P., Large. See P., False. P., Lordotic,
one with an anterior curvature of the lumbar spinal
Infantile Pelvis, viewed in the Axis of the Brim,
Male Pelvis, seen from the Front.
a justo-minor pelvis of small size, corresponding to the
dwarfed state of the body. P., Dynamic, that of
the woman in labor. P., Elastic. Synonym of P.,
Osteomalacic. P., False, that part of the pelvis (called,
2X1,0, superior ox large pelvis) above the ileo-pecti-
neal line. P., FetaL Same as P. , Funnel-shaped.
P., Fissured, a form of rachitic pelvis in which the ilia
are pushed forward and rendered nearly parallel. Ex-
strophy of the bladder is a common complication. P.,
Floor of, the united mass of skin, connective tissue,
Oblique Pelvis.
From ankylosis of the hip-joint and disuse of the right leg.
Kyphotic Pelvis.
muscles, and fascia forming the inferior boundary of
the pelvis. P., Funnel-shaped, one that is nar-
rowed progressively from above downward ; called,
aXiQ, P. , Masculine. P., Giant, 'name 0.1, P. , Justo-
fiuijor. P., Inferior. See P. , True. P., Inlet of.
Inlet of Pelvis. P., Justo-major. ?<te P. cequa-
biliter justo-major. P., Justo-minor. See P.,
aquahilitcr justo-miiior. P. of Kidney, the funnel-
shaped chamber extending into the interior of the kid-
ney and opening into the ureter. P., Kilian's.
Oblique Pelvis of N/ECEle.
PELVIS 1037
column. P. major, the false pelvis. P., Malacos-
teon. Synonym of F., Osteomalacic. P., Mascu-
line. See P., Funnel-shaped. P. minor, the true
pelvis. P., Naegele's Oblique, a pelvic deformity
with ankylosis of one sacro-iliac synchondrosis, lack
of development of the associated lateral sacral mass,
and other defects that distort the diameters and render
the conjugate oblique in direction. P. nana, a dwarf
pelvis. P., Obliquely Contracted. Same as F.,
FiGURE-OF-EIGHT RACHITIC PeLVIS.
Nce^^ele's. P., Obliquity of, called, also, the Inclin-
ation, the angle between the axis of the pelvis and
that of the body. P., Obstetric, the static pelvis
phis the last lumbar vertebra. P., Osteomalacic,
a distorted pelvis characterized by a lessening of the
transverse and oblique diameters, with great increase
of the antero-posterior diameter. It is due to morbid
softening of the bones. P., Outlet of. The inferior
opening of the pelvic canal. P., Planes of, imagin-
ary surfaces touching all points of the circumference.
The plane of pelvic expansion perforates the middle of
Reniform Rachitic Pelvis.
the symphysis, the tops of the acetabula, and the sa-
crum between the second and third vertebrae. Its an-
tero-posterior diameter is 123^^ cm., its transverse di-
ameter 12^ cm. The plane of pelvic contraction passes
through the tip of the sacrum, the spines of the ischia
and the under surface of the symphysis. Its antero-
posterior diameter is wYz cm. ; its transverse diameter
lo^ cm. P., Pseudo-osteomalacic , a pelvis de-
formed by rickets, resembling that caused by osteo-
malacia. P., Rachitic, the distortion produced by
rickets, usually consisting in a sinking in and forward
of the sacro- vertebral angle, with a flaring outward of
the iliac crests and increased separation of the iliac
PELVIS
spines. P., Reduced, a generally contracted pelvis ;
a justo-minor pelvis. P., Reniform, one in which
the inlet is kidney-shaped. P., Robert's, one in
which there is an ankylosis of both sacro-iliac joints,
with a rudimentary sacrum, both lateral sacral masses
being undeveloped, and other malformations, the
oblique and transverse diameters being much narrowed.
Transversely Contracted Pelvis of Robert.
P., Rostrated. Synonym of ^^-^r/vf/. P., Round,
one in which the inlet is almost round in outline, owing
to a diminution of the difference between the conju-
gate and the transverse diameter. P., Rubber.
Synonym of F., Osteomalacic. P., Scoliotic, a
distorted pelvis caused by lateral curvature of the
spine. P., Simple Flat, one in which the only de-
Rostrated Malacosteon Pelvis in Early Stage of
Deformity.
formity consists in a .shortening of the antero-posterior
diameter. P., Small. See P., True. P. spinosa, a
rachitic pelvis in which the crest of the pubis is very
sharp, and presents a spine at the insertion of the parvi-
psoas. P., Split, a form in which there is congenital
separation of the pubic bones at the symphysis. It is
often associated with exstrophy of the bladder. P.,
Static, the bony pelvis, called, also, the P., Anatomic.
P., Straits of, superior and inferior, the planes of
the inlet and outlet. P., Superior. See F., False.
P., Transversely Contracted. Same as P., Rob-
ertas. P., Triangular, one with a triangular inlet.
PELVISACRAL
1038
PEMPHIGUS
P., Triradiate, a pelvis in which the promontory is
pushed forward and the acetabula pressed inward ; it
is usually due to osteomalacia, and but rarely to
rickets. P., True, that below the ilio-pectineal line,
called, also, the siiiaH, or in/en'or peUis, or the J>e/vic
cavity. P., Undeveloped. Same as P., Funnel-
shaped.
Classification of Deformities of the Female Pelvis,
According to Schauta.
A. Anomalies of the Pelvis the Result of Faulty
Development.
1. Simple flat.
2. Generally equally contracted {justo-minor).
3. Generally contracted flat (non-racliitic).
4. Narrow funnel-shaped (fetal or undeveloped).
5. Imperfect development of one lateral mass of the sacrum
(obliquely contracted or Ncrgele's pelvis).
6. Imperfect development of both lateral masses (trans-
versely contracted or Robert's pelvis).
7. Generally equally enlarged (justo-major or giant pelvis).
8. Split pelvis.
B. Anomalies due to Disease of the Pelvic Bones.
1. Rachitis.
2. Osteomalacia.
3. New Growths.
4. Fractures.
5. Atrophy, Caries, and Necrosis.
C. Anomalies in the Conjunction of the Pelvic Bones.
1, Too firm union (synostosis).
(1) of symphysis.
(2) of one or both sacro-iliac synchondroses.
(3) of sacrum with coccyx.
2. Too loose a union or separation of the joints.
(1) Relaxation and rupture.
(2) Luxation of the coccyx.
D. Anomalies due to Disease of the Superimposed Skel-
eton.
1. Spondylolisthesis.
2. Kyphosis.
3. Scoliosis.
4. Kypho-scoliosis.
E. Anomalies due to Disease of the Subjacent Skele-
ton.
1. Coxalgia.
2. Luxation of one femur.
3. Luxation of both femora.
4. Unilateral or bilateral club-foot.
5. Absence or bowing of one or both lower extremities.
Pelvisacral {pel-vis-a'-kral) [/f/wV, pelvis ; sacrum,
sacrum]. Pertaining to the pelvis ancl the sacrum.
Pelvisternal (ypcl-vis-ter'-nal) \_pelvis, pelvis; arepvor,
breastplate] . Having the character of a breast-
bone.
Pelvisternum {pcl-vis-ter'-num^ \_ pelvis, pelvis; crip-
vnv, breastbone]. In biology, an infero-median os-
seous, cartilaginous, or ligamentous element of the
pelvic arch, supposed to correspond to the omosternum
of the pectoral arch.
Pelvitomy (pel-vit'-o-me) [/^/r'/i-, pelvis ; ro^//, a cut-
ting]. .Synonym of Pelviotomy .
Pelycography i^pel-ik-og' -ra-fe') [TrsAiif, pelvis; ypa-
(pFiv, to write]. A description of the pelvis.
Pelycology ( pcl-ik-oF -o-je) [TrtvlDf, pelvis ; 'koyoq, sci-
ence]. A treatise upon the pelvis.
Pelycometer {pel-ik-om' -et-er') \_-n:i\v^, basin ; fierpov,
measure]. Same as Pelvimeter.
Pelycometresis (pel-ik-o-met-re'-sis). Synonym of
Pelvimetrv.
Pelycotomy [pel-ik-ot'-o-me) [ire/liif, pelvis ; TOfiij, a
cutting]. Division of the os pubis ; symphyseotomy.
See Pclviotoiiiv.
Pelyocheirometresis [pel-e-o-ki-ro-?Hct-re'-sis) [ttHv!;,
pelvis; Xs'ip, hand; fiirpov, measure]. Synonym of
Pelvimetry, Digital.
Pelyometer [pel-e-om'-et-er) [nk'kv^, pelvis; fierpov,
measure] . .Same as Pelvimeter.
Pelyometresis ( pel -c - 0 - met - re'- sis) [m /ttif , pelvis ;
pirpov, measure]. Same as Pelvimetry.
Pemmican i^pem' -ik-an) [Amer. Ind.]. A food
used by Arctic travelers. It consists of a mixture of
the best beef and fat dried together. Sugar is some-
times added, as well as raisins and currants.
Pemphigoid (pern' -fig -oid) [TrZ/ic/xf, blister; f/tJof,
like] . Resembling or having the nature of pemphi-
gus. A term sometimes given to a single bleb run-
ning no definite course, and resembling pemphigus.
Pemphigus {peiii' -fig-us) \_7repm^, a blister]. Pom-
pholy.x : Bladder-tetter ; an inflammatory disease of
the skin characterized by the formation of variously- ,
sized blebsthat appear in successive crops, occasionally
also on the mucous membranes. The acute form is
contagious and is most frequent in infants {P. neona-
torum); in adults recovery may take place, although
there is an acute form that sometimes proves fatal.
The acute form of the disease seems to be infectious ;
microorganisms, especially a diplococcus, have been
found in the fluid of the blebs. Some cases of pem-
phigus appear to be neurotic in origin. P. acutus,
the acute form of the disease. P. benignus. See P.
vulgaris. P. cachecticorum, P. cachecticus,
pemphigus occurring in cachectic persons. P. chron-
icus. See P. vulgaris. P. circinatus. See Hy-
droa herpetiforme. P. contagiosus, Epidemic Pem-
phigus ; a variety that occurs in epidemics, invariably
in children. P. contagiosus tropicus, an epidemic
form occurring only in the tropics, and appearing in a
diffuse or infantile and an axillary or adult form. P.
diphtheriticus, a form in which yellow lymph forms
at the bases of the blebs. P. diutinus. See P. vul-
garis. P., Epidemic. See P. contagiosus. P. foli-
aceus, a rare form in which the blebs are flaccid, with
puriform contents, and soon rupture. The disease
spreads slowly bilt surely, and the whole body even-
tually becomes involved. The mucous membranes
may also be affected. The patient usually dies in an
exhausted typhoid condition. P. gangraenosus, a |
variety in which the inflammatory process is intense |
and superficial, or deep sloughs form. See also Der- J
matitis gangnTuosus infantum. P. gyratus, pemphi- j
gus in which the blebs are arranged in circular lines. 1
P. hsemorrhagicus, Purpura bullosa ; pemphigus ,
attended with hemorrhage into the bull?s, varying 1
in amount from enough to impart a mere pink
tint to the serum up to black. P. hystericus. 1
See P. pruriginosiis. P. leprosus, the bullous
eruption of leprosy. P. localis. See P. solitarius. \
P. major. Synonym of P. I'ulgaris. P. malig- j
nus. See P. pruriginosus. P. medicamentosus, |
pemphigus due to the administration of a drug. ,
P. neonatorum. Set Pemphigus. P. pruriginosus, ;
a form associated with severe itching, purulent con- 1
tents of the bullfe, and the appearance of wheals. j
From the scratching, eczema, ecthyma and other forms
of dermatitis are produced. The patient becomes ex- ;
hausted from loss of sleep, and a fatal issue may result. ;
The affection is also called Pemphigus malignus, Hy-
droa herpetiforme. Pemphigus hystericus. P. puerper-
alis, pemphigus occurring in puerperal women. It i
may be associated with puerperal infection. Some cases 1
have been considered forms of Duhring's disease, der- 1
matitis herpetiformis. P. scorbuticus, the blebs or
the blood-stained serum that sometimes appear over ^
hemorrhagic areas in scurvy. P. solitarius, pemphi-
gus localis; a form in which the blebs are single
or few in number, localized in distribution, and ac-
companied by little constitutional disturbance. 'I hey 1
occur where the circulation is feeble, as on the toes,
fingers, or nose. They are chiefly seen in the aged
and debilitated. P. syphiliticus, the bullous erup-
tion of syphilis, most common in the syphilitic new- |
born. P. vegetans, an extremely rare form, the ,
bullce on the mucous membrane preceding those on the 1
PEN
1039
PENJDEH SORE
skin by days or even weeks. The latter form most
frequently in the axillte or groins, and on the backs of
the hands and feet. After rupture, they leave' exten-
sive excoriations, which show little or no tendency to
heal, but ulcerate deeply and fungate, discharging
offensive, viscid fluid. Death usually results from
profound cachexia. P. vulgaris, Pemphigus beiiigmis ;
the chronic form of pemphigus ; it is a comparatively
rare disease, and more frequently attacks children.
The eruption may occur on any part of the body ex-
cept the palms and soles ; the seats of election are the
abdomen, chest and thighs, face, ears and neck, geni-
tals, and backs of the hands and feet. The lesions are
always bilateral and sometimes symmetric. The bullse
may be as large as a walnut or larger ; they soon dry
up, forming crusts, or burst and form scabs. Succes-
sive crops appear, sometimes daily [P. diutinus).
Pen a feather]. A feather ; a quill. P. -sac,
in biology, the flap or hood-like prolongation of the
mantle of a cephalopod which contains the pen, or
calamary.
Pencil [pt'n'-si!) \^penic{lhts, pencil]. In pharmacy, a
medicated cylindric stick, as a menthol pencil, which is
used for local application. 2. An aggregation of rays
meeting in a point. P.-fiower. See Stylosanfhes.
Penciled [pen'-sild] \_penid/lus, a pencil]. In biology :
[a) tufted, brushy, penicillate ; (i^) marked with fine
lines.
Penciliform [pen' -si!-if-or/ii) \_penicilhis, a pencil ;
forma, form]. Having the form of a pencil.
Pendent [pen' -de)it) \_pendere, to hang]. In biology,
drooping or hanging.
Pendinski Ulcer. See Fnrtiniiiliis orimlalis.
Pendulous [pen' -du-lus) \_pendere, to hang]. Hanging
or drooping loosely. P. Abdomen. See Abdomen.
Pendulum-motion. See Motion, Pendulous.
Penetrating [pen'-e-tra-ting) \_penefrare, to pierce].
Entering beyond the surface. Said of an odor when
it is piercing or pungent. P. Wound, one that
pierces an organ or one of the larger cavities of the
body.
Penetration [pen-e-tra' -shuii) \_pe>ieti-atio ; pen'etrare,
to pierce]. In medical jurisprudence, the entrance
of the penis within the vagina, proof of which is a
pre-requisite to establish the crime of rape.
Penial [pe'-ne-al) \_penis, penis]. Pertaining to the
penis.
Penicil [pen' -is-il ) \_petticilhts, a painter's brush or
pencil]. In biology, a brush or bundle of hairs.
Penicillate [pen' -is-il-at ) \_pe)iiciUus, a pencil] . Shaped
liked a pencil of hairs.
iPenicilliform [pen-is-il' -if-on?i) [penieilhis, a pencil ;
I forma, form]. Resembling a pencil.
jPenicillium [pen-is-il' -e-itm) \_penicilhis, a brush]. A
1 genus of saprophytic hyphomycetes or fungi, of
which the P. glaucum, or common blue mold, is
I a familiar example.
penile [pe'-nll). Same as Penial.
Penis (/^'-w/.f) [L.]. The male organ of copulation. It
consists of the corpus spongiosum (which encloses the
urethra) the two corpora cavernosa (which are largely
composed of erectile tissue) and the glans. When
not erect the organ is pendulous, whence its name. In
some animals it contains a slender bone. P. femi-
nis, the clitoris. P. muliebris. Synonym of P.
I feminis.
?enischisis [pen-is'-kis-is) \_penis. penis; ax'^of:, asplit-
tmg] . A comprehensive term for epispadias and hy-
pospadias.
^enitis [pe-ni' -tis) \_penis, penis ; triq, inflammation].
Inflammation of the penis.
Penjdeh Sore. See Fiininculiis orientalis.
Transverse Section of the Penis of a Monkey.
C.C. Corpora cavernosa. C.S. Corpus spongiosum. S. Septum.
?(. Urethra. D.V. Dorsal vein. D.A. Dorsal arteries. N.
Nerves. (From Stirling.)
MM
t
i
1
13-
Bladder and Urethra, Laid Open bv an Incisio.v Along
THE Upper Surface.
I. Prostate gland. 2. Membranous part of the urethra. 3.
Ureter. 4. Orifice of ureter. 5. Uvula. 6. Caput gallina-
ginis. 7. Orifice of seminal duct. S. Cowper's gland. 9.
Bulb of urethra. 10. Crus penis. 11. Orifice of the duct of
Cowper's gland. 12. One of the lacunas. 13. Corpus caver-
nosum penis. 14. Glans penis.
Corpora Cavernosa and Adjacent Parts. (Potter.)
■ Corpora cavernosa. 2. Corpus spongiosum. 3. Dorsal
vein. 4, 4. Arteries. 5, 5. Nerves.
PENNA
1040
PEPASTIC
Penna {pen'-ah) [L., a feather, wing: pL, Penn(c\.
In biology, a large, stiff feather; a quill-feather or
contour-feather.
Pennaceous (pcn-a^-sc-us) \_pe)ina, a feather]. In
biology, resembling a quill-feather or the structure re-
sembling the web of such a feather.
Pennate [pen' -at) \_pcniiatiis, winged ; penna, a wing].
In biology, winged, feathered.
Penniferous {pen-if -er-us) \_ penna , a feather ; ferre, to
bear]. In biology, provided with feathers.
Penniform [pen' -if-onn) [penna, feather; forma,
form]. Shaped like a feather ; said of certain muscles.
Pennigerous \pen-ij' -er-us). Same as Penniferous.
Penninerved ( pen' -in-ervd) \_penna , a feather ; nei-i'iis,
nerve]. In biology, feather-nerved or feather- veined ;
pinnately nerved.
Pennopluma, Pennoplume (pen-o-p/u'-mah, pen'-o-
plnin) [penna, a wing ; phima, a feather]. Same as
Plumule.
Pennyroyal {pen'-e-roi-al). See Hedeoma and Pule-
giiim.
Pennyweight ( pen'-e-ivat) [AS. , pefn'ngivcFg, a penny-
weight]. A weight of 24 grains, or one-twentieth of
the troy ounce. See IVeiglits and Measures.
Pennywort [pen'-e-zaei-l). See Hydrocotile.
Penrose Disc. A solid rubber disc used as a substitute
for the Senn bone-plate in intestinal anastomosis.
Pentabasic { pen-tah-a' -sik) [Trfire, five ; basis, base].
Having five replaceable hydrogen atoms.
Pentacapsular(/t'«-/rz/;'-i:7/)'-j'«-/(zr)[7rfi'r£, five ; capsnla,
a small box]. In biology, having five capsules or
seed-vessels.
Pentacarpellary (pen-fak-ar'-pel-a-re) [nivTe, five;
Kap-oij, fruit]. In biology, having five carpels.
Pentachlorether (pen-tak-lor-e' -ther') [Tr/tTe, five;
X^piZi green ; a'ldljp, ether], QH-CljO. A sub-
stitution-compound of ether, or diethyl oxid, in which
five atoms of CI replace five of H.
Pentacoccus (pen-tak-ok' -us) [T^kvTt, five; k6kkoc, a
berry, a kernel]. In biology, composed of five cocci,
grains, or seeds.
Pentacrinin ( pen-fak-ri'-nin) [rrfiTf, five ; Kpivov, a
lily]. In biology, a purple pigment discovered by
Moseley in Pcntacrinns, the sea-lily.
Pentact (peji'-takt) [-KEvre, five; aiirig, ray]. In
biology, having five rays, arms, or branches.
Pentacyclic (pen-tas-i' -klik) [Trf iTf, five ; kvkTloq, a
circle]. In biology, in five whorls.
Pentad (pen'-lad) [jrh'-e, five]. A quinquivalent ele-
ment or radicle.
Pentadactylism (pen-lad-a/c'-lil-iz/n) [-evre, five;
(hiKTr'Anr, finger]. The state of having five digits.
Pentadactylous [pen-lad-ak'-/il- us) [Trevre, five;
fSa/iru/.of, finger]. Having five fingers.
Pentadelphous { pen -/ad-el' -fu.<:) [TTfiTf, five ; a(5e/l(^of,
brother]. In biology, arranged in five brotherhoods
or sets.
Pentafid (pin'-laf-id) [nh'-E, five ; f/idere, to cleave].
In biology, cleft into five divisions.
Pentaglucose { pcn-tah-glii' -kos) [TrfiTf, five; j/iwiV,
sweet]. A glucose group, which differs from the true
carbohydrates by yielding furfurol instead of levulinic
acid when treated with hydrochloric acid of a certain
concentration, and in certain color-reactions.
Pental (/fw'-^iz/) [ttevts, five], CjHjq. Trimethylethy-
lene ; said by v. Mering to be a safe and effective
anesthetic. See Anestiietic.
Pentamerous [ pen-fa m' -er-us) [Trir-i-, five ; fiepmj,
part]. In biology, constructed on the numerical plan
of five ; five- parted.
Pentamethylendiamin {pen-fam-efli -il-en-di' -am-in).
See Ptomains, Table of.
Pentane {pen'-tan) [-KivTn, five], CjHj^. A hydro-
carbon, the fifth in number, of the paraffin series. See
Hydrocarbons, Table of.
Pentapetalous {pen-tetp-et' -al-us) [irf iTf, five ; Trkrakov,
a leaf]. In biology, having five petals.
Pentaphyllous {pen-/af-il'-us) [~iv-i, five ; (jivl'Xov,
leaf]. In biology, having five leaves.
Pentapterous [pen-tap' -ier-tis) [ttcvtc, five ; -KTspdv,
wing]. In biology, having five wing-like expansions.
Pentasepalous (pcn-tas-ep' -al-us) [7r*Vrf,five -jSepalum,
a sepal]. In biology, having five sepals.
Pentaspermous [pen - tas - per' - mus) [-fiTf, five;
antpfia, seed]. In biology, five-seeded.
Pentastichous [pen-fas' -lik-us) [nh'Te, five ; a-ixo^, a
row, line]. In biology, arranged in five vertical
ranks.
Pentastoma [pen - las'- io - ma/i) [Tr/iTf, five; ard/ia,
mouth]. A genus of entozoa, worm-like parasites, ■
generally referred to the class Ai'ihropoda. There are |
many species, several of which have been found en-
cysted in the human liver and lungs. See Linguahda
and Pentastoma under Parasites [Animal), Table of. ■
Pentatomic [pen - tat - om'- ik) [tt/ jTf, five ; ojojxoc,
atom]. In chemistry, having five replaceable hydro-
gen atoms in the molecule.
Pentavalent [pen-tav' -al-ent) \T:ivrc, five; valens, \
having power]. In chemistry, capable of combining
with five univalent elements or radicles.
Pentoic Acid [pen-to' -ik). Synonym of Acid,
Valeric.
Pentonville System. See Ventilation. .
Pentoses [pen-to' -sez) [/TfiTf, five ; ose, a characteristic
termination of the group of carbohydrates]. In
chemistry, bodies containing five carbon atoms and |
hydrogen and oxygen in the pro]:)ortion to form water, j
as C-HjdOj. Pentoses are produced by the hydrolysis i
of pento.sans, which are found in considerable proper- \
tion in plants. See Carbohydrates, Table of. j
Pentoxid [pen-toks' -id) [Tr/irf, five ; 0^1%, sharp]. An j
oxid containing five oxygenations. I
Penzoldt and Faber's Test. A test for the absorptive
pow'er of the stomach. Two or three grains of potas- j
slum iodid enclosed in a gelatin capsule, which is well \
wiped to remove all trace of the salt from its exterior, j
are ingested with a wineglassful of water on an empty
stomach. The salt is absorbed from the stomach, and
appears normally in the saliva in from six and a half
to fifteen minutes. In diseased conditions in which
absorption is tardy, e. g. , gastric catarrh, dilatation, and
carcinoma, the saliva may not contain it for several I
hours. Its presence is recognized by the patient j
moistening with the saliva filter-paper which has been |
first saturated with starch-paste and dried. Touch
the moistened spot with fuming HNO3 and a blue ,
coloration shows the presence of iodin. <
Penzoldt's Reagent. A reagent for the detection of ^
sugar in the urine. It consists of diazobenzosulphuric ,
acid and caustic potassa. See Tests, Table of. P. s ;
Test, a test for dilatation of the stomach. The line ^
of dulness over the empty stomach will not extend to j
the navel. Now let the patient swallow a quart ot
water, and in cases of dilatation dulness will be found ,
along a line below the navel. j
Peonia [pe-o'-ne-ah). See Peony. j
Peonin [pe' -o-nin). Same as Corallin-red. \
Peony [pe'-o-ne) [iraKovin, the peony]. The root of j
Pironia officinalis, of reputed value in the convulsions ,
of children. Dose, inf , 3 ij-,^ j. Unof. P.-red.
.Same as Corallin-red. \
Peotomy [ pe-ot' -o-me) [rrf of, penis ; ro////, a cutting]. ;
Amputation of the penis. ;
Pepastic [pe-pas'-tik) [TveTvaivtiv, to ripen]. Hasten-
PEPEROMIA
1041
PEP'rONIZATION
ing the process of ripening, or maturation ; promoting
suppuration ; also, of a medicine, digestive.
Peperomia i^pep-er-o' -ine-ah') \_~i-K(pi, pepper]. Pepper
elder ; a genus of piperaceous plants, widely dis-
tributed in South America and the West Indies. Sev-
eral species have been used medicinally. P. rotun-
difolia is diaphoretic and antispasmodic. P. um-
bellata, a Brazilian species, is used as a diuretic. Unof.
Peplus [pep' -lies). Synonym of Peyitoneiim.
Pepo [pe'po) [7r£7raji', ripe, mellow] . i. In biology,
a gourd-like fruit. 2. Pumpkin-seed. The seed of
Cucurbita pcpo, with properties due to a resin contained
in the inner covering of the embryo. It is an excel-
lent teniafuge. Dose of the resin, gr. xv ; of the seeds,
J j-ij, made into a suitable emulsion.
Pepper [pep'-er) [ME. pepper]. See Piper.
P. -mint. See Mentha piperita. P. -mint Camphor.
See Menthol. P. -mint, Japanese. See Menthol.
P., Nellaguetta. See Grains of Paradise. P.,
Red. ^te Capsicum. P.-tree, an anacardiaceous tree,
Schiniis molle, of tropical America, and largely planted
in California. Its fruit is diuretic and stimulant, and
its gum is purgative and said to remove corneal opaci-
ties. Unof.
Pepsin [pep' -sin) \_pepsinum; gen., pepsini; niiln^,
digestion]. The chief di-
gestive principle of the
gastric juice. It converts
albuminous substances in-
to peptones in the pres-
ence of an acid. It is
prepared by treating the
mucous lining of mamma-
lian stomachs with water
containing .2 to .3 per
cent, of hydrochloric acid.
P., Liq., contains saccha-
rated pepsin 40, hydro-
chloric acid 12, glycerin
400, w^ter q. s. ad 1000
parts. Dose 3 ij-iv. P.
saccharatum, a mixture
of pepsin and sugar of
milk. Dosegr. v-gj. P.,
Vinum, a solution of the
gastric ferments in sherry.
Dose 3j-iv. See, also,
Ladopeptin, Ingluvin, and
Ferments.
Pepsinate ( pep'- sin - at )
[TTEi/iif , digestion] . To
mix, or prepare, with pep-
sin.
Pepsinogen ( pep - sin'- 0-
jen) digestion;
yevvav, to beget]. The
mother-substance, zymo-
gen or propepsin, existing
in the cells of the peptic
glands of the stomach.
It is the antecedent of
pepsin, into which it is
changed by suitable ner- Peptic Gland from Stom
vous stimuli, by hydro-
chloric acid, and by so-
dium chlorid.
'epsinum [pep-si' -mini).
See Pepsin.
'epsis [pep' -sis) [7rei/;(f,
digestion]. Digestion,
'eptic [pep'-tik) [ncipic, digestion]. Pertaining to
pepsin or to digestion. P. Glands, the fundus-glands
66
ACH OF Dog.
a. Wide mouth and duct which
receive the terminal divisions
of the gland, d, c. Neck and
fundus of the tubes, e. Cen-
tral or chief cells. (/.Parietal
or acid cells. (After Pier-
sol.)
Portion OF Peptic Gland of
Dog, Highly Magnified.
a, a. The central or chief cells
next the lumen (c). 4, 6. The
parietal or acid cells con-
nected with the lumen of the
tube by short lateral branches
which extend to the cells.
{After Piersol.)
of Heidenhain situated in the middle and cardiac
thirds of the stomach ; they secrete pepsin and hydro-
chloric acid. P. Ulcer,
tHe ordinary round ulcer
of the stomach, by some
ascribed to erosion of the
mucous membrane by the
gastric juice.
Pepticity [pep - tis ' - it - e)
[7r(7rr£;i', to digest]. The
state of being peptic ; eu-
pepsia.
Peptogaster [pep-io-gas' -
ter) \_~e7rTe1v, to digest;
yaarijf), belly]. The in-
testinal canal, or diges-
tive apparatus as a whole.
Peptogastric [pep-to-gas' -
trik ) [TTfTrren', to digest ;
yaoTTjp, belly]. Pertain-
ing to the peptogaster ;
pejJtic.
Peptogen (pep ' - to- jen)
\_-KiiT\)i.Q, digestion ; ytvvhv,
to beget]. A substance
that favors the production
of pepsin.
Peptogenous [pep-toj'-en-
lis) [ Tfi/i/f, digestion ;
}'fi'i'ai', to produce]. Pro-
ducing peptones.
Peptogeny (/('/-/(?;'''-£■«-;') [7rf7rr£/j', to digest; ytvvav,
to produce]. The production of peptones.
Peptoglutin Sublimate [pep-to-gln'-tin sttb'-lim-at).
Mercuric peptoglutin hydrochlorid. It contains
twenty-five per cent, of mercuric chlorid, in combina-
tion with a kind of semipeptonized gelatin. It is
used hypodermatically in syphilis. Dose gr. y^,, given
in a one per cent, solution, a Pravaz syringeful of
which is injected.
Peptone [pep' -ton) [irkTrrcLV, to digest]. A proteid
body that is not precipitated by heat or by ammonium
sulphate, but which yields the biuret-reaction. This
is Kiihne's peptone. Brilcke'' s peptone is a proteid
which is not precipitated by potassium ferrocyanid,
but which yields the biuret-reaction. It is probably
a mixture of the peptone described by Kiihne and
an albumose. Peptones are produced by the action
of proteolytic ferments on albuminous substances,
e. g., in gastric and pancreatic digestion. They
are, unlike the proteids from which they are de-
rived, soluble, non-coagulable, and dialyzable. The
largest part of the albumins ingested in the food is'
converted into peptones; these, however, are not
absorbed as such, but are reconverted into albumins
in the gastro-intestinal mucosa. Only a small quan-
tity of peptones passes into the blood. Globulin, acid-
albumin, para-peptone, propeptone, albumose, and
others are intermediate products formed during the
conversion of albumins into peptones. Peptone is
not present in the urine normally. P., Beef, a sub-
stance derived from beef by treating it with an extract
of the pancreas. Beef-peptone is extensively used in
bacteriologic laboratories in the preparation of media
made from meat-infusion. P., Pancreatic, a pep-
tone formed by the action of the pancreatic juice ;
unlike peptones resulting from digestion with gastric
juice, it is precipitated by acids and acid salts.
Peptonemia [pep-to-ne' -ine-ah ) \_-f-Krtiv, to cook ;
alua, blood]. The presence of peptone in the blood.
Peptonization [pep-to-niz-a' -shun) [Tf-rfa', to digest].
The process of converting proteids into peptones.
PEPTONIZE
1042
PERCUSSO-PUNCTATOR
Peptonize {pep' -to-niz) [Trfn-ren', to digest]. To digest
with pepsin ; to predigest. Very often an extract of
pancreatic juice is used in order to peptonize food ;
milk especially is thus treated. *
Peptonoid (pep'-to-noui) \_-i-Tta', to digest; eldof,
like]. A substance resembling or claimed to resemble
peptones.
Peptonuria {pep-to-nit'-re-ah)\_-l:~reiv, to digest ; ovpor,
urine]. The presence of peptone in the urine. The
proteid body found in the urine in peptonuria is really
not a peptone but an albumose, and a better term
would be albumosuria. Albumose is characterized by
yielding the biuret-reaction ; it is not precipitated by
heat, but is precipitated by ammonium sulphate. For
test, see Tests, Table of . Peptonuria,/, e., albumosuria,
occurs in all conditions attended by the destruction of
tissue, especially in suppurative processes, purulent
pleurisy, purulent peritonitis, abscesses, cerebro-spinal
meningitis, pyelonephritis, bronchoblennorrhea, in
some cases of pulmonary tuberculosis with cavity-for-
mation during the puerperal state. The blood in
leukemia may also contain albumose. Propeptonuria
is probably only an albumosuria of high degree. P.,
Enterogenous, peptonuria due to disease of the intes-
tine. P., Hepatogenous, that accompanying cer-
tain liver-aftections. P., Nephrogenous, peptonuria
of renal origin. P., Puerperal, the peptonuria of the
puerperal state. P., Pyogenic, that produced by
suppuration in the body.
Peptotoxin [pep-io-toks' -ut) [jzhlnc, digestion ; to^lkov,
poison]. A poisonous ptomain found by Brieger in
some peptones, in digestion of fibrin, and in putrefying
albuminous substances, such as fibrin, casein, brain,
liver, and muscles. It is a well-known fact that animal
tissues, in the early stages of putrefaction, possess
strong toxic properties, even before decomposition has
advanced far enough to effect the splitting up of the
proteid and carbohydrate molecules. An early pep-
tonization of the proteids by ferments in the tissues,
which begin their action at once after death, has been
offered as an explanation of this toxicity. Peptotoxin
has not as yet, however, been definitely isolated. See
Pto!)!ains, Table of. P., Cholera, a toxic substance,
generated by the cholera-bacillus, and chemically allied
to peptone.
Pequet's Reservoir. Synonym of Receptaculum chyli.
Per- \_pe>\ through]. A prefix signifying through.
Also, more than ordinary.
Pera {pe'-rah) \_~ripa, scrotum]. The scrotum.
Peracephalus { per-as-ef -al-ns) [Tripa, more than;
aKma'/oc, without a head]. A fetal monstrosity charac-
terized not only by want of upper extremities, but also
by malformation or absence of the thorax.
Peracute {per-ak-iit') \_per, through; aciitiis, sharp].
More than ordinarily sharp or severe.
Peratodynia {per-at-o-din' -e-ah) [;ri'yjaf, end; oiYvvii,
pain]. Pain at the cardiac extremity of the stomach.
Perce-membrane [Fr.]. An instrument for piercing
the fetal membranes and evacuating the liquor amnii.
Perception {per-sep' -shun^ \_P^''i through ; capere, to
receive]. The act of receiving impressions or ob-
taining knowledge of external things through the
medium of the senses. P., Differential, the ability
to distinguish differences between slight changes in the
intensity of stimulation.
Perceptivity (/c';--jf/'-//r"'-//-c) [/^r, through ; capere, \.o
receive]. The faculty or capability of receiving im-
pressions.
Perchloric Acid [ /tv, through ; i/6;/)or,
green], HCIO,. A volatile irritant liquid, the highest
oxyacid of chlorin. In contact with organic substances
it decomposes with explosion.
Percipient [ per-sip' -e-ent) \_percipere , to perceive].
Perceiving ; seeing.
'9&\Q.\vt.'s\oYi {per-khi'-shun) \_pey, through; claudere,
to shut up]. Inability to execute any movement.
Percolate {per' -ko-lat) \_percolare, to strain through].
I. To submit to the process of percolation. 2. The s
solution obtained by percolation.
Percolation {per-ko-la' -shun) \_percolare, to strain
through]. The process of extracting the soluble con-
stituents of a substance by allowing the solvent to
trickle through the powdered mass placed in a long
conic vessel, the percolator ; a process similar to lix-
iviation.
Pe^coIato^(/£';''-i■^)-/<7-^'^»;•) [ percolare, to strain through]. '
A long conic vessel with a delivery-tube at the lower
extremity, employed for the purpose of extracting
the soluble constituents of a substance, packed
in a percolator, by means of a liquid poured over it.
Percussion (per-kush'-uti) \_ percutere, to strike ,
through]. A method of physical examination apphed :
by striking upon any part of the body, with a
view of ascertaining the conditions of the underly-
ing organs by the character of the sounds elicited. In
percussing, attention is paid to the resonance,
the pitch and the duration of the sound, and
to the resistance of the parts. Percussion is some-
times performed by striking with the entire hand.
The method, in the case of the chest, serves to dis-
tinguish marked degrees of dulness from resonance.
In massage, striking or beating the surface. For this
purpose the hand or a specially constructed instrument j
ma.yhe nsed. {perctissor or 7iniscle-bea/er). If the palm I
of the hand is used the operation is called clapping; if
the ulnar border is used it is called chopping ; if the
closed fist is used, or the dorsal surfaces of the two last .
phalanges of the fingers held rather loosely, the proced- I
me h termed 7vhipping or Jiagellalion. P., Ausculta- .1
tory, percussion combined with auscultation. The
method by which fine shades of diff erence in the quality
of sounds may be detected. It is employed for outlining
organs, both those containing and those not contain-
ing air. It is best applied by placing a double stetho-
scope at a fixed point and percussing gently all around.
The stethoscope may be held with one hand while
with a finger of the other immediate percussion is
made ; or, an assistant can percuss. P., Deep, the
striking of a firm blow in order to elicit differences in the
percussion-note of deep-seated structures. P., Light,
used to elicit sound from the parts immediately
subjacent, or to outline one of the viscera. P.,
Finger, percussion with the fingers of one hand as a
plexor, and those of the other as a pleximeter ; or, m
immediate percussion, the use of the fingers as a plexor.
P., Immediate, percussion in which the surface is
struck directly, without the interposition of a plexira-
meter. P., Instrumental, the use of a special hammei
as a plexor, either alone or with a plate as a plexim- 1
eter. P., Mediate, percussion in which a plexim- I
eter is used. P. -note, the sound elicited on percus- i
sion. P., Scholl's Method of. See Sc/io/l. P.- '
wave, the term given to the chief ascending wave of
the sphygmographic tracing. Roy and Adami propose
to substitute for this name the term papillary -ware, on
the ground that the elevation is due to the contraction
of the papillary muscles. Sanson prefers the terra
chie/ asceiiiling wave.
Percusso-punctator {per-kiis'-o-piingk-la'-tor) [/<''•
cutere, to beat ; piinctare, to mark]. An in.strument
resembling a plexor or hammer, consisting principally
of a group of needles by means of which multiple
punctures are made into the tissues in rheumatism, 1
lumbago, and neuralgia. '
PERCUSSOR
1043
PERIBLASTIC
Percussor l^per-kus' -or) \_peractere, to strike through].
He who or that which percusses ; a percutor.
Percutaneous (^per-ku-ta' -ne-us) \_pey, through ; cutis,
the skin] . Done through the skin ; as percutaneous
ligation.
Percutor {per-ku' -tor) [Fx., percuteur ; pcrcutere, to
strike]. An instrument used in the percussion of mas-
sage and in therapeutic flagellation.
Perditio [per-dish'-e-o) \_perdere, to lose]. Abortion.
Pereion [per-i'-on) \_TTspi, around; Ikvai, to go: //. ,
Pereia]. In biology, the thorax of a crustacean, as
distinguished from the head ( cephalon ) and abdomen
[pleon). (Bate.)
Pereiopod [per-i'-o-pod) [-n-f/j/, around; livai, to go;
TTOiOf, foot]. In biology, an appendage of the thorax
of a crustacean ; an ambulatory leg.
Pereira or Pao Pereira {^per=a'-rah,pah'-o per-a' -rah)
[Port., "pear-tree"]. The Geissosperi/iuin lave, a
large apocynaceous tree of Brazil. Its bark is tonic and
febrifuge, retarding the heart-beat and respiration.
Unof. See also Pareira.
Pereirin {^per - a' - rin) [Port., pereira, "pear-tree],
CjgH^^NjO. A somewhat poisonous alkaloid from
pereira-bark. Its hydrochlorate (30 gr. per diem) is
efficacious in fevers. Unof.
Perelle [per-eF) \_parella, the specific name for the
lichen]. In biology, a substance obtained from the
lichen, Lecanora parella, and employed in the prepara-
tion of a red dye.
Perennate [per-en'-dt] \_perennis, lasting through the
year]. In biology, to live perennially.
Perennation (per-en-a'-shu>i)\_percnt!is, lasting through
the year] . In biology, the perennial continuance of life.
Perennial [per-e?t'-e-at) \_per, through; annus, year].
Lasting from year to year.
Perenyi's Solution. A fixing-agent used in histologic
research. Its composition is as follows : ten per cent,
solution of nitric acid, 4 parts ; alcohol, 3 parts ; one-
half per cent, solution of chromic acid, 3 parts. After
a short time this mixture becomes violet-colored.
Pereterium [per-et-e' -re-uin). Synonym of Trephine.
[Perfect [per^-fekt) \_perfectus, finished]. Complete,
without blemish. In biology, having both stamens
and pistils ; hermaphrodite. P. Yellow. See Pig-
ments, Conspectus of.
Perflation { per-fla' -shun) \_perjiare, to blow through].
1. A method of ventilation by which a current of air
blowing against a dwelling is made to force its way in.
2. Forcing air into a cavity for the purpose of evacuat-
ing fluid.
Perfoliate [per-fo'-ie-at) \_per, through ; folium, leaf].
In biology : (a) applied to a leaf that is united around
the stem at its base ; {b) applied to certain insect-
antennte consisting of a number of circular plates joined
by the shaft running through their centers.
Perforans {per' -fo-ranz) \_per, through ; fo7-are, to
bore]. Penetrating or perforating. Applied to vari-
ous muscles whose tendons pass through other struc-
tures. P., Ulcus. Perforating ulcer. See Ulcer.
Perforate {per'-fo-rdt) \_per, through ; /d/vz;-;', to bore].
In biology, pierced with small holes.
Perforated {per'-fo-ra-ted) \_per, through; forare,\o
bore]. Pierced through. P. Space. See Space.
Perforation ( per- fo-ra' -shun) \_per, through; forare,
to bore]. The act of piercing. Also, the opening in
the wall of a cavity resulting from traumatism or
ulceration. In craniotomy, the opening of the fetal
head.
Perforator [per'-fo-ra-tor] \_per, through ; forare, to
bore]. An instrument for boring through the fetal
skull ; also for perforating other bones.
Perforatus [per-fo-ra'-tus). Synonym of Perforated.
Perfrication [per-frik-a' -shun) \_per, through; fricare,
to rub]. Inunction.
Perfrigerium {per-frij-e' -re-uni) \_perfrigerare, to make
very cold]. Numbness due to cold.
Perfume { per' -fum, ox pcr-fum') \_pcr, through; f urn-
are, to give off a vapor]. The odor of a volatile sub-
stance, especially if pleasant or agreeable. Most com-
mercial perfumes belong to the terpene series, and
have the uniform composition CjQpIjg. In a few in-
stances they are manufactured synthetically, but in
most they are extracted from the petals of flowers.
Perfusion [per-fu' -zhitn) [per, through; fundere,Xa
pour]. The passage of a fluid through spaces.
Pergameneous [per -ga?n - e'- ne - us) \_pergatneneus,
parchment-like]. Resembling parchment, e. g., the
skin in certain cases of xeroderma.
Pergamentaceous [per-gain en-ta' -she-us). Same as
Pergameneous.
Peri- (per'-e) [_~tpi , around]. A prefix signifying
around, or surrounding.
Periadenitis [per-e-ad-en-i' -tis) [tt^p'i, around ; a(S//i',
gland; nii;, inflammation]. Inflammation of the
tissues that surround a gland.
Periadventitial [per-e-ad-ven-tish' -e-al) [-ep/, around ;
adi'cntitius , coming from abroad]. Situated, or occur-
ring, around the adventitia, or external coat of a
vessel.
Periah [per-i' -ah) [Heb.]. The second act in the
Jewish rite of circumcision. It is the act of lacera-
tion of the mucous membrane.
Perialgia [per-e-al' -je-ah) [jrep/, very ; aXyoQ, pain].
Excruciating pain.
Perianal {per-e-a' -nal) [^fp/, around ; anus, anus].
Situated, or occurring, around the anus.
Periandra [per-e-an' -drah) [Trepf, around; atv/p, a
male]. In biology, one of the bracts surrounding the
antheridia of mosses.
Periangiocholitis {per -e- an -je - 0 - ko - li' - tis) [Trrp/,
around ; ayyaov, vessel ; x^^''^> bile ; itic, inflamma-
tion]. Inflammation of the connective tissue sur-
rounding the biliary ducts.
Periangioma [per - e - an - je - 0'- mah) [^rfp/, around ;
(3 yysfoi', vessel ; 6//a, tumor]. A tumor surrounding a
vessel .
Perianth [per' -e-antk) \_Txepi, around ; avOoc, flower].
In biology, a collective term for the floral envelops,
calyx and corolla, or their representative.
Perianthial [per-e-an' -the-al) [Trep/, around ; hvdoq, a.
flower]. In biology, pertaining to the perianth. Pro-
vided with a perianth.
Perianthium [per-e-an' -the-uni). Same as Pei-ianth.
Periaortitis [per-e-a-or-ti'-tis) [irfpf, around ; aoprij,
aorta; ltlc;, inflammation]. Inflammation of the
tissues surrounding the aorta.
Periarteritis (/t';--^-<?;--/tv--/'-//i') [-ep/, around; apTTip'ia,
artery; /r/r, inflammation]. Inflammation of the ex-
ternal sheath of the arteries. P. nodosa, thickening
of the arterial coats in localized areas, producing
nodular swellings.
Periarthritis [per-e-ar-thri'-tis) [rrfp/, around; apQpov,
joint ; LTiq, inflammation]. Inflammation of the tissues
about a joint.
Periarticular [per-e-ar-tik' -u-lar)\_-(pi , around ; articu-
lus, joint]. About or around a joint.
Periaxial { per-e-aks' -e-al) \_~(pt, around; af;f, axis].
Situated or occurring around an axis or axis-cylinder.
Periblast [per' -ib-last) [Tfp/, around; /iXaardf, a
germ]. In biology, the protoplasm surrounding the
nucleus of a cell.
Periblastic [per-ib-las' -tik) [jTepi, around ; piaardq, a
germ]. In biology, pertaining to the periblast. Ger-
minating from the surface of an ovum.
PERIBLASTULA
1044
PERICARPOIDAL
Periblastula iypcr-ib-las' -tu-laJi) [tj/j/, around ; ^Aao-
"of, germ]. A segmenting ovum in which the outer
layer of cells is more highly developed than the inner.
Periblem {^per' -ih-ltiu) \T:tp[\i'Aiijia, a covering]. In
biology, a zone of meristem lying between the
plerome and the dermatogen at the growing end of an
axial organ.
Periblepsia, Periblepsis { pcr-ib-lep' -se-ah, pcr-ib-lep' -
sis) [jrf/);, around ; fi'ktTztLv, to look]. The wild, un-
natural look observed in delirium.
Peribole [per-il)' -o-lc) [Trtp/, around ; /^dXPifd , to throw].
The elimination of morbitic substances through dis-
eased conditions of the skin.
Peribranchial {pef-ib-t-ang'-ke-al) [j^spi, around;
/3pa},V'", gi'ls]. In biology, arranged about the
branchiae.
Peribronchial (per-ib-roiig'-ke-al) [Trep/, around ; jipo}-
X0(;, bronchus]. Pertaining to the tissue about the
bronchus ; surrounding a bronchus. P. Lymphan-
gitis, inflammation of the peribronchial lymphatic
vessels.
Peribronchitis {^pcr - ih - rong- ki'- tis) [jTEp/, around;
fipoyx'Kt bronchus ; itic, inflammation]. Inflamma-
tion of the pulmonary tissue immediately surrounding
the bronchi. P., Caseous, a peribronchitis due to
tuberculosis, and usually accompanying caseous bron-
cho-pneumonia. P., Purulent, a peribronchial inflam-
mation with the formation of pus. P., Tuberculous,
peribronchitis due to the tubercle-bacillus.
Peribrosis {per-ib-ro' -sis) [ttj/x', around ; Ppioaic, a
feeding]. Ulceration at the canthi of the eyelids.
Pericaecal {per-is-e' -kal). See Pt-ricecal.
Pericaementitis [per-is-ein-eii-ti' -tis). See Perii:e7iienti-
tis.
Perical (pcr'-ik-al). See Fungiis-foot.
Pericambium [per-ik-am' -be-iim). See Phloein-sheath .
Pericardiac, Pericardial {per-ik-ar' -de-ak, per-ik-ar' -
de-at) [TTfp/, around ; KapiMa, heart]. Pertaining to
the pericardium.
Pericardiacophrenic ( per-ik-ai--de-ak-o-fre' -nik) [Tf/)/',
around ; KaptSKi^ heart ; (ppi/v, diaphragm]. Pertaining
to the pericardium and the diaphragm.
Pericardial {pcr-ik-ar' -de-al) [7rf/)(, around; KapiVa,
heart]. Pertaining to the pericardium. Surrounding
the heart. P. Cavity, the space between the peri-
cardium and the heart. P. Pleura, tha{ part of the
pleura attached to the pericardium. P. Space.
Same as P. Cavitv.
Pericardian [per-ik-ar' -de-an). Same as Pericardial.
Pericardiopneumatosis(/fr-?>-a;-''-a'c'-o-«?<-;«(7/-c''-«>).
Synonym of Pneitmopericardiiim.
Pericardiotomy {per-ik-ar-de-ot'-o-me) {jrcpi, around ;
Kapdin, heart; TOfii/, a cutting]. Incision of the
pericardium.
Pericarditic {per-ik-ar-dit' -ik) [irf/j/, around; KaptMa,
heart ; /r/r, inflammation]. Pertaining to pericarditis.
Pericarditis [per-ik-ar-di'-iis) [n-f/j/, around ; Kapdia,
heart; ;r;f, inflammation]. Inflammation of the peri-
cardium. It may be complicated with myocarditis or
.endocarditis. It is rarely a primary affection, but is
usually secondary to such diseases as rheumatism,
chronic nephritis, scarlet fever, measles, pyemia,
scorbutus, and hemorrhagic purpura. Many cases
are due to extension of inflammation from neighboring
organs, as from pleurisy and pleurisy with pneumonia ;
sometimes, also, to extension of endocardial inflamma-
tion. Tuberculosis may afi^ect the pericardium by ex-
tension from the lung, but occasionally it appears as a
primary disease of the serous membrane. In addition, a
pericarditis may follow malignant disease of the peri-
cardium. Actinomycosis may spread to the pericar-
dium from the lung or the mediastinum. Syphilis of
the pericardium is usually secondary to myocardial
syphilis. It leads to pericardial adhesions. P., Ad-
hesive, pericarditis in which the two layers of pericar-
dium tend to adhere. P., Carcinomatous, pericarditis
due to carcinoma of the pericardium. In rare cases
pericarditis may accompany carcinoma of a remote
organ. P., Dry, pericarditis without efflision. ■ P.,
External, inflammation of the outer layer of the peri-
cardium ; it is usually accompanied by inflammation of
the contiguous pleura. P., Fibrinous, a form in which
the membrane is covered with a fibrinous exudate, first
soft and buttery in consistence, but later organizing.
Tuberculous pericarditis is likely to lead to large de-
posits of fibrin. P., Hemorrhagic, a form in which
the fluid is hemorrhagic. This is the case most often
in tuberculous pericarditis ; also in scorbutus and in
cachectic conditions. P., Internal, inflammation of
the serous surface of the pericardium. P., Localized,
whitish areas, the so- called milk-spots (y. z'.), due to I
circumscribed pericarditis. P., Obliterating, a form i
leading to adhesion of the two layers of pericardium |
and obliteration of the cavity. See Pi rirardiu)//, j
Adherent. P., Purulent, pericarditis in which the :
effused fluid becomes purulent. This is not very rare 1
in children. P., Rheumatic, that due to rheumatism.
P., Sero-fibrinous, a form in which there is but
little lymph or fibrin, but a considerable quantity
of serous fluid. P., Tuberculous, pericarditis due !
to tuberculous infection of the pericardium ; it is usu- I
ally secondary, from extension from neighboring organs, I
but is sometimes primary. The membrane is covered |
with thick layers of fibrin, beneath which are miliary
tubercles ; there may also be larger cheesy masses. I
The quantity of fluid is usually small, but may be j
large, and the effusion is generally hemorrhagic. !
Pericardium [per-ik-ar'-de-um) [n-fp/, around; xapSia, i
heart]. The closed membranous sac or covering that ■
envelops the heart. Its base is attached to the central I
tendon of the diaphragm ; its apex surrounds for a j
short distance the great vessels arising from the base ■
of the heart. It consists of an ectal fibrous coat, i
derived from the cervical fascia, and an ental serous j
coat. The sac normally contains from half a dram -
to a dram of clear serous fluid. P., Adherent, a I
condition resulting from a previous pericarditis, in I
which the two layers of the pericardium are bound
together by newly-formed connective tissue. P.,
Bread-and-butter, a peculiar appearance produced
in fibrinous pericarditis by the rubbing of the two
surfaces of the membrane over each other. The
surface is rough, like that produced when two pieces
of butter-and-bread, that have lain with their spread i
sides in contact, are pulled apart. P., Calcified, !
calcification of the pericardium, occurring in spots or j
diff'usely. P., Parietal, the reflection of the peri- j
cardium not in direct contact with the heart ; the por- I
tion in contact with the pleura and the diaphragm. See i
P., Viscera/. P., Shaggy, a pericardium upon which, .
as the result of fibrinous pericarditis, thick, loose,
shaggy layers of fibrin are deposited. P., Visceral, ;
the epica'rdium, i.e., the layer of pericardium at-
tached to the surface of the heart. _ j
Pericarp [per' -ik-arp) \p^(pi, around ; KnpTrSg, fruit]. ,
In liiology : (a) the shell or cover of a fruit; (b) the
wall of a ripened ovary. _ |
Pericarpial [per-ik-ar' pe-al). Same as Pericarpic. j
Pericarpic (per-ik-ar'pik) \_~£pi, around; mpv6i, j
fruit]. Pertaining to the pericarp. _ I
Pericarpium (/<'r-//'-(7 /•'-/<■-«/«■). S^ume &s Pericarp.
Pericarpoidal {/^er- ik - ar-poid'-al) [mpi, around;
unpnoc, fruit; fuSor, like]. In biology, resembling a
pericarp.
PERICECAL
1045
PERIDIASTOLE
Pericecal [pey-i's-e^-ia/) [Trep/, around ; blind].
Surrounding the cecum.
Pericellular {^per-is-eF -n-lar^ \jTtpi , around; cellnla,
a small cell]. Surrounding a cell.
Pericementitis [per-is-ein-en-ti' -tis) [~fp', around;
camentiiin , amexA; (Wf, inflammation]. Inflamma-
tion of the peridental membrane and tissues around a
tooth. P., Phagedenic, a specitic infectious inflam-
mation, having its beginning at the gingival or gum
margin, and accompanied with destruction of the
peridental membrane and alveolar walls. P., Trau-
matic, inflammation of the peridental membrane
resulting from injuries.
Pericementum [pc'r-is-em-en'-fiem) \_~epi, around;
camentuni, cement]. The -layer of true bone cover-
ing the fangs of the teeth ; it is formed beneath the
peridental membrane.
Pericentral /ra/) [ TTEpt, around ; Kcvrpov,
center]. Situated around a center, or centrum.
Pericerebricity (per-is-t'r-e-inV-ii-e). See Polyparesis.
Perichsete [per-ik-e'-te). See Perichatiiiin.
Perichaetial [per-ik-e'-ske-al) [jrep/, around ; ;i;a/r7?, a
long hair]. In biology, pertaining to the pericha:-
tium.
Perichsetium {per-ik-e' -she-iiiii) ["f/?', around ; ,i:"'"/>
long hair, foliage : pi. , Perichi2tia\. In biology, the
involucre of modified leaves surrounding the repro-
ductive organs in mosses ; perichxte, perichete.
Perichaetous [per-ik-e'-tiis) [tt^p'l, around; ;ttt''T//, a
long hair]. Surrounded by bristles.
Perichareia [per-ik-ar-i' -ah) \nspixo.pri':, very glad].
Sudden, vehement, or morbid rejoicing ; a symptom
in certain insanities.
Perichete iyper-ik-e' -tc). See Perichatium.
Pericholecystitis [per-ik-ol-e-sis-ti'-tis) [_~epi, around ;
;fdAof, bile; Kvanc, bladder; (r/f, inflammation]. In-
flammation near or around the gall-bladder.
Pericholous (per-i7;'-o-liis) [Trep;, very; ^oAof, bile].
Excessively bilious.
Perichondria! {per-ik-on' -dre-al) [-f/j/, around ; x^'^-
dpog, cartilage]. Pertaining to or resembling peri-
j chondrium.
Perichondriodynia [per-ik-on-dre-o-din' -e-ali) [-e/3(,
around; ,foi''VJof, cartilage; b6vvrj, pain]. Pain in
the perichondrium.
Perichondritic [ per - ik - on - d7-it ' - ik^ [Trept, around;
Xbv&po<;, cartilage; (r;<;, inflammation]. Pertaining to
or affected with perichondritis.
Perichondritis ( per - ik - on - dri' - lis ) [ -epi, around ;
;i;ox/cSpof, a cartilage ; ir;f, inflammation]. Inflamma-
tion of the perichondrium. P. auriculae, hxmatoma
auris, q. v.
Perichondrium [per-ik-on'-dre-utn) [Trep'i, around;
XOvSpo^, gristle, cartilage]. An envelop of connec-
tive tissue covering the surface of cartilage. It con-
sists of a dense external or fibrous layer, and an inner
looser stratum which is intimately concerned in the
production of new cartilage and is known as the
chondrogenic layer.
'erichondroma i^per-ik-on-dro' -mah) \_-£p'i , around;
Ufoi'iJpof, cartilage; 6/ia, tumor]. A tumor of the
perichondrium.
erichord [per' -ik-ord) [~fp'', around; ,Yopc5^, cord].
The sheath of the notochord.
erichordal [per-ik-or' -dal) \_~Fpi, around; x'^P^'h a
cord]. Pertaining to the perichord.
|erichoroid, Perichoroidal [per-ik-o'-roid, per-ik-o-
\roi'-dal) [TTEp/, around ; xopi-ov, chorion; eiVJof, like].
I Surrounding the choroid.
jerichrisis [per-ik'-ris-is). Synonym of Inimctioii.
hr'lcidLAium [per-ik-la'-de-iiin) [-fp/, around ; Klafior,
!a young slip: pi., Pericladia\ A sheathing petiole.
Periclasis [per-ik' -las-is) [TrepLK/.av, to twist around].
A comminuted fracture.
Periclinal [per -ik- li'- nal) [ Trt-p/, around ; k'/Aveiv, \.o
bend, to slope]. In biology, applied to layers, cell-
walls or lines when parallel to the external surface.
Pericnemious [per-ik-ne' -me-ns) [-fp/, around ; Kvrjfir),
leg]. Surrounding the calf of the leg.
Pericolitis [per-ik-o-li'-tis) \_Kspt, around; ku'aov,
colon ; tTir, inflammation]. Inflammation of the
tissues around the colon.
Pericolonitis [per-ik-o-lo>i-i' -tis). Saine as Pericolitis .
Pericolpitis [per-ik-ol-pi'-tis) \_TVspi , around ; koAtzoc,
vagina; (r/f, inflammation]. Inflammation of the
areolar tissue surrounding the vagina.
Periconchal [per-ik-ong' -kal) {jrepi, around; Koyxv-, a
shell]. Surrounding the concha of the ear. P. Sul-
cus, a sulcus separating the helix and the convex
hinder surface of the concha.
Pericorneal [per-ik-or' -ne-al) \_-Ktpi, around; corneus,
honey]. Surrounding the cornea.
Pericowperitis { per - e - kow -per -i' - tis) [rrep/, around;
Cowper,a.x\ anatomist; ;r;f, inflammation]. Inflam-
mation of the tissues about Cowper's glands.
Pericrane [per' -ik-rdn) \jTtpl, around ; Kpavlov, skull].
The pericranium ; the skull. [Old.]
Pericranial [per-ik-ra' -ne-al) [/Tfp/, around ; Kpavlov,
skull]. Surrounding the cranium. Pertaining to the
pericranium.
Pericranitis [per-ik-ra-ni' -tis) [jrcp/, around ; Kpavlov,
skull; cTt(, inflammation]. Inflammation of the
pericranium.
Pericranium (per-ik-ra'-?ie-iim) [jrep/, around ; Kpavlov,
skull]. The periosteum of the skull.
Pericrany [per' -ik-ra-ne). Same as Pe7-icraniicm.
Pericystitis [per-is-is-ti'-lis) [ Jrfp/, around; kIjotic,
bladder; irig, inflammation]. Inflammation of the
peritoneum or the connective tissue surrounding the
bladder.
Pericystomatitis [per-is-is-to-7nat-i' -tis) \jvtpl, around ;
KvcTiq, bladder ; hfin, tumor ; ;r/f, inflammation]. An
inflammation of the outer envelop of an ovarian
cystoma.
Pericytula [per-is-'f -tt-lah) \_TTepl, around; Kvrog, a
cell] . A fecundated ovum before the beginning of
superficial segmentation, while the formative yolk en-
closes the nutritive segmentation.
Peridectomy [per-id-ek' -to-me). Synonym of Per-
itoDiy.
Peridental [per-id-en'-tal). Synonym of Periodontal.
Peridentitis [per-id-en-ti' -tis). Synonym oi Periodon-
titis.
Peridentium [per-id-eii' -she-iun). See Periodontitis.
VerideTea [per-id-er-e' -all) \_Trepl, around; SFp//, neck.]
The coiling of the umbilical cord round the fetal
neck.
Periderm [per' -id-erin) \_-Fpl, around ; 6ip/ia, skin].
In biology : [a) a cell-wall or enclosing membrane ;
[d) the epiphloem ; (<r) the cortical layer of the ceno-
sarc of a hydrozoan.
Peridermal, Peridermic [per-id-er'-mal, per-id-er'-
mik) [-£p/, around ; dipfia, skin]. Surrounding the
cuticle. Pertaining to the periderm.
'Pex\de%'m\ca[per-id-ez'-mik-ah) {ntpl, around; ieaiiot;,
band]. Retention of urine as a result of stricture of
the urethra.
Peridesmitis [per-id-cs-ini' -t-is) [n-fp/, around ; itaiioq,
band ; /-/f, inflammation]. Inflammation of the peri-
desmium.
Peridesmium [ per-id-ez' -me-:tm) [~fp(, around; deatidi;,
band]. The delicate membrane or covering that in-
vests a ligament.
Peridiastole [per-id-i-as' -to-lc) \_~epl, about; (JmffroA^,
PERIDIDYMIS
1046
PERIHEPATITIS
dilatation]. The short interval that succeeds the dias-
tole in the cycle of the heart's action.
Perididymis {pey-id-id' -im-is) \_7riifji, around ; ii6v^o(;,
testicle]. The tunica albuginea testis.
Perididymitis {per-id-id-im-i' -tis) [^fp/, around; 6i&v-
fioq, testicle; iriq, inflammation]. Inflammation of
the perididymis.
Perididymium ( per - id - id - im'- e ■ tim ) . Synonym of
Perididymis.
Peridiiform {per-id' -e-if-orni) [^Trr/pidwv , a small leather
pouch ; fortiia, form]. In biology, having the form of
a peridiura.
Peridiodynia {per-id-e-o-din' -e-ah). Synonym of Car-
dialgia.
Peridiole [per-id'-e-dl) . Same as. Peridio/iiiii.
Peridiolum i^per-id-i' -odiiiii) [dim. of mipUhtw, a little
pouch]. In biology, the tunic of the sporangium in
the NidiilariacecF ; a secondary or smaller peridium
containing a hymenium.
Peridium [per - id'- e - tiiii ) [nrjp'iSiov, dim. of ~i]pa, a
leather pouch, wallet : //. , Peridid\. In biology, the
covering of a spore-case, as a puff-ball.
Periencephalitis {per-e-en-sef-al-i' -tis) [irfpt, around ;
kyKEipaXov, brain; irtg, inflammation]. Plirenitis
mania gravis; Typhoviauia, Bellas Disease [Luther
Bell). Inflammation of the pia and of the super-
ficies of the brain. The acute form is usually fatal, and
is attended by stupor, wild delirium, general disturb-
ance of the psychic functions, restlessness, convul-
sions, and fever. The chronic form is the so-called
General Paralysis of the Insane.
Periendymal [per - e - en' - dim - al) . Same as Peri-
ependytnal.
Perienteric [per-e-en-ter'-ik) [Trep/, around ; isvrepov,
intestine]. Situated around the enteron ; perivisceral.
PenenteTitis [per-e-en-ter-i'-tis] [Tfp/, around; Hvrepov,
intestine; itk;, inflammation] Inflammation of the
intestinal peritoneum.
Perienteron [per-e-en' -ter-on\ \j^tp'i, around ; cvrepov,
intestine]. The primitive perivisceral cavity; the
space between the entoderm and the ectoderm, the
forerunner of the schizocele or enterocele.
Periependymal [per-e-ep-en' -dim'-al) [Trept, around;
iixivivpa, ependyma]. Situated, or occurring, out-
side the ependyma.
Perieresis [per-e-er' -es-is') \jTepiaiptiv , to take off]. A
circular incision around a tumor or abscess.
Periesophageal [per-e-e-so-fa-je' -al) [rrfp/, around;
o'loa^ayo^, esophagus]. Situated, or occurring, just
outside of, or around, the esophagus.
Periesophagitis [per-e-e-sof-aj-i' -tis) \_TTspi, around ;
o'inotpdyoi;, esophagus; itl(, inflammation]. Inflam-
mation of the tissues that surround the esophagus.
Perifascicular [per-e-fas-ik' -n-lar) \jTtpi, around ;y;7i-
eiciilus, a fascicle]. Surrounding a fasciculus.
Perifibral, Perifibrous, [ per-if-i' -bral, per-if-i' -briis)
[rrt/x, around ; Jibra, a fiber]. Surrounding a fiber.
Perifolliculitis [per-if-ol-ik-n-li' -tis) [Trtp/, around;
follitnlns, follicle; /r(f, inflammation] . Inflammation
around the hair-follicles. P., Conglomerative Pus-
tular, a rare skin-afi'ection, characterized by an eruption
usually on the backs of the hands and on the buttocks,
of from one to a dozen oval or roundish patches, from
half an inch to two inches in diameter, and raised from
about a line to a quarter of an inch. The surface is
smooth or slightly mammillated and cribriform, the
orifices being filled at first with pus, while the hairs,
if any, have generally fallen out. There are also
numerous unruptured superficial pustules. There is
some itching and heat, but no pain or glandular en-
largement. The disease is a local one of short duration
and leaves no scar. The etiology is unknown.
Perifolliculosis [per-if-ol-ik-u-lo' -sis) [Trep/, around;
follieuliis, a follicle; voaoq, disease]. A follicular
skin-aftection.
'P^\:\^am\wTa [per-ig-a' -me-itm) [TTfpf, around ; yafio^,
marriage]. In biology, an involucre in certain cryp-
togams, inclosing both male and female reproductive
organs.
Perigangliitis [per -ig- ang - gle - i' -tis) [Trcp/, around ;
7d}'y/i(0J', ganglion ; iTii;, inflammation]. Inflamma-
tion of the tissues surrounding a ganglion.
Periganglionic [per-ig-ang-gle-on'-ik) [-fp/, around ;
yayy'Aiov, ganglion]. Situated, or occurring, around
a ganglion. P. Glands, tubular glands found in the
the spinal ganglia of frogs and other animals. They
contain a milky, calcareous fluid.
Perigastric [per-ig-as'-trik) [jrep/, around; yaaTi]p,
stomach]. In biology, pertaining to the tissues or
spaces about the alimentary canal.
Perigastritis [per-ig-as-tri'-tis) {jrepi, around ; yaarrip,
stomach; inflammation]. Inflammation of the
peritoneal coat of the stomach.
Perigastrula [per-ig-as' -tm-lali) [Trep/, around ; yaa-
ri/p, belly, stomach : pi. , Perigastrulif\. In biology,
the form of gastrula which results from the surface-
cleavage of the egg ; a bladder-gastrula, the common
form among arthropods.
Perigastrular [per-ig-as' -trn-lar)\_~zp[, around ; yaarrip,
stomach]. Pertaining to the perigastrula.
Perigastrulation [per-ig-as-t'r!i-la'-shiin)[Tvepi, around ;
yaoTTjp, belly, stomach]. In biology, the formation
of a bladder-gastrula.
Perigenesis [per - ij -en' -es-is) [Trepj, about; ylveai^,
origin]. In biology, a dynamic theory of reproduc-
tion proposed by Cope and adopted by Hreckel. It i
explains inheritance by the transmission of the type I
of growth-force from one generation to another. j
Periglottic [per-ig-lot' -ik) [jrfp/, around; y/wCTffa, the i
tongue]. Situated around the base of the epiglottis.
Periglottis [per-ig-lof -is) [/TEp/, around ; yAucrtTa, the
tongue]. The mucous membrane or villous coating
of the tongue.
Perignathic [per-ig-na' -thik) [jrfp/, around; }i'd9of, j
jaw]. Situated about the jaw. j
Perigone [per'-ig-dn) [/repf, around ; }ow/, seed, gen-
eration.] See Perianth. \
Perigonium [per-ig-o'-ne-iim) [Trfp/, around; yoj"/, j
seed: //. , Perigonia\ In biology: [a) the sac
formed by the ectodermal layers of the gonophore of a j
hydroid ; [b) the leafy envelop surrounding the per- |
ianth of the antheridia in mosses.
Perigraph [per' -ig - raf) [irfp/', around; ypa^m, Xo
inscribe]. The Tinea alba and linese transversae of
the rectus abdominis muscle. '
Perigyne [per' -ij-in). Same as Perigynium.
Perigynium [per-ij-i}t'-e-u?n) [Trfp/, about; ywjj,^ a
female : //. , Perigynia} . In biology, a term applied
to the scale-like or bristle-like bodies surrounding the
pistils in sedges. Also, the envelop that in liver- j
worts invests the archegonia.
Perigynous { per- ij' - in - tis) [Trep/, around; ywf], a j
female]. In biology, applied to stamens and petals j
when they are adnate to the throat of the calyx, and j
therefore borne around the pistil instead of at its I
base. ;
Perigyny [per-ij' -in-e) [-fp/, about; yvviu female]. In J
biology, the state or condition of being perigynous.
Perihepatic [per - e - he - pat' - ik) [~epi, around; i/rrap,
liver]. Surrounding, or occurring around, the liver.
Perihepatitis [per-e-hep-at-i'-tis) [TTfp/, around ; >/ira(), |
liver; iTic, inflammation]. Inflammation of the ser- I
ous covering of the liver. It may be local, or a part
of a general peritonitis. It is marked by severe pam, I
PERIKERATIC
1047
PERIMORULA
tenderness, some fever, slight jaundice, and a friction-
sound.
Perikeratic [per-ik-er-af -ik) [jrf/j/, around ;
(Cf/jaf, cornea]. Surrounding the cornea.
Perilaryngeal {pcr-e-lar-in' -ji-al)\_-Kepi ,2lxo\xviA;
'Adpvyi, larynx]. Situated, or occurring,
around the larynx.
Perilaryngitis (per - il - ar- in -ji'- tis )
around; Aapvy^, larynx; iric, inflammation].
Inflammation of the areolar tissue surrounding
the larynx.
Perilymph (per' -il-imf) [-f/5/, around ; 'Av^(j>a,
lymph]. The fluid separating the membranous
from the osseous labyrinth. It is secreted by.
the delicate fibro-serous membrane lining the
osseous labyrinth. See Liquor cotunnii.
Perilymphangial (per-il-i/ii-fan'-je-al) [jrepi,
around ; /.vii<pa, lymph ; a.-yyeiov, vessel] .
Situated, or occurring, around a lymphatic
vessel.
Perilymphangitis {per-il-itn-fan-ji' -tis) [n-fp/,
around ; Av/j.(pa, lymph ; ayyeloT, vessel ; mg,
inflammation]. Inflammation of the tissues
surrounding a lymphatic vessel.
Perilymphatic (per-il-im-fat'-ik) [7r£p/, around ;
Xvjj<i>a, lymph]. Pertaining to the perilymph.
Perimenia (per-im-e'-ne-ah) \T:tpi, around;
firiviaia, menses]. Hemorrhage around the
uterus, occurring usually at the menstrual epoch.
Perimeningitis (per-ii)i-en-in-ji'-tis) [Trep/,
around; lu'iviy^, membrane; iTig, inflamma-
tion]. Inflammation of the dura, and sur-
rounding tissues.
Perimeningoencephalitis (per-im-en-in' -go-e7i-
sef-al-i' -tis). Synonym of Perieneephalitis.
Perimeninx (per-im-en' -inks). Synonym of
Dura .
Peiimeristem (per-im-er'-is-tej;/) \_Trepi, around;
fiepti^ew, to divide ; fiipoc, a part]. In biology,
that part of the meristem from which is derived the
ectal cortex and the dermatogen.
Perimeter (/fr-ZOT'-d-Afr) [-tpt, around; /ifrpor, meas-
ure]. An instrument for measuring the extent of
Perimetric Chart.
the field of vision. It consists ordinarily of a flat, nar-
row metal plate, bent in a semicircle, graduated in
degrees, and fixed to an upright at its center by a
pivot, on which it is movable. Variously colored
Perimeter.
discs are moved along the metal plate and the degree
noted at which the person, looking directly in front
of him, distinguishes the color.
Perimetral [per-im-e' -tral). Same as Perimetric.
Perimetric [per-i?ii-et'-rik) [irfp/, around; jjtjrpa,
womb; //frpoi', measure]. Situated around the uterus.
Pertaining to perimetry.
Perimetritic (per-im-et-rit'-ik) [Trfp/, around ; lii/rpa,
womb ; irig, inflammation]. Pertaining to peri-
metritis.
Perimetritis ( per-iin-et-ri' -tis) [irfp/, around ; ^lijTpa,
womb; iric, inflammation]. Pel^'ic Peritonitis ; in-
flammation of the peritoneal covering of the uterus.
It is always secondary to inflammatory affections of
the uterus, tubes, or ovaries. Three forms are
described, viz.: the adhesive, or most common variety ;
the serous, or least common, and the stippicratii'e,
or most serious form. Pain, chills and fever are the
main symptoms presented.
Perimetrium [pi'j--i>n-e'-tre-um) \_Tcepi , around ; fi'/rpa,
womb]. The serous covering of the uterus.
Perimetry [per - i>n' - et - re) \jT(pi, around; /lerpriv,
measure]. The measuring of the field of vision.
Perimonerula ( per-im-on-er'-u-lah) \_-cpi , around ;
fJovijpTjg, single, solitary: Perimonertthv\. In
biology, a developmental cytode at the monerula stage,
having formative yolk in the ectal wall and deuto-
plasm in the ental. It is succeeded by a pericytula,
perimornla , perihlastula , and perigastriila.
Perimonerular (per-im-on-er' -ii-lar) [^rfp/, around;
liovijprig, single, solitary]. Pertaining to the perimoner-
ula.
Perimorula (per-im-or'-ti-lah) [Tfp/, around; f/dpov.
PERIMORULAR
1048
PERIODIC
mulberry]. The ovum in the morula stage, in which
the nutritive yolk is covered by a layer of cells de-
veloped from the formative yolk.
Perimorular [per-i;ii-or' -u-lar) [tte/k', around ; fiopov,
mulberry]. Pertaining to the perimorula.
Perimyelis typer-im-i'-el-ii) \v:Ep'i, around; fivt}\.6<i,
marrow]. The medullary membrane or endosteum ;
the areolar envelop of the bone-marrow.
Perimyelitis [per-im-i-el-i'-tis) [^f/jf, around ; iwelog,
marrow; ^r/f, inflammation]. Spinal meningitis.
Perimysial {per-im-h'-e-al) [rrfpt, around ; mus-
cle] . Of the nature of, or pertaining to, perimysium ;
enveloping a muscle.
Perimysiitis (^per-itii-iz-e-i' -tis) \_-Ktpi , around ; five,,
muscle; iric, inflammation]. Inflammation of the
perimysium.
Perimysium {^pe7--iin-iz' -e-iiiii) \_-Ktpi , around; jivq,
muscle: //. , Perimysia\. In biology, the bands of
connective tissue that envelop and separate the
primary bundles of muscle-fibers from each other, as
distinguished from the endomysiiiin, which holds to-
gether the individual muscle-fibers, and the epimysium,
which invests the entire muscle.
Perin [pcr'-in) \_-spiv, a serous sac]. Perineum; also
the scrotum.
Perinaeum [ per-in-e' -uni). See Periiiemu.
Perineal ( per-in-e'-al) [jrepivaLov, perineum]. Pertain-
ing to the perineum. P. Aponeurosis. Same as
F. FasLia. P. Artery. See Arteyics, Table of. P.
Body, the peculiar structure in the female, composed
of skin, muscle, and fascia, and occupying the interval
between the vagina and the rectum. P. Cystotomy,
cystotomy performed through a perineal incision,
P. Fascia, the fascia of the pelvic outlet. P. Flex-
ure, a sharp bend in the rectum immediately above
the anus. P. Fossa, the ischio-rectal fossa, situated
between the rectum and the perineal muscles. P.
Hernia, a rare form of hernia perforating the perineum
by the side of the rectum or between the rectum and
the bladder or the vagina. P. Nerve. See Nerves,
Table of. P. Region, the perineum. P. Section,
incision through the perineum for the relief of urethral
stricture, the removal of calculi from the bladder, or
the relief of other morbid conditions. P. Spasm.
See Vaginodynia. P. Strait, the inferior pelvic strait.
Perineauxesis {per-in-e-awks-e' -sis) [nepivamv, peri-
neum; aifiiaiQ, growth]. The bulging of the peri-
neum during labor.
Perineocele (per-in-e'-o-sel) \_iTepivaiov, perineum ;
Kif/tj, tumor]. Perineal hernia.
'PeT\n&o-p\as\.y {pei--in-e' -o-plas-/e)\jrepivai.ov. perineum ;
7r/(iff(7t7y, to form]. Plastic operation upon the peri-
neum.
Perineorrhaphy [per-in-e-or'-afe) [rvepivaiov, peri-
neum; pii (/)/;, suture]. Suture of the perineum, usually
in repair of a laceration caused during childbirth.
Perineosynthesis (per-in-e-o-sin'-t/ics-is) [irepivaiov ,
perineum ; nvvUfaig, a placing together]. A plastic
operation upon the perineum in which a graft of vagi-
nal mucosa is made to cover the wound.
Perineotomy ( per-in-e-ot' -o-me) \_-Kipivaiov, perineum ;
TOjiij, a cutting]. Incision through the perineum.
Perinephral [pei--in-ef'-ral). Same as Perinephric.
Perinephrial (per-in-ef'-re-al) [7rf/>/', around ; veippdc,
kidney]. Pertaining to the perinephrium.
Perinephric ( per-in-ef ■rik') [Trt/j/', around ; vF<pp6r,
kidney]. Situated, or occurring, around the kidney.
P. Abscess, an abscess, in the tissues about the
kidney.
Perinephritic {per-in-ef rit' -ik) [7rf/j/', around ; v((^p6i:,
kidney; (re;, inflammation] . Pertaining to perineph
ritis ; improperly, same as perinephric.
Perinephritis { per-in-ef -ri' -tis) [~;p(, around ; I'f^pdf,
the kidney ; /r^f, inflammation]. Inflammation of the
tissues surrounding the kidney. It may be either
primary or secondary, usually the latter. It is marked
tjypain in one lumbar region, dull, aching in character,
with tenderness over that region, slight fever, and
slight rigors. If pus forms the symptoms are aggra-
vated, and burrowing may occur in various directions. I
Perinephrium ( /^/'-zw-ty'-z-i?-///;/) [TTsp;, around ; v£(jip6^,
kidney] . The connective and adipose tissue surround-
ing the kidney.
Perineum (^per-in-e'-iem) [_Kep'ivenv, or 7Tep'n'aiov'\. That
portion of the body included in the outlet of the |
pelvis, bounded in front by the pubic arch, behind by |
the coccy.x and great sacro-sciatic ligaments, and at the '
sides by the tuberosities of the ischium. It includes
all of the structures between the ischial tuberosities on j
either side, the anus posteriorly, and the vagina in the
female and the scrotum in the male anteriorly. It is
separated from the pelvic cavity by the recto-vesical
fascia. It is occupied by the terminations of the
rectum, the urethra, and the root of the penis, together I
with their muscles, fasciae, vessels, and nerves. In '
a more restricted sense, the term perineum is applied ;
to the space in advance of the anus (true perineum) ; '
in the female it is occupied by the termination of the I
vagina, the vulva, and the clitoris. The median line '
of the perineum presents a slight ridge, the raphe. !
Perineurial (per-in-e7ij'-re-al)\jcepi, around; vtvpov,
nerve]. Relating to or resembling the perineurium. \
P. Lymph-channels, lymph-spaces surrounding the
nerve-trunks, as in the cornea. !
Perineuritis [per-in-ezo'-ri'-tis) {j^^pi, around ; ve'vpov, \
nerve; /nf, inflammation]. Inflammation of the j
perineurium. >
Penneuhum (per-in-ecci'-!r-!i/N)[_Kepl, around; vevpov, \
nerve: //. , Perineiiria'\. The connective-tissue '
sheath investing each funiculus or primary bundle of i
nerve-fibers ; as distinguished from the endoneuriiim, I
which extends among and around the individual fibers, j
and the epineuriiiin, which holds together and envelops ,
the several funiculi of the nerve -trunk. I
Perinium {per-in' -e-tim) [/rep/, around ; Jf (iv), muscle, |
fibrous tissue in muscle]. In biology, the outer cell-
wall of the spores of Hepatica, often beautifully I
sculptured.
Perinuclear (per-in-ew'-kle-ar)\_iTepL, about; nucleus, a
kernel]. In biology, of or pertaining to the proto-
plasm or other substances surrounding the nucleus
of a cell. Surrounding the nucleus. ;
Perinyctis (per-in-i/;'-tis) [TTfp/, around ; vri, night]. 1
Same as Epinyctis.
Periocular {per-e-ok' -u-lar) [Trep/, around; oailiis,
eye]. Surrounding the eye. P. Space, the space |
between the globe of the eye and the orbital walls.
Period [pe'-re-od) \_-epio6()(; , period]. The space of !
time during which anything is in progress or at which |
an event takes place. Also the menses. P., Child-
bearing, the period, from puberty to the menopause,
during which the female is capable of reproducing i
offspring. P., Dodging, a colloquial terra for the i
menopause. P., Incubation. See Incubation. P., j
Menstrual, P., Monthly, the act of menstruation. !
P., Reaction. See Reaction-period. P., Respira- 1
tory, the interval between two successive inspirations. ]
Periodeusis [pe-re-od-eio' -sis) [rrepiothrEiv, to go all
round]. Synonvm of Qiiacl-crv.
Periodic, Periodical {pc-re-od' -ik, pe-re-od' -ik-al) ,
[rrEp^oJ/hof, periodic]. Recurring at stated periods, j
Having periods of recurrence and of intermission.
P. Acid, H./)^. An oxyacid of iodin not yet obtained ^
in the free state. P. Disease, one occurring at stated I
PERIODICITY
1049
PERIOTIC
periods or times of the year, or one of whicli the
manifestations recur at regular intervals, e.g., the
malarial fevers, relapsing fever. P. Swelling. See
Angio-neurotic Edema. P. Vomit of Leyden. See
Angio-neitrotic Edema.
Periodicity [pe-re-o-dis'-it-e) [-ep/odof, a period]. The
tendency of certain diseases or morbid phenomena
to recur at regular intervals.
Periodontal [per-e-o-don' -t<d) ['Tf/s/, around ; bihvg,
tooth]. I. Surrounding a tooth or its root. 2. The
periosteum of an alveolus, or some other membrane
or tissue surrounding a tooth.
Periodontitis (per-e-o-don-ti'-tis) [n-f^j/, about; odovq,
tooth; /r;f, inflammation]. Inflammation of ihe peri-
dental membrane, the lining membrane of the cavity
of a tooth. See Pericementitis.
Periodontium i^per-e-o-don'-she-tim) [ntj/i, around;
ociot'f, tooth]. The membrane surrounding a tooth.
Periodoscope [pe-re-od'-o-skop) \_nep'io()o(:, a period;
(jKOTTdv, to inspect]. A kind of dial to show the pro-
bable time of confinement.
Periodynia typer-e-o-din' -e-ali) [Trtyj/, around ; b&'vvr],
pain]. Severe general pain throughout the body.
Perioesophagitis {per-e-e-sof-aj-i'-tis). See Periesoph-
agitis.
Perionychia {per-e-o-ttik'-e-ah) [rcepi, around; bvv^,
nail]. Inflammation around the nails.
Perionyx [ per-e-on' -iks) {jTsp'i, about; bvv^ (bvvx-) a
nail, claw, talon, hoof]. In biology, a small band of
the epitrichium (eponychium) which persists across the
root of the nail in the development of that organ.
Vtrionyids [pe7--e-o-niks' -is). Synonym of Perionychia.
Perioophoritis [per-e-o-off-o-ri'-tis) [nepl, around ;
(iov, egg; ipopbi;, bearing; irig, inflammation]. In-
flammation of the peritoneum and connective tissue
covering the ovary. It may be acute or chronic, and
leads to the formation of adhesions. It is usually
due to tubal disease.
Periophthalmitis [per-e-off-tJial-7?ii' -tis) \j^ep'i, around ;
bcpBa'Auog, eye ; trig, inflammation]. Inflammation of
the tissues surrounding the eye.
Perioptic [per-e-op' -tile) [tte/s/, around ; onTLKO^, seeing].
I. Surrounding the orbit, or the eye. 2. Of, or per-
taining to, the tissues about the eye.
Periopticon {per-e-op' -tik-on) [7rf/j/, about ; bnTinbg, of
seeing]. In biology, a complex nerve-structure just
back of the basilar membrane in the eyes of insects.
(S. J. Hickson.)
Perioptometry i^per- e - op - totn'- et - re) [-KEpi, around ;
OTTTOf, visible ; fierpov, measure]. The measurement
of the limits of the visual field in its several dimensions.
It includes, also, the detection and measurement of
defects in the field of vision.
Perioral [per-e-o'-ral) [Tep/, around ; os, oris, the
mouth]. Surrounding the mouth ; circumoral.
Periorbita [per-e-or' -bit-ah) \TT£p'i, around ; orbita, or-
bit]. The periosteum of the eye-socket.
Periorbital {per - e - or'- bit - al) {jrepi, around; orbita,
orbit]. Pertaining to the periosteum of the socket of
the eye nr to the tissues about the orbit.
Periorbitis (per-e-or-bi'-tis) [ttf/j/, around; orbita, or-
bit; (r(f, inflammation]. Inflammation of the peri-
orbita.
Periorchitis (per-e-or-ki'-fis) [Trep/, around ; bpxiQ, tes-
ticle; (7(f, inflammation]. Inflammation of the tissues
surrounding the testicle, especially of the tunica vagi-
nalis testis. P. adhaesiva, a form in which adhesions
between the two layers of the tunica vaginalis are
formed.
Periosteal {per - e - os'- te - al) \Trepi, around; oaTtov,
bone]. Pertaining to the periosteum. P. Bone, the
bone formed by the cells of the osteogenic layer of
the periosteum, as distinguished from the central spongy
endochondral bone. P. Reflex. See Reflexes. Table
Periosteedema {per-e-os-te-e-de' -ma/i) \j:epi, around ;
boTtov, bone; ol6r//ua, edema]. Edema of the perios-
teum.
Periosteitis (per-e-os-te-i'-tis). .See Periostitis.
Periosteoma {per - e - os - te - o' - mali) [~ep/, around;
bariiov, bone; bfia, tumor]. An osteoma developed
from the periosteum.
Periosteo-osteomyelitis {per-e-os' -te-o-os' -te-o-mi-e-li' -
tis) \_-epl, around ; ugteov, bone ; iive'Aog, marrow ;
(r(f, inflammation]. Inflammation of the periosteum
and medulla of a bone.
Periosteophyma {per-e-os-te-o-fi' -mah) [jrfp/, around ;
oartov, bone ; 0«/-(a, growth]. Swelling of the perios-
teum ; also, a periosteophyte.
Periosteophyte {per - e - os'- te - o - fit) [~fp/, around ;
boTtov, bone; ipvTur, growth]. A morbid osseous
formation upon or proceeding from the periosteum.
Periosteosis {per-e-os-te-o' -sis). Synonym of Perios-
tosis.
Periosteotome {per - e - os' - te - o - torn) \_~tpi , around ;
bariov, bone ; rofii/, a. cutting]. A cutting instrument
for use in periosteotomy.
Periosteotomy (/cr-f- -()/'- 0- Wd") [rrep/, around;
orrrfoi', bone ; roiiii,2L cutting]. Surgical incision of
the periosteum.
Periosteous {per-e-os' -te-its). Same as Periosteal.
Periosteum {per-e-os' -te-iim) [rre/j/, around ; horkov,
bone]. A fibrous membrane that invests the surfaces
of bones, except at the points of tendinous and liga-
mentous attachment, and on the articular surfaces,
where cartilage is substituted. At the attachment of
tendons the periosteum blends with the fibers of the
tendons. The periosteum consists of two layers,
an ectal, fibrous, and an ental, osteogenetic layer.
The periosteum serves as a medium for the attachment
of tendons, and as the means of nourishment and
regeneration of bone.
Periostitic {per-e-os-tit' -ik)\TT£pi, around ; offr/of, bone ;
£r/f, inflammation]. Pertaining to, resembling, or
affected with, periostitis.
Periostitis { per-e-os-ti' -tis)\_TTcp'i ^ around ; bariov, bone ;
(T/f, inflammation]. Inflammation of the periosteum.
P., Dental, inflammation of the investing membrane
of the roots of the teeth. P., Diffuse, a serious in-
flammation usually involving the periosteum of long
bones. P., Hemorrhagic, a condition accompanied
by bleeding between the periosteum and the bone.
Periostoma {per-e-os-to' -mali) \_~ipi, around ; bariov,
bone; biia, tumor]. Any morbid osseous growth
occurring on or surr(junding a bone.
Periostosis (per-e-os-to' -sis) ["fp;, around ; barcov,
bone]. The formation of periostoma. Inflammatory
hypertrophy of bone.
Periostotomy {per-e-os-tot' -o-me). Synonym of Peri-
osteoto7iiy.
Periostracal {per-e-os' -trak-ai) {jrepi, around ; barpa-
Kov, a shell]. Pertaining to the periostracum.
Periostracum {per-e-os' -trak-triii]\nepi, around ; barpa-
Aoj>, shell]. In biology, the horny epidermis investing
the shells of molluscs.
Periotic {per-e-o' -tiJ;) [wp/, around; orf, ear]. I.
Situated or occurring around the ear. A term also
applied to the petrous and mastoid parts of the tem-
poral bone. 2. Of or pertaining to the region or
tissues immediately about the internal or true ear. P.
Capsules, Huxley's name for the independent carti-
lages that appear very early around the otocysts and
later become integral parts of the primitive chondro-
cranium by coalescing with the occipital cartilage. It
PERIOVULAR
1050
PERIPTEROUS
is not known whether they represent primarily distinct
skeletal pieces or merely separate centers of chondri-
fication of a larger mesochymal skeletal piece ; pro-
bably the latter.
Periovular (/fr-<'-(7^-7'«-/<?r)[-f/j(, around; ovum, egg].
Surrounding the ovum.
Peripachymeningitis ( per-ip-ak-im-en-in-ji' -tis) [jrfp/ ,
around; 7ra^\rf, thick; irfjvi^i, membrane; ltii;, in-
flammation]. Inflammation of the connective tissue
between the spinal dura and the vertebras.
Peripancreatitis {per-ip-an-kre-at-i' -tis) [^ep', around ;
TTfl pancreas ; /rtf, inflammation]. Inflamma-
tion of the tissue about the pancreas.
Peripapillary [ pL'r-ip-ap'-i/-a-re)\jTepi, around ; papilla,
a papilla]. Occurring or situated around the circum-
ference of a papilla, and especially of the optic disc.
Peripatetic {^per-ip-at-ef -ik) [_7r£pi, about ; wareiv, to
walk]. Walking about, as in " vvalking typhoid."
Also, a disciple of Aristotle, who instructed his pupils
while walking.
Peripenial [ per-ip-e' -ne-al) [/rfp/, around ; penis].
Surrounding the penis.
Peripetalous (/i';'-//)-d';''-a/-//j) around; ■Kirakov,
a leaf]. In biology, situated [a) about the petals of
a flower, or (b) about the petaloid ambulacra of a sea-
urchin.
Peripetasma ( per-ip-et-az' -mah) [TTEpiTriTaa/ua, a cover-
ing]. Sick-bed.
Periphacitis (pcr-if-a-si' -lis) [Trfp/, around ; (panoc, crys-
talline lens ; itlc, inflammation]. Inflammation of the
periphacus.
Periphacus (/fr-?/'-<7''-/7/.t) [Trsp/, around ; i/in«of, crys-
talline lens]. The capsule surrounding the crystalline
lens.
Peripharyngeal [per-if-ar-in' -je-al) [jrepi, around ;
(pdpv)^, the throat]. In biology, surrounding the
pharyn.x.
Peripherad (/<';--;/'''-(';'-a'a') [_Trept4epeta, circumference].
Toward some peripheral part, or the peripheral as-
pect. See Position and Direction, Table of.
Peripheral [per-if'-er-al) [TrepKpipeia, circumference].
Pertaining to or placed near the periphery. In anat-
omy, pertaining to the parts, nerves, or blood-vessels
located distally, in contradistinction to central. See
Position and Direction, Ttihle of. P. Akinesia, aki-
nesia due to some lesion of the anterior cornua of
the gray matter of the cord, the motor nerves, or the
muscles. P. Anesthesia, anesthesia due to lesion
of the sensory nerves or end-organs. P. Epilepsy,
epilepsy due to lesion of the brain-cortex. P.
Neuritis, neuritis of the peripheral nerves. P.
Organs, in biology, organs distinctly separated from
the main part of the body.
Peripheren ( per-if' -er-en) [^TTept<p(pf/a, circumference].
Belonging to the periphery in itself.
Peripheric {per-if'-er-ik). 'Synonym oi Peripheral.
Peripheritis {per-if-er-i'-tis). Synonym o{ Periop/it/i a l-
mitis.
Periphery {per-if -er-e) [TFpKpFpeia ; mpl, around;
<pcp£iv, to carry]. The line bounding any surface.
The ectal part in contradistinction to the ental ; the
surface of the body.
Periphimosis [per-ifi-mo' -sis). Synonym of Paraphi-
mosis.
Periphlebitic [ pcr-if-leb-it' -ik)\TTepi , around; ^A/i/),
vein ; mc, inflammation]. Pertaining to, affected
with, or of the nature of, periphlebitis.
Periphlebitis (pcr-if'-lcb-i'-tis) [Trepi, around ; ^i/tfi/',
vein ; iric;, inflammation]. Inflammation of the ectal
coat of a vein.
Periphoranthium [per-if -or-an'-the-uni) [Trepi(j)opd,
a circuit ; arftor, a flower]. See Pcriclinium.
Periphractolichen ( per-if-rak-to-li'-ken) \jT(pi<^paKro(;,
fenced around ; 'kixnv,\\c!ne.n\ Circumscribed lichen.
Periphyllum {per-if-il'-um) [nepi, around ; ^vXAov, a
leaf]. See Lodicule.
Periphyse {per' -if-iz). Same as Periphysis.
Periphysis {per-if'-is-is) \j(pi, around; (pvendat, to
grow : //. , Periphyses] . In biology, one of the fila-
mentous structures arising from the hymenium of a
fungus at places where there are no asci, for example,
in the region of the neck. Sometimes the periphyses
protrude through the osteole. They are always pres-
ent in greater or less numbers except, according to
Fiiisting, in APassaria ; while Paraphyses are absent
from a number of genera both of fungi and lichens.
(Bennett and Murray.)
Periplasm [per'-ip-laziii] [ntpi, around ; ir'/aafia, any-
thing formed] . In biology, a peripheral layer of pro-
toplasm, as that surrounding the oosphere, or the
gonoplasm of the antherid,in the Odtuycetes.
Periplast ( per' -ip-last) {jrcpi, around ; ir/danfiv, to
mold, form]. In biology, the periblast or matrix of
a part or organ ; the intercellular substance, or stroma.
Periplastic (pcr-ip-las'-fik)\_-epi, around; Tr/oacf/i', to
mold, to form]. In biology : (;?) Of or pertaining to
or resembling the matrix or periplast of a part or
organ : (/>) The cell-substance about the nucleus or
endoplast ; perinuclear protoplasm.
Peripleuritis { pcr-ip-lii-ri' -tis) \jttpi, around; irlevpov,
side ; iric, inflammation]. Inflammation of the tissues
surrounding the pleura.
Peripneumonia i^per-e-nu-?no'-ne-ah) {jrepi, around;
TTvevjiuv, lung]. See Pneumonia. P. notha, the
false pneumonia of the older writers ; the same as
capillary bronchitis. See Bronchitis, Capillary.
Peripneustic { per-e-niis' -tik) [tt?/)/, about ; TTvevariidic^,
of or for breathing]. In biology, applied to that
state of the tracheal system in the majority of insect
larvK which undergo complete metamorphosis, in which
the stigmata of those segments which in the imago
carry wings, are closed, thestigmatic strands belonging
to these parts being present as rudiments. Cf. aniphi-
pmeustic, apneustic, holopneustic , tnetapneustic.
Peripolar (per-ip-o' -lar) [rrepi, around ; TroAof, pivot].
Surrounding poles. P. Zone. See Zone.
Periportal [per-ip-or'-tal) [niipi, around ; porta, door].
Surrounding the portal vein. P. Carcinoma, a prim-
ary carcinoma developing around the portal vein, be-
ginning at its entrance into the liver, thence extending
along the portal vessels to the remotest branches.
Periproct { per' -ip-rokt) [irfp/, around ; TrpuKToc, the
anus]. In biology, the parietal region surrounding
the anus in an echinoderm.
Periproctal, Periproctic {per-ip-rok' -tal, per-ip-rok' -
tik) [TTfp/, around ; npuKTdc^, anus]. Surrounding the
anus or rectum.
Periproctitis [ per-ip-rok-ti' -tis) [rrf^/, around ; Txpuurk,
anus ; itk;, inflammation]. Inflammation of the areo-
lar tissue about the rectum or anus.
Periproctous (/<'r-;/-r<7/^'-/«,t) [rrfp/, around ; i7p(MT6(,
the anus]. In biology, circumanal.
Periprostatic {per-ip-ros-tat'-ik) [Tre/-)/', around ; n-poa-
TQTr/r, one standing before]. Situated or occurring
around the prostate.
Periprostatitis (per-ip-ros-tat-i'-tis) [Trtp!, around;
Trpocrarr/r, standing before ; trie, inflammation]. In-
flammation of the tissues situated around the prostate.
Peripsyxis (per-ip-siks'-is) [^fp/, around ; V'''f'f' *
cooling]. The shivering of fever; a general fall of
the temperature of the body.
P&riptero-as (per-ip'-tcr-us) \_-rrepi, around; irrfpfii', a
wing]. In biology, feathered on all sides, or sur-
rounded by a wing-like expansion.
PERIPYEAIIA
1051
PERISTOME
Peripyemia (^per-ip-i-e' -vu-aJi) \jTip\, around ; ~vo\\
pus; ai/ia, blood]. Suppuration about an organ or
tissue.
Peripylephlebitis {^per-ip-i-le-fleb-i' -tis) \_~tpi, around ;
77('Xv, gate, porta; ^'kk-i\), vein; iTic,, inflammation].
Inflammation of the tissues surrounding tlie portal
vein, or of its ectal coat.
Perirectal (^per-ir-ek' -tal) [-fp/, around ; rectum , xslZ-
tum]. Surrounding the rectum.
Perirenal (/t'r-//'-c"'-«a/ ) [Tt/0(, around ; kidney].
Around the kidney.
Perirhinal [pcr-ir-i'-nal) [-fp(, around ; p/f, nose].
Situated about the nose or nasal fossse.
Perirrhepsis {per-ir-eps' -is) l_7repi'pp£-iTav, to slip to one
side]. The slipping of a bandage from its proper place.
Peris [-//p/'c]. Vagina ; scrotum; perineum.
Perisalpingitis i^pcr-is-al-pin-ji' -tis) \_~ep'i, around ;
(jfi/ 7r(; ^, tube ; (T/f , inflammation]. Inflammation of
the peritoneal covering of the oviduct.
Perisalpinx [per-is-nl' -pingks) \_~epi, around; aa7.-qS,
tube]. The peritoneum covering the upper border of
the Fallopian tube.
Perisarc i^per'-is-ark) [-fp/, around ; (Topf, flesh]. In
biology, the chitinous sheath or horny exoskeleton of
a hydrozoan polyp.
Perisarcoma i^per-is-ar-ko'-maJi). Same as Rhinoscle-
roina .
Perisarcous [per - is-ar'- kns) [j^ep'i, around; cfip-f,
flesh]. In biology, consisting of perisarc ; having
the character or function of perisarc.
Periscopic [per-is-kop'-ik) [Trepj, around; a Knit dr, to
see]. Applied to lenses having a concave surface
upon one side and a convex upon the other, either
having the smaller radius of curvature, so that the lens
may as a whole be positive or negative (concavo-con-
vex, or convexo-concave) ; it is called, also, menisens.
The object of such lenses is to eliminate spheric aberra-
tion, and allow the observer to look more obliquely
through them. P. Ocular. See Ocular.
Periscopism {per' -is-ko-pizm) [irep/, around ; dKOTetv,
to see]. The power or faculty of periscopic vision.
Periscythismus [ per-is-si-t/iiz'-mtis) [_~epi, around;
(jKV(jiinv, the skull]. Scalping, — an old operation for
headache.
Perisialdochitis {per-is-si-al-do-ki' -tis) [Trep/, around ;
cr/fiAoi', saliva ; jo,YE(oi', holder; nic, inflammation].
Inflammation of the connective tissue around Stensen's
duct.
Perisigmoiditis {per-is-ig-moi-di' -tis) ["fp/, around ;
aiyfta, the letter f ; eldog, like; ni^, inflammation].
Inflammation of the tissues, especially the peritoneum,
covering the sigmoid flexure of the colon.
"Ptrisoma. [per-is-o' -mah) [jrep/, around; cru/ia, body :
//., Perisomata\. In biology, the body-wall of an
echinoderm.
Perisomatic [per-is-o-jnat'-ik') [jTepi, around; cuua,
body]. In biology, of or pertaining to the body- wall
of an echinoderm. P. Plates, portions of the coria-
ceous or calcareous exoskeleton of an echinoderm.
Perisome [per'-is-oni). Same as Perisovta.
Perisomial \per-is-o' -me-al). Same as Perisomatic.
Perisperm [per' -is-penii) [~fp/, around ; a-ipfia, the
seed]. In biology, the albumin of a seed outside the
embryo-sac.
Perispermatitis {per-is-per-mat-i' -tis) [irEp/, around ;
(STTtpixa, seed ; iTir, inflammation]. Inflammation
around the spermatic cord, with an effusion of fluid ;
a funicular hydrocele.
Perispermic ( per-is-per'-mik) [n-fp/, around ; o-cpfia,
seed]. In biology, characterized by perisperm.
Perisphalsis {per-is-faU -sis). Synonym of Circumdttc-
tion.
Perispheric {per - is - fer'- ik) \_-epi, around; (T(paipa,
sphere]. Having the form of a ball ; globular.
Perisphinxis {per-is-Jinks' -is) [yrfp/, around ; acpiy^ig,
constriction]. Ligation.
Perisplenic [per - is - plen' - ik) [n-fp/, around; o-/J]v,
spleen]. Situated or occurring near the spleen.
Perisplenitis {per-is-ple-ni' -tis) [~fp', around ; airXf^v,
spleen; irii;, inflammation]. Inflammation of the
serous or peritoneal coat of the spleen.
Perispore [per'-is-por) [~fp;, around; arropng, seed].
In biology, the limiting membrane of a spore.
Perissad [per-is'-ad ) [-Epitjcoc, odd, not even]. Any
atom orelement of uneven quantivalence, d".^"-., nitrogen,
capable of grasping three or five, boron three, and
chlorin one, monad atom. In biology, a perisso-
dactyl.
Perissodactyl {per - is - o - dak'- til ) [ -Epinaoc, beyond
the regular number, odd; ddKTv'/.oc, finger]. In
biology, an odd-toed quadruped ; a member of well-
defined groups of ungulate mammals, the only living
representatives of which are the tapirs, rhinoceroses,
and horses, which are but the surviving remnants of a
very extensive and much varied assemblage of animals
which flourished during the tertiary period.
Perissodactylia ( per-is-o-dak-til' -e-ah) [-fp/crcroc, odd ;
('tciK-v'toc, finger]. The ungulata, or hoofed quadru-
peds, in which the feet have an uneven number of toes.
Perissodactylous {per-is-o-dak' -til-its) [-fpicrcror, odd ;
i^anTv/oq, digit]. Resembling a perissodactyl.
Perissoma ( /^fr-w-o'-wrt//) [-tp/caof, odd, superfluous;
o/za, tumor]. An excretion.
Peristalsis [ per-is-tal' -sis) \_-tpi, around; araT-Mtx^, con-
striction]. The peculiar movements of the intestine
and other tubular organs, consisting in a vermicular
shortening and narrowing of the tube, thus propelling
the contents onward. It is due to the successive
contractions of bundles of longitudinal and circular
muscular fibers. See Autiperistalsis, Aperistalsis,
Dysperistalsis, Enperistalsis. P., Reversed, peris-
taltic movement opposite to the normal direction.
Peristaltic {per-is-tal' -tik) [^ep/, around; OTokoK;, con-
striction]. Pertaining to or resembling peristalsis.
P. Movements, vermicular movements of hollow
viscera. P. Unrest, an extremely common and dis-
tressing symptom of neurasthenia. It consists of in-
creased peristaltic movements of the stomach coming
on shortly after eating, with borborygmi and gurgling.
P. Wave, the wave produced by the rapid advance
of the peristaltic movements.
Peristaphyleus {per-is-taf-il-e' -us) [— fp/, around ; cr-a-
0v'Ar], uvula]. A muscle connected with the uvula.
P. externus, P. inferior, the abductor of the Eus-
tachian tube. P. internus, P. superior, the levator
palati. .See Muscles, Table of.
Peristaphyline { per-is-taf -il-in) [Tfp/, about ; ara<pv'ATj,
uvula]. Pertaining to or situated near the uvula.
Peristaphylo-pharyngeus {per-is-taf ' -il-o-far-in-je'-
iis) \_-KZpi, around ; oraffli'///, uvula ; (pdpvyS, pharynx].
The palato - pharyngeus muscle. See Muscles,
Table of.
'PeTistein{per' -is-te»e). An abbreviation of Perimeristem.
Peristethium ( per-is-te' -the-um) [-ep/, around ; dTfjHog,
the breast: //. , Peristethia\ See Mesosterntctii.
Peristole ( /'t';--/.f'-i'o-/<?) [-fp/cr-o///]. Peristalsis.
Peristoma (pcr-is'-to-mah). See Peristome.
Peristomal [ per -is - to' - »ial) [~ep/, around; arojia,
mouth]. Surrounding the mouth.
Peristomatic { per-is-to-»iat' -ik) [Tf-p/, around; a-dfia,
mouth]. In biology, pertaining to the peristome.
Peristome {per' -is -tow) \jTtpi , around; arofia, the
mouth]. In biology: {a) the parietal region surround-
ing the mouth, as the oral disc of a polyp ; {/>) the
PERISTOMIAL
1052
PERITONISM
fringe of hair-like appendages about the orifice of a
moss capsule.
Peristomial [per-is-to'-iiie-al) [Tfyj/, around; aro^ua,
mouth] . In biology : (a) pertaining to a peristome ;
(6) situated around the mouth.
Peristomium (^per-is-to'-ine-uiii) [-cp/, around ; aroiia,
a mouth : pL, Peristomia\. In biology, a peristome.
Peristroma [per-is-tro' -?/ia/i) [Trf/j/, around; orpufia,
covering]. The internal layer of a tube-like organ.
The villous coat of the intestines.
Perisynovial (^per-is-i-iio' -'iie-al) \T<tpi, around; avv,
with; oidi', egg]. Situated or occurring around a
synovial membrane.
Perisystole i^per-is-is' -io-le) [^rfp/, around ; avaroXii,
contraction]. The slight interval between the systole
and diastole.
Peritendineum [ pei--it-en-diit' -e-iuii) {jrepi, around ;
ten Jo, tendon]. The tissue surrounding the tendons
like a sheath.
Periterion [per-it-e'-t-e-on). Synonym of Trephine.
Peritestis [per-it-es'-tis) \jrepi, around; testis, testicle].
The tunica albuginea.
Perithece [pei-^ -ith-es). Same as Peritheciiini .
Perithecial {per -ith - e'- se- al) \_-K£pi, around; dliM),
cover] . Pertaining to or of the nature of a perithecium.
Perithecium [per-ilh-e'-se-um) [irfp/, around ; til/iirj,
cover: Perithecia\. In biology, the envelop
covering the fructification of various species of fungus.
The flask-shaped organs seen in ergot are perithecia.
The receptacle for the asci in Asconiycetes and lichens.
Perithelium (per - ith -e' - le - ttni) {j^spi, around; ft//'/,
nipple]. The layer of cells surrounding the capillaries
and smaller vessels.
Perithoracic (/fr-?M-o-;7w''-//f') [TTfp/, around ; Hupa^,'
thorax]. Situated or occurring around the thorax.
Perithral Cells [per-ith' -ral). Plasma-cells surround-
ing tiie walls of blood-vessels.
Perithyroiditis {per-ith - i- roid - i'- tis) [Trfp/, around ;
^vpeor, shield; tMof, like; /r/f, inflammation]. In-
flammation of the capsule of the thyroid gland.
Peritomist {per-it'-o-uiisf) [Trfp/, around ; ro,u//, a cut-
ting]. A circuniciser. One who practi.ses peritomy.
Peritomy {per-it' -o-iiie) \nepi, around ; rojii], a cut-
ting]. I. The removal of a riband of conjunctival
and subconjunctival tissue from about the cornea, for
the relief of pannus. 2. Circumcision.
Peritonaeum (per-it-on-e'-iini). See Peritoneum .
Peritoneal ( per-it-on-e' -al) \7repiT6va10v , peritoneum].
Pertaining to the peritoneum. P. Cavity, the space
within the peritoneal folds. P. Fever. Synonym
of Peritonitis.
Peritonealgia ( per-it-on-e-at' -je-ah) [Trepirovaiov, peri-
toneum; o/jo^-, pain]. Neuralgia of the peritoneum.
Peritoneoclysis, Peritoneoklysis {per-it-o-ne-ok'-
lis-is) \_KepiT6i'aiov, peritoneum; Klrat^, injection].
The injection of liquids into the peritoneal cavity.
Peritoneorrhexis {per-it-on-e-or-eks' -is) [TrepiTuvainp,
peritoneum; p^ftf, rupture]. Rupture of the peri-
toneum.
Peritoneotomy (per-it-on-e-ot'-o-me) \_KepiT6vaiov, peri-
toneum ; mil)/, a cutting]. Incision into the peri-
toneum.
Peritoneum {per-it-on-e' -iiin') [rrfp/, around ; Tt'iviw,
to stretch]. The serous membrane lining the interior
of the abdominal cavity and surrounding the contained
viscera. The peritoneum forms a closed sac, but is ren-
dered complex in its arrangement by numerous foldings
produced by its reflection upon the viscera. In tracing
its extension we may begin at the diaphragm and take
two layers. From the diaphragm two layers of peri-
toneum proceed to the liver, forming its lateral liijci-
ments ; they separate to enclose the liver, meet again
on its urider aspect, and pass on, as the gastro-hepatic
omentum, to the lesser curvature of the stomach. Separ-
ating here, they embrace the stomach, and, meeting
again at its greater curvature, pass down, like an apron,
in front of the small intestine, forming the great
omentum. At the lower edge of the latter they are
reflected upward as far as the transverse colon, which
they enclose, meeting again at the back of the colon,
and proceeding to the spine as the trans7.'erse mesocolon.
Here the two layers diverge ; the upper ascends in
front of the pancreas to the under surface of the
diaphragm, the starting-point. The lower layer is
reflected from the spine, over the small intestines, and
back again to the spine, to form the mesentery. From
the root of the mesentery it passes into the pelvis, in-
vests the upper part of the rectum, and is thence
reflected on the bladder, forming between the two the
recto-vesical pouch. In the female it is reflected from
the rectum to the upper part of the vagina, and thence
Bladder.
Peritoneum, Vertical Section. (Allen Thomson.)
over the uterus, from which it proceeds to the bladder.
Two pouches are thus formed, the recto-uterine, or
Douglas's pouch, and the vesico-uterine ; between
the sides of the uterus and the sides of the pelvic
cavity it forms two additional folds, the broad liga-
ments. From the bladder it passes up the anterior
wall of the abdomen to the diaphragm. From the
cardiac end of the stomach two layers proceed to the
spleen, enclosing it, and forming the gastro-splemc
omentum. A few minor folds need yet to be men-
tioned— the hepato-renal, passing from the right lobe
of the liver to the kidney ; the gastro-phrenic, from
the diaphragm to the cardiac extremity of the stomach ;
the costo-colic, from the diaphragm to the splenic flexure
of the colon. The following structures are completely
invested by peritoneum : — The stomach, liver, spleen,
first portion of the duodenum, the jejunum, the ileum,
transverse colon, sigmoid flexure, the upper part of
the rectum, and of the uterus, and the ovaries.
Peritonism {per' -it-on-izm)\TX(piT6mio\\T^tx\X.ox\t\s.vci\. A
form of pseudo-peritonitis, in which apparently perito-
PERITONITIC
1053
PERKINIST
nitic symptoms yield readily to treatment. Also, the
complexus of symptoms occurring during peritonitis.
Peritonitic i^per-it-on-it' -ik) \jTiipn6vaLov, peritoneum ;
iriq, inflammation]. Pertaining to or affected with
peritonitis.
Peritonitis ^per-it-on-i' -tis\ ^jTspLjovaiov, peritoneum ;
;r;f, inflammation]. Inflammation of the peritoneum.
It may be acute or chronic, general or local. P.,
Acute, is sudden in its onset, with agonizing pain
that compels the patient to remain in bed on his back
with the shoulders raised and* the knees and hips
flexed — the characteristic position. The pulse is
small, hard, and wiry; there is some fever; and the
abdomen becomes tense and tympanitic. Aqute peri-
tonitis may terminate in death, recovery, or chronic
peritonitis. P., Adhesive, peritonitis with adhesion
between the parietal and visceral layers. P., Carci-
nomatous, that due to carcinoma of the membrane.
P., Chronic, a form that has no well-defined symp-
toms; there is tenderness, pain not so acute, impair-
ment of appetite, and constipation. P'luid may be
present in the abdominal cavity and adhesions may
form. This chronic form usually follows an acute attack,
but may develop insidiously. It is often tuber-
culous. P., Circumscribed, that limited to a part
of the membrane. P. deformans, chronic peritonitis
accompanied by thickening and contraction of the
mesentery and omentum. P., Diaphragmatic,
inflammation of the peritoneum covering the under
surface of the diaphragm. P., Diffuse, a form affect-
ing the entire peritoneum. P., Encysted, a collection
of serum or pus surrounded by peritoneal adhesions.
P., Hemorrhagic, peritonitis with hemorrhages into
the membrane ; it may lead to the fonnation of a so-
called hematoma. P., Pelvic. See Perimetritis.
P., Perforative, peritonitis due to perforation of a
hollow viscus, an abscess, or a cyst, and the extru-
sion of the contents into the cavity of the peritoneum.
P., Phlegmonous. Synonym of Pw;-///*'///. P.,
Puerperal, that following septic infection in the
woman in childbed. It rapidly ends in death from
asthenia. P., Purulent, peritonitis accompanied by
the production of pus. P., Pyemic, peritonitis due
to the localization of pyogenic microorganisms in
the peritoneum. P., Rheumatic, a peritonitis occur-
ring in the course of acute rheumatic fever. P., Sep-
tic, peritonitis due to the microorganisms of suppura-
tion. P., Specific, that due to tuberculosis or syph-
ilis, though the term is usually limited to the latter
condition. P., Syphilitic, an indurative form due
to syphilis. P., Tuberculous, that form due to
the deposit of miliary tubercles upon the peritoneum.
According to Fagge, it is more common in children
than in adults, and in men than in women. It is
insidious in onset, is attended with great emaciation
and the effusion of considerable lymph and fluid.
The omentum is always much thickened.
Peritonsillar [per-it-on'-sii-ar] \_TEf>'i, around; tonsilla,
tonsil]. Occurring or situated around or near the
tonsil.
Peritonsillitis [per-it-on-sil-i'-tis) [Trfp/, about; tonsilla,
tonsil; (r«f, inflammation]. Inflammation of the tis-
sues surrounding the tonsil.
Peritracheal [per-it-ra'-ke-al] [^rfp/, around; rpaxEla,
trachea]. Surrounding the trachea.
Peritracheitis ( per - it - ra - ke - i'- tis) [mp!, around ;
Tpaxda, trachea ; iric, inflammation]. Inflammation
of the connective tissue about the trachea.
Peritrema <yper-it-re' -maJi). Same as Peritreme.
Peritrematous ( per - it - re'- mat - iis) [rrep/, around ;
Tpfijia, a. hole]. In biology, surrounding a hole; per-
taining to a peritreme.
Peritreme [per'-it-re/n) [_7Tepi, a.ronnd; rp/yoa, a hole].
In biology, the margin of a spiracle of an insect or of
the orifice of a univalve shell.
Peritrichous {per-it' -rik-us) [Ttp;, around ; '^P'J (Tpi;t-)>
a hair]. In biology, having a band of cilia around
the body.
Peritroch [per'-it-rok) [j^epi, around ; Tpoxo^, a wheel].
In biology : (a) a circlet of cilia ; {J>) an embryo
bearing such a circlet.
Peritrochal [per-it-ro'-kaPj \_~epi, around; rpnxo^, a
wheel]. Pertaining to a peritroch.
Peritropal ( per-it'-ro-pai). Same as Peritropotts.
Peritrope [per-it'-ro-pe) [^rep/, around; rpiTztiv, to
turn]. A synonym of Circulation.
PeTitTopous ( per-it'->-o-piis) [Trep/, around ; rpeneiv, to
turn]. In biology, horizontal in the pericarp, as a
seed.
Perittoma fyper-it-to' -maK). Synonym of Perissoma.
Perityphlitic [per-it-if-lit'-ik) \jrspi, around ; TV(fi/.6g,
cecum ; iric, inflammation]. Of the nature of or
affected with perityphlitis.
Perityphlitis [per-it-if-li'-tis) [~fp', around ; tv(P?l6c,
cecum ; cnc, inflammation]. Inflammation of the
peritoneum surrounding the cecum. This is a disease
most frequently encountered in the young and in
males. It is usually due to some inflammatory disease
of the vermiform appendix. It is marked by pain in
the right iliac fossa, and a tumor, elongated, sausage-
shaped, dull on percussion, and very tender, in the
same region. It may give rise to general peritonitis
from escape of pus into the general peritoneal cavity.
The abscess may burst through the abdominal wall,
into the bowels, bladder, or pleural cavity.
Periurethritis (per-e-ie-re-t/iri'-tis) \_~epi, around; nvpi/-
6pa, urethra; trie, inflammation]. Inflammation of
the connective tissue about the urethra.
Periuterine [per-e-u' -ter-in) [~fp/, around ; uterus,
uterus]. Situated or occurring around the uterus.
Perivaginitis [per-iv-aj-in-i'-tis). Synonym of Para-
colpitis.
Perivascular [per-iv-as' -ku-lar) \_peri, around; vascu-
lum, a. vessel]. Surrounding or enclosing a vessel.
Perivasculitis [per-iv-as-ku-li' -tis) [TTfp;, around ; 7<as-
culu»t, ve.i=,€\.; ;r(f, inflammation]. Inflammation of
the vessel-walls, or of the perivascular sheaths.
Perivenous [per-i^i-e' -nus) \ntpi, around; vena, vein].
Investing or surrounding a vein ; occurring around a
vein.
Perivesical ( per-iv-es'-ik-al) [^rfp/, around; vesica,
bladder]. Situated about or surrounding the bladder.
Perivisceral (per-iv-is'-er-al) \_-epi, around; viscus,
viscus]. Surrounding a viscus or viscera ; occurring
about a viscus.
Perivitelline [per-iv-it' -el-irz) \_~ep'i, around ; vitellus,
yolk]. Surrounding the vitellus or yolk. P. Space,
the space between the zona pellucida and the vitellus.
'Ptrizoma.(per-iz-o'-mah) [-rp/, around ; (u^i/a, girdle].
I. A girdle, q. v. ; also, a truss. 2. Herpes zoster.
Perizonium {per- iz - 0'- ne - urn) [-tp/, around ; C,o}vri,
girdle: //., Perizonia'\. In biology, the thin non-
silicious membrane of a young auxospore in the Dia-
tomacea;.
Perizostra (per-iz-os'-trak) [TzuptCuoTpa, a belt]. A
bandage, especially for the head or trunk.
Perkin's Violet. Same as Mai/7\ in.
Perkinism [per'-kin-izi?i] [after Elisha Perkins, the
originator of the method]. Also called Tractoration.
A method of empiric treatment devised by a Connec-
ticut physician. It consists in drawing over the af-
fected part the extremities of two rods (" metallic
tractors ") of different metals. Cf Metallotherapy.
Perkinist {^per'- kin - ist) [after Elisha Perkins, an
PERKINISTIC
1054
PERONEO-CALCANEUS
American physician]. A believer in, or practiser
of, Ferkinism.
Perkinistic {per-kin-is' -tik) [after Elibha /'dV/f'/;/^, an
American physician]. Pertaining to Perkinism.
'9&x\&{per'-iali)\\.,.: pl,PerLv\ Pearl Perlae tex-
tiles, small pearls sometimes used in pharmacy.
Perleche (la) {lali par-lash) [Fr.]. A peculiar con-
tagious disease of the mouth occurring in children,
and first described by Lemaistre in 1886. It consists
in a thickening and peeling off of the epithelium at
the angles of the mouth, with occasionally the forma-
tion of small fissures, giving rise to a smarting sensa-
tion in the lips. The disease is probably microbic in
origin, numerous spherobacteria being found in the
thickened epithelium. Tlie microorganisms are prob-
ably derived from drinking-water.
Paries' Anemia-bodies. Small club-shaped, actively
motile bodies, 3-4 fi in length, found by Perles in the
blood in three cases of pernicious anemia.
Perles, Laennec's, the rounded gelatinous masses of
sputum seen in the early stage of an attack of bronchial
asthma.
Perlia, Central Nucleus of. The nuclear center for
ocular movement.
Permanent [pcr'-man-etit] \_permaneHS, remaining].
Lasting indefinitely; fixed; enduring. In biology,
always present in a species or group. P. Blue. Same
as Fremh Blue. P. Teeth, the teeth of the second
dentition. See Teeth. P. White. See Pigments,
Conspectus of.
Permanganate { per-man' -gan-dt) \_per, through ; }nan-
ganese'\ . A salt of permanganic acid. See Man-
ganese.
Permanganic { pcr-man-gan' -ik) [/cr, through ; inan-
ga}iese'\. Obtained from manganese. P. Acid,
HMnO^ ; a monobasic acid occurring chiefly as a salt.
Permeable [per'-me-a-bl) \_per, through; meai-e, to
pass]. Capable of affording passage. P. Stricture,
a stricture that peniiits the passage of an instrument.
Permutation [per-nni-ta' -shun) \_per, through ; jnutare,
to change]. The reciprocal substitution between two
compounds of one element or radicle for another.
Pernicious ( per-nish' -zis) \_pernic20sns, destructive].
That which is highly destructive or mischievous. P.
Anemia, a disease of the blood characterized by a
great diminution in the number of red corpuscles, and
a relatively smaller diminution of the hemoglobin, by
the presence in the blood of poikilocytes, macrocytes,
microcytes, and nucleated red corpuscles. The diminu-
tion in red corpuscles exceeds that met with in any
other disease — the number may fall below 400,000.
A case is reported in which the red corpuscles num-
bered only 143,000 in the cu. mm. As regards the eti-
ology of the disease, two varieties must at present be
admitted — a symptomatic and an idiopathic. A sympto-
matic pernicious anemia, one in which the blood pre-
sents characters indistinguishable from those of the
idiopathic form, may be produced by parasites in the
intestinal canal, such as the Doch mitts duodenalis,
Trichocephalus hominis, or the Bothriocephaliis latus
(Cf. Parasites {Animal), Table by atrophy of the
gastric mucous membrane, and by hemorrhage. The
nature of primary pernicious anemia is still obscure.
Many believe that the disease is dependent upon in-
creased hemolysis, /. e. , blood-destruction. In favor of
this view, is the presence in the liver and spleen of cases
that have died from the disease, of large quantities of
iron, clearly derived from the blood. The hemolytic
agent, according to Hunter, is a poison, in all proba-
bility of specific origin, absorbed from the intestinal
canal. Others ascribe the impoverished state of the
blood to imperfect hemogenesis , adducing poikilocytosis
and the presence of nucleated corpuscles, in proof.
While defective hemogenesis may play a role, it is
probable that increased hemolysis is the more important
factor. The pathologic lesions found, are a yellow
color of the skin, fatty degeneration of the liver and
heart, deposits of iron in the spleen and liver, peculiar
changes in the spinal cord, hemorrhages into the
retina ; more rarely hemorrhages into the stomach,
serous membranes, and lungs, and occasionally an em-
bryonal state of the bone-marrow. The symptoms of
the disease are tho§p of a profound anemia, with the
blood-changes noted in the definition ; there is not
much wasting ; the skin is of a lemon-yellow color ;
febrile movements may occur ; also retinal hemorrhages
as well as hemorrhages elsewhere ; the urine is fre-
quently of a dark color due to an excess of urobilin.
The disease, most common in middle life, is usually
fatal, although recoveries are reported in several in-
stances, under the influence of large doses of arsenic.
Intestinal antiseptics are suggested on the ground that
the disease is the result of autoinfection from the ali-
mentary tract. P. Malaria. See Malaria.
Pernio {per' -ne-o). Synonym of Chilblain.
Pernoctation {per-nok-ta'-shun) \_pernoctatio, wake-
fulness]. Wakefulness ; insomnia.
Pero {pe'-ro) \_pero, boot]. The soft ectal layer of the
olfactory bulb whence the olfactory nerves arise.
Perobrachia {pe-ro-bra' -ke-ah). See Perobrachiiis.
Perobrachius [pe - ro - bra' - ke - its) \_~ijp(K, maimed;
fSpa\i(ji', arm]. A developmental defect in which the
forearms and hands are malformed or wanting.
Perocephalus [pe - ro - sef- a I - us) [nijpo^, maimed ;
KeipaA//, head]. A monster with an abnormality of the
conformation of the head.
Perocheirus, Perochirus ( pe - ro - ki' - rus) [7r/;/jo<;,
maimed; ,^f/p, hand]. A defect in the development
consisting in absence or stunted growth of the hand.
Perocormus {pe-ro-kor' -mus) [irz/pof, maimed ; mpp,b<i,
trunk]. A monster characterized by defective devel-
opment of the trunk.
Perodactylia {pe-ro-dak-til' -e-ah) \jrrip6^, maimed;
iMmrv'/ix;, finger]. Defective development of the
fingers or toes.
Perodactyly {pe-ro-dak' -til-e). Same as Perodactylia.
Perodynia [ pe - ro - din'- e - ah) [7r//;ja, pouch ; bSvvtj,
pain]. Cardialgia.
Perogaster ( pe-ro-gas'-ter) \_-i/pa, a pouch or wallet ;
yaari/p, stomach]. In biology, the coronal intestine or
circumferential sinus of gastric pouches in the Perome-
dusie.
Peromelia [pe-ro-me'-le-ah) [-//pof, maimed ; /«Aof,
limb]. Teratic malformation of the limbs.
Peromelus {pe-rom'-el-us\ [T//pdf, maimed; //f/'ofi
limb] . A monster with deficient, stunted, or misshapen
limbs.
Peronaeus (per-o-ne' -us). Same as Peronetis.
Peronarthrosis {per - oji - ar - thro' - sis) [irf/jot';/, pin ;
hp6pov, joint]. A joint in which the articular sur-
faces are both concave and convex, as in the carpo-
metacarpal joint of the thumb.
Peronate {per'-o-nat) [/^-rowfr/wj, rough-booted]. I"
biology, having the stipe thickly covered with a mealy
or woolly substance.
Perone {per' -o-ne) \jTFpnvr], pin]. The fibula.
Peroneal {per-o-ne' -at) [-f/xjiv/, pin]. Pertaining, or
relating, to the fibula. P. Artery. See Arteries,
Table of. P. Nerve. Nerves, Table of P. Re-
flex. See Reflexes, Table of.
Peroneo- {per-o-ne' -o-) \Tyep6i>iu peroncetts, fibula]. A
prefix denoting connection with or relation to the
fibula.
Peroneo-calcaneus {per-o-ne' -o-kal-ka' -ne-us) [-tpdvr/,
PERONEO-PHALANGEUS
1055
PERSPICILIUM
pin; crt/x, heel] . Pertaining to the fibula and the os
calcis. P. externus anterior. See Muscles, Table of.
P. internus. See Miiseles, Table oj .
Peroneo-phalangeus {per-o-ne'-o-fa-lan-je' -its) [-n-ep-
bviu pin; (pd'Aay:;, phalanx]. The muscle in lower
animals corresponding to the tibialis anticus in man.
Peroneo-prsephalangeus (per-o-ne' -o-pre-fa-lan-je''-us)
[TTEpov)}, pin; pne, before; ^aAayf, phalanx]. The
muscles in lower animals corresponding to the pero-
neus brevis in man.
Peroneo-tibialis {per-o-ne' -o-tib-e-a' -lis). See Muscles,
Table of.
Peroneum [per-o-ne' -unt). Synonym of Perone.
Peroneus {per-o-ne' -us) [-tpoio/, pin]. Pertaining to
the fibula. P. Muscle. See Muscles. Table- of.
Peronia (pe-ro'-ne-a/i) [nripovv, to maim]. Mutilation;
malformation.
Peronium {per-o' -ne-imi) [Trepdw/, a brooch, a pin : //. ,
Peronia']. In biology, one of the processes of the
urticating-ring of the umbrella-margin in N^arcoine-
dusie called the " umbrella-clasp,'' which divides it into
a number of collar lobes.
Peronodactylius (per-o-tio-dak-til'-e-tis) [irfpoiv/, pin ;
ddnTvAoi;, finger]. Synonym of flexor longus digi-
torum muscle. See Muscles, Table of.
Peronospora {per-o-nos'-po-ra/i) [Trepdw;, point ; ano-
poq, spore]. A genus of fungi, of which there are
some seventy species recognized under the general
name of downy mildews (</. v. under Mildew), among
which P. viticola, parasitic on the grape, is the most
destructive. The cholera-microbe of Ferran has been
referred to P. ferrani orP.barcinonae, and the yellow-
fever microorganism of Carmona y Valle to P. lutea.
Peroplasia [pe-ro-pla'-ze-ah) [7r7/pdf, maimed; T^Xaa-
(jeiv, to mold]. A malformation due to an error of
development.
Peropus [pe'-ro-pus) [Trz/pof, maimed ; Trot'f, foot]. A
developmental defect in which the feet are malformed.
Perosis (pe-ro'-sis) [7r//pdf- maimed]. The condition
of abnormal or defective formation.
Perosomus (pe-ro-so'-mus) [T7/pdf, maimed; atj/m,
body]. A monster presenting malformation of the
entire body.
Perosplanchnica {pe - ro - splank' - nik - ah) \nr)po(;,
maimed; oxXayxvov, viscus]. Malformation of the
viscera.
Peroxid ( per-oks'-id ) [ per, through ; of , sharp] . That
oxid of any base which contains the most oxygen.
P. of Hydrogen. See Hydrogen.
Perpendicular ( per-pe>i-dik' -u-lar) \_perpendicularis ,
vertical]. A term applied to a line or plane, forming
a right angle with another line or plane. P. Plate,
the mesal vertical plate of the ethmoid bone.
Perplication [per-plik-a' -shun) [/^r, through ; plicare,
to fold]. Folding or turning an incised vessel upon
or within itself by drawing its end through an incision
in its own wall.
Perradial [per-ra'-de-al) \_pei-, through; radiics, a
ray]. In biology, primarily or fundamentally radial.
Perradius [ per-ra'-de-us) [ /cr, through ; radius, ra.y :
pi., Perra ///]. In biology, one of the primary radial
structures of a hydrozoan.
Perrigation {per-rig-a' -sJiun) \_per, through; irrigare,
to irrigate]. The name given to the method of open
drainage in empyema. There is a continuous evacu-
ation of the pus by means of single or double open-
ings in the chest at different or opposite points,
selected with the view of securing the advantage of
gravity. The tubes, when situated at opposite points,
allow of injections of antiseptic fluids to irrigate the
whole pleural space.
'Pfstty [pej-'-e) [Fr. , /o/zr, pear]. Pear-cider.
Persecution { per- se-ku' -shun) [persecutio, a pursuit].
Persistent or repeated injury of any kind. P., De-
lusions of, the imaginary belief of an individual
that he is being persecuted. P. -mania, monomania
characterized by doubt, suspicion, and a belief on the
part of the patient that he is subject to, or the
victim of, some conspiracy.
Persecutory Insanity. See Persecution-mania .
Persei'te {per'-se-it), C^HjgO,. An heptahydric alcohol
found in the leaves and seeds of Laurus persea. It
crystallizes in needles, melting at 184° C.
Persian [per'-zhati) [Ilfpcr^r, Persia]. Pertaining to
Persia. P. Pellitory. See Pyrethruin roseuni. P.
Red. Same as Ocher.
Persicot [per''-sik-ot) [Fr. ; persicuin, peach]. A cor
dial, or liqueur, of alcohol flavored with peach-stones
and various aromatics.
Persimmon [per-sim'-on) [Amer. Ind.]. The tree
Diospyros virginiana ; also its fruit, edible when fully
ripe, but otherwise highly astringent ; it is useful in
diarrheas. From the fruit a beer is made, and whisky
is distilled. Unof.
Persio [per'-se-o). See Cudbear.
Persistent ( per-zis' -tent) [persistero, to persist]. Con-
stant ; not undergoing any diminution or cessation.
Person (per' -son or per' -sn) \_persona , a mask for actors,
hence a personage]. In biology, an independent and
indivisible organic unit, a complete individual from a
morphologic and physiologic standpoint. Among
simpler animals we have to do with structures which
from their development must be termed individuals,
but which are fused into a common stock, forming what
is known as a colony, to which they are related physio-
logically, as organs are to an organism. The indi-
viduals of such stocks are, however, generally not
similar, but as a consequence of more or less division
of labor, dimorphism or polymorphism takes place ;
we may thus distinguish : (l) i,\.en\e tiutritive persons,
or protective persons, which perform the functions of tak-
ing in food, of digestion, of protection, touch, locomo-
tion , etc. ,e.g., the so-called ' ' protective,' ' or " bract, ' '
the "gastric peduncle," the "tentacle" or capturing
filament, the "taster," "feeler," or " palpon," the
" swimming bell" or" nectophore" of a siphonophore;
(2) Sexual persons or gonophores, to which belong ex-
clusively the function of forming the sexual products.
They are male or female. These heteromorphic in-
dividuals are frequently arranged in groups called cor-
midia, and then again into siphonanth, q. v. On the
other hand the same groups of organs or similar parts of
the same organ may be repeated in a radial or longitud-
inal direction ; the body thus obtains a segmentation
and is divisible into sections (see antiinere, iiietamere,
paramere , proglottis, strobila), or segments which may
in structure and function appear completely equivalent
and represent persons or individuals of a lower order,
which on a severance of their mutual connection can
acquire independence and remain alive for a longer
or shorter period.
Personal [per' -son-al) \_persona, a person]. Pertain-
ing to a person. P. Equation, the peculiar differ-
ence of each individual in his reaction to various orders
of stimuli. P. Identity. .See Identity.
'P&T&ona.X.^ (per'-son-dt) \_ personatus , assumed, counter-
feited, masked]. In biology, masked ; applied to labi-
ate flowers in which the throat is closed by a projection
of the lower lip called the palate ; or to animals having
the face colored so as to suggest a mask.
Perspicil (per'-spis-il). Same as Perspiciliutn .
Perspicilium (per-spis-il'-e-u?ii) \_perspicere, to see
through]. An eyeglass, a microscope. In the plural,
spectacles.
PERSPIRATION
1056
PETECHIA
Perspiration [per - spi - ra' - shun') \_perspiratio ; pers-
pirare, to perspire]. Excretion of liquid from the skin,
mainly by sweat-glands ; sweating. It is a valuable
means of cooling the body.
Perspiratory (^per-spi' -ra-to-re)\_pe7-spirare, to perspire].
Pertaining to perspiration. Causing perspiration.
Perspire [per-spir') \_perspirare, to perspire]. To
sweat ; to evacuate the fluids of the body through the
emunctories of the skin.
Persultation ( pcr-sul-ta' -sliun) \_persiiltare, to leap].
A sudden, profuse sweat.
Perturbation {pcr-ter-ba' -shun) \_perturbatio ; pertur-
to disturb]. Restlessness or disquietude. The
employment of means that arrest or modify the devel-
opment of a morbid state. •
Pertusate [pcr-tii'-sdt) \_peiiunJirc, to bore through].
In biology, having a perforated apex.
Pertuse [pcr-tils') \_per, through ; tundere, to strike].
In biology, having perforations, holes, or slits.
Pertusorium [pcr-ttis-o' -re-uiii) \_pertundere, to pierce].
An instrument for perforating the fetal membranes.
Pertussal ( per-tus' -al) \_pt'r, intensive ; fussis, a cough].
Pertaining to or of the nature of whooping-cough.
Pertussis [per-tics' -is) \_pt'i\ through ; tussis, cough].
Whooping-cough, a contagious disease, confined usu-
ally to childhood and youth, and marked by spasmodic
coughing ended by a " whoop," and sometimes by vom-
iting. Its course lasts usually for a period of six or
seven weeks. It is rarely fatal. It is divided into a
catayyhal ox prodromal stage, and a paroxysmal stage.
The period of incubation is about two weeks. During
tlie height of the disease, hemorrhages may occur from
the nose, mouth, or ears, or into the subconjunctival
tissues, even into the brain or its meninges. Broncho-
pneumonia is a frequent complication. Affanasiew has
found a small bacillus in the expectoration, which he
considers the etiologic factor. The presence of this
bacillus has been confirmed by others. See Bacillus
tussis convulsiv(e under Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of.
Peru, Balsam of. vSee Balsam.
Perulate [ p,-r' -u-lat) \_perula, a scale]. In biology,
having scales [pcrulte), such as bud-scales.
Perule [per'-ftl) [Trijpa, a purse, wallet]. In biology,
a bud-scale.
Peruvian {pe-rti' -ve-an) \^Peru\ Pertaining to Peru.
P. Bark. See Bark, Peruvian, and Cinchotia. P.
Wart. See Verruga peruana ^wA Bacillus of Verruga
peruana under Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of.
Peruvin [pe-ru'-vin) \^Peru ]. The name given to the
cinnamic alcohol derived from balsam of Peru.
Perversion (per-ver'-^hun) [/f?-, through ; vei-tere, \.o
turn]. The state of being turned away from the nor-
mal course, as in the modifications of function in
disease. P., Sexual, abnormality of the sexual in-
stinct ; desire for unnatural methods of sexual gratifica-
tion.
Pervert per' vert) \^per, through ; 7'ertere, to turn].
One who has turned from the right way. P., Sexual,
a person whose sexual instincts are perverted.
Pervigilium [ pcr-vij-il' -e-um) \^per, through ; vigilium,
a watch]. Insomnia; wakefulness.
Pervious ( pcr'-ve-us) [per, through; z'ia, way]. Open ;
permeable.
Pes (pez) [I>.]. A foot, or foot-like part or organ. P.
accessorius, the Eniiucntia collateralis, a smooth,
white eminence in the brain, situated at the junction of
the posterior and descending cornua of the lateral ven-
tricle. P. anticus. Same as Manus. P. contortus.
Synonym of C/w/'-ZfrtA P. depressus. Synonym of
Flat-foot. P. equino-varus. '>a.me a?, Talipes e</uino-
varus. P. equinus. See Talipes ci/uimis. P. hip-
pocampi major, the large, lower portion of the hip-
pocampus major. P. hippocampi minor. Same as
Hippocampus minor. P. planus. Synonym of Flat-
foot. P. valgus. Synonym of Talipes valgus. P.
varus. Synonym of Talipes varus.
Pessary ( pes' -a r-e) [Trffftrdf, an oval-shaped stone]. An
instrument placed in the vagina to hold the uterus in
position.
Pessima (pes' -im-ah) [L.]. A skin-affection character-
ized by pustular lesions, hard and yellowish and sur-
rounded by areolae of inflammation, appearing over
the whole surface of the body.
Pessimism (pes' -im-izm) \_ pessinizis , worst]. A mor-
bid disposition to put the worst construction upon
everything ; a symptom common among insane
people. Opposite of Opti/nistn.
Pessulus (pes' -ti-lus) [Troacra/iof , a peg, pin, gag : pL,
Pessuli']. In biology, the cross-bone of the syrinx of
a bird; the "bolt-bar" or "bar of divarication"
across the lower end of the trachea where it divides
into the right and left bronchi.
Pest [/t'rf/j-, a pest]. A plague ; pestilence. P. -house, J
a hospital for persons sick with pestilential diseases. |
Pesta [L.]. A pest. P. magna. Synonym
of S»/allpox.
Pestichia, Pesticia (pes-tik'-e-ah, pes-tis' -e-ah). Syn-
onyms of Petechia.
Ve.sX\A\iQ,X (pes' -tid-ukt^ [/erfw, pest; ductus, convey-
ance]. A channel, or means of conveyance, for a
contagion ; fomites. [Rare.]
Pestiferous (pes-tif -er-its) \_pcstis, pest ; ferre, to bear].
Causing pestilence ; destructive.
Pestilence (pes'- til - ens) \_pestilentia']. Any deadly
epidemic disease or the prevalence of such a disease.
Pestilent, Pestilential (pes'-til-ent, pes-til-en' -shal)
\_pestis, plague]. Having the nature of a pestilence '•
or epidemic disease. P. Fever. Synonym of the
Plague, q. v.
Pestilentia ( pes - til - en' - she -ah). Synonym of the ■
Plague. j
Pestis (pes' -lis) [L.]. A plague. P. americana, |
yellow fever. P. bubonica, P. inguinaria, P. ]
orientalis, the plague. P. variolosa. Synonym '
of Variola.
Pestle (pes'-l) \_pistillum'\. The instrument with which
substances are rubbed in a mortar.
Petal (pet'-al) [_TrcTatov, a leaf]. In biology: (a)
A leaf of a corolla, (b) The leaf-shaped ambulacrum
of an echinoderm.
Petaled, Petalled (pet'-ald) [niiralov, a leaf]. In
biology, having petals.
Petaliform (pet' -al-if-orm) [Tr/ra/oi', a leaf; forma,
form]. In Isiology, shaped like a petal.
Petaline (pct'-al-in) \_petalum, a petal]. In biology,
pertaining or attached to a petal.
Petalody (pet'-al-o-de) [TTtTaTinv, a leaf ; Mn^, shape].
In biology, the assumption of petal-like characters
by other parts of a flower.
Petaloid (pet'-al-oid) [Trf'ra^ioiJ, a leaf ; f/fJof, shape].
In biology, resembling a petal, either in color, tex-
ture or form.
Petalomania (pet-al-o-ma'-ne-ah). Same as Petalody.
Petalous (pet'-al-us) {jrtTa'kov, a leaf]. In biology,
furnished with petals ; petaled.
Petasma (pet-az'-mah) [wfTaa/ia, a curtain]. In bi-
ology, a membranous development attached to the
first pair of pleopoda in the male of certain crusta-
ceans. (Bate.)
Petechia ( pe-te' -ke-ah) \\\.., petcche, a flea-bite: //.,
Petechi(c\ A small, round, oval , or irregular spot of
ecchymosis beneath the epidermis, varying in size
from a flea-bite to an area having a diameter of half an
inch or more. It is not raised above the level of the
PETECHIAL
1057
PETROLIN
skin, but is of a reddish or purple shade, and does not
alter on pressure by the finger.
Petechial {/(•-/(''-/Jv-r?/) [It. , /fAr/^t', flea-bite]. Char-
acterized by or of the nature of petechiae. P. Fever.
Synonym of Fever, Cerebrospinal, and of Fever,
Typhus. P. Scurvy. Synonym of Piapura sim-
plex.
Petechianosis [pe-te-ke-an-o'-sis). Synonym of Pe-
techial Fever.
Petechiate {^pe-te' -ke-al) \\i.,pctecchia, a spot]. Having
petechia: ; spotted.
Petersen's Bag. A rubber bag with a capacity of
about 15 ounces, to be inserted into the rectum and
then distended, so as to elevate the bladder in the
operation of supra-pubic cystotomy.
Petiolaceous (^pet-e-o-la'-se-us). Same as Petiolate.
Petiolar {pet'-e-o-lar) \_petiolus, a petiole]. In biology,
belonging to a petiole or attached to one.
Petiolary [pel'-e-o-la-re). Same as Petiolar.
Petiolate [pet'-e-o-ldt) \_petiolus, a petiole]. In biology,
possessing a petiole; mounted upon a foot-stalk, or
peduncle.
Petiole {pet'-e-dl) \_petiolus, a stem, or stalk of fruits].
In biology: (l) A leaf-stalk or foot-stalk. {2) The
slender part of a wasp or ant, joining the thorax and
abdomen.
Petiolulate \pet' -e-o-ln-lat) \_petiolulus, petiolulus]. In
biology, mounted upon a little leaf-stalk of its own ;
applied to a leaflet or foliole.
Petiolule [pet'-e-o-lul) \_petiolulns, dim. of petiolns,
petiole]. In biology, a small leaf-stalk, such as
those of the leaflets or folioles of compound leaves.
P. epiglottidis, the narrow, attached, stalk-like por-
tion of the epiglottis.
Petiolus [pel-i'-o-lus) \_petiolii<:, a stem or stalk of
fruit: pi., Fetioli']. In biology, a stem, stalk, or
petiole ; as the petiolus of the epiglottis.
Petiotization [pet-e-o-tiz-a'-shun). A method of im-
proving wines by adding sugar and water to the marc
from which the juice has been separated, and ferment-
ing again. The process may be repeated several
times, the different infusions being mixed.
Petit, Canal of [pet-e'). The narrow annular cleft, tri-
angular in section, bounded in front by the zone of Zinn,
mesiallyby the crystalline lens, and behind by the sub-
stance of the vitreous body in the eye. Ca7ial. P.'s
Hernia. See Hernia. P.'s Operation, an operation
for the relief of strangulated hernia. It consists in a
division of the stricture without opening the sac. See
Operations, Table of. P., Triangle of. See Triangles,
Table of.
Petit Mai {pet-e'-mal) [Fr.]. See Epilepsy.
Petiveria \fpet-iv-e'-re-ali) [after J. /"^/zVcr, a London
apothecary]. A genus of phytolaccaceous plants,
growing in tropical America and Africa. P. alliacea,
of the West Indies and Guinea, is stimulant, diuretic,
sudorific, anodyne, and depurative. P. tetandra, of
Brazil, has similar uses. Its tincture has been recom-
mended for external use after baths, and as a local
stimulant in paralysis. Unof.
Petri's Capsules, Dishes, Plates, or Saucers. Re-
ceptacles for cultures in bacteriologic investigation ;
shallow cylindric covered glass vessels, in which the
colonies may be counted without removing the cover.
P.'s Sand-filter, a small filter used in the bacteriologic
1 examination of air. A glass tube, 9 centimeters long,
IS provided with two portions of sand (previously
1 passed through a sieve with meshes 0.25 millimeter
wide) each 3 cm. long, and 0.5 cm. apart, little plates
of brass-gauze keeping the portions in position. The
J tube and its contents, the end having been plugged
with cotton, are sterilized in an oven, at I So" C. A
■ 67
rubber stopper, through which passes a glass tube, is
then fitted into one end of the tube, and the apparatus
is connected with an aspirator of known capacity.
Petricolous [pet-rik' -o-lits) [Trerpa, rock; (cj/f/'i.', to in-
habit]. In biology, inhabiting rocks.
V&txii&ztion [pef-rif-ak' -slum) [Trfr/cjo, a stone ; facere,
to make]. The condition resembling stone-calcifica-
tion. In obstetrics, conversion of the fetus into a
lithopedion. Petrifaction of tissues is brought about
by the deposit in them of salts of lime and magnesium.
Petrissage [pa-tre-sahzk') [Fr. , kneading]. A form
of "soft attaelie?nenf,^' in massage, the hand of tlie
operator " climbing " like a caterpillar.
Petrobasilar ( pet-ro-baz' -il-ar') [Trerpa, stone ; fSdait;,
base]. Pertaining to the petrous portion of the tem-
poral bone and the basilar portion of the occipital
bone.
Petroccipital i^pet-rok-sip' -it-al). Synonym of Petro-
occipital.
Petrohyoid [pet - ro - hi' - oid ) [~fr/ja, a rock; voziSiji^,
shaped like the letter upsilon]. Related to the hyoid
bone and the petrous portion of the temporal bone.
P. Muscle, a muscle of some batrachians.
Petrolardium {^pet-ro-lar'-de-uin). Synonym of Petro-
latum.
Petrolatum [pet-ro-la'-tum) [n-erpa, rock ; oleii?n, o\V\.
Petroleum ointment ; Cosmolin. A jelly-like prepa-
ration obtained from the residium of petroleum, sol-
uble in ether, insoluble in water and alcohol , and known
commercially as vaselin and as cosmolin. It is an ex-
cellent basis for ointments and a valuable emollient.
Petrolene (pet'-ro-len) [-tr/xi, rock ; oleum, oil]. A
liquid hydrocarbon mixture obtained from petroleum.
Petroleum {pet-ro' -le-um) [irtTpa, rock ; oleum, oil].
Pock-oil; Naphtha; probably a product of the dry
distillation of coal-beds caused by the earth's heat ; or
of the dry distillation of the fatty constituents of fossil
organisms. In a crude condition, it is a thick, oily
liquid, of brownish color, with greenish luster. On
exposure to air, its more volatile constituents are lost ;
it then thickens and passes into asphaltum. P.,
American, consists almost exclusively of normal paraf-
fins. In a crude form, it has a specific gravity of from
0.8 to 0.92, and distils over at from 300° to 360° C. and
beyond this. P. Benzine (not to be confounded
with the benzene of coal-tar), a product of petroleum
obtained by fractional distillation ; it has a specific
gravity of from 0.68 to 0.72, and distils at from 70°
to 90° C. , and consists of hexane and heptane. P.,
Caucasian (from Baker), has a higher specific gravity
than American petroleum ; it contains less of the light
volatile constituents and distils at about 150° C. P.
Ether, a product of petroleum obtained by fractional
distillation; it has a specific gravity of from 0.665
0.67, distilling at from 50° to 60° C. ; it consists of
pentane and hexane. P., Galician ; in composition,
intermediate in position between American and Cau-
casian petroleum. P. gelatum, petrolatum. P.,
German, contains benzene hydrocarbons, but consists
chiefly of the saturated hydrocarbons and naphthenes.
P. Oil, Light, a liquid resembling P. Benzine, having
a specific gravity of 0.70 oro. 71 . P., Refined; Kero-
sene ; a product of petroleum by fractional distillation ;
it boils at from 150° to 300° C. , and has a specific
gravity of from 0.78 to 0.83. P. Spirit. Synonym
of Benzine.
Petroliferous i^pet-ro-lif -er-us) [-trpo, rock ; oleum,
oil ; ferre, to bear] . Abounding in or producing
petroleum.
Petrolin (/<'/''-ri?-/z';z) [-t'joa, a rock ; oleum, dCC^. The
commercial name for a combination of hydrocarbons
derived from petroleum.
PETROMASTOID
1058
PEYER'S GLAND
Petromastoid (/fZ-rfj-waj'-Zi)?';/) [Ttrpa, stone ; fiaaroq,
nipple; £i(5of, like]. Pertaining to the petrous and
mastoid portions of the temporal bone. P. Bone, a
bone of fetal and early infantile life, which in the hu-
man species soon becomes merged into the temporal
bone. P. Canal, a short passage connecting the mas-
toid sinuses and the tympanic cavity. P. Foramen,
the tympanic orifice of the petro-mastoid canal.
Petrooccipital [pet-ro-ok-sip'-it-al) [wk-pa, stone; occi-
pitt, occiput]. Pertaining to the petrous portion of
the temporal bone and to the occipital bone.
Petropharyngeus {pct-ro-far-iti' -Je-iis) [nerpa, rock ;
(papu)'f, pharynx]. A small muscle arising from the
lower surface of the petrous portion of the temporal
bone, and blending with the constrictors of the
pharynx.
Petrosa [pet-ro' -sa/i) \_-hpa, rock]. The petrous por-
tion of the temporal bone.
Petrosal {pet-ro' -zal) [Trtrpn,, rock]. Pertaining to the
petrous portion of the temporal bone. As a noun, the
petrous portion of the temporal bone itself. P. Bone,
in biology, one of several portions of the temporal
bone in the human fetus and in other animals. P.
Nerves. See Nerves, Table of. P. Sinus, a name
given to two venous sinuses, superior and inferior.
The former is situated along the superior border of the
petrous portion of the temporal bone ; the latter, near
the posterior border. P. Vein. Same as P. Sinus.
Petrosalpingopharyngeus {^pet' -ro-sal - piitg'-go-far-
in' -je-iis). Same as Petropharyngeus.
Petrosalpingostaphylinus {pet' -ro-sal-ping' -go-staf-il-
i'-nits). Synonym of Levator palati. See Aluscles,
Table of.
Petroselinum {pet-ro-se-W -Jiiini) [7rfT/ja, rock; atTiivov,
parsley]. A genus of umbelHferous plants including
the common parsley.
Petrosomastoid i^pet- ro-so- mas' -toid ) . Synonym of
Petromastoid.
Petrosphenoid (pel-ro-sfe'-noid) [Trhpa, rock; ci(j>>/i',
wedge; £/Mof, like]. Pertaining to the petrous portion
of the temporal bone and the sphenoid bone. P.
Suture, the suture between the temporal bone and
the great wing of the sphenoid bone.
Petrosquamosal, Petrosquamous {pef -ro-skwa-ino' -
sal, pet-ro-slnua'-Miis) [Tzirpa, rock ; squama, scale].
Pertaining to the petrous and squamous portions
of the temporal bone. P. Fissure. Same as P.
Suture. P. Sinus, a venous passage formed in the
dura at the junction of the petrous and squamous por-
tions of the temporal bone. It opens into the lateral
sinus. P. Suture, the line of juncture of the squa-
mous and petrous portions of the temporal bone.
Petrostaphylinus {pet-ro-staf-il-i' -nus). Synonym of
Lci'ator palati Muscle, 'na^ Muscles, Table of .
Petrous {pe'-trus) \_iTiTpa, rock]. Stony; like a rock.
See Petrosal. P. Portion. See Temporal Bone.
P. Ganglion. See Ganglia, Table of. P. Sinus.
See Petrosal .Sinus.
Pettenkofer's Method. A method of estimating COj
in the air. f^et Ventilation . P. 's Test. A qualitative
test for the presence of biliary acids. A few drops of
the suspected liquid, as the urine, are dropped into a
fresh solution of sugar and dilute sulphuric acid. If
biliary acids be present a purplish-crimson color is
produced. See Tests, Table of. P.'s Theory. A
theory of the development of cholera. It is that chol-
era is not communicable from man to man, but requires
certain conditions of the soil in order to develop its
infectious character. These conditions are, in the main,
a low stage of the subsoil water, a certain porosity of
the soil, and the presence of substances that can serve
as food for low organisms. Pettenkofer succinctly states
his theory as follows: The cholera-germ, "X," by
reason of certain local and chronologic conditions
of the soil, " Y," produces the cholera-poison, " Z,"
just as the yeast-plant, " X," develops from the sugar-
solution, " Y," the poisonous alcohol, " Z." The chol-
era-poison, " Z," enters the human body with the in-
spired air. Pettenkofer's theory is not generally
accepted, as it has been proved that the cholera-
bacillus is the cause of the disease, and enters the
body chiefly with the drinking-water.
Petticoat Tube. A device for arresting hemorrhage
after lithotomy. It consists of a vulcanite tube, the
open end of which is thrust through a small hole in
the middle of a piece of linen about four inches
square, the linen laeing firmly tied around the tube
about half an inch from the end. This end is lubri-
cated and thrust into the bladder, and the space be-
tween the tube and the petticoat is stuffed with strips
of lint, thus producing compression.
Peucedanin { pu-sed' -an-in) [jTevKefiavuv, hog-fennel],
CY.HjjOj. A crystalline body obtained from the root
of species of Peucedanum .
Peucedanum { pu-sed' -an-um) \_~evKt^avov, hog-fen-
nel]. An umbelliferous plant, of which several species
have slight medicinal value. It is now rarely used;
it yields peucedanin. Unof.
Peumus ( [native Chilean name] . A genus of
apetalousmonimiaceous plants. P.boldus. SttBoldo.
Pexis (peks'-is). .Synonym of Concretioji.
Peyer's Gland or Payer's Patch [Johann K. Peyer,
Longitudinal Section through a Fever's Patch of thj|
Small Intestine of a Dog. {From Stvhng.)
Swiss anatomist 1653-1712]. The agrainated glandfj
PEYERIAN GLANDS
1059
PHAGOCYTE
of the small intestine, consisting of large, oval groups
of closely aggregated lymph-follicles, bound together
by adenoid tissue. The patches vary in size and
number ; they are usually limited to the lower two-
thirds of the small intestine, reaching their highest
development in the ileum, where they may attain a
length of g-Il cm. each; between twenty and thirty
patches generally are present ; they are relatively better
developed in young than in old subjects. (Piersol.)
Peyerian Glands. See Peyer^ s Gland.
Pfeiffer's Bacillus. See Bacteria, Synonymatic Table
of. P.'s Test. See Goid.
Pfliiger's Cords, or Loops. Cord-like ingrowths of
epithelium into the connective-tissue stroma of the
cortex of the ovary, containing the germinal cells.
P.'s Law. See Law. P.'s Sacs, tubular passages in
the fetal ovaries. P.'s Salivary Tubes, the intra-
lobular ducts of the salivary glands. P.'s Tubes, or
Tubules. Same as F,' s Sacs.
Phacella (^fa-seF -ali) [^dhE?iof, a bundle]. In biology,
one of the gastric filaments of hydrozoans.
Phacellate ( yf^j'^-^Z-a/ ) [(/)a/>f/i,of, a bundle]. In biol-
ogy, provided with phacelhis.
Phacellus {fas-el' -its) [</)(j/<:eX/of, a bundle: //. , Plia-
celli'\. In biology, one of the tufts of mobile gastral
filaments or mesenterial filaments found in many Cni
darians. Cf. Acontia.
Phacentocele { fa-sen' -to-sel) [jfaKOQ, lens; htruq,
within; aifkri, hernia]. Displacement of the crystal-
line lens into the anterior chamber of the eye.
Phacia [fa'-se-ak). Synonym of Lentigo.
Phacitis ( fa-si' -tis). See Phakitis.
Phacocyst (/a'-zJo-j'/ji') [(^a/ioi; , lens ; ^•^'0■?"^f, bladder].
I. The capsule of the crystalline lens. 2. An old
term for the often somewhat lenticular nucleus of a
plant-cell.
Phacocystectomy [fi-ko-sis-tek'-to-ine) [^a/idf, lens;
kuotk;, cyst; inTofii/, excision]. Excision of a part of
the capsule of the crystalline lens.
Phacocystitis [fa-ko-sis-ti'-tis] [^a/cdf , lens ; Kvari^,
cyst ; itk;, inflammation] . Inflammation of the cap-
sule of the crystalline lens.
Phacoglaucoma ( fa-ko-glazv-ko' -mali) [0aKdf , lens ;
y/lau/fdf, green ; tumor]. Structural changes in
the crystalline lens induced by glaucoma.
Phacohydropiesis {fa-ko-hi-Jrop-i-e' -sis). Synonym
of Cataract, Morgagnian.
Phacohymenitis [fa - ko - hi - men -i'- tis) [(^a/idf , lens ;
i/iVi", membrane ; itl<;, inflammation]. Inflammation
of the capsule of the crystalline lens.
Phacoid [fa' -koid) \^aiiui;, lens ; f/iJof, like]. Lens-
shaped.
Phacoidoscope {fa-koid'-o-scop). Synonym of Phaco-
SCOpl'.
Phacomalacia ( fa - ko - mal - a'- se - ah) [(/la/idf , lens ;
fiaXaKia, softness]. Soft cataract.
Phacometachoresis [fa-ko-niet-ak-or-e' -sis) [0a/cdf,
lens ; jiETax(^prjCiii;, change of place] . Dislocation of
the crystalline lens.
i' Phacometecesis [fa - ko - met - es - e' -sis). Synonym of
Phacometachoresis.
Phacometer [fa-koin' -et-er) [0aKdf, lens ; jikrpov, meas-
ure]. An instrument for determining the refractive
power of lenses.
Phaconin [fa' -ko-nin) lens]. The albuminoid
body of the crystalline lens ; it seems to be a globulin.
Phacopalingenesis [fa-ko-pal-in-jen' -es-is) [0aK(if, len-
til; Txakiv, again; yfi^eu^f, genesis]. Reproduction
\ of the crystalline lens.
Phacoplasma [fa - ko -plaz' - mah) [0aKdc> lentil ;
T^laaaeLv, to mold]. A cataplasm made of lentil-
I meal.
Phacoscleroma [fa-ko-skle-ro'-mah). Synonym of
Phacosclerosis.
Phacosclerosis [fa - ko - skle - ro' - sis) [^a/cdf, lens;
GKAiipof;, hard]. Hardening of the crystalline lens.
Phacoscope [fa'-ko-skop) [i/ia/cdf , lens ; ono-Ksiv, to
inspect]. An instrument used in observing the
accommodative changes of the lens.
Phacoscopic [fa-ko-skop' -ik) [0a^df, lens; wo-fh', to
inspect]. Pertaining to the phacoscope.
Phacoscotasmus [fa-ko-sko-taz' -inns) [i^aAof , lens :
(Thdrof, darkness]. Clouding of the crystalline lens.
Phacoscotoma [fa - ko - sko - to'- mah) . Synonym of
Cataract.
Phacosis [fa-ko'-sis) [^a/cdf, lentil]. A freckle or
black spot.
Phacydrops, Phacydropsia [fak' -id-rops , fak-id-rop' -
se-ah). Synonyms of Cataract, Jl/orgagnian.
Phacymenitis [fak-im-en-i' -tis). Synonym of /"/iait?-
hy?/tenitis.
Phse- [fe-). See Phe-.
Phaenogam,Phaenogamic [fen' -o-gam,fen-o-gam' -ik).
.See Phcnogam, Phenogamic.
Phaenogamous [fe-nog'-am-ns). See Phenogamous.
Phaenozygous [fen-o-zi' -giis). See Phenozygous.
Phasochrous [ fe-ok'-riis) [f>a(df, dusky ; ^pwf , the
skin]. In biology, dark, dusky.
Phaeodellum [fe-o-del'-um) [<^a(df , dusky ; f/dof, form :
//. , Phicodella']. In biology, one of the large pigment-
granules of the Phaodium .
Phaeodium [fe-o'-de-um) [(paioc, dusky; ddog, form:
pi., Phicodia~\. In biology, a collection of dark pig-
ment-bodies in the calymna of certain radiolarians.
Phaeophyl, Phaeophyll [fe'-o-fil) [ijin/df, dusky ; ^(jA-
'}(jv, leaf]. In biology, Schiitt's name for the com-
pound pigment of the Fncaceiv and Laminariacea.
The reddish-brown portion, soluble in water, is called
phycophisin by Schiitt and Millardet. The yellow
portion, soluble in alcohol, is caWed. phvcoxanthin.
Phagaena [faj-e'-nah). Synonym of Phagen a.
Phagedena [faj-ed-e' -nah) \(payii()aiva ; oayili', to eat].
A spreading and destructive ulceration, often obsti-
nately and rapidly disintegrating soft parts. P. gan-
graenosa. See Gangrene, Hospital. P. nosocomia-
lis, hospital-gangrene. See Gangrene. P. tropica,
Aden Ulcer ; Malabar Ulcer ; a formidable skin-affec-
tion of the tropics, attacking chiefly those who live
under depressing influences. It is probably due to a
microbe that produces a vesicle or bulla that rap-
idly assumes a sloughing or gangrenous nature. It
quickly invades the neighboring tissues, destroying the
soft parts and even the bones. The ulcers generally
begin on the feet, ankles, or legs, but the thighs or
arms may be attacked. Finally, an indurated atonic
ulcer is left which, after a variable period of weeks or
months, gradually cicatrizes. Death is frequent from
exhaustion.
Phagedenic ( faj-ed-en' -ik) \<^ayk6aiva ; (payelv, to eat].
Of the nature of a phagedena. P. Chancre, a
syphilitic chancre which has become phagedenic ; it is
a rare condition. P. Chancroid, a chancroid that
spreads rapidly and destroys a large amount of tissue.
Nearly the entire penis may be lost in a short time.
Phagedermia, Phagaedermia [faj-ed-er' -me-ah) [^a-
jfif, to eat; d/p/ia, skin]. A phagedenic ulceration
of the skin.
Phagedermic, Phagaedermic ( faj-ed-er' -mik) \<fn.yziv,
to eat ; dipiia, skin]. Pertaining to phagedermia.
Phagena, Phagaena [faj-e'-nah) \jpayelv, to eat].
Bulimia. -
Phagocytal [ fag'-o-si-fal) [onye'iu, to eat; Kvrog, a
cell]. Pertaining to a phagocyte.
Phagocyte [fag'-o-sit) [_(payt:w, to eat; /ciTOf, cell] . In
PHAGOCYTELLA
1060
PHALANX
biology, Metschnikoft''s name for one of the motile,
ameboid, digestive cells of metazoans, moving from
place to place in the organism under the influence of
thermotaxis, or of what Stahl called positive trophotrop-
isin, when it was a question of attraction, and negative
tropholropisni, in cases of repulsion. Pfeiffer included
the phenomena with that of the attraction of spermato-
zoids to the female cell, and other forms of sensibility
to chemic agents, under the general heading iliemio-
taxis (positive or negative). Phagocytes are derived
from the endodermal or mesodermal tissues in all
animals. They are believed to englobe wrecks of larval
organs, degradation-products or excretion-products, for-
eign particles, schizomycetes, hematozoa, etc. — their
activity varying as the logarithm of the excitation. They
digest the soluble parts and reject the insoluble residue.
They play an active part in the metamorphosis of
tissues and organs, in inflammation, and as prophylac-
tic agents. Phagocytes are fixed — endothelial cells,
tixed connective-tissue cells, and free — the wandering
cells or leukocytes. In man the colorless blood-cells,
as well as other kinds of cells, are credited with play-
ing the role of phagocytes. A large phagocytic
leukocyte is termed a inaeropkage, a small one, a
micropliagc.
Phagocytella [ fag-o-si-tet' -ah) \_'j)ayni', to eat, devour;
cytella, dim. of KiTOf , a cell]. In biology, Metschni-
koff 's term for the simplest, primitive stage of a meta-
zoan, in which it is composed of two layers, the ectal,
an enveloping membrane, the other forming, by the
ental cells collected into a mass, a kind of parenchyma
composed of ameboid elements. This stage readily
passes into the gastrula-stage.
Phagocytic (fag-o-sit'-i/;) [^aye/V, to eat ; K/Vof, cell].
In biology, of, pertaining to, or caused by phagocytes ;
cell-devouring ; cytophagous.
Phagocytism {fag'-o-si-tiziit) [(jiayeiv, to eat ; kvtoc, a
cell]. In biology, the function of a phagocyte. The
doctrine that inflammation and other vital processes,
normal or abnormal, are due to phagocytes.
Phagocytoblast i^fag-o-si' -to-blast) ]f)ayuv, to eat;
KVTOC, a cell ; jS'AaaTOf;, a germ]. A cell giving rise to
one or more phagocytes.
Phagocytosis [fig-o-si-to'-sis) [^tpaye'iv, to eat ; kvtoc,
cell]. The destruction or taking up of microorganisms
or other solid elements by living cells, as by colorless
blood-corpuscles. This theory has been advanced by
Metschnikoff and others to explain immunity. It has
been found that if microorganisms, such as anthrax-
bacilli, are introduced into an insusceptible animal, some
of them will be found within the bodies of leukocytes,
while this does not occur in a susceptible animal. This
fact has led to the enunciation of the doctrine that immu-
nity or susceptibility depends on the ability or inability,
respectively, of the body-cells to destroy microorgan-
isms. Immunity may be congenital or acquired ; in
the latter case it is brought about by an adaptation of
the cells to the end that they can consume virulent
organisms without harm. .Several arguments have been
advanced against Metschnikoff 's views. It has been
said that the bacteria sometimes found in leukocytes
are probably dead ; if a living microorganism enters a
colorless blood-corpuscle, the latter is more likely
to suffer than the former. Again, the symptoms
of infectious diseases are due to peculiar poisons rather
than to the bacteria as such. Immunity can be con-
ferred upon an animal by injections of appropriate
doses of such poisons, a fact that cannot readily be
explained by the phagocytic theory. It has also been
demonstrated that the blood-serum possesses bacteri-
cidal properties, and that the blood-serum of artificially
immune animals is capable of immunizing other ani-
mals, and if given in sufficient strength and dose, even
of arresting the disease when already established. The
tendency at present is to ascribe the causation of immu-
nity to a peculiar property of the body-fluids — whether
bactericidal or antitoxic in nature, /. e., counteracting
the bacterial poison ; this is not fully established.
'Phaigoma.nia. [fag-o-ma'-ue-ah) [jpay e'lv , \.o eat; fiavia,
madness]. An insatiable craving for food.
Phagosite [fag'-o-slt) \_ipayfiv, to eat; a'lTO^, food].
An animal organism that feeds on but does not dwell
within or on its host, e. g., the leech, lamprey, camel-
tick, vampire bat.
Phakitis { fa-ki' -tis) [cjiaKOf, lens ; itlq, inflammation].
Hypothetically, inflammation of the crystalline lens of
the eye ; practically, however, no such condition has
been observed.
Phakometer {fa-kom' -et-ei-) [(/)(i/>of , lens ; i-ihpov, ]
measure]. An instrument for measuring the curva- i!
tures and refractive powers of lenses. ;
Phakosclerosis [fa-ko-skte-i-o'-sis] [paKoc, lens ; OKhj- ,'
pdf, hard]. Induration or hardness of the crystalline
lens.
Phakoscope ( fa' -ko-skop) [0a/c(if, lens ; oKo-jeir, to
see]. An instrument for observing and estimating the :
change in the shape of the crystalline lens produced hy
accommodative influences.
Phalacra, Phalacrosis ( fal' -ak-rah, fal-ak-ro'-m)
\_q)afaKi>/)C, bald]. Baldness.
Phalacroma i^fal-ak-ro' -inah). Synonym of Phalac-
rosis.
Phalangagra {fa-/a)!g-ga'-gra/i). Synonym of P/talaii- ;
gartliritis. ;
Phalangal {fa-/ajzg' -gal). Same as Phalangeal.
Phalangarthritis t^fa-lang-gar-thri' -tis) [^ri^ayf, pha- |
lanx ; apOfjov, joint; iTig, inflammation]. Inflam-
mation of phalangeal joints. j
Phalange (fa-lanf) [(p(i/o}f , the bone of a finger or ■
toe]. In biology : (a) one of the bones of a finger or j
toe; (/') one of the joints of an insect's tarsus; (c) |
a bundle of stamens united by their filaments.
Phalangeal [fa-lan'-je-al) [^dP.ajf, phalanx]. Per- ,
taining to a phalanx, or to phalanges. P. Bone, a
phalanx. P. Process, in biology : {a) a slender
prolongation of Deiter's cells attached to the phalanx
of the reticular lamina of the organ of Corti ; (/') the
external process of the head of an outer rod of Corti.
Phalangean {fa-lan' -je-an). Same as Phalangeal
Phalanges {fa-lan' -jez) \_^i>layE,, phalanx]. Plural
of Phalanx. P. of Ear, the minute cuticular fibers .
in the organ of Corti.
Phalangette, Phalanget {fal-an-ft') [Fr.]. The third
phalanx or terminal bone of the finger.
Phalangial, Phalangian (fa-Jan' -Jc-al, fa-lan' -je-an).
Same as Phalangeal.
Phalangic [ fa-lan' -jik). Synonym of Phalangeal.
Phalangiform [fa-lan' -ji form) [tfxi/ajf, phalanx;
forma, form]. Having the shape of a phalanx.
Phalangigrade [fa-lan' -jig-rad) [©ri/njf, phalanx; j
gradi, to go] . In biology, walking on the phalanges. |
Phalangine [fal' -an-jin) [Fr.]. The second phalanx
or second bone of the finger.
Phalangitis [ fa-lan-ji' -tis) \ibahayi, phalanx; (nf, ,
inflammation]. Inflammation of a phalanx. ^ i
Phalango-phalangeal ( fa-lan' -go-fa-lan' -je-al)
layi, phalanx] . Pertaining to the successive phalanges j
of the digits. P. Amputation, removal of a finger |
or toe at the first or second phalangeal joints. j
Phalangosis [fal-an-go' -sis) {(^aT^ayi, phalanx]. I. A
disease of the eyelids in which the lashes are ar-
ranged in rows. 2. Ptosis.
Phalanx [fa' -tanks) [0dXa>f , phalanx : pi. , Phalanges]. ,
Any one of the bones of the fingers or toes. P-.
PHALLALGIA
1061
PHARAOH'S SERPENTS
Basilar. Synonym of P. , Proximal. Ps. of Deiters.
Synonym of Phalanges of Ear, q. v. P., Distal, the
phalanx farthest removed from the metacarpus or
metatarsus. P., Metacarpal, P., Proximal, of the
hand. P., Metatarsal, /'., /"ri^x/wf?/, of the foot. P.,
Middle, the middle phalanx of the four fingers or four
outer toes. P., Proximal, the one nearest to the
metacarpus or metatarsus. P., Terminal. Synonym
of P., Distal. P., Ungual, P., Unguicular, the
distal phalanx, so called because it bears the nail.
Phallalgia {fal-al' -je-ah) [(^aA/ldf, penis; li'/yoc, pain].
Pain in the penis.
Phallanastrophe {fal-an-as' -tro-fe) ^i^aXkoq, penis ;
avaaTpcKi))! , upturning]. Twisting or distortion of the
penis.
Phallaneurysm ( fal-an' -u-rizni) \_(pa'AA6<;, penis ; avel'-
pvaiia, aneurysm]. Aneurysm of a vessel of the
penis.
Phallankylosis ( fal - an - kil - o'- sis) \i^a\7.6^, penis ;•
dy/ci)/ucr/f, ankylosis]. Adhesion of the penis to a
neighboring structure. Also chordee.
Phalledema {fal-e-de'-mali) \jpa'AX6q, penis ; didijfia,
edema]. Edematous infiltration of the tissues of the
penis.
Phallic [fal'-ik) [(falhjr, penis]. Pertaining to the
phallus, or penis.
■Phallitis {fai-i' lis) \j>aA'?v6g, penis; /r/f, inflammation].
Inflammation of the penis.
Phalloblennorrhea (y;?/-(i-<!'/t'«-(;ir-6"'-(7/^) \_(f>a7J6r, penis;
fi'iihva, mucus; poia, a flow]. A purulent discharge
from the urethra.
Phallocampsis {fal ■ a - kamp' - sis) [©aZ/df, phallus;
mp\>iq, a bending]. Chordee.
Phallocarcinoma {fal - a - kar - sin - o'- maJi) \<pa')\16q,
penis ; KapK.a'u/.ia, carcinoma]. Carcinoma of the
penis ; it is usually an epithelioma.
Phallocrypsis {fal-o-krip' -sis) [0a/l/ldf, phallus ; Kpvxjjig,
concealment]. Concealment of the penis by retraction.
Phallodynia {fal-o-din' -e-ah) [(Aa/l/ldf, penis; bSi'v?/,
pain]. Pain in the penis.
Phalloid [ fal'-oid) [(Ja/iXdf, penis; eltSof, like]. Re-
sembling the penis.
Phallology {fal-oU -o-je)\<^a'f2.6c,^tx\\%; Adj-of, science].
The science treating of the penis.
Phalloncus (fal-ong' -kiis) [ibaA'/Mg, penis ; byKoc, a
tumor]. Any tumor or swelling of the penis.
Phalloplasty {fal'-o-plas-te)\i^a)\X6(:, phallus; TrAdff-
am, to mold]. Plastic or restorative surgery of the
penis.
Phallopsophia {fal-op-so' -fe-ali) [(/)a/Xdc, penis ; i/id^of,
noise]. A discharge of gas from the penis.
Phallorrhagia (fal -or -a' -je-ah) \_t\ia'AK6q, penis;
p^/yi'ryrt^, to burst forth]. Hemorrhage from the penis.
Phallorrhea {fal-or-e' -ah)\<ba7.'k6(; , phallus ; po'ia, flow].
Blennorrhea ; a flow of purulent matter from the male
urethra.
Phallus (/7/'-«,f) [^aAAdf, penis]. Penis.
Phanakistoscope {fan-ak-is' -to-skop). Stt Zoefrope.
Phanerobiotic {fan-er-o-hi-of -ik) \_<iiavEpbc, visible ;
,/?"'f, life]. Presenting evidences of life.
Phanerocodonic ( fan-er-o-ko-do}i' -ik)\_(j)avEp6q , visible;
Ku6(DV, a bell]. In biology, bell -shaped, campanulate ;
applied to the gonophores or medusiform buds of
! hydroid polyps.
Phanerogam \fan'-er-o-gaiii) [0avf/jdo, visible; yayioq,
marriage]. In biology, a plant bearing true flowers.
Phanerogamia( fan-er-o-ga' -nie-ah)\j^avtp6q, apparent ;
yd/UOf, marriage]. A division of the vegetable king-
dom comprising all vascular plants, whether flowering
or not, with exposed sexual organs. It is subdivided
into two classes, endogenous and exogenous. See
Cryptogamia.
Phanerogamic {fin-er-o-gam' -ik) \ipavepbc, visible ;
}(!//'«■, marriage]. In biology, flowering.
Phanerogamous {fan-ei'-og' -am-iis) \(pavtp6r, visible ;
-japor, marriage]. Pertaining to the phanerogams.
Phanerogenetic {fan-er-o-jen-et'-ik). Same as Phan-
erogamous.
Phanerogenous {fan-er-oj' -en-ns) \j>avepi6q, visible ;
ycriK, producing]. Visibly producing. P. Tissue,
special material forming the pulp of the teeth.
Phaneroscope {fan' -er-o-skop) [(pavtpor, visible ; (jko-
TTuv, to see]. An instrument devised by Liebreich to
render a small patch of skin very translucent and
thus to test the color of the blood, condition of
anemia, etc.
Phaneroscopy {fa7i - er - as'- ko - pe) \ipavtpbq, visible ;
(jKfi-(ii', to see]. The use of the phaneroscope.
Phanerozoous {fan-er-o-zo' -us). Synonym of PJiane-
robiotii.
Phantasia {fau-ta' -ze-ah) l_(pavraala, a showing]. An
imaginary appearance.
Phantasm {fan' -tazm) [^oirdCfn', to render visible].
An illusive perception of an object that does not
exist. A vision or apparition.
Phantasmagoria {fin-taz-mag-o' -re-ah) [ipavTaafia,
phantasm; d^opd, assembly]. A series or succession
of fantastic and illusory mental pictures.
Phantasmatomoria {fan-taz-!)iat-o-mo' -re-ah) [_<j)dv-
Tarjjia, phantasm; pupki, folly]. Childishness, or
dementia, with absurd fancies.
Phantasmogenesis {fan-taz-mo-jen' -es-is) \_<pdvTa(y/m,
])hantasm ; yeveaiq, genesis]. The origination of
phantasms or spectral illusions.
Phantasmologic {fan-taz-mo-loj' -ik) \_(j)ai'Taafxa, phan-
tasm ; /-djof, science]. Pertaining to phantasmology.
Phantasmology {fan-taz-moF -o-je) [_<j)dvTac!fia, phan-
tasm; Ad J Of, science]. The science of phantasms.
Phantasmophrenosis {fan-taz-mo-fren-o' -sis) \f>dvTao-
pa, phantasm ; tppevuaiq, thought]. The presence of
dreamy fancies in the waking state.
Phantasmoscopia {fan-iaz-7no-sko' -pe-ah) l_<f)dvTaa/iia,
phantasm; aKOTren', to see]. The seeing of phantasms,
in insanity or delirium.
Phantasmoscopy {fan-taz-jnos' -ko-pc). Synonym of
Phantasmoscopia.
Phantom {fan' -turn) \ipavTd^tiv , to make visible]. An
apparition. A model, manikin or effigy upon or by
which to illustrate bandaging, surgical, obstetric, and
other operations. P. Aneurysm, Alimic Aneurysm ;
a pulsating tumor simulating subclavian or axillary
aneurysm, occasionally met with under the lateral
half of the left clavicle. It is associated with thrill,
murmur, and dilated veins above, but is apt to disap-
pear suddenly, and return after excitement and after
movement of the arms. It is thought to be due to
temporary dilatation of the artery from vaso-motor
paralysis. P. Brain, a cork and wire model of the
brain devised by Aeby. P. Cell, a " shadow," or
skeletonized blood-cell. P. Child, a doll used to illus-
trate the phenomena of labor. P. FaceorHead, ametal
effigy of a face, with eye-sockets devised to hold ani-
mal eyes, wherewith to practice operations in ophthal-
mic surgery. P. Stricture, erroneous subjective symp-
toms of the patient who believes he has rectal stricture.
P. Tumor, an apparent tumor, usually of the abdomen
though occuiTing elsewhere, which vanishes sponta-
neously, and which usually consists of a partially and
spasmodically contracted muscle. Accumulations of
gas and a thickened omentum have simulated ova-
rian tumor.
Pharaoh's Serpents. Mercury thiocyanate enveloped
in a cone of tinfoil and burnt ; it is used as a toy.
The fumes are said to be poisonous.
PHARMACAL
106-2
PHARYNGITIC
Pharmacal {far' -inak-al^ ^(papfiaKov, a drug]. Per-
taining to pharmacy.
Pharmaceutic iyfar-mas-u' -tik) [_(l)ap/iaKEveir, to admin-
ister a drug]. Pertaining to pharmacy.
Pharmaceutics {far-mas-u' -tiks) [_ipapfjaK£hei.v, to ad-
minister a drug]. Pliarmacy.
Pharmaceutist \far-mas-zi'-tist). Synonym of Phar-
macist.
Pharmacic {far'-mas-ik)\i^dpjiaKov,A\\\%\. Pharma-
ceutic; poisonous.
Pharmacist [far'-nias-ist) \jiupfiaKov, a drug]. An
apothecary.
Pharmacocatagraphology (far-mak-o-kat-ag-raf-oF -
p-je) \yapi.iaiiov , drug ; Kara, according to; ypacjieiv, to
write; /oyof, science]. The art of prescription-writing.
Pharmacochymia i^far-mak-o-ki' -me-ali) \<^appaKov,
drug; ^Y'/A'f'") chemistry] . Phamiaceutic chemistry.
PharmacocoUocyst [far-inak-o-ko/' -o-sist) \_(bapfi(iKov ,
drug, lioAAa, glue; Krorti;, bladder]. A gelatinous
capsule for receiving medicines.
Pharmacodynamic ( far-tnak-o-di-nam' -ik) [^fap/naKov,
drug; Svva/uic, force']. Pertaining to pharmacodyna-
mics.
Pharmacodynamics i^far-mak-o-di-natn' -iks) l_(jjapfia-
K.OV, drug; Si'va/uic;, force]. The science of the
powers and effects of medicines.
Pharmacognosia (Jar-inak-og-no' -ze-aki). Same as
Fhariuaioguosv.
Pharmacognostics [far-/na/;-og->tos'-tiks). Synonym
of Pliariiiacogiiosy.
Pharmacognosy {far-znak-og' -no-ze) \_<pnpfmKOi>, medi-
cine ; yrucii;, knowledge]. The science or sum of
knowledge of drugs.
Pharmacography iyfar-inak-og' -ra-fe). Synonym of
Phariuacognosy.
Pharmacokoni^intron {far-mak - o - kon - e - an' - iro)i)
[_(p('ippaKov, drug; Kovia, powder; avrpov, hole]. An
instrument used for spraying the Eustachian tube and
middle ear.
Pharmacologic [far-iiiak-o-loj'-ik) l_(j>ap/iaKov, drug ;
/(J; Of, science]. Pertaining to pharmacology.
Pharmacologist [far-mak-ol' -o-jisf) \_^apjmKov , drug ;
'/('lyn^, science]. One versed in pharmacology.
Pharmacology [ far-mak-ol' -o-je) \_(pap/LiaKov, drug;
/o;of, science]. The science of the nature and
properties of substances used as medicines ; pharmacy
and pharmacodynamics.
Pharmacomania {far - mak - o - ma'- ne - ah) [(papjiaKov,
drug; fiavia, madness]. A morbid craving for medi-
cines.
Pharmacomaniac [far-mak-o-ma'-7te-ak) [ipapjuaKni',
drug; fiavia, mania]. One excessively fond of the
use of drugs.
Pharmacomathy ( far-mak-om' -afh-e) [0d/)|Ua/coi', drug ;
iudfo/, learning]. Pharmacognostics.
Pharmacometry {far-mak-om'-ei-re) [(^dp/za/cov, drug ;
liirpdf, measure]. The measuring and weighing of
drugs.
Pharmacomorphic {far - mak - o - morf- ?k) [(pap/iaKov,
drug ; fjop^rj, form] . Pertaining to the form in which
medicines are prepared.
Pharmacon ( far' -mak-oii) \_^a.pjmKm>, drug]. A drug ;
a poison.
Pharmacopeia (far-mak-o-pe'-ah) \jbapijaKov, drug,
medicine; Troieiv, to make.] A standard code con-
taining a selection of medicinal substances, prepara-
tions and formulas. The United States (1890), and
the British (1885), are among the most comprehensive
published. All except the United States pharmaco-
peia have been issued under government authority.
Pharmacopeial ( far-mak-o-pe' -ai) [tpapuaKnv, drug ;
noau', make]. Pertaining to the pharmacopeia.
Pharmacopolist {far-mak-op' -o-list) [_(f>dpftaKov, med-
icine ; TTuAcir, to sell]. A dealer in medicines.
Pharmacopolium {far-mak-o-po'-le-um) [^fappamv,
drug; TTui'/.th', to sell]. A drug-store.
Pharmacoposia {far-mak-o-po' -ze-ah) \j^appaKw , drug;
TTvGic, a drinking]. Drinking of medicine.
Pharmacotheca {far-iiiak-o-the' -kah) [(papfiaKov, drug ;
H/'/Kfi, case]. A medicine-chest.
Pharmacotherapeutic {far-mak-o-lher-ap-ii'-tik') [0d/)-
paKuv, drug; Otpa~£ia, treatment]. Pertaining to
treatment with drugs.
Pharmacotherapia(y(?;--/;/(?/(--o-///t'r-<7'-/d--<7/;)[0dp//fl:/iw,
drug; depantia, therapy]. Pharmaceutic therapeu-
tics.
Pharmacum {far'-t}iak-um). Same as Pharmacon.
Pharmacurgus {far-mak-iu-'-gus) \jpappaKov, drug;
ipyeiv, to work]. A pharmacist; also a physician
who relies entirely on drugs in the treatment of dis-
ease.
Pharmacy {far'-nias-e) [_(pap//aKela, the use of drugs].
I. The art or practice of preparing, compounding, and
dispensing medicines. 2. The occupation of a phar-
macist. 3. A drug-store ; an apothecary's shop.
Pharus {far'-tis). Synonym of Pharynx.
Pharyngalgia {far-in-gal' -je-ah) [<t>dpvy^, pharynx ;
a/yoc, pain]. Pain in the pharynx.
Pharyngeal {far-in' -je-al ) \ffapvy^, pharynx]. Per-
taining to the pharynx. P. Aponeurosis, the con-
nective tissue layer of the pharynx, under the mucous
surface. P. Arches, the post-oral arches, q. v.
P. Arteries, two in number ; the superior and the
inferior. See Arteries, Table of. P. Bones, in
biology, the bones behind the last branchial arch in
fishes. P. Bursa, a small sac situated in the dorsal
wall of the naso-pharynx. P. Cavity, the space
within the pharyngeal walls. P. Choke, in farriery,
lodgment of a foreign body in the upper portion of
the esophagus of a horse, attended with symptoms
of great distress. P. Clefts. Same as P. Slits.
P. Fascia, the fascia covering the walls of the
pharnyx. P. Ganglion. See Ganglia, Table of.
P. Glands. See Gland. P. Jaws, "jaw-like organs
in the pharynx, as in certain worms. P. Nerve, a
liranch of the vagus. See Nerves, Table of. P.
Plexus. See Plexuses, Table of. P. Reflex. See
Pe flexes. Table of. P. Sac, a sac in the head of a
butterfly, at the base of the spiral tongue. By its alter-
nate contraction and expansion the insect is able to
suck up the nectar. P. Slits, the post-oral visceral
clefts or gill-slits of vertebrates and chordate animals.
They are also called Visceral Clefts. P. Spine. Same
as P. Tubercle. P. Teeth, the teeth on the pharyn-
geal bones. P. Tonsil. See Luschka' s Tonsil. P.
Tubercle, a small elevation near the middle of the
under surface of the basilar process of the occipital
bone. The fibrous raphe of the pharynx is attached
to it. P. Vault. See Naso-pharynx. P. Veins,
branches of the pharyngeal plexus of veins, emptying
into the internal jugular vein. P. Voice, the falsetto
voice.
Pharyngectomy (far-iit-gek'-to-me) [^n/jii} ^ , pharynx ;
tKTopi/, excision]. Excision of a part of the pharynx.
Pharyngemphraxis {far-in-gcm-fraks'-is) [^dpfjf,
pharynx ; i/i<ppa^ig, obstruction]. Obstruction of the
pharynx.
Pharyngeurisma {far-in-gu-riz'-mah). Synonym of
PJiarvngoccle.
Pharyngeus {far-in-je' -us). See Pctro-pharyngetis,
etc. , under Muscles, Table of. ,
Pharyngismus {far-in-jiz' -tmis) \(^dpvyi, pharynx]- j
Spasm of the pharynx. i
Pharyngitic {far-in f it' -ik) \<^apvyi, pharynx; "'(f, I
PHARYNGITIS
1063
PHARYNGOSPASM
inflammation]. Pertaining to, affected with, or of
the nature of, pharyngitis.
Pharyngitis [far-in-ji'-/is ) {_^(ipv) £, pharynx ; irig,
inflammation]. Inflammation of the pharynx. It
may be acute or chronic . In the former there is a fre-
quent desire to swallow, with pain and the sensation
of a foreign body in the throat. Malaise, stiffness of
the neck, anorexia, fever, and fulness of the head are
other symptoms. The cJironic form is not so severe
as the acute, but there is a more annoying accumula-
tion of viscid mucus, with frequent hawking. P.,
Apostematous, inflammation of the pharynx attended
with the formation of an abscess. P., Atrophic, a
form in which there is atrophy of the mucous mem-
brane. P., Catarrhal, inflammation of the pliarynx,
accompanied by abundant secretion. P., Diphtheric,
pharyngitis, due to tlie Klebs-Loeffer Bacillus. P.,
Follicular, inflammation of the mucous glands of the
pharynx. P., Gangrenous, a form of inflammation
of the mucous membrane of the pharynx, tonsils, and
palatine folds, ending in the formation of gangrenous
patches. Fatal hemorrhage may result from erosion
of blood-vessels. It is also called Putrid Sorc-throat.
P., Granular, Clergynwus' Sorc-throat, a chronic form
of pharyngitis, characterized by granular bodies on
the mucous membrane of the pharynx. It is common
among public speakers, and is due to improper use of
the voice. P., Hypertrophic, chronic pharyngitis,
with overgrowth, local or general, of the mucous mem-
brane. P. maligna. Synonym of P., Gangrenous.
P., Membranous, pharyngitis characterized by the
formation of false membrane ; it is generally due to
the diphtheria-bacillus. P., Phlegmonous, acute
infectious phlegmon of the pharynx. A serious form
of inflammation of the pharyngeal tissues, with grave
constitutional symptoms, the inflammation rapidly
passing on to suppuration. P. sicca, chronic pharyn-
gitis, with a dry and glistening state of the mucous
membrane, and, generally, with enlargement of the
lymph-follicles. P., Ulcerative, a form that may be
a simple ulceration of the follicles ; or it may be syph-
ilitic, tuberculous, diphtheric, or carcinomatous; or it
may be due to such infectious diseases as typhoid
fever, or to extension of lupus.
Pharyngo- (y;?;--z'«'-^i-t)-) [(/xipi'j^, pharynx]. A prefix
signifying connection with or relation to the pharynx.
Pharyngocace {far-in-gok'-as-e). Synonym of Pharyn-
gitis, Gangrenous.
Pharyngocele [far-in' -go-sel) [(plipvy:, pharynx; Kr/lrj,
tumor]. A tumor or pouch of the pharynx.
Pharyngocenterium [far-in-go-sen-te'-re-uin) \_<j)afiv~jS,
pharynx; KevTi/fiiov, a pricker]. A trocar for punc-
turing the pharynx.
Pharyngocephale {far-in-go-sef -al-e'). A synonym
of Pliarynx.
Pharyngo-cynanche {far-in-go-sin-an' -ke) \<^apvy^,
pharynx; Kvvayxv, cynanche]. Angina of the
pharynx.
Pharyngodynia (far-in-go-din' -e-ali) \_^dpvy^, pharynx;
o&'vvii, pain]. Pain referred to the pharynx.
Pharyngo-cpiglottic [far-in'-go-cp-ig-lof -ik) [^papv-j f ,
pharynx; f-(> /(,j-t/V, epiglottis] . Pertaining to the
pharynx and the epiglottis.
Pharyngo-epiglotticus ( far - in' - go-cp-ig-lot' - ik-us)
[0dpii;f, pharynx ; fTrf/Zwrr/f, epiglottis]. Muscular
fibers derived from the stylo-pharyngeus and inserted
mto the side of the epiglottis and the pharyngo-epiglot-
tic ligament.
Pharyngo-esophageal {far-in'-go-e-sof-aj' -e-al) \4>a-
pi")?, pharynx ; oJfrocftriyof, gullet]. Pertaining to the
pharynx and esophagus.
Pharyngo-esophagus {^far-in' -go-e-sof -ag-us) \^apvy^.
pharynx ; cnaoc^dyoc, esophagusl. The pharynx and
esophagus considered as one organ.
Pharyngo-glossal [far-in'-go - glos'-al ) [i/idpry^,
pharynx; ; /wacra, tongue] . Pertaining conjointly to
the pharynx and the tongue.
Pharyngo-glossus ( far - in'- go - glos' - its') [oidpnyf,
pharynx ; ylaaaa, tongue]. A muscle of lower ani-
mals corresponding to the palato-glossus of man.
Pharyngographic [far - in - go - graf - ik) \J)apvy^,
pharynx ; yjiatpeti', to write]. Pertaining to pharyn-
gography.
'Pha.xyngogra.^hy { far-in-gog' -ra-fe) [(pdpvy^, pharynx ;
ypd<i>tif, to write]. A description of the pharynx.
Pharyngo-laryngeal [far-in'-go-lar-in'-f'-al)[(pdpvy^,
pharynx ; Aapvy^, larynx]. Pertaining both to the
pharynx and the larynx. P. Cavity, the lowest por-
tion of the pharynx. P. Sinus, the pyriform sinus.
Pharyngo -laryngitis ( far-in'-go-lar-in-ji' -lis) \<i)dpvy^,
pharynx; Adpi')^, larynx; ltl^, inflammation]. In-
flammation of both larynx and pharynx at the same
time.
Pharyngolith [far-in'-go-lith) \yj)dpvy^, pharynx ; 'MBog,
stone]. A calcareous concretion in the walls of the
pharynx.
Pharyngologic [far-in-go-loj' -ik) [(jjdpvy^, pharynx ;
AO) Of, science]. Pertaining to pharyngology.
Pharyngology [far-in-gol' -o-jc) \_tpdpvy^, pharynx ;
Aijyor, science]. The science of the pharyngeal mech-
anism, functions and diseases.
Pharyngolysis { far-in-gol' -is-is^ \fjidpvy^, pharynx ;
/w<f, a loosing]. Paralysis of the pharyngeal muscles.
Pharyngomycosis {far-in'-go-ini-ko'-sis) [ipdpvy^,
pharynx ; iii'KJji;, fungus]. Fungous growths in the
pharynx. P. leptothricia. See Mycosis tonsillaris
benign a.
Pharyngo-nasal( fai--in'-go-na' -sal)\_(pnpvy^, pharynx ;
nasus, nose]. Pertaining to the pharynx and the nose.
P. Cavity, the upper portion of the pharynx ; the
naso-pharynx.
Pharyngo-oral {far-in'-go-o'-ral) [0dpi>}f, pharynx;
OS, oris, mouth]. Oropharyngeal ; pertaining to both
pharynx and mouth. P. Cavity, the oropharynx ;
the middle portion of the pharynx, communicating
with the mouth.
Pharyngopalatinus {far-iyi' -go-pal-at-i' -nus). Syn-
onym of Palatopharyngeus. See Muscles, Table of.
Pharyngopathy [far-in-gop'-ath-e) [yfidpvy^, pharynx ;
TrdHo^, disease]. Any disease of the pharynx.
Pharyngoperistole (far-in'-go-per-is'-to-le). Synonym
of Pharyngostenia.
Pharyngoplegia {far-in' -go-ple' -je-ah) [0dpiiyf, phar-
nyx ; TT'/r/yij, a stroke]. Paralysis of the muscles of
the pharynx.
Pharyngoplethora {far-in'-go-pleth'-or-ah) [<pdpvy^,
pharynx ; n'/i/Hupr], fulness]. Fulness of the vessels
of the pharynx.
Pharyngorhinitis [far - in'- go - ri - ni'- tis) [0 p d f y f ,
pharynx; p/r, nose ; /r;f, inflammation]. Pharyngitis
with rhinitis ; inflammation of the pharynx and the nose.
Pharyngorhinoscopy {far-in' -go-ri-nos' -ko-pe). Syn-
onym of Rliinoscopy , Posterior.
Pharyngorrhagia {far - in - gor - a'-je - ah) {ipdpvy^,
pharynx ; piiyv'vvai , to burst forth]. Hemorrhage from
the pharynx.
Pharyngorrhea { far-in-gor-e' -ah) \_(pdpvyS, pharynx ;
po/o, a flow]. A mucous discharge from the pharynx.
Pharyngoscope ( far-in' -go-skop) [_(pdpvy^, pharynx ;
(jKci-dv, to inspect]. .\n instrument for use in the
visual examination of the pharynx.
Pharyngoscopy [far-in-gns' -ko-pe) [_<fidpvyS, pharvnx ;
oKii-(ir, to examine]. Examination of the pharynx.
Pharyngospasm [far-in' -go-spazm) [^dpujf , pharynx;
PHARYNGOSTAPHYLEUS 1064 PHARYNX
anao/wc, spasm]. Spasmodic contraction of tlie
pharyngeal muscles.
Pharyngostaphyleas, Pharyngostaphylinus {far-
in' -go-staf-il-e' -us, fay-i7i' -go-staf -il-i' -ntcs) . Syno-
nym of Palatopharytigeus. See AIusclcs, Table of.
Pharyngostenia {far-in-go-ste' -ne-ah) [f/idpiiyf , phar-
yn.\ ; arsi-uc, narrow]. Narrowing or stricture of
the pharyn.\.
Pharyngotome { far-in'-go-toiii) [(/ia/jii;f, pharynx ;
ri)/"/, a cutting]. A cutting-instrument used for in-
cising the pharynx.
Pharyngotomy [far-in-got' -o-Die) [(?d/5ii}\f, pharynx ;
ro/z//, a cutting]. Incision into the pharynx. P.,
Inferior, a form in which the tissues between the
hyoid bone and the cricoid cartilage are divided.
P., Lateral, incision into one side of the pharynx.
P., Subhyoidean, pharyngotomy through the thyro-
hyoid membrane. P., Superior, pharyngotomy in
which the incision is made between the anterior border
of the sterno-cleido-mastoid muscle and the trachea.
Pharyngotonsillitis [far-in'-go-fon-sil-i'-tis) \_<papvy^,
pharynx; tonsilla, tonsil; mf, inflammation]. In-
flammation of the pharynx and the tonsil.
Pharyngotyphus {f ir-in'-go-ti'-fiis) [(pdfwy^, pharynx;
TrqxiQ, stupor] . Whitish elevations on the tonsils
which tend to ulcerate, seen sometimes in typhoid
fever and probably due to localization of the typhoid
poison in the tonsils.
Pharynx [far'-inx) [jpapvyS, throat]. The musculo-
membranous pouch situated back of the nasal cavi-
ties, mouth, and larynx, extending from the base of
the skull to a point opposite the sixth cervical vertebra,
Pharynx, Opened Posteriorly, showing Larynx,
Tongue, and Soft Palate.
A Cartilaginous expansion of the Eustachian tube. B
Posterior nasal openings. C. Soft palate. D. Uvula
E. Posterior pillar of the palate. F. Tonsil. G, G.
' Pharynx, opened iu median line. H. Base of the tongue
1. Epiglottis. K. Left glosso-epiglottidean fold. L
Superior opening of the larynx. M. Thyroid cartilage
N. Posterior surface of the larynx. O. Gronp of grape
like glands constantly found in this position. P. Upper
extremity of the esophagus, i. Azygos uvulse muscle.
2. Levator palati muscle. 3, 3. Palato-pharyngeus mus-
cle. 4. Salpingo-pharvngeus muscle. 5 Internal portion
of the palato-pharyngeus muscle. 6. Fibers proceeding
from the middle of the palate and ending in the pa ato-
pharyngeus muscle. 7. Superior fibers of the palato-
pharyngeus muscle, going to interlace on the lateral and
posterior surface of the pharvnx with those of the oppo-
site side. 8. Inferior fibers of the |)alato-pharynpus
muscle, being inserted into the posterior margin of the
thyroid cartilage near the base of the superior cornu
and pharvngeal aponeurosis. 9. Anterior fibers of the
stylo-phafyngeiis muscle, attached, ist, to the lateral told
of the epiglottis ; 2d, to the superior cornu of the tliy-
ep
roid cartilage at the base and superior
Superior constrictor of the pharynx.
margin. 10.
Median Section of Mouth, Pharynx and Larynx.
I. Left nostril. 2. Upper lateral cartilage. 3. Inner portion
of lower cartilage. 4. Superior turbinated bone and meatus.
5. Middle turbinated bone and meatus. 6. Inferior turbin-
ated bone and meatus. 7. Sphenoid sinus. 8. Posterior
nasal fossa. 9. Internal orifice or pavilion of Eustachian
tube. 10. Velum palati. 11, 11. Vestibule of mouth. 12-
Palatine vault. 13. Genio-glossus muscle. 14. Genio-hyoid
-.5. VJf CI llU-l^ IIIUSI^IC m,
Mylo-hyoid. i6. Anterior pillar of velum palati. .,
Posterior pillar. 18. Tonsil. 19. Circumvallate papillae of
tongue. 20. Cavity of larynx. 21. Ventricle. 22. Epiglottis
23. Hyoid bone. 24. Thyroid cartila.ge. 2.s. Thyro-hyoic
membrane. 26. Posterior portion of cricoid cartilage. 27
Anterior portion. 28. Crico-thyroid membrane.
where it becomes continuous with the esophagus. It
is about five inches long and is narrowed at its termina-
tion. It has four coats — an external fascia; a muscular
layer, consi.sting of the three constrictors, together with
the stylo-pharyngeal and palato-pharyngeal muscles ; a
fibrous connective-tissue layer ; and a- mucous mem-
brane extending to the base of the uvula, that is covered
in its upper part with colunmar ciliated epithelium, in
its lower part with stratified epithelium. Mucous glands
and lymphatic follicles are abundant in the mucous
membrane. A group of follicles extends across the
PHASE 1065 PHENOL
back of the pharynx between the orifices of the Eusta-
chian tubes.
Muscles of the Pharynx.
I. Orbicularis oris. 2. Pterygo-maxlUary ligament. 3. Mylo-
liyoideus. 4. Os hyoides. 5. Tliyro-liyoid ligament. 6.
Pomum Adami. 7. Cricoid cartilage. 8. Trachea. 9. Ten-
sor palati. 10. Levator palati. 11. Glosso-pharyngeal nerve.
12. Stylo-pharyngeus. 13. Superior laryngeal nerve and
artery. 14. External laryngeal nerve. 15. Crico-thyroideus.
16. Inferior laryngeal nerve. 17. Esophagus.
Phase {faz) [^dcrtf, appearance]. The condition or
stage of a disease or physiologic function at a given
time.
Phaseomannite [fa-ze-o-man' -if). See Inosite.
Phasura [fa-zu'-raJi). Synonym oi Phantasm.
Phatne {fat'-ne) [cbdrvr/, socket]. ^nxs\e 2,i Alveolus.
Phatnorrhagia (y;?/-«o;--tf''-/>-(7//) [^drw;, socket ; pr/y-
v'vtm, to burst forth]. Hemorrhage from a tootli-
socket.
Phausinx {faio'-singks) [_mi\eiv, to roast], A bleb
or blister.
Pheduretin [fe-dii-ri' -tiii) \_plu'nol {<j>oivi^, purple-
red) ; did, through; ovphn>, to make water]. A
phenol-derivative, occurring in fine, white, silky, acic-
ular crystals, tasteless, hardly soluble in cold water,
readily soluble in hot water. It is said to be a power-
ful diuretic. Dose gr. vij-xv. Unof
Phelloderm [fel'-o-dcnn) \J>E'/J6r, cork; i)ipfia, skin].
In biology, a layer of green cells beneath the cork of
certain stems {/ii/vs, Loniccra, Spiraa, Dciitzia, etc.).
It is formed from the ental layer of the phellogen.
Phellogen {fel' -o-jen) \jpt7t'k6r, cork; '}ev>/r, producing].
In biology, cork-forming tissue ; cork-cambium, cork-
meristem ; the ental layers of cork-tissue, possessing
cellular activity.
Phellogenetic {fel-o-jcn-cf -ik) \}pe7J6q, cork ; } fw/f,
producing]. In biology, relating to the formation of
phellogen.
Phenacetein, see Phcnacetolin.
Phenacetin [fe-uas' -et-iii) \_phenol (0o;wf, purple-red) ;
<7(v//^///, vinegar], CjoHj^NOj AcflphenetUlin : a com-
pound derived from carbolic acid, haying antipyretic
and antineuralgic properties. It is crystalline, tasteless,
and almost insoluble in water. Dose gr. iv-xxx.
Unof.
Phenacetolin [fe-nas'-el-o-lin), CigHj^O.^. A some-
what irregularly formed name of a compound produced
by the interaction of phenol, acetic acid, and zinc
chlorid. It is used as an indicator in determining
acidity and alkalinity. It is also called phenacetein.
Phenanthrene { fc-na)i' -threii) \_pliL-iiol ((poivi^, purple-
red) ; drfiZ/wf , coal] , C,^H](|. A hydrocarbon isomeric
with anthracene, and found with it in the last fraction
of coal-tar. It crystallizes in colorless, shining plates,
melting at 100° C. and boiling at 340° C. ; it is insoluble
in water, but soluble in fifty parts of alcohol in the cold,
and in ten parts on boiling ; it is easily soluble in ether
and benzene. P. -red. See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Phenate [fe'-nat] [//^«?(;/ ((/louv^, purple-red)]. Any
salt-like compound of carbolic acid ; a carbolate.
Phenazin l^fe'-iiaz-in) \_pJienol (solvit,, purple-red)],
Cj.jHgN.j. A substance prepared by conducting anilin
vapors through a tube heated to redness. It crystal-
lizes and sublimes in bright-yellow needles, melting
at 171° C. The phenazins are chromogenic parent-
substances that yield dyes by the entrance of salt-
forming groups (especially the amido-group) . The
eurhodins and safranins are included in this series.
Phenazonum [fe-naz-o'-nuin) . See Antipyrin.
Phenetidin i^fc-net' -id-in') \_phenol ((po'ivi^, purple-red)],
CgH,,NO. The body from which phenacetin is pre-
pared by substitution.
Phenetol (py-jiet-ol) \_ phenol {<poii>i^, purple-red);
oleum, oil] , QH-S.OCgH-. A volatile aromatic-smell-
ing liquid. P. -red. See Coccinin and Pigments,
Conspectus of.
Phengophobia [fen-go-fo' -be-ah) {iieyyor, light ; (fiojSog,
fear]. See Photophobia.
Phenic (/^''-«?/&) [//^^'«^»/(0o;wf, purple-red)]. Obtained
from coal-tar. P. Acid. See Acid, Carbolic, and
Phenol.
Phenicin [fe'-nis-in) [rfioiivf, purple-red]. A brown
coloring-matter produced by the action of nitro-
sulphuric acid on carbolic acid. Same as Phenyl-
bi-oivn. See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Phenicious {fe-nish' -us) {j^olvit,, purple-red]. Of the
color of phenicin,
Phenigmus [fe-nig'-tnus) [(/lo/ivf, purple-red]. Ped
[aundice : a skin-disease, characterized by diffuse
redness, without fever.
Phenixis, Phcenixis [ fe-niks^-is) [(po'ivt^, purple-red] .
Red color of the skin from irritation.
PhenocoU {fe' -no-kol) [phenol {<pnivt^, purple-red)].
^fi"*\NH,%c(^'"2^^"-^- ^'.oHuNP,. The hydro-
chlorate of phenol-glycocoll, a rapid and powerful
antipyretic and a valuable nervine. Dose gr. viij-
XV, repeated at hourly intervals. It is also used as the
hydrochlorid. Phenocoll appears as a white crystal-
line powder soluble in water and alcohol. Unof.
Phenogamous {fe?t-og'-a?n-us). Synonym of Phanei--
ogaiiious.
Phenol (fe'-nol) [(po'ivi^, purple-red], C|;H-.(JH. £en-
zene Phenol, Carbolic Acid, Crcasote ; a substance ob-
tained from amidobenzcne, etc., and occurring already
formed in Castoreum and in the urine of herbivora.
It is a colorless, crystalline mass, which gradually
PHENOLATE
1066
PHENYL
acquires a reddish color, and deliquesces on exposure
to the air. It melts at 42° C. and boils at 183° C. ;
its sp. gr. at 0° is 1.084. It possesses a characteristic
odor, burning taste, and poisoneus and antiseptic
properties. It is slowly soluble in water, readily so
in alcohol and ether. In a general sense the word is
applied to the homologous series of which phenol or
carbolic acid is the first member. The phenols are
compounds formed from benzene and its homologues
by the substitution of hydroxyl for hydrogen in the
benzene nucleus. They correspond to tertiary alcohols,
as they contain the group COH, and all have weak
acid properties. They may be monatomic , such as
ordinary phenol, cresol, etc.; diatomic, as pyrocatechin,
resorcin, hydroquinone ; or friafo/iiic, as pyrogallol,
phorglucol. P. -blue, Cj^Hj^N.^O, a paste-like sub-
stance of blue color. See Pigments, Conspectus of.
P. -camphor, camphor combined with carbolic acid.
P. Colors. See Pigments, Conspectus of. P. Sodique,
an antiseptic substance said to be composed of car-
bolic acid, gr. 188 ; caustic soda, gr. 31 ; distilled
water, iv.
Phenolate {fe' -no-ldt) \_phenol {(poii'i^, purple-red)].
A salt of carbolic acid.
Phenologic ( fe-no-loj' -Hi) {^aivew, to bring to light ;
'tir^Qc. science]. Pertaining to phenology.
Phenologist ( fe-nol' -o-jist) to bring to light ;
'/.()■) nc, science]. One versed in phenology.
Phenology (fe-nol' -o-je') \_(palveiv, to bring to light ;
toyjc, science]. In biology, the science of the be-
havior of plants and animals to the periodic changes in
meteorologic conditions.
Phenolphthalein (fe-uol-t/ia'-le-in) [^ouvf, purple-
red]. A substance derived from phenol and phthalic
acid and used as a delicate test for acids and alka-
lies. One gram is dissolved in one liter of 50 per
cent, alcohol. It is very delicate.
Phenolsulphonic Acid [fe-nol-sul-fon' -ik) \_pheiiol
[<poivit, purple-red) ; stilphjit-\. The " phenol- forming
substance ' ' found sometimes in urine from which
phenol is obtained.
Phenolsulphuric Acid ( fe-nol-sul-fu' -yik) [ phenol
((/k»iv5, purple-red) ; sulphiii-^. An acid that exists in
the urine in very .small amount.
Phenomena ( fe-nom' -cii-ah ) [ipaixioiievov, that which is
seen]. Plural of Phenomenon, q. v. Phenomena
of Transfer. Peculiar phenomena observed in
hysterical patients. It has been found, in some cases,
that the laying of a metal plate upon an anesthetic
portion of the skin restores to this its sensibility,
while simultaneously a corresponding area on the
opposite side of the body, previously normal, be-
comes anesthetic. Frequently the sensibility oscillates
from one side to the other. If the metal is placed first
on an area possessing normal sensibility, this becomes
anesthetic, while a corresponding zone on the anes-
thetic side regains its sensibility. Other hysterical
symptoms may present these same transfer-phenomena.
Nor is their production confined to metallic plates ;
other so-called esthesiogenic substances produce the
same effect — thus, large magnets, weak galvanic cur-
rents, static electricity, vibrating tuning-forks, mustard-
plasters, and others. As to the nature of the curious
phenomena, it is generally believed that they are due
to suggestion.
Phenomenal ( fe-nom' -en-nl ) [^(pnivofievov, that which is
seen]. Pertaining to phenomena. Also extraordinary,
startling, or exceptional to the ordinary course of
events in nature.
Phenomenogenia ( fe-noiu-en-o-je' -ne-eih) \_(balveiv, to
show; y'lyvtnUai, to be born]. The origin of phenom-
ena.
Phenomenon [fe-nom' -en-on) [^(batvo/ievov, that which is
seen ; from ©a/ctvi', to shine: //. Pheno>nena\. An event
or manifestation, generally of an unusual character. P.,
Cheyne-Stokes'. Synonym of Cheyne- Stokes'' Respir-
ation. P., Knee. Synonym of Patellar Tendon-reflex.
P., Porret's, a wave-like motion seen in a muscle
through which a galvanic current passes in a longitudi-
nal direction. P., Westphal's. Synonym of Patellar
Pendon-reflex.
Phenomenoscopia [fe-jioi/i-en-o-sko' -pe-ah) [jfiaiveiv,
to show ; aKUTreii', to examine]. The investigation of
phenomena, especially of disease.
Phenone [ fe'-non) \_phenol {(po'ivi^, purple-red)]. A
ketone formed by the union of phenyl and a hydrocar-
bon of the marsh-gas series.
Phenophobia [fe-no-fo'-l>e-ah). Synonym of Photo-
phobia.
Phenoquinone { fe-no-kwin' -dn)\_phenol {(polvi^, purple-
red) ; ], CjgHj^O^. An oxidation-product of
phenol.
Pheno-TesoTcin (fe - no - >-es - or'- sin) [phenol [ipo'ivi.^,
purple-red); resorcin']. A mixture containing carbolic
acid 67, resorcin 33 per cent. Unof.
Phenosafranin [fe-no-saf -ran-in) \_ phenol [(jioivt^,
purple-red) ; Yx. , safran, saffron], Cj^Hj-N^CL The
lowest member of the safranins, formed from phenyl-
ene, diamin, and anilin. It consists of needles, green
in color and having a metallic luster. It dissolves in
water and alcohol with a beautiful red color. .See
Pigments, Conspectus of.
Phenose [fe'-noz) \_phenol {(jmlvi^, purple-red)], C^Hg-
(OH)^. A substance obtained by the action of a soda
solution upon hexahydrobenzene. It is an amorphous,
readily soluble substance, deliquescing in the air. It
has a sweet taste, and reduces Fehling's solution, but
is not capable of fermentation.
Phenozygous [fc-noz'-ig-ns) [jpaiveiv, to show ; frjoi;,
yoke]. In craniometry," having the zygomatic arches
visible directly from above ; having the bizygomatic di-
ameter greater than the maximum transverse frontal
diameter, and the angle of Quatrefages positive."
Phenyl ( fe' -nil) [ooZv/f , purple-red ; //, matter] ,€5 H5.
A imivalent organic radical. P. -acetic Acid. See
Acid. P. -amid, a compound formed by the substitu-
tion of one or more amido-groups for the hydrogen of
benzene ; anilin is a phenylamid. P.-amin. Syn-
onym of Anilin. P.-auramin. See Pigments, Con-
spectus of P. Bisulphate. See Acid, Sulphocarbolic.
P. -brown. See Pigments, Conspectus of. P. -car-
bamate of Ethyl. ?>et Phenylurcthanc. P.-endiamin
CgH^(NH2).^. Preferably diamido/ienzene ; a chemic
substance of which there are three isomeric forms,
distinguished by the prefixes ortho-, meta-, para-. P.-
ethylene. See .SVjto/. P.-glucosazone, C,sH.2.2NjO, ;
a compound of dextrose with phenyl-hydrazin. It crys-
tallizes in yellow needles, is almost insoluble in water,
very slightly soluble in hot alcohol, melts at about 205°
C, and is levo-rotatory when dissolved in glacial acetic
acid. P. -glycerol. See Stycerin. P.-glycuronic
Acid, a levo-rotatory, crystalline body occurring in
the urine after the administration of carbolic acid.
Dilute acid decomposes it into carbolic and glycuronic
acids.- P.-hydrazin, Cf.H„N._„ a substance obtained
from benzene diazochlorid by reduction with sodium
sulphite or stannous chlorid. It is a colorless, peculiar-
smelling oil, solidifying, when cooled, to plate-like
crystals, melting at 23° C. ; sp. gr. 1. 091 at 21° C.
It boils at 241-242° C. It dissolves with great diffi-
culty in cold water, but readily in alcohol and ether.
P.-h. Test (for sugar). Into a test-tube put Yz in- dry
phenyl-hydrazin hydrochlorate ; add pulverized sodium
acetate an equal volume ; and fill one-half of the tube
PHENYLENE
1067
PHLEBEPATITIS
with urine. Agitate until the sodium acetate is dis-
solved, gently heating up to the boiling-point and boil
for 30 seconds. Examine the sediment with the micro-
scope for yellow, branching, needle-shaped crystals
of phenyl-glucosazone. See Tests, Table of. P.
Hydrid, CgH„, benzene. P.-lactosazone, Cj^HgjN^-
O9, a compound of lactose with phenyl-hydrazin ;
it is soluble in 80-90 parts of boiling water, and melts
at about 200° C. It crystallizes readily in the form
of yellow needles usually aggregated into clusters.
P.-maltosazone, Q^HjjNjOg, a compound of mal-
tose obtained by the action of phenyl-hydrazin upon it
in the presence of acetic acids. It crystallizes readily
in minute yellow needles, is soluble in about 75 parts
of boiling water, and still more soluble in hot alcohol.
Its melting-point is 206° C. P.-mercaptan. See
Thiophenol. P. -methane, (CHj (CgH.).^, a crystal-
line hydrocarbon with the odor of oranges. It has
the effects of antipyrin, in half the dose, being
antirheumatic and analgesic, as well as antipyretic.
Dose from 3 to 7 gr. , in wine. P. -propionic Acid,
CgligO,^, a crystalline body which, when injected sub-
cutaneously, causes albuminuria, glycosuria, vomiting,
diarrhea, and sometimes death. If the sodium salt is
given, large amounts of indican appear in the dis-
charges. P. Salicylate. See Salol. P.-urethane,
C9HjjN0.2, a white, crystalline substance made
by the action of chlorocarbonic acid on carbanilic
ether. It is also known chemically as phenylcarba-
mate of ethyl and etcphorin. It has the flavor of
benzine, with an acrid after-taste ; it is almost insol-
uble in cold water, but is soluble in boiling water,
alcohol and ether ; 1-500 hinders alcoholic fermenta-
tion. See Enphorin. P. -violet. Same as Rosa-
nilin-violet.
Phenylene (/c'-«z7-ifM)[^oZi'/f, purple-red], CgH^. A bi-
valent organic radicle. P. -blue. 'St^ Pigments, Con-
spectus of. P. -brown. See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Phenylia [fe-nil'-e ak). Same as Anilin.
Phenylic {fe-nil'-ik) \(^oivii,, purple-red]. Pertaining
to phenyl. Same as Phenic. P. Acid. Synonym
of Carbolic Acid. P. Alcohol. Synonym of Car-
bolic Acid.
Pheocyst {fe' -o-sist) [(paioc^, dusky ; kvotiq, bladder].
Decaisne's term for the nucleus of a vegetable cell.
Pheomyelitis [fe-o-mi-el-i^ -tis) \jj)ai6Q, gray ; nvt'koq,
marrow; (r;f, inflammation]. Inflammation of the
gray matter of the spinal cord.
Phial {fi'-al) \<^Lakrj, a saucer]. A small glass bottle.
Phialine [f-al-in) [(pLcikr] , a saucer, or patera]. In
biology, saucer-shaped.
Philanthrope {fil'-an-throp) [fjuMvHpuTroc; , humane].
A philanthropist.
Philanthropic {fil-an-throp' -ik) \_^iXavBp(^T:oq, humane].
Pertaining to philanthropy ; benevolent.
Philanthropism [fil-an' -thro-pizm) . Same as Phil-
anthropy.
Philanthropist [ fil - an'- thro ■ pist) [(pMvOpuKoc, hu-
mane]. One who loves mankind.
Philanthropy [fil-an' -tliro-pe) \^0i'Adv6pu7roc, humane].
The love of mankind ; benevolence ; charity.
^ Philermum {fil-ur' -mum'). Synonym of Mercaptan.
Philetron (f-le'-tron). Synonym of Philtru?n.
Philiater [fil'-e-a-ter) [tpiWetv, to love; 'larpoq, physi-
cian]. An amateur student of medical science; a
non-professional observer of disease-phenomena.
Phillips' Muscle. See Muscles, Table of.
Philcenia [fil-e'-ne-ah) [jfiiAchi, to love; oivog, wine].
Morbid addiction to strong drink.
Philogynist ( fil-oj' -in-ist) [ipu eh', to love ; ywii,
women]. A lover of women ; the opposite of misogy-
nist.
Philogyny (/?/-(?/''-/«-(») [^(Af7y, to love ; yvri/, women].
Admiration for women ; the opposite of misogyny.
Philomimesia {fil-o-mi-me' -ze-ah) \(l>iKuv, to love ;
fiilD/nn;, imitation]. A morbid or insane love of
mimicry.
Philomimetic (fil-o-mi-met'-ik) [jl>U-e~iv , to love;
III ////on:, imitation]. Characterized by philomimesia.
Philoneism {fl-o->te'-izm)\jpiAiciv, to love ; wof, new].
Abnormal love of novelty ; the reverse of misoneisni.
Philopatridalgia {fil-o-pa-trid-al'-je-ah) [ipMf/i', to
love; narplg, fatherland; aXyo(;, pain]. Homesick-
ness, or nostalgia.
Philopatridomania [fil-o-pa-trid-o-ma' -ne-ah) \jiLXziv,
to love; TTCiTpig, fatherland; pav'ia, madness]. An
insane desire to return home ; excessive nostalgia, or
homesickness.
Philosopher (fil - os'- o-fei') [ifiAelv, to love; ao(j)!a,
wisdom]. A metaphysician ; one who is devoted to
philosophy.
Philosophic ( fil-o-sof -ik) [(/)(Afa', to love ; aoipia, wis-
dom]. Pertaining to philosophy.
Philosophy [fil-os' -o-fe) \<^Lkuv, to love ; ooqi'ia, wis-
dom]. The coordination of human knowledge.
Science in its widest sense ; also, any important branch
of science. P., Natural, iiee Physics. P., Positive,
Comteism, or the philosophy of Auguste Comte.
Philter, Philtre (fl'-ter) [^ipi?.Tpor, a love-charm]. A
love-potion ; a preparation supposed to be efficacious
in exciting sexual passion.
Philtrum [fil' -trum) \_(pr/iTpov, a love-charm]. The
depression on the surface of the skin of the upper
lip immediately below the septum of the nose. Also,
the same as Filter.
Philydrous { fil-i'-drus) [cjnAc'iv , to love; v6up, water].
In biology, living in or frequenting water.
Philypostrophous [fil-ip-os'-tro-fus) [fpiAe'iv, to love ;
i'7r6aTi>o0og, turning back]. Recurring, as of a dis-
ease.
Phimosientomy (fi-mo-se-en'-to-me) '[(jyitwvv, to con-
strict ; evTOjui/, incision]. Incision of a constricted
prepuce.
Phimosis (fi-mo'-sis) l_(l)iftovv, to constrict]. Elonga-
tion of the prepuce and constriction of the orifice, so
that the foreskin cannot be retracted to uncover the
glans penis. P. oris, narrowing of the opening of
the mouth. P. palpebrarum. Synonym of Blepharo-
phimosis. P. vaginalis, atresia of the vagina.
Phlasma [flaz' -mah) \_ipAaa/m, bruise]. Synonym of
Contusion .
Phleb- (fieb-) [0/f'i/), vein]. A prefix meaning vein.
Phlebangioma (fieb-an-Je-o'-mah) [<4/fi/'. vein ; ayyelov,
vessel; 6/za, tumor]. A venous aneurysm.
Phlebarteriectasia [fleh-ar-te-re-ek-ta' -ze-ah) \jfkE-i\i,
vein; apTTjp'ia, artery; E/craffif, dilatation]. Varicose
aneurysm.
Phlebarteriodialysis ( fleb-ar-te-re-o-di-al'-is-is) [tpTihf},
vein; iiprripia, artery; fiLa'Avaic, separation]. Arterio-
venous aneurysm.
Phlebectasia, Phlebectasis [fleb-ek-ta' -ze-ah , fleb-
ek'-tas-is) [(/iXfi/;, vein; eKTaaig, dilatation]. Dilatation
of a vein or veins. See Varix. P. haemorrhoid-
alis. .Synonym of Hemorrhoid.
Phlebectomy (fieh-ek'-to-me) [(pMili, vein ; cKTOfiij,
excision]. Excision of a vein or portion of a vein.
Phlebectopia [fieb-ek-to'-pe-ah) {jpAtip, vein ; ei<, out ;
To-oc, place]. The displacement or abnormal position
of a vein.
Phlebemphraxis (fleb-ei?!-fraks'-is) [(b'/hp, vein ; ifiip-
pa^ig, obstruction]. Plugging of a vein.
Phlebepatitis [fieb-ep-nt-i'-tis) [0Afi/), vein ; rjirap,
liver; (T/f, inflammation]. Inflammation of the portal
or hepatic veins.
PHLEBEURISMA
1068
PHLEGMASIA
Phlebeurisma [flib-n-rh' -maJt). Synonym of Varix.
Phlebic [Jicb'-ik) [i?)/.fV'> vein]. Venous.
Phlebin [feb'-iii) \_^'Kh\i, vein]. Hoppe-Seyler's term
for the venous blood-pigment as contained in the red
corpuscles. See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Phlebion [fleb' -e-on) [0/lti/), vein]. A small vein, or
venule.
Phlebismus { fleb-iz'-inus) [_<p'Ahp, vein]. Undue prom-
inence or swelling of a vein.
Phlebitic {Jieb-it' -ik') \js>'KH', vein ; jr/f, inflammation].
Pertaining to, of the nature of, or affected with phlebitis.
Phlebitis {fleb-i' -tis) [^At i/', vein ; <r(f, inflammation] .
Inflammation of a vein. P., Crural, inflammation of
the veins of the lower limb. See Phlegmasia alba
dolens. P., Gouty, that dependent on gout. P.,
Hyperplastic. Synonym oi P. , Proliferative. P.,
Obstructive, jihlebitis leading to occlusion of the
vein. P., Portal. Synonym of Pylephlebitis. P.,
Proliferative, inflammation of a vein character-
ized by hyperplasia of the connective tissue of the
vessel. It may be due to thrombosis — thrombo-
phlebitis, or to inflammation of the surrounding tissue
— periphlebitis. P., Puerperal, inflammation of
the uterine veins following parturition. It gen-
erally follows thrombosis and is nearly always sep-
tic in origin. P., Sclerotic, diffuse or localized
thickening of the intima of a vein, analogous to ar-
teriosclerosis. P., Simple, phlebitis not due to micro-
organisms. P., Sinus, inflammation of a cerebral
venous sinus. P., Suppurative, phlebitis going on
to suppuration ; this is a dangerous form on account
of the distribution of septic emboli to distant organs
that may take place. P., Syphilitic, phlebitis due
to syphilis, generally seen in the portal radicles and
umbilical veins of syphilitic new-born children. P.,
Tuberculous, a round-celled infiltration in the walls of
• a vein, due to the presence of the tubercle-bacillus.
It may proceed to induration of the wall or to casea-
tion ; it may also burst through the intima into the
blood-stream. P., Uterine. 'Hee P., Puerperal. P.,
Varicose, inflammation of a varicose vein.
Phlebocarcinoma {Jleb-o-kar-sin-o'-mali) [^AfV, vein ;
KaiiKivufin, carcinoma]. Extension of carcinoma to
the walls of a vein.
Phlebocholosis (fcb-o-ko-lo' -sis) [ipAf'i/), a vein; /i-uAumc,
lameness]. Paralysis of the veins.
Phlebodes [fleb-o' -dez) \(fkt"\\), vein; e/rSof, like]. Re-
sembling a vein: made up of veins.
Phlebodiastasis ( fleb-o-di-as' -tas-is) l_(p7Jxp, vein ; diacr-
Taaig, separation]. Separation of the ends of a cut
vein; also, separation of two normally contiguous
veins.
Phlebogenous ( flcb-oj' -en-us) \<fX.k'\\), a vein; ye-vijq,
producing]. Producing veins; a term applied to
certain angiomatous tumors.
Phlebogram ( flcb' -o-gram) [o/fi/'> vein; ypaii/ja, a
marking]. A tracing of the pulsation of a vein by
the sphygmograph.
Phlebographic (Jieb-o-graf'-ik) [©/'fi/', vein ; yphoeiv,
to unite]. Pertaining to phlebography.
Phlebography (Jieb-og'-ra-fc) [<i^fi/'' vein ; ypaipeir,
to write]. The anatomy and physiology of the veins.
Phleboid (_;?C(^'-ti?V/ ) [ipy^sf, vein; fMof, like]. Per-
taining to a vein. See also Phlebodes.
Phleboidal ( /fi7'-f /'-(/a/ ) [(/)/lfi/(, vein ; fH5of,form]. In
biology, resembling veins.
Phlebolite, Phlebolith { fleb'-o-lit, flcb'-o-lith) [(pMxl',
vein ; ?!6n(;, stone]. Vein-stone, a hard concretion
sometimes found in veins, and produced by calcareous
infiltration of a thrombus.
Phlebolithiasis ( fteb-o-lith-i'-as-is') l<p2Jtji, vein ; ?<lHor,
stone]. The formation of phleboliths.
Phlebolitic { fleh-o-lit' -ik) a vein ; A/7?of , a stone].
Of the nature of, containing, or characterized by,
phlebolites.
Phlebologic {fleb - o - loj' - ik) [0/.f li, a vein ; /i.oj'of,
science]. Pertaining to phlebology.
Phlebology (yfe^-o/'-o-yV) [(^Pifi/', vein ; ao) of, science].
The science of the anaiorny and physiology of the
veins.
Phlebometritis {Jieb-o-met-ri'-tis). Synonym of Phleb-
itis, Uterine.
Phlebopaly {fleb - op' - al - e) [_(pA£i', vein; Trd/l/tHv, to
beat]. Venous pulsation.
Phlebophlogosis {fleb - o -flo - go' - sis). Synonym of
Phlebitis.
Phlebophthalmotomy {fleb-off-tkal-mot' -o-me) \_^\ii>,
vein; oip6'a///(ic, eye ; ro//?;, a cutting]. Scarification
of the conjunctival vein.
Phleboplerosis {fleb-o-ple-ro' -sis) [0Afi/;, a vein ; ttA^-
l>(,iuii;, a filling]. Distention of the veins.
Phleborrhage ( //f/^'-or-ay'). See Phleborrhagia.
Phleborrhagia ( fleb-or-a' -je-ah) \_(p'hi^<, vein ; /»/yvvvai,
to burst forth]. Venous hemorrhage.
Phleborrhexis (fleb-or-eks'-is) [^/t'li', vein ; pt'/ii^, rup-
ture]. Rupture of a vein.
Phlebosclerosis { fleb - o - skle - ro'- sis). Synonym of
Phlebitis , Sclerotic.
Phlebostenosis {Jieb-o-sten-o' -sis) \j>lt->l>, vein ; (7r^^'df,
narrow]. Constriction of a vein.
Phlebostrepsis {fleb-o-strep' -sis) \_(fA(\\>, vein ; orpific,
a twisting]. Torsion, or twisting, of a vein.
Phlebothrombosis {fleb-o-throm-ho'-sis) \(p'/\kT\), vein;
ftpoiij-iix;, lump]. The formation of a thrombus in a vein.
Phlebotomania {fleb-ot-o-ma' -ne-ah)\(f/.e-^', vein ; ro//;/,
a cutting ; //ai'/n, madness]. A rage for blood-letting;
excessive fondness for phlebotomy.
Phlebotome {fleb' -o-tom) [(/i/if i/i, vein ; rojii], a cutting].
A cutting-instrument used in bleeding ; a fleam.
Phlebotomic {_/?t7'-^)-/£iw'-?'/;') \_^'kki), a vein ; rofii], a cut-
ting]. Pertaining to phlebotomy.
Phlebotomist {fleb-of -o-inist) [^Afi/i, vein ; ~ojir], a
cutting]. One who lets blood ; a bleeder.
Phlebotomy {fleb-of -o-me) [^/fi/', vein ; rofiij, a cut-
ting]. Blood-letting from a vein. It was formerly
performed with a spring-lancet ; at present a straight
bistoury or a scalpel is used. The vein most often
selected is the median cephalic at the bend of the
elbow.
Phlebs {flebs) [ffl/f'i/'. a vein : //. , Phlebes\ Vein.
Phlebypectasia {fleb-ip-ek-ta' -ze-ah) [(^)/^■^/^ vein ; )':rd,
slight; kKTaatc, dilatation]. Slight distention of a
vein.
Phlebyperectasia {fleb-i-per-ek-ta' -ze-ah) [(p/iip, vein ;
iTfy), excessive ; kKraat<;, dilation]. Great distention
of the veins.
Phlebypostenosis {fleb-ip-os-ten-o' - sis) l_<ptei>, vein;
?'>-o, slight; arevoc, narrow]. Slight constriction of a
vein.
Phledonia (/?(■- (t'o''- «<?- (7/;) [0/f(5ox'f /a, babble]. De-
lirium, or delirious utterance.
Phlegm {flem) [f/ey/ia, phlegm]. A viscid, stringy
mucus, secreted by the mucosa of the upper air-pas-
sages and which is expectorated or vomited ; also, one,
of the four humors of old writers.
Phlegmagogic {fleg-mag-o/'-ik) [0/f)7/a, phlegm ;
o;;.)} or, leading]. Having the qualities of a phlegma-
gogue ; tending to expel phlegm.
Phlegmagogue {Jleg' - mag - og) [(pAeypa, phlegm;
('/} u) Of , leading]. I. Expelling phlegm. 2. A med-
icine that expels phlegm.
Phlegmasia {fleg-ma'-ze-ali) {tf/rynv, to burn]. In-
flammation. P. alba dolens., popularly called
milk-leg. A painful swelling of the leg, beginning
PHLEGMASIC
1069
PHLYCTENOSIS
either at the ankle and ascending, or at the groin and
extending down the thigh. Its usual cause is septic
infection of the genital region after labor. Two foniis
are described : The most common and most dangerous
is a thrombosis of the veins of the thigh ; the other
involves the connective tissues and lymphatic vessels.
The dangers of the first form are embolism, general
infection, or the extension of the thrombus into the
inferior cava. P. malabarica. Synonym of Ele-
phantiasis anxbuiii.
Phlegmasic [Jieg-via'-zik) \ji)'A.tyEiv, to burn]. Char-
acterized by or pertaining to phlegmasia. P. Affec-
tion, Gouley's term for a morbid process, one of the
local nutritional changes, which, when visible and
tangible, is ordinarily characterized by heat, redness,
swelling, and pain, and which is now believed to
be generally caused by microbic invasion.
Phlegmatic {fleg-maf -ik) \_(pAey/jaTm6(;, like phlegm].
Unfeeling, indifferent, apathetic. Abounding in
phlegm. P. Temperament, the lymphatic tempera-
ment.
Phlegmatoid {Jieg' -mat-oid). Synonym of Phlegmatoiis.
Phlegmatorrhagia [Jleg-ma(-or-a'-je-ah) [ipAeyfia, in-
flammation ; 'py]yvvi'ai, to burst forth]. Coryza.
Phlegmatorrhea [Jieg-7?tat-or-e'-ah). Synonym of
Phlegmatorrhagia.
Phlegmatous [Jleg'-mat-ics) [_(p'/.() /in, inflammation].
Pertaining to or having the nature of phlegm.
Phlegmon i^fleg' -inon) \_(p'Aeyfiov7i, inflammation]. An
inflammation characterized by the spreading of a pur-
ulent or fibrino-purulent exudate within the tissues.
Phlegmonoid { /ieg'-inon-oid) \^(j>A£yfiovoei6i/(:, like
phlegmon] . Resembling phlegmon.
Phlegmonovas ( fleg' -i>ion-tis) [jpAeyfiovrj, inflammation].
Of the nature of or pertaining to phlegmon.
Phlegmorrhagia i^Jleg- mor- a' -je-ah). Synonym of
Phlegmorrhea.
Phlegmorrhea [/?eg-i?wr-c' -ah) [(pAiyjia, phlegm; poia,
a flow]. A profuse discharge of mucus.
Phlegmymen [ Jieg-mi'-iiten) [^Af}y;a, phlegm ; hfiliv,
membrane]. Mucous membrane.
Phlegmymenitis [Jleg-iiii-i?ieii-i'-tis) [^Afj//a, phlegm ;
vfit]v, membrane ; iTig, inflammation]. Inflammation
of a mucous membrane.
Phlobaphene {Jio^-baf-en), C5uH^„025. A dark-red
amorphous substance derived from hops, from the bark
of various trees, and from sugar by the action of vari-
ous chemicals. See Oak-bark, and Pigments, Con-
spectus of.
Phloem [Jio'-em) \j>'Aoi6(;, bark]. In biology, that por-
tion of a fibro-vascular bundle which consists of bast-
tissue and sieve-tissue ; leptome. Cf. Xyleiu. P. -ray,
a plate of phloem-tissue between two medullary rays.
P.-sheath, in biology, a layer of thin-walled cells
surrounding the phloem-ti.ssue ; bast-sheath ; peri-
phloem ; vascular -bundle sheath. P. -tissue, phloem.
Phlogia [Jio' -je-ah) \_(p'AMyia, a burning]. Inflammation.
Phlogistic [flo-jis' -tili) [^Aoyzarof, burnt]. Pertaining
to phlogiston ; inflammatory.
Phlogiston {Jio-jis' -ton) [(p/.oyiaToc, burnt]. A term
formerly used by chemists to denote the inflammable
element which was contained in combustible sub-
stances, and which was separated from them during
combustion. The term disappeared with the discovery
of oxygen.
Phlogmocausus {jlog-mo-kaw' -sus) [(ji/loy//(5f , flame ;
XO-V(jo<;, burning heat]. Inflammatory fever.
Phlogochroma iyflog-o-kro' -mali) [(jsAoydf, burning;
Xpi^fia, color]. The color due to inflammation.
Phlogochymia { flog-o-ki'-me-ali) \J>'Aoy6<;, burning;
KVfieia, chemistry]. The metabolic changes induced
by inflammation.
Phlogogenic {fiog-o-jen' -ik) [(^/'-o}df, burning ; yavvav,
to produce]. Causing inflammation.
Phlogogenous {Jlo-gof -en-us) {jf/^nyot;, burning ; yevr/r^,
producing]. Producing inflammation.
Phlogoma [Jlo-go' -mah) [(/lAoyof, burning; 6(/a, tumor].
An inflammatory swelling.
Phlogopyra [Jio-gop'-ir-ah). Synonym of Phlogo-
cattsus.
Phlogosin i^Jlo-go' -zin) [(/)/lof {^Aoy-), flame; (pyioywaii; ,
inflammation]. In biology, the name given by Leber
to the crystalline body isolated from cultures of pyo-
genic staphylococci. It induces suppuration when
injected hypodermatically.
"PhXogos'is {flo-go' -sis) [(^i^oycjffjf, a burning]. Inflam-
mation ; also erysipelatous inflammation.
Phlogotic {/lo-got'-ik) [(^Ao)df, burning]. Pertaining
to or marked by phologosis, or inflammation.
Phlogozelotism [Jlo-go-zel' -ot-izm) [^/loydf, burning ;
C.ri'Aohv, to be eager]. A mania for ascribing to every
disease an inflammatory origin.
Phloraglucin {flo-rag-ln'-sin). See Phloroghicin.
Phloretin [Jlor-e' -tin) \i)Aoi6r^, bark; p'Ca, root]. A
product of the treatment of phloridzin by dilute acids.
Like that of phloridzin, its administration in suitable
doses is followed by glycosuria or true diabetes.
Phloretinic Acid {Jior-et-in'-ik). See Acid.
Phloridzin, Phlorizin [Jlor-id'-zin, Jlor' -iz-in) [0?iO(df,
bark; /«'Ca, root], C.jH.^^OiQ.aHjO. A bitter crys-
talline glucosid occurring in the root and trunk of
the apple, pear, and similar fruit-trees. It has re-
puted value in intermittent fevers and in glycosuria.
Its exhibition is, however, very liable to cause glyco-
suria or true diabetes. In dogs large doses also pro-
duce marked fatty infiltration of the liver. Dose gr.
I0-20. Unof.
Phloroglucin {flo-ro-gln' -sin) [^Ao^oc, bark ; yAvKix,
sweet] , C|;H(.03, or CgH.j(OH).j. A trivalent phenol
found in many plants, especially in the bark of the
cherry, pear, apple, and plum, and the leaves of the
apple. It may also be obtained from diflerent resins
(catechu, kino) on fusion with caustic potash, or by
fusing resorcinol with caustic soda. It crystallizes
from water in hard, orthorhombic, yellowish crystals,
sweeter than ordinary sugar, melting at 22° C. and
subliming unaltered. It is employed as a test for
lignin, giving a violet or purple coloration to lignified
cell-walls previously acted on by hydrochloric acid.
It is also employed as a decalcifying agent. See
Stains, Table of, and Tests, Table of.
Phloroglucinol, Phloroglucol {flo-ro-gln' -sin-ol, _flo-
ro-glu' -kol). Synonym of Phloroglucin.
Phlorol [fio'-rol) [i/iAo/df, bark ; oleum, oW], C^Hj^O.
A phenol found in creasote.
Phlorose (fio'-rdz) [(p/io;df , bark]. A glucose which
is probably identical with dextrose.
Phlorrhizin {fior' -iz-in). Synonym of Phloridzin.
Phloxin {floks'-in) [(/lAdf , a ilame]. A coal-tar color;
the potassium salt of tetra-brom-di-chlor-fluorescein. It
is similar to eosin. See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Phlyctena {flik-te'-nah)\<fA'viiTaiva, blister]. An eleva-
tion of the skin formed by an effusion of serum under
the epidermis; blister; vesicle. P. pallida. See
Ophthalmia, Spring.
Phlyctenar [flik'-ten-ar) [(/>/.i)Kra/w, blister]. Affected
with phlyctena ; pertaining to phlyctena-.
Phlyctenoid {flik' -ten-oia) [(b'AvKTaiva, blister; elUnc,
like]. Resembling phlyctena. (Applied to a variety
of herpes.)
Phlyctenophthalmia [Jlik-ten-off-thal'-me-ah). Syn-
onym of Conjunctivitis, Phlyctenular.
Phlyctenosis (fik-ten-o'-sis) [(pAhnTatva, blister]. An
eruption characterized by vesicles. P. aggregata, an
PHLYCTENOUS
1070
PHONOPSIA
herpetic eruption in which the vesicles are situated
closely together. P. labialis. Synonym of Herpes
labialis. P. sparsa, a form in which the vesicles are
few and at considerable distances from each other.
Phlyctenous ( flik-te' -iius] ^(ji/uiKTaim, a blister]. Per-
taining to, affected with, or of the nature of, a
phlyctena.
Phlyctenula [flik-te^i' -u-lah) [dim. of ipXvK-aiiia, blis-
ter]. A little vesicle or blister.
Phlyctenular [fHk-ten^ -ii-lar) \<fA.vKJaLva, blister].
Having the nature of phlyctenula. P. Conjunctivitis,
P. Ophthalmia. See Conjunctivitis , Plilyctenula)-.
Phlyctenule ( fiik-ten' -Hi ). Hynonym of P/ifycten/t/a.
Phlyctis ( ////''-/w). Synonym of PhlycteJiida.
Phlysis ( ///''-^n) [(;^/\yCT/f, eruption], I. A phlyctenula
2. A whitlow.
Phlyzacion, Phlyzacium (Jli-za' -se-on, Jii-za' -se-titii)
[(/)/l('^e/i', to inflame]. A pustular vesicle on an indu-
rated base. P. acutum. Synonym of Ecthyma
aciititni.
Phobanthropy [fo-ban'-thro-pe). See Anthropophobia.
Phobodipsia [fo-bo-dip'-se-ah) [^6/3of, fear; (5(i/'a,
thirst]. Hydrophobia.
Phobodypson [fo-bo-dip'-son). Synonym of Hydro-
phobia.
Phobophobia [fo-bo-fo'-be-ah) [0o/3of, fear; <t>6j3o(,
fear]. Dread of being afraid.
Phocenin ( /()'-j<i'«-?'«) . Synonym of Trivalerin.
Phocomelia {fo-ko-me'-le-ah). See Phocomeliis.
Phocomelus [fo-ko}n'-el-2ts) [(puKr/, a seal; pie'koQ,
limb] . A monster with shortened or rudimentary arms
and thighs, the hands and feet being attached almost
directly to the trunk.
Phoeniceous (fe' -7iis-e-!is) [_<fioiv/^, purple-red]. Same
as Plicnicions.
Phoenicin ( fen'-is-in) \jj><nvi^, purple-red]. A name
sometimes given to the coloring-matter of the blood.
Phoenicism [fe'-tiis-iz7?i) [^ori'^f , red]. A synonym of
Measks.
Phoenigmus [fe-tiig'-tnus) [i^oIvl^, purple-red]. See
Plienigmits.
Phoenodin {^fe' -no-din') [^o/yucSz/f , blood-red]. Syno-
nym of Heiuatin.
Pholis [fo'-lis) [0oA/f, a scale]. A horny scale.
Phonal [^ow/, voice]. Pertaining to the voice
or to sound.
Phonascetics lyfo-nas-et' -iks) \j\>LdvaaK£n\ to exercise
the voice]. Systematic exercise for the restoration
or improvement of the voice.
Phonate i^fo'-nat) \_dfuvii, voice]. To utter vocal
sounds.
Phonation ( fo-na'-shuu) \_^uvi], voice, or sound]. The
production of vocal sound. The larynx is the organ
of phonation.
Phonatory [ fo-na'-tor-e) \ipwij, voice]. Pertaining to
phonation.
Phonautogram {fo-na-iv' -to-grani) Sj>uvii, voice ; airof,
self; ypaf-tfia, inscription]. The diagram of a pho-
n autograph.
Phonautograph ( fo-na-v' -to-graf) voice ; avroq,
self; ypaipctv, to write.]. An apparatus consisting
essentially of a membranous diaphragm, a lever, and a
revolving drum, by means of which the vibrations of
the air produced by the voice are recorded.
Phonautographic [fo-nain-to-graf'-ik) voice;
aiVdr, self; )|jd(^e(i', to write]. Pertaining to a phon-
autograph.
Phone i/on) \_(p(.>vrj, sound, voice]. A vocal sound.
Phoneidoscope {fo-ni' -do-skop) \_(p(jv>/, sound; elihc;,
form; OKnrrelv, to see]. An instrument for showing
" the lights and shadows of musical sounds."
Phoneidoscopic {^fo-ni-do-skop' -ik) [^iwr?/, sound;
f/rSof, form ; atiOTrfiv, to see]. Pertaining to the pho-
neidoscope.
Phonetic [fo-ne/'-ik) \jpuvii, voice]. Pertaining to
sound.
Phonetics [fo-net' -iks) [^wr?/, voice]. The science of
the voice.
Phonic [fon'-ik) [(puvij, voice]. Pertaining to the voice
or to articulate sounds of the voice. P. Spasm, a
rare form of laryngeal spasm occurring on attempts to
speak, generally in those of a neurotic habit, or from
over-exertion of the voice.
Phonics {fon'-iks). Synonym of Phonetics.
Phonism {fo'-nizni) \_(buv>/, voice]. A sensation, of
sound or hearing, due to the effect of sight, touch,
taste, or smell, or even to the thought of some object,
person, or general conception.
Phonocamptic (fo-no-ka/np'-tih) [^uw/, voice ; kh/ztt-
Tui-, a bending]. Reflecting or deflecting sound.
Phonocamptics {fo-no-kainp' -iiks) [_tj>uvri, sound;
KaffnT6<;, bending]. That branch of physics treating
of the reflection of sound.
Phonochorda {fo-7io-kor' -dah) \jpu)vl], sound ; x°P^Vt
cord : //. , Phonochordce'\ . A vocal band.
Phonogram {fo'-no-gram) \ibuvii, voice; ypafii.La, a
writing]. I. The record of a phonograph. 2. A
graphic character representing a vocal sound.
Phonograph {^fo'-no-graf) [0(jr?/, sound ; ypa^tiv, to
record]. An instrument consisting of a wax-coated
cylinder revolving under a stylus attached to a dia-
phragm. The vibrations of the diaphragm, set in mo-
tion by the voice, cause the cylinder to be indented by
the stylus. When the cylinder is again revolved the
movement of the stylus upon the cylinder throws the
diaphragm into vibration and reproduces the original
sounds of the voice.
Phonographic {fo-}io-gra/'-ik) [apuvi/, sound ; ypa<j)£tv,
to write] Pertaining to the phonograph.
Phonography {^fo-nog' -ra-fe) [(j>uvr/, sound ; ypd(j)£iv,
to write]. A scheme of short-hand writing in which
the words are spelled according to their sounds.
Phonologic {^fo-no-loj'-ik) [tpoiv^, voice; Aoyog, sci-
ence]. Pertaining to phonology.
Phonologist ( fo-tiol' -o-jist) \<pu)vi], voice ; /dyof, sci-
ence]. One versed in phonology.
Phonology [fo-noF-o-je) [ifujvi], voice ; ?id)'Of, science].
The science of vocal sounds.
Phonomania { fo-no-7?ia'-ne-ah) [^ui'^', slaughter ; iiavia,
madness]. Homicidal mania.
Phonometer ( fo-7io7/i'-et-e7-) voice ; fihpov,
measure]. An instrument for measuring the intensity
of the voice, or current of air expired during phona-
tion.
Phonometry { fo- 710771' -et -re) l<puvr/, voice; jxtrpov,
measure]. The measurement of the quality of the
voice in thoracic disease.
Phononosus [fo-no7z'-o-S!ts). Synonym o( Phonopatfiy.
Phonopathy (/o-nop'-ath-e) \_<puv?}, voice; TrdOof, dis-
ease]. Any disorder or disease of the voice.
Phonophobia i^fo-no-fo' -be-ah) [06ji'^, sound; ^d/Jof,
fear]. A fear of speaking, in paresthesia of the lar-
ynx, because of the painful sensation produced during
phonation.
Phonophore ( fo'-no-fdi-) [(puvij, sound ; fopig, bearing:
//. , Pho7iophori'\. An auditory ossicle, viewed as a
transmitter of sound. See P., Paladi/io' s. P., Pal-
adino's, an instrument to facilitate hearing, consist-
ing in a rod which connects the larynx of the speaker
with the teeth of the listener.
Phonophorous {fo-77of'-or-ns) \jj)urij, voice; ^id/JOC,
bearing]. Conveying sound.
Phonopore [fo'-7io-p07-). Same as PhonophoJ'e.
Phonopsia [fo-nop'-se-oh) [ipuvij, sound ; 6ii'(f, vision].
PHONOSPASM
1071
PHOSPHORESCENCE
The perception of photisms or subjective color-sensa-
tions, due to the actual sensation of hearing.
Phonospasm [fo' -no-spaziii). Synonym of Phonic
Spasm.
Phoradendron [fo-rad-en' -dron) thief; Akvfipov,
tree]. A genus of apetalous plants including the
mistletoe. P. fiavescens, American Mistletoe, para-
sitic on the elm and hickory. It is poisonous, pro-
ducing gastro-enteritis ; it is also said to possess
oxytocic and hemostatic properties.
Phoranthium [ fo-y-an'-the-um) ((popoc, bearing; apOog,
flower: //. , Plioranthia\ Same as Clinanthiwn.
Phormia [for'-ine-ak). Same as Pseiuiomorphin.
Phorometer [ fo - ram' - et - er) [cjopd, motion ; ixtTpov,
measure]. An instrument for measuring the intensity
of light ; also one for measuring the relative strengths
of the ocular muscles.
Phorone {fo'-ron), C,,H,^0. A substance prepared by
saturating acetone with HCl and permitting it to stand.
It crystallizes in large, yellow prisms, melting at 28°
C. and boiling at 196° C.
Phoronomia, Phoronomics {for-o-no' -me-ah, for-o-
nom'-iks). Same as Plioronomy.
Phoronomy [fo-ron'-o-ine) \_fopd, motion; vufiog, law].
Kinematics. Also, the sequence of movements of
the presenting part in the passage of the fetus through
the parturient canal.
Phosgen, Phosgene [fos'-Jett, fos' -jen) [^wf, light;
yevvav, to produce]. Producing light. P. Gas, CO-
Clj, carbonyl chlorid; a compound formed by the ac-
tion of light on a mi.xture of carbonic oxid and chlorin ;
it is a colorless gas with a suffocative odor ; on cooling
it condenses to a liquid that boils at -|- 8° C.
Phosphammonium (fos- fam - o'- ne - 21m) [(j>ua<j>6pog,
phosphorus; a/niiioniii:/!^. A compound of the radicles
phosphonium and ammonium.
Phosphane Biscuits. A chemic food prepared in
England from oat-meal.
Phosphanilin i^fos-fan' -il-in) [_(j)(,ja(j)6poc, phosphorus ;
anitin'], C^Hj.PH,^. Phenylphosphin ; a substance
obtained by the action of hydriodic acid upon phos-
phenyl chlorid. It is a liquid, boiling at 160° C. in a
current of hydrogen, and possessing an extremely dis-
agreeable odor. It sinks in water.
Phosphate infos' -fat) \f^ua^6pciq, phosphorus]. A salt of
phosphoric acid. As phosphoric acid has three re-
placeable hydrogen atoms, we have three kinds of salts :
(l) P., Normal, in which the three hydrogen atoms,
or the six of two molecules, are substituted by metals,
e.g., Na.,P04, Ca.5(POj.^. (2) P., Dibasic, or P.,
Monohydric, in which two hydrogen atoms are re-
placed by a base, as Na.jHPO^. (3) P., Monobasic,
or P., Dihydric, in which only one hydrogen atom of
the acid molecule is replaced by a metal or radicle, e.
g., NaH2P04. P., Acid, a dihydric or monohydric
phosphate. P., Acid Sodium, the salt to which the
acidity of urine is chiefly due. P., Alkaline, a nor-
mal or acid phosphate of the alkaline metals. P.,
Ammonio-magnesium, a double salt of ammonium
and magnesium combined with phosphoric acid. P.,
Bone, Ca.5(P04).2, the normal calcium ortho-phosphate
found in bone. P., Disodic, the phosphate of the
blood. P., Earthy, a phosphate, normal or acid, of
one of the alkaline earths, calcium or magnesium.
Earthy phosphates, as well as the alkaline, occur in
the urine, the ratio being about one part of the
former to two of the latter. For test, see Tests,
Table of. P., Triple, ammonio-magnesium phosphate,
occurring in the urine, often in the form of crystals,
generally in the shape of a coffin, hip-roof, or en-
velop. See Uri7iarv Sedime7its, Table of .
Phosphatic [fos-fat'-ik) [(t)ua(p6po^, phosphorus]. Re-
lating to or having the nature of phosphates. P. Cal-
culus. See Urinary Calculi, Table of. P. Dia-
betes. See Diabetes niellittts. P. Diathesis, that
condition of the body favoring the deposition of phos-
phates in the urine.
Phosphatid infos' -fat-id) \fn..ici(p(tpor, phosphorus]. Any
member of a large group of phosphorus- compounds,
found in brain-substance, and resembling the phos-
phates. They contain phosphoric acid in which one,
two, or three molecules of hydroxyl are replaced by
various radicles. The phosphatids differ widely from
each other in physical properties.
Phosphaturia (fos-fat-it' -re-ak) \_i»u(j(b6i)or, phosphorus ;
oi'pov, urine]. A condition in which an excess of
phosphates is passed in the urine. It can be diagnos-
ticated by a quantitative analysis of the urine for
phosphates by the uranium method.
Phosphene [fos^-fen] [^u^', light ; (paiveiv, to show].
A subjective luminous circle or sensation of light
caused by pressure upon the eyeball. See also Par-
atolyl. P. of Accommodation, a phosphene pro-
duced by the effort of accommodation. P., Pressure.
See Phosphene.
Phosphenylic Acid {fos-feti-il'-ik) \(^uait>6poq, phos-
phorus; ipoh'i^, purple-red], CgHjHjPOj. A com-
pound of phenyl and phosphorous acid.
Phosphid infos' -fid) \j^uc(^6poq, phosphorus]. I. Any
compound of phosphorus with a single element or
radicle. 2. A substitution compound of phosphin.
Phosphin [^wcr^opof, phosphorus]. I. Hydro-
gen phosphid, PH3. 2. A substitution-compound of
PH3, bearing to it the same relation that an amin does
to ammonia. The phosphins are colorless, strongly-
refracting, volatile liquids, possessing an extremely
powerful odor. They are nearly insoluble in water.
On exposure to air they are energetically oxidized,
and usually inflame spontaneously. They readily
combine with sulphur and carbon disulphid. They
form salts with acids. 3. A yellow substance occur-
ring as a by-product in the preparation of fuchsin.
Phosphite [fas' -fit) \f>uai^6po(;, phosphorus]. Any salt
of phosphorous acid. On account of the three re-
placeable hydrogen atoms, we have normal, dibasic or
monohydric, and monobasic or dihydric phosphites, of
which the first are least known.
Phospho-glyceric Acid {fos-fo-glis-e' -rik) [<t)0)ff(t}6poc,
phosphorus; y/^u/crif, sweet], CjHgPOg. A liquid body
obtained from lecithin.
Phosphonium {fos-fo' -ne-iim) [<p(Jcr(4(S/3of, phosphorus].
The hypothetic, univalent radicle, PH^; it is analo-
gous to ammonium, NH^.
Phosphorated ( fos' -for-a-ted) [jpua<b6po(;, phosphorus].
Synonym of Phosphorized. P. Oil, a one per cent,
solution of phosphorus in expressed oil of almonds,
with the addition of a small quantity of ether.
Phosphorenesis i^fos-for-en' -es-is ) \f>ua<b6po(;, phos-
phorus : pi. , Phosphoreneses^. Baumer's name desig-
nating any disease due to excess or deficiency of calcium
phosphate in the system.
Phosphorescence ^fos-for-es' -ens ) [©(jcrifidpof, phos-
phorus] . The spontaneous luminosity of certain sub-
stances, like that of phosphorus, in the dark. It is
observed in decomposing organic matter, such as dead
fish, wood, etc. ; in the bodies of certain plants and
animals, such as the marigold, fire-fly ; in the excreta
of some animals ; in the growth of several species of
bacteria; in natural or artificial media. The process
is accompanied by oxidation. Several bacteria are
known to produce pho.sphorescence. Thus, the Bacillus
phosphorescens (I'ischer) is found in the sea- water of
the West Indies. Another phosphorescent organism
was found by Fischer in the harbor of Kiel. The
PHOSPHORETED
1072
PHOSPHOTAGE
most common is the Bacteriutit phosphori'scens{Jt\%f:^\ix) ,
which occurs on the decomposing flesh of fishes, on
beef, or fat. The Pholobacterium sanophilum also
has the property of producing phosphorescence. See
Phologenic.
Phosphoreted [fas' -for-et-ed) [^(jcr^(5pof, phosphorus].
Combined with phosphorus.
Phosphorhidrosis {fos-for-Ziid-ro'-sis) [0(jf , light ;
(popeiv, to bear; I6p6^, sweat]. Phosphorescent sweat.
A rare condition sometimes seen in the later stages of
pulmonary tuberculosis and in malaria.
Phosphoric {fos-.for'-ik') [our, light; <pop6c, bearing].
Pertaining to phosphorus. P. Acid. See Acids and
Stai/is, Table of.
Phosphoridrosis [fo?--for-id-ro'-sis). See Phosphor-
hidroiis.
Phosphorism {fos' - for- iziii) [^Jutr^dpof, phosphorus].
Chronic phosphorus-poisoning.
Phosphorized infos' -for-izd ) \_(!)u)(7(p6pog , phosphorus].
Containing phosphorus.
Phosphorogenic [fos-for-o-fen^-ik) [(puafopug, phos-
phorus ; } u'i'(ir, to generate]. Producing phosphores-
cence, as certain rays of the spectrum.
Phosphorous Acid [fos-for'-ns). See Acid.
Phosphoruria l^fos-for-zi' -re-a/!)\jti(ja^6po^, phosphorus ;
oi-fKir, urine]. Phosphorescence of the urine. Also,
urine containing an e.-ccess of phosphates.
Phosphorus { fos' -for- us) [owr, light ; (popeiv, to bear].
A non-metallic element, having a quantivalence of
3 or 5, and an atomic weight of 31. Symbol P. See
Elements, Table of. Phosphorus does not occur in the
free state, but is widely distributed in rocks, in fertile
soils, in animal and vegetable tissues, in urine and in
guano. The human body contains a large quantity of
calcium phosphate, in the form of complex organic
compounds. Phosphorus is an important constituent
of nervous tissue. In commerce it is prepared from
bone-ash, or from sombrerite, an impure calcium phos-
phate found in West Indian guano. Phosphorus may
be obtained in several allotropic forms. Ordinary
phosphorus is a yellowish-white, waxy solid, of a spe-
cific gravity of 1. 837. It melts at 44.2° C, and boils
at 290° C. It is insoluble in water, soluble to a slight
extent in olive-oil and in ether, freely in carbon disul-
phid. Red or amorphous phosphorus is foiTned when
ordinary phosphorus is heated to 240° C. in an atmos-
phere free from oxygen ; also by the addition of a trace
of iodin at 200° C. It is a dark-red powder,having a spe-
cific gravity of 2. II, insoluble in carbon disulphid, non-
inflanmiable, non-luminous, non-poisonous. Metallic
rhomhohedral phosphorus is an allotropic form produced
by heating phosphorus in a sealed tube with melted lead.
Its specific gravity is 2.34. Other modifications have
been described. Phosphorus combines with other ele-
ments to form phosphids, with hydrogen and oxygen to
form a series of acids, known chiefly through their salts.
Medicinally, phosphorus is used as an alterative in osteo-
malacia and in rickets. It is also employed in sexual im-
potence, in threatened cerebral degeneration, and in
neuralgia. Dose Y^,y to grain. Ordinai-y phosphorus
is exceedingly poisonous ; it causes a wide-spread fatty
degeneration, most marked in the liver. Vomiting is
one of the earliest symptoms, the material ejected being
generally luminous in the dark. Jaundice appears
usually within 36 hours, sometimes, however, much
later. The liver is at first enlarged, but subsequently
diminishes in size. Cerebral symptoms of an intense
type occur — wild delirium, convulsions, coma. Death
is generally due to failure of respiration and circulation.
The urine in phosphorus-poisoning is albuminous, con-
tains bile acids and pigments, and leucin and tyrosin.
The treatment of phosphorus-poisoning consists in the
administration of emetics and purgatives and of the
antidote — copper sulphate or French oil of turpentine.
P., Amorphous. See Phosphorus. P., Baldwin's,
calcium nitrate. P., Black, a so-called allotropic
form of phosphorus described by Thenard. It is be-
lieved to consist of a phosphid of mercury or another
metal. P., Bolognian, P., Bononian, barium sul-
phate ignited with combustible substances such as
charcoal. P., Brand's, ordinary phosphorus, so-
named after its discoverer. P., Canton's, calcium sul-
phid. P., English, ordinary phosphorus. P., Hom-
berg's, calcium chlorid. P., Kunkel's, ordinary
phosphorus. P. -necrosis, a condition characterized
by necrosis, chiefly of the jaw-bone, which affects work-
men exposed to the fumes of phosphorus. P. Oxy-
chlorid, POCI3. A fuming liquid of pungent odor.
P. Pentabromid, a yellow, crystalline substance of
pungent odor. P. Pentachlorid, PCI- ; a white, crys-
talline, unstable powder, with an unpleasant, pungent
odor. P. Pentafluorid, PF5 ; a colorless irritant gas.
P. Pentasulphid, P._,S- ; an unstable crystalline com-
pound, readily giving up its sulphur. P. Pentoxid,
PjOj ; a colorless, amorphous substance produced by
the combustion of oxygen. On account of its affinity
for water it is used as a desiccating agent. P., Red.
See under Phosphorus. P., Thompson's Solution
of. Synonym of P. , Tinct. P. Tribromid, P.
Trichlorid, P. Tri-iodid, PBrj, PCI,, PI3 ; halogen
compounds of phosphorus ; the first two are pungent
liquids, the last a solid. P. Trioxid, PjOj ; an amor-
phous powder of garlicky odor. It combines with
water to form phosphorous acid. Calcii hypophos-
phis, Ca^(PO.^)3. Dose gr. x-xxx. Calcii lacto-
phosphat., Syr., contains of the preceding 22, lactic
acid 33, orange-flower water 80, sugar 600, hydrochloric
acid, water of ammonia and water aa q. s. ad 1000.
Dose 3j-3j. Calcii phosphas precipitat., Caj-
(PO^V^- Dose gr. ij-x. Ferri hypophosphis, Fe^-
(H,P02)g, soluble in sodium citrate. Dose gr. v-x.
Ferri, quininae et strychninae phosphat., Syr.,
contains phosphates of iron and quinin aa 133,
strychnin 4, phosphoric acid 800, sugar 6000, distilled
water q. s. ad 10,000 parts. Dose 3j-ij. Hypophos-
phitum cum ferro, Syr., contains of the syrupof hypo-
phosphites 99, lactate of iron I. Dose 3 j- 3 j. Hypo-
phosphitum, Syr., contains calcium hypophosphite
35, sodium and potassium salts aa 12, citric acid I, spt.
lemon 2, sugar 500, water q. s. ad 1000 parts. Dose
gj-^j. Phosphatum Syr. Comp., Parish's Chemi-
cal Food, unof. , contains in each jj phosphate of iron
gr. ijss, phosphate of calcium gr. j. Dose
Oleum phosphoratum, phosphorated oil, contains |
phosphorus I , stronger ether 8, expressed oil of almond i
q. s. ad 100. Dose n\j-v. P., Pil., each contains gr.
ji^ of the drug. Dose j-v. P., Tinct. (Bellevue
Hosp.), unof., contains phosphorus gr. xxxij, absolute
alcohol 5 xlvj, essence of vanilla j, oil of orange-peel,
giij, alcohol q. s. ad ^xlviij. Dose r(\y.-^]. P.j
"Tinct. (Thompson's), unof. , contains phosphorus gr.
j, absolute alcohol ^v, glycerin 5jss, spt. pepper-
mint TTLxl. Dose Tt\,xx-3j. Potassii hypophos-
phis, KH,PO,,. Dose gr. v-x, Sodii hypophos- ,
phis, NaH2P6„H.,0. Dose gr. v-x. Sodii phos-
phas, Na,HP0,'i2H.,0. Dose -^j-.^j- Sodii
pyrophosphas, Na,P„"0-. loH.O. Dose ^^ss-.^ss. ;
Zinci phosphidum, Zn.,?.,, soluble in hydrochloric j
acid, irritant and poisonous. Dose gr. ^VtV- . ;
Phosphotage {fos' -fo-tahj) [Fr.]. A method of im- i
proving wines by adding dicalcic phosphate instead ^
of gypsum, as in the process of "plastering." This 1
does not increase the percentage of sulphuric acid nor |
decrease that of phosphoric acid. I
PHOSPHOTUNGSTIC ACID
1073
PHOTOMICROGRAPH
Phosphotungstic Acid {fos-fo-tung' -stik), H,jP\Vjp-
-f- (H.jO). A crystalline compound of phosphoric
acid and tungstic acid used as a test for alkaloids and
peptones. See Tests, Table of.
Phosphuret {fos' -fii-ret) [(l>(ja(pdpo^, phosphorus]. A
phosphid.
Phosphureted [fos'-fu-ret-ed). Synonym of Phos-
plioreted.
Phosphuria i^fos-fn' -re-ah). Synonym of Phospha-
turia.
Photalgia {fo-taU -je-ah) [viuf, light; (U>of, pain].
Pain arising from too great intensity of light.
Photastrography {fo-tas-trog'- ra-fe) [^«c, light;
aarpov, a star ; ypcKpeip, to write] . Astronomic pho-
tography.
Photesthesia [ fo-tes-the'-ze-ah) [^uf , light ; aladr/ci^,
sensation]. Sensitiveness to light.
Photics {/o'-t/i-s). Synonym of Optics.
Photism [fo'-tkin) \_<t)WTiaim,2L lighting]. A sensation,
as of color or light, produced by hearing, taste,
smell, touch, or temperature, or even by the thought
of some object, person, or general conception. Cf.
Phonis??i.
Photo- [fo'-to-) light]. A prefix denoting con-
nection viith or relation to light.
Photobiotic ( fo-to-bi-ot' -ik) light ; iSiutihoc, be-
longing to life]. In Jjiology, living habitually in the
light.
Photocampsis ( fo to-kamp' -sis) [0wf , light ; K.d/ii^tg, a
bending]. Refraction of light.
Photocautery ( fo-to-kazo'-ter-e) [^wf, light; navri]-
piov, cautery]. A cauterizing agency whose heat
is derived from the rays of the sun by means of con-
centration by lenses.
Photo-chemic (fo-to-kem'-ik) [cjioif, light; XW^'".
chemistry]. Pertaining to the chemic action of light,
as manifested in its action on silver salts and certain
other compounds.
Photochemist (fo- to - kent'- ist) light; ^\';///f/a,
chemistry]. One versed in photochemistry.
Photochemistry [ fo-to-kem'-is-tre) \_<pu':, light ; x'/l^^'°>
I chemistry]. That branch of chemistry treating of the
chemic action of light.
Photochromatic ( fo-to-kro-iuat' -ik) [i/iur, light ; ;t-p«ua,
color]. Pertaining to colored light. P. Treatment,
treatment of disease by colored light.
Photochronography (fo-to-kro-nog'-ra-fe) [i^wf, light ;
Xpivor, time; ypn<peii>, to write]. The taking of suc-
cessive photographs of moving objects.
Photodermatic (/o-to-der-zuat'-ik) [^uf, light; (Upfia,
skin]. In biology, having a luminous skin or ex-
terior ; phosphorescent.
Photodynamic ( fo-to-di-nam' -ik) light ; dbvapig,
power]. Pertaining to the energy of light.
Photodysphoria ( fo - to - dis -fo^- re - a/i) light;
Svfj(fiopla, excessive pain]. Intolerance of light.
iPhoto-epinastic { fo-to-ep-in-as^-tik) [liuf, light; err/,
upon; vGOTOf, solid]. Pertaining to photo-epinasty.
Photo-epinasty {fo-to-ep' -in-as-te) [0wf, light; iir'i,
upon; moTof, pressed close, solid]. In biology,
downward curvature due to exposure to light.
Photogene ( fo'-to-jen) [<^6)f, light ; ysvvav, to produce].
I. A retinal picture, or impression. 2. Shale-naphtha,
I a substance derived from bituminous shales, having a
specific gravity of .800 to .810, boiling at 145° to 150°
C., with a slight ethereal odor and peppery taste. It
dissolves sulphur, phosphorus, iodin, fats, resins,
caoutchouc, etc. It is sometimes used for illuminating
purposes and for dissolving the fat from bones, and
bleaching them, in the preparation of artificial ivory,
i'hotogenic {fo- to - Jen'- ik) [0(ir, light; yevij^, pro-
ducing]. In biology, light-producing ; phosphorescent.
as certain Sehizomycetes. See under Bacteria, Syn-
onvmatie Table of.
Photogenous [fo-toj'-cn-iis) light; yevljQ, pro-
ducing]. Producing light.
Photogram [fo'- to -gram) [(/>wf, light; ypdju/ua, a
writing]. A photographic representation of an en-
largement obtained by the microscope.
Photograph { fo'-to-graf) [ , light; ypatjieiv, to
record]. The likeness of any object produced by the
chemic action of light reflected from the object upon
a surface coated with a chemically sensitive material.
Photographers' Cramp. See Cramp.
Photography [fo- tog'- ra-fe) {(put; , \\g\\i ; ypdijieiv, to
write]. The art of producing images of objects by
throwing the rays of light reflected from them upon a
surface coated with a film of a chemically sensitive
substance such as a silver salt.
Photohemotachometer [fo' -to- keni'-o-tak-om' -et-er)
\jpCi<:, light ; aipa, blood ; TaxoQ, swiftness ; fierpov,
measure]. An instrument for estimating the velocity
of the blood and at the same time photographing the
changes in the level of the blood produced by the
movements of the heart and of respiration.
Photohyponastic ( fo-to-hi-po-nas' -tik) [0«f, light ; iVo,
under; I'rttjrof, solid]. Pertaining to photohyponasty.
Photohyponasty ( fo-to-hi' -po-nas-te) [^(jf, light ; i'lro,
under; vaaruQ, closely pressed, solid]. In biology,
upward curvature due to exposure to intense light.
Photokinetic [fo-to-kin-ef -ik) [^wf, light ; mvi]TLK6q,
causing movement]. Causing movement by means
of the luminous rays of light.
Photo-laryngoscopy [fo - to- lar-in-gos'- ko - pe) [0wf,
light; 'Adpv)^, larynx; ckotveIv, to examine]. The
process of photographing the larynx by the aid of the
laryngoscope.
Photologic [fo-to-loj'-ik) [^wr, light ; /"idj of, science].
Pertaining to photology.
Photologist ( /()-/o/'-o-yVjY) [0(jf, light ; /lojof, science].
One versed in photology.
Photology [fo-tol'-o-je) [^wf, light ; \6yoq, science].
The science of the nature and laws of light ; optics.
Photolysis ( fo-tol' -is-is) [^xjf, light ; Xvok;, a loosing,
setting free]. In biology, the movements of proto-
plasm under the influence of light. P., Apostrophe,
when the chlorophyl-grains collect on the cell-walls
which are parallel to the plane of incident light. P.,
Epistrophe, when the chlorophyl-grains collect on
the cell-walls which are at right angles to the plane
of incident light.
Photomagnetic [fo-to-mag-net'-ik) [^wf, light; fiay-
vr/rrjc, magnet]. Pertaining to the power of certain
rays of the spectrum to render magnetic a steel needle.
Photomagnetism [fo-to-mag' -net-izi/i) \J)tJ<:, light ;
jiayvi}rri<;, magnet]. The relation of magnetism to
light.
Photomania [fo-to-ma' -ne-ah) [^wf , light ; pav'ia,
madness]. The increase of maniacal symptoms under
the influence of light.
Photometer [fo-tom' -et-er) [0wf, light ; ptTpov, meas-
ure]. An instrument for measuring the intensity of
light.
Photometric [fo - to - met' - rik) [^wo, light; fdrpov,
measure]. Pertaining to photometry or the measure-
ment of light.
Photometry ( fo-tom' -et-re) [i^cj?, light ; jierpov, meas-
ure]. The measurement of light, its rapidity, in-
tensity, etc.
Photomicrograph [fo- to- mi'- kro -graf) [^wc, light ;
//(Kpdf, small ; ypd$i:iv,X.o write]. A photograph of
a small or microscopic object, usually made with the
aid of a microscope, and of sufficient size for observa-
tion with the naked eye. Compare Microphotograph.
PHOTO-MICROGRAPHIC
1074
PHRENOCOLIC
Photo-micrographic {fo-to-i/ii-kro-gra/'-i/c) \_(pu<:,
light; //(/iyjfif, small ; y pd<peiv, to write]. Pertaining
to photomicrography.
Photomicrography \fo-to-mi-krog' -7-a-fe) [i/iwf, light ;
liiK'jor, small ; ypaipeiv, to write]. The production
of photographs of very small or microscopic objects,
usually by the aid of a microscope, the photographs
. being of sufficient size for observation with the naked
eye. In English this correct form is now almost in-
variably used, but in Erench and German the term
7nicrophotograpliy {(j.v.) is more commonly used
with the meaning given.
Photonosus [fo-ton^ -o-siis) [(/kjc, light ; vocoq, disease].
A diseased condition arising from continued e.xposure
to intense or glaring light, e.g., snow-blindness, etc.
'PhoXo'paxesih&sia. {fo-(o-par-es-fhe'-ze-ak) light;
Tvapd, beside ; aiaO>/aic, sensation]. Defective, or
perverted, retinal sensibility.
Photophobia {fo-to-fo' -he-ah) [i/iwr, light ; (pojioc, fear].
Intolerance of light ; a symptom of inflammatory con-
ditions of the eye, of certain diseases of the brain, and
of hysteria.
Photophobia [ fo-to-fo' -hik^ [</"Jf, light; (pdjSog, fear].
Affected with, or pertaining to, photophobia.
Photophobophthalmia i^/o- to -fo- boff- thai'- me - ah)
.Synonym of Xyctalopia.
Photophone [fo'-to-fdn) [^wf, light; (puvi/, sound].
I. An apparatus for the graphic representation of the
character of sound-waves by means of a sensitive
flame. 2. An instrument for the transmission of
sounds to a long distance by means of rays of light.
Photophysical {fo-to-fiz' -ik-a!') [i/iuf, light; (pvaiKor,
natural]. Pertaining to the physical effect of light;
opposed to Photocheinic.
Photophore (fo'-to-foi-)\_ cpur, light; ipope'iv, to bear].
An instrument for examination of the cavities of the
body by means of the electric light.
Photopsia [fo-top'-se-ah) [tfiur, light; oi/)h:, sight].
Subjective sensations of light, as sparks or flashes of
fire, occurring in certain morbid conditions of the optic
nerve, the retina, or the brain. It may be produced
by sudden mechanical irritation of the eyeball.
Photopsy ( fo'-top-se). .Same as PJwtopsia.
Photoptometer [fo-fop-io?n'-et-ei-) [<j>C)C, light; cji/i,
eye; ///rpor, measure]. An instrument for determin-
ing visual acuity.
Photoptometry {fo-top-totn'- ct-re) [i^u?, light ; oi/',
eye ; fitrpov, measure]. The measurement of the per-
ception of light.
Photorrhexis [fo-tor-eks'-is). Synonym of Photo-
cainpsis.
Photosantonin, or Photosantoninic Acid [fo-to-san'-
to-nin, fo-to-san-to-niit'-ik) [^dwf, light ; aavTov/Kov, a
kind of wormwood], (Z.^^ll.^fify Sestini's name for one
of the products of the decomposition of santonin as the
result of exposure to sunlight. It occurs as quadrate
plates, which melt at 64-65° C, and boil at 305° C.
It is insoluble in cold water, slightly soluble in hot
water, and easily soluble in alcohol and ether.
Phototactic (fo-to-tak'-tik) [(^wf, light; rd^/f, arrange-
ment]. In biology, pertaining to phototaxis.
Phototactism ( fo-to-tnk'-thm) [0wf , light ; Taaantv,
to arrange]. Same as PJtototaxis.
Phototaxis ( fo-to-taks' -is) light ; raf/r, arrange-
ment]. In biology, the assumption of a definite po-
sition with reference to the direction of the rays of
incident light, as noticed in the compass-plant (.W-
phimit laciiiiafuni), and in the zoospores of certain
plants (Pi-otocoiCoidetc, U/ofrichaeeie, Desinideacetv).
Phototherapeutics {fo-lo-thcr-ap-u'-fiks) light;
depamria, treatment]. A method of treating disease
by concentration of the rays of light through a lens.
Local excitement, proportional to the degree of the
exciting cause, i. e., from a slight excitement to cau-
terization, may be produced in this way.
Phototonic {/o-to-ton'-t'k) [piif, light ; rdi'Of , tension].
In biology, exhibiting increased vital activity under
the stimulus of light ; the opposite of paratonic.
Phototonus i^fo-tot' -o-nics) [</)Wf, light ; rovog, tension]. ■
In biology, a condition of increased vital irritability or
motility due to exposure to light, in contrast with the
rigidity or quiescence produced by darkness.
Photoxylin, Photoxylon [fo-toks' -il-in, fo-toks' -il-on)
[cjwr, light ; fwAoi', wood]. A substance derived from
wood-pulp by the action of sulphuric acid and potas-
sium nitrate. It serves as a substitute for collodion in j
minor surgery, and as a medium for mounting micro- i
scopic specimens.
Photuria \fo-tii' -i-e-ali) {<iiC>c, light ; oi'poi', urine]. Phos- 1
phorescence of the urine. I
Phoxos (y()/j''-f^) [</)of Of, pointed]. An individual with i
a pointed or peaked head. i
Phragma {frag'-?!ia/i) [^pdy/io, a fence, partition: pL, \
Phraginata\. In biology : (l) a false dissepiment in |
a pericarp or other organ ; (2) any partition, septum, |
dissepiment, or diaphragm. i
Phragmidiothrix [frag-?niJ-e-o' -thri/cs) [0pdy/ia, fence ; (
idioQ, one's own; dpi^, hair]. A name given to a
genus of Schizomycftes resembling the Beggiatoa. See
under Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of.
Phren [freii) \jj>pr/v'\. I. Diaphragm. 2. Mind.
Phrenalgia {fren-al' -je-ali) [</ip7i', mind ; akyoq, pain].
Melancholia ; psychalgia.
Phrenasthenia [^f-en-as-the' -ne-ali) \_(pp?/v, diaphragm
or mind; andtveia, weakness]. Paresis of the dia-
phragm. Also congenital mental weakness.
Phrenatrophia (^fre>i-af-ro'-fe-ali)[(l>p//v, mind; aTpo(jiia,
atrophy]. Atrophy of the brain ; idiocy. i
Phrenesiac (fren-e'-ze-ak) mind]. One who is j
afiected with phrenesis ; an insane person. j
Phrenesis (//Yw-c'-.f/.f) [i/)pfi7/(7/f, insanity ; 0p//i', mind].
Erenzy ; delirium ; insanity.
Phrenetic {fren - et' - ik) [p/j//p, mind ]. Maniacal;
delirious.
Phreniatric { fren - e - at'-rik) {yppijv, mind; larpmc,
therapeutic]. Relating to the curing of mental dis-
orders, j
Phrenic { fren'-ik) \_'l>p//i', diaphragm ; mind]. I. Per-
taining to the diaphragm. 2. Pertaining to the mind.
3. A mental disease ; or a remedy for mental disease.
P. Artery. See Arteries, Table of. P. Nerve. See
Nerves, Table of.
V\\\e.'!\\cozo\\c(fre7i-ik-o-kol'-ik). Same 2iS Plirenocolu.
Phrenicogastric [fren-ik-o-gas'-tj-ik). Same as Phreno- I
gastric. !
Plirenicosplenic [fren -ik-o - splen'-ik). Same as |
Plirencsplenic. j
Phrenicula ( fren-ik'-u-lah) [(ppi/v, mind]. Brain-fever.
Phrenismus [froz-iz'-mns). Synonym of Encephal- j
itiS. ;
Phrenitic (fren-it'-ik) [<pp'/i; mind, diaphragm; (nf, ,
inflammation]. Pertaining to, or affected with phren- 1
itis. j
Phrenitis ( /)v«-/^-/?>) [<ppi'/v, mind, diaphragm; (nf,
inflammation]. I. Acute delirium ; inflammation of 1
the brain, or its meninges. 2. Inflammation of the ;
diaphragm. P. aphrodisiaca, erotomania. , P- j
calentura, insolation. P. potatorum, delirium ;
tremens. P. mania gravis. See Periencephalitis. '.
P. typhodes. ^^ynonym oi Fever , Cerebrospinal. \
Phrenoblabia [freii-o-bla' -be-ali) \^pi[v, mind ; /SAo/J?, j
hurt]. Any disorder of the mind. , J
Phrenocolic ( freu-o-kol'-ilS) [<i>piiv, diaphragm ; xatov, ,
colon]. Pertaining to the diaphragm and the colon. ,
PHRENOCOSTAL
1075
PHTHISIS
Phrenocostal {fren-o-kos'-tal) \_<l>pr/p, midriff; casta,
rib]. Pertaining to the diaphragm and the ribs.
Phrenogastric ( fren-o-gas' -trik) [^^p'/i', diaphragm ;
yauTi'/p, stomach]. Pertaining conjointly to the stom-
ach and the diaphragm.
Phrenoglottismus ( y)v« - o -glot- iz'- miis) \_(ppr/v, dia-
phragm ; y/urra, tongue]. Spasm of the glottis
ascribed to disease of the diaphragm.
Phrenograph {fren'-o-graf) \i^piiv, diaphragm; ypa-
^E/t', to record]. An instrument for registering the
movements of the diaphragm.
Phrenography [fren-og'-rn-fe). Synonym of Psy-
chology.
Phrenoin [fren'-o-in). Synonym of Plirenosin.
Phrenolepsia {^freii-o-lep' -se-ali) \<^piiv, mind ; ^•.■//>pic,
seizure]. Insanity.
Phrenologic (^froi - a - loj'- ik) \j^pl^v, mind; /"loyof,
science]. Pertaining to phrenology.
Phrenologist (^fren- oF- o -jist) \0pi]v, mind; /loyof, ,
science]. One versed in phrenology.
Phrenology [fren-ol'-o-Je) l_<ppf/v, mind ; Aoyof, sci-
ence]. The theory that the various faculties of the
mind occupy distinct and separate areas in the brain-
cortex, and that the predominance of certain faculties
can be predicated from modifications of the parts of the
skull overlying the areas where these faculties are
located.
Phreno-magnetism ( frcfi - o - mag' - net - izm) \_(j> p i] v,
mind; /^a; iv/r//f, magnet]. Excitement of the organs
of the brain by mesmeric passes.
Phreno-mesmerism {fren-o-mez' -mer-iziii). Synonym
of Phreno-magiietisin.
Phrenonarcosis [fren-o-nar-ko'-sis) \tj>pijv, mmA.; vap-
Kuaig, stupor]. A dulling of the intellect.
Phrenopath (/ren'-o-pat/i) \_<ppf/i', mind; ndOoq, dis-
ease] . One who devotes himself to phrenopathy ; an
alienist.
Phrenopathic [fren-o-patk'-ik) \jppljv, mind; ivdOog,
disease] . Pertaining to phrenopathy.
Phrenopathy i^fren-op' -ath-e^ \^piiv, mind; 7ra(^of, dis-
ease]. Mental disease ; psychopathy.
Phrenoplegia {fren-o-p!e' -je-aJi) l_<t>p'/'', mind; irXr/y^,
stroke]. A sudden failure of mental power.
Phrenoplexia { /;r«-o-//<?/i'^'-t'-rt//) mind ; "T^r/^i^,
stroke]. Guislain's name for ecstasy, the patient be-
ing motionless, the muscles tense, and the physiognomy
expressive of strong emotion.
Phrenosin {/ren'-o-ziu) [<ppr/v, mind], Cj^Hj^NOg ; a
nitrogenous substance, one of the cerebrins, obtained
from brain-substance.
jPhrenosis {/rcn-o'-si's). Synonym of Phrenopathy.
Phrenosplenic [fren-o-splen' -ik) [fbpiii', diaphragm ;
air'/Jjv, spleen]. Pertaining to the diaphragm and the
spleen .
Phrenotherapy [fren-o-thet-'-ap-e) [(j)pr/i>, mind ; dcpa-
Keia, therapy]. Guislain's term for psychiatry.
Phrensic { fien'-zik). Same as Plirene'tic.
Phrensy (fren'-ze) \jl>pfiv, mind].* Insanity, mania,
frenzy.
Phricasmus (/;7/{'-aG'-;«/«) [i/ipk?;, shivering]. Goose-
skin.
Phriciasis [ frik-i'-as-is). Synonym of Phricasmus .
Phricogen ( frik'-o-Jen) [(ppintj, shivering ; yevvav, to
produce]. A hypothetic principle of cold.
Phronemophobia [fron - e - mo - fo'- he - ah) [(ftpdvrina, a
thought; od3of, fear]. Morbid dread of thinking.
Phronesis [fron-e'-sis) [^(ftpov/jaic ; ijipoveiv, to think].
Soundness of mind, or of judgment.
Phrynin {frin'-iu). See Biifidin.
Phthalate (///(7/'-«/) . Any salt of phthalic acid. P.
of Morphin, used by subcutaneous injection. Dose,
! gr. >3 in 2 per cent, solution.
Phthaleins [tkaF-e-inz). The derivatives of phthalin,
containing two phenol residues. They are dyes of
great technical value, and are generally colorless,
crystalline bodies.
Phthalic Acid (thal'-ik). See Acid.
Phthalin [thai' -in). A colorless body produced by the
reduction of phthalein by means of nascent hydrogen.
Phthaluric Acid {thal-u' -rik), C,gH,NO^. A color-
less crystalline substance, fusible at 192° C.
Phtharma (thar' -malt) [dH^ipeiv , to corrupt]. A mor-
bid alteration of structure.
Phtharsis (thar' -sis) \_<tiddp(yic, corruption]. Decom-
position.
Phtheirsemia [thi-re' -me-ah). Synonym of Phtliiremia.
Phtheiriasic (thi-ri-az' -ik). Synonym of Phthiriasic.
Phthiremia [thi-re' -me-ah) [(pHeipeiv, to corrupt; cu/m,
blood]. A depraved state of the blood, with dimin-
ished plasticity.
Phthiriasic {thi - ri - as'-ik) [ofe/'/j, louse]. Produced
by lice.
Phthiriasis [thi-ri' -as-is)[jpdt'ip, louse]. Lousy disease ;
morbus pediculosus. See Pediculosis.
Phthirius (thi'- re -us) \jpOeip, a louse]. A genus of
Pedicididcc or true lice. See Parasites (Animal ) ,
Table of.
Phthinodes (thi - no'- dez) [^ipflireiv, to waste; eJiior,
like]. Hectic ; phthisical or tuberculous.
Phthinoplasm (thi'- no - plazm) [ipi^iveiv, to waste ;
TTldajia, plasm]. Degraded bioplasm ; a proposed
name for the irritant material that causes degeneration
of the lung-tissue, as opposed to that caused by
tubercle.
Phthisic (tiz'-ih) \_(j>fliatii6c, consumptive]. I. Con-
sumptive or tuberculous ; affected with phthisis or
tuberculosis. 2. A popular name for asthma.
Phthisical (tiz'-ih-al) \_ipdiaii;, a wasting]. I. Per-
taining to or affected with phthisis or tuberculosis.
2. Popularly, same as Asthmatic. P. Frame, P.
Habit, a long, narrow, flat chest, with depressed
sternum, acute costal angle, a fair, transparent skin,
light complexion, blue eyes, winged scapulae, slender
limbs. As to internal organs, the heart is relatively
small, the arteries narrow, the pulmonary artery rela-
tively wider than the aorta, and the lung- volume
rather large.
Phthisiogenesis [tiz-e-o-jen' -es-is) [©(^/Vr/f , wasting ;
ykviaiq, genesis]. The production of phthisis or
wasting.
Phthisiology (tiz-e-oU -o-je) \p>Oiai<;, a wasting ; Adyor,
science]. The study or science of phthisis or tubercu-
losis ; its cduses, pathology, hygiene, and thera-
peutics.
Phthisiophobia [tiz - e - o -fo'- be - ah) \(pOioir, phthisis ;
(p63o(;, dread]. Morbid dread of pulmonary consump-
tion or tuberculosis
Phthisipneumonia (thiz- ip - nii - mo'- ne - ah) [o^^'ff/f,
phthisis; Tvei'fiuv, lungs]. Phthisis or pulmonary
tuberculosis.
Phthisis (thi' -sis, ti' -sis or te'-sis) [©ftVr^f, (pOiveiv, to
waste]. Formerly any dyscrasia producing emacia-
tion and death; a wasting or consumption. The term
has been restricted to designate all pulmonary lesions
followed by disorganization of lung-tissue, the forma-
tion of cavities, loss of function of the lungs, loss of
health, and death. It is usually tuberculous in nature,
due to the action of a specific vegetable microorgan-
ism, the bacillus of tuberculosis. The onset of
phthisis is usually very insidious, with gradual loss of
strength and flesh, and with cough and expectoration
and loss of appetite ; it may commence with a bronchitic
attack or with one or more attacks of pleurisy ; very
rarely it follows an acute croupous pneumonia. The
PHTHISIS
1076
PHTHISIS
most important symptoms of the fully-developed
disease are cough, at first hacking, later loud, hollow,
and paroxysmal ; expectoration, frothy and viscid at
first, later profuse, purulent, and nummular ; fever of
hectic type ; emaciation often very rapid, hemoptysis,
dyspnea, pain, night-sweats, anorexia, and digestive
disorders. The physical signs are flattening and re-
traction of the supra-clavicular and infra-clavicular
regions, restricted movement of these regions, dulness
on percussion over one or both apices extending to
other parts of the lungs, altered rhythm of the respi-
ratory sounds, adventitious sounds on auscultation,
such as the presence of rales of various kinds accord-
ing to the progress of the disease. The duration of
the disease varies from the rapidly fatal, in which death
may occur in a few weeks, to the very chronic, lasting
for years. The pathology usually consists in a deposit
of tuberculous nodules, especially in and around the
walls of the smallest bronchi ; these nodules coalesce
and eventually undergo caseation and softening. More
rarely a fibrous change takes place, with the production
of the more chronic form of the fibroid phthi-
sis. Phthisis may occur at any age, and especially
attacks those in whom there is an inherited predispo-
sition or those who have been weakened by previous
disease, poor food, poor hygienic surroundings, frequent
pregnancies and prolonged lactation or the inhalation
of poisonous vapors or irritating particles. Those in
whom there is a strong family history of phthisis gen-
erally develop the disease before the twenty-fifth year.
It may occur in those of middle age, however, or in
old age. The usual seat for the primary lesion is in
one of the apices, the right a little more frequently
than the left. After one apex has been attacked, the
disease usually extends, first to the apex of the lower
lobe of the same side, then to the other apex. The
base is rarely primarily affected. P., Abdominal.
See Tabes mescnlerica . P., Acute. See P., Acute
Pneumonic. P., Acute Pneumonic, a variety that
occurs in two forms : («) the pneumonic ox lobar and (b)
the broncho-pneumonic or lobular. In the former (ff),
a lobe or an entire lung may be converted into a dry,
opaque, white or yellowish-white, cheesy substance, in
which tubercles are scattered here and there. Very
often there exists a cavity at the apex. The bronchial
glands may be tuberculous. The cases usually begin
with a chill and for a time run a course like that of
croupous pneumonia. The crisis, however, does not
occur ; the fever becomes irregular, the sputum muco-
purulent, soon presenting tubercle-bacilli and elastic
tissue. Death may occur in a few weeks or in two or
three months. (/') Acute tuberculous broncho-pneu-
monia is most common in children and forms most cases
of so-called phthisis florida. The smaller bronchi and
air-cells become filled with a caseous material, consti-
tuting small grayish-white areas. These may coalesce
and produce a lobar caseous broncho-pneumonia ; but
usually some unaff ected tissue can be seen among the
caseous areas. The symptoms of the disease are sim-
ilar to those of catarrhal pneumonia ; the tempera-
ture, however, is high; there is rapid loss of flesh and
strength ; evidences of softening become manifest ;
tubercle-bacilli appear in the sputum. Death may
occur within three weeks or the disease may lead to
chronic phthisis. In children the disease commonly
follows one of the infectious fevers, particularly mea-
sles and whooping-cough. P., Amphiblestroid,
atrophy of the retina. P., Bacillary, phthisis due to
a bacillus. P., Basic, phthisis affecting primarily the
base of the lung. P., Black, anthracosis. P.,
Bronchial, tuberculosis of the bronchial glands. P.
bulbi, progressive shrinkage and atrophy of the eye-
ball. P. calculosa, pulmonary tuberculosis in
which the exudates in the smallest lobules become
infiltrated with lime. P., Cerebral, tuberculosis of
the brain or its membranes. P., Chronic, phthisis
running a slow course. P. combinata. Synonym
of P., Acute Pneumonic. P., Diabetic, pulmonary
tuberculosis in a diabetic patient, manifesting itself as
a caseous broncho-pneumonia. P., Embolic, de-
generation of areas in the lung, the seat of emboli
from other organs, P. enterica, tuberculosis of the
intestines. P., Fibroid, P., Fibrous ; i. Inter-
stitial pneumonia. 2. Chronic tuberculosis of the
lungs attended with the formation of fibrous tissue,
which contracts, causes shrinking of the affected i
lobe, and sometimes bronchiectasis by eccentric
traction on the bronchi. The pleura is usually very ,
much thickened and the layers may adhere so tightly i
that it is impossible to separate them. P., Flax- !
dressers', tabacosis occurring in flax-dressers. P. i
florida, acute phthisis speedily fatal — also known as •
galloping consumption. P., Galloping. Synonym of i
P. florida. P., Glandular, tuberculosis of lymphatic
glands. P., Gouty, a chronic inflammation of the :
bronchial tubes supposed to be due to gout. P., i
Granular. Synonym of Tuberculosis, Acute Miliary.
P., Grinders'. See Grinders' Asthma. P. ab
haemaptoe, pulmonary tuberculosis apparently follow-
ing hemorrhage from the lungs. It is not now believed
that pulmonary hemorrhage can be the starting-point of
tuberculosis, but it is looked upon rather as a possible
very early sign, or as accidental and having no con-
nection with the tuberculosis subsequently developed.
P., Hemorrhagic, pulmonary tuberculosis in which 1
extravasated blood is believed to have undergone case- i
ous degeneration. Its existence is questionable. P.,
Hepatic, tuberculosis of the liver ; formerly, also
the term meant abscess of the liver. P. ex inanitione,
phthisis depending on inanition. P. intestinalis.
Synonym of enterica. P., Knife-grinders'.
Synonym of P., Grinders'. P. laryngea. Syn-
onym of Tuberculosis, Laryjigeal. P., Latent.
Synonym of Tuberculosis, Latent. P. lienalis, |
tuberculosis of the spleen ; also splenic abscess. P. |
mammae, disorganization of the mammary gland, |
from suppuration. P. medullae spinalis. Syn- j
onym of Tabes dorsalis. P. mesaraica, P. mes- j
enterica. Synonym of Tabes mcsenterica. P.,
Miners'. See Miners' Phthisis. P., Mucous.
Synonym of Tuberculosis, Miliary. P., Neurotic,
phthisis occurring in the course of neurasthenia. P.,
Neuro-vascular, phthisis associated with neuro-
vascular disease. P. nodosa, miliary tuberculosis of
the lungs. P., Non-bacillary, pulmonary destruc-
tion not due to bacilli. Miners' phthisis and grinders' i
phthisis are due to fibroid changes in the lung induced |
by the irritation of the dust inhaled. Ulcerative ,
phthisis is probably always bacillary. P. oculi, I
atrophy of the e}?e. P. pancreatica, marked emacia- .
tion and general cachexia from disease of the pan- 1
creas. P. pharyngea, tuberculosis of the pharynx. |
P., Phlegmatic, phthisis occurring in persons who in
the earlier stages do not present emaciation. _ P.
pituitosa. Synonym of /'., P. prostatica, ,
tuberculosis of the prostate gland. P. psoasum, •
psoas abscess due to tuberculous infection. P. pul- \
monalis, pulmonary tuberculosis. P., Pulmonary.
See Phthisis. P. pulmonum. Synonym of /'.,
Pulmonary. P. renalis, tuberculosis of the kidneys.
P., Rheumatic, phthisis said to be dependent upon a ;
rheumatic diathesis. P., Senile, pulmonary tubercu-j
losis in the aged. P., Specific, breaking down of i
the lungs due to the bacillus of tuberculosis. P-,
PHTHISURIA
1077
PHYLAXIN
splenica. Synonym of P. lienalis. P., Stone-
masons'. See Grinders' Asthma. P., Syphilitic,
syphilis of the lung is quite rare. See Syphilis of
the Lung. P. of teeth, a condition of the teetli
characterized by especial clearness and transparency,
with frailness of structure, caries being favored by con-
stitutional weakness. P. testis, tuberculosis of the
testicle. P. trachealis, tuberculosis of the trachea.
P., Traumatic, pulmonary tuberculosis developing
in a lung, shortly after a chest-injury without any
external wound. P., Tuberculous, phthisis due to
the bacillus of tuberculosis. P. ventriculi, atrophy
of the mucous membrane and thinning of the coats of
the stomach, with retention or even increase, of the
size of the organ.
Phthisuria (tiz-n' -re-ah)\(j>fi'in/^, wasting; ohpov, urine].
A wasting state resembling that caused by pulmonary
tuberculosis, but due to renal disease.
Phthoe [tho'-e). Synonym of Phthisis.
Phthoicus [tho'-ik-iis). Synonym of Phthisical.
Phthois [tho'-is] [(/)W(f , a pill]. Bolus, pill.
Phthongodysphoria {thong-go-dis-fo' -re-ah) [i^Soyyof,
sound; (hiaiopm, annoyance]. Morbid sensitiveness
to sounds.
Phthongometer (thong-gom'-et-er) \_<p06yyo^, voice;
fierpov, measure]. An instrument used for measuring
vocal sounds.
Phthora {the' -rah) [^ipdopa, decomposition]. I. Cor-
ruption. 2. Synonym of the Plague. 3. Abortion.
Phthoric (thor'-ik') [_(l)f)opd, decomposition]. Causing
decomposition. P. Acid. Synonym of Hydrofltwric
Acid. See Acid.
Phthoroctonos (thor-ok' -to-nos) \<^(lopa, decomposition ;
XTUvtiv, to kill]. Feticide.
PhuUuah [ful'-tt-ah) [E. Ind.]. An oleaginous sub-
stance obtained from a wild East Indian plant. It is
largely used by the hill-tribes for the cure of frost-bite
and chilblains, and has been used with benefit in
rheumatism, sprains, sciatica, etc. Unof.
Phycinic Acid [fi-sin' -ik) [cji'i/fof, seaweed]. The
name given by Lamy to the crystalline acid found by
him in the Alga Protoccocus vulgaris. It occurs as
white, opaque, tasteless, odorless needles, melting at
136° C. ; insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol,
ether and oils. It forms crystalline salts with alkalies.
Its silver salt is white and insoluble. Analysis gives
C, 70.22 per cent. ; H, II. 76 per cent. ; N, 3.72 per
cent. ; O, 14.30 per cent.
Phycit (^fi'-sit) [0i)/<of, seaweed], C,.2HggOj2. A substance
found by Lamy along with phycinic acid in the alga
Protococcus vulgaris. Wagner suspects its identity with
Erythrit or Erythroglucin, and Lamy' s later investiga-
tions confirm this view. It crystallizes in colorless,
right-angled prisms, has a sweet, fresh taste, and
neutral reaction. It melts at 120° C. Cf. Erythrol.
Phycochrome [ fi'-ko-krom) \J)vku^, seaweed; xP'^H-'^t
color]. In biology, the complex blue-green pigment
that masks the pure green of the chlorophyl in cer-
tain ^^(f (Cyanophyceir). It is composed of phyco-
cyanin, scytonemin, etc.
Phycocyanin {Ji-ko-si' -an-in) \^vi<.oq, seaweed ; K.vav6^,
blue]. In biology, a beautiful blue pigment, charac-
teristic of the Cyanophyceiv among Algie.
Phycocystitis Synonym of Capsulitis.
Phycoerythrin {fi-ko-er' -ith - rin) [(pmof, seaweed;
epvdpd^, red]. In biology, the name given by Kiitzing,
Askenay, Sorby and Schiitt to the red portion of tVie
compound pigment of the red Algie [Plorideic), which
IS soluble in water. Kramer, who first described it,
called it rlwdosftermin. The entire pigment is called
by Schiitt rhodopliyl and the part soluble in alcohol,
Floridece green.
Phycography (yJ-z^o^'-ra-yc') \ifvKor, seaweed; ypa<petv,
to write]. A description oi Alga.
Phycohematin {fi - ko - hem' - at -in) [(^uKor, seaweed ;
aiyLaTLvoQ, of blood, bloody]. In biology, the name
given by Kiitzing to the peculiar blood-red pigment
obtained from the marine alga Rytiplcea tinctoria. It
is precipitated in flakes by alcohol from the cold
watery solution which has been evaporated to a syrupy
consistency.
Phycologist {^fi- koF-o-jist) [i/iw/cof, seaweed; Aoyof,
science]. One versed in phycology.
Phycology [fi - kol'-o -Je) [^i'/tof, seaweed; Adyof,
science]. The botany of the Algce or seaweeds.
Phycomater [fi-ko-ma'-ter) [i/iuKOf, seaweed; i^rjTrjp,
mother]. The gelatinous substance surrounding the
sporules of Algir.
Phycomyces { fi-kom' -is-ez) [(/lii/cof, seaweed ; /J-vnr/^,
fungus]. A genus of A/ucosini.
Phycophaein [fi-ko' -fe-in) \<fvKoq, seaweed; (baioc,
dusky, dun]. In biology, that reddish-brown pig-
ment, soluble in water, which forms part of the color-
ing-matter (phreophyl) of the Fucaceie and Phicos-
porece among Algce. Cf. Phycoxanthin, Fucoxantliin.
Phycoxanthin {Ji - koks - an' - thin) \_i^viioq, seaweed;
^ai'doi;, yellow]. In biology, the yellow coloring-
matter, soluble in alcohol, forming part of the com-
pound pigment ( plucophyl ; diatomin) of certain
Algce [Fucaceie, Phieosporeie, Diatomacece).
Phyganthropia [fi - gan-thro' - pe - ah) [^<pvyi/, flight;
hvHpuTTor, men]. Morbid dread of human society.
Phygantrus ( fi-gan' -trus) [(/lei'yeic, to flee ; avrpov,
cave]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which the dis-
tance between the perpendicular drawn from the most
prominent point of the torus frontalis to the radius
fixus, and that from the nasion to the same line is
between 6 and 12 mm.
Phygedema. [fi-ge-de'-mah) \^(j>evyeiv, to flee; u'i6r/pa,
edema]. Transient edema.
Phygeihlon ( /i-geth'-lon) [i/)/i)f^?LOi', a glandular swell-
ing]. An inflammatory nodule of the skin.
Phygogalactic [fi-go-gal-ak'-tik) [oriyea', to avoid;
yaka, milk]. I. Stopping the secretion of milk.
2. An agent that checks the secretion of milk.
Phygometopus [fi-go-met-o'-pus) \y\ievytLv, to flee;
piTuTTnv, forehead]. Lissauer's term for a skull in
which the angle between the radius fixus and the line
joining the bregma and the nasal point is between 8°
and 33.5°.
Phygopisthius [fi -go -pis' - the - us) \_(pevyeu>, to flee;
oKiafte, behind]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which
the angle formed between the radius fixus and the
line joining the lambda and the inion is between 106°
and 127°.
Phygoprosopus [fi-go-pros' -o-piis) \j^t'vyuv, to flee ;
TTpoauKov, face]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which
the angle formed between the radius fixus and the line
joining the nasion and the alveolar point is between
38° and 66.5°.
Phygorrhinus [fi-gor-i' -mis) [of I'^f/i', to flee; /i/f,
nose]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which the
angle formed between the radius fixus and the line
joining the nasion and the subnasal point is between
36° and 66.5°.
Phylacterion ( fi-lak-te'-re-on) [i/h'/qI', guard]. The
same as Phylactery.
Phylactery [fi-lak' -ter-e) [oiiAa^, guard]. A charm
or amulet.
Phylaxin [fi-laks'-in) [(pi'/lof, a guardian, protector].
In biology, the name given by Hankin to an antitox-
in or defensive proteid — called alexin 'oy Buchner —
found in animals that have acquired an artificial im-
munity to a given infectious disease ; as distinguished
PHYLETIC
1078
PHY LOGON Y
from a soziu, t. e., a defensive proteid that occurs
naturally in normal animals. Hankin recogni/.es two
forms of phylaxin : (l) a Mycoplivlcxin, or defensive
proteid produced in the body of an animal which has
an acquired immunity to a given infectious disease,
which has the power of destroying the pathogenic
bacteria to which the disease is due; (2) a Toxophy-
laxin, or defensive proteid produced in the body of
an animal which has an acquired immunity to a
given infectious disease, which has the power of
destroying tJte toxic products of the pathogenic bacteria
to which the disease is due. (Sternberg.)
Phyletic (Ji-tel'-ik) \_(l)v'Ai], a tribe]. In biology, phylo-
genic ; relating to the tribal or ancestral history of an
organism.
Phyllaescitannin {fil-es-it-an' -in) \i^v'A'Anv, leaf; cescu-
his, the genus of trees of which the horse-chestnut is a
species; tannin, tannin], C2gH2^0,.jH.jO. A tannin
found by Rochleder in the young leaves of the leaf-
buds of the horse-chestnut.
Phyllanthus ( fit - an' - thus ) \_ (lii'/Xov, leaf; avOoc,
flower]. A genus of euphorbiaceous plants of some
450 species. P. emblica affords the so-called emblic
myrolsalans. (See Myi-obatan.) P. niruri and P.
urinaria are strongly diuretic. Unof.
'PhyWa.ry [ fit' -a r-e) [ipvtAapinv, a leaflet: pL, Phyl-
■ laries\ In biology, a leaflet of the involucre of a
composite flower-head.
Phyllerythrin ( ^7-<'r''-zV/;-;-/;/) leaf; epvf)p6g,
red]. The red coloring-matter of plants, especially
that of the leaves in autumn. See Erythrophyl.
Phyllidium [Jit-id' -e-uin) J^fjivA'Aov, leaf; dim. suffix-
iSiov : pL, Phyllidia'\. In biology, a rudimentary
ctenidium, as of a limpet ; a capito-pedal body.
Phylline [ fil'-in) \J)vXaov, leaf]. Leaf-like; partaking
of the characteristics of a leaf.
Phyllobranchia ( fit-o-brang'-ke-ah) [^M^oi', a leaf ;
(ipayxi", branchia, gill]. In biology, a gill in which
the folia are arranged in rows upon a stem, as in
crabs.
Phylloclade ( fil'-o-k/ad). Same as Phyllocladium .
Phyllocladium ( fil-o-kia' -de-um)\<^[>'k'Koi\\e.2,i; Kha^oi:,
branch: pi., Phytlocladia'\. In biology, a leaf-like
branch, as in the Cactacetr, Pusctis, or Psilotum.
Phyllocyanic {fil-o-si-an' -ik). Same as Phyl-
locvanin.
Phyilocyanin ( fil-o-si'-an-in) \j)v'k'Aov,a leaf; Kvaov^,
blue]. The bright-blue pigment of flowers, obtained
from chlorophyl by the action of alkalies and of alka-
line earths.
Phyllocyst [fil'-o-sist) [^r/./^or, leaf ; Ki'OT/f, bladder].
In biology, the cavity of a hydrophyllium.
Phyllode ( fil'-dd). Same as Phyllodium.
Phyllodium [fil-o'-de-iim) [liii'Woi', leaf ; f JtJof , form :
//. , Phvllodia\ In biology, a dilated or flattened
petiole taking on the character of a blade.
Phyllodoce ( Ht-od'-o-se) [L. , a sea-nymph], i. A
genus of oceanic hydrozoans. 2. A genus of poly-
chetous annelids. P. -green, a green pigment found in
Phyllodoce viridis, not referable to any class of animal
pigments, and not chlorophyl. See Pigments, Conspec-
tus of.
Phyllody (fil'-o-de) [i^i'A/(j(5//c, like leaves] . In biology,
the reversion of floral organs to leaves ; frondescence ;
phyllomorphy.
Phyllogen ( fil'-o-jen) [^rA^.op, leaf ; y£iJ7/f, producing].
Same as Phyllophore .
Phyllogenous ( fil-oj'-en-ns) [jbvTAov, leaf ; yEvr/c, pro-
ducing]. Orowing upon leaves.
Phylloid ( fit' -aid] [o'va'a.ov, leaf; eUo^, form]. In
biology, leaf-like.
Phyllomania [Jil-o-ma'-tie-ah) [(jivUMV, leaf ; /xavia,
madness]. In biology, an abnormal condition, as to
the abundance or position of leaves. Cf. Pleiophylly.
Phyllome ( fit' -dm) [jpvXAov, leaf]. In biology, any
organ that may be regarded morphologically as a leaf.
Phyllomic { fil-om'-ik) [^paAoi;, leaf]. In biology, of
the nature of or resembling a phyllome.
Phyllomorphy {fil' -o-mor-fe) [^^/A/oi', leaf; itop^ri,
form]. Same as Phyllody ; also Phyllomorpliosis.
Phyllophagous [i/)r> /or, a leaf ; ^ayelv,
to eat]. In biology, feeding on leaves.
Phyllophore {fil'-o-for) \(b'rXkov, leaf; ciope/V, to bear].
In fjiology, any leaf-bearing organ, especially the
budding summit of a stem, as the palm.
Phyllophorous {fil-off' -o-rus) {ibi'AA.ov, leaf; (l)(peLv, to
bear]. In biology, producing leaves, or leaf-like or I
foliaceous parts or organs. 1
Phyllopode (77/'-t)-/0(/) [0i'iA?:oi', leaf ; foot]. In
biology, the dilated sheathing base of the frond of cer-
tain plants (Isactcs). 1
Phyllopodiform (fil-o-pod'-if-orm) \_(j)vA7m>,\t3,{ ; nnvc, 1
foot; forma, form]. In biology, resembling a phyl- |
lode. I
Phylloptosis [fil-op-to' -sis) \_<^va\ov, leaf; Trratr/r, a \
falling]. In Isiology, the fall of the leaf. |
Phyllosteophyte {fil-os' -te-o-fit) \fivA\Aov, leaf ; bareov,
bone; (/ifroi', plant]. A flat or laminated osteophyte.
Phyllostomatous (fl-o-sto'-mat-us) [^!'A?.oi', a leaf; I
arojia, mouth]. Leaf-nosed, as a bat. I
Phyllotactic (fl-o-tak'-tik) [ipiO 'Aiov , leaf ; rdf/r, order]. I
In biology, pertaining to phyllotaxis. !
Phyllotaonin [fil-o-ta'-o-nin) \f)vXAov, le&i]. A crys- !
talline product obtained by the decomposition of
chlorophyl.
'PhyWoiacx.is ( fil-o-taks' -is) [tp'v'tJ<ov,\esS; rrif^f, order;
rdcriTfn', to arrange]. In biology, the order of arrange-
ment of the leaves upon the stem. j
Phyllotaxy (fil'-o-taks-e). Same as Phyllotaxis. :
Phylloxanthin (yf/-o/;'j'-<7«''-////«) \jj>i'A7iov,\e&{; ^avB6;, I
yellow]. The yellow pigment associated with phyllo- I
cyanin in chlorophyl. j
'PhyWo'x.&va. [ft l-oks-e' -rah) [(pvTiXov , \tsS ; fz/pd?, dry]. !
A genus of plant-lice {Aphididcr), nearly all the spe- i|
cies of which are natives of North America. The j
grape-vi}ie phylloxera or vine-pest {Phylloxera vasta-
trix, Planchon) has caused great damage to all varie-
ties of grapes. P. -mite, an acaridan [Rhizoglyphus
phylloxeric) frequently found in association with the
Phylloxera of the vine, feeding, in its young state, on
the juices of roots injured by the phylloxera, and, when
older — according to Riley and Planchon — preying on
the root-inhabiting type of that insect. This is denied
by Foumouse and others. 1
Phylloxerize { fil-oks' -er-iz) [^W /tor, leaf ; f?//0'*f. dry].
To contaminate or infest with Phylloxenr. \
Phyllula ( ftl'-u-lah) [diminutive of (jivllov, a leaf].
In biology, the stage in the embryo of vascular plants ,
at which the first leaf and root have appeared. (T. J. ■
Parker.) ^ j
Phylogenesis (f-lo-jen'-es-is) \j)v'kov, (jivkij, race, tribe; j
yfi'fff/f, origin] . i^ame &s Phylogetty. !
Phylogenetic_ ( fi-lo-jen-ct' -ik) \_^l{kov, tribe ; yhtaK, j
birth]. Pertaining to phylogeny. |
Phylogenic (fi-lo-Jen'-ik) [<j>vAov, tribe ; yeviiq, produc- j
ing]. Pertaining to phylogeny.
Phylogeny { fi-lof -en-e) {i^vlov, t^vXi], a tribe ; ytvi^, \
producing]. In biology, the evolution of the phylum, i
race, group, or species; paleontologic evolution, as ;
distinguished from ontology or individual evolution. 1
According to Weismann's theory each phyletic varia- j
tion is due to a variation in the structure of the " td [
of germ-pla.sm. _ ;
Phylogony {f-log' -on-e) [_'j)v'Aov, tribe ; yovi], offspring], j
PHYLUM
1079
PHYSIOGNOMIST
The branch of embryology dealing with the origin of
species by evolution.
Phylum {fi'-luin) \ovkov, <j>vAr/,a. tribe: //. , /'//v/a].
In biology, a primary division of the animal or vege-
table kingdom.
Phyma lyji'-inah) \jfv^ia, a growth : //. , Pkvtnata^.
A circumscribed suppurative swelling of the skin. The
word was formerly also used to designate any one of a
class of diseases including erysipelas, edema, emphy-
sema, scirrhus, etc. Also, a genus of diseases includ-
ing hordeolum, sycosis, and anthrax. The term now de-
notes a localized plastic exudate larger than a tubercle.
Phymacerite { fi - >/ias'- er -it) \jj)Vfj.a,z. tumor; Ktpag,
horn] . In biology, the tubercle at the base of the
second antenna, containing the external oritice of the
green gland in Ci'itstacea. (Bate.)
Phymatoid (fi'-i?tat-oid) [(/iri/za, growth ; £«5o(;, like].
Resembling a phyma or tubercle ; a term describing a
condition of carcinomatous growth distinguished by a
dull-yellow color and a consistence resembling that of
tubercle.
Phymatorhusin i^Ji ~ mat- or - 21'- siit) [(pi'i-ia, growth].
A pigment found by Nencki in the metastatic de-
posits of a melanotic sarcoma of the skin. It con-
tains sulphur, is insoluble in alcohol, in water, and
in ether, but dissolves readily in ammonia, and in alka-
line carbonates. It is free from iron.
Phymatosis [Ji-??iat-o' -sis) \_(pviJ.a, tubercle ; voaog, dis-
ease : pi., Phymatosts\ Any tuberculous or scrofu-
lous disease.
Phymocnidosis [fi-mok-nid-o' -sis). Synonym of
thema nodosnin.
Phymolepra {Ji-nio-/ep' -rah). Synonym of Leprosy,
Tuberculous.
Phymosis [Ji-mo'-sis). Synonym of Phimosis.
Phypella [Ji-pel' -ah) \<fvj.La, growth ; -niX/.a, skin].
An old name for boil.
Phyraliphore ( fi-ral' -if-or). One of certain cells con-
taining vesicles or cavities called by Virchow Phy-
salides, and supposed to take part in endogenous cell-
formation (Von Korsinsky). See Physalis.
Physa ( Ji'-sah) \ifv<ja, air]. Bulla or pustule.
Physagogue (fis'-ag-og) \j)vaa, wind ; ayuyog, lead-
ing]. I. Canninative. 2. An agent that expels flatus.
Physalide [Jis'-al-id) [^ixra/iAtf, bladder]. The ves-
icular tuft of the chorion as seen in the vesicular
mole. Synonym of Physalis.
Physalidocnidosis [fis-al-id-ok-nid-o'-sis). Synonym
of Urticaria bullosa.
Physalin {Jis'-al-in) [(pvaaA'/jQ, a bladder], Cj^Hj^Oj.
A non-nitrogenous body found in 1852 by Dessaigues
and Chautard in Physalis alkekengi ; it has been used
in place of quinin.
Physalis [Jis' -al-is) [ovaal/u^, a bladder]. A genus
of solanaceous herbs, mostly American. P. alkekengi,
the strawberry tomato, Jerusalem cherry, or Juden-
kirsche of Europe, and P. viscosa, of N. America,
are diuretic. Unof.
Physalis {Jis'-al-is) [^iiimiyUg, bladder: //. , Physa-
lides'\. A name given by Virchow to the large giant
epithelial cell of giant-cell carcinoma.
Physasthma( /?-t-<7.f/'-OTi:?/;)[oi'i7a,wind; firi^/m, asthma].
Asthma due to, or complicated with, emphysema.
Physconia {fis-ko'-ne-ali) \<^vnKu)v, paunch]. Any
abdominal enlargement, especially from tympanites.
P. adiposa, corpulency. P. aquosa, ascites. P.
biliosa, distention of the gall-bladder. P. mesen-
terica. Synonym of Tabes mesenterica.
Physechema ( fis-ek-c'-mah). Synonym of Soitnd,
Bello-ios.
Physechos [Jis-ek'-os) [(ii'crdr, to blow ; ^/^y"! sound].
Vesicular murmur.
Physema [Ji-se'-mali) \_ (pvar/fia ; ipvmp, to h\ow'\. A
bellows-like action of the lungs.
Phys esis [Ji-se'-sis). Synonym of Physema.
Physianthropy ( fiz-e-a7t'-thro-pe) \jj)vaLg, nature ; av-
tfpLiTTog, man]. The study of the human constitution
and of the diseases of man.
Physiatrics { fiz - e - at'- rihs) [(f>vai(;, nature; 'larpe'ia,
treatment]. The power of nature in curing disease:
vis tnedicatrix natitra.
Physiautocracy {fiz-e-aw-tok' -ra-ce) \_<f>vai(;, nature ;
ai'Tor, self ; Kpartiv, to rule]. The power of nature.
Physiautotherapia {fiz-e-aw-to-the7--a'-pe-ah) \(^vaiq,
nature; avT6(;, self; Oepa-nrebeiv, to cure]. Strictly
expectant treatment.
Physic (Jiz'-ih) [f/x'xj/f , nature]. The science of medi-
cine. Also, a medicine, especially a cathartic. Also,
stannic tetrachlorid, a mordant used in dyeing. P.
Nut. See Barbadoes iVut. P. -root. See Lep-
tandra.
Physical i^Jiz' -ik-al) [cjiw^/cdf, physical]. Pertaining to
nature or to physics. Also, pertaining to the body or
material things, in contradistinction to the mind, or
metaphysical things. P. Diagnosis, the investigation
of disease by the direct aid of the senses, sight, touch,
hearing. P. Education, the training of the body
by means of gymnastics, etc. P. Examination, ex-
amination of the patient's body to determine the con-
dition of the various organs and parts. P. Signs, the
phenomena observed on inspection, palpation, percus-
sion, auscultation, mensuration, or combinations of
these methods, etc.
Physicalist {fiz' -ik-al-isi) \(^vciiq, nature]. One who
maintains that the physical constitution dominates the
intellectual and moral nature.
Physician [Jiz-ish' -an) [tj)'vaic, nature]. One who
practices medicine. Formerly, a natural philosopher.
P. -ship, the office of physician.
Physicist (Jiz'-is-ist) [_<i)haig, nature]. In biology, one
who holds that vital phenomena are purely physical
and chemic.
Physick's Encysted Rectum. A rare disease of ad-
vanced age consisting in an hypertrophy, and some-
times of an inflammation, of the natural rectal sacs,
which become dilated also. It is attended with burn-
ing pain at the anus and adjacent parts and an in-
creased mucous secretion. See Diseases, Table of.
P.'s Splint. A long splint, a modification of Desault's
splint for fracture of the femur.
Physico-chemic {fiz' -ik-o-kem' -ik) \<^vaiq, nature ;
X??//£/a, chemistry]. Being both physical and chemic.
Physicomental (fiz'-ik-o-men'-tal) [ipvai(;, nature;
mens, mind]. Pertaining to physical and mental phe-
nomena and their interdependence.
Physics [fiz' -iks) [^I'cr^f, nature]. The science that
treats of the properties of matter, and of the laws
governing it in conditions of rest and motion, and in
its fluid, solid, and gaseous states. P., Chemic,
that branch of physics which is used by chemists
to define substances. P., Medical, that part of physics
having bearing upon medicine in any of its branches.
Physiogenesis [Jiz-e-o-jen'-es-is). See Physiogeny.
Physiogenetic (fiz-e-o-jen-et'-ik). See Physiogenic.
Physiogenic [fiz-e-o-jen'-ik) [jpi^uig, nature ; yevvav, to
beget]. Pertaining to physiogeny, or the develop-
ment of functions.
Physiogeny {fiz-e-oj' -en-e) \_i^'vaic, nature ; yevvav, to
produce]. In biology, the science of the develop-
ment, genesis, or evolution of functions.
Physiognomic ( fiz-e-og-nom' -ik) [(^cc/f, nature ; yvcifn/,
knowledge]. Pertaining to physiognomy.
Physiognomist [fiz - e - og'- no - mist) [ (pl'fyic, nature ;
yvu/j>/, knowledge]. One skilled in physiognomy.
PHVSIOGNOMONIC
1080
PHYSOSTIGMA
Physiognomonic yfiz - e - og - no - inoii' - ik^. Same as
Physiognomic.
Physiognomonics { fiz - e - og - no - mon' - iks ) [dn'cr,
nature; yvuiit/, knowledge]. The science of physi-
ognomy.
Physiognomy i^fiz-e-og' -no-me) [ipvaic, nature ; yru/i//,
knowledge]. I. The art of reading character by a
study of the face. 2. The countenance itself.
Physiogony [Jiz - e - eg' - o - ne) \^i>oiq, nature ; yow/,
generation]. The production of nature.
Physiologic, Physiological {fiz-e-o-loj' -ik, fiz-e-o-loj' -
ik-al) [i/i/'CT/f, nature ; /ci) of, science]. Pertaining to
physiology ; pertaining to natural or normal processes,
as opposed to those that are pathologic. P. Antidote,
an antidote that neutralizes not by its chemic power,
but through its effects on the system. P. Excavation,
the funnel-shaped depression at the center of the optic
papilla, at the bottom of which the retinal vessels en-
ter ; it varies in size and form, but always has sloping
walls, which distinguish it from a pathologic excava-
tion, exhibiting vertical or overhanging walls. P.
Selection. See Evolufion. P. Units of Herbert
Spencer, in biology, hypothetic, complex, protean
units, intermediate between chemic units and morpho-
logic units or cells. They are supposed to possess a
polarity or aptitude to aggregate in the form of the
particular species of organism to which they belong,
just as the molecules of a salt possess the intrinsic apti-
tude to crystallize in a particular way. The entire
body is supposed to be composed of these units, mak-
ing regeneration of lost parts possible, while the germ-
cells are supposed to contain small groups of them,
giving each germ-cell the power of reproducing the
whole. The theory is one of epigenesis. See id,
iJanf, idioplasm, plasoine, microsoma/a, heredity, epi-
genesis, pangenesis , etc.
Physiologism (Jiz-e-ol'-o-jizm) [^iV^f, nature ; 16yo(;,
science]. The abuse of physiology.
Physiologist {Jiz - e - ol'- o - jist ) \_(^»ai^, nature ; /'oyof ,
science]. One who is expert in physiology.
Physiology [fiz - e - ol'- o -je) \_ipvai(;, nature; ^lOjof,
science]. The science that treats of the functions of
organic beings, as distinguished from morphology,
etiology, etc. P., Animal, the physiology of ani-
mals. P., Cellular, the physiology of cells. P.,
Comparative, the comparative study of the physiol-
ogy of different animals and of animals and plants.
P., Morbid, the study of diseased functions or of
functions modified by disease. P., Pathogenetic,
P., Pathologic, pathology. P., Special, the physiol-
ogy of special organs. P., Vegetable, the physiology
of plants.
Physiolysis {fiz-e-oF -is-is) [^yff/f , nature ; "kveiv, to
dissolve]. The disintegration of dead tissue by the
natural processes of decomposition.
Physiomedicalism [Jiz - e - o ■ med'- ik - al - izni) \^v(5L^,
nature ; medicari, to heal] . The professed use of
natural remedies only, poisons and minerals being
rejected.
Physiomedicalist [Jiz-e-o-medt -ik-al-ist)\_<j>'vaiQ , nature;
medieari, to heal]. One who professes physiomedic-
alism.
Physionomy ( fiz-e-on' -o-mc) [^iV/f , nature ; vofjog,
law]. The science of the laws of nature.
Physiophilosophy [Jiz'-e-o Jil-os'-o-fe). Synonym of
Physies.
Physiophyly {fiz-e-off' -il-e') [f/iiwf, nature ; f'vXov, a
tribe]. In biology, the tribal history or paleontologic
evolution of function, without reference to form.
Physique [fiz-ek') [Fr.]. Physical structure or or-
ganization.
Physocele i^Ji' -so-sel) \_(pvaa, air; Ki/lrj, tumor]. A
swelling or tumor containing air or flatus ; emphysema
of the scrotum ; a hernia filled with flatus.
Physocelia [fi-so-se' -le-ali) . Synonym of Tympanites.
Physocephalus [fi-so-sef'-al-us) air; Kt^akri,
head]. Emphysematous swelling of the head.
Physocolic air; KukLnij, colic].
Colic caused by flatus.
Physode [Ji'-sod) [fphar/^, a bladder]. In biology,
the name applied by Crato to minute, refractive,
bladder-like formations, found gliding about within
the watery fluid in the lamellar systems of certain
vegetable cells. In the brown Alga the physodes
contain substances analogous to phenol.
Physodin (Ji' - so-din) \_ physodes, {xom (pvaa, air; ipvaty^,
a bladder]. A substance found by Gerding associated i
with Ceratophyllin, in the lichen Parmelia ceratophylla
var. physodes, Ach. :
Physodyspnea [(^wa, air; &vq-, dif- ,
ficult ; "Kvktiv, to breathe]. Dyspnea due to emphy- \
sema. j
Physohematometra (Ji' -so-Iiem' -at-o-me' -trah) [(/iikto, ,|
air ; aijia, blood; i^i/rpa, uterus]. An accumulation of i
gas, or air, and blood in the uterus, as in decomposi-
tion of retained menses, or placental tissue. |
Physohydrometra {Ji' -so-hi' -dro-me' -trah) [i^vaa, air ; I
iJfSo;/;, water; fiiirpa, womb]. An accumulation of |
gas and water in the uterus. j
Physology ( fi-sol' -oje) [^haa, air; /ojof, science], j
The study of flatulence.
Physometer {Ji - so?n'- et - er) [ipvaa, air; fierpov, a I
measure]. An instrument for determining variations
in the volume of a confined body of air. i
'Physom&\.ia.{Ji-so-me'-trah)\_(l)vaa, air; fii/rpa, ■womh']. \
A distention of the womb with gas, produced by the
decomposition of its contents. !
Physomycetes (Ji-so-mi-se' -tez) \_(f)vaa, bellows ; p'hk)k,
fungus]. A class of Fungi characterized by a total :
absence of hymenium. ;
Physoncus {Ji-song'-kns) [(pvaa, air; ojKof, tumor]. |
A swelling due to the presence of air. )
Physoscheocele {Ji-sos' -ke-o-sel ) \j)vaa, a.\r ; baxeov, '
scrotum ; Kr/'Af/, tumor]. Emphysema of the scrotum.
Physospasmus {Ji-so-spaz'-mus) \jpvaa, air, flatus ; airaa- I
//Of, spasm]. Flatulent colic.
Physosterin {fi - sos' - ter - in) [©wa, bellows; ariap, j
fat]. An inert fatty or cholesterin-like substance oc- j
curring in the Calabar bean.
Physostigma {Ji-sos-tig' -mah) [i/ii'tra, bellows ; ariyfia, ;
stigma]. Calabar Bean, Ordeal Nut. The seed of
P. venenosum, native of West Africa. The properties .
of the drug depend upon two alkaloids, physostigmin |
or eseritt, Cj.HjjN^jO.^, which paralyzes the motorfunc-
tions of the spinal cord and stimulates muscle-fiber, and
calabarin, which acts similarly to strychnin. Locally '
applied to the eye, physostigmin causes contraction of
the pupil and diminishes intraocular tension. On ac- j
count of its action on muscles it causes increased per- j
istaltic movements of the intestines. In toxic doses, !
death is produced by failure of respiration. Its ther-
apeutic uses are : In diseases of the eye, as in glau-
coma, in iritis, to contract the pupil, and, alternated ,
with atropin, to break up adhesions after iritis ; in '
convulsive diseases, as tetanus and strychnin-poison- |
ing ; in constipation from atony of tlie intestines ; in
bronchitis and dyspnea, from weakness of the bron- i
chial muscles. It is also used as an antidote to atro-
pin and to strychnin. For poisoning, give an
emetic and inject atropin. P., Ext., Alcoholic.
Dose gr. i/^-j. P., Injectio, Hypodermica ;
lo grains of the extract in ounce. Dose
Tr\^iij-xij. P., Tinct., lo per cent, in strength. Dose
tT\^v-xx. Eserina (Physostigmina, B. P.)'. uno^-
PHYSOSTIGMIN
1081
PHYTOPARASITE
Used in ophthalmology as a myotic. Dose gr. 55— ti-
Lamellae Physostigminae (B. P.), each contains
grain of physostigmin. Eserin Salicylate. Dose
gr. Injectio P. salicylat. hypodermica ;
I in 160. Dose TTLj-vj. Eserinae Sulphas, very
soluble. Dose gr. yjo-^V- Injectio P. sulphat.
hypoderm., 4 grains to one ounce. Dose Tt\^ j-iv.
Physostigmin [Ji-so-slig' -inin). Synonym of Eserin.
Physothorax (fi-so-tho' -raks). Synonym of Pneumo-
thorax.
Phytalbumose [fi-tal' -bii-iiioz^ \_i^vt6v, plant; albii-
men'\. A vegetable peptone or albumose, found in
seeds of the Legitminosa:, in flour, and in papaw juice.
a-phytalhuinose agrees with the hemialbumose.of Vines,
being soluble in cold and boiling water ; yielding also
the biuret reaction, and a precipitate by saturation with
sodium chlorid only in an acid solution. \i-phytaUni-
7Hose is soluble in cold but not in boiling distilled
water ; hence it is precipitated by heat. It is also
readily thrown down by saturation with sodium chlo-
rid, and gives a faint biuret reaction.
Phyterythrin [fi-ter' -ith-rin) [^t^rdi", plant; kpvOpog,
red]. The red coloring-matter of plants, especially
of leaves, in autumn.
Phythelminthus i^fi -thel- inin' -thus). Synonym of
Both riocephaltis.
Phytiatrica [Jit-e-af'-rik-ah) [ (pvrdp, plant ; tarpiKr/,
medicine]. Treatment by means of medicinal herbs;
botanic medicine.
Phytiform {fi' -tif-orin) \(^vr(>v, plant ; forma, form].
Resembling a plant.
Phytivorous { fi-tiv' -or-us). Same as Phytophagous.
Phyto- [fi'-to-) [0iiroy, plant]. A prefix signifying
connection with or relation to vegetable organisms.
Phyto-alopecia {Ji-to-al-o-pe' -she-ah). Synonym of
Alopecia areata.
Phytobiology {fi-to-bi-ol'-o-je) [^uroi', plant ; /3;'o(;,
life; ?d>of, science]. The science of plant-life.
Fhytoblast (Ji'-to-blast) [^dtop, plant ; /3Aaffrdf, germ].
The living protoplasm constituting a cell.
Phytocerosium { fi-to-ser-o' -ze-u/ii) \Jivt6v, plant; Kr/pog,
wax]. Vegetable wax.
Phytochemic, Phytochemical {fi -to - ketn' -ik, fi-to-
kem'-ik-al) [i/)('rdi', plant ; ^^We/a, chemistry]. Per-
taining to vegetable chemistry or to changes of vege-
table origin, the plants acting by chemic force, or
effecting a chemic change. Ferment- fungi are phyto-
chemic, and so are the poisonous or pathogenic prin-
ciples associated with the presence and growth of mi-
crobes in the body.
Phytochemistry \fi-to-kem'-is-tre) \_^v-6v, plant;
Xl,u£ia, chemistry]. Vegetable chemistry.
Phytochimy { fi' -to-kim-e). Same z."-, Phytochemistry.
Phytochlore ( }?^-/o-i'/or) \<^vt6\\ plant; x^'^poq, pale-
green]. In biology, same as chlorophyl.
Phytochrome [fi'-to-krom) \_(pvr6i\ plant; ;t;p£)//a,
color]. In biology, a general term for those vege-
table pigments necessary to the fundamental processes
of vegetable assimilation, and for the synthesis of pro-
toplasm and amylum. Cf. ch/orophy', erythrin, phceo-
din, phyllocyaiiii! , phylloxanthin.
V'tiyXozoWa. [fi-to-kol' -ah) [^iirdv, plant ; /td^Aa, glue].
Same as Gliadin.
Phytocyst i^fi'-to-sist) \_^vr6v, plant; K?'f7r/f, cyst].
In biology, a cyst or envelop of cellulose containing the
phytoblast.
Phytoderma {fi-to-der'-mah)\Jiv-6v,-^\z.vi1\ dfp/^a, skin :
//. , Phytodcrmata'\ . Any cutaneous disease produced
by microscopic vegetation, or by dermatophytes.
Phylogenesis { fi-to-jen' -es-is) \_^v-6v, plant ; ykveoiq,
origin]. In biology, the science of the origin and
development of plants.
Phytogenetic {fi-to-jen-et' -ik) \Jiv-6v, plant ; yevvav,
genesis]. Pertaining to phytogenesis.
Phytogeny {fi-tof -en-e). Same as Phytogenesis.
Phytogeographic ( fi' -to-je-o-graf'-ik) [tpvTdi>, plant ;
}£uypa<pia, geography]. Pertaining to phytogeog-
raphy.
Phytogeography {fi'-to-je-og'-ra-fe) [^irdi', plant ;
yeoypaipia, geography]. In biology, the geographic
distribution of plants.
Phytogony {fi-tog'-o-ne) [0wrdi', plant ; yovij, genera-
tion]. In biology, the development of the species in
plants.
Phytographer (j^-AT^'-ra-y^;-) [^vrdi', plant; ypddetv,
to write]. One who describes and classifies plants.
Phytographic {Ji-to-graf'-ik) \(^vr6v, plant; ypd(petv,
to write]. Pertaining to phytography.
Phy togiaphy (Ji - tog^- ra -/e) l_(pvruv, plant; ypa^eiv,
to write]. Botany. Also, a treatise on the geographic
distribution of plants.
Phytoid [Ji' -toid)\J)VTuv ,-p\a.nt ; tMof, like]. In biology,
plant-like ; e.g. , certain animals and organs.
Phytolacca {fi-to-lak' -ah) \<^vt6v, plant; lacca, lac:
gen., Phytolacccc\ Poke. The root and the fruit of
P. decandra. It is an emetic, cathartic, and motor-de-
pressant. Toxic doses cause death by paralysis of
the organs of respiration. Its action is antagonized by
alcohol, opium, and digitalis. It is serviceable in
malignant tumors, eczema, and similar skin-aftections.
Dose of the root as an emetic gr. x-xxx ; as an alter-
ative gr. j-v. P. bacca (U. S. P.), the berry or
fruit of Phytolacca decandra. Dose of a saturated
tincture, a fluidram three times a day; serviceable
in rheumatism. P. radix (U. S. P.), the root of
Phytolacca decandra. P., Ext., Fid., unof. Dose
TTLv-gj. P., Tinct., unof. Dose Tr\_x- 5].
Phytolaccic Acid [Ji-to-lak'-sik) [(pvrov, plant; lacca,
lac]. Oxalic acid as found in Phytolacca.
Phytolaccin { fi-to-lak' -si)i) \i^vt6v, plant; lacca, lac].
The precipitate from a tincture of the root of Phytolacca
decandra. It is alterative, anti-syphilitic, laxative,
etc. Dose i to 3 grains. Unof.
Phytolithology [fi-to-lith-oF -o-je) \Jfv-6v, plant ; '/Moq,
stone; /dj of , science]. The science of fossil plants.
Phytologic (y^-Zo-Zo/''-?'/!') [^yrdv, plant ; Xoyoc, science].
Pertaining to phytology.
Phytologist {^Ji-tol'-o-jist) [^itoi', plant ; Adyof, sci-
ence]. One versed in phytology.
Phytology {fi-tol' -o-je) \(^vt6v, plant ; Aoyoi;, science].
.Same as Botany.
Phytolysis [fi-toF-is-is) [(purdi', plant ; Aifit", to loose].
In biology, the change in position occurring in the
pigment in a living cell in consequence of changes in
the intensity of the light, — such as the changes in the
chlorophyl coincident with the alternation of day and
night.
Phytomentagra (^fi - to- men-ta' -gj-ah). Synonym of
Sycosis.
Phytomer {Ji'-to-mer) \ji)vr6v, plant ; p-tpoc;, part]. See
Phyton.
Phytomycetes [fi-to-tni-se'-tez) [ipvTov, plant ; fivK^ic;,
fungus]. Molds occurring in putrid urine.
Phyton tyfi'-ton) \_i^vt6v, plant ; (bbeiv, to produce]. In
biology, Gaudichaud's name for the pieces which by
their repetition make up a plant, on the theory that
the plant is a compound individual. Compare the use
of person by zoSlogists.
Phytonomatotechny {^fi-to-7to-mat' -o-tek-ne) [i^nrdi',
plant ; dro^a, name ; rkxvr], art]. In biology, the
nomenclature of plants.
Phytonomy { fi-ton' -o-me) [0i;7di>, plant ; w/zof, law].
In biology, the laws of plant-life.
Phytoparasite [Ji-to-par'-as-it) \J)i>t6v, a plant ; irapd-
PHYTOPARASITIC
1082
PICRAMIC ACID
(7(rof, a parasite]. In biology, a plant of parasitic
habit. See Epiphyte.
Phytoparasitic ( fi-io-par-as-it'-ik) [^uroi', plant ; iva^ia,
beside; (7/rof, food]. Pertaining to phytoparasites.
Phytopathologic {fi-to-patJi-o-loj' -ik) \(^vt6v, plant ;
TTdHu<;, disease ; /id} of, science]. Pertaining to phyto-
pathology.
Phytopathologist {fi-to-path-ol'-o-jisf') [^Drdc, plant;
ndOoi;, disease ; Aoyof, science]. One versed in
phytopathology.
Phytopathology (y? - to -path - ol' - o -je) \jj)VT6v, plant ;
TTciHoc;, disease ; /"idyof, science]. The science of
plant-disease, or of diseases due to vegetable organisms;
also, the science of the diseases of plants ; vegetable
pathology.
Phytophagous ( fi-toff' -ag-zis) [(/D^rdr, a plant ; (paynv,
to eat]. In biology, herbivorous ; feeding on plants.
Phytophagy {fi-foff'-aj-e) [^I'-di', a plant; ^aya.v,Xa
eat]. The habit of feeding on plants.
Phytophilous ( fi-toff ' -il-tis) \<^vTiiv, a plant ; (piXelv, to
love]. In biology, applied to animals that are fond
of plants.
Phytophysiology {fi-to-Jiz-e-ol' -o-je). Synonym of
Physiology, 1 egetahlc.
Phytoplasm [fi' -to-plaziii) \<^vt6v, plant; -KTidcsiia,
plasma]. The vegetable protoplasm.
Phytosis (Ji-to'-sis) [^tirdi', plant ; wcrof, disease : //. ,
Phytoses'\. I. Any disease due to the presence of
vegetable parasites. 2. The production of disease by
vegetable parasites. 3. The presence of vegetable
parasites.
Phytosterin (Ji-tos'-ter-i/i) [0iirdi', plant ; crepog, solid].
A substance, present in plant-seeds and sprouts, very
similar to cholesterin.
Phytotaxy ( fi' -to-taks-e) \<^vt6v, plant ; rhiic, order,
arrangement]. In biology, systematic botany.
Phytotechny {fi'-to-tek-ne) [(/ii'Tfli', plant ; -fjfv;/, art].
Industrial botany.
Phytotomous ( fi - tot'- 0 - iiiiis) [(fivTov, plant ; toiioq, a
cutting]. In biology, leaf-cutting, or plant-cutting,
e. g., certain birds or insects.
Phytotomy ( fi-tot'-o-me) \_(j)VTUv, plant ; ro,«;/, a cut-
ting]. The anatomy of plants.
Phytovitellin {ji-to-7nt-el' -in) \_(pvT(n\ plant ; vitelhis,
yolk]. The vegetable analogue of vitellin.
Phytozoaria [fi-to-zo- a'- re - ah) \_(I>vt6i', plant ; Cwoi',
animal]. Same as hifttsoria.
Phytozoon [Ji-to-zo'-07i) [(pvrov, plant; (,CiOi>, animal].
A plant-like animal ; a zoophyte.
Pia {pi' -ah) [native Polynesian]. The plant Tacca
pinnatijida , from which a variety of arrowroot is pre-
pared ; it is said to be of special value in the treatment
of certain cases of diarrhea and dysentery. Unof.
Pia, or, more fully, Pia Mater ( pe' -ah inah'-ter or pi'-
ah-ma' -ter) [L., " pious, or tender, mother."] The
vascular membrane, consisting of a ple.xus of blood-
vessels held by a fine areolar tissue, enveloping the
entire surface of the brain and spinal cord. It dips
into the fissures of the brain and forms the velum inter-
positum and the choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle.
P., Cerebral, the pia mater covering the brain. P.,
External, that which covers the external portion of
the brain. P., Internal, that which passes into the
ventricles. P. intima, the inner layer of the spinal
pia mater. P., Spinal, the pia of the spinal cord.
P. of Testis. See Tiiniia.
Pia-arachnitis [pi'-ah-ar-ak-iti'-tis) [/■/<?, pia; apdxvii,
spiders' web; (-(f, inflammation]. Inflammation of
the pia-arachnoid ; leptomeningitis.
'Pia.-ax3LchTio\6.[pi'-ah-ar-ak'-i!oiit) [//<?, pia; dpdxvri,
a spider's web ; eaSof, like]. The pia and arachnoid
considered as one structure.
Pial (pi'-al) \_pia, pia]. Pertaining to the pia mater.
Pialyn [pi' -at-iii) [nlap, fat ; Aveiv, to split up or de-
compose]. An enzyme contained in both the pan-
creatic substance and fluid, which has not as yet been
isolated. It is capable of effecting a hydrolytic de-
composition of neutral fats into glycerin and free fatty
acids. It is most actively present in the substance of
the fresh gland or its secretion, and its activity is
greatest at about 40° C.
Pia-matral [pi' -ah-ma' -tral). See Pial.
Pian [pi' -ail). See Frainbesia.
Pianists' Cramp. See Cramp.
Piano-players' Cramp. See Cramp.
Piarachnoid ( pi-ar-ak' -noid )\_pia, pia ; dpdxvri, spiders'
web ; eI6or, like]. The pia mater and arachnoid con-
sidered as one membrane.
Piarolytic [pi-ar-o-lif -ik) [7rm/i, fat ; '/.VTiKoq, dissolv-
ing]. Forming emulsions with fat.
Piarrhemia [pi-ar-e'-me-ah) [-(ap, fat ; al/^a, blood].
See Lipemia.
Pica [pi'-kah) [L., "magpie"]. The craving for un-
natural and strange articles of food ; a symptom present
in certain forms of insanity, in hysteria, and chlorosis,
and during pregnancy.
Picacismus (pik-as-iz' -iiius) \_pix, pitch]. Depilation
by means of pitch-plaster.
Picamar [ pik-aiii'-ahr) [ //.r, pitch ; (7W(7;w, bitter].
A bitter, oily substance obtained in the distillation of
wood-tar.
Picea [ pi'-se-ah) [L., the pitch-pine]. A genus of
coniferous trees. P. alba, the white spruce. P.
excelsa, the common fir or pitch-pine. It yields resin
and turpentine. P. nigra, the black spruce. P. vul-
garis. Synonym of P. excelsa.
Picene ( pi' -sen ) [ picea., the pitch-pine] , CjjHj^. A
hydrocarbon formed by the distillation of lignite, coal-
tar and petroleum residues. It is very sparingly
soluble in most of the solvents, but most readily in
crude cumene ; it crystallizes in blue, fluorescent leaf-
lets, melting at 338° C. , and boiling at 519° C.
Piceous (/w/z'-<?-?«) [//x, pitch]. In biology, having
the nature of pitch. Viscous. Pitch-black ; black
with a faint reddish tinge.
Pichi [pe'-che) [native Chilean]. The stems and
leaves of Fabiana inihricata, growing in Chile. It is
a terebinthin having tonic properties, and is of repute
in the treatment of catarrhal inflammations of the
genito-urinary tract. Dose of the fid. ext. ; of the
extract gr. v-x. Unof.
Pick [pik) [ME.,/zV/^^«,to pick]. To pluck with the
fingers ; a symptom in certain typhoid states. See
CarpJiology.
Pick's Liniment. Linimentum exsiccans : a liniment
used in the treatment of eczema. Its formula is :
Tragacanth, 75 grains; glycerin, 30 minims ; water,
25^ drams. It is of service in the dry forms of
eczema. P.'s Salicylated Soap-plaster, a prepara-
tion used in the treatment of eczema. It is composed
as follows: Emplast. saponis liq. , 2^ ounces ; oliye-
oil, 5 drams. ; salicylic acid, 37 grains. It is applied
on strips of muslin.
Picolin [pik'-o-liu) [/?>^(7, the pitch-pine ; oleum, 6\\\,
C|.H-N. J/-/// )'/-/)';7(//«, a liquid alkaloid; a product
of acrolein-ammonia.
Picolinic Acid [pik-o-lin'-ik) [picea, the pitch-pine;
oleum, oil], CgH^NOj. A monobasic acid made
from picolin and other pyridin-derivatives.
'P\cotemcut[pe-kflt'-inon{g')) [Fr.]. A pricking sensa-
tion ; tingling ; formication.
Picra [pik' -rah). Same as Niera picra.
Picraena [pik-re' -nah). See Quassia.
Picramic Acid [pik-ram'-ik) [ir/Kpdf , bitter; a!nin'\,C(,-
PICRAMID
1083
PIGMENT
H5N3O5. Picric acid in which one NOj radicle has
been replaced by NHj.
Picramid ( pi k' -ram-id) [jniipoQ, bitter; ainid'\. An
amid of picric acid ; trinitranilin.
Picranisic Acid [pik-ran-iz'-ik). Synonym of Picric
Acid.
Picrate [pik'-rdt) [7r«^of, bitter]. Any salt of picric
acid. See Ammonium Picrate.
Picric [pik'-rik) [jTiKpui;, bitter]. Same as Carbazotic
P. Acid. See Acid and Pigments, Conspectus of. P.
Acid Test. See Tests, Table of.
Picroaconitin i^pik - ro- ak - on'- it - in) [niKpog, bitter ;
aconitum'], CjjH^jNOjg. An amorphous substance
extracted from the bulbs of Aconitum napellus. It is
slightly poisonous.
Picrocarmin [pik-ro-kar'-min) [niKpdg, bitter ; car>ni}t,
carmin]. A preparation for staining microscopic
specimens. Its composition is as follows : carmin
I.o; ammonia 5.0; distilled water 50.0. After
solution, add saturated watery solution of picric acid
50.0. Allow to stand in a wide-mouthed bottle until
the ammonia has evaporated ; then filter. See Stains,
Table of.
Picroerythrin {pik-ro-er' -ith-rin) [-//i-pdf, bitter ; ipv-
6p6g, red], C,2HjgO, -\- 3H2O. A crystalline, bitter
substance, soluble in hot water, insoluble in absolute
alcohol, and melting at 158° C.
Picroglycin, Picroglycion i^pik-ro-gli'-sin, pik-ro-gli'-
* se-on) [7r;;c/)df, bitter ; yAD/c/'f, sweet] . A crystalline,
bitter substance, found in Solanu/n dulcamara. It
may be impure solanin.
Picrolithium - carmin {pik-ro-lith' -e-um-kar' -min).
A solution used in staining microscopic sections. It
is composed of carmin 2.5-5.0; saturated watery so-
lution of lithium carbonate loo.o; to which is added
saturated watery solution of picric acid 2.0.
Picromel [pik'-ro-mcl ) [_~iiip6c, bitter; fieXi, honey ~\.
A mixture of unknown composition containing salts of
glycocholic and taurocholic acids.
Picronitric Acid {pik-ro-ni'-trik). Synonym of Picric
Acid.
Picropodophyllin [pik' -ro-po-do-fil' -in) \jKiKp6c, bitter;
xoi'f, foot; ol'/Aov, leaf]. A crystalline substance
obtained from Podophyllum peltatum.
Picroroccellin {pik-ro-?-os-el'-in) [ n LKpoQ, bitter ; roc-
cellin'], C^yHj^NjO-. A crystalline, bitter substance
obtained from Roccella tinctoria, or one of its varieties.
Picro-saccharimeter {pik' -ro-sak-ar-im' -et-er) {jriKpoc,
bitter; WK.xapov, sugar; fitrpov, measure]. An in-
strument for determining the amount of sugar in a
given sample of urine by comparison with the color
of a permanent standard solution of perchlorid of iron —
that of a picric acid reduction of the urine brought to
a similar tint as the standard by dilution with water —
the amount of the latter required indicating the amount
of sugar present.
Picro-saccharometer {pik' -ro-sak-ar-om' -et-er). See
Picro-saccharimeter.
Picrotin {pik'-ro-tin) {-iKp/jc, bitter], C,.,H,sO.. A
decomposition-product of picrotoxin, formed when the
latter is treated with benzene.
Picrotoxic Acid [pik-i-o-toks'-ik). Synonym of Picro-
toxin.
Picrotoxin (pik-ro-toks'-in) [_~iKp6(:, bitter; to^ikov,
poison; Picrotoxiuum, U. S. P.; gen. Picrotoxim'\.
A neutral principle prepared from Anamirta panicu-
lata {Cocculns indiciis). Picrotoxin stimulates the
motor and inhibitory centers in the medulla, especially
the respiratory and vagus centers ; it causes epilep-
tiform spasms by irritation of the motor centers of the
cerebrum or cord and medulla, the spasms often hav-
ing the character of ;«rt«^^<? movements. Its action is
much like that of strychnin. It has been used in an
ointment (10 grains to one oz. of lard) in tinea capitis
and in pediculosis. It is useful for the night-sweats
of phthisis, and in the complex of symptoms known
as vaso-motor ataxia, q. v. Dose gr. -gL to It
has been tried in epilepsy, but has proved useless.
Cocculi, Ext., Fid. Dose n\^j-iij. C, Tinct.,
tincture of cocculus, 12 ;4 per cent, in strength. Dose
n\_ij-xv. Cocculi, Planat's Tinct., strength 25
per cent. Dose TTL-v. Injectio Picrotox. Hypo-
dermica, I grain in 240 minims of water. Dose Tv\^ij-
viij.
Picrotoxinin {pik-ro-toks' -in-in). See Picrotoxin.
Pictet Liquid {pik'-tet) \_pix, pitch]. A liquid con-
sisting of a mixture of sulphurous acid gas and carbon
dioxid liquefied under pressure. It has been used in the
treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. A small quantity
allowed to escape into a closed room quickly resumes
the gaseous state, and is inhaled by the tuberculous
patient. It appears to give good results.
Pictura (pik-tw'-rah) \_pictura, painting, picture]. In
biology, the pattern or coloration of a particular part
(as a feather) or of an entire animal.
Piddle {pid'-l) [origin obscure]. To urinate (a child-
ish word).
Piebald {pi'-bawld) [ME., pyehahl, piebald]. Of
various colors. P. Iris, an iris which has spots of
difterent colors, generally small dark spots on a lighter
background. P. Skin. See Leukoderma, unA J'itiligo.
Piedra [pe-a' -drah) [S. Amer.]. A disease of the hair
marked by the formation of hard, pin-head-sized
nodules on the shaft of the hair, thought to be due to
the presence of a species of micrococcus. It occurs in
the Andean plateau.
Piezometer {fpi-e-zond -et-er) \jne^eiv, to press; pirpov,
measure]. An apparatus for measuring the degree of
compression of gases.
Pigback Kidney. See Kidney.
Pigeon (pij'-tin) [ME., pigeon, pigeon]. A bird of
the family Columbidce. P. -breast. Synonym of
Pectus carinatu??! ; it occurs in rickety children and in
mouth-breathers. P. -breasted, affected with pigeon-
breast. P. -toe. See Hallux varus. P. -toed, hav-
ing the toes directed inward.
Pigment [pig' -ment) \_pigmentum, pingere, to paint].
In biology, a pigment is any organic coloring-matter
in the tissues of plants or animals, e.g., the coloring-
matter occurring in the iris, retina, hair, and in the
rete mucosum of the skin. It may be of mimetic value,
or concerned in assimilation and metabolism, or in
respiration. P., Color, and Dye-stuff ; a pigment is
any substance that is employed in the arts for the pur-
pose of imparting color to bodies. The term is properly
restricted to the dry coloring-matter, which when mixed
with a vehicle becomes a paint. O. N. Witt assumes
the presence of certain characteristic groups — chro-
mophorous groups — in all dyestuffs, which, by intro-
duction into colorless bodies, give rise to the basis-
structure of dyestuffs — chromogenous groups. When
these chromogenous groups are joined to salt-forming
groups, such as hydroxy! or amidogen, dyestuffs are
formed. Color is applied to any hue, especially a
pure tint, other than black or white. A dye-stuff is
any dyewood, lichen, powder, or dyecake used in
dyeing and staining dress-materials. A fast color is
one which resists the weather, light, soap-lye, dilute
alkalies, and very dilute acids ; a fugitive color is one
which is dissipated under similar circumstances. A sub-
stantive coloring->natter is one which passes into an
insoluble state upon the fiber without the intervention
of a mordant ; examples, all the mineral coloring-
matters, indigo, turmeric, annatto, safflower, and most
PIGMENT
1084
PILATIO
of the coal-tar colors. An adjective coloring-matter is
one which requires a mordant or mediating agent in
order to become insoluble upon the fiber. A mordant
is a substance which has an affinity for or which can
at least penetrate the tissue to be colored, and which
possesses also the property of combining with the
coloring-matter employed, and of forming with it an
insoluble compound within or about the fibers. Mor-
dants may be iron salts (copperas, ferrous acetate,
iron pyrolignite, ferric sulphate, and nitrates), nickel
(nickel-ammonium chlorid, nickel nitro-acetate) ,
chromium (chromium sulphate, fluorid, chlorate, potas-
sium di-chromate and chromate), tin (stannous and
stannic chlorid, " pink salt," sodium stannate), man-
ganese (MnCl2, KMnO^), lead, copper (nitrate),
antimony (tartar emetic), or tannin. Raising is the
process or method of intensifying colors by means of
mordants. Dunging is a term applied to the mordant-
ing of goods by passing them through a dung-bath,
which is a bath composed of water in which a small
proportion of cows' or pigs' dung, or some substitute
for it, has been dissolved, with a certain amount of
chalk to remove the acetic acid from the printed
material. A discharge is some compound, such as
the chlorid of lime, which has the property of bleach-
Pigment-cells of Frog. A, Contracted ; B, C, Partially
relaxed pigment-cells. {From Stirling^
ing or taking away the color already communicated to
a fabric, by which means white patterns are produced
on colored grounds. A lake is a pigment formed by the
absorption of animal, vegetable, or coal-tar coloring-mat-
ter from an aqueous solution by means of metallic
bases. Application-colors. See Spirit-colors. Coal-
tar colors is a name given to a numerous class of
colors derived from coal-tar by various complex
chemic processes. Distemper, or fresco, colors are colors
ground in water to a creamy consistency, with the ad-
dition of a sizing of glue or white of egg to make them
adhere to the surface to which they are applied.
They are generally used for decorating plastered
walls or ceilings. Graining-colors are colors ground
in linseed-oil with the addition of a small amount of
wax to prevent their spreading when manipulated
with a graining-comb to imitate the graining of
various woods. Japan-colors are tho.se ground in the
medium called japan. An oil-color is a pigment of
any kind ground in linseed-oil or poppy-oil. Spirit-
colors (also called spirits," or application-colors') are
certain colors obtained in calico-printing, so-called
from the use of "spirits," the technical name for the
acid solutions of tin, in applying the colors. Water-
colors are pigments ground in water containing a
small amount of glue, glycerin, honey, or molasses, to
cause them to bind and adhere to the surface to
which they are applied. When pressed into molds
and dried, they are called cake-colors ; but when sold
in the form of stiff pastes, they are called moist colors.
Very many of the materials used for dyeing purposes
are extremely poisonous, and have been productive of
eczema and other skin-diseases, or even of systemic
poisoning. Recently the use of dyes as staining
reagents in bacteriologic, physiologic, and biologic
researches has assumed such marked importance that
it has been deemed advisable to introduce the following
conspectus (pages 1085 et seq.), which contains the more
important pigments and dye-stuffs. P., Bile. See
under Bile. P., Blood, hemoglobin and its deriva-
tives. P., Brown. Same as Soudan Brown. P.-
cell, a cell specialized for the secretion or retention
of a pigment ; a chromatophore. P. -granule, a min-
ute, structureless mass of pigment. P., Hematogen-
ous, any pigment derived from the blood. Hemato-
genous pigments are hemoglobin, hematoidin,
hemosiderin ; the bile-pigments, which are indirectly
derived from the blood-pigment; ferrous sulphid,
which stains the abdominal walls and the serous coat
of the abdominal organs after death, is also derived
from hemoglobin. P. -liver, a coloration of the
liver occurring in the course of malarial fevers,
and in the morbid condition of the blood described a#
melanemia. The liver is also deeply pigmented in
pernicious anemia and in chronic valvular heart-disease,
with long-continued congestion of the organ. P.,
Metabolic, a pigment formed by the metabolic action
of cells. Melanin is the type of metabolic pigments.
P. -molecule. Same as P. -granule. P., Respira-
tory, a pigment resulting from oxidation of the tissues,
or a pigment by means of which oxygen is absorbed.
Hemoglobin maybe considered a respiratory pigment.
P. -spot, in biology, a small mass of pigment in the
spores of certain plants and protozoans. P., Urinary,
urobilin, urochrome, uroerythrin, and others. P.,
Uveal. See under Uvea.
Pigmental, Pigmentary (^pig-men' -tal, pig' -men-ta-re)
\_pingere, to paint]. Pertaining to or containing-pig-
ment. P. Atrophy, atrophy of adipose tissue with
deposit of pigment in the fat-cells. P. Layer, the
external layer of the retina. .See Retina. P. Mole.
See Ahrvus pigme7itosus.
Pigmentation [pig-men-ta'-sliun) \_pingere, to paint].
Deposition of or discoloration by pigment. See also
Chroinatosis.
Pigodidymus ( // - go - did'- im - us ) [ -Kvryi,, buttock;
(S«5iy/of, double]. A double monster united at the
buttocks.
Piitis (//-?''-/'?'.5) [//(?, pia ; ;r;f, inflammation]. Inflam-
mation of the pia ; leptomeningitis.
Pike (/?/•) [ME.,//Xv, a sharp point]. In biology, a
thorn or prickle.
Pilar, Pilary {pi'-lar, pi'-lar-e) [pilaris ; //te, hair].
Pertaining to the hair.
Pilastered {pi-las'-terd) [pila, a small supplemental
pillar]. In anatomy, flanged .so as to have a fluted
appearance ; arranged in pilasters or columns. P.
Femur, a condition observed in the femur of indi-
viduals of certain races in which the backward con-
cavity of the femoral shaft is exaggerated, and the linea
aspera prominent. This exaggeration of structure
causes the pilastered appearance.
Pilastri { pi-las' -tre) [pi. of Pilastrum, a small pillar].
In biology, strong gelatinous columns placed between
the subgenital openings in Medusic.
Pilatio {pi-la' -she-o) [pilus, hair]. A cranial fissure.
PIGMENTS
1085
PIGMENTS
CONSPECTUS OF PIGMENTS.
I. INORGANIC.
Name.
Formula.
Composition, Preparation, Etc.
Color.
Antimonial cinnabar {antimonial vermilion,
red lead ).
SbgSoOg.
Action of sodium calcium dithionae on
antimonious chlorid.
Red.
Artificial ultramarine {French blue, Guimet
blue, new blue, permanent blue).
Mixture of clay, sodium carbonate, sul-
phur, and rosin.
Blue.
Azurite (azure malachite, blue malachite,
copper lazulite , mountain-blue) .
2CuC03.Cu(OH)2.
Copper hydroxycarbonate.
Blue.
Berlin blue (Erlangen blue, Hamburg blue,
kali blue, Miloriblue, royal blue, steel blue,
Turnbuir s blue).
Action of potassium ferocyanid on ferrous
salts.
Blue.
Bismuth-white ( pearl white, Spanish white).
BiOCI.
Bismuth oxychlorid.
White.
Bloodstone.
FeaOs.
Found in nature ; a hematite.
Red.
Blue ocher {native Prussian blue).
Iron hydroxyphosphate.
Dull-blue.
Blue vitriol {blue stone, Cyprus vitriol).
CUSO4.
Copper sulphate ; found in nature.
Blue.
Bremen blue {blue verditer).
Cu(HO)2.
Copper hydroxid ; action of lime on cop-
per nitrate.
Blue.
Bremen green (Erlaw green, green bice,
green verditer).
Copper hydroxid.
Green.
Brunswick green {mountain-green).
3CUO.CUCI2.
Copper oxychlorid.
Light-green.
Cadmium-red.
CdS.
Cadmium sulphid.
Orange-red.
Cadmium-yellow {Jaune brilliant).
CdS.
Cadmium sulphid.
Orange-yellow.
Caledonia brown.
Natural ore.
Russet-brown.
Cappagh brown.
From bog-earth containing manganese.
Brown.
Casall green.
C2O3.
Chromic oxid.
Green.
Cassel yellow {tnineral yellow, Montpellier
yellow, patent yellow. Turner' s yellow).
PbCIo.yPbO.
Lead oxychlorid.
Yellow.
Casselmann's green.
Copper sulphate with potassium or sodium
acetate.
Green.
Cassius' purple (gold purple).
Gold and tin.
Purple.
Cerulean blue.
Cobaltous-stannic oxid.
Blue.
China clay (kaolin).
Aluminum hydroxysilicate.
White.
Chrome-alum.
K2S04.Cr2(S04 )3,-
24H2O.
Potassium and chromium sulphate.
Violet.
Chrome chlorid.
Cr2Cl6.
Action of chlorin on chromium sulphid.
Violet.
Chrome-green (chromium-green, cinnabar-
green, enterald green, GuigneV s greeyi,
Victoria green).
Cr203.
Chromic oxid.
Bright-green.
Chrome-red (chrome-carmin, chrome-garnet,
chrome-orange , chrome-ve7-milion) .
PbCr04.PbO.
Lead oxychromate.
Red.
Chrome-yellow (crown- yellow, Hamburg
yellow, Leipsic yellow, Paris yellow).
PbCr04.
Lead chromate.
Brilliant yellow.
Cobalt-blue (azure-blue, cobalt-ultramarine ,
Hungary blue, Leitkner's blue, Leyden
blue , Paris blue , Thenar d' s blue).
Aluminum cobaltate.
Blue.
Cobalt-red.
Cobalt phosphate.
Red.
Cobalt-yellow.
Potassium-cobalt nitrite.
Bright-yellow.
Colcothar (English red, Indian red, iron
minium, Paris red, polishing red, red
vitriol).
Fe203.
Ferric oxid ; from iron sulphate.
Red.
Copperas-black.
Mordanting with ferrous and copper sul-
phate and dyeing with logwood.
Black.
Cyanin-blue (Leitch's blue).
Compound of Prussian blue and cobalt
blue.
Blue.
PIGMENTS
1086
PIGMENTS
CONSPECTUS OF PIGMENTS.—
Name.
Formula.
Composition, Preparation, Etc.
Color.
Dingler's green.
Chromium-calcium phosphate.
Green.
Egyptian blue {Aiexandt'ia dlue, coppey-
glass).
Copper-calcium silicate.
Blue.
Fol's yellow.
Heating together phenol and arsenous
oxid.
Yellow.
Gentele's green.
Action of sodium stannate on copper sul-
phate.
Green.
Green cinnabar {IVaplss g^ve^ti).
Chrome-yellow and Prussian blue.
Green.
Hamburg white {Dutch white, Tyrol white,
l^enice white).
White lead with heavy spar.
White.
lodin-scarlet (pure scarlet).
Hgl2.
Mercuric iodid.
Brilliant red.
King's yellow [Chinese yellovj).
AS2S3.
Sublimating a mixture of sulphur and ar-
senous oxid.
Yellow.
Litharge (Massicot),
PbO.
Lead oxid ; found in nature.
Yellow.
Lithophan.
BaS04.ZnS.
Barium sulphate and zinc sulphid.
White.
Malachite-green (coppev-greeti, tnountaiii'
green).
CUCO3.
Copper carbonate.
Green.
Manganese-brown.
Action of sodium hypochloriteand caustic
soda on manganous chlorid.
Brown.
Manganese-green (baryta-green, Cassel
green, RosenstrehVs green).
BaMn04.
Barium manganate.
Green.
Mars' brown.
Calcining ferrous sulphate with alum, and
potash.
Brown.
Mineral blue (Antwerp blue, Haarlem blue).
Prussian blue mixed with clay.
Green-blue.
IWineral gray.
From lapis lazuli.
Pale blue-gray.
Mitieral lake.
Glass flux colored with tin cliromate.
Pink.
Mineral purple (Mars' violet , purple ocher).
Artificially prepared iron oxid.
Dark-red.
Minium (gold cinnabar, mineral orange,
orange-yniniuni, Paris red, red lead, Saturyi
cinnabar, satitmme red-).
Pb304.
Red oxid of lead.
Red.
Mittler's green (Arnandon green, emerald
green, Mattkieiv Plessy's green, Pan-
netier's green, Schnitzer green).
Cro(HO)6.
Chiefly chromium hydroxid.
Green.
Mosaic gold.
SnSo.
Stannic sulphid.
Yellow.
Naples yellow.
Lead antimonate.
Pale orange-yel-
low.
Napoleon blue (Raymond' s blue).
Action of basic ferric sulphate and potas-
sium ferrocyanid.
Blue.
Ocher (Indian oche> , Indian red, light red,
Mars' red, Naples red, Persian red, Pom-
peiaH red, red bole, ruddle, scarlet ocher^
terra di sienna).
Ferruginous clays, especially those con-
taining ferric hydroxid.
Red.
Ocher (burnt ocher, Chinese yellow, gold
ocher, Lemnian earth, orange ocher,
Roman ocher).
Clav containin*^ ferric hvdroxid.
Orange-yellow.
Oil-blue (copper indigo).
CuS.
Copper sulphid.
Blue.
Orpiment.
AS2S3.
Natural ore; arsenious sulphid.
Yellow.
Pattison's white lead.
PbCls-PbHoOa-
Adding saturated lime-water to a hot solu-
tion of lead chlorid.
White.
Perfect yellow.
ZnCr04.
Zinc chromate.
Bright light-yel-
low.
Permanent white (blanc fixe, mineral white,
new white).
BaS04.
Barium sulphate.
White.
Pink salt (pink crystals).
SnCl4.2NH4Cl.
Pink.
Prussian blue (ball-blue, Monthier's blue,
navy blue, royal blue, soluble blue).
Precipitating ferric sulphate with potas-
sium ferrocyanid.
Blue.
PIGMENTS 1087 PIGMENTS
CONSPECTUS OF PIGMENTS.—
Name.
Formula.
Composition, Preparation, Etc.
Color.
Prussian brown.
A compound of ferric oxid and alumina.
Orange-brown.
Prussian green.
Imperfect iron ferrocyanid.
Green.
Purple-brown {maroon ox-id).
FejOs.
Ferric oxid.
Purplish-brown.
Realgar.
AS2S2.
Natural ore; arsenium disulphid.
Red.
Rinmann's green {cobalt green, Gellert's
green, green smalt, mineral green, Paris
green. Saxony gree}i, Scheele^s green,
Swedish green, zinc-green).
CuHAsOs.
Copper arsenite.
Bright-green.
Satin white.
Lime, zinc oxid, and a little indigo.
White.
Schweinfurth blue {Reboiilleait's blue).
Fusion of copper arsenate, potassium
arsenate, and niter.
Blue.
Schweinfurth green {Bale green, oneroid
green, French green, imperial green,
Kirschberg green, Leipsic green, Mitis
^een, Newvied green, Paris green, royal
green, Viennagreen).
Copper aceto-arsenite.
Vivid light-green.
Siderine yellow.
Ferrous chromate.
Yellow.
Sienna.
Ferruginous ocherous earth.
Orange-yellow.
Smalts {DtimonV s blue , 'enamel blue, Eschel
blue, King's blue, royal blue).
Glass tinged by cobaltous oxid.
Blue.
Spanish brown.
Highly adulterated dark ferric oxid.
Dark brown.
Strontian yellow.
SrCr04.
Addition of potassium chromate to a solu-
tion of a strontium salt.
Yellow.
Ultramarine {Armenian blue, azure-blue,
lazulite blue).
From lapis lazuli.
Blue.
Ultramarine green.
Mixture of alumina, soda, silica, sulphur,
iron, calcium, etc.
Green.
Ultramarine yellow {barium yellow).
BaCr04.
Barium chromate.
Yellow.
Umber.
Clayey, brown iron ore.
Red.
Umber {cblognese, lignite).
Red.
Vanadium bronze.
An acid derivative of vanadium.
Fine yellow.
Venetian red {English red, Prussian red,
Spanish red).
Ke203.CaS04.
Calcining a mixture of lime and iron sul-
phate.
Red.
Verdigris.
CU2(HO)(C2H302)
H2O.
Copper hydroxyacetate or subacetate.
Green.
Vermilion {Chinese red, cinnabar).
HgS.
Sulphid of mercury.
Red.
Verona brown.
A calcined ferruginous earth.
Redd ish-bro wn.
Veronese green {French Veronese green,
viridian).
Cr2(HO)6.
Chromic hydroxid.
Blue-green.
Vienna white {Bologna lime, Vienna lime).
CaCOs.
Prepared chalk.
White.
White lead {blanc d' argent, China white,
Clichy white, Crenmitz white, French
white, Kremnitz white, Krem's white,
London white, pearl white, Roman white,
silver white).
zPbCOsPblHOo.
Lead carbonates.
White.
White lead substitute.
SbsOs.
Antimonous oxid.
White.
White vitriol.
ZnS04 + 7H20.
Zinc sulphate.
White.
Zinc carbonate.
aZnCOs Zn(HO)2.
White.
Zinc-green.
Zinc-yellow and Prussian blue.
Green.
Zincolith {Griffith's snow-white).
BaS04.ZnS.
Zinc sulphid and barium sulphate.
White.
Zinc-white {Chinese white, snow-white).
ZnO.
Zinc oxid.
White.
Zinc-yellow.
ZnCr04.
Zinc chromate.
Yellow.
PIGMENTS
1088
PIGMENTS
CONSPECTUS or FIGMENTS.— Continued.
II. ORGANIC.
I. ANIMAL PIGMENTS.
Name.
Composition, Preparation, Etc.
Color.
Actiniochrome.
Found in certain invertebrates (e.g., in the tentacles
of Anthea cerus).
Violet.
Acliniohematin.
Found in certain Actinozoa (Anthea cerus).
Red.
Animal black {animal charcoal, bone-black).
Calcination of bones in closed vessels.
Black.
Bilicyanin {Cholecyanin, choleverdin).
Obtained from bilirubin.
Blue.
Biliflavin.
Obtained from biliverdin.
Yellow.
Bilifuscin.
Obtained from bile and gall-stones.
Brown.
Biliphein (Cholophein).
Obtained from bile.
Gray.
Biliprasin.
Found in gall-stones, icteric urine, and'bile.
Brownish-green.
Bilipurpurin.
Obtained from biliverdin.
Purple.
Bilirubin.
The chief pigment of the bile.
Red.
Biliverdin.
Obtained from bile, icteric urine, and gall-stones.
Green.
Bone-brown.
Roasting bones until brown throughout.
Brown.
Bonellein.
Found in certain Annelids : e.g., Bonellia viridis.
Green.
Chlorocruorin.
Found in the blood of certain invertebrates (^.
Sabella ventrilabrum, Siphanostoma sp.).
Green.
Chlorofucin.
Found in Anthea cereus, Biinodes ballii, and Sagar-
tia bellis, and other invertebrates containing sym-
biotic algae.
Yellow.
Chlorophan.
A chromophan found in certain invertebrates, and in
the retinal cones of vertebrates.
Green.
Cholepyrrhin {bilepyr.rhin).
Obtained from bile.
Brown.
Cholohematin.
Found in the bile of ruminants.
Red.
Chromophan.
Found in the retinal cones of certain animals, and in
certain invertebrates. Cf. Chlorophan, Rhodophan,
Xanthophan.
Red, green, yellow.
Cochineal (carmin-red, cochenille, mestica).
From the female insect — Coccus cacti.
Crimson.
Cyanein.
Found in certain invertebrates (e.g., Rhizostoma,
Cyanea, Velella).
Blue.
Echinochrome.
A respiratory pigment of certain Echinoderms.
Brown.
Enterochlorophyl.
Found in the liver in many invertebrates ; pancreatic
or hepatic tissues.
Red to green.
Enterohematin. Synonymous with hemo-
chromogen and helicorubin Krukenberg.
Found in the pancreas or liver of many invertebrates.
Red.
Frankfort black {Gertnati black).
Better grade of bone-black.
Black.
l^elicorubin.
One of the enterohematins of invertebrates.
Red.
Hemacyanin.
Found in the blood and bile of vertebrates.
Blue.
Hemaphein.
A decomposition-product of hematin.
Brown.
Hematin.
Obtained from blood.
Bluish-black.
Hematoidin.
Found in old blood-clots, corpora lutea, hematuria,
etc. Cf. Bilirubin and Hemolutein.
Red to orange.
Hematoporphyrin.
A metabolite of myohematin, enterohematin, histo-
hematin and other intrinsic coloring-matters of in-
vertebrates.
Red.
Hemerythrin.
Found in the blood of many invertebrates; e.g., Si-
ptinculus balanoroplius , Phaseolosoma elongatum.
Burgundy-red.
Hemocyanin.
A proteid found in the blood of many invertebrates,
worms, molluscs, crustaceans.
Blue.
Hemochromagen.
One of the enterohematins of invertebrates.
Red.
Hemoglobin.
The coloring-matter of vertebrate blood-corpuscles.
Red to purple.
PIGMENTS 1089 PIGMENTS
CONSPECTUS OF VlGliiENTS.— Continued.
Name.
CoMPOSiTioN, Preparation, Etc.
Color.
Hemolutein.
Obtained from corpora lutea. CT. HematoTdin.
Yellow.
Hemorhodiii.
An albuminoid giving color to the blood of certain in-
vertebrates, as Aplysia depilans.
Hemosiderin.
Obtained from extravasations and thrombi.
Red.
Histoheraatin.
Found in various tissues and orjrans of invertebrate
animals.
Red.
Indian purple.
Precipitation of cochineal extract with copper sul-
phate.
Deep purple.
Ivory-black.
Calcination of ivory-dust.
Black.
Ivory-brown.
Roasting ivory until brown throughout.
Brown .
Lac-dye.
Resinous substance from lac-insect — Carteria lacca.
Scarlet.
Lutein.
A lipochrome found in the digestive gland of certain
invertebrates (e.g., Holothuria nigra).
Red.
Melanin.
Found normally in epidermal structures, and patho-
logically in the skin and certain tumors, also in the
hematozoa of men and animals.
Black.
Murexid {purple-carmin, ammonium purpur-
ate).
From uric acid by the action of nitric acid and am-
monium hvdroxid.
Purple.
Myohematin.
The true intrinsic coloring-matter of invertebrate
muscle. It occurs (e. g.,) in all the Puhno-gastero-
Red.
Pentacrinin
Found in certain invertebrates (e.g., Pentacrinus
caput ynedus^).
Purple.
Phlebin.
The venous blood-pigment contained in red blood-
corpuscles.
Blue.
Phoenicin.
A name sometimes given to the coloring-matter of
the blood.
Red.
Phyllodoce-green.
Found by MacMunn in the worm Phyllodoce viridis.
Green
Polyperythrin.
Discovered by Moseley in various CoelenteratcE .
Red.
Purree {euxanthin
, Indian yelloui).
Impure ma^^'nesium euxanthate obtained from urine
of cows fed on mango-leaves.
Bright yellow.
iRhodophan.
A chromophan found in the retina of certain animals.
Red.
rTetronerythrin.
A series of lipochrome pigments found in many in-
vertebrates.
Red to green.
Puracin.
From the feathers of the cape lory.
Crimson.
Fyrian purple (pu
rple of mollusca).
From the juice of the shell-fish, mtire.r or conchyl-
ium, of the genus Purpura.
Crimson.
Jrobilin.
Found in urine.
Red or reddish-yellow.
Jrochrome.
Found in urine.
Yellow.
Jroerythrin.
Found in urine.
Red.
Jrohematin.
Found in urine.
Red.
Jromelanin.
Found in urine.
Dark-red.
prorubin.
Found in urine.
2. TAR COLORS.
Garnet-red.
• The Alizarins.
a. An
thracene Colors (from anthracene, C14H10).
t Alizarin-blue (anthracene-blue).
Heating nitro-alizarin with glycerol and sulphuric
acid.
Blue.
Alizarin-blue S.
Sodium salt of alizarin-blue.
Blue.
Alizarin-brown.
Alizarin-red with potassium ferrocyanid.
Brown.
Alizarin-carmin (alizarin W S).
Sodium alizarin monosulphonate.
Carmin.
Alizarin-green
lein).
(anthracene-green.
ceni-
Action of strong sulphuric acid on gallein.
Olive-green.
69
PIGMENTS 1090 PIGMENTS
CONSPECTUS OF PIGMENTS.— Co«/m«^a'.
Name.
Composition, Preparation, Etc.
Color.
Alizarin-orange (alizarin TV).
Action of nitric acid on alizarin.
Orange-red.
Alizarin-purple.
Treating alizarin with ferrous sulphate.
Lilac.
Alizarin-red.
Flesh-color.
Alizarin-violet (anthracene-violet, gallein).
Action of phthalic anhydrid on pyrogallol.
Violet.
b. Purpurin.
Oxidation of alizarin
Yellowish-red.
Flavo-purpurin.
Acid yellow (fast yellow).
Similar to alizarin.
b. Azo-dyes.
Treating amidoazotolueiie hydrochlorid with fuming
sulphuric acid.
Yellowish-red.
Olive and moss-green.
Anilin-yellow (spirit-yellow).
Heating diamidoazobenzene with anilin hydro-
chlorid.
Yellow.
Azarin.
Compound of naphthol-azo-dichlorphenol and ammo-
nium acid sulpliite.
Brilliant red.
Azo-blue.
Action of tetraza-ditolyl chlorid on potassium j3-naph-
thol-sulphonate.
Dark-blue.
Benzo-purpurin .
Formed from orthotolidin and two molecules of
naphthioiiic acid.
Scarlet.
Biebrich scarlet (Ponceau B).
Action of diazoazobenzene upon ^-naphthol.
Scarlet.
Brilliant yellow.
Formed from one molecule of diamidostilbenedisul-
phonic acid with two molecules of phenol.
Buffalo rubin.
Derived from o-naphthylamin and naphthol.
Red.
Carmin-naphtha.
Derived from fl.-ii3.phthylflmin 3,iicl ii3.phtliol.
Csmiiti.
Chrysamin.
i^ctioti of" tetr3.zociii3heiiyl chloirid on sodium s^IicylSite*
Sulphur—yellow,
Chrysoidin.
Diamidoazobenzene hydrochlorid.
Bright yellow.
Chrysolin.
Sodium benzyl-fluorescein.
Yellow.
Chrysophanin.
By ethylating brilliant yellow.
Orange-yellow.
Claret-red.
Sodium a-azonaphthalene, j3-naphthol disulphonate.
Red.
Congo G R.
From benzidin, amidobenzolsulphonic acid, and
naphthionsulphuric acid.
Red.
Congo-red.
Sodium benzidin and naphthionate.
Red.
Crocein-scarlet.
Diazotizing amidnazobenzolmonosulphonic acid with
hydrochloric acid and sodium nitrite
Scarlet.
Double brilliant scarlet G-
From the diazo-compound of p-naphthylamm-mono-
sulphonic acid and ^-naphthol.
Double scarlet S.
From the diazo-compound of ^-naphthylamin-mono-
sulphonic acid and a-naphtholmonosulphonic acid.
Scarlet.
Fast brown G.
Sodium a-naphtholdisazo, /-azobenzenesulphonate.
Brown.
Fast red (orseillin, rauracienne, roccellin,
rubidin).
Sodium 0-naphtholazonaphthalene sulphonate.
Garnet-red.
Fast red B (Bordeaux B).
Derived from a-naphthylamin and naphthol.
i\.eu .
French red.
Mixture of claret-red and naphthol-orange.
Red
Hessian purple N.
One molecule of diamidostilbenedisulphonic acid
»»f5fVi fMfr\ tnrtldr^ll li^C fl_M Q nil tli^rls TTl 1 fl
Wltll LWU IIKJicV. lilCS KJi p- H<a JJli 111 V i il-
Purple.
Hessian purple P.
'One molecule of diamidostilbenedisulphonic acid
with two molecules of naphthionic acid.
Purple. j
Hessian violet.
One molecule of Hinmidostilbenedisulphonic acid
with one molecule of a-naphthylamin and one mole-
cule of P-naphthol.
Violet.
Hessian yellow.
One molecule of diamidostilbenedisulphonic acid
with two molecules of salicylic acid.
Yellow.
Metanil-yellow.
Sodium phenylamidoazobenzene-OT-sulphonate.
Yellow.
PIGMENTS
1091
PIGMENTS
CONSPECTUS OF FIGUENTS.—Contmued.
Name.
Composition, Preparation, Etc.
Color.
New coccin R {coccitLiyi^ phenetol-red).
Derived from a-naphthylamin find naphthol.
Red
Orange I {a-naphthol orange^ cJivysoin, re-
sorcinol-yellow, tropceuliii ooo No. /).
Sodium a-iiaphthol-azobenzene.
Reddish -orange.
Orange II {fi-naphtkol orange, chrysamin,
gold orange, mandarin, tropceolin ooo No. 2).
Sodium )3-naphthol-azobenzene.
Bright reddish-orange.
Orange III (gold orange, helianthin, methyl-
orange, tropi^olin D).
Ammonium dimethyl-anilin-azobeiizene sulphonate.
Fiery orange.
Orange IV (diphenylamin-orange, orange N,
Iropizolin 00).
Potassium phenylated acid yellow.
Orange-yellow.
Orange G.
Sodium benzeIle-azo-^-naphthol-^-disulphonate.
Bright orange.
Palatin orange.
Ammonium tetranitrodiphenol.
Orange-yellow.
Ponceau 2 R (Hylidin red).
Action of hydrochlorid of diazo-w-xylene upon ^-
naphthol-disulphoiiic acid.
Red.
Ponceau 3 R (Cumidin red ).
Action of diazo-»i-cumene hydrochlorid upon/3-naph-
thol-disulphonic acid.
Red.
Soudan brown (Pigment-brown).
Derived from a-naphthylamin and naphthol.
Brown.
Wool-black.
Combining paratolyl-|3-naphthylamin with diazotized
azobenzoldisulphonic acid.
Blue-black.
c. Benzene Colors (from benzene, CoHo).
a. Anilin or Amin colors.
Anilin-black (Col/in's black, jetolin).
Oxidation of anilin hydrochlorid with potassium di-
chromate .
Black.
Nigrosin (one of the indulins).
Heating amidoazobenzene with anilin hydrochlorid.
Black.
Anilin blue.
Rosanilin heated with anilin and benzoic acid.
Blue.
Alkali blue (fast blue, Guernsey blue,
Nicholson blue).
Sodium triphenj'lrosanilin-monosulphonate.
Bright blue.
Alkali blue D.
Sodium triphenylpararosanilin-monosulphonate.
Blue.
Bale blue.
From nitrosodimethylanilin with ditolylnaphthylen-
diamin.
Blue.
Bavarian blue (spirit diphenylamin blue).
Blue.
Bavarian blue D S F.
Sodium triphenylpararosanilin disulphonate.
Blue.
China blue.
Similar to soluble blue.
Blue.
Coupler's blue (acetin-blue, anilin-gray ,
azodiphenyl-blue, bengaline, fast blue,
indulin-blue , printing blue, Roubaix
blue). ^
Heating amidoazobenzene with anilin hydrochlorid.
Blue.
Ethyl-blue.
Treating spirit-blue with ethyl chlorid.
Pure blue.
Light blue.
Blue.
Marine blue.
Blue.
Methyl-blue.
Treating spirit-blue with methyl chlorid.
Blue.
Neutral blue.
From nitrosodimethylanilin with phenylnaphthylam-
in.
Blue.
Night-blue ( Victoria blue).
Blue.
Soluble blue (Blackley blue, cotton blue,
green-blue, liquid indigo-blue, navy-
blue).
Heating spirit-blue with sulphuric acid and the
product with oxalic acid.
Blue.
Spirit-blue (basic blue, gentian-blue,
Humboldt blue, imperial blue, Lyons
blue, opal-blue, Parma blue, rosanilin-
blue).
Triphenylrosanilin and triphenylpararosanilin hydro-
chlorids.
Blue.
Water-blue.
Similar to soluble blue.
Blue.
Anilin-brown.
Brown.
PIGMENTS 1092 PIGMENTS
CONSPECTUS OF PIGMENTS.—
Name.
Composition Preparation Etc-
Phenylene-brown (B i s in a> c k-b row n,
Canelle-brou'n, cinnaiiion-browyi, gold-
brozi'ti, leather -brown^ Manchester
brow7i, Vesuvin).
Triamidoazobenzene hydrochlorid.
Brown.
Anilin-green.
Green.
Acid green {Guinea green, Helvetia
green, light-green S F).
Sodium diethyldibenzyl diamidotriphenyl carbinol-
trisulphonate.
Bright green.
AldehyS green.
Action of aldehyd on magenta with sulphuric acid.
Green.
Alkali green.
Derived from diphenylamin.
Green.
Brilliant green (emerald green, new
Victoria green").
Tetramethyl-diparamidotriphenylcarbinol h y d ro-
chlorid with zinc or iron chlorid.
Green.
Ethyl-green {new Victoria green, solid
green).
Tetrethyldiparamidotriphenylcarbinol sulphonate.
Green.
Fast green.
Sodium tetramethyl dibenzyl pseudrosanilin disul-
phonate.
Green.
lodin-green {crystallized green).
Chlormethylhexmethylrosanilin hydrochlorid and
zinc chlorid.
Green.
Light green.
Zinc chlorid and chlormethylhexamethylpararosani-
lin hydrochlorid.
Green.
Liquid acid green.
10-20 per cent, solution of acid green.
Green.
Malachite-green (benzol-green, benz-
aldehyd-greeit, benzoyl-green, bitter-
almond green, fast green, solid green,
Victoria green).
Tetramethyldiamidotriphenylcarbinol hydrochlorid.
Made by the action of benzaldehyd upon dimethyl-
anilin.
Green.
■ —
Methyl-green.
Chlormethylhexamethylpararosanilin hydrochlorid
with zinc chlorid.
Green
Metternich green.
Chlormethylhexamethylrosanilin hydrochlorid with
zinc chlorid.
Green.
Night-green.
Chlormethylhexamethylrosanilin hydrochlorid with
zinc chlorid.
Green.
Paris green.
Chlormethylhexamethylpararosanilin hydrochlorid
with zinc chlorid.
Green.
Anilin-red.
Red.
Acid magenta (magenta S, rubin S).
Mixture of rosanilin monosulphonic and disulphonic
acids.
Red.
Azalein.
Rosanilin nitrate.
Red.
Cerise.
Cherry color.
Fuchsin (magenta, new red, rubin).
Rosanilin hydrochlorid.
D^p red.
Magenta (harmalin, rosein).
Pararosanilin and rosanilin hydrochlorids.
Deep red.
Maroon.
From resinous residue after extraction of magenta.
Dark red.
Phenosaffranin (saffranin B extra).
Red.
Rosanilin (anilin-red, Bruyiing's red,
Coupler red, nitrobenzol-red).
A derivative of anilin.
Red.
Rosein.
Rosanilin acetate.
r\.ea.
Saffranin (anilin-rose).
Mixture of tolusafranin and phenotolusafranin.
Kea.
Anilin-violet ( Tyrolin).
Violet.
Acid violet.
Sodium dimethylrosanilintrisulphonate.
Violet.
Crystal violet (violet 6 B).
Hexamethylpararosanilin hydrochlorid.
Violet.
Dahlin (Hofmann' s violet, primula).
The ethyl and methyl derivatives of rosanilin.
Violet.
Ethyl-purple.
Hexa-ethyl-pararosanilin.
Blue violet.
lodin-violet.
Violet.
Mauvanilin.
From residue from arsenic acid-process of making
magenta.
Violet.
PIGMENTS 1093 PIGMENTS
CONSPECTUS OF FIGMENTS.— Coniinued.
Name.
Composition, Preparation, Etc.
Color.
Mauvein (anilin- purple, anilin - violet ,
indisin, mauve, Paris red, Perkins'
violet).
Oxidation of anilin containing toluidin.
Purple.
Methyl-violet (Paris violet).
Pentamethylpararosanilin hydrochlorid.
Violet.
Methyl-violet 6 B {benzyl-violet).
Pentamethylbenzylpararosanilin hydrochlorid.
Violet.
Red violet.
Violet.
Rosanilin-violet (imperial violet, Parma
violet, phenyl -violet, regina- purple,
spirit-violet).
Monophenylrosanilin and diphenylrosanilin hydro-
chlorids.
Dull violet.
Violanilin.
One of the indulins.
Gray-violet.
Violet R.
Violet.
Anilin-yellow.
Yellow.
Acid yellow (fast yellow).
Sodium amidoazobenzene sulphonate.
Yellow.
Chrysanilin.
Action of steam on the residue left after extraction of
rosanilin.
Yellow.
Flavanilin.
Heating acetanilid with zinc chlorid.
Yellow.
b. The Auramins.
Auramin.
Tetramethyldiamidobenzophenonimid hydrochlorid.
Brilliant yellow.
Aurantia (imperial yellow).
Ammonium hexanitrodiphenylamin.
Orange-yellow.
Dimethylphenylene-green(.Sz«cficA«£f/er'j
green).
Oxidizing dimethyl paraphenylene diamin with di-
methylanilin.
Yellow-green.
Ethylene-blue.
Formed from nitrosodimethylanilin.
Blue.
Gallocyanin (new fast violet, solid violet).
Formed from nitrosodimethylanilin with gallic acid.
Blue-violet.
Girofle.
Formed from nitrosodimethylanilin.
Blue.
Indophenol.
Simultaneous oxidation of a phenol and a paradiamin.
Indigo-blue.
Indophenol-blue (naphthol-blue).
Action of nitrosodimethylanilin on a-naphthol.
Indigo-blue.
Lauth's violet (thionin).
Oxidation of paraphenylendiamin in an acid solution
containing hydrogen sulphid.
Violet.
Methylene-blue (fast blue).
Tetramethylthionin hydrochlorid with zinc chlorid.
Green-blue.
Muscarin.
A derivative of nitrosodimethylanilin.
Blue.
Neutral red.
Dimethyldiamidotoluphenazin hydrochlorid.
Red.
Neutral violet.
Dimethyldiamidophenazin hydrochlorid.
Violet.
New blue (cotton-blue R, fast blue for cot-
ton, naphthylenene-blue).
Blue.
Nile blue.
Action of muscarin on a-naphthylamin.
Blue.
j Phenylauramin.
Heating auramin with anilin.
Orange-yellow.
i Phenylene-blue.
Oxidation of phenylenediamin with anilin.
Green-blue.
1 Prune.
Obtained from gallic methyl ether.
1' Toluylene-blue.
Oxidation of toluylene diamin.
Blue.
Fluorescein colors. The Eosins (iiis,
morning redness).
, Cyanosin.
Formed by methylating phloxin.
Blue.
jj Cyanosin B.
Formed by ethylatingtetrabromtetrachlorfluorescein.
Blue.
Eosin.
Tetrabromfluorescein.
Red.
1 Eosin A extra.
Sodium tetrabromfluorescein.
Garnet-red.
j Eosin B.
Sodium or ammonium tetrabromfluorescein.
Red.
1 Eosin-orange.
Sodium dibromfluorescein.
Orange-red.
Eosin-scarlet (daphnin, eosin B N, lute-
cienne, rose des Alpes, safrosin).
Sodium, potassium, or ammonium dibromdinitro-
fluorescei'n.
Scarlet.
1
PIGMENTS
1094
PIGMENTS
CONSPECTUS OF FIGMENTS.— Confmued.
Name.
Composition, Preparation, Etc.
Color.
Erythrosin {diatithin B, eosin bleuatre,
eosin J, iodeosin B, pyrosin B, rose Bu-
reau, soluble primrose).
Sodium, potassium and ammonium tetraiodofluor-
esceVn.
Light brick-red to brown-
red.
Erythrosin G (dianthin G, iodeosin G).
Salts of di-iodofluoresceVn.
Red.
Phloxin P.
Potassium tetrabromdichlorfluorescei'n.
Red.
Phloxin T.
Formed by bromizing tetrachlorfluorescei'n.
Red.
Primrose (eosin S, ethyl eosin, rose J B&-
I'alcool, spirit eosin).
Potassium ethyltetrabromfluorescei'n.
Bright-red.
Rose Bengale {Bengal red).
Formed by iodizing dichlorfluorescei'n.
Blue-red.
Rose Bengale B.
Formed by iodizing tetrachlorfluorescein.
Blue-red.
Soluble eosin.
Sodium or ammonium tetrabromfluorescein.
Reddish-brown.
d. Resorcin colors.
Resorcin-blue (fluorescent resorcinal blue,
lacmoid).
Formed by heating resorcin with sodium nitrite.
Blue.
Resorcin-brown.
Combining resorcin with a diazo-compound.
Brown.
Resorcin-violet.
Action of resorcin on tetramethyldiamidobenzo-
phenon.
Violet.
Solid green.
Brilliant yellow.
Dinitroresorcin.
d. Naphthalene Pigments.
Treating a-uaphtholdisulphonic acid with nitric acid.
Green.
Yellow.
Martins' yellow (golden yellow, naphthal-
ene-yellow, naphthol-ye'llow, Manchester
yellow, saffron-yellow).
Sodium, ammonium, or calcium dinitro-a-naphthol.
Yellow.
Napthalene-red (magdala-red, naphthalin-
scarlet, Soudan-red).
Diamido-naphthyl napthazonium chlorid.
Scarlet.
Naphthalene-violet (naphthame'in) .
Formed by oxidizing a-naphthylamin.
Violet.
Naphthol-blue (indophenol, naphthol-violef).
Action of nitrosodimethylanilin on a-naphthol.
Indigo-blue.
Naphthol-green B.
Treating ^-naphtholmonosulphonic acid S with nitric
acid.
Green.
Naphthol-yellow S (acid yellow S).
Treating a-naphtholtrisulphonic acid with nitric acid.
Yellow.
Phenanthrene-red .
Red.
Sungold.
Aurin (rosolic acid).
e. Phenol Pigments.
Heating phenol with sulphuric and oxalic acids.
Yellow.
Orange-red.
Azulin (azurin, rosolic blue).
Heating rosolic acid with anilin.
Blue.
Corallin-red (aurin R, peonin, peony-red^.
Heating aurin with ammonium hydroxid.
Red.
Corallin-yellow.
Formed from aurin.
Orange-yellow.
Flavaurin (nsw yellow).
Ammonium dinitrophenolparasulphonate.
Yellow.
Garnet-brown (grenate browii).
Potassium or ammonium cresylpurpurate.
Brown. |
Phenol-blue.
Action of dimethyl phenylenediamin on phenol.
Green-blue.
Phenyl-brown (Havana brown, leather-
brown, phenicin, rothein).
Action of sulphuric and nitric acids on phenol.
Brown.
Picric Acid.
Trinitrophenol.
Yellow.
Quinolin colors.
Quinolin-blue (cyanin).
Reaction of amyl iodid, quinolin and methylquinolin.
Blue.
Quinolin-green.
Tetramethyldiamidodiphenylquinolol hydrochorid.
Green .
Quinolin-red.
Heating benzotrichlorid with quinaldin and iso-
quinolin in the presence of zinc chlorid.
Red.
Quinolin-yellow.
Heating quinaldin with phthalic anhydrid and zinc
chlorid.
Yellow.
PIGMENTS
1095
PIGMENTS
CONSPECTUS OF PIGMENTS.— (7o«/2«z<fa'.
Name.
Composition, Preparation, Etc.
Color.
Salicylic acid colors.
Salicyl-orange.
Orange-yellow.
Salicyl-yellow.
Monobromsalicylic acid or its sodium salt.
Yellow.
Victoria yellow (anilin-orange, saffron-sub-
stitute, Victoria orange).
Adansonia-red.
3. VEGETABLE PIGMENTS.
Obtained by Walz from the bark of Adansonia digi-
iata, L.
Orange-yellow.
Blood-red.
iEthylpurpurin.
Obtained by Schiitzenberger and Schiffert from pur-
Red.
Alder-red.
Obtained from the wood of Alniis glutinosa. Gaert.
Red.
Alizarin*
Discovered in .1826 by Colin and Robiquet in madder
(Rubia tinctoria) ; named from Ali-zari, the Orien-
tal commercial name for madder.
Red.
Alkanna-green.
Obtained from madder-root.
Green.
Alkanna-red (Alkanet, Anchusin, Pseudal-
kannin Actd anchusiQue^^ Pelletier).
Obtained from the roots of ^^KC^aja tinctoria ox Al-
kamia tiiicloria of southern Europe.
Red.
Anlhocyan (Flower-blue).
The coloring-matter, according to Marquart, of many
blue, red, and violet flowers, the tint depending on
the amount of acid present. Cf. Cyanin.
Blue.
Anthoxanthin {Flower-yellow).
Obtained by Marquart from yellow flowers. Cf. the
^iijithiti of Cloez, and J^txntheiti of Fremy.
Yellow.
Antwerp-brown.
Asphaltum mixed with a drying-oil.
Brown.
Archil (French purple, orchil, orchil-purple).
From Roccella tinctoria and R.fuciformis,
Violet, mauve-purple.
Arnatto {annatto, annotto, Orleans),
The fruit-pulp of Bixin orellana, L. Employed by
silk-dyers and varnish-makers j also for coloring
cheese, cream, chocolate, confectionery, etc. See
Yellowish-red.
Azale (pincoffin ).
Crude alizarin.
Red.
Azolitmin.
From litmus.
Deep blood-red.
Bacterio-purpurin.
Obtained from the protoplasm of Beggiatoa roseo-
p SXCttlCi •
Peach-color.
Barwood-red (mock Turkey red).
Wood of Baphia nitida.
Orange-red.
Bezette (turnesol rag).
Juics of" Croton tiyictoritty^.
Blue.
Bioxy alizarin*
\_/ Ulo.1 ilCvj llijlil /AladLIctll llldUViCI uy LiCallllCIll Vvllll
alcohol and benzol.
Orange-red .
Bixin (orellin, orlean-red).
Obtained from Bixa orellanna.
Cinnabar-red.
Bladder-green (iris-green, sap-green).
From berries of Rhammis catharticus.
Green.
Brasilin (brazilin).
Obtained by Chevreul and BoUey from the wood of
Carsalpinia sappan, L.; C. brasiliensis , S. W.; C.
echinaia , l-.am.
Golden-yellow.
Rrnwti maHHfit"
wiv^vvii iiiauuci •
Lake from madder-root.
Rich brown.
Brown pink {stil de grain).
From Rhamnus infectorius, or from quercitrin bark.
Dark-pink.
Cflnarin.
Oxidation of potassium sulphocyanid with potassium
chlorate in the presence of sulphuric and hydro-
chloric acids.
Orange-yellow.
First obtained by Braconnot from Capstcuttt annuuvt.
Red.
\.>ap U^lliC IIld.UUcr.
Lake from madder-root.
Reddish-orange.
Carotin.
The coloring-matter of the root of the cultivated car-
rot, Dauciis carota, discovered, in 1832, by Wacken-
roder.
Deep-red to golden-red.
Carthamin (rouge vegetal, safflower-car-
min).
Obtained from saffron (Carthamiis tinctorius), L.
Dark brownish-red to yel-
lowish-red and purple,
according to mordant.
Catechu (cashoo).
Extract from Acacia catechu.
Brown.
PIGMENTS 1096 PIGMENTS
CONSPECTUS OF PIGMENTS.—
Name.
Composition, Preparation, Etc.
Color.
Cerulein (aziilene).
A vegetable principle.
Blue.
Chelidoxanthin.
Obtained by Probst from Chelidonium majus, L.
Yellow.
Cheniic black.
Gall-nuts with ferric nitrate and pyroligneous acid.
Black,
Chica-red {^cuvdjitvci , cfiico-yt^d).
Lfeaves of jBt^Hoiiia chica.
Orange-red .
Cliincsc green {laokcio^.
From Rliamnus cfilorophorus and Ji. utilis.
Green,
Chlorogenin.
Obtained from madder-root by Schunck.
Green.
Chlorophyl (Leaf-green).
From the leaves or other green parts of plants, and
certain invertebrates. A complex coloring-matter
composed of varying mixtures of phyllocyatini ,
and phylloxanthin. Cf. phycoxanthin, phycoplidin.
Green.
Chlorrubiadin.
Obtained by Schunck from madder-root.
Yellow.
Chlorrubian.
Obtained by Schunck from madder-root.
Yellow.
Chrome-black.
Produced by mordanting with potassium dichromate
and dyeing with logwood.
Black.
Clirysophan.
Obtained from the roots of rhubarb (Rheum pabna-
tum).
Gold or sulphur-yellow.
Chrysophanic acid.
Discovered by Schrader (1819J ; found in the lichens,
Pamieha pixnetiiia, FaTtiielia caparaia, Sguajnarta
elegans, and Cassia bijn.e:a, Andira araroba, (Goa
powder), Rheuin palmatuyii.
Yellow.
Chrysorhamnin.
Obtained from the fruit of Rhamnus amygdalenus, R.
mfectoiius, and R. saxatths.
Golden yellow.
Cinchona-red ( Chinaroth, rosso di China,
cinchofulvic acid).
A phlobophene discovered by Reuss(i8i2) in cinchona
bark.
Red
Cissotannic-acid.
Obtained by Wittstein from reddened autumn leaves
and from strawberries.
Brown-red or red-biown.
Coiorin.
Dry alcoholic extract of garancin.
Red.
Common black.
From logwood, sumac, and fustic, by adding a mix-
ture of green and blue vitriol.
Black.
Cork black.
Burning cork in closed vessels.
Black.
Crocin {Potycroit ).
Obtained from Crocus sativus, Gardenia grandifolia,
and Fabiaiia imbHcata.
Yellow.
Cudbear.
From Lecanora tartarea and other lichens.
Purple or violet.
Curcumin {Curcuma-yellow , Turmeric).
Obtained from the roots of Curcuma longa, and other
species ; cultivated throughout Eastern tropics ;
used in cookery, and for test-paper.
Yellow.
Cyanin (Flower-blue).
Found by Fremv and Cloez in blue flowers, e.g.,
corn-flower, violets, etc. This appears to be a pure
form of the anthocyan of Marquart. The scarlet-
red of some flowers appear to be a mixture of cy-
anin and xant/iin.
Blue.
Dragon's blood.
Resin from Draccrna draco.
Red.
Dutch-pink.
From Reseda luteola. See Luieolin.
Pink.
Dyer's broom.
From Gejiista tinctoria.
Yellow.
Erythrin.
Obtained from Roccella fuciformis.
Red.
Erythrophyl (Leaf-red).
Obtained by Berzelius from reddened autumn leaves
(e.g., cherry, currant).
Red.
Etiolin.
The yellow pigment of etiolated leaves. Cf. xantho-
phyl, phylloxanthin.
Yellow.
Filix-red.
Obtained from the rhizomes of Aspidium filix mas.
Dark brick-red.
Florence lake (Florentine lake).
Lake from logwood.
Deep brown-red.
Florideae-green.
That portion of the compound pigment (Rhodophyl)
of the red alga' which is soluble in alcohol.
Green.
Fucoxanthin.
Sorby's name for the principal coloring-matter of the
olive-green sea weeds (/^Hcnc^.z'and Laminarascecz).
Amber.
Fustin (fisetin).
Obtained from the root of Rhus cotinus.
Yellow.
PIGMENTS
1097
PIGMENTS
CONSPECTUS OF PIGMENTS.— Cc^/z/Z/zW.
Name.
Composition, Preparation, Etc.
Color.
Galloflavin.
Oxidation of gallic acid in alkaline solution.
Yellow.
Gambler (gambir, pale catechu, terra
japonica).
Extract from leaves of Uncaria gambler.
Yellowish-brown.
Gamboge.
Gum-resin from Garcinia hanburyi.
Brownish-yellow.
Garanceux.
From the waste madder of the dye-houses.
Red, deep-brown, lilac,
black.
Garancin.
Action of cone, sulphuric acid on pulv. madder.
Red.
Gas-black {hydrocarbon-black).
Burning natural gas against a revolving iron cylinder.
Black.
Glaucotin.
\J\j\<x lllcU Uy xiUUbL lIUlIl LllC IlUWclb xjLUrlH, tlilTrl
luteum^ Scop.
Guaiac-yellow.
Obtained by Pelletier and Hadelich from the resin of
(^UCllClCZt7H-0jffiCtiZQ,l^ y L,
Yellow.
Harmal-red (Harmalin).
Obtained by Gobel as an oxidation-product of har-
malin from Ruta graveolens, and other species of
Rutacece.
Red.
Hematei'n.
Obtained from hematoxylin by the action of ammo-
nia.
Black-violet.
Hematoxylin.
From logwood, Hczmatoxylon campechianutn.
Red, blue, purple.
Hooker's green.
Mixture of Prussian blue and gamboge.
Green.
Ilixanthin.
Obtained by Moldenhauer from Ilex aquifolium.
Yellow.
Indigo {Indian blue).
From leguminous plants of the genus Indigo/era.
Blue.
Indigo-brown.
Mixture of Indihumin and indiretin.
Brown.
Indigo-carmin.
Sodium salt of indigo-extract.
Blue-red.
Indigo-extract {disttlphonic acid, indigotin).
Solution of indigo in strong sulphuric acid.
Blue.
Indigo-red {indigo-purple, indirubin).
Decomposition of Indican by oxalic or tartaric acid.
Reddish-purple.
Indigotin {Indigo-blue, liquid blue. Saxony
blue, oat-blue).
A pigment known to the ancients, and obtained from
many plants. Indigo/era tinctoria, L. ; Indigofera
anil, L. ; Indigofera argentea, L. ; Indigofera dis-
perma, L. ; Isatis tinctoria, Isatis hisitanica (see
IVoad), Nerium tinctoriuni, or VVrightia tinctoria,
Polygonum tinctorium. Polygonum fagopyrum, Poly-
gonum chi)tense, Marsdcnia tinctoria, Asclepias
tingens, Galega tinctoria, Alercurialis perennis,
Melampyrum arvena;, Melampyrum cristatum,
Polygola bracteolata, Croton tinctoi iuni, Croton ver-
bascifolium, Phytolacca decandi a, Phytolacca mexi-
cana, Monotropa hypopitys, Tephrosia apollinea,
T. toxicaria, Raitdia aculeata, amorpha fruticosa ;
also found in animal fluids, urine, sweat, milk, pus.
This pigment is not a direct product of the plant-
juices or animal fluids, but a decomposition-product,
the result of the action of bacteria upon indican or
other glucosids. Cf. Bacillus indigoferus, Classen,
And Bacillus indigogenus, Alvarez, under Bacteria,
Synonymattc Table of.
Blue.
Indigo-white {indigogen).
Action of reducing agents on commercial indigo.
Blue.
Isatrin-yellow.
Action of phenylhydrazinparasulphonic acid on dioxi-
tartaric acid.
Yellow.
Japan black {asphaltum, Brunswick black,
Japan lacquer).
Cooking asphaltum with linseed-oil and adding tur-
pentine.
Black.
Kyanophyl.
Wiesner's name for nearly pure chlorophyl freed from
its yellow pigment, xanthophyl. Cf. Phyllocyanin.
Blue-green.
ij«iii|j-Uld,LK \SOOl J.
Imperfect combustion of resin, oils, gas, tar, etc.
Black.
Ligulin.
Obtained by Nickles and Reinsch from the berries of
Ligusfrum vulgare. Cf. Qipholin.
Carmin-red.
Lithospermum-red.
First obtained by Ludwig and Kromayer from the
bark of the root of Lithospermum arvense.
Red.
Litmus.
From Roccella tinctoria, and other lichens.
Blue.
Logwood-black.
Mordanting with iron salts and dyeing with log-
wood.
Black.
PIGMENTS
1098
PIGMENTS
CONSPECTUS OF PIGMENTS.— a«//««^'</.
Name.
Composition, Preparation, Etc.
Color.
Lutein {Egg-yellow).
A red lipochrome obtained by Thudicum from many
kinds of yellow flowers, seeds, the flesh of berries,
and the yellow bodies in the ovaries of mammals,
egg-yolks, and other animal substances.
Yellow.
Luteolin.
Discovered by Chevreul in 1830. The yellow coloring-
matter of Reseda luteola, L. (Ash of Jerusalem,
Dyers' Rocket, Dyers' Weed, Dyers' Yellow-weed,
Goud, Green-weed, Italian Rocket, Weld, Woad,
Wolds, Woulds, Would, Yellow Rocket, Yellow
Weed, Yellows) ; chiefly used for paper-hangings.
The color called Dutch pink is also obtained from it.
Green, yellow, or blue, ac-
cording to the mordants
employed.
Madder (Adrianople red, madder-red, Turkey
red ).
From the roots o{ Rubia tinctorum.
Red.
Madder-brown.
From catechu worked with madder-colors.
Brown.
Madder-carmin.
Lake from madder-root with an aluminum base.
Carmin.
Madder-orange.
Lake from madder-root.
Orange.
Madder-purple (Field's purple, purple rubi-
ate).
Lake from madder-root.
Deep-purple.
Madder-yellow.
Lake from madder-root.
Bright yellow.
Marennin.
The green coloring-principle absorbed by oysters
from diatoms (Navicula ostrearia) in "greening."
Cf. Diatomin.
Green.
Morin.
From the Heart-wood of mulberry (Morus tinctoria).
Yellow.
Morindin.
Discovered by Anderson, in 1849, in the bark of the
root of Morinda citrifolia.
Sulphur-yellow to red, ac-
cording to mordant.
Munjistin (Indian madder, mungeet, mun-
jeet ).
Obtained from the East India madder (Rubia mun-
jista, or RTtbxa cordiyolia).
Golden-yellow to red, ac-
cording to mordant.
Nemours blue.
Dyeing with sandal-wood and afterward with indigo.
Blue.
Nitropurpurein .
Obtained by Stenhouse from Purpure'tn by the action
of nitric acid.
CEnolin {oenolinic acid. Berry-blue, Berry-
red ).
Obtained by Mulder and Gl^nard from grapes, whor-
tleberries, bilberries, blackberries, mulberries, elder-
berries, etc. Cf Ligulin.
Blue-black, violet-red to
red-brown.
Orcin (orcinol).
From orchella weed and other lichens.
Blood-red.
Orellin.
From Bijira orellana, L. See Bixin.
Red.
Orlean-red.
Obtained from Bixa orellana. See Bixin.
Red.
Oxyrubian.
Obtained by Schunck from madder-root.
Brown.
Peach-black.
Calcination of peach-stones.
Black.
Pheophyl {PhcEophyl).
The compound pigment of the Fucaceir and Phiz-
osporecF. Cf. PhycophcEin and Phycoxanthin.
Olive or brown.
Phlobaphene (Bark-pigment).
Obtained from the bark of various trees and shrubs,
by Stahelin, Hofstetter, Hesse, Hlasiwetz, Grabow-
ski, etc.
Brown-red.
Phycochroine.
A complex pigment of the CyanophyceiS, or Phyco-
chromaceiz. Cf. Phycocyanin.
Blue-green.
Phycocyanin.
Obtained from various phycochromaceous algae and
from certain invertebrates (C^Wo/Zi-raj). Cf. Scyto-
nentin.
Blue in transmitted light,
blood-red i n reflected
light.
Phycoerythrin
That portion of the compound pigment (Rhodophyl)
of the red AlgcE which is soluble in water. Cf.
FloridetT-green.
Red.
Phycohematin
Obtained from the sea-weed Rhytiplcra tinctoria.
Blood-red.
Phycophei'n
Obtained from ih.e FucacecF and Phrrospnrecr. Schutt
confines the name to that part of pheophyl which
is soluble in water.
Reddish-brown.
Phycoxanthin.
That portion of the pheophyl of the Fucacees and
Phrrosporers which is soluble in alcohol.
Yellow.
Phyllerythrin.
A general term for the red pigment of leaves.
Red.
PIGMENTS
1099 PIGMENTS
CONSPECTUS OF PIGMENTS.— Co«/2«zW.
Name.
Composition, Preparation, Etc.
Color.
Phyllocyanin {C^yciHophyl)^
The acid constituent of chlorophyl. Cf. PhylloxcLyi~
thin.
Blue or greenish-blue.
Phylloxanthiii i^^cinthophyl).
One of tile constituents of Clilorophyl. Cf. Phyllo~
cyaniti.
Yellow.
Phymatorhusin.
From metastatic deposits in the slcin.
Phyterythrin.
Same as Erythrophyl.
Red.
Pink madder.
Lake from madder-root.
Pink.
Pittacal.
From beechwood tar.
Blue.
Pseudopurpurin.
Obtained from Alsatian madder by treatment with
alcohol and benzol.
Red.
Puccoon.
The Indian term for the dye obtained from various
North American herbs, e.g., Lithospermiim kirtum,
Lithospcrmum canescens, Sangiiinaria canadensis ,
etc.
Red to yellow.
Purple-madder.
Lake from madder-root.
Purple.
Purpurei'n.
From Purpurin by the action of ammonium hydroxid.
Carmin-red.
Field's purple. Purple rubiate).
Obtained bv the action of yeast on Alsatian or Avig-
non madder.
Cherry-red to purple, ac-
cording to mordant.
UUCl vCLill \iTlClt. 0 Ltl j t
Obtained from the heart-wood of Rhus cotinus the
berries of Hippophcra rhamnoides, the green parts
of CalltDia vulgaris, the flowers of Cornus mascula,
horsechestnut leaves and flowers, etc.
Citron-yellow.
Quercitrin.
Discovered by Chevreul and Brandt. It occurs in the
bark of the black-oak {Qnercus tinctoria, Mich.), as
well as other species of oak, also in tea-leaves, and
as queraescitrin in the leaves, flowers, and cotyle-
dons of the horsechestnut.
Sulphur-yellow to chrome-
yellow.
Quinora-red.
Obtained from cinchona bark by Pelletierand Caven-
ton (1820).
Red.
Rhodophyl.
The compound pigment of the red Algcs. Cf. Phyco-
erythrin and FloridecE-green,
Carmiii - red in transmit-
ted light, green or red-
dish-yellow in reflected
light.
R Vindo^nprm i n
The red coloring-matter of Ploridec^ obtained by
RosanoflT, Cramer, Askenasy, Sorby, and others.
Cf. Phycoerythrin.
Red.
RosG~la.ltc
FrOm logwood
Deep brown-red.
Rosc~m adder.
Lake from niadder"root«
Rose.
Rottltra"red.
Obtained from the dust~lilce tiairs of the capsules of
Rottlera tinctoria, Pixby, and used in India as a
dye for silk.
Red, orange, or, by special
process, scarlet.
Ruben's madder.
Lake from madder-root.
Brown.
Ruberythrinic acid.
An acid glucosid, isolated by Rochleder, in 1851, from
the madder Rubia tinctoria, L., of which it appears
to be the primary chromogen.
Brick-red, cherry-red.
Rubiacinic acid.
Obtained from Rubiafin by Schunck.
Citron-yellow.
Rubiadin.
Obtained by Schunck from madder-root.
Golden-yellow.
Rubiadipin.
Obtained from madder-root by Schunck.
Yellowish-brown; it yields
a blood-red color with
alkalies.
Rubiafin.
Obtained from madder-root by Schunck.
Yellow.
Rubiagin.
Obtained by Schunck from madder-root.
Citron-yellow.
Rubian.
Obtained by Schunck from madder-root (Rubia tinc-
toria).
Dark-yellow ; it yields with
an aiu.m mordant a bright
orange, with iron a clear
brown.
Rubianic acid.
Obtained by Schunck from Rubian, and held by him
to be identical with Rochleder's Ruberythrinic acid.
Citron-yellow.
Rubianin.
Obtained by Schunck from madder-root.
Bright-yellow.
Rubidehydran and Rubihydran.
Obtained by Schunck from madder-root.
Dark-yellow.
PILE
1100
PILEUS
CONSPECTUS OF PIGMENTS.— Continued.
Name.
Composition, Preparation, Etc
Color
Rubiretin •
Obtained by Schunck by treating Rubiou , Ritbide-
hydran, and Riibihydran with dilute acids and alka-
lies, or bv the action of evytliyozyni on I'ubiau.
Oark reddish-brown.
Saffron-yellow.
Obtained from saffron (Carthamus titictorius, L.),
bv lead acetate and ammonium hvdroxid.
Brown-yellow.
Santalin.
From hard red-woods — Bar-wood, Calliatura wood,
CSaifi-wood, Sanial-wood.
Red.
Sawwort.
From foliage of Seryatuld iincioria,.
Yellow.
Sedan black.
Ferrous sulphate on wood, logwood, and sumac.
Intense black.
Spanish black.
Burnt cork.
Black.
Spirsei'n (Spircea yellow).
Obtained by Lowig and Weidmann from Spiresa
jiltnarici L-
Yellow.
Spirit-brown.
Dyeing with quercitrin and then with peachwood,
logwood, and alum.
Brown.
Styrogallol.
By the union of cinnamic and gallic acids.
Pale green.
Tallochlor.
Obtained from thistle-heads, artichokes, and flower-
buds bv \'erdeil and from various lichens bv
Schnedermann and Knop.
Green.
Tart razin .
Action of phenylhydrazinparasulphonic acid on dioxi-
tartaric acid.
Yellow.
Thujetin.
Obtained from Thujin; perhaps identical with jg!ifr-
Yellow.
Thujin.
Obtained from the green portions of the common
Arbor vitae ( Tliuja occidentalis).
Citron-yellow.
Vandyke-brown (Cassel-brown).
Species of peat or lignite.
Reddish-brown.
Verantin.
Obtained by Schunck from madder-root (Ritbia tinc-
toria).
Reddish-brown.
Woad.
Leaves of /satis iincioria. Cf. Luieolin.
Blue.
Wongshy.
From seed-pods of Gardenia florida.
Yellow.
Xanthein (Fremy), Xanthin (Cloez) (Flow-
er-yellow).
Obtained by Fremy and Cloez from yellow flowers
(f". sunflowers and yellow dahlias). Cf. Aniho-
Yellow.
Xanthin.
Obtained bv Higgin and Kuhlniann from madder-
root. Schunck holds this to be an impure Rubiati,
and Rochleder an impure Ruberythrinic acid.
Yellow.
Xanthophyl [Leaf-yellow).
Obtained by Berzelius from yellow autumn leaves,
and other parts of plants. Krauss uses it as syn-
onymous with Phylloxanthin.
Yellow.
Xanthorhamnin.
Fruit of Rhamnus amygdalinus, R. infectorius, and
R. saxatilis.
Olive-yellow.
Xanthotannic acid.
Obtained by Ferrein from the reddened autumn
leaves of the elm.
Yellow.
Xylochloric acid [IVood-green).
Isolated from old wood by Bley, Jr.
Green.
Yellow carmin.
Lake from Persian berries or quercitrin bark.
Yellow.
Pile hair]. The hair, or hairs collectively,
of any part of the integuinent ; a hemorrhoid ; a bat-
tery. P., Matteuci's Muscular, a voltaic battery or
pile, the elements of which are formed of longitudinal
and transverse sections of muscle connected al-
ternately.
Pileate {piV-e-df) \_pi!eits,s. cap]. In biology, having a
pileus,or cap, as certain fungi.
Pileiform { pil'-e-!f-ori?i) [pileits, a. cap; for)?!a, iorm].
In biology, pileate ; having the form of a pileus.
Pileolus ( pil-e'-o-lus) [dim. of pileus, a cap : //. , Pileori\ .
In biology, a little pileus.
Pileorhiza {pil-e-or-i'-zah) [pileus, 2i cap; p;Ca,aroot].
In biology, the root-cap.
Pileous ( ph'-e-tts) [ pilns, hair] . Pertaining to hair.
Piles See //eworrlioiils.
Pileum (pil'-e-uin) [pileum, a cap : //., Pilca]. In
biology, the cap or whole top of the head of a bird,
froin bill to nape, including the forehead, vertex, and
occiput.
Pileus ( pil'-e-us) [pileus also pileum. a cap : //., nM J-
In biology, a term first introduced by Rondelet (1554)
to designate the disc of the Medusa^ for which many
writers have substituted the name umbrella or disc. It
PILEWORT
1101
PILULA
is also applied to tlie cap-like or umbrella-like summit
of the stipe of many fungi. The hymeniura-bearing
portion is the same as cap. P. hippocraticus, the
capeline bandage.
Pilewort {pil' -wert). See Ficajy.
Pili i^pi'-li) \_pihis, a hair]. Hairs. P., Congenital,
hair existing at birth. P., Post-genital, that appearing
some time after birth.
Piliation [pil-c-a ' -5/11111) \_pilus, hair]. The formation
and production of hair.
Pilidium { pil-id' -e-U)ii) [-(A/VS/oj', a little hat or cap].
In biology : (i) A free-swimming, helmet-shaped larva,
occurring among the iVei?ie}'/ina. It holds a position
intermediate between the young Tnrbcllarian larva of
the Polyclada (cf. iMiilier' s Larva) and the typical
Trochophoran Larva. (2) A hemispheric apothe-
cium in certain lichens.
Piliferous [pi-lif'-er-ns] a hair ; r;-c', to bear] .
In biology, bearing a slender bristle or hair, or beset
with hairs. P. Cyst, a dermoid cyst.
Piliform i^pi' -lif-orm) [/z'/wj, hair ; forma, a form].
Having the form or appearance of hair; filiform.
Piligerous \^pi-Hj' -er-iis)\_pilus , hair; ge}'erc, to carry].
Piliferous ; covered with hair.
Pilimiction [pi-lim-ik'-skuii) [piVus, hair ; miugere, to
urinate]. The passing of urine containing hair-like
filaments.
Pill (/?/) [ME., ///A', pill]. See Pihda. P., Blair's,
an empiric English preparation containing colchi-
cum and used in the treatment of gout. P., Blaud's.
See Bland. P., Blue. See Hydra rgy ruin. P.-
box, a box for holding pills. P.-coater, a machine for
coating pills with sugar, gelatin, or other material. P.,
Compound Cathartic. See Colocynth. P., Com-
pressed, a pill made by compressing the powdered
substance into proper shape by means of a powerful
press, without the use of an excipient. P., Dupuy-
tren's, a pill containing extract of opium, bichlorid of
mercury, and extract of guaiac. P., Friable, a pill that
crumbles into powder on slight pressure. P., Griffith's.
See Ferruni. P. -mass, a cohesive mass into which
the ingredients of the pills are worked. P.-tile, a
metallic plate with semi-cylindric grooves on its upper
surface. It is used in the manufacture of pills.
Pillar [pil'-ar) \_pila, n pillar]. In biology, a columnar
structure, a columella, modiola, crus, peduncle. P.
of the Abdominal Ring, one of the columns on
either side of the abdominal ring. P., Anterior, of
the Fauces, the fold on each side of the uvula formed
by the projection of the palatoglossus muscle covered
by mucosa. P., Anterior, of the Fornix, the band
of white matter on either side that passes from the
anterior extremity of the fornix to the base of the
brain, forming part of the corpus albicans, and that
curves upward into the optic thalamus of the corres-
ponding side. P. of Corti, one of the rods of Corti,
two greatly modified epithelial cells in the organ of
Corti ; they are slender, slightly S-shaped, longitudin-
ally striated bodies, consisting of a denser substance—
the pillar proper — and a thin, imperfect protoplasmic
envelop. P. of the External Abdominal Ring, one
of the two columns or pillars forming the free borders
of the aponeurosis at the site of the external abdom-
inal ring. The external pillar is formed by that
portion of Poupart's ligament which is inserted into the
spine of the pubis. The internal, or superior pillar
is a broad, thin, flat band, which interlaces with its
fellow on the opposite side in front of the symphysis
pubis. P., External, of the Diaphragm. See Crus
of the Diaphragm. P. of the Fauces, one of the
folds of mucous membrane on either side of the
fauces. P., Flexible, a jointed pillar for inclining the
body of the microscope. P., Internal, of the Ab-
dominal Ring. See P. of the External Abdom-
inal Ping. P., Muscular. See Muscle-column. P.,
Posterior, of the Fauces, a fold at each side of
the uvula formed by the palato-pharyngeus muscle,
covered by mucosa. P., Posterior, of the Fornix,
one of the two bands which pass from the posterior
extremities of the fornix downward into the descend-
ing horn of the lateral ventricle. P., Superior, of
the Abdominal Ring. Synonym of P. , Internal,
of the Abdominal Ring.
Pillicoshy (pil'-ik-o-she). A vulgar corruption of pil-
ulie cochia:, cochia pills (see Cochia) ; hence, powder
of aloes and canella, or hiera picra.
Pilliocausia ( pil-e-o-kaw' -se-ah) . See Pillicoshy.
Pilocar-pidin { pi-lo-^a/-^-pid-in) [-/Aof , a cap ; Kap-oc,
fruit], C,|,H,||N.,0.2o. A syrupy, alkaline basic sub-
stance, obtained from jaborandi leaves ; it is weaker
in its action than pilocarpin.
Pilocarpin lypi-lo-kar'-pin). See Pilocarpus.
Pilocarpus {pi-lo-kar'-pus) \TvVKoq, a cap; mpiroc,
fruit], jaborandi. The young leaves of P. pennati-
folius. They contain a volatile oil and two alkaloids,
jaborin ^Vid^ pilocarpin, C,jH,qN,^02. Jaborin is simi-
lar to atropin in action, and antagonistic to pilo-
carpin, but it is present in the leaves in only small
amounts. Pilocarpin stimulates the peripheral ends of
the secreting nerves going to glands, perhaps also the
centers. It thus causes an increased flow of saliva,
marked sweating, secretion of tears, of mucus from the
nose and the bronchi, of the gastric and intestinal juices.
It also stimulates involuntary muscle ; on the vagus it
acts as a stimulant, causing slowing of the pulse ; in
large doses it paralyzes the vagus. Vomiting is pro-
duced by jaborandi and sometimes by pilocarpin alone.
Pilocarpin causes contraction of the pupil. Its action
is antagonized very completely by atropin. Thera-
peutically, pilocarpin is used chiefly in renal dropsy
to produce sweating, also in uremia, for the same pur-
pose. It probably causes an elimination of urea, and
other waste-products, both in the sweat and in the saliva.
As a diaphoretic it is also employed in coryza and
bronchitis. It has been used most successfully in ery-
sipelas. Pilocarpus, Ext., Fid., dose ti^v-^^j.
Ext. (B. P.) Dose gr. iij-x. J., Infus. '(B. P.)
Dose 5j-ij. J., Tinct. (B. P.) Dose § Y^-Yz-
Pilocarpinae hydrochloras, the alkaloid. Dose gr.
' s-'<. P. nitras. Dose hypodermatically gr. jL- '4 .
Injectio P. nitrat. hypodermica ; I grain in 20
minims. Dose tT^ij-vj.
Pilocystic {pi-to-sis'-tik) [///wj, hair ; Kvnriq, a sac].
A term applied to encysted tumors containing hair and
fatty matters, e.g., some dermoid cysts.
Pilo-motor [pi-lo-mo'-tor) \_pilus, hair; movere, to
move]. Causing movement of the hair. P. Nerves,
nerves causing contraction of the erectores pilorum,
as in horripilation of animals.
Pilonidal [pi-lo-ni' -dal) \_pilus, hair; nidus, nest].
Containing an accumulation of hairs in a cyst. P.
Fistula, a fistula in the neighborhood of the rectum
depending upon the presence of a tuft of hair in the
tissues. It is also known as Coccygeal Fistula.
Pilose, 'PWoMS {pi' -I dz, pi' -lus) [///(),f//.c, hairy]. In
biology, covered with long, straight, soft hairs ; hairy ;
hirsute.
Pilosis [pi-lo'-sis) \_pilus, hair]. The development,
and especially the abnormal or excessive development,
of hairs.
Pilosity ( pi-los'-it-e) [pilus, a hair]. The state of be-
ing pilose.
Pilous (pi'-lus). See Pilose.
Pilula {pil'-u-lah) [L. : //., Pilules']. A pill. In
PILULAR
1102
PINEAL
pharmacy, a spheric mass containing a prescribed
medicinal substance with the excipient necessary to
make it cohesive. The excipient may be soap and
water, a gum, or one of the various syrups. There
are 15 official piluhr. See names, constituents, etc.,
under principal ingredient.
Pilular {pit' -u-lar) \_pilula, dim. of pila, ball]. Of the
nature or form of a pill.
Pilule (pi/'-£i/) \_pilula, a small pill]. A small pill,
pellet, or parvule.
Pilulous {pil'-ti-his). Same as Pilular.
Pilum (pi'-luni) [L.]. In pharmacy, a pestle.
Pilus {pi'-liis) \^pilHs, a hair: Pili\ In biology,
a fine, slender, hair-like body. Pili gossypii, cotton
staple. Pili tactiles, tactile hairs.
Pimeladen (piiii-eF-ad-eii) \_niii£'Ay, fat; dd^i', gland :
//. , Phiieladenes']. Any sebaceous gland.
Pimelecchysis {pim-el-ek' -kis-is) [^TTi/ieA//, fat ; (KXvdK;,
a pouring out]. An excessive discharge of fat or of
sebaceous matter.
Pimelic Acid {pim-el' -ik). See Acid.
Pimelitis (^pim-el-i' -tis) [Tri//f>i7/, fat ; (r/f, inflamma-
tion]. Inflammation of any adipose tissue ; also, of
connective tissue in general.
Pimeloma (^piin-cl-o' -inah) [TTijie7ii], fat ; bfia, tumor :
pi. , Piiiieloinata\. A fatty tumor ; lipoma.
Pimelopterygium [pim'-el-o-ter-ij'-e-um) [ttz/^c///, fat ;
TTTtpl'yinv, a small wing]. A fatty outgrowth on the
conjunctiva.
Pimelorrhea [pim-el-or-e' -ali) [7r(//EA;/, fat; po/a, a
flow]. An excessive fatty discharge. Fecal discharge
of undigested fat.
Pimelorthopnea {piin-el-or-thop-ne'-ah) [-///fA//, fat ;
bptio-voia , orthopnea]. Orthopnea due to obesity.
Pimelosis [piin-el-o' -sis) [7r</if/l?;, fat ; j'dtjof, disease].
Conversion into fat. The fatty degeneration of any
tissue; obesity, or corpulence.
Pimelotic [pim-el-ot'-ik) \_ttiiu7Ii, fat]. Affected with
pimelosis.
Pimeluria ( pi!ii-el-u'-re-a/i]\_-nif/Ji, fat ; ovpnv, urine].
The excretion of fat in the urine ; lipuria.
Pimenta {pi -711 en' -tali) [Sp. ,pimiento, the pepper-plant :
gen., Piment<E~\. Allspice. The immature fruit of
Eugenia pimenta. It contains an aromatic, pungent,
volatile oil that is much used as a flavor and condi-
ment. It is useful in flatulence and to prevent the
griping of purgatives. Dose gr. x-xl. P., Aqua
(B. P.) Dose .^ss-ij. P., Oleum (B. P.) Dose
_r\,j-iv.
Pimento ( pi-men' -to). Synonym of Pimenta.
Pimpernel [pim'-per-nel) [ME., pympyrnel, pimper-
nel]. See Anagallis arTensis.
Pimpinella( pim-pin-eF -ah) [Vr. , pimper)ier\. A genus
of umbelliferous plants, the pimpernels.
Pimple (piiii'-pl) [AS., pipel, a pimple]. A small
pustule or papule. See Papule and Pustule. P.,
Maggot, a popular term for Comedo. P. Mite. See
Demodex folliculorzivi under Parasites {Animal),
Table of.
Pimply [ pint' -pie) \_AS.,pipel, a pimple]. Spotted;
covered with pimples.
Pin [ME., pinne, a. pin'^. A metal instrument shaped
like a needle, but with a globular head, used for fasten-
ing or holding parts together. P. -buttock, a sharp,
angular buttock. P., Center, the pointed steel rod
projecting from the center of the trephine-saw, used
for fixing the trephine. P., Harelip, a strong, long
pin passed through the lips of a wound in order to
form a support for the sutures which are wound around
it. P. -sensation. See Pins and A'eedles. P.-
worm. See O.xyuris vermicularis among Parasites
[Ajiimal), Table of.
'P'ma.cozytali [pinak-o-si'-tal) [jr/t'of, a tablet; hirof,
a cell]. Pertaining to pinacocytes.
Pinacocyte { pin' -ak-o-sit) [Triraf, a tablet; KiTof, a
cell]. In biology, one of the simple, pavement, epi-
thelial cells composing the ectoderm of most sponges.
Pinacolin [pin - ak' - 0 - lin), CgHj^O. A ketone ob-
tained from pinacone by the action of hydrochloric
acid with heat. The pinacolius are ketones contain-
ing a tertiary, alkyl group, formed from the pinacones.
Pinacone [pin' -ak-dn), 0^11,^0.^. A diatomic alcohol
which crystallizes from its aqueous solution in the
form of the hydrate, CgHj^Oj-f CH^O, which consists
of large, quadratic plates, melting at 42° C. and gradu-
ally efflorescing on exposure. In the anhydrous state
it is a crystalline mass that melts at 38° C. and boils at
171° or 172° C. pinacones are glycols that con-
tain two hydroxyl groups attached to two adjoining
carbon atoms, which in turn are linked to two alkyls.
Pinalic Acid (pin-al'-ik). See Acid, Valeric.
Pince-cystotome {pans' -sis' -to-torn) [pince (Fr.), for-
ceps ; /(iicrrrr, bladder ; to/j.?/, a cutting]. An instru-
ment terminating in two triangular cutting-blades,
and which is used as a cystotome in cataract-opera-
tions.
Pincement [pans'-ma[n)g) [Fr., "pinching"]. In
massage, a pinching or nipping of the tissues ; it is
useful in neurasthenia.
Pince-nez [pans'-na) [Fr.]. Eyeglasses kept in
place on the nose by a spring.
Pincers [pin'-sers) [Fr., //«(-«"].
Forceps.
Small forceps.
Pincet, Pincette [pin-set') [Fr.].
Pincoffin [pin' -koff-in). Same as Azale.
Pindal, Pindar, Pinder [pin' -dal, pin' -dar, pin' -der).
See Arachis k vpogcca.
Pine [//««j, pine]. See /"/x. P. -apple Fiber,
theJeaves of the several varieties of Bromelia yield a
fine, nearly colorless, fiber, which is worked, especially
in Brazil, for the manufacture of the so-called "silk-
grass." P. -apple Oil, an alcoholic solution of ethyl
butyric ether. P. -bark, a bark that is much used in
Austria, Bavaria, and Southern Germany in themanufac-
ture of leather. It contains from seven to ten per cent,
of tannin and considerable resinous extractive matter.
It does not yield as good a leather as oak-bark. P.-
bath. See Bath. P. -gum, a variety of sandarach,
from the .Australian trees Callitris robusta and C. rhom-
hoidea. P. -needle Bath, a bath in which pine or fir
needles are mixed with the water ; it is used in Ger-
many as a stimulant tonic.
Pineal [pi-ne'-al) \_pinus, a pine-cone]. Belonging
to or shaped like a pine-
cone. P. Body (so
called from its resem-
blance in shape to a
pine-cone), a small, red-
dish-gray, vascular body
situated behind the third
ventricle, which is em-
braced by its two pedun-
cles ; it is also called
the conarium, from its
conic shape. It rests
upon the pregeminum,
and is connected with
the thalami by two pe-
duncles. Its function is
imknown. It is consid-
ered to be the remains
of the pineal eye of lower vertebrates. P. Eye,
a rudimentary third, median or unpaired eye of certain
lizards [Anguis, Uatteria, Veranus, Calotes, Seps,
Leiodera), connected with the homologue of the pineal
Section of Human Pineal
Body.
a, a. Acini lined and partially
filled with epithelium and
calcareous concretions (J).
/. Intertubular fibrous tis-.
sue. {After Piersol.)
PINENCHVMA
1103
PINNATILOBED
gland of higher animals by the pineal stalk. It is
the vestige of what was a functionating sense-organ
in extinct reptiles [Labyrhithodonfa), and perhaps in
mesozoic mammals (^Tritylodon), or possibly an organ
for the perception of warmth ; the pineal body,
epiphysis, or i-onariuvi, epiphysial eye, parietal eye.
Sagittal Section Through part of Head ok Embryo
Lizard, showing so-called pineal eye.
P. Specialized isolated extremity of pineal diverticulum from
brain-vesicle (B). b.c. So-called retinal and lenticular areas
of its walls, a. Ectoderm, d. Remains of diverticulum un-
dergoing division into tubules (d'). f. Blood-vessels, e.
Mesodermic tissue. (After Pier sol.)
third eye. P. Gland. See P. Body. P. Pedun-
cles, the haheuir or habe)iithc. P. Sand, the brain-
sand, often found in the pineal body. P. Ventricle,
the cavity occasionally found within the pineal body ;
it represents the persistence of a fetal condition.
Pinenchyma {pin-en' ■kiiii-ah) [irtra^, tablet ; f->';t'^//n,
infusion]. Tissues composed of flat cells.
Pinene [pi'-nen) [pinns, pine], C,qH,|;. A hydrocar-
bon, the chief ingredient of the turpentine-oil prepared
from the different varieties of pine, of eucalyptus-oil,
juniper-berry oil, sage-oil, etc.
Ping Ping. The root of a Chinese plant, used in ves-
ical affections. Unof.
Pinguecula, Pinguicula {pin-gwek' -ji-lah, pin-gwik' -
u-lah) \_pinguis, fat]. A small, yellow-white tumor
of the conjunctiva, situated between the cornea and
the canthus of the eye.
Pinguefaction [pin- gwe -fak'- shun') \_pi7iguis, fat;
facere, to make]. Conversion into fat.
Pinguicula (/?■« - o-7t"?7''- [pingiiis, fat], i. A
genus of some thirty species of plants of wide geo-
graphic distribution ; the butterworts. They have
vulnerary and aperient properties, and are locally
used in thickening milk. They are insectivorous
plants, and contain one or more digestive ferments.
2. A small tumor of the conjunctiva.
Pinguid {ping' -gwid') \_pinguis,{'a.'C\. Fat; unctuous.
Pinguidinous { ping-gmid' -in ns) \_piugnis, fat]. Con-
taining fat.
Pinguitude {ping'-g7vit-tcd) \_ pingiiis, fat]. Fatness.
Pinguoleum ( ping-gwo'-le-uni) \^pingnis, iai; oleum,
oil]. A fatty or fixed oil.
Pinhole [ME. , pin ; AS., /^f/, a hole].
A minute perforation, like that made by a pin. P. Os,
an extreme degree of atresia of the os uteri, seen in
young and undeveloped women. P. Pupil, Pin-point
Pupil, contraction of the iris to an extent that the
pupil is scarcely larger than a pin's head. It is seen
in opium-poisoning, after the use of myotics, in certain
cerebral diseases, in locomotor ataxy, etc.
Pinic Acid {pin'-ik)\_pinits, pine], CjqH^dOj. A resin
ous body obtained from pine-resin, having the same
formula as pinearic acid, with which it may be ident-
ical.
Pinicoline { pin-ik' -o-lin) \_pinus, a pine-tree ; colere,
to inhabit]. In biology, inhabiting pine forests, e.g.,
the Capercally, or Cock-of-the-wood ( Tetrao urogal-
lus).
Piniform { pi' -nif-orni) [//«/«, pine ; for?na , form].
Pine-shaped ; resembling a pine-cone. P. Decus-
sation, a decussation of fibers in the oblongata be-
tween the central gray matter and the pyramids.
Pining {pi'-ning) [ME., //'^^w, pain]. Vulgar syno-
nym for tuberculosis of cattle. Also applied to a
peculiar melancholic longing of pregnant women,
commonly called '■^longings.'"
Pinion {pin'-yun) [/fw«a, wing, feather]. In
biology, the mantis or distal segment of a bird's
wing {carpus, metacarpus, phalanges) bearing the pri-
mary remiges.
Pinipicrin {pin-ip-ik' -rin) \_pinus, pine ; niKpoc, bit-
• ter], C.^.^HjgOj,. A bitter glucosid obtained from the
needles and the bark of Pinus sylvestris and other
plants.
Pinitannic Acid { pin-it-an'-ik) [pinus, pine; ME.,
tannen, tan], Cj^Hj^Og. A yellowish-red powder, a
variety of tannic acid, found in Pinus sylvestris and
other plants.
Pinite {pin'-it) \_pinus, pine], C^H^.^O^. A substance
that occurs in the resin of Pinus lamberiina. It
melts at 150° C. It is a pentahydric phenol of hexa-
hydrobenzene.
Pinites { pin-i' -tez) [pinus, pine]. A genus of extinct
coniferous trees, of which P. succinifer is thought
to have been the source of amber.
Pink (pingk) [origin obscure]. A shade of pale-red.
P. Crystals. Same as P. Salt. P.-eye, the popu-
lar term for a contagious muco-purulent conjunctivitis
of horses, characterized by a red color of the eyeball.
It may occur in man. P. -madder. See Pigments,
Conspectus of. P.-root. See Spigelia. P. Salt.
See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Pinna {pin' -ah) \_pinna, penna, feather, wing : pi.,
Pinnce^. In biology, a name applied to various wing-
like or feather-like organs ; as a wing, feather, fin,
flipper, the ala auris or external cartilaginous flaps
of the ear, the ala of the nose, one of the primary divi-
sions of a pinnately-compound leaf. P. nasi. Syno-
nym of Ala nasi.
Pinnadiform {pin-ad' -if-orm) [pinna, feather, wing;
ad, to; forma, form]. In biology, applied to certain
fishes in which the skin extends out on some or all of
the fins.
Pinnaglobulin {pin-ah-glob' -u-liii) [ Tr/i'm, a kind of
mussel ; globulus, a round body]. A respiratory
pigment containing manganese found in the blood of
Pinna squamosa.
Pinnate {pin' -at) [pinna, a feather]. In biology,
feathered or shaped like a feather.
Pinnatifid {pin-at' -if-id) [pinna, & feather; findere,
to cleave]. In biology, cleft in a pinnate manner, with
the marginal divisions reaching at least half way to
the midrib ; pinnatisected.
Pinnatilobate {pin-at-il-o' -bat). Same as Pinnati-
lobed.
Pinnatilobed {pin-at' -il-dbd) [pinna, feather; lobus,
PINNATION
1101
PISCICULTURE
a lobe]. In biology, having several alternating
rounded lobes and sinuses on each side of the midrib.
Pinnation (pin-a^-shun) \_ pinna, feather]. In biology,
the state or condition of being constructed in a pinnate
manner.
Pinnatipartite [pin-at-ip-ar'-tlt) \_pinna, a feather;
partiri, to divide]. In biology, pinnately parted;
having the divisions reaching almost to the midrib.
Pinnatiped {pin-af -ip-ed) \_ pinna, a feather ; pes,
foot]. In biology, pin-footed or flipper-footed; lobi-
ped.
Pinnatisect [pin-at'-is-ekt) \_pinna,a. feather; secare,
to cut]. In biology, divided down to the midrib.
Pinnatulate [pin - a/^- n - /at) [dim. of pennatits,
feathered]. In biology, bearing secondary pinnations
or subdivisions.
Pinniform [pin' -if -orm^\_ pinna, feather; forma, form].
In biology, resembling a feather, wing or flipper.
Pinnigrade { pin' -ig-rad) \_pinna, i^zSh^x; gradi, to
walk]. In biology, moving by means of fins.
Pinninerved (pin'-in-ervd) \_ pinna, feather; nerviim,
nerve]. Same as Penninerved.
Pinniped [pin' -ip-ed) \_pinna, feather, fin ; pes [pedis),
foot]. In biology, having feet like fins or flippers.
Pinnitarsal [pin-it-ar' -sal) [pinna, feather; tarszts,
tarsus]. In biology, having pinnate feet.
Pinnitentaculate [pin - it - en - tak' - ti- lat) l_ pinna, a
feather; tentaetiluin, a. tentacle]. In biology, having
pinnate tentacles.
Pinnula [pin' -u-lah) [L. , a little plume : , Pinnitlce^
In biology, a small or secondary pinna.
Pinnule [pin'-ul) \_pinnula, a little plume]. In biol-
ogy, a small or secondary pinna ; a pinnula, as a small
pin or one of the ultimate divisions of a bipinnate or
tripinnate leaf.
Pins and Needles. The popular name for those ab-
normal sensations of tingling experienced by patients
in various diseased conditions of the nervous system,
or after an injury of a nerve.
Pint [pint) [¥r. pinte, a spot]. The eighth part of a
gallon. Octarius. Symbol O.
Pinta Disease [Sp. "painted"]. Spotted Sickness ; a
tropical, contagious disease, due to a fungus, that pro-
duces various discolorations of the skin. The spots
are scaly, very variable in color, shape, number, and
size, and the disease appears to be allied in its charac-
ters to tinea versicolor. It usually begins on uncov-
ered parts such as the face and extremities, but may
affect the scalp or other parts of the body. The color
of the patches is black, grayish-blue, red, or dull-
white. The disease is very chronic.
Pinus [pi'-nus). See Fix.
Pioscope [ pi' -o-skop) \Triui>, fat ; (jhotthv, to see]. A
variety of galactoscope.
Piotrowski's Reaction. The " biuret-reaction " for
proteids, developed by the addition of a few drops of
dilute cupric sulphate and the subsequent addition of
an excess of caustic potash or soda. It gives a reddish-
violet color like that given by the substance biuret, a
derivative of urea. The color deepens on boiling.
Pip [ME., pippe, pip]. A disease of fowls, character-
ized by a secretion of thick mucus in the throat and
mouth.
Piper [pi' -per) [L.]. Pepper; Black Pepper. The
unripe fruit of P. iiigriim, shriveled and dried. The
plant is a native of the East Indies and contains an oleo-
resin, an alkaloid, and a volatile oil. It is stimulant to
the stomach, and irritant to the skin and is used mainly
to correct flatulence, and locally for hemorrhoids.
Dose gr. v-xx. P. sethiopicum, the guinea corn
[Habzelia ii-thio/^ica). P. album, Pepper, White.
P. angustifolium. See Matico. P. anisatum, a
species of Piper substituted for cubebs. P. betel.
See Betel. P. clusii, the Ashanti-pepper of West
Africa. P., Confectio. (B. P. ) Dose ^j-ij. P. cu-
beba. See Cubeb. P. jaborandi, Baillon's name for
a species of Piper yielding jaborandi. P. longum, an
East Indian plant, no longer employed in medicine,
but infused in milk as a poison for flies. P. methys-
ticum. See Kava-kava. P. nigrum. See Pepper,
Black. P., Oleo-resina, contains the volatile oil.
Dose Tt\,X-j- umbellatum, one of the sources of
the Brazilian Caapeba, or Periparola, which is also
obtained from Cissainpelos caapeba.
Piperazin [pi-per-a'-zin), Q^^Yl^^^^^. Diethylene dia-
min ; a crystalline solid melting at 104° C, and boiling
at I45-I46°C. It is reported to be a powerful solvent
of uric acid, and its dilute solution is prescribed in
cases of urinary lithiasis. Dose gr. v-viij. Unof.
Piperic [pi-per' -ik) \_piper, pepper]. Pertaining to, or
containing pepper. P. Acid, Cj2H,q04, a monobasic
acid obtained by boiling piperin with alcoholic potash
in the presence of hydrochloric acid.
Piperidin [pi-per' -id-in) \_piper, pepper], CjHjjN. A
substance that occurs attached to piperic acid as piperin
in pepper. It is artificially prepared by reducing
pyridin. It is an alkaline liquid that dissolves quite
easily in water and alcohol. Its odor is like that of
pepper. It boils at 106° C.
Piperin [pi' -per-in) \_piperina ; piper, pepper], Cj-Hjg-
NO3. The alkaloid of pepper [Piper nigrutn and
other varieties). It is artificially produced by the
action of piperic acid chlorid upon piperidin. It crys-
tallizes in prisms and melts at 128° C. Its medical
virtues are those of black pepper ; it has also febri-
fuge properties. Dose gr. j-x.
Piperinal (/?/»-<';-- /«'-(?/). See Piperonal.
Piperitious ( pip-er-isk'-us) \_piper, pepper]. Peppery ;
having a pungent taste.
Piperoid [pip'-er-oid) [n'mepi, pepper ; fltSof, like].
Any resin resembling the oleo-resin of pepper.
Piperonal [pip-er-o'-nal) \_ piper, pepper], CgHgOj.
Heliotropin ; the flavoring principle of heliotrope ;
a crystalline body, obtained by oxidizing piperic acid.
It dissolves with difficulty in water, melts at 37° C.
and boils at 263° C. It is largely used in perfumery,
and is also antipyretic and antiseptic. Dose gr. xv.
Unof.
Pipet, Pipette [pip-et') [Fr., dim. of pipe"]. A glass
tube open at both ends, but usually drawn out to a
smaller size at one end. It may be graduated or not
and it may or may not have a central expanded bulb.
It is used for transferring small portions of a liquid
from one vessel to another.
Pipmenthol [pip-men' -thol) \_piper, pepper; mcntha,
mint]. A name for the menthol obtained from pep-
permint.
Pipsissewa [pip-sis' -e-waJi). See Chimaphila.
Piptonychia [ pip-to-nik' -e-ah) [Tr/V-fH', to fall ; ii'wf, a
nail]. Shedding of the nails.
Pique [p'ek] {pique, a point]. See Sarcopsylla pene-
trans vcnAnx Parasites [Animal), Table of.
Piqtlre [pik-er') [Fr.]. Puncture.
Piriform [pir'-if-orm). Synonym oi Pyrifortn.
PirogofTs Operation. A method of amputation at
the ankle in which the greater part of the calcaneum
is retained to give length and surface to the stump.
See Operations, Table of. _ .
V\%C3Xo\o%,y [ pis-kat-oF -o-je) \^piscis, fish; /ojof, sci-
ence]. The scientific study of fishes.
Piscicolous [ pis-ik' -o-liis) \_piscis, fish; colere,io m-
habit]. In biology, parasitic upon fishes.
Pisciculture [pis' -ik-nl-chur) \_piscis, a fish ; cultura,
care]. The artificial breeding and culture of fish, es-
PISCICULUS
1105
PITTACIUM
pecially for the purpose of stocking streams and lit-
toral waters with edible varieties of fish.
Pisciculus [pts-ik'-!i-lns) [L.]. An old name for the
biceps muscle of the arm.
Piscidia [pis-id' -e-ah) \_piscis, fish; ccrdere, to kill].
Jamaica Dogwood ; the bark of P. erylhrina. Its
active principle is thought to be a glucosid, piscidin.
It resembles opium in its physiologic properties, which,
however, are much less intense and without unpleasant
after-results. It is useful in whooping-cough and
neuralgia, but sometimes causes gastric distress. Dose
of the (proprietary) fid. ext. ^ss-j, cautiously in-
creased. Liquor sedans. See Viburnum. Unof.
Piscidin [pis-id' -in) \_piscis,a. fish; cadere , Xp kill],
CjgHj^Og. A crystalline body, the active principle of
Piscidia erythrina. Its action is chiefly on the spinal
cord. It is said to paralyze the sensory ganglia, and
to excite the motor ganglia ; it also depresses the heart.
Pisciform [pis' -if-ortn) [piscis, fish; forma, form]. In
biology, resembling a fish in form.
Piscivorous [pis-izi'-or-us) \_piscis, fish ; vorare, to eat].
In biology, living upon fish.
Pisiform [ pis'-if-onn) \_pisum, a. pea; fortna, form].
Resembling a pea in shape. P. Bone, a small, near-
ly circular bone on the inner and anterior aspect of
the carpus.
Piso [pi'-so) [L.]. Mortar.
Pisohamatus [pi-so-ha-ma'-tiis) [Tr/dOf, a pea ; hama-
tus, hooked]. Same as Piso-iincinatus.
Piso-uncinatus [pi-so-un-sin-a'-tiis) [Tr/cof , a pea;
uncinatiis, hooked]. A rare muscle, passing from the
pisiform to the unciform bone.
Piss [pis) [ME., to piss], i. To urinate. 2.
Urine.
Pisse, Chaude [shod pes) [Fr.]. The scalding and
painful urination of the acute stage of gonorrhea.
Pissocopy [pis-sok' -o-pe) \]s\Y.. , picchen, pitch ; KOKreiv,
to strike]. The process of covering with pitch ; also
epilation through the action of a pitch-plaster.
Pistacia [pis-ta' -she-ah) \_Tri(jTdK)/ , lentisk]. A genus
of anacardiaceous trees of warm regions. P. vera,
yields the edible pistachio-nut, which is used in phar-
macy in the preparation of emulsions. Mastic and
Chian turpentine are also produced by trees of this
genus.
Pistation [pis-ta' -shun) \_pistare, to pound]. The act
of bruising in a mortar.
Pistic [pis'-tik) \jziariiii}(;, a word of doubtful meaning;
it may signify " drinkable," i.e., liquid, or " faithful,"
1. e., genuine]. A qualification applied to the best and
purest nard, or true spikenard.
Pistil [pis' -til) [pistil/iim, a pistle]. In biology, a
modified leaf or leaves forming the central organ of a
flower, bearing the ovules and seeds. It consists of
the seed-containing portion, the ovary ; the pollen-re-
ceiving portion, the stigma ; and generally an interven-
ing portion, the style.
Pistillary [pis' -til-a-re) {^pistilliim, & pistle]. In biol-
ogy, of or pertaining to the pistil.
Pistillate [pis' -til-at) \_pistillum, a pistle]. In biology,
applied to flowers that possess pistils but not stamens.
Pistillidium [pis-til-id' -e-um). Arcliegonium.
Pistilliferous [ pis-til-if -er-us) [pistillum, a pistle;
ferre, to bear]. Same as Pistillate.
Pistillody [pis' -til-o-de) pistil ; eldof, form].
In biology, the metamorphosis of other organs into
pistils or carpels.
Piston Pulse. See Corrigait's Pulse.
Pit [ME.,/?V, a pit]. I. A hole, depression, or cavity
in the body ; e.g., the pit of the stomach, the armpit.
2. One of the pores in the more or less liquefied cell-
walls of manv glands. 3. Parts are said to pit on
70
pressure where they preserve for a time the indenta-
tion made in them by pressing with the finger. Pit-
ting on pressure is seen in edema. P. of the Stomach :
(I) a name popularly given to that part of the ab-
domen just below the sternum and between the car-
tilages of the false ribs. It is also termed Scrobii-
itlus cordis ; (2) any one of the openings of gastric
tubules visible on the mucous surface of the stomach.
P., Tear, the lacrymal sinus.
Pitch [pic/i) [ME., picchen, pitch]. I. That quality of
sound which depends upon the relative rapidity of the
vibrations that produce the sound. In percussion, vari-
ations in the pitch of the sounds elicited may have a
high diagnostic importance; c in the case of the
lungs, a high-pitched note on percussing the chest
usually indicates either consolidation of the lung-tissue
or the presence of something abnormal between the lung
and the chest- wall. 2. pitch.] The residue re-
maining in the still after nearly all the volatile constit-
uents have been driven off in the fractional distillation
of coal-tar. It has a specific gravity of from 1.09 (soft
pitch) to 1. 12 (hard pitch). P., Burgundy, the pre-
pared resin of Abies excelsa. When pure, it is a brittle,
yellowish-brown, adhesive substance, readily soluble
in water, in absolute alcohol, and in glacial acetic
acid. It is used in the preparation of pitch-plaster.
P., Canada, the prepared resin of Abies canadensis.
It is a brittle, reddish, opaque substance, containing
traces of a volatile oil. It is used for the manufacture
of plasters. P., Jew's, P., Mineral, asphalt. P.-
plaster, emplastrum picis.
Pitcher [pich'-er) [ME., picker, a small jug]. See
Ascidiunt. P. -plant. See Parracenia, and Nepen-
thes.
Pith [ME., /?V/^ pith]. The soft cellular tissue found
in the center of the stalks of plants. It has a very
low specific gravity. Also, the marrow of bones.
Pithecanthropi [pith-ek-an' -thro-pe) [TrWr/Koc, an ape;
aiSpuTTor, man; pi. of Pithecanthropus']. In biology,
ape-men, the hypothetic prehistoric men, alali.
Pithing (/?V//-/«<'-) [ME., pith]. I. The removal
of the cerebral lobes of a frog or animal for the pur-
pose of physiologic experimentation; decerebration.
2. The slaughter of animals by penetrating the cerebro-
spinal axis.
Pithode [pith' -od) . See Karyokinesis.
Pitres' Method. The method of post-mortem exami-
nation of the brain by means of vertical transverse
sections from before backward. The first or pre-
frontal section is carried down two and a quarter
inches in front of the fissure of Rolando ; the second,
or pedunculo-frontal section is made three-quarters of
an inch in front of that fissure and divides the second
and third convolutions near their insertion into the
ascending frontal convolution. The third or frontal
section is made at the level of the ascending frontal
convolution. The fourth or parietal section passes
through the ascending parietal convolution. The fifth
or pedunculo-parietal section is carried down an inch
behind the fissure of Rolando. The sixth or occipital
section is made a little less than half an inch in front
of the parieto-occipital fissure. A vertical antero-pos-
terior incision through the superior vermiform process
of the cerebellum opens the fourth ventricle.
Pittacal, Pittical [pit'-ak-al, pit'-ik-al) ['//x, pitch;
naAoc, beautiful]. One of the aurin series of dyes,
first obtained in oxidizing the fractions of beechwood-
tar boiling at high temperatures. It consists of the
dark blue salts of eupittonic acid. See Pigments,
Co}ispectus of.
Pittacium [ pit - a' - she - um) [ pix, pitch]. Pitch-
plaster.
PITTED
1106
PIXOL
Pitted {pit'-ed) [ME.,///, a pit]. Marked by inden-
tations or pits, as from smallpox.
Pitting (pit'-ing) [ME., a pit]. The formation
of pits ; also the quality of preserving, for a short
time, indentations made by pressing with the finger.
Pituita [1-.]. Phlegm; mucus.
Pituitary [pit-it' -it-a-r,') [_pituita, phlegm]. Mucus;
secreting or containing mucus. P. Body, a small,
reddish-gray vascular body, weighing about ten grains,
contained within the sella turcica. The pituitary
body consists of two portions, the large aiiierioi-, oral
and the small posterior, cerebral division. The anterior
lobe is derived as a diverticulum from the primitive
oral cavity, and, as such, is lined with oral ectoderm,
while the posterior lobe descends as an outgrowth
from the floor of the primary interbrain. The stalk
of this outgrowth remains as the infundibuhim. The
pituitary body has attracted much attention on account
of pathologic changes in its structure in certain obscure
diseases, such as acromegalia, myxedema, and others.
In some cases of the affection first named, it has been
much enlarged. It is called also hypophysis cerebri and
pituitary gland. P. Diverticulum, a flask-like out-
growth of the middle of the upper posterior portion of
the buccal cavity of the embryo. It takes part in the
formation of the pituitary body. P. Fossa. .See
Fossa. P. Gland. 'Afts P. Body ^x\A Gland. P. Mem-
brane, the Schneiderian membrane. P. Space,
in the embryo, the open space at the base of the
skull that subsequently becomes the seat of the pitui-
tary body. It corresponds to the sella turcica of
the sphenoid bone.
Pituitous [pit-u' -it-Its) \_pititita, phlegm]. Contain-
ing or resembling mucus.
Pituri {pit-It' -re). Same as Duboisia.
Piturin [pit'-tt-rin). A liquid alkaloid obtained homDti-
boisia hopnvoodii. It is probably identical with nicotin.
Pityriasis [pit-ir-i'-as-is) [-/rj'poi', bran]. A tenn
formerly applied to various pathologically dissociated
skin-affections, the most striking clinical feature of
which is the presence of fine, branny desquamation.
Also a synonym of Seborrhea. P. cachecticorum.
Same as Seborrhea. P. capillitii, P. capitis. See
Alopecia fitrfuracea. P. circinata et marginata,
an eruption of rose-colored spots on the trunk, tlie
limbs, and in the axilla;. It is of parasitic origin.
P. gravidarum ; Chloasma gravidarttin ; the dis-
coloration of the skin sometimes observed during
pregnancy. P. infantilis, a desquamative eruption
attacking infants ; it is probably eczema. P. macu-
lata et circinata. See P. rosea. P. nigra, pity-
riasis with pigmentation occurring in the aged. Also,
a papular eniption terminating in slight desquama-
tion, which attacks children brought to England
from India. P. nigricans. Synonym of Chroini-
drosis. P. pilaris. '>ft% Keratosis pilaris. P. rosea ;
P. inacitlata et circinata ; Herpes tonsurans maciilo-
stts ; an acute inflammatory skin-disease characterized
by macular or circinate lesions, occurring mostly on
the trunk. The eruption consists at first of rosy-red
spots, which later become brownish. The lesions are
round, but owing to their tendency to recover at the
center and to extend peripherally, gyrate and irregu-
lar figures are formed. Furfuraceous desquamation is
a marked feature. P. rubra ; Dermatitis exfoliativa :
a chronic inflammatory skin-disease, beginning in one
or more localized patches, which coalesce and gradu-
ally invade the whole body. The skin may be of a
dark or vivid red or bluish-red. There is no infiltra-
tion and no moisture, but there may be edema of the
lower limbs. The desquamation is very free ; the
scales are thin and paper}' on the general surface, im-
bricated, and from a line to an inch or more in di-
ameter. The disease lasts months or years, and gen-
erally ends fatally from progressive emaciation and
exhaustion, or from some intercurrent afl'ection. P.
rubra pilaris ; Lichen ruber acuiiiinatits : a primar-
ily non-intlammatory disease of the skin, characterized
by follicular papules, with horny centers, tending to
become general or even universal in distribution. The
papules are hard, dry, brownish-red, and seated at the
hair-follicles. An atrophied hair occupies the center,
and is surrounded by a sort of horny sheath which
penetrates into the follicle. The papules vary in
size from a small pin's head to a millet-seed, and are
most abundant on the limbs. Deep folds are formed
at the joints. Pruritus is absent or only slight. The !
course is slow and irregular ; the pathology is un-
known. P. simplex. See Alopecia furfitracea. P.
senilis, pityriasis of the aged. P. tabescentium. ,
See Seborrhea itniversalis. P. versicolor. See
Tinea versicolor. j
Pityrisma [pit-ir-iz'-?nah). Synonym of Pityrisasis. \
Pityroid [pit' -ir-oid) ^TTiTvpov, bran ; tliSof, like], j
Furfuraceous, branny.
Pivot {piv'-ot ) [Fr. , pivot, a pivot]. A pin on which a j
wheel turns. P. -joint. See Cyclarthrosis. P. I
Tooth, an artificial crown, designed to be applied to |
the root of a natural tooth, by means of what is usually
termed a pivot, but more properly a dowel or tenon.
VwoX.m.^ {piv' -ot-ifig) [Fr. , //V'lV, a pivot]. The fixa- !
tion of an •artificial crown to a tooth by means of a I
pivot or pin.
Pix (piks) [L. : gen., Picis']. Pitch. The resinous ex-
udation of certain coniferous trees. The varieties in
common use are chiefly Bitrgundy Pitch, from the j
Norway spruce, Abies excelsa,a.x\A.Canada Pitch,iromA. ;
canadensis. Pitch melts at about the temperature of boil-
ing water and softens by the heat of the human body.
It is soluble in glacial acetic acid and in absolute alco-
hol, and is used mainly as the base of plasters. Picis
Burgundicae, Emplast., contains Burgundy pitch 90,
yellow wax 10 parts. P. Canadensis, Emp., contains
Canada pitch 90, yellow wax 10 parts. P. cum
cantharide, Emp., Burgundy pitch 92, cantharides
cerate 8 parts. P. liquida, tar, an empyreumatic
oleo-resin obtained by the destructive distillation of
various species of pine ; it is blackish-brown in color
and possesses a well-known taste and odor. It
yields oil of tar, pyroligneous acid, creasote, and car-
bolic acid. It is a complex mixture of resins and |
hydrocarbons. Externally, it is a stimulant to the '
skin; internally, a gastro-intestinal irritant. It isser- j
viceable in scaly diseases of the skin and of benefit in
bronchitis Dose gj-ij. P. liq., Infus., unof , made
by shaking I part of tar with 4 of water frequently
for 24 hours. Dose Oj-ij daily. P. liq., Ol., a vola-
tile oil distilled from tar ; it consists of various hydro-
carbons, phenols, etc, and is used locally. P. liq->
Syr., contains 6 per cent, of tar in syrup. Dose
3 ij-5 ss. P. liq., Ung., equal parts of tar and suet.
P. Liq., Vin., wine of pitch, unof., tar 5 xvj^ glycer-
in, white wine, honey aa ,^viij, acetic acid 3j, boil-
ing water Ovj. Carbonis detergens, Liq., unof., an j
alcoholic solution of coal-tar, a useful antiseptic in
putrid sore-throat, etc. Vapor olei pini sylvestris,
(B. P.) Inhalation of fir-wood oil, used in sore- ■
throat and chronic laryngitis.
Pixol (//■/•j'-f/ ) [//.r, pitch ; oAv/w, oil]. A disinfect-
ant prepared by dissolving a pound of green soap in
three pounds of tar and slowly adding a solution of a lit-
tle over three ounces and a half of either potash or soda
in three pounds of water. For use one part of the
syrupy liquid thus formed is added to 19 parts of ,
i
FIZZLE
1107
PLACENTA
water, forming a five per cent, solution of pixol, and in
this strength it is used for disinfecting linen and wash-
ing the iiands. For the disinfection of dejecta a ten
per cent, solution is required.
Pizzle (piz'-l) [ME.]. The penis, especially of a
domestic mammal.
Placebo [phi-sc' -/>o) [" I will please: " fut. of placere,
to please]. Anything prescribed for the purpose of
pleasing or humoring the whim of a patient rather
than for its therapeutic effect.
Placenta [pla-seii'-fah)[_3. particular use of placenta, tt^m-
Koiif , a cake : pi. ,Placentic ox Place)itas'\. In biology :
(a) the organ of attachment of an embryo or fetus to the
wall of the uterus, and by means of which \t is nour-
ished; (/') the ovule-bearing portion of the ovary of a
plant. The mammalian placenta is a spongy mass of
tissue derived from the chorion and decidua, its evolu-
tion having begun with the difterentiation of the ecto-
derm of the germinative area by the formation of. a
thickened region called the area placentalis. It is a flat,
circular, spongy body, adherent during gestation to the
inner wall of the uterus and connected by the umbilical
cord to the fetus, and forming for it the organ of nutri-
HuMAN Placental Villl
Blood-vessels black. (From Stirling.)
tion and respiration. The placenta is developed about
the third month of embryonal life. The chorionic
villi in contact with the decidua reBexa cease to grow,
while at the decidua serotina the villi become exceed-
ingly numerous. The uterine mucous membrane in
which the villi are embedded contributes a share to
the formation of the placenta. This is known as the
maternal, in contradistinction to the chorionic or fetal
portion. At term the placenta weighs one pound, is
one inch thick at its center, and seven inches in diam-
eter. The fetal side is covered by the amnion and
penetrated by the umbilical cord. The maternal
surface is dark-red, irregular, and covered by the
upper layers of cells of the decidua serotina. The
placenta is normally situated at the fundus, anteriorly
or posteriorly. In the lower animals the placenta is
somewhat different. Of the C/ioriafa, those possess-
ing a villous chorion, one class, including the horse,
the pig, the camel, etc., presents the villi uniformly
distributed ; there is no special accumulation anywhere.
In the other class the villi are aggregated and specialized
in a particular region to form the placenta. Three
varieties of placentse are generally described : (a)
That with numerous cotyledons (cow, deer, etc.);
(i^) zonal placenta (carnivora) ; (c) discoid placenta
(monkey, man). The zonal and the discoid placenta;
are deciduate. P., Adherent, abnormal adherence
of the placenta to the uterine wall after childbirth.
P., Allantoic, a placenta in which the chorion ac-
quires vessels by growing together with the vascular
walls of the allantoic vesicle {Ungtila/a) , as distin-
guished from & chorionic placenta, q. v. P., Annular,
a placenta extending around the interior of the uterus
in the form of a belt. P., Battledore, one in which
the insertion of the cord is at the margin of the pla-
centa. P., Bell-shaped, one in which there is a par-
tial persistence of the chorionic villi in the upper portion
of the chorion. P.biloba, P. bipartita. 'Ae.^ Placenta
duplex. P., Chorionic, a placenta in which the chorion
has its own vessels ( Unguiculata). It is regarded as the
most primitive type, as distinguished from an allantoic
placenta. P. cirsoides, one in which the umbilical
vessels have a cirsoid arrangement. P., Cordiform, a
heart-shaped placenta. P., Cotyledonary, P., Coty-
ledonous, a placenta the villi of which are collected into
groups; this variety is confined to the Pecora. In the
giraffe, the placenta is partly diffused and partly coty-
ledonous. The Bovidce possess a large numljer of
cotyledons ( polycotyledonous) , while the Cervid<e have
only a few. P., Deciduate, a placenta in which the
fetal villi are so intimately connected with the uterine
wall, that at birth a greater or less portion is brought
away with the allantois (after-birth). It occurs in all
those Eutheria not included among those mentioned
as having non-deciduate placentas. P., Diffused, a
placenta which extends over the whole of the chorion.
It is characteristic of the. Perissodactyla, the Stiina, the
Tragtilina, the Tylopoda, the Sirenia, the Cetacea, and
the Leniiiroidea. P., Discoid, a placenta which is
disc-shaped. It occurs in the Rodentia, Insectivora,
Chiroptera, and the Loricata among the Edentata.
The discoid chorionic placenta is regarded as the
most primitive type, as distinguished from the zonary
placenta of carnivora, the diffuse placenta of the lower
primates, and the metadiscoid placenta of man, which
have been evolved from it. P., Disseminated, one
in which the cotyledons are not distinctly localized
to one area, but are scattered. P., Dome-like. Syn-
onym of/"., Bell-shaped. P., Double. Synonym of
P. duplex. P. duplex. Placenta bipartita ; an
anomaly of the placenta, in which it is divided into
two portions. P. evanida, the placenta of a blighted
ovum in which all structure has been lost from pressure
by the surviving ovum, as is seen in some cases of
fcetus papyraceus. P. fenestrata, one in which the
true placental tissue is lacking in one or more places , and
the chorion, being free from villi, forms a transparent
membrane. P. foetalis, the smooth amniotic surface
of the placenta. P., Fundal, one attached at the
fundus. P., Horse-shoe, in twin pregnancy, a con-
dition in which the two placentas are united by a strip
of placental tissue. P., Hydatigenous, a placenta the
seat of myxomatous degeneration, as in hydatidiform
mole. P., Incarcerated, a placenta retained in the
uterus on account of irregular contraction of that
organ. P., Lateral, one attached to the lateral wall
of the uterus. P. marginata, an anomaly of the pla-
centa in which that organ is surrounded by a margin
or collar of placental tissue. P., Maternal, the por-
tion of the placenta contributed by the part of the
mucous membrane of the uterus known as the decidua
serotina. At birth the maternal portion is only a thin,
grayish layer on the uterine surface of the placenta, and
can only be stripped off in small pieces. P. mem-
branacea ; occasionally there is a failure of the atrophy
of a portion of the chorion which normally occurs, and,
instead, placental villi are developed over the entire
surface of the chorion. Such a placenta is called
placenta membranacea, and is thinner than the normal
placenta. P., Metadiscoid, P., Secondary Dis-
coid, a form of placenta found in the Anthropoidea,
PLACENTAL
1108
PLAGIOCEPHALY
in which the villi are at first diffuse, but ultimately
become restricted to the ventral surface. P. multi-
loba, a placenta consisting of more than three lobes in
an animal in which the organ normally is one-Iobed.
P., Non-deciduate, the simplest form of placenta, in
which the papilla-like elevations of the chorion fit into
corresponding depressions in the uterus, and in
which the chorion can be withdrawn from tire placenta
at birth. The Artiodactyla, F/'rissodactyla, Sireaia,
Cetacea, Lemiiroidea, and some Edentata [Squamata)
have a non-deciduate placenta. In some of them the
villi are more or less branched and complicated,
at times interlocking so closely that the parts of the
epithelium of the maternal cotyledons may be carried
away at birth. P. obsoleta, in a twin pregnancy the
condition in which the two placentae are entirely dis-
Placenta and Membranes (Stripped upward).
tinct and separate. P. panduriformis, one shaped
like a violin. P., Polycotyledonary, P., Polycoty-
ledonous, a placenta such as is seen in ruminants, in
which the chorionic villi are collected in a number
of large separate tufts, the latter dipping into cor-
responding crypts in the uterine mucosa. P. praevia,
a term applied to a placenta when it is fixed to
that part of the uterine wall that becomes stretched
as labor advances, so that it precedes the advance of
the presenting part of the fetus. P., Retained, one
not expelled by the uterus after labor. P. sanguinis.
See Blood-clot. P., Secondary Discoid. See Z'. ,
Metadiscoid. P. spuria. See Placenta snccenttiriata.
P., Subsidiary, a distinct and separate lobe in addi-
tion to the usual placental mass ; such lobes are called
Placentic sitcccntuiiatiF. P. succenturiata, an acces-
sory growth to the placenta. When this does not act
as true placental tissue it is termed Placenta spuria.
P. tripartita, an anomaly of the placenta in which
there are three portions of that organ. P., Triple,
the united placent3e of a triple gestation. P., Twin.
Synonym of P. duplex. P. uterina, the rough
cotyledonous or uterine surface of the placenta derived
from the decidua serotina. P., Velamentous, one
in which the cord is inserted between the layers of
the fetal membranes, presenting a broad surface
of attachment in place of the normal round inser-
tion. P., Villous. See P., Disseminated. P.,
Zonary, a placenta which occupies a broad band
around the chorion ; it is found in the Carnii'ora ,
Hyrax, Elephas, and in the Tiihzilidentata among the
Edentata. Same as P., Annular.
Placental [pla-sen'-tal )\_ placenta , nAnKovc;, a flat cakej.
Pertaining to the placenta. P. Dystocia, difficult
birth of the placenta. P. Murmur. Same as P.
Souffle. P. Souffle, a sound erroneously attributed
to the circulation of blood in the placenta.
Placentalia [ pla-sen-ta' -le-ah) {^ placenta, TT/.aKnvg, a
cake]. Mammals in which the fetus is nourished
through the medium of a placenta.
Placentary {pla' -sen-fa-re) \_placenta, irXaKov^, a flat
cake]. Pertaining to the placenta.
Placentate {pla' -sen-tat)\_placenta, TrAoKoiif, a placenta].
Having a placenta.
Placentation (pla-sen-ta' -slum) [^placenta, tt^qkov^, a
placenta]. In biology: («) the process of attachment
of the embryo or fetus to the uterus ; (^) the type of pla-
centa or the manner in which it is constructed ; the
arrangement of the seeds in the pericarp or the ar-
rangement of the placenta itself.
Placentiferous [pla-sen-tif -er-us) [placenta, Tr?,aKOvc,
placenta; ferre, to bear]. In biology, bearing a pla-
centa.
Placentiform [pla - sen' - tif - orm) \_placenta, -KhaKovi;,
placenta ; yirw/ff, form]. In biology, resembling a
placenta ; discoid with biconcave surfaces.
Placentigerous (pla-sen-tij'-er-ns). Same as Placen-
tiferous .
Placentitis [pla-sen-ti'-tis) \_ placenta, TTlaKov(;, a flat
cake; iric, inflammation]. Inflammation of the pla-
centa. P. decidualis, placentitis secondary to in-
flammation of the decidua.
Placentoid {pla-sen' -toid) [placenta, Tr?iaKovg, a flat
cake; f(Mof, like]. Resembling a placenta.
Placentula {pla-sen' -tu-lah) [dim. of placenta, ttAo-
Koiif, placenta]. A small placenta.
Placoderm, Placodermal {plak' -o-derm, plak-o-der'-
mal) [-Adf, a plate; 6(pjj.a, skin]. In biology,
having the skin covered with broad flat plates, as a
fish.
Placoid {plak' -aid) [irla^, {irtiaK-), a tablet; fMof,
form]. In biology, plate-like ; applied to the ecto-
skeletal pieces of certain fishes.
Placula {plak' -u-lah) {irXa^, a tablet, plate r //. , Plnc-
ul<v\. In biology, a little plate; applied to certain
discoid embryos, which consist of a plate of cleavage
cells.
Placular {plak' -ii-lar) [T/idf, a plate]. Plate-like;
like a placula.
Placulate {plak'-u-lat) [jrPidf , a plate]. Having the
form of a placule.
Placuntechos {plak-mtt-ek'-os) [Tr^o/coi'f, a flat cake;
'AVf. echo]. The uterine souffle.
Placuntitis {plak-iin-ti'-tis). Synonym of Placentitis.
Pladaroma {plad-ar-o'-mah) [nla^apufia, wetness,
softness: pi. , Pladaromata"]. A soft wart, or tumor
of the eyelid.
Pladarosis {plad-ar-o' -sis) [-PoJopdf, soft]. Synonym
of Pladaroma.
Plaga {pla'-gah) [tt;*;?)'?/, stroke : pi. , Pla_!^ie']. Wound;
plague. In biology, a stripe or streak. P. ignis.
Anthrax. P. scapularis. Same as Parapsis.
Plagiobolia {pla-je-o-boF -e-ah) [n-Ady^of, oblique; /5d/-
Aeiv, to throw]. Imperfect or indirect emission of
spermatic fluid into the vagina.
Plagiocephalia {pla-je-o-sef-a'-le-ali). .See Plcigio-
cephaly.
Plagiocephalic {pla-je-o-sef-al'-ik) [TrTiciyiog, oblique,
twisted; Kripn??'/, head]. " Exhibiting or dependent on
plagiocephaly.
Plagiocephalous {pla -je -o-sef'-al- us). Synonym of
Plagiocephalic.
Plagiocephaly {pla-je-o-sef -al-e) [;r?d)7oc, sidewise,
slanting, oblique ; w^a^?;, head]. In biology, a mal-
formation of the head, produced by the closing of
PLAGIODONT
1109
PLANE
half of the coronal suture, giving an oblique growth to
the cranial roof.
Plagiodont [pla' -je-o-donf) [_TrAaytor, oblique; bSov^,
tooth]. In biology, having the teeth oblique, as in the
converging series seen in serpents.
Plagiopatagium, of Kolenati {pla-je-o-pat-a' -je-um)
[TrXay/of, oblique ; TTuTiiyelov, a border, as of a gown].
In biology, that portion of the wing-membrane of bats
included in the endopatagium and mesopatagiuin.
Plagiotropic [pla -je - o - trop'- ik) [TrAiiyiOf , oblique;
rpoTTOf, a turning]. In biology, exhibiting plagiotro-
pism.
Plagiotropism [pla-je-of -ro-piziii) [Tr/ldywf , oblique ;
TpoTTot , a twining]. In biology, oblique geotropism ;
growth at an angle from the vertical axis, either up-
ward or downward, Cf. OrtJiotropism.
Plague {pliig) {jr'Ariyii, a stroke]. A pest, or pestilence.
A contagious and higiily fatal epidemic which occurred
in Europe in the 14th century , and also at later periods.
The disease had many of the characteristic symptoms
of malignant typhus fever, accompanied by buboes,
carbuncles, pustules, petechise, and similar skin-affec-
tions. The period of incubation is from two to seven
days ; the disease appears in a. grai^e or ofdinaty form,
a fuliiiinant form, and a larval or abortive ioxm.. P.,
Black, the plague which decimated the European
nations in the 14th century. P., Bubonic, a very
fatal, contagious epidemic disease, formerly prevalent
in various parts of the world. It is characterized by
fever, pain, swelling of the axillary, cervical, or in-
guinal lymphatic glands, delirium, coma, and in the ma-
jority of cases ends in death. P., Cold, a fatal form of
bilious pneumonia. P., Hunger, relapsing fever. P.,
Indian. .Synonym of /Vr//. P., Levantine, the plague
of the eastern part of Europe. P., Lung, pleuro-
pneumonia of cattle. P. -sore, a sore resulting from
the plague. P. -spot, a spot characteristic of the
plague. P., Swine, hog-cholera. P., Syrian. Syno-
nym of Aleppo boil.
Plagycephalus [pla-je-sef -al-us). 'S>e.e. Plagicephabis.
Plansea [pla-tie'-ah) \_plauus, flat]. In biology, a hy-
pothetic, astomatous metazoan, having the form of a
ciliated planula ; morphologically, a simple diaderm ;
a blast cea.
Planar, Planary [pla'-nar, pla' -nar-e) [planus, flat].
Lying in a plane.
Planarthragra [ p/an-ar-thra' -grah) [^irlavav, to cause
to wander ; aptipov, joint; aypa, a seizure]. Gout
which wanders from one joint to another.
Planat's Tincture. See Picrotoxin.
Planate [pla'-nat) \_planus, flat]. In biology, flat,
flattened.
Plane [plan) \_planus, flat]. Any flat and smooth sur-
face, especially any assumed or conventional surface,
whether tangent to the body , or dividing it. P. of Aeby,
in craniometry, that passing through the nasion and the
basion perpendicular to the median plane. P., Alveo-
condylean, in craniometry, a plane passing through
the alveolar point and tangent to the condyles. P.,
Anterior Focal. See under Z'. , /ora/. P., Auriculo-
infraorbilal, in craniometry, that passing through the
upper edge of the auricular foramen and the lower
edge of the orbit. P. of Baer, in craniometry, that
passing through the upper border of the zygomatic
arches. P., Barclay's. See P., Palatine. P. of
Blumenbach, the surface parallel with the base of a
cranium deprived of the lower jaw. P. of Broca.
See P., Visual {of Broca). P. of Busk. See/".,
Horizontal [of Busk). P., Camper's, in craniometry,
the plane passing through the auricular points and the
base of the inferior nasal spine. P. of the Chasma,
the plane drawn tangent to the punctum spinze nasalis
poslerioris and the punctum foraminis magni anterius.
P., Coccygeal. See under P. , Parallel (of the pelvis) . ^
P. of Daubenton, in craniometry, that passing through
the opisthion and the inferior borders of the orbits.
P., Double-inclined, two rectangular boards united
at an angle at their short sides. It is used in the
treatment of fractures of the femur to support the
limb and to relax certain muscles. P., Dumontier's.
See P., Horizontal (of DitDiontier). P. of Diirer, in
craniometry, a plane tangent to the lobules of the ear
and the base of the nose. P., Focal, one of the two
planes drawn through the principal foci of a dioptric
system, perpendicular to the axis, or line joining the two
foci. P., Frankfort, in craniometry, the auriculo-infra-
orbital plane. P., Glabello-lambdoidean (of Ha my),
in craniometry, the plane of theglabella and the lambda,
perpendicular to the median plane. P., Glabello-
occipital, in craniometry, the vertical plane passing
through the line joining the glabella and the occiput.
P. of Hamy. See P., Glabello-lambdoidean . P.,
Holder's. '^,fi& P., Horizontal (of Holder). P., Hori-
zontal (of Busk), in craniometry, that which, passing
through the auricular points, is vertical to a plane drawn
through those points and the bregma. P., Horizontal
(of Dumontier), in craniometry, a plane tangent to
the superior borders of the zygomatic arches. P.,
Horizontal (of Holder), in craniometry, the auriculo-
infraorbital plane. P., Horizontal (of Lucce), in
biology, that passing through the axis of the zygomatic
arches. P., Horizontal (of Van Shering), a plane
tangent to the lower rim of the orbit and passing
through the auricular points. P., Inclined, a plane
forming an angle with the plane of the horizon ; one
of the mechanical powers. 'P .,\nc.\v[\&A(of the pelvis) ;
the ischiatic spines divide the pelvic cavity into two
unequal sections. In the larger anterior section the
walls slope toward the symphysis and pubic arch, and
are known as the anterior inclined planes. Behind
the spines, the lateral slopes are known as the posterior
inclined planes. They slope in the direction of the
sacrum and coccyx. P. of the Ischium, the lateral
wall of the true pelvis. P. of Lucae. -See P.,Hori
zontal (of Lnccv). P. of Mastication, that tangent
to the masticating surface of the teeth of the upper
jaw. P., Meckel's, in craniometry, that passing
through the auricular and alveolar points. P.,
Medial, P., Median, P., Mesial, a plane, generally
antero-posterior, dividing a body into two symmetric
halves. The median plane of the animal body is termed
the meson. P., Merkel's, in craniometry, that pass-
ing through the auricular points and the lower borders
of the orbits. P. of Morton, in craniometry, that
passing through the most prominent points of the
occipital and parietal protuberances. P., Munich.
See P., Auricnlo- infraorbital. P., Naso-iniac,
in craniometry, a plane passing through the nasion
and the inion. P., Naso-opisthiac, a plane passing
through the nasion and the opisthion P., Nuchal,
the surface of the occiput between the foramen mag-
num and the superior curved line. P., Orbital, the
orbital portion of the upper maxilla, or the maxillary
portion of the orbit. The visual plane of Broca. P.,
Occipital, the surface of the occiput above the superior
curved line. P., Palatine (of Barclay), in craniom-
etry, the plane tangent to the arch of the palate along
the middle line. P., Parallel (ti/" ///c'/f/rvV), any plane
intersecting the pelvic axis at a right angle, hence really
not parallel. There are four parallel planes : one cor-
responds to the superior strait ; the second extends
from the middle of the sacrum to the level of the
sub-pubic ligament ; the third passes through the
spines of the ischia ; the fourth is the inferior strait.
PLANESIS
1110
PLANKTON
Ps.of the Pelvis, four planes are generally described :
the plane of the inlet, that of the outlet, the plane of
pelvic expansion, and that of pelvic contraction. The
plane of the inlet, or brim, is bordered by the linea
terminalis, and has an elliptic contour, with a depres-
sion posteriorly, produced by the projection of the sacral
promontory. Its diameters are — the aniero-posterior,
or conjugate, from the upper edge of the promontory of
the sacrum to a point an eighth of an inch below the
upper border of the symphysis, measuring II cm. ;
the transverse, the longest possible transverse distance,
measuring ijj^ cm. ; and the oblique, from the upper
edge of one sacro-iliac junction to the opposite ilio-
pectineal eminence, measuring 123^' cm. The plane
of the outlet is bounded by the sub-pubic ligament,
the pubic rami, the rami and tuberosities of theiscHia,
the sciatic ligaments, and the coccyx. Its diameters
are — the anteroposterior, measuring 9^ cm (during
labor II cm.), and the transverse, measuring 11 cm.
The plane of pelvic expansion perforates the middle of
the symphysis, the tops of the acetabula, and the sac-
rum between the second and third vertebrte-^ Its dia-
meters are — the anteroposterior, measuring 12^4' cm.,
and the transi'erse, measuring 12 cm. The plane of
pelvic contraction passes through the tip of the sac-
rum, the spines of the ischia, and the under surface of
the symphysis. Its diameters are — the anteroposterior,
measuring 11'^ cm., and the /rrtWKWjv, measuring
10^ cm. See Pelvis. P. of Refraction, a plane
passing through a refracted ray of light and drawn
perpendicular to the surface of the refracting medium.
P. of Regard, a plane cutting the center of rotation
of the eye and the point of fixation P. of RoUe,
in craniometry, that passing through the auricular and
the alveolar points. P., Sagittal, the mesial antero-
posterior plane of the body — the meson. P., Single-
inclined, a board arranged as an inclined plane, with
the distal end elevated ; it is used in the treatment
of fractures of the lower limb. P. -symmetric, in
chemistry, a term introduced by Wislicenus to indicate
that class of unsaturated stereo- isomers in which simi-
lar substituting radicles lie on the same side of a plane
passing through the points of junction of the linked
carbon atoms. The contrasting condition is central
(or axial) symmetric in which similar radicles are
symmetric to an axis passing through the linked atoms.
Maleic and fumaric acids are respectively plane-sym-
metric, and central-symmetric stereo-isomers. P.,
Van Shering's. See /'. , Horizontal (of Van Shering) .
P., Visual, tlie plane passing through the visual axis.
P., Visual {of Broca),\he orbital plane.
Planesis (plan-e'-sis)\TTMivrjcir,w3x\i\mng\. Wander-
ing; mental aberration ; metastasis.
Planet-struck Disease. Synonym of Apoplexy.
Planicaudate (plan-ik-aw' -diit) [planus, flat; cauda,
tail]. In biology, having a flattened tail.
Planicipital [ plan-is-ip' -it-al) \_plauus, flat; caput,
head]. In biology, having a flat head.
Planidorsate (plan-id-or'-sat) {^planus, i^aX; dorsum,
back]. In biology, having a flat back.
Planiform { plan' -if- or m) [planus , i[3.\. ; forma, form].
In anatomy, presenting a flat surface.
Planipennate {plan-ip-en' -at) [planus, flat; penna,
wing]. In biology, having flat wings.
Planipetalous {plan-ip-et'-al-us) [planus, flat; Trha-
Xov, petal]. In biology, having flat petals.
Planirostral { plan-e-ros' -tral) [planus, ^a\.\ rottrum,
beak]. In biology, having a flattened beak.
Planispiral (plan-is-pi' -ral) [planus, flat ; spira, a
coil]. In biology, coiled in one plane.
Planities {plan' -it-ez) [planum, flat]. Plane; also,
the sole of the foot.
Planktology {plank-tol' -o-jc) [plankton, the drifting
life of the sea, from irXayxTOQ, wandering, roaming ;
Pioyof, science]. In biology, the department of sci-
ence which treats of the constituents, character, dis-
tribution, evolution and relations of the plankton or
drifting organisms of the ocean.
Plankton (//(7«/{''-/()«)[7r?Lay,^'rof, wandering, roaming].
In biology, the term proposed by Hensen and adopted
by Hfeckel to designate all plants and animals found
at the surface of the ocean and which are carried about
involuntarily in the water {ploteric). It corresponds
to the German terms Auftrieb and pelagischer Mul-
der^'' introduced by Johannes Miiller ; and is employed
in contradistinction to benthos (liivtinc, the bottom of
the ocean ; hence the organisms living there) and
nekton (the actively siui mining surface organisms).
Plankton may be separated into Limnoplankton, the
swimming and floating population of fresh water, and
Haliplankton or that of salt water ; or again into
Oceanic Plankton or that of the open ocean, and
Neritic Plankton, or that of the coast regions.
Hasckel also distinguishes: {a) Pelagic Plankton,
those actively swimming or passively floating animals
or plants which are taken at the surface of the sea ; no
matter whether they are found alone or at a variable
depth below the surface, they constitute the super-
ficial and interzonary organisms of Chun. {b)
Zonary Plankton, those organisms which occur only
at definite depths of the ocean, and are only occasion-
ally found above and below this, c. many Phceo-
daria and Crustacea and Siphonophora. {c) Bathy-
bic Plankton, animals of the deep sea, which only
hover upon the bottom but never touch it, whether they
stand in definite relation to the abyssal benthos or not,
e.g., Tomapteris euchtcta, Megalocereus abyssorum.
{d) Autopelagic Plankton, the constant superficial
fauna and flora of the sea, ^. , Eucopida, Forska-
lida, Kucharis, sp., Bolina, sp., Sagitta punctata,
Pontellina, sp., etc. {e) Bathypelagic Plankton,
all those organisms which occur not merely at the sur-
face, but extend down into the depths ; these are
called by Chun interzonary pelagic animals. Here
belongs properly the chief mass of the plankton.
These last organisms may be distinguished as: (l)
Nyctipelagic , those which rise to the surface only
at night, living in the depths during the day ; very
many Medusic, Siphonophora, Pyrosoma, most Ptero-
poda and Ileteropoda, very many Crustacea, etc. (2)
Chimopclagic, those which appear at the surface only
in winter, and in summer are hidden in the depths;
Radiolaria, Medusw, Siphonophora, Ctenophora, a
part of the Pteropoda, and Ileteropoda, many Crusta-
cea, etc. (3) Allopelagic, those which perform irregu-
lar vertical wanderings, sometimes appearing at the
surface, sometimes in the depths, independently of
changes of temperature. (/) Spanipelagic Plank-
ton, those animals which always live in the ocean-
depths (zonary or bathybic) and come to the surface
only exceptionally and rarely. Holoplanktonic or-
ganisms, those that pass their whole life and whole
cycle of development hovering in the ocean, with
no relation whatever to the benthos; here belong
the greater part of the diatoms, and oscillaria, all
Murraycites and Peridinea, all Kadiolaria, many
Globigcrina, the hypogenetic Jlledusic, all Siphono-
phora and Ctenophora, all Ch,rtognatha, Pteropoda,
the Copclala, Pyrosoma, and Thalidia, etc. Mcro-
planktonic organisms, on the contrary, are found m
the sea only for a part of their life, passing the other
part vagrant or sessile in the benthos, e. g., a part ol
the diatoms and oscillaria, the planktonic fucoids, the
metagenetic medusae, some turbellarians and annelids,
PLANKTONIC
1111
PLASMA
the " pelagic larvK " of hydroids and corals, many
helminthes, echinoderms, acephala, gasteropods, etc.
Plankton may be Monotonic (simple tow-stuft"),
showing a homogeneous composition, or it may be
Polymixic (mixed tow-stuft ), composed of organisms
of different species and classes in such a way that no
one form or group of forms composes more than one-
half of the whole volume.
Planktonic i^plaiik-ton' -ik ) \_plaHkton, the drifting life
of the sea]. In biology, pertaining to plankton.
Planoblast [plan'-o-blasf) [ttMi'oc, wandering; ji'Aau-
rof, germ]. In biology, the free swimming medusoid
bud, or gonophore of a gymnoblastic hydrozoan, as dis-
I tinguished frorn the sedentary bud or hedrioblast, q. v.
Planoblastic (plan-o-bhn'-tik) [T/ldrof, wandering;
j^Aaaror, germ]. In biology, pertaining to a plano-
blast.
Piano-cellular ( //(?«-o-^<?/'-«-Az;-) flat; cellula,
cell]. Flat-celled.
Plano-concave, Plano-convex ( pla' - no - kon - kdv' ,
pla' -no-kon-Vc'ks'). See Lens.
Planodia [plan-o'-de-a/:) \Tz7.dvrj, & wandering; oJof,
a way]. Any false or artificial passage made by an
instrument.
Planogamete {plan' -o-ga-met) 1_7t?.cw>/, a wandering;
yafielv, to marry]. In biology, a ciliated form of
gamete, or protoplasmic conjugating body ; a zoo-
gamete. Cf. Gainele.
Planogastrula {plan-o-gas' -trii-lah) \_planu!a {-Tiavoq,
wandering) ; gastrula, a two-layered, saccular germ
{jaariip, belly)]. The name applied by Hasckel in his
gastrsa theory to that stage in the evolution of the
gastrula from the planula, characterized by the hol-
lowing out of the endoderm of the latter.
Planomania [plan-o-ina'-ne-a/i) \_-'/Avur, wandering;
fiavia, madness]. A morbid and insane desire for
wandering.
Plant ^plan/a, a plant]. Any member of the vegetable
kingdom. P., Aerial, P., Air, a plant which derives
its nourishment from the air. P., Carnivorous.
Synonym of P. , Insectivorous. P., Flowering. See
Phanerogam. P., Flowerless. See P/ianerognin.
P., Insectivorous, a plant which entraps and digests
insects: e.g., Drosera rotundifolia. P., Pitcher.
See Pitcher-plant. P., Sensitive, Mimosa pudica,
and other species, the leaves of which contract when
they are touched.
Planta (//(!:«'-/rt/i) [L.]. i. A plant. 2. The sole of
! the foot. P. pedis, the sole of the foot.
iPlantago {plan-ta' -go') [L., gen. plantaginis'\. The
leaves of P. major and P. lanceolata , or common
ribbed grass, or plantain. The bruised fresh leaves
are a popular remedy for hemorrhage, painful abra-
sions of the skin, burns, erysipelas, etc. Dose n:\^v-xv.
Unof.
Plantain {plan'-fan) [ME., planteyne, plantain]. I.
Same as Plantago. 2. The tropical plant Alusa
paradisiaca, and its fruit ; they are of great economic
importance in the tropic regions as a food for mankind.
Plantar (plan' -tar') \_plantaris ; plattta, sole of the
foot]. Pertaining to the sole of the foot. P.
Aponeurosis. Synonym of P. Fascia. P. Arch,
a name given to one of the parts into which the
external plantar artery is divided. P. Arteries. .See
Arteries, Table of. P. Fascia, the dense, triangular-
shaped aponeurosis occupying the middle and sides
of the sole of the foot beneath the integument. P.
Muscle. See Muscles, Table of. P. Nerve. See
Nerves, Table of. P. Reflex. See Reflexes, Table
of. P. Tubercle, the tubercle of the first metatarsal
bone, and to which the tendon of the peroneus longus
muscle is attached.
Plantaria {plan-ta' -re-ah). Synonym of Dengue.
Plantaris / plan-ta'-ris) sole of the foot]. See
Plantar P. Muscle. See Muscles, Table of.
Plantigrade [plan'-tig-rdd) \_ planta, sole ; gradi, to
walk]. Bringing the entire length of the sole of the
foot to the ground in walking, as is seen in the bear
and in certain birds which apply the back of
the tarsus as well as the toes to the ground in walking.
Plantivorous (plan-tiv' -o rus) A;, plant ; vorare,
to devour]. In biology, living on plants, e. g., cater-
pillars.
Plantosseous [plan-tos' -e-us) \_planta, sole ; osseosus,
bony]. Both plantar and interosseous.
Plantosseus {plan-ios'-e-us) [planta, sole; osseosus,
bony]. Any plantar interosseous muscle.
Plantuia.{plan'-tu-lah) [planta, the sole ol the foot:
//., PlantuliC^. In biology, the appendage, generally
cushion-like, between the claws of certain insects; it
corresponds to the structure in other forms called
onychium and pulvillus.
Plantular [plan'-tu-lar) \_plantula, a little plant].
Pertaining to a plantula.
Planula {^plan'-u-lah) [Tr/ldfof, wandering: //. , Plan-
uuc\ In biology, the globular or oval, free-swim-
ming, two-layered, solid larva of certain of the Porif
era and Ccelcnterata. It is destitute of a mouth or
blastopore, and succeeds the blastula in those meta-
zoans in which gastrulation takes place by immigration
and delamination, instead of by invagination. The
planula is succeeded by the Planogastrula and this in
turn by the gastrula stage proper, with its blastopore.
Salensky describes a ' three-layered planula in the
Rotatoria and other forms. The term planula was
first applied by Dalzell to the motile larvte of certain
hydrozoans (" zoophytes "), but it has come to have a
broader application. Planula may be regarded as the
ancestral form of the Cnidaria. It appears to corres-
pond to the parencliymula of Metschnikoff.
Planulan [plan' -u-lan) \tt}Avo(;, wandering]. A plan-
ula.
Planular [ plan' -ti-lar) [nTiavoc;, wandering]. Pertain-
ing to a planula.
Planuliform {plan'-u-lif-orm) [TrAdfOf, wandering;
forma, form]. In biology, resembling a planula.
Planuloid {plan' -u-loid) \Ti'kavoq, wandering; tl^oq,
like]. Resembling a planula.
Planum {plan' -um) [L.]. A plane or surface.
Planuria {pla - 7iu'- re - ah) [nAavni;, astray ; ovpov,
urine]. The discharge of urine through passages
other than the normal duct.
Plaque {plak) [Fr.]. A plate, patch or spot. P.,
Blood. .See Blood-plaque. P., Mucous, P. mu-
queuse [Fr.]. Mucous patch; condyloma latum.
Plaques, Pterygoidean. .See Pterygoidcan. Ps.,
Sclerose en. See Sclerose en plaques.
Plasm {plazni) \jT'Aaaiia, a figure molded from clay or
wax]. In biology, same as Plasma. P., Germ, a
distinct form of protoplasm acting as the vehicle of
inheritance.
Plasma {plaz'-mah) [TrAacr/ya, a thing molded]. I.
The original undiiTerentiated substance of nascent
living matter. The primordial protoplasm or " physi-
cal basis of life." 2. The fluid part of the blood and
the lymph ; the blood and lymph exclusive of the
corpuscles. See Blood-plasma and Liquor sanf^uinis.
P. -cells of Waldeyer, the highly vacuolated connec-
tive-tissue cells, irregular, extended or spindle-shaped.
They probably bear a somewhat constant relation to
young tissues in which the formation of new blood-
vessels is still progressing. P. -fibrin, Landois' term
for fibrin formed in the usual way, as distinguished
from stroma-fibrin, or that formed directly from stroma.
PLASMASOME
1112
PLASMOGONY
P.-globulin. Same as Paraglobulin, q. v. P., His-
togenetic, P., Lymph, the fluid part of the lymph.
P. of Invertebrates, that perivascular or intercellular
fluid of invertebrates which corresponds to the blood
of vertebrates. It is both respiratory and nutritive in
function, clots like vertebrate blood, contains fibrinogen
and a substance corresponding to hemoglobin, and is
called by Fredericq hemocyanin ; it is also in some in-
stances a reddish lipochronie pigment ietronervthrin .
P., Muscle, the fluid obtained from muscle by pressure
at a low temperature, 1° C. It is spontaneously coag-
ulable, forming myosin. P., Nutritive, the portion
of the cell devoted to nutritive functions. P. san-
guinis, blood-plasma. P., Somatic. Synonym of
P. , Histogduetic.
Plasmasome i^plaz' -mas-dni) [n-/ufr//a, a molded figure ;
ouiia, body]. In biology, a protoplasmic corpuscle.
Plasmatic {plaz-maf -ik ) [7rAdcr//a, a molded figure].
Same as Plasinic. P. Stain. See Plasmic Stain.
Plasmatoparous { plas - mat - op' - ar - iis) \_plasma, a
molded figure; parere, \.o bring forth]. In biology,
a term applied to certain species of fungi [e.g., Pero-
nospora densa, Rab., and P. pygmcca^ Ung. ), in which
the whole protoplasm escapes from the spore in amass
through the opening of a papilla-like point in the
wall, and at once becoming globular, secretes a cellu-
lose membrane and subsequently germinates by the
emission of a short, thick germ-tube. (Bennett and
Murray.)
Plasment i^plaz'-mejif) [T^'Xaafia, something molded].
A jnoprietary emollient and lubricant application made
from Iceland moss.
Plasmic [piaz'-mik) [n'X.aaua, a molded figure]. In
biology, of or pertaining to protoplasm ; formative,
protoplasmic. P. Stain, a pigment which colors the
tissue uniformly throughout, employed in microscopy
as a ground or counter-stain, following and in contrast
with a nuclear stain. Thus, after bine or greeti nu-
clear or specific stains, use benzo-purpurin (brownish
red), eosin (yellowish-red), erythrosin (pink), orange,
or acid fuchsin (orange) ; after red use picric acid
(yellow). See Stains, Table of, also, Stain, Nuclear
Stain, Specific Stain.
Plasmin [plaz'-min) [-laajia, a molded figure].
Denis mixed uncoagulated blood with a saturated
solution of sodic sulphate, and allowed the corpuscles
to subside. The salted plasma thus obtained he pre-
cipitated with sodic chlorid. The precipitate, when
washed with a saturated solution of sodic chlorid, he
called plasmin. Mixed with water, it coagulates
spontaneously, resulting in the formation of fibrin,
another proteid remaining in solution. According to
Denis' view, fibrin is produced by the splitting up of
plasmin into two bodies — fibrin and a soluble proteid.
(Landois and Stirling.)
Plasmochyma [plaz-iiwk'-im-ah) [jvlaciia, plasma;
x'<'li(i, juice]. The portions in the cytochylema rich
in proteids ; paraplasm ; heteroplasm ; the fluid sub-
stance of a cell.
Plasmode {plaz'-mod). .Same as Plasmodium.
Plasmodiblast [plaz-mo'-dib-last). .See Trophoblast.
Plasmodieresis (//(?c;-W()-i7'/-«''-«-?>) [T/iaa/ya, plasma;
(hnipeir, to divide in two parts]. The division of the
cell-body, in contradistinction to the division of the
cell-nucleus.
Plasmodiocarp ( plas-mo' -de-o-karp^ [7rAa(T//rt, a molded
figure; fH^Of, form; Kafmo^, a fruit]. In biology, ap-
plied to the fructification of fungi when of irregular
shape.
Plasmodiocarpous [plaz-mo-de-o-kar' -pus) [TrJiacrz/a, a
molded figure ; fMof, form; Kapizo^, a fruit]. Re-
sembling a plasmodiocarp.
Plasmodium [plaz-mo'-de-um) [TrAoir/m, a molded fig-
ure ; el6oc, form : //. , Plasmodia~\. In biology : [a] the
naked, motile mass of protoplasm formed by the organic
fusion of two or more amebiform bodies, as in the mes-
odermic cells of young Spongillce, Bipintia7-ia , many
Annelida and by phagocytes in general ; [b] the col-
ossal ameboid organism or vegetative body (also calied
plasmode) formed by the coalescence of peculiar
swarm-spores in the Alyxomyeetes [e.g.,Fnligo var-
ians, or, as it is more commonly called, Aithalium
septieiim or "flowers of tan "), or by the mere aggre-
gation of such swarm-spores in the Acrasiece. P.
malariae. Synonyms, Hirmatopliylliim malaiice,
Hematozoon of Malaria, Laverati' s Bodies, Laverati' s
Organisms ; a parasite found in the blood of persons
suffering from malaria. Many different forms have
been observed, which by some are held to be stages
in the life-history of the same organism, by others to
be difl^erent species. As to the nature of the parasite
it is generally admitted that it is a Protozoan. See
Poli?nitt{s malariic, Danilewsky, under Parasites
(.4nimal) , Table of. The development and multi-
plication of the organism take place within the red
corpuscles. Typical intermittent fever is associated
with large forms of the parasite, which difier some-
what according as the fever is a tertian or quartan in-
termittent. In the former case the developmental
cycle of the organism occupies two days, in the latter
three. In both forms the small intracorpuscular
ameboid body enlarges and gradually fills the entire
cell, becoming pigmented at the same time. The pig-
ment-granules are formed from the hemoglobin of the
blood corpuscle. When the plasmodia have acquired a
certain size, the pigment-granules begin to aggregate at
the center of the body. At this time, in the quartan
form, the organism becomes radially striate, or roset-
shaped. The further step consists in the breaking up
of the organisms into a number of small spheric bodies,
the young plasmodia. The blood- corpuscle is de-
stroyed, and the small free elements enter other red
cells. In the tertian form the cycle is similar, but
more rapid and active ; the blood-corpuscle becomes
decolorized much sooner ; the pigment-granules are
smaller, and the parasite forms from 15 to 20 new cells,
while in the quartan only from 6 to 12 are produced.
In quotidian intermittent, the organisms are smafl,
possess very active ameboid movements (that can be
observed within the red corpuscles), and become pig-
mented just before each paroxysm. Then they divide
into spores. Peculiar crescentic bodies, endoglobular
and ectoglobular, have also been described. They
occur in acute forms, but are most constant in malarial
cachexia. The significance of certain flagellate bod-
ies has not been fully determined. The Italian
writers generally believe that the various forms are
distinct species, while Laveran and others look upon
them as developmental variations of the sporozoon.
As to the relation of the parasite to malaria, the evi-
dence of its being an etiologic one is very strong. 1 lie
constant presence of the organisms, the fact of their
causing r.apid destruction of the red corpuscles, their
disappearance coincidently with the symptoms on the
administration of quinin, and the successful inoculation
of the disease from man to man, are points strongly
in favor of their etiologic relation to the disease. The
organism has not yet been cultivated artificially outside
of the body. P., Small, a variety or species present
in remittent and pernicious forms of malaria.
Plasmogen (plaz'-mo-jeii) [■K'/iiaiia, a molded figure;
;f!7/C, producing]. In biology, germ-plasm, true pro-
toplasm, bioplasm, anabolic ])erfection in plasma.
Plasmogony [plaz-mog'-o-ne) [^rvAaaua, a nmlded
PLASMOKINESIS
1113
PLASTID
figure; yow/a, generation]. In biology, the genera-
tion of an organism from plasma.
Plasmokinesis {plaz-/iio-kiii-e' -sis) [KAan/ja, plasma ;
Kivijau;, motion]. Indirect protoplasmic cell-division.
Plasmology ( plaz-vwl' -o-jc) \jx\a(yjia, a molded figure ;
Xoyoii, science]. In biology, the study of cells and
cell-stuft', or plasma; histology.
Plasmolysis iyplaz-mol' -is-is) [/r/affuu, plasm; liieiv,
to loose]. In biology: {a) the separation of cell-
protoplasm from the inclosing cell- wall ; [l>) the con-
traction of living protoplasm under the influence of
reagents.
Plasmolytic ( plaz-mo-lit' -ik) \TTXaafia, plasm ; /limf , a
loosing]. In biology, e,\hibiting or characterized by
plasmolysis. P. Agent, any substance that causes
contraction of protoplasm.
Plasmolyze ( plaz' -nw-liz) [n-Adc7//a, a molded figure ;
/,t)cr(f, a loosing]. In biology, to induce plasmolysis, or
to subject to plasmolysis.
Plasmoma ( plaz-iiio'-jiiah) [jrXdaim, plasma ; biia, tu-
mor: //. , Plasmomata\. A fibro-plastic tumor.
Plasmoschisis ( plaz - )?tos'- kis - is) [^ir'Addfia, plasma;
axiaic;, cleavage]. A name given by Lowit to the
separation of protoplasmic particles from the bodies of
leukocytes, first observed by him in the blood of crabs
kept at a low temperature.
Plasmosoma ( plaz-mo-so' -mali) \T:'kaafia, plasm ; aufia,
body: />/. , Plasinosomata'\. A karyosoma, especially
one which is safranophilous.
Plasodermatosis [p/az-o-der-i?iat-o' -sis) [TrXdaaKiv , to
form; dsp^ua, skin ; tidaof, diseases]. A skin-affection
characterized by the formation of new tissue.
Plasodermitis [plaz-o-der-mi'-lis) [nlaafin, plasma;
6kpfia, skin ; ltii;, inflammation]. A neoplasm of the
skin, of inflammatory origin.
Plasome {pla' -som) [ir'Aaaaa, a molded figure ; aCif/a,
body, matter]. In biology, one of the hypothetic,
minute vital particles of Wiesner and Briicke, resem-
bling, as regards their properties, the pangenes of De
Vries and the hiophors of Weismann.
Plasson [plas'-sott) [j:'^.a(saELv, to form or mold]. In
biology, primitive or undifferentiated protoplasm ; the
cell in the cytode stage.
Plastauxia i^plas-tawks' -e-ah) [iT/idaaea', to mold ; ah^//,
increase]. An increase of plasticity.
Plaster [plas'-ter) ^e/nTrXaarpoi', e/np/asiru/u, plasterl.
An adhesive, solid or semi-solid medicinal substance
spread upon cloth or other flexible substance, for ap-
plication to the external part of the body. According
to the principal ingredient, it is called Emplastrum
Aconiti, Ammoniaci, Arnicae, Belladonnse, Capsici,
Hydrargyri, Picis cum cantharidfe, Resinse, Saponis,
etc. P., Adhesive, resin-plaster. The adhesive
plaster used by surgeons must be warmed before being
applied ; it will also stick after having been dipped in
ether. P., Antiseptic, a plaster consisting of the
ordinary adhesive plaster dipped in a hot solution of
carbolic acid (l to 60). P., Black, lead plaster. P.-
cast, a model of an object produced by pouring
plaster-of-Paris mixed with water into a mold of that
object. P., Court, a plaster prepared by dissolving
30 grams of isinglass in enough water to make 360
grams, and spreading the mixture thinly upon silk
in two portions, one the watery solution, the other
mixed with 120 grams of alcohol and three of glycerin.
The reverse side of the, silk is painted with tincture of
benzoin. It adheres firmly to the skin when moistened.
P., Diachylon. Synonym of P. , Li'ad. See Phcm-
buiit. P., English. Synonym of P., Coiert. P., Is-
inglass, a substitute for adhesive plaster, used in
superficial wounds. P. Jacket, a bandage surround-
ing the trunk, and made of plaster-of-Paris. It is
used in caries of the vertebrx. P., Lead. See
Plumbum. P., Logan's, a plaster containing litharge,
lead carbonate, Castile soap, butter, olive-oil, and
mastic. P. -machine, an apparatus used by pharma-
cists for spreading plasters. P., Mahy's, one contain-
ing lead carbonate, olive-oil, yellow wax, lead-plaster,
and Florentine orris. P., Mercurial. See Ilyilrar-
gyrum. P., Miraculous, one contaniing red oxid of
lead, olive-oil, alum, and camphor. P. -mull, a plaster
made by incorporating with mull or thin muslin a
mixture of gutta-percha and some medicament dissolved
in benzin. P., Mustard, one made by spreading
upon muslin powdered mustard, or a mixture of mustard
with flour or other powder, reduced to the consistency
of paste by the addition of water. P.-of-Paris,
gypsum, or calcium sulphate, used for making stiff or
immovable bandages or dressings, or for the prepara-
tion of casts. P., Pitch, a plaster containing Burgundy
pitch, frankincense, resin, yellow wax, oil of nutmeg,
and olive-oil. See /'/jr. P., Rademacher's, a plas-
ter composed of red lead, olive-oil, amber, camphor,
and alum. P., Resin, a plaster composed of resin,
lead-plaster, and yellow wax or hard soap. See P.,
Adhesive, and Kcsina. P., Rubber, a plaster in
which the adhesive material is spread on thin muslin,
and which sticks without being previously warmed.
P., Soap, soap and lead-plaster, with or without resin.
P., Spice, a plaster composed of yellow wax, suet,
turpentine, oil of nutmeg, olibanum, benzoin, oil of
peppermint, and oil of cloves. P., Sticking, emplas-
trum resince. See Kesina. P., Stomach. See P., Spice.
P., Strengthening, emplastrum ferri. P., Surgeons',
adhesive plaster. P., Thapsia, one containing yellow
wax. Burgundy pitch, resin, terebinthina cocta, Venice
turpentine, glycerin, and thapsia resin. P., Vesicating.
Sa.me SL'i Caniharidcs Plas/er. P., Vigo, one containing
lead-plaster, yellow wax, resin, olibanum, ammoniac,
bdellium, myrrh, saffron, mercury, turpentine, liquid
storax, and oil of lavender. P., Warm, P., Warm-
ing, emplastrum picis cum cantharide.
Plastering { plas' -ter-ing) [e/iTT/lacrrpov, a plaster]. A
method of improving wines largely practised in
Southern Europe. It consists in adding plaster-of-
Paris (burnt gypsum) either to the unpressed grapes or
to the must. The plaster takes up water, and so in-
creases the alcoholic strength of the fermenting must.
The wine is given better keeping-qualities, as well as
deeper color. However, soluble acid sulphate of
potassium is left dissolved in the wine, and has an in-
jurious effect upon the consumers of the wine.
Plastic [plas'-tik) \jT'/.daaELv, to mold]. Capable of
being formed or molded ; plasmic ; formative ; easily
modified ; applied to morbid processes attended with
fibrinous exudate. P. Bronchitis, pseudo-membranous
bronchitis. P. Linitis, a name given to cirrhosis of
the stomach. P. Lymph, the inflammatory exudate
that covers wounds or inflamed serous surfaces, and
which becomes organized by the development in it of
blood-vessels. P. Operation, the restoration of lost
parts by the transfer of tissue from an adjacent part or
by transplantation. P. Surgery, the art of performing
plastic operations ; the surgical replacement of lost parts.
Plasticity {plas-tis'-it-e) [-rr/dtjceiv, to mold]. Plastic
force. The quality of being plastic.
Plasticule { plas' - tik - ill ) {ir'kdar^ew, to mold]. A
molecule of plastic material not yet fully organized.
Plastid {plas'-tid) [Tr/lacrrdf, verbal adj. of TrXdaae/.v,
to mold or form]. In biology: [a) any unicellu-
lar elementary organism, cell, or cytode ; a cell ; a
mass of protoplasm or of plastic material ; (/>) one
of a class of protoplasmic granules in the protoplasm
of certain plant-cells ; they are referred to three
PLASTIDIUM
1114
PLATE
types the synonymy of which is given by Goodale as
follows : —
Older No-
menclature.
SCHIMPER.
Meyer.
Van
TiEGH EM
General
Plastid.
Troph o-
Leucite.
Term.
plast.
Colorless pro-
Leukoplas-
Anaplast.
Leucite
top 1 asm i c
tid.
proper.
granule.
Special
Chi o ro phyl -
Chloroplas-
Autoplast.
Chloro-
Term.
granule.
tid.
leucite.
Color-granule.
C h r o m 0 -
Chrome-
Chromo-
plastid.
plast.
leucite.
P., Connective-tissue, the connective-tissue cor-
puscles.
Plastidium [plas-tid^ -e-uiii) [dim. of Tr/ctjrcic, formed :
/>/. , r/iistidia']. The cell, or plastid, considered with
reference to its evolutionary or developmental possi-
bilities. See Plastid.
Plastidular (plas-tid' -u-lar') [-^acrror, formed]. Per-
taining to plastidules.
Plastidule [p/as'-fid-fd) [-/auror, verbal adj. of tt7m(s-
aetv, mold, form]. In biology : ((?) a jjrotoplasm-mole-
cule ; (/') a term proposed by Elsberg as a substitute
iax geinmule as used by Darwin. See Heredity, Geiii-
tmi/e, Biophor, Pangene, Plasome. P. of Elsberg, the
ultimate physical units of living matter. .See Heredity-
Plastilytic {plas-til-if -ik) [Tr'/aarof;, molded ; '/ v^ip,
to dissolve]. Diminishing plasticity, or tending to
soften plastic materials.
Plastin plas' -tin) \_T'AaaT6c, verbal adj. of -'/aoaeiv,
to form, mold]. In biology, one of the nucleins or
special nitrogenous proteids more insoluble in alkalies
and poorer in phosphorus than others ; called cytoplasm
by Schwartz. Cf. nucleiu, liiston, adenin.
Plastocolysis {plas-to-kol'-is-is) [TrAacrrof, molded;
K6?ii'(7ir, hindrance]. Arrest of development.
Plastodynamia [plas - to - di - nam' - e - ah) [TrAacrror,
molded ; <M'vniiig, power]. Nutritive plastic power.
Plastodynamic [plas-to-di-tiam'-ik) [n/aaToc, molded ;
Avraiiir, force]. Pertaining to nutritive power.
Plastoprolepsis ( plas-to-pro-lep' -sis) [jrAaffrdf , molded ;
TrpoM/ijiic, anticipating]. Premature development of
an organ or part.
Plastral {plas'-tral) \_plastron, a breast-plate]. In
biology, of or pertaining to the plastron, q. v.
Plastron {plas'-tron) [Fr. , "breastplate"]. The
sternum and costal cartilages, with the attached parts,
such as are removed when a post-mortem examina-
tion is made of the condition of the thorax. In biology :
{a) the ventral portion of the exo-skeleton of a
tortoise or turtle ; {b) one of the similar ventral, exo-
skeletal plates of certain amphibia ; (c) the ventral
shield of the fossil armadillo ; {d) s. colored area on
the ventral surface of a bird.
Plastrum ( plas' -triuii) [an accom. form of plastron,
a breastplate : pi ., Plastra~\. Same as Plastron.
Plate {plat) plate, a plate]. In biology, a flat-
tened part, organ, or structure. In anatomy, a name
sometimes given to a flat protecting process of bone.
Also, a flat disc, dish, or other object. P., Abdomi-
nal. '>itt P., Lateral A/esoldastie. P., Ambulacral,
one of the coronal plates of a sea-urchin, which are
perforated to form part of an ambulacrum. P., Ap-
proximation, one of the plates of decalcified bone
or other material, leaving a central hole and openings
for sutures in the margin, which are used in enter-
eclomy to bring the resected ends of intestine to-
gether. Also known as .Senn's Plate. P., Audi-
tory, the plate of bone forming the roof of the
auditory meatus. P., Axial, the priinitive streak of
the embryo. P., Basilar, P., Basicranial. in em-
bryology, the cartilaginous plate at the anterior end
of the notochord, formed by the latter and the para-
chordal cartilages. P., Blood. See Blood-plaque.
P., Bone. Synonym of P., Appro.xiination. P.,
Branchial, one of the branchial arches of the em-
bryo. P., Cathammal, in biology, one of the
vascular lamella of certain Alednsa, formed by the
pressing together of the two layers of the persistent
endoderm by the subumbrellar and exumbrellar jelly.
P., Cribriform, the anterior fossa of the base of the
skull. P. -culture, in biology, a method devised by
Koch to separate bacteria by pouring the liiiuid, gelatin
culture-medium upon a sterilized glass plate, after
inoculation. The plates of Koch have been replaced
somewhat by Petri's Dishes, q.v. P., Dorsal, each of
the two longitudinal ridges on the dorsal surface of the j
embryo, which subsequently join to form . the neural \
canal. P., Electric, the finely granular end-plates \
composed of nerve-endings and large cells, found in
the electric organs of electric fishes. P., End, a
term given to the termination of a motor nerve in a j
muscle-fiber. P., Equatorial, in biology, the com- |
pressed mass of chromatic segments, aggregated about
the equator of the nuclear spindle at a certain stage I
of karyokinesis. a\io cMtd nuclear plate, nuclear •
disc, mother-star. Ps., Facial, the fronto-nasal and
external group of nasal and maxillary plates of the
embryo. P., Flesh. See Lamella carnosa. P.,
Foot, the flat, plate-like portion of the stapes which
fills the fenestra ovalis. P., Frontal, in tlie fetus, a
cartilaginous plate interposed between the lateral parts
of the ethmoid cartilage and the lesser wings and
anterior portion of the sphenoid bone. P., Fronto-
nasal, the middle of the facial plates, which subse- ;
quently forms the external nose. P., Gill, a bronchial i
lamina of molluscs. P., Gray. .Synonym of Zi-?w/«fl
cinerea. P., Ground, the ground-substance of con- i
nective tissue and endothelial cells, in which are em- ;
bedded the nucleus and intracellular network. P., ,
Hair. Synonym of Scales, Hair. Ps., Hyoid, the I
second pair of the subcranial plates of the embryo,
from which the hyoid bone is in part developed. P., i
Inferior Maxillary, in the embryo, the first pair of \
subcranial plates from which the mandible is developed. i
P., Internasal. Synonym of P., Pronto-nasal. P.,
Intervertebral, the disc of fibro-cartilage between
adjacent vertebrre. P., Intrafissural {of the pia),
the fold of pia passing into the ventral fissure of the
spinal cord. P., Lateral Mesoblastic, the thick
portion of the mesoblast situated one on each side of
the notochord. Each plate splits into two portions,
the ectal divisions coalescing to form the body- wall, or
Somatoplenre ental, to form the Splanchnopleure, or ]
visceral covering. P., Ligamentous, one of the
intervertebral fibrous discs of the embryo. P., Man- ^
dibular. Synonym of P., Inferior Maxillary. P., ]
Maxillary. Synonym of P., Inferior Maxillary. \
P., Medullary. Synonym of /'. , Dorsal. P., |
Mesenteric, P., Mesentery, P., Mesial. Syn- \
onym.'i oi P., Lateral Mesoblastic. P., Motor. Syn- ,
onym of P., End. P., Muscle, P., Muscular. j
See Myocomma. P., Negative, of a storage cell,, j
that plate which by the action of the changing ]
current is partly covered with a coating of spongy |
lead; of a 7<oltaic cell, that element of a voltaic
couple which is negative in the electrolyte of the cell.
P., Nuclear. Synonym of /'. , F.qiiatorial . P-. j
Orbital: (l) the smooth plate of the ethmoid bone r
forming part of tlie inner wall of the orbit ; (2) of the |
frontal bone, a horizontal plate forming the roof of the 1
PLATED
1115
PLATYHIERIC
orbit. P., Palate, of the palate bone, the horizontal
portion which, with its fellow of the oppoiite side,
forms the greater part of the hard palate. P., Para-
chordal. Synonym of P., Lateral Mcsohlastic. P.,
Positive, of a 7'oltaic cell , the electro-positive element
of a voltaic couple. P., Protovertebral. Synonym
of P., Lateral Mesohlastie. P., Pterygoid, one of the
processes of the sphenoid bone. P., Senn's. Syno-
nym of P. , Approximation. P., Sieve. See under
Sieve. P., Spindle, the part of a cell-plate located
within the cell-nucleus. P., Subcranial. See Post-oral
Arches. P., Tympanic. The plate of bone forming
the sides and floor of the auditory meatus. P., Utero-
placental. Synonym of Decidua serotina. P., Val-
vular, a valve-like fold of tissue which fills the fora-
men ovale in the fourth month of fetal life, permitting
the passage of blood from the right to the left auricle,
but not in the contrary direction. P., Vascular.
Synonym of Lamina, Vascular. Ps., Vertebral, un-
divided masses of mesoblast, running longitudinally
between the lateral mesoblastic plates and the medul-
lary ridges. Also, the laminre on each side of the
primitive groove by the union of which the vertebrse
are formed. P., Visceral, the splanchnopleure layers
of the lateral mesoblastic plates. P., Vitelline, the
peculiar, doubly refractive crystals, probably albu-
minoid in character, found in the egg-yolk of turtles,
frogs, and certain fishes.
Plated [ME., //(z/t', a plate]. In biology,
covered with dermal scales or scutes ; scutate, loricate.
Platelet {plat' -let ) [dim. of ME. , plate'] . In biology, a
blood-plate. Haliburton and I.ilienfield regard the
platelets as probably disintegration-products of leuko-
cytes. They are composed of a substance rich in
phosphorus, which by gastric digestion is separated
into nuclein and albumin.
Platesyntropy [plat-es-sin'-tro-pe) [-/lircf, flat ; avv,
together; rpknsiv, to turn]. In biology, Wilder's
term for the morphotropic relation between parts
upon the same side of the meson ; e. g: , the brachium
and the cubitum.
Platetrope {plat' -et-rop) [-/.arrc, flat; -iii-eiv, to turn].
In biology, one of two symmetrically related parts on
opposite sides of the meson ; a lateral homologue.
Platetropy (plat'- et - ro - pe) [-/art'f , flat ; rijirreir, to
turn]. In biology, bilateral symmetry; Wilder's
term for the antitropical relation between parts upon
opposite sides of the meson; e.^., the relation be-
tween the right and the left ear.
Platiasmus {plat-e-az'-m/is) [T?.a-(''f, broad]. An im-
pediment to speech, due to a defect of the tongue,
causing thickness of speech.
Platina. (plat-e'- nail) [Sp. , //(?//««]. The older name
of platinum.
Platinamin {plat-in' -am-iii) [Sp. , platina, platina ;
amin]. An amin compound of platinum in which the
metal is quadrivalent.
Platinammonium ( plat - in - am - o'- ne - tim) [Sp. , pla-
tina, platina; ammonium'], PtN.2Hg. A quadrivalent
radicle.
Platinate {plat' -in-at) [Sp., platina, platina]. A salt
of platinic oxid — a compound of platinum dioxid and
basic oxid.
Platinic [ plat-in' -ik) [Sp., platina, platina]. Con-
taining platinum as a quadrivalent element. P.
Chlorid is used to distinguish potassium from sodium
and to precipitate salts of ammonium and of com-
pound ammonias, such as alkaloids.
Platiniferous { plat-in-if -er-us) \_Sp., platina, platina;
ferre, to bear]. Producing platinum.
V\b.\\-ro\x5 { plat' -in-iis) [.Sp., /A?//";?, platina]. Con-
taining platinum as a divalent element.
Platinum {plat'-in-um) [Sp., platina, platina]. Pt.
= 197; quantivalence 11, iv ; sp. gr. 21.5. A metal
of silver- white luster, only soluble in nitro-hydro-
chloric acid. It is employed in making vessels for
chemic and pharmaceutic use. In the form of wire,
affixed to a glass rod, it is used as the platinum nee-
dle or Oese in bacteriologic work. Platinum salts
are poisonous. See Elements, Table of. P., Black,
a very finely divided metallic platinum, which has a
great capacity for absorbing hydrogen and for con-
densing oxygen upon its surface. It is used for test-
ing amylic alcohol by oxidizing it into valerianic acid.
Platode, Platoid ( plat' -oJ, plat' -oid) [-/.arcr, broad ;
f/rSor, form]. In biology, broad or flat, as a worm.
Plattner's Bile-crystals. A whitish semi-crystalline
mass obtained from an extract of bile-acids, by distil-
ling off the alcohol, dissolving the residue in a little
absolute alcohol, and adding ether until the solution
becomes turbid.
Platula ( plat' -u-lali). Synonym of Pediculus pubis.
Platurous {pla-tu'-rus) [properly , platyurous ; TrAarvc,
broad; oipd, tail]. In biology, having a broad tail.
Platy- {plat'-e-) \_~'kaTi%, broad]. A prefix, signifying
broad.
Platybasic {plat - ib - a' - sik) [TrAariif, broad; (Sdoir,
base]. Having a flat base, as certain skulls.
Platybrachycephalic ( plat-ib-rak-is-ef-al'-ik) [-/ar/'r,
broad; ,J/ja\-/<-, short; KstpaXi/, head]. Having a
fiat and broad skull.
Platybregmate {plat - ib - reg'- mat) [-/ari'f, broad;
;-SlJC}/ua, bregma]. Having a wide bregma.
Platybregmatic { plat - ib - reg- mat' -ik). Synonym of
Platvbregmate.
Platycarpous {plat-ik-ar' -pus)\_-K'kaTv^, broad ; nap-oc,
fruit]. In biology, having broad fruit.
Platycelian, Platycelous {plat-is-eU -e-an, plat-is-el'-
us). Synonym of Opisthocelous .
Platycephalia {plat-is-ef-a' -le-ah). Synonym of Platy-
cephaly.
Platycephalic, Platycephalus {plat-is-ef-al'-ik, plat-
is-ef -al-us) [-/orrr, wide ; KEipaAij, head]. Having
a broad skull ; with a vertical index of less than 70°.
Platycephaly {plat-is-ef -al-e) \_~'/xi-'vc,, broad: K.E<pa'Ai],
head]. The quality of being platycephalous.
Platycnemia {plat - ik - ne'- me - all) [-/.arir, broad ;
Kvi/litj, leg]. The quality of being platycnemic ;
broadness of the tibia. Platycnemia is a characteristic
of many tribes of the African race, and is generally
associated with pilastered femur.
Platycnemic ( plat-ik-jie' -t}iik) [-/'.a-i'f , broad ; Kvijfii],
leg]. Having a tibia which is exaggerated in breadth.
Platycnemism {plat-ik-ne'-mizm). See Platycnemia.
Platycoria, Platycoriasis {plat-ik-o' -re-ah, plat-ik-o-
ri'-as-is) [-'/mtvc, broad ; nop7], pupil]. Expansion
of the pupil ; mydriasis.
Platycyte {plat' -is-it) [-''-.arvq, broad; kvtoc, cell].
A cell intermediate in size between a giant-cell
and a leukocyte, found in tubercle-nodules.
Platydactyl {plat-id-ak' -til) [-/ari'f, broad ; f5Q«:ruAof,
finger]. In biology, having broad or thick digits.
Platyelminthes, Platyhelminthes {plat - e - el - min'-
tliez, plat-e-hel-min' -t/iez) [-'/.arvc, broad; e/.iiivc, a
w^orm]. Flat-bodied, more or less elongated worms,
usually containing both sexual elements at the same
time. They include flat-worms, flukes, and tape-
worms.
Platygastric (//•?/- /y-c7j'-//-//^) [-/ari'f, broad ; yauri/p,
belly]. In biology, having a broad, gastric cavity.
Platyglossal {plat-ig-los'-al) [-/arir, broad; ■•//.(baaa,
tongue]. In biology, having a broad tongue.
Platyhieric {plat-e-hi-er' -ik) \ji'KaTvq, broad; iepoc,
holy, sacrum]. Having a broad sacrum, in distinction
PLATYNOSIS
1116
PLENCK'S DIGESTIVE
from dolichohierir , having a narrow sacrum. As a
rule, females are platyliicric.
Platynosis {plat - in - o' - sis) [jr/lnrtJi'wmf , from TrAar/'-
VEii', to make broad]. Amplification ; enlargement.
Platynotal, Platynote {plat - iii - o'- tal, plat'- in - dt)
[nXarix;, broad; I'urof, back]. In biology, broad-
backed.
Platyodont {plat'- e - o - dont) [Tr/'ari'-f, broad; h6ovr,
{bUovT-) tooth]. In biology, having broad teeth ; an
animal with broad teeth.
Platyope (plat'-e-op) [TrXartV', broad ; c)\l',(im-) face].
In biology, a broad-faced individual, or skull.
Platyopia (//<2/-(?-y'-/t'-(7//) [7r/lari''f, broad ; wi/', face].
Broadness of the face ; the quality of being platyopic.
Platyopic [plat-e-op'-ik] \_ri'A.aTvr, broad; uip {ok-),
face]. In biology, having a face wide across the eyes,
as in the Mongolian races ; having the naso-malar in-
dex below 107.5°.
Platypellic {plat - ip - el'- ik) [TrXari'f, wide; irtXla,
basin, a pelvis]. Having a pelvis very broad trans-
versely, in distinction from dolichopellic, having a nar-
row pelvis.
Platypelvic {plat-ip-el'-vik). Same as Platypellic.
Platypetalous {plat - ip - et'- al - us) [TrAarwf , broad ;
TriraAoi', a leaf]. In biology, having broad petals.
Platyphyllous {plat-if-il' -us) [TrXari'f, flat ; (j)vX?Mv,
leaf]. In biology, having broad leaves.
Platypod [TrAnri'f, broad ; Trowf , foot]. In
biology, a broad-footed animal, as a syndactylous bird.
Platypodia {plat-ip-o' -de-ali) [TrAartif, broad; iroi'if,
foot]. Flat-footedness.
Platypygous {plat-ip-i'-giis) [Tr/lariOf, broad; Kvyi/,
rump]. In biology, having broad buttocks.
Platyrrhine { plat' -ir-in) [7r?.an')f, broad; p/f, nose].
Having the nose broad and flat. The Platyrrhini
are a tribe of apes with broad and flat noses. See
Index.
Platyrrhinic ( plat-ir-in' -ik) \_-K'ka-vc, broad; /)/f,nose].
Applied to individuals characterized by a width of
nose the inde.x of which exceeds 53°. vSee Index.
Platyrrhiny, Platyrhiny {plat' -ir-i-ne)\,-KlaTv<;, broad ;
pic;, nose]. The condition of having a platyrrhine
skull.
Platyscopic {plat-is-kop'-ik) [irXarix; , broad ; aKOirelv,
to view]. In optics, having a broad field of view.
PlsLtysma. [plat-iz'-fna/i) [^Tr'/drvty/na ; 7rAar/if, broad].
Anything of considerable superficial dimensions.
Also, a plaster. P. myoides. See Muscles, Table
of. The platysma of man is the homologue of part of
the Panniculus carnosiis of quadrupeds. P. Reflex.
See Reflexes, Table of.
Platysternal { plat-is-tei-' -nal)\_Tr7MTh^, broad; arepvov,
breast-bone]. In biology, having a broad flat breast-
bone.
Platystomous { plat-is' -to-inus) [TrAari'f, wide; cr6\ia,
mouth]. Having a broad mouth.
Plant's Method. A method of staining actinomyces.
Either (l) place sections in Gibbes' magenta-solution,
or carbolized fuchsin-solution for ten minutes at 45°
C; wash in distilled water, place in a mixture of equal
volumes of saturated aqueous solution of picric acid and
absolute alcohol for from five to ten minutes, wash again
in water, pass gradually up to absolute alcohol ; clear
in cedar-oil, mount in balsam ; or (2) place sections
in carbolized fuchsin for ten minutes and decolorize in
fluorescin alcohol. Stain the nuclei with Ehrlich's
hematoxylin, and counterstain faintly with benzo-pur-
purin. {After Squire.)
Plax (plaks) [TrAdf]. A genus of microscopic fungi.
P. scindens, a name given by Eklund to a microor-
ganism which he found in the blood and urine of
scarlet-fever patients.
Playfair's Food. A food for infants composed of
rennet-whey, plus milk, cream, and lactose. The
casein is diminished in amount, but that remaining is
unaltered in quality, hence the coagulum is objection-
able. P.'s Treatment. See Rest-cure.
Plecolepidous {plck-o-lep' -id-us) [-n-AfKE/i', to twine,
twFst ; XtKiq, a scale]. In biology, applied to Com-
posite in which the bracts of the involucre are coher-
ent.
Plectana {plek' -tan-ah) [jr/lfKrdw;, coil]. A cornu of
the uterus.
Plectrum ( plek'-trum) InAr/K-pov, a spur : //. , Plectra\
The styloid process of the temporal bone ; the tongue ;
the uvula.
Pledget {plej'-et) [origin obscure]. A small flattened
compress of lint, wool, cotton, or other fiber, some- !
times medicated, designed for application to the sur- I
face of a wound to prevent contact with the air, and j
to absorb discharges or to still hemorrhage. I
Y'\&ZZ.'^OTi\ai {pleg-af-o' -7ie-ah) [~/"/}//, stroke; 0ui'?/,
sound]. The sound produced in auscultatory per- 1
cussion of the larynx, the glottis being open. ;
Plegometer {pleg-om'-et-ei-). Synonym of Pleximeter. I
Pleiochasium {pli-o-ka'-ze-um) \_-'K(n,)v, more: ;i;d(T(f, \
separation]. In biology, a cyme with several lateral
axes ; a multiparous cyme. I
Pleiochromia {pli-o-kro' -me-ah) [-/f/(j)% more ; ^^-/jw/za, I
color]. Increased secretion of biliary coloring-matter. 1
Pleiomazia {pli-o-ma'-ze-ah). Same as Polymastia. 1
Pleiomorphism {pli-o-mor' -fizm) [TrAefuv, more ; fiopcjirj, I
form]. In biology: {a) change of form due to exces- I
sive growth of an organism ; (/') polymorphism ; the
occurrence of several distinct forms in the life-cycle '
of an individual ; e.g. , no less than three form-genera '
{^-Ecidiutn , Uredo, and Piiccinia) were established to '
denote the stages of the life-cycle of Puccinia gram- 1
inis, the well-known corn mildew. Such transforma-
tion or pleiomorphism does not exist in the animal 1
kingdom. Cf , Polymorphism. \
Pleiomorphy {pli' -o-mor-fe) \jT7tiuv, more; i^op^ij, \
form]. In biology : (i^) same Pleiomorphism ; {b)
the state of regularity in the flowers of plants normally
irregular. Cf Peloria. j
Pleiophyllous {pli-off' -il-us) [t/f/W, more ; i^'vklov, I
leaf]. In biology, exhibiting pleiophylly. \
Pleiophylly {pli-off' -il-e) \_-'tiiiuv, more; (j>l<?.7iOv, leaf].
In biology, the state in which, starting from a given
point the leaves of a plant are found abnormally in-
creased in number.
Pleiospermous {pli-o-sper'-mus) [7rAe/u]', more ; omp-
l-ta, seed]. In biology, containing an abnormally large
number of seeds.
Pleiosporous {pli-o-spo'-rus) \jT'kuuv,moxt\ andpo;,
spore]. In biology, producing an abnormally large
number of spores. j
'PXeioia-x.y {pli'-p-ta/cs-e) [n'AeLov,mort; rdf /?, arrange- |
ment]. In biology, an abnormal multiplication in I
the number of whorls in a plant.
Pleiothalamous ( pli - o - thai'- am - us) [ttIeiuv, more ; '
fin/nuot;, a bed-chamber]. In biology, having more |
chambers or cells than usual.
Pleiotrachea {pli-o-tra'-he-ah) [TrAf /ui;, more ; rpaxeia,
windpipe]. In biology, Cooke's term for a membran- j
ous trachea containing a compound spiral fiber. |
Plemmyria { plem-ir'-e-a/i). Synonym of Plethora. \
V\e.x^3Xv\2.{plen-al'-ve-ah)\_plenus,i\A\\ tf/j-w, belly]- I
Overfilling or impaction of the stomach in lower
animals.
Plenck's Digestive. A preparation consisting of I"
parts of clarified turpentine, 8 parts of yolk of egg, - ;
parts of honey, 32 parts of spring-water, and 48 parts \
of alcohol. It is used as an injection for fistulas.
IM
PLEOCATANTES
1117
PLEURARTHROCACE
P's. Solution, a solution for application to condylo-
mata and other hypertrophic syphilitic lesions. The
formula is : Bichlorid of mercury and alum, each one
ounce ; acetate of lead and camphor, each one dram ;
alcohol and vinegar, each 12 ounces. This is applied
with a camel's hair pencil. It is likely to produce pain
and should be used only in hospitals.
Pleocatantes {ple-o-kat-an' -tez) [irAfuv, more ; naTav-
TTjq, downward]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which
the angle formed between the radius fixus and the line
joining the hormion and the staphylion is between 45°
and 67°.
Pleochroism [pie - ok'- i-o - izm) [tt/e/wij, more; Xpo'",
color]. The property possessed by some bodies, es-
pecially crystals, of presenting different colors when
viewed in the direction of different axes, due to the
fact that the rays having vibrations in different planes,
suffer absorption in different degrees.
Pleochromatic (//<? - o -kro - mat' - ik) [jr/ltwi', more ;
;t;pd)/za, color]. Pertaining to pleochroism.
Pleocleis {pie' -o-klis) [-/Itwi', pp. of TrXteiv, nAelv, to
sail, swim; kXe'li;, a bar, bolt, or hook]. In biology,
the tubercle attached to the Hrst somite of the pleon in
crustaceans and precluding the carapace from being
raised posteriorly.
Pleokatantes (ple-o-kat-an'-tez). See Pleocatantes.
Pleomastia, Pleomazia [ple-o-mas'-te-ak, ple-o-ina'-
ze-ah) \_n'Aiuv, more"; /Liaard^, or /iafof, breast]. The
condition of having more than two mammre. See
Polymastia.
Pleoinorphic ( ple-o-inor'-fik ) [-Aeuv, more ; iuop(pr^,
form]. Having more than one form.
Pleomorphism [ple-o-mor' -fizni). See Pleiomo>phism .
Pleon [pie' -on) [ttAeuv, Tr'Aeiuv, more]. In biology,
Noegeli's term for aggregates of organic matter which
cannot be increased or diminished without changing
their chemic nature.
Pleon [ple'-on) [n'Aelv, to sail, to swim]. In biology :
[a) the abdomen of a crustacean, as distinguished
from the cephalon or head and peveion or thorax ;
(b) the telson of certain crustaceans, as Linmlus, so
called by Owen from the idea that it represents the
abdomen.
Pleonasm [pie' -o-nazm) [-AforaCiUOf, an exaggeration] .
Any deformity marked by superabundance of certain
organs or parts.
Pleonectic [pie - 0 - nek' - tik^ \j:\tove^'La, greediness].
Characterized by pleonexia.
Pleonexia [ple-o-neks' -e-ali) \j:\tovi^ia, greediness].
Greediness or arrogance due to mental disease.
Pleopod [ple'-opod) \_n'Aeeiv, to swim ; Tvuvq, foot]. In
biology, one of the swimmerets or abdominal swim-
ming-legs of a crustacean.
Plerocercus [ple-ro-sir'-kiis) [7r/l?/p?/f, full; KepKo^,
tail]. In biology, the second larval stage of certain
platodes, e. ,<f. , Bothriocephahis lat2is. (Braun.)
Plerom, Pleroma [pie' -rom, ple-ro' -maJi) \_KAfjp(jiia,
that which fills]. Same as Plernme.
Plerome [ple'-roni) [_-'tripi^^a, that which fills]. In
biology, the axial portion of the growing point ; the
cylinder or shaft of nascent fascicles ; pleroin, plerotna.
P. -sheath, in biology, the phloem-sheath in its nas-
cent state.
Plerosis [ple-ro' -sis') \_-'Aripciai<;, a filling]. I. The
restoration of lost tissue. 2. Plethora.
Plerotic [ pie-rot' -ik) [irTir/puaic, a filling]. Tending
toward, or pertaining to, a plerosis. As a noun, a
drug promoting the filling up of wounds by new tissue.
Plesiopia [ples-e-ol -pe-ali) [7r/l?/(T/of , near; (ji/j, eye].
Increased convexity of the crystalline lens, producing
myopia, and due to long-continued accommodation-
strain.
Plessimeter [ples-im'-et-cr). Synonym of Pleximeter.
Plessor [pies' -or). Synonym of Plexor.
Plessy's Green. Same as Mittler s Green.
Plethomeria ( plcth - 0 - iner'- c - ah ) [7r> '/f^i/r, fulness ;
fiepoc, part]. Redundancy or over-growth of an or-
gan or part.
Plethora [pleth'- 0- rah) [Tth/ftup?}, 7T/<i/t)o^, fuhiess].
Abnormal fulness of the blood-vessels, or super-
abundance of blood. See Polyemia. P. apocoplica,
the condition that follows major amputations attended
with little loss of blood. P., Hydremic. Synonym
of Hydremia. P. hyperalbuminosa, an increase of
the albuminoid elements of the blood-plasma. P.
polycythaemica. Synonym of Polyeytliemia. P.,
Serous, an excess of serum in the blood. P. uni-
versalis, plethora affecting all the body.
"PX^iYioriz [pleth' -o-rik) [7r/?/f^o(-, fulness]. Pertaining
to plethora.
Plethysmograph ( plelh - iz' - mo - graf) \jT'Arfivap.6r^, in-
crease ; ypa^ELV, to record]. An instrument for ascer-
taining changes in the volume of any organ or part,
dependent upon changes in the quantity of the blood.
Plethysmographic [pleth-iz-mo-graf'-ik ) [_-'/ i/HvaiioQ,
increase; y/jdc/iEii', to write]. Pertaining to the pleth-
ysmograph.
Pleumonia [plit ■ mo' - ne - ah ) [tt/.e ('y/tjr, the lung].
Synonym of Pneumonia .
Pleura [plti'-rah ) [TrXfiipa, a side]. The serous mem-
brane which envelops the lung (/*., Pulmonary), and,
which being reflected back, lines the ental surface of
the thorax [P., Costal). In biology: (<?) the lateral
portion of the integumentary segments of an arthro-
pod. It lies between the tergum and sternum, and
consists of the epitneron and episterniim ; [b) one of
the lateral tracts of the rachis of the lingual ribbon of
gastropod molluscs. P. costalis. See P., Costal. P.,
Diaphragmatic, the reflection of the pleura upon the
upper surface of the diaphragm. P., Parietal. Syn-
onym of P., Costal. P., Pericardial, the portion of
the pleura contiguous to the pericardium. P. phren-
ica. Synonym of P. , Diaphragmatie . P. pul-
monalis. '^^ynonymoi P., Pitl/nonaiy. P., Visceral.
Synonym of P., Pulmonary.
Pleural [plii'-ral) [TrXfiyio, pleura]. I. Pertaining to
the pleura. 2 [tt/Ie lyjor, rib] . Pertaining to a rib,
or the ribs; costal. P. Eclampsia. See P. Epi-
lepsy. P. Epilepsy, a convulsion sometimes fol-
lowing the procedure of washing out the pleural cav-
ity. It may terminate fatally, or may end in mono-
plegia or hemiplegia. P. Reflexes, grave nervous
phenomena which develop in the course of removal of
a pleural eftusion, either at the time of aspiration or,
more often, during the process of washing out the
pleural cavity. Sudden unconsciousness, with tonic
and clonic convulsions, hemiplegia, with or without
aphasia, paralysis of the arm on the affected side,
sometimes with hemichorea, are some of the conditions
that have been observed.
Pleuralgia [plu-ral' -je-ali) \jT'Ktvpa, side; d/yor, pain].
Intercostal neuralgia.
Pleuralgic [plu-ral' -jik) \jT\evpa. , iidit \ a'/'yoq, pain].
Pertaining to or affected with pleuralgia.
Pleurapophyseal ( pttl-rap-off-iz' -e-al) \jT'AF.vp6v , rib;
a7v6(pvat(:, offshoot]. Pertaining to a pleurapophysis.
Pleurapophysis [pbi-rap-off' -is-is) \Tr'KEvp6v, a rib;
a7rd0D(T(c, a process : //., Pleurapophyses']. In biology,
one of the lateral processes of a vertebra, having the
morphologic valence of a rib ; a true rib.
Pleurapostema [plu-rap-os-te' -mah) [Tr/iftipa, pleura;
aizdoTrjfia, abscess]. A collection of pus in the cavity
of the pleura.
Pleurarthrocace [plu-rar-throk' -as-e) \_-K'An)p6v, rib;
PLEURARTHRON
1118
PLEUROCELE
apffpoi', joint ; mKuq, evil]. Disease of the costo-ver-
tebral joints ; also, caries of the ribs.
Pleurarthron {plu-rar'-lhron) [TrAtn/jdi', rib; apOpov,
joint]. The articulation of a rib.
Pleurenchyma [p/u - r^ng'- kim - ah) [jTAtvpa, side;
!-y\vua, infusion]. In biology, woody tissue.
Pleurenchymatous ( //// - reng - kim'- at - its) [7r/lf iipd,
side; f) iiy/a, that which is poured in]. Pertaining
to, or of the nature of pleurenchyma.
Pleurisy [p/u'-ris-e) [nAevpa, side]. Pleuritis ; in-
flammation of the pleura. It may be acute or chronic.
Three chief varieties are usually described, depending
upon the character of the exudate : (a) Fibrinous or
Plastic; {b) Sero-fibrinous ; (<) Purulent. In Fibrin-
ous Pleurisy, the pleura is covered with a layer of
lymph of variable thickness, which, in the acute form,
can be readily stripped off. This form is usually second-
ary to another disease, as pneumonia. Carcinoma, ab-
scess, and gangrene of the lungs usually give rise to
a plastic pleurisy when the disease reaches the surface
of the lung. Then there seems to be an apparent idio-
pathic form, following exposure to cold. P., Sero-
fibrinous, is generally due to tuberculosis, either of
the lung, or, more rarely, primarily of the pleura.
Other infectious diseases such as measles, scarlet
fever, influenza, rheumatic fever, and sepsis some-
times cause a sero-fibrinous pleurisy. In a few cases
no microorganismal cause can be discovered. P.,
Purulent, or Empyema, may be (i) a sequence of
the acute sero-librinous form ; (2) it may arise as a
purulent pleurisy in the beginning, especially in acute
infectious diseases — thus in scarlet fever, typhoid
fever, pneumonia, influenza, measles, whooping-
cough; tuberculous pleurisy is often purulent; (3)
empyema may be due to local disease, as fracture
or caries of the ribs, caries of the vertebra:, pene-
trating wounds', malignant disease of the lung or
esophagus, or to perforation into the pleura of tuber-
culous cavities, of perityphlitic abscesses, of subdia-
phragmatic abscesses, of hepatic abscesses, and of
gastric ulcers. The onset of acute pleurisy is marked
by agonizing pain in the side, sharp and stabbing,
increased on coughing, and in its milder forms
called a "stitch;" there may be an initial chill,
followed by fever; or the disease may begin in-
sidiously ; friction-fremitus may be felt on palpation
and a to-and-fro friction-sound is heard on ausculta-
tion. In the sero-fibrinous variety a liquid effusion
takes place, varying in amount. The pain now stops
and the signs of effusion become marked : bulging of
the intercostal spaces and chest- wall, absence of
vocal fremitus, displacement of the heart, movable
dulness with a curved upper line, and a tympanitic
percussion-note {skodaic resonance) beneath the clavi-
cle and above the level of the effusion. Chronic
pleurisy may be sero-fibrinous, coming on insidiously
or following an acute sero-fibrinous pleurisy. A dry
chronic pleurisy is a sequence of acute sero-fibrinous
pleuritis, or is a primitive plastic inflammation. Tuber-
culosis and syphilis may cause chronic plastic pleurisy.
Peripleuritis is a rare affection in which the connec-
tive tissue between the costal pleura and the thoracic
,wall becomes the seat of an inflammation that gen-
erally proceeds to suppuration. The etiology is
obscure. P., Areolar. Synonym of P., Multi/ocu-
lar. P., Calcareous, a process characterized by the
deposition of lime-salts in a thickened pleura. P.,
Costo-pulmonary, pleurisy affecting both the costal
and the jiulmonary pleura. P., Diaphragmatic, a
form of the disease which is restricted to the jileural
surface of the diaphragm. Vomiting, hiccough, and
icterus are occasionally present. P., Double, pleurisy
on both sides of the chest. P., Dry, that form in
which there is little or no effusion of fluid. It is
common in rheumatic and tuberculous patients. P.,
Dyscrasic, the presence of a fetid exudate in the
pleural, as well as in the pericardial and peritoneal
sacs, of still-born infants. It is a septic condition,
and is most frequent in, if not confined to, hospitals
in which puerperal sepsis rages. P., Encysted,
pleurisy in which the effusion is circumscribed by
adhesions or separated into pockets or loculi. It
is most common in empyema. P., Gangrenous,
pleurisy in which the exudate and the pleural mem-
brane become gangrenous. P., Hemorrhagic, a
variety in which the exudate contains a varying
proportion of blood. It occurs : {a) in the pleurisy
of asthenic states, such as carcinoma, chronic ne-
phritis, and in the malignant infectious fevers ; some-
times also in hepatic cirrhosis ; (/;) in tuberculous ;i
pleurisy; (r) in carcinomatous pleurisy; (</) blood
may become accidentally mixed with the effusion from i|
the wounding of the lung during aspiration. P., ,]
Ichorous ; Putrid Pleurisy ; a form characterized ■
by the presence of a gray or dirty-brown fluid which j
gives off an offensive odor. It is usually dependent
upon pyemia, septicemia, pulmonary gangrene, or
putrid bronchitis. P., Interlobar, inflammation of
the pleural layers between adjoining lobes of the lung.
P., Latent, a form in which the subjective symptoms
are absent. P., Mediastinal, inflammation of the
pleural layers about the mediastinum. P., Meta- {
pneumonic, pleurisy dependent upon a pneumonia.
P., Multilocular, an encysted pleurisy in which
connective-tissue bands separate the effusion into sev-
eral, usually intercommunicating, sacs. P., Post- ;
pneumonic. 'Ay nonym oi P., A/etapneumonic. P., j
Putrid. See P., Ichorous. P., Pulsating. Synonym ,
of Empyema, Pulsating. P. -root. See Asclepias.
P., Spurious. Synonym of Pleurodynia. P., Sup-
purative. Synonym of P. , Purtilent. See under i
Pleui-isy. P., Tuberculous, pleurisy due to the
tubercle-bacillus. 1
'PlenTXX.ic { plu-rit'-ik) [Tr^fupd, pleura ; /r^f, inflamma-
tion]. Pertaining to, or affected with, or of the nature
of, pleuritis.
Pleuritis ( plu-i'i' -lis) [vr'Aevpa, pleura; ir/,f, inflamma- 1
tion]. Inflammation of a pleura. See Pleurisy. P.
deformans, chronic inflammation with great thicken-
ing and induration of the pleura, usually accompanying
fibroid pneumonia. P. duplicata, bilateral pleurisy. '
P. humida, pleurisy with effusion. P. incapsu-
lata. .Synonym of Pleurisy, Encysted. P. pul- i
sans, a form that usually, but not always, occurs in j
chronic cases, and in which the fluid is purulent. The
pulsation is generally universal. It occurs more fre-
quently among men, and between the ages of twenty
and thirty years. It may be confounded with aneur- j
ysm. Its seat, however, is different; there is no !
bruit; it grows smaller under pressure and larger ,
after coughing. P. sicca, dry pleurisy. P. spuria.
Synonym of Pleurodynia . P. vera, simple pleurisy
without complication.
Pleuro- (plu'-ro-) {rvXevpa, side]. A prefix to denote
connection with the pleura, or with a side.
Pleuroblastic (plu - ro - bias'- tih) [TzAevpa, the side ; ;
ft/MarSc, a germ]. In biology, applied to certain ;
fungi {Peronosporar) that produce globular or branched
lateral outgrowths which act as haustoria. |
Pleurocarpous - ro - /vrr'-/«.t) [-AfD/)«, the side ; ■
KapTvd(;, fruit]. See Cladocarpous. \
Pleurocele (plii'-ro-sel) \_-'levpa, pleura; Kt/h], tumor]. ;
I. Hernia of the lung; pneumocele. 2. A serous ^
effusion into the pleural cavity. ,
PLEUROCENTRAL
1119
PLEUROSTOSIS
Pleurocentral [plu-ro-sen' -tral') side; Kkvr-
pov, center]. Pertaining to a pleurocentrum.
Pleurocentrum { pin - lo - sen' - triim) \_-'k(i<fia, side;
Ktvrpnv, center: //. , PleitroceHtra~\. A hemi-cen-
trum ; tlie lateral element in a vertebral centrum.
Pleurocerebral [plti - ro - sei''- e- bral) [Tr/evpa, side;
cerebrum, cerebrum]. In biology, connecting the
side of the body with the head.
Pleuroclysis, Pleuroklysis (phi-rok'-lis-is) [ir'Aevpa,
rib, side ; K/j'tjiQ, a wash] . The injection of fluids
into the pleural cavity.
Pleurocoenadelphus [pht-ro-sen-ad-eF-fus) [nlevpa,
side; kowuc, common; dfJf/l^yf, brother]. A double
monster consisting of two nearly perfect bodies joined
laterally by the trunk.
Pleurocolic {^plii- ro- kol' - ik) [TrPifupa, side; kuXov,
colon]. Costo-colic ; joining the side and the colon.
Pleurocollesis ( plu - ro - kol - e' - sis) [TrAf y/ja, pleura ;
KuXkr}ciq, a glueing]. Adhesion of the pleural layers.
Pleuro-cutaneous {plu' - ro - ku-ta' - ne - us) [TrAfupa,
pleura; cutis, skin]. In relation with the pleura and
the skin, as a pleuro-cutaneous fistula.
Pleurodiscous {plu - ro - dis' - kus) [rrZfupd, the side;
tViamc^, a disc]. In biology, growing upon the sides of
the disc, as the ray-flowers in the Conipositce.
Pleurodont {plu' -ro-dont) [jr/eii/jd, the side ; h&o'vQ,
(p&ovT-), tooth]. In biology, a tooth, or an animal
bearing teeth, fastened into the jaw by a lateral an-
kylosis ; as in certain lizards.
Pleurodyne { plu' -ro-diu). See Pleurodynia.
Pleurodynia {plu-ro-din' -e-ah) [-/fiyxi, side; bSuvrj,
pain]. A sharp pain seated in the intercostal muscles.
It is considered a myalgia of rheumatic origin.
Pleurogenic, Pleurogenous {pln-ro-jen' -ik, plu-roj' ■
[tt/ f I'pn, side ; ;fi^?/r, producing]. Originating
in the pleura. P. Pneumonia. See P)ieuinonia ,
Pleurogenous. P. Phthisis, pulmonary tuberculosis
starting from a pleurisy.
Pleurogynous {plu-roj' -iii-us) [-Aenpd, the side; yvvri,
female]. In biology, bearing some peculiar structure
alongside the ovary.
Pleurohepatitis {plu-ro-liep-at-i'-tis) [7r/lEDpd, pleura ;
^Trap, liver; ;r(f, inflammation]. Inflammation of the
pleura and the liver.
Pleuroid {plu'-roid) [n-Afupdy, a rib; fZfSof, form].
One of the lateral elements of the pleural arch of a
vertebrate. Cf. Neuroid.
Pleuroklysis {plu-rok' -lis-is). See Pleitroclysis.
Pleurolepida {plu-ro-lep' -id-ah) \_-n:Xtvpa, the side;
'kfKii;, a scale]. In biology, the peculiar dermal ribs
in extinct ganoids {Pycnodonts) that covered the
whole body, or the anterior portion, with a sort of
lattice- work.
Pleuromelus {plu-rom'-el-iis) [-/Ifupn, side; ixeko<;,
hmb]. A monster possessing supernumerary thoracic
limbs, the scapulre of which are in contact with the
properly developed arms.
Pleuron (//w'-ro^) [TrAeiipdj', a rib: pi., Pleurd\. In
biology : {a) a rib ; {b) the lateral piece of a somite of
j an arthropod. Cf. Mesopleuron, Metapleuron, Pro-
! pleiiron.
Pleuro-oesophageus {plu-ro-e-sof-aj-e' -us) [TrAfupu,
side; o\<;b(^aybq, esophagus]. A band of smooth
muscle-fibers joining the left pleura posteriorly with
the esophagus.
Pleuropathia, Pleuropathy {plu-ro-pa' -the-ah, plu-
rop' -ath-e) [TT/fwpd, pleura ; -Kadoq, disease]. A dis-
ease of the pleura.
Pleuropedal {plu-ro-pe'-dal) [TrAfupd, side ; /«,foot].
In biology, joining the side of the body with the
foot.
Pleuropericarditis {plu-ro-per-ik-ar-di' -lis) [TrAeupd,
pleura ; Tfp/', around ; Kap&ia, heart ; nir, inflamma-
tion]. Pleurisy associated with pericarditis.
Pleuro-peripneumonia ( plu' -ro-per-e-nu-mo' -ne-ah).
Synonym of PL uro-pneuinonia.
Pleuroperitoneal {plu-ro-per-il-on-e' -al) [/TAftipd , side;
-tp/Tuvninr, peritoneum]. Pertaining to the pleuro-
peritoneum.
Pleuroperitoneum, Pleuroperitonaeum {plu-ro-per-it-
o-ne' -iini) [-/if ypa, the side ; -fpiTuvanw , peritoneum].
In biology, the lining serous membrane of the pleuro-
peritoneal cavity of those vertebrates in which the
thoracic and abdominal cavities are not separated by a
diaphragm.
Pleuroperitonitis {plu' - ro -per - it - on - i'- lis) \_wAevpa ,
pleura; ;rtp(rdiia<oi', peritoneum ; (r;f, inflammation] .
The simultaneous existence of pleurisy and peritonitis.
Pleuroplegia {plu-ro-ple'-je-ah) [TrXeypd, side ; -Klriyii,
stroke]. Absence of the power of conjugate move-
ment of the eyes to the right or left, though conver-
gence may be preserved.
Pleuropneuma {plu-ro-nu' -inali). Synonym of Pneu-
mothorax.
Pleuropneumonia {plu - ro - nu - mo'- ne - ah ) \_-'kevpa,
pleura; rrvevuDV, lung]. Conjoined inflammation of
the pleura and the lung. The ordinary croupous
pneumonia is generally a pleuropneumonia. Usually
the term refers to an acute, febrile, contagious disease
of cattle. P. contagiosa. Synonym of P., Epizo-
otic. P., Epizootic, P., Exudative, characterized
by lobar pneumonia and by pleurisy, generally plastic
in type. The period of incubation is from two to three
weeks. The cause of the disease is thought to be
the pneumococcus of Frankel. The disease is very
fatal, especially at the beginning of an epidemic, and
governments have established rigid quarantine measures
against it. P.', Hypostatic, hypostatic pneumonia
associated with pleurisy.
Pleuropous {plu'-ro-pus) [Tr/lfupd, side ; T^ovr, foot].
In biology, having lateral supports.
Pleuropyesis {plu-ro-pi-e' -sis) ^jc'ktvpa, pleura; tti'i//-
ff/f, suppuration]. Purulent pleurisy.
Pleurorhizal {plu-ro-ri' -zal) \ix'kevpa, the side ; pKa,
root]. See Accumbent.
Pleurorrhagia {plu - ror - a'-j'e - ah) [nXevpa, pleura;
'prjyvvvai, to burst forth]. Hemorrhage from the
pleura.
Pleurorrhea [plu-ror-e'-ah) [xAfupd, pleura; pola, a.
flow]. An effusion of fluid into the pleura.
Pleurorthopnea {plu-ror-thop-ne' -ah) \_-Kkzvpa, side;
uptioq, straight ; TTvor/, breath]. Orthopnea on account
of pain in the side, either from pleurisy or pleuro-
dynia.
Pleurosoma {plu-ro-so' -malt) [-/fnpd, side; dw/zo, a
body]. A variety of single autositic monsters of the
species celosonia in which there is a lateral eventra-
tion occupying principally the upper portion of the
abdomen and extending to the ventral portion of the
chest, with atrophy or imperfect development of the
upper extremity on the side of the eventration.
Pleurospasm (pln'-ro-spaztn) \_-'kevpa, side ; G-Kaafibq,
.spasm]. Cramp, or spasm in the side.
Pleurosteal {plu-ros'-tc-al) [TrAeiyjd, side; borlov, a
bone]. Pertaining to the pleurosteon.
Pleurosteon {plu-ros' -te-on) [-/fupu, the side ; uartoi',
a bone: //. , Pleurosfea'\. In biology, the anterior
lateral portion of the breast-bone of a bird, giving at-
tachment to the ribs ; as distinguished from lophosteon,
coracosteou, metosteon .
Pleurosthotonos {plu-ros-thot' -o-uos). See Pleuro-
thotouos.
Pleurostosis {plu-ros-to'-sis) [rrPufypd, pleura ; bajkov,
bone]. Calcification of the pleura.
PLEUROTHOTONIC
1120
PLEXUS
Pleurothotonic {plu-ro-tho-ton' -ik) [TrAf upo&i', from
the side; Teivtiv, to bend]. Of the nature of or af-
fected with pleurothotonos.
Pleurothotonos (^plu-ro-thol' -o-nos) \_-K7.tvc)6Btv, from
the side ; rarttv, to bend]. A bending of the body
to one side during a tetanic or other convulsion.
Pleurotomy iyplu-i-ot' -o-nie) [n-Aeupd, pleura ; ro//?/, a
cutting]. Incision into the pleura, as in empyema
for the evacuation of the purulent collection. The
incision is made between two ribs, usually in the
eighth intercostal space dorsad of the posterior axillary
line.
Pleurotonus {plu-rot' -o-mis). Synonym of Pleuro-
thotonos.
Pleurotribe {ptu'-ro-tn/i) \_TT}.Evf)a, the side ; Tpijieiv, to
rub]. In biology, applied to such flowers as have the
stamens so arranged that an insect entering will re-
ceive the pollen upon its side, as in the pea. Cf.,
Nototribe, Steiiiotribe.
Pleurotyphoid [/T/leiipd, pleura; ry^of,
stupor]. Pleuritis due to the presence of the bacillus
of typhoid fever.
Pleurovisceral [plu-t-o-vis' -er-al) \jr7ievpa, pleura, side ;
viscus, an organ or viscus]. Pertaining to the pleura
or side, and to the viscera.
'Pl&'x.aX [pleks'-al) [//fc/m', to knit]. Pertaining to or
of the nature of a plexus.
Plexed {plekst) [plexus, plaited]. Netted; plexiform.
Plexiform (pleks'-if-onii) \_plexus, plexus ; forma,
form]. Resembling a plexus. P. Angio-sarcoma,
an angio-sarcoma in which the sarcomatous vessels
anastomose, forming a winding network. P. Glands.
See Gland. P. Neurotna, a convoluted serpentine
enlargement of the peripheral nerves. Generally it is
only the connective tissue of the nerves that is in-
volved ; these are then fibromatous masses. Rarely,
however, the nerves themselves participate, becoming
lengthened and increased in number.
Pleximeter (^ple/es-iin' -et-ej-) [7^/l?/f^f , a stroke ; /nirpoi',
measure]. An ivory disc or other hard substance
placed on the body to receive the stroke in mediate
percussion. Sometimes a pleximeter is used that
consists of two fiat discs joined at their centers by a
short cylinder or rectangular rod.
Pleximetric i^pleks-im-et'-rik) [rrA^f/f, a stroke; ■ntT-
pov, measure]. Pertaining to or performed with a
pleximeter.
Plexometer [pleks-om' -et-ei-). Same as Pleximeter.
Plexor (pleks'-o?-) [ir/ir/f/f, stroke]. The hammer used
for striking upon the pleximeter.
Plexure (pleks' -ur) \_plectere, to interweave]. An in-
terweaving ; a plexus.
Plexus [pleks' -us) [pleetere, to knit]. An aggregation
of vessels or nerves forming an intricate network.
A table of the nerve-plexuses is appended. P. artic-
ularis, a small venous plexus near the outer aspect
of the temporo-maxillary articulation. P. cerebri,
either of the choroid plexuses. P., Choroid, a fringe-
like membrane, occupying the margin of a fold of the
pia mater in the interior of the brain. In structure, it
consists of minute and highly vascular villous processes,
composed of large round corpuscles, containing, be-
sides a central nucleus, several yellowish granules and
fat-molecules, and covered by a single layer of flat-
tened epithelium. P. ciliaris. .Synonym of Canal of
Schlenim. P. cirsoides. .Synonym of P., Pampini-
form. P. digitalis, one of the venous plexuses on
the anterior and posterior surfaces of the second and
third phalanges. P., Fundamental. See P., Princi-
pal. P., Ganglionic, a nervous plexus in which
ganglion -cells are found. P. gangliosus, one of the
small plexuses formed at the junction of the spinal
nerves and the inferior hypogastric plexus. They
contain a number of ganglia. P. glandularis, P.
glanduliformis. Synonym of P., Choroid. P.,
Hemorrhoidal, a plexus of veins surrounding the
lower part of the rectum, beneath the mucous mem-
brane, and giving origin to the inferior, middle, and
superior hemorrhoidal veins. P., Hovius', a plexus
of veins in the ciliary region of the eye. P., Inter-
laminar, a lymphatic plexus formed by the lymphatic
vessels in the muscular coat of the intestines. P.,
Lymphatic, a plexus of lymphatic vessels. P.
Malleal, P., Manubrial, a plexus of veins surround-
ing the handle of the malleus. P., Medulli-spinal, '
a venous plexus surrounding the spinal cord. P., |
mirabilis. Synonym of P., Choroid. P. nervorum !
spinalium, a plexus formed by the spinal nerves, !
tf. .J'., the cervical, brachial, lumbar, or sacral. P., |
Pampiniform, the spermatic plexus, collecting the ;
blood from the testicle, and emptying by a single vein,
the spermatic, into the right renal vein on the right side,
and into the inferior cava on the left. In the female, the
plexus collects the blood from the uterus, the oviduct, ]
and the ovary. P., Parotid. -Synonym of Pes anseri- '■
nus. P., Perineal, a superficial and a deep venous
plexus are found in the perineum. The superficial is i
formed by veins from the labia majora and some from
the prepuce of the clitoris and the bulbs. Its blood I
is carried to the superficial epigastric, pudic and ex-
ternal obturator veins. The deep plexus is formed by |
the veins from the cavernous bodies, from the bulbs,
and a branch from the dorsal vein of the clitoris. P.,
Pharyngeal, a venous plexus surrounding the
pharynx. P. plantaris, a plexus of veins on the sole
of the foot. P., Principal or Fundamental, a plexus j
formed by the larger nerves of the body. They fre- I
quently contain ganglionic cells which are collected
into microscopic ganglia. P., Prostatic : (i) A plexus
of veins surrounding the prostate gland ; it receives the
dorsal veins of the penis. {2) See also P. , Prostatic, in ■
Table. P., Pterygoid, a plexus of veins formed by I
branches of the internal maxiHary vein, and situated
between the temporal and external pterygoid muscles.
P., Pudendal, a venous plexus into which veins from !
the clitoris, the labia minora, the urethra, and the |
vaginal vestibule empty. The corresponding plexus
in the male surrounds the prostate and membranous
urethra. P., Santorini's, the prostatic plexus of |
veins. P. seminalis. Synonym of Pete testis. P. |
spinalis, the plexus foraied by the spinal veins. |
There are two, an anterior and a posterior spinal \
plexus. P., Sympathetic, a plexus formed by sym- ,
pathetic nerve-fibers. P. thyroideus impar, a venous |
plexus situated beneath the isthmus of the thyroid j
gland. It is derived from the inferior thyroid veins.
P. tonsillaris: (l) a venous plexus surrounding the j
tonsil ; (2) See also P. , Tonsillar, in Table. P., Ureth- I
ro-vesical, a venous plexus situated about the urethra ;
and the lower portion of the bladder. It receives the I
dorsal vein of the clitoris, the pudic veins (right and
left), veins from the cavernous bodies of the clitoris, a
branch from the obturator vein, and a few small
branches from the urethra and the neck of the bladder. ,
P., Utero-vaginal, a venous plexus surrounding the j
vagina, the neck and the body of the uterus. P., ■
Vaginal: (l) a venous plexus surrounding the vagina ;
(2) See also P., Vaginal, in Table. P., Venous, |
a network or plexus of veins. P., Vesical: (i) a \
plexus of veins in the wall of the bladder, outside of |
the muscular coat ; it communicates with the henior- 1
rhoidal and prostatic plexuses in the male, and with |
the vaginal plexuses in the female ; (2) See also P-,
Vesical, in Table.
PLEXUSES 1121 PLEXUSES
TABLE OF NERVE-PLEXUSES.
Name.
Location.
Derivation
Distribution.
Aortic (abdominal .
Sides and front of
aorta.
Semilunar and lumbar ganglia, renal
and solar plexuses.
Inferior mesenteric, spermatic and
hypogastric plexuses, filaments to
the inferior vena cava.
Aortic (thoracic).
Surrounding the tho-
racic aorta.
Thoracic ganglia of the sympathetic
nerve ; cardiac plexus.
Solar plexus, aorta.
Auerbach's.
Between the circular
and longitudinal
muscular coats of
the small intestine.
Sympathetic.
Intestinal walls.
Axillary.
See Brachial.
Brachial.
Lower part of neck to
axilla.
Ventral branches of the four lower
cervical and the greater part of the
first thoracic nerve.
Suprascapular, rhomboid, median, ul-
nar, musculo-spiral, posterior thor-
acic, muscular thoracic, subscapular,
circumflex, Wrisberg's musculo-
cutaneous.
Cardiac (great or deep).
In front of the bifurca-
tion of the trachea.
Cardiac nerves of the cervical ganglia
of the sympathetic, branches of the
recurrent laryngeal and vagusnerves.
Pulmonary, coronary, and cardiac
plexuses.
Cardiac (superficial or
anterior).
Beneath the arch of
the aorta.
Left superior cardiac, branches of the
vagus and deep cardiac plexus.
Coronary and pulmonary plexuses.
Carotid (external).
Around the external
carotid artery.
Pharyngeal plexus, superior cardiac
nerve, superior cervical ganglion.
External carotid artery and its
branches.
Carotid (internal).
Outer side of the in-
ternal carotid artery.
Sixth nerve and Gasserian ganglion.
Carotid artery, petrosals, communicat-
ing branches.
Caudal.
See Coccygeal.
Cavernous.
Cavernous sinus.
Third, fourth, fifth, and sixth nerves,
and ophthalmic ganglion.
Wall of the inferior carotid.
Cavernous (of penis).
Cavernous bodies.
Vesical plexus.
Cavernous bodies.
Celiac axis.
Solar plexus, splanchnic (lesser),
vagus.
Coronary, hepatic, pyloric, gastro-
duodenal, gastro-epiploic, and splenic
plexuses.
Cervical.
Opposite the four
upper vertebrae.
Ventral branches of the four upper
vertebrae.
Stiperficial : To skin of head and neck.
Deep: Phrenic, communicans noni,
two muscular, two communicating.
Cervical (posterior).
See Cruveilhier' s plex
us.
Coccygeal.
Dorsal surface of
coccyx and caudal
end of sacrum.
Fourth and fifth sacral and the coccy-
geal nerves.
Ano-coccygeal nerves.
Coronary (anterior).
Below arch of aorta.
Superficial and deep cardiac plexuses.
Ventral surface of heart.
Coronary (gastric).
Lesser curvature of
stomach.
Celiac, vagus, solar plexus.
Stomach.
Coronary (posterior).
Coronary artery at
dorsum of heart.
Deep cardiac plexus.
Filaments to ventricles.
Crural.
Around the upper por-
tion of femoral artery.
Anterior crural nerve.
Adjacent structures.
Crural (of Cruveilhier).
Posterior cervical re-
gion.
Great occipital nerve, first and second
cervical nerves.
Posterior cervical region.
Cystic.
Gall-bladder.
Hepatic plexus.
Gall-bladder.
Dental (inferior).
Around the roots of
the teeth of the
mandible.
Inferior dental nerve.
Teeth.
Diaphragmatic.
See Phrenic.
Of the ductus choledo-
chus.
Around the common
bile-duct.
Hepatic plexus.
Bile-duct.
Epigastric.
See Solar.
Esophageal.
Around the esophagus.
Vagus nerve, thoracic sympathetic
ganglia.
Esophagus.
Gangliform.
The roots of origin of the inferior
maxillary nerve.
Inferior maxillary nerve.
71
PLEXUSES
1122
PLEXUSES
TABLE OF NERVE-PLEXUSES.— C(Wi'/«««?'.
Name.
Location.
Derivation.
. Distribution.
Gastric.
Gastric artery.
Celiac plexus.
Stomach.
Gastro-duodenal.
Pancreatico- duodenal
artery, right gastro-
epiploic artery.
Celiac plexus.
Pancreatico-duodenal, gastro-epiploic
plexuses.
Gastro-epiploic.
Near the stomach.
Hepatic plexus.
Filaments to stomach and mesentery.
Gulae.
See Esophageal.
Hemorrhoidal (inferior).
Rectum.
Pelvic plexus.
Rectum.
Hemorrhoidal (middle).
Sides of rectum.
Pelvic plexus, inferior mesenteric.
Filaments to rectum.
Hepatic.
Hepatic artery.
Celiac plexus, left vagus, right
phrenic.
Liver.
Hypogastric.
Promontory of sacrum
Aortic plexus and lumbar ganglia.
Pelvic plexuses.
Infra-orbital.
Under the levator labii
superioris muscle.
Infra-orbital, facial.
Muscular.
Intermesenteric.
See Aortic.
Intestinal submucous.
See Meissner's.
Ischiadic.
See Sacral.
Jacobson's.
See Tympanic.
Lienalis
See Splenic.
Lingual.
Around the lingual ar-
tery.
External carotid plexus.
Tongue and lingual artery.
Lumbar.
Psoas muscle.
Anterior divisions of the four upper
lumbar nerves.
Ilio-hypogastric, ilio-inguinal, genito-
crural, external cutaneous, obturator
and accessory, anterior crural.
Maxillary (inferior).
See Dental {inferior^.
M'eissner's.
Submucosa of small
intestines.
Sympathetic, branches of Auerbach's
plexus.
Intestinal walls.
Mesenteric (inferior).
Inferior mesenteric ar-
tery.
Left side of the aortic plexus.
Parts supplied by the artery.
Mesenteric (superior).
Superior mesenteric
artery.
Solar plexus.
Parts supplied by the artery.
Myenteric.
See Auerbach's.
Naso-palatine.
At the incisor foramen.
Branches of the naso-palatine nerves.
The naso-palatine region.
Of the obturator nerve.
Around the obturator
nerve.
Obturator nerve ; internal saphenous
nerve.
Obturator muscle.
Occipital.
Around the occipital
artery.
External carotid plexus.
Posterior portion of parotid gland ;
occipital region of skull.
Ophthalmic.
Around the ophthal-
mic artery and optic
nerve.
Ciliary nerves ; sympathetic fibers.
Optic region.
Ovarian.
See Spermatic.
Pancreatic.
Near pancreas.
Splenic plexus.
Filaments to pancreas.
Pancreatico-duodenal.
Near head of pancreas.
Hepatic plexus.
Filaments to pancreas and duodenum.
Patellar.
In front of the patella.
Internal saphenous; internal, middle,
and external cutaneous nerves.
The region around the patella.
Pelvic.
Side of rectum and
bladder.
Hypogastric plexus, second to fourth
sacral nerves, first two sacral gan-
glia.
Viscera of pelvis, plexuses of pelvis.
Phrenic.
Phrenic artery.
Solar plexus.
Diaphragm and adrenal capsule.
Prostatic.
Vesical arteries.
Pelvic plexus.
Bladder.
Pudendal.
Lower portion of the
pyriformis muscle.
Inferior hypogastric plexus.
Middle and inferior hemorrhoidal
nerves.
Pulmonary (anterior).
Root of lungs, ventral
side.
Anterior pulmonary branches, vagus
and sympathetic.
Ventro-caudal part of lungs.
PLI COURBE
1123
PLICA
TABLE OF NERVE-PLEXUSES.— Cwz//«W.
Name.
Location.
Derivation.
Distribution.
irUllliKJllal y ^^<J3tCi i^^i ^.
Root of lungs, dorsal
side.
Posterior pulmonary branches, vagus
and sympathetic.
Root of lungs, dorsal side.
Pyloric.
Near pylorus.
Hepatic plexus.
Filaments to pylorus.
Renal.
Renal artery.
Solar and aortic plexuses and semi-
lunar gangha.
Kidney, post-cava, spermatic plexus
Ventrad of sacrum.
Lumbo-sacral cord, ventral divisions
of the three upper sacral nerves,
and part of the fourth.
Muscular, pudic, superior gluteal,
great sciatic, small sciatic.
Of Scintorini
See Gunglifoym.
Semilunar.
See Solar.
Solar {semilunar) .
Dorsad of stomach.
Splanchnics and right vagus.
Semilunar ganglia, phrenic, supra-
renal, renal, spermatic, celiac, supe-
rior mesenteric, and aortic plexuses.
Spermatic.
Spermatic vessels.
Renal plexus.
Testes (ovaries in female).
Sphenoid.
The upper portion of
the Carotid (inter-
?ial)f TJ .
Splenic.
Splenic artery.
Celiac plexus, left semilunar ganglia,
right vagus nerve.
Spleen, pancreatic plexuses, left gas-
tro-epiploic plexus.
Subsartorial.
At the posterior bor-
der of the sartorius
muscle a little be-
low the middle of the
thigh.
Obturator, long saphenous, and inter-
nal cutaneous nerves.
Filaments to adjacent skin.
Subtrapezial.
Beneath the trapezius
muscle.
Cervical plexus and spinal accessory
nerve.
Trapezius muscle.
Suprarenal.
Around the supra-
renal bodies.
Diaphragmatic, solar, and renal plex-
uses.
Filaments to the medullary portions
of the adrenals.
Thyroid (inferior).
Around the external
carotid and inferior
thyroid arteries.
Middle cervical ganglion.
Larynx, pharynx, thyroid gland.
Thyroid (superior).
Around the thyroid
gland.
Superior laryngeal and superior car-
diac nerves.
Thyroid region.
Tonsillar.
Tonsil.
Glosso-pharyngeal.
Tonsil, soft palate, fauces.
Tracheal (anterior in-
ferior).
See Piil^nonary {an-
terior).
Tympanic.
Tympanum.
Tympanic nerve, sympathetic gan-
glia.
Tympanum.
Uterine.
Uterine arteries.
Pelvic plexus.
Cervix and lower part of uterus.
Vaginal.
Vagina.
Pelvic plexus.
Vagina.
Vertebral.
Surrounding the ver-
tebral and basilar
arteries.
First thoracic ganglion, upper cervi-
cal nerves.
Vertebral and cerebellar regions.
Vesical.
Vesical arteries.
Pelvic plexus.
Vesiculse seminales, vas deferens.
Vidian
Vidian nerve.
Pli courbe ( koorb') [Fr. ]. The angiilar gyrus.
Plica {pli'-kah) [L. : //., Pliccf\. A fold ; a convo-
lution of the brain ; a valve of a vein. P. adiposae :
(l) folds of the costal pleura containing fat ; (2) the
synovial fringes. P. aliformes, the alar ligaments of
the knee-joint. Ligament. P. ary-epiglotticae.
See Folds, Aryteno-epiglottidcan. P. centralis
retinae, a fold found post-mortem in the retina, ex-
tending transversely on each side of the optic disc.
P. ciliares, the choroidal folds posterior to the
ciliary processes. P. coli, a fold of mucosa forming
the upper margin of the ileocecal valve. P. con-
niventes. Synonym of VahniLe conniventes. P.
Douglasii. See Douglas's Pouch. P. fimbriata, a
fold of mucous membrane, with a fimbriated edge, ex-
tending in mammals from the frenum to the tip of the
tongue. It is looked upon as the analogue of the sub-
lingua of lower vertebrates. P. ilei, a fold of mucosa
constituting the lower margin of the ileocecal valve.
P. interarticularis coxae. Synonym of Ligamentiivi
teres. See Ligament. P. linguae perpendicularis,
one of the grooves or fissures on the dorsum of
the tongue e.xtending laterally on both sides of the
median line. P. longicauda, a variety of P. polonica,
in which the hair forms a long, matted or twisted coil.
P. longitudinalis duodeni, a fold of mucosa extend-
ing from the duodenal papilla for a short distance
along the posterior wall of the descending portion of
PLICATE
1124
PLUMBUM
the duodenum. P. longitudinalis meningis, the
falx cerebri. P. lunata. Synonym of P. se»n7una?-!s.
P. palato-epiglottica of Mojsisovics, a few thin,
wrinivled folds of mucosa running across in front of
the epiglottis between the two posterior pillars of the
fauces in elephants. P. palmatae, oblique projections
of the mucosa of the cavity of the neck of the uterus.
P. petro-clinoidea lateralis, a fold of dura mater ex-
tending from the petrous portion of the temporal bone
to the anterior clinoid process. It forms the upper
and lateral wall of the cavernous sinus. P. petro-
clinoidea medialis, a similar fold extending between
the upper border of the petrous portion of the tem-
poral bone and the posterior clinoid process. P.
pharyngo-epiglottica, a fold of mucosa extending
from the neighborhood of the pharyngeal opening of
the Eustachian tube to the vicinity of the epiglottis.
It marks the insertion of the stylo-pharyngeus muscle.
P. polonica, a matted, entangled condition of the
hair, due to want of cleanliness in certain diseases of
the scalp, with purulent discharge. P. pterygo-
mandibularis, a mucous fold on the pterygo-maxillary
ligament. P. recti, the folds of mucosa in the rectum.
P. recto-uterina. See Dotig/as's Pouch. P. recto-
vesicalis. See Recto-vesical Folds. P. salpingo-
palatina, a fold of mucosa passing downward from the
anterior margin of the Eustachian orifice. P. sal-
pingopharyngea, a prominent fold passing downward
from the posterior margin of the Eustachian orifice in
the na.so-pharynx. P. saxonica. Synonym of P.
polonica. P. semilunaris, a conjunctival fold in the
inner canthus of the eye, the rudiment of the membrana
nictitans of birds. P. semilunaris Douglasii. See
Douglas's Pouch. P. semilunaris fascialis trans-
versalis, the fold of transversalis fascia forming the
lower edge of the internal abdominal ring. P.
serosae, any folds of serous membrane. P. sigmoidea
coli, P. sigmoidea recti, one of the folds of mucosa
in the colon and in the rectum. P. sublingualis, the
frenum of the tongue. P. synovialis, fringes of the
synovial membrane. P. thyroarytenoidese. Syn-
onym of Ligaments, Thyroarytenoid. See Ligament.
P. transversalis recti. See P. sigmoidea recti. P.
urachi, the peritoneal fold covering the urachus. P.
urogenitalis, a fold in the posterior wall of the peri-
toneal cavity of the embryo which surrounds the lower
extremity of the Wolffian duct. P. utero-rectalis.
See Douglas' s Pouch. P. vaginalis, the rugae of the
vaginal mucosa. P. vasculosae, the synovial fringes.
P. vesico-uterinae. Synonym of Vesico-uterine
Folds. P. villosae ventriculi, folds of the mucosa
of the stomach forming a ventriculum, in the meshes
of which are the openings of the gastric tubules.
Plicate {pli'-kat ) [plicatus, p.p. of pticare, to fold, to
bend]. Folded like a fan.
Plicatile { pli' -kat-il) \^ plica, a fold]. Capable of
being folded.
Plicatio { pli-ka' -she-o). Synonym of Plica polonica.
Plication {pli-ka' -shun) \_plicare, io fold]. A plica,
or fold.
Plicatopapillose {pli-ka' -to-pap'-il-oz) [plicatus, pli-
cate ; papillosus, papillose]. In biology, both plicate
and papillose.
Plicatulate ( pli-kat' -u-liit) \_plicatulus, dim. of pli-
catus, folded]. In biology, minutely folded, or
plicate ; e. g. , certain plant-portions.
Plicatura {pli kat-n'-rah) [plicare, to fold]. A cere-
bral convolution ; also a ligament ; also synonym of
Plica polonica.
Plicature { plik'-at-ur) \_ plicare, to fold]. Same as
Plication.
Plicidentine {plis-id-en' -tin) [//?V(Z, fold ; dens, ^oo\ki\.
Applied to dentine which is folded so as to form a
series of plates.
Pliciferous {pli-sif'-er-us) [plica, a fold; ferre, to
bear]. In biology, possessing folds or plicse.
Pliciform {plis' -if-orm) [plica, a fold; forma, {oxvix\.
In biology, like a plait or fold.
Plicotomy ( pli-kot' -o-ine) [ plica, a fold ; ro//^, a cut-
ting]. Division of the posterior fold of the mem-
brana tympani.
Plombierin. See Glairin.
Plongeade {plon' -jalid) [Fr. ]. The physiologic con-
dition of a diver with suspended respiration. The
blood accumulates in the veins and right side of the
heart. j
Ploteric ( plo-ter' -ik) [TrluTi/p, drifting]. In biology,
applied by Hseckel to those organisms of the ocean
{plankton) which are carried about involuntarily. Cf.
Necteric. \
Ploucquet's Test. See Birth, Live.
Plug [D., plug, a bung]. Something that occludes a
circular opening or channel. P., Cervical. Synonym I
of P., Mucous. P., Kite- tail, a tampon resembling
a kite-tail. P., Mucous, the mass of inspissated
mucus which occludes the cervix uteri during preg-
nancy and is discharged at the beginning of labor.
Ps., Dittrich's, small, dirty-green masses found in the ,
lowest layer of the sputum in fetid bronchitis. \
Plugging {plug'-ing) [Y).,plug, a bung]. See Tarn- '
pon. - P. Instruments, dental instruments for intro-
ducing and consolidating fillings. P. Teeth. See
Filling Teeth.
Pluma { plu' - mah) [pluma, a small, soft feather:
//. , Plumic\. In biology, a quill-feather, or contour-
feather, as distinguished from a down -feather.
Plumaceous {plu-ma' -se-tis) [pluma, a plume]. In '
biology, having the character of a pluma ; pennaceous. '
Plumacoleum {plu-mak-o' -le-um) [pluma, feather;
oleum, o\\'\. A pledget of lint.
Plumage {plu'-maj) plume]. The feathery j
covering of birds. !
Plumate {plu'-mat) [pluma, -^XnxaiP^. In biology, re- j
sembling a plume.
Plumbago {plum-ba'-go). See Graphite.
Plumbeus {plum' -be-iis) [plumbum, lead]. Lead- ]
colored.
Plumbi et Opii, Liquor. Lead-and-opium wash — a
mixture of a solution of lead acetate and laudanum.
Plumbic {plu?n'-bik) [plumbum, lead]. Pertaining to
lead. P. Acid, PbHjOj; a dibasic acid produced
during the electrolysis of lead salts.
Plumbiferous {plum-bif -e7--us) [plumbum, Xtadi-, ferre,
to bear]. Producing lead.
Plumbism {plum' -bizm) [plumbum, lead]. Lead-
poisoning. See Saturnism. ^ ^
Plumbeus {plum' -bus) [plu?iibiim, lead]. Containing ,
the element lead in a lesser valency than the plumbic j
compounds. i
Plumbum {plum'-biim) [L.]. Lead. Symbol Pb. i
Atomic weight, 207; quantivalence, 11 or IV. A
bluish-white, soft, malleable metal, having a specific j
gravity of 1 1. 4, and melting at 332°. See Elements, \
Table of. Lead is obtained from a native sulphid ]
called galena, by roasting. Soluble salts of lead com- ;
bine with albumin, forming albuminates. In large j
doses by the stomach they are irritant to the mucous ;
membrane. Upon the intestines they act as powerful ;
astringents. If absorbed into the circulation in small |
quantities for a considerable period of time, lead i
cau.ses a very interesting and varied group of synip- ,
toms, which are described under Saturnism, g- ■
Lead is eliminated through the kidneys and the |
intestinal mucosa. It appears to check the elimi- I
j
PLUME
1125
PLURISEPTATE
nation of uric acid, and is, especially in England, a
factor in the causation of gout in lead-workers. In
medicine, lead is used locally as a sedative to inflamed
parts ; as an astringent to mucous surfaces, as in
gonorrhea and leukorrhea. Internally, it is used in
pyrosis, in diarrhea and dysentery ; and for its astrin-
gent action on the vessels, in hematemesis, hemoptysis,
and bleeding from the kidneys and the uterus. It has
also been employed in edema and in gangrene of the
lungs. P. acetas, l'h(C^H.JJ.2).^.;iH.fi, astringent.
Dose gr. ss-v. P. acetat., Ung. (B. P.), gr. xij to
the ounce. P. carbonas, (PbCO.j).^Pb(HO).^, used
locally as an ointment. P. carbonat., Ung., finely-
powdered lead carbonate lo, benzoinated lard go parts.
P., Emplastrum, lead-plaster, contains lead oxid 32,
olive oil 60, water 10 parts, triturated and boiled until
homogeneous. P. iodidum, Pbl, locally and intern-
ally. Dose gr. i. P. iodid., Emplast. (B. P.), con-
tains iodid of lead, lead-plaster, and resin. P. iodidi,
Ung., finely powdered lead iodid 10, benzoinated lard
90 parts. P. nitras, Pb(N03),2, locally; astringent,
escharotic, and disinfectant. P., Oleatum, unof. , lead
oxid 20, oleic acid 80 per cent. P. cum Opii, Pil.
(B. P.). Dose gr. iij-v. P. oxidum, PbO, litharge,
a constituent of lead-plaster. P. subacetat., Cera-
tum, Goulard's cerate, has plumbi subacetatis 20,
fresh cerate of camphor 80 parts. P. subacetat.,
Glycerin (B. P.) See Glycerin. P. subacetat.,
Linimentum, Goulard's extract 40, cotton-seed-oil
60 parts ; anodyne. P. subacetat., Liq., Goulard's
extract, lead acetate 170, lead oxid 120, distilled
water q. s. ad looo parts ; an astringent and cooling
solution. P. subacetat., Liq., Dil., 3 parts of the
preceding and 97 of water. P., Suppos., Comp.
(B. P.) each containing I gr. of opium to three grains
of lead acetate. P., Ung. diachylon, diachylon oint-
ment, contains lead-plaster 60, olive-oil 39, oil of
lavender I.
Plume [p/iim) \_phima, a feather]. A feather; a tuft
of feathers ; plumage ; a plumate hair.
Plumelet ( a feather]. A plumule,
or plumula ; a small feather or plume.
'P\M.m\ZQxn i^plii' -niik-ofn) [ a feather ; cornn.z.
horn]. In biology, one of the tufts of feathers on the
heads of certain birds, as the so-called ^an' or /writs o{
owls.
Plumigerous [plic-niij'-er-us) \_plunm. feather; gerere,
to bear]. In biology, feathered ; having plumes.
Plumiped, Plumipede ( plu' -mip-ed, phi' -inip-ed)
\_pliima, feather; pes, foot]. In biology, having the
feet feathered.
Plummer's Pills. See Antimoniiun.
Plumose, Plumous { plti'-iiwz, plu' -tuns') [dltima,
feather]. In biology, having feathers; feathery;
feathered.
Plumosity [plH-!/ios'-i(-e)\_pliiina,{QaX\iQx'\. In biology,
the state of being plumose.
Plumper {plum' per) [M.E., plomp, bulky]. One of a
pair of pads worn in the hollow of the cheeks to give
them a rounded appearance ; sometimes attached to a
set of arti.'icial teeth.
Plumula ( plu' -inu-lah) \_plumula, a little feather :
j Pluiiiula\ Qsxae&i Pliiiiiule.
IPlumulaceous (plu-mu-la'-se-us) \_plui?iula, a plu-
mule]. In biology, of or pertaining to a plumule ;
downy ; not pennaceous.
Plumular {plu' -iiiu-lar) \_plumula, a little feather].
In biology, plumulaceous.
Plumulate {phi' -i?iu-lat) \^phn>ucla,2L little feather].
In biology, minutely plumose.
Plumule {phi'-mul) \_plumula, a little feather]. In
biology : {a) the primary bud or rudimentary stem and
leaves in the seed; {b) a down-feather ; (r) any small,
plume-like organ.
Plumuliform {plu' -mu-lif-orm) \_ plumula, a plumule ;
forma, form]. Having the appearance of a small
feather.
Plumulose {plu'-mu-ldz) \_plumula , a.VM\Q feather]. In
biology, resembling a down-feather.
Plunge {pluiij) [ME., pluugen, to plunge]. To
thrust suddenly into water or other fluid ; to immerse.
P. -bath, a bath in which the person is placed or
places himself in a large tub containing sufficient
water to cover him all but the head. P. -tracheot-
omy. See Tracheoto7ny.
Plunkett's Caustic, or Ointment. A caustic paste
composed of the bruised plant of Ranuueulus acris and
of K. Jiaminula, each 24 parts ; arsenious acid, 3
parts ; sulphur, 5 parts. These are mixed into a
paste, rolled into balls, and dried in the sun. When
used the ball must be reduced to a pasty consistence by
rubbing with yolk of egg.
Plural {plu'-ral) \_plus ; plur/s, more]. More than
one. P. Birth, the bringing forth of more than one
offspring at a time.
Pluricapsular {plu-rik-ap'-su-lar) \_plus, more ; eapstila,
capsule]. In biology, having several capsules.
Pluricellular {plu-ris-el' -u-lar) \_plus, more ; cellula,
cell]. In biology, made up of several cells.
Pluriceps {plu'-ris-eps) \_plus, more ; caput, head].
Many-headed ; having more than one stem springing
from one root.
Pluricipital {plu-ris-ip'-it-al). Synonym of Pluriceps.
Pluricuspid {plu-rik-us'-pid ) \_plus, more; cuspis, a
point]. In biology, having several cusps.
Pluridentate {plu - rid - en' - tat) \_plus, more; dens,
tooth]. In biology, having several tooth-like processes,
as distinguished from parcidentate or paucidentate.
Pluriflagellate {plu-rif-laj' -el-at) \_plus, more; flagel-
/«;;/, flagellum]. In biology, having several flagella.
Pluriflorous {plu-rif-lo'-rus) [plus, more; Jios, a
flower]. In biology, having many flowers.
Plurifoliate {plu-rif-o'-le-at) \_plus, more; folium, a
leaf]. In biology, having several leaves.
Plurifoliolate {plu-rifo'-le-o-ldt) \_plus, mors; folio-
/z^w, dim. of a leaf ]. In biology, applied to
a compound leaf which has many leaflets.
Pluriguttulate {plu-rig-ut' -u-lat) [plus, more; gut-
tula, dim. of gutta, a. drop]. In biology, character-
ized by having many drop-like particles or structures.
Plurilocular {plu-ril-ok' -u-lar) \_plus, more; loculus,a.
cell]. In biology, having more than one cell or
loculus ; multilocular, as the ovaries of some plants.
Plurinominal {plu-rin-om' -in-al). Same as Polynom-
inal.
Plurinucleate {plii-rin-ii' -kle-at) more ; nucleus,
a kernel]. In biology, having more than one nucleus;
multinucleate.
Pluripara {plu-rip' -ar-aJi). Synonym of IMultipara.
Pluriparity {plu-rip-ar'-it-e) \_plus, more; parere, to
bring forth]. The condition of having borne several
cliildren.
Pluriparous {plu-rip' -ar-us) \_plus, more; parere, to
bring forth]. Bringing forth several young at once.
Pluripartite {plu-rip-ar' -tit) \_pliis, more ; partire, to
divide]. In biology, having more than one septum
or partition ; pluriseptate.
Pluriradial {plu-re-ra' -de-at) [plus, more; radius, a
ray]. Developed from germs that assume a radial ar-
rangement (a terra used by Rauber to characterize a
hypothetic method of accounting for double monstrosi-
ties).
Pluriseptate {plu-ris-ep'-tdt) [plus, more; septum, a
partition]. .Same as Pleuripartite.
PLURISERIATE
1126
PNEUMATOPHOROUS
Pluriseriate ( pln-ris-e' -r-e-at) \_plits, more ; series, a
row]. In biology, arranged in more than one row.
Plurisetose (//z^-w-f'-ZoG) \_phts, more \ j^/r?, a bristle].
In biology, having a number of brLstles or setas.
Plurispiral {plu-ris-pi' -ral) \_pliis, more; spira, a coil,
fold]. In biology, having more than one spiral ;
multispiral.
Plurisporous {phi - ris -po'- nis) [//«.r, more ; airopa,
seed]. In biology, having two or more spores.
Plurivalve {phi' -riv-ah) [phis, more; valva, a
folding door]. In biology, having more than one
valve; multivalve.
Pluteiform {plii' -fe-if-on/i) \_phiteits, pluteus ; forma,
form]. In biology, resembling or having the morpho-
logic valence of a pluteus.
Pluteus [phi'-te-iis) \_phiteus, phiteiiin, a protective roof
or shed used by Roman soldiers: //. , Phitei'\. In
biology, the full-grown larva of the Ophiuroids.
Eehinoidea, as distinguished from the Aiiricidaria
and Bipinnaria type of larva of Holotlmroids and
Asteroids.
Plutomania [p/n - to - ma'- ne - a/i) [ttTiovto^, wealth;
fiai'ia, madness]. An insane belief that one is the
owner of much property.
Pluvial (phi'-zv-al) [phivia, rain]. Pertaining to rain
or telluric moisture. Of flowers, having the property
of expanding before a rain.
Plyntriopsora { phn-tre-op' -so-rali) \jT%vvTpLa, washer-
woman ; \\<u[)a, scurvy]. A psoriatic affection of
washerwomen due to the effects of alkalies.
Pneobiognosis [ne-o-bi-og-no'-sis) \jKvelv, to breathe ;
/3iOf,life; yrwCT/f, knowledge] . Docimasia pulmonum.
Pneobiomantia [ne-o-bi-o-maii' -she-a/i). Synonym of
Piieohiogtiosis .
Pneodynamics (tie-o-di-nam' -ills') [ttviTiv, to breathe ;
fibi'auir, power]. , The dynamics of respiration.
Pneogaster [ne' -o-gas-ter) [nvelp, to breathe ; yaart/p,
stomach]. In biology, the respiratory tract.
Pneogastric (ne-o-gas'-trii) l_7Tveh>, to breathe ; yaarrjp,
the stomach]. Pertaining to the pneogaster.
Pneograph [iie' -o-graf) [TrveZi), to breathe; ypixt^in), to
write]. I. An instrument consisting of a semi-disc,
suspended in front of the mouth, for the purpose of re-
cording the force, rhythm, and duration, of the expira-
tion. 2. Synonym of Pneumograph .
Pneometer [ne-o/n' -et-er). Synonym of Spirometer.
Pneometry {ne-om' -et-re'). Synonym of Pidmometrv .
Pneophore (iie'-o-fdr) \_nvElv, to breathe ; oopdg, carry-
ing]. An instrument to aid artificial respiration in the
asphyxiated.
Pneoscope (iie'-o-s/c6p) [_TTrav, to breathe ; am-eh', to
examine]. An instrument for measuring respiratory
movements.
Pneuma (w^'-w/rt//) [/rrer/^a, breath]. I. Air; a breath.
2. The vital principle.
Pneumapostema (im-map-os-te'-maJP). Synonym of
Pnetimonapostema .
Pneumapyothorax {nii-map-i-o-tho' -raks). Synonym
of PyopneiimotJiorax .
Pneumarthrosis [itu-inar-thro' -sis) \jTveviia, air ; ap-
Hpnv, a joint]. A collection of air or gas in an artic-
ular cavity.
Pneumatelectasis {/m - mat- el - ek'- tas - is) l_TTvevfia,
breath; are'/J/c, imperfect; kKTaaii;, expansive].
Atelectasis of the lungs.
'Pn^nmaX\\&Tni3i (nu-tnat/i-e' -me-ah) \jrvevfia, a.\r ; di/na,
blood]. The presence of air or free gas in the blood-
vessels. •
Pneumatic {riii-mat' -ik) \_-iTvevjia, air]. Pertaining to
gases or to the atmosphere ; pertaining to respira-
tion. P. Cabinet, a device for enclosing the whole
or a part of the body so that it may be subjected to
compressed or rarefied air. P. Differentiation, the
treatment of disease by inhalation of air more rarefied |
than that which surrounds the body. P. Malting. See
Mailing. P. Medicine, the treatment of disease by
inhalation of vapors or gases, or by fumigation. P.
Occlusion, Maisonneuve's plan of dressing stumps.
It consists in draining away the accumulation from the
wound by aspiration. P. Physician, a pneuraatist ;
one of a sect of physicians who regarded health and
disease as consisting in the different proportions of
an element, pneiima. P. System. See Sewage,
Disposal of. P. Trough, a trough partly filled with
water for facilitating the collection of gases.
Pneumaticity {nii-mat-is' -it-te) \v:vtviia, air]. Infla-
tion with air. '
Pneumatics {nii-maf -iks) [ixv^vfia, air]. That branch
of physics treating of the physical properties of air j
and gases.
Pneumatism (uit'-mat-izm) [nvtviia, air]. The doc- '
trine of the pneumatists.
Pneumatist [nti'-mat-ist) [-I'ti'/ia, air]. A pneumatic i
physician. ;
Pneumato- (/zw'-ww/'-i?-) [;ri.Ti'//a, air, breath]. A pre- j
fix to denote connection with the air or breath. i
Pneumatocardia (jiu-mat-o-kar' -de-ah) \TXVtvyia, air; I
Kapiha, heart]. The presence of air or gas in the ,
chambers of the heart.
Pneumatocephalus {itu-mat-o-sef'-al-us). Synonym
of Physocephalus.
Pneumatochemia [tiu-mat-o-kem'-e-ah) \jzvzviia, &\x ; I
X^lfif'ia., chemistry]. The chemistry of gases.
Pneumatocyst [nti - mat' - o - sist) [jrvehfia, a.\r ; kvctl^,
bladder]. In biology, an air-sac; a pneumatophore. i
Pneumatocystic (tiu-mat-o-sis' -tik) [j^vtvp-a, air ; k.vo-
Tiq, bladder]. Pertaining to a pneumatocyst. !
Pneumatodic [tiii-mat-o' -dik) \jTVivp.aTi)&'q(\. Filled i
with air. ]
Pneumatodyspnea {nii-mat-o-disp-7ie'- ah) [nvevjxa, ■
air ; tVvairvoia, dyspnea]. Emphysematous dyspnea. i
Pneumatogram (iiu-mat' -o-gram) Irrvev/na, breath;
■ypd/jfia, writing]. A tracing showing the frequency, <
duration, and depth of the respiratory movements. |
Pneumatologic (nu - mat - o - loj' - ik) [rrvev/ia, breath ; ;
X(5yof, science]. Pertaining to pneumatology. i
Pneumatologist w«/ -()/'- ^ -yV.f/) [irrei^/za, breath ; i
Adyor, science]. One versed in pneumatology. j
Pneumatology (nu-mat-ol'-o-Je) [Tvvevfia, breath ; Uyo^, j
knowledge]. I. The science of respiration. 2. The
physics and chemistry of gases. •
Pneumatometer [nii-mat-om'-et-er). Synonym of Z*?^/-
mometer. \
Pneumatometry [nu -mat - om' - et - re) [7n'fi)/ia, air;
fierpov, measure]. I. The measurement of the force '
in respiration. It is used as a means of diagnosis.
2. The treatment of pulmonary and circulatory dis- I
eases by means of a pneumatic apparatus. ■
Pneumatomphalocele (lui-niat-om-fal' -o-sel) \ixve.vfia,
air; bp<f>a'A6c, navel; ki/Xi/, tumor]. An umbilical :
hernia containing flatus. '■
Pneumatomphalus {nu-mat-om' -fal-iis). Synohym of
Pneumatomphaloeele. ^ •
Pneumatopathy [nu-mat-op' -ath-e) \_-Kvevpa, air, spirit ;
TTo^^of, disease]. Mind-cure ; the curing of diseases by,
psychic influence.
Pneumatophore {nn-mat'-o-for) \_m>evna, air; <p6poQ, j
bear]. In biology, an air-sac, or swim- bladder. The |
hydrostatic apparatus or specialized person of a
Siphonophora colony. It represents a metamorphosed
Medusa umbrella. The contained air can be expelled
through a pore, and again secreted by the glandular
epithelium at its base.
Pneumatophorous [nu-mat-off'-or-us) {jrveviia, air; i
PNEUMATORRACHIS
1127
PNEUMONECTASIA
(jidpog, bear]. In biology, bearing a pneumatocyst ;
pertaining to or like a pneumatophore.
Pneumatorrachis {)in - mat - or' - a - kis) \_-Kv^viia, air;
pa-X'^, spine]. The presence of air in the spinal canal.
Pneumatosic [nu-mat-o' -zik) \iTvtvii(iruoi<:, inflation].
Affected with pneumatosis.
Pneumatosis [iiu-mat-o' -sis) [Trven/xdrwa^f, inflation].
1. The presence of gas or air in abnormal places, or
of an excessive quantity where a little exists normally.
2. The condition of flatulent distention of the stomach
and bowels.
Pneumatotherapeutics (siu-mat-o-thcr-ap-u' -tiks). See
A e roth era pen tics .
Pneumatotherapy (ini-?iiat-o-ther'-ap-e) \jTvel'fia, air ;
depaireia, treatment]. The treatment of diseases by
means of compressed or rarefied air.
Pneumatothermanter (^mt- mat-o-tlmr-wan' -ter') \jxv(\}-
fia, air; Oeppaiveu', to warm]. A respirator.
Pneumatothorax [tiu-inat-o-tho' -raks) \jivt:vjxa, air ;
doipa^, chest]. Synonym of Pfieitmothorax.
Pneumatotomy (tm-tiiat-ot' -o-me). Synonym of Pneii-
motomy.
Pneumaturia (jin-inat-it' -re-aJi ) [_Trv£i</ua, air ; ovpor,
urine]. The evacuation of free gas with the urine.
Pneumatype {nu' -mat-'ip) [-ftiy/a, air ; TL'Trof, type].
Breath-picture. The deposit formed upon a piece of
glass by the moist "air exhaled through the nostrils
when the mouth is closed. It is employed in the
diagnosis of nasal obstruction. Slate-paper may be
used, pulverized sulphur or boric acid being blown
upon the moistened surface to make a permanent
record.
Pneumectasis (mc-mek'-tas-is). Synonym of Pneic-
monectasis.
Pncnmectomy (Hu-/)iei' -to- mc) [—wi'/zwr, lung ; enrofii/,
excision]. Excision of a portion of the lung.
Pneumic [iiu'-mik) [rrwi'^GW, the lung]. Pertaining
to the lung. P. Acid, a crystalline acid extracted
from the pulmonary tissue of mammals. It is thought
by Verdeil to be a compound of lactic acid and taurin.
Pneumique {tiii-mek') [Fr.]. Pertaining to air. P.,
Osteoarthropathie hypertrophiante. See Ostco-
arthropathv .
Pneumo- [nu' -mo-). Same as Pneumon-.
Pneumoactinomycosis (>iit - mo-ak-tin-o-mi- ko' -sis)
[TTVEii/ywi', lung ; (j«:r/f , a ray ; ^ii/f;?f, a fungus]. Acti-
nomycosis of the lung.
Pneumobacillus [nu-mo-bas-il'-iis). See Micrococcus
pasteiiri and Bacillus pneuinonicc , in Bacteria, Syno-
nymatic Table of.
Pneumocace {nu - mok' - as - e) [/rvei'/iui', lung ; ko/c?/,
evil]. Gangrene of the lung.
Pneumocarcinoma [iiu'-mo-kar-sin-o'-mah ) [ttvevixuv,
lung ; KapKivu/j.a, carcinoma]. Carcinoma of the lungs.
Pneumocele (iiu' -mo-sel^. Synonym of Pneumatocele.
Pneumocentesis [iiu-mo-sen-te' -sis) \jTVfvpuv, lung ;
/t£vr??OT?, puncture]. Paracentesis of the lung, especi-
ally of a pulmonary cavity.
Pneumochysis (itu-mok' -is-is) [-vfi'/zwi', lung ; ;^;('(T;f,
a pouring] . Pulmonary edema.
Pneumococcus (tiu-iiio-kok' -us) [Tvveviiuv,\\mg\ kokko^,
kernel]. A micrococcus of the lung. P. of Fraenkel.
See Micrococcus pasteuri. P. of Friedlander. See
Micrococcus pneumoni(T, in Bacteria, Synonymatic
Table of.
Pneumoconiosis [nii-mo-ko-ni'-o-sis] \TcvsvjXLdv, lung ;
K(5i'/f, dust ; vuaoq, disease]. Lung-disease caused by
the inhalation of dust. Examples are : Anthracosis,
chalicosis, siderosis.
Pneumocysto -ovarium {nu - mo -sis' -to- o - va'- re-um)
[mw/in, air ; avarig, cyst; ovarium, ovary]. An
Ovarian cyst containing air or gas.
Pneumoderma, Pneumodermis [nu- ?no - der'- mah,
nu-mo-der' -mis) \_-v(:i'iia, air; dep^ia, skin]. Air
under the skin ; subcutaneous emphysema.
Pneumodynamics [iiu- ino-di-iia m' -iks) . Synonym of
Pneodynamics.
Pneumoenteritis (jiu-mo-eii-ter-i' -lis) \_-KV£vjifdv , lung ;
ii'7-f/joi', intestine ; /r;r, inflammation]. Inflammation
of the lungs and of the intestine. See Hog-cholera.
P., Infectious. Synonym of Ho^-ckole/-a.
Pneumogastric (iiu - mo - gas' - trik) [Trret'/iwi', lung;
) atrr^p, stomach]. Pertaining conjointly to the lungs
and the stomach, or to the pneumogastric or vagus
nerve. P. Nerve. See Nerves, Table of.
Pneumogram {iiu' -nio-graui) \t;vsviiuv, lung ; ; jtafifia,
writing]. The tracing afforded by the pneumograph.
Pneumograph {iiu' -?no-graf) [ttvevhuv, lung ; ypdcpeiv,
to write]. A registering instrument for measuring the
movements of the chest in respiration.
Pneumographic [nu - mo - graf'- ilc) \_~v£}>juo)i>, lung;
■}pa<peiv, to write]. Pertaining to pneumography.
Pneumography (jiu-mog' -ra-fe) \_7rvevfi01v, lung ; ypa(peiv,
to write]. The description of the lungs.
Pneumohemia i^im-mo-liem' -e-ali). Synonym of Pneu-
mon cmia.
Pueumohemothorax [nu-mo-hem-o-tho'-raks) [^Kvtvpa,
air; aifm, blood; Hupai, thorax]. A collection of air
or gas, and blood, in the pleural cavity.
Pneumohydropericardium (nu - 7no - hi - dro - per - He-
ar' • de - um) \_nvtviia, air; 'v(Vjp, water; tte/j/, around ;
mpcila, heart]. An accumulation of air and fluid in
the pericardial cavity.
Pneumohydrothorax (nu-mo-hi-dro-tho' -raks) \_-KvtvjLa,
air; {idwp, water ; 6'(i/5a^, thorax]. A collection of air
or gas, and fluid, in the pleural cavity.
Pneumokoniosis. See Pneumoconiosis.
Pneumolith [uu'-mo-lith) [nv^vjiuv, lung; ?,'i6oc:, a
stone]. A stony concretion in the lungs, as a calcified
tubercle.
Pneumologic (nu-mo-lo/'-ik) \_TTvei'po)v, lung ; /id; of ,
science]. Pertaining to pneumology.
Pneumology {nu - mol' - 0 - je) [tti'si'/zg)?', lung; 'koyoc^,
science]. The sum of scientific knowledge concern-
ing the lungs and air-passages.
Pneumomalacia (nu-mo-mal-a' -se-ah) [nvt'vfiuiv, lung ;
/xa/.aKia, softness]. Abnormal softness of the lung.
Pneumometer [nu-mom'-et-e>'). Synonym of Spirom-
eter.
Pneumometry (nu-mom' -et-re). Same as Spirometry.
Pneumomycosis {iiu-mo-mi-ko'-sis) \TzvEvpoiv, lung;
fii'Ki/r, fungus]. The presence of fungi in the lung.
The etiologic relation of fungi to lung-diseases is not
fully determined.
Pneumon- (>iu'-tnon-) \_TTvevpav,\nng\. A prefix de-
noting connection with or relation to the lungs.
Pneumonaemia (iiu- jno - ne' - me - ah). See Pneumo-
nemia.
Pneumonalgia {nu - j?io - ttal'-je - ah) [TTvehfiuv,\\mg\
iiXyoq, pain]. Pain in the lung.
'Pn&nTaon3,Y)0'p^&ii-iai{n!c-mon-ap-o-pleks'-e-ah)\_-KVEvfi(jv,
lung; tt7ro7r/(//f /a, apoplexy]. A sudden hemorrhage
into the lung-tissue.
Pneumonapostema {mt-mon-ap-os' -te-mah) \_-Kvt'vpu>v,
lung; d7rd(T7-////a, abscess]. An abscess of the lung.
Pneumonatelectasis {nu-mott-a/-el-ck'-tas-is)\_TTvehpo)v,
lung; are'/iKTao/g, atelectasis]. Atelectasis of the
lung.
Pneumpnechema (nu-mon-ek-e'-mah) \_Trvel'/i(jv, lung ;
fj\rjua, sound]. The normal vesicular murmur heard
over the lung in respiration.
Pneumonectasia, Pneumonectasis {ttzt-mon-eik-ta'-
ze-ah, nu-mon-ek' -tas-is) \_'Kviviiuv, lung ; cKraai^, dis-
tention]. Emphysema of the lung.
PNEUMONECTOMY
1128
PNEUMONIA
Pneumonectomy {im-inoii-ek' -to-inc) \t:ve'vixuv, lung;
£KrO|0?/, excision]. Excision of a portion of a lung;
pneumectomy.
Pneumonedema (iiu-7non-e-de' -maJi) \v:vivixi:dv , lung;
ohSj/iia, edema]. Edema of the lungs.
Pneumonemia [iiii - mo7i - e' - me - aJi) [Tri^ei'/zui', lung ;
a!/;a, blood]. Congestion of the lungs.
Pneumonemphraxis (nii-moit-fni-fraks' -is) [tzveviiuv,
lung; E//^paf(f, obstruction]. Obstruction of the lungs
or the bronchi.
Pneumonemphysema [mi - 711011 - em -fiz -e' - niaJi)
[jrwi'i/iwi', lung ; f//©i'(T)?//a, inflation]. Emphysema of
the lungs.
Pneumonia [Tri^si'yyui', lung]. Any in-
flammation of the lungs. Pneumonitis. By usage the
word pneumonia, used without qualification, implies
croupous pneumonia, q. v. P., Abortive, a condition
of acute congestion, such as is seen in the first stage
of pneumonia, but which is not succeeded by the other
stages. P., Acute. Synonym of P., Croupous. P.,
Adynamic, pneumonia attended with debility , depres-
sion of the circulation and of the nervous system.
P. alba. Synonym of P., White. P., Alcoholic,
the croupous pneumonia of drunkards. It is often
associated with delirium and is very fatal. P., Apex,
P., Apical, croupous pneumonia of the apex of a
lung, by some believed to be more grave than basal
pneumonia; many cases, however, run a favorable
course. Cerebral symptoms are said to be more com-
mon when the apex is affected. P., Apoplectic,
pneumonia associated with hemorrhage into the lung.
P., Aspiration, a broncho-pneumonia due to the
inspiration of food-particles or other irritant substances
into the lung. The condition is met with in cases in
which the sensitiveness of the larynx and trachea is
benumbed, as in apoplectic coma or uremia, and in low
fevers ; also in the insane from stuffing of the mouth
with food and in defective deglutition. P., Ataxic.
Synonym of P., Adynamic. P., Bilious, pneumonia
accompanied by icterus. P., Broncho-. See iSro;/-
cJio-pneiaiioiiia. P., Caseous Lobular. Synonym
of P., Desquamative. P., Catarrhal. Synonym of
Broncho-pneumonia. P., Central, a croupous pneu-
monia beginning in the interior of the lobe of the
lung. The physical signs are obscure until the in-
flammation reaches the surface. P., Cerebral, that
form of pneumonia associated with marked cerebral
symptoms. It is most common in children and in
the beginning resembles meningitis. P., Cheesy.
Synonym of P., Caseous. P., Chronic. .Synonym
of Interstitial. P., Cirrhotic. .Synonym of
P., Interstitial. P., Contusion, pneumonia follow-
ing contusion of the chest. P., Creeping. See P.,
Aligratory. P., Crossed, croupous pneumonia of
the lower lobe on one side, associated with the
same disease in the upper lobe of the other
side. P., Croupous, Lobar Pneumonia, that
commonly called simply pneumonia, an acute dis-
ease, running a definite course and tending to re-
covery. It is most often due to a specific micro-
organism, the pneumococcus of Frrenkel, and may be
epidemic in certain districts. But besides the pneu-
mococcus, of Frrenkel, which is really a lanceolate
bacillus occurring in pairs, other microorganisms can
give rise to croupous pneumonia, e.g., tlie bacillus
pneumoniae of I'riedlander, the streptococcus and the
staphylococcus pyogenes, the bacillus of typhoid fever.
The disease occurs more frequently during the winter
months, and in males than in females. The lower
lobes are the parts usually affected, and especially
that of the right side. The apex, however, may be
the part involved, especially in children. Occasion-
ally a double or bilateral pneumonia is encountered,
both lower lobes or both apices being involved. The
disease . is ushered in by a chill, followed by high
fever, flushed cheeks, dry, coated tongue, rapid, shal-
low respiration, and pain in the affected side. More
or less cough is present, and there is usually the
characteristic bloody or rusty expectoration. The
respirations are rapid, and quite a characteristic feature
is the disturbance of the pulse- respiration ratio —
instead of 4 to I, it may be 3 to I, or 2 to I, i. e.,
we may have a pulse of 84 and respirations 42, or
even more. The physical signs are distinctive — im-
mobility of the affected portion of the chest, increased
tactile fremitus, dulness on percussion (rarely a
peculiar wooden tympany), a fine, crepitant rale in
the first stage, bronchial breathing and bronchophony
in the second, to which moist r^les are added when
resolution begins. In nearly every case there is an ;
associated plastic pleurisy, which is responsible for the
pain. It may give rise to a friction-sound. The urine
is high-colored and deficient in chlorids, the bowels
sluggish. A crisis usually occurs on the seventh day.
The anatomic change consists in the appearance of
a firm or solid exudation in the pulmonary alveoli.
The disease proceeds through the following stages : I. I
Congestion, in which there is intense congestive hyper-
emia. 2. Red Hepatization , in which the lung is bulky,
heavy, firm, and airless, and its surface granular, its red
tint being due to extravasated corpuscles and distended
capillaries. 3. Gray Hepatization, due to the degen- |
eration of the exudate and anemia from compression
of the capillaries. In the majority of cases resolution
takes place and the lung returns to its previous condi-
tion. P., Deglutition. Synonym oi P. , Aspiration.
P., Desquamative, a form characterized chiefly by ,
an intense desquamation of the cells lining the
air-vesicles, a proliferation of the connective-tissue |
cells of the septa between the vesicles, and the j
exudation of a scanty albuminous fluid. The exudate j
goes on to caseous degeneration. Three sub-variefies
are described : the lobular form, the confluent, ox lobar,
and the bronchial, or caseous broncho-pneumonia. The
cause of the disease is, in the majority of cases, the
tubercle-bacillus. P., Dissecting, a suppurative in-
flammation extending along the interlobular and peri-
bronchial tissues. P., Double, croupous pneumonia
of both lungs. P., Drunkards'. Synonym oi P.,
Alcoholic. P., Embolic, pneumonia due to embolism I
of the vessels of the lung. P., Epithelial. Synonym
of P., Desquamative . P. epizootica, pneumonia of
animals. P., Erysipelatous, a severe pneumonia, j
usually migratory, occurring in connection with, or I
after exposure to erysipelas, and apparently influenced
by that disease. P., Fibrinous. StQ P., Croupous.
P., Fibroid, P., Fibrous. Synonym of P., Inter-
stitial. P., Food, a form of inspiration-pneumonia,
q. V. P., Gangrenous, gangrene of the lung. P.i '
Gouty, pneumonia developing in a gouty subject. ;
P., Grippal. See P., Influenzal. P., Hemor-
rhagic. See Hemorrhagic. P., Hypostatic, a pneu-
monia, generally lobular, occurring in the debilitated
and those suffering from other diseases. It usually ^
affects the lower posterior portions of the lung, and 1
is dependent upon the dorsal decubitus, the weak j
circulation, and the inspiration of food and other j
particles. Section of the vagus nerve in animals also !
gives rise to this form of pneumonia, because the '
paralysis of the air- passages favors the aspiration of
foreign matters. P., Influenzal, a peculiar condition
of the lung observed in association with influenza. \
There appears to be a failure of function due to pneu-
moparesis. There may also be inflammation of croup-
PNEUMONIA
1129
PNEUMONOKONIOSIS
ous or catarrhal type. P., Insular. Synonym of P.,
Lobular. P., Intermittent. Synonym o{ P., Bilioui.
P., Interstitial, Acute, inflammation of the intersti-
tial tissues of the lung, sometimes terminating in sup-
puration. P., Interstitial, Chronic, cirrhosis of the
lung ; a chronic inflammation of the lung, characterized
by an increase of the interstitial connective tissue. It
may be a termination of acute croupous pneumonia or
of pulmonary tuberculosis ; it may follow broncho-
pneumonia ; in some cases it is due to extension of a
chronic inflammation from the pleura, the so-called
pleurogenous interstilial pneumonia ; finally, pneumo-
nokoniosis is a form of interstitial pneumonia. Cirrhosis
of the lung is often associated with bronchiectasis. P.,
Larval, a term given in epidemics of pneutnonia to
those cases that present only some of the initial symp-
toms of the disease, slight chill, moderate fever, and
a few indefinite local signs. P., Latent, one in which
the physical signs are obscure or wanting. P.,
Lobar. Synonym of P., Croupous. P., Lobular.
Synonym of Broncho-pneumonia and P., Catarrhal.
P., Malarial. 'Hynonymol P., Bilious. P. maligna.
Synonym of P., Septic. P. malleosa, pneumonia due
to the glanders-bacillus. It is a broncho-pneumonia
as a rule, but may assume a lobar form or manifest
itself as multiple abscesses. P., Massive, one in
which not only the. air-cells, but the bronchi of an
entire lobe, or even of a lung, are filled with the fibrin-
ous exudate. The auscultatory physical signs are
wanting ; percussion yields an absolutely flat note.
The condition simulates pleurisy with effusion. P.
migrans. P., Migratory, a peculiar and well-recog-
nized form, involving one lobe after the other. It
seems occasionally to be in some way associated with
erysipelas. Synonym of P., Creeping, P., Wandering.
P., Necrotic, Goodhart's name for the non-tubercu-
lous variety of pulmonary disorganization sometimes
occurring in diabetic patients. The disease is charac-
terized by rounded patches at the apex or base of the
lung, the size of a hazel-nut or larger, in which a cavity
rapidly forms containing a central slough. P. notha.
Synonym of Capillary Bronchitis. P., Periodic.
Synonym of P. , Bilious. P., Phreno-, pneumonia
associated with diaphragmitis. P., Plastic. Synonym
of P. , Croupous. P., Pleuritic. Synonym of Pleuro-
pneumonia. P., Pleurogenic, P., Pleurogenous, a
pneumonia secondary to disease of the pleura. P.
potatorum. Synonym of P. , Drunkards'' . P. , Puru-
lent: this appears in three varieties: (l) the suppura-
tion may involve the surfaces of the minute bronchi
and air-vesicles — purulent catarrh ; (2) there may be
a true abscess of the lung ; (3) there may be a sup-
purative lymphangitis and perilymphangitis. The
causes of purulent pneumonia are : the aspiration of
matters containing pyogenic microorganisms — this pro-
ducing the first or second form; an abscess may result
from the lodgment in the lung of a septic embolus,
derived often from a focus of purulent phlebitis ;
from traumatism ; from chronic diseases of the lung,
especially tuberculosis with cavity-formation ; from
extension of suppuration from neighboring organs,
as from empyema or hepatic abscess. P., Pytho-
genic, a contagious form rising under miasmatic
influences. P., Scrofulous, an old name for P. ,
Caseous Lobular. P., Secondary, that occurring as a
complication of some preexistent disease. P., Senile,
the broncho-pneumonia of the aged ; it may be due,
m part at least, to inability to expectorate the phlegm
that collects in the smaller bronchi. P., Septic,
a lobular pneumonia due to the inspiration of septic
material. It may also be caused by septic emboli.
In the new-born it is usually due to the aspiration of
the maternal fluids during labor. P., Septinous,
P., Sewer-gas, a pneumonia following the inhalation
of sewer-gas. P. serosa, edema of the lungs. P.,
Stripe [G. Streifenpneui/wnie'\, a pneumonia in
which the affected area has the form of a band or
stripe, usually running parallel with the spinal gutter.
P., Syphilitic ; disease of the lung due to syphilis is
rare. Three forms are usually described — -the pneu-
monia alba of the fetus {q.v^ \ the deposit of gum-
niata in the lung ; and an interstitial pneumonia,
taking its origin at the root of the lung and passing
along the bronchi and vessels. French writers also
speak of an acute syphilitic phthisis, analogous to
acute pneumonic phthisis. P., Traumatic, pneu-
monia following injury of the lung ; also that consecu-
tive to section of the vagus nerves. P., Tuber-
culous, a lobular or lobar inflammation of the lung
due to the tubercle-bacillus. P., Tubular. Syn-
onym of B ranch o-pneu/nonia. P., Typhoid, a
pneumonia with the symptoms of the typhoid state. It
is to be distinguished from Pneumo-typhus. P.,
Vagus, that produced by section of the vagus nerves.
P., Wandering, a form of pneumonia in which
different portions of the lung present different stages
of the pneumonic process. It seems, according to
Guiteras, to be in some way associated with erysipelas.
P., White, a catarrhal form of pneumonia occurring in
a syphilitic fetus and resulting in death. By an over-
growth of epithelium in the air-vesicles the lung dies,
and fatty degeneration follows, giving the lungs a
dead-white appearance, with the imprint of the ribs
on their surface.
Pneumonic (nu-mon'-ik) \_itv£vij.uv, lung]. Pertaining
to the lungs or to pneumonia. P. Phthisis, tuber-
culous pneumonia of the lungs. P. Spot, the cir-
cumscribed flush of the cheek in croupous pneumonia.
Pneumonicula (nu-inon-ik'-u-lah) [-I'sty/ui', lung]. A
slight inflammation of the lung.
Pneumonique [nu-mon'-ek) [Fr.]. Pertaining to the
lung.
Pneumonitic (iiu-mon-it' -ik^ \TTve\>iiuv, lung ; mq, in-
flammation]. Pertaining to or affected with pneu-
monitis.
Pneumonitis inu-inon-i' -tis) [xi'f ty/fji^, lung; itk;, in-
flammation]. Pneumonia.
Pneumono- (nu-mon'-o) \_~v£tin,iv , lung]. A prefix
denoting connection with or relation to the lungs.
Pneumonoblenozemia [nii-mon-o-blen-o-ze' -me-ah)
\jTvevfUdv, lung; fS'Aevva, mucus; i^r/fiia, loss]. Pul-
monary blennorrhea.
Pneumonocace {nu - mon - ok' - as - e) \_-Kvnixuv, lung;
TOhof, evil]. Gangrene of the lung.
Pneumonocarcinoma (nu - mon - 0 - kar - sin- 0'- mali)
[Ti'ft'yiwi', lung ; KupKivuifia, carcinoma]. Carcinoma
of the lung-
Pneumonocatarrhus [nu-mon-o-kat-ar'-us'). Synonym
of Pneumonia, Catarrhal.
Pneumonocele (iiu-uion' -o-sel) [ttit iy/wi', lung ; nlj'kr],
tumor, hernia]. Hernia of the lung.
Pneumonocholosis [riu-mon-o-kol-o' -sis). Synonym
of P. , Bilious.
Pneumonochysis {nu-mon-ok' -is-is) \_-vsviiuv, lung ;
x'i'OiQ, a pouring]. Edema of the lungs.
Pneumonocirrhosis (nu - iiion -o-sir- 0' - sis) [■kvevhuv,
lung; K/'ppd^, yellowish]. Cirrhosis of the lung, in-
terstitial pneumonia.
Pneumonodynia [nu-mon-o-din' -e-ah) lung;
bSin>r/, pain]. Pain referred to the lungs.
Pneumonoedema [nu-mon-e-de' -mah). Ste Pneuinoit-
edema .
Pneumonokoniosis [nu-mon-o-kon-e-o' -sis) \_TTi<e'vfiuv,
lung; Kovia, dust; v6ao<;, disease]. A general term
PNEUMONOLITH
1130
PNEUMOSKELETAL
indicating chronic disease of the lungs due to the
inhalation of dust. Various names have been devised
denoting the kind of dust causing the inflammation :
anthnicosis, ox coal-miner's disease; dderosis. Awe. \o
inhalation of metallic dust ; chalicosis, due to inhala-
tion of mineral dust. The dust-particles, when they
can no longer be disposed of by the natural protective
agencies of the lungs, find their way into the peri-
bronchial and peri-arterial lymph-spaces, where thev
set up an inflammation. This is characterized by a
marked tendency to fibroid change, manifesting itself
in the formation of hard, indurated nodules of various
size. The lungs always present evidences of chronic
bronchitis, usually also of emphysema, and,'in many
cases, of tuberculosis. The fibroid areas may soften
and break down, forming the so-called ulcers of the
lung. The softening may be due to tuberculosis, but
sometimes it is not.
Pneumonolith [nii-mon'-o-n/k). Synonym of Pnen-
iiiolith.
Pneumonolithiasis [iiu-mon-o-lith-i' -as-is) [Tri'tiy/wi',
lung; 7itioc, stone]. The formation of pneumoliths.
Pneumonomalacia [mi-moii-o-mal-a'-se-ah). Synonym
of I'liLiimoiiialacia.
Pneumonomelanosis (}iii-mon-o-mel-an-o' -sis) [Tri'fti-
//wr, lung; uf/ac, black ; voaoc, disease]. Anthraco-
sis of the lung.
Pneumonometer (>iu-»ion-om' -et-er). Synonym of
Spiroineti-i-. .
Pneumonomycosis {nti-mon-o-mi-ko' -sis). Same as
P>ietimo)ii vcosis.
Pneumonoparalysis {ntt-iiioti-o-par-aV -is-is) [777'tt'//wji,
lung; -ajm/ I'oic, paralysis]. Paralysis of the lung.
Pneumonopathia {mi - man - o - pa' - the - ah)
lung; TTCifloc, disease]. Any disease of the lung.
Pneumonophlebitis [iiii-mon-o-Jieb-i'-tis) \Txv^vjiuv.
lung; 0/f'i/', vein; ;r;f, inflammation]. Inflamma-
tion of the pulmonary veins.
Pneumonophthisis {nti - num - off'- this - is) \_Tn<ep/io)r,
lung; (p6lcic,a. wasting]. A destructive process in
the lungs.
Pneumonophyseter {mt - mon - o - fi - se'- ter) [Trir/y/ur,
lung ; <bvari-iip, blowpipe]. An apparatus for inflating
the lungs.
Pneumonopleuritis (iiii-inon-o-plu-ri' -tis). Synonym
of Pleuropneumonia.
Pneumonoptysis (itti - mon - op'- tis - is). Synonym of
Hemoptysis.
Pneumonorrhagia - tnon - or - a'- je - ah) [nvevfjuv,
lung ; pi/yvi'vai, to burst forth]. Hemorrhage from
the lungs.
Pneumonorrhea (nu-mon-or-e'-ah) [_TTveviLt<jv, lung ;
poin, a flow]. A chronic mucous discharge from the
lung; also small, oft-repeated hemorrhages from the
lungs.
Pneumonosaprosis [iiu-mon-o-sap-ro'-sis). Synonym
of Pnenmoiiocaee.
Pneumonoscirrhus (nu-!non-o-skir'-us)\TTvevfj.uv, lung;
aKippur, hard]. Induration of the lung, associated
with bronchiectasis.
Pneumonosepsis (nu-mon-o-sep' -sis) l~vevfjuv, lung ;
ai/ii'ir, putrefaction]. Septic inflammation of the lung.
Pneumonosis (nu-mon'-o-sis) [Tn'Ei'y/wj', lung; voaoi;,
disease]. Any affection of the lungs.
Pneumonospasmos (nu-i?ion-o-spaz' -i?ios) . .Synonym
of . isthma .
Pneumonostenosis (nti-mon-o-sten-o' -sis) [jrvfi'/iwi',
lung; cF-f I'wrr/c, contraction]. Contraction of a lung.
Pneutnonosyrinx [)iu-tno}t-o-si'-rinq-ks)\Tn>Evfiuv, lung ;
cvpii'S, pipe]. A fistula of the lung; also, a syringe
for making injections into the lung. Synonym also of
Pneumonophyseter.
Pneumonotelectasis {nu-mon-o-tel-ek' -tas-is) [ttit I'/^uv,
lung; Te7ioc, completion; tKiaai^, dilatation]. Ad-
vanced emphysema of the lung.
Pneumonotomy [nu - mon - ot'- o - vie). Synonym of
Pneuiiiotomv.
Pneumony [nu-mo' -tie). Synonym of Pneumonia.
Pneumonyperpathia {nu-mon-i-per-pa' -the-ah) [ttwii-
//wr, lung; (V/y), in excess; Trd^of, disease]. A grave
disease of the lung.
Pneumonypostasis {nu-mon-i-pos' -tas-is). Synonym
of Pneumonia , Hypostatic.
Pneumoparesis [nu - mo - par' - es - is) [-rf f'/^ui', lung ;
Trdpeait;, paresis]. Progressive congestion of the
lungs apparently depending on vaso-motor deficiency
or other fault of innervation ; simple respiratory
failure.
Pneumopathy {nu-mop' -ath-e). Synonym of Pneumo-
nopathia.
Pneumopericarditis (nu-mo-per-ik-ar-di'-tis) [nvevfia, j
air; nepi, about; KapiVa, heart; irig, inflammation]. I
Pericarditis with the formation of gas in the pericar-
dial sac. I
Pneumopericardium (iiu-mo-per-ik-ar' -dc-um)\_-Kvn^a, \
air; TTfp/, about; K(ip6ta, heart]. The presence of j
gas in the pericardial sac. It is due to traumatism, |
or to communication between the pericardium and j
the esophagus, stomach, or lungs. It is marked by ;
tympanitic resonance over the precordial region, ■
metallic rhythmic gurglings, and friction-sounds. l
Pneumoperitonitis (nu-mo-per-it-on-i'-tis) [Trwij^a, |
air; nepLTovatuv, peritoneum; itl^, inflammation].
Peritonitis with the presence of gas in the peritoneal |
cavity. j
Pneumophthalmos (nu-moff-ihal'-mos) [Trvevpa, air; \
0(f)fln'/i/u6(;, eye]. The presence of air within the eye. j
Pneumophthisis (nu - mo^'- this - is) [nvevpuv, \ung;
(p6i(ji(;, wasting]. A destructive process in the lung. \
Pneumophyma {nu-mo-fi' -mah) \TTvtvp.idv, lung; ^i'/M, :
growth: //. , PneumopJiymata\ A tubercle of the 1
lung.
Pneumophymia (nu - mo - fi'- me - ah) [Trwi'i/zwi', lung ; '
0ii/;a, growth]. Tuberculosis of the lung. j
Pneumophyses {nu-mo-f -sez) \j:vEvpa, air; (pheiv, to
produce; (p'reaOai, to grow]. In biology, two mem-
branous sacs, always more or less filled with air, I
connected with the reproductive organs of the drone-
bee. In repose they are bent and flattened, but when
swollen they become hard and resistant, and take the
form of divergent horns, which, as they expand in
undergoing eversion, pass into and fill the bursa copu- ]
latrix of the queen. (Cheshire.) j
Pneumopleuritis (nu-mo-p/u-ri'-tis) \_TTvev/JO)v, lung;
-/tv/m, pleura; /r/f, inflammation]. Conjoined in- '
flammation of the lungs and pleura.
Pneumopyopericardium ( nu' -mo-pi' -o-per-ik-nr' -de- '
um) \_-n-rev/ja, air; Tvrnv, pus; rrepl, about; aaptVia, heart].
The presence of air or gas and pus in the pericardial sac.
Pneumopyothorax [nu' -mo-pi' -o-tlio' -raks) [ttwi"//", ;
air; Triior, pus ; HupaS, chest]. The presence of air
and pus in the cavity of the thorax. I
Pneumor (nu'-mor) [Trrfi'/zo, air ; amor, love]. Desire |
for air, or to breathe. I
Pneumorrhagia (nu-mor-a' -je-ah). See Hemoptysis. I
Pneumoscope {nu' -mo-shop). Synonym of Pneumo- ;
graph.
Pneumoserothorax (nu'-mo-se' -ro-tho' -rahs) [TTVeviia,
air; serum, serum; ftupni, chest]. The presence of |
air or gas and serum in the pleural cavity. |
Pneumosis (nu-mo'-sis). Same as Pneumonosis. |
Pneumoskeletal {nu-mo-skel' -et-al) [irvevfiuv, lung; i
cKCAeTov, a dry body]. Pertaining to a pneumo- I
skeleton. '
PNEUMOSKELETON
1131
PODENCEPHALUS
Pneumoskeleton [ii:i-/no-skcl' -et-on) [nve'vfiuv, lung;
CKCAETOV, a dry body]. In biology, a skeletal struc-
ture developed in connection with a respiratory
organ.
Pneumotherapeutic {)iii-mo-thei--ap-ii' -tik) \nvtvfia,
air; Oeparrsia, treatment]. Pertaining to pneumo-
therapy.
Pneumotherapeutics [iiii-ino-ther-ap-it' -tiksY Syno-
nym of Pneuiiwtherapy.
Pneumotherapy {iiu-7iio-ther' -ap-e) [rrwri^a, air, or
TTveb/Ltui', lung; deftaizeia, treatment]. The treatment
of diseases »f the lung. Synonym of Pneiimatotherapy.
Pneumothorax {nn-mo-tho'-raks) \jTvtvixa, air; tiupa^,
chest]. Distention of the pleural cavity with air or
gas. This condition may be due to traumatism or to
communication between the pleural cavity and some
one of the air-containing organs. It is not rare as a
complication of pulmonary tuberculosis, following
rupture of a cavity. It is marked by dyspnea, shock,
pain, a tympanitic (sometimes a dull) percussion-note
over the affected side, displacement of the heart, bell-
tympany, and diminished respiratory murmur. If there
be also serum or liquid present, as is likely to be the
case unless death ensue rapidly, the condition is called
Hydropnetmothorax, or pneumothorax with effusion.
P. by Occlusion, a condition in which there is no ap-
parent communicati6n between the air in the pleural
cavity and the external atmosphere. P., Patent, a
term used when the opening through which the air has
entered the pleura is free and unobstructed. P. sub-
phrenicus, pneumothorax due to perforation of the
diaphragm. P., Valvular, a term used when the
opening possesses a valvular character.
Pneumotomy [itu-»iot' -o-me) [nv^hfuov, lung; ro/^;, a
cutting]. I. Surgical incision of the lung. 2. The
anatomy, or dissection, of the lung.
Pneumotoxin [nu-mo-toks'-in] [nvt'vfj.ui', lung; to^ikov,
a poison] . Klemperer' s term for a poisonous albuminoid
body produced by the pneumococcus, and which,
when introduced into the circulation of an animal
causes elevation of temperature. Subsequently there
is produced in the body a substance, aiitipneumoioxiii,
which possesses the power of neutralizing the poison
which is formed by the bacteria.
Paeumotuberculum (iiu-mo-tn-ber'-kii-htni) [^Trvevfiuv,
lung; //^/'frrw/wOT, tubercle]. A tubercle of the lung.
Pneumo-typhoid [iiu - mo - ti'- foid'). Synonym of
Pnetuno-typhics.
Pneumo-typhus [nu-ino-ti' -fiis) [-rf/'/zur, lung; rvipng,
typhus]. A term given to those cases of typhoid
fever that begin with a definite pneumonia dependent
upon the typhoid-bacillus.
Pneuobiomantia {titi-o-bi-o-man' -she-aJi). Same as
Pnemiohiogncsis.
Pneusiobiognosis {mi-ze-o-bi-og-nc' -sis) \T:vevai<;. a
blowing; /3/of, life ; yvojffif, knowledge]. Docimasia
pulmonum, q. v.
Pneusis (/z^'-^/.t) [jTj'fZv, to breathe]. Respiration. P.
pertussis. Synonym of \V hooping-cough.
Pneusometer (^nu-som' -et-er). Synonym of Spiroineter.
^l^x^aXiovLi^ni-ga'-le-on) ^Trviya7iiuv ; Trviyeiv, to choke].
Nightmare ; incubus.
Pnigma (iiig' -mah) [Try/jrn', to choke]. Strangula-
tion.
Pnigophobia (tti-go-fo' -be-ah) \v:viyuv, to choke ; fojSog,
fear]. The fear of choking that sometimes accom-
panies angina pectoris.
Pnigos, Pnix, Pnixis [ni'-gos, niks, ni/cs'-is). Syno-
nyms of Pnigmn.
Pock {pok)\V).,pol;, a little pouch]. A pustule of an erup-
tive fever, especially of smallpox. P., Black. Syn-
onym of Black Smallpox. P. -broken, marked with
smallpox. P., Diphtheric, in smallpox, a pock the
seat of coagulation-necrosis with the production of a
whitish membrane. P. -hole, P. -mark, the pit left
by the smallpox pustule. P., Horn. Synonym of
Wjriola verntiosa. P. -house, a smallpox hospital.
P.-marked, marked with the cicatrices of the small-
pox-pustule. P., Master, a large pock seen in some
cases of smallpox, and which resembles the pustule of
inoculation-smallpox. P. -pitted. Synonym of Pock-
marked. P., Stone, an obselete term for an acne-
pustule.
Pocked {pokt) [D., /<;/;■, a little pouch]. Pitted;
marked with pustules.
Pocket {pok'-et) [ME., /iv/tv/, a pocket]. In anat-
omy, a blind sac, or sac-shaped cavity; the abdominal
cavity of certain fish. A diverticulum communicating
with a cavity.
Pocketing (pok'-et-ing) [ME., pocket, a pocket]. A
name given by Storer to a mode of treating the
pedicle in the operation of ovariotomy. It is accom-
plished by bringing the extremity of the pedicle
between the inner lips of the incision, at its lower
angle, thus securing its attachment to the raw surface
of the abdominal wall.
Pocky {pok'-e) [D., pok, a little pouch]. Having
pocks or pustules ; infected with variola or syphilis.
Poculiform { pok' -u-lif-onn) \_poailiim, cup; forma,
form]. In biology, deeply cup-.shaped, goblet-shaped.
Poculum [pok' -u-lu!?i) [L.]. A teacup. P. Diogenis
[Diogenes' cup]. The hollow of the hand.
Pod [origin obscure]. In biology, a more or less
elongated cylindric seed-vessel.
Podagra {pod-a'-grah) {rroh^, foot; aypa, seizure].
Gout, especially of the great toe or the joints of the
foot. P. aberrans, retrocedent gout.
Podagral [pod-a'-gral). Same as Podagric,
Podagric [pod-a'-grik) [ttovi;, foot; dypa, seizure].
Gouty.
Podagrism [ pod' -ag-riz?ji) \_no'vr, foot; ay pa, seizure].
Goutiness.
Podagrous [pod-a' -gms) . Synonym of Podagric.
Podalgia (pod-al'-je-ah) [Tro/if [gfn. TTofior), foot;
(i/yof, pain]. Pain in the foot.
Podalic (pod-al'-ik) [Troiif, foot]. Pertaining to the
feet. P. Version, in obstetrics, the operation of
changing the position of the fetus in utero so as to
bring the feet to the outlet.
Podanencephalia [pod-an-en-sef-a'-le-ah] [ttcivc, foot;
a priv. ; evyK((pnAn^, headless]. Anencephalia with a
pedunculated head.
Podarthral {pod-ar' -thral) \_~n'rc, foot; apflpov, a
joint]. Pertaining to the podarthrum.
Podarthritis ( pod-ar-thri' -lis) [tto/'c, foot ; apdpnv,
joint; /Tir, inflammation]. Gouty inflammation of the
joints of the feet.
Podarthrocace ( pod-ar-/hrok'-as-c) [Trouf , foot ; apftpnv,
joint; KtiKor, evil]. Caries of the articulations of the
feet.
Podarthrum {pod-ar' -thru iii) [ttoiV, foot; apflpov, a
joint: //. , Podarthra'\. In biology, the foot-joint or
metatarso-phalangeal articulation.
Podedema ( pod-e-de' -niah) [Trorf , foot ; ohhjfia, edema].
Edema of the foot.
Podelcoma, 'Podie:\kdma[pod-el-ko'-mah). See Pungus-
foot.
Podencephalia [pod-en-scf-a' -k-ah) [jvoic, foot; eyKe-
(paTio^, brain]. The condition present in a poden-
cephalus.
Podencephalus ( pod-eji-sef' -al-iis) \ttovi:, foot ; eyKF(p-
a/ioc, brain]. A variety of single autositic monsters
of the species exencephalus, in which there is a pro-
trusion of the cranial contents from the top of the
PODETIIFORM
1132
POIKILOCYTE
head, the tumor assuming a pedunculated character.
There is usually a considerable degree of hydro-
cephalus present.
Podetiiform {pod-e-te'-if-orm) [Troijf, foot; forvia,
form]. Resembling a podetium.
Podetium {pod-e'-sJw-iim) [Troif, a foot]. In biology,
the stalk of an apothecium in lichens or a fruit-stalk in
Marchantia.
Podex (po'-deks) \_pode.x, the anus : Podices']. In
biology, the rump, uropygium, or pygidium.
Podical [ pod' -ik-al ) \_ podex, the anus]. Pertaining to
the podex.
Podismus [pod-iz'-?/itts) [rroJ/ffn', to measure by feet].
Spasm of the muscles of the foot.
Podite (pod' -It) [ttow;, foot]. In biology, the limb of
a crustacean, usually seven-jointed. Cf. , Endopodite,
£xopodi/e, Epipodite , Basipodite, Coxopodi/e, Dactylo-
podite, Ischiopodite, Meropodite.
Poditic [po-dit' -ik) \_noi%, foot]. Pertaining to a podite.
Podium (po'-de-iiin) [ttoAoi', a little foot: //. , Podia'].
In biology, the foot or supporting organ. Commonly
used in compounds, as Mouopodiiii/i, Synipodiuni,
Propodium, Mesopodiitm, Metapodium, Epipodiuin.
Podobranchia {pod - a - brang' -ke - ah) [TToi'f a foot;
l3pay;(ia, gills: , Podol!?-anchia:'\. In biology, a
branchial plume or foot-gill ; a respiratory organ of
crustaceans attached to the coxa.
Podobranchial [ pod-o-tn-ang' -kc-al) [Troi'f, foot; /Spay-
Xm , gills]. Pertaining to a podobranchia.
Podobranchiate {pod - o - brang'- ke - at) [iroyf, foot;
i]f)ayxia, gills]. In biology, provided with podo-
branchirc.
Podobromhidrosis { pod-o-brom-hid-ro' -sis) [Troif, foot;
l}f)C>liiii, stench; Mpwf, sweat]. Offensive sweating
of the feet.
Podocace { po-dok'-as-e). Synonym of Podarthrocace.
Podocephalous {pod-o-sef -al-iis) [jro/'f (jrod-), foot;
K((pii'A.ri, head]. In biology, applied to a head of
flowers when borne upon a distinct stalk.
Pododynia {pod-o-din' -e-ah) \ttovc^, foot; bdvvri, pain].
Pain in the foot, and especially in the sole of the
foot ; the word is now usually limited to painful
heel, a neuralgic condition about the heel, attended
with little or no swelling, no discoloration, and
no affection of the joints. The pains are very severe,
though often limited to a very small area. It may be
associated with rheumatism or gout, and with certain
occupations requiring much standing.
Podoedema ( pod-e-de' -mah). See Podedenia.
Podogyn, Podogynium [ po'-do-jin, po-do-jin'-e-imi)
[-oi'f, foot; yvvl], female: //. , Podogynia]. See
GvnopJiore and Basigyiiiiim.
Podology { pod-ol' -o-ji') [rrni'f, foot; ?o;of, science].
The anatomy and physiology, etc., of the foot.
Podophthalmic, Podophthalmous {pod-off-thai' -mik,
pod-off-thai' -imis) [TToiif, foot ; b(l)Ha'Afi6^ , eye]. Hav-
ing the eye fixed at the end of a projecting, movable
stalk, as in crustaceans.
Podophthalmite {pod-off-thai' -init) [iro/'f, foot; htff^a'k-
jior, eye]. In biology, the distal of two joints of the
eye-stalk or ophthalmite of a stalk-eyed crustacean,
as distinguished from the basiophthalmite.
Podophyllic {pod-o-fil'-ik) [-orf, foot; ^i'/'./ or, leaf].
Derived from podophyllin. P. Acid, a resinous,
amorphous substance, found in the podophyllin of
commerce.
Podophyllin { pod-o-fil'-iii). See Podophyllum.
Podophyllitis {pod - o -fil - i' - lis) [jrofjc, foot ; m'vXkov,
leaf; itic, inflammation]. Inflammation of the podo-
phyllous tissues of the hoof.
Podophyllotoxin { pod - o - fil -o - toks'- in) [ttdvc, foot ;
(j>vXAov, leaf; to^ikov, poison]. The principal ac-
tive constituent of the resin of podophyllum. It is a
white, amorphous resin, very poisonous, soluble in
alcohol, ether, and chloroform, slightly so in water.
PodophyUous ( po<l-o-/il'-ifs) [n-ot'f , foot ; ^Wi/'ioi', leaf].
In biology, pertaining to the laminated tissues of the
foot, as those inside the hoof ; having compressed,
leaf-like feet.
Podophyllum { pod-o-fil' -iiin) [7ro?'f, foot ; (phMov, leaf].
May-apple. The root of mandrake, P. peltatitm. It
contains podophyllin, and this a- poisonous material,
podopliyllotoxin. It is a tonic astringent, cholagogue,
and purgative, and is apt to produce nausea. It is re-
commended in remittent fever, bilious vomiting, and
malarial jaundice. Dose of the root gr. v-xx; of j
the resin, podophyllin, gr. 'g-j. P., Abstract.
Dose gr. Ext. Dose gr. j-v. P., Ext.,
Fid. Dose rtLij-xx. P., Tinct. (B. P.). Dose
"Lxv-gj. _ i
Podorrheumatism {pod-or-rii' -mat-iziii) \tto'v(;, foot;
ptt'jin, flux]. Rheumatism of the foot.
Podoscaph {pod' -o-skaf) \_~ol%, foot ; OKaibo^, a ship], ''
In biology, a hollow, skiff-like member attached to the
foot of certain water birds.
Podosperm, Podospermium {pod'- o- sperm, pod- o-
sper' -me-um) [tto'v(;, foot; mrepfia, seed]. In biology, |
the stalk of an ovule or seed. See Funicle. ^
Podostomatous {pod-o-sto' -mat-ns) [Troi'if, foot ; arS/xa, I
mouth]. In biology, having foot-like mouth-parts. i
Podotheca {pod-o-thc' -kah) [Troijf , foot ; fi'/z/c^, sheath : I
//. , Podotheca]. In biology: {a) the envelop of the j
legs and feet of a bird ; (/') the covering of a leg in
the pupa of an insect.
Podotrochilitis {pod-o-trok-il-i'-tis) [yTovg, foot; rpop'-
A/a, pulley; itii;, inflammation]. A'avicular disease;
an inflammatory disease of the fore-foot in the horse, |
involving the synovial sheath between the sesamoid or '
navicular bone of the third phalanx and the flexor per-
forans muscle over it.
Podwyssozki's Theory of Inflammation. See under ;
Theory.
'Pody-p&ridTosis {po-di-per-id-?-o' -sis) [jrorf, foot ; vnsp, j
over; '((ypucrjf, sweating]. Excessive sweating of the
feet. I
Pcecilia {pe-sil'-e-ah ). Same as Achroma.
Pcecilocyte {pe' -sil-o-sit). Se.t Poikilocyte.
Pcecilocytosis {pe-sil-o-si-to'-sis). See Poikilocytosis.
Pcecilomelasma {pe-sil-o-mel-az'-mah) [Troi/c/zlof, va-
ried; fii'/aaiia, livid spot]. Synonym of Gangrene,
Senile.
Pcecilonym {pe' -sil-o-niin) [ 7ro«/A of, various ; bvv/M,a
name]. In biology, one of many onyms or technical
names for the same part.
Pceciloperissoma {pc-sil-o-per-is-o'-mah) [Troav'/lof, \
varied ; ~efiiar:u)m, superabundance]. An excessive
growth of heterogeneous tissues. i
Pogoniasis {po-go-ni'-as-is) [ttwjui', beard]. Exces-
sive growth of the beard ; growth of beard in a |
woman. |
Pogoniate { po-go' -ne-at) [ttw} 6j)7(ir//c, bearded]. In
biology, webbed ; bearded. '
Pogonium { po-go' -ne-iiiii) [7rw)w, beard]. A small
l)eard ; also, the web of a feather. _ j
Pogonology {po-go-nol' -o-je) [ttwju!', beard; Aoj'Of,
science]. Description of the beard. j
Pogonotrophy {po-gon-of -ro-fe) \_-uyuv, beard; rpo*//,
nourishment]. Nutrition of the beard. I
Poikiloblast { poi' -kil-o-blast). See Corpuscle. ^ '
Poikilocyte {poi'-kil-o-sit) [-o/h/'/or, varied; Kvrof, I
cell]. A large, irregularly shaped red blood-corpus- |
cle. Poikilocytes are most abundant in the blood in !
pernicious anemia, but also occur in other forms oi |
anemia. '
POIKILOCYTHEMIA
1133
POINT
Poikilocythemia [poi-kil- o-si-tke'-me- a/i) [7ro//c/7i,of ,
varied ; ki-toc, cell ; alfia, blood]. The presence of
poikilocytes in the blood.
Poikilocytosis [poi-kiZ-o-si-to'-sis) [7ro«K/?iOf, varied;
KVTOc, cell]. A condition of the blood marked by ir-
regularity in the shape of the red corpuscles ; it occurs
preeminently in pernicious anemia, but also in other
forms of anemia.
Poikilothermal ( poi - kil - o - ther'- mal ) . Synonym of
Poikilotherinic .
Poikilothermic ( poi-ki!-o-ther' -mik) [7ro(/f/Aof , varied ;
Oipfirj, heat]. Varying in temperature according to
the surroundings. A term applied to cold-blooded
animals, the temperature of which adapts itself easily
to their environment.
Point [M'E., point, a point]. The sharp end of an ob-
ject; in the mathematic sense, that which has position
but no dimensions. P., Alveolar, the central point
in the lower margin of the upper alveolar arch. P.
apophysaire, P., Apophyseal, a name given by
Trousseau to a tender spot over the spinous process of
a vertebra, which, in neuralgic affections, corresponds
to the origin of the nerve involved. P., Auricular,
in craniometry, the center of the external auditory
meatus. P., Boiling, the degree of temperature at
which a liquid passes into the vaporous state with
ebullition. P., Cardinal, in optics, one of the si.x
points that determine the direction of the rays enter-
ing or emerging from a series of refracting media.
P., Cardinal, of Capuron. See Pelvis. P., Cra-
niometric. See Craniometric Points. P., Critical
(of gases'), a temperature at or above which a gas can-
not be liquefied by pressure alone. Different gases
have different, but fixed critical points. P., Critical
(of liquids), that temperature at which a liquid, regard-
less of the pressure to which it is subjected, assumes
a gaseous form. P., Deaf (of the ear), one of certain
points near the ear where, as shown by Urbantschitsch,
a vibrating tuning-fork cannot be heard. The fork is
held perpendicularly and is moved from the zygoma
backward toward the occiput. The first point is at
the lower end of the tragus; the second, where the
helix intersects the line along which the fork is moved.
P., Dew, the temperature at which the atmospheric
moisture is deposited as dew. P. of Dispersion,
in optics, the virtual focus. Ps. douloureux, the
tender spots at the exit of nerves the seat of neu-
ralgic pain. See Ps., Valleix's. P. of Election, in
surgery, that point at which a certain operation is done
by preference. P., Erb's, the siipradaviciilar point,
a point above the middle of the clavicle where a
group of muscles consisting of the deltoid, biceps,
brachialis anticus, and supinator longus can be stimu-
lated to contraction. P., Eye: I. An ocellus, q.v.
2. The bright circle seen at the crossing-point of the
rays above the microscopic ocular. P., Far-, the re-
motest point of distinct vision ; in the emmetropic eye,
it is at infinity, but it is practically considered to be at
20 feet from the eye ; in the myopic eye at a finite dis-
tance in front of the eye ; in the hyperopic eye, beyond
infinity, — practically beyond 20 feet. P., Fixation,
that point on the visual axis at which an object is most
distinctly seen. P., Focal, one of the two principal
foci of a dioptric system. In the eye there is an ante-
rior and a posterior focal point. The former is that
point at which emerging rays that are parallel in the
vitreous would converge in front of the eye ; while
the posterior is that point in the back of the eye
at which entering rays, that are parallel when they
strike the cornea, meet. P., Freezing, the degree
of temperature at which a liquid substance, usually
water or watery fluids, becomes solid. P., Fusing,
P., Fusion. Synonym of /*., P., Hystero-
epileptogenous. P., Hysterogenic. See Zone. P.
of Incidence, in optics, that point on a surface upon
which a ray of light falls. P., Intersuperciliary, the
central point of a line joining the most prominent
points of the two superciliary arches. P., Jugal, the
point of intersection of a line tangent to the upper
border of the zygoma and one marking the posterior
border of the frontal process of the malar bone, P.
of Least Resistance. See Loctis ininoris resisten-
tii^. P., Malar, the most prominent point on the
external surface of the malar bone. P., McBurney's,
a point two and a half inches distant from the anterior
superior spine of the right ilium, on a line drawn from
the spine to the umbilicus. It is often the seat of
greatest tenderness in appendicitis. P., Melting, the
degree of temperature at which fusible solids begin to
melt. P., Metopic, the glabella, q. v. P., Motor, the
point on the surface of the body corresponding to the
place where the motor nerve enters a muscle, and where
an electrode must be applied to produce the maximum
contraction of the muscle by electric stimulation. See
Motor Point. P., Nasal. Synonym of A'asioiz. P.,
Near-, the nearest point at which the eyes can accom-
modate to see distinctly. P., Near-, Absolute, the
nearest point at which accommodation in a single eye
is still possible without vision becoming indistinct.
P., Near-, Binocular, the nearest point at which the
means of accommodation and the convergence of the
visual axes of an object can be seen distinctly. P.,
Nodal, in optics, the center of curvature of a spherical
lens or refracting surface, through which rays of light
pass, joining conjugate points. P., Occipital, the
pointed posterior extremity of the occipital lobe of
the brain. P., Occipital, Maximum, in craniometry,
the point of the longest antero-posterior diameter which
is most distant from the glabella. P., Ophryon. Syno-
nym of Ophryon. P., Orbital, External, in crani-
ometry, the most prominent point at the outer edge of
the orbit. It is just above the fronto-malar bones.
P. of Ossification, the center of ossification in a bone.
P., Painful, the point where a nerve, the seat of neu-
ralgia, is tender on pressure. It is usually at the exit
of the nerve from a bony canal, or where it passes
through fascia. See Ps. , Valleix's. P., Physio-
logic Middle (of the retina) , the fovea centralis. Ps.,
Principal, in optics, the two points in the optic axis
of a lens that are so related that lines drawn from these
points to the corresponding points in the object and
its image are parallel. P. of Reflection, in optics,
the point from which a ray of light is reflected. P.
of Refraction, in optics, the point at which a ray of
light is refracted. P. of Regard, the point at which
the eye is directly looking. Its image falls in the
middle of the macula lutea. P., Retinal, Corres-
ponding. See P., Retinal, Identical. P., Retinal,
Disparate, one of those points on the retina whence
images are projected, not to the same, but to different
points in space. Ps., Retinal, Identical, correspond-
ing points on the two retina;, the images of which are
projected to the same spot in space. P. of Sight.
Same as P. of Vision. P. , Subnasal, in craniometry,
the middle of the inferior border of the anterior nares,
or the root of the anterior nasal spine. P., Supra-
auricular, in craniometry, the point at the root of
the zygomatic process directly over the auricular point.
P., Supraclavicular, 'ne.^ P., Erb' s. P., Supra -
nasal. Same as Ophryon. P., Supra-orbital, a
tender point in neuralgia just above the supra-orbital
notch. P., Vaccine. See Vaccine Point. Ps.,
Valleix's (Pointes doiilouretix), the points at which
neuralgic nerves are tender on pressure. This ten-
POINTED
1134
POLARIZATION
derness is of diagnostic signilicance, and generally
persists in the intervals between attacks. In trigeminal
neuralgia these points are at the supra-orbital notch,
at the infraorbital, and at the mental foramen. P.
of Vision, the position from which anything is ob-
served. P., Vital, a spot in the oblongata corre-
sponding to the seat of the respiratory center, and
puncture of which causes immediate death.
Pointed {point' -cJ) [ME., point, a point]. Having a
point. P. Condyloma. See Venereal Wart.
Pointillage { pwan'- til - yahzh) [Fr.]. Massage by
means of the finger-tips.
Pointing [point' -ing) [ME., point, a point]. The
coming to a point. P. of an Abscess, the process
by which pus from the deeper structures reaches the
surface.
Poiseuille's Space. The peripheral zone in the capil-
lary vessel between the wall of the capillary and the
central current of the red blood-discs.
Poison {poi'-zn) [ME., poison] . A substance
that destroys the life of an organism or impairs the
functions of one or more of its organs. "A substance
capable of producing noxious and even fatal effects
upon the system, no matter by what avenue it be
introduced ; and this, as an ordinary result, in a
healthy state of the body, and not by a mechanical
action." (Reese.) See Poisons, Table of, pp. 1136-
1149. P., Aerial. Same as Miasm. P., Arrow, a
poison, generally a vegetable extract, applied by sav-
ages to the heads of their arrows. Curare, employed
by the inhabitants of Guiana, is one of the best icnown
of these poisons. P. -ash. "^^ee C/iionatttkus. P.-bag.
See P.-sae. P., Blood, a substance having a destruc-
tive action upon the blood. P., Frog, an animal
poison applied by the Indians of Colombia to their
arrow-heads. P., Gaboon. See P. of Pahonias. P.-
gland, a gland secreting poison. P., Hematic.
Synonym of P., Blood. P., Irritant, one producing
irritation or destruction, such as mineral acids, alkalies,
caustics, and other corrosive substances. P.-ivy, a
shrub vine of North America, Rhus toxicodendron. It
produces a severe cutaneous inflammation. See Pints.
P., Morbid, the etiologic poisonous element of a
specific disease. P., Muscle: l. A substance that
impairs or destroys the proper functions of muscles.
2. A poisonous albumin developed during muscular
activity. P., Narcotic, one affecting the cerebral or
cerebral and spinal centers, producing stupor, delirium,
etc., such as opium, hydrocyanic acid, and carbon
monoxid. See, also, Antidote, and Drug. P.,
Nerve, one impairing or destroying the conducting-
power of nerves. P. -oak, a low form of the poison-
iw. P., Ordeal, any one of the vegetable poisons, such
as Phvsostigina , used by savages in the trial of accused
persons to determine their guilt or innocence. P.-
organ, an organic apparatus for producing a poisonous
material. P. of Pahonias, or Phonias, a very
virulent poison obtained from the seeds of Stroplianthiis
hispidtis, and used as an arrow-poison. It is also
called Gaboon poison. P., Protoplasmic, one de-
stroying the vital properties of living protoplasm.
P. -sac, a sac containing or secreting poison ; a
poison-gland. P. -vine. See P. -ivy.
Poisoning (poi'-zji-ing) [MY... poisoicn, a poison]. The
act of administering or ingesting any poisonous sub-
stance in doses sufficient to destroy life or health. P.,
Blood, a condition in which the quality of the blood
is altered by reason of the presence in it of a poison ;
ordinarily, synonymous with Septicemia.
Poisonous [poi'-zn-ns) [ME. ,/ot'5o««, poison] . Hav-
ing the properties of a poison ; venomous.
Poke-root [pdi''-riit). See Phytolacca.
Polar (po'-lar) \_poliis, a pole]. Pertaining or belong-
ing to the poles. P. Crown, the disc of chromatin-
grains at each pole of the nuclear spindle in karyokine-
sis. P. Field, the clear space enclosed by the 1
chroniatin-loops of the loose skein, in ktiryokinesis,
and in which the nuclear spindle appears. Cf Sphere
of Attraction, Cenfrosoine. P. Globules, two masses
of nuclear substance detached from the nuclear
spindles during karyokinesis. They appear to be
necessary to the complete maturation of the ovum,
although they ultimately disappear. Only one polar
globule occurs in parthenogenetic ova. They have
been described by Fleming in white blood-corpuscles.
The significance of the polar bodies is not definitely
known. According to certain embryologists the ovum
is originally hermaphroditic, the polar bodies repre-
senting the male element, which the ovum expels in
order to prepare for the entrance of the male pronu-
cleus. An analogous condition, leading also to the
loss of certain elements, is thought to exist in the
spermatozoon, which likewise is originally hermaphro-
ditic. Weismann looks upon the polar bodies as
masses of ovogenetic nucleoplasm which are expelled
from the ovum, in order that the more important
germ-plasm may develop actively. The bodies are
also known as the polar globules of Robin. P.
Method, a method of applying electricity in electro-
therapeutics, in which the pole whose distinctive effect
is wanted is placed over the part to be treated, and the
other pole over some indifferent part. P. Nucleus,
in biology, the fourth nucleus in each group at the two
extremities of the embryo-sac. P. Reaction, in
electricity, the measure of muscular contraction that
follows the application of the positive (anode) or
fiegative (kathode) pole to a nerve or muscle. P.
Vesicle. Same as P. Globule. P. Zone. See
Zone.
Polarimeter {po-lar-iin' -et-er") \_polus. pole ; fiirpov, a
measure]. An instrument for determining the degree
to which an optically active substance changes the
plane of polarization to the right or to the left.
Polarimetry { po-lar-ini' -et-re) \_polus, pole; fihpov,
measure]. The use of the polarimeter.
Polariscope {po-lar'-is-kdp) \_polus, pole; OKonnv, to
view]. An optic instrument for exhibiting the polari-
zation of light, or for examining substances in polarized
light. The essential parts are the polarizing and ana-
lyzing prisms.
Polariscopic { po-lar-is-kop'-ik) [polus, Y>o\t; okottsIv,
to view]. Pertaining to a polariscope.
Polariscopy {po-lar' -is-kop-e) \_polus, pole; okottuv, to
view]. The use of the polariscope.
Polaristrobometer {po - lar - is -tro -bom' - et - er) [poliis, >
pole ; aroopo^, a whirling round ; fierpov, measure].
A form of polarimeter or saccharimeter that furnishes a
delicate means of fixing the plane of polarization as
rotated by the sugar- solution under examination.
Polarite ( po'-lar-lt) [polus, a pole]. A filtering-
material containing 50 per cent, of magnetic oxid and
iron carbonate ; it is used in the artificial filtration of
sewage.
Polarity (po-lar' -it-e) [polus, pole]. The state or \
quality of having poles or points of intensity willi
mutually opposite qualities. In electro therapeutics,
that condition of -a nerve in which the part nearest the
negative pole is in a state of increased, and that near-
est the positive is in a state of decreased irritability.
Polarization {po-lar-iz-a'-shtui) \_polus, pole]. The
act of forming poles or points of intensity having
qualities mutually opposite. P., Chromatic, polar-
ization accompanied liy a play of colors. P., Circu-
lar, the turning of tlie plane of polarization to the
POLARIZER
1135
POLITZERATION
right or left. P. of Light, the breaking up of a ray of
light into two separate parts whose planes of vibration
are at right angles to each other. It is usually accom-
plished by passing the ray through a doubly refracting
medium.
Polarizer [po'-Iar-i-zer) \_pohis, pole]. In microscopy,
one of the Nicol prisms placed beneath the object
and by means of which the light is polarized.
Pole [pol) \_-o/ xti;, polus , a pole]. The extremity of an
axis ; a point on a sphere ecjually distant from every part
of the circumference of a great circle of the sphere. In
electricity, one of the points of a body at which its
attractive or repulsive energy is concentrated. In
galvanic or dynamic electricity, the electrodes of a
cell or of a generator. In magnetism, one of the
points of maximum intensity of magnetic force. P.,
Antigerminal, the pole of an ovum opposite the
germinal pole ; it is the pole at which the food-yolk is
situated. P., Cephalic, the end of the fetal ellipse
where the head of the fetus is situated. P. -changer,
a switch or key for changing or reversing the direction
of a current produced by any electric source, such
as a battery. P. Corpuscles. See Polar Glolnilcs.
Ps. of the Eye, the anterior and posterior poles of the
optic axis. P., Germinal, P., Germinative, the pole
of the egg at which the development of the embryo
begins. P., Lower, of an egg. See P., Antiger-
minaL P., Negative, the electrode or any other
j termination of the wire which is attached to the posi-
tive element in the galvanic cell. P., North, in a
magnet, the extremity directed toward the north. P.,
Nutritive. Synonym of P., Antigerminal. P., Oc-
cipital, the posterior pointed extremity of the occipital
lobe. P., Pelvic, the extremity of the fetal ellipse at
which the breech is situated. P., Positive, the elec-
trode or other terminal portion of the wire which is
connected with the negative element of a galvanic
battery. P., South, in a magnet, the extremity di-
rected toward the south. P., Upper, in an egg, the
P. , Germinal, q. v. P., Vitelline. Synonym of P.,
Antigerminal.
Polemophthalmia [pol-em-off-thal' -me-ali) \_'K6\ejioq,
war; b(pfla'Aij6<; , eye]. Military ophthalmia ; the oph-
thalmia of soldiers.
I Polenta [po-len'-tah) [L.]. In Italy, a maize-meal
t porridge.
Poliater [pol'-e-a-fe?-) [-oA/f , city ; taT//p, physician].
Formerly, a physician licensed to practise by the
public authorities of a city.
Police {po-les') {jrn'Xiq, a city]. I. Public order. 2.
An organized civil force for maintaining order. P.,
Sanitary, the body of officials in the employ of a city,
state or nation, whose duty it is to look after the
hygienic condition as it affects the public health.
Policeman's Disease. Synonym of Tarsalgia.
Policlinic [pol-ik-lin'-ik) [koAl^, city; Kkivr], couch].
A general city hospital. Cf. Polyclinic.
Poliencephalitis [pol-e-en-sef-al-i'-lis] {jvoltor, gray ;
£y/cf(/)a/lo]', brain ; ltiq, inflammation]. An inflamma-
tion of the gray matter of the cortex of the brain. P.
acuta, an acute inflammation of the cerebral cortex in
children, giving rise to infantile cerebral palsy. P.,
Anterior Superior, an inflammatory disease of the gray
matter of the third ventricle, of the anterior portion of
the fourth, and of that about the Sylvian aqueduct.
The condition is usually acute and has, as a rule, a
well marked clinical picture, including ophthalmo-
plegia, chiefly external, and a peculiar somnolent
state ; there is no other paralysis ; sensation is not
aftected. The disease appears as if caused by infection,
and is usually fatal, although recovery may take place.
This disease may be related to the African sleeping-
sickness, nelavan, and to a similar disease occasion-
ally observed in .Switzerland and Lombardy. P.
corticalis, inflammation of the gray matter of the
cerebral cortex. P., Posterior, inflammation of the
gray matter of the posterior portion of the fourth
ventricle.
Polimitus malarise {pol-iin' -it-ns). See under Para-
sites [Animal ), Table of.
Polioencephalitis [pol-e-o-en-sef-al-i' -tis^. See Poli-
encephalitis.
Polioencephalo-myelitis {pol-e-o-en-sef -al-o-mi-el-i' -
tis). Synonym of Poliomyelencephalitis.
Poliomyelencephalitis (pol-e-o-mi-el-en-se/-al-i'-tis)
[7ro?i(dc, gray; |t;!)t/*,of, marrow ; «y/cf(/)a/lor, brain ; ith;,
inflammation]. Poliomyelitis and poliencephalitis ex-
isting together.
Poliomyelepathy [pol-e-o-mi-el-ep' -ath-e)\_~o/ iuq, gray;
/yuf/df, marrow ; TrdSof, disease]. Disease of the gray
matter of the spinal cord.
Poliomyelitis [pol-e-o-ini-el-i'-fis) [tzo'aioc, gray; iive'Koq,
marrow; /r/r, inflammation]. Inflammation of the
gray matter of the spinal cord. P., Acute Anterior,
acute inflammation of the anterior horns of the gray
matter of the spinal cord, leading to a destruction of the
large multipolar cells of these horns. It is most common
in children, coming on during the period of the first
dentition and producing a paralysis of certain muscle-
groups or of an entire limb. The onset is sudden,
and the paralysis is usually most extensive in the
beginning, a certain amount of improvement taking
place subsequently. There are no sensory disturb-
ances. The aftected muscles atrophy rapidly, the
reflexes in them are lost, and reactions of degeneration
are present. From contraction of antagonistic muscles
deformities develop later in life. The disease is also
known as Infantile Palsy. P., Chronic Anterior.
Synonym of Progressive Musctdar Atrophy.
Poliomyelopathy [pol-e-o-mi-el-op' -atli-e) [^o/'i/df, gray;
/;Df/dc', marrow ; Traffot, disease]. Disease of the gray
matter of the cord.
Polioplasm, Polioplasma { pol' -e-o-plazm , pol-e-o-plaz' -
mail) [xoAidf, gray; ■n'/dofia, plasm]. Granular proto-
plasm.
Poliosis [pol-e-o' -sis) [TroZ/df, hoary or gray]. A con-
dition characterized by absence of pigment in the hair.
See Canities.
Poliotes ( pol-e-o' -tez) [-oA/df , hoary or gray. .Synonym
of Ca>iities.
Poliothrix {poF -e-o-thriks) [7ro/.(df, gray; '^p/?, hair].
Synonym of Canities.
Polish {po'-lish) [Pol., Polski, Polish]. Pertaining to
Poland. P. Plait. See Plica polonica. P. Ring-
worm. Same as Plica polonica.
Polishing Red. Same as Colcothar.
Polity [pol'-it-e^ [rrdAjf, a city]. A form of govern-
ment. The functions of the government of a city
or town. P., Medical, the sanitary regulations of a
community.
Politzer's Ear-bag. An instrument for filling the tym-
panic cavity with air. It consists essentially of a
large, gourd-like rubber bulb and a tube with a hard-
rubber tip to fit into the nose. P.'s Method, a method
of inflating the middle ear and clearing the Eustachian
tube by filling one nostril with air from a rubber-bag,
the other ear being closed and the patient, at the
moment of inflation, performing the act of swallow-
ing, during which the pharyngeal end of the Eusta-
chian tube is open.
Politzeration, Politzerization [pol-its-er-a'-sktm, pol-
its-er-iz-a' -sJiuu) [after Adam Politzer, an Austrian
physician]. The inflation of the middle ear by means
of Politzer's bag.
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Treatment and Antidotes.
Evacuate; quick purgative; stimu-
lants.
Evacuate ; quick purgative ; Glau-
ber's or Epsom salts ; stimulants.
Evacuate; heart stimulants.
Evacuate ; demulcent drinks ; opium.
Evacuate ; atropin ; stimulants ; arti-
ficial respiration; hot and cold
douche.
Bread in crumbs, then emetic.
Sulphate of iron ; albumin ; evacuate.
Evacuate; demulcent drinks.
Evacuate.
Stomach-pump; tannin ; mucilaginous
drinks ; heart-stimulants.
Evacuate ; stimulants ; warmth ; cof-
fee.
Evacuate; demulcent drinks; opium.
Mode of
Producing Death
Paralysis of the respi-
ratory centers.
Paralysis of heart.
Fatal Dose.
5iij fid. extract.
Recovery from 5j
of oil.
Sss aqueous ext.
Symptoms of Poisoning.
Nausea, vomiting, irritation of eyes, depression, se-
vere urticaria, or nettle-rash.
Gastro-intestinal catarrh, nausea, heat and pain,
vomiting and purging, fainting, convulsions, small
and frequent pulse ; pupils dilated ; delirium, stupor,
death.
Rigidity of muscles, respiration shallow and slow,
pupils small, odor of breath resembling amyl nitrite.
Violent irritation of alimentary canal; vomiting;
griping.
Very similar in action to Acid, Salicylic, q. v.
Pain in brows and eyeballs; dimness of vision, ptosis,
diplopia, staggering, pain in chest, suffocation,
spasm, foaming at mouth, coma.
Purely irritant ; may have hematemesis.
Causes a pink stain upon the skin.
Violent purging ; pain.
Unconsciousness, extremities cold, pulse small, pupils
slightly dilated, vomiting, delirium, opisthotonos.
Resemble malignant cholera ; abdominal pain, vomit-
ing, purging, vertigo, cold sweats, and collapse.
Vomiting, pain in the head and abdomen, purging,
contraction of pupils, loss of consciousness, col-
lapse.
Irritation of alimentary tract ; vomiting ; purging.
Character of
Poison.
Irritant.
tharis.
Inebriant.
Irritant.
Irritant.
Hyposthenisant.
Irritant.
Irritant.
Irritant.
Abortive. |
Specific irritant.
1 Irritant.
Name.
Fish, Poisonous. (Several
kinds of fish, particular-
ly shell- fish, are con-
stantly poisonous, while
some are so only to
particular constitu-
tions.)
Fish-berries. See Cocculiis.
Fly, Spanish. See Can
Foxglove. See Digitalis.
Fungi. (Several forms of
fungi, known as mush-
rooms, toadstools, truf-
fles, etc., are directly poi-
sonous.)
Fusel-oil.
Gamboge.
Gaultheria procumbens
(Wintergreen).
Gelsemium sempervirens
( Yellow Jessamine).
Glass.
Gold.
Gratiolus officinalis
(Hedge-hyssop).
Hedeoma (Pennyroyal).
Hellebore, Green and
White. See Veratrum.
Helleborus niger (Black
Hellebore).
Hemlock. See Conium.
Henbane. See Hyoscya
Holly Berries (flex aquifo-
liiim).
Homatropin. See Atropa.
Hura crepitans (Sand-liox).
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POLLINOSE
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Politzerize i^pol' -its-er-iz) [after Politzer, an Austrian
physician]. To treat by Politzer's method.
Poll {pol) [ME., poll, head]. The head, especially
the back portion, of an individual or of an animal.
P. -evil, in farriery, an abscess behind the ears of a
horse, producing a fistula.
PoUakiuria ( pol-ak-i-it' -re-aJi) [-o/i/.d/c/f, often ; ovpov,
urine]. Abnormal increased frequency of micturition.
Polled (poM) [ME., poll, the head]. A term applied
to cattle without horns. P. Angus, a race of cattle
without horns, indigenous to Great Britain.
Pollemphytensis i^pol-etn-Ji-ten' -sis) [-o/.Aof, many;
e^u(jiVTivea', to implant]. Multiple vaccinations in dif-
ferent parts of the body.
Pollen [pol'-i'n) \_pollen, fine dust]. In biology, the
fecundating element produced in the anthers of flower-
ing plants. It occurs as separate one-celled, globular,
or irregular grains varying as to species. The central
protoplasm is inclosed in two coats, the inner of which
is called the iiUine, the outer the exti?ie. P. -basket.
See Corbiculum. P. Catarrh. See Hay-fever . P.-
cell, in biology, the cell, sac, or chamber of an anther
in which the pollen is produced. P. -chamber, the
cavity at the apex of the ovule of gymnosperms, in
which the pollen-grains lie after pollination. P. -fever.
See Hay-fever. P. -grain, one of the unicellular
bodies found in the anthers of flowering plants. They
are generally yellow, and may be united into a mass
by a viscid material. P. -mass. -Same as Pollinium.
P. -paste, pollen as it is stored up by bees. P.-
plate. See Corbiculiiiii. P. -sac. See P.-chamber.
P. -spore. Same as P.-^rain. P. Theory, a theory
first proposed by Gordon in 1 829 and finally confirmed
by Blackley, in 1873, that hay-fever is due to the
irritation of the Schneiderian mucosa produced by
the pollen of grasses and other plants. P. -tube, in
biology, a slender tube formed by a protrusion of the
intine of a pollen-grain, after its contact with the
stigma, and by means of which the contents of the
pollen-grain are conducted into the ovule.
Polleniferous {pol-en-if'-er-its). See Polliniferoris.
Pollenization [pol-en-iz-a' -shun). See Pollination.
Pollex {^pol'-eks) \_pollex, the thumb, the great toe : //. ,
Pollices'\. The digit at the radial side of the quinque-
digital hand.
Pollical (pol'-ik-al) [pollex, thumb]. Pertaining to
the thumb.
Pollicate {pol'-ik-at) [pollex, thumb]. In biology,
having thumbs.
PoUinar [pol'-in-ar) [pollen, pollen]. In biology,
covered with a fine dust resembling pollen.
Pollinarium [pol-in-a' -re-um) [polleji, pollen]. In
biology, one of the organs growing on the hymenium
of certain fungi [Agarieini), thought by some to be
male organs ; also called cys/idia, barren basidia. Cf.
Antheriditim.
Pollination {pol-in-a' -shun) [pollen, pollen]. The
act of conveying the pollen to the stigma.
Pollinic [pol-in'-ii') [pollen, pollen]. Pertaining to
pollen. P. Chamber. See Pollen-fka??iher.
Polliniferous {pol-in-if -er-iis) [pollen, pollen ; ferre,
to bear]. I. Producing or containing pollen. 2.
Bearing pollen, as certain insects.
• Pollinigerous {pol-in-ij' -er-us). Same as Pollinifer-
ous.
Pollinium [pol-in' -e-zim) [pollen, fine flour : //. , Pol-
linia'\. In biology, a mass of united pollen-gjrains,
as in orchids, milk-weeds and other plants.
Pollinivorous [pol-in-iv'-or-us) [pollen, pollen ; c'or-
are, to devour]. Feeding upon pollen.
Pollinose [poP-in-oz) [pollen, fine flour]. In biology,
powdered over as if with pollen.
POLLUTION
1150
POLYCHREST
Pollution [pol-ii'-shiui) \_poUutio ; polluere, to defile].
In sanitary science, tlie introduction or dissemination
of any deleterious or filthy substance about a locality
where its presence would be conducive to disease.
Especially the defilement of potable water by sewage
or excreta. In physiology, the production of the or-
gasm in either male or female by means other than
sexual intercourse. See Rlasturbatioii. P., Noctur-
nal, a nocturnal, involuntary, seminal discharge. P.,
Self, masturbation.
Polonica {po-lon' -ik-ali). See Plica.
Polonychia (/>(7/-()-«//J"'-i'-(7//) [Tro/l^f, many ; oi^i^f, nail].
See Polyo)iychia.
Poluboskos { pol-ii-bos' -kos) [rro/rr, much; ^oaKoc^, nu-
tritious]. A ]Hire gluten food for infants and invalids.
It has the following composition: Moisture, 7.50;
fat, 0.50; mineral salts, almost wholly phosphates,
0.60; carbohydrates, 0.40; nitrogenous substances,
91.
Poluria [pol-ii' -re-a/i). Synonym of Polyuria.
Poly- [pol'-e-) [Tvo'A'vg, many]. A prefix that denotes
much or many.
Polyacanthid [pol-e-ak-an' -tkid) [7roA()f, many; aaav-
iia, thorn, spine]. In biology, applied to certain
echinoderms in which there are several series of ad-
ambulacral spines.
Polyacanthus [pol - e - ak - an' - /hiis) [-o/i''f, many;
iiKiivHa, thorn, spine]. In biology, many-spined.
Polyacoustic [pol-e-ak-oos' -lik) [tto/ /''f , many ; qkovg-
riKog, acoustic]. I. Multiplying sound. 2. An in-
strument for intensifying sound.
Polyact i^pol' -e-akt) [Tro/a-f, many; a/cr/'f, ray]. In
biology, having numerous rays.
Polyactinal {pol-e-ak'-tin-al') [tto/i't, many; d/tr/f,
ray]. In biology, many-rayed ; multiradiate.
Polyad (pol'-e-ad) [Tro/rf, many]. In chemistry, an
element whose valence is greater than two.
Polyadelph ( pol'-c-ad-i'lf ) [ttoAvc, many ; dJf/iCiof ,
brother]. In biology, a plant having its stamens
united into three or more bundles.
Polyadelphous [pol-e-ad-eU -fiis) [Tro/iiif , many ; n(-5f/^of,
brother]. In biology, having the stamens united by
their filaments into several sets.
Polyadenia {pol-e-ad-e'-ne-ah') [Tro/i'if, many; dtS/yi',
gland]. Pseudo-leukemia, or Hodgkin's disease.
Polyadenitis { pol-e-ad-en-i' -lis) [To/i>f, many; adrjv,
gland ; /r/c, inflammation]. Inflammation of many
glands at once.
Polyadenoma [pol-e-ad-en-o' -mah) [/ro/ii'f, many;
d(S//i', gland ; o/za, tumor]. Adenoma of many glands.
Polyadenopathy [pol-e-ad-en-op' -ath-e) \_Tzo'Ahg, many;
d(5//i', gland; iraftog, disease]. Any disease affecting
many glands at once.
Polyadenous { pol-e-ad' -en-iis) [rro/rf, many; a&iiv,
gland]. In biology, bearing many glands.
Polyaemia [ pol-c-e' -ine-ali) . See Polyemia.
Polyaesthesia {pol-e-es-the' -ze-ah). See Polyesthesia.
Polyandric ( pol-e-an'-drik)\_TTo'A'vc, many; di^i^/p, male] .
C haracterized by polyandry.
Polyandrous [pol-e-an'-drus) [noXvc, many ; av>ip,
male, man]. In biology: [a) Having a large num-
ber of stamens. Cf. Icosandroiis. [b) Having more
than one male mate. Cf. Mo7iothelioiis.
Polyandry {pol-e-an' -dre) [7ro/wv(Spof , having many-
men]. In biology, plurality of husbands or male
mates.
Polyangular ( pol-e-ang'-f^u-lar) [noAvg, many; an-
i^iiliis, an angle]. Having many angles.
Polyanhemia {pol- e - an - hem' - e - all). Synonym of
Anemia.
Polyanthous {pol-c-an' -thus) \T:o'A'vr, many; avOog, a
flower]. Many-flowered.
Polyarthritis [pol-e-ar-thri' -tis) \jTi)Avq, many; apflpov,
joint; iTic, inflammation]. Inflammation of many
joints at once. P., Acute, a term given to acute ar-
ticular rheumatism. P, rheumatica acuta. Syno-
nym of Rheunuitism, Acute Articular. P. synovi-
alis. See Rheumatism, Articular.
Polyarthrous [pol-e-ar'-thi-us] [-o/lrf, many ; apdpov,
a joint]. In biology, many-jointed; multiarticulate.
Polyarticular [pol - e - ar - fik'- u - lar) [-o/i'f, many;
articulus, joint]. Affecting manyjoints together.
Polyatomic [pol-e-at-om'-ik) [-o/i'f, many; aroixo^,
atom]. In chemistry, denoting elements or radicles
that have an equivalence greater than two ; also,
denoting compounds having three or more hydroxyl
groups, in which hydrogen is easily replaceable by
other elements or radicles without otherwise changing
the structure of the original compound.
Polyaxial [pol-e-aks'-e-al) [-o/i'f, many; axis, axis].
Having several axes.
Polyaxon ( pol-e-aks' -on) [Tro/ tf , many ; a^uv, axis].
In biology, having several axes of growth.
Polybasic [pol-ib-a'-zik) [tto/.vc, many; ^aaiq, base].
Of alcohols or acids, having more than one hydrogen
atom replaceable by a base ; of a salt, formed from a
polybasic acid by the replacement of more than one
hydrogen atom by a basic element or radicle.
Polyblennia (/<)/-//'-/<?;/'' -i'-r?/^) [Tro/i'f, many; ji7^hva,
mucus]. The secretion of an excess of mucus.
Polyblast (pol'- ib - last) [-oXtV, many; ji'laardq, a
germ]. In biology, the mass of embryo-cells result-
ing from the cleavage of the ovum ; the morula stage
of development.
Polybrachia [pol-ib-ra'-ke ah). Same as Polymelus.
Polybrachus (pol-ib-ra'-kus) [/To/./'c, many; jipax'm,
arm]. A monster with supernumerary arms.
Polybrephia { pol-ib-ref -e-ah) [-o/i'f, many; /?/)ff>of,
infant]. The condition of having many young.
Polycarpae [pol-ik-ar'-pe) \_-o'Ad<(;, many; Kap-6^, fruit].
A name given by Fuchs to a class of skin-diseases
characterized by the eruption of plastic lesions, such
as papules, pustules, vesicles, etc., comprising eczema
and herpes.
Polycarpellary ( pol - ik - ar'- pel - a - re) [TroAi'f , many ;
carpellum , carpel]. In biology, having many car-
pels.
Polycarpic ( pol - ik - ar'- pik) \_-okv^, many ; Kapir-o^,
fruit]. In biology, fruiting many times.
Polycarpous { pol-ik-ar' -pus) [mi/.i'f, many; napnog,
fruit]. In biology, having a pistil composed of several
distinct ovaries or carpels. Cf. Alouocarpous.
Polycellular { pol-is-el' -u-lar) [yro/irc, many ; celliila,^
cell]. In biology, havhig many cells.
Polycentric [pol-is-en'-trik) [ttoX'vq, many; Kti'Tpov,
center] . Having many centers or nuclear points.
Polycephalous ( pol-is-ef -al-iis) [to/.i'C, many ; KKpa?.!/,
head]. In biology, bearing many heads.
Polycephalus [pol-is-ef ' -al-us) [^ro/.i'f, many ; KeipaAy,
head]. A genus of 'Twniadic. See Parasites [Ani-
mal ) , liable of.
Polycerus [pol-is-e' -rus) [-rro/i f'f, many ; /vf'yjaf, horn].
An animal monstrosity having many horns.
Polychaetous [pol-ik-e' -tus) [TroXi'-f, many ; ;i'a/T//, hair].
In biology, having many chretas or bristles.
Polychezia [pol-ik-e' -ze-ah) [ttoZ/'C, many; x<^ti-v, to
evacuate the bowels]. Chronic diarrhea.
Polycholia [ pol-ik-o' -le-ah) [ttoXv^, much; ,r"''//' '^''^l-
Excessive secretion of bile.
Polychotomy ( pol-ik-ot' -o-me) \_-nr)>vx(>oc, manifold ;
Tafit ir, to cut]. In biology, division of a taxonomic
group of organisms into several sub-groups.
Polychrest, Polychrestus [pol'-ik-rest, pol-ik-res' -tus)
\jvoX\'e, many; xpiia-6r, useful]. A medicme re-
POLYCHRESTIC
1151
POLYGASTRIA
garded as effacious in many diseases. A word em-
ployed in many combinations.
Polychrestic [pol-ik-res' -tik) [TroAfif, many ; ,tp??ffrof,
useful]. Of the nature of a polychrest.
Polychroism {pol-ik-ro'-izm) [TroAi'f, many; ,\P"'^<
color]. A property possessed by certain crystals, of
exhibiting two shades of color under polarized light,
which vary as the polarizing instrument is rotated.
Polychroit i^pol-ik-ro' -it). See Crocin.
Polychromate [pol-ik-ro' -mat) [7ro/l()f, many ; ;i;puua,
color]. A salt of chromic acid, containing several
atoms of chromium in the molecule.
Polychromatic (pol-ik-ro-inaf'-ik) [noXv^, many; XP"-
//a, color]. Many-colored.
Polychrome {pol' -ik-roin) [TroZtif , many ; ;(^pcj/ia, color] .
I. A crystalline principle found in quassia and'giving
rise in a watery solution to a variegated color. 2.
Esculin.
Polychromia (^pol-ik-ro'-»ie-ah). See Pleiochromia.
Polychromic lypol-ik-ro' -mik) [Tro/lyf , many ; XP^I^O-^
color]. Same as Polychromatic. P. Acid, an acid
produced by the action of HNO.j upon aloes.
Polychromous {pol-ik-ro' -mus) many ; xp^l^^i
color]. Having many colors.
Polychylia (^pol-ik-i' -le-ah) {jzokvr^, much ; ,ti'''-of,
chyle]. An excessive formation of chyle.
Polychymia [pol-ik-i' -me-ah). Same as Polychylia.
Polyclad {pol' -ik-lad) .[rroAi'f, many; KXa&oq, a shoot
or branch]. In biology, applied to those platode
worms in which the intestine is very much branched
(marine Planaria).
Polycladous [pol-ik-la'-dus) \_Tro/d'g, many; /cAdJof, a
young slip]. In biology, many-branched.
Polyclady {pol-ik-la' -de)\y:o'K'vq.^ many; Kka&oc,, a young
slip or shoot]. In biology, the production of an un-
usually large number of branches.
jPolyclinic [pol-ik-lin' -ik) [TToAi'ir, many ; k1w>/, a bed].
A hospital in which many diseases are treated. Cf.
Policlinic.
Polycoccous {pol - ik - ok' - Ks) [n-o/liif, many; kokicoq,
berry]. In biology, consisting of several cocci.
pPolycopria [pol-ik-op'-re-ah) [TroAyf, much; Kiirpog,
j dung]. Excessive defecation.
Polycoria {pol-ik-o' -re-ah) [jroili'f, many ; /cop/;, pupil].
The existence of more than one pupil or opening in
the iris.
Polycotyledon [pol-ik-of-il-e' -don) [ToAi'if, many ; ko-
TvhjSuv, cavity]. In biology, a plant which in em-
tbryo possesses more than two cotyledons,
olycotyledonary [pol-ih - ot - il - e'- don -a- re) [ttoXvc,
many; Korv'A)/6ijv, cavity]. In biology, applied to
mammalian placentas having many tufts of fetal villi.
See under Placenta.
Iolycotyledonous ( pol - ik - ot - il - e' - do - mis) [ToA rf ,
many ; m-vM^^uv , a hollow]. Of, or pertaining to, a
plant or a placenta having many cotyledons. See
Placenta.
olycotyledony ( pol-ik-ot-il-e'-do-ne) \_TroXv^, many ;
KOTvlrjfiuv, cavity]. In biology, an aberrant increase
in the number of cotyledons.
^olycroiic [pol-ik-rot'-ik) [-oA(''f, many ; /cpdrof, pulse] .
Applied to ? pulse that appears to have more than two
waves for each cardiac systole.
*olycruria {pol-ik-m' -re-ah) [TroXyf, many ; cr?^, leg].
Having supernumerary legs, as certain monsters,
•olycyclic (pol-is-ik'-lik) [7roA/''f, many; id'K/.og, a
circle]. In biology, having many whorls,
'olycyesia, Polycyesis {pol-is-i-e' -ze-ali, pol-is-i-e' -sis)
[iroApf, many; Ki'ipiq, pregnancy]. i. The occur-
rence of frequent pregnancy. 2. Multiple pregnancy,
'olycystic ( pol-is-is' -tik) [no'k'vg, many; avoTig, a sac].
Containing many cysts.
Polycythemia f pol - is - i - the' - me - ah) [no\v(;, many ;
KVTor, cell ; a\jia, blood]. Excess of red corpuscles
in the blood.
Polydacria [pol-id-ak' -re-ah) [TroAijf, many; Sdupvov,
tear]. Excessive lacrymation.
Polydactyl, Polydactyle ( pol-id-ak'-til) [toA/V, many ;
^(iKTv/or, a linger, a toe]. In biology, an animal
having supernumerary fingers and toes.
Polydactylism [pol-id-ak' -til-izm) \_KoXhc, many; 6aK-
TvXiK^, a finger]. The existence of one or more super-
numerary fingers or toes. The condition is sometimes
hereditary.
Polydactylous {pol-id-ak'-til-us). .Same as Polydactyl.
Polydactylus (pol-id-ak'-til-tis) [rrolv^, many ; (Sd/crn-
>()f, finger]. A monster having supernumerary digits.
Polydipsia (pol - id - ip' - se - ah) [noXb(;, much ; difa,
thirst]. Excessive thirst. It is usually present in
fever and in diabetes. P. ebriora, dipsomania.
Polyembryonate, Polyembryonic [pol-e-e7n'-bre-on-
at, pol-e-em-bre-on' -ik) [-o/,/''f, many ; e/iftpvov, an
embryo]. In biology, pertaining to polyembryony ;
having several embryos.
Polyembryony {pol-e-em' -bre-o-ne) [Tro/t'f, many;
efippvov, an embryo]. In biology, the production of
more than one embryo in a seed. Parthenogenesis
occurs in most instances of polyembryony.
Polyemia, Polyaemia (pol-e-e'-me-ah) [7roA[>f, much ;
aifia, blood]. Abnormal increase of the mass of tlie
blood ; plethora. After major amputations, with little
loss of blood, there is a transient increase, relatively
speaking, and this is called P. apocoptica. P.
aquosa, a simple increase in the amount of water
in the blood. P. hyperalbuminosa, an excess of
albumin in the blood-plasma. P. polycythaemica, an
increase of the red corpuscles. P. serosa, that condi-
tion in which the amount of blood-serum is increased.
Polyesthesia, Polyesthesis (pol-e-es-the'-ze-ah, pol-e-
es-the'-sis) [~o/J<;, many; a/r7(i'//c7(f, sensation]. An
abnormality of sensation in wliich a single touch is
felt as two or more.
Polyesthetic (pol-e-es-thet'-ik) [7ro/i,/'f , many ; aiadijatc,
sensation]. Pertaining to polyesthesia.
Polygala {pol-i«' -al-ali) [-oAj'f, much; ydAa, milk].
A genus of herbaceous or shrubby plants of some 260
species. P. senega, of N. America, is therapeutically
the most important. See Senega.
Polygalactia [pol-ig-al-ak' -te-ah) [ttoUx;, much; yala,
milk]. The excessive secretion of milk. See Galac-
torrhea.
Polygalic Acid (pol-ig-al'-ik) [tto/Iiy, much ; y dXa,
milk] , Cj.jHjjOjj. A glucosid extracted from Poly-
gala senega. It is probably the same as saponin.
Polygalin (pol-ig'-al-in). See Se^iega.
Polygamarin ( pol-ig-a m'-ar-in) [iroArf, much : yd/la,
milk; a/narn/n, hitterl. A crystalline bitter principle
obtained from Polygala amara.
Polygamia [pol-ig-a' -me-ah) [-oAyyo/zof , polygamous].
A class of plants bearing both hermaphrodite flowers
and those with the sexes separated.
Polygamous {pol -ig' - am -iis) \jro\vq, many; yafio^,
marriage]. In biology: {a) having more than one
mate of the opposite sex ; cf. Polyandroits, Polygyn-
oiis ; [h) producing perfect flowers, together with
staminate or pistillate flowers, on the same plant or
species.
Polygamy {pol-ig' -am-e) [TroA/'f, many; y.a.fio^, mar-
riage]. The state or practice of having more than
one wife or husband.
Polyganglionic ( pol-ig-gang-gle-on' -ik) [TroAi'f, many ;
ydyy'Aiov, ganglion]. Having several ganglia.
Polygastria ( pol-ig-as'-tre-ah) [ttoXuc, mnch ; ^aari/p,
stomach]. Excessive production of gastric juice.
POLYGASTRIC
1152
POLYMETAMERIC
Polygastric (pol-ig-as'-fri/c) \_ko'Av(;, many ; yaarfip,
stomach]. Having many stomachs.
Polygastrulation ^pol-ig-as-tru-la'-shn}{) [rroArf,
many ; yaoTijp, stomach]. In biology, multiple gas-
trulation.
Polygenesis {^pol-ij-en'-es-is) [TroArif, many; yeveat^,
origin]. In biology, the doctrine that organisms may
arise from cells of different kinds.
Polygenetic {pol-ij-en-et' -ik) [TroAiif, many; yevvav, to
produce]. Pertaining to polygenesis.
Polygenism, Polygeny {pol' -ij-en-izjn, pol' -ij-en-e)
[n-oAi'f, many ; yevvhv, to beget]. In biology, the
theory that the different races of man are descended
from distinct species. The independent origin of the
human races. Cf. Aloiiogeny-
Polyglottides \pol-ig-lot' -id-ez). See Altej-nations of
Genera/ion.
Polygnathus {po/-tg-/!a^-//iiis) 1_ko?,vc, many; yvaBoc;,
jaw]. A form of double monster in which the para-
site is attached to the jaws of the host. It includes
epignathus and hypognathus.
Polygonal (^pol-ig' -o-Jiat) [iro/liif , many ; yovi'a, angle].
Having many angles.
Polygonate [pol-ig'-o-ndf)[7ToAi%, many; yovv, knee].
In biology, many-jointed.
Polygonatum (pol-ig-o-na' -/inn). See Soloiiion^s Seal.
Polygoneutic [pol-ig-o-mi' -tik) [7ro/\(if, many ; yovoQ,
offspring]. In biology, having several broods during
the year.
Polygoneutism [ pol - ig - o - nu' - tizni) [TroAi'f, many;
yovo(;, offspring]. In biology, the state of being
polygoneutic.
Polygonia [pol-ig-o' -ne-ah) \_TToXvg, many; ytSraf, off-
spring]. Great fecundity, especially of the male.
Polygonum [pol-ig'-o-tnii/i) [no7wyoi'(n<, knot-grass].
A genus of polygonaceous plants. P. hydropipero-
ides, Smart Weed, IVater Pepper, is a plant common
in the United States. Its active principle is thought
to be polygenic acid. It stimulates the action of the
heart and increases arterial tension. It is diuretic,
emmenagogue, and aphrodisiac. Externally, it is a
rubefacient and vesicant. It is valuable in amenor-
rhea and impotence. Dose of the ext. gr. j-v ; of
the fid. ext. n\,x-3j. All unof.
Polygraph {pol' -ig-raf) {jro'kvq, many; ypd(j>en', to
record]. A cylindric recording-instrument for multi-
plying sphygmographic tracings. It is made to
rotate upon its axis by clockwork.
Polygraphic {pol-ig-raf -ik) [iro/ltY, many ; ypa(^eiv,\.o
write]. Pertaining to the polygraph.
Polygroma [pol-ig-ro'-ina/t) \tto7.'v^, many; vypAc,
moist; dua, tumor]. A large hygroma.
Polygynecial {pol-ij-in-e' -se-al^ [ TroAiif , many ; ywl],
female ; o/'/cof, house]. In biology, containing the
pistils or gynecia of several flowers, as a collective
fruit.
Polygynous (pol-if'-in-us) [Tro/i-yf, many; yn<Tj, fe-
male, wife]. In biology: (a) possessing many pistils ;
(/') having more than one wife or female mate.
Polygyral {pol-ij-i' -ral) [ttoA/i?, many ; yvpog, a circle,
ring]. In biology, having several whorls.
Polygyria {pol-ij-i' -re-ali) [•Tro/'ar , many ; yi'pof , gyre] .
Having many gyres.
Vo\-fa.^m\& ( pol-e-hein' -e-ah^. See Polyemia.
Polyhidrosis (pol-e-/iid-ro' -sis) [-o/»/'f, much ; 'ifipuair^,
sweating]. Excessive perspiration.
Polyhydramnios {pol-e-lii-dram' -ne-os) [tto?. /V, many ;
v&wp, water; apviitv, amnion]. An excessive pro-
duction of the amniotic liquor.
Polyhydrate {pol - e - lii'- drat) \_Tro\vc, much; vdcip,
water]. A hydrate containing more than one
hydroxyl group.
Polyhydric ( pol - e - hi' - drik) \TToWvq, much ; v&aip,
water]. Containing several hydroxyl groups.
Polyidrosis {pol-e-id-ro'-sis). Same as Polyhidrosis.
Polykoria {pol-ik-o' -re-ali) [7ro/l{if, many; Kop/;, pupil].
Multiplicity of pupils of the eye.
Polylepidous {pol-il-ep' -id-us) [TroAfif , many ; /ItTr/f , a
scale]. In biology, having many scales.
Polyleukocythemia {pol-il-ii-ko-si-the'-iiie-ah'). Same
as Leukoeytheiiiia.
Polylymphia {pol-il-iiii' -fe-ah) [ttoAiy, much; M'/x^a,
lymph]. Synonym oi Anasarca.
Polymania {pol-ini-a' -ne-ah') [TroAi'if, many; inanus,
hand]. The condition of having more than two
hands ; polychiria.
Polymastia {pol-i?n-as'-te-ah) [noXvq, many; ixaard^,
breast]. The presence in the same person of more
than two breasts or nipples. The supernumerary
organs may be below the breast proper, in the axilla,
or elsewhere about the body. The condition is seen
in both sexes.
Polymastigate {pol-im-as'-tig-at) \nn\\<g, many; //df-
Ti^ {paoTiy-), a whip]. In biology, having several
flagella.
Polymastigous {pol-im-as' -tig-ics). Same as Poly-
mastigate.
Polymastodont {pol-im-as' -to-dont) [TroAlif, many;
paoTuc, a nipple ; 6c5orf {bdovT-), tooth]. In biology,
having numerous tubercles on the molar teeth.
Polymazia {pol-ini-a' -ze-ah). Synonym- o( Polymastia.
Polymelia {pol-im-e'-le-ali) \y:okvq, many ; ixfTiog, limb].
A malformation consisting in the presence of more
than the normal number of limbs.
Polymelian {pol-iin-e' -le-a7i) [■Kok'vq, many; iikXoq, a
limb]. Having supernumerary limbs.
Polymelianism {pol-i?i/-e'-le-an-izm) [tzo'ai^, many;
l-tt'AfK;, a limb]. In biology, having supernumerary
limbs.
Polymelius, Polymelus {pol-im-e'-le-us, pol-im'-el-tis)
[ttoXvc;-, many ; i-ii'/.oc;, a limb]. A monstrosity having
more than the normal number of limbs.
Polymely {pol-im'-el-e). Synonym of Polymelus.
Polymenorrhea {pol-im-en-or-e'-ak) [ttoAvq, much;
fifiv, month; poia, a flow]. Excessive menstrual
flow.
Polymer {pol'-im-er) [jroAiif , many ; /ifpof, a part]. A
term usually employed to designate a chemic com-
pound, the formula of which is a multiple of that of
the lowest compound of a chemic series.
Polymeria {pol-im-e'-re-ah ). See Polymerism.
Polymeric {pol-im-er'-ik) [TroAi'f, many ; /^fpof, part].
Exhibiting polymerism.
Polymerid {pol-iiii'-er-id). Synonym of Polymer.
Polymeride {pol-im' -er-id) \tto7A%, many ; ^f'pof. *
part]. In chemistry, a compound having the proper-
ties of polymerism.
Polymerism { pol-im' -er-izni) [TroAi'f, many; ^ifftoc,^
part]. I. The existence of more than a normal number
of parts. 2. A variety of isomerism dependent upon
a difference in molecular weight. The compounds
presenting it have a formula that is a multiple of that
of the lowest compound of the respective series.
Polymerization {pol-i/n-er-iz-a' -shun) ["0?/'f, much;
//fpor, a part]. The apparent fusion or union of two
or more molecules of a compound, forming a more
complex molecule, with a higher molecular weight and
somewhat different physical and chemic properties.
Polymerous {pol-im' -er-us) [7roA)'f , many ; //fpof, P''»rfj-
In biology, having many parts or organs in a given ar-
rangement or structure.
Polymetameric {pol-im-et-am-ei-'-ik) [ito7j%, many;
//fra, beside ; /if po?, part]. Extending over or com-
prising two or more metameres. .
POLYMICROBIC
1153
POLYP
Polymicrobic [pol-ini-i-kro'-hik) [tto/Iw , many ; fimpog,
small ; fiioc, life]. Containing many kinds of micro-
organisms.
Polymicroscope fypol-im-i' -kro-skop) [ttoAjV, many ;
//(/cpof, small ; ff/coTTEu', to view]. A microscope ar-
ranged on the principle of the revolving stereoscope.
Polymicrotome (^pol-im-i'-kro-tom') \no'kvq, many;
jiiKpoc, small ; rifivetv, to cut]. An instrument making
many microscopic sections in a short time.
Polymixic i^pol-im-iks' -ik) \ji:ok'viaKToc^, much mixed,
complex]. In biology, applied to groups or masses of
materials or organisms, consisting of many species and
classes ; the opposite of monotonic, q. v.
Polymnia {pol-im' -ne-ah) \jxo'k'viiiHa, Polyhymnia, one
of the Muses]. A genus of composite plants. See
Bea?-^ s P'oot.
Polymorph [po/' -ii?i-orf) \_no'A'v(;, many ; /lopcpr'/, form].
In biology, a variant form or type.
Polymorphic (po/ - hit - or'- fik) \TToXvg, many ; fiop(f>r/,
form]. Having, or existing in, many forms. In crys-
tallography, applied to any substance that crystallizes
in more than one form. P. Cells of Carcinoma, the
peculiarly-shaped cells found in the center of cancer-
nests. Their modified form is due to pressure. The
cells were formerly considered diagnostic of carcinoma,
but are no longer so.
Polymorphism {pol-im-or'-fizm') [TroAi'f , many ; fiopcpi/,
form]. In. biology, the exhibition of physiologic or
morphologic dissimilarity among members of a given
group. Sexual dimorphism, trimorphism, or polymor-
phism is of frequent occurrence in the animal king-
dom ; it may be permanent, or temporary and sea-
sonal. P., Colonial, arises in consequence of a
division of labor among the individuals of a colony.
Polymorpho-cellular [^pol-iin-oi-' -fo-seV -u-lar) [TroArf,
many; pLopi/rj^ form; <;d7/«/«, cell]. Having cells of
many forms.
Polymorphous ( pol-ini-or' -fus) [ttoa/'C many ; fj.op0ri,
form]. In biology, exhibiting variations in form,
either at different stages of individual development,
or among the members of a group.
Polymorphy { pol' -im-or-fe). Same as Polytiiorphistn.
Polymyositis [ pol-im-i-o-si' -tis) \j^okvi;, many; yAc,
muscle; inq, inflammation]. A disease of the mus-
cles characterized by pain, tension, deformity, pros-
tration, edema, sweats, insomnia. The extensor mus-
cles are preferably involved ; the diaphragm, larynx,
tongue, and pharynx are exempt in mild cases. The
spleen is enlarged. The disease is generally fatal.
The lesion consists in an actual inflammation — the
muscle-fibers present all stages of degeneration, and
the interstitial tissue is the seat of a marked round-
cell infiltration. P., Acute Progressive, an acute
form in which, in a short time nearly all the muscles
are involved. It usually ends fatally. P., Parenchy-
matous, Puerperal. Synonym of P., Puerperal.
P., Puerperal, polymyositis occurring during the
puerperium.
Polyneural [pol - in - n' - ral) \_TTnXW, many; vevpov,
nerve]. Supplied or innervated by several nerves.
Polyneuric I pol-in-u' -rili) [tto/I/'!:, many ; vevpov, nerve].
In biology, applied to a nerve-cell possessing several
processes (or neurons) which go to form the axis-cyl-
mder of a nerve-fiber, as distinguished from a mono-
neuric or dineiiric cell.
Polyneuritis (pol-in-u-ri'-tis). See Neuritis, Multiple.
P. potatorum ; Pseudo-tabes ; alcoholic neuritis ;
ataxia of drunkards ; a chronic form of neuritis fol-
lowing the immoderate use of alcoholic stimulants.
It appears in two distinct varieties, the paralytic and
the ataxic. It is characterized by pain in the lower
extremities, ataxia, areas of anesthesia, loss of the deep
73
and at times of the superficial reflexes ; later paraly-
sis and atrophy, chiefly of the extensors of the fingers
and toes. See Neuritis, Multiple.
Polynomial [pol-in-o'-me-al) [ttoXvc, many; noinen,
name]. In biology, denoting a method of nomencla-
ture in which the technical names of species are not
confined to two terms, the generic and the specific.
Po\ynucle3iT {pol-in-te'-kle-ar) [TroAtif , many ; nucleus,
nucleus]. In biology, having several nuclei ; applied
to cells in which the nucleus is either lobed or com-
posed of several portions united by such delicate
nuclear filaments as to give the impression of a multi-
nucleated cell in distinction from a mononuclear cell.
Polynucleate { pol-in-u' -kle-at). Synonym of Multi-
nuclear.
Polyodont [poF -e-o-dont ) [TroAi'f, many ; otSo/jf , tooth].
In biology, having many teeth ; multidentate.
Polyodontia i^pol-e-o-don' -she-ah) [ttoAi'ic, many; oSovq,
tooth]. The presence of supernumerary teeth.
Polyommatous { pol-e-oin'-at-us) [TroAt'f, many ; oiijia,
eye]. In biology, having many eyes.
Polyonychia {pol-e-o-nik' -e-a/i) \_iro'kv^, many ; bvv^,
nail]. Polonychia ; the presence of supernumerary
nails.
Polyonym pol' -e-o-nim) [TroAi'f, many; bvvya, name].
In biology, possessing a technical name composed of
several terms, such as levator anguli oris; iter a
tertio ad quartum ventriculum, etc.
Polyonymic [ pol-e-o-nim' -ik) [ttoAv^, many; dvv/ia,
name]. In biology, consisting of more than two
terms.
Polyophthalmia ( pol-e-ojf-thal' -nie-ah) \_-ko7.vi;, many ;
otpOaXfioc, eye]. A monstrosity possessing supernu-
merary eyes.
Polyopia, Polyopsia ( pol-e-o' -pe-ah, pol-e-op' -se-ah)
[n-oAi'f , many ; 6i/«f, sight]. A condition of the eye
wherein more than one image of an object is formed
upon the retina. P. monophthalmica, the phe-
nomenon of multiple vision with a single eye.
Polyorchis ( pol-e-or' -kis) [ttoA/'C , many ; bpxic, a
testicle]. One who has more than two testicles.
Polyorexia [pol-e-or-eks'-e-ah) [TroAi'if, much; bpe^iQ,
appetite]. Excessive hunger, or appetite ; bulimia.
Polyorganic (^pol-e-or-gan'-ik) [n-oAi'if, many ; dpyavoi',
an organ]. In biology, having several organs.
Polyorrhomenitis (pol-e-or-o-men-i'-tis) [TroAi'if , many ;
bpp6(;, serum; v/ir/v, membrane; irig, inflammation].
Concato's Disease; a symptom-group defined by
Concato as " a phthisis of serous membranes." The
patients are said to suffer from a progressive and ma-
lignant inflammation of various serous membranes, the
disease finally assuming the aspect of a severe type of
pneumonia. The post-mortem findings are mainly
those of " dry pleurisy."
Polyorrhymenitis [ pol-e-or-i-men-i^ -tis) . .Synonym of
Poly or rh omen itis.
Polyosteon, Polyosteum [pol-e-os'-te-on, pol-e-os' -te-
um) [7ro/l/'f, many; bariiov, bone]. The tarsus and
metatarsus. [Old.]
Polyotia {pol-e-o' -she-ah) [rroAiif, many; ovq, ear]. A
condition of malformation in which there is more than
one auricle on a side.
Polyp, Polype {pol'-ip) [tto'Xvq, many; Troi'f, foot].
In biology, the name given by Reaumur to the fresh-
water hydra {Hydra viridis) and allied animals. " The
word is used ambiguously by writers, being often em-
ployed to designate the entire composite fabric, the
aggregate result of gemmation [in the Hydrozoa'],
while at other times it is intended to indicate each of
those organisms which, almost always furnished with
a mouth and tentacles, are developed upon various
points of a common living basis, and are eminently
rOLYPANARTHRITIS
1154
POLYPNEIC
characteristic of the zoophytic form." (Allman.) See
Polypus. P. -colony, a colony of polyps. P. -stem,
a polyp-stock. P. -stock, in biology, a polypary, or
polypidom.
Polypanarthritis {pol-ip-an-ar-thri' -tis). Synonym of
Artliritis deformans.
Polypapilloma {pol-ip-ap-il-o' -mah) [Tro/lyf, many;
papilla., papilla; ofia, tumor: //. , Polypapillomata'\.
A disease of the skin characterized by the formation
of multiple papillomata. P. tropicum. Same as
Yaws.
Polyparesis {pol-ip-ar' -es-is^ [7ro/l/'f, much; TrapEdig,
weakness]. General progressive paralysis of the in-
sane, or paralytic dementia.
Polyparium {pol-ip-a' -re-uni). '^amt 2.s Polypary.
Polyparous [pol-ip'-ar-us). Same as Multiparous.
Polypary ( poF -ip-a-re) \_polypus., a polyp, or many-
footed animal]. In biology, " The term polypary has
been used with just as little precision as polyp, being
sometimes employed to express the common connect-
ing basis — ccenosaix of a polyp-stock — and at other
times being applied exclusively to the solid protective
structures, whether forming for the zoophyte an external
covering or constituting an internal axis ; the ambigu-
ity which then results will be got rid of by using the
word ccenosarc as here defined, and restricting the
term polypary to the solid protective structures of the
zoophyte." (Allman).
Polypathia [pol-ip-a' -the-ak) many ; iraOog, dis-
ease]. The presence of several diseases at one time,
or the frequent recurrence of disease.
Polypathic iypol-ip-ath'-ilS) [TroAi.'f , many ; Trd^of, dis-
ease] . Pertaining to polypathia ; affected with several
diseases at once.
Polypean {pol-ip'-e-ajt) [no7S%, many; Troi'f, foot].
Pertaining to a polyp.
Polypedia, Polypaedia [pol-ip-e' -de-ali) [Tro/l&f , many ;
iTd/r, child]. Synonym of Siiperf elation.
Polypedia [pol-ip-e'-de-a/i] [ttoXik;, many; pt-s, pedis,
foot]. Synonym of Polypodia.
Polyperemia (pol-i-pcr-e'-nie-ak) \_no'kv(;, many; vitep,
in excess ; a}//a, blood]. Plethora.
PolypCTia {pol-ip-e' -re-all) [tto/ I'f , many ; 7r?/^of, muti-
lated]. Congenital malformation of many organs or
parts.
Polyperythrin [pol-ip-er' -ith-riii) [Tro/li'Tronf , a polyp;
ipvHpaJn^, red]. In biology, a respiratory pigment
found by Moseley in various Calenteratic ; it is iden-
tical with the hematoporphyrin of MacMunn. See
Piginenls, Conspectus of.
Polypetalous (/()/- 7)^-rf'-(7/-z<j) [n-o/i'f, many ; 'Khakov,
leaf]. In biology, having several distinct petals;
apopetalous, as opposed X.o gamopetalons, q. v.
Polyphagia [pol-if-a'-je-ali). Synonym of Bulimia.
Polyphagic {pol-if-a' -jik') \jzoKvc, many ; (payeiv, to
eat] . Polyphagous.
Polyphagous (/>()/- //"'-(T-^/w). Synonym of Omnivorous.
Poly-phagy {pol-i/^-a/'-e) \_Tvo?.v(p6yor . eating too much].
The habit of living on various kinds of food.
Polypharmacon, Polypharmacum [^pol-if-ar' -mak-on ,
pol-if-ar'-i?iak-ui>i) [iTo'kvr, many; (papiiaKov , drug].
A medicine containing many ingredients ; a panacea.
Polypharmacus {pol - if - ar' - mak - us) [Tro^l'C, many;
ifxyi/iaKof, drug]. One who uses drugs too freely.
Polypharmacy ( /o/-?/-(7;''-wr7j--^) [TroA/'f , many ; (pcip/m-
i<oi\ a drug]. The prescription of many drugs at one
time ; the too free use of drugs.
Polyphemous { pol - if - e' - mus) \_-KQyvc, many; <^////'/,
voice]. One-eyed ; cyclopean.
Polyphobia {pol-if-o' -he-ali) [TroA/'f ,many ; ^o/3of, fear].
Morbid fear of many things.
Polyphore ( pol' -if -or) [TrriA/'f, much; (pipsiv, to bear].
In biology, a common carrier or receptacle, as of many
distinct carpels, e.g., the strawberry.
Polyphrasia { pol-if-ra' -ze-ah) \jxoXoq, much; (^paaiq,
s]ieech]. Morbid excess of speech; insane volu-
bility ; verbigeration.
Polyphyletic ( pol-ifil-et' -ik) [-oA^'f, many ; i^vki), \
tribe]. In biology, having several lines of descent;
of or pertaining to the doctrine of polygenesis, or
special creation.
Pol3rphylline, Polyphyllous { pol-iJ-iF -in , pol-ifil' -us)
[tco'Avi;, many; (pi'A'Aov, leaf]. In biology, many-
leaved. Applied to the calyx or corolla, and also
to the leaflets of compound leaves.
Polyphylly [pol'-ifil-e) [ nnlii^, many; (jyv'/Tiov, leaf].
In biology, an abnormal increase of the number of
organs in a whorl.
Polyphyodont ( pol-if-i' -o-dont) [miXrf , many ; ^'vuv,
produce; orSoij^- ((k'oit-), tooth]. In biology, applied
to animals, as the shark, in which tooth-germs are
produced throughout life, and replacement of lost
teeth continues indefinitely ; opposed to monophyodont
and diphyodont.
Polyphysia {pol - if - iz' - e - ah) [Tro/i'f, many; ^iJira, I
flatus]. Excessive flatulence. !
Polypiarium [pol-ip-i-a' -re-uin). Same as Polypary.
Polypide (/(»/'-?/-?<•/ ) [TroXiif , many ; 'Kovq, foot]. In
biology, the zooid, consisting of alimentary canal, |
with tentacles, nervous ganglion, etc. , which is de-
veloped within the zoecium of Polyzoa ; the polype
of older writers and bryozoid of Reichert.
Polypidom { pol-ip'-id-om) \_Ko'A'vg, many; TtODf , foot ;
fSo/^of, house]. In biology, the aggregate of persons
in a ccelenterate colony ; a polyp-stock.
Polypier ( poF-ip-er) [TroAi'f , many ; ■Kohq, foot] . A
polypide; a polypidom.
Polypifer ( pol'-ip-ifer') [ttoAit , many ; ttoiV , foot : :
(piptiv, to bear]. In biology, a polyp-stock. |
Polypiferous ( pol-ip-if'-er-us) \_ polypus, TpoXyp ; ferre, j
to bear]. Bearing or giving origin to a polypus.
Polypiform [pol'-ip-if-orm) \_ polypus, polyp; forma,
form]. Having the form of a polyp.
VoXy^lgt-XOM^ { pol-ip-if -er-us). 'A&me a% Polypiferotts.
Polypionia ( pol -ip -i- o'- ne - a/i) [koIv^, much ; muv, \
fat]. An excessive deposit of fat in the subcutaneous
connective tissue.
Polypiosis {pol-ip-i-o'-sis) [7ro/if, much; iriuv, fat].
Obesity.
Polypiparous {pol-ip-ip' -ar-us). Sz.mt s.s Polypiferous.
Polypite {pol'-ip-it) \_-Kol'\<q, many; -kov^, foot]. In
biology, an individual zooid, or person, of the Ilydro-
zoa or Actitiozoa, whether separate or one of a i
colony.
Polypitrite [pol-ip'-il-rit). See Polypotrite.
Polyplacid {pol-ip-las'-id) \_-noXvr, many ; tt^movi;^, a
flat cake]. In biology, bearing more than one madre-
poric body, as distinguished from Monoplacid.
Polyplast {pol'-ip-lasi) [tto^^/'C, many; TT'laaaeiv, to i
form]. Composed of many cells. j
Polyplastic {pol-ip-las' -tik] [iroArf, much ; ■KAaanfiv, I
to mold]. A term applied to cells having many sub- j
stances (more than twoi in their composition ; also to |
cells that undergo many modifications during their I
transformation into tissues.
Polyplastid (/<)/- />-Am'-//V/). MonoplastiJ. I
Polyplastides ( pol-ip-las' -tid-ez) {nokn, many ; TXaiT- |
ndv, to form]. Multicellular organisms; the substi- |
tute proposed by Gotte for Metazoa. ^ j
Polypnea, Polypnoea {pol-ip-ne'-ah) [ToArf, many;
breathing]. Great rapidity of respiration.
Polypneic (pol-ip-ne'-ik) [Tro/.i'if, many ; Tri'o/a, breath- |
ing]. Pertaining to polypnea ; hastening the respira- %
tion. P. Center, a center the stimulation of which
POLYPOD
1155
POLYSPORE
tends to quicken the respiratory movements. Such a
center is said to exist in the brain between the striatum
and the thalamus.
Polypod [^pol' -ip-od') [rro/li't', many; txo'vi;, foot]. In
biology, having many feet.
Polypodesme [poi- ip- o- dez'- /ne) [noXimov^, polyp;
<St-a/i<i(, bond]. An instrument for applying a ligature
to the pedicle of a polypus.
Polypodia i^pol-ip-o' -de-ali) [n-oA/jc, many; -ko'vi;, foot].
A monstrosity possessing supernumerary feet.
Polypoid [pol' -ip-oid ) \_no'AhKOL'g , polypus; eitSof, like].
Resembling a polypus.
Polyporous [poi-ip'-or-us) [ttoAjy, many ; Tro/jof, pore].
In biology, having many pores ; ethmoid.
Polyporus {pol-ip' -o-rus) [TroXj'f, many; Tropof, pore].
A genus of hymenomycetous Fungi represented by
many species. P. fomentarius, Amadou ; German
Tinder : Moxa ; a species parasitic on trees, especially
the birch. It is a source of amadou.
Polyposia, Polyposis {pol- ip - o'- ze - ah, pol-ip-o' -sis)
[TToAi f, much ; ttoct/^-, draught]. Polydipsia.
Polypostem {poF-ip-o-sfem). Same as Polypsteni.
Polypostyle [pol'-ip-o-sttl) \noXi%, many; rrotif, foot;
(TTiiXof, a pillar]. In biology, a Dacfylozodid, q. v.
Polypotome (pol - ip'- o - torn) [^koAih;, many; Tofxi/, a
cutting]. An instrument for the excision of polypi.
Polypotrite [pol'-ip-o-lrit) [Tro/ltiTrouf, polypus ; rpijieiv,
to rub]. An instrument for crushing polypi.
Polypous (po/'-ip-us) [7ro/li''f, many; Troi'f, foot]. Of
the nature of a polyp.
Polyprite {pol'-ip-rit) \_polpyus, a polyp]. In biology,
the manubrium of a medusa.
Polyptome {pol' -ip-tom). Synonym of Polypotome.
Polypus {pol' -ip-us) [TToA/if, many; Troi'f, foot: //. ,
Polypi'\. A tumor found especially on mucous mem-
branes, as in the nose, bladder, rectum, uterus, etc.,
and growing from the surface. The majority of polypi
I are not true tumors, but inflammatory hyperplasias. P.,
Blood. Synonym o( P. , Plaien/irl. P., Carcinoma-
tous, a polyp which is carcinomatous in character.
P. carnosus. Synonym of Sarcoma. P., Fibrinous,
a polypoid mass on the uterine wall, resulting from
the deposition of fibrin from retained blood. The
mass may be attached to portions of an ovum or to
thrombi at the placental site. P., Fibrous, P., Fleshy,
a polypus composed of fibrous tissue chiefly, and
common in the intestines and uterus. P., Follicular,
one containing many small mucous glands. P.,
Gelatinous. Synonym of P. , Mucous. P., Gland-
ular : I. A term given by Thomas to a polypus consist-
ing of enlarged mucous glands of the cervix uteri. 2.
Adenoma. P. of the Heart, a fibrinous heart-clot.
[Old.] P., Lardaceous, one that has undergone lar-
daceous, or amyloid, degeneration. P., Lipomatous,
a pedunculated lipoma. P., Malignant, a malignant
tumor, usually carcinoma, having a polypoid appear-
ance. P. mamillae, the nipple. P., Mucous, a soft
polypus containing mucoid tissue. P., Myomatous,
one consisting largely of unstriped muscle-tissue. P.,
Osseous, one containing bony tissue. P., Placen-
tal, a fibrinous polyp resulting from the deposit of
fibrin upon a portion of placenta retained after par-
turition. P., Raspberry Cellular, the most common
variety of aural polypus, consisting of many small,
raspberry-like masses, attached to a central stem
which forms the pedicle. P., Sarcomatous, a sar-
coma of polypoid form. P., Scirrhous, a dense car-
cinomatous polypus. P., Soft. Synonym of P.,
Mucous. P., Spongy. Synonym of P., Mucous.
P., Stony, one the seat of calcareous infiltration. P.,
Tooth, a polyp developed from the pulp of a carious
tooth. P., Vascular, a polypoid angioma.
Polyrhizal {pol-ir-i'-zal). Same as Polyrhizous.
Polyrhizous { pol-ir-i' -zus) [iro/lff, many; p'l^a, root].
In biology, many-rooted.
Polyrrhea {pol - ir - e' - ak) [TroAi'f, much; py/a, flow].
An excessive secretion of fluid.
Polysaccharides {pol-is-ak-ar' -id-ez). See Carbohy-
drates.
Polysalicylic Acids {pol-is-al-is-il' -ik) [iroAiif, many;
sali.x, willow]. Salicylic anhydrids produced by the
action of phosphoric oxychlorid on sodium salicylate.
Polysarcia {pol -is.- ar'- ke - ah) [ttoAiji,-, much; aap^,
flesh]. Excessive corpulency ; obesity. P. cordis.
Synonym of Cor adiposum.
Polysarcosis ( pol - is - ar - ko'- sis) . Synonym of Poly-
sarcia.
Polysarcous { pol - is - ar'- his) [ttoXvc, much; crdpf,
flesh]. Corpulent ; exhibiting polysarcia.
Polyscelia { pol-is-ke' -le-ali) \_-Kak\(;, many; aid'Aor, leg].
Excess in the number of legs.
Polyscelus {pol-is' -ke-lus) [Tro/ii'f, many; OKtXoQ, leg].
A monster having supernumerary legs.
Polyschidia {pol-is-kid' -e-ah) \TTo'ki%, many; cr^/d/oi',
splinter]. A tendency to carry classification to ex-
cess.
Polyscope {pol' -is-kop) [-o/f'f, much ; OKo-fiv, to ob-
serve]. An instrument for examining the cavities of
the body by illuminating them. P., Electric, an in-
strument provided with an electric light which is
introduced into a hollow viscus in order to illuminate
its internal surfaces. The walls of the organ are pro-
tected from the effects of the heat by the presence of
water.
Polysepalous {pol-is-ep' -al-us) [/to// many ; sepalum,
sepal]. Having several or many distinct sepals.
Polysialia { pol - is - i - a' - le - ah) \_koX'vi;, much; aiaXov,
-spittle]. Excessive flow of saliva.
Polysiphonous {pol-is-i' -fon-us) many; (j'k^dv,
tube]. In biology, having many siphons.
Polysolve (pol'-is-olv). See Sulphoricineolic Acid.
Polysomaiia. {pol-is-o-ma'-she-ah). Synonym o{ Poly-
sarcia.
Polysomatic [pol - is - 0 - mat'- ik) [ToAr<,-, many ; auiia,
body]. Consisting of an aggregation of grains.
Polysomia {pot - is - o' - me - ah) [Tro/li'f, many; nufia,
body]. A type of monstrosity having more than a
single body or trunk.
Polysomitic (/>()/- - (7 - ot//''- ?'/{■) [ToArf , many ; aCifia,
body]. In biology, made up of a number of distinct
somites.
Polyspaston {pol-is-pas'-ton) [7roA(if, many; aivav, to
draw]. A pulley used for the reduction of disloca-
tions.
Polysperm [pol' -is-perm) [TToX'vg, many; oKepiia, seed].
In biology, a plant the fruit of which contains many
seeds.
Polyspermal {pol-is-per'-i?ial). Same as Polysper/uous.
Polyspermism {pol - is - per' - mizm) \t:o\v(;, much;
av^ipfLa, seed]. The secretion and discharge of an
excessive quantity of seminal fluid.
Polyspermous {pol-is-per'-mus) \TTo7d%, many; cint:pfia,
seed]. In biology, containing many seeds, as a berry.
Cf. Pleiosperinous.
Polyspermy {pol'- is - per - me) [77o/i''f , many ; OKtp/ia,
seed]. In biology, impregnation of an ovum by
several .spermatozoids.
Polyspire {pol' -is-pir) [Tro/li'f, many; (nreipa, a coil].
In biology, having a continued spiral growth.
Polysporangium {pol-is-po-ran' -je-um) [To/li;f, many ;
ri-6pnr, spore]. In biology, a sporangium containing
many spores.
Polyspore { pol' -is-por) \Txok\%, many; ffTopof, spore].
In biology, a compound spore.
POLYSPORED
1156
POMPHOLYX
Polyspored {po/'-zs-po>'d)\_n-oXvg,ma.ny; (T7ro/30f, spore].
In biology, containing or producing many spores.
Polysporic (^pol-is-por' -ik). Same as Polysporous.
Polysporous (/o/ - is - por' - us) [7ro/lyf, many ; anSpog,
spore]. In biology, producing many spores.
Polystachous [pol-is'-tak-tis) [ttoXvi;, many ; araxvc, an
ear of corn, a spike]. In biology, having many spikes.
Polystemonous [pol-is-te?;i' -o-jius) [no'Xvi;, many ; arr/-
fiui , wasp (stamen)]. In biology, having many more
stamens than petals. Cf. hostciiionotis, Polyandrous.
Polystichia {pot - is - tik'- e - ah) [TTo'Avg, many ; arixog,
row]. A condition in which the eye-lashes are ar-
ranged in two or more rows.
Polystichous {poi-is' -tik-us) [jroAyf, many ; ot'lxo^, row,
line]. In biology, arranged ni many rows. Cf.
Monastic hoiis, Disticlious.
Polystigmous [pot-is-tig' -!?itis) [n-o/liif, many ; ariyfia,
mark]. In biology, applied to flowers that present
many stigmas, from being polycarpellary.
Polystomatous {pot-is-to' -inat-us) [TroAi'f, many ; (7ro//a,
mouth]. Having many mouths or apertures.
Polystylous {pot - is - ti' - tus) [ttoIv^, many; arvTioc;,
column]. In biology, having several styles.
Polysulphid, Polysulphuret [pot-is-ut'-fid, pol-is-ut'-
fu-ret) [tto/Iii^-, many; siitptiur, sulphur]. A com-
pound of an element or radicle with one or more
molecules of sulphur.
Polysymmetria {pot - is - im - et'- re -ah) [TroAfcf , many ;
avjifiETpla, symmetry]. Symmetry of the two sides
of the body at two or more points.
Polytechnic {pot-it-eli' -nilt) {jroTJuq, many; TiLx^ih an
art]. Comprising many arts.
Polyterpene {pot-it-er' -pen) [jro/lyf, many; terpene\
In chemistry, one of a class of substances polymeric
with the terpenes. Caoutchouc, gutta-percha, and
dammar-resin are polyterpenes.
Polythalamic {pot-ith-al' -am-ilt) [TroAiOf, many; daka-
jKx;, chamber]. In biology, having many chambers;
thalamophorous.
Polythalamous ( pot - ith - at'- am - us) [Tro^rf , many ;
fld?i,a/M<;, chamber]. In biology, having several cham-
bers or compartments; multilocular.
Polythecial {pot-itfi-e' -se-at )[7roA{)f , many ; Wjiai, case].
In biology, forming or pertaining to a polythecium.
Polythecium {pot-itli-e' -se-um) [ttoAjV, many; t)iiKT], a
box: //. , Fotytliecia'\. In biology, a compound
zoothecium.
Polythelia, Polythelism [pol-ith-e'-le-ah, pol'-ith-el-
izm) [TToArr, many ; f^;?^^, nipple]. The presence of
supernumerary nipples.
Polytocia (pot-it-o'-se-a/i). Synonym of Fecundity.
Polytocous ( pot-it'-o-tcus)l_iro?.vc, many ; reicelv, to bring
forth]. In biology : (a) the bringing forth of several
young at a birth; {/>) producing fruit year after year.
Polytomous {pol-if -o-mus) \jToXut;, many; ra^eii', to
cut]. In biology, applied to leaves which are divided
into numerous parts, not true leaflets, or to stems
repeatedly forked.
Polytomy [pot-it' -o-me) [7roA/if, many; re/jveiv, to cut].
In biology, division into several parts.
Polytrichia, Polytrichosis ( pot-it-rik'-e-ah, poZ-it-ritc-
u'-sis) [ttoA/'c, many ; ^/j/f , hair]. Excessive develop-
ment of hair.
Polytrichous {pol-it'-rit; - us) \i^oXvq, many; QpiS,, a
hair]. In biology, bearing numerous hairs or cilia.
Polytrochal { pot-it' -ro-kat ) [Tro/ilif, many ; r/-jo;t;(if , a
wheel]. In biology, having several ciliated zones, as
certain embryos. Cf Alcsotrocttat, Tetot/'oc/iat.
Polytrochous (pot-it-ro'-kus). Same as PolytrocJiat.
Polytrophia, Polytrophy {pot-it-ro' -fe-ali , pot' -it-ro-fe)
[TToXif, much ; r/jo0tin, nourishment]. Abundant or
excessive nutrition.
Polytypal {pot - it - i'- pat) [7ro/lt)f , many ; t'utto^, type].
Exhibiting various types, or forms.
Polyuresia, Polyuresis [pot-e-u-re' -ze-ali, pot-e-ii-re'- \
sis). Synonyms of Potyuria. j
Polyuria [pot-e-u'-re-a/i) [TTo'tii%, much ; ovpov, urine].
Excessive secretion of urine. The causes of tempo-
rary polyuria are, excessive ingestion of fluids, cold,
suppression of perspiration, the use of diuretics; it
occurs in the crisis of fevers, and in certain neurotic
conditions, as hysteria, and in nervous excitement. A
permanent polyuria is met with in diabetes mellitus,
diabetes insipidus, chronic interstitial nephritis, and in
amyloid disease of the kidneys.
Polyuiic {pot-e-u' -rite) [7ro/l{jf, many ; Oi'pov, urine]. I. j
Pertaining to, or affected with, polyuria. 2. One i
affected with polyuria.
Polyvalent [pot-iv'-at-ent). Synonym o{ Muttivateitt.
Polyzoa [pot-iz-o' -all) [jro/liJf, many ; (,C!ov, animal].
The sea-mats, or sea-mosses.
Polyzoan {pot-iz-o'-an) [ttoXvc;, many; (tjoi", animal].
In biology : [a) a member of the group of Vermes
more properly termed Bryozoa, which are developed
in variously-shaped attached stocks ; {l>) one of the
segmented tape-worms or cestode stocks arising by
strobilation.
Polyzoarium {pot-iz-o-a' -re-urn) [TroAf'f, many ; Cwoi',
an animal : //., Potyzoaria'\. Same as Zoarium.
Polyzoary (pot-iz-o'-a-re) [jro'k.vg, many; l^vov, ani- i
mal]. In biology, a compound polyzoan.
"PoXyzooiA {pot-iz-o'-oid) [Tro/l/f , many ; (uov, animal ;
fMof, form]. In biology, composed of many zooids.
Poma [7r«//a, lid, cover : pt., Po?nata'\. The
name applied to the so-called occipital operculum of
the brain of the monkey.
Pomaceous {po-ma'-se-us) \_po?num, apple]. Pertain-
ing to the apple, or to fruits like the apple.
Pomade {po'-mad) [po/nuiii, apple]. Any perfumed
ointment or preparation for inunction of the scalp or
other parts. P., Putz, a proprietary preparation used
to burnish metal.
Pomander (po-man'-der) [pomum, apple]. A ball
composed of aromatics, formerly carried about the
person to prevent infection ; also, the globular case in
which the same was kept.
Pomarine { pot)i' -ar-in). See PomatorJiine.
Pomatic {po-mat'-ik) [iTujiia, lid]. Pertaining to the
poma.
Pomatorhine (po-mai'-o-rin) [Trw/za, lid, cover; p(f,
nose]. In biology, applied to birds which have an ^
operculum over the nostrils. j
Pomatum [po-ma'-tum). Same as Pomade. \
Pome {po?n) [pomum, fruit]. In biology, a fleshy
fruit like the apple, which is syncarpous, succulent,
and whose bulk is made up chiefly of enlarged and
adherent calyx.
Pomegranate (/ifw'-ov-fYW-e/). Set Granatiim.
Pomiferous { po-mif -er-us) [pomum, fruit; feri-e, to i
bear]. Pome-bearing.
Pomiform {po' -mif-onn) \_ pomum, an apple ; /cm;?, i
form]. Having the form of a pome. i
Pommade (pom-atid') [Fr.]. See Pomade.
Pommeliere (/w/-/r-ar)[Fr.]. Tuberculosis of cattle. ,
Pompeian Red. Same as Oc/ier. •
Pompholygmus [pom-fo-lig'-mus) [■Kop<p6Xv^,h\x)M,t\.
A bullous eruption.
Pompholygodermatitis [pom-fo-tig-o-der-mat-i'-tis). \
Synonym of Pemptiigus. '
Pompholyx {pom' -fo - tiks) [7ro//0oAjf, bubble]. I. i
Clieiropomphotyx ; Dysidrosis. A disease of rare |
occurrence, characterized by vesicular and bullous |
eruptions limited to the hands and feet. The disease ■
occurs in depressed states of the nervous system, is i
POMPHUS
1157
PONTAL
more common in women, but is met with chiefly in
adult and middle life. By some it is considered a
disease of the sweat-glands, by others not. The dis-
ease is curable, but tends to recur. 2. Sometimes
used as a synonym for Pemphigus . 3. Zinc oxid,
called Flowers of Zinc, and P/iilosophers^ Wool.
Pomphus {pom' -/us) \nojxip6i;, blister: //., Pomphi\
Wheal; Urtica ; a circumscribed edema of the co-
rium, producing a flat elevation of the epidermis at
that point ; it is usually the result of angio-neurotic
irritation. Pomphi vary in size from a pin's head to
a goose's egg, are of irregular outline, and of a whitish
color with a pink areola. They are evolved rapidly,
and usually last only a few hours or days.
Pomum iypo' - mum) [L., //., Poma\. Apple. P.
adami [L., Adam'' s apple"], the ridge or prominence in
the front of the neck caused by the projection of the
thyroid cartilage. It is most marked in males. P.
quercina, nut-gall.
Ponceau [pon-so'). See Pigments, Conspectus of .
Pond's Extract. See Hamamelis. P.'s Recipe, a
recipe for varnish to preserve sphygmographic and
cardiographic tracings. Alcohol, one pint ; gum san-
darac, three ounces ; castor-oil, half ounce. Mix.
Ponding {pond'-ing) [ME. , a pond]. The ac-
cumulation of liquid as in a pond. P. of the Liquor
amnii, the collection of a considerable amount of
liquor amnii above the presenting part of the fetus
after the membranes have ruptured in the second
stage of labor.
Pongamia {pon-ga' -ine-ah) [E. Ind. ponga7i{\. Agenus
of East Indian trees. Kurung oil is the oil expressed
from the seeds of P. glabra, native to India, China,
and Australia. It is recommended in parasitic dis-
eases of the skin, and is efficacious in pityriasis versi-
color, herpes, and rheumatism, and is useful in lepra.
Unof.
Ponos {po'-nos) [TTOifof, pain]. A chronic febrile dis-
ease endemic on the Greek islands of Spetzia and
Hydra. The disease bears some resemblance to
pseudoleukemia and to tuberculosis.
Pons \_pons, bridge]. A process or bridge of tissue
connecting two parts of an organ. P. cerebelli. Same
zs> P. varolii. P. hepatis, the hepatic substance sorae-
j times extending from the quadrate to the left lobe of
the liver. P. tarini, the posterior peif orated space, a
mass of gray substance lying behind the corpora albi-
I cantia and joining the crura cerebri. It helps to form
the floor of the third ventricle. P. varolii (or simply
Pons), a convex white eminence situated at the base
of the brain, behind its center. It is placed cephalad
of the oblongata, ventradof the cerebellum, and caudad
of the cerebrum, and is connected with all three. It
rests upon the sphenobasilar groove ; it is quadrate in
outline, about 25 cm. wide antero-posteriorly, and is
marked on its ventral surface by a longitudinal groove
for the lodgment of the basilar artery. It is contracted
laterally on account of the closer aggregation of its
fibers, which converge to form the middle peduncles of
the cerebellum. Its cephalic margin is convex and well
defined, and arches over the crura. From the cepha-
lad surface of the pons, a little ventral, arises the fifth
or trigeminus nerve. In structure the pons consists
chiefly of nerve-fibers, but it contains also areas of gray
matter, the pontijie nuclei. On section it consists of
two portions, a dorsal and a ventral. The latter con-
tains transverse commissural fibers and is traversed by
the ventral pyramids of the oblongata. The pyramidal
fibers in the caudal half of the pons are collected into
two closely-packed groups of bundles invested in front
and behind by a layer of transverse fibers ; higher up,
above the middle of the pons, the pyramidal tracts be-
come separated by the penetrating transverse bundles
into a number of fasciculi. The presence of the pyra-
mids thus gives rise to three sets of fibers — the ven-
tral or superficial, the dorsal or deep, and the middle or
penetrating. Interspersed in the gray matter occupying
the interstices of the ventral portion of the pons small
multipolar cells are found. The dorsal portion of the
pons consists largely of gray matter which is continued
up from below, especially the formatio reticularis
and the dorsal tracts of gray substance. In places
the gray matter is grouped to form the nuclei of the
fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth nerves. In the lower
part of the pons there is a small, folded gray lamina,
distinguished as the superior olivary nucleus. It is en-
closed by some transverse fibers known as the trape-
zium. A group of darkly-pigmented cells is found in
FoNS AND Medulla. Anterior Aspect.
I. Iiifundibulum. 2. Tuber cinereum. 3. Corpora albicantia,
or mammillaria. 4. Cerebral peduncle. 5. Pons varolii. 5.
Middle cerebellar peduncle. 7. Anterior pyramid. 8. De-
cussation. 9. Olivary body. 10. Gray tubercle of Rolando.
II. Arciform fibers. 12. Superior extremity of spinal cord.
13, 13. Denticulate ligament. 14. Spinal dura mater. 15.
Optic tract. 16. Optic chiasm. 17. Third nerve. 18. Fourth
nerve. 19. Fifth nerve. 20. Sixth nerve. 21. Facial nerve.
22. Auditory nerve. 23. Nerve of Wrisberg. 24. Glosso-
pharyngeal nerve. 25. Vagus nerve. 26, 26. Spinal acces-
sory nerve. 27. Hypoglossal nerve. 28. ist cervical pair.
29. 2d cervical pair. 30. 3d cervical pair.
the floor of the fourth ventricle ; collectively, this is
visible to the naked eye as a dark area, known as the
substantia ferrtiginea ; seen through the floor of the
fourth ventricle, this area appears of a bluish-gray
color, whence the name locus coeruleus. Mesad
of the substantia ferruginea lies an angular tract
of white matter, the posterior longitudinal bundle,
which is a continuation upward of the ventral ground-
bundle of the cord. The pons is developed from that
part of the third brain-vesicle known as the hind-
brain or epencephalon.
Pontal {pon'-tal) \_pons, bridge]. Same as Pontile.
PONTIBRACHIUM
1158
PORCELAIN
Pontibrachium ( pan - tih - ra'- ke - iiin ) [ pons, bridge ;
hrachizttii, arm]. The middle peduncle of the cere-
bellum.
Pontic {po?i'-fik) [po)is, bridge]. Same as Pontile.
Ponticulus ( pon-tik' -ii-liis) [dim. of pons, bridge]. A
small, transverse ridge between the pyramids of the
oblongata and the pons. P. auriculae, a slight promi-
nence on the eminentia concha; for the attachment of
the retrahens aurem muscle. P. hepaticus, a bridge
of tissue, containing a plexus of blood-vessels, and ex-
tending from the surface of the Spigelian to that of the
right lobe of the liver.
Pontile (pon'-fil) \_pous, bridge]. Pertaining to the
pons. P. Hemiplegia, this is very often an alternate
ke?niplegia, in which the arm and leg on one side,
and the face on the other, are paralyzed. This con-
dition occurs when the lesion is situated low down in
the pons, below the decussation of the fibers of the
facial nerve, and above that of the pyramidal tracts.
Small lesions high in the pons, produce an ordinary
hemiplegia. P. Nuclei, a collection of gray matter in
the pons.
Pontinal (pon'-tm-al) \_pons, a bridge]. In biology,
bridging ; applied specifically to one of the bones in the
skull of certain fishes, bridging the space between the
sub-orbital region and preoperculum (Z*rf("/i'/('/to-<)/(/<';7).
Pontine [pon'-tin) [/ck.?, bridge]. Same as Pontile.
Ponto-bulbar [pon' -to-bul' -bar) \_pons, bridge ; bulhtts,
bulb]. Pertaining to the pons varolii and to the bul-
bus spinalis (or oblongata).
Ponto-crural [pon'-to-kru'-ral) [/o;;.?, bridge ; ems,
leg]. Pertaining to the pons varolii and the crura
cerebri.
Poop, Pope (poop, pop) [origin obscure]. A collo-
quial term used by foot-lsall players to designate an
injury to the front and outer side of the thigh, which
causes more or less disability.
Poor-man's Bandage. See Galen'' s Bandage.
Pop-eyed [pop' -id). Having pop-eyes. P.-eyes,
full and bulging eyes. See Exophthalmos.
Poplar [ pop' -lar). See Popiihis.
Poples [pop'-lez) [L.]. The back of the knee, or pop-
liteal space.
Poplitead {pop - lit - e'- nd) \_poples, ham; ad, to].
Toward the popliteal a.spect.
Popliteal [pop-lit-e'-al) \_poples, ham, hock, or knee].
Pertaining to the hinder part of the knee-joint or ham.
Deep View of the Popli-
teal Space.
I. Popliteal vein. 2. Popliteal
artery. 3. Internal popli-
teal nerve. 4. Vastus inter-
nus. 5. Superior internal
articular artery. 6. Tendon
of senii-membranosus. 7.
Inner head of gastrocne-
mius. 8. Inferior internal
articular artery. 9. Popli-
teal vein. 10. Popliteiis.
II. Tendon of plantaris. 12.
Short head of biceps. 13.
External popliteal nerve.
14. Long head of biceps,
cut. 15. Outer head of gas-
trocnemius. 16. Communi-
cans peronei nerve. 17.
17 Soleus.
P. Aneurysm, aneurysm of the popliteal artery. P.
Artery. See Arteries, Table of. P. Aspect, the
posterior aspect of the knee. P. Bursa, one of the
bursse in the popliteal space. P. Glands, the lymphatic
glands of the popliteal space. P. Ligament, the pos-
terior ligament of the knee-joint. P. Nerve. See
Nerves, Table of. P. Region. Same as P. Space.
P. Space, the lozenge-shaped space occupying the
lower third of the thigh and the upper fifth of the
leg. Its boundaries are : above, and to the outer side,
the tendon of the biceps ; on the outer side, and
below, the plantaris and the outer head of the gastroc-
nemius ; on the inner side, above, from within outward
the semitendinosus, the semimembranosus, and the
gracilis, on the inner side, below, the inner head
of the gastrocnemius. The roof is formed by the
popliteal fascia ; the floor, by the lower part of the
posterior surface of the shaft of the femur, the pos-
terior ligament of the knee-joint, the upper end of the
tibia, and the fascia covering the popliteus muscle.
The contents of the space are : the popliteal vessels
and their branches, the termination of the external
saphenous vein, the internal and external popliteal
nerves and their branches, the small sciatic nerve,
the articular branch from the obturator nerve, a few
lymphatic glands, and some adipose tissue, P. Sur-
face, the surface of the femur between the supracon-
dylar lines. P. Tendons, the tendons of the muscles
forming the boundaries of the popliteal space ; the ham-
strings. P. Vein, the companion vein of the popliteal
artery.
Popliteen (pop-lit-e^-en) \_poples, ham]. Belonging to
the poples in itself.
Popliteus, Poplitaeus {pop-lit-e' -its') \_ poples, ham].
Pertaining to the poples. The ham or hinder part
of the knee joint. P. accessorius, a small anomalous
muscle arising from the external femoral condyle or from
a sesamoid bone in the external gastrocnemius, and in-
serted into the capsular ligament of the knee-joint.
P. biceps, P. geminus. .Synonyms of P. accessorius.
P. Muscle. .See Muscles, lable of.
Poplitic { pop-lit' -ik) [poples, the ham]. Popliteal.
Poppy {pop'-e) [ME., popy, poppy]. See Papaver.
P. -seed, the seeds of Papaver soiuniferum, used in
Germany, and sometimes among Germans in this
country, to strew on the bread-dough in order to give
it a certain flavor. P.-seed Oil, Olciini papaveris, is
obtained from the seeds of the opium-poppy by pres-
sure. It is of a pale-yellow color and a slightly
sweetish taste; specific gravity, .925 at 15° C. It is
used for salads, paints, soaps, and to adulterate olive-
oil and almond-oil.
Population {pop-u-ln' -shtiu) [popiilus, people]. The
mass of people dwelling within a given geographic or
political area. P., Malthusian Law of Increase
of, that the number of individuals of a society tends
to increase faster than the food-product, so that there
is always a pressure on the means of subsistence.
Populin (pop'-u-lin) \_popiilus, poplar], CjqHjjOs.
1. Benzosalicin. A substance contained in several
varieties of poplar ; it is the benzoyl derivative of
salicin ; it crystallizes in small prisms containing two
molecules of water, dissolves with difficulty in water,
and possesses a sweet taste. It is said to possess
febrifuge properties, and has also been used in dysuna.
2. A precipitate from a tincture of the bark of Popiilu^
tremuloides : tonic, stomachic, vermifuge, anti-period-
ic, and febrifuge. Dose 2 to 4 grains. Unof
Populus (/>('/'-?/-///,() [L.]. Poplar. The resin of the
leaf-buds of several species is used for pectoral and
nephritic troubles. Unof.
Porcate (por'-kdt) \_porca , a ridge between two fur-
rows]. In biology, deeply furrowed.
Porcelain porcellaua, porcelain]. An
PORCUPINE
1159
POROTIC
impure silicate of aluminum, non-transparent and ex-
ceedingly infusible. It is made from porcelain-clay, or
kaolin (H.^AIjSi^Og -(- H.^O), derived from feldspar rock
by the atmospheric process known as " weathering."
Heated in a furnace, it loses water, and a porous mass
is produced. In making porcelain the powdered
kaolin is mixed with water to a thick paste, and then
molded into the desired shape. A little feldspar,
chalk, or gypsum is added to the clay in order to form
a fusible silicate, in quantity just sufficient to bind the
particles of clay firmly together. Upon firing, as the
process is called, a porous " biscuit- ware " is obtained,
which is afterward subjected to the process of glazing.
For the finest porcel&in the glazing material is feld-
spar; for the cheaper varieties a mixture of clay,
chalk, ground-flints, and borax is used. Earthenware
is salt-glazed. There are also other methods of glaz-
ing. The colors used in decorating porcelain consist
of various metallic oxids, and may be applied before
or after glazing. P.-glass, a glass which resembles
porcelain, made by fusing cryolite, a double fluorid
of aluminum and sodium, with sand. P. Teeth,
mineral teeth ; incomcptible teeth ; siliiioits terro-
metallic teeth ; vitrescent teeth : dental substitutes,
resembling, more or less closely, the shape and color
of the natural teeth, so constructed that they may be
securely fixed to the-various attachments employed for
their adjustment and retention in the mouth. They
are composed of feldspar, silex, and other mineral
substances.
Porcupine ( por'-iu-pln) \_poirus, ahog; spina, spine].
A rodent quadruped of the family Hystricidie. It is
covered with sharp spines. P. Disease. See
Hystrix. P. -men, persons affected with Ichthyosis
hystrix. P. -skin, an extreme degree of Ichthyosis
hystrix.
Pore {por) [Tropoc, a pore]. In biology, a minute cir-
cular opening or perforation. P., Abdominal, in
certain fishes, the opening by which the abdominal
cavity communicates with the exterior, and through
which the ova are discharged. Ps. of the Skin, the
openings of the ducts of the sebaceous and sweat-
glands of the skin. Ps., Sweat, the orifices of the
ducts of the sweat-glands. P., Vascular, in the
round-worms, a transverse opening situated on the
ventral surface and forming the common orifice of
the two lateral vessels which are thought to be excre-
tory organs.
Porencephalia ( por-en-sef-a' -le-ah ) [ Trdpoc:, cavity;
eyKEipa'Aoc , brain]. The presence of depressions on
the surface of the hemispheres of the brain, owing to
absence of portions of brain-substance. The defects
are covered by pia and arachnoid, except in cases in
which a communication with the ventricles exists.
The term is generally restricted to limited congenital
defects, although by some it is extended to include
those that are acquired.
Porencephalic { por-en-sef-aF -ik) . Same as Poren-
cephaloits.
Porencephalous ( po>--eti-sef'-al-!is) [ /rd/jor, cavity ;
iy/ctipaXot , brain]. Affected with porencephalia.
Porencephalus .See Porencephalia.
Porencephaly [por-en-se/^-al-e). Synonym of Poren-
cephalia.
Porentes [po-ren' -tez) [iropf ren', to convey]. Ameboid
cells of Kollmann, derived from aeroblasts, from which
the blood and its corpuscles, the endothelium of the
vessels, and the wandering cells are developed.
Poriferous ^por-if -er-us) \_-K6poi;, pore ; ferre, to bear].
In biology, provided with pores.
Poriform \por' -if-orni] [Trd/iof, pore; forma, form].
Having the form of a pore.
Poristotropia ( por-is-to-tro^-pe-ah) \_nopiC,eiv, to pro-
vide ; Tpiml/, a turning]. A chemic process by which,
according to Ritgen, the existing atoms are destroyed
and new atoms produced whenever a new substance
is formed.
Pork [ porcus, hog]. The flesh of swine, Sus scrofa.
P., Diseases of, the parasitic diseases are of interest.
Pork may be infested with the scolices of the Tcenia
solium and with the Trichina spiralis. The former,
known as cysticercus celhtlosce, or tneasle,'" is con-
tained within a fibrous capsule. If such measly pork
is ingested in the raw state by man, the cyst-wall is
dissolved in the stomach, and the scolex is set free, and
develops into a tape- worm. Pork containing trichina,
if eaten without proper cooking, gives rise to trichi-
niasis, a grave and sometimes fatal disease. See
Trichiniasis and Measles; also Cysticercus and Tri-
china, under Parasites [Animal), Table of. An im-
portant infectious disease of swine is Roiiget du pore,
Schweinerothlanf, or Stvine-plague. See Rotiget du
pore, and Bacillus erysipelatos suis, Pasteur, and
Bacillus of Swine-plague, Marseilles, Rietsch and
Jobert, under Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of
Pornograph [por'-no-graf) \_TT6pvri, prostitute ; ypcupeiv,
to write]. An obscene picture or writing.
Pornographer [par - nog'- ra -fer) \_K6pvTi, prostitute;
ypacptiv, to write]. One who writes of prostitutes or
obscene subjects.
Pornographic [por-no-graf'-ik) [nopv/j, prostitute;
ypdipeiv, to write]. Of or pertaining to pornography.
Pornography { por-nog' -ra-fe ) \_~6pvii, a prostitute;
7pd*f(i', to write]. I. A treatise on prostitution, with
reference to public hygiene. 2. Obscene writing.
Porocele (/^;''-;■^>-^l?/) [™/;of, callus ; kz/A;?, tumor]. A
scrotal hernia in which the coverings are calloused or
hardened.
Porodinic [po-ro-diti'-ik) [7rd/)0f , a pore; iVtvoQ, rota-
tion, a round area]. In biology, reproduction by
means of genital pores ; distinguished from Schizo-
dinic. Cf. Nephrodinic, Idiodinic.
Porokeratosis { po - ro - ker- at-o'- sts ) [7r<j/-jof, callus ;
iflpaQ, a horn] . A keratosis appearing in raised or
smooth areas, of varying size, irregular form, circum-
scribed outline, at the summit of which a thin layer
of horny tissue of linear arrangement is present. The
affection is usually seated on the dorsal aspect of
the hands and feet (never on the palmar or plantar
surface), the extensor aspect of the forearms and legs,
neck, face and scalp.
Poroma [po-ro' -mail) [7r(ipu/za]. A callosity.
Poromphalocele {po-rom-fal'-o-sel) [TTupof, callus ;
hiKfa'kor^, nave! ; h///;/, tumor]. An umbilical hernia
with hardened contents.
Poromphalon, Poromphalos [po-rom' -fal-on , po-rom' -
fal-os). Synonym of Poromphalocele.
Porophyllous (por-o-fl'-us)\TT6po^, pore ; (pv/.'/nv, leaf].
In biology, having leaves sprinkled with transparent
points.
Poroplastic [ por-o-plas' -tik) [-lipof, pore; -wAaaotiv,
to mold]. Porous and plastic. P. Felt, a porous
felt which is readily molded ; it is used in the pre-
paration of splints and jackets. P. Jacket, a form of
jacket used in the treatment of spinal curvatures.
Porose {por'-oz) \_porus, a pore]. In biology, per-
forate.
Porosis ( po-ro'-sis) \jKupuq, callus]. The formation of
callus. P., Osteo-. See Osteoporosis. P. palpe-
brse. Synonym of Chalazion.
'Porosity { por-os'-it-e) [tto^oc, cavity]. The condition
of being porous.
Porotic [ po-rot'-ik) [Trwpof, callus]. Favoring the
formation of callus. Of the nature of callus.
POROTOMY
1160
PORTION
Porotomy ( por-ot' -o-me) [Tropof , pore ; Tojjij, a cutting].
The operation of enlarging by incision tlie meatus of
the urethra.
Porous {po'-nis) [Trdpof, cavity, pore]. Having small
openings, or pores.
Porphyra {por' -fir-ah) \^Trop<pbf>a, purple]. Porphyry,
one of the eruptive rocks. The leaf or tablet of por-
phyra is used by pharmacists in the preparation of
compounds. The name has been used to designate
scurvy and purpura, v. P. nautica. Synonym of
Scurvy. P. of the Greeks. Synonym of Purpura.
Porphyration ly por -fir - a' - shun ) ( Ku/xpbpa, purple].
The term applied by Kiiss and Duval to the first stage
in the gastric digestion of albuminoid substances.
Porphyrin [por'-fir-iii) \_ irop(ph/ja, purple]. An
amorphous substance contained in a variety of Dita
bark.
Porphyrisma (^por -fir - iz'- inak) [nopipvpa, purple].
Synonym of Scarlet-fever.
Porphyrization { por-fir-iz-a'-shuii) [nopibvpa, purple].
In pharmacy, the pulverization of a substance by
crushing it with a muUer on a hard surface, usually of
porphyry.
Porphyrodermitis { por -fir- o - der- r/ii'-tis ) [^Tvopfvpa,
purple; Stpfia, skin; ir(j', inflammation] . One of a
group of skin-diseases including hemorrhagic macute
and petechiii--.
Porphyrotyphus (por-fir-o-ti'fins) \_Kop(j>vpa, purple;
ri>(/)()f, typhus]. Synonym of Typhus Fever.
Porphyroxin [por-fir-oks'-in) [7ro/j0tipa, purple ; b^vg,
acid]. I. One of the alkaloids of opium, becoming
purple when heated with dilute hydrochloric acid. 2.
Porphyrin, ij. v.
Porphyruria (/or^;--«'-rd'-rt/;) [7ro/j(;!n'Y)«, purple ; ovpov,
urine]. The discharge of urine colored with purpurin.
Porpoise Oil. See 0/eu»i delphiiii.
Porraceous [por-a' -se-us) [porrum, leek]. Of stools,
green-colored, like leek-leaves.
Porrect l^po'-rekt) \_por, forth; 7-egere,X.o stretch]. In
biology, outstretched.
Porret's Phenomenon. When a galvanic current is
conducted through living, fresh, sarcous substance,
the contents of the muscular fiber exhibit a streaming
movement from the positive to the negative pole (as
in all other fluids) , so that the fiber swells at the nega-
tive pole. See also Phenomenon.
Porrigo [L., gen. Porrii;mis'\. An obsolete
term applied to several diseases of the scalp. P. ami-
antacea. Synonym of Seborrhcea capitis. P. con-
tagiosa. See Impetigo contagiosa. P. decalvans.
See yllopecia areata. P. favosa. See Favus. P.
furfurans. Synonym of Tinea tonsurans . P. lar-
valis, impetigo of the scalp conjoined with eczema.
P. lupinosa. Synonym of Tinea favosa. P. scu-
tulata. Synonym of Favus. P. tonsoria. Syn-
onym of Alopecia areata.
Porrigophyta, Porrigophyte ^por-ig-off' -it-ah, por' -ig-
ofit). Same as /v??'/^.
Porrisic Acid [por-iz'-ik). See Fu.xanthinic Acid.
Porro's Operation. See Operation, Porro's.
Port [after Oporto, a city in Portugal]. A wine of
Portugal. P. -wine. Same as See also Fz'««w.
P. -wine Mark or Stain. .See Nccvtis vascularis and
N. maternus.
Porta (por'-tah) [L.]. I. Gate; the hilus of an organ
through which the vessels enter. 2. The foramen of
Monro. P. hepatis, P. jecoris, the transverse fissure
of the liver, through which the vessels enter. P.
labyrinthi, the fenestra rotunda. P. omenti, the
foramen of Winslow.
Portagion [ por-ta' -je-on) \_portagii//n, portage ; porta?r,
to carry. Cf. Contagion'\. A T^ortabXe: materies ?)wrbi ;
a disease-germ that may be carried ; the transmission,
or carrying from place to place, of disease-germs.
Portal {po!-'-tal) \_porta, gate]. Pertaining to the
porta or hilus of an organ, especially to the porta '
hepatis. P. Canals, tubular passages in the hepatic
substance, containing each a branch of the portal vein,
of the hepatic artery, and of the hepatic duct. P.
Circulation, " the passage of venous blood from the
capillaries of one organ to those of another before
reaching the heart. There are two such circulations,
through the liver and through the kidneys, distin-
guished as hepatoportal and reniportal. Only the
former occurs in man." The portal circulation of
the human body includes the venous blood from the
chylopoietic viscera (stomach, spleen, and intestines),
and this is carried to the liver by means of the portal
vein. P. Fissure. See Fissure. P. Fossa, the
transverse fissure of the liver. P. System, the system
of veins collecting the venous blood from the diges-
tive tract. P. Vein, the large vein entering the liver
at the transverse fissure, and bringing to it the blood
from the digestive tract and the spleen.
Portal's Syrup. A syrup used in scurvy, and con-
taining horseradish -root, scurvy - grass, nasturtium,
gentian, cinchona, and madder.
Porte-, or Port- \_portare, to carry]. A carrier, or
holder. P. -acid, an instrument for the local appli-
cation of an acid. P. -aiguille. See Needle-holder.
P.-caustique, a holder for the stick of caustic. P.-
cordon, an instrument for replacing a prolapsed
funis. P. -crayon. See P. -caustic. P.-fil. Syno-
nym of P. -ligature. P. -fillet, an instrument for
applying a fillet to some part of the fetal body. P.-
ligature, an instrument for applying a ligature to a
deep part. P.-moxa. See Aloxa. P.-noeud, an
instrument for applying a ligature to the pedicle of a
tumor. P.-pierre. Synonym of P.-caustique.
Porter (por'-ter). See A/alt Liquors.
Porter's Sign. See Tracheal Tugging, and Signs and
Symptoms , Table of.
Porticus subgenitalis. See Syndemnium.
Portio [por'-shc-o) [L.]. Portion. Also, an abbre-
viated expression for portio vaginalis uteri — the vaginal
portion of the uterus. P. alba cerebri, the white
substance of the brain. P. aryvocalis, a short muscle
attached anteriorly to the vocal band and posteriorly
to the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage. P.
axillaris, the second part of the axillary artery. P.
brachialis, the third part of the axillary artery. P.
cervicalis, the third part of the subclavian artery.
P. cervicis uteri, the cervix of the uterus. P. cor-
poris striati externa, the lenticular nucleus. P.
corporis striati interna, the caudate nucleus. P.
dura, the facial nerve. That part of the seventh
pair of nerves of Willis controlling the muscles ot
facial expression. P. infravaginalis, the vaginal por-
tion of the neck of the uterus. P. inter duram
et moUem, a small funiculus between the portio
dura and portio mollis of the seventh cranial nerve.
P. intermedia wrisbergii. Synonym of /'. inter
duram et mollem. P. mollis, the auditory nerve. P-
muscularis, the second division of the subclavian
artery. P. pectoralis, the first division of the sub-
clavian artery. P. pylorica ventriculi, the pyloric
extremity of the stomach. P. splenica ventnculi,
the cardiac extremity of the stomach. P. thoracica,
the first part of the axillary artery. P. ventnculi
lienalis. Synonym of P. splenica ventnculi.
Portion ( por' shun) [ portio, a part] . A part or section.
P., Descending, of the Duodenum, the second por-
tion of the duodenum. It is about three inches in length,
covered anteriorly by the peritoneum, anil att.iohed
PORTIPLEX
1161
POSITION
laterally to the head of the pancreas. It lies behind
the transverse colon and in front of the right kidney.
The ductus communis choledochus empties into it. P.,
Iliac [of the fascia lata^, the portion of the fascia lata
to the outer side of the saphenous opening. P.,
Infra-vaginal, P., Intravaginal, the portion of
the uterine cervix projecting into the vagina. P.,
Membranous (y/ the urethra), the portion of the
urethra enclosed between the two layers of the tri-
angular ligament. P., Pes, the lower surface of a
crus cerebri (Spitzka). P., Prostatic [of the
urethra'), the part of the urethra surrounded by the
prostate gland ; it is the most dilatable portion and is
rarely, if ever, the seat of stricture. P., Spongy
[of the urethra), the part of the urethra anterior to the
anterior layer of the triangular ligament, and extending
from the latter to the glans. P., Vaginal [of the
uterus), the part of the neck of the uterus projecting
■ into the vagina.
Portiplex, Portiplexus ( por' -tip-leks, por-tip-leks' -it 's)
\_ porta, gate; plexus, plexus]. The plexus or vas-
cular fringe that connects the two lateral choroid
plexuses. It passes through the porta, or foramen of
Monro, whence the name.
Porus [po'-rus) [_T:upor, porus, a pore: Pori~\.
A callosity. Also a canal, duct, or pore. P. acusti-
cus externus, the -external opening of the external
auditory canal. P. acusticus internus, the open-
ing of the internal auditory canal. P. auditorius
externus. Synonym of P. acusticus externus. P.
biliaris, one of the biliary ducts. P. centralis, the
canal in the optic nerve through which the central
artery of the retina passes. P. cranio-nasalis, the
foramen ca;cum of the frontal bone. P. deferens.
Synonym of I'as deferens. P. opticus, the large
opening in the center of the lamina cribrosa, trans-
mitting the central artery of the retina. P. pul-
moneus, an air-cell.
Posis [po'-sis) [TTofr/c, a drinking]. A potion.
Vo^iXSon [po-zish' -un')\_ponere,\.o'^\2.Q.€\. I. Location;
situation ; attitude ; posture. See Posture. See, also,
Table of Position and Direction, appended. 2. In
chemistry, a term corresponding to that of "union"
(linking), formerly used. P., Articulation. See
Consonants. P., Cadaveric, of the vocal bands, the
position which they assume in paralysis of the recurrent
laryngeal nerve. The afl'ected band is in the median
position, and is perfectly motionless. P. of the Fetus,
the relation of the presenting part to the cardinal points
of Capuron. For the vertex, the face and the breech,
there are each four positions : a right anterior, a right
posterior, a left anterior and a left posterior. For each of
the shoulders there is an anterior and a posterior position.
In order to shorten and memorize these positions, the
initials of the chief words are made use of as follows :
For vertex presentations the word occiput is indicated
by the letter O., and preceded by the letter R. or L.,
for right or left, and followed by A. or P., accord-
ing as the presenting part is anterior or posterior.
We thus have the initials L. O. A. , left-occipito ante-
rior, to indicate that the presenting occiput is upon the
anterior left side. In the same way are derived the
terms, Z. O. P., R. O. A., R. O. P. For facial pre-
sentations we have in the same way, L. F. A. (left
fronto-anterior), L. F. P.,R. F. A., R. F. P. For
breech or sacral presentations, L. S. A., L. S. P.,
R. S. A., R. S. P., and for shoulder [dorsal) pre-
sentations, Z. Z>. A., L. D. P., R. D. A., R. D. P.
See Table of Fetal Positio7is,VLndei: Fetus. P., Primary
[of the eyes), that position in which the eyes can move
laterally and vertically without rotating the vertical axis.
P., Roser [of the head ), the head dependent over the
end of a table. P., Secondary [of the eyes), that posi-
tion in which the vertical meridian is rotated away from
its vertical position. P., Shoe-and-Stocking, a posi-
tion so named by Allis, in which the limb of one side
is crossed upon the other, as in putting on the shoe
and stocking, with the external malleolus of one side
upon the patella of the opposite side. Inability to do
this is diagnostic of disease in the hip-joint on that
side. P. -test, a test for the function of coordination.
If a normal individual be placed in a strictly erect
position, with the heels and toes of the two feet closely
approximated, a certain amount of swaying of the body
occurs, especially if the eyes be shut. If, however,
there be loss of coordinating power, this swaying is
greatly augmented. See Romberg'' s Symptotn in Signs
and Symptoms, Table of.
POSITION AND DIRECTION— TABLE OF INTRINSIC TERMS
EMPLOYED IN HUMAN AND COMPARATIVE ANATOMY AND ZOOLOGY. THE TERMS ARE IN
PAIRS, AND THE ADVERBIAL FORM FOLLOWS THE LATIN AND ENGLISH
ADJECTIVE FORMS.
Latin Adjective
Form.
English Adjective
AND Adverbial Form.
Definitions.
Extrinsic Equivalents.
In Human Anat-
omy.
In Comparative
Anatomy.
AflFerens.
Eflferens.
AflFerent.
EflFerent.
Conveying or conducting toward.
Conveying or conducting from.
Same as the in-
trinsic.
Same as the in-
trinsic.
Caudalis.
Cephalicus.
Caudal, caudad.
Cephalic, cephalad.
At or in the direction of the tail end or as-
pect of the body or part.
At or in the direction of the head end or
aspect of the body or part.
Lower; inferior.
Upper ; superior.
Back ; backward ;
posterior.
Front ; forward ;
anterior.
Centralis.
Peripheralis.
Central, centrad.
.Peripheral, perlpherad.
At or in the direction of a center.
At or in the direction of the periphery.
Same as the in-
trinsic.
Same as the in-
trinsic.
Dextralis, dexter.
Sinistralis, sinister.
IJextral, dextrad.
Sinistral, sinistrad.
At or in the direction of the right side or
aspect of the body.
At or in the direction of the left side or
aspect of the body.
Same as the in-
trinsic.
Sanie as the in-
trinsic.
Distalis.
Proximalis, proxi-
mus.
Distal, distad.
Proximal, proximad.
At or in the direction of the extremity of
an appendage ; peripheral (q. v.).
At or in the direction of the attached or
more important end of an appendage ;
central (q. v.).
Same as the in-
trinsic.
Same as the in-
trinsic.
POSITIVE 1162 POSTCARPIUM
POSITION AND DIRECTION— TABLE OF INTRINSIC TERMS.— Continuec/.
Latin Adjective
Form.
English Adjective
AND Adverbial Form.
Definitions.
Extrinsic Equivalents.
In Human Anat-
omy.
In Comparative
Anatomy.
Dorsalis.
Ventralis. -
Dorsal, dorsad.
Ventral, ventrad.
At or in the direction of the dorsum, or
dorsal aspect of the body or of an organ.
At or in the direction of the ventral aspect
of the body or of an organ.
Back ; backward ;
posterior.
Front ; forward ;
anterior.
Upper ; upward ;
superior.
Lower; down-
ward ; inferior.
Dorsimesalis.
Ventrimesalis.
Dorsimesal, dorsime-
sad.
Ventrimesal, ventrime-
sad.
At or in the direction of the dorsimeson.
At or in the direction of the ventrimeson.
Same as the in-
trinsic.
Same as the in-
trinsic.
Dorsimeson.
Ventrimesoii
Dorsimeson.
Ventrimeson.
The dorsal edge of the meson.
The ventral edge of the meson.
Saine as the in-
trinsic.
Same as the in-
trinsic.
Ectalis.
Entalis.
Ectal, ectad.
Ental, entad.
At or in the direction of some surface
away from the center or axis.
At or in the direction of some surface
nearer a center or axis.
Outer ; superficial ;
external.
Inner ; inward ;
internal; pro-
found.
Same as the in-
trinsic.
Lateralis.
Mesalis.
Lateral, laterad.
Mesal, mesad.
At or in the direction of the side (right or
left of the body).
At or in the direction of the meson.
Same as the in-
trinsic.
Same as the in-
trinsic.
Longisectio.
Medisectio.
Transectio.
Longisection.
Medisection.
Transection.
A section lengthwise of the body or of an
organ.
A sagittal section at the meson.
A section across the long axis of the body
or of an organ.
Same as the in-
trinsic.
Median section.
Same as the in-
trinsic.
Same as the in-
trinsic.
Median section.
Same as the in-
trinsic.
Sectio frontalis.
Sectio sagittalis.
Frontal section.
Sagittal section.
A section dividing the body into equal or
unequal dorsal and ventral parts or sec-
tions.
A section dividing the body into equal
or unequal right and left sections or
parts.
Same as the in-
trinsic.
Same as the in-
trinsic.
Positive {poz' -il-h<^ \_posifivus, positive]. In static
electricity, a term denoting that quality of the force
produced by rubbing glass with silk. In galvanic and
dynamic electricity, the current flowing from the less
oxidizable element through the wire or conductor. P.
Electrode. Synonym of P. Pole. P. Element, the
more oxidizable element of a battery— usually a plate
of zinc. P. Ocular. See Ocular. P. Pole, the pole
connected with the negative plate or element. See
Anode.
Posologic, Posological [poz-o-loj'-ik, poz-o-loj'-ik-al)
[ttoooc, how much ; Adyof, science]. Pertaining to
posology or quantitative dosage.
Posology {poz-ol'-o-je) [nt'iaoc;, how much; ?6-;nr,
science]. The science of the dosage of medicines.
Possession (/og-m/z'-ww) [posseilere, to possets']. The
condition of being possessed or possessing ; madness,
lunacy. P., Demoniac, the condition of being pos-
sessed or inhabited by demons.
Posset (pos'-el) [posi-a, sour wine and water]. A
preparation of milk curdled with wine.
Possetting (pos'-ef-i>ig) \_posea, sour wine]. The re-
gurgitation of infants.
Post- {post) [L.]. A preposition meaning after. Pre-
fixed to words it places them in antithesis to those
combined with p?-e or pru-, and has the force of either
an adverb or an adjective. Also as a noun, a mono-
nym for post-mortem ; as a verb, a popular expression
signifying to perform an autopsy.
Postabdomen {post-ab-do' -iiicii) behind ; ahdo-
Men, abdomen]. In biology, the posterior abdominal
part of the body in insects or crustaceans.
Postabdominal ( poit-ah-doni' -in-nl ) [ post, after ;
abdomen, abdomen]. Pertaining to the postabdomen.
Postacetabular {post-as-el-ah' -u-lar) \_post, after; acet-
abulum, acetabulum]. Situated behind the acetabu-
lum.
Postanal [pdst-a'-nal ) [/orf, after ; anus, anus]. Situ-
ated behind the anus.
Post-apoplectic { post - ap - o - plek' - tik^ [/orf, after;
(iTTOTTAr/^la, apoplexy]. Coming on, or occurring, after
a stroke of apoplexy. P. Coma, the coma that often
succeeds an apoplectic stroke.
Postarytenoid {post-ar-i' -te-noid) \_post, after; aphrai-
1(7, a pitcher; eiSog, like]. Situated behind the
arytenoid.
Postauditory (pdsl-cnv^-dit-o-re) behind ; audire,
to hear]. Situated behind the auditory nerve, or
chamber. P. Fossa, a crescentic notch on the tem-
poral bone, separating the temporal ridge from the
auditory plate. P. Processes, in biology, processes
situated behind the auditory chamber in certain fishes.
Postaxial { post-aks' -e-al) [post, after; axis, axes].
Situated posterior to the long axis ; in the arm,
situated on the ulnar, in the leg, on the fibular side.
In the embryo, directed dorsad from the long axis.
Post-boys' Malady. See Malady.
Postbrachial ( post-bra' -ke-al) {'post, after; bracMum,
arm]. Situated posterior to, or beyond, the arm.
Postbrachium {post-bra' -kc-um)\_post, after; bracliiuni,
arm]. The posterior brachium of the corpus quadrigem-
inum, seen on the lateral slope of the mesencephal.
It is between the prebrachium and the lemniscus.
Postbranchial { post-bran^;' -ke-al) [post, after; /Jpay-
X'u, gill]- Situated behind the branchiae.
Postcalcaneal {post - l;al - ka' - ite - al) [post, behind;
calcaneu///, the heel]. In biology, back of the cal-
caneum ; applied to part of the patagium of bats.
Postcarpium {post-kar' -pe-um) [/^^j;', behind ; Kapiro^,
carpus]. The metacarpus.
POSTCAVA
1163
POST-GENERATION
Postcava i^post-kav' -ali) \_post, after, behind ; cavtis,
hollow]. The vena cava posterior.
Postcaval [pdst-kav'-al) [pos/, behind; cavus, hol-
low]. Pertaining to the postcava.
Postcentral {post-sen' -tral') \_post, behind; centru?n,
center]. Situated behind the center.
Postcephalic [^post-sef-al'-ik) [ /oi/, behind ; Kt<^a'/.ri,
head]. In biology, situated behind the head, or
cephalic segment.
Postcerebellar [ pdst-ser-e-bel' -ar) [/orf, behind ; cere-
bellum, cerebellum]. Situated behind, or in the pos-
terior portion of the cerebellum.
Postcerebral ( post-ser' -e-bral ) [ post, behind ; cere-
brum, cerebrum]. Situated behind, or in the posterior
part of the cerebrum.
Postcerviciplex {post-ser-vis ' -ip-leks') \_posf, behind;
cei-vix, ne.ck ; plexus, ■p\&xvLS'\. The posterior cervical
plexus.
Postcibal impost- si' - bal)\_ post, after; cibum, food].
Occurring after meals.
Postcisterna [post-sis-ter' -nah) [post, behind ; cisterna,
a vessel]. That portion of the spaces separating the
ental layer of the arachnoid from the pia of the cere-
bellum, and communicating with the true encephalic
cavities through the metapore,and also with the spinal
subarachnoid space ; the cisterna magna.
Postclavicle [/(?^/, behind ; clavicula,
clavicle]. In biology, the posterior element of the
scapular arch of some fishes.
Postclavicular (pdst-kla-vik'-u-Iar) \_post, after; cla-
vicula, clavicle]. Pertaining to the postclavicle.
Postclitellian i^post-kli-tel' -e-an) \_post, behind; cli-
tellum, a pack-saddle]. In biology, applied to such
earth-worms as have the ducts of the testes opening
behind the clitellum.
Postcommissure [pdst-kom'-is-u!-) \_post, behind; coni-
missura, commissure]. The posterior commissure of
the brain, q. v.
Post-connubial {post-kon-u'-be-al) \_post, after; con-
nubiu}?i, marriage]. Coming on, or occurring, after
marriage.
Post-convulsive [pdst-kon-vul'-siv) \_posf, after; coii-
vellere, to tear away]. Coming on after a convul-
sion.
Postcornu [post-kor'-nu) \_post, after; cornu, horn:
pi., Postcornua\. The occipital horn of the lateral
ventricle of the brain.
Postcornual ( post - kor'- nu - al) [ post, after ; cornu,
horn]. Pertaining to the postcornua (of the ventricles
or of the spinal cord).
Postcostal [post-kos' -tal ) \_post, behind; costa , a rib,
the side]. In biology, located behind the costal
nervure or vein of the wing.
Postcoxal [post-koks'-al) [post, behind; coxez, the
thigh-bone]. In biology, situated behind the coxse.
Postcribrum {^post-krib' -rum) [post, behind ; cribrum,
sieve]. The posterior perforated space of the brain.
Postcruciate [post-kru'-se-at) [post, after; crux, a
cross]. Situated posterior to the cruciate fissure of
the cerebrum.
Postcubital {pdst-ku'-bit-al) [post, behind; cubitus,
the forearm]. Situated on the posterior aspect of the
forearm.
Post-diastolic (pdst-di-as-tol'-ik) [post, after; dianToAr/,
diastole]. Coming after the diastole.
Post-dicrotic [post-di-krof -ik) [post, after; SUporo^,
double-beating]. Coming after the dicrotic wave of
the pulse. P. Wave, a second recoil wave in the
sphygmographic tracing. It is not always present.
Postdigastricxis (post-di-jfas'-trii- us) [post, after ; dig,
double; ynoTr/p, belly]. The posterior belly of the
digastric muscle.
Postdilatator {post-di' -lat-a-tor) [post, after ; dilator, a
dilator]. The posterior dilatator ala" nasi.
Postdorsulum ( post-dor' -su-lum) [post, after; dorsu-
lum, dim. o{ dorsum, the back]. See Metascutum.
Postembryonic [post-em-bre-on' -ik) [post, after; ifi-
(ipvov, embryo]. In biology, subsequent to the em-
bryonic stage.
Post-epileptic (pdst-ep-il-ep' -tik) [ post , aittr ; eTviAr/ilur,
epilepsy]. Occurring after an epileptic attack.
Posterior (pos-te'-re-or) [(neuter, posterius) comparative
of posterns, after, behind]. Having a position to the
back or rear; opposed to anterior (or anterius).
Postero-lateral ( p6s'-te-ro-lat'-er-al ) [posterns, behind ;
latus, side]. Posterior and lateral at the same time.
Postero-parietal {pos-te-ro-par-i' -et-ai) [posterns, be-
hind; /ar/cj, wall]. Posterior and parietal.
Postero-superior {pos'-te-ro-sn.-pe'-re-or) [posterns,
hinder; superior, superior]. Posterior and superior.
Postero-temporal ( pos-te-ro-tem' -por-al ) [posterns, be-
hind ; teinpus, temple]. Posterior and temporal, or
behind the temporal region. In biology, a bone in the
scapular arch of many fishes ; also called the scapula
and the supraclavicle.
Postero-terminal (pos' -te-ro-ter' -minal) [posterns,
hinder; terminalis , terrmvi2}i\. Situated at the hind
end.
Postero-ventral ( pos' -te-ro-ven' -tral ) [posterns ,\m\Aer ;
venter, stomach]. In biology, situated at the hind
end of the ventral surface.
Posterula { pos-ter' -n-lah) [posterns, posterior]. In
biology, Harrison Allen's term for that portion of the
naso-pharynx between the posterior nares and the
salpingo-palatal fold.
Postesophageal ( post-e-sof-aj' -e-al) [post, behind ;
o'tao<payoi; , the gullet]. In biology, situated behind
(dorsad or caudad) the gullet or esophageal ring.
Postfebrile { pdst-feb'-ril ) [post, after; febris, fever].
Occurring after a fever.
Postfemoral [post-fern' -or-a I) [ /<7^/, behind ; femur,
thigh]. Situated on the posterior aspect of the thigh.
Postfontanel {post-fon-tan-el') [post, behind; fo}itana,
a spring]. The posterior fontanel.
Postforceps { post-for' -ceps) [post, behind; forceps,
forceps]. The name given to the oblique fibers at
the posterior extremity of the callosum entering the
occipital lobes.
Postfovea (/o^/-/()-z'(?''-fl/;) [post, after; fovea, pit]. The
posterior fovea, a depression in the floor of the fourth
ventricle of the brain.
Postfrenum ( post-fre' -num) [ post, behind ; frenum,
a bridle, cvirb, bit]. In biology, a part of the meta-
thorax of an insect.
Postfrontal ( post-frun' -tal ) [ post, behind ; frotis,
the forehead]. I. Situated behind the forehead.
2. A bone of the skull in many animals situated at
the back portion of the orbit. P. Process, a process
of bone in many animals on the upper and posterior
portion of the brim of the orbital cavity.
Postfurca ( post-fir' -kah ) [ post, behind ; furca, fork :
//. , Postfurc(f\. In biology, the hinder sternal apo-
deme projecting into the cavity of a thoracic somite
in certain insects.
Postfurcal ( post-fir' -kal ) [ post, behind ; furca, a
fork]. Pertaining to the postfurca.
Postgeniinum [post-Jem' -in-nm) [ post, aiter \ gemimis,
twin]. The posterior pair of bodies of the corpora
quadrigemina, considered as forming together a single
organ.
Post-generation ( post-jen-er-a'-shun ) [ post, after ;
generare, to generate]. In biology, the term applied
by Roux to a very peculiar regenerative process ob-
served in frogs' eggs, in which a segmentation-cell
POSTGENICULATUM
1164
POST-MORTEM
may be " re-animated" after it has been deprived of
its capacity for development.
Postgeniculatum ( pdst-jen-ik-u-la' -titni ) [ post, be-
hind ; geniciilatum , the geniculate body]. The
internal geniculate body.
Postgeniculum [post-Jc'ii-ik' -u-luni). See Geniculiini .
Postgenital [ post-jen' -it-al^ [ /erf, behind ; genitalis,
genital]. In biology, pertaining to those segments
of the body behind the openings of the genital pores.
Postgeniture [pdst-jeii' -it-ur) \_post, after; genitura,
begetting]. The position of a child born after an-
other, as in the second child of twins.
Postglenoid {post-gW -noid) \_post, behind; y'ki/v?],
socket; fuSof, like]. I. Behind the glenoid cavity or
fossa. 2. A process or tubercle of the temporal bone
that descends behind the condyle of the jaw and pre-
vents backward displacement during mastication.
Postgraduate post-grad' -u-at ) \_post,'a.{is.x ; graduare,
to confer a degree]. I. Belonging to or prosecuting
a course of study after graduating. 2. A graduate.
Posthalgia ( pos-thal'-je-ah) [tvooOt], penis; a/.ynr,
pain]. Pain in the penis.
Posthe [pos'-the) [n-ocrh'?/, foreskin]. I. Prepuce. 2.
Penis.
Posthectomy (^pos-thek' -to-?ne) \_-K6adr}, foreskin ; iK.rojxri,
excision]. Circumcision of the prepuce.
Post-hemiplegia {pbst-hem-ip-le' -je-ah) \_post, after;
?)//;, half; Tx'Kijyri, stroke]. Following an attack of
hemiplegia.
Posthemiplegic ( pdst-hem-ip-le' -jik) [ post, after ; /////,
half; TrAz/y//, stroke]. Appertaining to a condition
following an attack of hemiplegia. P. Chorea, chorei-
form movements in paralyzed limbs. They are most
marked in the hand and arm, next in the face, rarely
in the leg. Almost every variety of motion may occur.
Posthetomist [pos-tket'-o-mist) [tt^ct^?^, prepuce ; To/iij,
a cutting]. A circumciser.
Posthetomy (pos-thet'-o-ine) \_n6aB7], penis; ro//?/, a
cutting]. Circumcision.
Posthia ( pos'-tke-a/t). 'aynonym oi Hordeolum.
Posthioplastic {pos-the-o-plas'-tik) [K6aOri, foreskin ;
Tr'X.aaneiv, to shape]. Pertaining to, or involving,
plastic surgery of the prepuce.
Posthioplasty ( pos' -tlie-o-plas-te) [ttooHj], foreskin ;
■KAaaafiv , to mold]. Plastic surgery of the prepuce.
Post-hippocampal {post-hip-o-kam' -pal) \_post, be-
hind; 'LTrjro(;, horse; Kafxrcog, a sea-monster]. Per-
taining to the calcar or hippocampus minor.
Posthitis t^pos-thi' -tis) \_n6aHtj, prepuce; itiq, inflamma-
tion] . Inflammation of the prepuce.
Posthocalymma [pos-tlio-kal-i??i'-ah) [TToadii, penis;
KuAv/ifm, veil]. Synonym of Condom.
Posthocalyptron typos-tho-kal-ip' -troii). Synonym of
Condom.
Postholith {pos' -tho-litli) \_7r6aHr/, prepuce ; lidoc, stone].
A preputial calculus.
Posthoncus ( pos-tliong' -kits) [Troaft/, prepuce ; oyKO^-,
swelling]. A swelling or tumor of the prepuce.
Posthumeral (pdst-An'-mer-al) \_post, behind; hu-
merus, the humerus]. Situated behind the humerus.
Posthumous [pos'-tu-mus) \_post, after; humus, the
ground; more correctly, /(W/z/otz/.i, latest]. Occurring
after death. P. Child, one born after the death of its
father, or taken by the Cesarean operation from the
body of its mother after death.
Posthyoid ( post-hi' -oid) \_post, behind ; {)oei(5//f , hyoid].
Posterior to the hyoid bone.
Posthypophysis { p6st-hi-poff' -is-is) [post, behind;
vn6, under; (p'veiv, to grow]. The posterior and
cerebral portion of the hypophysis.
Posticous [pos'-tih-us) \_posticus, hinder, back]. See
Extrorse.
Posticus { post'-ik-us) [L.]. Posterior.
Postinsula { post-in' -su-lah) [post, behind; insula,
island] . The caudal region of the insula.
Post-mastoid ( /(7rf-w(7j-'-/(?/(/ ) [/oi/, behind ; fiaoTo^,
nipple ; firfof, like]. Situated behind the mastoid
process of the temporal bone. P. Tenderness, a
tender point located one inch behind and about one-
half inch above the external auditory meatus in cases
of septic thrombosis of the lateral sinus dependent
upon otitis media.
Postmedian (post-me'-de-an) [post, behind; medius,
the middle]. Behind the middle transverse line of
the body.
Postmediastinal [post-me-de-as-ti' -nal ) [post, behind;
mediastinum'^. Pertaining to the postmediastinum.
Postmediastinum ( post-me-de-as-ti' -num ) [ post, be-
hind ; mediastinuni\ The posterior dorsal medias-
tinal space.
Postminimus [post-min' -im-us) [/o.r/, after ; mininms
(sc., digitus), the little finger: //., Postminimi\
In biology, an additional little finger or little toe in
cases of polydactylism. In anatomy, the ulnar sesa-
moid bone, commonly called pisiform. Cf. Prehallux,
Prepollux.
Post-mortem { post-mor' -tern) [post, after; tnors, mortis,
death]. I. Occurring after death. 2. An examina-
tion of the body after death ; an autopsy. The gen-
eral technique of a post-mortem is as follows : First,
the appearance of the body is described, including
sex, height, apparent age, discoloration of the skin,
rigor mortis, state of the nutrition, injuries, deformities,
and any peculiarities that may be observed. An in-
cision is then made from the top of the sternum to the
pubic symphysis, the abdomen being the cavity first
opened. Then the position of the viscera, their con-
dition, the presence of hernia, if it exist, the state of
the peritoneum, and the quantity of fluid are noted,
but all without disturbing the relation of the contents.
The thorax is now opened. In order to do this, the
ribs are divided at the costo-chondral junction, and
the sternum and clavicles disarticulated. The rela-
tion of the structures exposed on lifting up the sepa-
rated portion of sternum and ribs is noted — the pres-
ence of fluid in the pleural cavity, pleural adhesions,
the extent to which the lung covers the pericardium.
The pericardial sac is next opened, and its condition
and the quantity of fluid recorded. The opening of the
heart is the next step. This may be done in several
ways ; one of the best is Virchow's method, q. v. After
noting tne character of the blood and clots in the
chambers, the heart is excised, close to the origin of
the great vessels. After completing the incisions, the
state of the valves of the muscle, especially its firmness,
and the size of the walls of the two ventricles, are care-
fully observed and measured. The lungs are next
removed, usually the left first. Section of these or-
gans is made by a long sweep of the knife — in the
case of the left preferably from the apex to the base ;
in the case of the right, from the base to the apex.
Attention is now directed to the abdomen, the spleen
being the first organ removed. Next come the supra-
renals and the kidneys. In order to gain access to
these, it is wise to dissect off, by a few c|uick cuts, the
entire colon from the sigmoid flexure to the ileo-cecal
valve. A double ligature is placed around the sigmoid,
and the gut divided between the ligatures. The re-
moval of the kidneys is further facilitated by cutting
the diaphragm loose from its costal attachments and
throwing it upward, with the liver, into the thoracic
cavity. The adrenals and kidneys are then exposed ;
the course and condition of the ureters are noted.
The suprarenals may now be removed separately, or
POST-MORTEM
1165
POSTPALATINE
taken out with the kidneys ; in either case it is best
to remove the organs on the left side first. Section is
made of the adrenals ; also of the kidneys. In the
latter the capsule is stripped off, and a note is made
of the extent, if at all, to which it is adherent; also
whether the renal substance is torn on removing the
capsule. The next step consists in the removal of the
intestines. These are cut closely to their mesenteric
attachment, care being taken to leave as little of the
mesentery attached to the gut as possible. The fecal
contents are then washed out by a running stream of
water through the bowel, which is opened at the attach-
ment of the mesentery and examined. In removing
the intestines, the rectum and the first and second por-
tion of the duodenum are left in situ. The next step is
usually the opening of the stomach and remaining
portion of the duodenum. This is accomplished, like
the opening of the intestines, by means of the entero-
tome. After the duodenum is opened, the gall-bladder
is pressed until bile is made to flow from the mouth
of the common duct in the duodenum. If this is im-
possible, obstruction exists. The gastric contents are
described, and the condition of the walls noted. The
pancreas is now examined, the condition of its duct,
and the presence of cysts or stones being noted. It is
then removed and incised longitudinally. The liver is
next taken out, the condition of the vessels entering
the portal fissure having been noted before they were
divided. The liver is weighed and measured trans-
versely, longitudinally, and vertically, the width of the
two large lobes being taken separately. A long incision
is now made into the substance of the organ and the
conditions noted, especially the relation of the connec-
tive tissue to the hepatic substance proper. The pelvic
organs are next removed. This is best accomplished
by first making a cut into the bladder; into the open-
ing a finger is inserted, while the other fingers grasp
the rectum. By making the tissues tense, their sepa-
ration from the bony wall of the pelvis is facilitated.
After removal they are cut open ; in the case of a
female subject, the uterus is opened by a longitudinal
cut through the anterior wall. A fine probe is passed
into the oviducts to ascertain their patulousness ; they
may also be opened by a delicate pair of scissors.
Nothing of importance remains now in the abdomen
except the vessels and the semilunar ganglia. The latter
should be examined in situ and also after removal.
The aorta should be opened by a longitudinal incision
extending from the beginning of the arch down to its
bifurcation, thence prolonged out into the iliac arteries.
The thoracic duct should be looked for at the side
of the aorta. The trachea, larynx, thyroid gland,
pharynx, and tongue can be removed either through a
median incision in the front of the neck or from the
base of the neck. For the removal of the brain it
is necessary to saw out a portion of the cranial vault.
It is customary to divide the scalp about on a line
with the coronal suture. The vault is sawn through
in front and behind, a large, wedge-shaped piece
being removed. The dura is then divided on a line
with the sawn edge of the bone, and also separated
from its attachment to the crista galli in front. The
brain is then carefully lifted from its bed, the nerves
passing from it divided, and the attachment of the
dura to the petrous portion of the temporal bone
cut loose. If possible, the pituitary body should
be kept attached to the brain. A long knife is now
introduced into the spinal canal, and the cord cut as
low down as possible. The brain is then lifted out
and placed on a board or plate. After a careful sur-
vey of its external appearances, the organ is dissected.
A number of methods are in vogue. One of the best
is that known as Edinger's method ; only its general
features can be indicated here. The lateral ventricles
are first opened; then the cerebral hemispheres are
cut away from the basal ganglia. Longitudinal and
transverse cuts are made into the cerebral mantle,
observing always to make the incisions as near as pos-
sible at right angles to the course of the convolutions.
The basal ganglia are examined by making multiple
incisions into them ; the cerebellum is similarly treated.
The spinal cord is generally removed from the back ;
special saws have been devised to cut the pedicles of
the vertebras. The cord itself is removed in its mem-
branes from below upward, the most important point
being the avoidance of traction. The membranes
are opened, and the cord-substance divided at short
intervals by transverse cuts. The eyes, if it be neces-
sary, can be removed without difficulty. The removal
of the organ of hearing requires considerable labor.
All organs should, if possible, be weighed.
Postmortuary (^post-inor' -tti-a-re) \_posf, after ; ?nors,
mortis, death]. Post-mortem.
Postnares \_pdst-na'-rez) \_pos(, behind; naris, nostril].
The posterior nares.
Postnarial { pdst-na'-re-al) \_posf, behind; naris, a
nostril]. Situated behind the nostrils.
Postnasal [ /(w/, behind ; nose].
Situated behind the nose. P. Catarrh, catarrhal in-
flammation of the naso-pharynx.
Postnasus [post-tia' -sus) \_post, after; nasus, nose].
In biology, a division of the clypeus in certain insects ;
the supraclypeus.
Postnatal {pdst-jta'-tal) [post, after; natus, born].
Subsequent to birth, as ^. postnatal disease.
Y'o^\.o\i\ow%^X3i { pdst-ob-lo7ig-ga' -tail) [ /tJj/, after ; ob-
longata, medulla oblongata]. The caudal or meten-
cephalic portion of the oblongata, forming the floor
of the metacele.
Postocular (pdst-ok'-ii-lar) [post, behind ; ocultts, the
eye]. In biology, situated back of, behind, or beneath
the eye.
Postolivary ( pdst-ol' -iv-a-re) \_post, behind ; olivarius,
olivary]. Behind the oliva.
Postomosternal i^pdst-o-mo-ster' -nal) \_post, behind;
w//of, shoulder; artpt'oi', sternum]. Pertaining to the
postomosternum.
Postomosternum [post-o-vio-ster' -nicni) \_post, behind ;
(j//of, shoulder ; aripTOi', sternum]. A posterior omo-
sternum.
Post-operative ( post-op' -er-a-th) \_posf, after; oper-
atio, operation]. Occurring after an operation, as
post-operative insanity.
Postoperculum [post-oper' -ku-lum) \_post, after ; oper-
ctihaii, lid]. That one of the folds covering the
insula which is formed of a part of the supertemporal
gyrus; the temporal operculum.
Post-opticus [post-op' -tik-tis) after ; uip, eye:
Postoptici\ Either one of the posterior pair of
optic lobes, or corpora quadrigemina.
Pastoral ipost-o'-ral) \^post, after; os, oris, mouth].
Situated either dorsad or caudad of the mouth. P.
Arches. See Anh. P. Segments, in biology, the
primary segments behind the mouth of certain arthro-
pods.
Postorbital [pdst-or'-bit-al) \_pflst, behind; orbita,
orbit]. In biology: {a) situated behind the orbit;
b) placed back of the compound eye of an insect ;
(■) a separate bone in the orbit of certain reptiles.
Postpalatal (/o.fA/(7/'-«/-a/) [ /m/, behind ; palatum,
the palate]. Situated behind the palate bones.
Postpalatine [post-pal' -at-in) \_post, behind; palatum,
palate]. In biology, a bone in the skull of certain
reptiles, also called pterygoid.
POST-PARALYTIC
1166
POSTVERMIS
Post -paralytic {post-par-al-if -ik) [/oj/, after ; ■Ka{>a-
Avaii;, paralysis]. Following an attack of paralysis.
P. Chorea. Synonym of Post-hemiplegic Chorea.
Post-parietal i^post-par-i' -et-al) \_post, behind; paries,
wall]. In biology, situated behind the parietal plate.
Post-partum post - par' - turn) [post, after; partus,
birth]. Following childbirth. P. Chill, a chill, as
a rule of no pathologic significance, closely following
the expulsion of the child in some cases. It usually
lasts several minutes. P. Hemorrhage, hemor
rhage following delivery. Its causes are such as
interfere with or prevent uterine contraction, as
general debility, weakness of the uterine muscle, anom-
alies of innervation of the uterus, retained placenta
or clots, old adhesions, tumors, distention of the blad-
der and rectum, as well as a hemorrhagic diathesis.
The symptoms are a sudden gush of blood from the
vulvar orifice, relaxation of the uterus, and the con-
stitutional signs of severe hemorrhage: pallor, vertigo,
air-hunger, dimness of vision, sometimes a peculiar
vocal sound, a rapid, feeble pulse, rarely a convulsion.
The mortality is given as I in 300. P. Shock, the
sense of fatigue and exhaustion immediately succeed-
ing labor.
Postpectoral {pdst-pek'-to-ral) [/orf, behind ; pectus,
the breast]. Pertaining to the postpectus.
Postpectus {post-pek' -tits) \_post, behind ; pectus, the
breast]. In biology, the hinder part of the breast.
Postpeduncle {post-pe' -ditnk-l)\_post,\)^mA; peduncu-
lus, peduncle]. The inferior cerebellar peduncle.
Postpeduncular [pdst-pe-diing'-ku-lar) \_post, behind;
pedunculus, peduncle]. Of or pertaining to the post-
pedunculus.
Postpedunculus [pdst-pe-dung'-ku-lus). See Postpe-
duncle.
Postperforatus [post-per-for-a'-tus) [post, behind; per-
forare, to perforate]. The posterior perforated space.
Postpetiole ( post-pet' -e-dl ) [post, behind; petiolus, a
petiole]. In biology, that portion of the abdomen of
an insect just behind the petiole or narrow section.
Post-pharyngeal [post-far-in'- je-al) [post, behind;
(papvyi, pharynx]. Situated behind the pharynx.
Post-phenomenon [post-fe-nom'-en-on) [post, after ;
ipaiDo/ievoi', phenomenon]. The effects following a
phenomenon.
Post-pituitary ( post - pit - u'- it - a - re) [ post, behind ;
pitnita , phlegm]. Situated behind the pituitary body.
Post-pleuritic {pdst-plu-rit' -ik) [post, behind; irXevpa,
pleura; ini;, inflammation]. Following pleurisy.
Post-plexus ( post - pteks' - us) [post, behind; plexus,
plexus]. In biology, the analogue in lower vertebrates
of the lumbo-sacral plexus in man.
Postpone [pdst-pon') [post, after; ponere, to place].
In relation with the paroxysm of malarial fever, it
means to occur after the regular time.
Postpontile { post-pon' -tiI)[posf,h€h\ndL ; pons, bridge].
Situated behind the pons varolii. P. Recess, the
foramen cxcum.
Post-prostatic ( post-pros-tat'-ik) [ post, after ; tt/jo, be-
fore ; 'laravai ,\.o set]. Situated dorsad of the prostate.
P. Pouch. See Trigonum i<esicie.
Postpubic {post-pu' -bik) [post, behind; pubis, ■^Mhe%\.
Pertaining to the postpubis.
Postpubis { post-pu' -bis) [/o^/, behind ; ptibis, \)\ihti :
pL, Postpubes~\. In biology, the postacetabular por-
tion of the pubic bone; used especially in connection
with the pubis of certain Sauropsida.
Post-puerperal ( post-pu-er' -pe-ral) [post, after; puer,
child; parere, to bear]. Occurring after childbirth.
Post-pyramidal { post-pir-am' -id-al) [post, behind;
pyramis, pyramid]. Situated behind the pyramidal
tract. P. Nucleus, the nucleus funiculi gracilis, q. v.
Postramus [post - ra'- mus) [post, behind; ramus,
branch]. The caudal or horizontal branch of the
stem of the arbor of the cerebellum.
Postremus ( pos-tre'-mus) [superlative of posterns, be-
hind]. Hindermost. P. pedis, the extensor brevis
digitorum muscle of the foot. See APuscles, Tabic of.
Postrhinal (post - ri'- nai) [post, behind; piQ, nose].
Posterior and rhinal. P. Fissure, Wilder's term for
the basirhinal fissure.
Postrolandic [post-ro-lan'-dik) [post, after ; Rolando,
an anatomist]. Situated behind the Rolandic fis-
sure.
Postrorse (pos'-trorz) [post, back ; versus, turned].
In biology, turned back; retrorse, the antonym of
antrorse.
Postsacral [post - sa'- kral) [post, behind; sacrum,
sacrum]. Situated behind the sacrum.
Postscalene [post-ska' -ten) [post, behind; OKaXjfvbq,
scalene]. Pertaining to the postscalenus.
Postscalenus [pdst-ska-le' -iius) [post, after ; aKa7:ijv6<i,
scalene]. The scalenus posticus muscle.
Postscapula [post-skap' -21-lah) [post, behind; scapula,
shoulder-blade]. The part of the scapula below or
posterior to the spine.
Postscapular [post-skap' -ii-lar) [post, behind ; scapula,
shoulder-blade]. Pertaining to the postscapula.
Postscapularis ( post - skap - u - la'- ris) [ post, behind ;
scapula, shoulder-blade]. Synonym of the infra-
spinatus muscle.
Postscutellar [pdst-sku-tel'-ar) [post, behind; scutel-
lum, dim. o{ scutum, shield]. Pertaining to the post-
scutellum.
Postscutellum [pdst-sku-tel'-um) [post, behind; scu-
tellum, dim. of scutum, shield: //. , Postsctitella'\. In
biology, the last of the four sclerites of which the
pronotum, mesonotum, and metanotum of an insect
consist.
Postsphenoid [post - sfe'- noid) [post, behind; a(ji>iv,
wedge; fZf5of, like]. Situated behind the sphenoid
bone ; also, forming its posterior portion.
Postsylvian [ post-si I' -ve-an) [post, behind; Sylvius,
an anatomist]. Situated behind the Sylvian fissure of
the brain.
Postsystolic [pdst-sis-tfll'-ik) [past, after; avaro'kTi,
systole]. Occurring after the systole of the heart.
Post-temporal [post-tern' -po-ral) [post, after; tempus,
temple]. In biology, situated back of the temporal
region ; specifically applied to a bone of the scapular
arch in certain fishes, forming at times an integral
portion of the skull. Also called supra-scapida and
supra-clavicle.
Vo^X-XSbKaS. [post-tib' -e-al) [post, behind; tibia].
Situated upon the posterior aspect of the tibia.
Post-tympanic [post-tim-pan'-ik) [post, after; tym-
panum, drum]. In biology, situated back of the
tympanic bone or auditory meatus.
Postumbonal [ post-um' -bo-nal) [post,hst\imdi ; umbo,
a boss]. In biology, situated behind the umbo.
Postural [pos'-tu-ral) [ponere, to place]. Pertaining
to posture or position. P. Respiration, a treatment
of apnea by the induction of respiration tl;rough
changes of posture. P. Treatment, treatment by
position, as the reposition of a prolapsed funis by
]ilacing the woman in a favorable position.
Posture [pos'-tnr) [ponere, to place]. .Position; atti-
tude. An illustrated table of the various postures of
the body is appended.
Post-uterine ( post-u' -ter-in) [ post, behind ; uterus,
uterus]. .Situated behind the uterus.
Postvermis [post - ver'- inis) [post, behind; vermis,
worm]. The inferior vermiform process of the cere-
bellum.
POSTURES
The Horizontal Posture.
The Trendelenburg Posture.
The Genu-pectoral Posture.
The Knees-elbow Posture.
1167 POSTURES
The Semi-prone, or Sims' Posture. Posterior View.
, The Dorsal Elevated Posture.
The Dorso-sacral Posture. Lateral View
;e Semi-prone, or Sims' Posture. Anterior View.
Edebohl's Posture.
POSTURES 1168 POSTURES
TABLE OF POSTURES AND POSITIONS.
Variety.
Description.
When Employed.
Back posture.
See Dorsal recumbent.
Dorsal elevated.
Patient on back, with head and shoulders elevated
at an angle of 30^ or more.
1. Digital exploration of the genitalia.
2. Bimanual examination.
Dorsal recumbent.
I. Patient on back, with the extremities moder-
ately flexed and rotated outward.
1. Application of obstetric forceps.
2. Repair of lesions following parturition.
3. Vaginal examination.
4. Bimanual palpation.
Dorso- sacral or lithot-
omy position.
Patient flat on back, with legs flexed on thighs
and thighs on abdomen. The thighs are ab-
ducted.
1. Plastic operations on the genital tract.
2. Vaginal hysterectomy.
3. Diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the
urethra and bladder.
Edebohl posture
Same as Simon's position
English position.
See Left lateral recumbent.
Erect position.
The occiput and heels on a line ; also the nose,
groins and great toes are in the same vertical
plane.
1. In the practice of ballottement.
2. In differentiation of tumors, cystic, solid, and
hernial.
3. In diagnosticating loosening of pelvic joints.
Exaggerated lithotomy.
See Simon's position.
Genu-cubital or knee-
elbow posture.
Patient upon the knees, with the thighs upright,
and the body resting upon the elbows, the head
down upon the hands.
I. When not possible to employ the classic knee-
chest position.
Genu-pectoral or knee-
chest position.
Patient upon the knees, with the thighs upright;
the head and upper part of the chest resting
upon the table ; the arms crossed above the
head.
I Replacement of prolapsed funis.
2. Dislodgment of an impacted head.
3. Management of transverse presentations.
4. Replacement of a retroverted uterus or pro-
lapsed ovary.
5. Flushing of tiie intestinal canal.
High pelvic posture.
See Trendelenburg' s position.
Horizontal abdominal
posture.
Patient flat on the belly, with the feet extended.
I. Examination of the back and spinal column.
Horizontal position.
Patient supine on the back, with the feet extended.
1. For employment of palpation.
2. Auscultation of the fetal heart.
3. The position for operative procedures.
"Jack-knife " posture.
Patient reclining on the back with the shoulders
elevated, legs flexed on thighs and thighs at
right angles to abdomen.
I. For passing the urethral sound.
Knee-chest posture.
See Genu-pectoral.
Knee-elbow posture.
See Genu-cubital.
Kneeling-squatting posi-
tion.
Patient stooping, with knees pressed upon the ab-
domen, trunk erect.
I. Childbirth in diflScult cases, and in uncivilized
nations.
Latero-prone.
Same as Semi-prone.
Latero-semi-prone.
Same as Semi-prone.
Left lateral recumbent,
English, or obstetric
position.
Patient on left side, with the right knee and thigh
drawn up.
I. Childbirth.
Lithotomy.
Same as Dorso-sacral.
Obstetric.
See Left lateral recumbent.
Reclining posture.
Same as " fack-knife " posture.
.
Semi-prone or Sims'
position, or side pos-
ture.
Patient on left side, with right knee and thigh
drawn well up above the left ; left arm back of
patient and hanging over the edge of the table ;
chest inclined forward so that the patient rests
upon it.
1. Curettement of uterus.
2. Intra-uterine irrigation after labor.
3. Tamponnade of vagina.
4. Rectal exploration.
s. Operations upon the cervix.
Side posture.
See Semi-prone.
Simon's position, or ex-
aggerated lithotomy
position.
Patient flat on back, with legs flexed on thighs and
thighs on abdomen, and hips somewhat elevated.
The thighs are strongly abducted.
I. Operations upon the vagina.
Sims'.
See Semi-prone.
Trendelenburg's p o s i -
tion.
Patient in dorsal position, with body elevated at
an angle of about 45°, feet and legs hanging
over the end of the table.
I. In abdominal surgery to favor gravitation up-
ward of the abdominal viscera.
POSTZYGAPOPHYSIAL
1169
POTASSIUM
Postzygapophysial { pdst-zi-gap-off'-iz'-e-al) \_post, be-
hind; i^vyov, yoke; d7rd0i;(T«f, apophysis]. Pertaining
to the postzygapophysis.
Postzygapophysis ( post-zi-gap-off'-is-is ) [ post, be-
hind; i^vyov, yoke; ciTToipvaig, apophysis]. An ar-
ticular process proceeding from the posterior face
of the neural arch of a vertebra.
Pot [ME., pot, a pot]. A urinal. P. -bellied, having
a prominent belly. P.-belly, a protuberant belly.
P.-gutted, pot-bellied.
Potable ^po' -ta-bl ) \_potare, to drink]. Fit or whole-
some to drink — applied to waters for drinking in dis-
tinction to those for medicinal use.
Potain's Solution. A solution for diluting the blood in
counting the red corpuscles. It consists of three
solutions — one of gum arabic, one of sodium sul-
phate, and one of sodium chlorid, each of a specific
gravity of 1020. These liquids are mixed in equal
proportions.
Potamopyra ( pot-am-op' -ir-ah ) [7rora//df, river ; iryp,
heat, fire]. Malarial fever.
Potash [po/'-ask) \_potassa, potash]. I. Potassium
carbonate prepared by boiling wood-ashes with water
and evaporating the solution. It is arlso obtained
from potassium chlorid and potassium sulphate found
in the Stassfurt salt-beds. The residue left behind in
the manufacture of beet-root sugar also yields potash.
Finally, from the wash-water of sheep's wool, con-
siderable quantities of potash are obtained. 2.
Caustic potash, potassium hydro.xid.
Potassa {po-tas' -aJi) [L.]. I. See Potash. 2. Potas-
sium hydroxid. P. cum calce, Vienna paste, made
by rubbing together equal parts of caustic potash and
quick-lime. It is used as a caustic. Potassse, Liquor,
" solution of potassa," consists of hydrate 56, distilled
water 944 parts ; combined with bitter tonics it is
useful in atonic dyspepsia. Locally, it is used as a
I wash in scaly skin-diseases. Dose TT^v-^ss, diluted.
iPotassamid {po - tas' - am - id ) \_ potassa, potassium;
aimW], NH.^K. \ substitution-compound of ammo-
nia; a yellowish-brown, inflammable substance, pro-
duced by heating metallic potassium in ammoniacal
gas. _
|Potassic \ po-tas' -ik) \_potassa, potash]. Containing
Potassium.
PoiHSsifeTons { po-tas-i/' -er-us) potassa , ■pota.sh ; ferre,
to bear]. Containing or yielding potassic salts.
Eotassinum [ po-tas' -in-u/n). Synonym of Potassium.
otassio-ferric {po-tas' -e-o-fer' -ik) [potassa, potas-
sium; ferrum, iron]. Combined with iron and potas-
sium.
jfotassio-mercuric {po-tas' -e-o-mer-kii'-rik) \^ potassa,
i potassium ; J/>;rz<r)/, a Grecian god]. Combined with
j potassium and mercury.
Potassium [po-tas' -e-nm) \_ potassa, potash]. K =
39 ; quantivalence i ; sp. gr. 0.865. ^ metallic ele-
ment, of silvery luster, and characterized by intense
affinity for oxygen, 'itit Elements , Table of . Its pecu-
liar reactions are : its precipitation when converted
into the acid tartrate ; its precipitation by platinum
perchlorid ; the violet color it imparts to the flame.
Physiologically, salts of potassium are protoplasmic
poisons when applied locally in sufficient concentra-
tion. They dialyze more readily than sodium salts.
In the body they occur especially in the solid struc-
tures, while sodium salts predominate in the fluids.
In*-1 arge doses, by the mouth, potassium salts act as
irritants to the gastro-intestinal tract. The circulation
is generally depressed by potassium salts — -after small
doses the primary depression of the pulse-rate and
arterial pressure is followed by a rise of both ; large
doses cause a rapid fall of pressure and pulse-rate.
74
Injected into a vein, salts of potassium cause paralysis
of the heart. Potassium salts are obtained from the
ash of plants, from saltpeter, from the potassium
bitartrate deposited from urine in the process of fer-
mentation, and from the washings of sheeps' wool.
The action of the various salts is given under their
proper heading. P. acetas, KC.^HjO.,, an easily solu-
ble salt having marked diuretic properties. Dose
gr. v-^j. Purgative doses ^ij-iv. P. Amalgam,
a mixture, in various proportions, of potassium and
mercury. The compound may be a liquid, or an
amorphous or crystalline solid. P. arsenitis. Liquor,
Fowler's solution. See under Arsenic. P. bicar-
bonas, KHCO3, a salt with properties like the carbon-
ate, to which it is preferable. Dose gr. v-xxx. Liq.
potas. efferves. (B. P.) Dose ^v-x. P. bichro-
mas, K.^Cr.^O^, a substance occurring in large, irregu-
lar, yellow crystals. It is used in the preparation of
hardening fluids, and has been applied externally in
syphilis. P. bitartras, KIIC^H.jO,2. See P. taiirai.
Dose gr. xx-^ ss. Pulvis effervescens comp., com-
pound effervescing powder, " Seidlitz powder," con-
tains of the preceding gr. 120, mixed with sodium
bicarb, gr. 40, in the blue paper ; and tartaric acid gr.
35 in the white paper. P.-blue, the blue color result-
ing when potassium cyanid and a ferric salt are mixed.
It is used in dyeing. P. bromas, KBr, a colorless,
crystalline, bitter salt, readily soluble in water. It is
extensively employed as a sedative in nervous excite-
ment, and is one of the best drugs in epilepsy. Its
prolonged use causes the condition known as Bromism,
q. V. P. carbonas, (K,^CO.j)2.3H20, useful locally
in acne and acute eczema, internally in rheumatism,
in the uric-acid diathesis, and in jaundice. Dose gr.
ij-xx. P., Caustic, potassium hydroxid, q. v. P.
chloras, KC10.j, a crystalline compound, with a saline,
cooling taste. It is soluble in 15 or 16 parts of
cold, and readily soluble in boiling water. It is used
as a gargle in diseases of the mouth and throat, in
mercurial stomatitis, etc. Dose gr. v-xx. In toxic
doses it causes disorganization of the blood (convert-
ing the hemoglobin into methemoglobin) and intense
irritation of the kidneys, with hematuria and blood-
casts. Sir James Y. Simpson recommended it in
doses of 20 grains thrice daily, in threatened abortion
from fatty degeneration of the placenta. P. chloratis,
Troch., each containing gr. v. of the salt. Dose j-iij.
P. chlorid., KCl, a colorless, crystalline substance,
of bitter taste. P. citras, K-jCgHjO,. H^O, is used
in solution as a febrifuge, a diuretic, and to alkalin-
ize the urine. Dose gr. x-xxx. P. citratis, Liq.,
citric acid 6, potas. bicarb. 8 ; filter and add dis-
tilled water ad 50 parts. Dose 5ss-j. P. citratis.
Mist., "neutral mixture" — lemon-juice loo, potas.
bicarb, q. s. ad saturationem . Dose ^ss-j. P.
cobalto-nitrite, unof , has been used successfully
in angina pectoris and asthma. Dose gr. ss-j. P.
cyanid., KCN, made from potassium ferrocyanid
by the action of heat, sometimes with (also without)
the addition of potassium carbonate and charcoal. It
is very soluble in water, has active reducing powers,
and is very poisonous. It has the sedative and anti-
spasmodic action of hydrocyanic acid, and, like it,
is used in gastric irritability and cough. Dose -^^
grain. P. dichromas. Synonym of P. bichromas.
P. ethylas, C.,H-OK, a crystalline substance, de-
composing in the presence of organic matter into
metallic potassium and ethyl alcohol. The potassium
abstracts oxygen from the tissues, and thus is caustic ;
the ethyl alcohol is antiseptic. P. et sodii tartras,
KNaC^H^O„.4H20, " Rochelle salt," laxative. Dose
^ss-j. P. ferricyanid, KjFeCgNg, red prussiate
POTATE
1170
POTTERS' ASTHMA
of potash, made from potassium ferrocyanid by the
action of chlorin, The latter is passed through the
salt until a blue color with ferric chlorid is no longer
obtained. It is poisonous. P. ferrocyanid, K,le-
CgNg 4- 3H2O, yellow prussiate of potash, prepared
from blood, and by heating together animal charcoal,
iron, and pearl-ash. It occurs in yellow crystals, solu-
ble in water. It has many uses in chemic analysis.
P. hydras, KHO, potassa, "caustic potash," deli-
quescent and very alkaline. A powerful escharotic.
P. iodid., KI,used in syphilis, metallic poisoning, and
as an antirheumatic. Dose gr. ij-xx. P. Iodid. cum
sapone, Lin. (B. P.), contains potassium iodid, curd
soap, glycerin, oil of lemon, and distilled water.
P. iod., Unguent., contains iodid and carbonate of
potassium, distilled water and benzoated lard. P. ni-
tras, KNO3, saltpeter, niter, crystallizing in long, white
prisms. It occurs naturally in the soil of many trop-
ical countries, especially in Egypt and the East Indies.
It originates in the decomposition of organic matter
rich in nitrogen, in the presence of potassium com-
pounds. Commercially, it is also prepared by double
decomposition of potassium chlorid and Chile salt-
peter, sodium nitrate. Dose gr. x-xx. P. nitratis,
Charta, unsized paper saturated with a 20 per cent,
solution. It is used, when burnt, by inhalation in
asthma. P. permanganas. See Alangancse. P.
picras, CgH.^(N0,2);,0K, a yellow, crystalline bitter
substance, which explodes on heating. It is insoluble
in water ; it has been used for tape-worm. P. pla-
tinichlorid., K.^PtClg, a yellow, crystalline powder.
P. platinochlorid., K^PtCl^, a compound occur-
ring in rose-colored crystals. P., Prussiate of : I.
Potassium ferricyanid, or red prussiate of potash. 2.
Potassium ferrocyanid ; the yellow prussiate of potash.
P., Red Chromate of. Synonym of P. bichroinas.
P. succinas, has been used internally in hemorrhage.
P. sulphas, K.,SO,n an hepatic stimulant and laxa-
tive ; soluble in 10 parts of water at ordinary tem-
perature. Dose gr. xx-^ss. P. sulphis, several
compounds of potassium and sulphur are known.
KjS, the monosulphid, is the one commonly called
potassium sulphid. It is used in the treatment of
skin-diseases. P., Sulphurated, K,,S, potassium sul-
phid. P. tartras, (K.^C^II^O^).^. H^O, ««rw(z/ poias-
stum tartrate, a crystalline, or amorphous substance,
soluble in water. The acid tartrate, potassium bitar-
trate, or " cream - of - tartar," C,H-0„K, is nearly
insoluble in water. Both salts are diuretic and laxative.
Potassium tartrate is also a remote antacid, that is, it
renders the urine alkaline by being converted into a
carbonate, in vvhich form it is excreted. Dose gr. xx-
^ ss. P. telluras, K./FeO^, an efficacious antihydrotic
in pulmonary tuberculosis. Dose gr. Yz-^X- Unof.
Potate [po^-tdt) \_potare, to drink]. In chemistry,
liquefied.
Potato (^po-ta'-to) patata, sweet potato]. The
tuber of Solanum tuberosum. P. -brandy, a brandy
distilled from a mixture of potatoes and barley-malt.
P. -blight. Same as P. -rot. P. -culture, a culture
of microSrganisms on potato. Several methods have
been employed, the one now in general use being that
known as Bolton and Globig's. It is as follows :
Cylinders are cut with a cork-borer out of the center
of large potatoes, trimmed of skin and imperfections,
and cut obliquely, .so as to make two wedge-shaped
pieces. These are placed in sterile test-tubes with
the thin end upward. The tubes are then sterilized
for twenty, minutes on three successive days. In
Esinnrcli' s method, slices of potato are placed in
small sterilized glass dishes, and the latter, with the
contained discs of potato, are sterilized in the steam
sterilizer for an hour. In the original method pota-
toes were cleaned, then soaked in I to 1000 mercuric
chlorid solution, and finally steamed for an hour.
They were then carefully cut with a sterilized knife
and allowed to fall apart in a moist chamber. Which-
ever method is used, the inoculation with the bacteria
is the same, namely, by means of the Ocse or sterilized
needle dipped in the material to be cultivated. P.-
cure. See Cure. P. -disease : I. Same m P.-i-ot.
2. A French term for tuberculosis in cattle. P.-
fungus, the cause of P. -rot, q. v. P. -mold. Same
as P. -rot. P. -murrain. Same as P. -rot. P.-
paste, a substitute for the solid potato as a culture-
medium for bacteria, when a very extensive surface is
desired. It is a stiff paste made with water from the
dry, floury centers of well-boiled potatoes. P.-rot.
See under Mildew. P., Spanish, P., Sweet, the
tuber of Ipomea batatas. P.-spirit. See Alcohol,
Aiiiyl. P. -sugar, a sugar obtained from potatoes.
P. -treatment. Same as P. -cure.
Potency [po'-teii-se) \_posse, to be able]. Power.
Efficacy.
Potential {po-ten'-shal') \_potens, able]. Able or
powerful. A term applied to remedies or agents that
are energetic. In electricity, the tension or pressure
of the current. It is estimated quantitatively in volts.
P. Cautery. See Cautery. P., Difference of, a
term employed to denote that portion of the electro-
motive force which exists between any two points in
a circuit. P. Energy, the force that an organism is
capable of exerting under full stimulation. P., Zero,
in electricity, the potential of a point infinitely dis-
tant from all electrified bodies.
Potentilla {po-ten-til' -ah). See Tormentilla, and
Hardhach.
Potentiometer { po-ten-she-o7n' -et-er) \_potentia, power;
lii jpov, measure] . An instrument used for measuring
the difference of electric potential between two points.
Pothopatridalgia { poth-o-pat-rid-al' -je-ah) [nodo^,
longing; TrciT/ilg, fatherland; a/ j or, pain]. Home-
sickness, or nostalgia, experienced in a foreign land.
Potio, Potion {po' -slie-o, po'-shuii) \_potio, a drink].
A drink or draught of a medicinal preparation.
Potomania [po-to-7iia' -}tc-ah) [rzorog, drink ; jiav'ta, .
madness]. Delirium tremens.
Potometer [po-toin' -et-er) [-drof, drink; fitTpov, rci&^s- 1
ure]. In biology, an instrument for measuring the |
amount of water absorbed by a plant in a given time.
Pototromania ( po-lo-tro-ma' -ne-ah) [ttwt-o!,-, drink;
TpoiKii;, tremor ; fiavia, madness]. Delirium tremens. 1
Pototromoparanoia (po-to-troiii-o-par-an-oi' -ali)\Ti6T0(;, |
drink; Tpd/wg, tremor; Trapdi'om, madness]. Delirium I
tremens. |
Potpourri (po-poo-re') [Fr.]. A mixture of aromatic j
substances formerly used to perfume rooms. j
Pott's Aneurysm. .See Aneutysm, and Diseases, Table J
of. P.'s Boss, the ]irojecting spinous process usually (
found in cases of Pott's disease. See Si(;ns and j
Svmptoms, Table of P.'s Disease, or Curvature, |
caries of the vertebrre, generally of tuberculous origin.
It originates usually in an osteitis of the bodies of the
vertebrre. The symptoms are stiffness of the spinal
column, pain on motion, tenderness on pressure, un-
due prominence of one or more of the spines ; spas-
modic pain in the abdomen ; in late stages, sometimes
paralysis. Abscess usually forms ; it may appear quite
early. P.'s Fracture. See Fracture. P.'s (San-
grene, senile gangrane. P.'s Paralysis, or Para-
plegia, the paralysis resulting from ])ressurc on the >
cord in Pott's disease.
Potters' Asthma. .Synonym of a form of pneumono-
koniosis prevalent among potters. P. Bronchitis.
POUCH
1171
POWER
See Bronchitis. P. Clay. See Argilla. P. Con-
sumption, a form of pneumonokoniosis prevalent
among potters. P. Lung, a chronic inflammation of
the lungs common among potters, and due to the
inhalation of dust.
Pouch [powt/i) [Fr., pocht\ a pouch, pocket]. In biol-
ogy, a sac, cecum, diverticulum or laag-like structure.
P.-bone, a marsupial bone. P. -corona, the coronal
intestine of Medusa. Same as Canal, Cofona. P. of
Douglas, the cul-de-sac of Douglas, a pouch formed
by the recto-uterine fold of the peritoneum. P. of
Fabricius. Set Bursa fabricii. P. -gestation, gesta-
tion in a pouch, as in marsupials. P. -gill, one of the
gills of the lamprey, or marsipobranchs. P., Gut-
tural, in biology, one of the large mucous bags in
solipeds situated between the atlas and the afiterior
portion of the pharyn.x and laryn.x. P., Hair, the de-
pression in the skin in which the hair grows. Ps.,
Ileo-cecal, narrow-necked folds of the peritoneum, at
the termination of the ileum. P., Inguinal, a fold of
the peritoneum behind the internal abdominal ring.
P., Laryngeal, a blind pouch of mucosa opening into
the ventral part of the ventricle of the larynx. P.,
Marsupial ; in marsupials, the bag on the anterior
abdominal wall in wliich the young are carried. P.,
Needham's, in biology, an enlargement or cecal di-
verticulum of the seminal duct of a cephalopod. P.,
Pararectal, the lateral portion of Douglas's pouch.
P., Paravesical, the paravesical fossa. P. of Rathke,
the diverticulum from the pharynx in the embryo,
which goes to form the anterior portion of the hypoph-
ysis. P., Rectal, of sharks and rays, a vascular and
glandular dorsal diverticulum of the rectum, which
Wilder thinks may represent the allantois of higher
vertebrates. P., Recto-uterine, a pouch-like fold of
the peritoneum that is reflected over the uterus. P.,
Recto-vaginal. Same as P., Recto-uterine. P.,
Recto-vesical, the pouch of the peritoneum that is
reflected on the bladder. P., of Seesel, a pouch in
the embryo behind the summit of the hypophysis. P.,
Subcecal, a fold of the peritoneum behind and below
the cecum. P. of the Tympanic Membrane, folds
of mucosa around the horizontal portion of the chorda
tympani nerve as it passes through the tympanic cavity.
P., Utero-vesical, P., Vesico-uterine, a pouch of
peritoneum situated between the uterus and the bladder.
Poudret, Poudrette {poo-dret') [Fr.]. A form of
commercial fertilizer formerly made, the basis of
which was night-soil, dried and mixed with charcoal,
gypsum, and other ingredients.
Poultice [pol'-tis) [TTO/lrof, porridge]. A mixture of
certain substances, as slippery elm, meal, flaxseed,
mustard, etc., into a soft, mush-like mass, for applica-
tion to the skin of a part. The poultice-material
should be mixed with hot water into a mass of even
consistence, and should be neatly spread upon muslin,
linen, or lint, or even upon paper. Flaxseed or elm
poultices should not be more than ^4! inch in thick-
ness, and should receive a thin coating of olive-oil
before being applied. This prevents their sticking to
the surface of the body. P., Anodyne, one yielding
an anodyne effect ; it usually contains some prepara-
tion of opium. P., Antiseptic, one containing some
germ-destroying substance. P., Fermenting, a
poultice made by mixing wheat or corn flour with half
its weight of yeast, and gently warming it until it be-
gins to swell. It is used as an application to sloughing
sores. P., Galvanic. See Galvanic. P., Porter,
a flaxseed poultice made with a quantity of porter ; its
uses are those of the fermenting poultice, (}. v. P.,
Vaginal, a poultice introduced into the vagina in the
treatment of gonorrhea in the female.
Pound {^po7vnd) \_A?>., pzittd, pound]. In Troy weight
12 oz. or 5760 grains ; in avoirdupois, 16 oz. or 7000
Troy grains, or 453.6 grams. Symbol lb. See IVeights
and Measures. P., Foot, the force necessary to raise
one pound through the height of one foot. P. -nose,
a nose that weighs a pound, a vulgarism for hypertro-
phy of the nose.
Poundal {pown'-dal) [AS., pund, pound]. A unit
of force ; that force which applied to a pound of matter
for one second generates in it a velocity of one foot
per second. P., Foot. See Potindal.
Poupart's Ligament. See Ligament.
Poverty [pov'-er-te) [ME., povertee, poverty]. The
state or condition of being poor. P. of the Blood,
a condition of the blood in which there is a deficiency
of the red corpuscles or of the coloring-matter of the
blood. P. -plants, a class of plants the names of
which relate either to the fact that they greatly injure
the farmer by impoverishing the soil, or to the ex-
tremely poor kind of soil in which they grow, e. g. ,
Poverty {^Polemonium ca-riileum). Poverty-weed [Sper-
gula arvensis). Hunger- weed [Bannncuhis arvensis'),
etc.
Powder [pow'-der) [ME., powder, powder]. Fine,
minute, loose particles, as of dust. See Pulvis.
P. of Algaroth, a powder prepared by adding
an excess of water to an aqueous solution of the
terchlorid of antimony. It is composed chiefly
of the oxychlorid of antimony. P., Aromatic, a
powder composed of cinnamon, ginger, and carda-
mom, with or without nutmeg. P., Bleaching. Syn-
onym of chlorinated lime. P.-blower, an apparatus
for blowing powder into cavities, as the ear, the nose,
the larynx , etc. P. , Compound Chalk, a powder con-
taining prepared chalk, acacia and sugar. P., Com-
pound Effervescing. Same as P., Seidlitz. P.,
Compound Licorice, a powder containing senna,
glycyrrhiza and sugar, with or without fennel and
washed sulphur. P., Compound Morphin. Same
as P., Tully's. P., Dover's, a diaphoretic and
sedative powder composed of powdered opium and
ipecac, each one part, and eight parts of sugar of
milk. P., Effervescing. See P., Soda. P.,
Fever, of James. See Pulvis antiinonialis. P.,
Goa. See Chrysarobin. P., Gray. See Bydrar-
gyriini. P., Insect. 'Ace Insect Powder. P., James's.
Synonym of Pulvis antiinonialis. P., Jesuits', pow-
dered cinchona, so-called because the Jesuit priests dis-
tributed it gratuitously to the poor. P., Knox's: I.
Calx chlorata ; 2. A mixture of 3 parts calcium chlo-
rite (?) and 8 parts sodium chlorid. P., Pearl. Bis-
muth subnitrate. P., Ringworm. Synonym of
Chrysarobin. P., Seidlitz. 'Ae.e. Potassium. [Pulv.
effervesc. comp.) P., Soda, a powder containing
sodium bicarbonate, 30 grains, and tartaric acid, 25
grains. P., Styptic, a powder containing alum,
gum acacia, and colophony, sometimes with the addi-
tion of argil and tragacanth. P., Talcum, powdered
soapstone, used often as a local application to in-
flamed surfaces. P., Tennant's, chlorinated lime.
P., TuUy's, a powder composed of camphor, pre-
pared chalk, and licorice, 20 parts each, and morphin
sulphate, I part. It is used as a substitute for Dover's
powder. P., Vienna, potassa and lime. P., Vigo's,
red oxid of mercury.
Power (po'ic'-er) [ME., peer, power]. Strength;
energy. P., Absolute, the weight which must be
attached to a muscle to keep it from contracting when
stimulated. P., Combining, in chemistry, the num-
ber of hydrogen atoms with which an element is able
to combine. P., Mechanical, either of the elemen-
tary powers, the lever and the inclined plane, from
II
POX
1172
PREBASAI.
which all other mechanisms are derived. P., Sen-
sorial, the power of receiving and emitting impulses.
P., Sexual, the ability of having sexual intercourse.
P., Specific Refractive, a quantity which is constant
for every refractive substance, and is found by dividing
the index of refraction of the substance, minus one,
by the specific gravity of the substance. The quotient
multiplied by the molecular weight of the substance
gives the refraction equivalent. P., Specific Rota-
tory, the amount of rotation of a substance, in degrees
of a circle of the plane of polarized light, produced
by one gram of the substance dissolved in one c.c. of
liquid examined in a column one decimeter long.
Pox [poks) \_po<:ks : pi. of Pock^^. I. A term applied to
several infectious eruptive diseases. 2. Syphilis. P.,
Ape, an exanthematous disease of West Indian
monkeys, observed during smallpox epidemics. P.,
Bastard. Synonym of /rt/Vtr/Za. P., Chicken. See
Varii-ella. P., Cov^r. See Cow-pox. P., False.
Synonym of Varicella. P., French. See Syphilis.
P., Gland, P., Glans. Synonyms of Varicella.
P., Grease. Synonym of Horse-pox. P., Great.
Synonym of Syphilis. P., Horn. See Horn -pox.
P., Horse. See Horse-pox. P., Small. See Variola.
Practice (prak'-tis) \_practicare, to practise]. The
official duties of a physician or surgeon in his profes-
sional work; also, the exercise of these duties.
Practitioner (prak-tisk'-uit-e?-) [Vx. , practicieii ; pracli-
care, to practise]. One who practises a profession,
especially that of medicine. (A badly-formed word.)
P., General, one who treats all ailments, in distinc-
tion from the specialist, who treats only one or a few
diseases, or the diseases of one or a few organs.
Prae- {pre-) [L.]. A Latin preposition meaning /^^-Zo/r,
used as a prefix to denote position. It places the
words with which it is combined in antithesis to those
combined with post-. For anglicized words thus begin-
ing see Pre-.
Prsebium ( pre' -be-tini) \_prcebere, to furnish]. Dose.
Prsecava ( pre-ka' -vah). See Precava.
Praecinctum {pre-sink' -him). Synonym oi Diaphragm.
Praecordia (pre-kor'-de-ah). See Precordia.
Praecornu ( pre-kor' -nii) . See Precormi.
Praecuneus ( pre-kii-ne'-iis). See Precuneus.
Praeforceps [pre-for'-seps). See Preforceps.
Praegeniculatum ( pre-jen-ik-u-la' -tum). See Pregen-
ic lit alum.
Praeglobin [ pre-glo' -bin). See Preglobin.
Praehallux {pr,:-hal'-uk<.). See Prehallux.
Praelabrum \ prc-la' -brum) [/w, before; labnim, lip:
pi., Pitelahra'\. In biology, the clypeus or epistoma.
Praemaxilla { pre-maks-il'-ah). See Premaxilla.
PraemeduUa [pre-me-dul'-ah). Synonym of Medulla
oblongata.
Prsemose [/yi-e'-moz). See Premosc.
Praenomen { pre-no'-mett). See Preuomcn.
Praeoperculum {pre - o - per'- ku - lum). "iee Preoper-
citlitm.
Praepedunculus {pre-pe-dung' -ku-lus). .See Prepe-
dioitllllis.
Praepelvisternum {prc-pel-vis-ter'-mtm). Ste^ Prcpcl-
7>istcrniim.
Praeperforatus { pre-per-for-a'-tus). See Preperforatus.
Praeputium { pre-pit' -shc-um). See Prepuce.
Praescapularis {pre-scap-u-la' -ris). Sj'nonym o{ Supra-
spinatiis .
Praescutum { pre-sku' -turn) [prrr, before; scutum, a
shield: pl., l'rctscula\ In biology, the most anterior
of the sclerites, composing the tergal portion of each
thoracic segment of an arthropod.
^XcR%^vn.\wa\ {pre-sem' -in-al). Se^e. Prcscminal.
Praesternum {pre-ster' -nimi). See Presternum.
Praevia { pre' -ve-ah) \_prie, before ; via, a way]. First;
coming before. P., Placenta. See Placenta.
Pragmatagnosia {prag-mat-ag-no' -zc-ah) \jxpayfia, an
object; iiyvucsia, want of recognition]. Inability to
recognize an object. P., Visual, a term suggested
by Dr. John Wyllie for object-blindness.
Pragmatamnesia {prag-mat-am-ne' -ze-ali) [repay jia,
an object ; aiirr/ata, forgetfulness]. Inability to re-
member the appearance of an object. P., Visual, a
term suggested by Dr. John Wyllie for that mental
condition in which there is inability to call up the
visual image of an object.
Prague Method. A method of delivery of the after-
coming head. The child's ankles are grasped above
the internal malleoli with the right hand. The index
finger of the left hand is flexed over one clavicle, and
the remaining fingers of the same hand over the other
clavicle. Traction directly down is now made with
both hands until the perineum is well distended. The
right hand then loosens its hold upon the ankles and
again grasps higher up the legs, the child's feet
being in contact with the back of the right hand.
By a circular movement the feet are now raised
toward the mother's abdomen, the obstetrician using
the left hand, as originally placed, as a fulcrum around
which the head moves.
Prairie (pra'-re) [Fr.]. A meadow. P. Digs. See
Armv Itch. P. Itch, a name given to a combination
of pruritus hiemalis and scabies. See Army Itch.
Pratal {pra'-tal) \_pratum, a meadow]. In biology,
inhabiting meadows. Cf. Pascual.
Pratesi's Reagent. A reagent for the detection of
sugar in the urine. It consists of potassium bichro-
mate and an alkaline silicate. .See Tests, Table of.
Pravaz's Syringe. A hypodermatic syringe with a long
trocar and cannula.
Praxis {pralcs'-is). See Practice.
Pray's Test-letters or Test. A test for astigmatism,
consisting of capital letters composed of strokes that
run in different directions for each letter.
Prazmowski, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Svnonvmatic \
Talde of.
Pre-acetabular {/;r-rt.r-('A<7 before ; (7^■<»/^7-
acetabulum]. Situated in front of the acetabu-
lum.
'Px^-2\\iyirn\mxx\c {pre-al-hii-inin-u' -rik) before ;
albumen, albumin ; ovpnv, urine]. A condition or
symptom coming or occurring before the appearance
of albuminuria.
Pre-anal {pre-a'-nal) before ; anus]. In I
biology, situated in front of the anus. I
Pre-aortic {prc-a-or'-tik) [/r<f, before ; aopTi/, aorta].
.Situated in front of the aorta. !
Pre-aseptic {pre-as-ep'-tik) [prce, before; a, priv. ; j
(jipl'ir, sepsis]. Pertaining to the period before the in-
troduction of aseptic surgery. |
Pre-ataxic {pre-at-aks'-ik) \_pnr, before; ii, priv.; I
r«f/f, order]. Occurring before ataxia. \
Pie-auditoxy [pre-a7c'-dit-or-c)\_prir, before ; aiidire, to j
hear]. In anatomy, situated in front of the auditory I
nerve or canal.
Pre-axal {pre-aks' -al) \_prte, before; (7jr/.t, axis]. Pre- j
chordal ; placed in front of the axon.
Pre-axial {pre-aks' -e-al ) [prie, before; axis, axis]. |
Situated in front of the axis ; in a limb, situated on the !
internal or anterior aspect — in the arm, on the radial, I
in the leg, on the tibial side. j
Prebacillary {pre-bas' -ila-rc) [/;V(-, before ; bacillus,
bacillus]. Occurring before the invasion of the system ,
by bacilli. I
Prebasal (/r,'-/w'-3<7/) \_pnc, before; step, pedes- |
tal]. In biology, in front of a basal portion.
PREBASILAR
1173
PREDENTARY
Prebasilar [pre-ha'-zil-ar) [ //-a-, before ; basis, h&se^.
Situated, or occurring, in front of any basilar structure,
especially, in front of the basilar process of the occipi-
tal bone.
Prebrachial l^pi-e-bra'-ke-al) before ; brachiniii,
upper arm], [a) Located on the anterior aspect of the
brachium or upper arm, e. g., the group of prebrachial
muscles: biceps, coraco-brachialis, and brachialis
anticus. (/') A vein in the wings of certain insects.
Prebrachium i^pre-bra' -ke-iint) \_pru-, before; bra-
chiiim, arm]. The anterior brachium of the brain
seen on the lateral slope of the mesencephal. The
fibers run obliquely dorsoventrad. In biology, the
antebrachial membrane or propatagium. The wing-
membrane of bats, above the arm or forearm.
Prebranchial [pre-brang'-kc-al) [/ri?, before ; bi-an-
chice, gills]. In biology, located in front of the gills.
Prebronchial {pre-brong'-ke-al ) \_pra, before ; fip6yx"'.'>
bronchus]. Situated in front of the bronchi.
Pvehuccal (pre-biil-' -a/ ') before ; biicca, cheeky
In biology, placed in front of the mouth; preoral ;
prostomial.
PvecanceTous [pre-/;an^-ser-!ts) [/ri^, before ; cancer,
carcinoma]. Occurring before the developmeaL of a
carcinoma.
Precardiac [pj-e-kar^-de-ak) \^pra:, before; Kapiha,
heart]. Cephalad of the heart.
Precartilaginous iypre-kar-til-aj' -in-iis^ \_p''<c, before ;
cartilago, cartilage]. Prior to the formation of carti-
lage, as in a certain stage of an embryo.
Precaudal i^pre-karu' -dal) [prcF, before; ca ti c^a, la.i]~\.
Situated in front of the tail or tail-vertebrte.
Precava {pre-ka' -vah) [/ra, before; hollow].
The anterior, or superior vena cava ; the vena cava
descendens.
Precaval (/r^-z^rt'-t'^z/) [/r6r, before ; cai'wj', hollow].
Pertaining to the precava.
Precentral ( pre-sen'-tra!) \_prtr, before; cenfruiit,
center]. Situated in front of the central fissure. P.
Convolution. See Convolutions, 7 able of. P. Fis-
sure. See Fissui-es, Table of. P. Sulcus. Synonym
of P. Fissui-e.
Precerebellar [ pre-ser-e-bel'-ai-) \_ pne, hehre ; cere-
bellum, cerebellum]. Situated before (above) the
cerebellum.
Precerebral (pi'e-ser'-e-bral) [/tc, before ; cerebnint,
cerebrum]. Situated, or occurring before (above), the
cerebrum.
Prechordal ( pre-kor' -dal ) before ; chorda, chord,
string]. Situated in front of the notochord.
Precipitant [pre-sip' -it-ant) \_pra', before ; caput, hes.d'].
Any reagent causing precipitation.
'Pitci-pitaX^ [p}-e-sip'-it-at) [/ra, before ; caput, h.tnA'].
The solid substance thrown down from a solution of
a substance on the addition of a reagent which de-
prives it of its solubility. [Abbreviation : Ppt.] P.,
Atmospheric, one formed on simple exposure to the
air. P., Red. See Ilvdrargyrmii oxidtim rtibrum.
P., White, N2(Hg.j)3C1.2, formed by adding ammonium
hydrate ti a solution of mercuric chlorid. Hydrargy-
rum ammoniatum.
Precipitate {pre-sip' -it-it) before; capiit,\\ea.d.\
Headlong; hasty. P. Labor. See Labor.
Precipitation [pre-sip-it-a'-s/mn) \_priTcipitatio']. The
process of throwing down solids from the liquids
which hold them in solution. It is usually effected by
chemic reaction. Precipitates are crystalline, amor-
phous, curdv, Jlocculent, granular, or gelatinous, ac-
cording to the form assumed. The agent causing
precipitation is the precipitant solid thrown down,
the precipitate. P., Fractional, the process employed
in separating a mixture of fatty acids by the addition
of small portions of the acetate of a heavy metal.
The precipitate consists of a combination of the metal
with a large proportion of the less volatile acid and a
small proportion of the more volatile acid. In the
filtrate the proportions are reversed. The metal is sepa-
rated from the less volatile acid by dissolving the pre-
cipitate in hydrochloric acid. The process is repeated
until finally the filtrate contains practically only the
more volatile acid, and the precipitate onlv the less
volatile acid. P., Partial, a process of separating two
soluble salts by precipitation of a portion of each, and
subsequent decomposition of the precipitate. The
latter is redissolved and again precipitated.
Preclitellian {pre-kli-teV -e-an) [/;-,?, before ; clitelluin,
a pack-saddle]. In biology, applied to such earth-
worms as have the ducts of the testes opening in front
of the clitellum.
Precloacal ( pre-klo' -a-kal) \_pra:, before ; cloaca, a
sewer]. In biology, of or pertaining to, the front part
of the cloaca.
Precocity [pre-kos'-it-c) \_priT, before; coquere, to
ripen]. Early development or maturity. It is applied
especially to great development of the mental faculties
at an early age.
Precommissure [pre-kom' -is-ur) \_prce, before; com-
jnissura, commissure]. The anterior commissure of
the brain ; it is a marked thickening of the parietes, a
compact bundle of nerve-fibers extending laterad
and dividing a short distance from the meson into
two portions, a temporal and an olfactory.
Precoracoid, Praecoracoid [pre-kor' -ak-oid) \_prcE,
before; Kt'jpa^, raven; fltSof, like]. In biology: [a)
placed in front of the coracoid process of the scapula ;
(/') a specific part of the pectoral arch of certain
vertebrates.
Precordia {pre-kor' -de-ali) \_pr(V, before ; cor, the heart :
either sing., nom., fem. ,or pi. of Precordium']. A
name applied to the diaphragm, the thoracic viscera,
or the epigastric region, but often more especially to
the area of the chest overlying the heart.
Precordial (pre-kor' -de-al) \_prcB, before; cor, heart].
Situated, or occurring, in the region of the precordia.
Precordialgia {prc-kor-de-al' -je-ah) [prce, before; cor,
heart; aXyoc, pain]. Pain in the precordial region.
Precordium {pre-kor' -de-ttm). Synonym of Precordia.
Precorneal {pre-kor' -ne-al) \_prcE, before; corneus,
horny]. Situated on the front of the cornea of the
eye.
Precornu {pre-kor' -nti) \_pru:, before; cornu, a horn].
The anterior cornu of the lateral ventricle of the
brain.
Precribrum {pre-krib' -rum) [/nr, before; cribrum,
sieve]. The anterior perforated space of the brain.
Precuneal {pre-ku-ne' -al)\_pra , before ; (7<«««, wedge] .
Situated in front of the cuneus ; specifically, pertain-
ing to the precuneus.
Precuneus {pre-ku-ne' -its) \_prce, before; cunezis,
wedge]. The quadrate lobule of the parietal lobe
situated cephalad of the cuneus of the occipital lobe.
Precurrent { pre-kitr' -ent) \_pra, before; cnrrere, to
run]. In biology, extending cephalad ; antrorse.
Precursor ( pre-kur' -sor) [ pr,e, before ; cnrrere, to
run]. A forerunner; a premonitory sign.
Precursory {pre-kiir'-sor-e). Synonym of Premon-
itory.
Predacean [pre-da'-se-an)\_pryrdax, given to preying].
In biology, a carnivorous or predaceous animal.
Predelineation { pre-de-lin-e-a' -shun). Synonym of
Preformation .
'Pvedtnta.Ty { pre-den'-ta-re) \^prce, before; dens, tooth].
In biology, a portion of the jaw-bone of certain
reptiles.
PREDIASTOLIC
1174
PREGNANCY
Prediastolic { pre-di-as-tol' -ik) [/>;-«■■, before ; t)iaaTo7.rj,
diastole]. Occuring before the diastole of the heart.
Predicrotic [prc-di-krof -ik) \_pru-, before; dtKpoTiK,
double beating] . Preceding the dicrotic. P. Wave, the
primary wave in the dicrotic curve of a sphygmogram.
Predigastric {pre-di-gas' -trik) [_J>ru-, before ; digaitrii ~\.
Pertaining to the predigastricus.
Predigastricus ( pre - di-gas'- trik - us) [ prie, before ;
digastn'i-'\. The anterior belly of the digastric muscle.
Predigested {pre-di-jcs'-ted) \_pra:, before; digerere,X.o
digest]. Parti}' digested by artificial means before
being taken into the .stomach. P. Foods, foods that
have been prepared by a process of artificial digestion
through the agency of various ferments.
Predigestion [ pre-di-jes' -i-Imn) [^prir, before, digerere,
to digest]. Previous digestion.
Predilatator ( pre-dil-at-a' -tor) \_prir, before ; dilator,
a dilator]. The anterior dilator muscle of the nostril.
Predisponent [pre-dis-po'-nent). Synonym o{ Predis-
posing.
Predisposing (^pre-dis-po' -'Jng)\_pr<r, before ; dispoiiere,
to dispose]. A peculiar condition of the system that
renders it liable to attack, under a slight exciting
cause ; making susceptible.
Predisposition {pre-dis-po-zish' -un) \_prte, before; dis-
poiiere, to dispose]. That condition of the body in
which causes that leave other persons unaffected call
forth an attack of disease in individuals predisposed.
Predisposition may be inherited or acquired. The
term at the present time refers especially to suscepti-
bility to infectious diseases, and implies a peculiar con-
dition of the bodily juices or cells, in which these are
unable to repel the invasion of pathogenic micro-
organisms.
Predormition [pre-dor-mish'-un) \_pra, before ; dor-
mition]. Applied to the stage of unconsciousness
immediately preceding actual sleep.
Predorsal { pre-dor' -sal) \_pr<c, before; dorsum, back].
Situated in front of the dorsum or back.
Preefficients {pre-ef-fis!i' -entz) \_prie, before ; efflcieiis
effecting]. In biology, Gabon's term for the sum
total of predisposing causes, or factors, in the consid-
eration of any given phenomenon.
Pre-esophageal, Praeesophageal [ pre-e-so-faj' -e-al)
[prie, before; inamjmyix;, esophagus]. In biology,
placed in front of the gullet or anterior to the esopha-
geal ring of an invertebrate.
Prefloration {pre-flo-ra' -shun) [//w, before ; Jlomre,
to blossom]. See Estivatio7t.
Prefoliation {pre-fo-le-a'-shun) \_prte,\)^S.oxe.; foliare,
to put forth leaves]. See Vernation.
Prefontanel [pre-fon-tan-el') \_prtc, before ; fontana ,
a little fountain]. The anterior fontanel.
Preforceps { pre-for' -seps) \_pric, before; forceps, for-
ceps]. Those hooked or curved anterior fibers of the
callosum that reach cephalad into the frontal lobe.
Preform [pre-fornd) [//w, before; formare, to shape,
fashion]. In biology, the antecedent determination
of a form or shape.
Preformation {pre - for - ma' - shun ) \_pra, before;
foniiare, to form]. A previous formation. P.,
Theory of, a theory prevalent at one time, according
to which the germs of all individuals of a species were
contained in the first individual of that species created ;
.that, e. g.. Eve held in her ovary the germs of all
human beings, one encased within the other. Those
who espoused this theory of female encasement were
known as Ovulists. An opposing school taught that
the spermatozoon was the essential element in repro-
duction ; that the ovum simply ottered a favorable soil
for its development, and that in the spermatozoon of
Adam all mankind had been preformed. The adhe-
rents of the theory of the encasement of the male were
styled Animalculists. See Incasement.
Prefrontal [pre-frtin'-tal) before ; /roKj-, fore-
head]. In biology : [a) the fore part of the frontal
region ; [b] one of the anterior cranial bones of cer-
tain vertebrates.
Pregeminal {pre-Jem'-inal ) [//vf, before ; geminus,
twin]. Relating to the anterior pair of the corpora
quadrigemina.
Pregeminum [pre-/'em'-in-um) \_prtc, before; gemimcs,
twin]. The anterior pair of the corpora cjuadrigemina,
considered as forming together a single organ.
Pregeniculatum { pre-jen-ik-u-la'-tum) [/;-<?, before ;
geniculatum , geniculate]. The external geniculate
body, on the outer side of the corpora quadrigemina
and under the back part of the optic thalamus. It is
characterized by the regular alternation of deeply gray
and white lamina. The nerve-cells in the gray sub-
stance are large, multipolar, and pigmented.
Pregeniculum {pre-jen-ik'-u-lum). See Geniculum.
Pregenital [pre-Jen'-it-al] [prce, before; genitalis,
belonging to generation]. In biology, located in
front of the external genital organs.
Preglenoid [pre-gle'-noid ) \_prcc, before; y'krivri, pit;
like]. Situated in front of the glenoid fossa.
Preglobin ( pre-glo' -bin) \_prie, before ; globus, a globe].
An albuminoid derivable from cytoglobin by the in-
fluence of dilute acids. It differs from other albumin-
oids in being insoluble in an excess of acetic acid.
Preglobulin ( pre-glob' -u-lin) [ prce, before ; globulus,
a little ball]. An albuminous body present in small
amount in cells, insoluble in water, soluble in a ten per
cent, sodium chlorid solution and a dilute alkaline
solution. It slightly inhibits coagulation.
Pregnancy { preg' -nan-se ) [_pregnans, with child].
The state of the female corresponding to the pres-
ence within her body of the product of concep-
tion ; the period from conception to delivery. If
delivery is protracted far beyond the normal time
and the ovum is dead, the condition of pregnancy
cannot be said to exist. The normal duration of
pregnancy in woman is 280 days, or ten lunar months
of twenty-eight days each, or nine calendar months.
Various methods have been devised to estimate the
probable termination of pregnancy, one of which,
Ely's Table, is here introduced. The period of ges-
tation varies in different animals, as shown in the
following table : —
PERIOD OF GESTATION OR INCUBATION (Schenk).
Days.
Coluber, 12
Hen, )
DiickJ ^'
Goose 29
Stork, 42
Cassowarj', 65
Mouse, 24
Rabbit, )
Hare,
Badger, 1
Wolf,
Lion
Pig
Sheep
Goat
Roe
Bear, 1
Small apes, J
Deer,
Weeks.
■ . 24
. 39 '
• 36-40
Weeks. Woman 4°
Months.
: }
13
Horse
Camel, ,
Rhinoceros,
Elephant, 24
Rat, ,s
Guinea-pig, 7
Cat, ) „
Marten,;
Dog, -(
Fox, V 9
Foumart, j
P., Abdominal, the lodgment of the developing
ovum in the abdominal or peritoneal cavity ; it is
primary, if the fertilization take place in the
cavity, and secondary, if the embryo or ovum break
through the enclosing walls of a tube or uterine
cornu into the peritoneal cavity. P., Cervical:
PREGNANCY
1175
PREHALTER
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vo ro N VO I
rO ho W ho « KO I
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rOO roa\ rOO rOOi roO rOO t^ON
I Osl N 00 (N ON N
o r^i O "O o
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« ON (S CO
: 1 u is
primitive, a variety of ectopic gestation wherein the
ovum is arrested and developed ni the cervical canal ;
secoiu/arv, in early abortion the ovum expelled from
the uterine cavity, remains in the cervical cavity. P.,
Cornual, pregnancy in one of the horns of a two-
horned uterus. 'P., 'E.-xtTa.-uX.civn.e, ectopic gestation ;
the development of the ovum outside of the cavity '
of the uterus. It is due to any condition that will
prevent the entrance of the ovum into the uterus,
as, for instance, inflammation of the F'allopian tubes.
Pregnancy may take place within the tube, in the
ovary, in the part of the tube that traverses the
uterine wall, or in the abdominal cavity. P., False,
any condition in the abdomen that simulates preg-
nancy. P., Fatty, false pregnancy due to the pres-
ence of a large quantity of fat in the abdominal walls.
P., Feigned, pregnancy simulated by malingerers.
P., Gemellary, twin pregnancy. P., Hysterical, a
very deceptive condition of certain hysterical females
which simulates pregnancy. There is abdominal en-
largement, generally from tympanites, cessation of
menstruation, and other symptoms of pregnancy ;
movements of the intestines may counterfeit fetal
movements. The tympany of the abdomen and
the modifications of the signs usually produced by
anesthetization are important in the diagnosis. P.,
Interstitial, a variety of extra-uterine and tubal
pregnancy, the ovum developing in that portion of
the oviduct that passes through the wall of the
uterus. P., Molar, pregnancy in which the ovum
is converted into a mole. P., Multiple, that form
of pregnancy in which the uterus contains two or
more fetuses. P., Mural, pregnancy in the uterine
wall ; it is classed as one variety of extra-uterine
pregnancy. P., Nervous. Synonym of P., Hys-
terical. P., Ovarian, the fecundation and growth
of the ovum taking place within the ovisac. P.,
Phantom. Synonym of/'.. Hysterical. P., Plural,
the development of more than one fetus at one
time. P., Precocious, pregnancy at an early age,
sometimes before the establishment of menstrua-
tion. P., Signs of. See Hegars, Braxton Hicks
and Jorisenne' s in Signs and Symptoms, Table of.
P., Signs or Tests of, those clinical manifesta-
tions by which the existence of pregnancy may be
demonstrated. There are three so-called absolute
signs of pregnancy : Ballottement, fetal movements,
and the fetal heart-sounds. Hegar's sign and Brax-
ton Hicks' sign are also valuable. Beccaria's sign of
pregnancy is an intense pulsating pain in the occipital
region. P., Single or Simple, the normal develo])-
ment of a single fetus. P., Spurious. Synonym of
P. , False. P., Tubal, development of the ovum in
the oviduct. P., Tubo-abdominal, the ovum is de-
veloped in the ampulla and extends into the abdomi-
nal cavity. P., Tubo-ovarian, the ovum is attached
to the oviduct and ovary. P., Tubo-uterine. Same
as P., Interstitial. P., Twin, the presence of two
fetuses in the uterus. P., Unconscious, pregnancy,
of the existence of which the woman has not become
aware .
Pregnant [preg'-nant) \^ prirgnans']. With child;
gravid.
Prehallux i^pre-hal' -tiks) \_prce, before ; hallex or allcx,
the great toe: gen., Prehallucis ; pi., Prekalliices'].
In biology, the tibial sesamoid bone found in mammals
having complete digits. A rudimentary structure cor-
responding to the prepollux is seen in the human
embryo of the second month. Cf. Prepollex and
Postmi)timiis.
Prehalter {pre-hawl'-ter'] \_prcF, before ; halter, leaping
weights: //. , Prchalte7-es\ In biology, a membran-
PREHEMIPLEGIC
1176
PREPEDUNCULUS
ous scale in front of the balancer or halter of dipter-
ous insects.
Prehemiplegic {pre-hem-ip-le' -jik) S^pnc, before;
half; T/l//)7/, stroke]. Occurring before an attack of
hemiplegia. P. Chorea, choreiform movements of a
limb, preceding its paralysis. P. Pain, painful sensa-
tions in a limb which subsequently becomes paralyzed.
Prehensile [pre-hen'-si/ ) \_pi-ehendere, to lay hold of].
In biology, adapted for grasping or holding.
Prehension [prc-hen' -shitn) \_prehcndei-e, to seize].
The act of taking hold or seizing.
Prehensorium {prt'-hen-so' -re-um) [_pre^iendtTt\ to lay
hold of, seize]. In biology, a structure adapted for
grasping ; specifically applied to the hind legs of
certain spiders.
Prehensory i^pre-hen' -so-re). Same as Prehensile.
Prehnitic Acid [pren-it'-ik) . See Acid.
Prehnitol [ pren' -it-ol), Ci(,H,^. A hydrocarbon, pro-
duced by warming durene with concentrated HjSOj.
It is a liquid boiling at 204° C.
Prehypophysis {pre-hi-poff' -is-is) \_pnF, before ; inrdtj)-
vauj, hypophysis]. The anterior and larger portion
of the hypophysis, derived from the enteron.
Pre-insula. (pre-in^-su-/a/i) \_pru-, before; insula, in-
sula]. The cephalic region of the insula.
Prelacrymal [p?-e-lak' -rim-al) [/''«", before; lacrynia,
tear]. Situated in front of the lacrymal bone.
Prelum [L.]. Pre.ss. P. abdominale, the
squeezing of the abdominal viscera between the dia-
phragm and the rigid abdominal wall, as in the pro-
cesses of defecation, micturition, and parturition.
P. arteriole. Synonym of Touniiqitet.
Prelumbar before ; himbas,\6\t\\
Anterior to the lumbar vertebrre or the loins.
Premandibular ( pre-man-dib'-u-lar) \_prce, before;
tnandibtda, mandible]. See Predentary.
Premaniacal iypre-ma-ni' -ak-al ) \_prie, before ; fiav'ia,
mania]. Previous to insanity, or to an attack of
mania.
Premature {pre-mat-ur') [/r^?, before ; maturare,X.o
ripen]. Occurring before the proper time. P. Labor.
See Labor. P. Respiration, respiration taking place
before complete birth of the fetus.
Premaxilla {pre-maks-iF -ah) \_pne, before ; maxilla,
jaw]. The intermaxillary bone.
Premaxillary [pre->naks' -il-a-re). See Intennaxillaiy .
Premenstrual [pre-inen' -slru-al) [pra, before ; nieii-
striia, menstrua]. Preceding menstruation.
Premolar {pre-mo'-lar) \_pnr, before; iiwla, mill-
stone]. I. Situated in front of the molar teeth. 2.
One of the two anterior permanent molars. A term
applied to the bicuspids {bieiispidati , two spear-points)
of a horse, from the two eminences on their crowns.
Premonitory (/r^-;«o«'-//-o;--<') [/;-<?, before ; monere,
to warn]. Indicating the approach of an event or the
oncoming of a disease.
Premorse { pre-inors') \_pm, before; mordere, to bite].
In biology, irregularly truncate, as if bitten off.
Prenarial lypye-na' -re-al) \_priE, before; «ffr/j, nostril].
Pertaining to the prenares.
Prenaris {pre-?ia'-ris) \_prcc, before; naris, nostril].
The anterior naris.
Prenasal ( pre-na'-zal) [/;vr, before ; nose]. In
front of the nose or nasal passages.
Prenatal ( pre-ua' -tl) \_pnr, before ; nasci, to be born].
Existing previous to birth.
Prenomen, Praenomen ( pre-no'-iiwn) \_pr<e, before;
7iotiic)i, name: //., Prenomina, Prirnoaiina']. In
biology, the first, or generic, portion of an onym in
binominal or polynominal nomenclature.
Pre-occipital ( pre-ok-sip' -it-al ] [/^w, before; occiput,
occiput]. Situated anterior to the occipital region. P.
Fissure, a fissure on the ventral, lateral surface of the
cerebrum separating the occipital and sphenotemporal
lobes.
Preoccupation i^pre-ok-ii-pa' -slnni) \_pra, before; occu-
pare, to occupy] . The condition of being so en-
grossed in one's own thoughts as not to answer or
hear when accosted ; a symptom of melancholia.
Preocular {pre-ok'-ular) \_p?-ce, before; ocuhis, eye].
In biology, placed in front of the eye ; as the pre-
ocular autouitc of certain insects.
Preomosternal {pre - o - nw - ster' -nal) \_pr/£, before;
6'j//of, shoulder ; wrfpiioti, sternum]. Pertaining to the
preomosternum.
Preomosternum {pre-o-mo-ster' -man) \_prii', before; !
(jfiog, shoulder; arepvop, sternum]. An anterior '
omosternum. !
Preopercle (pre-o-per^-kl). Same as Preoperculum.
Preoperculum, Prseoperculum [pre-o-per' -ku-lum) !
[ prtc, before ; operculum, a lid : //. , Preopercula'] . '!
In biology : [a) the fore-lid, or operculum, of a moss-
capsule ; [b) one of the opercular bones of a fish ; (c)
the frontal operculum of the brain, between the pre-
sylvian and subsylvian fissures.
'Pr^o^Xic [pre-op' -lik) \_prip,he.iore; owTixog, {rom bndv,
to see]. Pregeminal; anterior to the optic lobes. !
Preopticus {pre-op' -tik-us') \_prie, before ; 61/', sight]. |
The anterior pair of the quadrigeminal bodies. 1
Preoral [pre-o'-ral) \_pm, before; os, oris, mouth], j
Situated in front of the mouth ; prebuccal. P. Seg-
ments, in biology, certain hypothetic, primitive rings
in articulated animals, supposed to be cephalad of those i
bearing the mouth-organs, and to be folded back, thus |
forming the top of the head.
Preosseous {pre-os' -e-its') \_prce, before; os, a bone].
Preceding the formation of bone. Applied to a trans-
parent substance having the chemic characters of
ostein, with cavities containing osteoblasts, from which
the bone is formed. j
Prepalatal [pre-pal'-at-al) \_pr<e, before; palatum, '
palate]. Situated in front, or in the anterior part, of
the palate. '
Prepalatine {pre-pal'-at-in) \_pra, before ; palatum,
palate]. Synonym of Prepalatal. Also, as a plural i
noun, the maxillary processes of the palate bone.
Preparation [prep-ar-a'-shuft) \_ pra;parare , to make
ready]. Anything made ready. In anatomy, any
part of the body prepared or preserved for illustrative
or other uses. In pharmacy, any compound or mix-
ture made after a formula.
Prepared [ pre-pdrd ') \_pr,cparare, to make ready]. 1
Made ready. P. Cover-glass, in bacteriology, a
thin glass cover upon which a delicate film of the sub- t
stance to be examined has been spread, and after :
having dried, has been fixed by passing the cover-glass |
thrice through the flame of a spirit-lamp or Bunsen- 1
burner. The cover-glass is now ready to be stained. ,
Preparoccipital {pre-par-ok-sip' -it-al) \_prcc, before; j
Trapn, beside ; occiput, the occipital bone]. Lying
anteriorly in the paroccipital gyre of the brain, as a |
certain fissure.
Prepatellar { pre - pat - el' - ar) \_pnc, before; patella,
patella]. Situated in front of the patella, as a bursa.
Prepeduncle { pre-pe' -dung-kl) [ /rtf, before ; pedun-
cuius, peduncle]. The anterior of the cerebellar
peduncles extending to the mesencephal.
Prepeduncular ( pre - pe - dunt;' - ku - lar) [ pra, before ;
peduuculus, peduncle]. Pertaining to the prepedun-
culus. I
Prepedunculate {pre-pe-dung'-ku-lat) \_pne, before; j
peduuculus, peduncle]. Same as Prepeduncular. \
Prepedunculus (pre-pe-dung'-ku-lus) \_pra, before; j
peduuculus, peduncle]. See Prepeduncle.
PREPELVISTERNAL
1177
PRESENTATION
Prepelvisternal l^pre-pel-vis-tei-' -nal ) [/"'ir, before;
pi'lvis, pelvis ; arepvop, sternum] . Pertaining to the
prepelvisternum.
Prepelvisternum (^pre-pel-vis-ter' -uiim') \_pri£, before;
/f/z'/j-, pelvis ; OTfpi'Oi', sternum]. An anterior pelvi-
sternum.
Preperforatus [pre-pcr-for-a' -/us) \_pnc, before; perfor-
are, to perforate]. The anterior perforated space.
Prephthisis, Praephthisis {pre-ti' -sis, pre-te' -sis) [pro-,
before ; (jiHiaic, phthisis]. The pretuberculous state.
The predisposition to tuberculosis.
Prepigmental 'ypre-pig-men' -tal ) [priF, before; pig-
fnentum, a pigment]. Situated within the pigmented
layer of the eye.
Prepituitary [pre-pit-tt' -it-a-re) [pra, before; pituita ,
phlegm]. Situated in front of the pituitary body.
Preplacental [pre-plas-en' -/a/) \_pm, before; ir'AaKoix;, ■
placenta, placenta]. Previous to the formation of the
placenta.
Prepollex {pre-pol' -eks) \_prcE, before; pollex, the
thumb: , Prepollicis : pi. , Prepollices\ In biology,
the radial sesamoid bone of such mammals as have
five complete digits. Occasionally, as in Pedetes caffer,
the so-called prepolle.x consists of two bones, of which
the distal one bears a distinct nail-like horny covering.
Cf. Prehallux, Postiniiiiiniis.
Prepontile [pre-fon'-til) \_pne, before ; pons, a bridge].
Situated in front of the pons varolii.
Prepotency ( pre-po' -ten-se) \_prtc, before ; posse, to be
powerful]. In biology , dominant " force of heredity."
The power that one parent may have of impressing
his or her own character upon the offspring, the pecu-
liar characters of the other parent being less obviously
transmitted. P., Individual, a phenomenon, recognized
by breeders of plants and animals, in which it seems
that a marked tendency occasionally exists in certain
individuals to transmit their special, individual charac-
ters to the majority of the oflspring. Among plants,
Vilmorin distinguishes as " lions e/alons'' individuals
that possess the capacity of transmitting their own
characters to their offspring in a great degree. One of
the best known examples among animals is that of
the " otter sheep. " P., Racial, a particularly marked
power of transmission in a given race in contrast to
other races ; this power is more marked in the pouter
pigeon than in the fantail, so that when these two
races are crossed, the characters of the pouter pre-
dominate in the offspring.
Prepubic {^pre-pn' -bik) \_prce, before; pubis, pubis].
In biology, placed in front or in the fore part of the
pubis.
Prepubis [pre-pu'-bis) \_prtc, before; pubis, pubis: //. ,
Prepubes^. In biology, the pubis of a bird ; the pre-
acetabular part of the pubic bone.
Prepuce [pre'-piis) \_pmputiiim, prepuce]. The fore-
skin of the penis. It is lined with mucosa. P. of
the Clitoris, the superior folds of the nymphse sur-
rounding the glans clitoris.
Preputial ( pre-pu' -she-al ) [ prceputium, prepuce] . Per-
taining to the prepuce.
Preputium (^pre-pu' -she-um). See Prepuce.
Prepyloric {^pre-pi-lo7-' -ik) \^pric, before ; pylorus, the
distal orifice of the stomach]. Placed in front of the
pylorus.
Prepyramid ( /rf'-Zfr'-ff ) \_priT, before; pyramis,
pyramid]. One of the anterior (ventral) pyramids
of the oblongata.
Preramus ( pre-ra' -mus) \_priF, before ; i-amus, branch].
The vertical (anterior or cephalic) branch of the stem
of the arbor of the cerebellum.
Prerectal {pre-rek' -tal) \^prie, before; reef urn, rec-
tum]. Situated in front of the rectum.
Prerenal ( prc-re' -nal) [pra, before; ren, kidney].
Situated in front of the kidney.
Preretina (^pre-ref -in-ali) \_pra:, before; retina, retina].
The thin lamina which represents the retina on that
part of the inner surface of the chamber of the eye
which lies anterior to the ora.
Preretinal ( pre-ret'-in-al),\_pi-ie, before; retina, rei-
ina]. Pertaining to the preretina.
'Pxerivmi {pre-ri'-/nah) [/;■«-, before ; r?w«r, a fissure].
An extension of the rima cephalad from the porta, as
in certain fishes.
Prerimal {pre-ri' -nial) \_pm, before; rinia, cleft].
Pertaining to the prerima.
Presacral i^pre-sa' -kral) \_pra, before; sacrum, sa-
crum]. Situated in front of the sacrum.
Presbyacoustic ( prez - be - ak - oo' - stik ) [tt/j? cr/Juf , old ;
anoi'civ, to hear]. Pertaining to the loss of acoustic
acuity in old age, half an octave in range being lost
from the maximum to the beginning of old age, the
loss continuing during the period of old age.
Presbycusis, Presbykousis {prcz-be-koo'-sis) \_-pia(iv(;,
old; CLKOVEiv, to hear]. The lessening of the acute-
ness of hearing that occurs in old age.
Presbyonosus [prez-be-on' -o-sus) [Trpeapvg, old; vSaog,
disease]. Any disease peculiar to old age.
Presbyope [p?-ez'-be-6p) [nptajivq, old ; uiji, eye]. One
who is ijresbyopic.
Presbyophrenia (prez-be-o-fren'-e-a/i) l_Trpec![3v(;, old;
(/)/3//r, mind]. Senile dementia.
Presbyopia (prez - be - o^ -pe- al/) [-n-ptafSvc, old; uf,
eye]. "Old sight"; the condition reached at about
45-50 years of age, in which from growing inelasticity
of the crystalline lens of the eye (failure of accommo-
dation) the near-point of distinct vision is removed to
an inconvenient distance from the eye, with conse-
quent diminution in size of the retinal image.
Presbyopic (prez-be-op' -ik) [7r/3t'cr/3iY, old ; (jil), eye].
Affected with presbyopia.
Presbyopy [prez' -be-o-pe). Same as Presbyopia.
Presbyosphacelus [prez - be - 0 - spas'- el - us) [npeafivQ,
old; (j(/)dKf /'.Of, gangrene]. Senile gangrene.
Presbytia {prez-bish' -e-ah). Synonym of Presbyopia.
Prescapula {pre-skap' -u-lali) [ priv, before ; scapula,
scapula]. The part of the scapula anterior or ceph-
alad to its spine or median axis.
Prescapular { pre-skap'-u-lar) \_priE, before; scapula,
shoulder-blade]. I. Situated in front of the scapula.
2. Pertaining to the prescapula.
Prescapularis (pre-skap-u-la' -ris) \_prce, before; scap-
ula, scapula]. The supraspinatus muscle.
Prescription (pre-skrip'-shun) \_prce, before ; scribere,
to write]. A formula written by the physician to the
dispenser of medicines, designating the substances to
be employed in a mixture or preparation. P. -blank,
a square or rectangular slip of paper, usually bearing the
physician's name, residence, and office hours, and the
symbol R , and upon which the prescription is written.
P. -book, a book in which prescriptions are pasted for
future reference. P. -file, a contrivance for holding
prescriptions. P. -glass : ( I ), a graduated glass ves-
sel for administering medicines ; (2), a spectacle glass
made according to an oculist's prescription.
Prescutal [pre-sku'-tal] [pra, before; scutum, a
shield]. Pertaining to the prescutum.
Prescutum, Praescutum. See Prirscutuni.
Presemilunar (pre-sem-il-u'-nar) \_pra, before ; semi-
lunar']. Anterior to the semilunar lobe of the cere-
bellum, as the presemilunar lobe.
Preseminal ( pre - sem'- in - al) [ /n?, before ; semen,
seed]. Prior to insemination.
Presentation ( pre-zen-ta' -shun) [ prasentare , to place
before]. In obstetrics, that part of the fetal body
PRESERVATIVE
1178
PRESTOMIUM
which presents itself to the examining finger in the
center of the plane of the superior strait of the
maternal pelvis. P., Abdominal, presentation of
the abdomen. P., Arm, prolapse of the arm, usually
associated with shoulder-presentation. P., Breast,
presentation of the anterior aspect of the child's chest.
P., Breech, presentatatipn of the pelvic extremity of
the fetal ellipse. P., Brow, presentation of the brow.
P., Cephalic, presentation of any part of the head.
P., Cheek, presentation of the cheek. P., Chin, pre-
sentation of the chin. P., Coccygeal, Ijreech-presen-
tation. P., Complete Foot, presentation of both feet.
P., Complicated. .Synonym of P., Compound. P.,
Compound, the presentation of two or more parts at
the same time, as the head and hand, etc. P., Ear,
presentation of the ear. P., Face, presentation of the
face. P., Foot, P., Footling, presentation of one
or both feet. P., Frontal. Synonym of P., Face.
P., Funis, presentation of the umbilical cord. P.,
Head, presentation of any part of the head. The
vertex-presentation is most common. P., Incomplete
Foot, presentation of one foot. P., Knee, presen-
tation of one or both knees. P., Longitudinal, the
presentation of either the cephalic or the pelvic ex-
tremity of the fetal ellipse. P., Mouth, presentation
of the mouth. P., Neck, presentation of the neck.
P., Occipital, presentation of the occiput. P.,
Occipito-anterior, a vertex-presentation in which
the occiput is anterior. P., Occipito-lateral, ])re-
sentation of the vertex, with the occiput directed
toward one or the other side of the pelvis. P.,
Occipito-posterior, a vertex-presentation in which
the occiput is directed toward the back of the mother's
pelvis. P., Occipito-sacral, one in which the occi-
put has rotated into the hollow of the sacrum. P.,
Pelvic, presentation of the pelvic extremity of the
fetal ellipse, including breech, foot, and knee presen-
tations. P., Placental, placenta prrevia. P., Polar.
.Synonym of P., Longitudinal. P., Preternatural,
a transverse position of the fetus. P., Primary, a
presentation that has existed from before the begin-
ning of labor. P., Secondary, a presentation that is
• developed while labor is in progress. P., Shoulder,
presentation of the shoulder. P., Side, presentation
of the side of the trunk. P., Transverse, one in
which the axis of the fetus lies transversely. P.,
Vertex. See Presentation.
Preservative ( pre-ser'-va-tiv ) [ pr<rservarc , to pre-
serve]. Tending to keep from decay. P. Fluid
(for section-cuttings of specimens). Many are used.
Hamilton recommends equal parts of glycerin and
water with about eight minims of carbolic acid to tlie
ounce. One of the best is 80% alcohol. See Stains,
Table of.
Presis {pre'-sis) [irpi/Oeir, to burn]. Inflammation ;
tumor.
'Presphenoid (pre-sfe'-noid)[_ prir,he{a'ce ; (7(/i//r, wedge ;
niWir, like]. In human anatomy the anterior part of
the body of the sphenoid bone, with its lesser wings.
In some of the lower animals it is a separate bone.
Presphygmic ( pre-sfg' -mik) \_priv, before; acpvyiioi;,
pulse]. Pertaining to the period preceding the pulse-
wave.
Prespinal (/ri'-,f/i/''-«(7/) [pra, before; spina, spine].
In anatomy, ventrad of the spine.
Presse-artere [pres'-ar-tar) [Fr.]. An instrument for
the compression or temporary occlusion of an artery.
Pressing ( /;■«'-/«<'•) [ME. , //r^j-cw, to press]. A pas-
sive Swedish movement of great service in the treat-
ment of nervous affections.
Pressions [presh' -tinz) [ME., pressen, to press]. In
massage, exercises in pressing and squeezing the tis-
sues, either by the ends of the fingers, by the whole
hand, or Ijy means of the roulet.
Pressor {pres'-or) \_ premerc , \o press]. Stimulating.
P. Fibers, nerve-fibers, stimulation of which excites
the vaso motor centers, and consequently increases the
arterial tension. Others reflexly diminishing the excita-
bility of these centers are called Depressor Fibers.
Pressure {^presh' -ur)\_prcniere, to press]. Force, weight,
or tension. In massage, a proceeding midway be-
tween kneading and percussion. It consists in making
firm pressure with a small surface, as the tips of the
fingers held stilfly, or the knuckles. It is used espe-
cially when it is desired to reach deep-seated nerve-
trunks. P., After, the sense of pressure that remains
for a brief period after the removal of an object from
the surface of the body. P., Arterial, the tension
of the blood within the arteries. P., Atmospheric,
the pressure of the atmosphere ; it equals about fif-
teen pounds to the square inch at sea-level. P.-
bandage. See Bandage. P., Blood, the pressure
of the blood against the walls of the vessels or of the
heart. It is measured by means of the manometer.
P., Endocardial, the pressure of the blood within
the heart. P. of Inspiration, the pressure of the
air in the respiratory organs during the act of inspi-
ration. P., Intra-abdominal, the pressure exerted
upon the parietes by the abdominal viscera. P.,
Intra-cranial, the pressure of the contents of the
cranium upon its walls. P., Intra-ocular. .See
Tension, Intraocular. P., Intra-thoracic, the pres-
sure of the intra-thoracic organs upon the walls of
the chest. P., Negative, the force of suction ; also
absence of pressure. P.-phosphenes. See Phos-
phenes. P. -Points (or Spots), points of marked sen-
sibility to pressure or weight, arranged like the tem-
perature-spots, and showing a specific end-apparatus
arranged in a punctated manner and connected with
the pressure-sense. P. -sense, the sense by which
pressure upon the surface is appreciated. P. -sore.
See Bed-sore. P. -symptoms : l. Nervous symptoms
due to pressure upon the brain or spinal cord. In
general, if the pressure is light, the symptoms are those
of irritation of the area pressed upon, manifesting
themselves as spasmodic movements, tonicity of the
muscles, pain, hyperesthesia, etc. ; if the pressure is
great, there results paralysis, motor or sensory or
both, of the parts innervated by the areas pressed
upon. 2. The symptoms produced by an aneurysm
or a tumor, as of the pelvis, adjacent organs being
impinged upon. P. -tests, tests made to ascertain
the quality or acuteness of the pressure-sense. They
may be made by using objects of the same form and
size but of difierent weights. P. -theory, a theory
that ascribes the formation of hernia to an overcoming
of the resistance of the abdominal parietes at a
weakened spot by the intra-abdominal pressure. P.,
Venous, the blood-pressure in the veins.
Presternal { prc-ster' -nal) [/;vr, before ; sternum, Ihe
breast-bone]. In biology, of or pertaining to the
prestei'mim.
Presternalis {pre-ster-na'-lis) [/;-<r, before ; sternum,
sternum]. A muscle passing along one or both sides
of the sternum, from above downward to the fourth
or fifth rib, or lower.
Presternum { pre-ster'-nnin) [/rt/-, before ; sternum,
the breast-bone]. In biology, the manubrium or
cephalic segment of the sternum.
Prestomial ( prc-sto'-me-al ) [ prie, before ; arofia,
mouth]. Extending beyond or in front of the mouth.
Prestomium [pre-sto'-inc-um) [pric, before; (yro/ia,
mouth]. In biology, a distinct cephalic segment of
the higher polychetous worms.
PRESTON SMELLING-SALTS 1179
PRIMIPARA
Preston Smelling-salts. See English Sinelling-salti.
Presylvian [pre-sil' -ve-an) \_pi'ic, before; Sylvius , 2l\-\
anatomist]. Cephalad of the fissure of Sylvius.
Presymphysial (/r(.'-.f//«^£''-f-rt'/ ) [/w, before ; avfi-
(jivaig, symphysis]. Situated in front of the symphysis
menti.
Presystole (pre - sis'- lo - 1-) \_pra, before; avaTo'Ali,
systole]. The period of the heart's pause preceding
the systole.
Presystolic (pre-sis-lol'-ik) \_pr(r, before; avaroAii,
systole]. Preceding the systole of the heart. P.
Murmur, the murmur of mitral or tricuspid stenosis,
which occurs just before the systole. P. Thrill, a
thrill felt over the precordia during the pause of the
heart, just before the systole. It is very commonly
present in mitral stenosis.
Pretibial {pre-tib' -e-al ) \_prcc, before; tibia, tibia].
Situated in front of the tibia.
Pretuberculous ( pre-lu-ber'-kic-lus) [ pra, before ; tti-
beriuliim^ tubercle]. Preceding the development of
tuberculosis.
Pretympanic [pre - ti/n - pan'- ik) before ; tym-
pamiiii, tympanum]. Situated in front of the tym-
panic region.
Preventive {pre-veii' -tizi) \_prevenire, to anticipate, to
prevent]. Warding off. P. Medicine, medicine
that aims to prevent or ward off disease by properly
directed hygiene, personal and public.
Prevermis [pre-ver' -mis) before ; vermis, worm].
The superior vermiform process of the cerebellum.
Prevertebral (pre-ver' -le-bral) [/;«% before ; vertebra,
vertebra]. Situated ventrad of a vertebra or the ver-
tebral column.
Prevesical [/w, before; vesica, \Aa.A-
der]. Situated in front of the bladder.
Prezygapophysial (prc-zigap-off-iz'-e-al) \_priT, be-
fore; C^; or, yoke; aTro^Dczr, process]. Pertaining to
the prezygapophysis.
Prezygapophysis [pre-zi-gap-off' -is-is) \_pnr, before ;
(vyov, yoke; a7T6(j>i>aic, process]. An anterior or
superior zygapophysis ; a superior oblique, or articu-
lar process of a vertebra.
Priapism (pri'-ap-izm) \_7TpiaTTiafi6r'^. I. Persistent or
frequently repeated erection of the penis. It is some-
times caused by injuries to the spinal cord ; also by
injuries to the penis and by vesical calculus. 2. The
erection of the clitoris in the female, under the influ-
ence of venereal desire.
Priapitis {pri-ap-i'-tis). Synonym of Phallitis.
Priapus (pri' -ap-iis) [D/j/aTrof , the god of procreation] .
Penis.
Prickle (prik'-l) \_prica, a point]. In biology, a hard-
ened, ridged, hair-like, epidermal outgrowth ; a senile
Prickle-cells from
THE Deeper Layers
OF THE Epidermis
OF THE Palm, show-
ing Intercellular
Bridges and Chan-
nels. {Frotn StirUnsr.)
Prickle-cells Isolated from the
Human Epidermis by means of
Iodized Serum.
n. Prickles ; d. Space between nucle-
us and cell-body. X 800. {From
Stirling.)
spine. P. -cells, irregularly polyhedral cells, consti-
tuting the middle strata of the human epidermis,
which are mutually connected by means of delicate
processes that bridge the intervening intercellular
clefts and establish direct continuity between neigh-
boring cells; when such elements are isolated, the
delicate threads are broken and the disassociated
cells appear as if beset with minute spines. (Piersol.)
P. -layer, the lowest stratum of the epidermis, the
stratum spinosum.
Prickly [pril/ -le) \_prica, a point]. In biology, cov-
ered with prickles. P. Ash. See Xaiitho.wliim.
P. Heat. See Miliaria.
Pride of China. See Azedarach.
Priestley's Matter. A name formerly given to small
alga' found in stagnant water and even in closed
vessels, which led Mayer (1827) and Kiitzing (1833)
to assume that they were produced by spontaneous
generation.
Primae vise [pri'-me vi'-e) [L. , "the primary pass-
ages"]. The alimentary canal, the lacteals being
" the secondary passages. " (Jld.
Primalia {pri-ma' -le-ali ) \_ primus, first]. A name
given by Wil.son and Cassin to a group of beingSj in-
cluding the simplest plants and animals, which propa-
gate by cell-development. Comprised in these groups
are the algje, lichens, fungi, infusorians, and sponges.
Primary [pri' -ma-re) \_priiiats, first]. First in time or
in importance. P. Amputation, one that is done
before the development of inflammation, usually with-
in the first twenty-four hours. P. Body-cavity, the
space included between the somatopleure and the
splanchnopleure. It is also known as the ccelom. P.
Bubo, a simple adenitis of an inguinal lymphatic
gland, resulting from mechanical irritation. It is also
known as Biibon d' ei}ddee. P. Confusional Insan-
ity, a form of insanity in which there is confusion of
ideas and marked incoherence of speech, without de-
cided emotional disturbance, 'a^^ Insanity. P. Cur-
able Dementia. Synonym of P. Dementia. P.
Dementia, a form of insanity coming on suddenly
or gradually, in young adults, and characterized by
an extreme degree of apathy, the patient lying motion-
less, absolutely listless, without wants and seemingly
without perception of his surroundings. The condi-
tion resembles melancliolia attonita, but there is no dis-
tinct emotional disturbance. P. Growth, the ori-
ginal growth or tumor from which secondary growths
are derived. P. Lesion, the original lesion which
forms the starting-point for secondary lesions. P.
Neural Tube, the canal formed by the meeting of
the medullary plates, q. v. P. Sore, the initial sclero-
sis or chancre of syphilis.
Primates [pri-ma'-tez) \_primiis, first]. The highest
order of mammals, including man, the apes, the mon-
keys, and the lemurs.
Primigenial (pri-mi/-e'-ne-al) \_ prim us, fixst; gignere,
to beget] . In biology, applied to organisms which
are primitive or early types of their kind.
Primigenious (pri-mij-e' -ne-us) \_ primus, Urst ; gigne/'e,
to beget]. In biology, original.
Primigenous {pri-inif -en-us). Same as Primigen-
ious.
Primigravida ( pri - mig - rav'- id -ah) [ primus, first ;
gravidus, pregnant]. A woman in her first preg-
nancy.
Primine [pri'-iuin) \_primus, first]! In biology, the
ectal coat of the ovule, becoming the testa of the
seed. On account of the ental coat being first formed,
Mirbel and others have called it the primine. Cf.
secundine.
Primipara {pri-mip'-ar-ah) [/r/wz^i, first ; parere,\.o
bear : //. , Primipar<r'] . A woman bearing or giving
birth to her first child. See Primis^raidda.
PRIMIPARITY
1180
PROAL
Primiparity [pri-mip-ar' -il-e) first ; parere,
to bear]. The condition of being a primipara.
Primiparous [pri-mip' -ar-ns) \_ primus , fini; parere,
to bear]. Bearing a child, or being in labor for the
first time.
Primisternate i^pri-tnis-ter' -nat) [ /r/w/^, first ; arrp-
VDi', sternum]. The manubrium of the sternum.
Primitise { pri->nisJi' -e-e) \_primus, first]. The part of
the liquor amnii discharged before the extrusion of
the fetus at birth.
Primitive i^prim' -it-h^) \_primus, first]. First-formed ;
original. P. Chorion, "nttit Chorion. P. Groove, the
enlargement and deepening of the primitive streak.
See P. Streak. P. Streak, a streak appearing at the
end of the germinal disc, and indicating the first
trace of the embryo. It represents, according to
many, the concrescence of the lips of the blastopore.
P. Trace. See P. Streak.
Primordial [ pri-mor'-de-al) \_priiuoriiiiiiii, origin, be-
ginnings : //. , Primordia'\. In biology, existing in the
beginning, first-formed, primitive, original, of the sim-
plest character. P. Cell, a term applied to a cell
of the simplest character, one which does not possess
a cell-wall. P. Cranium, the membranous skull of
the embryo. P. Kidney, the Wolffian body. P.
Ova, cells lying among the germ-epithelium of the
surface of the embryonic ovary. P. Utricle, a term
applied to the outer layer of the protoplasm, which is
somewhat denser than the rest, and is immediately
applied to the cell-wall.
Primordium { pri-i;ior' -de-u/n) [primus, first ; ordiri,
to begin : pL, Primordia'\. In biology, any structure
or organ in its earliest condition.
Primula ( prim'-u-la/i) [_ primii/iis , dim. of primus,
first]. Primrose, a genus of the Primiilacece. P.
odorata, P. officinalis, lady's-fingers, bedlom (or
common) cowslip, is mildly diuretic. Unof.
Primum movens [L]- The starting point of change;
the site of the earliest lesion.
Prince's Method of Resuscitation. In suspended
animation, especially from ether or chloroform narcosis.
Prince recommends that the person be suspended by
the flexed knees from the shoulders of the operator,
and that in this hanging position he be carried about
the room on a trot. Artificial respiration may be per-
formed while the patient is thus suspended.
Princeps [prin/ -seps) [L. ]. First, original. P. cer-
vicis, a branch of the occipital artery ; it supplies the
trapezius muscle. P. pollicis, a branch of the radial
artery, going to the palmar surface of the thumb. See
Arteries, Table of .
Princess Water. A famous cosmetic used in Vienna,
said to prevent sunburn and remove freckles. There
are two formulae, one with and the other without any
metal. These are : —
I. Talc. Veiiet. et magnes. carb., aa, . . grms. 15
Tr. benz. et aq. colon., aa, grms. 5
Aq. rosae, grms. 300.
2 Bismuth magist., grms. 10
Talc. Vetiet., grms. 20
Aq. rosa? grms. 70
Spt. colon. grms. 3.
Principle [prin'- si - pi) \ pr)ncipiHm'\. Element, es-
sence, or primary quality of a body. P., Immediate,
the components of an organized tissue as it exists
functionally in the living tissue. P., Mediate, the
chemical compounds and simple bodies into which the
immediate principles are decomposed. P., Proxi-
mate. See Proximate. P., Ultimate, any one of the
elements which a compound body contains.
Prinos (pri'-nos) [L.]. Hlack Alder; the bark of P.
z/fmy/rt/wji, astringent and tunic. It is used in inter-
mittent fever, diarrhea, and, locally, in cutaneous
diseases. Dose 3 ss-j ; of a decoction §j-ij. Unof.
Prionoid { pri' -o-iioid ) saw ; tJcSof, like]. Saw-
shaped.
Prior (^pri'-or) [!>.]. Former; previous. P. annu-
laris, the dorsal interosseous muscle, inserted into the
ring-finger. P. medii, the dorsal interosseous muscle
inserted into the middle finger, on its ulnar side.
Prisis [ pri' -sis) [irp/ffa', to saw]. Synonym of Tre-
phinijig.
Prism (prizj?i) \_prisma; 7rp/^«;i', to saw]. " A solid
whose bases or ends are any similar, equal, and par-
allel plane polygons and whose sides are parallelo-
grams." (Cent. Diet.) Made of glass, it is used for
refracting the sun's rays and forming a spectrum, and
to make prismatic lenses. Prismatie lenses refract the
light toward the base of the prism. Their chief use
in ophthalmology is in cases of unbalance of the ex-
ternal ocular muscles. P., Amice, one consisting of
a triangular prism of heavy flint-glass wedged in be-
tween two triangular prisms of crown-glass, the apical
edges of the crown-glass prisms pointing toward
the base of the flint-glass prism, i. e., the apical
edges of the crown and flint-glass prisms point in
opposite directions. The flint-glass gives the dis-
persion or separation into colors, while the crown-
glass makes the emergent rays approximately parallel
with the incident rays, so that one looks directly
into the prism along the axis of the microscope. P.-
diopter, P. -dioptre, or P.-dioptry, a standard of
prismatic refractive power consisting in a prism that
deflects a ray of light one centimeter on a tangent plane
situated at a distance of one meter. Ps., Enamel,
the irregular columns of fronr four to six sides compos-
ing the enamel of teeth, closely packed together and
generally vertical to the surface of the underlying den-
tine. P., Nicol, one consisting of two somewhat
elongated rhombs of Iceland spar cut obliquely and
cemented together with Canada balsam. These are
mounted in such a way that the light passes through
them lengthwise, and in passing is divided into two
rays of plane polarized light.
Prismatic (priz-mat'-ik) [TTpiafia{r) , a prism]. Prism-
shaped ; having three or more angles bounding flat
sides. P. Colors, colors developed by the refracting
action of a prism. P. Spectrum. See Spectrum.
Prismenchyma (priz-»ien'-kif>!-a/i) [Tcpiaiia, prism;
i; \ (!//«, infusion]. Tissue composed of prismatic cells.
Prismoid [priz'-moid) [Tvpidfia, prism; thhg, like].
Resembling a prism. P., Liquid, of J. Thompson,
the " refracting watery liquid in the entrant corner
between the lip of the eyelid and the cornea." P.,
Watery. Synonym of P. , Lit/ieid.
Prismoidal {priz-moi' -dal) [_7rpiafia, prism; f<(Sof,
form]. In biology, applied to elongated bodies, as
the joints of an insect's antennfe, when resembling a
prism.
Prismometer {priz-mom' -et-er) \_7rpia/m, prism ; fiirpov,
measure]. An instrument for measuring the refrac-
tive power of prisms.
Prisoptometer (priz-op-tom'-et-er) [n-p/ff/zn, prism ; wi/'>
eye ; fieTpuv, measure]. An instrument for estimating
ametro]-iia by means of two prisms placed base to base.
Pritchard's Method. -See Stains, Tal/le of.
Privates, or Privities { pri' -vets, priv'-it-ez) \_privatHS,
private]. A vulgar term for the genital organs.
Privy {priv' - e). Synonym of Water-closet. P.-
councillor's Muscle, Von Ziemssen's name for the
levator menti muscle. See Muscles, Table of. P.-
midden. Same as Midden.
Proal (pro'-al) [Kpd, before]. Having a forward
direction or movement. Cf. Palinal and Propaliiial.
PROAMNION
1181
PROCESS
Proamnion [ pro-am' -nc-on) {npu, before; afivior, am-
nion]. In biology, a term introduced by Ed. van
Beneden to designate tliat part of the area einbryonalis
at the sides and in front of the head of the developing
embryo, which remains without mesoderm for a con-
siderable period. [iVIinot.]
Proamniotic {pro-ain-iii-ol' -ik) [Ttpo, before ; afxviov,
amnion]. Pertaining to the proamnion.
Proangiosperm {^pro - an' - je ■ o - spenn) \_~po, before;
ayyeiov, vessel ; ontp/ja, seed]. In biology, a primi-
tive or ancestral angiosperm.
Proangiospermic i^pro-an-/e-o-sper' -iniL') [irpo, before ;
ayyElov, vessel; OTrtpua, seed]. Pertaining to a pro-
angiosperm.
Proatlas (pro-a/'-/as) [pro, before; atlas, the first cer-
vical vertebra]. A primitive or rudimentary atlas.
Probable Duration of Life. The time, considering
all circumstances, that a person of a given age may
expect to live, as determined by statistics. The age
at which any number of children born into the world
will be reduced to one-half, so that there are equal
chances of their dying before and after that age. The
age at which a given population is reduced by one-
half its number.
Probang ( pro' -bang) \_probare, to try] . A rod of
whalebone or other material for the making of
local applications to the esophagus or pharynx. P.,
Ball, a probang having an ivory bulb attached to one
end. P., Sponge, one provided with a small sponge
at one end.
Probarbium {pro - bar'- be - ti/n) before ; barba,
beard]. The soft, downy hair which precedes the
growth of a beard.
Probasis (pro-ba'-sis) \jTpo(idiveiv, to step forward].
Change of place ; prolapse.
Probe {prob) \_probare, to prove]. A slender rod
or wire, flexible, rigid, or jointed, for exploring a
wound or sinus. As a verb, to explore with a probe.
P., Anel's, a delicate silver or gold probe for explor-
ing or dilating the lacrymal puncta and lacrymal
canals. P., Blunt, one with a blunt extremity.
Ps., Bovs^man's, flexible graduated probes used for
dilating the nasal duct. P., Chemic, one carrying
charpie with dilute acetic acid or other drug. P.,
Drainage, one so constructed and used as to assist
drainage. P., Drum, one provided with a drum or
reverberator to enable the ear to detect contact with for-
eign bodies. P., Ear, one used in exploring the ear.
P., Electric, one having two insulated wires, so that
contact with a bullet or metal completes the circuit, and
thus indicates the presence of such a foreign body. P.,
Eyed, a probe having a slit at one end through which
a tape or ligature can be passed. P., Flexible, one
that can be bent into any desired shape. P., Jointed,
a probe used in exploring for carious bone through
sinuses. P., Lacrymal, one used for dilating the
lacrymal passages. P., Magnetic, the employment
of the telephone as an indicator. P., Meerschaum,
a probe the end of which is tipped with meerschaum.
It is used in searching for bullets, its advantage con-
sisting in its being streaked by the lead when it comes
in contact with the ball. P., Nelaton's, a probe that is
capped with unglazed porcelain upon which a leaden
ball makes a metallic streak. P. -nippers, an instru-
ment used in searching for foreign bodies in wounds.
By means of it a minute portion of the foreign body can
be withdrawn for examination. P., Scissors, sur-
geons' scissors that may be thrust into a sinus, like a
probe. P., Sharp-pointed, one having a sharp end
for introduction into a wound or sinus P., Stetho-
scopic, a probe having the tube of a stethoscope at-
tached to the outer end. P., Uterine, a long, flexible
probe used in exploring the uterine cavity. P.,
Vertebrated, a probe made of small links so jointed
together that it is very flexible. P., Wire, a simple
wire used as a probe.
Problematic (prob-lem-at'-ik) [7r/:)r//j/7//_ifi(r-), a prob-
lem]. Uncertain, unsettled. P. Bodies, or Organs,
Miiller's name for the tubes of the water- vascuiar
system of invertebrates.
Probole [prob' -o-le) [rrpupdXACLV , to throw forward].
A process, as of bone.
Proboscidate { pro-bos' -id-a/) \_KpopoaKic , proboscis].
In biology, furnished with a proboscis.
Proboscis {pro-bos' -is') [irpo, before ; fliwutiv, to feed,
graze]. In biology, any part or organ extending from
the anterior end of an animal after the manner of an
elephant's trunk ; a long, flexible nose, snout, rostrum,
beak, sucking-mouth, tongue, or other buccal or
pharyngeal organ, P. -sheath, the receptacle of the
proboscis in the Acanthoctphala and A^einerlina. Cf.
KJiyti ch odicii m .
Procalymma {pro-kal-im'-a/i) \_7Tpoiia'Ar-T(tv, to hang
before]. The pudendal apron.
Procambial {pro-kain' -bc-al) \_pro, before; cambirc,
to exchange]. Pertaining to the procambium.
Procambium {pro-kain' -be-um') \_pro, before; fambire,
to exchange]. In biology, the primitive undifierenti-
ated fibro-vascular tissue.
Procardium {pro-kar' -de-uni) [^pd, before; napdia,
heart]. The pit of the stomach.
Procarp [pro' -kaip) [jvpu, before ; napTrdc, fruit]. Same
as Procarpittm.
Procarpium {pro-kar' ■pe-uni') [irpd, before; Kap-rruc;,
fruit: //, , P!-ocarpia'\. In biology, the unfertilized
female organ of certain algae {Floridea). It is analo-
gous to the pistil of flowering plants. In its simplest
form {Porphyrareif and Nemalieee) it consists of a
single cell with a lateral hair-like prolongation; the
trichogyne. In higher forms it is composed of one or
more infertile cells which make up the trichophorc, the
function of which is to convey the fertilizing substance
from the trichogyne to the carpogone. It is usually
formed on the youngest parts of the plant and often
originates from the terminal cell of a lateral branch,
Procatarctic {pro-kat-ark' -tik) \npoiMTdpxeiv, to begin
first]. Primary, predisposing.
Procatarxis {pi-o-kat-arks' -is) [jrpoKdrapiic, a first be-
ginning]. The kindling of a disease into action by a
procatarctic cause.
Procelia, Proccelia {pro-se' -le-ah) [irpd, before ; koi'/ki,
hollow]. Same as Paracelia.
Procelous, Procoelous { pro-se' -lHs)\_Kp6, before; koi'/ioc,
hollow]. Being convex in front and concave behind.
Procephalic {pro-se/-a/'-ik, or pro-sef -al-ik) \jrp6, be-
fore; neipaTiij, head]. In biology, of or pertaining to
the fore part of the head.
Procephalon {pro-sef ' -at-on) [n-pd, before; iie<pa'/i/,
head]. The anterior part of the head of arthropods.
Procerebral {pro-ser' -e-bral) \_pro, before; cerebrum ,
cerebrum]. Pertaining to the procerebrum.
Procerebrum {pro-ser' -e-brum). See ProsencepJialoii.
Vxo':,&x\\.& {pros' -er-it) [jrpd, before ; wpof, horn]. In
biology, the long, slender,"many-jointed portion of the
antenna or feeler of a crustacean. The larger basal
joints are the coxocerite, basiceritc, scaphocerite, ischio-
cerite, inerocerite , carpocerite.
Procerous { pro-se' -rtis) [procerus, high]. In biology,
tall, or tall and slim.
Process {pros' -es) \_ processus : procedere, to issue].
I. A more or less well-defined outgrowth or project-
ing structure. 2. Method ; phenomenon ; occur-
rence. P., A, B, C. See Se-coage, Disposal of. P.,
Acromion. See Acroinion. P., Alar, one of the
PROCESS
1182
PROCESS
small wing-like processes of the crista galli which sur-
round the foramen caecum. P., Alveolar, the
thick border of the upper or lower jaw containing
the sockets for the teeth. P., Ankyroid. Synonym
of P. Coracoid. P., Anterior Clinoid. See/". ,67/-
noid. P., Apex, P., Apical, the large process extend-
ing from the apex of the pyramidal cells of the cerebral
cortex toward the free surface of the cortex. P.,
Articular, the small processes projecting from the
upper and lower surfaces of the vertebra:, by means of
which adjacent vertebrre articulate with each other.
P., Auditory, the curved plate of bone surrounding
the external auditory meatus for the greater part of its
circumference, and serving for the attachment of the
cartilage of the external ear. P., Axis. Synonym
of P., Axis-cyliiider. P., Axis-Cylinder, that pro-
cess of a nerve-cell which becomes the axis-cylinder of
a nerve. P., Basilar {of the Oicipital Bone), the
quadrilateral plate of bone in front of the foramen
magnum articulating with the sphenoid bone. P.,
Calcarine. Synonym of Hippocampus nii)ior. P.,
Central Base, the axis-cylinder process arising from
the central part of the base of the pyramidal cells of the
brain-cortex. Ps., Ciliary, plaitings and foldings of the
layers of the choroid at its anterior margin. They are
received between corresponding foldings of the suspen-
sory ligament of the lens, and are from 60 to 80 in
number. Ps., Ciliary {of the Retina), the anterior
part of the retina, in close contact with the choroidal
ciliary processes. Ps., Clinoid, projections on the
body and lesser wings of the sphenoid bone. There
are three : the anterior is formed by the inner extrem-
ity of the lesser wings ; the middle, a small eminence,
one on each side, bounding the pituitary fossa or sella
turcica anteriorly ; the posterior, a tubercle on each
side of the dorsum sella?. P., Cochleariform. -See
Processus cochlearifo 'rmis. P., Condylar, P., Condy-
loid, the posterior process of the lower jaw, consisting
of the articular condyle and the neck which supports
it. P., Conoid, the tuberosity of the clavicle. P.,
Coracoid, the hook-like process projecting from the
scapula above the glenoid cavity. See Coracoid. P.
Coronoid : l. A thin, flattened process projecting
from the anterior portion of the upper border of the
ramus of the lower jaw, and serving for the attachment
of the temporal muscle. 2. A triangular projection
from the upper end of the ulna, forming the lower
part of the great sigmoid cavity. 3. Synonym of P.,
Coracoid. P., Costiform, the transverse processes of
the lumbar vertebra; supposed to be rudimentary ribs.
P., Deiters', the single, large, unbranched process
of a multipolar nerve-cell, which becomes the axis-
cylinder of a medullated nerve-fiber. P., Ensiform,
the cartilaginous tip at the lower end of the sternum.
Same as Metasternum. P., Ethmoid, one of the
projections from the superior border of the inferior
turbinated bone, which joins the unciform process of
the ethmoid bone. P., External Angular, the pro-
jection on the outer extremity of the supraorbital arch
of the frontal bone, which articulates with the malar
bone. P., External Nasal, a small lamina forming
the outer portion of the nostril in the embryo. P.,
External Orbital. Synonym of P., External Ang-
ular. P., Falciform : l. A process of the fascia
lata of the thigh, forming the outer and upper margin
of the saphenous opening. It is known also as the
P., Falciform , of finrns. 2. A prolongation of the
great sacro-sciatic ligament along the ramus of the
ischium. Same as Falx cerebri. P. of Folius, the
long process of the malleus. P., Frontal, a process
of the malar bone articulating with the frontal bone.
P., Hamate {of the Ethmoid bone). Synonym of P.,
Unciform. P., Hamular : I. A hook-like process
of bone on the lower extremity of the internal ptery-
goid plate, around which the tendon of the tensor
palati turns. 2. Of the lacrymal bone, the hook-like
termination of the lacrymal crest. P. of the Helix,
a small projection of cartilage at the front part of
the pinna, where the helix bends upward. P., In-
ferior Maxillary, the first post-oral arch. P., Infe-
rior Turbinated, the middle turbinated bone. P.,
Inferior Vermiform, the central projection on the
lower surface of the cerebellum, between the two
hemispheres. Ps. of Ingrassius, the lesser wings
of the sphenoid bone. P., Intermaxillary. Syn-
onym of P., Fronto-nasal. P., Internal Angular,
the inner extremity of the supraorbital arch of the
frontal bone. P., Jugular, a rough prominence exter-
nal to the condyles of the occipital bone, channeled by
a deep notch which forms part of the jugular foramen.
P., Lacrymal, a short, pointed process of the inferior
turbinated bone which articulates with the lacrymal
bone. P., Lateral Base, one of the branching pro-
cesses of a pyramidal nerve-cell, arising from the thick-
est part of the latter. P., Lateral Frontal. -Synonym
of /'. , External Nasal. P. of Lenhossek. Synonym
of P., Reticular. P., Lenticular, the extremity of
the long process of the incus, covered with cartilage
and articulating with the stapes. P., Long {of the In-
cus), a slender process that descends vertically from
the body of the incus and articulates, by the lenticular
process, with the head of the stapes. P., Long {of the
Malleus), a long, delicate process that passes from the
neck of the malleus outward to the Glaserian fissure,
to which it is connected by cartilaginous and ligament-
ous fibers. P., Malar, a triangular eminence of the
superior maxilla by which it articulates with the malar
bone. Ps., Mammillary, the tubercles on the posterior
part of the superior articular processes of the lumbar
vertebrse. P., Mastoid, a conical projection at the
base of the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. It
contains the mastoid cells and the antrum. P.,
Maxillary, a thin plate of bone descending from the
ethmoid process of the inferior turbinated bone, and
hooking over the lower edge of the orifice of the
antrum. P., Maxillo-palatine. Synonym of P.,
.Supei-ior Maxillary. P., Mental. Synonym of
Prominence, Mental. P., Middle Clinoid. See/".,
Clinoid. P., Midfrontal. Synonym of /'. , Fronto-
nasal. P., Modeling: l. A method of healing
wounds while the part is immersed in water. (Mac-
artney.) 2. Set P., Molding-. P., Molding, the change
in shape of the fetal skull during labor, to accommo-
date itself to the shape of the pelvic canal. P.,
Morbid, the structural changes induced by disease.
Ps., Muscular, the processes of a vertebra to which
muscles are attached. P., Nasal {of the Frontal
Bone). Synonym of Spine, Nasal. P., Nasal {of
the Superior Maxilla), & thick, triangular process of
bone that projects upvvard, inward, and backward by
the side of the nose, forming a part of its lateral wall.
P., Nerve. Synonym of P., Axis-cylinder. P.,
Odontoid, the tooth-like process of the axis which
ascends and articulates with the atlas. P., Olecranon.
Synonym of Olecranon. P., Olivary, a small, olive-
like eminence situated behind the optic groove of the
sphenoid bone. P., Orbicular. Synonym of ,
Lenticular. P., Orbital {of the Superior Maxilla), a
process projecting from the orbital margin of the
superior maxilla. P., Orbital (0/" the Palate bone), a.
process directed upward and outward from the upper
portion of the palate bone by means of which the
latter articulates with the superior maxillary, the sphe-
noid, turbinated, and the ethmoid bones. Tiie superior
PROCESS
1183
PROCESSUS
surface forms the back part of the floor of the orbit.
Ps., Palatal, the processes of the superior maxillary
plates of the embryo which join to form the bony
palate. P., Palate, a thick process projecting hori-
zontally inward from the inner surface of the superior
maxillary bone, and forming part of the floor of the
nostril and the roof of the mouth. P., Palatine.
Synonym of P. , Palate. P., Paracondyloid, an
anomalous process on the lower surface of the occipital
bone. When present it articulates with the transverse
process of the atlas. P., Paramastoid, P., Paroc-
cipital. Synonyms of P., Paracondyloid. P., Pitui-
tary. Synonym of Pituitary Body. P., Pneumatic,
a process sometimes present on the occipital bone, con-
taining air-cells that communicate with the mastoid
cells. P., Posterior Clinoid. Hee P., Cliiioid. P.,
Post-glenoid, a small tubercle separating the glenoid
fossa from the auditory process. P., Premaxillary.
Synonym of P., Fronto-nasal. P., Protoplasmic:
I. The branched processes of nerve-cells that are not
continued as axis-cylinders. 2. The pseudopoda of
ameboid cells. P., Pterygoid [of the Palate Bone'),
a pyramidal process projecting from the posterior
border of the palate bone and articulating with the
sphenoid bone. Ps., Pterygoid (of the Sphenoid
Bone), processes, one on each side, descending per-
pendicularly from the point of junction of the body
with the greater wings of the sphenoid bone. Each
process consists of an external and an internal plate.
Ps., Pterygo-palatal. Synonym of Ps., Palatal.
P., Pulp, a process connecting an odontoblast with a
cell in the dental pulp. Ps., Pyramidal. Synonym
of Pyramids of Ferrein. P. of Rau. Synonym of
P., Lons; {of the Alalletts). P., Reticular, a network
of interlacing processes of gray and white matter in
the spinal cord, which is visible in a cross-section and
is situated near the center of the gray crescents. It
is seen best in the cervical region of the cord. P.,
Short [of the Incus), 2l conic process projecting almost
horizontally backward from the body of the incus and
attached by ligamentous fibers to the margin of the
opening leading into the mastoid cells. P., Short [of
the A/aliens) , a slight projection from the root of the
manubrium of the malleus, lying in contact with the
tympanic membrane. P., Sphenoidal, a thin plate of
bone directed upward and inward from the vertical
plate of the palate bone. Ps., Spinous [of the
Iliuiii), prominent eminences on the anterior and
posterior borders of the ilium. The upper process on
the anterior border is the anterior superior spinous
process of the ilium. It can be readily felt, and is an
important landmark. Below it is the anterior inferior
spinous process, which gives attachment to the straight
tendon of the rectus femoris muscle and to the ilio-
tibial band. On the posterior border there are also
two processes — a posterior superior and a posterior
inferior. P., Spinous [of the Sphenoid Bone), a
rough prominence descending from the posterior part
of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone. It receives
the attachment of the internal lateral ligament of the
jaw and the tensor palati muscle. P., Spinous [of
the Tibia), an eminence of bone on the upper surface
of the tibia, between the two articular surfaces, and
nearer to the posterior than the anterior border. P.,
Spinous [of a I t'/'A'/'/v?), the prominent backward pro-
jection from the middle of the posterior portion of the
arch of a vertebra. P., Styloid (of the Fibula), a
pointed eminence projecting upward from the posterior
portion of the head of the fibula. P., Styloid ((/
the Radius), a projection from the external border of
the lower extremity of the radius. P., Styloid [of
the Temporal Bone), a sharp spine about an inch in
length descending downward, forward, and inward
from the inferior surface of the petrous portion of the
temporal bone. P., Styloid (of the Ulna), a projec-
tion from the inner and posterior portion of the
lower extremity of the ulna. Ps., Subgerminal, out-
growths from the inner surface of the epiblast (His).
P., Superior Maxillary, an eminence on the face of
the embryo w-hich gives rise to the superior maxilla
and the malar bone. P., Superior Vermiform, the
upper part of the median lobe of the cerebellum,
which connects together the two lateral hemispheres.
It consists of the lobulus centralis, the ino)iticulus
cerebelli, and the comniisstira simplex. P., Temporal,
the posterior angle of the malar bone by which it
articulates with the zygomatic process of the temporal
bone. P., Transverse, a process projecting outward
from the side of a vertebra, at the junction of the
pedicle and the lamina. P., Tubercular, Trans-
verse, the lower transverse jjrocess of a vertebra, or
the one which articulates with the tuberculum of a
rib. It is best marked in the lower vertebrates. P.,
Unbranched. Synonym of P., Axis-cylinder. P.,
Unciform (of the Ft li moid Bone), a. hook -like projec-
tion from the inferior portion of each lateral mass of
the ethmoid bone. It articulates with the ethmoidal
process of the inferior turbinated bone. P., Unci-
form [of the Hippocampal Gyrus), a hook-like projec-
tion from the anterior end of the gyrus hippocampi.
P., Unciform [of the Unciform Bone), a hook-like
projection from the palmar surface of the unciform
bone. P., Uncinate. Synonym of P., Unciform.
P., Ungual, the distal extremity of a terminal
phalanx. P., Vaginal [of Peritoneum), \\\t -^xozfn
of peritoneum which the testicle in its descent carries
in advance, and which in the scrotum forms the tunica
vaginalis testis. P., Vaginal (of the Sphenoid Bone),
a projection from the inferior surface of the body of
the sphenoid bone, running horizontally inward from
near the base of the pterygoid process. P., Vaginal
[of the 'Jemporal Bone), a sheath-like plate of bone
which extends from the carotid canal to the mastoid
process. It separates behind into two laniinre, which
enclose the styloid process. P., Vermiform : i. See
P., Inferior Vermiform , a.x\A P. , Superior Vermiforni.
2. The vermiform appendix of the cecum. .See }'er-
miform Appendix. P., Vocal [of the Arytenoid Car-
tihif^-e) , anterior angle of the arytenoid cartilage
receiving the attachment of the true vocal band. P.,
Xyphoid, the ensiform cartilage. P., Zygomatic [of
the Malar Bone), a long, serrated process which
articulates with the zygomatic process of the temporal
bone. P., Zygomatic (of the Temporal Bone), a
long projection from the lower part of the squamous
portion of the temporal bone ; it articulates with the
malar bone.
Processus (proses' -us) [L.]. Synonym of Process.
P. a cerebello ad medullam spinalem. Synonym
of Peduncle, Superior Cerebellar. P. acromialis.
Synonym of P. ad cerebrum. .Synonym
of Peduncle, Superior Cerebellar. P. ad medullam,
the inferior peduncles of the cerebellum. P. ad pon-
tem, the middle peduncles of the cerebellum connect-
ing together its two hemispheres. P. ad testes. Syn-
onym of Peduncles, Superior Cerebellar . P. alati, the
wings of the sphenoid bone. P. anconaeus. Syn-
onym of Olecranon. P. ancoralis. Synonym of
Process, Coracoid. P. annularis. .Synonym of Pons
varolii. P. anterioris mallei. .Synonym of Process,
Long (of the Malleus). P. articulates sporii, small
prominences on the posterior surface of the sacrum,
internal to the posterior sacral foramina, being the
rudiments of the articular processes of the sacral verte-
PROCESSUS
bra. P. auditorius, the tympanic ring. P. beloides,
a styloid process. P. brevis incudis. Synonym of
Process, Short (of the IiicHs). P. brevis mallei. Syn-
onym of Process, Short [of the Malleus'). P. cerebelli
inferiores. Synonym of Peduncles, Superior Cerebel-
lar. P. cerebelli medii. Synonym of Peduncles,
Middle Cerebellar. P. cerebelli superioris. Synonym
of Peduncles, Superior Cerebellar. P. cerebelli trans-
versi. Synonym of Peduncles, Middle {of the Cerebel-
lum'). P. ciliares. ':r\yv\onyn\oi Processes, Ciliary. P.
clinoideus. 'iynon-^m.oi Process, Clinoid . P. clavatus,
tlie enlargement of the posterior pyramids of the me-
dulla oblongata opposite the fourth ventricle, where
they diverge. P. cochleariformis, a thin plate of
bone separating the canal for the Eustachian tube from
that for the tensor tympani muscle. P. conicus.
Synonym of Process, Odontoid. P. corporis quad-
rigemini ad cerebellum. Synonym of Peduncles,
Superior Cerebellar. P. cuneiformis. Synonym of
Process, Unciform. P. dentatus. Synonym of Pro-
cess, Odontoid. P. e cerebello ad testes, the supe-
rior peduncles of the cerebellum. See Peduncle. P.
e cerebello ad cerebrum. Synonym of Peduncle,
Superior Cerebellar. P. e cerebello ad medullam.
Synonym of Peduncles, Inferior Cerebellar tubercle. P.
e cerebello ad pontem. Synonym of Peduncles,
Middle Cerebellar. P. e cerebro ad testes, the superior
peduncles of the cerebellum. P. ensiformes, the lesser
wings of the sphenoid bone. P. ensiformis, the ensi-
form cartilage. P. falciformis, the falx cerebri. P.
folianus, P. Folii. Synonym of Process, Long [of the
Malleus). P. glandulae pinealis. Synonym of
Peduncles of the Pineal Gland. P. globularis of His,
a protuberance in the human embryo between the nasal
pit on each side and the mouth ; it is the incipient
rudiment or Anlageoi the nasal process. P. glottidis.
Synonym of Process, Vocal [of the Arytenoid Carti-
lage). P. gracilis, a long, delicate process passing
from below the neck of the malleus to the Glaserian
fissure. P. hamatus. Synonym of Process, Unciform.
P. horizontalis incudis. Synonym of Process, Short
[of the Incns). P. incudis longus. Synonym of Pro-
cess, Long [of the Incus). P. infundibuli : I. The
posterior lobe of the hypophysis cerebri. 2. Infundib-
ulum. P. internus calcanei. Synonym of Susten-
taculum tali. P. jugularis. Synonym of Process,
Jugular. P. lachrimalis. Synonym of Process,
Lacrymal. P. laterales vertebrarum. Synonym
of Processes, Transverse. P. lateralis calcanei.
Synonym of Sustentaculum tali. P. lenticularis.
Synonym of Process, Lenticular [of the Incus). P.
longus incudis. Synonym of Process, Long [of the
Incus). P. malaris. Synonym of Process, Zygomatic
[of the Temporal Bone). P. mamillaris : I. Synonym
o( Process, Maintnillarv [of the Lumbar Vertebra). 2.
Synonym of Process, Mastoid [of the Temporal Bone).
P. mastoideus. Synonym of Process, Mastoid. P.
maxillaris ossis malaris. Synonym of Process, Ma.x-
illary [of the Malar Bone). P. medullas cerebri.
Synonym of Cms cerebri. P. medullaris transver-
sus. Synonym of Pons varolii. P. membranifor-
mis. Synonymoi Plexus, Choroid [of the Fourt'h Ven-
tricle). P. nasalis. See Process, /Vasal. P. nuclei-
formis. Synonym of Process, Odontoid. P. obliqui,
P. obliqui vertebrarum. Synonym of Processes,
Articular. P. obtusus. Synonym of Process, Short
[of the Malleics). P. occipitalis. Synonym of /"rorwj.
Basilar. P. odontoideus. Synonym of Process,
Odontoid. P. orbicularis. Synonym of Process, Len-
ticular. P. petrosus anticus. .See Lingula. P.
orbitalis. Synonym of Process, Orbital. P. paracon-
dyloideus. P. paramastoideus. Synonyms of /"r^ir^^.
1184 PROCNEMIUM
A
Paracondyloid. 'P. pinealis. Synonym of Pineal
Gland. P. pterygoidei. Synonym of Processes,
Pterygoid. P. ravii. Synonym of Process of Rau.
P. restiformis. Synonym of Restiforin Body. P.
reticularis. Synonym of Process, Reticular. P. ros-
triformis. Synonym of Process, Coracoid. P. sphen-
oidalis. Synonym of Process, Sphenoid. P. spinosi
spurii, tiie bony eminences of the posterior surface of
the sacrum, representing the spinous processes of true
vertebrce. P. spinosus. Synonym of Process, Spin-
ous. P. spinosus mallei. Synonym of Process,
Long [of the Malleus). P. styloideus cranii. Syn-
onym of Process, Styloid [of the Temporal Bone). P.
styloideus fibulae. Synonym of Process, Styloid [of
the Fibula). P. styloideus radii, P. styloideus ulnae.
Synonyms of P., Styloid [of the Radius and of the Ulna
respectively). P. superior incudis. Synonym of
Process, Short [of the Incus). P. transversi spurii, a
row of bony prominences on the posterior aspect of the
sacrum, on each side of the median line, representing
the transverse processes of true vertebrae. P. trans-
versus. Synonym of Process, Transverse. P. trans-
versus occipitalis. Synonym of Process, Jugular.
P. tubarius, a prominence on the internal plate of
the pterygoid process upon which the extremity of the
cartilaginous portion of the Eustachian tube rests. P.
unciformis. Synonym of Process, Coracoid, and of
Process, Unciform. P. vaginalis, an evagination of
the peritoneum at the inguinal ring in the higher
mammals ; lying laterally and ventrally of the end of
the gubernaculum, it undergoes a gradual descent
and iinally enters the scrotum. Synonym of P?-o-
cess. Vaginal. P. vaginalis peritonei. Synonym
oi Process, Vaginal [of the Peritoneum). P. vermic-
ularis, P. vermiformis. Synonym of Vermiform
Appendix. P. vermis inferior. Synonym of Process,
Inferior Vermiform. P. vermis superior. Synonym
of Process, Superior Vermiform. P. vocalis. Syn-
onym of Process, 'Vocal [of the Arytenoid Cartilage).
P. xiphoideus. Synonym of Process, Ensiform. P.
zygomaticus. Synonym of Process, Zygomatic.
Prochilon, Procheilon [ pro-ki' -Ion) {j^po, before;
XeTKoc^, lip]. The prominence in the center of the lip.
Prochilous [ pro-ki' -lus) [irpti, before; Xf''''''?> l'P>
snout]. In biology, applied to organisms having
protuberant or protrusile lips.
Prechondral [ pro-kon' -dral) [rrpo, before, ^Y""'V-"'f.
cartilage] . Prior to the formation of cartilage.
Prochondrium ( pro - kon' - dre - tern) [ Trpd, before ;
Xovlspoc, cartilage]. In biology, young cartilage with
colorable matrix, i.e., a great affinity for carmin and
hematoxylon. The precartilage of Minot and the
Vorknorpel of Hasse.
Prochordal [ pro-kor' -dal) [irpii, before ; x^P^^ cord].
Situated in front of the chorda dorsalis.
Prochorion [pro-ko' -re-on) [ TrptJ, before; jop""',
membrane]. I. The primitive chorion. 2. The
zona pellucida and vitelline membrane considered
as one.
Prochorionic [pro-ko-re-on'-ik) [Trpd, before ;
membrane]. Pertaining to the prochorion.
Procident [pros' -id-ent) \_procidens, falling forward].
Affected by prolapsus.
Procidentia ( pros-id-en' -she-ah ) [ procidere, to fall
down]. Prolapse. P. ani, prolapse of the anus. P-
bulba oculi. Synonym of Exophthalmos. P. intes-
tini recti, prolapse of the rectum. P. oculi. Syn-
onym of P. bulbi oculi. P. Uteri, complete pro-
lapse of the uterus.
Proclivity [pro-kliv'-it-e) \_proclivitas\ Tendency or
inclination.
Procnemium [prok-ne' -me-um). Synonym of Tibia.
I'ROCREANT
1185
PRODUCE
Procreant [pro'-/crt'-niit) \_ procreare, \.o beget]. Pro-
ducing young.
Procreate [pro' -kre-iii) \_procreare, to beget]. To be-
get.
Procreation [pro-kre-a' -s/uin) \_proirL-art', to bring
forth]. The act of generating or begetting oftspring.
Procryptic (pro-krip'-O'k) \_tti>6, in favor of, for; Kpvrr-
TLK.6^, tit for concealing]. In biology, applied to that
form of protective mimicry in which the coloration
enables an animal to escape by hiding, e. the green
pipe-fish [Sip/ionosloiua typhle), which is conspicuous
in open water, but is well concealed among the leaves
of Zostcra.
Proctagra \^prok-la' -gi-ali) [TrpwKrdf, the ai;us ; ay pa
seizure]. Sudden pain in the anal region.
Proctalgia (prok - tal'- je - ah) \_npuKTo(;, anus; ii'AyoQ,
pain]. Pain in the anus or rectum. P. hsemor-
rhoidalis. See Plemorrhoid. P. inflammatoria.
Synonym of Proctitis. P. intertriginosa, intertrigo
of the anus.
Proctatresia i^prok - tat - re'- ze - ah) \jTpo)KTuc , anus ; ii
priv. ; Tpf/aic, perforation]. An imperforate condition
of the anus or rectum.
Proctectasia, Proctectasis {prok-tek-ta' -ze-ah, prok-
tek'-tas-is) [TT/ju/iToi, anus ; ivc-aff/f, dilatation]. Dila-
tation of the anus.
Proctectomy [prok-tck' -to-inc) [-/jw/cror, anus ; cKTopi/,
excision]. E.xcision of the rectum.
Pioctenclisis ( prok-tt'ii' -k/is-is) [Trptj/irdr, anus ; kv, in;
KXeieiv, to close]. Stricture of the rectum.
Procteurynter (prok - tit - rin' - ter) [ Trpuhruc, anus ;
evpvveiv, to widen]. An instrument for dilating the
anus.
Procthemorrhagia {prokt-heiu-or-a' -je-aJi) [ Trpu/crdr,
anus; a//;a, blood ; pqyv'vvai, to burst forth]. Hem-
orrhage from the anus.
Procthypodesmus [ prokf-hi-po-dez'-??itis) l_ irpuKToc ,
anus; v~6, under; (ieff//df, band]. An anal pessary.
Proctica ( prok'-tik-ah) [/rpu/v-df, anus] . Any disease
of the anus or rectum. P. marisca. Synonym of
Heniorrlioid. P. simplex. Synonym of Proctalgia.
Proctisis [prok-fis'-is). Synonym of Proctitis.
Proctitis [ prok-ti'-tis) [-pwhToi;, anus; iTtg, inflamma-
tion]. Inflammation of the anus or rectum. P.
foetida, inflammation of the rectum, with the discharge
of very offensive material. P. gangrsenosa, gan-
grenous inflammation of the rectum.
Procto- (prok' -to-) [7rp6j/(Tdf, anus]. A prefix signifying
connection with, or relation to, the anus.
Proctoblennozemia (prok-to-hlen-o-ze' -me-ah) \_-puK-
Toi;, anus; fiTih'va, mucus; f7?///a, loss]. A mucous
discharge from the anus.
Proctocase [prok-tok'-as-e). Synonym of Proctitis
gangnenosa.
Proctocele ( p7-ok' - to- set ) [ TrpuKroc, anus ; icr/Arj,
hernia]. -The extroversion or prolapse of the
mucous coat of the rectum. P., Vaginal, a hernia
of the rectum appearing in the vagina.
PTOctocystotOTny[prok-to-sis-tot'-o-//!e)[7TpcjKT(ir, anus ;
KvCTic, bladder; to//?/, cutting]. A form of lithotomy
in which the incision is made through the walls of the
rectum .
Proctodeal ( prok-to-de' -al ) [Trpwh-rdr, the anus ; b&dr,
way]. Pertaining to the proctodeum.
Proctodeum, Proctodaeum (prok-to-dc' -iiiii) [Trpoj/crdf,
the anus ; 6f5df , way] . In biology, a very small anal in-
vagination of the ectoderm in embryonic amniota,
which grows inward toward the cloaca until the ecto-
derm and entoderm come into contact ; the membrane
formed by the two epithelia finally breaks through
and the cloaca acquires an opening to the exterior ;
the primitive anus.
75
Proctodynia ( prok-to-diii'-e-ah) [t/jw/ct-o^-, anus ; iiiS'n'ii,
pain]. Pain about the anus.
Proctoleukorrhea ( prok-to-lu-kor-e' -ah). Synonym of
Proctorrhea.
Proctomenia ( prok-to-iiic' -ne-ah ) [ rrpuKToc:, anus ;
iii/i', month ]. Vicarious menstruation from the
rectum.
Proctoncus ( prok-tong'-kus) \_~puKT6c, anus; ojkoc,
tumor] . Any tumor or swelling at the anus.
Proctoparalysis { prok-to-par-al' -is-is) [-pw/crdf, anus;
napa/.vaa', paralysis]. Paralysis of the sphincter
muscle of the anus.
Proctoplastic ( prok-to-plas' -tik) [npuKTo^, anus ; n't i'ia-
attv, to form]. Pertaining to the plastic surgery of
the anal region.
Proctoplasty [prok'-to-p/as-t, ) [Trpw/crdr, anus ; -rr'/aa-
aur, to form]. Plastic surgery of the anus.
Proctoplegia ( prok-to-p/e'-Jc-ah). Synonym o{ Procto-
paralysis.
Proctopolypus (prok - to - pol' - ip - us) [Trptwrdf, anus;
TToAi'TTovg , polyp]. A polyp of the rectum.
Proctoptoma (prok - top - to' - mah ) [ -pcucroc, anus;
-ribpa, fall]. Prolapse of the rectum.
Proctoptosis ( prok-top-to'-sis) [Trpw/irdf , anus ; Trrijoig,
a falling]. Synonym of Proctoptoma.
Proctorrhagia ( prok - tor - a' -je ■ ah ). Synonym of
Procth em or r hag ia .
Proctorrhaphy (/r()/!'-A'/-'-rt;/<') [77p(,;/.-rdc, anus; paihij,
suture]. Suture of the rectum or anus.
Proctorrhea ( prok-tor-e' -ah) [Trpu/crdf, anus; poia,
flow]. A discharge of mucus through the anus.
Proctoscirrhus (prok - to - skir'- us) [-pw/i-df, anus ;
oKippuQ, induration]. Scirrhous carcinoma of the rec-
tum.
Proctospasmus (prok-to-spai' -mus) [Trpw/crdf, anus ;
(TTn(T//dr, spasm]. Spasm or tenesmus of the rectum.
Proctostenosis (prok-to-steii-o' -sis) [ivpuKTog, anus, and
crr/i'(jiT/f, stenosis]. Stricture of the anus or rectum.
Proctotocia (prok-to-to'-se-ah) \jrpuKTui; , anus ; tokoq,
a bringing forth]. Delivery of the fetus through the
anus.
Proctotome (prok' -lo-tom) [TrpwKrdr, anus ; rop.^, a
cutting]. A cuttmg-instrument used in proctotomy.
Proctotomy (prok-tot' -o-me) ^npuKToc, anus ; rnfi^, a
cutting]. Incision of the anus or rectum for imper-
foration or stricture.
Proctotoreusis (prok-to-tor-u' -sis) [Trpw/irdc , anus ; rop-
ei'e/v, to bore through]. The operation of making an
opening into an imperforate anus.
Proctuchous (prok-tu' -kns] [/rpw/ordf, anus ; fxt'tv, to
have]. In biology, having an anus.
Procumbent ( pro-kuut' -bent) \_pro, forward; ctimberc,
to lie]. In biology, prostrate, prone, trailing.
Prodissoconch (pro-dis'-o-konk) [irpd, before ; (Vcrcrdf,
double; noyxnt shell]. In biology, the first formed
shell of many lamellibranchs, preceding the disso-
conch or true shell. It is the complete shell of the
veliger antemonomyarian and dimyarian stage, and the
Iiomologue of the protoeonch of cephalous molluscs and
the periconch oi Dcntalium.
Prodroma (pro-dro'-mah). See Prodrome.
Prodromal [pro-dro' -mat) [/rpd, before ; fipopoc, a run-
ning]. Precursory ; of the nature of a prodrome.
Prodrome (pro' -drom) [n-po, before ; dpopoc, a running].
A forerunner of a disease ; a precursory symptom.
Prodromic (pro-d/v'-mik). See Prodromal.
Prodromous (pro-dro' -mus). Synonym of Prodomal.
Prodromus ( pro-dro' -mus) \_'^p6, before ; 6p6jiog, a run-
ning]. The prodrome; also the period in which the
precursory signs of a disease occur.
Produce (pro-dfis') \_producere, to bring forth]. To
generate or bring forth.
PRODUCTIVE
1186
PROGVMNOSPERMIC
Productive (ypro - duk' - thi) \_prodiicere, to produce].
Generating; tissue-making. P. Arteritis, Acute,
an acute inflammation of an artery characterized by
round-cell infiltration, the formation of new blood-
vessels and new connective tissue in their walls. It
may proceed to obliteration of the lumen of the vessel.
Proeccrisis i^pro-ek' -ris-is) [-/)d, before ; eKKpiai^, sep-
aration]. A premature crisis in the course of a dis-
ease.
Proembryo (pro-em' -bre-o) \j^po, before; Sji\i\nmi\
embryo]. In biology, the result of the germination
of an oospore, the A)ilas;e or proton of the first stage
of certain cryptogams [Ckaracea, Archegotiiatie).
Proembryonic {^pro-em-bre-on' -ik') [irpd, before ; t//-
j3i>iiai>, embryo]. Pertaining to a proembryo.
Proencephalia {^pro-en-sef-a' -h-ah) [_Trp6, before ; iynt-
fa'/.or, brain]. An exencephalic condition involving
the anterior part of the skull.
Proencephalocele (pro-en-sef'-al-o-sel) \_~i>o, before;
kyiik(f>a'Anc, brain ; K.r/'Ari, tumor]. An encephalocele
in the anterior part of the skull.
Proencephalon {pro-en-sef -al-oii) [-/jo, forward ; iyid-
(pa'Aoc, brain]. The fore-brain. Also, encephalocele
in the frontal region of the brain.
Proencephalus (pro-en-sef'-aliis) [Trpd, before; kjKk-
(j>a7ior, brain]. An exencephalic monstrosity with the
brain protruding through a fissure in the frontal region.
Proeotia { pro-e-o' -she-aJi) [/rpwmf, early]. Sexual pre-
cocity.
Proepimeral [pro - ep - im - e' - ra/) [/;■<', before ; tKi,
upon; j-iiipoc, thigh]. Pertaining to the proepimeron.
Proepimeron [pro-ep-im-e^ -ron') \_pro, before ; err/,
upon; /i//pdf, thigh]. The epimeron or prothorax.
Proepisternal {pro-ep-is-ter'-nal) \_pro, before; t-;,
upon; arqivQv, breast-bone]. Pertaining to the pro-
episternum.
Proepisternum [pro-ep-is-ter'-niiin] \_pro, before ; k-i ,
upon ; aripvov, breast-bone]. The prothoracic epis-
ternum.
Professional [pro-fesh' -icn-al) \_profiteri, to profess].
Pertaining to a profession or occupation ; pertaining
especially to the medical profession ; in keeping with
medical ethics. P. Cramp. See Writers' Cramp.
P. Etiquette, those principles of honor which govern
the conduct of medical men, both in dealings witli
one another and with the laity. P., or Occupation,
Neurosis, a neurosis caused by continuous exercise
in one's occupation of one set of muscles, or by some
other peculiarity of one's employment. See Neurosis.
Professor [ pro-p'es'-or) \_ professor, a professor], A
teacher in a college or university.
Professorate ( pro-fe';' -or-Cit^ \_professor, a professor].
The office of a professor.
Professorship (pro-fLs'-or-ship). .Same as Professorate.
Profile (pro'-fet) \_pro, before; fi/iim, thread]. The
outline of the human face in a section at the meson.
P. Line, one employed in the determination of the
general direction of the face. .See Lines, Table of.
Profluvium [pro-fit' -Z'e-tiiit) \_proflnere, to flow forth].
A flux or discharge P. alvi. Diarrhea. P. mu-
liebre. Synonym of Leiikorrhea. P. sang'uinis.
Hemorrhage. P. seminis. I. Synonym of Spermat-
orrhea. 2. Discharge of semen from the vagina after
coitus.
Profunda Arteries [pro - fun' - dah ). See Arteries,
Table of
Profundipalmar [pro-fiin-dip-al'-mar) \^propiindiis,
deep ; palma, palm]. Pertaining to the deep-seated
parts of the hand.
Profundiplantar ( pro- fun - dip - Ian'- tar) [ profiindtts,
deep; sole]. Deep and plantar: pertaining
to the deep-seated parts of the sole of the foot.
Profundus [pro fin' -dus) \_ profundus, deep]. A term
applied to any organ or part tlrat is deep-seated.
Progametange, Progametangium ( pro-gam-et-an' -je,
pro-gatn-et-an' fe-um) [~pd, before; )afii:Ti], a wife;
a;'7E«ov, a vessel]. In biology, an immature or resting
gametangium formed upon the mycelia of certain fungi
[Protomycetaceee). and from which, after a period of
rest, is liberated the gametangium, within which the
minute rod-shaped gametes are formed.
Progaster [pro-gas' -ter). Same as Archeiiteron.
Progeneration [pro-jen-er-a' -shiiii) \_ progenerare , to
beget]. Propagation ; the act of begetting.
Progenitor [pro-jen'-it-or) \_pro, before; genitor,he-
getter]. Ancestor, sire, or father.
Progeny [proj'-en-e) [tt/jo, before; ytvvdv, to beget].
Offspring ; descendants.
Proglossis ( pro-glos' -is) [jrpd, before ; yAuaaa, tongue]. I
The tip of the tongue.
Proglottid [pro-glot' -id ) \_~po, before ; j Aoam, tongue].
In biology, one of the mature segments or metameres
of a tapeworm. Any person of the cestode chain or
colony other than the pear-shaped or cone-shaped
head ox scolex ; a proglottis.
Proglottis [ pro-glot' -is) [tt/jo, before; yAuaaa, tongue:
//. , Proglottides^. Same as Proglottid.
Vxo%x\3X\i\c[prog-na'-thik). 'Synonym o{ Prognathous. i
Prognathism ( prog' -na-thizm) [tt/jo, forward ; yi'ddoi;, I
jaw]. The quality of having a projecting lower jaw,
or of being prognathous. P., Alveolo-subnasal, in 1
craniometry, the prognathism measured by the angle
included between the line joining the alveolar and
subnasal points and the alveolo-condylean plane.
Prognathous [prog'- na - tliiis) \j^po, before; yvddo^,
jaw]. Having a projecting lower jaw.
Prognosis [prog-no' -sis) [-pd, before ; yvijaic, knowl- |
edge]. An opinion or judgment concerning the dura- j
tion, course, and termination of a disease. P. anceps,
a doubtful prognosis. P. fausta, a favorable prog- I
nosis. P. infausta, an unfavorable prognosis.
Prognostic [prog - nos'- til; ) [-pd, before; pHjmc,
knowledge]. Pertaining to prognosis.
Prognosticate [prog-nos'-t/h-at) [Trpd, before ; yi'uai^, ;
knowledge]. To make a prognosis. |
Progression [ pro-gresh'-un) [progredi, to advance, to i
step forward]. The act of advancing or of moving
forward. P., Arithmetic, a progression of numbers
which increase or decrease by equal differences, as 2,
4, 6, 8, ID, or ID, 8, 6, 4, 2. P., Backward, a back-
ward walking ; a rare symptom of some nervous
lesions in which the person can only walk backward.
P., Cross-legged, walking with the legs almost |
crossing, a condition sometimes observed in double I
hip-disease and in certain disturbances of the nervous
system. P., Geometric, a progression of numbers
which increase or decrease by equal ratio, as 2, 4, 8, |
16, or 16, 8, 4, 2. ■ I
Progressive [pro-gres'-iv) \_progredi, to go forward].
Marked by progress; of a disease extending over a
wider area or increasing in severity. P. Muscular
Atrophy, chronic anterior poliomyelitis in which the
large ganglion-cells of the anterior horns, the motor ■
and trophic cells of the muscles, are gradually des-
troyed. P. Ossifying Myositis, a chronic inflam- |
mation of muscles, associated with a tendency to exces- |
sive bony deposits in them. It is usually accompanied j
by the development of numerous exostoses. 1
Progymnosperm [ pro- jim' -no-sperm) [rrpd, before; J
yviivor, naked ; ry-tp/in, seed]. In biology, an archaic 1
or ancestral type of gymnosperm. j
Progymnospermic ( pro-ji?}i-no-sper' -mik) [rrpd, be- 1
fore; j-n/^i'dr, naked ; orrtp/irt, seed] . Pertaining to a \
progymnospenn. j
PROJECTILE
1187
PROMINENTIA
Projectile (^pro-Jek'-tU) [ projii-ere, to throw before].
Anything thrown forward violently. P., Vomiting,
the vomiting sometimes observed in diseases of the
brain ; the material is projected out of the mouth
to some distance, apparently without nausea.
Projection [pro-fek'-s/iuti) \_projicere, to throw before].
I. The act of throwing forward. 2. A prominence or
a part extending beyond tlie level of the surrounding
surface. P., Monocular. Synonym of P., Uiiiocu-
lar. P., Ocular, 'f.ee Ocular. P. -system of Mey-
nert. See Meynert. P. -systems. See Meyncrt.
P., Uniocular, the projection into space of the im-
pression of an object made by rays emanating from
it and entering one eye. A correct estimate of distance
cannot be made by uniocular projection. P. of Visual
Impressions, the projection into space of the im-
pressions of objects made upon the retina by rays ema-
nating from the objects. The ability to do this enables
us to locate correctly the position or distance of objects
in space.
Prolabial (pro - la' - be - al) \_pn>, before; labium, lip].
Pertaining to the prolabium.
Prolabium (pro - la' - be - ii/ii) \_pro, before ; labium, a
lip]. The red exposed part of the lip ; also, the cen-
tral prominence of the lip.
Prolapse (pro-laps') \_prolabi, to slip down]. The
falling forward or downward of a part. P. of the
Anus or Rectum, protrusion of the rectal walls be-
yond the anus. P., Artificial, the drawing down of
a part or organ, as the uterus, for purposes of ex-
amination or treatment. P. of the Cord, premature
expulsion of the umbilical cord during parturition.
P. of the Iris, protrusion of the iris through a corneal
wound. P. of the Uterus, protrusion of the womb
beyond the vulva.
Prolapsed (pro-lapst') \_prolabi, to fall forward]. In
a condition of prolapse.
Prolapsion (pro-lap' -shun). Synonym of Prolapse.
[Old.]
Prolapsus (pro-lap' -sus). Synonym of Prolapse. P.
ani, prolapse of the rectum. P. cerebri. Synonym
oi Encephalocele. P. iridis, prolapse of the iris.' P.
linguae. Synonym of Macroglossia. P. oculi. Syn-
onym of Exophthalmos. P. palpebrse. Synonym of
Ptosis. P. placentae, prolapse of the placenta. P.
recti, prolapse of the rectum. P. sclerotici, staphy-
loma of the sclerotic. P. uteri, prolapse of the uterus.
P. uteri completus, complete prolapse of the uterus ;
procidentia uteri. P, uvulae. Synonym of Staphyle-
dema. P. vaginae, prolapse of the vagina. P.
vesicae, prolapse of the bladder.
Proleg (pro' -leg) \_pro, for; leg\. In biology, a false
leg ; a proped ; an abdominal limb of the larvre of
insects.
I Prolepsis ( pro - lep' - sis) [rrpd, before; 2.afij3avFii', to
I seize]. The return of a paroxysm before the expected
f time.
jl Proleptic (pro - lep'- tih) \_Kp6, before ; la/iPaveiv, to
1 seize]. I. Prognostic. 2. Returning before the reg-
I ular or expected time.
f Proleptics (pro-lep'-tihs) \_irp6, before; 7Mfi^dveLV, to
seize]. The art of prognosis.
Proles (pro'-lez) [L.]. Offspring,
i Prolicide (pro'-lis-iil) \_ proles, offspring ; cadere, to
kill]. Feticide or infanticide.
I Proliferate (pro-lif -er-at) \_proles, offspring; ferre, to
i bear]. To begin ; to generate.
i Proliferation (pro-lif-er-a'-shun) \_proliferatio : proles,
offspring ; ferre, to bear]. Cell-genesis. The con-
1 tinued formation and development of cells by mul-
tiplication. P., Atrophic, multiplication of the cell-
nuclei, with degeneration of the differentiated proto-
plasm of the peculiar cells of the tissues. It occurs
in inllammation and in regeneration.
Proliferative (pro-lif -er-a-tiv) \_proles, offspring ^/t'/vv,
to hear]. Multiplying; being the seat of cell-prolif-
eration. P. Cyst, a cyst in which the lining epithe-
lium proliferates and produces projections from the
ental surface of the cysts.
Proliferous (pro-lif -er-zts) \_prolcs, ofispring ; frre,
to bear]. In biology, producing offspring; develop-
ing buds, branches, or generative zooids. P. Cyst,
with Vascular Intra-cystic Growths, a cyst, occur-
ring in glands, especially the mammary and thyroid,
from the ental wall of which spring irregular, usually
cauliflower-like growths of a glandular character,
which may eventually fill the cyst-cavity, or even
break through the cyst-wall. The so-called sero-cystic
sarcoma generally belongs to this class of cysts.
Prolific (pro-lif -ik) \_proles, offspring ; facere, to make].
Fruitful ; very fertile.
Prolification (pro-lif-ik-a' -shuii) \_prolificare, produce
ottspring]. In biology, the development of organs or
structures from a part normally ultimate. P. Islands,
numerous spots upon the chorionic villi ; thickenings
of the nucleated protoplasm of the ectoderm. The
" Proliferationsinseln " of German authors.
Proligerous \^ proles, offspring; gerere,
to bear]. In biology, germinating ; producing oft-
spring ; specifically applied to the film of infusions as
the source of the microorganisms found in the infusion.
P. Disc, see Discus proligerus.
Promala (pro-ma' -lah) [pro, before; /wtz/a, jaw] . In
biology, the so-called mandibles of the myriopods,
homologous with the lacinia of the hexopodous max-
illa (Packard), less correctly called protomala .
Promanus (pro-ma' -nus) [pro, before ; maiius, hand].
The thumb.
Promesoblast (^pro-me' -zo-blasf) \y:p6, before; fikaor,
middle; p/aarn^, sprout]. The mass of primordial
cells which subsequently develop into the mesoblast.
Prometopia (pro-met-o' -pe-ah) [tt/jo, before; jikrCmov,
forehead]. The anterior portion of the forehead, or
the skin covering it.
Prometopidia ( pro-mel-o-pid' -e-ah) [-po, before; fiii-
Toi-nv, forehead]. Bandages for the forehead.
Prominence ( prom'-i/i-e?is) [prominere , to jut out].
I. A projection on the surface of a part, especially on
a bone. 2. The state of being prominent. 3. Im-
portance ; distinction. P., Bony, a prominence on a
bone, usually serving as a landmark. P., Doyere's.
See Doyere's. P., Genital, an accumulation of cells
on the ventral aspect of the embryonic cloaca and from
which the generative organs are developed. P.,
Double, an abnormal prominence at the junction of
the first and second sacral vertebrfe. P., False.
Synonym of P., Double. P., Mental, the triangular
eminence projecting forward from the middle of the
body of the lower jaw. P., Sacro-vertebral, the
promontory of the sacrum.
Prominentia ( prom-in-en' -slie-ah) [L.: //. , Protninen-
fi(c'\. Synonym o( Proi/rineuee. P. albicans. Syn-
onym of Corpus albicans. P. encephali. Synonym
of Corpora quadrigemina . P. laryngea. Synonym
of Pomum adami. P. lentiformis. Synonym of
Nucleus, Lenticular. P. natiformis. Synonym of
the Abates of the Corpora cjuadrigemina. P. oculi to-
tius. Exophthalmos. P. orbiculares majores. Syn-
onym of the iVates of the Corpora (juadrigetiiina. P.
orbiculares minores. Synonym of the Testes of the
Corpora quadrigemina . P. semiovalis. Synonym
of Olii'ary Bodv. P. sphserica, a cerebral convolu-
tion. P. spiralis, a slight prominence on the outer
wall of the cochlear duct, containing a small capillary
PROMONTORY
1188
PROPARAPTERON
vessel. P. testiformes, the testes of the corpora
quadrigemina.
Promontory [prom'- on- tor-e) \_pi'o, before; mons,
mountain]. An elevation or prominence. P. of the
Sacrum, the prominence formed by the angle between
the upper e.Ktremity of the sacrum and the last lumbar
vertebra. P. of the Tympanum, the prominence
formed by the first turn of the cochlea.
Promorph [pro' -i?ior/) [tt/jo, before ; |Uop(|)//, -form]. In
biology, a primitive or fundamental fonn-type.
Promorphologist [pro-nior-fol'-o-Jist) [irpo, before ;
fw[)(j»/, form; /io;df, science]. One versed in pro-
morphology.
Promorphology ( pro-//ior-/<>/'-o-/c-)[_TTp6, he{ore ; /t6p(j)r/,
form; Aoyoi;, science]. In biology, organic morphol-
ogy as related to a few fundamental types of structure.
The treatment of organic form from a mathematic
or geometric basis.
Promuscidate { pro-inns' -id-at) \_ promnscis, a corrupt
form for proboscis']. Having the form of a promuscis.
Promuscis [pro-nius'-is] \_ promuscis, a corrupt form
for proboscis : pL, Promiiscides']. In biology, a probos-
cis, beak, or rostrum ; usually applied to insects.
Promycele [pro-mi' -sel). Same as Promycelium.
Promycelial [pro-mi-se'-lc-<xl) [jrpo, before; /ivkt/c, a
fungus; ///or, an excrescence]. Pertaining to the pro-
mycelium.
Promycelium [pro-mi-se' -Ic-um) \j^p6, before; myce-
lium, from ii\ K.ri(, a fungus ; 7/iof, an excrescence].
In biology, a short mycelium formed from the oosperm
or resting spore in certain species of fungi ( Oomycetes ,
Zygomycetes), and which dies after bearing a few
conidiospores. These conidiospores in turn propagate
new thalli, giving rise to a distinct alternation of
generations.
Pronation [ pro- na' -shun') \_pronatio : promts, bent
forward]. I. The condition of being prone ; the
act of placing in the prone position. 2. Of the hand.
The turning of the palm downward.
Pronator [ pro-na' -tor) \_pronare, Xa bend forward].
That which pronates. A term applied to several
muscles. See Muscles, Table of.
Pronaus [pro-nah' -us) [tt/jo, before; vaoq, temple].
The vestibule of the vagina.
Prone [pron) \_pronus, prone]. With the palm di-
rected downward. Also, lying with the face down-
ward. The opposite is Supine. P. and Postural
Respiration, " Marshall Hall's Ready Method of
Artificial Respiration." See Respiration.
Pronephric {pro-nef'-rik) [tt/jo, before ; i'e<pp6(;, a kid-
ney]. In biology, of or pertaining to the pronephron,
or the primitive kidney. P. Duct, one of the four
fundamental parts of the vertebrate urogenital system ;
the Wolffian duct. Cf. Archinephric Duct, Milllerian
Duct.
Pronephridium [pro-nef-rid'-e-um') [irpo, before;
%>£<t>p(>g, kidney]. One of the canaliculi which in
lower orders of animals, especially the invertebrata,
act as excretory organs.
Pronephron [pro-nef -ron^ [Trpd, before ; WfApdf, a kid-
ney : //. , Pronephra\ In biology, "the first part of
the urogenital system to be differentiated in the verte-
brate embryo ; it is to be regarded as the phylogeneti-
cally oldest part. It is found in the embryos of (prob-
ably) all vertebrates, but disappears before adult life
in selachians, some teleosts, and all amniota. It is
always situated in the segments immediately behind
the heart, and is a paired organ with a longitudinal
duct, which finally opens into the cloaca." (Minot.)
("f. Head-kidnev , Primitive Kidney, Okenian Body,
Wolffian Body'.
Pronephros [ pro-nef -ros). Same as Pronephron.
Proncea [pro-ne' -ah). Synonym of Prognosis.
Pronotum ( pro-no' -turn) [npo, before ; rijro^-, back :
//. , Pronotd]. The anterior of the three divisions of
the dorsal section of the prothorax of an arthropod.
Pronuclear [pro-nu' -kle-ar) \_pro, before; nucleus,
nucleus]. Pertaining to a pronucleus.
Pronucleate [ pro-nu' -kle-at) [/ro, before; nucleus,
nucleus]. Having a pronucleus.
Pronucleolus [pro-tiu-lde' -o-lus) \_pro, before ; nucleo-
lus, nucleolus]. A nucleolus of a pronucleus.
Pronucleus [pro-nu' -kle-us) [pro, before ; nucleus,
nucleus : //., Pronuclei]. In biology, the name given
by Ed. van Beneden to one of the two nuclear ele-
ments of a newly fecundated ovum, the i/iale and the
female pronucleus, the fusion (conjugation) of which re-
sults in the formation of the first embryonic nucleus.
The nucleus which appears within the ovum after the
formation of the polar bodies is the female pronucleus.
According to Hertwig, the head of the spermatozoid
is transformed directly into the male pronucleus, while i
Salensky holds that it is first dissolved and provokes i
secondarily the formation of the male pronucleus. P., j
Segmentation, the nucleus of the germ. P., Sperm.
.Synonym of P., Male. j
Probdontus [pro-o-don' -tus) [tt/jo, before ; drJoi'f, tooth]. j
Lissauer's term for a skull in which the angle formed 1
between the radius fixus and the line joining the sub-
nasal and alveolar points is between 23° and 50°. I
Proof-spirit. See Spirit. I
Proosteon [pro-os' -te-on) \jTpo, before ; oa-iov, bone].
A bony process or prominence.
Proostracal [ pro-os' -trak-al) \_Trp6, before; oarpaKov, j
shell]. Pertaining to a proostracum. |
ProostTacum [p>-o-os'-trak-um) l^-pd, before ; oarpaicov, j
shell]. In biology, the projecting lamella of the thick 1
covering of tlte phragmacone of a cephalopod.
Prootic [Trpd, before ; oiV, ear]. I. Before, (
or in front of, the ear. 2. One of the otic bones; very i
constant in the skulls of the lower vertebrata. I
Propagate [prop'-ag-dt) l_propagare, togenera.te]. To I
generate ; to multiply. ;
Propagation [prop-ag-a'-shmi) \_propagare, to gen- j
erate]. Reproduction ; spreading, dissemination. P., |
Arc of, a term given to that margin of the corneal
creeping ulcer of Saemisch which assumes the form of |
an elevated curve, and is more decidedly opaque or I
yellow than the others. 1
Propagatorium ( prop-ag-at-o'-re um) [ propagare, to |
generate, increase: //. , Propagatoria]. In biology, \
the entire mechanism of reproduction. Cf. Nutri- |
torium, Locomotorium, Scnsorium. I
Propagule ( pro-pag' -ul) \_propagare, to propagate].
.Same as Propagulum. ^
Propagulum [ pro-pag' -u-lum) \_propagare, to propa- j
gait: pi., Propagula]. In biology, any structure, part, |
or organ utilized in the asexual propagation of plants; 1
a stolon, offset, runner. j
Propalanin [ pro-pal' -an-in), CjH„NO._,. Ainidobutyric j
acid. It crystallizes in little leaflets or needles, and is !
very soluble in water. |
Propalinal [pro-pal' -in-al) [xpd, before ; Trd/lti', back, i
backward]. In biology, applied to the forward and I
backward movement of the jaws of certain animals. j
Propane (//-✓-/<?«), C.,Hg. A hydrocarbon of the
marsh-gas series. It is a constituent of petroleum. j
Proparapt&ra\ [pro-par-ap'-ter-al) [irpd , before ; napa, I
beside; Trrepnv, wing]. Pertaining to the proparap- '
teron. ]
Pro-pata-ptexon (pi-o-par-ap'-ter-on) [irpd, before ; Kapa, j
beside; nTpp6i>, wing: pi., Proparaptera]. In biol- ^
ogy, the third sclerite of the propleuron of an
arthropod. '
1
PROPARATERESIS
1189
PROPRIETARY
Proparateresis [pro-pa?--af-er-e^-sis)\_TTp6, before ; irapa,
beside ; Ty'jfir/ac^, a watching]. Prevention ; prophy-
laxis.
Propargylic Acid ( pro-par-gil'-ik) . See Propiolic A cid.
Propatagial {pro-pat-a' -je-al) [tt/jo, before; TraTayeiov,
a border]. I'ertaining to the propatagium.
Propatagium {^pro-pat-a' -jc-nni) [tt/io, before ; nara-
yelov, a golden stripe, border: //. , Propatagia'\. In
biology, the fold of skin in front of and between the
forearm and upper arm in the wing of a bird.
Propathy [^rpo, before; -dtt;f, disease].
I. A premonitory symptom. 2. A past disease.
Prop-cells. Cells, generally columnar or fusiform,
placed in the intervals of the rods and hair-Cells of the
organ of Corti. They are also known as Supporting
Cells and Cells of Deiter.
Proped {pro'-ped). See Proleg.
Propedal [pi-o-pe'-dl) \_pro, for; pes, a foot]. Per-
taining to a proped.
Propendentia ( pro - pen - den'- she - ah). Synonym of
Prolapse. P. uvulae, relaxation of the uvula.
Propenyl {pro'-pen-il ). See Glyceryl. P. Trinitrate.
Synonym of Xitroglycerin.
Propenyl Yi.y6.raXe\pro' -pen-il-hi' -drat). SteGlycerin.
Propepsin \pro-pep' -sin) [^pd, before ; Tvenreiv, to
cook]. The zymogen, or mother-substance, of pepsin,
found in the cells of the gastric glands.
Propeptone {pro-pep' -ton). See under Peptone.
Propeptonuria [pro-pep-ton-u' -re-ah) [irpd, before ;
nsTTTeiv, to cook; ovpov, urine]. The appearance of
propeptone or hemialbumose in the urine. It may
occur in fevers, diphtheria, or osteomalacia, or during
medication with storax or phosphorus. See Peptonuria .
Properistoma {pro-per-is-to' -niah) [n-po, before; Trep/',
around; ard/ia, mouth : pi., Properistomata']. In bi-
ology, the thickened edge of the gastrula.
Properistoma! [pro-per-is-to'-?nal) [rrpd, before; Trtp'i,
around; crrd/za, mouth] . Pertaining to a properistoma.
Properistome [pro-per' -is-fdin) . Same as Properistoma.
Propeutoneal {pro-per-it-o-ne'-al ) [irpd, before; irepiro-
vaiov, peritoneum]. Situated in front of the peritone-
um. P. Hernia, a hernia the sac of which extends
in various directions within the abdominal walls. P.
Hernia, Cruro-, of Kroenlein, a femoral hernia in
which an additional sac exists in the cellular tissue
of the pelvis, between the peritoneum and the abdom-
inal wall. P. Hernia, Inguino-, of Kroenlein; one
which protrudes outward along the fold of the groin,
within the abdominal walls ; by the P'rench termed
hernie en bissac.
Prophasis {prof'-as-is) [irpd, before ; <^atveiv,\a show].
I. Prognosis. 2. In biology, a collective term pro-
posed by Strasburger for the phenomena of karyoki-
nesis up to the longitudinal splitting of the threads. Cf
anaphases, tnetaphases.
Prophetin [prof'-et-in), C.2„H.jgO-. A glucosid found in
Eelialliuni officinale and Cucuniis prophetariim .
Prophloem [pro-flo'-em) [irpd, before ; (pXoioc, bark].
In biology, (a) the incipient rudiment or Anlage of
phloem in a fibro-vascular bundle ; (/') a tissue in the
sporophore of mosses resembling the phloem of higher
plants.
Prophragma pro-frag' -mah) {jrpo, before; <^payiia,
fence, partition : pi., Prophragmata']. In biology, an
internal, anterior, transverse plate of the exoskeleton
of an insect, serving for the attachment of internal
organs.
Prophthalmos [prof-thal'-mos'). Synonym of Exoph-
thalmos.
Prophylactic {pro-fil-ak' -tik) [TrpotpvA'tnaneiv, to keep
guard before]. Pertaining to prophylaxis. Also, a
medicine or agent that prevents the taking of disease.
Prophylaxis (pro-fl-aks'-is) \_'Kpn<pvXX.aaaeiv, to keep
guard before]. Prevention of disease ; preventive
measures ; preventive medicine ; hygiene.
Prophylaxy [pro' -fil-aks-e). Same as Prophylaxis.
Prophyllum {pro'-fil' -um) [rrpd, before; <pv7JM\ leaf].
A primitive or primary leaf.
Prophysis [prof'-is-is). See SymblepJiaroji.
Propiolic Acid ( pro-pe-o'-lik). See Acid.
Vxo'pionaccaS.A. [pro-pe on' -am-id) [irpurof, first ; triuv,
fat ; ai?iid~\, CjH^NO. A substitution compound of
ammonia.
Propione (pro' -pe-dn) [-puror, first ; tt'iuv. fat], C-H,gO.
Diethyl Ketone, a liquid obtained by the distillation
of calcium propionate. It boils at I0I° C.
Propionic Acid [ pro-pc-on'-ik). See Acid.
Proplasm [pro' -plaznt) [-pd, for ; Tr/iQo-o-EW, to form].
A mold ; a matrix.
Propleural [ pro-plii' -ral) [;rpd, before ; TrAfiipd, side].
Pertaining to the propleura.
Propleuron [pro-plu' -ron) [irpd, before; Ti7:.ivpa, side:
//., Propleura^. In biology, one of the prothoracic
parameres of an arthropod.
Proplexus [pro-pleks' -us) [/rp, before ; //^x/zj, plex-
us]. The choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle of
the brain. See Paraplexus.
Propodeum [pro - po' - de -um) [/ro, before ; pod[ex),
fundament ://. , Propodea'\. In biology, a part of the
last thoracic ring of certain insects transferred during
development from the first abdominal ring.
Propodial [ pro - po'- de - al) [irpd, before ; /royf, foot].
Pertaining to the propodium.
Propodite [prop' - o - dit ) [irpd, before; Tzovq, foot].
.Same as Propodos.
Propodium [pro-po' -de-uiu) \jvp6, before ; ttovc, foot :
//., Propodia\ In biology, the anterior portion of the
foot of a gasteropod or pteropod, as distinguished
from the niesopodiuin and inetapodiuin.
Propodos [prop' -o-dos) [/rpd, before ; -Kovq, foot]. In
biology, the sixth joint of any appendage of a crusta-
cean ; a prognathite, propodite (Bate). Cf. protopo-
dite, endopodite or exopodite, ischiopodite, meivpodite ,
carpopodite, and dactylopodite.
Propolis [prop'-o-lis) [irpd, before; -d/./r, city]. In
biology, a resinous substance, exceedingly tenacious,
varying much in color, but usually a rich brown, and
which emits a balsamic odor, used by bees both as a
cement and as a varnish. Bees varnish their combs
with it, applying it quite thickly on the edges of the
cells and thin on the cell-walls ; they use it to fill up
every crack the bottom of which they cannot reach.
Propolis is collected in largest amounts toward the
end of the season, from a variety of sources, e. g., the
leaf-buds of shrubs and trees, the poplar, the alder,
the beech, the willow, the fir, the horsechestnut, the
hollyhock, etc.
Propoma [pro-po' -mah') \_7rpoTTiven', to drink before].
A potion taken before meals.
Propons [prp'-ponz). Synonym of Ponticttlus.
Propostscutellar (pro-post-s/cu-tel'-ar) [vrpd, before;
postsciitelliiin'\. Pertaining to a propostscutellum.
Propostscutellum [pro-post-skii-tel'-zim) [-pd, before ;
posfscutelluvi'\. In biology, the postscntellum of the
pronotum.
'Pro'^xt.%ZM\2\ [ pj-o-pre-skii' -tal) \_pro, before; prescu-
tuiii']. Pertaining to the proprescutum.
Vvo^rescvitwcn [ pro-pre-sku' -turn) [pro, before; p!-e-
siutui)i\ In biology, the prescutum of the pronotum.
Proprietary [pro-pri' -ei-ar-e) \_proprietas, property].
Belonging to a proprietor. P. Medicine, a medicine
made by a private formula, sold under a copyrighted
name, or the preparation of which is not free to the
pharmaceutic profession.
PROPTERYGIAL
1190
PROSLYSIS
Propterygial { pro-tcr-ij' -e-al) [tt/jo, before; Trrtpuyior,
a little wing]. Pertaining to the propterygium.
Propterygium ( /;-6i-/'tv--i)''-('-;/w) [-/id, before ; -rt/w-
J'^o^', a little wing, fin: //. , Propti-)ygia\. In biol-
ogy, one of the three segments of the skeleton of the
anterior fin of a fish. Cf. Mesopterygiuiit, Metaptery-
giuin.
Proptoma {prop-to' -inah) [jt/jo, before; Trruiia, a fall :
//. , Proptomata^. .\ prolapse, or the protruding mass
resulting from a prolapse. P. auricularum, flap ears.
P. mammarum, a pendulous condition of the breasts.
P. palpebrarum. Synonym of Ptosis.
Proptosis (prop-to' -sis) [npij, forward; Tx-u>aic,a. fall-
ing]. A falling downward of an organ from its
place. Prolapse. P., Entero-. See Enteroproptosis.
P., Gastro-. See Gastropiosis. . P. oculi. Syno-
nym of Exophthalmos. P. palpebrae, ptosis. P.
uvulae. Synonym Staphyledema.
Proptysis [ ^rop' -tis-is). Synonym of Expectoration.
Propulsion (pro-pul' -shuii) \_pro, before; pellere, to
push]. The act of pushing or being pushed forward.
It is a symptom of paralysis agitans ; as the patient
walks there is a progressive increase in the rapidity of
his gait, until he breaks into a run. This continues
until he either falls or seizes a support. See Paraly-
sis agitans and Ecstination .
Propupa [pro-pn'-pah) \_pro, before ; pupa, pupa]. In
biology, that stage of insect development immediately
preceding the pupa.
Propygidium {pro-pi-jid'-e-itm) [^pd, before; TTvyij,
rump ; dim. l6iov : pi., Propygidia'\. In biology, the
penultimate dorsal segment of the abdomen of certain
insects.
Propyl (/;-(/-///) [Trpurof, first; vI.t], matter], CjHj.
The radicle of propane.
Propylamin [pro-pil' -am-in) \jTpi>Tor^, first ; v'hr], matter ;
amin^, C-jllgN. A ptomain, isomeric with trimethyl-
amin. There are two propylamins possible, represented
by the formula CHj. CH.^. CH^. NH. and (CH.,),,.-
CH^. The former, or normal compound, boils at 47°-
48° C. ; while the latter, or isopropylamin, boils at
31.5° C. Iso-propylamin has been found among the
distillation-products of beet-root molasses. Normal
propylamin has been obtained from cultures of the
bacteria of human feces, and a strongly similar basic
substance from a cadaver. Both are non-poisonous
liquids possessing an ammoniacal, fish-like smell. See
Ptomains, Table of.
Propylene (pro' -pil-en) [Trpwrof, first ; ttjcji', fat ; i'?r/,
matter], CjH^. A gaseous hydrocarbon belonging
to the series of the olefins.
Prora (pro'-rah) [T/wj/ja, the prow of a ship]. I. Occi-
put. 2. In biology, prow-shaped or C-shaped, as certain
sponge spicules. Prorae, Sutura, the lambdoid suture.
Proral (pro'-ral). See Cephalic.
Prorenal (pro-re' -nal) \_pro, for, before ; ren, the kid-
ney]. In biology, preceding the true kidney. See
Duct, Segmental.
Pro re nata ( pro-re-na' -tah) [L.]- A phrase signifying
according to the circumstances of the case.
Prorrhesis (pror-e'-sis). Synonym of Prognosis.
ProTsad (pror' -sad ) [/ror.iv/w, forward]. Toward the
anterior aspect.
Prorsal (pror'-sal) [^prorsum, forward], ^^-nterior ;
forward.
Proruption ( pror-np'-shiin). Synonym of Eruption.
Pros's Apparatus. A contrivance for making con-
tinuous traction on the obstetric forceps, the counter-
pressure being exerted upon the bed, that forms part
of the apparatus.
Prosarma ( pro-sar'-mah) [irpocrn/fjfa', to take up]. In-
gesta; anything ingested.
Prosartema (pros-ar' -tem-ali) [^irpoadpTri/m, appen-
dage]. In biology, the appendage connected with
the inner side of the first joint of the first pair of an-
tennas in macrurous crustaceans. (Bate.)
Prosarthrosis (pros-ar-thro'-sis). Synonym of Diar-
throsis.
Proscapula (pro-skap' -tt-lah) [ /"rfi, before ; scapula,
slioulder-blade : pi., Proscapulcv\. In biology, one of
the principal parameric elements of the shoulder-girdle
of a fish. The humerus of Cuvier, the coracoid of
Owen, and the clai'icle of later writers.
Proscapular (pro-skap'-u-lar) [pro, before; scapula,
shoulder-blade]. Pertaining to the proscapula.
Proschysis (pros'-kis-is) [ir/jof, before; ^i:i'0'if, a pour-
ing]. Affusion.
Proscolecine (pro-skol^-es-in) \_Trp6, before; cr/coA^/f, a
worm]. Pertaining to a proscolex.
Proscolex ( pro - sio^- leks) [ npo, before ; okuIt]^, a
worm: pi., Proscolices~\. In biology, the embryo of a
cestode worm immediately after leaving the egg. It is
a microscopic spheric or oval body provided at one pole
with three pairs of divergent spicules by which it is
enabled to penetrate the walls of the stomach or intes-
tine of its host.
Proscolla ( [Trpdf, before ; /cdAAa, glue: //.,
Proscol/ie'^. See Retinaculum.
Proscutal { pro - sku'- tal) [pro, before; scutum, a
shield]. Pertaining to the proscututn.
Proscutellar { pro-sku-tel'-ar) [pro, before; scutelhtm,
a little shield]. Pertaining to the proscutellum.
Proscutellum (pro-sku-tel'-icm) [pro, before; scutel-
lum, a little shield: pi., Proscutella']. In biology, the
penultimate piece of the pronotum of an arthropod.
Proscutum (pro-sku' -turn) [pro, before ; scutum, a
shield: //. , Proscuta'\. The scutum, or second piece
of the pronotum of an arthropod.
Prosection (pro-sek' -shun) [prosecare , to cut off from
before]. Dissection practised by a prosector.
Prosector { pro-sek' -tor) [pro, for; sector, cutter]. An
officer of a medical college who prepares subjects for
anatomic dissection, or to illustrate didactic lectures.
Prosectorship (pro-sek' -tor-ship) [prosecare, to cut off
from before]. The office of a prosector.
Prosencephal [pros - en^- sef - al). Same as Prosen-
cephalon.
Prosencephalic ( pros - en - sef - al'- ik) [7r/>df, before ;
h/iiF.(f)nko^, brain]. Pertaining to the forehead or
forebrain ; frontal. P. Arch, the neural arch of a
frontal vertebra.
Prosencephalon (pros - en - sef'- al - on) [npdr, before ;
kyKe(f>n/ioc, brain]. The forebrain ; that part of the
anterior cerebral vesicle from which are developed the
hemispheres, the callosum, the anterior commissure,
the fornix, the septum lucidum, the anterior perforated
space, the olfactory lobes, and the corpus striatum.
The cavity is the prosocele.
Prosenchyma (pros-eng'-kim-ah) [Trpdf, near; h/xi>f",
an infusion]. In biology, a term used to designate
the elongated, taper-pointed cells and vessels of
plants.
Prosenchymatous (pros-eng-kim'-at-us) [jrpdf, near;
h/xvfia, an infusion]. Belonging or pertaining to the
prosenchyma.
Prosenthesis (pros - en'- thes - is) [Trpdf, to; hSsai^, a
putting in, insertion]. In biology, a supplementary
relation which the measure of the phyllotaxis adopts
in the transition from the last leaf of one cycle to the
first of the next. (Sachs.)
Prosethmoid (pros-eth'-moid) [n-pdr, toward; ?/'?//df, a
sieve]. In biology, the median ethmoid bone of the'
skull of a fish.
Proslysis (pros' -lis-is). .Same as Catalysis.
PROSOBREGMUS
1191
PROSTATE
Prosobregmus {/^yos-o-breg'-mus) [Tr^xiaw, forward;
^pey/na, bregma], Lissauer's term for a skull in
which the angle formed between the radius lixus and
the line joining the hormion and the bregma is be-
tween 82° and 95.5°.
Prosocele (pros' -o-sel) [^Trpoao), forward ; Kol'Avg, a hol-
low]. The cavity of the prosencephalon. It is
divided into three main divisions, a mesal cavity, the
aula, and two lateral cavities, the paraceles, together
with the rhinoceles (olfactory ventricles) or cavities of
the olfactory bulbs.
Prosodal {pros' -o-dal ) [7rp()f, to; b&oc, way, road]. In
biology, incurrent.
Prosodiencephal (pros-o-di-en'-sef-al) [TT-poou, for-
ward ; fS/(i, through ; eyKe<pa'Aog, brain]. The prim-
ary fore-brain.
Prosodiencephalic {pros-o-di-en-sef-al' -ik) \_7rp6aoj,
forward; du'iutphaloji'\. Pertaining to the prosodi-
encephal.
Prosodus ( pros' -o-dits) [~pdr, to; lifior, way, road:
pL, Prosodi'\. In biology, an incurrent pore ; an aditiis,
as in a sponge.
Prosogaster { pros-o-gas' -ter) [-/jucrw, forward ; yaarr/i.t,
belly]. The foregut.
PTOSOgnathous [pro - sog'- mi - //i/is) . Same a.i Prog-
natliic.
Prosoma i^pro-so' -inali) [irpo, before; cufia, body].
In biology, the cephalic or anterior segment of the
body of a mollusc or other animal.
Prosomal {pro-so' -mal ) before; ao>iia, body].
Pertaining to the prosoma.
Prosomatic {pro-so-/iiat' -ik)\npu, before ; aotiia, body].
Pertaining to the prosoma.
Prosoma (pro'-somj. Same as Prosoma.
Prosopalgia [pros-o-paF-je-a/i)\Tip6aionov , face ; d/t;of,
pain]. Face-ache; Tic douloureux.
Prosopalgic [pros-o-paF -jik) \jrp6c(.diTov , face; d'/yoc,
pain]. Affected with prosopalgia.
Prosopantritis [pros-op-an-tri' -fis) [Trpuounov, face ;
ai'r/301', cavity ; (r<f, inflammation]. Inflammation of
the frontal sinuses.
Prosopantrum (^pros-op-ati' -truiii) [Trpocroj-oi', face ;
avTpnv, cavity]. A frontal sinus.
Prosopectasia [pros-o-pek-ta'-ze-ak) [Trpoau-ov, face ;
tK-aai^, enlargement]. Morbid enlargement of the
face.
Prosoperysipelas {pros-o-per-is-ip' -el-as') [TrpdawTror,
face ; ipm'rKt'hac, erysipelas]. Facial erysipelas.
Prosoplexus [pros-o-pleks'-us) [7rp(5iT(j, forward ; plexus,
plexus]. The choroid plexuses of the prosencephalic
cavities, including the paraplexuses and intermediate
portiplexuses and antiplexuses.
Prosopocarcinoma (pros-o-po-kar-siit-o'-iitah) [rrpoai.!-
7ro)',face; mpKivujm, carcinoma]. Carcinoma of the
face.
Prosopodidymus (p7-os - a - po - did' - iin - «,f) [TrpdawTrof,
face ; (^16v/inr, double]. Same as Diprosopus.
Prosopodiplegia [pros-o-po-di-ple' -je-a/i) [Kp('ini,)iTn]',
face ; dis, double ; Tz'/i^yi/, stroke]. Bilateral facial
palsy.
Prosopodismorphia (pros-o-pod-is-tnor'-fe-ah). Syn-
onym of Atrophy, Progressive Unilateral Facial.
Prosopodynia [pros-o-po-diii'-e-ali) [TvpoauTvov, face;
bdivr/, pain]. Facial pain, or neuralgia.
Prosopography [pros-o-pog'-ra-/e) \_-p6GCj7rov, face;
ypa<pFj.v, to write]. The description of anyone's per-
sonal appearance.
Prosopology ( pros-o-pol'-o-Je) [_Trp6a(j7rnv, face; Aoyoc,
science]. The scientific study of the countenance;
physiognomy.
Prosoponeuralgia {pros-o-po-uu-ral'-Je-ali). Synonym
of Prosopalgia.
Prosopoparalysis [pros-o-po-par-al'-is-is). Synonym
of Prosopoplegia.
Prosopoplegia ( /;-oi--o-/(7-/i/i''-/>-rt/i) \jTp()Gu-Kov, face;
nAriyij, stroke]. F'acial palsy.
Prosoposalgia {pros-o-po-sal'-je-ah). .Synonym of
Prosopalgia.
Prosoposchisis {pros-o-pos'-kis-is ) [_np6aunov, face;
axio'l\ fissure]. An oblique fissure or cleft of the face
of a fetal monstrosity. It passes from the mouth to
one of the orbits, and is usually associated with mal-
formation of the brain.
Prosoposis ( pros-o-po' -sis) [Trpucunov, face]. Physiog-
nomy.
Prosopospasmos (pros - 0 - po - spaz' - nios) [^rponuTrov,
face ; airaaiior, spasm]. Risus sardonicus.
Prosoposternodynia [pros - o -po- ster - no- din'-e- ali )
[TrpdtrwTToi', face ; crrfpi'oi', breast ; JWDpof, double]. A
form of double monstrosity in which the twins are
united by their faces and chests.
Prosopothoracopagus (pros-o -po-tho - rak-op'- ag- us)
[^TTpoacjTTov, face ; Hupn^, chest ; Trdyog, that which
is fixed]. A form of double fetal monstrosity in
which the twins are vmited by the upper abdomen,
chest, and faces, the spinal columns being quite sep-
arate and distinct.
Prosopotocia (pros-o-po- to' -se-ali) [TrpdauTroi', face;
t6k.o(;, birth]. Face-presentation in parturition.
Prosoprosopus (pros-o-pros' -op-us) [Trpdau, forward ;
Trpoauwnr, face]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which
the angle formed between the radius fixus and the
line joining the nasion and the alveolar point is be-
tween 66.5° and 78°.
Prosopulmonate (pros - 0 - pul' - ino - nat) [tt/joctgi, for-
ward ; pulino, lung]. Having anterior pulmonary
organs.
Prosopylar [pros-o-pi' -lar) \np6(j(j, forward ; ■Kvh}, a
gate] . Pertaining to a prosopyle.
Prosopyle ( pros' -o-pll) [rrfiunu, forward; vvXr/, a
gate]. In biology, the aperture leading from the
exterior into an endodermal chamber in a sponge, as
distinguished from the apopyle, which furnishes com-
munication between the endodermal chamber and the
paragastric cavity.
Prosorrhinus (pros-or-i' -nus) [Trpduw, forward; p/f,
nose]. Lissauer's term for a skull in which the
angle formed between the radius fixus and the line
joining the nasion and the subnasal point is between
66.5° and 77°.
Prosoterma (pros-o-ter'-mak) [Trpdcru, forward; T>p/ta,
limit]. A lamina uniting the two halves of the fornix.
Prosothoracopagus [ pros-o-tho-rak-op' -ag-us) \_'Kp6m.>,
forward ; Oupa^, thorax ; naynt;, fixed]. A double
monstrosity with fusion of the thoraces.
Prospegma (pros-peg' -inali) \_TTpoaTrr/yvvrnt, to fix].
An inspissated mass, especially of mucus, in the anus.
Prosphysis (pros' -Jis-is) \_Tr poaipi'eoOai, to cling to].
Adhesion. P. palpebrarum. Synonym of Ankylo-
blepharon.
Prosporangium (^pi-o-spo-ran'-je-um) \npo, before;
CTTopoc, seed; ayyelov, vessel: //. , Prosporangia~\.
In biology, the rudiment or forerunner of the sporan-
gium in the Chytridiea;.
Prostata ( pros' -tat-ali) [_TTpoaTaTr/c, prostate ]. The
prostate gland.
Prostatalgia ( pros-tat-al' -/e-a/i) [Trpnarari]^, prostate ;
a/iyof, pain]. Pain in the prostate gland.
Prostatauxe (pi-os-fat-awks'-e) [ Trpofrrfirz/r, prostate;
ni'f?/, increase]. Enlargement of the prostate gland.
Prostate, or Prostate Gland [pros' -tat) [^TrpoaTaT>/c,
Trpli, before; 'laravai, to stand]. The glandular body
surrounding the neck of the bladder and beginning
of the urethra. It is situated behind the symphysis
PROSTATECTOMY
1192
PROSTRATION
pubis, and upon the rectum, througli which it is palpable
when enlarged. It measures an inch and a half in
its transverse diameter, an inch in its antero posterior,
and three-quarters of an inch in thickness. Its weight
is about 6 drams. It consists of two lateral and a
middle lobe. In structure it consists of muscular and
glandular tissue ; a distinct capsule surrounds it.
The prostate often becomes enlarged in advanced life,
and may then interfere with the emptying of the
bladder. P., Anterior, a small glandular body some-
times found in front of Mery's glands. P., Enlarged,
the enlargement of the prostate gland, so frequent in
advanced life. One of the most constant symptoms
is frequent urination, especially at night.
Prostatectomy ( pros-tat-ek' -to-vie) [ ■Kpoararij^, pros-
tate ; tKToiii], excision]. Excision of a part of the
prostate, also known as Mercier^ s Operation.
Prostatelcosis, Prostathelcosis ( pros-tat-el-ko' -sis,
pros-tat-kel-ko'-sis) [ -pooran/i;, prostate; e/iKuaii;,
ulceration]. Ulceration of the prostate.
Prostatic { pros - tat'- ik) [ -po(7rdr;/f , prostate]. Re-
lating to the prostate. P. Acini, highly developed
urethral glands, opening by several ducts on the free
surface of the urethra. P. Calculus, a stone lodged
in the prostate gland. P. Ducts, a number of short
ducts opening upon the floor of the urethra, and com-
municating with the prostate gland. P. Plexus.
I. A collection of veins surrounding the neck and
base of the bladder and- the prostate gland. 2. A
plexus of nerves derived from the pelvic plexus, and
distributed to the prostate gland, seminal vesicles and
erectile tissue of the penis. P. Sinus, a depression
in the prostatic urethra, one on each side of the
verumontanum, which marks the entrance of the
prostatic ducts. P. Urethra, that portion of the
urethra surrounded by the prostate gland. P.
Vesicle, a small cul-de-sac situated at the middle
of the highest portion of the crest of the urethra. It
is the analogue of the uterus of the female, and is
also called the uterus iitasculiniis, the sinus pociilaris
and the utricle.
Prostaticus {pros-tat' -ik-us). Same as Prostatic.
Prostatitic ( pros-tat-it' -ik) [Kpoardri/r, prostate ; ntc,
inflammation]. Affected with prostatitis.
Prostatitis ( pros-tat-i' -tis) [:rpo(Trar;/f, prostate ; nir,
inflammation]. Inflammation of the prostate gland.
Prostatocele [pros ■ ta/'- o -set ) [-/50crrdr/;f, prostate;
K/f/i/, tumor]. An enlargement of the prostate gland,
causing a tumor-like projection.
Prostatocystitis { pros-tat-o-sis-ti' -tis) [Trpocrrdr^yf , pros-
tate ; Kvaric, bladder; ;r/f, inflammation]. Inflamma-
tion of the prostate and urinary bladder.
Prostatolith ( pros - tat'- o - lith) [TpoCTT-dr^yf, prostate ;
//rtjf , a stone]. A prostatic calculus.
Prostatome { pros' -tat-om) [7r/jo(jrdr;/f , prostate ; ro////,
a cutting]. A cutting-instrument used in operations
upon the prostate.
Prostatomele [pros-tat-oiii' -e/-e) [-po(7rdr//f, prostate ;
/////;/, probe]. A sound for exploration of the prostate
gland.
Prostatometer (pros-tat-om'-et-er) [TTpoaraTtic, prostate ;
/lirpDv, measure]. An instrument used in measuring
the prostate.
Prostatoncus ( pros-tat-oii^'-Zcus) [-/joffr«r//f , prostate ;
o; hiir, tumor]. A tumor of the prostate.
Prostatoparectasis ( pros-tat-o-par-ek' -tas-is) \jTpoa-a-
7//r, prostate ; 7r(7/j(\™(T/r, a stretching]. Enlargement
of the prostate gland.
Prostatorrhea (pros-tat-or-e' -a/i) \T:pnnTaT)](.\, prostate ;
jmia, flow]. A thin, urethral discharge coming from
the prostate gland in prostatitis.
Prostatoscirrhus [pros-tat-o-skir'-i<s) \_-pnaTariir , pros-
tate ; OKippoQ, induration]. Scirrhous carcinoma of
the prostate gland.
Prostatotomy [ pros-tat-ot' -o-me) [npoararij^ , prostate ;
rou//, a cutting]. Incision into the prostate gland. P.,
Thermo-electric, perforation of an enlarged prostate
by means of the galvanic cautery, for the purpose
of establishing a channel through it.
Prosternal (pro - ster'- nal) [tt/jo, before ; cTipvov,\he
breast-bone]. Pertaining to the prosternum.
Prosternidium {pro-ster-nid' -e-uin) [-po, before; arep-
vov, breast-bone]. A plaster for the chest.
Prosternum [pro-ster' -nu/n) [jrpd, before ; aripvov, the
breast-bone: pi., Prosteriia~\. In biology, the sternal
piece of the prothorax of an arthropod.
Prostethedium [p?-o-stcth-eil'-e-u/ii) [n-pd, before; ur;/-
Oo(;, breast]. See Prosternidiui/i.
Prostheca (pros-the'-kali) \_7Tpo(jftiKr/, an addition, ap-
pendage : //., Prostliecic^. In biology, a process on
the mandibles of certain insects [e.^''., Stapliylinidce,
or rove-beetles).
Prosthecal (pros-tke'-kal) [~pofj6>/K>/, an addition, ap-
pendage] . Pertaining to the prostheca.
Prosthema (pros' -tlie-ma/i) \_7vpoaH£fj.a, an addition, ap-
pendage : pi., Prosthcniata'\. In biology, the leaf-
like appendage of the nose of a bat, as in Phyllorhina.
Prosthencephalon (pros-then-sef -al-on) \r:p6ai)(v, be-
fore ; f}Kt(pa'/or, the brain]. The segment of the
brain consisting of the cerebellum and oblongata.
Prosthesis (pros' -tkes-is) [Trpdf, to ; litoic;, a placing].
1. Substitution of an artificial for a natural part ; re-
placement of a missing part by an artificial substitute.
2. The branch of surgery which is devoted to supply-
ing by artificial means parts that are defective. P.,
Dental, the replacement of the loss of one or more
teeth by an artificial substitute.
Prosthetic (pros-thet' -ik) [Tpdr, to; ft'rr/f, a placing].
Pertaining to prosthesis, or the use of artificial substi-
tutes to replace lost or wanting parts of the body. P.
Apparatus, an apparatus which serves as a substitute
for a part that is missing. P. Dentistry, the replace-
ment of natural teeth by artificial substitutes.
Prosthetics (pros-thet' -iks) [jrpdc, to; Wc/f, a placing].
The branch of surgery which deals with prosthesis.
Prosthion (pros' -the-on) \_-puai^Loq, foremost]. I. Al-
veolar point. See Crauiometric Points. 2. Penis.
Prostitution [pros - tit- u'- slum) \_prostilutio'\. The
condition or act of a woman who indiscriminately
lets her body for sexual intercourse. In many of the
countries of Europe prostitution is recognized as a
matter for hygienic inspection, the prostitutes being
subject to police surveillance and medical inspection.
In the United States the existence of the evil is, in
general, legally ignored.
Prostoma (pro-sto'-mah) [^pd, before ; ard/ia, mouth].
The blastopore.
Prostomial (pro - sto'- /ne - al ) [irpd, before; ardfia,
mouth]. Preoral ; pertaining to the prostomium.
Prostomiate (pro - sto'- me - at ) [rrpd, before; aroua,
mouth]. Provided with a prostomium.
Prostomium (pro-sto' -me-uin) [-po, before; nrdjin,
mouth : Prostomia\ In biology, the region in
front of the mouth ; said of embryos or invertebrates.
Prostrate (pros' -trat)\_ pro, before; stei-nere, to spread].
Lying flat or at full length.
Prostrated ( pros' -tra-ted) [pro, before; sternere, to
spread]. Exhausted ; stricken down.
Prostration (p/vs-tra'-sl/un) [pro, before; stcrnere, to
s])read]. The condition of being prostrate. Extreme
exhaustion of nervous or muscular force. P., Nervous,
general exhaustion from excessive expenditure of
nervous energy. Intense mental application may
produce it.
PROTAGON
1193
PROTERAXDROUS
Protagon {pro' -tag-on) [jrpJjrof, first ; dyew, to lead],
CjgnH^pgNjPOjj. A crystalline substance discovered
in nervous tissue, by Liebreich. It separates out Irom
warm alcohol on gradual cooling in the form of very
small needles, often arranged in groups ; it is slightly
soluble in cold, more soluble in hot alcohol, and in
ether. It is insoluble in water, but swells up and
forms a gelatinous mass. It melts at 200° C. and
forms a brown sirupy fluid.
Protalbumose {prot-al' -bit-inoz). Same as Protoalbu-
iHOse.
Protameba pro- tarn -e' -bah) [-/ourof, first; afunflij,
ameba]. A genus, or perhaps only a stage of develop-
ment, of moners, or protists, of the very siiijplest type.
Protamin (^pro-tain' -in) [7r/jwrof, first; ainiH'\,
CjgH3.^Ng02. An organic base found in the nuclein of
the outer covering of spermatozoa.
Protamnion {pro-tam' -neon) [Trporof, first; afiviov,
amnion]. The hypothetic ancestral type of existing
amniotic animals.
Protamphirine i^pro-tam' -Jir-in) [Trpwror, first ; ayn^'i,
on both sides ; pif, nose]. In biology, the hypo-
thetic ancestral type of existing amphirhine animals.
Protandric ( pro-tan' -drik). Same as Protandrous.
Protandrous [pro-tan' -d?-us). Same as Proterandroits.
Protandry [ pro-tan' -dre) \T^pi>Tcn;^ first; (ii''//J, mate].
See Proterandry.
Protarsus { pro-tar' -sus) [Trpd, before ; Tapaa<;, tarsus :
//., Protarsi\ In biology, the tarsus of the fore-leg
of a six-footed insect.
Protean { pro' -te-ati) [like the ancient gpd Proteus'\.
Existing in many shapes ; as a protean disease, protean
eruption.
Protective [pro - tck' - tiv) [ pro, before ; tegere, to
cover]. I. That which covers or protects. 2. As a
noun, a water-proof substance, which is laid directly
upon a wound as a part of the antiseptic dressing.
P. Bandage. See Bandage. P. Dressing, an anti-
septic dressing, shielding the part involved from injury
or septic contamination. P., Green. See Protective,
second definition.
Proteids {pro' -te-ids) [/rpwrtif, first]. A general term
for the albumins and albuminoid constituents of
the organism. They are the anhydrids of peptones,
are colloid, non-crystallizable, and levogyrous, and are
composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitro-
gen in certain proportions. They are precipitated from
solutions by alcohol and various metallic salts, and
are coagulated by heat and mineral acids. They
form the principal solids of the muscular, nervous,
and glandular tissues, of the serum of the blood, of
serous fluids, and of lymph. Proteids are divided by
Landois into: I. The Native Alhttniins, comprising
Serum-albumin, Egg-albumin, Metal-albumin, and
Paralbumin (the last two are probably the same
substance) ; 2. The Derived Albiiniins, or Albuminates,
comprising Acid-albumin, Syntonin, Alkali albumin,
and Casein, or Native Alkali-albumin; 3. The Glob-
ulins, subdivided into Crystallin, the globulin of
the crystalline lens, Vitellin, Para-globulin or Serum-
globulin, Fibrinogen, Myosin, Globin ; 4. The Fibrins :
5. Coagulated Proteids ; 6. Albumoses and Peptones :
7. Lardacein or Amyloid Substances. For the tests
for proteids, see Xanthoproteic Reaction, Alillon' s
Reagent, Piotrowski^ s Reaction, B7ucke's Reagent,
and Adamkiewicz' s Reaction, in Tests, Table of. P.,
Defensive, certain bacteria-destroying substances,
either existing normally in the animal economy,
or produced therein by the process of vaccination
or inoculation. Buchner proposes for them the
name of alexins. Those defensive proteids that
exist normally in the animal are termed by Hankin
So'-Ans, while those that are present in artificially
immune animals are termed Phvlaxins. Alyco-sozins
and H/yco-p/iylaxins are sub-divisions that act by
destroying the microbes, while Toxo-sozins and Toxo-
pkylaxins act by destroying microbic products.
P., Vegetal, or Vegetable, proteid substances found
in plants, especially in seeds, closely resembling those
in animals. They have been given the same names with
the prefix vegetal, as, e.g., vegetal globulin, myosin,
vitellin, casein, glutin, etc. A true peptone has not
been found, but allied substances called albumoses, ar\A
divided into Alpha {a) albumoses, Beta {(i)-albumoscs
and Phylalhumoses, have been differentiated.
Proteiform {pro-te' -if-orin) [Proteus, a mythical charac-
ter that assumed various shapes; forma, a form].
Having various forms. See Protean.
Proteil {pro' -te-il ) [-pwrof, first; v'/j], matter]. In
biology, the term applied by Lankester to that definite
chemic substance of very high complexity which is
probably present in all protoplasm. The hypothetic
essential basis of every variety of living matter.
Protein ( pro'-te-in) l_Trpo)T£vetv, to be first]. In biology :
I. The term introduced by Mulder (1838) to designate
the hypothetic compound common to all albuminoids.
It is now loosely used to denote the whole class. Cf.
Proteid. 2. A nitrogenous substance analogous to
fibrin. It is formed artificially by the action of an
alkaline hydrate on albumin, fibrin, or casein. The
addition of acetic acid precipitates the ])rotein as a gel-
atinous translucent deposit. P., Anthrax, a proteid
obtained from cultures of bacillus anthracosis. It
resembles mykoprotein in not containing sulphur. P.
Bodies. Hee Proteids. P. Granules. SeeAleurone.
P., Micro-, Nencki's term for any one of the albu-
minous bodies contained within bacterial organisms.
Proteinchrome, Proteinchromogen {pro'-te-in-krom,
pro-te-in-kro' -tno-jeti ) [Trpijrof , first ; ;|'p6j//a, color ;
ysvvav, to produce]. TrvptopJian ; a substance pro-
duced from hemi-peptone hy the action of trypsin. It
gives with chlorin or bromin a reddish violet product,
proteinch rome .
Proteinol {pro' -te-in-ol) [Trpurof, first ; oleum, oil]. A
form of nutritious food for infants and invalids. It
contains proteids, fats, carbohydrates and lime-salts.
Protembryo {pro-teni' -bre-o) [Trpwrof, first; efippvnv,
embryo]. In biology, that stage in the segmenting
ovum of a metazoon in which it resembles the colonial
stage of certain protozoans.
Protembryonic {pro-tem-bre-on'-ik) [Trp&jrof, first;
i-ii.ipvov, embryo]. Pertaining to the protembryo.
Protencephalon {pro-ten- sef'-al-on ) [-puro^, first;
kyKtc^iaXnc;, brain]. The fore-brain.
Protenchyma {pro-tcng' -kim-ah)\_-KpC>Toc, first ; iyx^'I'^t
an infusion]. In biology, Najgeli's tenu for all plant-
tissues not of the fibro-vascular system (epenchyma).
Proteolysis {pro-te-oF -is-is) \jTpuTEmiv, to be first; ?iro-/f,
dissolving]. In biology, the change produced in
proteids by organized or unorganized ferments. P.,
Digestive, the decomposition of proteids during the
process of digestion.
Proteolytic {pro-fe-o-lit'-ik) [-pwroi;, first ; '/ iair, solu-
tion]. Pertaining to, characterized by, or effecting,
proteolysis. See Ferments.
Proteoses {pro-te-o'-sez) [irpwrof, first]. The bodies
formed in gastric digestion intermediate between the
food proteids and the peptones, called anti-peptone,
hemi-peptone, etc.
Proterandrous, Protandrous ( pro-ier-an' -drus, pro-
tan' -drus). In biology, terms descriptive of her-
maphrodite flowers that mature their stamens befi-)re
the stigmas are ready to receive the pollen. P. Her-
maphroditism. See Hernutpliroditism.
FROTERANDRY
1194
PROTOHEMOBLAST
Proterandry i^pro-ter-an' -drc) [ir/jorfpoi;, being before;
a.vr]p, male]. In biology, the maturation of the
stamens in a perfect flower before the pistil is suffici-
ently mature to admit of fertilization.
Proteranthous {pro - tcr - an'- thus) fore;
avOoQ, flower]. In biology, flowering before leafing.
Proterogynous [pro-ter-oj' -iii-tis) [Tr/jtirf/jor, fore ; yvvri,
female]. In biology, possessing stigmas that are first
to mature.
Proterog'yny {pro-ter-oj'-in-e) [rrpdrfpor, fore; yvvtj,
female]. In biology, the maturation of the pistil of a
perfect flower before the stamens have matured their
pollen.
Proteus (/ru'-Zt'-wj-) [L.]. A genus of microbes of the
order of schizomycetes. See under Bacteria, Syno-
nymatic Table of.
Prothallium [pro-t/iaF-e-/tiii) \_pro, before; tliallus,
a young shoot]. In biology, the thalloid oophyte oi
sexual generation of a fern or other pteridophyte, pro-
duced by the germination of a spore and giving rise
by means of antheridia and archegonia to the frondose
generation. Cf. Protonema.
Prothallus {pro-thaF-us). Same as Prothallium.
Prothelmis {pro - thel'- mis) [Trpurof , first : eAfiic, a
worm]. In biology, a hypothetic ancestral worm,
having a structure homologous to the four-layered
germ of metazoans.
Prothesis {proth' -es-is) [Trpd, for; Qiioir, a placement].
Synonym of Prosthesis. P. ocularis, an artificial eye.
Prothetic [pro-fkei'-ik). Synonym of Prosthetic.
Prothoracic [pro - tho - ras'- ik) \j^p6, before; 6(jpaf,
breast]. Pertaining to the prothorax.
Prothoracotheca { pro-tho-rak-o-the' -kali) [:rp(i, before;
Otjpai, breast; H//Kr/, a case: //. , Prothoracothecif\.
In biology, that part of a pupa-case inclosing the pro-
thorax.
Prothorax (pro-tho'-raks) [irpd, before ; dupa^, breast].
In biology, the most anterior of the three thoracic
somites of an insect.
Prothrorubin { pro-thro-ru' -bin). One of the bodies
which influence the breaking up of cystin and favor
coagulation of the blood. (.Sclimidt. )
Prothyalosoma {pro-thi-al-o-so'-mah) [irpurof, first;
iia/of, glass; aufia, body: pi., Prothvalosomata'\.
The name proposed by van Beneden (1883) for the
envelop of the nucleolus of an ovum.
Prothyalosomal (pro-thi-al-o-so'-mal) [Trpwroi;, first ;
hahw, glass ; aijiia, body]. Pertaining to the pro-
thyalosoma.
Protiodid {prot-V -o-dld) [Trpurof, first ; }(j(h/r, like a
violet]. One of a series of salts in which the
metal or radicle fixes, relatively, the smallest proportion
of iodin, c. , Protiodid of Mercury, Hg,^ I,, in
contradistinction to the biniodid, Hg I.^.
Protist {pro' -list) \_protiston ; npuTLCSToq, the very
first]. Any unicellular organism. Any protophyte,
or protozoon ; a microorganism.
Protista ( /'rt;-/'/j"'-i'(?//) [//. , superlative of Trpuroc, first].
In biology, the name proposed by Haeckel (1868) for
those lower organisms which are not readily referred
to the plant or animal kingdom. See Oozoa.
Protmesis {prot-me' -sis). Synonym of Umbilicus.
Proto- {pro' -to-) [irpwrof, first]. A prefix signifying
first.
Protoalbumose { pro-to-at' -bu-moz). .See Albumose.
Protoblast {pro' - to - blast) [Trpurof, first; /3^,a(Trdf,
germ]. I. A cell without a distinct cell-wall. 2.
The nucleus of the ovum. (Villot.)
Protoblastic {pro-to-bias' -tik) ^jrpCnoc, first ; [S'/aarut;,
germ]. .See Holoblastic.
Protocaseose {pro-to-ka'-ze-dz) [Trpwrof, first; caseum,
cheese]. The first product of the digestion of casein.
Protocatechuic Acid [pro-to-kat-e-chu'-ik) [npurn^,
first; catechu'\. Dioxy-benzoic acid. See Acitl. It
sometimes occurs in urine. P. aldehyd. SeeAlilehyd.
Protocercal {pro-to-ser' -kal) [Trpwrof, first; Kepm^,
tail]. In biology, having a tail-fin of primitive type.
Protocere {pro' -to-ser) [/rpurof, first ; /cf paf, horn]. In
biology, the rudimentary antler of a deer.
Protocerebral ( pro-to-ser' -e-bral ) [Trpurof , first ; cere-
brum, cerebrum]. Pertaining to the protocerebrura.
Protocerebrum ( pro-to-scr' -c-hrum) [-pwrof , first ;
cerebrum, cerebrum]. The embryonic rudiment or
vesicle from which the cerebrum is evolved.
'Protochloiid {pro-to-klo'-i-id) [n-pwroc, first; x^'^poi,
green]. One of a series of salts in which the metal
or radicle fixes, relatively, the smallest amount of
chlorin, e. g., the Protochlorid of Mercury, Hg.^Cl2.
ProtoCOCCUS {pro-to-kok' -us) \npuTOQ, first ; kokko^,
berry]. \ genus of unicellular algge.
Proto-compound {pro-to-kom' -pozvnd) [/rpwrof, first ;
ME., compounen, to mix or compound]. A salt in
which the metal or radicle fixes, relatively, the smallest
proportion of the acid element. See Protiodid and
Protochlorid.
Proto-conch ( pro' -to-kongk) [-pwrof , first ; Koyxn, a
mussel, shell]. In biology, the primitive type of shell
in an ammonoid cephalopod.
Protoconchal {pro-to-kong' -kal) [Trpurof, first ; noyx'h
a mussel]. Pertaining to the protoconch.
Protocone {pro' -to-kdn) [rrpuroc, lirst ( -pd, before, an-
terior) ; K(.)i'oc^, cone]. In biology, the anterior, inter-
nal cusp of an upper molar.
Protoconid {pro-to-ko' -nid ) [/r/iwrof, first (jrpd, before,
anterior) ; kuvo^, cone]. In biology, the anterior
internal cusp of a lower molar.
Protoconule {pro-to-kon' -ill) [7rp6)-of, first (Trpd, be-
fore, anterior ; /fMi'of, cone]. In biology, the anterior
intermediate cusp of an upper molar.
Protodont {pro' -to-dont) [-pwrof, first; bdovg, tooth].
A simple molar tooth in which the cusps are not well
defined.
Proto-elastin ( pro-to-e-las' -tin) [irpwrof, first ; elastin\
A chemic substance obtained by Frenzel from the
cuticula of gregarinK.
Proto-elastose {pro-to-e-las' -toz) [7rp(7jrof, first ; iXavv-
(IV, to urge forward]. Hemi-elastin ; one of the pro-
ducts of digestion of elastin. It is precipitable by
saturation with sodium chlorid.
Protogala {pro-tog' -al-ah). Synonym of Colostrum.
Protogaster {pro-to-gas' -ter) [Trpwrof, first ; yaarr/p,
stomach]. In biology, the primitive intestinal cavity
of a gastrula or two-layered germ.
Piotogastric {p>'o-to-gas'-trik) [Trpwrof, first; yaarl/p,
belly]. Pertaining to the protogaster.
Protogenal { pro-toj'-en al) [irpwrof, first; yevijQ, pro-
duced]. Primitive; original; first-born.
Protogenesis (/rf-/f -/£•«'-«-?>) [Trpwror, first ; yhemg,
generation]. See Abiogenesis.
Protogenetic {pro-to-jen-ef -ik) \npisroc, first ; yivraic,
genesis]. Pertaining to protogenesis.
Piotogenio {pro-to-jen' -ik) [npuro^, first; ;ri'/;r, pro-
duced]. In biology, applied to intercellular spaces
formed at the time the tissues are beginning to differ-
entiate.
Protoglobulose {pro - to - glob'- u - loz) [rrpurof, first ;
globulus, a ball]. One of the primary products of the
digestion of globulin.
Protogynous {pro-toj'-in-us) \jTpu-oc, first; fe-
male]. Pertaining to protogyny.
Protogyny {pro-tof -iu-e) [Trpwrof, first ; yvvij, female].
See Prolerogyny .
Protohemoblast ( pro-to-hcm' -o-blast ) [Trpwror, first ;
oipa, blood; /3/ affro^', sprout]. The hemoglobin cell.
PROTOIODID
1195
PROTOPODITE
Protoiodid {pro-/o-i'-o-Jld). Synonym of Protiodid.
Protokollagen ( pro-to-kol' -aj-en) [Trpwrof , first ; m'A'Aa,
glue; yevvdv, to produce]. A substance isolated by
Frenzel from gregarinft. Cf. Proto-elastin.
Protoleucyte (/''f - to - In'- sit) [Trpurof , first ; 'kf.vnuc,
white ; /ctToc, a cell]. In biology, the name given
by Salensky to the formative portion of the ovum, in
which the finely granular protoplasm predominates, as
distinguished from the deiitolcHcyte , in which the vitel-
line granules are most abundant.
Protoleukocyte (/'/■i?-/o-///-/J'()-^z/)[7rpa)rof , first; Afiwiif,
white; /ciirof, cell]. One of the minute lymphoid
cells found in the red bone-marrow and also in the
spleen.
Protomala [pro - to - ma' - lali) [-puroi-, first; mala,
mandible : pi., Protomalce\. See Promala.
Protomalal {^pro - to - ma'- lal) [ir/jwrof, first; ??iala,
mandible]. Pertaining to the protomala.
Protomeristem (pi-o-to-mer'-is-tem) [npurog, first;
//f/jof, a part]. See Meristem, Priviary.
Protomerite [pi-o-tom'-er-lt) [irpurof, first; fiipoc, a
part]. In biology, the anterior of the two cells of a
septate gregarine, as distinguished from the posterior
cell, the deiitomerite [q. v.). If it bear a proboscis, or
epimerite, the organism is spoken of as Cephalont.
Protomeritic (pro-to-mer-it'-ik) [Trpwrof, first; /nipor,
a part]. Pertaining to a protomerite.
Protomorphic (pro-to-mor'-Ji^) [Trpwroc, first ; finpipi/,
form]. In biology, of a primitive or original form or
structure.
Protomyosinose [pro-to-tiii-os' -in-oz) [npuroc, first ;
fivg, muscle]. A primary product of the digestion of
myosin.
Proton {pro'-to)i) [Trpuror, first]. A term suggested
by Wilder to designate the primitive, undifferentiated
mass or rudiment of a part. It is the equivalent of
the words Anlage and futidament as employed by
Minot and Mark respectively.
Protonema i^pro-to-ne' -mah ) [Trpwror, first ; vtjfia, a
thread]. In biology, a colorless, confervoid or fila-
mentous structure produced from the germinating
spore and forming one stage in the life-history of a
moss. Upon it the leafy plant containing chlorophyl
arises as a lateral shoot. Cf. Prothallmm.
Protonemal (pro-to-ne'-mal) [Trpwrof, first; vf/ija, a
thread]. Pertaining to the protonema.
Protonematoid (/ro - to - ne' - mat - oid ) [Trpwrof , first ;
vfiiia, a thread ; £i(5of , like]. In biology, resembling
a protonema.
Protoneme { pro' -to-ne»i). Same as Pi-otonema.
Protonephric {pro-to-iief' -rik) [Trporor, first; ve(fip6c,
kidney]. Pertaining to the protonephron.
VtoXone^'bTvaYa {^pi'o - to - nef- re - tint). Synonym of
Protonephron.
Protonephron i^pro-to-nef ' -ran) \_~pi,)Toc, first ; vt<j)p(')c,
kidney]. The pronephron, metanephron, and meso-
nepliron taken together ; the Wolffian body in its
largest extent ; the primitive or embryonic kidney.
Cf. Pronepliroii, Mesonephron, Metanephron, Okeniati
£odv, \Vol_ffian Body.
Protonucleate {pro-to-mt'-kle-af) [Tvpuroc, first; nu-
cleus, nucleus]. Exhibiting the first signs of nuclea-
tion.
Proto-organism [pro-fo-or'-gan-izm) [-pwroc, first;
bpyavav, organ]. A microorganism; a protozoan or
protophyte ; a protist.
Protopathia {p?'o-to-pa//i'-e-ah). See Protopathy.
Protopathic {pro-to-path' -ik) \irpuToc, first; Tca^w,
disease]. Primary; relating to the first lesion. Op-
posed to deuteropathic.
Protopathy {pro-top' -ath-e) [irpuror, first ; iraOor, dis-
ease]. A primary disease.
Protopepsia {pro-to-pep' -se-ah ) [Trpuror, first ; ■ntrrTnv,
to cook]. A primary process of digestion, as that of
starches by the saliva.
Protophloem {pro-to-flo' -em) [irpwruf, first ; <pAoi6^,
bark]. See Prophloem.
Protophyte {pro' -to-fit) [Trpwrof, first ; <^i;roi', plant].
Any plant of the lowest and most primitive type. The
Sehizomycetes , ox bacteria {q.v.^. may be classed as
protophytes, with other low vegetable forms. The
protophytes have no visible reproductive organs,
Protophytic {pro-to-fif -ik) [Trpurof, first ; ^rroi', plant].
Pertaining to a protophyte.
Protopin {pro' -to-pin) \_T:pc)TO<;, first; biriov, opium],
C^ijIIjgNOj. An alkaloid obtained from opium.
Protoplasis {pro-to-pla'-sis)\_7Tp(jTo^,^rit; ir'Adunetv, io
form]. The primary formation of tissue.
Protoplasm {pro'- to - plazm) [Trpwrof, first ; ir'Aaa/ja,
anything formed or molded]. In biology, the slimy
material constituting the substance of living plant and
animal cells, the chemic and physical properties of
which underlie all the vital functions of nutrition, secre-
tion, growth, reproduction, irritability, motility, etc.
The word is not now applied to a definite compound,
but rather to the physical appearance always found in
living cells ; the actual chemic composition varying
from cell to cell, from organism to organism, from mo-
ment to moment. Underlying all this diversity there
seems to be one definite chemic basal substance —
proteil — a complex molecule derived from various alde-
hyds, glycols, and ketones, in combination with a
number of chemic substances, some of them on the
way up to the highest point, some on the downward
path. Hugo von Mohl was the first to employ the
word protoplasm (1846) in his description of the sub-
stance which is essential to the formation and develop-
ment of plant-cells. Max .Schultze (1861) demon-
strated the identity of this with the essential substance
of animal cells, called Sarcode\y^ Dujardin (1835), an
identity which had been suggested by Schwann as early
as 1839, and by Cohn in 1850. When highly mag-
nified the protoplasm of most cells appears as a net-
work {spongioplasm, reticulum) , containing a more
fluid substance {Jiyaloplasm, or eiichylema) in its
meshes. P., Mother. Synonym of Germ-plasm.
Protoplasma {pro-to-plaz' -mah) [Trporof, first ; nAaapa,
anything molded]. See Protoplasm.
Protoplasmal {pro-to-plaz' -mal). Same as Protoplas-
mic.
Protoplasmatic {pro-to- plaz-inat' -ik). Synonym of
Protoplasmic.
Protoplasmic {pro-to-plaz' -mik) [-purof, first ; TrJ-do-
aeiv, to mold]. Pertaining to protoplasm.
Protoplast {pro'- to - plast) [npuroq, first ; n'Aaaro^,
formed, molded]. In biology: {a) The entire un-
specialized organic cell. See under Heredity. {/>)
The primitive type, or original, of some organic being.
Protoplastic {pro-to-plas' -tik) [Trporof, first ; n/aaaeir,
to form]. Synonym of Protoplasmic. Applied also
to a solution for determining the influence of the blood-
plaques upon the coagulation of blood. P. Liquid,
Schmidt's ; its preparation is as follows : One part
of blood is allowed to flow into 3 parts of a 28 per
cent, watery solution of magnesium sulphate at 0° C.
This is well stirred and allowed to stand until sedi-
mentation of the corpuscular elements has taken place.
The supernatant liquid is then drawn off and filtered at
0° C.
Protopodial { pro-to-po' -de-al) [ -pwrof, first; Troir,
food]. Pertaining to a protopodium.
Protopodite {pro-top' -0 dit) [7rp(7;rof, first; ttow, foot].
In biology, the shaft or stem of a biramose limb of a
crustacean, as distinguished from the inner branch
PROTOPODITIC
1196
PROTRUSIO
i^endopodite) and the outer branch (exopodite) ; or a
third division added in appendages concerned in res-
piration {epipodite).
Protopoditic {pro - to - po - dit' - ik') [Trpurof, first; -Kovr,
foot]. Pertaining to a protopodite.
Protopodium [pro-/o-po'-de-iim) [Trpwrof, first ; ■Kovg,
foot: //. , Protopodin'\. In biology, the primitive or
typical podium or foot of a mollusc.
Protoproteose [pro-topro'-fe-dz)\TTijC)Tog, firsl; proteose'^.
A white powder, readily soluble in water, yielding a
slightly turbid fluid.
Protopsyche {pro-to-si' -ke) [Tr/jwro^-, first; t/id;);/;, soul].
In biology, Haeckel's term for the fore-brain. Cf.
Psyche.
Protopterous { pro-top' -ter-iis) [Tr/xTjrof, first; irriLpov,
wing]. In biology, having a simple or primitive type
of limb.
Protopterygium ( pro - to - ter - ij'- e - laii) [-Trpurof, first ;
TTrfpv^, fin]. In biology ; the anterior osseous piece
joining the pectoral fin of fishes to the pectoral arch.
Protoquinamicin ( pro - to - kwiti - am' - is - in) [ nftuTog,
first; Sp. , bark ; «»//«], CjjH^oNjO.^. A sub-
stance which is obtained when quinamin sulphate is
heated to 120° C.
Protosalt [pro'-to-sawlt) [Trpurof, first ; ME., salt, salt].
In chemistry, that one of two or more compounds of
a metal with an acid which contains relatively the
least quantity of metal.
Protosoma {^pro-to-so' -mafi) npi)TO^, fish; <Tti//a, body] .
In embryology, a large oval spot in the center of the
transparent area of the blastoderm, and representing
the primitive stage in the development of the embryo.
Protosomite (pro-to-so' -i?iit)[TTpuTo^, first ; awfia, body].
In biology, a rudimentary somite or segment in a worm
or arthropod.
Protosomitic [pro-to-so-mit'-ik) [7r/)urof, first ; uu/ia,
body] . Primitively segmented ; pertaining to a proto-
somite.
Protospasm {pro' • to - spazvi) irpurof, first; anappoi;,
spasm]. A spasm beginning in one limb and extending
to the other on the same side, to the head, or to the en-
tire half of the body. It may become general.
Protospermatoblast [pro-to-sper' -niat-o-blast) [jrpwrof,
first; aTzepua, seed; jiXaardc, bud, sprout, shoot].
In biology, one of the " small cells," or " parent
cells" (Saiiiens/aiiimzeHen, Sta7nmzellen, of German
writers), forming part of the layer of cells next the
tunica propria of the seminiferous tubules and from
which arise the spermatoblast, and finally spermato-
zoa.
Protospore { pro' -to-spdj-) [/rpurof, first; aKopoi;, seed].
A primary spore or seed from which a prothallus or
similar body is developed.
Protostoma ( pi-o - tos'- to - mah ) [Tr/^wror, first ; oro/ra ,
mouth: pL, Protostoinatd^. In biology, the primitive
opening of the gastrula-sac, formed lay the invagina-
tion of the blastula. Cf. Amis' of Ritsconi, Blastitla-
pore.
Protosulphate ( pro - to - siil' - fat) [Trpwrof, first; sul-
phur, sulphur]. The one of a series of sulphates
which contains relatively the smallest amount of sul-
|)huric acid.
Prototergite ( pro - to - ter'- jit ) \_iT(iidTo<;, first ; tergiini,
back]. In biology, the first dorsal segment of the
abdomen of insects.
Protothallus {pro-to-thal' -tis) [/rpwror, first ; da'Alor, a
young shoot: //. , Prototha/li '\. In biology: [a)
Same as Prothalliiini. (ti) Same as Hypothalliis.
Protothorax (pro-to-tho'-raks) [Trpurof, first ; Oupa^,
thorax]. Same as Prothorax.
Prototypal ( pro-to-ti' -pat ) [7rp(j-of, first ; rinroc, type]-
Pertaining to a prototype.
Prototype (pro'- to - tip) [n-pwrof, first; ri'iTrof, type].
A model after which something is copied.
Prototypembryo (pro-to-t'ip-em' -bre-o) {vpCdroi;, first ;
r'v-Koq, type ; e/ifSpvof, embryo]. A late stage of
the embryo which exhibits the essential characters of
the group to which it belongs.
Protoveratrin [pro-to-ver-at'-ri/z) [Trpwror, first ; z'era-
tnim, hellebore], Cj.^HjjNO,,. A very poisonous
alkaloid derived from veratrin.
Protovertebrse {pro - to -ver' - te - bre) [n-purof, first;
vertebra, vertebra]. A bastard word applied to any
one of the few pairs of small, dark bodies, separated
by lighter interspaces, on either side of the dorsal axis
of the embryo. They were formerly thought to be
the primitive vertebrae, but are now recognized as
muscle-plates or myotomes. They are of mesoblastic
origin. See Segment, Primitive.
Protovertebral (pro-to-ver'-te-bral) [Trirdirof, first; ver-
tebra, vertebra]. Pertaining to the protovertebrse.
P. Somites. See Protovertebra.' .
Protovum [pro-to'-vum) [n-pwrof, first ; wof, egg: //.,
Protova'\. In biology, an ovum or ovule at its most
primitive stage.
Protoxid (pro - toks' - id) [Tr/jwrof, first; of t>f, sharp].
The one of a series of oxids of a metal or radicle
which contains relatively the smallest proportion of
oxygen.
Protoxylem ( pro - to - zi'- lem) [Trpurof , first ; ^v\ov,
wood]. In biology, the first-formed elements of the
xyleni of a bundle.
Protozoa (pro-to-zo'-ah) [ir/jwrof, first; Cfiof, animal].
The lowest class of the animal kingdom, comprising
organisms which consist of simple cells or colonies of
cells, and which possess no nervous system, and no
circulatory organs. Within recent years the study of
the lower forms of animal life in relation to disease
has been diligently pursued, and evidence is constantly
accumulating in favor of the view that certain diseases
of animals and of man are produced by protozoa.
For the parasitic protozoa of man and domestic ani-
mals see the following genera under Parasites (Ani-
inal). Table of: — Amoeba, Balantidium, Balbiania,
Bodo, Biitschlia, Cercomonas, Cocciditttn, Cystomoiias,
Cytospermium, Dasvtricha, Diplodinium, Eimeria,
Entodiniiim ,Globidiiim , Gregarina , IJamoplasmodium,
Herpetomotias, Heteromita, Megastoina, Microsporidia,
Aliescheria, Monas, Monocercomonas, Ophryoscolex,
Poliinitus, Rhophalocephalus, Sareocystis, Trichomonas,
Trypanosoma .
Protozoal, Protozoan [pro-to-zo'-al, pro-to-zo' -an)
[TTpwrof, first ; C.Ciov, animal]. First, lowest, primitive.
Protozoon { pro-to-zo' -on) [irpwrof, first ; k,i3nv, animal].
One of the Protozoa.
Protractile [pro-trak'-til) [pro, before ; trahere, to
draw]. Capable of being protruded or thrust out.
Protraction { pro-trak' -shun) [/;•<), before ; trahere, io
draw]. Extraction, as of foreign bodies from wounds.
Protractor (pro-trak' -tor) [ pro, before ; trahere, to
draw]. I. A surgical instrument used for drawing
extraneous bodies from wounds. 2. A mathematic
instrument employed in measuring angles and recording
them on paper. 3. A muscle that draws forward.
Protrahens (pro-fj-ah'-enz) [L.]. A drawing forward.
P. auriculae, a muscle drawing the pinna forward.
It is known, also, as the Attrahcns aurevi. See Muscles,
Table of. P. lentis, the ciliary muscle of the eye.
Protrude (pro-trud') [prolmdcre, to thrust forward].
To thrust forward or to be thrust forward.
Protrusile (pro-tru'-zil). Synonym of Protractile.
Protrusio ( pro-tru' -ze-o) [L.] . Synonym of Protrusion.
P. enorbitalis, protrusion of the orbit and the eye.
P. exorbitalis, P. oculi. .Synonym of Exophthalmos.
PROTRUSION
1197
PRURITUS
Protrusion ( pro-tru' -zhun) \_protrudere, to thrust for-
ward] . The act of thrusting forward ; also the state
of being thrust forward.
Protrusor [pro - tnc'- zor) \_protrudere, to thrust for-
ward]. Anything protruded, or which protrudes. P.
labii inferioris, the corrugator muscle of the lower
lip. P. linguae. Synonym of Genio-glossits. See
Muscles, Table of .
Protuberance {pro-tu' -ber-ans) \_protuberantia ; pro,
forward; i'/zitr, a swelling]. A knob-like projecting part.
P., Annular. Synonym oiFms varolii. P., Cerebral:
I. Synonym of Pons varolii. 2. The prominence
formed by the upper or anterior of the cerebral flex-
ures of the embryo. P., External Occipital, the
central prominence on the outer surface of the flat por-
tion of the occipital bone. P., Frontal : I. The prom-
inence of the frontal bone. 2. The prominence formed
by the lower of the two flexures of the cephalic end
of the embryo. P., Inferior Maxillary, in the
embryo, a prominence formed on each side by a
division of the first pharyngeal arch, and representing
the rudiments of the lower jaw. P., Internal Occipi-
tal, a slight central prominence on the inner surface of
the tabular portion of the occipital bone. P., Lateral
Frontal, an elevation on either side of the frontal
prominence of the embryo. P., Mental. A syn-
onym of Prominence, Mental. P., Natiform, the
nates of the corpora quadrigemina. P., Occipital.
'See P. , External Occipital, and , Internal Occipital.
P., Parietal, the eminence of the parietal bone, situ-
ated near the sagittal suture. P., Superior Maxil-
lary, a prominence formed on each side of the em-
bryo by a division of the first pharyngeal arch.
Protuberantia {pro-tu-her-an' -she-ah) [L.]. Synonym
of Protuberance. P. basilaris, P. cerebralis. Syn-
onyms of Pons. P. laryngea. Synonym of Pomum
adami. P. scleralis, a small prominence of the sclera
posteriorly, below the entrance of the optic nerve.
Protuberate {pro-tu'-ber-at) \_protuberare , to swell
out]. To swell, or become prominent, as the navel.
Protureter ( pro-tu-re' -ter) [Tr^iwrof, first; owpo??, urine].
A primitive ureter, or excretory duct of a protonephron.
Protyle ( //'i?-/'/'-/^) [Trpwror, first ; i" A;?, matter]. I. In
biology, the hpyothetic primal substance from which
all living matter is supposed to be derived ; also
called biod, biogen, zoether, psychoplasnt. 2. Syn-
onym of Methyl.
Protylic (/ro-/?'/'-//!-) [TTpwror, first ; iiA//, matter]. Per-
taining to or derived from protyl.
Proud Flesh. A popular term for the sprouting of an
inflamed area ; granulations. Also, any fungous
growth.
Provan's Paste. A paste used in the treatment of
eczema. Its formula is : Tragacanth and glycerin,
each 4 drams ; sodium borate, J4 dram ; distilled
water, a sufficient quantity. Apply during the day
and wash off at night.
Proventricular {pro -ven - trik' - ii - lar) [ pro. before ;
ventriculus, dim. of 7ienter, stomach]. Pertaining to
the proventriculus.
Proventriculus {pro - ven - trik' -u - Ills') \_pro, before;
ventriculus, dim. of 7ienter, stomach : //. , Provejitric-
uli'\. In biology : {a) the glandular or true stomach
of birds, between the crop and the gizzard ; (/') the
first stomach of an insect.
Proximad [ proks' - im - ad ) \_pro.ximus, nearest].
Toward the proximal end or point of attachment.
Proximal ( proks' -iin-al ) [ prcximus, next to]. .Situated
at or nearest to the attached extremity of an appen-
dage ; thus, the proximal end of the arm is at the
shoulder. Proximal is also made to include central,
q.v., by some writers. See the opposite, Distal;
also Position and Direction, liable of. P. Clot. Sec
Clot.
Proximate { proks' -i>n-at)\_ proxi7nus,nfi.xt'A'\. Next;
immediate. P. Cause, the immediate cause of any
change. P. Principle, "any substance, whether
simple or compound, chemically speaking, which
exists under its own form, in the animal solid or
fluid, and which can be extracted by means which
do not alter or destroy its chemical properties."
(Dalton.)
Proximen {proks' -im-en) \_ pfoxinius, nearest]. Be-
longing to the proximal aspect in itself
Pruinescence {pru-iu-es' -ens) \_prtiina, hoar-frost].
In biology, the condition of being pruinose.
Pruinose, Pruinous {pru'-in-dz, prti'-in-us) \_pruina,
hoar-frost]. In biology, applied to leaves or other
organs that appear as if covered with hoar-frost.
Prune {prun) \_prunuiu , a plum]. See Prunuin and
Pigments, Conspectus of. P. -juice Expectoration,
a peculiar blood-containing sputum, of a dark purple
color, resembling prune-juice. It is met with in low
forms of croupous pneumonia, in gangrene and in
carcinoma of the lung.
Prunella (/;7/-«f/'-a//) [L., a disorder of the throat].
I. Sore-throat. 2. Thrush. 3. Angina pectoris.
Pruniform {pru'-niforin) \_ prumim , a plum ; forma,
form]. Plum-shaped ; having the appearance of aplum.
Prunin {prun' -in) \_ primus, plum-tree]. A solid sub-
stance, prepared by evaporating the tincture and pow-
dering the extract of Primus virginiana. It is pale-
brown in color, and has a characteristic odor. It is
stimulant and expectorant. Dose I to 5 grains.
Prunum {pru'-num) [L.]. Prune. The fruit of P.
domestica , native to W. Asia. It is laxative and nutri-
tious. Dose indefinite.
Prunus {pru'-nus) [L.]. A genus of rosaceous trees.
P. virginiana. Wild cherry. In pharmacy, the
bark of Prunus serotina. It contains amygdalin, tan-
nic acid, emulsin, and a bitter extractive. Amygdalin
in watery solution with emulsin is decomposed into
hydrocyanic acid and a volatile oil. Wild cherry is
aromatic and feebly tonic ; it is largely used in pulmon -
ary tuberculosis to quiet the cough and to calm the
nervous system ; also in coughs of bronchitis. It is an
ingredient of various proprietary cough-mixtures. Dose
of the bark 5 ss-j ; of the fld. ext. 3 ss-j ; of a 4 per
cent, infusion ^ss-ij; of a 12 per cent, syrup
3j-iv. P. virginiana (true). See Choke Cherry.
Prurient {pru'-re-ent) \_prurire, to itch]. Itching;
sensual.
Pruriginous {pru-nj' -in-iis) \^priirirc, to itch]. Per-
taining to or like prurigo.
Prurigo {pru-ri'-go) [prurire, to itch]. I. A chronic
inflammatory skin-disease developing in childhood,
and characterized by an eruption of pale, discrete
papules, attended with severe itching. The papules
are at first of the size of hempseed, more easily felt
than seen, but soon become darker and covered by
crusts of blood or serum, due to scratching. The usual
sites are the extensor surfaces of the limbs. 2. Pru-
ritus, q. V. P. adolescentium. Synonym of
irstiz'alis. P. aestivalis, summer prurigo ; a form
of relapsing bullous eruption allied to the vesicular
erythemata, and occurring in summer only. P.
agria, a very severe form of prurigo. P. ferox, a
severe type of prurigo. P. mitis, a mild type of
prurigo. P. partialis, prurigo limited to a part of
the body. P. pediculosis, pruritus due to pedicu-
losis.
Pruritic {prii-rit'-ik) \_prurire, to itch]. Itching.
Pruritus { pru-ri' -tus) \_ prurire. to itch]. An im-
portant neurosis of the skin, characterized by the
PRUSSAK'S CHAMBER
1198
PSEUDANTITROPY
single symptom of itching, occurring either over the
entire cutaneous surface, or limited to certain regions.
The itching may be more or less constant, but is
likely to occur in paroxysms, and is usually worse at
night. It is not dependent upon any primary struc-
tural lesion of the skin, but excoriations and thicken-
ing result from the scratching. P. analis, P. ani,
itching around the anus. P. consensualis, eczema
the result of disturbances of internal organs. P.
flavescens. Synonym of Eczema iiiipetiginosnDi.
P. hidroa. Synonyrh of Miliaria. P. hiemalis,
a form following exposure to cold, or existing only
in winter, especially in dry climates. P. localis,
pruritus limited to a part of the body. P. opii,
the itching that sometimes supervenes upon the
administration of opium. P. porcellanea. Synonym
of Urtiiaria. P. senilis, the pruritus of the aged,
often due to degenerative changes in the skin. P.
universalis, general itching of the surface of the
body. P. vulvae, itching around the vulva. This, it
should not be forgotten, is sometimes due to diabetes.
Prussak's Chamber. Same as P. ' s Space. P.'s Fibers,
two short, tightly-stretched striae extending from the
tip of the short process of the malleus to the notch of
Rivinus. P.'s Space, a small space lying above the
short process of the malleus, and bounded externally
l)y Shrapnell's membrane.
Prussian (/r«j/;'-<?«) [/"rz/j^/a, Prussia]. Of, or per-
taining to, Prussia. P. Blue, the ferrocyanid of iron,
largely used in the arts as a dye and pigment ; it was
formerly used as a febrifuge, tonic, alterative, and anti-
epileptic. Dose gr. iij-v. Unof. See Pigments,
Conspectus of. P. Brown, P. Green. .See Pit^ments,
Conspectus of. P. Red. Same as ]^enetian Red.
Prussiate (pnis'-e-at) \_Prussia, Prussia]. A salt of
prussic, or hydrocyanic acid.
Prussia (prus'-ik') Prussia]. Pertaining to
Prussian blue. P. Acid. See Acid, Hydrocyanic .
Prussine { prus' -in). .Synonym of Cyanogen.
Psalidium {sal-id' -e-u»i). Synonym of Psalis.
Psalidoma i^sal-id-o' -maJi) [ rlia'Aidu/ja, arch]. The
ental surface of the skull.
Psalis [sa'-lis) [i/'aA/f , arch]. The fornix of the cere-
brum.
Psalistoma [sal-is' -to-»iah) [i/^a/l/f, scissors ; orofia,
mouth]. In biology, the cutting margin of the man-
dible of an arthropod. (Bate.)
Psalloid ysal'-oid) [^ijjaV/.eiv, to play on a stringed in-
strument; e/fSof, form]. Lyriform ; resembling the
lyra of the brain.
Psaloid (sa'-loid) [i/^aA/f, an arch; chh(;, like]. Re-
sembling an arch.
Psalterial (sa'wl-te' -re-al) \_\\ia\Tij{^niv , a psaltery]. Re-
sembling a psalterium.
Psalterium [sa-ul-fe' -re-uni) [^laAri/piov, a psaltery : //.,
Psalteria'\. I. Synonym of the Lyra. 2. A group
of longitudinal fibers on the floor of the Sylvian aque-
duct. (Bergmann.) 3. In biology, the third com-
partment of the complicated stomach of the Pecora
or true ruminants. It is globular in form and its lining
membrane is raised into longitudinal folds or lamina?,
arranged very much like the leaves of a book and
very close together. It is also called Alativplies.
Psammism {sam' -izni) [^il'd/i/io^, sand]. I. The use of
the sand-bath ; ammism. 2. The passage of gravel in
the urine.
Psammocarcinoma [sam-o-kar-sin-o' -maJi) [i/'n/^/oc,
sand ; KciftKivniM, carcinoma]. A carcinoma contain-
ing a calcareous deposit.
Psammoma (sam-o' -mali) [i/'d/i/iof , sand ; 6//0, tumor].
.V meningeal tumor containing sand-like material. It
is classed among the sarcomata.
Psammotherapy (saiii - 0 - tlier' - ap - e) [_ilin/ifio(;, sand;
^f/ja7re/a, treatment] . Ammotherapy ; the therapeutic
use of the sand-bath.
Psammous (sam' -21s) [_ipa/i/io^, sand]. Sandy; sabu-
lous.
Psapharous [saf'-ar-us) \_\\>a<^ap6if\. Friable; gritty.
Psathyrous (sath' -ir-us). Synonym of Psapharous.
Pselaphesis (scl-af-e'-sis) [fi/'/in<j)//a/r, touch]. I. The
act of groping with the fingers, seen in the low delir-
ium of fevers ; carphology. 2. Tickling, or ticklish-
ness.
Pselaphia (sel-a'-fe ali) [ijir/Xacliia, touch]. I. Digital
examination or exploration. 2. The same as Psela-
phesis.
Pselaphotheca (sel - af - 0 - the' - kali) \^i)iXa<^a.v,\.o feel
about; Hi/Kri, 3. box, chest: //. , Pselaphotheae^. In
biology, the case or covering of the rudimentary palpi
in many butterfly pupae.
Psellism, Psellismus [sel'-izm, sel-iz'-mus) \_ipc'AA(a-
/((if]. I. .Stuttering or stammering. 2. Defect of
speech due to hare-lip, or to cleft palate.
Pseud- (sfed-). .Same as Pseudo-.
Pseudacetic Acid (sud-as-e' -tik). Synonym of Propi-
onic Acid.
Pseudaconin (su-dak' -o-nin) [i/^ewJ^f , false ; clkovltov,
aconite], C2,H^jNO<,. A decomposition-product of
pseudaconitin.
Pseudaconitin ( sn-dak-on' -it-in') [i/)£t)(5?/f, false ; ukov-
irop, aconite], C3gH^gNO[2. An extremely poisonous
alkaloid from aconitu>/i ferox. Unof.
Pseudacousma (.«« - dak - ooz'- mah) \T\)iv&iiq, false ;
(iKova^ia, a thing heard]. False hearing; a pathologic
condition in which sounds are heard altered in pitch
and quality.
Pseudacusis [su-dak-u'-sis) [i/^EiJfSz/f , false; annvcfiuv, to
hear]. Synonym of Pseudacousma.
Pseudaesthesia (su-dcs-the'-ze-ah). See Psezidesthe-
sia.
Pseudallosematic [su-dal-o-se-mat' -ik) [7r(jfut5?/f, false;
dX/'iOf, some other; afj^ia, a sign, mark, token]. In
biology, the displaying of a sign belonging to or char-
acteristic of another. Applied by Poulton to the mimetic
colors assumed by comparatively defenceless animals,
by means of which they imitate foreign objects asso-
ciated with some well-defined and aggressive species.
Thus the leaf-carrying ants of South America (CEcodo-
ma), are mimicked by an immature homopterous in-
sect possessing a shape and color closely resembling
the ant, together with the leaf carried by it. Cf.
Afimicry, Pseudaposematic, Pseudepisematic, Pseudose-
matic.
Pseudambulacral [sti-dam-hu-la'-kral) [i/^mJ/zf, false ;
ambulacrum, a walk]. In biology, simulating am-
bulacra.
Pseudamnesia (su - dam ■ ne'- ze - all) [i/)f!'(5^/f, false ;
ativrjaia, forgetfulness] . I. Spurious amnesia; a
condition resembling amnesia, but of a transient char-
acter. 2. An erroneous form of the word Pseudam-
nesia, q. V.
Pseudangeiosis {su-dnn-je-o'-sis) [V'C''''//r. false ; ayy-
nor, vessel ; rocrof, disease]. The development of
blood-vessels in adventitious tissue.
Pseudankylosis (su-dank-il-o'-sis) [_ij)ev6yr, false ; ayKv-
Auff/f, ankylosis]. A false joint.
Pseudantitropy {su-dan-tif -ro-pc) [i/'eik^W, false ; avri,
against ; rpVc/r, to turn]. In biology, Wilder's term
for the apparently antitropic relation between parts
which are opposed to each other, but lie upon the
same side of an ideal plane. An example of longitii-
dinal pseudantitropy is furnished by corresponding
maxillary and mandibular teeth ; of lateral pseudan-
titropy, by the mesal and lateral canthi of the eye.
PSEUDAPHE
1199
PSEUDO-BACTERIUM
Pseudaphe, Pseudaphia ( su-da'-fe, su-da'-fe-ah )
[i/iEi«5//c, false ; a0?/, touch]. Pseudesthesia.
Pseudaposematic [sti-dap-o-sem-at'-ik) \jpi:v6)ii;, false ;
aird, away from ; a/'/ua, sign, mark, token]. In bi-
ology, the displaying of a false warning signal. Ap-
plied by Poulton to those cases of mimicry in which
enemies are repelled by the deceptive suggestion of
some unpleasant or dangerous quality; e.^., both
sexes of the India moth, Epicopeia pki/etiora, mimic
an unpalatable butterfly, Fapilio protenor. See, also,
Mimicry, Pseitdoseniatic, Pseiidallosematic, Pseudepise-
matic.
Pseudargomorphosis (sii-dar-go-iiior-fo' -sis) [ >j'ev()//c,
false; uf)>i«;, while ; fiupfi/, form]. The formation of
a false membrane.
Pseudarthritis {su-dar-thri' -tis') \y\iev6ijq, false ; apdpov,
joint; iTic, inflammation]. Hysterical affection of a
joint, simulating arthritis.
Pseudarthrosis [sic-daf-i/iro'-sis] [ i/'? Df5;/r, false ; apdpov,
a joint]. A false joint or articulation. P., Diarthro-
dial, one closely resembling a natural joint ; it is
usually seen in fractured long bones. P., Ligamen-
tous, one in which the fragments are united by fibrous
bands, as in fracture of the patella or olecranon.
'Ps&id.&sihma. [sii-daz' -mail). Synonym of Dyspnea.
Pseudaxis {su-daks'-is). See Pseiidoaxis.
Pseudelminth (su-dcU -niinlh') [i/'f T'c5//f, false ; kX/iivf), a
worm]. Any worm-like object mistaken for an ento-
parasitic worm.
Pseudelytrum, Pseudelytron ( su-del'-
it-tron) \_>l>Ev6>jc, false ; kXvrpov, a cover, sheath: //. ,
Pseudelytrd^. In biology, a false elytrum, or wing-
cover.
Pseudembryo [su-dem' -bre-d) [ i/)£t)(5//f , false ; epjipvuv,
embryo]. A false embryo.
Pseudembryonic {sii-dein-hre-ou'-ik ) [i/ifi'(5;/f, false ;
(fifipvov, embryo]. Pertaining to a pseudembryo.
Pseudemesis ( s:i-deiii' -es-is ) [ il'evdr/q, false ; e/jeotr,
vomiting]. Pretended vomiting.
Pseudencephalia {su-den-se/-a'-L--ah). See Pseuden-
ceplialus.
Pseudencephalus (su - den - sef- al - tis) \j\'tv6i]q, false ;
eyKe(l>aXo(;, brain] . A species of single autositic mon-
sters characterized by a partial development of the
frontal, parietal, and occipital bones, while the brain
is represented by a bunch of membranes, blood-ves-
sels, connective and possibly nervous tissue, at the
base of the skull.
Pseudepiploic [sii-dep-ip-lo' -i/c) [i/'f !'f5//r, false ; iiriTr'Aoor,
caul]. Pertaining to the pseudepiploon.
Pseudepiploon (sn-dep-ip'-lo-P)i) [i/ifixSz/c, false; iiziT:-
}no)', caul]. A false omentum found in birds.
Pseudepisematic {sti-dep-is-ein-at' -ik] [7r(7£ii(S//f , false ;
fTT/, motion toward; ff7///a, a sign, mark, token] . In
biology, the displaying of a lure or false safety -sign.
Applied by Poulton to those cases of mimicry {a) in
which an animal resembles another animal, and is so
enabled to approach and injure it in some way, or (b)
in which some lure is employed ; thus, (l) the flies of
the genus Wihicella are enabled to lay their eggs in
nests of bumble-bees by reason of their close resem-
blance to the latter ; the larvae of the fly feed on those
of the bee ; (2) the Asiatic lizard, Phryncccplialtts
mystaceiis. possesses pink, flower-like structures at the
comers of its mouth, bv which flies are allured; or
(3) the Terrapin, AlalaiocleiiiDivs teiniiiinckii of the
Southern States of America, when hungry, opens its
mouth and moves about two filaments at the tip of
its tongue ; they look like worms moving in a crevice
in the rock and therefore attract prey ; the animal is
otherwise perfectly motionless, and looks like a weed-
covered rock.
Pseuderysipelas {su-der-is-ip'-el-as). Synonym of
Pseudo-erysipelas .
Pseudesthesia {sii-des-the' -ze-ah) [i/'ewJz/f, false ; dicsd)i-
air, feeling]. A sensation without a corresponding
object. Also, an imaginary sensation in parts of the
body that have been removed by accident or surgical
operation.
Pseudhaemal [siid-hem' -al). Same as Pseiido/ieiiial.
Pseudhelminth {sud-hel' -iiiinth). Same as Psetidel-
minth.
Pseudiatrus [sn-de-ai' -rus). Synonym of Quack.
Pseudimaginal [sti - dim - af- in - al ) [i,''f ii(5;/f , false ;
imago, imago]. Pertaining to a pseudimago.
Pseudimago (su - dim - a'- go) [i/i^dz/r, false; imago,
imago]. In biology, a false imago.
Pseudinogenesis [su-diu -o-jen' - es-is) [i/)£i'(j7/f , false ;
(V, fiber; •}(P£aic, generation]. An abnormal forma-
tion of fibers or tissues.
Pseudinoma i^sn-din-o' -mali). Synonym oi ScirrJuis.
Pseudo- (su'-do-) \jl>evd>ic, false]. A prefix denoting
false, simulating, resembling , or seeming.
Pseudo-acephalia [su-do-as-ef-a' -le-ali). Synonym of
Pseitdeucephalia.
Pseudo-acetic Acid {sii-do-as-e'-tik). Synonym of
Propionic Acid.
Pseudo-aconitin (^su-do-ak-o)i'-it-in). Synonym of
Pseiidacon it in .
Pseudo-actinomycosis {sn - do - ak - tin - 0 - mi - ko'-sis)
[i/'fi'(S//f , false; (iktuj, ray; //vhv/f, fungus]. A fonn
of pulmonary tuberculosis in which the sputum con-
tains granular bodies resembling the grains of actino-
mycosis. They consist of a crystalline substance
similar to leucin.
Pseudo-albuminuria (j« - do - al - bu - min - ti' - re - ah)
[ i/'fw5//r, false; albumen, albumin; ohpov, urine].
False or physiologic albuminuria.
Pseudo-anemia [sii-do-a]i-e' -me-ali). Synonym of
Anemia, Progressi-.'c Pernicious.
Pseudo-angina [su - do - an - ji'- nali) \jbev5r]Q, false ;
angere, to strangle]. Hysterical angina. See, also,
angina pectoris.
Pseudo-angioma {su-do-an-je-o' -mah) \T\)cv6iic, false ;
ayytiov, vessel ; bpa, tumor]. The fonnation of a
temporary angioma, as is sometimes seen in healing
stumps. P., Urethral, urethral caruncle.
Pseudo-annulus [s7t - do - an'- u - lus) [i/'fi'fb/r, false;
annulus, a ring]. In biology, an apparent annulus.
Pseudo-apoplexy {s2t-do-ap' -o-pleks-e) [ipevdijc, false ;
a-o~'Ar]iia, apoplexy]. A diseased condition resem-
bling apoplexy, but in which cerebral hemorrhage
is not found, post-mortem.
Pseudo-aquatic (su - do - a - kTi'at'- ik) [i/»fi)(J;;f, false;
aqua, water]. In biology, growing in moist places,
but not strictly aqviatic.
Pseudo-arthrosis (su-do-ar-fkro'-sis). Synonjm of
Pseud a rth rosis.
Pseudo-articulation {su-do-ar-tik-u-la' -shun) \j\itv6ij(;.^
false ; <7;-//<-?</?<.r, a joint]. A false joint. Pseud-
arthrosis.
Pseudo-asthma {su-do-az' -mah). Synonym of Pseud-
asthma.
Pseudo-axis (su-do-aks'-is) [i/'£D(5//f, false ; axis, axis].
Same as Svmpodiiim.
Pseudo-bacillus (su-do-bas-il'-us) [i/'fi'(?//f, false ; bacil-
liiiii , a small rod]. In biology, one of the very fine
fat crystals, which, according to Celli and Guarnieri,
are sometimes found in sputum, and which react to
the staining almost as tubercle-bacilli, but which may
be distinguished by their varying size and their solu-
bility in ether and chloroform.
Pseudo-bacterium (su-do-bak-te'-re-um')\\\'evfiriq, false ;
ciaKr>/p(nv, a little rod or staff: //. , Pseudobacteria^.
PSEUDOBASIDIUM
1200
PSEUDOCYESIS
In biology, any object mistaken for a hacferiiim , as
a psemlobaiillus.
Pseudobasidium (sti-do-l>as-id'-t--inii) [i/'ff(S'/c, false;
(3iwic:, a base]. A false basidium.
Pseudoblepsia, Pseudoblepsis (sti-do-blep'-se-nh, su-
do-blep' -sis) [i/iEO'^/c, false; /iAti/;/f, seeing]. A visual
hallucination ; a distorted visual image.
,Pseudo-boina (su - do - bo - i' - na/i) [-fi'(S//f , false ; bos,
ox]. .Spurious cow-pox.
Pseudobrachial { su - do - bra' - kc - a! ) [i/;f wiz/f , false ;
Ppaxiioi', brachium]. Pertaining to a pseudobrach-
I ium.
^Pseudobrachium (s/t - do - bra' - ke - tiiii) [t/if ixi/yf, false ;
lipa\ii,>i\ brachium]. A false arm in certain fishes.
'Ps&VLdoht&nchiaL [su - do ■ brivig' - - ah) [Tpevfil/c, false;
(ipayxia, gills : //., Pseudobranchia]. In biology, a
false gill.
Pseudobranchial [su-do-brang'-ke-al) [i/)ED(5?/f, false ;
^payxia, gills]. Pertaining to a pseudobranchia.
Pseudobranchiate (su-do-brang' -ke-af) [i/;f i)t5;;f , false ;
l3i)ayx"i, gills]. In biology, provided with pseudo-
branchiii;.
Pseudo-bulbar [sit-do-bul' ■bar') [i/jeixSz/c, false ; i3o'Aj36c,
bulb]. Not truly bulbar. Denoting a kind of paralysis.
P. Paralysis, symmetric disease of both cerebral
hemispheres involving the centers or paths of the
nerves of speech, and thus resembling disease of the
oblongata.
Pseudo-calculi (su-do-kaF -ku-li ) [i/;£w5^f , false ; cal-
culus, calculus]. A name given by Poland to the
fibrinous and sanguineous calculi or masses, sometimes
seen in urine.
Pseudo-carcinoma [su - do - kar - sin - o'- inah) \_i\itviMiz,
false ; KapKivu/ia, carcinoma], A benign tumor re-
sembling a carcinoma.
Pseudocarp [su' -do-karp) [i/iEii(5//f, false ; Kap'Koq, fruit].
In biology, any fruit made up of parts other than
those belonging exclusively to a single ovary. The
apple, rose, mulberry, and juniper are examples of
pseudocarps.
Pseudocarpous [su - do - kar' - pus) [i/;fD(5//f , false ;
Kap-Koq, fruit]. Same as Anthocaipous.
Pseudocataracta [su-do-kat-ar-ak' -tah) \_i\>evfii]q, false ;
mrappaKTrji;, cataract]. Spurious cataract.
Pseudocele [su'-do-sel) [i/)£w5//f, false; KoiXog, hol-
low]. The fifth ventricle of the brain. It is the
space between the two opposed halves of the septum ;
in man and apes it is completely circumscribed by
the continuity of the callosum with the fornix at the
splenium and at the copula.
Pseudo-cell [su'-do-sel) [l/;^u(5//f, false; iclla, cell].
One of the peculiar vesicular bodies, albuminoid in
character, found in the ova of many species of hydro-
zoa, and by Balfour considered to be analogous to
the vitelline granules of birds' eggs.
Pseudo-cephalocele [su'- do - sef- nl - o sel) [i/^fjitSz/r,
false; Knipa'/I/, head; tumor]. A cephalocele
acquired subsequently to birth through disease of the
cranial bones or subcutaneous fractures.
Pseudoceratogenesis [stt-do-ser-at-o-jen'-es-is)[TpevS7/Q,
false ; Kt-par, horn ; yEVEGiQ, generation]. The abnor-
mal proliferation of horny tissue.
Pseudoceratosis [su - do - ser - al - o' - sis) . Synonym of
Pseudoceratoge7icsis.
Pseudo-cerebrin [su - do - scr' - e - brin) [i/;£ii(5^f, false ;
cerebrum, cerebrum], C,^H,,2NOg. A .substance ex-
tracted from brain-tissue by alcohol.
Pseudo-chorea (.f/^-^^-ZY'-^r'-a//) [i/ifii(!//r, false ; jo/je^a,
dance]. Spurious chorea, usually hysterical in origin.
Pseudo-chromesthesia [su-do-kro-mes-Ihe' -ze-ali)\\\>^\i-
fii/g, false; xp'^f^^, color; alaSrjaiq, sense]. A condi-
tion in which the vowels of a word (whether seen,
heard, or remembered) each seem to have a distinct
visual tint. See Photisin, Phonism.
Pseudochromia [su - do - kro' - inc - ah) [i/jeikS;?^, false;
XpCof-ia, color]. A false or incorrect perception of
color.
Pseudo-chrysalis [su-do-kris'-al-is). Same as Pseudo-
pupa.
Pseudocilia [su-do-sil'-e-ah)\_^sv6ij(;, false; ciliztm, eye-
lash]. An abnormal growth of hairs on the conjunc-
tiva.
Pseudocoele, Pseudocoelia [su-do-sel', su-do-se'-le-ah).
Synonym of Pseudocele and of Pseudocttlom .
Pseudocoelom [su-do-se' -lorn) [i/ifwS^f, false; Kni2(jua,
a hollow cavity]. In biology, one of those interstitial
spaces or cavities sometimes found in invertebrates
[Platyhelmiiithes^ Arthropoda, Mollusca), which, not
being lined by an epithelium derived from the archen-
teron, is to be distinguished from a true body-cavity
or ccelom derived from archenteric diverticula. Cf.
Arc hie a: I.
Pseudo-coloboma [su-do-kcl-o-bo' -mah) [i/)£wS//f , false ;
Ka'Aofiufia, mutilation]. A scarcely noticeable fissure
of the iris, the remains of the embryonic ocular fis.sure,
which has almost, but not perfectly, closed.
Pseudocolumella [su-do-kol-u-meF -ah) [i/jEnrfz/f, false ;
columella, a little column]. In biology, a parietal or
septal columella.
Pseudocolumellar [su-do-kol-u-mel' -ar) [i/jewJ^f, false ;
columella, a little column]. Pertaining to a pseudo-
columella.
Pseudocommissural [su - do - kom - is - ii'- ral ) [i/jfUfS^f,
false ; commissura, a commissure]. Pertaining to a
pseudocommissure.
Pseudocommissure [su-do-kom' -is-ur) [i/;fii(5^f , false ;
commissura , a commissure]. A sort of commissure
between the olfactory lobes of the frog.
Pseudoconcha [su-do-kong' -kah) [i/jfw5^f , false ; myxv,
a shell : //. , Pseiidoconchcf\. In biology, a turbinated
structure connected with the inter-nasal septum in
front of and below the turbinate bones of birds. It
separates the vestibule of the nose from the internal
nasal cavity.
Pseudo-cortex [su-do-kor' -teks) \y\)^v&iiq, false ; cortex,
bark]. In biology, a false cortex.
Pseudocostate [sii-do-kos'-tdt) [i/)£w!?/(:, false; casta,
rib]. In biology, false-ribbed, as certain leaves.
Pseudocotyledon [su-do-kot-il-e' -don) [ i/)ey(5?)f , false ;
KOTvArn^uv , cotyledon]. In biology, one of the ger-
minating threads of the spores of cryptogams.
Pseudo-coxalgia [su do-koks-al' -je-ah) [i/^EWff^f, false;
coxa, hip; aXyoc, pain]. False or spurious coxalgia,
an hysterical affection of the hip-joint
Pseudo-crisis [su - do - kri'- sis) [i/'fw5r/f , false ; npiai^,
separating]. Variation in the course of the tempera-
ture in acute pneumonia due to variations in the local
process. The fall of temperature varies from 2° to 7°
F., but rarely is the normal temperature reached, and
a subsequent rise soon appears. Pseudo-crises are
most frequent from the fifth to the seventh day, but
may occur earlier or later.
Pseudo-croup [su'-do-krt'ip) [i/'f!-)(5?/f , false : AS., kro-
/z?;/, to cry aloud]. False croup; laryngismus stridulus.
Pseudocumene [su-do-ku' -m'en) [i/)tu(5//f , false ; cunn-
num. cumin], C^Hjj. A liquid occurring with mesi-
tylene in coal-tar. It boils at 166° C.
Pseudocurarin ( su - do - ku - rar'- in ) [ i/'f fa'^e ;
curara^ A non-poisonous alkaloid found in Nerium
oleander.
Pseudocyclosis [su-do-si-klo' -sis)\p\>evf^i]c^, false ; k'vkXoc,
a circle]. The apparent circulation of food in anameba.
Pseudocyesis [su-do-si-e' -sis) [i/^eutW/c, false ; kvtiolc^,
pregnancy]. False pregnancy. The belief in the
PSEUDO-CYST
1201
PSEUDO-HEMORRHAGE
existence of pregnancy on the part of a woman (usually
the result of desire), accompanied, perhaps, by uncer-
tain signs. P. abdominalis, abdominal pregnancy.
P. ovaria, gestation in an ovary. P. tubaria, tubal
pregnancy.
Pseudo-cyst (sti' -do-sist) [i/)fi'(?/}c, false ; KvoTig, a blad-
der] . In biology, a globular body produced by the
breaking up of the protoplasm in a filament in certain
of the lower plants ; an asexual reproductive body.
Cf. Goiiidiuin, Spore, Carpospore.
Pseudodesma {su-do-dez'-mah) [i/)fU(S/;r, false ; 6tafid(;,
bond]. A false or adventitious ligament.
Pseudo-diarthrosis [su-do-di-ar-thro'-sis). Synonym
of Psetidarikrosis, Diarthrodial.
Pseudo-diphtheria {su-do-dif-the' -ye-aIi)\j\>sv(Miq, false ;
dicpdcpa, diphtheria]. Tonsillitis or pharyngitis with
an exudate simulating that of diphtheria, but not due
to the Klebs-Loffler bacillus.
Pseudo-dipsomania isii-do-dip-so-ma' -ne-ah) [i/ifiid/;^,
false ; (Vfic, thirst ; /navla, madness]. Habitual drun-
kenness, without maniacal impulse, or obsession, im-
pelling the patient to drink.
Pseudo-dipsomaniac {su-do-dip-so-tna' -ne-ak) \^Ev6riq,
false; d;i/)a, thirst; fiavia, madness]. One affected
with pseudo-dipsomania.
Pseudodont [su' -do-donf) [i/'fw!//f, false ; bSo'vc, tooth].
In biology, having false teeth, as a monotreme.
Pseudodontosis (^su-do-don-fo' -sis)\_\l>tv6iiQii2L\s& ; otSot-f,
tooth]. The formation of anomalous teeth.
Pseudo-elephantiasis (su-do-el-e-fan-ti' -as-is) [i/'ei'(5'}c,
false; k?.e(pavTia, elephantiasis]. A tumor-like hyper-
trophy, resembling elephantiasis.
Pseudo-embryo [su-do-e7n' -bre-d). Synonym of Pro-
embryo.
Pseudo-encephalitis {su - do - en- sef- al-i' - tis) [i/ifi)(5?}c,
false; fy/cf^a/ of, brain ; mf, inflammation]. Hydren-
cephaloid disease.
Pseudo-entozoa (su- do- en-to-zo'- ah^ [i/'fw5^f, false ;
tvT6<;, within; (uov, animal]. In biology, any object
resembling or mistaken for an entozoic parasite, e.g.,
Ovuligira accphalocystis, q. v. under Parasites (Ani-
mal^, Table of.
Pseudo-epithelium {sii-do-ep-ith -e' -le -urn)
false; f-/, upon; nipple], I. The membrane
lining serous and vascular cavities of the body ; true
endothelium. 2. The layer of germinal cells found
on the surface of the ovary after the ovarian tubes have
formed.
Pseudo-erotism {sii-do-er' -o-tizni) \_i\>zv&r]i; , false ; ipoc,
love]. Sexual desire in animals at unusual sea-
sons.
Pseudo-erysipelas [su-do-er-is-ip' -el-as) [i/wtS^f, false ;
kfjval-rrs/Mc, erysipelas]. A name vaguely applied to
conditions having more or less resemblance to true
erysipelas. P. subtendinosum colli. Synonym of
Angina hido-i<ici.
Pseudo-esophoria (sii - do- ez'- o - fo'- re-ali). See Eso-
phoria.
Pseudo-exanthemata [sii-do-eks-an-them' -at-ah) [i/)fi'-
d^?, false ; e^dvOr/fia, eruption]. A group of non-
contagious eruptive diseases resembling the exanthe-
mata in their onset and course.
Pseudo-exophoria [su-do-eks-o-fo' -re-ah). See Exo-
phoria.
Pseudo-fever (su-do-fe' -ver) [ •i/'fi'f5//r, false ; febris,
fever]. An hysterical elevation of temperature.
Pseudo-fibrin {su-do fi'-brin) \_ij'ev6fj^, false ; fibra,
fiber]. The coagulative material of blood in cases of
" buffy coat."
Pseudo-filament (jz/ - do - fil' - am - eitf) [ii>et'(y?;c, false ;
filum, a thread]. In biology, an object that looks
like, but is not, a real filament. The term is applied to
76
cocci or other bacteria arranged in rows in the direc-
tion of the successive divisions.
Pseudofilaria {su-do-fi-la' -re-ah) [i/)fi;(i//f , false; fihtm,
a thread]. In biology, a name given by Ed. van
Beneden to a stage in the development of gregarines,
in which they resemble minute nematode worms
(Filaricc).
Pseudofoliaceous [su-do-fo-le-a' -site-its') [i/'Ei)f5?;r, false ;
foliitin, leaf]. In biology, provided with lobes or
expansions resembling leaves.
Pseudo-ganglion {sii-do-gang' -gle-on) \\\>tv6i^c_, false ;
yayyXiov, ganglion]. A false ganglion, usually a
slight thickening of a nerve. P. of Bochdalek, an
enlargement of a branch of the middle alveolar nerve
from which fibers descend to supply the canine teeth.
P. of the Circumflex Nerve, an expansion of a branch
of the nerve which goes to the teres major. P. of
Cloquet, a thickening of the palatine branches of the
naso-palatine nerve. P., Valentin's, a slight thick-
ening at the junction of certain divisions of the
middle alveolar branch of the maxillary nerve.
Pseudo-gastralgia {sii-do-gas-traF -je-ah) [i/'fii(S?)f, false;
yaari/p, stomach ; oAyof pain]. A pain resembling
gastralgia, but not caused by disease of the stomach.
It may be dependent upon disease of the aorta.
Pseudo-gastrula (sii-do-gas' -tru-lah) [ i/'fi'*/?, false ;
ycinTjjp, stomach]. In biology, an embryonic stage
which resembles, but is not, a true gastrula.
Pseudogenus ( sit - do - je'- nus ) [i/;f tifi?/f, false ; y'cvoc,
descent, origin]. In biology, a spurious genus. Cf.
Forin-gemis.
Pseudogeusia {su-do-gu' -ze-ah) [i/ift"rf//f, false ; ynaic,
taste]. A false perception, or hallucination, of taste.
Pseudogeustia {su-do-giis' -te-ah). See Pseudogeusia.
Pseudo-glioma {su-do-gli-o' -mah) [i/'fD(5^f, false ; yXta,
glia ; bua, tumor]. A name sometimes, though im-
properly, given to inflammatory changes of the vitreous
tumor, the result of irido-choroiditis, which cause a con-
dition simulating glioma. P. of Retina. See C//oot«.
Pseudo-gonorrhea {sii-do-gon-or-e' -ah) [-i/'fi'dz/c, false ;
yovo'ppoin, gonorrhea]. A simple non-specific urethritis.
Pseudogyne (su'-do-jin) [i/'eufSz/f, false; female].
In biology, the agamic females of certain insects
(e.g., Aphididtr), successive generations of which
are sometimes born viviparously without copulation
with the males.
Pseudogynous (su - doj' - in - us) [_\l>evdr/^, false ; yvvi/,
female]. Pertaining to a pseudogyne.
Pseudogyrate (su-do-ji' -rat ) [i/jfi'd^f , false ; yvpo^, a
gyre]. In biology, falsely ringed.
Pseudohaemal (su-do-hem' -al). See Pseudohemal.
Pseudo-heart (su' -do-hart) [i])fij(!^f, false ; ME., hart,
heart]. In biology, one of the glandular organs
found in Bracliiopoda , having the double func-
tion of renal organs and genital ducts ; they are the
homologues of the organs of Bojanus of the Molhtsca
and of the segmented organs of Vermes.
Pseudo-hemal (su-do-hem' -al) \i>(v6ii(:, false: difia,
blood]. In biology, pertaining to that form of respir-
atory or nutritive fluid of many invertebrates which is
analogous to blood but is not true blood. It is found in
most annelids, is red or green, corpusculated or non-
corpusculated, and flows through a system of vessels
with contractile walls, either shut off frorfi or commu-
nicating with the perivisceral cavity.
Pseudo-hematemesis (su-do-hem-at-em' -es-is) [i/ifi't5//r,
false; nl/zre, blood ; f/vfu/c, vomiting] . The vomiting of
bile, red-wine, fruit -juices, or any other substance
simulating blood.
Pseudo-hemorrhage (su-do-hem' -or-aj) ['/'ff^'/f, false;
d'aia, blood ; priyvvvai , to burst forth]. A hemorrhage
without rupture of the vessels ; vicarious hemorrhage.
PSEUDO-HERMAPHRODISM
1202
PSEUDOMORPHOSIS
Pseudo-hermaphrodism {su - do - her - niaf- ro- dizin )
[i/ifiir5//r, false ; fp/zai^potStcr/idf , hermaphrodism] . The
condition presented by a pseudo-hermaphrodite. P.,
Feminine, a condition in which the genitals of the
female resemble those of the male. There are three
varieties. See P., Alale. P., Male, a condition in
which the genitals of the male resemble those of the
female. There are three varieties ; the external, the
internal, and the complete, according as the external
or internal generative organs, or both, are affected.
Pseudo-hermaphrodite {su-do-lwr-inaf' -ro-dlt) \_\\)f.v-
false; ep/ia<pp6SiTor, hermaphrodite]. An indi-
vidual in which there is a double sexual formation of
the external genitals, but a unisexual development of
the reproductive glands (ovaries and testicles). Ac-
cording to the development of one or the other of the
latter will the sex of the individual be determined.
Pseudo-hermaphroditism (sii-do-her-maf ' -ro-dlt-izni).
See Pseiidohermaphrodism.
Pseudo-hydrophobia (sti-do-hi-dro-fo' -be-ah ) [■i/»fiiJ?/r,
false; i^rfwp, water ; ^6,/?of, fear]. Hysterical convul-
sions in one believing himself to have been bitten by
a rabid animal. There is, however, absence of the
true respiratory spasm. It has also been called
Lyssophobia i^riA. Hydrophobophohia.
Pseudo-hymen {sit-do-hi' -meii) [i/<fi^(J//f, false ; viii^v,
membrane]. A false membrane.
Pseudo-hypertrophic {su-do-hi-per-tro' -Jik) [i/iefrSz/f,
false; vrrip, over; rpof//, nutrition]. Pertaining to
pseudohypertrophy. P. Paralysis, loss or diminu-
tion of the power of motion, accompanied by en-
larged, and apparently hypertrophied muscles. The
types are the Leyden-Mobius, Zimmerlin, and Lan-
douzy-Dejerine. See Paralysis. Pseudohypertrophic.
Pseudo-hypertrophy [szi-do- hi -per' -iro-/e) [xpEv6r](;,
false; iTrtyj, above ; Tpo(pij, nutrition]. False hyper-
trophy ; increase in the size of an organ or part on
account of overgrowth of an unimportant tissue. It
is accompanied by diminution in function.
Pseudo-jervin (su-do-jer'-viiz) [i/'eutS^/f , false; jerva.
green hellebore-root], C^gH^jNO,. An alkaloid found
in Veratrmn viride.
Pseudo-joint {sti' -do-joint). Same as Pseudo-articula-
tion.
Psendoiabial {su-do-la'-be-al) [i/»f!J(5^f, false; labium,
lip]. Pertaining to a pseudolabium.
Pseudolabium {su-do-la' -be-um) [i//ft)J^f, false ; labi-
utn. lip]. In biology, the sternite of the sub-basilar
plate of certain Afyriapoda.
Pseudolateral (su-do-lat'-er-al) [j/^eudz/f, false ; latus,
side]. In biology, having a tendency to become lat-
eral when normally terminal.
Pseudo-leukemia [su-do-lu-ke' -me-ali). 'Set Hodgkin^ s
Disease and Lymphadenoma.
Pseudo-leukocy themia (su -do-lu-ko- si- the'- me -ah)
[i/if url^r;, false; /■ituKOf, white; Kvroq, cell; a}//a,
blood]. Same as Pseudoleukemia.
Pseudo-ligament (sn-do-lig' -am-ent) \_iliev6r/c , false;
ligamentum, ligament]. An inflammatory band of
adhesion.
Pseudo-lipoma (su-do-lip-o' ->nah)[ipi;v6{/^, false; Xino^,
fat; 6//a, tumor]. A localized edema resembling an
accumulation of fat, occurring above the clavicle and
about the knee, especially in cases of rheumatism.
Pseudo-Iunula [su - do -Inn'- u- lah) [i/'fi"5'y?, false;
lunula, a. little moon]. An aggregation of mucous
cells in the salivary glands, forming lunula-like
masses.
Pseudo-malady {su ■ do - mal'- ad - e) [i/'fud^/f , false;
7nalu)ii , evil]. An imaginary or simulated illness.
Pseudo-mania (su-do-ma'-ne-ah) \i>tv&ij^, false;
fj-avta, mania]. I. A form of insanity in which the
person affected accuses himself of a crime or crimes
of which he is innocent. 2. A mania characterized
by lying.
Pseudomedicus {su - do - med' - ik ■ us). Synonym of
Quack.
Pseudo-melanemia {su-do-mel-an-e'-me-ah). Syno-
nym ot Pseudomelanosis.
Pseudo-melanosis (su-do-inel-an-o'-sis) [i/^fffSz/f, false ;
Iis'Imq, black ; vvaaf;, disease]. The dark staining of
gangrenous parts or the tissues after death, due to the
deposit of ferrous sulphid, which is formed by a re-
action of hydrogen sulphid and the hemoglobin of the '
blood.
Pseudo-membrane {su-do-mem'-brdn) [i/)TO(5?/f , false ;
membrana, membrane]. A false membrane, such as
is seen in diphtheria.
Pseudo-membranous (su-do-mem' -bra-nus) [i/)fri(S?/f,
false; membrana, Taen\hva.ut'\. Characterized by, or
pertaining to false membranes. P. Inflammation,
any inflammation characterized by the formation of a
false membrane.
Pseudo-meningitis (su-do-tnen-in-ji'-tis)\_iliev6)/g, false ;
I't'ivrj^, memhra.ne; irtg, inflammation]. A group of
symptoms resembling that produced by meningitis,
but with absence of the lesions of meningeal inflam-
mation. P., Dental, meningeal symptoms occurring
in children during difficult dentition.
Pseudo-meningocele (su-do-men-in'-go-sel) [ i/)f yrf^f,
false ; /if/iT/i, membrane ; K^?a/, tumor] . A tumor
formed beneath the scalp as a result of a traumatic
lesion of the skull and dura, by the pouring out of
cerebro-spinal fluid.
Pseudo-menstrual {su-do-men' -stru-al^ [i/)TO(5?/f, false;
jnenstritus, monthly] . Pertaining to pseudo-menstrua-
tion.
Pseudo-menstruation [su-do-men-stru-a'-shmi) [i/jct-
false ; t?ienstruus, monthly]. Hemorrhage from
the uterus due to systemic disease. It is sometimes
seen during the course of eruptive fevers. i
Pseudomeric {su - do - mer'- ik) [i/'fixS^f, false ; //f'pof. !
part] . A qualification applied to unstable forms of j
tautomeric bodies. j
Pseudo-metritis [su - do - met - ri'- tis) [ipcvdi/q, false; |
it(//rpo, womb ; /r/f, inflammation]. Spurious metritis. !
Pseudomnesia {su - dovi - ne' - ze - ali) [i/)ft)(5?/f, false ;
^i'7/(T(f, remembrance]. A perversion of the memory,
in which the patient recalls as facts things which never
have occurred.
Pseudomonocotyledonous {su-do-mo-no-kot-il-e' -do- ,
nus) [i/'H'(5//f , false ; /uovo^, one ; KOTvlrjSun', cotyledon]. '
In biology, having two or more cotyledons consoli- \
dated into one mass.
Pseudo-monomania {su-do-mo-no-ma'-ne-ah) [i/'frri//f,
false; iwrot;, one; finvia, mania]. Spurious mono-
mania, a condition not monomania, yet presenting |
similar symptoms. ^ I
Pseudomorph {su'- do - mprf) \j\)f.v&iK, false ; //op^iv, '
form] . A false form.
Pseudomorphin {su-do-mor' -fin') \j^tv6iic,, false ; Mor- \
pheus, the god of sleep], Cj^H^gNjOg (Foster). A finely
crystalline alkaloid of opium, insoluble in water, al-
cohol, ether, and chloroform ; it is soluble in alkalie.'-
and lime-water, neutral, tasteless. It is also called i
Phormia and Oxymorphin.
Pseudomorphic (.w-r/o-/«or';/f/^). ?ia.mtaiPseudoi>wr-
phous.
Pseudomorphism {su - do - mor'- fimi) [i/;tD(5//f , fal.se ;
//op9//, form]. The state of having a form difierenl
from that normal to the substance.
Pseudomorphosis (su-do-mor- fo' -sis) [i/'si'fJ^/f , false; |
//o/)(;i>?/, form]. An abnormal formation, as a tumor, |
deforaiity, or monstrosity. I
PSEUDO-MORPHOUS
1203
PSEUDOPLASMA
Pseudo-morphous (su - do - mor'-ftis) [i/'t^iSz/f, false;
fiojxf)}), form]. Not having the true form ; exhibiting
pseudomorphism.
Pseudo-morula [su - do - ?iior' - u - lah) [_tpev6t/c, false ;
morus, a mulberry: , Pseitdo>iionihe'\. A false
morula.
Pseudo-morular [sti - do - inor' - u - lav) [i/wrSz/f , false ;
morus, a mulberry]. Pertaining to a pseudomorula.
Pseudo-mucin [su-do-znu' -sin) [i/'turb/f, false; mucus,
mucus]. A substance allied to mucin, from which it
differs in not being altered by acetic acid. It is found
in proliferative ovarian cysts, being the cause of the
gelatinous nature of the contents of the cysts. It is
produced by the epithelial cells lining the cyst-walls.
Pseudo-myeloma (sii-do-mi-el-o' -mali) [ipEutSz/f , false ;
fiveXo^, marrow; bfia, tumor: Pseudomyeloinatii^.
A sarcoma resembling the white substance of the brain.
Pseudonarcissin {su - do - nar - sis'- in) [i/jcytSZ/f, false ;
vapKLoaor, narcissus]. An alkaloid found in the bulb
of Narcissus pseudonarcissus.
Pseudo-narcotism [su-do-nar' -ko-tisni) false ;
vapKovv, to benumb]. An hysteric simulation of nar-
cotism.
Pseudonavicella [su-do-nav is-el'-ah) [_\pEv6l/g, false ;
navicella, a small boat, dim. of navis, a ship: //. ,
Pseudonavicelhe~\. A name given by Lieberkiihn to a
developmental stage of gregarines, resembling the
navicella; or naviculae of diatoms.
Pseudonavicellar (su-do-nav-is-eU -ar') [i/^ytS^f, false ;
navicella, a small boat] . Pertaining to a pseudonavi-
cella.
Pseudonavicula (su- do - nav - ik' -u - laK). Same as
Pseudonavicella.
Pseudonavicular (su-do-nav-ik'-u-lar) \_xpevf)i](;, false ;
navicula,a. small boat]. Pertaining to a pseudonavic-
ula.
Pseudo-neuralgia (su-do-nu-ral' -je-ali) \_i\)ev<M]z, false ;
vtvpov, nerve; aAyof, pain] . A term given by Charcot
to the pains of rickets.
Pseudo-neuritis (su-do-fiu-ri' -tis) \j\>Ev6r]c, false; vsv-
pov, nerve ; mf , inflammation]. A disease simulating
a neuritis.
Pseudo-nipple [su-do-nip' -I) false; ME.,
neple, nipple]. A false nipple of the mamma.
Pseudonomania {sii-do-no-nia' -nc-ali) \\\iev6elv, to lie ;
fiavia, mania]. An insane habit of telling lies.
Pseudo-nucleolus (su-do-nu-kle' -o-lus) \j\Kv6ii<;, false ;
nucleolus, a little nucleus: //. , Pseudonucleoli\ A
false nucleolus.
Pseudonychium (su-do-7iik' -e-um) [i/)Ey(5//f, false, and
oi'ii.tw!^; a little claw : pi., Pseudonychia\ In biology,
the spurious claw between the true tarsal claws of an
insect.
Pseudonym (su' -do-nini)\j\)ivSi^q, false ; bvvfia, a name].
A false name.
Pseudonymal [su-do-nini' -al) [i/iei;(i//f, false ; ovviua,
name]. In biology, vernacular; not having the
character of an onym.
Pseudo-osteomalacia (su - do - os - te - o-nial - a'- se-ah)
\j^tvtM]q, false ; oarkov, bone ; fialania, softness].
Rachitis in which the pelvic basin is distorted so as to
resemble in form that of osteomalacia.
Pseudo-paralysis (su-do-par-al' -is-is) \_-^ev&r](;, false ;
■KapakvoLq, paralysis]. An apparent paralysis of the
limbs. P. of Rickets, the inability to walk in severe
cases of rickets, due to distortion of the bones. P.,
Syphilitic, an inflammatory condition of the epiphyses
of the bones in acquired syphilis, which causes a
marked impairment of motion.
Pseudo-paranoia (su-do-par-an-oi' -ah) [i/^fixi^f , false ;
TTapd, beside; vooc, mind]. A condition in which
there is a primarily more active mentality, as
well as an increased responsivity to emotional im-
pulses, associated with a heightened desire for activ-
ity.
Pseudo-paraplegia (su-do-par-ap-le'-je-ah) [i/;f i;(5;;f ,
false ; Trapd, beside ; TrTir/yfj, stroke]. Spurious para-
plegia. P., Tetanoid. Synonym of Paralysis,
Spastic.
Pseudo-parasite (su-do-par'-as-it) false ; irapa,
beside ; alroc, food]. In biology, a term properly
restricted to various objects, such as hairs, vegetable
tissues, etc., which have been mistaken for parasites
and even described as such ; also to frogs, snakes,
spiders, etc. , which have been stated by many authors
to have existed for years in the human aliment-
ary canal, although it is perfectly certain that animals
of this kind cannot endure the moist heat of the body
of a mammal for more than six hours (Leuckart) ;
a commensal, inquiline mesomate. One of certain
bodies sometimes seen in the blood in anemia, re-
sembling microorganisms. They are probably altered
blood-corpuscles.
Pseudo-parasitic (su-do-par-as-ii' -ik) [i/'n-"''/? , false ;
-irapn, beside; airog, food]. Apparently parasitic.
See Pseudo-pa rasi/e.
Pseudo-parenchyma (su-do-par-eng' -kiin-ah) \_i\)nn\rii;,
false; Trapo, beside ; £)';)^fZi', pour in]. In biology,
DeBary's term for the tissue of fungi produced by the
interlacing of the hyphae.
Pseudo-parenchymatous (su-do- par-en-kim'-at-tis)
[i/jfiir?^f, false ; Trapd, beside ; kyx^'-'^t to pour in].
Pertaining to a pseudoparenchyma.
Pseudo-parenchyme [su- do-par- en' -kirn). Same as
Pseudoparenchyma.
Pseudo-paresis (su-do-par'-es-is) [i/'fiK^z/f, false ; irdpe-
aiC, paresis]. An affection resembling paresis, but
regarded as distinct from the ordinary forms.
Pseudo-parthenogenesis (su-do-par-then-o-jen' -es-is)
[ i/;eDrf//r , false; -apOh'oq, a virgin; yeveaiQ, produc-
tion]. In biology, a mode of reproduction inter-
mediate between metagenesis and parthenogenesis.
Pseudo-pediform (su-do-ped'-if-orm) [i/)fi)(5//f , false;
pes, foot ; forma, form]. Pseud opodial.
Pseudo-pelletierin (su-do-pel-et' -e-er-i>i)\_\l>Fvfi>j(; , false ;
Pelletier, a French chemist, 1761-97], CjgH^gN.^O^.
An alkaloid found in the root-bark of pomegranate.
Pseudo-peptone (su-do-pep' -ton). Same as Hcmial-
bumose.
Pseudopercular (su-do-per'-ku-lar) [^pevfirj^, false ; oper-
culum, a lid]. Pertaining to or of the nature of a
pseudoperculum.
Pseudoperculate (su-do-per'- ku-ldt) [i/'£v(5r/f, false ;
operculum, lid]. In biology, provided with a pseudo-
perculum.
Pseudoperculum (su-do-per' -ku-lum) [il'^vSijc, false;
operculttin, lid: //. , Pseudopercula'\. A false oper-
culum.
Pseudophenanthrene (su-do-fen-anth' -ren) [i//ED(5^f,
false; ipoivi;, purple-red; dvftpaS, coal], Cj^H,,. A
hydrocarbon found in crude anthracene, crystallizing
in large glistening plates that melt at a temperature
of 115° C.
Pseudo-photesthesia (su-do-fo-tes-the' -ze-aJi) [i/i£ii(5//f,
false ; 0wr, light ; diaOtiaig, perception]. The seeing
of photisms.
Pseudophthisis (su-doff'-this-is) \_i\>nHSIn^, false ; ^f/cr^i;,
wasting]. Emaciation and general wasting arising
from other causes than pulmonary tuberculosis.
Pseudopia (su-do' -pe-ah). Synonym of Pseudopsia.
Pseudoplasm (su' -do-plazm) \j\)Ev&ii<;, false ; -KAaafia,
a thing molded]. Same as Neoplasm.
Pseudoplasma (su-do-plaz' -mah). Synonym of Pseu-
doplasm.
PSEUDOPLEGIA
1204
PSEUDOSTOMA
Pseudoplegia [su-dopk' -je-a/i) [t/ifinSz/f , false ; TrATjyi],
stroke]. Spurious, or hysteric paralysis.
Pseudo-pleuritis [sii-do-plu-r-i' -tis). Synonym oi Pleu-
todvnia.
Pseudo-pneumonia (sn - do - nu - mo'- ne - alt) [i/<£i)fJ;/f ,
false, TTVEVjiuv, lung]. Any disease of the lung simu-
lating pneumonia.
Pseudopod, Pseudopodium {su'-do-pod, su-do-po' -de-
7im) [i/'6Dd//f, false; iro'vr, foot: pL, Pseiidopodia'].
A protrusion of a portion of the substance of a cell,
especially of one possessing ameboid movement. See
Pseudopodium .
Pseudopodal [sit-dop' -o-dul ) [i^fwiz/f, false ; kovq, foot].
Provided with pseudopods.
Pseudopode {sid -dopod). Same as Pseudopodium.
Pseudopodial, Pseudopodian (su-do-po' -de-al, su-do-
po' -dc-an) [i/jffd^/f , false ; Troiif, foot]. Pertaining to
pseudopodia.
Pseudopodic (su-do-po' -dik). Same as Pseudopodal.
Pseudopodium (su-do-po' -de-um) \jpKv6l/(;, false ; Trouf,
foot: //. , Pseudopodia']. In biology, a temporary or
permanent, filose or lobose process of the exoplasm of
Rhizopoda, JPeliozaa, Radiolaria, and other ameboid
cells ; leukocytes, plasmodia, etc. " There are two prin-
cipal sorts of pseudopodia, myxopodia and axopodia.
The former are not stiff, but protrusible and retractile ;
they can fuse with neighboring pseudopodia into a net-
work, and chiefly in the Rliizopoda, can collect into small
masses by flowing together outside the body at points
where they meet with food. Such myxopodia are
characteristic of the Rhizopoda, and most Radiolaria.
The axopodia, which are found in the Heliozoa and
in Acantharia among Radiolaria, are on the contrary,
more or less stiff, and not inclined to reticulate and
fuse. In their axes there generally runs a stiff axial
filament, a sort of elastic organ of support formed of
organic substance. These axial filaments run toward
the central point of the body — to the boundary of the
endoplasm (Actinosplurrium), or to the nucleus near
the center (Actiimphrys), or they meet actually in the
center (Acanthayia). All pseudopodia show more or
less swift granular streaming. " (Lang.)
Pseudo-polypus (sic-do-pol' -ip-us) [i/'euJ^f, false ; tvo'/.v-
■Kovc, polypus]. A mass of mucus or blood assuming
the shape of a polypoid tumor.
Pseudo-pregnancy (su-do-preg' -nan-se) [i/;fi;r5^f, false ;
pregnans, pregnant]. Synonym oi Pregnancy , False.
Pseudoproct (su'-do-prokt) \j\.<n)6riq, false; TrpuKJik,
anus]. In biology: (a) the anal opening of the echi-
nopaedium of an echinoderm. (I') The secondary
opening replacing the original ascule in a sponge.
Pseudoproctous (su-do-prok' -tus) \y\'ev&riq, false ; -rrpun-
Tor, anus]. In biology, provided with a pseudoproct.
Pseudopsia (su-dop' -se-aJi) [i/)fw5/;f, false; <ji/% eye]-
Visual hallucination, or error of visual perception.
Pseudo-pterygium (su-do-ter-ij' -e-urri) [i/'tix'w , heart ;
■TTTf/jiif, wing]. False, or cicatricial, pterygium.
Pseudo-pupa (su - do - pu' - pah) [Tpevdrjg, false; pupa,
pupa]. A false pupa.
Pseudopupal (su-do-pii'-pal ) [i/)f i;(S?)f , false ; pupa,
pupa]. Pertaining to a pseudopupa.
Pseudo-pus (su' -do-pus) \ppev6iji;, false; pus, pus]. A
liquid that resembles pus in appearance only.
Pseudo-rachitis (su-do-ra-ki'-lis)\_ijKv(yig, false; pdxic,
spine; iTtr, inflammation]. Osteitis deformans
(Pozzi).
Pseudoramose [su-do-ra' -tndz) [i/'futSz/f, false ; ramus,
branch]. In biology, forming false branches.
Pseudo-ramulus (^u • do - ram'- u -lus) [i/'EixJ/zf , false;
ramiilus, a little branch]. In biology, a false branch.
Pseudorasis (su-dor-a'-sis). Synonym of Pseudopsia.
Pseudorcin (su-dor'-sin). Synonym of Erythrite.
Pseudoresia, Pseudorexia (su - dor - e'- ze - ah, su-dor-
cks'-e-ah) [i/)eDc5//f, false; ope^ic, desire]. A per-
verted appetite.
Pseudo-rheumatism (su - do - ru'- mat - izm) [^xjinSr/g,
false ; p^vfia, flux]. False rheumatism. P., Infec-
tious, a term given by Lapersonne to certain cases of
multiple synovitis or arthritis, the prime cause of which
it is impossible to discover.
Pseudo-rhonchus (su - do - rang'- kus) \_ipevi'iii(;, false ;
/(oy^^of, rhonchus]. A false or spurious rhonchus ; a
deceptive auscultatory sound.
Pseudo-rubeola ( su-do-rii-be-o' -lah ) \T\)sv6ii<;, false ;
rubeola, rubeola]. An exanthematous disease simu-
lating rubeola.
Pseudo-scarlatina (su - do - skar - lat - e'- nah) \_^ev?iii^,
false; scarlatina, scarlet fever]. A low fever asso-
ciated with a cutaneous rash like that of scarlet fever,
occurring as a result of gonorrhea, or after puerperal
infection. \
Pseudo-sclerosis (su - do - skle - ro'- sis) [i/iEi;f5?/f , false ; j
CK.Ar]p6(;, hard]. An affection similar in symptoms to [
multiple sclerosis of the nervous system, but without ;
the anatomic lesions. j
Pseudoscope (su' -do-skop ) \pl>ev6ljg, false ; OKoweiv, to j
see] . An instrument consisting of a pair of rectangu- |
lar prisms so arranged that the projecting portions of
objects looked at appear depressed, and their deeper
portions prominent.
Pseudoscopic (su-do-skop'-ik ) [i/jMid^f, false ; gkotieIv, |
to view]. Pertaining to the pseudoscope. ;
Pseudoscopy (su-dos' -ko-pe) \T\>tv^ii<;, false ; omirtlv, to
view]. The use of the pseudoscope.
Pseudosematic (su - do -sem - at'- ik) [ i/jtud^f , false;
ar/fia, a sign, mark, token]. In biology, false signal-
ing, as the colors and disguises acquired by animals I
for purposes of deception, and generally referred to as |
mimicry, q.v. Cf. Pseudallosetnaiic , Pseudaposematic , ,1
Pseudepisematic.
Pseudoseptate (su-do-sep'-tdt) \p\itv&riq, false ; septutii, a
fence]. In biology, having pseudosepta. Presenting
the appearance of being septate when not so.
Pseudoseptum (su-do-sep'-tum) [i/;EDt5//f, false ; septum,
fence : //. , Pseudosepta\ In biology, a false septum.
Pseudosiphon (su - do - si' - fun) [i//eD(5^f, false ; trf^dui',
siphon]. In biology, a false siphon.
Pseudosiphonal (sic - do - si' -fun-al) [i/'ft^f^'/f, false;
al<piov, siphon]. Pertaining to a pseudosiphon.
Pseudosiphuncle (su-do-si' -fiaig-kl). Same as Pseti-
dosiphon.
Pseudosmia (su - doz'- me - ah) [i/'fKfS'/f, false; oaiiri,
smell]. Perversion of the sense of smell ; olfac-
tory hallucinations.
Pseudospermic (su - do - sper' ■ mi k) [i/'fii(5vf, false;
(T-f/j//a, seed]. Pertaining to pseudospermium.
Pseudospermium (su-do-sper'-me-um) [i/'t"''w> false;
ankpiia, seed : Pseudospermia\ In biology, a term
applied to such fruits as have the pericarp so closely '
applied to the seed that it is readily mistaken for a
simple seed. '
Pseudospermous (su-do-sper'-mus). Same as Pseudo-
spermic.
Pseudosphresia {su - dos -fre'- ze - ah). Synonym of
Pseudosmia. '
Pseudospore (su'-do-spdr)\;^n('iTjQ,fa\sc; a~6pog, seed].
See Telentospore. , i
Pseudostigma (szi-do-stig' -mah) [i/'fiJ^, false ; oTiy^ia,
stigma]. In biology, a false stigma.
Pseudostoma (su-dos-to'mah) [i/'futiw, false; rsroiia
mouth: pi., Pseudostomata\ I. One of the small, ;
deeply-stained areas in silver preparations of endothe-
lium. They are regarded by some as minute open- ,
ings filled by silver-stained albuminous substances ;
PSEUDOSTOMATOUS
1205
PSORIASIS
according to Klein, however, many of tliese stigmata
are the protruding, stained processes of connective-
tissue cells. 2. The oral orifice of the echinopaedium
of an echinoderm.
Pseudostomatous [sii-do-sto' -mat-iis) [i/)£i;fS//f, false ;
arbjia, mouth]. Provided with pseudostomata ;
pertaining to a pseudostoma.
Pseudostome (su'- do - s/vni) \_^£v6tig, false ; ardaa,
mouth]. See Pseudostoma.
Pseudostomosis [su - do - sto - mo'- sis) [^evSr^g, false ;
oTOfia, mouth]. The formation or existence ofa pseu-
dostome.
Pseudostomotic {su - do - sto - mot'- ik) [i/'e?;fS//f , false ;
CTo/ia, mouth]. Characterized by pseudostomosis.
Pseudostomous {su-do-sto' -mus) [ i/)f !'(5//?, false ; urojia,
mouth]. In biology, having pseudostomes.
Pseudo-stroma {su - do - stro' - mah) [T/iewcS^f , false ;
arpufia, a covering]. A false stroma; a cellular
body resembling a stroma.
Pseudo-synarthrosis {su-do-sin-ar-thro' -sis') [i/'eyf5//f,
false ; mv, with ; apdpov, joint]. A ligamentous
pseudarthrosis.
Pseudo-syphilis {su-do-sif -il-is) [i/^ewd^f, false ; syphi-
lis, syphilis]. Chancroid.
Pseudo-tabes {su-do-ta'-bez) [^ipevSfiQ, false ; tabes, a
wasting]. Any disease simulating locomotor ataxia.
See Polyneuritis potatorum. P. mesenterica, a func-
tional disorder most common in young women and
hysterical persons, and resembling tabes mesenterica.
VsswAo-Xetany {su-do-tet'-a7i-e) [i/;fi,'i-5/;f, false ; Ttravor,
tetanus]. A disease simulating tetany.
Pseudo-trichinosis {so-do-trik-in-o' -sis) [i/;f)j(5/;f, false ;
flpif , hair ; voaoq, disease]. Acute polymyositis re-
sembling trichinosis of the muscles.
Pseudotropin {su-do-tro' -pin) [i/ifx'rf^f, false ; rpkiztiv,
to turn], CgHjjNO. An isomeric form of tropin.
Pseudo-tuberculous {su-do-tu-l>er' -ku-lus) [i/'Ewd'/f,
false ; tubercnhtDi, tubercle]. Simulating tuberculosis.
Pseudo-typhoid (^//-(/o-/'/'-/^;/;/) [i/^fTx^^f, false ; rv(^oq,
smoke]. False typhoid; simulating typhoid fever.
P. Bacilli, bacteria that resemble the Isacillus of enteric
fever, but are not identical with it.
Pseudo-urticaria {su-do-ur-tik-a' -re ah) \_-^tv6riQ, false ;
urtica, nettle]. A skin-affection resembling urticaria
in appearance, but not identical with it.
Pseudoval {sti-do'-val) \j\itv&ijq, false; ovum, egg].
Pertaining to a pseudovum.
Pseudovarian {su-do-va' -re-an) \T\tivt^tiq, false ; ovarian,
ovary]. Pertaining to a pseudovarium.
Pseudo-variola {su - do - va - ri' - o - lah). Synonym of
Varicella.
Pseudovarium, Pseudovary {su-do-va' -re-um, sii-do' -
va-re) \j^Kvi^ric, false; ovarium, ovary]. The ovary
of a viviparous insect.
Pseudovelar {su-do-zie' -lar)\T\)Ev61iq, false ; velum, veil].
Vascular ; having the character of a pseudovelum.
Pseudovelum {su-do-ve' -lum) [i/'fJxV/r, false ; velum,
veil]. The vascular velum of some hydrozoans.
Pseudo-vermicules.(j//-r/o-7^(>r''-;;///('-M/3) [i/;£t)f5^f, false ;
vermes, a worm]. The crescentic bodies found by
Laveran in the blood of persons suffering from malarial
fever. See Parasites {Aniinal), Table of.
Pseudovum {s2i-do'-vum)\Tpev(''ii](;,i3\se: ; ovum, egg : //. ,
Pseudova\ An egg that develops parthenogenically.
Pseudoxanthin {su-doks-an' -thin) false ; fdv-
6of, yellow]. A name given, it is thought inappro-
priately, by Gautier to a leukomain-base, C^H^N^O,
isolated from fresh muscle-tissue of beef. It so much
resembles xanthin, however, that it may have been
often mistaken for that compound — hence, the name
given by Gautier ; but it differs from xanthin in its
etnpiric composition, solubility, and crystalline fonn.
The name Pseudoxanthin was also given by Schultzen
and Filehne to a body isomeric with xanthin, obtained
by action of sulphuric upon uric acid.
Pseudymen (su-di'-men) [jjievdr/r, false ; vuijv, mem-
brane]. A false membrane.
Psiloma {si-lo'-mah) [-i/iiAdf;, bare]. Baldness.
Psilopedic {si-lo-pe' -dik) [i/fAdr, bare ; jroif, child].
Of birds born featherless.
Psilosis {si-lo'-sis) \_i^lX6q, bare]. The removal of the
hair from a part. Depilation.
Psilothrum {si-lo' -thrum) [i/'(A(j0por]. A depilatory.
Psoadic {so-ad'-ik) [ i/ida, loin]. Pertaining to a psoas
muscle, or to the loin.
Psoae {so'-e) [i/^da, loin]. The psoas muscles.
Psoas {so' -as) [ i/joa, loin]. The loin. P. Abscess,
an abscess, usually dependent upon tuberculous dis-
ease of the vertebra, making its way along the sheath
of the psoas muscle and pointing at the front of the
thigh, below Poupart's ligament, to the outer side of
the spine of the pubis. See Abscess. P. magnus,
P. major. See Aluscles, Table of. P. minor, P.
parvus. See Muscles, Table of. P. quartus. Syno-
nym of Obturator internus.
Psoatic {so-at'-ik). Same as Psoadic.
Psodymus {sod' -im-its) [i/»da, loin ; SISvuoi;, double].
A sysomic monstrosity with two heads and thoraces,
and conjoined abdominal and pelvic cavities. There
are two legs, and occasionally the rudiments of a third.
Psoitis {so-i'-tis) [i/'da, loin ; mt;, inflammation]. In-
flammation of the psoas muscles, or of the region of
the loins.
Psoloncus {so-long' -kits) [i/iw?.?/, the bared, glans penis ;
oyKoq, tumor]. Tumefaction of the prepuce and the
glans penis, due to paraphimosis.
Psora {so' -rah^ [i/)d)pa ; ipoetu, to scratch]. Scabies.
See also Psoriasis.
Psoralin {so-ral' -in). Synonym of Caffein.
Psorelcosis {so-rel-ko' -sis) [i/'wpo, scabies ; ilKuaiq,
ulceration]. Ulceration occurring during the progress
of scabies.
Psorentery {so' ■ reiz - ter - e) [i/'upa, scabies; ivrtpov,
intestine]. Asiatic cholera.
Psoriasis {so-ri' -as-is) [r/'wpo, the itch]. Lepra alphas;
Lepra ; Dry Tetter ; Psora ; a common chronic
inflammatory disease of the skin, characterized by
variously-sized lesions having red bases, covered with
white scales resembling mother-of-pearl. It affects
by preference the extensor surfaces of the body. The
lesions are infiltrated, elevated, clearly defined, cov-
ered with white, shining, easily-detachable scales,
which upon removal reveal a red, punctate, bleeding
surface. The eruption is absolutely dry, and itching
is usually absent. The etiology is obscure, though
heredity plays a considerable role in its production.
P. annularis. Synonym of P. circinata. P., Buccal,
P. buccalis. Synonym of Leukoplakia bzeccalis. See
also P. , Lingtial. P. centrifuga, psoriasis in which
the patches heal in the center while spreading at the
periphery. P. circinata, psoriasis in which the cen-
tral part of the lesions has disappeared, leaving ring-
shaped patches. P. diffusa, a form in which there is
coalescence of large contiguous lesions. P. discoidea.
Same as P. nummularis. P., Eczematous, an
acute form with bright-red patches, less defined at the
margin than usual, with thin and papery scales, which
are thrown off so rapidly that they have no time to
aggregate into masses. The part is hot and tender,
itches severely, and very little irritation will produce
discharge. P. empyodes, a form in which a little
pus forms underneath t'ae crusts ; a rare event. P.
figurata, P. geographica, psoriasis in which the
patches are arranged in irregular patterns. P. g^t-
PSORIATIC
1206
PSYCHOGRAPHY
tata. See P. pintctata. P. gyrata, psoriasis with a
serpentine arrangement of the patches. P. inveter-
ata, a very obstinate form in which the skin is much
thickened and fissured, with large adherent scales. P.
nigra, a variety of psoriasis in which deep pigmenta-
tion has taken place. P. nummularis, P. nummu-
lata, psoriasis in which the patches develop in the
shape and size of coins. P. ophthalmica, squamous
eczema of the eyelids. P. orbicularis. Synonym
of P. circinata. P. palmse, a dry eczema of the
hands, or a squamous syphiloderm. P. palmaris at
plantaris syphilitica, a squamous syphiloderm of the
palms and soles. P. pilaris, a form affecting the re-
gion of the hair-follicles. P. punctata, a form in
which the lesion consists of minute red papules which
rapidly become surmounted by pearly scales. These
spread peripherally and soon resemble drops of mortar
{P. guttata) ; when they attain the size of a coin the
name P. mimnnilaris is applied to them. By coales-
cence of these, larger patches are produced(/'. diffusa)^
the outline of which is festooned and convex outward.
Healing begins in the center of the patches, causing a
ringed appearance {P. circinata), composite patches
thus assuming serpiginous outlines [P. gyrata). P.
rubra, an acute form of psoriasis. P. rupioides, a
form in which the scales are excessive in quantity and
piled up like the shell of a limpet. P. simplex : (l)
the usual form of psoriasis; (2) synonym of Eczema.
P. striata, psoriasis in which the lesions are disposed
in stripe or lines. P., Syphilitic. See Svpliiloderuia
papulo-sqiiainosmn. P. unguium, psoriasis of the
nails, which become brittle, rough, ridged, and their
ends broken off. P. universalis, a form in which
the lesions are all over the body.
Psoriatic [so-re-at'-ik] [i/'wpa, itch]. I. Pertaining to
psoriasis. 2. One affected with psoriasis.
"Psoric (so'- rik) itch]. Pertaining to or affected
with psora.
Psorocomium {so-ro-ko'-me-iim) [^lupa, itch ; Ko/ieh>, to
take care of]. A hospital for patients aflfected with
the itch.
Psoroid [so'-roid) [i/'u/w, itch; EMoc,like]. Similar to
psora or scabies.
Psorophthalmia [so-roff-thal' -7ne-ali) [i/'"/ua, itch ; IxpO-
a'Afioq, eye]. Marginal blepharitis.
Psorophthalmic {so-roff-thal' -mik) [i/'wpa, itch ; oaif*-
aXjiiK;, eye]. Pertaining to psorophthalmia.
Psororheumatismus (so-ro-ni-mai-iz' -imis) [i/'(j/5f?,
itch ; fiFvjjiaTianoc;, rheumatism]. Rheumatism ascribed
to scabies.
Psorosperm (so'-ro-sper?n) [ijiupa, the itch ; mrepfja,
seed]. In biology, one of the Psorosperjuicr, the name
originally created by Miiller to designate the sporozoa
of Fishes, but later applied to such a variety of low
forms of animal life as to have lost its specific value, and
now having but the general, vague significance of any
or all sporozoa. Coccidia, Jl/vxosporidia, Sarcosporidia ,
Microsporidia, q. v. P. Nodules. See Coccidittiii
oviforme va Parasites [Animal), Table of. P. Sac-
cules. See Sarcocystis miescheri, under Parasites
{Animal^, Table of.
Psorospermial, Psorospermic ( so - ro - sper'- me - al,
so-ro-sper' -inik) [7/)6)/-)n, itch ; (T7rfp/m, seed]. Pertain-
ing to or of the nature of psorosperms.
Psorospermiasis ( so-ro-sper-mi' -as-is ) [i/^tipa, itch ;
OTrep/ia, seed]. A term embracing several parasitic
affections produced Iw psorosperms.
Psorospermosis {so->-o-sper-mo' -sis)[xl>upa, itch ; oTrtpf-ia
seed : //. , Psorosperwoses\ A diseased condition as-
sociated with the presence of psorosperms. P., Pro-
liferative Follicular. Synonym of Keratosis follicu-
lar is and Darier' s Disease.
Psorotheoria [so-ro-the-o' -re-ah) [i/'ijpa, itch ; Oeupia,
theory]. Hahnemann's theory that many diseases
were due to the driving inward of scabies.
PsoTous [so' -rus) [i/'upa, itch]. Pertaining to or affected
with the itch.
Psorozoa (so - ro - zo'- a/i) [i/'tjpa, itch; fuoi", animal].
Animal psorosperms.
Psychagogia (si-kag-o'-je-ak) \_>bvxil, spirit; (i)<j;of,
leading]. Mental excitement or activity.
Psychagogic (si-kag-o/' -i/c) [i/'i'A''/> spirit; (i; (J)(5r, lead-
ing]. I. Restorative of the consciousness. 2. A
remedy that restores to consciousness, as in faint-
ing-
Psychalgia (si-kaF -je-ali) [V'J'A''/) mind ; d/yof, pain].
Mental distress ; melancholia.
Psyche (si'-ke) [i/'^jiy, soul]. The brain and myelon
considered as one organ ; the cerebro-spinal axis.
Psychentonia (si- ken-to' -ne-ah^ [i'^'XV, mind; ivrov'ia,
tension]. Mental strain or over-work.
Psychiater [si-ki' -at-er) [V'f/T'/> soul ; iarpof, a physi-
cian]. An alienist; one who cures mind-diseases.
Psychiatria [si-ki-a' -tre-ali). Same as Psychiatry.
Psychiatric [si-ke-at' -rik) mind ; larpela, heal-
ing art]. Pertaining to pschiatry.
Psychiatrist (si-he-at'-rist) \J'vx>l, mind; MTi/p, physi-
cian]. A specialist in psychiatry.
Psychiatry [si -bi' -at- re') [i/'i'jt-//, mind ; larpela, healing
art] . The science and treatment of the diseases of
the mind.
Psychic, or Psychical (si'-hih,si'-kik-al)l^il>vxi/,m'md'].
Pertaining to the mind. P. Blindness. See Word-
blindness. P. Centers. Nerve-centers connected
with sensation in the sense of conscious perception,
feeling, volition, intellectual acts, and will.
Psychics (si'-kiks) [i/'(',t'/> soul]. The science of psy-
chology.
Psychism (si'-kizm) [i/'i'^'A soul]. The character of
being psychic, or mental.
Psychist (si' -hist) [i/"'A''/! soul]. One who engages in
psychic research.
Psychlampsia (si-klamp' -se-ali) [i/'"/T'/i niind ; 7id/xij)t(,
a flashing]. Mania, viewed as a discharging phenome-
non of perverted cerebral activity.
Psycho-auditory (si - ko - aw'- dit - or - e) [i/'f J'A mind ;
aiidire, to hear]. Pertaining to the ]jsychic percep-
tion of sound. P. Area, the cortical area concerned
in the conscious perception of sound.
Psychocoma ( si - ko - ko'- mah ) [ ■\l.ivxv, mind ; Kufia,
coma]. Mental stupor (Clouston).
Psychodometer (si-ko-dom' -et-er) [V'l'J'A mind ; Wof,
way; fihpov, measure]. An instrument for measur-
ing the rapidity of psychic processes.
Psychodynamic ( si - ko -di - nam'- ik \ [ i/'i'J'/. soul ;
6'vvaiuq, power]. Pertaining to psychodynamics.
Psychodynamics (si - ko-di - nam'- iks) [li'vxn, mind;
fivvafiK;, power]. The science of the laws of mental
activity.
Psychodynamy (si-ko-di' -nam-e). Synonym of Mag-
netism, Animal.
Psychogenesis (si-ko-jen' -es-is) [V"'A''/. mind; levfic,
generation]. The development of mental charac-
teristics.
Psychogeny (si-ko/'-t'n-e) [ \l<vxil, soul ; yevi/C, pro-
ducing]. The development of mind.
Psychogeusic ( si-ko-gn'-sik) [ i/'i'/t'A rnind ; yevaiq,
sense of taste]. Pertaining to perception of taste.
Psychogony (si-kog'-o-ne) [ijivx'/^ soul; yovia, genera-
tion]. The doctrine of the development of mind.
Psychographic (si-ko-graf'-ik) [i/'tvr'A soul ; ypd<j>nv,i.o
write]. Pertaining to psychography.
Psychography (si- 'kng'-ra-fe) [i/'i'T'), soul ; ypaipen; to
write]. The natural history of mind.
PSYCHOKIXESIA
1207
PSVDRACIA
Psychokinesia [si-ko-kin-e' -ze-ah) \_^vx^h mind ; k.ivti-
(7(C, movement]. Explosive or impulsive maniacal
action, due to defective inhibition ; psychlampsia.
Psychologic [si-ko-/o;' -ik) \_>i>vx>i, soul ; /.d} of , science].
Pertaining to psychology.
Psychologist (si - kol' - o - jist) [t/'i',V'); soul; '/m]oc,
science]. One versed in psychology.
Psychology (.?/-/6o/'-()-yV) [i/'i^,V'/> mind; /.6-/OC, science],
rhe science which has for its primary subject of inves-
tigation all the phenomena of human consciousness, or
of the sentient life of man (Ladd).
Psychometry [si - kom^- et - re) \jln)x>l, mind; tie-pov,
measure]. The measurement of the duration of
psychic processes ; measurement of sense-relations in
mental action. P., Physiologic, psychology studied
from a physiologic standpoint. There is a growing
tendency on the part of scientists to study the phenom-
ena of the mind from the physical and physiologic
side. Important results have been achieved by the aid
of psycho-physics, and a number of psychic phenom-
ena can now be defined in raathematic terms. P.,
Transcendental, psychic processes which are be-
lieved not to be dependent on cerebral function.
Psycho-motor (si-ko-nio'-tor) \_i'vx'l-, mind ; iiiovere, to
move]. Pertaining to the mind and to voluntary
movement. P. Area, the motor area of the brain ;
disposed chiefly at the sides of the central (Rolandic)
fissure.
Psychoneurology (si - ko - iiu-rol' -o-je) [li't'r'A soul;
veipor, nerve; Aoyor, science]. That part of neu-
rology treating of mental action.
Psychon&UTOsis (si-ko->i!/-ro' -sis) [li^i^x'/) mind; i-cvpov,
nerve ; roaog, disease]. Mental disease, especially
such as is not accompanied by or dependent on any
demonstrable bodily disorder.
Psychonomy (si-koii'-o-me) [ii'i';i;';, soul ; 6i'o«a, name].
The science of the laws of mental action.
Psychonosema [si-ko-iio-ze' -mah ] [ii'i';t'/> mind ; voa-
fir/i\ disease]. Any mental disease.
Psychonosology (si-ko-no-zol' -o-je) \_ii)vx'l, mind; voanr,
disease ; /.oyoc, science]. The nosology of mental
diseases.
Psycho-optic (si'-ko-op' -tik) [li-r,-};^, mind ; uii', sight].
Pertaining to the psychic perception of light. P.
Area, the cortical area concerned in conscious percep-
tion of retinal impulses.
Psychoparesis (si-ko-par' -es-is) \t'vxhi mind ; -aptci^,
paresis]. Enfeeblement of the mind.
Psychopath (si' -ko-path) [i/'i-'X'). soul; -o^or, disease].
A morally irresponsible person.
Psychopathic (si-ko-path' -ik) \jbvxf]-, mind ; ~a6oc,
disease]. Pertaining to psychopathy.
Psychopathist (si-kop' -ath-ist). Synonym of Psy-
chiatrist.
Psycho-pathology (si-ko-path-ol' -o- je) [i/'t';t'A mind;
-d(?oc, disease; /djor, science]. I. The pathology
of mental disease. 2. In legal medicine, the legal
aspect of insanity ; the law as to the rights and re-
sponsibilities of insane persons ; legal psychiatry, in-
correctly called criminal anthropology.
Psychopathy (si - kop' - ath - e) [il'iw/, mind; -dWor,
disease]. Any disease of the mind.
Psycho-physical ) [li'ivf/, mind ; Oi'cr;-
/cdf , physical]. Pertaining to pyscho-physics. P.
Law. See Law, Fechner s.
Psychophysics (si - ko - fiz' - iks) [lii'j//, mind; ovaiKOc,
physical]. The study of mental processes by physi-
cal methods ; the study of the relation of stimuli to
the sensations which they produce, especially the de-
termination of the differences of stimulus required to
produce recognizable differences of sensation ; experi-
mental psychology.
Psychophysiology (si-ko-fiz-e-oi' -o-je). Synonym of
Psvchology, Physiologic.
Psychoplasm (si'-ko-plazm) soul, mind ; Tr/.da-
ua, anything formed]. In biology: "The sentient
material out of which all forms of consciousness are
evolved, incessantly fluctuating, incessantly renewed."
(Lewes.) See Proty/.
Psychoplasmic {si-ko-plaz' -niik) \j\mxii, soul ; -nXdaua,
anything formed]. Pertaining to pyschoplasm.
Psychorrhythm (si'-ko-rithm) \_il'ix'l, mind; puO/ioc,
rhythm]. Any cyclic or alternating mental condition.
Psycho-sensory, Psycho-sensorial (si-ko-sen' -sor-e,
si-ko-seti-so' -re-al) [i/'f;t'A mind ; sensus, sense].
Pertaining to the conscious perception of sensory im-
pulses. P. Area, an area in the brain-cortex con-
nected with the perception of sensory impulses, par-
ticularly those of special sense.
Psychosin {si - ko' - sin ) \ji<vx>i, mind]. A cerebrosid
resembling sphingosin, occurring in brain-tissue.
Psychosis (^/-/f'o''-j/.f) [lixw;, mind : //. , Psychoses^ I.
Any disease of the mind. 2. The neural act corre-
sponding to a mental phenomenon. "In all intellectual
operations we have to distinguish two sets of successive
changes — one in the physical basis of consciousness
and the other in consciousness itself; one set which
may, and doubtless will, in course of time, be followed
through all its complexities by the anatomist and
the physicist, and one of which only the man can
have immediate knowledge. As it is very necessary
to keep up a clear distinction between these two pro-
cesses, let the one be called neurosis, q. v. , and the other
psychosis. ' ' (Huxley. )
Psychosomatiatria (si-ko-so-mat-e-a'-ti-e-ah) \_-i)vxri,
mind ; auua, body ; larpia, healing art]. The treat-
ment of diseases of the mind and body.
Psychosomatic [si-ko-so-inat'-ik) [li'cx?/, soul ; cuua,
body] . Relating to both soul and body.
Psychotherapeutic (si-ko-ther-ap-ti' -tik) \jl'vxi], soul ;
Oeparvd'TiKfic, pertaining to medical treatment]. Per-
taining to psychotherapeutics.
Psychotherapeutics (si - ko - ther - ap - n' - tiks) \^X'lt
mind; Oepa-eia, treatment]. The treatment of dis-
ease by mental influence, or bv suggestion.
Psychotherapy (si - ko - ther' - ap - e). Same as Psycho-
therapeutics.
Psychovital (si-ko-vi' -tal") [j/'I'y^, soul; vita. life].
Psychic and vital.
Psychrapostema (si-krap-os' -te-mah) [li'i'xpdf, cold ;
ci-iic-))ua, abscess]. Cold abscess.
Psychrolusia (si-kro-lii' -ze-ah) \i'vxpoc, cold ; /.oieiv, to
wash]. Cold bathing.
Psychrolutron (si-k)-o-lu' -troii) [liw^pof) cold ; '/.ovrpov,
bath]. Cold bath.
Psychrometer (si-krom' -et-er) [lia'jpdf , cold ; /lirpov,
measure]. An instrument for determining the amount
of atmospheric moisture by precipitation on a cold
surface.
Psychrometric (si-kro-met'-rik) \_i>vxpo<;, cold; uirpov,
measure]. Pertaining to a psychrometer.
Psychrometry (si-krom' -et-re\ [li'yjpor, cold ; fierpov,
measure] . The use of the psychrometer.
Psychrophobia (si-kro-fo' be-ah) [ii;u;j'pdf , cold ; oo.iog,
dread]. Morbid dread of or impressibility to cold.
Psychrophore \si' -kro-fdr) [ I'avtpdf, cold ; ooptiv, to
carry]. An instrument for applying ■ cold to parts
deeply placed, as by a double-current catheter to the
prostate gland.
Psychroposia (si-kro-po' -ze-ah) [il'vxpoc, cold ; ~6aLC, a
drinking]. The drinking of cold beverages.
Psydracia (si-dra'-se-ah'^ [ij'i (5paf, blister, pimple : //. ,
Psn/raciiel. I. Eczema ( Fuchs). 2. In Plenck's
classification, a variety of skin-diseases characterized
PSYDRACIUM
1208
PTERYGOMA
by red, elevated spots. P. spontaneae, a form of
large-whealed urticaria usually aftecting covered parts.
P. vulgaris. Synonym of Eczema simplex.
Psydracium [si-dra' -se-itm) [i/^yd/ja^^ a blister or pim-
ple : //. , Psydracia']. A small pustule.
Psygma {sig'-7nali) \\\wyij.a\. A refrigerant medicine.
Ptarmic {tar'-mik) [nrap/zw;, a sneezing]. Pertaining
to the act of sneezing. Sternutatory. Also, a sub-
stance that produces sneezing.
Ptelea (te'-le-ali) [irrt/lra, elm]. A genus of poly-
petalous shrubs and trees. P. trifoliata, Hop-tree ;
Wafer-ash ; Wing-seed. The bark of a shrub yield-
ing a bitter tonic extractive. It is a popular tonic in
debility and dyspepsia, and is also used as an anthel-
mintic. Unof.
Pteleorrhine [/el'-e-or-iii) [TrreAf'o, elm ; pig, nose]. A
term applied to the anterior nares when the aperture
is asymmetric.
Ptenopleural ( ten - o - plu'- ml ) [ Trn/vog, feathered ;
Tr?icvi)a, side]. In biology, having the sides of the
body winged or alate.
Pteral (ter'-al^ [Trrepdi', wing]. In biology, of or per-
taining to the wing. Cf. Manal.
Ptere [ter) [Trrfpdi', feather, wing]. In biology, a
wing-like structure.
Pteridium (ter-id' -e-um) [ Trrepdi', wing]. See Samara.
Pterion (te'-re-on) \_7rTi:puv, wing]. See Craiiiometric
Points.
Pterna (ter'-nali) [Trre^m]. I. Calcaneum. 2. The
heel-pad of birds.
Ptero- (ter' -d) \_TrTepuv, wing]. A prefix to denote re-
semblance to a wing, or wing-shaped.
Pterocardiac [ter-o-kar' -de-ak) [Trrf/jor, wing; Kopcha,
the heart]. In biology, applied by Huxley to a wing-
like ossicle that articulates with the cardiac ossicle
in the stomach of the crawfish.
Pterocarpous {ter-o-kar' -pus) [Trrfpdr, wing ; Kap7r6(;,
fruit]. In biology, wing-fruited.
Pterocarpus [ter-o-kar' -pus) \Tmp6v, wing ; Kapirog,
fruit]. A genus of tropical leguminous trees. P.
draco, of tropical America, aff ords some of the dragon's
blood of commerce. P. erinaceus, of Africa, and
P. marsupium, of India, yield kino. P. santali-
nus, affords red saunders.
Pterocaulon {ter-o-ka7u'-lon) [_~T(puv, wing; /laiJdf,
stem]. A genus of the Imiloidetr. P. pycnosta-
chyum, black-root, a species found in Georgia, where
it is used as a tonic, emmenagogue, and alterative.
Pterodium {ter-o' -de-nvi). Same as Pteridium.
Pteroglossine [ Trrtpdi', wing ; y'Kiiona,
tongue]. In biology, having a feathery or brushy
tongue.
Pterologic [ter-o-loj' -ik) [-repdi', wing ; Adyof , science].
Pertaining to pterology.
Pterology (ter-ol'-o-je) [TrrFpov, wing ; 7J)ync, science].
In biology, that department of entomology or orni-
thology which treats of the wings.
Pteropegal {ter-o-pe' -gal) [7rr£pdi% wing; irriyor, fas-
tened]. Pertaining to a pteropegum.
Pteropegum [ter-o-pe' -gum) \_'KTep6v, feather, wing ;
rrr/ynr, fastened: //., Pteropega\ In biology, the
articular socket or surface on the thorax of an insect
for the reception of the base of the wing.
Pteropodial [ter-o-po'-de-al) \_nTfp6i\ wing; TrdtS^oc, a
small foot]. Pertaining to a pteropodium.
Pteropodium [ter-o-po' -de-nm) [Trrf/jdf, wing ; TrdJ/oi',
a small foot]. The podium of a pteropod.
Pterorhine (ter'-o-rin) [Trrf/idr, wing; /)/f, nose]. In
biology, having feathered nostrils.
Pterospora (ter-os'-po-rali) \_KTep6v. wing; airopor,
seed]. A genus of plants belonging to the order
Monotropece. P. andromeda, scaly dragon-claw,
dragon-root, fever-root, a plant found in New York,
Vermont, and Canada, and having anthelmintic, dia-
phoretic, and emmenagogue properties.
Pterostigma [ter-o-stig' -mah) \jTTtp6v, wing ; (yriy/ia,
a spot]. The stigma on the wings of some insects.
Pterostigmal [ter-o-stig' -mal ) [;rrfpd^, wing ; ariy/ia,
stigma]. Pertaining to a pterostigma.
Pterostigmatic [ter - 0 - stig - mat'- ik) [irrepov, wing ;
any/m, stigma]. In biology, having a pterostigma.
Pterotheca [ter-o-the' -kah) \nrip6i\ wing ; '^///c?/, case :
//. , PterotheciF'\ . In biology, that part of the pupa-case
which covers the developing wings.
Pterotic [ter-ot'-ik) [nrepov, wing]. Wing-like.
Pterygial [ter-ij' -e-al) [dim. of TTTtpv^, wing]. Per-
taining to a pterygium.
Pterygium [ter-if -e-um) [dim. of Trrepv^, wing: //.,
Pte?ygia']. I. A triangular patch of thickened con-
junctiva, the apex poindng toward the pupil, the
fan-shaped base extending toward the canthus. It is
most common on the nasal side. 2. One of the als
Pterygium.
nasi. 3. In biology, the generalized vertebrate limb.
Cf. Archipterygiiim , Ictkyopteiygiiim, Cheiropterygiuin,
Alesppterygiiim, Metapterygiiim , Propterygiuin. P.
carnosum, a flesh-like vascular pterygium. P. eras-
sum. Synonym of P. earnosiim. P. membrana-
ceum, a tlain, membrane-like pterygium. P. sarco-
matosum. .Synonym of P. carnosum. P. tenue.
Synonym of P. niembranaceitm. P. unguis, an ab-
normal growth of skin over the finger-nail. P. vas-
culosum. Synonym of P. carnostim.
Pterygo- [ter'-ig-o-) [-rfpuf, wing]. A prefix denoting
connection with or relation to the pterygoid process.
Pterygoblast [ter' -ig-o-blast ) [ir-'tpv^, wing ; {Y/.acToi;,
germ]. In biology, the incipient rudiment or proton
of the fin-ray.
Pterygobranchiate [ter - ig - 0 - brang'- ke - at) [rrrfpwf,
wing ; (ipdyx'a, gills]. In biology, having feathery
gills.
Pterygoda [ter-ig-o' -dali) [Trrt/ii)) (if5;/r, wing-like]. In
l)iology, a pair of scales on the mesothorax, near the
insertion of the first legs, in Lepidoptera. Cf. Tegiila-.
Pterygoid [ ter'-ig-oid) [_TTTipvi, wing; d(hg, like].
Wing-shaped. P. Artery. See Arteries, Table of.
P. Canal, the Vidian canal. P. Fossa. See /'wm.
P. Muscle. See Muscle. P. Notch. Same as P.
Fossa. P. Plate, one of the two plates of a ptery-
goid process, q. v. P. Plexus. See Plexus. P.
Process. See Process, Pterygoid.
Pterygoidean [ter-i<;-oid'-e-an) \_TTrFp'v:, wing]. Ptery-
goid. P. Plaques, the characteristic sores seen on
the hard palate in children affected with Bednar's
aphtha'.
Pterygoma [ter-ig-o' -ma/i) [irr/pr^, wing; b/ta, tuinor].
A chronic swelling of the labia minora which inter-
feres with coitus (Severin).
PTERYGOMAXILLARY
1209
PTOSIS
Pterygomaxillary (ter-ig-o-maks' -il-a-re) \j:r^p6v,
wing ; tiiJof, like ; maxilla, maxilla]. Pertaining to
a pterygoid process and the maxilla. P. Fissure, an
elongated fissure formed by the divergence of the
superior maxillary bone from the pterygoid process
of the sphenoid. It gives passage to branches of the
internal maxillary artery. P. Ligament, a liga-
mentous branch extending from the apex of the
internal pterygoid plate to the posterior end of the
internal oblique line of the lower jaw.
Pterygopalatal, Pterygopalatine { ter-ig-o-pal' -at-al,
ter-ig-o-pal' -at-i>i). See Palatopterygoid. P. Artery.
See Arteries, Table of. P. Canal, a canal formed
by the articulation of the pterygoid process of the
sphenoid bone, with the sphenoid process of the
palate bone and transmitting the pterygo-palatine
vessels and nerves. P. Nerve, a small nerve arising
from the back part of Meckel's ganglion and passing
through the pterygo-palatine canal to the mucous mem-
brane of the upper part of the pharynx, behind the
Eustachian tube. Also known as the pharyngeal nerve.
Pterygo-pharyngeus ( ter-ig-o-far-in-je' -ics ) ^i^rtpov,
wing; (jiapvy^, pharynx]. I. Synonym of Palato-
pliaryngetis. 2. The part of the superior constrictor
of the pharynx which arises from the internal ptery-
goid plate.
Pterygo-quadrate (ter-ig-o-kwod' -rat) [irTepv^, wing ;
quadrat us, quadrate]. Pertaining to the pterygoid
bone and to the quadrate bone.
Pterygosphenoid (ter-ig-o-sjy -noid). See Splietio-
pterygoid.
Pterygospinous [ter-ig-o- spi' -nus) \jrTepv^, wing;
spinosus, spinous]. Pertaining to a pterygoid pro-
cess and to the spine of the sphenoid.
Pterygo-staphylinus (ter-ig-o-staf-il-i' -nus) [ irTepv^,
wing ; OT(L<pv/ii/, uvula ]. Same as Tensor palati.
Pterygostium (ter-ig-os' -te-um) \_-re.p'v^, wing ; ostium,
mouth]. One of the veins of an insect's wing.
Pterygostomial [ter-ig-o-sfo' -me-al) \_KTeph^, wing ;
urd/za, mouth]. In biology, applied to the plate-like
extensions of the carapace running forward parallel
with the axis of the body in certain crustaceans.
Pterygo-syndesmo-staphylo-pharyngeus [ter'-ig-o-
sin-dez' -mo-staf -il-o-far-in-je' -us). Synonym of Con-
strictor, Superior, of the Pharynx.
Pterygote (ter^-ig-dt) [nTzpvyuroi;, winged]. Winged,
alate.
Pterygo-temporal [ter-ig-o-tem' -po-ral) [Trripuf, wing;
tetnpus, temple]. Pertaining to the pterygoid process
and to the temporal bone.
Pterygotrabecular {ter - ig - o - tra-bek' -u-lar) \jKrepv^,
wing ; trabecula'\. Pertaining to the pterygoid bone
and the trabecular region of the skull.
Pteryla (ter'-il-ah) [Tr-fpdi', feather, wing ; i;/l)?, wood :
//., Pteryl<2\. In biology, a "feather tract," an area
of the skin on which feathers grow, as distinguished
from apteria, or tracts on which no feathers grow.
Pterylographic {ter-il-o-graf -ik) \jTTEp6v, feather;
ypmbetv, to write]. Pertaining to pterylography.
Pterylography [ter-il-og' -ra-fe) [Trrepof, feather ; ypa-
fetv, to write]. In biology, the written description of
the arrangement of the feathers in the skin of birds.
Pterylosis (ter-il-o' -sis) [ptervla, from irrepdv, wing,
feather; i'/'i.)?, wood] . In biology, the arrangement or
distribution of the feathers of a bird, as distinguished
from the character of the plumage, ptilosis.
Ptiloma [ti-lo' -niah) [tttITiov, down]. The part of the
eyelid deprived of its cilia by ptilosis.
Ptilosis [ti-lo' -sis) [tttHov, feather]. In biology, the
plumage or feathering of a bird regarded as to char-
acter rather than as to the distribution of the feathers,
for which see pterylosis. See also Madarosis.
Ptisan (/iz'-an) [irTiadvii, peeled barley]. Barley-
water. Any decoction of barley designed as a medi-
cinal drink.
'PX.oc'hia.te.T [to' -ke-a-ter) [Trufof, poor ; larpo^, physi-
cian]. A physician who attends the poor.
Ptochiatria Uo-ke-a' -tre-ah) \_-tuxo';, a beggar ; tarp'ca,
healing art]. Medical treatment of the poor.
Ptochocomion (to-ko-ko' -me-ou) [Trrw^^of , poor ; Kofielv,
to take care of]. A hospital for the care of the poor.
'PXovaa.[to'->Hah) [Trrw/za]. Cadaver.
Ptomain [to' -iiia-in) [n-ru/ia, corpse]. Any one of the
active, inanimate septic or toxic substances result-
ing from processes of decomposition and disintegration
of albuminous materials. (Farquharson. ) As pto-
mains are chiefly developed during putrefaction, they
have been termed putrefactive alkaloids. The' name
cadaveric alkaloids has also been given to them, but
applies properly only to those obtained from the dead
animal body. .Some of the ptomains are poisonous ;
the greater number are not. As a rule, each distinct-
ive ptomain is produced by a different microorganism,
but there are instances of several bacteria producing
the same ptomain. The dependence of a ptomain
upon microorganisms may be indirect and compli-
cated by or dependent upon purely chemic changes.
The kind of ptomain produced depends somewhat upon
the stage of putrefaction, as ptomains are " transition
products in the process of putrefaction. ' ' Their produc-
tion is also influenced by the media in which the bac-
teria grow. A ptomain that is formed by a certain
bacterium in one medium may not be produced by the
same bacterium in another medium. Ptomains have
been found in foods, as in mussels, oysters, eels, sau-
sage, ham, canned meats, cheese, milk, ice-cream, etc.
The pathogenic action of certain bacteria may be due
to their production of ptomains. In addition to the
ptomains given in the following table, a number of
unnamed substances have been studied that possess
reactions and physiologic effects similar or identical with
those of well-known vegetable alkaloids. These at pres-
ent can only be called after analogues, e.g., Coni'in-
like Substances; others are called Atropin-like,
Delphinin-like, Digitalin-like, Morphin-like,
Nicotin-like, Strychnin-like, 'Veratrin-like, etc.
The table beginning on page 1 210 is modified from
Vaughan and Novy.
Ptomainemia [to-ma-in-e'-me-ah)\j^Twiia, c.or^i,t.; aifxa,
blood]. The presence of ptomains in the blood.
Ptomainic (to'-ma-in-ik) [Trwua, corpse]. Due to or
associated with a ptomain.
Ptomapeptone [to'-mah-pep'-ton] [rrriy/za, a corpse; pep-
tone, from TreTr-eti>, to cook, digest]. In biology, one
of the putrefactive alkaloids produced in cereals by
the action of ergot, molds, etc.
Ptomatin {to' -mat-in). Synonym of Ptomain.
Ptomatopsia {to-mat-op' -se-ah) [^Trrufia, corpse ; oijiic,
view]. The examination of the cadaver ; necropsy.
Ptomatropin {to-maf -ro-piii). A ptomain resembling
the vegetable alkaloid atropin in its physiologic proper-
ties. That isolated by Zuelzer and Sonnenschein did
not give the odor of blossoms when heated with sul-
phuric acid and oxidizing agents (Reuss's test), but a
ptomatropin found by .Selrai gave the reaction.
Ptosis {to' -sis) [-ruczf, irt-Teiv, to fall]. Complete or
partial drooping of the upper eyelid, due to paralysis
of the levator palpebrae or to thickening of the lid. P.
iridis, hernia of the iris. P. oculi. Synonym of
Exophthalmos. P. palpebrae, P. palpebrarum.
See Ptosis. P. sympathica, ptosis in connection
with paresis of the cer\ ical sympathetic and associated
with myosis and vaso-motor paralysis of the side of the
face affected.
PTOMAINS 1210 PTOMAINS
TABLE OF PTOMAINS.
Name.
Formula.
Discoverer.
Source.
Physiologic
Action.
Amido-valerianic acid.
CsHnNOi.
E. and H. Salkow-
ski.
Putrefying fibrin and meat.
Non-toxic.
Amylamin.
C5H13N.
Hesse.
Cod-liver oil, horn, putrid yeast.
Toxic.
Asellin.
C25H32N4.
Gautier and Mour-
gues.
Cod-liver oil.
Toxic.
Retain.
CsHisNOs
Brieger.
Mussel, human urine.
Non-toxic.
Butylamin.
C4HnN.
Gautier and Mour-
gues.
Cod-liver oil.
Toxic (?).
Cadaverin.
CsH^Nz.
Brieger.
Putrefying animal tissues, cultures
of comma-bacillus.
Slightly toxic.
Caproylamin.
See Hexylamin.
Cholin.
C6H,5N02.
Brieger.
Decomposing animal tissues, proteus
and comma-bacillus cultures.
Toxic.
Collidin (?).
CsHnN.
Nencki.
Putrid mixture of pancreas and gela-
tin.
Diethylaitiin.
C4H11N.
Bocklisch.
Putrefying fish (pike).
Non-toxic.
Dihydrolutidin.
Gautier and Mour-
gues.
Cod-liver oil.
Toxic.
Dimethylamin.
C2H7N.
Brieger.
Putrid gelatin, yeast, fish.
Non-toxic.
Hczemm.
Extracted from the urine in eczema. A
white, crystalline substance, soluble
in water, feebly alkaline in reaction.
Ethylatnin.
i_r vr
V^2"7^^ ■
Hesse.
Putrefying yeast, wheat flour.
Non-toxic.
£thylidenediamin (?).
r* U "NT
Brieger.
Putref^'ing haddock.
Toxic.
Gadinin.
C7H17NO2.
Brieger.
Decomposing haddock.
Toxic.
Hexylamin.
CfiHisN.
He.sse.
Putrid yeast.
Toxic.
Hydrocollidin (?).
Gautier and Etard.
Putrefying mackerel, horse, and ox-
flesh.
Toxic.
Hydrocoridin.
C,oH„N.
Griffiths.
Agar-culture of bacterium album.
Methylamin.
CH5N.
Bocklisch.
Putrefying fish.
Non-toxic.
Methyl-guanidin.
C2H7N3.
Brieger.
Putrefying horse-flesh.
Toxic.
Morrhuic acid.
.
C9H13NO3.
Gautier and Mour-
gues.
Cod-liver oil.
IMorrhuin •
r* Tvr M
Gautier and Mour-
gues.
: :
Cod-liver oil.
Diuretic and diapho-
retic.
Muscarin.
CsHisNOs.
Brieger.
Decomposing haddock.
Toxic.
Mydalein.
Brieger.
Putrefying human organs.
Toxic.
Mydatoxin.
C6H13NO2.
Brieger.
Putrefying human organs.
Toxic.
Mydin,
CgHiiNO.
Brieger.
Putrid human tissues, blood-serum
cultures of Eberth's bacillus of
tvphoid fever
Non-toxic.
Mytilotoxin.
QHisNO..
Brieger.
Poisonous mussel (Mytilus edulis).
Toxic.
Neuridin.
C5H14N2.
Brieger.
Putrefying flesh.
Non-toxic.
Neuriii.
CjHisNO.
Brieger.
Putrefying flesh.
Toxic.
Parvblin (?).
Gautier and Etard.
Putrefying mackerel and horse-flesh.
Peptotoxin.
Brieger.
Decomposing proteid substances.
Toxic.
Phlogbsin.
Leber.
Cultures of staphylococcus pyogenes
aureus.
Powerful local irritant.
Propylamin.
CsHaN.
Brieger.
Gelatin-cultures of bacteria of human
feces.
Putrescin.
C4H]2N2. Brieger.
Putrefying flesh, gelatin, etc.
Slightly toxic.
PTOTIC
1211
PTYSMATISCHESIS
TABLE OF ?TOUA.m'^.—Co7iiinued.
Name.
Formula.
Discoverer.
Source.
Physiologic
Action.
Pyocyanin.
C14H14NO2.
Ledderhose.
Cultures of bacilhts pyocyaneus.
Non-toxic.
Pyrid in-base (?).
C10H15N.
De Coninck.
Putrefying sea-polyps.
Pyridin-base.
CgHiiN.
De Coninck.
Putrefying sea-polyps.
Saprin.
CsHnNg.
Brieger.
Putrefying human liver and spleen.
Non-toxic.
Spasmotoxin.
Brieger.
Cultures of tetanus-bacillus.
Toxic.
Susotoxin.
CioHaeNs (?).
Novy.
Cultures of hog-cholera bacillus.
Toxic.
Tetanin.
Cl3H3oN204.
Brieger.
Cultures of tetanus-bacillus.
Toxic.
Tetanotoxin.
CsHnN (?).
Brieger.
Cultures of tetanus-bacillus.
Toxic.
Triethylamin.
CeHisN.
Brieger.
Putrefying fish (haddock).
Non-toxic.
Trimethylamin.
C3H9N.
Dessaigues.
Herring-brine.
Non-toxic.
Trimethylenediamiii.
C3H10N2 (?).
Brieger.
Beef-broth cultures of comma-bacillus.
Toxic.
Typhotoxin.
C7H1JNO2.
Brieger.
Beef-broth cultures of Eberth's bacil-
lus.
Toxic.
Tyrotoxicon.
Vaughan.
Poisonous cheese, ice cream, milk, etc.
Toxic.
Unnamed.
C5H12N2O4.
Pouchet.
Flesh, bones, etc.
Toxic.
Unnamed.
C6H13NO2
Brieger.
Cultures of tetanus-bacillus.
Non-toxic.
Unnamed.
C7H10N2.
Morin.
Sugar undergoing alcoholic fermenta-
tion.
Non-toxic.
Unnamed.
C7H17NO2.
Brieger.
Putrefying horse-flesh.
Toxic.
Unnamed.
C7H18N2O6.
Pouchet.
Flesh, bones, etc.
Toxic.
Unnamed.
C10H15N.
Guareschi and
Mosso.
Putrid fibrin.
Toxic.
Unnamed.
C13H20N4.
Oser.
Fermenting cane-sugar.
Unnamed.
C14H20N2O.
Guareschi.
Putrefying fibrin.
Unnamed.
C17H38N4.
Gautier and Etard.
Putrefying mackerel, horse-flesh and
ox-flesh.
Unnamed.
C32H3,N.
Delezinier.
Ptotic (to'-tiK) [Trracrjf, a falling]. Affected with or
pertaining to ptosis.
Ptotostereoscope {Jo-tos-te' -re-o-skop) [Trrwrdf , fallen ;
crrepfof, solid; (jKo-rrelv, to examine]. Bonders' name
for an instrument for testing the existence of binocular
vision.
Ptyalagogue {ti-al' -a-gog) \j:Tva7ov, saliva; aywyof,
leading]. A medicine producing an increased flow
of saliva. A sialagogue.
Ptyalin (ti'-al-tu) \TTT'va'kov, saliva]. An amylolytic or
diastatic ferment found in saliva, having the property
of converting starch into dextrin and sugar. The
starch first becomes converted into achroodextrin and
erythrodextrin ; these by hydration into maltose, and
the latter, by further hydration, into dextrose. Ptyalin
is most active in a slightly alkaline medium and at
the temperature of the body.
Ptyalinogen [ti-nl-in'-o-jeti) [Trrvakov, saliva ; yevvav,
to produce]. The hypothetic zymogen of ptyalin.
Ptyalism (ti' -al-izni") \nTvaA.()v^ saliva]. An excessive
secretion of saliva. Sometimes it is used to signify
mercurial ptyalism. P., Mercurial, that produced
by mercury. It is attended with profuse salivation, a
coppery taste, swelling and sponginess of the gums,
and sometimes by looseness of the teeth and fetid
breath.
Ptyalismus {ti-al-iz' -nius). See Ptyalism. P. mer-
curialis. Synonym of Ptyalism, Mercurial .
'Ptyalith (ti^ -a I- it//) [TrryaXov, saliva ; A('^?of, stone]. A
salivary calculus.
Ptyalize {ti'-al-lz) [nrvaXiCetv, to salivate]. To pro-
duce pytalism.
'Px.yaloc&Xt (ti-aF -o-sel) [irri^aAov, saliva ; A;?, tumor].
A cyst due to obstruction of the duct of a salivary
gland.
Ptyalogogic {ti-al-o-goj' -ik) \TtTva\ov, spittle ; d) wydf ,
leading]. Promoting a flow of saliva.
Ptyalogogue [ti-al' -o-gog) [yrTvalov, spittle ; djwyof,
leading]. A medicine causing a flow of saliva.
Ptyalophthisis ( ti-al-off' -this-is ) [jTrvalov , saliva ;
0fH(ji^, a wasting]. Wasting from excessive discharge
of saliva.
Ptyalose [ti'-al-oz] [-rrTvat^ov, saliva]. A sugar found
in saliva ; it is identical with maltose.
Ptyalum [ti'-al-tcm). Synonym of Saliva.
Ptychodont (ti' -ko-donf) [Trri'f (tttdj-), a fold ; o6ohc,
(MnvT-) tooth]. In biology, applied to molar teeth
with folded crowns, or to the animals bearing such
teeth.
Ptysis [ti'-sis) [Trr/ mf]. The act of spitting.
Ptysma {tiz'-nia/i) [7rn''(T/;a]. Saliva.
Ptysmagogue (tiz'-mag-og) [KTvafia, spittle ; ayuy6<;,
leading]. A drug that promotes the secretion of sa-
liva ; a ptyalagogue, or sialagogue.
Ptysmatischesis {tiz-?iiat-is' -ke-sis) [^Trrl-afia, saliva ;
laxciv, to check]. Retention of saliva.
PTYXIS
1212
PUDIC
Ptyxis [tiks'-is) \tttv:;ii;, a folding]. In biology, the
arrangement of a single part in the bud, as distin-
guished from the conjoint disposition of the parts in
istivation and vernation.
Pubal [pu'-bal). Synonym of /"zif^/f.
Puben [pn'-hen) \_pitbes, adult]. Belonging to the
pubes in itself.
Pubeotomy [pu-be-ot'-o-me). See Pttbiotoiny ■
Puberal [pu' - ber-a/) \_piibei-, aduU]. Relating to
puberty.
Puberty { pit' -ber-te) [pubertas ; puber, adult]. I.
The period at which the generative organs of the
male or of the female become capable of exercising
the function of reproduction. 2. The changes in the
generative organs and in the general system that
accompany the inauguration of this period.
Puberulent (^pu-ber' -u-lent) \_pubes, pnber, downy,
pubescent]. In biology, covered with a fine, soft,
almost imperceptible down. Cf. Holosericem.
Pubes (pit'-bez) [L.: gen., pubis']. I. The os pubis, or
pubic bone ; that portion of the os innominatum form-
ing the front of the pelvis. 2. The hairy region cov-
ering the OS pubis. 3. The pubic hair. P., Angle of.
See Angle. P., Crest of. See Crest. P., Spine of.
See Spine. P., Symphysis of. See Symphysis.
Pubescence [pn-bes'-ens) \_pubeseentia'\. I. Hairi-
ness ; the presence of down ; fine, soft hairs. 2.
Puberty, or the coming on of puberty.
Pubescent (/^-/^i'j'-i'w/ ) pubes]. I. Downy,
or hairy. 2. Approaching or arriving at the age of
puberty. P. Uterus, an abnormality of the uterus
in which the characters of that organ peculiar to the
epoch preceding puberty persist in the adult.
Pubetrotomy [pu-be-trof -o-ine) \_pitbes, pubes ; r/rpov,
pelvis : ro/i/;, a cutting]. Pelvic section through the
pubes.
Pubic lypii'-bik) \_ptibes, pubes]. Pertaining to the
pubes. P. Symphysis. See Symphysis.
Pubigerous {pii-bij'-er-ics) \_ pubes, hair; gerere, to
carry]. Bearing or covered with down or soft hairs.
Pubio-femoralis [pic-be-o-fe?n-or-a'-lis). Synonym of
Adductor longns.
Pubio-infra-aljdominalis [pn-be-o-in-frak-ab-dom-in-
a'-tis). Synonym oi Pvramidalis.
Pubio-ischiadic, Pubio-ischiatic [pu-be-o-is-ke-ad' -ik,
pu' -be-o-is-ke-at' -ik) \_pubes, pubes; 'cr;t'(ov, ischium].
Pertaining to the pubes and the ischium.
Pubio-prostaticus {pu-be-o-pros-taf -ik-ns). Synonym
of Compressor prostata.
Pubio-sternalis (pu - be - 0 - ster - na' - lis). Synonym of
Rectus abdominis.
Pubiotomy (pii-be-ot'-o-me) [pubes, pubes; Tn/ii/, a
cutting]. An operation for enlarging the diameter of
the pelvic outlet by cutting through the pubic bone
to facilitate delivery in cases of pelvic malformation ;
it is now generally termed symphysiotomy.
Pubio-umbilicalis [ pu' -be-o-um-bil-ik-a' -lis). Syno-
nym of Pyramidalis.
Pubis, or Os Pubis {pu'-bis). Same as Pubes.
Pubo- [pu'-bo-) \_puhes, pubes]. A prefix denoting
relation to the pubes.
Pubo-cavernosus { pu-bo-kav-ern-o' -sus). Synonym
of Cotnpressor vemr dorsalis.
Pubo-coccygeal (pu-bo-kok-sij-e' -al) [kokkw;, coccyx].
Pertaining, or having relation to the os pubis.and the
coccyx.
Pubo-femoral [ pu-bo-fem' -o- ral)\_pubes , pubes ; fe/nur,
femur]. Pertaining to the pubes and the femur.
Pubo-iliac {pu-bo-il'-e-ak) \_ptibes, pubes; ilium,
ilium]. Common to the pubes and the ilium.
Pubo-ischiatic {pu-bo-ii-ke-af -ik). Synonym of Pubio-
isehiatic.
Puboischium (pu-bo-is' -ke-u/ii) \_pubes, pubes ; 'lax'iov,
ischium]. The os pubis and the ischium considered
as a vmit.
Pubo- prostatic ( pu- bo-pros- tat' -ik) \_ pubes, pubes;
TriMardry/r, prostate]. Pertaining to the os pubis and
the prostate gland. As a noun, If 'ilson's Muscle. See
Muscles, Table of.
Pubo-tibial ( pu-bo-tib' -e-al) \_ pubes, pubes; tibia,
tibia]. Pertaining to the pubes and the tibia.
Pubo-trochantericus {pu-bo-tro-kan-ter' -ik-us). Syn-
onym of Pectineus.
Pubo-urethral (pu-bo-u-re' -thral) \_pubis, pubis; tire-
thra, urethra]. Passing from the pubis to the urethra.
Pubo-urethralis (pu-bo-u-re-thra' -lis). Synonym of
Wilson's Muscle.
Pubo-vesical (pu-bo-ves' -ik-al). Synonym of Co?n-
pressor prostata. See Muscles, Table of.
Puccin [puk' -sin). A substance found in Sanguinaria
canadensis. Its exact nature is not yet known.
Pucelage (pu' -sel-aj, or pu-sel-ahzh')\yx.'\. Virginity.
Pudenda { pu-dcn'-dah). See Pudendum.
Pudendagra (pu-den-da' - grah) \_pudere, to be
ashamed; ay pa, a seizure]. I. Pain in the genital
organs. 2. Primary syphilis, especially of the female
genital organs. P. pruriens, pruritus vulvte.
Pudendal ( pu-den'-dal ) [ pudere, to be ashamed] . Per-
taining to the pudenda.
Pudendum (pu-den'-dum) [pudere, X.o be ashamed:
pi.. Pudenda']. The genital organs, especially those
External Genitalia of Female.
I. Labium majus of right side. 2. Fourchet. 3. Labium minus.
4. Clitoris. 5. Urethral orifice. 6. Vestibule. 7. Onfice ol
the vagina. S.Hymen. 9. Orifice of the vulvo-vaginal gland.
10. Anterior commissure of the labia majora. 11. Orifice of
the anus.
parts of the female genital organs visible externally.
These are the mons veneris, the labia, clitoris, nymphx-,
and hymen.
Pudibilia {pu-dib-iF -e-ah) \_pudibilis, shameful]. The
genital organs, especially of the male.
Pudic {pu'-dik) [pudicus; pudere, to be ashamed].
Pertaining to the genital organs or related parts. P.
Artery. See Arteries, Table of. P. Nerve. See
A'eri'es, Table of.
PUERILE
1213
PULMONARY
Puerile {p!i'-e)--il) \_piieri/is ; puer, boy]. Pertaining
to boyhood or childhood. P. Respiration, a form of
respiration sometimes observed in adults and similar to
that heard in vigorous, healthy children.
Puerpera [pu-er'-pe-ra/t) [/z/^r, boy, child ; parere,t.o
bear]. A woman in labor, or one recently delivered.
Puerperal [pii-cr'-pe-?-al) \_puerpera, puerpera]. Per-
taining to the state of a woman in childbed. P. Con-
vulsions. See Eclampsia. P. Fever, an acute,
grave, febrile affection of women in childbed, usually
due to septic infection. See Fever. P. Insanity,
insanity occurring during the puerperium, usually
within five or ten days after delivery. The insanity
may take the form of mania, melancholia, or dementia.
P. Mania, a delirious condition of women sometimes
occurring in the puerperium. See Insanity., Confu-
sional. P. Sepsis, P. Septicemia. See P. Fever.
P. Tetanus, tetanus, occurring rarely in the puer-
perium. It is usually fatal.
Puerperality [pn-er-per-al'-it-e] [Fr. , Piierperalite\.
The puerperal condition.
Puerperium { pu-er-pe' -re-iini) [L. ; boy, child ;
par ere, to bear]. The puerperal state or season ; the
period from birth to the time when the uterus has re-
gained its normal size, which is about six weeks.
Puerperopyra [pu-er-per-o-pi^-rak) [//«■;-, boy, child ;
parere, to bear; T^vp, fire, fever]. Puerperal fever.
Puerpero-typhus ( pu-er' -per-o-ti' -fus) \_pner, child ;
parere, to bear; rvipoq, stupor]. A typhoid state de-
veloping in the course of any grave puerperal disease.
Puerperous pu-er' -pcr-us). Same as Puerperal.
Puerpery (pn-er'-per-c) \_piierperum, childbirth]. The
puerperal state.
Puff-ball. See Lycoperdon gigantewn, bovista.
Puffiness [puf'-in-es) [ME., piif, a puff]. Swelling or
intumescence of the "tissues ; an edematous condition.
"Pviiiy [piif'-e) [ME.,/«/, a puff]. Tumid, swollen,
or puffed up, as with air ; swollen and soft. P. Tumor,
Pott's. See Tumor.
Pug [origin obscure]. A term signifying dwarf. P.-
nose, Snub-nose , turned up nose ; a deformity of the
nose characterized by a flattening of the organ and a
tilting up of its tip. P. -tooth, a canine tooth.
Pugil, Pugillus [pu'-jil, pu-jil'-tis) [L., a handful].
The amount of a substance that can be grasped be-
tween the thumb and two or three fingers. See also
Maniple.
Pugioniform [pu-;e-on'-!f-orm) \_pugio, a dagger;
forma, form]. Shaped like a dagger.
Puke i^puk) [origin obscure]. A colloquialism signify-
ing vomit and generally used as a verb.
Puking [pu' -king) [origin obscure]. Vomiting. P.
Fever. Synonym of Milk-sickness.
Pulex {pu'-leks) [L.]. A flea. A genus of insects
partly parasitic upon the skin. P. irritans. Flea ; a
transient parasite on man. The bite causes an itching,
circular, red spot of hyperemia, in the center of which
is a little speck where the boring apparatus has entered.
It may produce an irritable urticaria. P. pene-
trans, the chigoe, or jigger flea, a species the female
of which, much smaller than the ordinary flea, burrows
under the skin of the feet to deposit its ova. A high
degree of irritation, which may go on to serious inflam-
mation, is produced. It is found mainl-y in tropical
America and in Africa. See Parasites {^Animal),
Table of.
Pulicatio ( [/z/Zt'j', flea] . The state of
being infested with fleas.
Pulicene {pu' -lis-en) [pulex, a flea]. Pertaining to
fleas.
Pulicose {pu'-lik-6z) [pulex, flea]. Abounding with
fleas.
Pulley [origin uncertain]. I. One of the mechanical
powers. 2. A trochlea, </. v. 3. A ligamentous struc-
ture which serves to change the direction of the action
of a muscle passing through or over it.
Pdlling [ME., pullen, to pull]. One of the Swedish
movements that may be either active or passive.
Pullulate {pul'-u-lat) [/«//«&;-<>, to put forth]. To
germinate, to bud.
PuUulation (pul-u-la'-sktm) \_pullulare, to put forth ;
to bud, to sprout]. In biology, that form of cell-
multiplication in which the mother-cell forms a minute
protuberance on one side, which afterward increases
to the size of the parent-cell. It is also called bud-
ding. This is the ordinary form of cell-multiplication
in the yeast-plant and its allies.
Pullus (puF-us) \_pulliis, a young animal]. In biol-
ogy, the young of a bird or other animal.
Pulmo-aortic [pul-mo-a-or'-tik) \_pulmo, lung; lioprii,
aorta]. Pertaining to the lungs and the aorta.
Pulmobranchiae [pul-mo-brang'-ke-e) [pulmo, lung;
branchiie, gills]. In biology, the modified gills of
certain animals (snails, spiders) adapted to breatliing
in air.
Pulmobranchial [pul-mo-brang' -ke-al) \_pulmo, lung;
branchiiC, ^\W%\. Pulmonate, breathing by gills.
Pulmobranchiate {^pul-mo-brang' ke-at )[pulmo, lung ;
branchice, gills]. Provided with pulmobranchiae.
Pulmocardiac [pul - mo- kar'- dc - ak) \_pulmo, lung;
KaptVia, heart]. Pertaining to the lungs and the heart.
P. Region, that portion of the thorax in which the
heart is covered by the lungs.
Pulmocutaneous ( put' - mo - ku-ta' -ne-us) [ pulmo,
lung; cutis, skin]. Pertaining to the lungs and the
skin.
Pulmogastric [pul-tno-gas'-trik) \_pulmo, lung ; yacri/p,
stomach]. Pertaining to the lungs and the stomach.
P. Region, that portion of the thorax in which the
lungs overlap the stomach.
Pulmohepatic {pul - mo - he - pat' - ik) \_ pulmo, lung;
Tjnap, liver]. Relating to the lungs and the liver. P.
Region, that portion of the thorax in which the lungs
overlap the liver.
Pulmometer {pul-mom'-et-er') \_ pulmo, a lung ; fiiiTpnv,
measure]. Synonym of Spirometer.
Pulmometty [pul-mo>n'-et-re) [pulmo, lung; fihpov,
measure]. The quantitative determination of the air
concerned in respiration. Also, the determination of
the volume of the lungs.
Pulmonar [ pul' -mo-nar) [pulmo, lung]. Having
lungs or lung-like organs.
Pulmonarious ( pul-mo-na'-re-us) [pulmo, lung]. Af-
fected with pulmonary disease.
Pulmonary [pul'-mo-na-?'e) [pulmo, lung]. Pertain-
ing to the lung. P. Alveoli, air-cells. P. Artery.
See Arteries, Table of. P. Cartilage, the second
costal cartilage of the left side. P. Circulation, the
lesser circulation of the blood from the right cardiac
ventricle through the pulmonary vessels and back to
the left auricle. P. Consumption. See Phthisis.
P. Emphysema. See Emphysema. P. Groove,
the groove within the thorax on either side of the
spinal column. P. Incompetence. See Endocar-
ditis. P. Murrain, a contagious form of pleuro-
pneumonia. P. Nerves, branches of the vagus nerve
going to the lungs. There are two sets, an anterior
and a posterior. P. Sinuses, the sinuses of Val-
salva of the pulmonary artery. P. Stenosis. See
Endocarditis. P. Valves, the semilunar valves at the
opening of the right ventricle into the pulmonary
artery. P. Veins, four veins returning the oxygenated
blood from the lungs to the left auricle. P. Vesicles,
air-cells of the pulmonary parenchyma.
PULMONATA
1214
PULSE
Pulmonata (pul-mo' -nat-ah) \_pidmo, lung]. A class
of land or fresh- water molluscs breathing by means of
a pulmonary sac, gills being absent.
Pulmonale {pid'- mo -ndt) \_piiliiio, lung]. In bi-
ology, possessed of lungs or organs adapted to aerfal
respiration.
Pulmonectomy [pul-mo-nek' -to-me). See Pneitmouec-
tomy.
Pulmonic { pid-mon' -ik) \_pidmo, lung]. Synonym of
Pulmonary. P. Circulation. See Pulmonary Circu-
lation. P. Fever, a synonym of Croupous Pneu-
monia.
Pulmoniferous { pid-mon-if -er-us) \_pulmo, lung; ferre,
to bear]. Provided with lungs ; pulmonale.
Pulmonitis [pul-mon-i' -tis). Synonym of Pneu>no7iia.
Pulmotracheal [pul- mo- tra'- ke - al) [/«//;/<), lung ;
trachea, trachea]. Pertaining to the lungs and the
trachea.
Pulp [/«/^<7, pulp]. A soft, moist tissue ; chyme. P.-
cavity, the hollow space in a tooth containing the
dental pulp. P. -cells, cells found in the pulp-tissue
of any organ. P., Dental, a soft tissue filling the
pulp-cavity of a tooth. It consists of loose connec-
tive tissue and cells, vessels, and nerves. Also the
rudiment of a tooth. P., Digital, the sensitive, elastic,
convex prominence on the palmar or plantar surface of
the terminal phalanx of a finger or toe. P. of the
Finger. See P. , P>/g/tal. P., Fruit, the fleshy part
of fruits by which the seeds are surrounded. P.,
Hair. Synonym Papd/a, //air. P. of the Inter-
vertebral Discs, the soft substance in the center of
the intervertebral dies, the remains of the chords dor-
salis. P., Spleen, P., Splenic, the substance filling
the spaces formed by the trabecular of the spleen. See
Sp/een. P. of a Tooth. See P., Dental.
Pulpa {pid'-pah) [L.]. Pulp. P. cerebralis, the
white matter of the brain. P. dentis, a dental pulp.
P. digitorum. Synonym of Pulp, Digital. P.
lienis. Synonym of Pulp, Splenic. P. pili. Syno-
nym of Papilla, Hair. P. testiculi, P. testis, the
tissue contained in the space formed by the connective-
tissue septa of the testis.
Pulpalgia {pul-pal' -je-ah) [/«^(7, pulp ; (//j'or, pain].
Pain in tooth-pulp.
Pulpamen (pul-pa'-men). Synonym of Pulp.
Pulpefaction {piil-pe-fak' -shun) \_pulpa, pulp; facere,
to make]. Conversion into a pulpy substance.
Pulpezia [ piil-pe' -ze-ah). Syaoyvjvci oi Apoplexy , Cere-
bral.
Pulpitis {pid-pi' -lis") [/z/^;7, pulp ; (r^f, inflammation] .
Inflammation of dental pulp. The causes of pulpitis
are exposure of the pulp by decay, abrasions of the
teeth, etc.
Pulpose, Pulpous, Pulpy (pid'-poz, p?d'-p!is, pul'-pe)
\_pidpa, pulp]. Resembling or containing pulp. P.
Disease. See Brodie's Disease.
Pulque {pid'-ke) [Sp.]. A fermented beverage pre-
pared in Mexico from the juice of various species of
Agave. P. Brandy. See J\/ezcal. P. Plant. See
Agave.
Pulsate [pul'-sdt) \_pidsare, to beat]. To beat or
throb.
Pulsatile {pul' saf-il) [/«Zfrt;r, to beat] . Pulsating;
throbbing ; exhibiting pulsation.
Pulsatilla (pul-sat-il'-ah) [I..]. Pasque Flower.
Meadow Anemone. The leaves and tops o{ Anemo)ie
/'. Its properties are due to a camphoraceous principle,
anemonin, Cj^H],/ )^, which depresses the circulation ;
in larger doses paralyzes motion. The extract in toxic
doses causes convulsions, but anemonin does not.
It has been used in amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea,
bronchitis, and asthma. It is a valuable alterative. An
unofficial tincture consists of equal parts of the juice
and alcohol. Dose l\ jL-x ; of the active principle gr.
Jg— ij ; of the liquid extract, n^j-v.
Pulsating (pul'-sa-ting) [pulsare, to he&t]. Exhibit-
ing pulsation. P. Aorta, the pulsation of the ab-
dominal aorta seen in nervous and anemic persons.
P. Bronchocele, a goiter exhibiting pulsation. P.
Empyema, an accumulation of pus in the pleural
cavity, and which displays pulsation. P. Tumor,
one which pulsates, in consequence of an enlarged
state of its blood-vessels.
Pulsation {pnl-sa' -shun] \_pulsatio; pellere, to drive].
Any beating or throbbing. The visible or sensible
elevation of a vessel synchronously with or following
the heart's beat; the pulse-beat. P., Abdominal,
pulsation in the abdomen, usually in the median line.
It is due to a pulsating aorta, q. v., or to aortic aneu-
rysm, or to the impulse transmitted to a tumor resting
on the aorta. P., Carotid, pulsation of the carotid
arteries in the neck. It occurs in aortic regurgitation,
exophthalmic goiter, anemia, and cardiac excitement.
P., Epigastric, pulsation in the epigastrium. It is
seen in excitement of the action of the heart, in aneu-
rysm of the aorta, in enlargement of the right heart,
in tumors resting on the aorta ; in hysteric and anemic
subjects the pulsation of the abdominal aorta may be
visible in the epigastrium. P., Hepatic, pulsation of
the liver at each cardiac systole, due to insufficiency
of the tricuspid valve, with a consequent transmission
of a pulse along the vena cava. P., Retinal, pulsation
of the retinal vessels, seen in the eye as a consequence
of the disturbance of the relation between the intra-
ocular and the extraocular pressure. P., Secondary,
the contraction in the muscle of a muscle-nerve pre-
paration if its nerve is laid on a second contracting
muscle. P., Stair-case, the increase in the length
of successive contractions of a frog's heart that has
been filled with serum. P., Suprasternal, pulsa-
tion at the suprasternal notch. It may be due to
aneurysm, dilated aortic arch, or to the presence of an
anomalous artery.
Pulsatory [pul'-sat-or-e) \_pulsare, to beat]. Exhibit-
ing or characterized by pulsation.
Pulse (/«A') the pulse] . The change in the
shape and size of an artery due to a temporary increase
in the tension of its walls following the contractile
action of the heart. It can only be felt when the
artery is somewhat compressed and flattened against a
bone or other hard substance. P., Abrupt. Synonym
of P. , Quick. P., Allorrhythmic. See Allorrhyth-
mia. P., Anacrotic. See Anac?-otism. P., An-
eurysmal, the pulse produced by an aneurysm of the
thoracic aorta or one of its large branches. The im-
pulse is not sudden, is long in duration, and sub-
sides gradually; it maybe much slower than the pulse
on the opposite side. P., Angry. Synonym of P.,
Illty. P., Apoplectic, a condition of the radial
artery at the wrist, marked by fulness, without great
hardness, the vessel generally being dilated and tort-
uous. The predicrotic notch is deep and close to the
percussion-wave, the dicrotic notch is deep, and the
dicrotic wave is short ; the total extent of the wave is
.small. It is seen in impoverished conditions of the
blood, in rheumatism, gout, lithemia, and contracted
kidneys. P., Arachnoid, a small, feeble, tremulous
pulse. (Old.) P., Bounding, a pulse in which a weak
beat is succeeded by a strong, full beat. P., Capil-
lary, seen when the capillaries are dilated and the
blood-pressure is high, as in aortic regurgitation. P.,
Catacrotic, one with an elevation in the line of
descent in the syphygmographic tracing. P.-clock.
See Angiometer. P., Collapsing. See Coryigan's
PULSE
1215
PULSUS
Pulse. P., Compressible, a pulse that is easily
obliterated by pressure with the fini;er ; a soft pulse.
P., Cordy, a tense pulse. P., Corrigan's. See
Corrigan. P. -curve, the tracing, called a sphygmo-
gram or arteriogram, of the pulse, made by the
sphygmograph or sphygmoscope. P., Decurtate.
See Pulsus mytinis. P., Dicrotal, P., Dicrotic, an
exaggerated dicrotic wave, or recoil wave, the larger
of the catacrotic elevations corresponding to the clos-
ure of the aortic valves. It is observed when the
arterial tension is low and gives to the linger the im-
pression of two beats. P., Dropped-beat. Synonym
oi P., Intennitteut . P., Elastic, one that feels elastic
to the finger. P., Endopleural, a pulsatipn of pul-
sating pleurisy which can only be rendered visible
by means of a manometer. P., Entoptic, the subjec-
tive illumination in a dark, visual field, after violent
exercise, corresponding to each heart-beat. P., Epi-
gastric. 'S>^<t Pulsation, Epigastric. P., Exopleural,
the pulsation of a pulsating pleurisy that is visible
without the use of a manometer. P., Filiform.
Synonym of P., Thready. P., Full, a pulse in
which the artery is filled with a large volume of blood
and conveys a feeling of being distended. P., Gas-
eous, the pulse of an artery that has lost its tone ; it
is full, but exceedingly compressible. P., Goatleap.
See Pulsus caprizans. P., Hard, one with character
of high tension and rigidity. P., Hemorrhagic.
'v^wowyxaoi P., Gaseous. P., Heterochronic. Syn-
onym of P., Irregular. P., High Tension, one
due to increase of the peripheral resistance, together
with a corresponding increase in the force of the
ventricular systole. It is gradual in its impulse,
long in duration, slow in subsiding, with difficulty
compressible, and the artery between the beats feels like
a firm, round cord. P., Hyperdicrotic, P., Hyper-
dicrotous, a pulse of which the aortic notch falls below
the base line, indicating very low tension, a symp-
tom of great exhaustion. P., Infrequent, properly,
a pulse due to diminished rate of heart-beat ; often,
however, used as synonymous with slow pulse. P.,
Intermittent, one in which one or more beats may
be dropped. P., Irregular, one in which the beats
occur at irregular intervals, or in which the force, or
even both the rhythm and force, vary. P., Jerking,
a pulse in which the artery is suddenly and markedly
distended, as in aortic regurgitation. P., Jugular,
pulsation of the jugular veins in the neck. It may be
merely transmitted from the arteries or may be due
to tricuspid regurgitation. P., Locomotive. Syn-
onym of Corrigan's Pulse. P., Low Tension, one
that is sudden in its onset and short, and quickly
declining. It is easily obliterated by pressure. P..
Monocrotic, P., Monocrotous, one with absence
of the dicrotic wave. P., Myurous. See Pulsus
myurus. P. paradoxic, one due to failure of the
heart during inspiration, seen sometimes in adherent
pericardium. P., Polycrotic, a pulse in which there
are a number of secondary waves, as in the smaller
arteries. It can only be demonstrated with the
sphygmograph. P., Quick, one that strikes the
finger rapidly, but leaves it also rapidly. Corrigan's
pulse is a quick pulse. P.-rate. the number of pul-
sations of an artery in a given time, usually in a
minute. P., Recurrent, the appearance of the pulse
on the distal side of the point of compression of an
artery. P., Renal, the tense, full pulse seen in asso-
ciation with chronic nephritis. P., Respiratory, the
alternate dilatation and collapse of the cervical veins
occurring synchronously with expiration (dilatation)
and inspiration (collapse). P., Short, one in which
the systolic wave is short. P., Slow, one indicating
a lengthened systolic contraction of the heart and
prolonged diastole ; as generally used, it signifies a
pulse of slow rate. P., Soft, a pulse that is readily
compressed. P., Splashing. Synonym of P.,
Jerking. P., Steel-hammer, the abrupt, full pulse
felt in the arteries near a joint the seat of acute
rheumatism. P., Tense. Synonym of P., Hard.
P., Thready, one which is scarcely perceptible. It
is met with in syncope, under conditions of collapse ;
and in the terminal stage of fatal diseases. P.-
tracing. See P. -curve and Sphygmogram. P.,
Tremulous, one in which the finger detects a quiv-
ering of the artery with each pulse. P., Tricrotic, a
pulse in which the three waves usually present are
unusually well marked. P., Undulating, one that
conveys to the finger a sensation of successive waves.
P., Unequal, one in which the beats vary in force.
P., Unsustained. See Corrigan's Pulse. P., Va-
ginal, a throbbing or pulsation felt in the vagina
during pregnancy, or in conditions of intense pelvic
engorgement. P., Venous, I. Pulsatile phenomena
occasionally observed in veins, especially in the eye.
It is also sometimes seen in the jugular veins. .See
P., Jugular. 2. The normal pulse in the cervical
veins due to the respiratory movements. See P. ,
Respiratory. P., Vermicular, a pulse, usually small
and rapid, conveying to the finger a sensation of worm-
iike motion. P., Virtual Tension, the pulse of high
tension associated with a failing heart ; the artery is
still full between the beats, but is generally large, the
impulse is sudden, lasts but a short time, and suddenly
declines. See also Pulses. P., Water-hammer.
See Corrigan' s Pulse. P. -wave, the condition of
expansion which begins with each cardiac systole,
and is propagated along the aorta and the arteries,
ending normally at the capillaries. P., Waxing and
Waning. See Pulsus inciduus. P., Wiry, a small,
rapid, tense pulse, feeling like a cord under the finger.
It is typified by the pulse of acute peritonitis.
Pulsellum [pul-sel'-zt//i) [_pulsellui?i, dim. of pulsus, a
beating: pi., Pulsella'\. In biology, a propulsive fila-
ment ; a modified form of flagellum, characteristic of
spermatozoa.
Pulsilegium (pul-sil-e'-Je-um). See Pulsilogium .
Pulsilogium {^pul-sil-o' -je-uni) \_pulsus, pulse ; Adyof,
a reckoning]. An obsolete instrument, invented by
Galileo and improved by Sanctorius, for registering
the character of the pulse ; a pulse-clock.
Pulsilogon [pul sil'-o-gon). See Pulsilogium.
Pulsilogram (^pul-sil'-o-gram). The record of a Pul-
silogiuin.
Pulsimeter (^pul-siin' -et-er) \_ pulsus, pulse ; /lirpov,
measure]. Any instrument for the quantitative deter-
mination of the rate or force of the pulse.
Pulsograph (pul'-so-graj). Same as Sphygmograph.
Pulsometer [pul-som'-et-er). Same as Pulsimeter.
Pulsus [pul'-sus] [L.]. The pulse. P. aequalis, one
in which the beats are equal. P. alternans, one in
which there is a regular alternation of strong and
weak beats. The weak beat may be imperceptible,
in which case two heart-beats correspond to only one
beat of the pulse. P. araneosus. Synonym of
Pulse, Arachnoid. P. bigeminus, one in which the
beats occur in pairs, so that a longer pause follows
every two beats. P. bisferiens, observed in aortic
stenosis in which there is a reinforcement of a pro-
longed ventricular systole near its close by an acces-
sory spasmodic contraction. P. bisiliens, P. bis-
pulsorus. See P. Bisjeriens. P. caprizans, in the
hyperdicrotic pulse, a condition in which the second
beat is felt as a grace-note to the succeeding primary
beat ; goatleap pulse. P. celer, the quick, short pulse.
PULTACEOUS
1216
PUNCH
P. celer et altus, the quick, full pulse, seen especially
in aortic regurgitation. P. cerebralis, the slow pulse
sometimes present in apoplexy. P. cordis, the apex-
beat. P. crassus, a strong, full pulse. P. debilis,
a feeble pulse. P. deficiens, true intermittence of the
pulse, due to actual absence of systole. P. dicrotus.
See Pulse, Dicrotic. P. differens, a condition in
which the pulse of one artery is found to differ from
that of the corresponding vessel of the other side. P.
duplex. Synonym of Pulse, Dicrotic. P. durus, the
hard pulse of high tension. It is characterized chiefly
by early, distinct, and numerous elastic elevations, and
a small dicrotic wave. P. endopleuricus. See
Pulse, Endopleural . P. exopleuricus. See Pulse,
Exopleural. P. filiformis. Synonym of Ptilse,
Thready. P. fortis. Synonym of Pulse, Hard. P.
imminutus. Synonym of Pulse, Myurous. P. inae-
qualis. See Pulse, Uucijual. P. inanis. Synonym
of Pulse, Thread)'. P. inciduus, the waxing and
waning pulse ; it consists of successive short periods
of pulsations, beginning with a strong beat, and, after
gradual diminution, ending with a weak beat. P.
infiammatorius, the tense pulse met with in inflam-
mation. P. intercidens. Same as P. intercurrens.
P. intercisus. Synonym of Pulse, Dicrotic. P. in-
tercurrens, one in which an extra beat is intercalated
in a normal series. P. intermittens, one in which in
an otherwise regular rhythm a beat is omitted. P.
lentus. Synonym of Pulse, Slow. P. magnus, the
large, full pulse. P. mollis, the soft pulse of low
tension. P. myurus, a pathologic curiosity, in which
the pulse-strength gradually tapers away " like the tail
of a mouse." It was formerly frequently present after
the practice of bleeding. P. paradoxicus, P. para-
doxus. See Pulse, Paradoxic. P. parvus, the small
pulse of failing heart. P. plenus, a full pulse. P.
quadrigeminus and P. trigeminus, pulses in which
the irregularities occur after every fourth and third
beat respectively. P. rarissimus. See Bradycardia.
P. rarus, a pulse of slow rhythm ; an infrequent pulse.
P. tardus, the slow or long pulse, observed when the
heart's action is labored. It is present in aortic and
mitral stenosis, in aneurysm, and in senility. P. tri-
feriens, observed in aortic stenosis, due to the rein-
forcement of a prolonged ventricular systole near its
close by two accessory spasmodic contractions. P.
undosus, P. undulosus. See Pulse, Undulating.
P. vacuus. Synonym of Pulse, Thready. P. ven-
osus. See Pulse, P^enous.
Pultaceous { pul-ta'-se-us) [ptils, pottage]. Having
the consistence of pulp or pottage.
Pulver [pul'-ver). See Pulvis.
Pulveraceous i^pul-ver-a' -she-us). Synonym of Pul-
verulent.
Pulveres i^pul' -ver-ez). Plural of Pulvis.
Pulverflator {pul' -ver-fla-tor) \^ pulvis, powder; Jlare,
to blow]. An instrument designed for blowing or
spraying impalpable powders.
Pulveris [pul'-vej--is). Genitive case of Pulvis.
Pulverization i^pul-ver-iz-a^-shttn) \_pulvis, powder].
The operation of reducing a substance to powder.
Pulverous {pul'-ver-us) \_pulvis, powder]. Consist-
ing of dust or powder.
Pulverulent [pul-vcr'-u-lent) \_pulverulentus, full of
dust ; /«/i'/.r, powder]. I. In biology, powdery, dusty.
Covered with something resembling a fine powder.
2. Readily reduced to a powder; but slightly coherent
(said of tissues).
Pulvillar {pul'-vil-ar) [puhdllus, a little cushion].
Cushion-like.
Pulvilliform ( pul-vil' -if-orm) [ pulvillus, a little cushion ;
forma, form]. In biology, resembling a pulvillus.
Pulvillus {pul-vil' -us^ \_pulvillus, a little cushion : //.,
Pulvilli~\. In biology, the cushion, pad, or sucker-
like structure of an insect's foot. Cf. plantula,
onychium , einpodium.
Pulvinar (pul' -vin-ar) [L., " couch "]. I. The pos-
terior tubercle of the thalamus opticus. 2. The fatty
mass that occupies a part of the acetabulum. 3. A
surgical pad. 4. A medicated cushion.
Pulvinate [pul'-vin-dt) . Same as Pulvinar.
Pulviniform i^ptd-vin' -if-orm). 'Aamt a.s Pulvinate.
Pulvinulus [pul-vin'-u-lus). Same as Pulvillus.
Pulvinus (pul-vi'-nzis) \_pulvinus, cushion, pillow:
//. , Pulvini.~\. In biology, an enlargement at the
base of some leaves or of the leaflets of some com-
pound leaves. Cf. cushion.
Pulvis [L. ; gen. , pulveris : pi., Pulveres'\ . A powder.
In pharmacy, one or more medicinal substances re-
duced to a state of very fine division. There are nine
official pulveres. P. antimonialis. See Pozvder,
James\ P. aromaticus, a mixture of cinnamon
and ginger, each 35 parts, in No. 60 powder, and
with nutmeg in No. 20 powder and cardamom seeds,
each 15 parts. P. cretae compositus, consists of
prepared chalk 30, powdered acacia 20, and sugar 50
parts. Dose 10-60 grains. A mild astringent. P.
Doveri. See Powder, Dover's. P. effervescens
compositus, Seidlitz powder. A preparation consist-
ing of two powders : the white paper contains 35 grains
of tartaric acid, the blue paper, 40 grains of sodium
bicarbonate and 2 drams of Rochelle salt. P. gly-
cyrrhizse compositus, consists of senna, 18 ; licor-
ice, 16 ; fennel, 8 ; washed sulphur, 8 ; sugar, 50.
P. ipecacuanhae et opii. See Powder, Dover's. P.
jalapae compositus, consists of jalap, 35 parts;
cream of tartar, 65 parts. It is a useful hydragogue
cathartic. Dose 30 to 60 grains. P. opii. See Opium.
P. parturiens, an old name for ergot. P. rhei
compositus, consists of rhubarb, 25 ; magnesia, 65 ;
ginger, ID parts. A mild laxative. Dose 30 to 60
grains.
Pumice {pum'-is, or pu' -mis) \_ptitnex\ Pumice-stone,
used as a detergent for the skin and an ingredient in
some dentrifices.
Pumiced Sole. In farriery, that condition in which
the horny sole in the neighborhood of the toe readily
crumbles away and leaves the sensitive tissues more
or less exposed.
Pumiceous {punt-is' -e-us) \_pumiceiis, of pumice].
Pertaining to or consisting of pumice.
Pump [ME.,/Kw/(', a pump]. A mechanical appara-
tus which, by creating a vacuum between its valves,
either sucks up a liquid into its hollow chamber, or,
after sucking up the liquid, forcibly ejects it from
one end. P., Air, a pump used to exhaust the air
from a chamber or vessel, or to force more air into a
vessel already filled with air. P., Breast, a pump
for removing milk from the breast. P., Dental, a
device for removing saliva from the mouth during den-
tal operations. P., Force, one which forcibly ejects
from one end the liquid which it has sucked into the
barrel. P., Lift, the ordinary suction-pump. P.,
Milk. Synonym of P., Breast. P., Stomach, a
pump for removing the contents of the stomach m
cases of poisoning. It consists of a barrel, a delivery
tube, and a flexible tube to be introduced into the
stomach. P., Suction, one which sucks up the liquid
into a barrel.
Pumpkin Seed. .See Pepo.
Puna {pu'-nah). See Mountain Sickness.
Punch S^punctuare, to pierce]. I. A mixed alcoholic or
vinous beverage. There are many kinds ; as milk-
punch, tea-punch, claret-punch, rum-punch, arrack-
PUNCH'S VOICE
1217
PURGAMENT
punch. 2. An instrument used in extracting stumps
of teeth.
Punch's Voice. A peculiar bell-like, or ringing tone
of voice, like that assumed by " Punch " in the Punch
and [udy shows. It is sometimes heard among the
insane, and has been thought to be sometimes a fore-
runner of violent and homicidal attacks.
Punching-bag [punch' -ing-bag). A bag suspended
from the ceiling, to be struck and punched, in physical
exercise.
'Pnnzia. [p!in¥-tah) [pi. o{ Punctujtt, a. Y>oin\.'\. Points.
P. cruenta. Synonym of P. vascidosa. P. dolo-
rosa, tender or painful points in the course of nerves
in an inflamed condition, or at the exit of nerves the
seat of neuralgia. See Valleix's Points. P. lacri-
malia, the orifices of the lacrymal canaliculi in the
eyelids near the inner canthus. P. vasculosa, min-
ute red spots studding the cut surface of the white
central mass of the brain. They are produced by
the blood escaping from divided blood-vessels.
Punctate, Punctated [punk' -/at, punk-ta' -ted) \_piinc-
tu?n, point]. Having many points. Dotted. Full
of minute punctures.
Punctation (pnnk-ta' -shun). See Tapotement.
Puncticula [punk-tik' -u-lah). Synonym of Petechia.
Puncticulate, Puncticulose ( punk-tik' -u-lat, punk-
tik'-u-Idz) \_puncticulum, dim. of punctum, point].
Marked by minute puncta.
Punctiform [punk'-tif-omi) \_ punctum, point; forma,
form]. Having the nature or qualities of a point; seem-
ing to be located at a point ; as a punctiform sensation.
Punctulate [pungk' -tii-tdt) \_piinctulum, a small point].
Minutely punctate.
Punctule [pungk'-tui) \_pnnctulum, a small point]. A
small puncture or dot.
Punctum [pungk'-tum) [L., a point, dot: //. , Puncta~\.
A point or minute area. P. aureum. See Macula
lutea. P. caecum. See Blind Spot. P. fixum, the
point of attachment of a muscle. P. foraminis in-
cisivi, Lissauer's term for the posterior border of
the incisor foramen. P. foraminis magni anterius.
Synonym of Basion. P. insertionis, the point of
insertion of a muscle. P. nasale inferius. Syno-
nym of Rhinion. P. ossificationis. See Center of
Ossification. P. prsemaxillare. Synonym of Point,
Alveolar. P. proximum, the point nearest the eye
at which an object can be seen with distinctness
and without diplopia. P. remotum, the farthest
point at which an object can be distinctly seen
with suspended accommodation. In the emme-
tropic eye it is theoretically at an infinite distance ; in
the hyperopic eye it is theoretically beyond this, as
such an eye is adapted only for convergent rays. P.
saliens, the first trace of the embryonic heart. P.
spinas nasalis anterioris, the apex of the anterior
nasal spine, or if it be absent, the upper extremity of the
suture between the two maxillae. P. spinae nasalis
posterioris, the center of the posterior nasal spine. P.
vegetationis, the vegetating point. Applied to the
growing-point of an organ, as of a stem or root.
Puncturation [punk-tii-ra' -shttn) \_pungcre, to prick].
The making of punctures ; acupuncture.
Puncture [punk' -chur) \_pungere, to prick]. A wound
or hole made by a pointed instrument. P., Capil-
lary, a puncture made with a needle of capillary fine-
ness. P. -diabetes, diabetes caused by puncture of
the oblongata near the hepatic vaso-motor center (dia-
betic center). P., Diabetic, puncture of the fourth
ventricle in animals, which produces glycosuria.
Pungence [pint' -Jens) [pnngens, penetrating]. Pun-
gent quality ; tartness.
Pungent [pun'-jent) \_pungens ; piingere, to prick].
77
Acrid ; penetrating ; producing a pricking or painful
sensation.
Punica [pu'-ni/c-ah) [puniciim, the pomegranate]. A
genus of polypelatous plants. P. granatum. See
Pomegranate. ,
Punicin (pu'-nis-in) [puniceus, reddish]. I. A crys-
talline coloring-matter obtained from the colorless
juices of certain kinds of shell-fish [Purpura lapcllus,
P. patula) ; on exposure to the sunlight it becomes of
a purple color. See P'igmen/s, Conspectus of. 2. Syno-
nym of Pellctierin .
Punning [pun'-ing] [origin uncertain]. Play upon
words. This practice is very common among some
classes of lunatics, especially during periods of excite-
ment and exaltation.
Pupa [pu'-pah) \_pupa, a girl, doll, puppet: //. ,
Pitpic^. In biology, the second stage of development
from the egg, of such insects as undergo complete
metamorphosis.
Pupal [pit' -pal) [/«/(?, a doll]. Pertaining to a pupa.
Puparium [pu-pa'-rc-um) [/?//r7, a pupa : pi., Pt/pa-
; /rt]. In biology, a pupa inclosed in the larval skin.
Pupate [pu' -pat) l^pupa, a doll]. In biology, to be-
come a pupa.
Pupation [pii-pa' -sliun) \_pupa, a doll]. The act of
pupating ; the pupal condition.
Pupiform [pu'-pif-oriii) \_piipa, pupa; yirwa, form].
Having the form of a pupa.
Pupigenous [pu-pij' -en-us). Same as Ptipiparous .
Pupigerous [pu-pij' -er-us) [pupa, pupa; gerere, to
carry]. Forming a puparium.
Pupil [pu'-pil) \_pupilhi\. The round aperture in the
iris of the eye. P., Argyll- Robertson, one of the
early symptoms of tabes, in which a myotic pupil
responds on accommodative effort, but not to light. P.,
Artificial, an iridectomy made in an iris the pupil
of which is occluded by inflammatory deposits. P.,
Cat's-eye, an elongated, slit-like pupil. P., Exclu-
sion of, total posterior synechia, the entire pupillary
edge of the iris being adherent to the capsule. P.,
Hutchinson's, one-sided dilatation of the pupil in
hemorrhage from the middle meningeal artery. P.,
Occlusion of, the pupillary area is filled with semi-
opaque inflammatory exudation -products. P., Pin-
hole, extreme myosis.
Pupillary [pii'-pil-a-re) \_pupilla, pupil]. Pertaining
to the pupil of the eye. P. Membrane, a fetal mem-
brane covering the eye until the seventh month of
gestation. P. Membrane, Persistent, fibrillar
bands springing from the iris, passing to or across the
pupil, and sometimes attached to the lens-capsule — the
unabsorbed remains of the pupillary membrane. P.
Reflex. See Reflexes, Table of.
Pupillate [pu' -pil-at) \_picpilla, a pupil]. Having a
central spot or pupil.
Pupillometer (/?/-/?7-oW'-rf-fr) [/«//?//», pupil ; fierpoi',
a measure]. An instrument designed for the measure-
ment of the pupil of the eye.
Pupilloscopy [pHpil-os' -ko-pe) \_pnipilla, pupil; oko-
TTtiv, to inspect]. Same as Koroscopy, or Retinoscopy.
More exactly, the diagnostic inspection of the pupil.
Pupillostatometer [pu'-pil-o-stat-om'-e-ter) \_pztpilla,
pupil ; araror, placed ; fiirpov, a measure]. An instru-
ment for measuring the exact distance between the
centers of the two pupils.
Pupiparous [pu-pip' -ar-us) [pupa, pupa ; parere, to
bring forth]. Bringing forth pupae.
Pure [pftr) [purus, pure]. Unstained; unalloyed.
P. Scarlet. See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Purgament, Purgamentum [per' -gam-ent, per-gani-
en'-tum) [purgare, to purge: pi. , Purgamenta'\. I.
A purge. 2. In the plural, the lochia ; also, excrement.
PURGANTIA
1218
PURPURA
Purgantia [piir - ga7i'- she - ak) \_pnrgare, to purge].
Laxatives.
Purgation [ piir-ga' -shmt) \_pHrgare, to cleanse]. Tlie
evacuation of the bowels by means of purgatives.
Purgative {piir'-gai-m) \_purgare, to purge]. I.
Having a tendency to purge ; cathartic. 2. A medi-
cine producing copious evacuations of the bowels.
Purge (piiiy) \_ piirgare, io purge]. A purgation; a
dose of purgative medicine. As a verb, to cause free
evacuations of the bovvels.
Purging { pur' -jing ) \_purgare, to purge]. Causing
free evacuations of the bowel. P. Agaric. See
AgaricHs. P. Cassia. See Cassia. P. Nut. The
seed of the tropical tree, Jatropha cttrcas. The nut
aiTords a purgative oil much like castor-oil, though
not so active.
Purified { pit' -rif-id') [pu?-us, pure; facere, to make].
Cleansed ; freed from extraneous matter.
Puriform {pit' - ri -form') \_pMS, pus; forma, form].
Resembling pus.
Puritic {pu-rit' -ik) \_pus, pus]. Pertaining to pus.
Purkinje, Axis-cylinder of [per-kin'-je) [a Bohemian
physiologist, 1787-1869]. The viscous fluid contents
of a nerve-tube, solidified by coagulating agents, and
Cell of Purkinje.
a, Seen on the flat, and b, from the side. X 120. (From
Stirling.)
after treatment with chromic acid appearing as a solid
rod running down the center of the tube. P.'s Cells,
the cells forming
the thinnest but,
at the same
time, the most
characteristic
layer of the cere-
bellar cortex
They are among
the largest gan-
glion-cells in the
body, are dis-
posed as a .sinffle
row at the junc-
tion of the nu-
clear and the
molecular layer, i-urkinje s Fibers.
and present py- c. Cell. f. Striated substance, n. Nu-
riform or flask- '^l'^"^- X (^-anrtois.)
shaped bodies, 60-70 u in their longest diameter,
placed vertically to the plane of the zone, with
the larger rounded end resting on the outer mar-
gin of the nuclear layer, while the smaller end is di-
rected toward the periphery. (Piersol.) P., Cor-
puscles of. See Bone-la ctuicc, p.'s Fibers, an
anastomosing system of grayish muscular fibers that
exists in the sub-endocardial tissue of the ventricles,
especially in the heart of the sheep and ox. The
fibers are composed of nucleated polyhedral cells, con-
taining some granular protoplasm. P.'s Figures,
shadows of the retinal blood-vessels upon the retina.
P. Vesicle, the nucleus of the human ovum first dis-
covered by Purkinje (1830), and known as the vesic-
tila genninativa , Pttrkinje' schen BlUschen, ox Germ-
inal Vesicle.
Purkinje- Sanson's Images. Three pairs of images
of one object seen in an observed pupil : the first, erect,
reflected from the anterior surface of the cornea ; the
second, erect, reflected from the anterior surface of
the lens; the third, inverted, reflected from the pos-
terior capsule of the lens.
Puro-hepatitis ( pii-ro-hep-at-i' -tis) \_piis, pus; rjirap,
liver; ;«f, inflammation]. Purulent hepatitis.
Puromucous (pii-ro-/rm'-kns) \_pns, pus; mucus,
mucus]. Purulent and mucous.
Purple [pur' -pi) \_piirpureus'\. Of a color possessing
the elements of blue and red. As a noun, the color
itself, or a body possessing it. P. -brown. See Pig-
7)iei!ts, Conspectus of. P.-carmin. Same as Mui'exid.
P. of Cassius, the purplish-red precipitate resulting
when a solution of gold trichlorid is brought in con-
tact with a mixture of stannous and stannic chlorids.
P., French. Synonym of Orchellin. P. -madder.
See Pigments, Conspectus of. P., Mineral. Syn-
onym of P. of Cassius. P. of Mollusca. Same as
Tyrian Purple. P., Ocher. Same as Mineral Pur-
ple. P., Visual. See Rhodopsin.
Purples [pur'-plz) \_ purpureus, purple]. A popular
name for purpura ; also, for petechial spots.
Purposive {pur'-po-si?') \_y[Y.. , purposen, lo propose].
Functional ; not vestigial, and not rudimentary ; re-
garded as fulfilling an end or purpose in the economy.
P. Acts, those acts performed with the consent of the
will.
Purpura [pur' -pn-i-ali)\l^. for " purple "]. Hcemorrhaa
petechialis ; a general term including all extravasa-
tions of blood into the skin and mucous membranes
not resulting from traumatism. It is symptomatic of
many conditions. P. apyretica. Synonym of P.
simplex. P., Aqueous. Synonym of Htemophilia.
P. bullosa. See Pemphigus hicniorrhagicus. P.
febrilis, purpura with elevation of temperature. P.
fulminans, a grave form of purpura, developing in
young children as a sequel to acute infectious dis-
eases. It is of short duration, is marked by exten-
sive extravasations, grave constitutional symptoms,
and usually ends fatally. P. haemorrhagica, l\Ior-
bus maculosus nierlhofi : Laiid-scuri'y ; a greatly
aggravated form of purpura simplex. There are
marked constitutional symptoms followed by an erup-
tion of hemorrhagic points, larger than in purpura
simplex, upon the lower limbs, extending in .succes-
sive crops over the whole body-surface, coalescing to
form irregularly-shaped extensive ecchymotic patches,
or even raised, bloody tumors (ecchymomata). Hem-
orrhages may take place from the mucous surfaces or
into the serous cavities. Recovery is the rule. See
Werlhofs Disease. The disease may be infectious.
P. hypertrophica. See P. tuberculosa. P., Iodic,
a purpuric eruption caused by the use of iodin or the
iodids. P., Malignant. Synonym of Fe^'er, Cere-
brospinal. P. medicamentosa, purpura due to the
action of drugs. See P. , Iodic. P. menstrualis,
PURPURACEOUS
1219
PUSTULANT
purpura associated with the menstrual period. P.
miliaris. Synonym of Aliliaria. P. nautica.
Synonym of- Scuriy. P. neonatorum, that occur-
ring in the newborn from sudden changes in the cir-
culation. P. neurotica, purpura due to a nervous dis-
ease. P. papulosa, the variety in which the effusion
is round a hair-follicle and papules are formed. P.
Pestilential. Synonym of Fever, Cerebrospinal. P.
puerperalis, P. puerperarum, a purpuric eruption
occurring during the puerperium, and probably due
to septicemia. P. pulicosa, petechial spots pro-
duced by flea-bites. P. rheumatica. See Peliosis
rlieiimatica. P. scorbutica. Synonym of Scurvv.
P. senilis, that occurring in old age from, want of
support to the vessels due to relaxation of the tissues.
P. simplex, the mildest degree of purpura. It
generally occurs suddenly in young persons who are
apparently healthy. Small, flat, roundish, or irregu-
larly-shaped petechiee appear, of a deep-red color,
which does not disappear on pressure and soon be-
comes purplish, the lesions usually remaining dis-
crete. There are no concomitant constitutional , or sub-
jective symptoms. In children the spots are com-
monest about the upper part of the trunk, neck, and
arms ; in adults, about the inner surface of the thighs.
P. syphilitica, purpura due to syphilis ; it may be
localized, as in the area of distribution of a certain
nerve, or it may be general. P. thrombotica, pur-
pura due to thrombosis of the veins. See Erythema
piirpurieiim. P. traumatica, purpuric spots due to
traumatism. P. tuberculosa, P. hypertrophica ; a
rare form associated with the formation of tubercles
or nodules upon the skin, and edema of the affected
part. Death follows from gradual exhaustion. P.
urticans. See Urticaria htciiiorr/iagiea. P. vario-
losa. See Small-pox, Hemorrhagic. P., Vascular,
purpura due to changes in the character of the blood
or changes in the vessel walls.
Purpuraceous {pur-pu-ra' -se-us) \_purpura, purple].
Of a purple color.
Purpurate {piir'-pii-rdt) \_pnrpiira, purple]. Of a
purple color.
Purpuremia (pur-pu-re' -jiie-ah) \_ purpureiis, purple ;
aifia, blood]. Intermittent malarial fever with hema-
turia.
Purpurescent {ptir - ptc - res'- ent) purple].
Purplish.
Purpuric {pur-pu' -rik) \_purptcra, purple]. Purplish.
Pertaining to, or of the nature of purpura. P. Acid.
See Acid.
Purpurigenous (ptir-pu-rij'-ett-tis) \_picjpnra, purple;
genere, to bear]. Producing purple.
Purpurin [ pur' -pu-rin) \_piirpura, purple], Cj^HgO^.
1. A dye present with alizarin in the madder-root. It
is prepared artificially by heating alizarin and quinizarin
with manganese dioxid and H^SO^ to 150° C. It
crystallizes with one molecule of water in reddish-
yellow needles or prisms, and dissolves with a pure-
red color in hot water, alcohol, ether, and the alkalies.
2. Uroerytliriii ; a red coloring-matter sometimes
present in urinary deposits. It may attend serious
lesions, but is often of no special significance. See
Pigments, Conspectus of.
Purpuriparous ( pur-pu-rip'-ar-us) . Same as Purpurig-
enous.
Purpuroxanthic Acid ( pur-pu-ro-zan' -thik) \_ purpura,
purple; fa !'/?of, yellow], Cj-HgH,;. A substance found
in madder.
Purree (pur' -a) [E. Ind.]. Set Euxanthinic Acid, a.r\A
Pigtnetits, Conspectus of.
Purreic Acid, Purrheic Acid [pur-e'-ik). See Euxan-
thic Acid.
Purring Thrill. A fine, trembling vibration in the pre-
cordium, either heard or perceived by palpation. It
may be due to aneurysm, or to some valvular heart-
lesion, es]3ecially mitral stenosis.
Purse-string Operation. See Stoltz' s Operation in
Operations, Table of.
Pursy [pur'-se) [ME., pursy, short-winded]. Fat, or
corpulent, and short of breath. [Popular.]
Purulence [///i, pus]. The quality of
being purulent ; suppuration.
Purulent (pur' - u - lent') \_pus, pus]. Having the
character of or forming pus. P. Catarrh, an inflam-
mation of a mucous membrane accompanied by the
production of pus. P. Edema, a general infiltra-
tion of pus with much fluid.
Puruloid [pur'-u-loid) [/;^j, pus ; «((56f, like]. Re-
sembling pus ; puriform.
Pus [-i'oij]. A fluid of varying consistence produced
in the process of suppuration. It is formed by a lique-
factive necrosis of the intercellular substance of tissues,
the cells themselves floating in the fluid and under-
going fatty degeneration. Clinically, pus is due to
the action of microorganisms. P., Blue, pus colored
blue by the bacillus pyocyaneus. P. -corpuscles, the
corpuscles found in pus; they are small, usually multi-
nuclear cells, chiefly outwandered leukocytes, but also
degenerate connective-tissue cells. The nuclei may be
hidden by granules, but can be made to appear by
adding a little acetic acid to the pus. P., Curdy,
containing cheesy-looking flakes. P. -disease. Syn-
onym oi Pyemia. P., Healthy. See P., Laudable.
P., Ichorous, pus when thin and acrid. P., Laud-
able, a whitish, inodorous pus, formerly thought to be
essential to the healing of wounds. P., Muco-, pus
mixed with mucus. P. -poison, a chemic compound
that gives rise in the tissues to purulent inflammation.
The proteid extracts of many bacteria act thus, e. g.,
tuberculin. P., Sanious, pus mixed with blood. P.
Sero-, pus largely admixed with serum. P. -tube,
a term frequently applied to a Fallopian tube the
seat of suppurative inflammation. See Pyosalpinx.
P., Watery. Synonym of P., Ichorous. For
microorganisms of pus see Bacteria, Synonymatic
Table of
Pustula (pus' -tu-lah) [L.]. A pustule. A vesicle or
bleb containing pus. P. maligna. Anthrax ; Char-
bon ; Malignant Pustule ; IVoolsorters^ Disease ; Spletiic
Pever ; Carbuncle , Mihbrand ; an acute specific dis-
ease, due to the introduction of the bacillus anthracis
into the system. It is characterized by the appear-
ance of a localized inflammation beginning as a vesicle,
and is situated on the face, neck, hands or arms, closely
resembling carbuncle. The tumefaction may be very
great, and this is associated with a profound degree of
depression and exhaustion, the patient often dying on the
fourth or fifth day. In favorable cases recovery takes
place. The fever is slight; in fact, there is often a
subnormal temperature. In some cases general in-
fection does not occur. Internal Anthrax, mycosis
intestinalis, anthrax i)itestinalis, may be secondary to
infection of the skin, but in some cases no primary
focus can be discovered. The symptoms are diarrhea,
vomiting, dyspnea, and a tendency to collapse. The
temperature is usually not elevated, often subnormal.
Death occurs in profound collapse in a very few clays.
The lesions consist of necrotic foci in the intestines ;
bacilli are abundant in the vessels of these areas. The
spleen is not much enlarged, but the lymphatic glands
are greatly tumefied. See Pustule.
Pustulant (pus'-tu-lant ) \_pHstula, a pustule], I.
Causing the formation of pustules. 2. An irritant
substance which does not affect the whole skin
PUSTULAR
1220
PYELITIS
alike, but especially irritates isolated portions and
gives rise to the formation of pustules. Croton-oil
and tartar emetic are examples.
Pustular [ pus'-tii-lar) \_pitstnla, pustule]. Pertain-
taining to or cliaracterized by pustules. In biology,
a term descriptive of a surface which has blister-like
elevations. P. Grease. See Horsepox.
Pustulate [pus' -tii-ldt) \_pustidare, to blister]. I.
To form pustules. 2. Same as Pustular.
Pustulation {piis-tti-la'-shim) \_pustiila, pustule]. A
condition marked by the formation of pustules.
Pustulatous { pus' -lu-ldt-iis) . Same as Pustular.
Pustule [pus'-tul) \_pus/ula, pustule]. A vesicle or
bleb containing pus. It is always of inflammatory
origin, of a yellowish color, and has, as a rule, a red
areola, sometimes with induration. P., Malignant.
See Pustula maligna.
Pustuliform {pus' -tu-lif-onii) pustule ; forma,
form]. Resembling a pustule.
Pustulocrustaceous [ pus-tu-lo-krus-ta'-se-us) \_ pus-
tula, pustule; crusta, crust]. Pustulous, and also
covered with crusts, or scabs.
Pustulose iypus' -tu-ldz). Same as Pustular.
Pustulose, Pustulous {pus'-tu-ldz, pus'-tu-lus) \_pus-
tula, pustule]. Characterized by pustules.
Pusula [L.]. I. Pustule. 2. Erysipelas.
Putamen {pu-ta'-tnen) \_ putamen, husk: pi., Puta-
/nina'\. I. The lateral or darker part of the lenticular
nucleus of the brain. 2. In biology : [a) the stone
of a drupe, or shell of a nut ; [b] the soft or inner
shell of an egg.
Putaminous [pu-ta>?i'-in-us) \_putamen, husk]. Per-
taining to the membrana putaminis.
Putchuk [put'-ckuk) [Inclia]. The costus root ; the
root of Saussurea lappa, a composite plant of India.
In that country and China it is extensively used in
medicine. It is a stimulant and aromatic tonic. Also
the root of Aristolochia recurvilabra, an Asiatic plant ;
useful as an emmenagogue, diuretic, tonic, and stimu-
lant. Unof.
Putrefacient (/« - tre- fa'- se - ent ) \_putridus, putrid ;
facere, to make]. I. Causing putrefaction. 2. An
agent that causes putrefaction.
Putrefaction [ pu - tre -fak' - s/iun) \_putridus, rotten;
j'acere, to make]. The decomposition of nitrogenous
organic matter under the influence of microorganisms,
and accompanied by the development of disagreeable
odors, due to the evolution of ammonia and hydrogen
sulphid.
Putrefactive ( pu-tre-fak' -tiv)\_putridus, putrid ; facere,
to make]. Pertaining to or causing putrefaction.
Putrefy {pu'-tre-Ji) \_putrefacere, to putrefy]. To
render putrid.
Putrescence ( pu-tres' -ens) \_putrescere, to become
rotten]. The state or process of putrefaction.
Putrescent {pu-tres' -ent ) \_putrescere,\.o become rotten] .
Undergoing putrefaction.
Putrescin \_putrescere,\.o\>&CQm.^ rotten],
C^H,.^N.;. A poisonous ptomain. It is a clear,
rather thin liquid of a disagreeable odor, boiling at
I56°-I57°C. %&<t Ptomains, Table of
Putrid (pu'-trid) [putridus, rotten]. Rotten ; having
undergone putrefaction. P. Fever. Synonym of
Typhus Fever, q. v. P. Infection, pyemia due to in-
fection from a gangrenous focus. P. Pleurisy. See
Pleurisy, Ichorous. P. Sore-mouth. See Stomatitis,
Ulcerative. P. Sore-throat. -See Pharyngitis, Gan-
grenous.
Putridity (pu-trid' -it-e) [putridus, rotten]. The
quality or state of being putrid ; putrid material.
Putrilage (pu-tril-ahzld) [putris, rotten]. Putrescent
or gangrenous material.
Putty {put'-e) [OF., potee, brass]. A pasty, inelastic
substance usually made from whiting and linseed-oil,
and hardening on exposure to the air. P., Horsley's,
a mixture of white and yellow wax, vaselin, and car-
bolic acid, used to check bleeding from the vessels of
cut bone.
Pyaemia (pi-e'-me-ah). See Pye?nia.
Pyapostasis [pi-ap-os' -tas-is) \_nvov, pus ; imocTaaLq,
a standing off]. Metastasis of pus.
VyaiTihrosis {pi-ar-thi-o'-sis) [nvov, pus; dp^poiJ, joint].
Suppuration of a joint.
Pyaulacomele [pi-azv-lak-oin'-i'l-e)\_-K'vov,'pViS ; ahXa^,
furrow ; firj'Ar/, probe]. A grooved probe used in ex-
ploring for pus.
Pycnicmasia, Pycnicmasis {pik-nik-ma' -ze-ah, pik-
nih' -mas-is) \jvvi<v6c, tK/LLCig, moisture]. A thickening
of the bodily fluids.
Pycnid, Pycnide (pik'-nid). Same as Pycnidium.
Pycnidiophore [pik-nid'-e-o-for) \_kvkv6q, thick; oipeiv,
to bear]. In biology, a compound sporophore bearing
pycnidia.
Pycnidiospore {pik-nid' -e-o-spor). .Same as Stylo-
spore.
Pycnidium [pik-nid' -e-uni) [/riwrdf, thick, dense;
I610V, dim. : //. , Pycmdia\ In biology, are produc-
tive body resembling a perithecium, found in certain
fungi [Ascomycete.s). Pycnidia arise interstitially on
mycelial hyphae, and consist of a wall of several layers,
from the inner surface of which there converge series
of cells producing successively (terminally and later-
ally) pycnospores (Bennett and Murray).
Pycnocardia [pik-no-kar' -de-ah ) \_ttvk.v6(;, solid ; aapdia,
heart]. See Tachycardia.
Pycnocephalous [pik-no-scf -al-us) [TruKfdf, thick ;
K£(paXii, head]. Thick-headed.
Pycnoconidium {pik-no-ko-nid' -e-um) \t:vkv6<;, thick ;
Ki)vor, dust; i&iov, dim.: pi., Pycnoconidid]. See
Pyotospore.
Pycnogonidium [pik-no-go-nid' -e-um) \ttvk.v6q, thick
X"""?) generation ; idiov, dim.: pi. , Pycnogonidia'\. See
Pycnospore.
Pycnometer [pik-nom'-et-er) [ttvkvoc;, thick; fiirpov,
measure]. A specilic-gravity bottle, or a small, light
flask of known weight.
Pycnophrasia (pih-no-fra'-ze-ah)[_Kvm>6g, thick; (ppdrsi;,
speech]. Thickness of speech.
Pycnosis {pik-no' -sis) \_-vKv6r, thick]. Thickening;
inspissation.
Pycnospore (pik' -no-spor) [ttvkvoq, close; anupoc,
seed]. In biology, De Bary's term for the stylo-
spores produced in the pycnidia of the Ascomycetes.
Pycnotic [pik-not'-ik) \_nvKv6(;, thick]. Pertaining to
pycnosis.
Pyecchysis [pi-ek'-is-is) \_k'vov, pus; iKXvaic, effusion].
Effusion of pus.
Pyedema, Pycedema (pi-e-de'-mah)\_nv(iv, pus ; bUh/pa,
edema]. Edema due to purulent infiltration.
Pyelitic [ pi-el-it' -ik) [TrwAof, trough ; (r/,f, inflamma-
tion]. Relating to or affected with pyelitis.
Pyelitis { pi-el-i' -lis) {Tx've'h.oc^, a trough ; nn;, inflamma-
tion]. Inflammation of the pelvis of the kidney. It
may be due to the mechanical irritation of calculi, or to
tumors, animal parasites, tubercles, etc., or it appears
in the course of acute specific fevers, or, perhaps most
commonly, is secondary to diseases of the bladder.
It is marked by pain and tenderness in the lumbar
regions, and the presence in the urine of albumm,
mucus, epithelial cells from the pelvis of the kidney,
and pus-corpuscles in large amount. The urme is
generally acid. Blood is also frequently seen in the
urine. Gradually a swelling or tumor appears in the
lumbar region, dull on percussion and slightly fluctu-
PVELOCYSTITIS
1221
PYLOROSTENOMA
ating. P., Calculous, that due to calculi. P.,
Hemorrhagic, that attended with hemorrhage.
Pyelocystitis i^pi-el-o-sis-fi'-tis) [Trix'Aoq. trough ; KhoTt^,
bladder; /r/f, inflammation]. Pyelitis with cystitis.
Pyelo-lithotomy i^pi-el-o-lifli-ot'-o-ine') [Triie/iof, trough ;
/If'^of, stone; ro////, a cutting]. Removal of a renal
calculus through an incision into the pelvis of the
kidney.
Pyelometer [pi-el-om'-et-er). Synonym of Pelvitneter.
Pyelonephritic [pi-el-o-nef-rif -ik) [TryeAof, trough ;
i'fif)/)oi', kidney ; iti<;, inflammation]. Pertaining to
pyelonephritis.
Pyelo-nephritis [pi-el-o-nef-i-i'-tis) [ttveXoi;, trough;
ve<pp6i', kidney ; iti<;, inflammation]'. Simultaneous
inflammation of the kidney and its pelvis.
Pyelonephrosis [^pi-el-o-nef-ro' -sis). Synonym of
Pyelonephritis.
Pyelotomy (pi-ei-oi' -o-me) [nve/iOQ, trough ; TOfiii, a
cutting]. Incision of the renal pelvis.
Pyemesis {pi-em' -is-is) \jn>6v, pus ; e/neaig, vomiting].
Vomiting of pus.
Pyemia {pi-e' -iiie-aJi) \tkvov., pus; difia, blood]. Phle-
bitic septicemia, with the presence of pyogenic microor-
ganisms in the blood and with the formation wherever
they lodge of secondary embolic or metastatic ab-
scesses. It is characterized by intermittent fever, with
recurrent rigors, profuse sweats, a sweetish odor to the
breath, a dry, brown tongue, and rapid emaciation.
Slight jaundice frequently develops ; sometimes, also,
a purpuric eruption ; the temperature may be very
high, 105°, or even more. It usually terminates in
death. P., Arterial, a name given to pyemia produced
by disorganization of a cardiac thrombus and the dis-
semination of emboli through the arterial circula-
tion. P., Cryptogenetic, a condition in which the
primary suppuration occurs in the deeper tissues of
the body.
Pyemic {pi-e'-mik) \_-k'vov, pus; a///a, blood]. Per-
taining to or affected with pyemia.
Pyencephalus {pi-en-sef -al-ns) \jvvov, pus; tyKecfiaTiof; ,
brain]. Suppuration within the cranium.
Pyesis ( pi-e' sis). Synonym of Suppuration.
Pyetia (pi-e'-she-ah). Synonym of Colostrum.
Pygagria {pi-ga' -gre-ak)\_TTvyii , buttock ; aypa, seizure].
Pruritus ani ; eczema, or pain, of the anal region. P.
granulata, eczema of the anal region.
Pygal [pi'-gal) {jrvyij, rump]. In biology, of or per-
taining to the rump.
Pygidial [pi-jiil'-e-al) {jrvyr/, rump]. Pertaining to a
pygidium.
Pygidium {pi-jid' -e-tini) \_'Kvyri, rump; dim. 'u^iov: pi.,
Pygidia~\. In biology, a term applied to the hinder
or rump region of the body in various animals, especi-
ally insects, crustaceans, and worms.
Pygme [pig' -me) [^nvyfii/, fist]. The distance between
the elbow and the knuckles. Fist. Forearm.
Pygmy, Pigmy [pig' -me) [Trtry/;?;, a fist]. A dwarf or
dwarfish person.
Pygodidymus [pi-go-did' -im-iis) {_JTvy?/, buttock;
(VVfwuof, twins]. A double fetal monstrosity united by
the buttocks.
Pygomelus (pi-go;// -el-tis) [rrvyi/, buttock; fiiTio^,
member]. A parasitic monstrosity with the parasite
united to the hypogastric region or to the buttock.
Pygopagus [pi-gop' -ag-iis) ["">'/, buttock; Troyof,
joined]. An ensomphalic monstrosity with conjoined
buttocks or backs.
Pygostyle [pi' -go-stil) [tti;)'//, rump ; rrrfiPtOf, column].
In biology, the last bone in the tail of a bird, giving
support to the tail-feathers. It theoretically consists of
ankylosed or coalesced caudal vertebras, as there are
pairs of feathers in the tail.
Pyic [pi'-ik). Synonym of Purulent.
Pyin [pi' -in) \Tvvm', pus]. An albuminous substance of
complex constitution occurring in pus. It may be
separated by adding sodium chlorid and filtering.
Pyknometer [pik-nom' -et-er). See Pycnotneter.
Pyla ( pi'-lah) [^nvl}/, gate: //. 3.nAgen., Pyhf^. The
orifice by which the mesal portion of the mesocele
communicates with the lateral.
Pylemia ( //-/e'-/;/t'-rt/;) [ttii/I//, gate ; ol/za, blood]. The
blood of the portal vein.
VyXe.m^tiTZ.'^i^ [ pi-lem-fraks' -is) [Tri/l?;, gate ; i-fi(ppa^/(;,
obstruction]. Obstruction of the portal circulation.
Pylephlebectasis [pi-le-Jleb-ek' -tas-is) [tti'/*.;/, gate;
ipMiji, vein ; sKraait;, dilatation]. Dilatation of the
portal vein. This is usually caused by some obstruction
in the liver, or it may be due to relaxation of the vessel -
walls from some disturbance of innervation.
Pylephlebitis [pi-le-Jleb-i' -tis) \nv}ji, gate ; 0/ f 1/;, vein ;
(TIC, inflammation]. Inflammation of the portal vein.
The symptoms are those of pyemia ; the liver is
usually enlarged and tender. The condition is usually
secondary to disease of the intestines. P., Adhesive,
thrombo-phlebitis of. the portal vein.
Pylethrombosis [ pi- le-tliro/n-bo' -sis) \jrv'Atj, gate;
Ofjo/jjSoi;, clot]. Thrombosis of the portal vein.
Pylic [pi'-lik) [tt!'/!//, gate]. Pertaining to the portal
vein.
Pylometer ( pi-lom' -et-er) l^wbA?/, gate ; /lerpov, meas-
ure] . See Cystopylometer.
Pylephlebitis (// - lo - Jleb - i'- tis). Synonym of Pj'le-
pJilebitis.
Pylorectomy [pi - lor - ek' - to - me) [TruAt^pof, pylorus ;
kuTOjii], excision]. Excision or resection of the pylorus.
Pyloric [pi-lor' -ik)
[TTi'/'upof, pylor-
us]. Pertaining to
the jiylorus. P.
Artery, the py-
loric branch of the
hepatic artery.
P. Glands,
glands of the
pylorus, secreting
the gastric juice.
P. Plexus, bran-
ches of the hepatic
plexus accom-
panying the py-
loric artery.
P y 1 o r istenosis
( pi- lor -is-ten-o' -
sis) \_-v\wp6q, py-
lorus ; (T r f V 0 r ,
narrow]. Con-
traction of the py-
lorus.
Pyloritis [pi-lor-i' -
tis) [TTv'Abjpoq, pylorus ; itic, inflammation]
mation of the pylorus.
Pylorochesis [pi - lor - 0- ke' - sis) [Trri^updf, pylorus;
6,v//(7/f, a holding]. Obstruction of the pylorus.
Pylorocleisis [pi-lor-ok'-lis-is). Synonym of Pyloro-
chesis.
Pylorogastroscirrhus ( pi-lor' - 0 -gas' - tro - skir' - 71s) .
Synonym of Pvloroscirrhns.
Pyloroplasty ( // - lor'- o - plas - te) \_Kv7.up6(: , pylorus ;
K7aaai:iv, to form]. Plastic operation upon the \>y-
lorus.
Pyloroscirrhus ( pi-lor-o-skir'-us) [Tri'^upof, pylorus ;
pKippoi;, induration]. Scirrhus of the pylorus.
Pylorostenoma [pi-lor-o-sten-o'-mah). Synonym of
Pvlorostenosis.
Section of Pyloric Glands from
Human Stomach.
a. Mouth of gland leading into long,
wide duct (A), into which open the
terminal divisions, c. Connective
tissue of the mucosa. {After Pier-
sol.')
Inflam-
PYLOROSTENOSIS
1222
PYOSALPINX
Pylorostenosis {pi-lor-o-s/e-no' -sis) [nvT'.upor , pylorus;
OTt-vooi^, stenosis]. Stenosis, or stricture, of the
pylorus.
Pylorus [pi-lo' -rus) gate-keeper]. I. The
opening of the stomach into the duodenum. 2. The
pyloric valve.
Pyo- {pi'-o) \jTvov, pus]. A prefix that indicates con-
nection with or relation to pus.
Pyoblenna [pi-o-i/len'-ah) [ttvov, pus; ^Tievva, mucus].
Muco-pus.
Pyoblennorrhea {pi-o-blen-or-e'-a/i)\jT'vov,-p\ii ; P'/evro,
mucus ; f>oia, a flow]. A muco-purulent discharge.
Pyocataracta i^pi-o-kat-ar-ak' -tah) \t:vov, pus ; Kara-
fHiKTr/^, cataract]. Purulent cataract.
Pyocele (pi'-o-se/ ) [_-vov, pus; Kr/Ar/, hernia]. Hernia
with pus in its sac.
Pyocelia {pi-o-se' -le-ah^ [Triw, pus ; KotXia, a hollow].
Pus in the abdominal cavity.
Pyocenosis (pt-o-sen-o^ -sis) [tti'oi', pus ; n^vuaic, empty-
ing]. The evacuation of a pus-cavity.
Pyochezia [ pi-o-ke' -ze-ah) [ ■kv6\\ pus; ,Yfff'> to defe-
cate]. Discharge of pus from the intestines.
Pyocolpocele [pi - 0 - koF- po - sei) [_Tvhov, pus; KtiATrof,
vagina; KijAj], a tumor]. A tumor of the vagina con-
taining pus.
Pyocolpos (pi-o-kol'-pos) [n'vov, -pvts; ko'Atzoc, vagina].
An accumulation of pus within the vagina.
Pyoctanin (^pi-ok' -tan-in'). See Pyoktanin.
Pyocyanin [pi-o-si' -an-in) [Trt'oj/, pus ; /cyoi'Of, blue] ,
CjjHjjNOj. A colored extractive derived from
blue pus, and from cultures of the Bacillus pyo-
cyaneus. On exposure to the air it is oxidized to py-
oxanthose. It has positive chemotactic properties.
See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Pyocyst (//''-(j-j/rf) [tti'iov, pus ; Kuorff, cyst]. A cyst
containing pus.
Pyocyte ( pi' -o-sit)' \j:vov, pus; Kvrog, cell]. The pus-
corpuscle.
Pyodermatitis {pi-o-der-mat-i' -tis). A skin-affection
produced by inoculation with pyogenic material.
Pyodermitis (//-o-r/(i';--;«/'-i'/.t) [tt/'oi', pus; (Sf/j/in, skin ;
/r(f, inflammation]. An inflammatory skin-affection
attended by pus- formation.
Pyodiathesis [pi-o-di-ath' -es-is) [ni'ov, pus ; diaftenir,
disposition]. A purulent diathesis, characterized by a
tendency of inflammation to proceed to suppuration.
Pyoedema [pi-e-de'-inah). See Pyedenia.
Pyogangrenous {pi-o-gang' -ren-tis) \iTmv,-^v&; gan-
gi-icna, gangrene]. Suppurating, and also gangrenous.
P. Inflammation. See Injiamination.
Pyogenes i^pi-oj' -en-ez). Synonym of Pyogenic.
Pyogenesis {pi-o-jen' -es-is) \_ttvov, pus; yfyvdv, to pro-
duce]. The formation of pus.
Pyogenetic [pi - o- jen - et'- ik) [tt/'O!', pus ; ytvvav, to
produce]. Pertaining to pyogenesis.
Pyogenia (//-(7-yX-;/f-rt//). Same as Pyogenesis.
Pyogenic { pl-o-jen' -ik) \_-'vov, pus; yivvav, to beget].
Producing or relating to pus-formation. P. Fever.
See Strangles. P. Membrane, the thin, yellow layer
forming the wall of an abscess. The wall is pyogenic
only as long as the abscess is spreading, for it is then
that breaking down and suppuration are going on in
it ; when the abscess ceases to spread, the membrane
becomes a healing one. P. Microorganisms, the
ordinary pyogenic microorganisms are the staphylo-
coccus albus, aureus, and citreus, and the streptococcus
pyogenes. Under certain circumstances pus may be
produced by the pneumococcus of Frankel, the bacillus
coli communis, the bacillus of typhoid fever, the
gonococcus, and others. See Bacteria, Synonytuatic
Tatde of.
Pyohaemia [pi-o-hem' -e-ali). Synonym of Pyemia.
Pyohemothorax [pi - 0 - hem - 0 - tho' - raks) \_n'vov, pus ;
aifia, blood ; dupai, thorax]. The presence of pus
and blood in the pleural cavity.
'Pyoid [pi' -oid ) [ti'oi-', pus ; fitJof, like]. Resembling
pus.
Pyoktanin [ pi - ok' - tan - in) [nvov, pus; Kreiveiv, to
kill]. A name given to methyl-violet and aiiramin
(both anilin dyes), from their power of arresting sup-
puration. Both are antiseptic, but are harmless, as
well as odorless. One to two per cent, ointments, and
one per cent, gauzes and cottons are recommended.
Unof.
Pyolymph [pi' - 0 - limf) \TTmv, pus; 'A,vfi<^a, lymph].
Lymph containing pus-corpuscles.
Pyomalgia [pi-o-mal' -je-ah) [nvorv, pus ; Ciuo^, should-
er ; I'lAyof, pain]. Pain in the shoulder due to sup-
puration.
Pyomele [pi-om'-el-e). See Pyaulacomele.
Pyometra [pi-o-me' -trah) [_Trvov, pus; f-ii/rpa, womb].
A collection of pus in the uterus.
Pyonephritis [pi- 0 -nef - ri' - tis) [iri'or, pus; ve<ppo(,
kidney; iric, inflammation]. Suppurative inflamma-
tion of the kidney.
Pyonephrosis [pi-o-ne/- ro'-sis) [kvop, pus; ve<j>pog,
kidney]. Pus in the kidney and its pelvis.
Pyonephvotic [pi - 0 - nef - rot'- ii) [n-i'-oy, pus ; ve(jipog,
kidney]. Pertaining to pyonephrosis.
Pyonoma [pi-o-no' -mah) \_~'vov, pus ; vo^ii], an eating
sore]. I. A suppurative focus. 2. A tumor infil-
trated with pus.
Pyoophoritis [pi-o-off-or-i' -tis) [/Ti'ioj', pus ; (Joi', egg;
(popijg, bearing; ;r(f, inflammation] . Purulent oophor-
itis.
Pyopericardium [pi-o-per-ik-ar'-de-um) [t/'ov, pus;
TTf/)/, about ; KapSia, heart]. The presence of pus in
the pericardium.
Pyoperitonitis [pi-o-per-it-on-i'-tis). Synonym of
Peritonitis, Purulent.
Pyophthalmia [pi-off-tlial'-me-ah) \_~vov, p\is ; 'o<pOal-
jiOQ, eye]. Purulent ophthalmia.
Pyophthisis [pi-off'-this-is) [tttoj', pus; <pdiai(:, a wast-
ing]. Wasting from long-continued suppuration.
Pyophylactic [pi-o-fil-ak ' -tik) [ tt'vov, pus; (^vkaocuv,
to guard]. Same as Pyogenic. P. Membrane. See
Membrane .
Pyoplania [pi-o-pla' -ne-ah) \_nhov, pus; '^lavaeiv, to
wander]. Infiltration of tissues with pus.
Pyopneumopericardium [fi-o-nu- mo - per- ik - ar'-de-
uin) [-('01', pus ; ■Kvevjia, s\r ; Tzipi, around; napA'ia,
heart]. Pus and air or gas in the pericardium.
Pyopneumoperitonitis ( pi-o-nu- mo-per-it- on- i'- tis)
[n'vov, pus; nvevfia, air; TrspiTovaiov, peritoneum;
iTi(;, inflammation]. Peritonitis complicated by the
presence of pus and air in the peritoneal cavity.
Pyopneumothorax [pi-o-nu-mo-tho' -raks) [-wr, pus;
irr£v/ia, air ; Oupa^, thorax]. An accumulation of air
or gas and pus in the pleural cavity.
Pyopoiesis [pi-o-poi-e'-sis). Synonym of Suppuration.
Pyoptysis [pi-op' -tis-is) [tti'oi', pus ; Trr'vtiv, X.o spit].
The expectoration of pus.
Pyorrhagia [pi-or-a' -je-ah) \_-'vov, pus; pnyv'vvm, to
burst forth]. A profuse discharge of pus.
Pyorrhea [pi-or-e'-ah) [in'iov, pus ; poin, a flow]. A
purulent discharge. P., Alveolar. Same as Fauch-
ard's Disease. See Diseases, Table of.
Pyorthopnea ( // - or - thop - ne'- ah ) \tt'vov, pus ; op^dc,
straight; tti'o//, breath]. Orthopnea due to the pres-
ence of pus in the pleural cavity.
Pyosalpingitis [pi-o-sal-pin-gi' -tis) [tt/'ov, pus; <^a'-
7r()f, tube; itk, inflammation]. Purulent inflamma-
tion of the Fallopian or Eustachian tube.
Pyosalpinx [pi-o-sal' -pinks) \_-n'vov, pus ; oa/*"')?, tube].
PYOSAPREMIA
1223
PYRETOGENESIA
A formation of pus in the oviduct or the Eustachian
tube.
Pyosapremia i^fi-o-sap-re' -7ne-ah') [ttijoj', pus ; cair-
pur, rotten; aifm, blood]. Infection of the blood by
putrid pus.
Pyoscheocele [pi - os'- ke - o -sel) [Ti-i'oi', pus ; oc^^-for,
scrotum; /a/2//, tumor]. A suppurative swelling of
the scrotum.
Pyoscope [pi'-o-skop) \ttvo^, colostrum ; aiconciv, to
examine]. An instrument for determining the rich-
ness of milk by its color.
Pyosepthemia [pi-o-sep-t/ie' -me-ak ). Synonym of
Pyo-septicemia.
Pyo- septicemia (^pi-o-sep-tis-e' -me-ah^ \jrvov, pus;
af/fi^, sepsis ; aifia, blood]. The association 'of pyemia
and septicemia.
Pyosis (pi-o'-sis) [Trroi', pus]. I. Suppuration. 2.
Suppuration of the eye.
Pyospermatocyst {^pi-d-sper^ -mat-o-sist') ^irrov, pus ;
anepjia, seed; k'votk;, cyst]. The accumulation of
pus in a spermatic vesicle.
Pyostercorous [pi-o-s/er'-kor-iis) \_n'vov, pus ; sie?'cus,
feces]. Pertaining to purulent discharges from the
bowels.
Pyothorax {pi-o-tho' -raks) [Trf'ov, pus; ^wfiaf, thorax].
The accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity ; em-
pyema.
Pyotorrhea {pi-o-lor-e' -ak) pus; oj'f, ear; poia,
a flow]. Purulent otorrhea.
Pyoxanthin, Pyoxanthose { pi-o-zan' -thut, pi-o-zan' -
//zoz) [TTf'oy, pus ; fai)(^df, yellow] . A yellow coloring-
extractive sometimes found in pus, and resulting from
the oxidation of pyocyanin, q. v.
Pyozemia {pi-o-ze' -me-ah)\Tx'vov ,t^va; Ci'^/?/, a ferment].
The constitutional condition dependent upon the pres-
ence of a pus. Probably an intoxication, in contra-
distinction to pyemia, which is an infection.
Pyra [pi' -rah). Synonym of Anthrax.
Pyracetic Acid [pi-!-as-e'-/ih) . Synonym of Pyrolig-
neous Acid.
VyrsLmid [pir' -a?n-id) \_'m'pa[iig'\. Any conic eminence
of an organ, as P. of the cerebellum , P. of the iyiii-
panum, etc. Ps., Anterior [of the Oblongata), the
two pyramidal bundles of white matter, one on either
side of the ventral median fissure of the medulla.
They are continuous with the ventral columns of the
spinal cord, except the decussating bundles, which are
continuous with the deeper portions of the lateral
columns of the cord. P. of the Cerebellum, a conic
projection forming the central portion of the inferior
vermiform process. Ps., Cortical. Synonym of Ps.
of Malpighi. Ps. of Ferrein, a prolongation of the
strife of the Malpighian Pyramids into the cortex.
They are also known as medullary rays. Ps., Giant,
Betz's name for the large pyramidal cells of the cortex
of the paracentral convolution of the human brain.
P., Lateral. Synonym of Restifonn Body. P. of
Light, the triangular reflection from the normal mem-
brana tympani. Ps., Malpighian, the conic masses
composing the medullary substance of the kidneys.
There are from eight to eighteen. Ps., Posterior
[of the Oblongata), two narrow bundles of white mat-
ter placed one on either side of the dorsal median
fissure of the oblongata. They are continuous with
the dorsal median columns of the spinal cord.
Pyramidal (?/) [7riipa///f, pyramid]. Shaped
like a pyramid. P. Tracts. See Tracts.
Pyramidale {pir-am-id-a' -le) [Trvpa/xig, pyramid]. The
cuneiform bone of the carpus ; the os pyramidale.
Pyramidalis [pir-am-id-a' -lis). See Afiiscles, Table of.
Pyramidate [pir-am' -id-at) \_TTvpafiig, pyramid]. In
biology, pyramidal.
Pyramis [pir' - am - is). Synonym of Pyramid. P.
cerebelli. See Pyramid of the Cerebellum.
Pyrazol [pi' -raz-dl) [Triip, fire; azotum, nitrogen], Cj-
H^N.^. A derivative of pyrrol, crystallizing in color-
less needles, melting at 70° C, and boiling at 185° C.
Pyrazolin [pi-raz' -o-lin) [ttvp, fire ; azotiim, nitrogen],
CjHgN,^. A reduction-product of pyrazol.
Pyrazolon [pi-raz' -o-lon) [Triy.), fire ; rtso/^^w, nitrogen],
CjH^NjO. An oxidation-product of pyrazolin.
Pyremetin [pi-rem' -et-in) [Triip//;', mass ; £/^f(T«f, vomit].
A substance obtained from impure creasote ; it has
emetic properties.
Pyrene [pi'-ren) [nvp, fire], CjgH,,,. I. A hydrocarbon
occurring in the " stubb-fat " obtained from the distil-
lation of the " stubb. " It is sparingly soluble in hot
alcohol, readily in ether, benzene, and carbon disul-
phid ; it crystallizes in colorless leaflets or plates, and
melts at 148° C. 2. A hydrocarbon occurring with
fluoranthene in the highest fractions of coal-tar.
Pyrene [pi'-ren) \_'Kvpiiv, the stone of a fruit]. In
biology, a nutlet ; the stone of a small drupe.
Pyrenematous [pi-ren-em' -at-iis) ^Trvpr/v, mass; di/ia,
blood]. Pertaining to, or having nucleated red cor-
puscles.
Pyrenemia [pi - 7'en - e'- me- ah) [-Kvpriv, mass; alfia,
blood]. The existence of nucleated red cells in the
blood.
Pyrenin [ pi-re' -nin) [T?ip, fire]. In biology, the name
given by Schwartz to the substance composing nucleoli,
as distinguished from the nuclear membrane, amphi-
py renin.
Pyrenium [pi-re' -ne-n7ii) \_7rvp7/viov, dim. of Tzvpi/v, the
stone of a fruit]. In biology, the hypothecium of a
nucleiform apothecium.
Pyrenocarp [pi-j'e' -no-harp) \nvprjv, the stone of a fruit ;
KapTTOC, fruit]. In botany, a drupe.
Pyrenocarpous [pi-re-no-kar' -pus) \_nvpijv, the stone of
a fruit ; /capTrdf, fruit]. Resembling or pertaining to
a pyrenocarp.
Pyrenodeine [pi-re-no' -de-itt) [Trvpr/i', the stone of a
fruit ; £((5of, form]. Same as Pyrenoid.
Pyrenoid [pi-re' -noid) \^Trvpi/v, the stone of a fruit;
elSog, form]. The name given by Schmitz to the
small, bright g^lobules found imbedded in the chro-
matophores of green algii; and of certain invertebrates,
and having the reactions of nuclein and the function
of forming starch and similar carbohydrates.
Pyrenomycetes [pi-7-e-no-mi-se' -tez) [ttc/j//!', the stone
of a fruit ; fivKrig, fungus]. An order of ascomycetous
fungi. _
Pyretetiology [pi-ret -e -te - ol' - o - je) \jiVptT6<;, fever;
aiTia, cause ; Xdyog, science]. The study of the eti-
ology of fevers.
Pyrethrum [pi -re' -thrum) [^rrvpedpov, a certain plant].
Pellitory. The dried root of Anacyclus P. It con-
tains a resin, a volatile oil, and sugar. When taken
into the mouth, it increases the flow of saliva, and is
used as a masticatory in dry conditions of the mouth,
in relaxed states of the throat, and in aphonia ; also in
headache and facial neuralgia. It is valuable mainly as a
masticatory and sialagogue. Dose 3 ss-j. P., Tinct.,
20 per cent, .strong — used externally. Dose of the
British tincture Tl^xv-gj. P. roseum, Persian
Pellitory. The powdered flower-heads are used as an
insecticide. See Buhach.
Pyretic [pi-ret' -ik) [Tri'perdf, fever]. Pertaining to or
affected with fever.
Pyreticosis [pi-i-ct-ik-o'-sis) [7ruper<5f, fever]. Fever-
ishness.
Pyretogenesia, Pyretogenesis [pi-ret-o-jen-e'-ze-ah,
[pi-ret-o-jen' -es-is) \_TTvpeT6g, fever; yeveaic, origin].
The origin and progress of fever.
PYRETOGENIC
1224
PYROLOGY
Pyretogenic \pi-ret-o-Jeii'-ik) [ n-y/jt -or, fever ; ynwav,
to produce]. Causing or producing fever.
Pyretogenin {^pi-ret-oj' -en-ui) [ Triiptrdf , fever; yEvvav,
to produce]. A substance (probably a ptomain)
formed by microorganisms. Its composition is un-
known. It lias tlie property of producing fever when
inoculated into animals.
Pyxetogenous [pi-rel-o/-en-iis). Synonym of Pyreto-
genic.
Pyretography [pi-ret-og'-ra-fe) [Truperof, fever; ypa-
(peiv, to write]. A treatise on fevers.
Pyretology [pi-ret- ol'-o-je^ [Tryperdf, fever; "koyoq,
treatise]. The science of the nature and characteris-
tics of fevers.
Pyretophthalmia (// - ret - off - fJial'-iiie-ah) [Truperdf ,
fever; bfOaiifioi; , eye]. I. Ophthalmia caused by a
febrile disease. 2. A febrile affection complicated by
ophthalmia.
Pyretorthopnea [pi-ret-or-thop-ne' -ali) \_-Kvpt-6r, fever ;
opftog, straight; ttvo//, breath]. Orthopnea attended
with fever.
Pyrexia {pi-reks' -e-ah) [Trt'pe^/f, fever]. Elevation of
temperature above the normal. Fever.
Pyrexial, Pyrexic (pi-reks'-e-ai, pi-reks'-ik) [nvpe^i^,
fever]. Pertaining to pyrexia. P. Tincture. See
IVarl/erg' s Tincture.
Pyrexialis, Tinctura (pi - reks - e-a' -lis). See IVar-
bzirg's Tincture.
Pyrexy [pi-reks'-e). Same as Pyrexia.
Pyrgocephaly ( pir-go-sef -al-e) [Tripyof , tower ; /cf^-
o/i//, head]. The condition in which the vertex rises
as an eminence above the level of the skull.
Pyria (pi'-re-ah) [jrvp, tire]. Hot bath, vapor-bath ;
hot fomentation.
Pyriastes [pir-e-as'-tez). Synonym of Colostrum.
Pyridin [pi'-rid-in) {jrvp, fire], C5H5N. An alkaloid,
prepared from bone-oil, and also obtained from all the
pyridin-carboxylic acids on distillation with lime. It is
a pungent-smelling liquid, miscible with water, of sp.
gr. 1.0033 at 0° C. and boiling at 114.8° C. It isuseful
in allaying asthmatic paroxysms. Dose gtt. vj-xv ; by
inhalation, f^j-fgiss. Unofficial.
Pyriform [pir'-i/-oriii)\_pyrus,'{ie.2ir\ forma, a form].
Pear-shaped. Pyriformis Muscle. See Muscles,
Table of.
Pyrimania (pi-rim- a' -7ie-ah). Synonym of Pyromania.
Pyrites (pi'-rit-ez) [_Trvph//c, flint]. Either of the com-
mon sulphids of iron, pyrite and marcasite. P.,
Arsenical, pyrites occurring as a mixture of several
sulphids of arsenic. P., Iron, the ordinary pyrites.
Pyro- (pi'-ro-) [jrup, fire]. A prefix signifying con-
nection with or relation to fire, or heat.
Pyro-acetic [pi-ro-as-e' -tik) [~i'p, fire ; acetitm, acid].
Pertaining to or obtained from acetic acid by the ac-
tion of heat. P. Spirit. Synonym of Acetone.
'Pyxo-2X.\dL (pi-ro-as' -id)\^TTvp, fire; acidus, acid]. A
product obtained by subjecting certain organic acids
to heat.
Pyroantimonic Acid (pi- ro -an - tim -0' - ttii). See
Pvrantimouic Acid.
Pyroarsenic ^z\6.(pi-i-o-ar-sen' -ik) [Triip, fire; arseni-
<•««/, arsenic], H^As.^O-. A tetrabasic acid produced
when arsenic is heated to 180° C.
Pyroboric Acid (pi-ro-l>o'-rik) [7ri>p, fire; />oron'\,
H .B^Og. A dibasic acid produced by heating boric
acid.
Pyrocatechic Acid (pi-ro-kat' -e-chilt). Synonym of
Pyrocatecliin.
Pyrocatechin (pi-ro-kat-e' -chin) [7ri>p, fire ; catechu^
C|;H^(OH).j = CgHpO.^. Catechol; a substance first
obtained in the distillation of catechin (the juice of
Mimosa catechu). It is formed by the dry distillation
of proto-catechuic acid. It crystallizes in short
rhombic prisms and sublimes in shining leaflets ; is
soluble in water, alcohol, and ether; melts at 104°
C. and boils at 245° C. Its alkaline solutions turn
black on exposure to air. It is an antipyretic. Dose
gr- j->'j-
Pyrocatechinic Acid, Pyrocatechuic Acid (pi-ro-
kat-e-chin' -ik, pi - ro - kai -e- chu' - ik ). Synonyms of
Pyrocatechin.
Pyrocitric Acid ( pi-ro-sit' -rik) [ Tri'p, fire; citrus,
lemon]. An acid formed from citric acid by distilla-
tion. The term includes several acids.
Pyrocoll (pi'-ro-kol) [ 7r{;p, fire; K.oXh>, glue]. I.
The amid anhydrid of carbopyrrolic acid. It crys-
tallizes in yellow leaflets, melting at about 268° C.
2. C,j|HgN,202. A substance obtained in the dry
distillation of gelatin.
Pyrocomane (pi-ro-ko' -man\ See Pyrone.
Pyrodextrin (pi-ro-deks' -trin) [Triip, fire ; dexter, right] ,
QgHj4037. A brownish solid resulting from the ac-
tion of heat upon dextrin.
Pyrodin (pi'-ro-din) \_ Txvp, fire], C5H5.C2H3O.N2H,,.
Acetyl-phenyl-hydrazin. A white, sparingly soluble
powder, a powerful antipyretic. Dose ^ to 4 grains.
Pyrogallate (pi-ro-gal'-at) \j^vp, fire; galla, galls].
A salt of pyrogallic acid.
Pyrogallic Acid (pi-ro-gal'-ik). See Acid.
Pyrogallocarbonic Acid (pi' - ro - gal' -o-kar-bon'-ik)
\j^vp, fire ; galla, galls ; carbon, carbon]. A substance
prepared by heating pyrogallic acid with a five per cent,
solution of sodium carbonate, and dissolving the pro-
duct in cold strong sulphuric acid. It is used as a
delicate test for nitric acid.
Pyrogallol (pi-ro-gal' -ol) [vrip, fire; galla, galls],
CgH.,(0H).,. Pyrogallic acid ; a phenol derivative
produced by the action of heat on gallic acid. It
occurs in long, flattened prisms, colorless, bitter to
taste, soluble in water, alcohol, and ether. It will
affect the blood and produce hemoglobinuria. It is a
powerful reducing agent. It is used as a local appli-
cation in dermatology.
Pyrogen (pi'-ro-fn) \_-vp, fire; yEvvav,iQ produce]. I.
A substance capable of producing fever. 2. The
electric fluid.
Pyrogenesia, Pyrogenesis (pi-ro-jen-e' -ze-ah, pi-ro-
jen'-es-is) \_~>>p, fire; ykveaiq, origin]. The produc-
tion of heat or fever.
Pyrogenetic, Pyrogenic (pi-ro-jen-et' -ik, pi-ro-jen' -ik)
[Tryp, fire; ytvvav,\.o produce]. Producing heat or
fever.
Pyrogenic (pi-ro-jen' -ik) \jrvp, fire; yuivhv,\.o pro-
duce]. Producing fever.
Pyrogenous (//-ro/'-^i-wj-) [-I'p, fire; }fi'?'di', to pro-
duce]. Produced by heat.
Pyroglucic Acid (pi-ro-glu'-sik). Synonym of Pyro-
dextrin.
Pyroglycin (pi-ro-gli'-sin). Synonym of Metaglycerin.
Pyroguaiacic Acid {pi-ro-gwl-ak'-ik). .Synonym of
Giiaiacol.
Pyroleum (pi-ro'-le-um) \_~vp, fire; oleum, oil]. I.
Petroleum. 2. An oil produced by dry distillation.
Pyroligneous (pi - ro - lig' - ne-us) \_~vp, fire; lignum,
wood]. Pertaining to the destructive distillation of
wood. P. Acid, wood-vinegar. See Acid, Pyro-
ligneous. P. Alcohol, P. Spirit. Synonym of Methyl-
alcohol. P. Vinegar. Synonym of Acid, Pyrolig-
neous.
Pyrolithic Acid (pi-ro-lith'-ik). Synonym of Acid,
Cvanuric.
Pyrology (pi-roF -o-je) [-!;p, fire ; Aoyof, science]. A
study of the application of heat, especially with refer-
ence to surgical processes.
PVROLUSITE
1225
PVXININ
Pyrolusite iypi-ro-ht' -sit ) [Triip, fire ; \ovaic, a wash-
ing]. Native manganese dioxid.
Pyrolysis [pi-ivl'-isis] \_~vp, fire; I'rair, solution].
Decomposition by means of heat.
Pyrolytic i^pi-ro-lit' -ik) [irvp, fire; Xveiv, to dissolve].
Pertaining to pyrolysis.
Pyromania {pi-ro-ma'-ne-aJi) [7ri)p, fire ; fiav'ia, va&A-
ne.ss]. A form of moral insanity which actuates in-
cendiarism.
Pyromaniac [pi-ro-7?ia'-ne-ak) [/ri'p, fire; //avcj, mad-
ness]. One aftected with pyromania.
Pyromeconic Acid {pi->-o-}?ie-kon'-ik) [ttji/), fire ; me-
coni'cl, CgH^jO.,. A crystalline acid obtained by the
dry distillation of meconic acid.
Pyromel {pi' -ro-mel') [/ri'p, fire ; w^/, honey]. Mo-
lasses.
Pyromellitic Acid ( pi-ro-inel-it'ik). See Acid.
Pyrometamorphism [pi-ro- met - a7)i - orf'-izti!) [tti/j,
fire ; metamorphism]. Metamorphism resulting from
the action of heat.
Pyrometer [pi-7-oi?t' -et-er) {rrvf), fire; ^trpoi', measure] .
An instrument for measuring the intensity of heat
of too high a degree to be estimated by the ordinary
thermorrieter. P., Optic. A photometer used as a
pyrometer, on the principle that the luminosity of a
body is proportionate to its temperature.
Pyrometric {pi-ro-met' -rik) \jivp, fire; juirpov, meas,-
ure]. Pertaining to the pyrometer.
Pyronaphtha { pi-ro-naf -thah). See Burning Oil.
Pyrone {pi' -yon) \_~vp, fire],C5H^02. Pyrocomane ; a
substance formed when conianic and chelidonic acids
are heated to 250° C. It is a neutral solid readily
soluble in water; it melts at 32.5° C, and boils at
about 315° C.
Pyropemphigus [-!'/>, fire ; ■Kk\iw^,
pemphigus]. Pemphigus attended with fever.
Pjo-ophlyctis syriaca. Synonym of Aleppo Boil.
Pyrophobia {pi-ro-fo'-be-ah) [irijp, fire ; ^o^oq, dread].
Morbid dread of fire.
P3a'ophosphate {pi-ro-fos'-faf) [rri'p, fire; (poo^opor,
phosphorus]. A salt of pyrophosphoric acid.
Pyrophosphoric Acid {pi-ro-fos-for' -ik). See Acid.
Pyroptothymia (pi->-op-to-tlii'-tne-ali)[TTvp,fiK; Tvrot.v,
to terrify ; t'cuof, mind]. A form of insanity in which
the person imagines himself enveloped in flame.
Pyxopuncture (/i/-r()-///«CT-^''-/«r) [ti'p, fire ; pimctura,
puncture]. Puncturing with hot needles.
Pyroscope [pi'-?-o-skdp) {jrvp, fire ; aaoTTelv, to exam-
ine]. An instrument employed in determining the
intensity of thermal radiation.
Pyrosin \ pi' -rosin). Same as Ervthrosin.
P3n:osis (pi-ro'-sis) \_~vp, fire]. An affection of the
stomach characterized by a burning sensation, accom-
panied by eructations of an acrid, irritating fluid.
"Heartburn." P., Oatmeal, 'i^e. Oatmeal Pyrosis.
Pyrosph3rre {pi'-ro-sf'ir) [-rp, fire ; hammer].
Same as Moxosphyra.
Pyrosulphuric Acid ( pi-ro-snl-fii' -rik') fire ; sul-
phur'\., H.,.S,20j. A fuming crystalline body prepared
by crystallization from cold Nordhausen sulphuric acid.
Pjrrotartaric Acid [pi-ro-tar-tar'-ik). See Acid.
Pyrotechnia (pi-ro-tek'-ne-ali) [—j'p, fire ; Ti^v?/, a.rt\.
The scientific application of heat. P. chirurgica, the
employment of fire in surgical procedures.
Pyrothonid (//-r(?//;'-(7-«/(/) [irrp, fire]. A tarry sub-
stance resulting from the imperfect combustion of
hemp, cotton, and linen.
Pyrotic {pi-rot'-ik) \nvp, fire]. 1. Having the
property of inflammability. 2. Caustic.
Pyrotoxic {pi-ro-toks'-ik) [iriip, fire ; -of «KOf, poison] .
A caustic poison.
Pyrotoxin [pi-ro-toks' -in) [TTiip, fire ; rof«oi', poison].
A toxic agent generated in the course of the febrile
process.
Pyrouric Acid (pi-ro-u' -rik). See Acid, Cyamiric.
Pyrovinic Acid ( pi-ro-vin'-ik) . See Acid, Pyrotartaric.
Pyroxanthin (pi-ro-zan' -thin) [-lyj, fire; fai'('df, yel-
low] . A crystalline substance found in crude wood-
spirit.
Pyroxylic [pi-roks-il' -ik) \_~vp, fire ; Sv/.or, wood].
Obtained by distilling wood. P. Spirit, methylic
alcohol, a product of the distillation of wood. It is
also called 7c'ood-ipirit and zuood-alcohol.
Pyroxylin, Pyroxylinum [pi-roks'-il-in , pi-roks-il-i' -
mem) fire; §v/.ov, wood: gen. , Pyro.xyliin"].
Gun - cotton. Ordinary cotton fiber treated with
strong fuming nitric acid, the cellulose, CgHj^Oj,
being changed to trinitro-cellulose, CgH-Oj(N02)3.
It is soluble in ether, and is highly explosive by per-
cussion. Collodium, contains pyroxylin 4, ether 70,
alcohol 26. Solution should be complete. C. cum
cantharide (C. desiccans, B. P.), flexible collodion
85, cantharides 60, chloroform, q. s. C. flexile, flex-
ible collodion contains collodion 92, Canada turpen-
tine 5, castor-oil 3 parts. C. stypticum, styptic
collodion, has collodion 55, ether 20, alcohol 5, tannic
acid 20 parts.
Pyrozone {pi'-ro-zon) [-lyj, fire ; ozone'\. A rapidly
acting antiseptic, containing 3 per cent, of H2O2
water. It may be employed either internally or ex-
ternally without danger of toxic effects. It decomposes
pus with rapidity, causing effervescence. Unof.
Pyrrhol, Pyrrol [pir'-ol) \_~vp, fire ; oleum, oil], C^H^-
(NH). A liquid first found in coal-tar and bone-oil.
It is produced by the distillation of ammonium sac-
charate or mucate, or upon heating glycerol to 200°
C. It is a colorless liquid, with an odor like that of
chloroform. It becomes brown on exposure, and
boils at 131° C. ; it has asp. gr., 0.9752 at 12.5° C. ; it
is but slightly soluble in water. P. Red, C,._>H,^N20,
a reddish powder obtained by treating pyrrhol with
a strong acid.
Pyrrolidin {pi-roF -id-in) [^rrp, fire ; oleum, oil], Q.^-
HgN. A substance formed by the action of sodium
upon succinimid dissolved in absolute alcohol.
Pyrrolin {pir' -ol-in) \j^vp, fire ; oleum, oil], C^Hf.NH.
An oily liquid formed when pyrrhol is digested with
zinc dust and acetic acid. It is readily soluble in
water, and boils at 91° C.
Pyruric Acid ( pi-ru'-rik) . Synonym of Acid, Cyamiric.
Pyrus [pi'-rus) [L., a pear-tree]. A genus of the /V-
//(■t'tr, including the apple {Mains) , the pear (/". com-
munis, and other species) and others.
Pyruvic Acid {pir-u' -vik). See Acid.
Pyruvil ( pi-rn'-vil) \_~vp, fire; ovpov. urine], CjHsN^O.,.
A substance formed from urea and pyroracemic acid.
Pythogenesis {pi-tlio-;en' -cs-is) \_~vfttiv .Xo rot ; )(veaig,
genesis]. Production by means of filth.
Pythogenic {pi-tho-jen'-ik) \T:viitiv, to rot; ^fi'vai^, to
]iroduce]. Arising from decomposing matter. P.
Fever. Synonym of Typhoid Fever. P. Pneu-
monia. See Pneumonia.
Pytia {pi'-she-ah). Synonym of Colostrum.
Pyuria {pi-u'-re-ah ) \_-v(n', pus; ovpor, the urine].
Pus in the urine.
Pyxidate {piks'-id-at) [ttk/c a box]. Resembling a
pyxidium , or bearing pyxidia ; furnished with a lid.
Pyxidium ( piks-id' -e-um) [dim. of -vi'n:, a box : //. ,
Pvxidia'\. In biology, a capsule which dehisces along
a circular transverse line, so that the upper part comes
off like a lid ; also called a pyxis.
Pyxinin {piks'-in-in) [7r"f/f, a box]. A characteristic
chemic substance found by Frenzel in the gregarina
Pyxina.
Q
1226
QUADRIPAROUS
Q. S. Abbreviation of qitnnlum siifficii — as much as
suffices.
Qinbil {kin' -In!) [Arab.]. See Kamala.
Quack [kwak) [ME. , to quack]. One who
practises quackery ; a pretender to medical skill. Q.-
salver, a quack, or mountebank ; a peddler of his
own medicines and salves. See MoiDitebank.
Quackery {Jcwak' -cr-e) [ME., qiiakken, to quack].
The pretence of medical knowledge, skill, or success,
by one without either. Medical charlatanism.
Quackism [kioak'-izm] [ME., quakken, to quack].
The practice of quackery.
Quadrangular {k-uod-rang' -gu-lar) \_qii(j(/i-angii/ii!i! , a
four-cornered figure]. Having four angles. Applied
especially to a lobe of the cerebellum.
Quadrant [kivod' -7-aJit) [quiuii-afns, squared]. The
fourth part of a circle, subtending an angle of 90 de-
grees. Q. of Wilder, such an area of the ventral
aspect of the crus cerebri in the cat.
Quadrate ( kwoJ' -rat) [^quadrafiis ,s,i\\xare.'\. I. Square ;
four-sided. 2. In biology, the bone which in birds
and reptiles articulates with the squamosal above, the
mandible below, the pterygoid internally, and the
quadratojugal externally. Q. Lobule. See Lobiilc.
Quadratiferous (kwod-rat-if -er-us) \_quadratics, quad-
rate ; firri, to bear]. Having a distinct quadrate
bone.
Quadratiformis [kwod-rat-if-or' -tiiis). Same as Quad-
ratiis fcmoris. See Muscles, Table of.
Quadratipronator {kivod-rat-ip-ro-tia' -tor). Same as
Pronator quadratus. See Muscles, Table of.
Quadratojugal {kivod - ra - to - jii' -gal ) \_qtiadratiii,
square ; jt(jiim, a yoke]. Common to the quadrate
and malar bones.
Quadratomandibular {krood - ra - to - ma7i - dib' - ii-lar)
\_quadratHS, quadrate ; mandible^ . Pertaining to the
quadrate bone and inferior maxilla.
Quadratopterygoid {kwod-ra-to-ter' -ig-oid ) \_qitadra-
tus, quadrate; -rfpriti', any ; u&oi;, like]. Pertaining
to the quadrate and pterygoid bones.
Quadratosquamosal {kivod-ra-to-skwa-mo'-zal) [^quad-
ratus, quadrate ; squama, scale]. Pertaining to the
quadrate and squamosal bones.
Quadratum [kzvod-ra' -turn) \_quadra, a square: //.,
Qiiadrata~\. The ^««(i'ra/z/OT. or quadrate bone.
Quadratus [L. ]. Squared. Having four
sides. Q. Muscle. See Muscles, Table of.
Quadrauricular (k-vod-raw-rik' -u-lar) \_qiiadri-, four;
auricula, auricle]. In biology, having four auricles,
as the heart of certain cephalopods {Nautilus).
Quadri- {kwod' -re-) [L.]. A prefix used to denote
four, or four times.
Quadriarticulate [k-wod-re-ar-tik' -u-ldt) \jjuadri, four ;
articulare, to divide into single joints]. Possessing
four articulations or joints.
Quadribasic {kiood- rib-a'-zik) [quadri, four; basis,
base]. In chemistry, applied to an acid having four
replaceable hydrogen atoms.
Quadricapsular {kwod-re-kap'-sti-lar') [quadri, four;
capstila, capsule]. In biology, having four capsules.
Quadricarinate {kivod-re-kar' -in-at) [quadri, four; ca-
rina, keel]. In biology, applied to such insects or other
animals as possess four ridges or keel-like structures.
Quadricellular (k~vod- ris-cl'-u-lar) [quadri, four;
cellula, little cell]. Having four cells.
Quadriceps [kuwd'-ris-eps). -See Muscles, Table of.
Quadriciliate (kwod-ris-il' -e-at) [quadri, four ; cilium,
an eyelash]. In biology, having four cilia or flagella.
Quadricipital {kwod-ris-ip'-it-al)[_quadri, four; caput,
head]. Having four heads, as a muscle.
Quadricorn (kivod' -rik-om) [quadri, four; cornu,
horn]. In biology, having four horns or horn-like
structures.
Quadricornous {kiuod-rik-or' -nus). Same as Quadri-
corn.
Quadricostate {kwod-rik-os' -tat) [quadri, four ; casta,
rib]. In biology, having four costae.
Quadricuspidate [kwod-rik-us' -pid-dt) [quadri, four ;
cuspis, a point]. Having four cusps, as a tooth.
Quadridentate [kiuod-rid-en' -tat) [quadri, four ; dens,
a tooth]. Having four teeth or tooth-like parts.
Quadridigitate [kwod - rid -i/- it -at) [quadri, four;
digitus, a digit]. Having four digits.
Quadrifid {kzuod' -rif-id) [quadri, four; findere, to
cleave]. Four-cleft.
Quadrifocal {kivod-rif-o' -kal) [quadri, four; focus, a
focus]. Having four foci.
Quadrifoliate [kwod-rif-o' -le-at) [quadri, four ; folium,
leaf]. With four leaves.
Quadrifoliolate (kii<od-rif-o' -le-o-lat) [quadri, four;
foliolus, leaflet]. In biology, having four leaflets or
folioles.
Quadrifurcate (kivod-rifir' -kat) [quadri. iowx ; fuixa,
fork]. In biology, having four branches or subdivi-
sions, doubly bifurcate.
Quadrigeminal [kwod-rij-em' -in-al ) [quadrigeinintis,
fourfold] . Fourfold. Pertaining to the corpora
quadrigemina. Q. Bodies. See Corpora quadri-
gemina.
Quadrigeminate {kwod-rij-em' -in-dt) [quadri, four;
gcminus, twin born]. In biology, growing in fours,
as Sarcina.
Quadrigeminous ( kicod - rij - em'- in - tis) [quadrigem-
inus, four-fold]. Pertaining to the corpora quadri-
gemina.
Quadriglandular [krvod-rig-lan'-du-lar) [quadri, four;
glans, gland]. Having four glands.
Quadrijugate . (/('7fW-;-{)'-«'-^^«/', kwod-rij'-it-gdt). In
biology, having four pairs of leaflets.
Quadrilaminar, Quadrilaminate {kwod-ril-am' -in-ar ,
kwod-ril-am' -in-dt) [quadri, four; lamina, a thiu
plate]. Four-layered.
Quadrilateral {kwod-ril-at' -er-al) [quadri, four; latus,
aside]. Having four sides.
Quadrilobate (kivod-ril-o' -bdt) [quadri, four ; lobus,
lobe]. In biology, having four lobes.
Quadrilobular (ktvod-rit-ob'-u-lar) [quadri, four;
lobe]. Having four lobes. Q. Brain, a double
brain, or a brain with four hemispheres ; a rare form of
cerebral deformity.
Quadrilocular {kivod - ril - ok'- u - lar) [quadri, four ;
locittus, a cell]. In biology, having four cells or
compartments, as the ovary of a flower, or the heart of
a bird or mammal.
Quadriloculate {kwod-ril-ok' -u-ldt). Same as Qnadri-
l ocular.
Quadrimembral {k^vod-rim-em' -bral) [quadri, four;
iiiembrum, a limb]. In biology, having four limbs.
Quadrinucleate {J:wod - rin - u' - kle - dt) [quadri, four ;
nucleus, a nucleus']. In biology, having four nuclei.
Quadripara {kiood-rip' -Cir-ali) [quadri, four ; parerc,
to bear]. A woman who is bearing, or has borne, her
fourth child, or has had her fourth confinement.
Quadriparous (kwod-rip' -ar-us) [quadri, iowx \ parere,
to bring forth]. Pertaining to a quadripara, or tea
fourth confinement.
QUADRIPARTITE
1227
QUATERNARY
Quadripartite {k-wod-rip-ar' -tit) \_i]itadri, four ; partire,
to divide]. In biology, divided into four parts.
Quadripennate (k-tuod-rip-en' -at) \_qnadri, four ; penna,
wing]. In biology, having four functional wings.
Quadriphyllous [kwod-rif-U'-iis) four ; (f>v7:-
Mv, leaf]. In biology, having four leaves.
Quadripulmonary [kwod - rip - nl'- mo - na - >r) \(iuadri,
four; pii/mon, lung]. In biology, applied to such
spiders as have four pulmonary sacs.
Quadriradiate(/'-c'c'(/-;-<?-;'a''-;/e'-«/')[(/«a</;7', four ; radius,
ray]. In biology, four-rayed.
Quadriseptate [kivod-ris-ep' -tat) \_qiiadri, four ; septum,
a partition]. In biology, having four septa.
Quadriserial (kwod-ris-e' -re-al ) \_quadri, four ; series,
a row]. In biology, arranged in four rows' or series ;
tetrastichous.
Quadrisetose {kwod - ris - e'- tdz) \_qiiadri, four ; sata,
seta, a bristle]. In biology, having four setse, or
bristles.
Quadrispiral (Jtiuod-ris-pi' -ral ) [^cjuadri, four ; spira,
coil]. In biology, having four spirals.
Quadrisulcate {k-tvod-ris-ul' -kat) \_quadri, four ; sulcus,
a furrow] . In biology, having four grooves, or fur-
rows.
Quadrituberculate {kuwd-rit-u-her' -ku-lat) \^quadri,
four; /w/'^Tf/z/wOT, tubercle] . Having four tubercles.
Quadriurate {kwod - re -ic'- rat) \_quadri, four; ovpov,
urine]. A term applied to the mixed urates of the
lateritious deposits of urine.
Quadrivalent (^kiuod - riv' - al - eut) \_quadri, four;
valens, power]. Having a quadruple chemic valence ;
having a combining power equivalent to that of four
hydrogen atoms.
Quadrivalvular (ktuod-riv-al' -vu-lar) \_quadri, four ;
valva, a valve]. In biology, having four valves, as
certain pericarps.
Quadrivoltine \kwod-ri7'-ol' -tin) \_qitadri, four ; volta,
turn, time]. Applied to such silkworms as yield four
crops of cocoons a year
Quadroon. See Mulatto.
Quadrumana [kwod - ru' - man - ah) \_quadri, four;
manus, a hand]. Formerly, an order of mammalia,
including monkeys, apes, etc. The term is now
mostly used merely as a descriptive word.
Quadrumanous (kwod -ru'- man- us) \_quadri, four;
manus, hand]. Having four hands. Pertaining to
the Quadrumana.
Quadruped (kwod'-rzi-ped) [quadri, four; /«, foot].
In biology, having four ambulatory limbs, as distin-
guished from aliped and biped. Cf. quadrumanous.
Quadruple [kwod' -ru-pl) \_quadruplare, to make four-
fold] . Four-fold.
Quadruplet [kwod-ru'-plef) \jjuadruplare , to make four-
fold]. Any one of four children brought forth at one
birth.
Quain's Fatty Heart. That form of fatty heart in which
f the muscular fiber is replaced by fatty tissue. See
Diseases, Table of.
Quaker Button. A popular name for Xux Vomica.
Qualitative [kiuoF -it-a-tiv) [qualitas']. Pertaining to
quality. Q. Analysis. See Analysis.
Qualitive {kwoF -it-iv). See Qualitative.
Quantation [kzvon-ta' -shun ) \_quantus, how great].
The determination of quantity, or volume, as in obser-
vations regarding specific gravity.
Quantitative {kioon' -tit-a-ti'd) \_quantus, how much].
Pertaining to quantity. Q. Analysis. See Analysis.
Quantitive [kwon'-tit-iv). Same as Quantitative.
Quantivalence (kzuon-tiv' -al-ens) Iquantus, how much ;
valere, to be able]. The chemic strength of an ele-
ment or radicle expressed in terms of the number of
atoms of hydrogen witlr which it will unite. Univalent
or monad atoms, as chlorin, C1-, are saturated with
one atom. Bivalent or dyad atoms, as oxygen, -()-,
require two. Trivalettt or triad atoms, as Boron,
I
— B — , take three. Tetravalent or tetrad atoms, as
carbon, — C — , take four, etc. Nitrogen is a pentad,
I
and sulphur a hexad.
Quarantine \\\.. , quaranta,{ox\y\ The
time (formerly forty days) during which a vessel
from ports infected with contagious or epidemic dis-
eases is required by law to remain outside the port of
its destination, as a safeguard against the spreading of
such disease. Also, the place of detention. Q., Land,
the isolation of a person or district on land for similar
purposes. Q. Period, the length of time required to
insure immunity after exposure, or the length of time
necessary after an attack, to render the disease innocu-
ous.
Quart (kwort) \yjitartus, fourth] . The fourth part of a
gallon.
Quartan (kwor' -tan) \_quartus, fourth]. Recurring on
the fourth day (both days of occurrence being reck-
oned). A form of intermittent fever, the paroxysms
of which occur every fourth day. Q., Double, milder
and severer paroxysms occurring alternately, with a
day between, — a severe one the first day, a milder one
the second, then a free day, followed by a severe par-
oxysm on the fourth day.
Quarter-crack. In farriery, a fissure of the hoof on the
inner side of the fore-foot of a horse.
Quarter-evil [kwor'-ter-e'-vil). An infectious disease
of cattle, prevalent during the summer months, and
characterized by the appearance of irregular emphyse-
matous swellings of the subcutaneous tissue and mus-
cles, especially over the quarters, hence the name : it
is also called — Symptomatic Anthrax, Black-Leg. Fr. ,
' ' Charbon symptomatique. ' ' Ger. , Rauschbrand. See
Bacillus chauvcei, Bollinger and Feser, under Bac-
teria, Synonymatic Table of, and also Black-leg.
Quarteroon, Quarteronne [kwor-ter-oon'). See Mu-
latto.
Quartine {kwar' -tin) \_quartus, fourth]. In biology, a
fourth integument, counting from the outside.
Quartipara (kwor-tip'-ar-ah) \_q u art us, ionrth.; parere,
to bring forth]. A woman in her fourth pregnancy.
Quartz [k-worts). See Silica.
Quassation (kzvas-a'-sAun) [quassatio, a shaking or
shattering]. The reduction of barks, roots, and other
drugs to morsels in preparation for further pharma-
ceutic treatment ; cassation.
Quassia (kwosh'-e-ah) [after Quassi, a negro slave in
.Surinam]. I. The wood of Picrczna excelsa, native
to the \V. Indies and other tropical regions. It is a
bitter stomachic tonic. Dose gr. xx-xxx. Q.-cup,
a cup made of quassia wood, called also bitter-cup,
from which water may be drunk, the bitter principles
becoming dissolved in the water. Q., Ext. Its
properties are due to a bitter principle, quassin, Qj-
H^jOg. Dose gr. j-iij. Q., Fid. Ext. Dose ss-j.
Q., Infus., quassia chips "p,], water x. Dose 5]-
iij. Q., Tinct., 10 per cent, in strength. Dose
rr\^v-;^j. 2. Originally, as still in France and Ger-
many, the wood of Quassia amara was the official
quassia ; the therapeutic properties of this tree and its
wood are much the same as those of the ordinary
quassia of commerce.
Quassin {kwos'-in) [after Quassi, a negro slave in
Surinam]. The active principle of quassia.
Quaternary { kwa-ter' -na-re) [^quaterni , four each].
Consisting of four. Q. Union or Structure, an old
QUATERNATE
1228
QUINCUNCIAL
cheinic term denoting union of four elements, as in
fibrin or gelatin.
Quaternate [kwat-er' -nat) [^</iiaterni , four each]. In
biology, made up of four parts, as leaflets.
Quatrefages, Angle of. See Angle.
Quatuor {kwaf -ti-or) [L.]. Four. Q. Pills [Pilulae
Quatuor, N. F.]. The pihda fcrri et quinin(C composi-
/<(•, made up of four ingredients, iron sulphate, qui-
nin, aloes, and nux vomica.
Queasy {kwe'-ze) [ME., qtiaysy, causing a feeling of
nausea]. Nauseated; inclined to vomit. [Collo-
quial.]
Quebrachin [ke-brah'-kin) [contr. from Pg. quebra-
haclto, "ax-breaker."] An alkaloid of Quebracho.
It occurs in colorless crystals, which become yellow in
the light.
Quebracho [ke-brah' -ko) [contr. from Pg. qitebra-
/i(7r//t>, " ax-breaker. "] The bark of Aspidospernia
quebracho, a bitter tonic and antispasmodic. In large
doses, it lowers the heart's action. It is much used in
Chile as an antiperiodic. The alkaloid, aspidosper-
min, C.^.^Vi^^fi.^, is used in cardiac neuroses, asthma,
and as an antipyretic. Q., Bxt. Dose gr. ij-viij.
Q., Fid. Ext. Dose n\^v-3j. Q., Tinct., 20 per
cent. Dose 3j-3 ss. Q., Vinum, contains que-
bracho I, alcohol 2, white wine 16 parts. Dose ^j-
Jj. All unof.
Quebrachomin [ke-brah'-ko-inin) [contr. from Pg.
quebra-hacho, "ax-breaker."] An alkaloid of Que-
bracho resembling quebrachin.
Queen (kjcen) [AS. cwen, a woman]. I. The con-
sort of a king. 2. A name applied to the pectens or
mussels {Mytilus edulis) caught for food and bait off
the southern coast of England. Q. of the Meadov^r.
Also, Spircea ubitiaria, of Europe ; the flower, leaf,
and root are diuretic and astringent. Also, rarely,
Spinra salicifolia. Q.'s-root. See Stillingia.
Quenuthoracoplasty {kwen - u - tho ■ rak - o - plas '- /f )
\^Qiie)ut, a physician; H6pa^, thorax; n/iaaijeiv, to
form]. Richelot's term for an operation devised by
Quenu for empyema, consisting in simple section
of the ribs, without resection, to favor retraction of
the chest-wall.
Quercin (k't'er^-s/'n) \_quercus, oak], Cp|Hf.(OH)g. A
bitter, crystallizable carbohydrate extracted from
acorns and oak-bark.
Quercitannic Acid [kwer - sit - an'- ik) \^querct(s, oak ;
tannin, tannin], Cj^H^gOg. A substance found in
oak-bark, forming an amorphous yellowish-brown
mass, and differing from gallotannic acid in not being
convertible into gallic acid or hydrogallol. See Oak-
bark.
Quercite [ktver' -s'lt) \_qnercus, oak], CgH,,(OH)j. A
crystallizable substance, the so-called oak-sugar, or
acorn-sugar, which is a sweet and optically active
sugar-like carbohydrate, derivable from acorns.
Quercitrin [kvier' -sit-rin^ \_qiiercus, oak ; citrus, lemon] ,
C.,|;H,5gO.,p. A glucosid found in the bark of Qucr-
cus tinctoria, and used as a yellow dye. It consists
of yellow needles or leaflets.
Quercivorous i^kwer-siv' -o-rtts') \_quercus, an oak ; vo-
rare, to devour]. In biology, applied to insects or
other organisms that feed upon the oak.
Quercus [k7i.'er'-kus) [L.]. A genus of dicotyledonous
trees. Q. alba, the bark of the white oak. Its pro-
perties are due to quercitannic acid, a variety of tannic
acid with which its medical properties are identical.
It is much used as an astringent lotion, and is commonly
exhibited in a decoction of to the Oj. Q. bal-
lota. See Racahouf. Q. bicolor, the swamp white-
oak of North America. Q., Decoct. (B. P.) is used
as an astringent gargle. Q. infectoria, Dyer's oak ;
Aleppo gall-oak ; nut-gall oak, growing in Greece and
Asia Minor, and from which the nut-gall of commerce
is mainly derived. Q. robur, the common black-oak.
The bark [cortex) is astringent and tonic, contain-
ing gallic acid, quercitannic acid, and a little quercite.
The leaves and acorns are also used. Q. rubra, red
oak or Champion oak of Canada and the Northern
United States. Q. suber. See Cork. Q. tinctoria
[Angulosa), black, or dyers' oak. Q. virens, Ameri-
can live-oak, bearing edible acorns.
Quevenne's Iron. See Ferrum.
Quick, or Quick with Child {k-wik) [ME., </«//;•, alive].
A term used in legal medicine to denote pregnancy.
Q. Anatomy. See Vivisection. Q. Consumption.
See Galloping Consumption. Q.-lime, the popular
name for calcic oxid. See Calcium. Q. -silver, the
popular name for mercury or hydrargyrum.
Quicken [kwik' -en) [ME., qiiik, alive]. To experience
the sensation of quickening, q. v.
Quickening (kwik' -en-ing) [ME., quik, alive]. The
first feelings on the part of the pregnant woman of fetal
movements, occurring about the fifth month.
Quiddany [k'wid'-an-e) \_cydoneum~\. An old name
for a confection of quinces.
Q\x\&sc&nce {kwi-es' -ens) \_quiescence,xfpo'it'\. A con-
dition of animal life approaching torpidity, but in
which the animal may receive food and move slightly.
Quiet [kwi'-et) \_quies, quietis\ Repose; complete
rest. .See Rest-cure. Q. -disease, hip-joint disease
in children (sometimes destructive and always of pro-
gressive tendency), which has no strongly marked
symptoms, and is often overlooked for a long time,
there being in many cases little or no pain.
Quigila [k;t'ig'-il-ah). Synonym of Ainhum.
Quill (/W) [ME., quille, a quill]. The tube, barrel,
calamus, or hollow shaft of a feather, principally of
the domestic goose ; it has a limited use in surgery.
Q. -suture. See Suture.
Quillaia {kwil-a' -yah) [Chilean, quillai\ A genus of
rosaceous trees, including Soap-bark , the inner bark
of Q. saponaria , indigenous to the Andes. Its prop-
erties are due to a glucosid, saponin, C.j.^Hj^Oij. It is
a sternutatory, irritant to the mucous membranes, and
an expectorant. Dose of a 5 : 200 decoction Jj-ij.
Quillaic Acid [kwil-a' -ik). See Acid.
Quillain [kwil-a' in). See Saponin.
Quiltor [kwil'-tor). See Quittor.
Quinaldin [kwin-al' -din), Cj(|H„N. Methyl-quinolin ;
formed by digesting anilin with paraldehyd and HCl.
It is a liquid with a faint odor resembling that of quin-
olin, and boils at 238° C.
Quinaldinic Acid [kwin-al-din' -ik). See Acid.
Quinamicin [kitnn-am'-is-in) \j]uinamin , an arbitrary
form]. An artificial alkaloid, CjjH.^^N.^Oj, obtained
from quinamin.
Quinamidin [kwin-am' -id-in). An isomer of Quin-
amicin.
Quinamin [kwin' -am-in) [Sp., quina, bark; amin'\,
Cjj,H.2^N.^O.^. An alkaloid of the Cijtchonas.
Quinary [kwin' -a-re) \jjuinarius, containing five].
Divided into five parts.
Quinate [k-t'in'-at) \^quini, fwe each]. Applied tea
palmately compound leaf with five leaflets.
Quince [quins). Synonym of .Scrofula. Q.-seed.
See Cydonium.
Quincke's Capillary Pulse. Capillary pulsation with a
marked blanching of the finger nails at each diastole
of the heart ; a symptom of aortic insufficiency. Q- s
Disease. .See Urticaria a'dematosa, and Diseases,
Table of.
Quincuncial [kwin - kiin' she - al) [quiiuunx, five-
twelfths]. In biology, applied to that form of
QUINCUNX
1229
QUINQUECAPSULAR
estivation in which there are five leaves, two out-
side, two inside, and one with one edge outside and
the other inside. Also five-ranked.
Quincunx ( kwin' -kungks ) [ quinque, five ; uncia, a
twelfth part]. In biology, an arrangement of five
parts, or objects, in a square with the odd one in
the center, /.
Quinetum {k-ivi-ne' -tiini) [Sp. qtiina, bark]. Cinchona
febrifiiga ; the mixed alkaloids from red cinchona
bark used as a cheap febrifuge in India. Dose gr. j-v.
Quinic (kwin'-ik) [Sp. , qitina, bark]. Pertaining to
quinin. Q. Fever, febrile symptoms, with an erup-
tion ; it occurs among workmen making quinin.
Quinicin {kwin' -is-in) [Sp., qiiina, bark]. . One of
the constituents of chinoidin.
Quinidin [kwin'-id-in). See Qiiinidina.
Quinidina [kwin-id-i'-nah) [Sp., quina, bark], C^^-
Hj^NjOj. A cinchona alkaloid, considered by most
writers to be isomeric with quinin, with which.it
corresponds in therapeutic effects, but it is thought
to produce less unpleasant symptoms in the head.
Q., Sulph., (Q^^.^^.f}.^.^^^0^.'2\ip, readily sol-
uble in acidulated water and alcohol ; it is an excel-
lent antipyretic and antiperiodic. Dose gr. j-xx or
more.
Quinin, Quinia,Quinina or kin-en' :
kiuin' -e-ah, kivin-i' 7iaJi) [Sp., quina, bark], '^•I'^^u'
N.^0.2,3H20. Quinin is a finely crystalline or amorphous
white alkaloid obtained from various species oi cinchona.
It is odorless, very bitter, alkaline in reaction, and
soluble in 1600 parts of cold water or 6 parts of alcohol.
It is a valuable tonic, antiseptic, antipyretic, and anti-
periodic. It is extremely valuable in malarial affec-
tions. Quinin and its salts are distinguished from all
other alkaloids, excepting quinidin and quinicin, by
the emerald-green color given to their solution by
chlorin- water followed by ammonia. Q.-bush. See
Garrya. Q. -flower, the root of Salibatia elliottii,
abundant in southeast U.S. It is tonic, febrifuge, and
antiperiodic, and is of high repute in malarial fevers.
Dose of the fid. ext. ,^ss-j. Unof. Q., Amor-
phous, an alcoholic extract of powdered calisaya
bark mixed with calcium hydrate. Beta-Q. See
Quinidina. Q., Amorphous Boric, borate of quinin.
Unof. It is highly recommended, soluble, and is said to
cause little congestion of themembrana tympani. Q. ,
Poor man's, the seeds of Grsa/pinia hondtic and C.
bonducella . Q. and urea bimuriate, a soluble salt,
especially useful for hypodermatic injection. Q. bibro-
mas, Q(,H2^N20j,2HBr,3H.p. Dose gr. j-iij. Q.
bisulphas, C2|,H.,^N.p.^,HjSO^,7H20, very soluble in
water. Dose gr. j-xxx. Q. hydrobromas, Q^Hj^-
N202HBr,2H20, best salt for hypodermatic use. Dose
gr. j-xx. Q. hydrochloras, C2oH,2^N.p2HCl. aH^O,
muriate of quinin, antipyretic in gr. v-x doses. Q.
hydrochlor. carbamidat. , a compound salt of quinin
and urea. Dose gr. j-iij. Suitable for hypodermatic use.
Q. lactas, C.2gH24N.202-QH6*-*3' '^^■'y soluble. Dose
gr.j-xx. Q. salicylas, valuable in neuralgia and rheu-
matic gout. Dose gr.j-vj. Q. sulphas (C2oH2^N202)2--
H2S0^.7H20, soluble in hot and acidulated water.
Dose gr. j-xx or xl. Q. sulphocarbolas. Dose
gr. j-v. Q. tannas, tasteless, but insoluble in the
stomach. Dose gr. x-xx. Q., Tinctura, Ammo-
niata (B. P.). Dose ^ss-ij. Q. valerianas, Cj,,-
H24N.P2C5H,(,02.H20, the only salt affected by con-
stituent acid. Dose gr. j-iij. Q., Vinum (B. P.).
Dose ^ ss-j.
Quinina (k-ciin-i'-nah). See Qiiinia.
Quininic Acid (kwin-iti'-ik'). See Acid.
Quininism [kwin-en'-izm) [Sp., ^«z>Z(7, bark]. Cin-
chonism ; the condition induced by the continued use
or by large doses of quinin. It is marked by deaf-
ness, ringing in the ears, etc.
Quinizarin (kwin-iz-a'-rin)\Ji-p., quina, bark], Cj^HgO^.
An isomerid of alizarin.
Quinoa (ke-no' -ah) [Peruv.]. A plant, Clienopodiiim
quinoa, of Peru and Chile, where it is cultivated for
its seeds, which are used as a substitute for the true
cereals. The seed-husks of red quinoa are said to
be antiperiodic and emetic. Unof.
Quinodin {kwin' -o-din) [Sp. , quina, bark]. An alka-
loid-like body found in the organs, tissues, and fluids
of human and other animal bodies, resemljling by its
bluish fluorescence the sulphate of quinin. Obtained
by Du Pre and Bence Jones, 1 866.
Quinoidin [kwin-oi' -din). See Chinoidimini.
Quinol [kwi' -noi). See Hydroquinojie.
Quinolin (/;-w/;?'-o-//«) [Sp.. quina, bark], C,,H-N. A
substance occurring in bone-oil and coal-tar. It results
when many alkaloids are distilled. It is a colorless,
strongly refracting liquid, with a penetrating odor. It
boils at 239° C. ; its specific gravity is 1. 095 at 20° C.
It is also called Chinolin, q. v. Q. -colors. See
Pigments, Conspectus of.
Quinology {kwtn-oF -o-je ) [Sp. , quina, bark ; /loyoc,
science]. The scientific study of the cinchona trees
and of their alkaloids.
Quinone {kwin' -on) [Sp., quina, bark]. A general
term for certain derivatives of the benzene series.
Also a specific substance of yellowish color and vola-
tile at ordinary temperatures, derived from members
of the aromatic group by oxidation with sulphuric acid
and manganese dioxid.
Quinotannic Acid {kwin-o-tan' -ik) \_^-^. , quina , bark;
tannin, tannin]. A special form of tannic acid found
in certain classes of cinchona-bark.
Quinova {kwin-o' -vah) [a contraction of quina Jiova,
false cinchona bark] . The bark of Portlandia gran-
dijlora.
Quinovin {kwin'-o-vin) [Sp. , quina, bark], C^uH^gOg.
Kinovin ; an amoiphous bitter glucosid derived from
cinchona bark. It is said to be an antipyretic.
Quinoxalin {ktoin-oks'-al-i)i) , quina, bark ; of I'-f ,
sharp], CgHgNj. A substance obtained from pheny-
lene diamin and glyoxal or its compounds by digest-
ing the aqueous solution at 60° C. with sodium bisul-
phite. It is a crystalline mass, melting at 27° C. and
boiling at 229° C. Its odor resemi)les that of quino-
lin and piperidin. The Quino.\ali]is are prepared by
the condensation of the ortho-phenylene diamins with
glyoxal. The quinoxalins that do not contain oxy-
gen are feeble monacid bases, generally soluble in
water, alcohol, and ether. Their odor resembles that
of quinolin.
Quinoxim {kwin - oks' - im) [Sp., quina, bark; otvc,,
sharp], CpH^(NO).OH. A^itrosopJienol : prepared by
the action of nitrous acid upon the phenols. It crys-
tallizes from hot water in colorless, delicate needles,
which readily brown on exposure. It is soluble in
water, alcohol, and ether, and imparts to them a bright-
green color.
Quinquaud's Disease. See FoUicztlitis decalvans, and
Diseases, Table of. Q.'s Plaster, a plaster used in
treating syphilis. It consists of emplastrum diachylon,
3000 parts ; calomel, 1000 parts ; castor-oil, 300 parts.
The calomel is suspended in the oil and is then added
to the melted plaster ; it is then spread on linen so that
14 strips each 9 feet by 74^ inches are produced. Of
this plaster a square of 2^ inches contains 18 grains
of calomel.
Quinquecapsular {kwin - kwe - kap'- su - tar') [quinque,
five; <v?/W<7, capsule]. In biology, having five cap-
sules.
QUINQUECOSTATE
1230
RABIES
Quinquecostate [kwin - kim' - kos' - /at ) [qninqiie, five ;
costa, a rib]. In biology, liaving five costse.
Quinquedentate [kwin-kwe-dm'-tdt) \_qiiiiiqiie, five;
de)is, tooth]. In biology, five-toothed.
Quinquedigitate [Jcivin-kwe-dij' -it-at) \_quinqite, five;
digitus, finger]. Having five fingers or toes.
Quinquefid {kivin' -kwe-fid ) \_quinqiii', five; findere, to
cleave, split]. In biology, five-cleft.
Quinquefoliate (Jnvin - kwe - fo'- le- at) \_qninque, five ;
folittm, leaf]. In biology, five-leaved.
Quinquefoliolate {kwin-kwe-fa' -le-o-ldt)\i]uinqHe , five ;
folioluDi, a leaflet]. In biology, applied to any com-
pound leaf that has just five leaflets.
Quinquelobate (k'cuin-k-ii'e-lo^ -bai)\_q!iinqite, five ; lobiis,
lobe]. In biology, having five lobes.
Quinquelocular [Icwin-kwe-lok' -ii-lar') \_quinqiie, five ;
loculiis, a cell]. In biology, having five cells or com-
partments, as a five-celled ovary.
Quinqueloculine {kwin-kwe-lok' -u-lin) \_quinqiie, five ;
loculus, a cell]. In biology, the same as quinquelocu-
lar. Applied to certain Foraininifera.
Quinquepartite {kwin - k-ve - par' - tit) \jjitinque, five;
partire, to divide]. In biology, five-parted.
Quinqueradiate (/nvin- kwe- ra'-de-at) \_quinque, five;
radius, ray]. In biology, five-rayed.
Quinqueseptate (kwin - kwe - sep'- tat) \_quinque, five ;
septum, a partition]. In biology, having five septa or
partitions.
Quinqueserial (kwin - kive - se'- re - al) \_quinque, fiwt;
series, a row]. In biology, arranged in five rows.
Quinquetuberculate (kwin-kwe-tu-ber'-ku-lat) \jqitin-
que, five ; tuberculuin, tubercle]. Having five tuber-
cles.
Quinquevalve [kwin'-kwe-valv) [quinque, five ; valva,
door]. In biology, having five valves.
Quinquinina (kwin-kive-ni' -nali) [Sp. , quina, bark]. A
preparation containing alkaloids of cinchona-bark, ex-
tracted by macerating in acidulated water, and precipi-
tated by a soluble alkali.
Quinquino (kwin-ke' -no) [S. Amer.]. The ixte^ Myrox-
ylon pereinr, which produces balsam of Peru.
Quinsy (kunn'-ze) [kvuv, dog; ayx^i-''', to choke]. The
popular name for Cynanche tonsillaris, an acute,
severe inflammation of the tonsils and mucous mem-
brane of the fauces, accompanied by fever. It is
specially applied to suppurative tonsillitis. Q., Ma-
lignant. See Diphtlieria.
Quintan (kwin' -tan) \_quintus, fifth]. An intermittent
fever, the paroxysms of which occur every fifth day,
counting the first and last day.
Quinteroon (kwin'-ter-oon). .See Quintroon.
Quintessence (kwin-tes'-ens) fifth ; essentia,
essence]. The active principle of any substance, con-
centrated to the utmost degree. A term anciently
much employed in medicine and pharmacy for a tinc-
ture prepared by digestion at a moderate heat.
Quintine (kivin'-tin) [quintus, fifth]. In biology, a
fifth integument counting from the outside.
Quintroon (kivin-troon') [S'p. , quinteron'\. A person,
one of whose parents is of the white race, and the
other has one-sixteenth part of African blood.
Quintuple (kwin' -tu-pl) \_quintuplex, fivefold]. Five-
fold.
Quintuplets (kwin-tu' -plets) five-fold]. A
set of five children all born at one confinement.
Quitch-grass \lrwitch' -gras). See Triliruin repens, or
Quicken.
Quittor, Quitter [kwit'-or, kwit'-er) [ME., quiter,
rottenness]. In farriery, a fistulous wound upon the
quarters or the heel of the coronet, caused by treads,
pricks in shoeing, corns, or other injuries which produce
suppuration at the coronet or within the foot.
Quiz (kwiz) \_qutvsare, to ask]. In medical pedago-
gics, an informal recitation or exercise in which the
student familiarizes himself with his medical studies.
Q. -master, one who conducts a quiz.
Quizzer (kzviz'-er) [^y«(?ran', to ask (?)] . The precep-
tor who conducts the quiz-exercise.
Quotidian (kwo - tid' - e - an) \_quot, as many as; dies,
day]. An intermittent fever, the paroxysms of which
occur daily.
Quotient (kzvo'-shent) [^wo/Ztv, how often] . The re-
sult of the process of division. Q., Respiratory, the
mathematic relation of the free oxygen that is inspired
to that which is expelled from the lungs as carbon
dioxid.
R
R. The abbreviation of Recipe, take ; also of Right, of
Reaumur, and of Resistance (electric).
B , or R. An abbreviation of Recipe, used in physicians'
prescriptions, signifying take. The stroke across the
tail of the R is probably a remnant of the symbol of
Jupiter (11), used of old as the superscription to formu-
la, in accordance with the custom of propitiating the
gods by pious invocations.
Rabic (rab'-ik) [rabies, rage]. Pertaining to rabies;
rabietic.
Rabid (;77^''-/r/) \_rabidus, ma.A']. Affected with rabies,
or hydrophobia. Pertaining to hydrophobia, as rabid
virus.
Rabidity (ra-bid' -it-e) \_rabidus, rabid]. The state of
being rabid.
Rabidness (rab'-id-nes) [ra;^/</«j-, rabid]. Madness;
the state of being rabid.
Rabidus (rab' -id-its) [L.]. Madness. R. canis.
Synonym of Hydrophobia.
Rabies (w'-Z'^-fc) [L.]. Lyssa, or Hydrophobia. The
latter term is popularly applied to the human disease
consequent upon the bite of a rabid dog or other
animal. Rabies is an acute infectious disease of
animals, dependent upon a specific virus, and com-
municable to man by inoculation. All animals are
liable to the disease, but it occurs most frequently in
the wolf, the cat, and the dog, and is chiefly jiropa-
gated by the latter, which is specially susceptible. '1 lie
nature of the poison is as yet unknown ; it has a
special affinity for the nervous system, and is found ni
the secretions, particularly in the saliva. The period
of incubation in man varies from six weeks to three
months. Three stages of the disease are recognized :
a premonitory, characterized by depression and irrita-
bility, followed by a stage of great excitability, and
excessive sensitiveness to afferent stimuli, giving rise
to intensely painful spasms, particularly of the oral
and laryngeal muscles. The fact that the attempt to
RABIETIC
1231
RACHIOTOME
take water will induce a spasm, and makes the sufferer
dread the sight of it, gives the popular name to the
affection. There may be rise of temperature. In the
last, or paralytic stage, the spasms are succeeded by
quiet and gradual unconsciousness, ending in death.
The cerebro-spinal system shows congested vessels,
perivascular exudation of leukocytes, and minute hem-
orrhages, particularly in the oblongata (Gowers), and
the larynx, trachea, and bronchi show acute hyperemia
(Osier). R., Dumb, rabies in rodents, in which the
preliminary and second periods are absent, and the
paralytic stage is pronounced from the onset (Osier).
R., canina, R. felina, rabies in or acquired from the
dog or cat respectively. R., False. See /v._, Fseudo.
R., Paralytic : I . Of Gamaleia, rabies in which the
third stage is the only manifestation of the infection.
2. An acute ascending spinal paralysis due to infec-
tion, probably rabietic. R., Pseudo : i. A neurotic
or hysteric manifestation closely simulating rabies,
but of longer duration and amenable to treatment
(Osier). 2. A morbid condition resembling rabies
induced experimentally in animals, and occurring in
dogs infested with the Strongylus gig<^s. R., Tan-
acetic, a morbid condition resembling rabies induced
in rabbits by the intravenous injection of oil of tan-
acetum.
Rabietic {ra-he-et' -ik) [rabies, rage]. Pertaining to,
affected with, or of the nature of, rabies.
"Ra-hific (ra - bif- ik) \_rabies, ra.ge]. Causing rabies;
communicating hydrophobia.
Rabiform {ra' -bif-orm) [rabies, rage; for/zia, form].
Resembling rabies.
Rabigenic (t-a-big-en' -ik\. Same 2& Rabijic.
Rabious {ra'-be-us') [ra^/>j, rage]. Wild; raging.
Rabl's Fluid. See Stains, Table of.
Rabuteau's Method. A method of estimating the
amount of acids in the stomach. It consists in driv-
ing off the volatile acids by heat and shaking the
residue with a large excess of ether, which takes up
the lactic acid. This is separated and cinchonin or
quinin is added to the remainder until the reaction is
neutral. The cinchonin or quinin hydrochlorid is dis-
solved out by shaking with chloroform, the latter is
distilled off from this extract, and the chlorin estimated
in the residue.
Racahout [rah - kaJi - oof') [Fr. ; Arab., raqaiti'\. A
kind of starchy food prepared from the acorns of
Quercus ballota, an oak-tree of the Mediterranean
region. Most of the commercial racahout is, however,
quite factitious. It is recommended as an analeptic,
and as a food for invalids. Unof.
Raccoon-berry (rak-oon-ber'-e). Synonym of Podo-
phylhan peltatum.
Race [j-as') [Dan., race, a breed of horses]. In biology,
agenealogic, ethnic, or tribal stock; a breed or variety
of plants or animals made permanent by constant
transmission of its characters through the oftspring.
Race {rds) [radix, root]. A root, especially of ginger.
R. -ginger, ginger in the race or root.
Raceme {ra-sem') [raceimis, a cluster of grapes]. In
biology, an indeterminate inflorescence having a com-
mon peduncle with one-flowered pedicels arranged
along its sides. R., Compound, a raceme in which
the pedicels branch and form secondary racemes.
R., False, a circinate, or scorpioid, cyme.
Racemed (rrt-j^i/W) [/-(riVOTw^, a cluster of grapes]. In
biology, disposed in racemes ; said of flowers or fruits.
Racemic [ra-se' -mik) [raceiiiiis, a bunch of grapes].
Pertaining to clusters of grapes, or to racemes. R.
Acid. See Acid.
Racemiferous {ras-em-if'-er-us) [race7/itts, a cluster of
grapes ; ferre, to bear]. Bearing racemes.
Racemiform [i-a-se'-tnif-onn) [racennis, a bunch of
grapes; forma, form]. In biology, having the form
of a raceme.
Racemose {ras' -e-mbz) [racemits, a bunch of grapes].
Having a shape resembling that of a bunch of grapes ;
applied especially to certain glands. R. Aneurysm,
anastomotic aneurysm. R. Cells, clusters of cells
arranged around a central duct. R. Varix, anasto-
motic varix.
Racemule [ras'-e->?!ul) [racemidus , dim. of racemns,
a cluster]. In biology, a small raceme.
Racemulose [ra-seiii' -ii-/dz) [raceiiiitliis , a small ra-
ceme]. In biology, resembling a racemule, or ar-
ranged in racemules.
Rach-. See, also, Rhach-.
Rachiaei (i-a-ki'- e-i) [fiO-xi^, the spine]. .Spinal
muscles.
Rachiagra {ra - ke - a' - grah) [paxiz^) spine; aypa,
seizure]. Gouty or rheumatic pain in the muscles of
the spine.
Rachial (;-(Z''-i'c'-^7/). Same as Rachidial.
Rachialgia [ra - ke - al'-je - ah) ['pdxt<;, spine; a/>of,
pain]. Vertebral disease ; pain in or about the spine.
Metallic colic. R. mesenterica, tabes mesenterica.
R. pictorum, Rachialgia of painters. R. pictonien-
sium, metallic colic.
Rachialgic (7v?-/?-c'-a/^-/V/{') [pd^^'fi spine ; a.7.yo(;, pain].
Affected with rachialgia.
Rachialgitis {ra - ke - al - ji' -iis) [/wijiC, spine; a'/.yog,
pain; itic;, inflammation]. Inflammatory rachialgia ;
myelitis.
Rachiasmus (ra ■ ke - az' - 7iius) [paxiC, spine]. The
spasmodic action of the muscles of the back of the neck,
occurring early in epilepsy.
Rachidial (ra-kid'-e-a/ ) [pdx'C, the spine'j. Belonging
to a rachis, or spine.
Rachidian [ra - kid'- e - ait) [pdxiQ, spine]. Spinal;
vertebral. R. Arteries, the spinal arteries. R. Bulb,
the mediiHa oblongata. R. Canal, the vertebral
canal.
Rachiglossate {ra - kig - los' - at) [paxic,, the spine;
-y/.uaaa, tongue]. In biology, applied to such gastero-
pod molluscs as have only from one to three teeth in
each transverse series on the radula or lingual ribbon.
Rachilla {ra-kil'-ah) [po-xii^, the spine]. In biology, a
secondary rachis ; the pedicel of a spikelet in grasses.
Rachiocampsis {ra-ke-o-kainp' -sis) [pa;t'f » ^ spine ;
Kap^'K;, a curving]. Curvature of the spine.
Rachiochysis (ra-ke-ok'-is-i.':). See Hydrorhachis.
Rachiodont (ra' -ke-o-dont) [paxic, spine ; cxhl'g, tooth].
In biology, having tooth-like processes of the spinal
column.
Rachiodynia (ra-ke-o-din' -e-ah) [pdxi^, spine ; b6vvr/,
pain]. Spasmodic pain in the spine.
Rachiokyphosis (ra-ke-o-ki-fo'-sis) . See Kyphosis.
Rachiometer (ra-ke-om' -et-er) . Same as Skoliosometer.
Rachiomyelitis (ra-ke-o-mi-el-i'-tis). See Myelitis.
Rachiomyelophthisis (ra-ke-o-tni-el-off'-this-is). Syn-
onym of Locomotor ataxia.
Rachiomyelos (ra-ke-o-mi' -el-os). Synonym o{ Spinal
Cord.
Rachioparalysis (ra- ke-o-par-al' -is-is) [pdxtc, spine ;
7rnpd/vij/r, paralysis]. Spinal paralysis; paraplegia.
Rachioplegia (ra-ke-o-pW -je-ah). See Rachioparalysis.
Rachiorrheuma (ra-ke-or-tt' -}nah)[pdx^<^, spine ; pevua,
flux]. Rheumatism affecting the back.
Rachioscoliosis (ra-ke-o-sko-le-o' -sis) . Synonym of
Scoliosis.
Rachiostrophosis (ra-ke-o-stro-fo'-sis) [pdxi^, spine ;
arptipriv, to curve]. Curvature of the spine.
Rachiotome (ra'-ke-o-tom) [p(7Y'C> spine ; ro/;;;, a cut-
ting]. An instrument for performing rachiotomy. An
RACHIOTOMV
1232
RADIATION
instrument devised by Aral for opening the vertebral
canal without injury to the cord.
Rachiotomy (ra-kc-o/' -o-iiie) [/)a;i7f, spine; Te/iveiv, to
cut]. Incision into the vertebral column. The oper-
ation of cutting through the spine of the fetus to facili-
tate delivery.
Rachiophyma (^ra-ke-o-Ji' - mah) \j>ax^^., spine ; ipvfLa,
growtli]. A spinal tumor.
Rachipagus (^ra-kip' -ag-iis) \_paxi';-, spine ; rrdyof, that
which is fixed]. A double monster with the indi-
viduals joined at the spine.
Rachis (t-a'-kis) [/5a,|-(f, spine: //. , Jiackides'\. The
vertebral column. In biology, the main petiole of a
compound leaf ; the a.xis of inflorescence ; the shaft of
a feather. R. nasi, the line extending from the root
to the tip of the nose.
Rachisagra [ra-kis-a'-gra/i). See Rachiagra.
Rachischisis [m-kis' -kis-is). See Spi>2a bifida.
Rachitae [ra-kit'-e) ['p(ixi<;, spine]. The muscles at-
tached to the spinal column.
Rachitic {ra-kit' -ik) \j>ax^il, spine ; (7(f, inflammation].
Affected with, relating to, or of the nature of rachitis ;
rickety. R. Rosary, R. Rose-garland, the row
of nodules appearing on the ribs, at their junction with
the cartilages, in rachitis. See Beads, Rachitic.
Rachitis [t-a-ki' -tis) \_pa.xiQ, spine; iriq, inflammation].
I. Rickets, the ^'•English disease,''' a constitutional
disease of infancy, characterized by impaired nutrition
and changes in the bones. Rachitis was first accu-
rately described by Glisson, in the seventeeth century,
The disease comes on insidiously at about the period of
dentition, and three general symptoms are usually pres-
ent— a diffuse soreness of the body, slight fever, and
profuse sweating about the head and neck. Coincident
with these the skeletal lesions appear, the chief of which
are the bending of the ribs, the arching of the long
bones, with thickening at the junction of the shaft and
the epiphysis, and the development of hyperostoses on
the frontal and parietal eminences, producing the caput
qiiadratitm. Dentition is delayed, nervous symptoms
are marked, as peevishness and sleeplessness, and in
some cases convulsions and laryngismus stridulus ; and
all the manifestations are accompanied by a state of
general weakness. The cartilage between the shaft
and the epiphysis of the long bones is greatly thickened,
the line of ossification is irregular and more spongy and
vascular than normal, and beneath the periosteum,
which strips off easily, there is spongioid tissue
resembling decalcified bone. Chemic analysis shows
a marked diminution in the lime-salts. Kassowitz re-
gards the hyperemia of the bone, the marrow, the car-
tilage, and the periosteum as the primary lesion, on
which all the others depend. 2. In biology, a disease
causing abortion of the fruit or seed. R. adultorum,
osteomalacia ; mollities ossium. R. annularis, con-
genital rachitis characterized by the production, after
birth, of furrows of tlie bones and fractures (Winckler).
R. micromelica, intrauterine rachitis, characterized
by shortening of the limbs and thickening of the di-
aphyses (Winckler). R. senilis. See R. adidtoritm.
Rachitome {ra' -kit-dm) [/"j;t'f) spine ; Ttjivziv, to
cut]. An instrument for opening the spinal canal.
See Rachiotome.
Rachitomous {ra-ki/' -o-tmis) spine ; rofjo^,
cut]. In biology, applied to the vertebra; consisting
of separate pieces, or to animals possessing segmented
vertebrae. Cf. embolomerous.
Rachitomy [ra-kit' -0 -me) [pax'f> spine; wtfivELv, to
cut]. I. .Section of the spine. 2. Decollation of the
fetus.
Rachoma, Rachosis [ra-ko' -tnah, ra-ko'-sis) \paxii:,
spine]. I. Relaxation of the integument of the
scrotum. 2. The production of a ragged, irregular
abrasion.
Rachylysis [ra-kil' -is-is) [^paxt^, spine ; Avoig, a solu-
tion]. A method of forcible correction of lateral
spinal curvature ; tlie abnormal curve is opposed by
traction or pressure apiplied by means of apparatus
Racial [ra'-se-al] [origin obscure]. Pertaining or due
to one's race.
Rack [rak). See Arrack.
Raclage (rak-lahzh') [Fr.]. The destruction of a soft
growth by rubbing, as with a brush or harsh sponge ;
grattage.
Raclement. See Raclage.
Racleur [rah-kliir'). See Curet.
Radcliffe's Elixir. See Tinctin-a aloes coinposita.
Rademacher's Plaster. See Plaster.
Radesyge [rad-e-si' -ge) [Norwegian]. A disease pop-
ularly known as Scandinavian syphilis, or Norwegian
leprosy, bearing more or less similarity to the yaws,
and characterized by malignant ulceration and other
cutaneous lesions. It occurred in the last century in
an endemic form in Norway, the east Adriatic coast,
Scotland, and Canada, and is regarded by some autho-
rities as a syphilitic, and by others as a leprous disorder.
R. istrica. See Scherlievo. R. scabieuse. See
Spedalskhed. R. scotica. See Sibbcns.
Radiad [ra' -de-ad) \_radit(s, a spoke]. Toward the
radial aspect.
Radial {ra'-de-al) \_radiiis,z. spoke]. Pertaining to
the radius or bone of the forearm. In biology, diverg-
ing from a common center. Relating to the radiating
processes of animals, or to the ray of an umbel, or the
ligulate corolla of an outer floret of Cotnpositie.
Goebel uses it in opposition to bifacial or dorsoventral.
R. Artery. See Artery. R. Aspect, the aspect or
view from the side on which the radius is situated. R.
Bundle, in biology, a fibro-vascular bundle in which
the xylem is arranged in rays, with the phloem in in-
tervening rays or masses. R. Fibers {df the Retina),
Miiller's fibers. R. Fossa, a depression on the
humerus for the reception of the head of the radius
in flexion. R. Glands, lymphatic glands of the
forearm following the radial vessels. R. Nerve.
See Nenie. R. Tap, percussion of the lower end
of the radius to elicit the reflex contraction of the
biceps and supinator longus. R. Veins. See Veins.
Radiale (ra-de-a'-le) [^radius, ray : //. , Radialia\ In
biology : [a) the radio-carpal or scaphoid bone of the
wrist ; cf. ulnare ; (b) one of the cartilages at the
base of the fin in certain fishes [Elasmobranchs] ; (< )
one of the rays of a crinoid cup.
Radialis (ra-de-a'-lis) [L.]. Pertaining to the radius.
Various muscles are so called. See Muscles, Table of.
Radiate {ra'-de-dt) [radius, a spoke]. Diverging from
a central point ; extending around the circumference
in rays; furnished with ray-flowers. R. -veined,
mately veined. R. Venation, or Veined, that fonn
of venation in which the main veins radiate from the
top of the petiole.
Radiatiform {ra - dc - a' - tif - oryn) \_radiatus, radiate;
forma, form]. In biology, having a radiate appear-
ance ; applied to heads with the marginal disc-flowers
enlarged, but not ligulate.
Radiatio (ra-de-a' -she-o) [L.]. See Radiation.
Radiation [ra-de-a' -shun) \_radiare, to radiate] . Diver-
gence from a center ; having the appearance of rays.
R., Optic, of Gratiolet, a large strand of fibers con-
tinuous with those of the corona radiata, derived
mainly from the pulvinar, the external and internal gen-
iculate bodies, and the optic tract, and radiating into
the occipital lobes. R., Thalamic, certain tracts of
fibers from the optic thalami, which radiate into the
RADICAL
1233
RADIX
hemispheres (Spitzka). R. -theory of Rauber, a
theory to explain the origin of double monsters. •' It
is based upon the fact that in the earliest stage the
embryonic trace extends from the edge of the germinal
wall or ridge toward the area pellucida as a radius.
When a plural formation occurs, Rauber assumes that
two, or even three, of these embryonic traces appear
instead of one, the development being designated as
' pluri-radial. ' "'
Radical (rad'- ik - al) \j-adix, a. root]. Designed to
destroy disease instead of modifying it. The opposite
of palliative. The opposite of conservative. In
biology, belonging to the root. Radical leaves are
those which, like the leaves of the dandelion, appear
to spring from the root, but which in reality a'rise from
a very short stem at or near the surface of the ground.
Radicant (rad'- ik - aiit) \_mdicari , \a take root]. In
biology, rooting ; applied to roots proceeding from
some part of the ascending axis, as for climbing, like
Rhus toxicodendron.
Radicate (rad' - ik - at) \_radicari , Xa take root]. In
biology, rooted or adherent, as by a byssus.
Radicel (>-ad' -is-el)\_radicetla, a little root]. In biology,
a tiny root ; the rootlet produced in germination.
Radicicolous [rad-is-ik' -o-lus) \_radix, root ; colere, to
inhabit]. In biology, living upon or devouring roots.
Radiciflorous [ra-dis-if-lo' -rus) \j-adix, root; Jlos,
flower]. In biology, having the appearance of flow-
ering from the root.
Radiciform (ra-dis' -if-orin) \^radix, root; forma,
form] . In biology, having the form and function of a
root.
Radicle {rad'-ik-l) [dim. of radix']. I. A rootlet,
the germ of a root. 2. The primary root or stem of
the embryo. 3. The initial fibril of a nerve ; the begin-
ning of a vein. 4. A group of atoms having unsatis-
fied valency ; an unsaturated molecule which goes
into and out of combinations without change, and
which determines the character of the compound.
R., Acid. See Acid. R., Alcohol, a radicle which,
when it substitutes half the hydrogen in one or more
molecules of water, forms an alcohol. R., Aldehyd,
a radicle which, when it replaces two atoms of hydro-
gen in an alcohol, fonns an aldehyd. R., Ascending,
(of the Fornix), the anterior crura or fibers, extending
upward from the corpora albicantia. R., Descending,
[of the Fornix), the posterior crura or those fibers of
the fornix extending from the optic thalami to the
corpora albicantia. R., Electro-negative, the non-
metallic constituent of a compound which, in electro-
lysis, is evolved at the anode. R., Electro-positive,
that constituent of a salt which, in electrolysis, ap-
pears at the kathode, and which is either a base or .a
group of atoms having basic properties.
Radicose (rad' -ik-oz) \_radix, root] . In biology, hav-
ing large or numerous roots.
Radicula, Radicule (rad-ik' -ii-lah, rad' -ik-iil) \_radic-
ida, little root]. Same as Radicle.
Radicular (rad-ik' -u-lar) \_radicidaris, radix, a root].
Pertaining to the roots of nerves. R. Arteries, arter-
ies accompanying nerve-roots into the spinal cord. R.
Fasciculus, Internal, of Charcot, runs a longi-
tudinal course in the postero-external column and then
enters the gray substance of the posterior cornu. R.
Fibers, External, of Charcot, fibers of the posterior
roots of spinal nerves passing through the substantia
gelatinosa of Rolando to the posterior cornu.
Radicule (rad' -ik-rd). See Radicle.
Radiculose (rad-ik' -ic-ldz) \_radicula, a rootlet]. In
biology, having rootlets.
Radien (ra'-de-en) \_radius, a spoke]. Belonging to
the radius in itself.
78
Radiism (ra' -de-izm) \_radius, a ray]. Same as Radia-
tion.
Radio- (ra'-de-o-) \_radiiis, a spoke]. A prefix denoting
connection with the radius.
Radio-bicipital (ra' -de-o-bi-sip' -it-al) \_radi2is, a spoke ;
i^zVi'/j-, two-headed]. Relating to the radius and the
biceps.
Radio-carpal (ra'-de-o-kar'-pal) \_radius, a spoke;
Kap-6c, carpus]. Relating to the radius and the
carpus. R.- Amputation, removal of the hand at the
wrist-joint.
Radio-digital (ra - de - 0 - dij' - it-al) \_radius, a spoke;
digitus, a digit]. Relating to the radius and the
fingers.
Radio-humeral (ra' -de-o-hu' -mer-al ) \_radius, a spoke ;
huincrus, the humerus]. Relating to the radius and
the humerus.
Radiolus (i-a-di'-o-lus) [dim. of radius, a ray : //. ,
Radioli]. In biology, one of the secondary rays of
the main rachis of a feather. In surgery, a probe or
sound.
Radio-metacarpalis (ra' -de-o-met-ak-ar-pa' -lis) \_ra-
dius, spoke ; metacarpus]. The flexor carpi radialis
brevis when the insertion is at a metacarpal bone.
Radiometer (ra - de - om' - et - er) \_railius, ray ; fie-pov,
measure]. An instrument for transforming radiant
energy into mechanical work.
Radiometric (ra-de-o-met'-rik) \_radius, ray; fitrpov,
measure] . Pertaining to the radiometer.
Radio-muscular (ra-de-o-mus' -ku-lar) \j-adius, radius ;
7nusculus, a muscle]. Relating to the radius and its
muscles. The name of branches of the radial artery
distributed to the muscles of the forearm, and of fila-
ments of the radial nerve going to the same muscles.
Radio-palmar (ra' - de - 0 - pal' - mar) \_radius, radius ;
palma, palm]. Relating to the radius and the palm.
Radio-ulnar (ra'-de-o-id'-nar) \_?-adius, spoke ; ulna,
ulna]. Pertaining to the radius and the ulna.
Radius (ra' -de-us) \^radius, a staff, rod, spoke of a
wheel, ray: pL, Radii]. In biology : (<7) spokebone,
the outer of the two bones of the antibrachium or an-
terior limb of a vertebrate ; see Aluscles, Table of;
(/') one of the veins of an insect's wing; (c) a ray of
the first order, of the shaft of a feather (used in the
plural) ; (d) one of the radiating threads of a spider's
web ; (e) a bifurcated piece, of which there are
five, in the oral skeleton of an echinoderm. I. In
geometry, the line drawn from the center of a circle
to its circumference. 2. One of the cartilaginous rods
supporting the fins in fishes. 3. See Ray. Radii
auriculares, lines projected on the cranium at right
angles to a line passing through the auricular points.
R. ciliares, the ciliary processes. R. fixus, in crani-
ometry, a line connecting the inion and the hormion.
R. frontis, wrinkles of the forehead. R. lentis.
lines radiating from the poles of the crystalline lens.
R. meduUares, bundles of receiving tubules of the
kidney, beginning in one tubule at the apices of the
papillae, dividing dichotomously, and extending nearly
to the cortical surface.
Radix (ra'-dix) l_gen., radicis : pi., radices]. The
root or lower extremity of a plant, constituting its organ
of prehension, and also, to a great extent, of nutrition.
Applied also to root-like organs or parts of the body.
The five greater aperient roots: smallache, parsley,
fennel, asparagus, and butchers' broom. The fife
lesser aperient roots: dandelion, caper, restharrow,
madder, and erj ngo. Radices accessorise breves
ganglii ciliaris, nerve-branches occasionally seen unit-
ing the ciliary ganglion with the oculomotor and other
nerves. Radices accessorise mediae ganglii ciliaris,
inconstant nerve-branches which connect the ciliary
\
RADIX
1234
RAISING
ganglion with the internal carotid plexus, or the sym-
pathetic plexus surrounding the ophthalmic artery.
R. accessoriae sphenopalatina ganglii ciliaris, an
accessory nerve- branch of the ciliary ganglion going to
the sphenopalatine ganglion. R. antica processus
transversi vertebrae (Sommering). See Farapoph-
ysis. R. aortae, bulb of the aorta. R. brasiliensis.
See Ipecacuanha. R. brevis ganglii ciliaris, a
branch of the oculomotor nerve going to the ciliary
ganglion. R. brevis ganglii submaxillaris,
branches of the lingual nerve going to the submax-
illary ganglion. R. cerebelli. See Restiform Bodv.
R. cordis, the base of the heart. R. dentis, the
root of a tooth. R. dysenterica. See Ipecacuanha.
R. epiglottidis, the constricted part of the epiglottis,
by which the organ is attached to the thyroid car-
tilage. R. externa nervi sapheni externi. See
Peroneal Nerve. Radices fornicis, the crura of
the fornix. R. gangliosa, the sensory root of the
fifth nerve. R. inferior ganglii ciliaris. See R.
brevis ganglii ciliaris. R. linguae, the root of the
tongue. Radices longae superiores ganglii ciliaris,
inconstant branches running from the naso-ciliary
nerve to the ciliary ganglion. R. longa ganglii
sphenopalatini. See Great Superficial Petrosal Nerve.
R. longa inferior ganglii ciliaris, an additional in-
constant branch going from the ciliary ganglion to one
of the ciliary nerves. R. lopez, lopez-root ; a root dis-
covered by Pigneiro at the mouth of the Zambezi, and
introduced into Europe by Gaubiu^ in 1771, where it
was used in the treatment of chronic dysentery and of
pulmonary tuberculosis. It is probably a derivative of
Toddalia aculeata, which it resembles in appearance
and properties. R. media nervi olfactorii, the me-
dian root of the olfactory nerve. R. medullae spi-
nalis, of Varolius, the medulla oblongata. R. mes-
enterii, the root of the mesentery. R. minor tri-
gemini, the motor root of the fifth nerve. R. mollis
ganglii otici, fibers connecting the otic ganglion with
the sympathetic plexus u]ion the middle meningeal
artery. R. mollis ganglii submaxillaris, fibers of
the sympathetic plexus upon the external maxillary
artery going to the submaxillary ganglion. R. mo-
toria ganglii ciliaris. See R. brevis ganglii ciliaris.
R. motoria ganglii otici, the fibers of the inframax-
illary nerve going to the otic ganglion. R. motoria
ganglii sphenopalatini. See Great Superficial Pe-
trosal Nerve. R. motoria ganglii submaxillaris,
the fibers of the chorda tympani going to the submax-
illary ganglion. R. nasi, the root of the nose. R.
nervi optici, the optic tract. R. olfactoria grisea.
See R. media nervi olfactoria. R. olfactoria su-
perioris, those fibers of the olfactory nerve derived
from the caruncula mammillaris. Radices penis,
the crura of the penis. R. pili, hair ■ root. R.
postica processus transversi vertebrae (Sommer-
ing). .See Diapophysis. R. prior processus trans-
versi vertebrae. See Parapophysis. R. processus
spinosa, the anterior part of a spinous process of a
vertebra. R. pulmonis, the root of a lung. R.
recurrens ganglii ciliaris. See R. longa inferior
ganglii ciliaris. Radices sensitivae ganglii ciliaris.
See Radices longie superiores ganglii ciliai'is. Radices
sensitivae ganglii otici, fibers of the glossopharyn-
geal nerve going to the otic ganglion. Radices
sensitivae ganglii sphenopalatini, the sphenopala-
tine nerves. R. sensitivae ganglii submaxillaris.
See R. brevis ganglii subiiui xillaris. Radices sym-
pathicae ganglii otici. See R. mollis ganglii otici.
R. sympathicae ganglii ciliaris, the fibers of the
ophthalmic ganglion coming from the carotid plexus.
R. sympathica ganglii sphenopalatini. See Great
Deep Petrosal A'ei-ve. Radices sympathicae ganglii
submaxillaris. See R. ntollis ganglii submaxillaris.
R. unguis, the root of a nail. R. vestibularis, the
anterior root of the auditory nerve.
Radula (rad'-ulali) \_radula, a scraper: pi., Radula\.
In biology, the rasping surface of the odontophore or
lingual ribbon of certain molluscs. See Raspatory.
Radulate ) [ra;z'?//(?, a scraper]. In biology,
having a radula.
Raduliferous [rad-u-lif -er-us) \_radula, a scraper;
/erre,Xo bear]. In biology, bearing a radula.
Raduliform [rad^ - u - lif - orm) [radula, a scraper;
fonim, form]. In biology, applied to structures hav-
ing a rasp-like surface.
Radzyge {rad-zi' -ge). See Radesyge.
Raffinose (raf -in-dz). See Carbohydrates, Table of.
Rafflesia {raf-le' -ze-ali) [after Sir Stamford Raffles, a
British statesman]. A genus of parasitic plants, bear-
ing large, fetid flowers. R. arnoldi, a styptic species
found in Sumatra. R. patma, a Javanese species.
A decoction of the styptic buds or flowers is used for
metrorrhagia.
Rafle {ra'-fl) [Fr.]. A pustular disease of cattle.
Rag [ME., ragge, a rag]. A worn garment; a shred
of cloth. R. -picker's disease (Hadernkrankheit),
malignant pustule or anthrax. An infection transmitted
by old rags and caused by the presence of the Bacillus
(Proteus) Iioininis capsulatus, i].v., under Bacteria,
Synonytnatic Table of. R.-weed, a plant of the
genus Ambrosia. R.-weed Fever. See Hay-fever
and Rhinitis, Hyper esthetic. R.-wort. See Life-root.
Rage (reij) [ME., rage, rage]. I. Violent passion or
anger. 2. Any intensely painful affection. 3. [Fr.]
Hydrophobia ; rabies.
Ragle (;-(7^''-/) [Fr.]. An hallucination due to isolation
and insomnia, observed in French troops while in the
desert, in which they imagined they saw prairie and
water.
Railway (raU -wa) [ME. , rail, a bar or rail ; 7oay'\. A
roadway composed of iron rails. R. Brain, traumatic
hysteria; Erichsen's disease. A morbid condition
following shock, in which the symptoms are those of
neurasthenia or hysteria, or both. Erichsen ascribed
the condition to inflammation of the meninges and
cord, and gave it the name of Raihvay Spine. R.
Kidney, a renal aftection said to be due to the con-
stant jar of railway journeys. R. Spine. See R.
Brain.
Rain [ran) [ME., rein. rain]. The descent of water
in drops through the atmosphere. R.-bath. See Both.
R.-bow Disease, R.-bow Worm, herpes iris. R.-
gauge, an instrument for measuring the quantity of rain
that falls in a given area in a given time.
Rainey's Corpuscles, R. Tubes. Psorosperms occur-
ring in the muscles of the pig and other animals.
See Miescher's T ubes, and Sarcocystis titiescheri, under
Parasites (Animal), Table of.
Raised {razd) [ME., raisen, to raise]. Elevated.
R. Base { for artificial teeth), a term applied in me-
chanical dentistry to a metallic base, surmounted by
a box or chamber .soldered to it, and designed to com-
pensate for the loss of substance which the parts have
sustained. A base thus constructed is usually termed
by dentists a raised plate. See Metallic base for arti-
ficial teeth.
Raisin {ra'-zin) [ME., raisin, raisin]. Dried grapes.
See Uvce and Passer.
Raising (ra' -zing) [ME., raisen, to raise], i. See
Pigments, Colors, and Dyestuffs. 2. One of the Swed-
ish movements, either active or passive. It is used
for deformities of the back, to relieve constipation, to
act upon the abdomen, etc.
RAK
1235
RALES
Rak [rak). See Arrak.
Rake Teeth, a term applied to teeth separated by inter-
vals, like those of a rake.
Raki (]-ak'-e) [Turk., spirits]. A Turkish liqueur, in
the preparation of which mastic is used.
Rakli pili {i-ak' -!e-pi' -le). An Indian term for lep-
rosy.
RMe (rahl) \¥r.,rdler, to rattle]. The sound caused
by the breaking of air through impediments or passing
over obstructions in the lungs and bronchi. They vary
in character according to the consistency of the sur-
rounding lung-tissue. Sometimes a distinction is made
betvt'een rales and rhonchi. The first word is applied
to sounds generated by vibrations set up in fluids, the
second to sounds generated in the narrowed or ob-
structed lumen of tubes. See Table of Rales.
TABLE OF RALES.
Variktv.
When Heard.
How AND Where Produced.
3izE AND Character.
Condition in which
Heard.
Amphoric.
Inspiration and expira-
tion.
By movement of air in a tense-
walled cavity containing air and
communicating with a bronchus.
Large, musical, and
tinkling.
In tuberculous and abscess
cavities.
Bubbling, large.
Inspiration and expira-
tion.
By passage of air through trothy
mucus in the trachea and larger
bronchi.
Larger than the
medium bubbling ;
moist.
Bronchitis and pulmonary
engorgement.
Bubbling, me-
dium.
Inspiration and expira-
tion.
By passage of air through mucus
in the larger tubes.
Larger than the
small bubbling ;
moist.
In capillary bronchitis,
especially in children.
JjuDDling,
small.
Inspiration and expira-
tion.
By passage of air through mucus
in the bronchioles.
Small; moist ; like the
bursting of soft bub-
bles.
In capillary bronchitis,
especially in children.
Cavernous.
Inspiration and expira-
tion.
By passage of air through a small
cavity with flaccid walls, which
collapse with expiration.
Hollow and metallic.
In the third stage of pul-
monary tuberculosis.
Clicking.
Inspiration only.
By passage of air through soften-
ing material in smaller bronchi.
Small ; sticky.
The apex in pulmonary
tuberculosis.
Consonating.
Inspiration and expira-
tion.
When bronchial tubes surrounded
by consolidated tissue.
Bright, clear, ringing.
Tuberculous pneumonia.
Crackling, dry.
In inspiration.
By the breaking down of lung-
tissue.
Sharp, short, and
clicking.
In the second or softening
stage of pulmonary tuber-
culosis and in pulmonary
gangrene.
Crackling,
large.
Inspiration and expira-
tion.
By fluid in very small cavities.
Larger than the
medium crackling ;
dry.
In pulmonary tuberculosis
and pneumonia, after for-
mation of small cavities.
Crackling,
medium.
Chiefly in inspiration.
By fluid in the finer bronchi.
i^fti^ei Ln<in tnc
small crackling ; dry.
Softening of tuberculous
deposit or pneumonic
exudation.
Crackling ,
small.
Chiefly in inspiration.
By fluid in the finer bronchi.
Small ; dry ; like the
breaking of small
shells.
Softening of tuberculous
deposit or pneumonic
exudation .
Crepitant.
End of inspiration.
By passage of air into vesicles col-
lapsed, or containing fibrinous
exudation. Usually at the base
of the lungs.
Small; like rubbing
the hair between the
fingers.
Pneumonia, early stage ;
edema of lungs ; hypo-
static pneumonia; local-
ized in pulmonary tuber-
culosis.
Dry.
Inspiration and expira-
tion.
By narrowing of the bronchial
tubes from thickening of the
mucous lining, from spasmodic
contraction of the muscular coat,
viscid mucus within, or pressure
from without.
Large and sonorous,
or small and hissing,
or whistling.
In bronchitis, asthma, and
localized in beginning
pulmonary tuberculosis.
Extra-thoracic.
In the trachea or larynx.
Friction.
Inspiration and expira-
tion ; most distinct at
the end of inspiration.
By the rubbing together of serous
surfaces, roughened by inflam-
mation or deprived of their nat-
ural secretion.
Grazing, rubbing,
grating, creaking, or
crackling.
In pleurisy and pericar-
ditis.
Gurgling.
Inspiration and expira-
tion.
By the passage of air through fluid
in cavities, on coughing.
Larger than the large
bubbling ; moist;
like the bursting of
large bubbles.
Pulmonary tuberculosis
after formation of cavi-
ties.
Guttural.
In the throat.
Moist.
By the passage of air through
bronchi containing fluid.
Mucous (of
La?nnec).
Inspiration and expira-
tion.
By viscid bubbles bursting in the
bronchial tubes.
A modification of the
sub-crepitant.
Pulmonary emphysema.
RAMAL 1236 RAMUS
TABLE OF RkLES.— Continued.
Variety.
When Heard.
How AND Where Produced.
Size and Character.
Condition in which
Heard.
RMeredux,rale
de retour.
Inspiration and expira-
tion.
By the passage of air through fluid
in a bronchial tube.
Crackling and un-
equal.
In pneumonia in the stage
of resolution.
Sibilant.
Inspiration and expira-
tion.
By narrowing of the smaller
bronchi from viscid mucus ad-
hering to the walls, from thick-
ening of the lining membrane or
spasmodic contraction.
High-pitched and even
. hissing or piping.
In bronchitis, asthma, and
localized in beginning
pulmonary tuberculosis.
Sonorous.
Inspiration and expira-
tion.
By lessened caliber of the larger
bronchi, from spasm, tumefac-
tion of mucous lining or external
pressure.
Low-pitched and snor-
ing.
Most frequent in bronchitis
and spasmodic asthma,
but may occur in any pul-
monary disease.
Sub-crepitanl.
Inspiration and expira-
tion.
By passage of air through mucus
in the capillary bronchial tubes.
Small ; moist.
Capillary bronchitis.
Ramal (i-a'->?ial) \_7-anius, a branch: gen., J-ia /nails'].
Pertaining to a ramu.s ; branching ; growing on a
branch. Ramalis vena, the portal vein and its
branches.
Ramastrum [ra-/nas'-f?-iini) \_ni/inis, branch]. In bi-
ology, one of the secondary petioles of compound
leaves.
Ramdohr's Suture. See Suture.
Ramellose i^iani' -el-oz) \_ra?nellus, a small branch].
Bearing ramelH.
Ramellus {ra-me/'-us) [dim. of ra/nus, a hra.nc\\ : //.,
Ranielli'\. In biology, a branch less than a ramulus
occurring at the growing point of an algal filament.
Ramenta {ra - men' - tah) [L. , pL, Filings, Scrapings'].
I. Shreds, filings, or shavings. 2. Fine chaffy scales
on the surface of plants, consisting of elongated cells.
R. intestinorum. shreds of intestinal mucus dis-
charged with the evacuations in severe dysentery.
Ramentaceous i^rain-en-ta' -se-us) [ranienfa, filings].
In biology, covered with ramenta.
Ramentum [ra-nien' -tu>ii)\\^.,ascraping, a chip , a scale :
pi., Ramenta]. In biology, a scale-like or hairy out-
growth of the epidermis, of a membranous texture,
found on the stems and petioles of many ferns.
Ramex (ra' -meks) \_gen., Ramicis : pi., Ramices]. A
hernia, or hernial tumor]. R. varicosus, varicocele.
Ramicorn {ra'-mik-oni) \_i-amus, a branch; corntt,
horn]. In biology, the horny covering or sheath of
the rami of the lower mandible of a bird.
Ramie (r<7;«'-£') [Malay], i^a^ China Crass. R. Fiber,
China-grass. The bast fiber from two varieties of
Boehmeria nivea, known in India as Rhea, and in the
Malay Archipelago as Ramie. The properly prepared
fiber is of fine, silky luster, soft, and extraordinarily
strong. It is the most perfect of all the vegetable
fibers, and is composed of pure cellulose.
Ramification {ram-if-ik-a' -shun) \_ra>m(s, a branch ;
facere, to make]. The branching and division of an
organ or part, as observed in the nerves and blood-
vessels.
Ramifiorous [ra-)?iif-lo'-rus) [ramus, branch ; Jlos,
flower] . Flowering on the branches.
Ramiform (^ram'-if-orm) [7-amus,a. branch; forma,
form]. Resembling a branch in form.
Rarhify [ram' -if-i) [ramus, a branch ; facere, to make].
To form branches.
Ramiparous {ra-mip' -ar-us) [ramus, branch; parere,
to bear]. Producing branches.
Ramolescence (ram - o - les'- ens) [Fr., ramollir, to
soften]. A softening ; mollification.
Ramollissement [ra-?no-les'-mott(g)) [Fr. ]. A morbid
softening of any tissue or part. R. des os. See
Osteomalacia. R. hemorrhagipare, softening giving
rise to hemorrhage.
Ramose [ram'-oz) [ra?iius, branch]. Provided with
many branches ; branching.
Rampion {ram'fe-on) [Sp., rampion, a species of
lobelia] . An herbaceous plant, Campanula raptincu-
lus, with an edible root, resembling a small turnip.
R., Horned, the genus Phyteuma.
Ramsden's Eye-piece. An eye-piece having two
plano-convex lenses, used with a micrometer.
Ramsted [ram' -sled). See Antirrhinum linaria.
Ramuliferous {ram-ii-lif -er-us) [ramulus, a little
branch; ferre, io bear]. In biology, bearing ramuli.
Ramulose [ram'-u-loz) [ramus, a branch]. Full of
branchlets.
Ramulous (ram' -u-lus) [ramulus, a little branch]. In
biology, having many small branches.
Ramulus (ram'-u-lus) [L. : //. , Ramuli]. A small
branch, or ramus.
Ramus (ra'-mus) [L.]. The branch of an organ, es-
pecially of a vein or an artery. R. abdominalis, the
hypogastric nerve. R. acetabuli, a branch of the
internal circumflex artery supplying the hip-joint. R.
anastomoticus, the branch of an artery by which an
anastomosis is established. R. anterior ascendens,
R. anterior nervi acustici. See Cochlear JVen'e.
R. ascendens, the anterior branch of the fissure of
Sylvius. R. ascendens glabellaris, the branch of
the angular artery going to the inner angle of the orbit.
R. ascendens nervi vagi, a branch of the superior
laryngeal nerve going to the epiglottis. R. ascen-
dens (seu inferior) ossis ischii, the ascending branch
of the ischium. R., Ascending [of the Ischium), the
portion between its tuberosity and the acetabulum.
R., Ascending [of the Pubic Bone), the portion
between its body and the acetabulum. R. auricularis
nervi vagi. .See Nerve of Arnold. R. bulbo-
cavernosus. .See Artery of the Bull) of the Urethra.
R. canalis spinalis, the branch of the intercostal
artery supplying the walls of tiie spinal canal. R-
cardiacus nervi vagi inferior, inferior cardiac nerve.
R. cardiacus nervi vagi superior, superior cardiac
nerve. R. cervico-facialis (nervi facialis), cervico-
facial nerve. R. cochleae, R. cochlearis, the coch-
lear nerve. R. communicans anterior, anterior com-
municating artery of the brain. R. communicans
medullae spinalis, a branch of a spinal nerve uniting
it with the sympathetic. R. communicans posterior,
the posterior communicating artery of the brain. R-
cruralis, lumbo-inguinal nerve. R. cutaneus nervi
RAMUS
1237
RANULA
radialis. See Radial N'erve. R. cutaneus palmaris
longus. See R. palmaris loiigiis nenn mediani. R.
descendens. i. The descendens noni nerve. 2. The
inferior division of the inferior maxillary nerve. R.
descendens nervi hypoglossi, the descendens noni
nerve. R. descendens (seu superior) ossis ischii,
the descending branch of the ischium. R. descen-
dens ossis pubis, the descending branch of the
pubic bone. R., Descending {of the Ischium), the
portion between its body and tuberosity. R., Des-
cending (of tlie Pitlnc Bone), the portion included be-
tween its body and its junction with the ischium. R.
dexter arteriae pulmonalis, the right pulmonary
artery. R. dorsalis nasi, the dorsal artery of .the nose.
R. dorsalis nervi radialis. See Radial Nerve. R.
dorsalis nervi ulnaris. See Ulnar Nerve. R.
dorsalis pollicis radialis, that part of the radial artery
which winds round the outer side of the carpus and
crosses the thumb beneath the extensor tendons. R.
dorsalis pollicis ulnaris, R. durae matris vagi, a
branch from the jugular ganglion going to the meninges.
R. externus, R. femoralis, lumbo-inguinal nerve.
R. hepaticus dexter, the right hepatic artery. R.
hepaticus sinister, the left hepatic artery. R., Hori-
zontal (of the Pubic Bone). See R. , Ascetzding (of the
Pubic Bone). R. horizontalis fissurae sylvii, the pos-
terior limb of the fissure of Sylvius. R. horizontalis
mandibulae, the body of the inferior maxilla. R.
horizontalis (seu superior) ossis pubis (seu pec-
tinis), the horizontal ramus of the pubic bone. R.
hyoideus. See Hyoid Artery. R. of the Inferior
Maxilla, the portion ascending from the angle, and
terminating in the condyle and coronoid process. R.
intermedius. See R. anastomoticus. R. lingualis
recurrens. ?>k^ R. ascendens nervivagi. R. magnus
nervi mediani, the musculo-cutaneous nerve. R.
major nervi maxillaris inferioris, the greater of the
two primary branches of the inferior maxillary nerve.
R. malaris, the inferior branch of the orbital nerve.
R. marginalis, the dorsal branch of the radial nerve
supplying the thumb. R. mastoideus. I. The small
occipital nerve. 2. The occipital branch of the posterior
auricular artery. 3. The posterior division of the great
auricular nerve. R. maxillaris inferior nervi tri-
gemini. See Inferior Maxillary Nerve. R. maxil-
laris superior (seu medius) nervi trigemini. See
Superior Alaxillary Nerve. R. medullae spinalis,
the spinal branch of the intercostal artery supplying
the spinal cord. R. meningeus posterior. See R.
dura matris vagi. R. minor nervi vidiani, the great
superficial petrosal nerve. R. muscularis nervi
radialis, the radial nerve. R. nasalis nervi oph-
thalmic!. -See Naso-ciliary Nerve. R. nutriens,
the nutrient artery of a bone. R. ophthalmicus
(quinti), the ophthalmic nerve. R. ossis maxillae
inferioris. 'ifnt R. of the Inferior Maxilla. R. ovarii.
See Ovarian Artery. R. palmaris longus nervi
mediani, a branch of the median nerve distributed to
the integument of palm of the hand. R. perpendicu-
lares (mandibula). 'Ait^ R. of Inferior Maxilla. R.
posterior. l. The ilio-lumbar artery. 2. The pos-
terior limb of the fissure of Sylvius. R. primus nervi
trigemini (seu primus quinti). See Ophthalmic
Nerve. R. profundus nervi radialis. See Radial
Nerve. R. recurrens vagi, a branch of the jugular
ganglion which goes to the transverse sinus through
the jugular foramen. R. secundus (ganglii gas-
serii), R. secundus nervi trigemini (seu quinti
paris), the superior maxillary nerve. R. sinister
arteriae pulmonalis, the left pulmonary artery. R.
sinualis, the recurrent branch of the ophthalmic nerve
going to the tentorium. R. sublimis (seu volaris
superflcialis) arteriae radialis, the superficial volar
artery. R. superflcialis nervi radialis, the radial
nerve. R. superior ossis ischii, the descending
ramus of the ischium. R. superioris nervi trige-
mini, R. superioris quinti, the ophthalmic nerve.
R. supraspinatus, the suprapinous artery. R.
tertius nervi trigemini, the inferior maxillary
nerve. R. vestibularis, the vestibular nerve. R.
volaris nervi ulnaris, the volar distribution of the
ulnar nerve. Rami accelerantes, accelerator nerves.
R. alares, branches of the lateral nasal artery supply-
ing the nasal pinnse. R. anteriores nervorum spin-
alium, the anterior divisions of the spinal nerves. R.
cardiaci (nervi vagi), the cardiac branches of the
pneumogastric nerve. R. communicantes noni, the
branch of the descendens noni which joins the com-
municating branches of the second and third cervical
nerves. R. emissaria, branches of the anterior spinal
plexuses which emerge through the intervertebral and
anterior sacral foramina. R. intestinales, branches of
the cerebro-spinal nerves supplying the abdominal vis-
cera. R., Ischio-pubic, the descending rami of the
ischium and the pubes taken as one. R. linguales
(nervi glossopharyngei), the terminal branches of
the ninth nerve. R. marginales, the branches of the
palpebral arteries which aid in forming the arcus arteri-
osus palpebrse. R. molles (nervi ■^agi) . See. Auditory
N'erve. R. musculares, unnamed branches of nerves
or blood-vessels distributed to the muscles. R. olfac-
torii, the olfactory nerve. R. pectorales laterales
(seu perforantes laterales, seu posteriores, seu
superflciales). See lateral Thoracic Cutaneous
Nerves. R. pharyngei (nervi vagi), the branches
of the vagus going to the pharynx. Rami ventrales,
the branches of the intercostal arteries distributed to
the intercostal muscles and to the ribs.
Ramuscule (ra - miis' - kul) \_ramusailus'\. A little
branch, especially of the pial arteries.
Rancid (ran' -sid) \rancidus, rancere, to become sour].
The condition, marked by a sharp taste and disagree-
able odor, that fats and oils acquire by oxidation in the
presence of light and fermentation of certain of their
principles.
Rancidification (ran-sid-if-ik-a' -shun) \rancidus, ran-
cid ; facere, to make]. The act of making or the pro-
cess of becoming rancid.
Rancidity (ran-sid' -it-e) \_rancidus, rancid]. The state
of being rancid.
Randia (ran'-de-ah) [after Isaac Rand, a London bot-
anist of the eighteenth century]. A genus of cinchona-
ceous shrubs. R. aculeata, of West India ; ink -berry,
indigo plant. The juice of the fruit is astringent. R.
dumetorum, of India ; has a poisonous and strongly
emetic fruit. Unof. R. longiflora, of Bengal ; the
cortex is used in intermittent fever.
Range (ranj) [Fr., ranger, \.o dispose]. Scope, extent
or compass. R. of Accommodation. See Accom-
modation. R. of Sensibility. .See Law, Fechner' s.
Rangoon Tar. A variety of petroleum obtained in
India.
Ranine (ra'-nen) [rana, a frog]. I. The designation
of a branch of the sublingual artery ; also of its accom-
panying vein. See Artery. 2. Relating to that part
of the tongue subject to ranula.
Ranke, Angle of. See Angle.
Ranson's Apparatus. See Disinfection.
Ranstead (ran'-sted). See Antirrhinum linaria.
Ranula (ran' -u-lah) \j-ana, frog]. A cystic tumor be-
neath the tongue, connected with the duct of the sub-
lingual salivary gland. R. lapidea, salivary calculi.
R. pancreatica, a dilated saccular condition of the
larger pancreatic ducts due to calculous obstruction.
RANUNCULACEOUS
1238
RASH
R., Suprahyoid, a cystic tumor situated above the
hyoid bone.
Ranunculaceous {ra-nimg-kit-la' -se-iis) \_i-aniinctihis, a
medicinal plant]. Noting, or relating to plants of the
order Raniaicitlaceo'.
Ranunculus ^ra-nung' -ku-lus) [L.]. A genus of
acrid herbs of many species, growing in many tem-
perate and cold regions, e.g., buttercups, or crowfoot.
Many of the species are acrid poisons, and have been
used (especially R. acris, bulbosus, flaiiiniula, and
sceleratiis) as counter-irritants and vesicants. Unof.
R. aconitifolius, a native of Europe. The root,
juice, and green leaves are used. R. acris, blis-
ter-plant ; very irritant, causing erythema aesti-
vum. R. alpestris, white crowfoot of the Alps.
The chamois-hunters chew the leaves, which are said
to prevent giddiness and fatigue. R. aquatilis, water
anemone, floating white crowfoot ; a species of Europe
and North America. It is said to be poisonous when
fresh, but otherwise wholesome and nutritive. R.
asiaticus, turkey crowfoot; the common garden
species. R. bulbosus, crow-flower; buttercup; a
European and North American species ; very acrid.
It was once official as radix raiiumu/i hii/hosi, and is
still used by the homeopathists. R. creticus, a species
known to the ancients, and used by them for the cure of
warts, chilblains,"scabies, and ulcers, also for tooth-
ache. R. ficaria, the lesser celandine, an edible species
found in Europe ; the leaves are eaten as salad, the
root prepared as a vegetable. R. glacialis, a species
found in the Alps. The root possesses sudorific
properties, and is used in rheumatism and bronchial
affections. R. lingua, R. longifolius, spearwort ;
great crowfoot ; found in Europe, Asia, and North
America. The root and herb were formerly offi-
cial. R. muricatus, a European species, possess-
ing stimulant and vesicant properties, and used for
skin-diseases. R. paludensis, R. palustris, old
pharmaceutic names for A'. scele7-attis. R. repens,
creeping crowfoot ; buttercup ; occurring in Europe,
Asia, and North America. The herbs and flowers
were formerly official. R. sceleratus, water celery ;
a very acrid species found in Europe, Asia, and
North Ameria, and formerly used as a vesicant. It
contains a resin and a volatile oil which yields anem-
onin and anemonic acid.
Ranvier's Constrictions. See R.^s Ah^des. R.'s
Crosses, brownish-black cruciform figures which
appear at each node of Ranvier in preparations of
nerve-tissue stained with silver nitrate. The silver
diffuses into the nerve-fiber only at the nodes, stains
the cement-substance joining one internode with
another, thus forming the transverse bar of the
cross, and as it diffuses along the axis-cylinder stains
the cement-substance on the latter for a short distance,
and so makes the vertical bar. R.'s Lemon-juice
Method, a method of tracing nerve-fibers. Small
pieces of tissue, '4^ inch square, are soaked in lemon-
juice 5 or 10 minutes, washed quickly in distilled
water, and placed in I per cent, solution of gold chlorid
for from 10 minutes to I hour, according to the density
of the tissue. Wash in water, place in 50 c.c. water
containing two drops of acetic acid, and expose to
the light ; or, if it is not desired to keep the super-
ficial epithelium, after treating with lemon-juice and
gold the tissue is placed for 24 hours in formic
acid (sp. gr. 1. 2) diluted with three times its volume
of water, and kept in the dark (after Squire). R.'s
Nodes. See Nodf. R.'s Picrocarmin. See Stains,
Talde of. R.'s Tactile Discs, nerve-endings con-
sisting of small, cup-shaped bodies, the concave side
of which is always directed toward the free surface of
the epidermis. They are those tactile corpuscles of
Merkel, also of Grandy, which terminate, not in the
cells, but in the intercellular substances.
Rape {rap) \_rapere, to seize]. Forcible sexual inter-
course with a woman. According to the laws of
some States, the intercourse with a young girl is also
considered as rape when not efiected through force, but
by reason of her ignorance. R.-oil. See Colza-oil.
R. -plant. See Brassiia.
Raphania {ra-fa' -iie-ak) [rap/iaims, a radish]. A ner-
vous affection attended with spasmodic disorder of
the joints and the limbs. It has been attributed to a
poisonous principle in the seeds of the wild radish,
which are likely, at certain times, to become mixed
with grain. The affection is allied to ergotism and
pellagra. See Ergotism. R. maisitica, pellagra;
so named because it was supposed to be caused by
the use of maize as food.
Raphe [raf'-a] [iinfrj, suture]. I. Any line, suture,
ridge, or crease having the appearance of a seam. It
is applied especially to the median line of the body.
2. A ridge or cord ; the continuation of the seed-
stalk, extending from the hilum to the chalaza along
the side of an anatropous or an amphitropous ovule or
seed. R., Exterior, the stria longitudinalis medialis.
R. inferior corporis callosi, the raphe on the inferior
surface of the corpus callosum. R. palati duri.
Same as R. palatine. R., Palatine, the narrow ridge
of mucosa in the mesial line of the palate. R.
of the Penis, a continuation of the raphe of the
scrotum upon the penis. R., Perineal, the ridge of
skin in the middle line of the perineum. R. of the
Pharynx, a fibrous band in the median line of the
posterior wall of the pharynx. R. post-oblongata,
the posterior median fissure of the medulla oblongata.
R. of the Scrotum, a median ridge dividing the scro-
tum into two lateral halves ; it is continuous, poste-
riorly, with the raphe of the perineum, anteriorly with
the raphe of the penis. The septum of the medulla
oblongata, of Stilling. R. superior corporis callosi,
the longitudinal raphe in the middle of the superior
surface of the corpus callosum. R. of the Tongue,
a median furrow on the dorsal surface of the tongue
corresponding to the fibrous septum which divides it
into symmetric halves.
Raphis [ra'-fis) [paipig, a needle: //., Raphides\ In
biology, one of the needle-shaped crystals found in
bundles in the cells of many plants. See also Rha-
p/iis.
Raptus [rap'-itis) \rapere, to seize]. Any sudden at-
tack or seizure ; rape. R. haemorrhagicus, a sudden
hemorrhage. R. maniacus, transient frenzy. R.
melancholicus, sudden and vehement melancholy.
R. nervorum, cramp or spasm.
Rarefaction {rar-c-fak'-shun) [rants, rare ; facere, to
make]. The decreasing of the density or tension of
a gaseous substance, especially the air ; attenuation ;
dilution. R. of Bony Tissue, the attenuation of
bony tissue as a result of ostitis or senile atrophy.
•Aee Osteoporosis. R., Pulmonary. See E'/'ph^ema.
Raritas [rar'-it-as) [L.]. Rarity. R. dentium, few-
ness of teeth; less than the usual number of teeth,
with or without interspaces between them.
Rarity of the Atmosphere. See Atmospheric.
Rasceta {ra-se'-tah) [L.]. The transverse lines or
creases of the .skin on the inner side of the wrist.
Rash [OF., rasi-he, a rash]. Any exanthematous
eruption of the skin. R., Canker. Same as Sear-
latina. R., Caterpillar, a localized eruption at-
tributed to the irritant action of the hairs of certain
caterpillars. R., Doctors', a transitory rash some-
times seen in nervous persons undergoing medical ex-
RASORIAN
1239
RAY
amination. R., Drug, a rash due to the toxic action
of arsenic, potassium iodid or bromid, quinin or other
drug. R., Medicinal. See /i., Druo-. R., Millet-
seed. See Miliaria. R., Mulberry, an eruption re-
sembhng tire exanthem of measles, sometimes occurring
in the course of typhus (Jenner). R., Nettle. See
Urticaria. R., Rose. See Roseola. R., Scarlet. See
Scarli-t Fci'er. R., Tooth, any rash attrilnited to
dentition. Strophulus. R., Typhoid. See TypJioid
Fever. R., Wildfire, any transitory erythematous
rash.
Rasorian (ra-5o'-;r-(7«) \_2S\.e\ Rasflri\ Following the
teachings of Rasori ; contrastimulant. R. Method,
in phlebotomy, repeated bleeding.
Rasorianism, Rasorism [?'a-zo'-re-an-izin, ra-zo' -rizm)
[after Rasori\ The doctrine of Rasori; contra-
stimulism.
Raspail's Eau Sedatif. See Aminoiiiiim and Cam-
phor.
Raspatory [ras'-pat-o-re) \_raspatoriiiin ; radere, to
scrape]. In surgery, a rasp or file for trimming tlie
rough surfaces of bones or for removing the peri-
osteum.
Raspberry [raz' -her-e^. See Rubiis idieits.
Rasura (ra-2?<'-ra/^) [L.]. I. The process of rasping,
shaving, or scraping. 2. That which is scraped or
shaved off.
Rat [ME. , ratte, rat]. A rodent of the family A///rid,c.
R.-tail Sutures, fibers from tire rat's tail, used instead
ofsilkorgut, for surgical sutures. R. -tooth Forceps.
See Forceps.
Ratafia (i-at-a-fe' -ah) [Malay, arag, arrack ; lafia, a
spirit distilled from molasses]. A name for various
liqueurs,X)X aromatized and sweetened cordials.
Ratanhia ( rat-an' -e-ah) [Peruv. , rataiia'\. See Kram-
eria. R., Decoctum (radicis), a decoction made by
boiling one part of ratanhia with 40 parts of water,
and filtering when cold. R., Extractum, Alcoho-
licum, an extract prepared from an infusion of rat-
anhia in 22 per cent, alcohol, which is driven oft by
distillation, and the residue evaporated. R., Extrac-
tum, Americanum (seu falsum). See American
Kino. R., Extractum, .ffiquosum (seu depura-
tum). See Extractum kramerics. R., Extractum,
Fluidum. See Extractum kramerice fliiidum. R.,
Extractum, Venale. See Extractum kraineriee.
R., Infusum. See Infusnm krameriic. R., Poudre
de. Dried ratanhia, powdered and sifted. R., Red,
a red pigment, C,^r,H.^.^Oj|, obtained from the bark of
ratanhia. R. -tannic Acid, a tannic acid occurring in
the roots of several kinds of krameria. R., Suppos-
itorise, suppositories consisting of one grain of ratanhia
and three of oil of theobroma (Fr. Cod.). R., Sy-
rupus, cum extracto, R., Syrupus. See Syrupus
krameriie. R., Tinctura. See Titictura kramerice.
Ratanhin {rat'-an-in) [Peruv., ratana'\, CipHjgNOj.
Methylated tyrosin.
Ratany [rat'-an-e). See Ratanhia.
Rathke, Glands of. See Gland. R., Investing Mass
of, the membranous capsule covering the end of the
chorda dorsalis in the developing embryo and form-
ing the rudiment of the base of the skull. It molds
itself on the cerebral vesicles, so as to constitute the
membrane in which the vault of the skull is developed.
The membranous capsule at the base of the skull pre-
sents two thickenings, the lateral trabecula of Rathke,
directed forward and enclosing the pituitary opening.
R., Lateral Trabeculae of. -See R. , Investing Mass
of. R., Pouch of. See Rouch.
Rathke's Organ, an extremely muscular division of the
gut in certain crustaceans (parasitic, or female, fsopoda)
which carries on energetic rhythmic contractions. It
is tlie third division ; following the ccphalogaster and
tvphlosfllis.
Ratio [i-a'-she-o) [L.]. I. The mind or reasoning
faculties. 2. In chemistry and pharmacy, the propor-
tion of ingredients or of atomic composition. R.
medendi, the tlieory or scheme of a course of med-
ical treatment. R., Ocular Micrometer, the num-
ber obtained by finding the number of divisions on the
ocular micrometer required to include the image of an
entire millimeter of the stage micrometer.
Ration (j-a'-sliun) \j-atio, proportion]. The daily al-
lowance of food of a soldier or a sailor.
Rational [ra'-shon-al) \_ratio, reason]. Relating to
reason ; reasonable. In therapeutics, opposed to
empiric. R. Formula, in chemistry, a structural
formula. See Foruiula.
Ratsbane {ratz-haii') [ME., ratte, rat; hane\ A popu-
lar name for rat-poisons containing arsenic ; arsenious
acid. See Rough on Rats. R., Yellow, orpiment.
Rattle [rat'-l) [ME., ratelen, rattle]. See Rale. R.,
Death-, a gurgling sound observed in dying persons,
due to accumulation of mucus in the trachea obstruct-
ing the passage of air. R.-herb, the Actcea spicata.
R.-weed, the Actica racemosa.
Ratula [rat' -u-lah). See Raspatory.
Rau, Process of. The longer proce.ss at the junction
of the handle with the neck of the malleus. It is also
called the Process of Folius.
Rauber's Convolution. See Convolutions, Table of.
R.'s Layer, a superficial stratum of flat cells occurring
in the center of the embryonal spot at an early stage
in the development of the blastodermic membranes.
Raucedo (razo-se' -do) [raucus, hoarse]. Hoarseness
arising from inflammation of the mucosa of the larynx
and throat. R. catarrhalis, hoarseness resulting
from laryngitis. R. potatorum, hoarseness caused
by drinking whiskey or other distilled liquors. R.
syphilitica, chronic hoarseness due to secondary
syphilitic affections of the larynx.
Raucitas [razv' -sit-as). See Raucedo.
Raucous [ra7v'-kus) \_raucus, hoarse]. Husky; hoarse.
Raulin's Liquid. A nutritive liquid composed en-
tirely of mineral constituents, upon which the common
mold, Aspergillus niger, grows more perfectly and to
a greater size than upon any of the natural (organic)
substances upon which the parasite habitually develops.
It is composed, in grams, of the following: water,
1500 ; crystallized sugar, 70; tartaric acid, 4; ammo-
nium nitrate, 4 ; ammonium phosphate, 0.6 ; potassium
carbonate, 0.6 ; magnesium carbonate, 0,4 ; ammonium
sulphate, 0.25; zinc sulphate, 0.07; iron sulphate,
0.07 ; potassium silicate, 0.07. The suppression or
diminution of the quantity of a single one of these
salts diminishes the harvest, often far more than the
proportion of the weight of the changed salt.
Rauracienne [ro-ras-e-en'). Same as Orseillin and
East Red. See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Rauschbrand {roivsh' -brant) [Ger.]. The German
name for black-leg, q. v.
Ravaton's Amputation. An amputation performed by
making a circular incision through all the structures
down to the bone and a lateral lengthwise incision, to
secure flaps. .See Operations, Table of.
Ray {ra) [ME., raye, a ray]. I. A beam, pencil, or
cone of light ; a line of light or heat proceeding from
a luminous point. One of the component elements
of light or of the spectrum. 2. One of a numlier of
lines diverging from a common center. In biology,
the branch of an umbel ; the marginal flowers of an
inflorescence when their structure varies from those of
the disc, ^. ligulate flowers, or circle of enlarged
tubular flowers in heads of Composite, outer flowers
RAY'S MANIA
1240
REAGENT
in cyme of wild hydrangea. Rs., Actinic, solar rays
that produce chemic change. Rs., Bipolar, rays
leading from one point of divergence to another, as
in the diaster of a cell undergoing indirect division.
Rs., Chemic. See /is., Actimc. R., Extraordin-
ary, the polarized ray that departs farthest from the
ordinary law of refraction. Its vibrations are parallel
to the vertical axis. R., Fin-, one of the radiating,
bony spines forming the framework of the fins in
fishes. R. -floret. Same as R. -flower. R. -flower,
one of the marginal flowers of an inflorescence when
distinct from those of the disc. R. -fungus. See
Actinomyces. R., Medullary, one of the vertical
partitions of parenchyma radiating from the pith to the
bark in woody plants, and separating the bundles of
fibro-vascular tissue. R.-oil, the oil of the liver of
the fish called ray or skate, Raja talis, said to be an
eftective substitute for cod-liver oil. R., Ordinary,
the polarized ray which follows most nearly the ordi-
nary law of refraction. Its vibrations are perpendic-
ular to the vertical axis.
Ray's Mania. A form of general moral insanity. See
Diseases, Table of.
Raygat's Test. See Birth.
Raymond's Blue. Same as Napoleon Blue.
Raynaud's Disease. A vascular disorder character-
ized by three grades of intensity : (<?) Local syncope,
observed most frequently in the extremities, and pro-
ducing the condition known as dead fingers or dead
toes; it is analogous to that induced by intense cold, [b)
Local asphyxia , which usually follows local syncope,
but may develop independently. Chilblains are the
mildest manifestation of this condition. The fingers
and toes and the ears are the parts usually affected.
In the most extreme degree the parts are swollen,
stiff, and livid, and the capillary circulation is almost
stagnant, (r) Local or symmetric gangrene, the mildest
form of which follows local asphyxia. .Small areas
of necrosis appear on the pads of the fingers and of the
toes, also at the edges of the ears and tip of the nose.
Occasionally symmetric patches appear on the limbs
or trunk, and in severe cases terminate in extensive
gangrene. Raynaud suggested that the local syncope
was produced by contraction of the vessels ; the as-
phyxia is probably caused by dilatation of the capil-
laries and venules with persistence of the spasm of the
arterioles. Two forms of congestion occur, which may
be seen in adjacent fingers, one of which may be
swollen, intensely red, and extremely hot; the other
swollen, cyanotic, and icy cold (Osier). See Sp/ia-
celodervia. R.'s Gangrene. Same as R.'' s Disease.
R.'s Phenomenon. See Acroasphyxia and Dis-
eases, Eponymic, Table of.
Re-. A Latin prefix signifying hack or again.
Reabsorption (re-ab-sor/'' -shz/n). See Resorption .
Reaching (recli'-ing) [ME., rechen, to reach]. To
attempt to vomit ; to retch.
Reacquired [re-ak-wircl' ) \j-e, again ; acquirere, to ac-
quire]. Acquired a second time. R. Movements.
See Acquired Movements.
Reaction [re-ak'-skiin) [re, again; agere, to act]. I.
Mutual action ; interaction. The response of an organ,
tissue, or the system, to a stimulus, agent, or influence.
Recuperation or return of power after depression or
" shock." The supervention of fever after a surgical
operation, or trauma. 2. In chemistry, the result of
introducing a reagent or test. See Tests, Table oj.
3. In electro-therapeutics, the muscular contraction
follovi'ing the making or breaking of the current. R.,
Acid, the reddening of blue litmus paper by the action
of an acid; a test for the presence of acids. R.,
Adamkiewicz's, a reaction employed as a test for
albuminoids. See Tests, Table of. R., Alkaline, a
reaction indicative of alkaline properties, and in
which red litmus paper is changed to blue. R., Am-
phicroitic, R., Amphigenous, R., Amphoteric, a
double reaction occurring occasionally in urine, owing
to the presence of substances by which the liquid re-
sponds to both the acid and alkaline tests. R., Biuret.
.See Tests, Table of. R. of Degeneration {"De.R."),
diminution and loss of faradic excitability in both nerves
and muscles, the galvanic excitability of the muscles
remaining unimpaired, sometimes notably increased,
and always undergoing definite qualitative modifications.
It is due to a degenerative atrophy in the nerves and
muscles, eventually in the muscles only, whose origin is
always nervous, paralytic, or atrophic, and whose seat is
in the peripheral nerves, motor roots, or central gray
substance. Strict cerebral disease is excluded. The
lesion is either in the peripheral nerves or spinal cord.
De. R. is of special value in prognosis. When there
is only Partial De. R. (/. e., slight diminution of both
galvanic and faradic excitability, " a less maximum
contraction rather than a later minimum "), the disease
will probably last one or two months ; if complete, it
will last much longer. The De. R. embraces the fol-
lowing modifications of irritability : I. Disappearance
or diminution of nervous irritability to both galvanic
and faradic currents. 2. Disappearance of faradic
and increase of galvanic irritability of muscles, gener-
ally associated with an increase of mechanical irrita-
bility. 3. Disappearance of faradic and increase of
galvanic muscular irritability, associated generally with
increased mechanical irritability. 4. Tardy, delayed
contraction of muscles, instead of the quick reaction
of normal muscles. 5. Marked modification of
normal sequence of contraction. A special variety of
the De. R. is the so-called Reaction of Exhaustion,
which is a condition of nervous and muscular irrita-
bility to electric excitation in which a certain reaction
produced by a given current-strength cannot be repro-
duced without an increase of current-strength. R.,
Galvano-trophic, of L. Herrmann, a phenomenon
observed in small aquatic animals subjected to the in-
fluence of a galvanic current. After a few spasmodic
movements, they place themselves in the direction of
the current, with the head toward the positive pole.
R., Gmelin's. See Tests, Table of. R., Hemiopic
Pupillary, of Wernicke, a reaction in which a pencil
of light thrown on the blind side of the retina gives
rise to no movement in the iris, but thrown upon the
normal side produces contraction of both irides. R.-
impulse, the supposed recoil of the cardiac ventricles
after the discharge of the blood into the aorta and
pulmonary artery. R. , Isofaradic, of Adamkiewicz,
a condition of muscle in which it responds only to the
faradic current. R., Myotonic, of Erb, a reaction
seen in Thomsen's disease, in which there is quanti-
tative and qualitative increase in the faradic excita-
bility. R., Neutral, a reaction indicating the absence
of both acid and alkaline properties ; also, of positive
opposite qualities. R. -period, the period following a
trauma or operation in which there is recovery Irom
the incident shock. R.-time, in i^hysiology and
psycho-physics, the interval between the application
of a stimulus and the beginning of the corresjionding
muscular contraction. R., Xanthoproteic. Hee 7'ests,
Table of.
Readjustment {re-ad-jusf -ment"). See Advancement.
Reagent {re-a' -jenf) \_re, again ; agere, to act]. In
chemistry, anything used to produce a reaction, or to
test for the presence of an element. A test. See
Tests, Table of. R., General, a reagent that indicates
the group of substances to which a body belongs, with-
REAL
1241
RECLINATIO
out determining which one of the group it is. R.,
Special, a reagent which indicates the presence of an
individual substance, and not only the group of which
it is a member.
Real {re' -at) [ME., real, real]. Actual; true ; genuine.
R. Image. See Image.
Realgar (i-e-al' -galir) [Arab. , raJij alghar, realgar] . An
old name for arsenous disulphid, AsjS^. See Pigments,
Conspectus of.
Reamer {re'-me?-) [ME., remen,\.o widen]. An instru-
ment for gouging out holes. R., Dentists'. See
Nerve-canal Reamer.
Reanimate [re-an' -im-af) \_>-e, again ; animare, to ani-
mate]. To revive ; to resuscitate ; to restore to life, as
a person apparently dead.
Reanimation [re-an-iiii-a'-shun) \_reanimare, to reani-
mate]. The act of restoring to life ; reviving.
Reason (r^'-sw) [WK.,reson, reason]. The intellectual
faculty.
Reaumur's Thermometer. See Thermometer.
Reboulleau's Blue. Same as Schweinfurth Blue.
Recaulescence (j-e-kaw-les' -ens') \re, again ; caulis, a
stem]. In biology, Schimper's term to indicate the
union of a petiole to a peduncle or branch.
Receiver (;r-j-^'-i7«-) [;rir///f, to receive]. I. In chem-
istry and pharmacy, the vessel receiving the products
of distillation. 2. A popular term for the blanket in
which an infant is placed after division of the umbilical
cord.
Receptacle {re-sep' -ta-kl) \_receptaculnm, a receptade].
I. A vessel or place in which something is contained ;
a receiver or container. 2. In biology, [a) the more
or less expanded part of an axis upon which the
floral organs are inserted (torus), or the collected
flowers of the head, as the disc-like apex of the peduncle
in Composite. In cryptogams a structure of similar
nature. An organ or part or intercellular space formed
for the storing of secretions ; (^) a receptaculum. R.,
Common, the short rachis bearing a flower-head.
R. of the Flower, the axile part of a single flower.
R. of Fungi, a receptacle of cellular tissue, developed
from the mycelium, for the reception of the reproduc-
tive organs. R. of Inflorescence. See /v". , Common.
R. of the Ovules. See Placenta. R., PoUinifer-
ous, of R. Brown, a cellular plate in an anther-cell,
dividing it into two compartments. R., Seminal.
See Receptaculuin seininis.
Receptacular [re-sep-tak' -ii-lar) \_receptacitliim,3. recep-
tacle]. Pertaining to a receptaculum.
Receptaculum {j-e-sep-tak'-n-lnm) \_recipere,p.p. receptiis,
receive, hold, contain]. In biology, any part or organ
for the reception of a secretion. See Receptacle. R.
chyli, an expansion of the thoracic duct opposite the
last dorsal vertebra. See Pecquet' s Reservoir. R.
cotunni, a triangular space near the middle of the
posterior surface of the petrous portion of the temporal
bone, at the termination of the aqureductus vestibuli.
It is formed by the separation of the lamina; of the
dura mater.
Receptive [re-sep' -tiv) \_recipei-e, to receive]. Having
the quality of or capacity for receiving. R. Centers,
In physiology and psycho-physics, nerve-centers to
which influences arrive that may excite sensations or
some kind of activity not associated with conscious-
ness.
Receptum {j-e-sep'-tu?ii). See Prescription.
Recess [>-e-ses') \_recesstes, a recess] . A fossa, ventricle, or
ampulla ; an anatomic depression. R., Chiasmal, a
pit in front of the infundibulum bounded by the optic
chiasm and the cinereous lamina. R., Cochlear, an
elliptic pit below the oval window of the vestibule, form-
ing part of the cochlea. R., Intercrural. See In-
terpeduncular Space. R., Interscapular, the depres-
sion between the scapulw. R., Lateral, the lateral
extension of the fourth ventricle in the angle between
the cerebellum and the oblongata. R., Postpontile,
the foramen caicum of the brain.
Recessus (re-ses'-us) [L. ]. l. See Recess. 2. Abscess.
3. A cornu of a lateral ventricle. R. acetabuli, the
cotyloid cavity. R. chiasmatica. See Lamina cin-
erea. R. cochlearis, a shallow depression between
the diverging portions of the crista vestibuli. R.
conarii, the cavity at the base of the pineal body,
situated between the supracommissure and postcom-
missure. R. ellipticus. Fovea hemielliptica. R.
hemiellipticus. See Fovea hemielliptica. R. hemi-
sphaericus, a tiny perforated cavity in the inner
wall of the vestibule, anterior to the crista vestibuli ;
it transmits the branches of the auditory nerve. R.
infundibuli, the cavity of the infundibulum in the
floor of the third ventricle. R. intercruralis, the
interpeduncular space. R. labyrinthi, a cavity formed
in the base of the fetal skull, developing into the
primitive auditory vesicle, and finally into the inter-
nal ear. R. naso-palatinus, the nasal orifice of the
naso-palatine canal. R. occipitalis, the posterior
horn of the lateral ventricle. R. opticus. See
Lamina cinerea. R. peritonaei, the pocket-like pro-
cesses formed by the peritoneum. R. pharyngeus,
a pouch-like process of the mucosa of the pharynx
situated below the opening of the Eustachian tube.
R. sphsericus. See Fovea hemispluvrica. R.,
spheno-ethmoidalis, a small depression or groove
between the sphenoid bone and the superior turbinated
bones. R. superior sacci omenti, the cavity of the
lesser omentum.
Recidivation [re-sid-iv-a'-sktin) [recidivus, a falling
back]. The relapsing of a disease. In criminology,
a relapsing into crime.
Recidive [re-sid-ev'). See Relapse and Recurrence.
Recidivist {re-sid'-iv-ist) [^recidivus, falling back]. I.
A patient who returns to a hospital for treatment, es-
pecially an insane person who so returns. 2. In
criminology, a confirmed or relapsed criminal ; (a)
one who for the most part has no mental or bodily
signs of degeneration, caused by bad bringing up,
society, poverty, sexual disorders, and who makes
crime a trade or a vengeance ; {b) one with inborn
criminal inclinations and a positive tendency to in-
sanity or epilepsy ; and (c) one whose antecedents
and environment lead him to crime by blunting his
sense of honor and morality. The latter classes are
inclined to coarseness, boldness, resistance, and wil-
ful spoiling of their clothes ; but are not legally re-
garded as insane.
Recidivity [re-sid-iv'-it-e] \_recidivatus , a restoration].
Tendency to return or to relapse.
Recipe [res'-ip-e) [recipere, to take]. A Latin word
contracted to R , used as the heading of a physician's
prescription and signifying ta/:e. See also Prescrip-
tion.
Recipiomotor (i-e-sip-e-o-mo' -tor') \_recipere, to receive ;
motor, mover]. Receiving motor impulses.
Recklinghausen, Canals of. See Canal.
Reclinate {i-ek' -lin-dt) \_reclinare, to bend back, re-
cline]. In biology, reclined or bent downward.
Applied to stems, branches, etc. Also applied to that
form of vernation in which the apex of the leaf is bent
downward toward the base, and to a cotyledon
doubled over in the seed. It is used to qualify the
hairs and processes of insects when they bend toward
a surface as if to rest on it.
Reclinatio ( rek - lin - a'- she-o ). See Reclination. R.
palpebrarum, ectropion.
RECLINATION
1242
RECTO-VAGINAL
Reclination {rek-lin-a'-shun) \j-cclinare , to recline].
The act of lying, or of laying down. R. of Cataract.
See Coiu'hing.
Recline (re-klin') \i'eclinaye, to lean back]. To lean
backward or downward ; to rest in a recumbent posture.
Reclining [ri--k/i' -ning)\_>-e(!inai-e, to recline]. Bending
downward or backward ; having a leaning posture. R.
Board, a board to which young persons are sometimes
strapped to prevent stooping and to give ereclness to
the figure. R. Posture. See Postures.
Reclivate \rek' -liv-dt) \j-e, back ; clivus, sloping]. In
biology, doubly curved, as the letter s.
Reclus' Disease. Cystic disease of the mammary
gland. See Diseases, Table of.
Reclusor [i-e-klu' -zor) \recludere, to shut up]. A mus-
cle that opens a part, as the levator palpebra;
superioris.
Reclusus [j-e- kill' -sits) \_rechtderc, to shut up]. Shut in,
enveloped, as a plant-embryo embedded in albumin.
Recognition Time. See Time.
Recoil Wave. See Pulse.
Recondite (j'c-kon' -dit, or rek' -on-dit) [re, back ; ecii-
^/f/'f, put together]. Hidden; not readily perceived.
Said of organs of insects that are not exserted.
Reconstitution [re-kon-stit-ii' -sliuu) [re, again ; consti-
ttiere, to constitute]. Continuous repair of decaying
tissue, or restoration to compensate loss by tissue-waste.
Recovery {re-kiiv' -er-e) \Y\., recovrer, recover]. The
restoration of health ; return to a state of health.
Recreate [rek' -re-dt) \_recreare, to revive]. To revive
or refresh ; to reanimate.
Recreation [rek-re-a'-skun') \recreatio, restoration].
The act of recreating or refreshing. Diversion.
Recrement [i-ek' -re-ment ) \_recreinentiiiii'\. A secre-
tion that is reabsorbed or reabsorbable.
Recremental [rek-re-men' -lal ) [reereiiieiitiiiii , dross].
Pertaining to recrement.
Recrementitious {i-ek-re-men-tisld -us) \recrementuni ,
dross]. Of the nature of a recrement; pertaining to
such natural secretions as saliva and gastric juice, that,
after excretion are again absorbed.
Recrescence {j'e-kres'-e>is) [re, again ; crescere, to come
forth, to grow]. The reproduction of a lost part.
Recrudescence [re-kru-des' -ens) [re, again ; criidescere,
to become raw]. The beginning anew or increase in
the symptoms of a disease after a .short intermission.
Rectal {rek'-tal). Pertaining to the rectum. R.
Etherization. See Anesthetic. R. Glands. From
two to six projecting glandular bodies in the rectum of
many insects {Orthoptei-a, Diptera). In certain larvre
{Lihellula trsc/nta) they take the form of respiratory
organs. R. Pouch, of rays and sharks, a dorsal
diverticle of the rectum characteristic of the group.
Rectalgia [rek-tal'-je-ah) [rtv/«/;?, rectum ; akyoz, pain].
Pain in the rectum ; proctalgia.
Rectangular [rek-tang'-gii-lar] [r^r/^j-, straight ; angu-
liis, an angle]. Having straight sides or right angles.
R. Flap Amputation. See Teale's Operation in Oper-
ations, Table of.
Recticrurseus [rek-tik-ru-re'-zis] [rectus, straight ; cms,
leg]. The rectus femoris muscle.
Rectification [rek - tif - ik - a'- shun) [rectus, straight ;
facere, to make]. A straightening, as of a crooked
limb. In chemistry, the redistillation of weak spirit
in order to strengthen it. R., Artificial, the opera-
tion of correcting a faulty position of the fetal head
during labor by the hand or with the forceps.
Rectified {rek'- tif - id ) [rectus, straight ; facere, to
make]. Refined ; made right or straight. R. Spirit,
alcohol containing 85 per cent, of spirit.
'R.&qXxx^^xv&A. (i-ek' -tin-ervd) straight ; tiervus,
nerve]. In biology, with straight nerves or veins.
Rectipetality [rek - tip - et - al'- it - e) [rectus, straight ;
petere, to seek]. In biology, the inherent tendency
of growing organs to advance in a right line, modi-
fied, however, by Heterauxesis [ij. v.), as demonstrated
by Voechting.
Rectirostral {rek-te-ros' -tral)[rectus, straight; rostrum,
beak]. Straight-beaked.
Rectischiac [rek-tis'-ke-ak). Same as Ischiorectal.
Rectiserial (rek-tis-e' -re-al ) [rci/z/j-, straight ; series, z
row]. In biology, arranged in straight lines or ranks.
Rectitic [rek-tif -ik) [rectum, rectum ; mf , inflamma-
tion]. Of the nature of or affected with rectitis.
'R&zUXis [rek-ti' -tis) [rectum, rectum; -itis, inflamma-
tion]. Inflammation of the rectum; proctitis. R.
proliferans, chronic inflammation of the rectum, with
increase of the connective-tissue elements and the
development of small granulomata.
Recto- (rek' -to-) [rectum, rectum]. A prefix used to
denote connection with or relation to the rectum.
Rectocele (;y/''-/o-ji?/) [m/ww, rectum ; tumor].
Prolapse of the rectum, causing a rectal tumor and
even protrusion of the rectum.
Rectococcygeal (rec-to-kok-sij-e'-al) [rectum, rectum;
hliKKvi, the coccyx]. Pertaining to the rectum and
the coccyx.
Rectococcypexy [rek-to-kok-si-peks' -e) [rectum, rec-
tum ; Ao/ivcif, coccyx ; 7r^f(f , a fastening]. Suturing
of the rectum to the coccyx.
Recto-colonic [rek-to-ko-lon'-ik) [rectum, rectum;
hu'/m', colon] . Pertaining to the rectum and the colon.
Rectogenital {rek -to-jen' -it-al) [rectum, straight;
genitalis, pertaining to generation]. Pertaining to the
rectum and the genital organs.
Rectopexia {rek-to-peks' -e-ah) [rectum , xtcVwrn; irii^ic,
a fastening]. Fixation of a prolapsed rectum in a
desired position by artificial means.
Rectopexy {rek'-to-peks-e). Same as Rectopexia.
'RecX.O'p):\ohia. {rek-to-fo'-be-ak) [;rir///w, rectum ; (fidjioc,
fear]. A presentiment or sense of impending ill ex-
perienced by patients having rectal disease (Kelsey).
Rectoscope [rek'-to-skop) [rectum, rectum; aamtlv,
to inspect]. A rectal speculum.
Rectoscopy {rek-tos' -ko-pe) [re rectum ; okottciv,
to inspect]. An examination of the rectum.
Rectostenosis {rek-to-sten-o'-sis) [rectum, rectum;
crtvLooic, stenosis]. Stenosis of the rectum.
Rectotome {rek'-to-tom) [rectum, rectum; rofni, a cut-
ting]. A cutting instrument used in rectotomy.
Rectotomy {rek-tot'-o-?ne) [rectum, rectum; rifivetii, to
cut]. Incision of the rectum for stricture, etc.
Recto-urethral {rek-to-u-re'-thral) [rectum, rectum;
ovf)uv, urine]. Pertaining to the rectum and the
urethra.
Recto-uterine {rek - to - u ' - ter in) [rectum, xt<:\.yxm.;
uterus, the womb]. Pertaining conjointly to the
rectum and the womb. R. Cul-de-sac, the pouch
of Douglas. R. Folds, R. Ligaments. Semilunar
folds of peritoneum passing on each side from the
rectum to the posterior upper surface of the uterus.
R. Fossa. The space between the uterus and the
rectum above the borders of the recto-uterine folds.
R. Pouch. Douglas's cul-de-sac.
Recto-uterinus {rek-to-u-ter-i' -nus) [rectum, rectum;
uterus, uterus]. A band of non-striated muscles in
the recto-uterine folds.
Recto-vaginal {rek-to-vaj' -in-al) [rectum, rectum;
-L'ac^ina, vagina]. Pertaining conjointly to the rectum
and the vagina. R. Cul-de-sac, the pouch of Doug-
las. R. Fistula, an opening between the vagina and
the rectum. R. Hernia. Same as Rectocele. R.
Septum, the tissues separating the rectum and the
vagina.
RECTO-VESICAL
1243
RED
Recto-vesical {rek - to - ves' - ik - al ) \_rectum , rectum ;
vesu/r, the bladder]. Pertaining conjointly to the
rectum and the bladder. R. Folds, the posterior
false ligaments of the bladder ; lunate peritoneal
folds between the bladder and the rectum in the
male. Also called semilunar folds of Douglas. R.
Fossa, the pouch of peritoneum lying between the
bladder and the rectum.
Rectrix [rek'-triks) [_rc-artx, governess, mistress : //. ,
Rectrices']. In biology, one of the rectrices, or tail-
feathers, of a bird.
Rectum {rek' -tiiui) \_rectHS, straight]. The lower
part of the large intestine, extending from the sig-
moid flexure to the anus. Beginning opposite the
left sacro iliac synchondrosis, it passes obliquely
downward to the middle of the sacrum, and thence
descends in the median line to terminate in the anus.
It presents two curves, one in the direction of the
concavity of the sacrum and coccyx, and a shorter
one in the opposite direction as it turns backward to
the anus. Narrower than the sigmoid flexure in its
upper portion, it gradually increases in size, and just
above the anus a considerable dilatation occurs. It
has four coats, from within outward, as follows :
mucosa, muscularis mucosae, submucosa, muscularis.
It has also a partial investment of peritoneum. The
mucous coat has a lining of columnar epithelium,
and is raised in longitudinal ridges or folds, the
colimna morgagni. The muscular coats consist of
an outer longitudinal layer of fibers and an inner cir-
cular layer, especially thick at the lower end, where
they constitute the internal sphincter. R., Encysted,
Gross's disease of the anus ; a pathologic sacculation
of the rectum. See Diseases, Table of.
Rectus {rek'-ttis) [L.]. Right. In a straight line.
R. Muscles. See Muscles, Table of.
Recubant [rek'- n- bani ) \_i-ecubaiis, lying back].
Lying down ; reclining.
Recumbency {re-kuin' -ben-se) \j-ecuinbere, to recline].
The posture of one who is lying down ; decubitus.
Recumbent (i-e - kum' - beni) [_ >-ecu»ibere, to recline].
Leaning back ; reclining.
Recuperate {re-ku' -per-dt) \_recuperare, to regain]. To
recover ; to regain strength or health.
Recuperation [re-kii-per-a' -shun) \_recuperatio ; recup-
erare, to recover]. Convalescence. Restoration to
health.
Recuperative {re-ku' -per-a-tiv) \_recuperativiis'\. Per-
taining to, or tending to, recovery of health or
strength.
Recurrence (re-kur' -ens) \_recurrere, to run back]. The
return, as of a disease.
Recurrent (^'^-/Jv/r'-t'M/ )[;w?<rrar, to run back]. Re-
curring ; reappearing. In anatomy, turning back in
its course, as an artery or nerve. R. Krysipelas. See
Erysipelas. R. Fever, the same as relapsing fever.
R. Mania. Same as Periodic Mania. R. Pulse.
See Pulse and Pulsus. R. Summer Eruption. See
Hydroa vacciniforme.
Recurring {re-ktir' -ing) \_recurrere , to run back]. Re-
turning ; occurring again. R. Disease, one that re-
turns or relapses. R. Utterance, the involuntary
utterance of certain words, usually a symptom of
motor aphasia.
Recurvate (i-e-kur' -vat) \recurvatus,Q.\i.x\e.A back]. In
biology, recurved.
Recurvation {re - kur - va' - shun) \i-ecurvatus, curved
back]. The act or process of recurving or of bend-
ing backward.
Recurved {re-kurvd') \re, back ; curvare, to curve]. In
biology, bent back or downward. Curved upward
when applied to the bill or beak of a bird.
Recurvirostral [re-kur-ve-ros'-tral ) \_7-ecurvus, bent
back; rostrum, hea^i^. Having a recurved bill.
Recurvous [re-kur' -vus) \_rectcrvus~\. Bent backward.
Recutitus [rek-u-te'-tus] \_re, back; cutis, skin], i.
Circumcised. 2. In biology, apparent denudation of
the epidermis.
Red [ME. , m/, red]. The least refrangible color of
the spectrum. R. Antimony. See /vermes Mineral.
R. Arsenic. Same as Realgar. R. Baneberry,
the root of Acetata rubra, a very violent purgative.
Dose of the fld. ext. n\^v-x. Unof. R. Bark. See
Cinchona. R. or Black Water, a blood-disease
affecting cattle and sheep, in which in cattle the urine
is of a red or blood color, while in sheep there is an
effusion of bloody serum into the abdominal cavity.
R. -blindness. See Blindness. R. -blooded, having
red blood. R. Bole. Same as Ocher. R. Braxy.
See i^rajrj'. R. Bud. ^t.^ Judas Tree . R., Chinese.
Mercuric sulphid. R. Cohosh. See Actea. R.,
Congo, a red dye which is turned blue by acids, and
is a delicate test for them. R. Corpuscles. See
Corpuscles. R. -crested, having red crests. R. -cross
Society, an international society founded by Clara Bar-
ton, and intended to act upon the principles laid down
in the Geneva Convention of 1864. It furnishes nurses
and supplies for service in wars, and relieves the dis-
tress, needs, or wants of those who sufler in floods,
pestilences, and public calamities. R. -green blind-
ness, a form of color-blindness in which shades of red
and green cannot be distinguished. R. Gum : i. A
disease of grain. 2. A red papular eruption of infants.
Also called and strophulus. See Miliaria,
also Eucalyptus and Strophulus. R. Induration. See
hiduration. R. Infarct. See Infarct. R. Infiltra-
tion. See Infiltration. R. Jaundice. See Phenignius.
R. Lane, a vulgarism for the throat. R. Lead. Same
as Minittm. See A)itimonial Cinnabar in Pigments,
Conspectus of. R. Lip-salve. See Theobronue , 01.
R. Maple. See Acer. R.-milk Bacillus, Bacillus
prodigiosiis. Milk affected by it is called '■^bloody
milk^^ by farmers. See Bacteria, Synonymatic Table
of. R. Mixture, a combination of rock salt, potas-
sium nitrate, sodium carbonate, and molasses, used
for injecting bodies for the dissecting room. It im-
parts a beautiful red color to the muscles. It is also
called Horner^ s Alixture. R. Neuralgia. See Ery-
thromelalgia. R. Nucleus. See A'ucleus teginetiti.
R. Osier, the bark of the common Cornus serica.
Tonic and astringent. Dose of fld. ext. gss-j.
Unof. R. Pestilence. See R. Plague. R. Plague,
a form of the plague characterized by a red spot,
boil, or bubo. R. -polled, having a red poll, or
the top of the head red. R. Precipitate. See Ily-
drargyrztm. R., Retinal, R., Visual. See Visual
Purple. R. Root, Jersey tea. The root of Ceano-
thus americanus. Alterative and astringent. A
popular remedy for the sore-throat of scarlatina.
Dose of a decoction, ad lib. Unof. See Ceanotlnis,
also Lachnanthes tinctoria. R. Rose. See Rosa
gallica. R. Saunders. See Santalum rubriini.
R. -shafted, having the shafts of the wing and tail-
feathers red. R. Softening, a form of acute softening
of the cerebral substance characterized by a red,
punctiform appearance due to the presence of blood.
R. Soldier. See Cholera, Hog. R. ' Sweat. See
Cliromidrosis and Micrococcus hceniatodes, under Bac-
teria, Synonynmtic Table of. R.-thighed, having red
thighs. R. -throated, having a red patch on the
throat. R., Violet. See Pigments, Conspectus of. R.
Vision. See Erythropsia. R. Vitriol. Same as
Colcothar. R. -water, a common name for hemo-
globinuria in cattle. R.-winged, having red wings.
REDIA
1244
REFLEX
Redia {re'-de-ah) \_Redi, an Italian naturalist: //.,
Rediic\. In biology, the larval stage of a trematode,
which results from the development of a partheno-
genetic egg of the first larval stage {Sporocyst). The
yedix have at the anterior extremity of their body a
sucker-like formation, a pharynx, a simple intestinal
tube, and a birth-aperture. The first redne give rise
to a second and these to a third parthenogenetic gener-
ation and these finally to larvae called Ceriaricc, q. v.
Redintegration (i-cd-iii-te-gra' -siniii) \j-ed'nttegyaye, to
renew]. I. Regeneration. In chemistry, the restora-
tion of any mixed substance to its former nature. 2.
The complete restitution or reforming of a part that
has been injured or destroyed.
Redresser {t-e-dres'-er) [Fr. , i-cdresscur\ An instru-
ment used to replace a displaced organ or part.
Redressment (;^-(/r^^''-;««2/')[Fr. , redressement]. The
correction of a deformity, or replacement of a dislo-
cated part.
Reds (redz) \yilL.,red, red]. Popular term for the
menses.
Reduce [re-di'es') [_rediec'e>r, to bring back]. To restore
a part to its normal topographic relations, as to
reduce a hernia or fracture.
Reduced (i-e-diisd') \_reduce?'e, to lead back], i. Re-
stored to its proper place, as a dislocated bone. 2.
In chemistry, brought into the metallic form. 3.
Diminished in size. R. Eye. See Listing. R.
Hematin, the product of the reduction of hematin
in alkaline solution. R. Hemoglobin, the result of
deoxidation of oxyhemoglobin. R. Iron, iron by
hydrogen ; ferrum reductum. R. Oil. See Lubri-
cating Oils.
Reducible [re-dii'-sibd) [OF., rediisible^. Capable of
being reduced. R. Circuit. See Circuit. R. Her-
nia, a hernia capable of being reduced by manipula-
tion or posture.
Reducing {re-dus' -ing^\_reducere, to lead back]. Restor-
ing to the jiroper position. R. Division, a synonym
of the term, Extrusion of the polar bodies or globules.
Reducteur [ra - duk'- lur) [Fr.]. The India-rubber
bag of A. Favrot for replacing a retroverted gravid
uterus. It is introduced into the rectum and inflated.
Reduction {re-diik' -shun) \j-eductio ; reducere, to lead
back]. In surgery, the replacing a dislocated bone,
hernia, or other part in its normal position. In
chemistry, the operation of extracting a metal from
its salt or other combination. R., False, a false forc-
ing of a strangulated hernia through a rent in the neck
of the sac and beneath a portion of detached parietal
peritoneum. R. en masse, the reduction of a stran-
gulated hernia in its sac, thus failing to relieve the
strangulation. R., La Mothe's, a method of reducing
shoulder-dislocations by manipulation. The patient is
placed in the dorsal position, with the arm parallel to the
side of the head and face and the hand of the opera-
tor fixing the scapula. R., Thomas's, a method of
approximating and fixing the fragments of bone in case
of fracture of the inferior maxilla, by passing a wire
through them and twisting each end of it upon the other
until the fragments are brought together. R. -works,
a cremating establishment for disposing of the filth
and refuse matter of a city.
Redactor {re-dukt' -or) [L.]. I. An instrument for
effecting reduction. 2. A retractor muscle.
Reduplicate {j-e-du'-plik-at) [;r, again ; duplicai-e, to
double]. In biology, double-back. Applied to that
form of valvate estivation in which the margins of the
organs are turned outward.
Reduplication (re-du-plik-a'-sliuft) [L. , reduplicatio, a
doubling]. The doubling of the paroxysms in cer-
tain forms of intermittent fever. R. of the Heart-
sounds, a simulated doubling of either the first or
second sound of the heart. In the case of the first
sound it- is probably the effect of a shock caused at the
pre-systolic period by a sudden tension of the auriculo-
ventricular valves of the left side as a result of the
contraction of the auricle. In the case of the second
sound it is due to tension of the mitral leaflets occur-
ring in mitral stenosis during the auricular systole. R.
of the Muscles, a doubling of a muscle due to some
abnormal relation of its fasciculi.
Reduplicative [re-du'-plik-a-ti?'). Same as Reduplicate.
Reduvia (i\-d-it' -ve-ah) . See Paronychia.
Redux (j-e'-duks) [L.]. Noting the return of certain
physical signs after their disappearance in consequence
of disease. R., Crepitation. See Ci-epitation. R.,
Crepitus, the small mucous rales of the early stage of
resolution after pneumonia.
Reed (m/)[D., riet, areed]. Theabomasum, "fourth,"
or proper digestive stomach of ruminants. Cf. abo-
masui?i, omasum, manyplies, psalterium, paunch.
Reedy Nail (i-e' -de-nal). A condition of the nail in
which the natural longitudinal strife become very
marked, apparently from wasting of the intermediate
portions. The condition is regarded by Fothergill as
a sign of gout.
Reef-knot {re f -not). A sailor's knot used in the
ligature of arteries. It is not likely to slip or loosen.
See Knot.
Reel-foot (rel'-foot). Synonym of Club-foot.
Reeling [re' -ling) [ME., relen, to turn round and
round]. Swaying of the body, as in intoxication.
Reeves' Method. See Stains, Table of.
Refining (re-f -ning) [Fr., raffiner, to refine]. In
chemistry and pharmacy, the separation of a substance
from the foreign matter with which it is mixed.
Reflected [re-fek' -ted) \_reflectere , to bend backward].
Cast or thrown back. In anatomy, turned back upon
itself. R. Light. See Light.
Reflection (re-Jlek' -shun) \_refiexio, re, back ; flectere,
to bend]. In optics, the bending or turning back of a
ray of light from a surface that neither absorbs, trans-
mits, nor scatters it. In pathology, the bending back
of an organ or part from its normal direction.
Reflector [re-flek' -tor) \_reflectere, to bend back]. I. A
mirror or speculum by which light is reflected for use
in diagnostic or operative processes. 2. A muscle
the function of which is to turn a part back. R. epi-
glottidis. See Depressor epiglottidis in Muscles,
Table of. R., Forehead. See Head-mirror.
Reflex [re'-fleks) \_rejlexus, thrown back]. A bounding
back or return of an impulse or body. R. Arc, R.
Movement, the stimulus of an afferent nerve, and the
transference or return, by a center, of the impulse
through an efferent nerve, resulting in movement or
function of a peripheral organ. Reflexes may be motor,
sensory, secretory, tactile or inhibitory. A table of re-
flexes is appended. R., Crossed. See Crossed. R.,
Cutaneous, that arising from stimulation of the skin.
R., Deep, the so-called tendon-reflex, such as the knee-
jerk, ankle-clonus, etc. R. Epilepsy, epileptic seizures
due to reflex influences, such as irritation from a
cicatrix, etc. ; genuine cases are rare. R. Neurosis.
See Neurosis. R., Reinforced. See Reinforcenwnt.
R., Tendon, muscle reflex action; myotatic reaction;
deep reflex. See, also. Clonus. R., Vestigial, a re-
flex due to conditions, or to the environment, which
affected one's ancestry, but which does not affect the
subject of the reflex. R., Watered-silk, a vivid reflex
often existing in the retina of children, especially
pronounced along the vessels, changing its place witii
every movement of the mirror, and giving the retnia a
luster somewhat like that of watered silk.
REFLEXES 1245 REFLEXES
TABLE OF REFLEXES.
Name.
Deep or
Superficial.
How Obtained.
Effect Produced.
Significance.
Abdominal.
Superficial.
Sharp, sudden stroking of
abdominal wall from
margin of ribs down-
ward.
Contraction of muscles
about umbilicus.
Shows integrity of cord
from eighth to twelfth
dorsal nerve.
Ankle-clonus.
Deep.
By sudden complete flex-
ion of foot, by pressing
hand against sole.
Clonic contractions of
tendo achillis, depend-
ent upon alternate con-
traction and relaxation
of anterior tibial and
calf muscles.
As in knee-jerk.
Argyll-Robertson.
See Robertson, Argyll,
Biceps.
Deep.
Tapping tendon of biceps.
Contraction of biceps
muscle.
Same cases as increased
knee-jerk.
Bulbo-cavernous.
Superficial.
See Virile.
Chin.
Deep.
See Jaw.
Cilio-spinal.
Superficial.
By irritation of the skin of
the neck.
Pupillary dilatation.
Corneal.
Superficial.
Same as Eyelid-closure .
Cremasteric.
Superficial.
Stimulation of skin on
front and inner aspect
of thigh.
Retraction of testicle on
same side.
Shows integrity of cord be-
tween the first and second
lumbar pairs of nerves.
Crossed.
Deep.
Stimulation of one side of
body.
Reflex on opposite side of
body.
Deep.
Reflexes developed by percussion of tendons or bones.
Dorsal.
Superficial.
Same as Erector spina.
Elbow-jerk.
Epigastric.
Superficial.
Stimulation of skin in fifth
or sixth intercostal space
near axilla.
Dimpling in the epigas-
trium, due to contrac-
tion of the highest fibers
of the rectus abdominis
muscle.
Shows integrity of cord
from fourth to seventh
dorsal nerves.
Erector spinae.
Superficial.
Stimulation of skin along
border of erector spinae
muscle.
Local contraction of these
muscles.
Integrity of dorsal region
of cord.
Eyelid-closure.
Superficial.
Irritation of conjunctiva.
Closure of lid.
Front-tap.
See Tendo achillis.
Gluteal.
Superficial.
Firm sudden stroking of
skin over buttock.
Contraction of glutei.
Shows integrity of cord
at fourth and fifth lum-
bar nerves.
Interscapular.
Superficial.
See Scapular.
Iris-contraction.
Superficial.
See Pupillary.
Jaw-jerk, or jaw-clonus.
Downward stroke with a
hammer on the lower
jaw hanging passively
or gently supported by
the hand.
Clonic movements of infe-
rior maxilla.
Rarely present in health.
Knee-jerk.
Deep.
By striking patellar tendon
after rendering it tense
by flexing the knee at
right angle.
Contraction of quadriceps
muscle, foot jerked for-
ward.
Normal in health. Absent
in locomotor ataxia, de-
structive lesions of lower
part of cord, alcoholic
paraplegia, affections of
the anterior gray cornua,
infantile paralysis, me-
ningitis, diphtheric
paralysis, atrophic palsy,
pseudo-h yp e r t r o p h ic
muscular paralysis,
diabetes, fete. Increased
in diseases of the pyram-
idal tracts, in spinal
irritability, tumors of
brain, cerebro - s p i n a 1
sclerosis, lateral sclero-
sis, after epileptic seiz-
ures or unilateral convul-
sions.
Laryngeal.
Superficial.
Irritation of fauces, larynx,
etc.
Cough.
Lumbar.
Superficial.
Same as Erector spina.
Nasal.
Superficial.
Irritation of Schneiderian
membrane.
Sneezing.
Obliquus.
Superficial.
Irritation of skin below
Poupart's ligament.
Contraction of fibers of
external oblique in
females ; corresponds to
cremasteric in males,
although it can also be
cau.sed in males.
REFLEXES
1246
REFLEXES
TABLE OF REFLEXES.—
Name.
Deep or
Superficial.
How Obtained.
Effect Produced.
Significance.
Palatal.
Superficial.
Irritation.
Swallowing.
Palmar.
Superficial.
Tickling of palm.
Contraction of digital
flexors.
Shows that cervical region
of cord is normal.
Patellar.
Deep.
Same as Knee-jerk.
Patellar, Paradoxic.
Superficial.
Percussing patellar tendon
with the patient in the
dorsal decubitus.
Contraction of the adduc-
tor, but not of the quad-
riceps muscle. If the
patient be in the sitting
posture the normal re-
flex is elicited.
Spinal concussion.
Penis-percussion.
Superficial.
See Virile.
Periosteal.
Deep.
Tapping the bones of the
forearm or leg.
muscles.
ItlQlC3,t€S Q1S63,S€ Ot thc
spinal cord (a m y o-
trophic lateral sclerosis).
Peroneal.
Superficial.
Stroke on peroneal mus-
cles when tense or when
the foot is tuiTicd ill"
ward.
Reflex movements.
Pharyngeal.
Superficial.
Irritation.
Swallowing.
Plantar.
Superficial.
Stroking sole of foot.
Contraction of toes.
Muscular exertion.
Platysma.
Superficial.
Pinching the platysma
myoides muscle.
Dilatation of pupil.
Pupillary.
Exposure of retina to
light.
Contraction of iris.
Absent in basal meningitis,
etc.
Paradoxic.
Stimulation of retina by
light.
Dilatation of pupil.
In rare abnormal states.
Paradoxic Patellar.
See Patellar, Par
adoxic.
Reinforced.
Any reflex is heightened by coincident muscular exertion of other parts than those being tested or by
mental distraction.
Robertson, Argyll.
Light and accommodation.
Pupil reacts in accom-
modation, but not to
light.
Locomotor ataxia.
Scapular.
Superficial.
Irritation of interscapular
region.
Contraction of scapular
muscles.
Shows integrity of cord be-
tween upper two or three
dorsal and lower two or
three cervical nerves.
Skin.
Superficial.
See Platysma.
Sole.
Same as Plantar.
Spinal.
Those reflex actions emanating from centers in the spinal cord.
Superficial.
Such as are developed from irritation of the skin.
Tendo achillis, or front-
tap contraction*
Superficial.
By striking muscles on
anterior part of leg,
while in extension, the
foot being extended by
the hand upon the sole.
Reflex contraction of
gastrocnemius.
Considered by Gowers as
a delicate test of height-
ened spinal irritability.
Tendon.
See Myotalic Irritability.
Toe (great).
Superficial.
Strong flexion of great toe.
Involuntary flexion of foot,
then flexion of leg, and,
lastly, flexion of the
thigh on the pelvis.
Met with in cases in which
the knee-jerk and other
tendo n-r e fl e x e s are
strongly developed.
Virile.
Superficial.
Sharp percussion of back
of penis, the sheath
having been made tense.
Retraction of bulbo-
cavernous portion.
Occurs in health.
Wrist-clonus.
Deep.
By pressing hand back-
ward, causing extreme
extension.
A series of jerking move-
ments of the hand.
In the late rigidity of
hemiplegia.
REFLEXA
1247
REGIO
Reflexa (re-Jleks' -aJf) [L.]. See Decidua reflexa.
Reflexed (re-Jlekst') [^reflectere, to bend back]. In bi-
ology, curved abruptly backward. Applied to sepals,
petals, etc.
Reflexio (i-e-Jleks'-e-o) [L.]. See Reflection. R. pal-
pebrarum. See Ectropion.
Reflexogenic [re-Jleks-o-jen' -ik)\_reflextts ,\&'^&-^ ; yivvav,
to produce]. Causing or increasing a tendency to
reflex action ; producing reflexes.
Reflexometer [j-c-fleks-om' -et-er) \_rejlexus, reflex ; /if r-
j)ov, a measure]. An instrument used to measure the
force required to produce myotatic movement.
Reflux {7-e' -Jliiks) \j-ejiiixus : re, back ; Jluere, to flow].
Any return of a current by reversal along its former
course.
Refoulement (;a-yt'f/'-OTo«(^'-)) [Fr.]. A forcing back.
R.du sacrum en arriere, a backward inclination of
the sacrum that marks one of the changes in the pelvis
of girls at puberty.
Refracted [re-frak'-ted) \^refractiis, p. p. oi refrangere,
break back or up]. In biology, bent suddenly, so as
to appear broken at the bend.
Refraction (i-e-frak' -sliun) [refractio ; re, up or back ;
frangere, to break]. The deviation of light from a
straight line in passing obliquely from one transparent
medium to another of different density. R., Angle of,
the angle formed by a refracted ray of light with the per-
pendicular at the point of refraction. R., Atomic,
the product of the refractive index of the constituent
elements of a compound and their atomic weights.
R., Coefficient of, the quotient of the sine of
the angle of refraction into the sine of the angle of
incidence. R., Double, the power possessed, e. g.,
by Iceland spar, of dividing a ray of light and thus pro-
ducing a double image of an object. R., Dynamic,
the static refraction of the eye, plus that of the accom-
modative apparatus. R., Errors of, departures from
the power of producing a normal or well-deflned image
upon the retina, because of ametropia. R. of the
Eye, the influence of the ocular media upon a cone or
beam of light, whereby a normal or emmetropic eye
produces a proper image of the object upon the retina.
R. -image. See Image. R., Index of, the re-
fractive power of any substance as compared with air.
R., Molecular, the molecular weight of a compound.
The molecular refraction of a liquid carbon compound
is equal to the sum of the atomic refractions. R.,
Static, that of the eye with paralyzed accommoda-
tion.
Refractionist {re-frak' -shun-ist) \_refrangere, to break
up]. One who corrects errors of ocular refraction, or
ametropia.
Refractive {j-e-frak' -tiv") \j-efrangere , to break up].
Tending to refract. Capable of being turned from a
straight line. R. Equivalent. See Refractive
Power, Specific. R. Index. Same as Refraction, In-
dex of, q. V. R. Power, the measure of influence
which a transparent body exercises on the light which
passes through it. R. Power, Specific, an almost
constant quantity representative of the relation between
the coehicient of refraction, the temperature, and the
specific gravity of a given fluid.
Refractometer {re-frak-tom' -et-er') \_ref-angere, to break
up; fierpov, measure]. I. An instrument for measur-
ing the refraction of the eye. 2. An instrument for
the determination of the refractive indices of liquids.
Refractory {re-frak' -tor-e) \_refi-angere , to break up] . I.
Resisting treatment. 2. Resisting the action of heat ;
slow to melt.
Refracture (re-f-nk^-filr) \_refrangere , to break up].
The re-breaking of fractured bones that have joined
by faulty or improper union.
Refrangibility (re-fran-jib-il' -it-e) [L. , refrangere, to
refract]. In optics, capability of being bent away
from a straight line ; a property shown by a ray of
light in passing obliquely from one transparent medium
into another of different density.
Refresh [>-e-fresh') [L., ?-e, again; frisctis, new]. In
surgery, to restore the character of a fresh wound ; as
to refresh the edges of a fissure before closing it.
Refreshing [t-efresh'-ing) [rf, again ; friscus, fresh].
Tending to refresh ; invigorating ; reviving. R. Ac-
tion (of the electric current). The restoration of
excitability after fatigue by the effect of voltaic alter-
natives.
Refrigerant (re-frij^ -er-anf) \_refrigera7is, making cool].
A medicine or agent having cooling properties, or
lowering bodily temperature.
Refrigerated {re-frif -er-a-tcd) \_refrigerare , to make
cool again]. Cooled ; made cool. R. Meat, meat
which is kept at a temperature of from 36° to 40° F.
from the time of slaughter until used.
Refrigeration (i-ef'rij-er-a' -sliiin) \_rcf-igerafio, a cool-
ing again]. The act of lowering the temperature of
a body, by conducting away its heat to a surrounding
cooling substance.
Refrigeratory [re-frij' -er-a-tor-e) [L. , refrigeratorim'\.
A condenser. Also, a vessel filled with ice or with
cold water for maintaining a low temperature.
Refuse {ref'-iiz) [L. , restored]. Waste from
manufacturing establishments, and all inorganic waste.
Refusion (re-fn' -zJiiin) [refiisio, an overflowing]. The
act of withdrawing blood from the vessels, freeing it
from poisonous substances, and passing it back again.
Regenerate [re - jen'- er- at) ^regenera/r, to generate
again]. To generate anew ; to reproduce.
Regeneration [re-jeii-er-a' -sJiun) \_regeneratio ; regen-
erare, to beget]. I. The new growth or repair of
structures or tissues lost by disease or by injury. 2.
In chemistry, the process of obtaining from the by-
products or end-products of an operation a substance
which was employed in the earlier part of the opera-
tion. R., Cell-processes in, these consist in either
simple hypertrophy (increase in the size of existing
cells), or numerical hypertrophy, hyperplasia, increase
in the number of cells in the tissue. R. after In-
flammation, repair by multiplication of the tissue-
cells. R. after Necrosis, repair by absorption of
dead tissue and its replacement by newly formed
normal tissue. R., Pathologic, the renewal of
destroyed tissue by a pathologic rather than a physio-
logic process.
Regenerative (j-e-jeii' -er-a-ti^') \_regenerare, to regener-
ate]. Tendency to regenerate. R. Inflammation.
See Inflammation.
Regenesis [refen'-es-is) f^regenerare, to generate anew].
The state of being reproduced.
Regime (ra-'J/e/j/) [Fr.]. See Regimen.
Regimen [rc/'-im-en) \_regi>iien, guidance]. The
methodic and systematized use of food, and the sani-
tary arrangement of surroundings essential to the pre-
servation of life, both in health and in disease.
Regina Purple. Same as Rosanilin J'iolet.
Regio {re'-;e-o) [T.]. See Region. R. aulica, of
Wilder, the region about the iter a tertio ad quartum
ventriculum. R. cardiaca, the region of the heart.
R. coxarum, the lower portion of the lumbar region.
R. germinativa, of Waldeyer, the germ-epithelium
of the embryo. R. glutea, the region about the
gluteal muscles. R. subthalamica, the area between
the ventral face of the thalamus, the body of Luys, and
the red nucleus. It consists of a fine, felt-like mass of
fibers, whose relations are so obscure that even their
boundary is not well determined {zona incerta).
REGION
1248
REGION
Region (j-e'-jtin) \regio, a region]. One of the arti-
ficial and conventional divisions of the body, as the
AbJoniinal R. See Ahdojneu, and Pectoral R. R.,
Acromial, the parts near the acromion. R., Anal,
pertaining to the anus. R., Aulic, the area about
the aula. R., Auricular, the parts near the ear. R.,
Axillary, a region upon the lateral aspect of the thora.\,
extending from the axilla to a line drawn from the
lower border of the mammary region to that of the
scapular region. R., Basilar, the region at the base
of the skull. R., Brachial, the region of the arras.
R. of Broca, the third left frontal convolution of
the brain. R., Central Gray, the medullary substance
of the cerebellar hemispheres. R., Cervical, the
parts around the
neck. R., Cil-
iary. I. The
zone of the eye-
ball in which the
ciliary body is
situated. 2. The
part of the eye-
1 i d containing
the cilia. R.,
Clavicular, the
area about the
clavicle. R.,'
Costal, the
lateral chest-
area. R., Dia-
phragmatic,the
region of the
diaphragm. R.,
Epicranial, the
region above the
cranium. R.,
Epigastric, the
region over the
stomach bound-
ed laterally by
two vertical lines
passing through
the middle of
Poupart's liga-
ment ; above by
a horizontal line
touching the
lower margin of
the sternum, and
below by a hori-
zontal line touch-
ing the lowest
part of the
thorax, and in-
cluding the py-
loric end and
middle of stomach, the left lobe of the liver, the
lobulus spigelii, the pancreas, the duodenum, parts of
the kidneys, the aorta, vena cava, thoracic duct, semi-
lunar ganglia. R., Femoral, the parts about the femur.
R., Fibular, the parts about the fibula. R., Gastric,
the region over the stomach. R., Gluteal, the
region of the gluteus muscle. R., Groin, the region
of the groin. R., Gustatory, the tips, margins, and
root of the tongue in the' neighborhood of the circum-
vallate papillre ; also the lateral parts of the soft palate
and the anterior surface of the anterior pillars of the
fauces. R., Humeral, the parts about the hu-
merus. R., Hyo-mental. See R. , Snpi-a-hyoid.
R., Hyo-sternal. See R., Infra-hyoid. R., Hypo-
chondriac, the region that joins the epigastric re-
gion laterally. The right hypochondriac region in-
cludes the surface of the abdomen covering the right
lobe of the liver, the gall-bladder, the hepatic flexure
of the colon, and part of the right kidney; the left
that covering the spleen, the splenic end of the stom-
ach, the extremity of the pancreas, the splenic flexure
of the colon, and part of the left kidney. R., Hypo-
gastric, that part of the abdominal surface between
a horizontal line drawn through the anterior superior
crests of the ilia above and on either side by vertical
lines drawn through the center of Poupart's ligament.
It overlies the small intestines, the bladder in children
and in adults when distended, the uterus during preg-
nancy, sometimes the vermiform appendix, the cecum,
and the sigmoid flexure of the colon. R., Iliac, the
Supraclavicular region. 2. Clavicular
ical region. 6. Hypogastric region,
ac region. 10. Lumbar region. 11. I
region. 3. Mammary region. 4. Epigastric region. 5. Umbil-
7. Axillary region. 8. Infra-axillary region. 9. Hypochondri-
uinal region.
region of the ilium. See also R. , Inguhial. R., Ilio-
inguinal, the iliac region and the groin conjointly.
R., Inferior Sternal, the space corresponding to the
part of the sternum below the lower margin of the
third costal cartilages. R., Infra-axillary, the space
between the anterior and posterior axillary lines. R.,
Infra-clavicular, the area circumscribed superiorly
by the lower border of the clavicle, inferiorly by the
lower border of the third rib, on one side Ijy a line
extending from the acromion to the pubic spine, and on
the other side by the edge of the sternum. R., Infra-
hyoid, the space below the hyoid bone, between the
sterno-cleido-mastoidei and the sternum. R., Infra-
mammary, the space between a line drawn along the
upper border of the xiphoid cartilage and the margin
of the false ribs, and between the middle line of the
REGION
1249
REGISTER
xiphoid cartilage and a vertical line passing through
the pubic spine. R., Infra-scapular, the region on
either side of the vertebral column below a horizontal
line drawn through the inferior angle of each scapula.
It is called also the Subscapular Region. R., Infra-
spinous, that included between the spine of the scapula
and a line passing through the angle of the scapula.
R., Inguinal, R., Iliac, the right and left inguinal
or iliac regions are two of the nine abdominal regions.
The right includes the abdominal surface covering the
cecum and the cecal appendix, the ureter, and the
spermatic vessels ; the left that covering the sigmoid
flexure of the colon, the ureter, and the spermatic ves-
sels. R., Interscapular, the space between the
1.1
13
\ 12
11
II
16
I. Supra-scapular region. 12. Infra-spinous region. 13. Inter-
scapular region. 14. Infra-scapular region. 15. Lumbar
region. 16. Sacro-iliac region.
scapula;. R., Ischio-rectal, the region correspond-
ing to the posterior part of the pelvic outlet, between
the ischium and the rectum. R., Jugal, the space
over the zygoma. R., Laryngo-tracheal, the parts
about the larynx and the trachea. R., Lenticu-
lo-striate, the anterior parts of the lenticular and
caudate nuclei, and the intervening portion of the
internal capsule. R., Lenticulo-thalamic, the pos-
terior part of the lenticular nucleus, the optic thala-
mus, and the part of the internal capsule which
intervenes. R., Lingual, the region of the tongue.
R., Lumbar, the surface of the abdomen between a
curved line drawn parallel with the cartilage of each
ninth rib above and a curved line parallel with the iliac
crests below, and a vertical line through the center of
Poupart's ligament anteriorly, and the lumbar vertebr.i;
79
posteriorly. R., Mammary, the space on the anterior
surface of the chest between a line drawn through the
lower border of the third rib, and one drawn through the
upper border of the xiphoid cartilage. R., Maxillary,
the parts about the jaws. R., Mesogastric, the
umbilical and the right and left lumbar regions together.
R., Middle Cervical, the area between the lower
jaw, the sternum, and the anterior edges of the stemo-
cleido-mastoidei. R., Mylo-hyoid. See Mylo-hyoid
Triangle. R., Nasal, the parts around the nose.
R., Olfactory, the region of the nasal mucous
membrane including the ramifications of the olfac-
tory nerve. R., Orbital, the region of the orbits.
R., Palatal, the parts about the palate. R., Palpe-
bral, the region of the eyebrows. R., Parasternal,
the space between the mid-axillary line and the edge
of the sternum. R., Perineal, the region of the
perineum. R., Pharyngeal, the parts about the
pharynx. R., Popliteal. See Popliteal Space. R.,
Precordial, the surface of the chest covering the
heart. R., Psycho-motor, the cerebral cortex. R.,
Pterygo-maxillary, the parts connecting or lying
between the pterygoid process of the sphenoid and
the maxillary bone. R., Pulmo-cardiac, the region
of the left thorax in which the left lung overlaps the
heart. R., Pulmo-gastric, the portion of the left
thorax in which the lung overlaps the stomach. R.,
Pulmo-hepatic, the portion of the right thorax in
which the lung overlaps the liver. R., Respiratory
{of the nose), the portion of the nasal passages having
to do with the act of respiration. R., Sacral, the
area above the sacrum. R., Scapular, the space
over either scapula. R., Sternal, the space overlying
the sternum. R., Sub-auricular, the space immedi-
ately below the ear. R., Sub-maxillary. Same
as R., Supra-hyoid. R., Sub-mental, the region
just beneath the chin. R., Sub-ocular, the anterior
extremity of the temporo-sphenoidal lobe. R., Sub-
thalamic, the extension of the tegmentum beneath
the posterior portion of the optic thalamus. R.,
Superior {of the skull), the space between the
superior curved line of the occipital bone behind, the
supra-orbital ridge in front and, laterally, between the
temporal lines. R., Superior Sternal, the surface cor-
responding to that portion of the sternal region above
the lower border of the third rib. R., Supra-clavicular,
the space above either clavicle. R., Supra-hyoid, the
space between the upper margin of the hyoid bone, the
lower border of the inferior maxilla and the sterno-
cleido-mastoid muscles. R., Supra-mammary. Same
as R., Infra-clavicular, q. r'. R., Supra-scapular,
the area above the spine of the scapula. R., Supra-
spinous, the region corresponding to the supra-
spinous fossa, ^. R., Supra-sternal, ^ee Supra-
sternal jVotcli. R., Temporo-maxillary, the area
over the junction of the temporal and maxillary bones.
R., Thoracic, relating to the entire surface of the
thorax. R., Umbilical, the surface of the abdomen
immediately about the umbilicus, bounded as follows :
above by a horizontal line connecting the cartilages of
the ninth ribs ; below, by a line joining the crests of
the ilia, and laterally, by lines passing vertically
through the center of Poupart's ligament. R.,
Vertebral, relating to the region over the vertebral
column.
Regional {re'- fun - al) \_regionalis'\. Pertaining to a
region. R. Anatomy, the anatomic study of a defi-
nite and limited region of the body that has close
anatomic, surgical, or pathologic inter-relations of
parts or functions.
Register (rej' -ist-er) [^registrum^. The compass of a
voice ; also a subdivision of its compass, consisting in
REGISTRAR
1250
REISSNER, CANAL OF
a series of tones produced in tlie same way and of a
like character.
Registrar (>-ej' -is-trar') \_registyarins, one wlio keeps a
record]. A keeper of records.
Registrarship {j-ej' -is-trar-shif) [_registrariiis, one who
keeps a record]. The office of a registrar.
Registration (t-ej-is-tra' -shun) \_yegisiratio, a register-
ing]. The act of recording, as of deaths, births, etc.
Regius [>-e' -je-iis) \_regius, royal]. A descriptive term
applied to the golden or royal color observed in certain
forms of jaundice. R. Professor, a royal professor,
as in one of the English universities.
Regma [reg'-mak) \_p'/yf'(i, a fracture: pi Rtgmata'\.
In biology, a term applied to a fruit like that of the
geranium, in which the carpels separate elastically from
the base of the carpophore.
Regmacarp [i-eg' -mak-ai-p) [_pf/yna, a fracture ; nap-or,
fruit]. In biology, a dehiscent fruit.
Regnauld's Anesthetic or Liquid. A mixture of
chloroform 4 parts, and methylic alcohol I part. It is
sometimes used in place of chloroform. See Anesthetic.
Regnault and Reiset, Method of. A method of in-
vestigating the changes in the air brought about by
respiration. The animal is placed in a closed cham-
ber, and the carbonic acid formed is continually
removed, the necessary oxygen being supplied in
measured quantities.
Regnoli's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Regorgement (ra-gorzh'- mon(g)) [Fr.]. An over-
flowing. R.de la vessie,or R. nrinaire, involuntary
urination ; incontinence of urine.
Regression (>-e-gresh' -un) \_regressio, regression]. Re-
trogression.
Regressive [re-g7-es'-iv)\_fegredi,iogohd^ck'\. Passing
back ; returning.
Regressus (re-gres'-ti.t) \_p. p. of regredi, to go back].
In biology, the change of an organ from a higher to a
lower type.
Regrowth [re-groth') again; WE. , groicen, to
grow]. A growing again ; a new or second growth.
Regular (reg' -u-lar) \_regidaris ; regiila, a rule]. Ac-
cording to rule, custom, or normal procedure ; opposed
to irregular or exceptional. In biology, applied to
symmetrically disposed parts or organs ; specifically to
a flower that has all the parts of each floral circle imi-
form in shape and size. Having normal menstruation.
R. Physician, one of the school of scientific medicine
who adheres to no clique, sect, " pathy," or "-ism."
Regulator (>'eg'- 11 - la - tor) \_regulare, to direct]. The
person or the thing that regulates. R. radii. See
Supinator longns in Muscles, Table of.
Regurgitation {re-ger-jit-a' -shun) [regurgitatio ; re,
again ; gurgitare, to engulf]. An eructation, flowing.
Irregular Pulse of Mitral Regurgitation.
or throwing back of the contents of a canal or vessel.
R., Cardiac. See Heart-iiiurinurs. R. of Food,
a symptom of acid dyspepsia.
Rehmannia {ra-man' -e-ah). A genus of the Digitale,r.
R. chinensis, a plant the root of which is used in
China as a tonic and alterative. R. lutea, a plant
used in the same manner as R. chinensis.
Reichert's Cartilage. That cartilaginous structure
which appears in the embryo on the hyoid arch, event-
ually becoming the styloid process, the stylo-hyoid
ligaments, and the lesser cornu of the hyoid bone.
R.'s Membrane, the anterior layer of the cornea,
also called Bowman' s Aleinbrane. See Membrane.
Reichmann's Disease. A chronic disease of the
stomach characterized by a condition of permanent
gastric hypersecretion, associated with marked dilata-
tion of the stomach, with thickening of its walls and
hypertrophy of the glands. It is accompanied by
violent attacks of pain that are typical of the disease,
together with vomiting, and is usually followed by the
formation of a round ulcer on the wall of the stomach.
See Diseases, Table of R.'s Test-breakfast, a break-
fast composed of 30 grams of meat-powder, 2 grams of
salt, 200 grams of water, I wheaten roll. It is used in
testing the digestive power of the stomach.
Reid's Base Line. See Lines, Table of. R.'s Meth-
od, to determine the position of the fissure of
Rolando ; a method of cerebral localization ; a base
line is drawn from the infraorbital ridge through
the middle of the external auditory meatus. To this
two perpendicular lines are drawn, one through the de-
pression in front of the external auditory meatus, and
the other at the posterior border of the mastoid pro-
cess ; a diagonal line from the upper extremity of the
posterior line, drawn to the junction of the anterior
line with the fissure of Sylvius, indicates the fissure of
Rolando. See Treatment , Methods of
Reil, Ansaof. The lemniscus. "it-tAnsa. R.'s Band,
a fibrous band extending across the right ventricle of
the heart from the base of the anterior papillary muscle
to the septum. It is quite common in man and cor-
responds to the moderator band of the heart of some
lower animals. See Aloderator. R., Fissure of.
.See Fissures, Table of. R., Island of. See Island
of Reil.
Reimplantation (;r - -plan - ta' - shun) \_reimplantio,
implant again]. In dental surgery, the replacing of a
drawn tooth within its socket.
Reindeer Moss. See Cladonea.
Re-infection (re-in-felc'-shun) again ; inficere,to
infect]. Infection a second time with the same virus
or contagium.
Re-inflame {re-in-flam') \_re, again ; infammare, to
inflame]. To inflame anew.
Reinforcement (re-in-fors^-ment) [OF., reinfo?rer, to
strengthen]. The act of reinforcing. Any augmen-
tation of force. R. of Reflexes, increased myotatic
irritability (or reflex response) when muscular or men-
tal actions are synchronously carried out, or other
stimuli are coincidently brought to bear upon other
parts of the body than that concerned in the reflex arc.
It has been asserted that the synchronous act of wink-
ing increases the knee-jerk, or patellar tendon-reflex.
See Rejiexes, Table of.
Reinfusion {j-e-in-fu' -zhun). Same as Refusion, q. v.
Yi.&\nocM\aLtion (re-in-ok-u-la'-shun) [re, again; inocu-
tare, to inoculate]. Inoculation a second time.
Reins (rdnz) kidney]. The kidneys; the loins.
Reinsch's Test. See Tests, Table of.
Reinversion [re-in-ver' -zhun) [/r, again ; invertere,
to turn upside down]. The act of reducing an in-
verted uterus by the application of pressure to the
fundus.
Reiset's Method. A method of estimating COj in
the air. See J'entilation.
Reissner, Canal of. -See Canal. R.'s Membrane,
an extremely fragile membrane forming the vestilmlar
wall of the cochlear duct and separating the duct from
the scala vestibuli. It begins on the vestibular border
of the lamina spiralis, about 0.2 mm. inside the free
edge of the crista, and extends at an angle of about
REJECTAMENTA
1251
RENICARDIAC
forty-five degrees until it meets the outer bony wall.
It consists of three layers, a central connective tissue
stratum, the vestibular endothelium on one side, and
the epithelium of the cochlear duct on the other.
Rejectamenta [re-jek-tam-en' -tah) [rejectare, to throw
away]. Ejecta ; excrement.
Rejuvenescence [re-jti-vcn-cs' -eiis) \_re, again ; juvenes-
cere, to grow young]. In biology : I. Literally, the
growing young again ; a renewal of strength and vigor.
2. A process first described by A. Braun in which
the whole protoplasm of a vegetative cell is trans-
formed into a primordial cell, which in time becomes
invested with a cell-wall and develops a new plant, as
in (iLdogoiiiiiDi. " We may regard the idea of reju-
venescence as presented by Braun as an extension of
the idea of metamorphosis, in which extended form it
is adapted to take in even the results of the cell-
theory, of the history of development, and of the
modern knowledge of the cryptogams from the
idealistic point of view." (Sachs.)
Relachement (i-a-lash' -monigV) [Fr.]. Same as Relax-
ation .
Relapse (re-laps'^ [r<?, again; labi, lapsus, to fall].
The return or recurrence of a disease during conva-
lescence, or shortly afterward.
Relapsed [re-laps/') \_re, back; labi, to slip]. Re-
turned ; slipped back. R. Club-foot, the occur-
rence of deformity after tenotomy, making the condi-
tion difficult of further treatment.
Relapsing {^re-lap' -sing) \j'e, back; lahi, to slip]. In
pathology, returning to a morbid condition from
which there had been partial or complete recovery. R.
Fever, or Famine Fever, a specific infectious dis-
ease caused by the spirocheta of Obermeier, char-
acterized by definite febrile paroxysms which usu-
ally last six days, and are followed by a remis-
sion of about the same length of time, then by a
second paroxysm, which may be repeated three or
four times, whence the name relapsing fever. (Osier.)
Relation (r^-/(/-j//?/«) \j'elatio'\. I. Interdependence;
mutual influence or connection between organs or
parts. 2. Connection by consanguinity ; kinship.
Relaxant {re-la ks' -ant) [i-elaxare, to loosen]. Any
remedy or agent that diminishes tension.
Relaxation ( re-laks-a'-shun ) \_relaxatio\. A diminu-
tion of tension in an organ or a part. Also, a con-
dition of languor. R. of the Pelvic Joints, in-
creased mobility and softening of the pelvic joints
occurring in pregnancy, giving rise to pain in the
thighs, joints, and lumbar region, and difficulty in
walking.
Relaxative (j-e-laks' -at-iv'). Same as Laxative.
Reliquise {re-lik'-ice-e) [E. , leavings, remains, rem-
nants]. In biology, persistent parts of a flower which
cover the ripened ovary ; dry and withered leaves
which remain upon the stems of some plants. Same
as Indiiviir.
Remak, Band of. See Axis-cylinder of PHrkinje.
R.'s Contractions, so-called diplegic contractions
occasionally seen in progressive muscular atrophy
when an electric current is applied. The positive elec-
trode is placed above and the negative below the fifth
cervical vertebra, the contractions occurring on the
side opposite to the anode. R.'s Fibers, non-medul-
lated, longitudinally fibrillated, sometimes branching
axis-cylinders, surrounded by a delicate, structure-
less, elastic neurilemma, or primitive sheath ; abund-
ant in sympathetic and olfactory ner\'es, they constitute
all the nerves of the embryo and of many inverte-
brates. See Nerve-fibers. R.'s Ganglion, a ganglion
of nerve-cells in the sinus venosus of the frog's heart.
See Ganglia, Table of.
Remasticate [re-mas' -tik-at) [re, again; niasticare, to
chew]. To ruminate ; to chew again.
Remastication [re-inas-tik-a' -shun) [re, again ; wasti-
care, to chew]. Rumination.
Remedial {re->ne'-tle-al)[i-einediiiin,a.r&\ntAy'\. Hav-
ing the nature of a remedy.
Remedy [rein' -ed-e) \_remediuin~\. Any agent or sub-
stance used in the treatment of disease. It may be
curative, palliative, or preventive.
Remex [re'-iiieks) \_re»/ex,a rower: //. , Remiges'\. In
biology, one of the remiges or large quill-feathers
(flight-feathers) of a bird's wing.
Remigial (re-?nij'-e-al) [/r/w^x, a rower]. Of or per-
taining to a remex.
Remijia [re-mij' -e-ah)[_n{itr Reinijo, a Spanish surgeon] .
A genus of rubiaceous shrubs and trees. R. pedun-
culata and R. purdiana afford cuprea-bark, and are
important as sources of quinin and other cinchona
salts. The genus is closely related to Cinchona. Unof
Remiped [rem'-ip-ed) [retmis, oar; pes, foot]. In
biology, having oar-shaped feet.
Remission [re-mish' -iin)\_reinissio'\. Temporary abate-
ment or subsidence. The period of diminution of a
paroxysmal disease, especially that of remittent fever.
Remittent (re-mit' -ent). Characterized by alternate
periods of increment and cessation. R. Fever, a
malarial fever characterized by periods of remission
and exacerbation, but without periods of complete
apyrexia.
Ren [L. : pl.,Renes\ The kidney. R. amyloideus,
amyloid degeneration of the kidneys. R. mobilis,
Movable Kidney , q. V. R. unguiformis. ^ee^ Horse-
shoe Kidney.
Renal [re'-nal) \_renalis ; rett, a kidney]. Pertaining
to the kidneys. R. Apoplexy, ischuria, or suppres-
sion of urine from hemorrhage into the substance
of the kidney or other renal lesion. R. Calculus,
any concretion in the kidney. R. Glands, the supra-
renal capsules. R. Inadequacy, that peculiar condi-
tion in which the amount of urinary solids, and often
the quantity of urine itself, is considerably dimin-
ished. It is probably due to an exhausted condition
of the epithelial cells of the kidney. R. Storm, Mur-
chison's term for a peculiar form of neurosal attack
referred to the kidney, frequently seen in patients suffer-
ing from aortic regurgitation. There is sudden excru-
ciating pain over the region of the kidney, like renal
colic, but without nausea or retraction of the testicle,
and with the passage of normal urine. In a few hours
the pain passes off as suddenly as it appeared.
Renascence [re-nas' -ens) [renascen, new-born]. In
biology, a new birth, a rejuvenescence. (Same as and
preferable to renaissance.)
■ Renascent [re-nas' -ent) \_renascen, p.p. of renasci, be
born again]. In biology, reproduced, revivified, com-
ing into being a second time.
Renculin [ren' -kn-lin) \_ren, kidney]. An albuminoid
reported to have been found in the supra renal capsules.
Renculus (^ren' -kn-liis). See Reniciihts.
Rendle's Inhaler. See Anesthetic.
Renealmia (ren-e-al'-ine-ah). A genus of zingiberaceous
plants. R. exaltata, of -South America, is emetic,
diuretic, diaphoretic, and stimulant. The leaves and
bruised root-stalk are applied externally for rheuma-
tism. Unof.
Renicapsular [ren-ik-ap' -sti-lar) [ren, kidney ; cap-
siila, capsule]. Pertaining to a renicapsule.
Renicapsule [ren-ik-ap' -siil) [reji, kidney; capsula,
capsule]. A suprarenal capsule ; an adrenal.
Renicardiac (ren-ik-ar'-deak) [ir?!, kidney; Kapd'ia,
heart]. Pertaining to the renal and cardiac organs of
a mollusc.
RENTCULUS
1252
REPRODUCTIVE
Reniculus {ren-ik'-n-lus) [L., dim. o{ ren, kidney]. A
lobule of the kidney ; renculus.
Renifleurs (i-cn'-if-lurz). See Passivism.
Reniform [ren'-if-orm) \j-eit, kidney; f onii a, {orm].
In biology, kidney-shaped.
Reniglandular - ig-lan'- du - lar). Same as Reni-
capsular.
Renin [ren'-iii). See 0!x<Ttotht-rapy.
Reniportal [ren-ip-or'-tal) kidney ; /or/a, gate].
Relating to the portal system of the kidney.
Renisexual (ren-is-eks' -u-al) \_ren, kidney; sexualis,
sexual]. Both renal and sexual.
Renitent (j-eii' -it-ent) \jeniti, to resist]. Resisting
pressure.
Rennet {ren'-et) [ME., renet, rennet]. The prepared
inner membrane of the fourth stomach of a calf, or an
infusion of this membrane. It contains a milk-curdling
ferment that decomposes the casein. R.-bag, in
biology, the abomasum, q. v.
Rennie's Formula. See Alimentation, Rectal.
Rennin [i-en'-in] [ME., renet, rennet]. An enzyme to
whose action is due the clotting of milk produced upon
the addition of rennet. Nothing is known as to its
chemic nature. It is most copiously present in the
gastric mucous membrane of the calf, but may be ob-
tained from the walls of the stomach of most animals.
Renninogen (;-f7Z-2«'-o-^f«) [ME., r^wc/, rennet]. The
zymogen whence rennin is formed. It exists in the
cells of the mucous membrane of the stomach.
Renovation [ren-o-zia' -shun) [_reno7'atio ; rettovare, to
render new]. The repair or renewal of that which
has been impaired.
Renuent (t-eti' -n-etit )\_reiiuens, nodding back the head].
In anatomy, throwing back the head ; applied to cer-
tain muscles.
Renule [ren'-iil) \_ren, the kidney]. A small kidney.
Repand {}-e-pand') [/y, back ; pandus, bent, crooked].
In biology, applied to a leaf-margin which is toothed
like the margin of an umbrella.
Repandodentate [re-pan-do-den' -tat) \repandits, bent
back; dens, tooth]. In biology, repand and toothed.
Repandous [?-e - pan' - dies) \_repandics, bent back].
Bent upward.
Reparative [re-par' -at-iv) [;r/(»-i?;-<?, to repair] . Rein-
stating, or restoring to the normal
Repatency {re - pa'- ten - sc) [re, again ; patens, open].
The reopening of a part or vessel. R. of a Vessel,
after ligation, the reopening of the lumen of a ligated
vessel from too rapid absorption of the ligature, or
from slipping of the knot.
Repel [re-pel') \_repellere, to repel]. To drive back;
to cause resorption.
Repellent [re-pel' -ent) \_repellere, to re^eV]. Pertain-
ing to or having the power of acting upon morbid pro-'
cesses to determine or repel them.
Repent [re'-pent) \repere, to creep]. In biology,
creeping, i.e. , prostrate and rooting underneath.
Repercolation [re-per-ko-la' -shtin)\_re, again ; percolare.
to percolate]. Renewed or repeated percolation; the
passage of a percolation over and over again through
fresh instalments of the same drug.
Repercussion [re-per-knsh' -lui) [re, again ; percutere,
to percuss]. I. See Ballottement. 2. A driving in,
or scattering of a tumor or eruption ; repellent action.
Repercutient ( re-per-kn' -she-ent)[re, again ; percutere,
to percuss]. Effecting a repercussion ; pertaining to
a process or function of rebound, or reaction.
Repetition [rep - e - tish'- ten) [repetere, to seek again,
repeat] . See llomotopy.
Replantation [re-plan-ta'-shim] [replantare, to plant
again]. The act of planting again. R. of the
Teeth, the replacement of teeth which have been
extracted or otherwise removed from their cavities ;
when diseased, the thickened periosteum is scraped off
before returning such teeth to their sockets.
Repletion [re-ple'-shun') [repletio ; replere, to fill again].
The condition of being full.
Repletory [re-ple'-tor-e) [replere, to fill again]. Per-
taining to repletion.
Replicate [rep' -lik-at)[replicare , to fold or bend back].
In biology : [a) that mode of vernation in which
the apex of the leaf is folded backward to the base ;
[b) applied to wings of insects in which the outer
part slides or folds back on the base, or is folded
like a fan.
Replication [rep - lik - a' - shun) [replicatio : back ;
plica, a fold]. A refolding or turning back of a part
so as to form a duplication.
Replum [rep' -htm) [replnm, a doorcase]. In biology,
the frame-like placenta in Cruciferte, certain Papaver-
aceci, etc., across which the septum is drawn and
which persists after the valves have fallen away in
dehiscence.
Repose [re-pdz') [re, back ; ponere, to place]. Rest,
relaxation. To be at rest.
Reposition [re-po-zish' -iin) [repositid\. Return of an
abnormally placed part to its proper position. Re-
duction of hernia, dislocation, etc.
Repositor [re-poz' -it-or) [reponere, to replace]. An
instrument for putting back a presenting foot or pro-
lapsed cord in labor ; an instrument used in the re-
placement of a displaced uterus.
Repoussoir [ra-poo-swahr') [Fr.]. An instrument for
extracting the roots of teeth. See Kepiilsoritim.
Reprise [ra-prez') [Fr. " recovery "]. That part of the
cry of a child which is heard during the act of inspi-
ration. The loud inspiration in pertussis. The
" whoop."
Reproduce [rc-pro-dtts') [re, again ; producere, to bring
forth]. To procreate, or bring forth, offspring.
Reproduction [re - p?-o - diik'- sliun) [reproductio ; re,
again ; producere, to produce] . The begetting of other
individuals similar to the parent organism. In biology :
[a) sexual or asexual generation . Cf. Abiogenesis,
Archigenesis, Biogenesis, Fission, Gemination, Hetero-
genesis, Homogenesis , Parthenogenesis, Sc/iizogene is,
Xenogenesis ; [b) a conscious repetition of perceived
sensations. R., Asexual, that without sexual inter-
course. R., Endogenous, internal cell-formation.
R., Sexual, that by the union of sexually distinct cells.
Reproductive [re-pro-duk' -tiri) [reproducere, to repro-
duce]. Having the functions of, or pertaining to,
reproduction. R. Function, the power and capabil-
ity of begetting. R. Organs, the organs employed
in the procreation of offspring. R. Organs, De-
velopment of; the Primitive Kidneys or Wolffion
Ducts or ducts of the pronephros, are the first indi-
cation of the urinary and generative apparatus in the
fertilized ovum. They appear at the side of the pro-
vertebrre from the fifth to the last vertebra. Mi'il-
ler's Duct, parallel to the Wolffian duct, unites with
it to open into the uro-genital sinus, the other end
opening into the abdominal cavity. The Miilierian
ducts become the Fallopian tubes, hydatid, uterus, and
vagina, in the female, and in the male the lower part
becomes the male uterus or vesicula prostatica and the
hydatid of Morgagni. The Wolffian body or me^o-
nephros becomes in the female the parovarium (org:i:i
of Rosenmiiller), or paroophoron, and round ligament
of the uterus ; while in the male there are produced
from it the vasa efiferentia (coni vasculosi), the organ
of Girald^s and the gubernaculum testis. In the
female the Wolffian ducts become the chief tube of
the parovarium and the ducts of Gartner; in the male,
REPTATION
1253
RESINS
they become the convoluted tubes of the epididymis,
the vas deferens, and the vesicula; seminalis. See,
also, Metanepkros. R. System, in biology, all the
organs directly or indirectly concerned in genera-
tion.
Reptation [i-cp - ta' - sluiii) \_reptatio, a creeping]. In
biology, the act of creeping.
Reptatorial, Reptatory {7-cp-ta-to' -re-al, j-ep' -ta-to-re)
\_repfiire, to creep]. In biology, creeping.
Reptilian Heart. See Cor hiloctclare.
Repugnatorial (i-e-piig-nnf-o'-re-al) \j-epiignahis, p.p.
of yLpug)iare , to fight against, oppose]. In biology,
of use in repelling enemies. R. Pores, the external
openings of cutaneous glands in certain myriapods, from
which is discharged a strongly odorous secretion con-
taining prussic acid. Cf. Stink-glands, under Gland.
Repullulate (^re - pul' - u - laf) {re, again; piillulare, \a
sprout]. To grow again.
Repullulation [re-pul-tt-la' -slum) \_re, again ; pitllitlare,
to sprout]. The return of a morbid growth.
Repulsion (re-pnF -shim) \_repellere, to repulse]. The
influence which two bodies exert upon each other when
they tend to increase the distance between them. R.,
Capillary, repulsion due to the forces causing move-
ments of liquids in small tubes.
Repulsoritim {I'e - pitl - so' - re - urn) \_repellere , to drive
back]. See Repoussoir.
'R.^^&ztS.o {re-sek' -she-o) [L.]. Resection. R. sub-
periostialis, a substitute operation for symphysiotomy
suggested by Christoforis. Subperiosteal resection of
the ends of the pubic bones on either side of the pubic
joint, with the idea of replacement by deposition of
bone.
'R.^^&zXxon. {re-sek' -shun) \resectio ; resecare,\.o cvX
Excision of a portion of bone, nerve, or other struc-
ture.
Reserve Air (re-zerv'). See Air.
Reservoir {rez' -er-vwor) \j-eservoir, a storehouse]. In
biology, a cell, tissue or organ in which assimilated
substances are stored up for future use. See Receptac-
ulum. R. of Pecquet. See Receptacitluin chyli and
Cistern of Pecquet.
Resident (rez' -id-ettt) \_residere, to remain behind]. In
biology, not migratory. R. Physician, House-
physician, a physician residing in a hospital.
Residual Air [t-e-zid' -u-al). See Air.
Residue {rez' - id - tt) \_residunin, a remnant]. That
which remains after a part has been removed. In
pharmacy and chemistry, any part remaining after fil-
tration. See also Radical.
Residuum (re-zid'-u-iim) . The balance or remainder.
Resilience {re-ziV -e-ens) back; satire, to leap].
The quality of being elastic or resilient. The act of
springing or leaping back. Healthy reaction.
Resilient [re-zil'-e-ent] [re, back; salire, to leap]. Re-
bounding ; elastic. R. Stricture, one that is not per-
manently dilatable.
Resin [rez'-in) [L. ; resina : gen. and pl.,ResimT\
I. Any member of a class of compounds made by
treating the substances from which they are obtained
with alcohol and precipitation with water. The pre-
cipitate constitutes the resin of pharmacy. There are
four official resinse. 2. Any member of a class of
oxidized terpenes. Resins either accompany terpenes
in crude essential oils, or occur as exudations from
their hardening on exposure to the air. They are
amorphous, mostly vitreous bodies, insoluble in water.
They melt at a low heat, are non-volatile, and burn
quickly with a smoky flame. They are largely used in
the preparation of varnishes, and several are employed
in medicine. Resins are divided into (l) true resins,
(2) gum-resins, and (3) oleo-resins or balsams. The
true resins are hard, compact products of oxidation,
made up chiefly of what are termed " resin acids,"
which, admixed with fatty acids, are capable of sapon-
ifying with alkalies, and yield " resin soaps ; " the
giiin-resins differ from the true resins only in contain-
ing some gum capable of softening in water ; and the
oleo-resins include the mixtures of essential oils and
resin of whatever consistency, and the mixtures of
benzoic and cinnamic acid, and salts of these acids.
This last class is much the largest of the three. To
the first class belong the hard resins, which serve for
the manufacture of varnishes, such as copal, dammar,
mastic, sandarach, dragons' blood, gum-lac, and am-
ber ; to the second class, olibanum or frankincense,
myrrh, ammoniacum, asafetida, galbanum, and traga-
canth ; and to the third class, crude turpentine, ben-
zoin, storax, copaiba, Peru and Tolu balsams. The
following table (Sadtler^s Industrial Organic Chemis-
try) gives the bromin-absorption, the saponification-
equivalent, and the proportions of potash neutralized
by the various resins. A classified table of the resins
is also appended. R.-cell, a cell that secretes resin.
R., Ceratum, Basilicon Ointment, resin 35, yellow
wax 15, lard 50 parts. R., Common, Colophony,
Rosin, the residue after the distillation of the volatile
oil from turpentine. R.-duct. Same as R. -passage.
R., Emplastrum, Resin Plaster, Adhesive Plaster,
resin 14, lead plaster 80, yellow wax 6 parts. R.-flux,
a disease caused by the fungus Agaricns mellens, which
attacks conifers, giving rise first to an excessive flow
of resin, and ultimately to the death of the tree. R.-
gland, a large cell, or a group of smaller cells, secret-
ing resin. R. -passage, an intercellular cavity formed
by masses of tissue becoming separated from each
other, and whose function it is to secrete resin. R.-
tube. Same as R. -passage. R., Ung. (B. P.), used
for the same purpose as the plaster or cerate.
TABLE OF RESINS.
I. CopALiNE OR Varnish Resins.
African Copal. Black Dammar.
Brazilian Copal.
Dammar.
East Indian Dammar.
Gum Anime.
Kaurie, or Coudie Resin.
Lac.
Mastic.
Mexican Copal.
Piney Resin, or White Dammar.
Sal Dammar.
Sandarach.
Conarium slrictum.
Hymenia, and Trachylobium
viartianuni.
Hopea robusta, H. niicrantlia.
Conarium strictum.
Dammara orientalis , D. aus-
tralis, D, vitiensis (" Mab-
radra "), D. obtusa, D.
moorii, D. robusta.
Dammara australis.
Schleicliera trijuga, Croton
lacciferum, C draco.
Pistacia lenliscus.
Hymen ea
yateria indica and V. acum-
inata.
Shorea robusta et al.
Colli tris quadrivalvis .
II. Soft Resins, or Oleo-resins.
Balsam of Canada.
Brazilian Elemi.
Chian Turpentine.
Frankincense.
Manila Elemi.
Mexican Elemi.
Riga Balsam.
Tacamahac (American).
Tacamahac (Curaca).
Tacamahac (East Indian)
Turpentine.
Turpentine (Venetian).
Wood Oil.
Abies catiadensis.
Icica icicariba.
Pistacia terebinlhus.
Pinus halepensis, Boswellia
carteri, B. frereana, B.
thusifera.
Conarium commune.
Amyris elemifera.
Pinus cembt a.
Elephrium tomentosum.
Fagara octandra.
Calophvllum inophytlum.
Abies Salsamif era, Pinus pal-
ustris, etc.
Larix europcea
Dipterocarpus turbinalus.
i
RESINA
1254
RESORCIN
TABLE- OF RESINS.— t",';///««ev/.
III. Fragrant Oleo-resins and Gum-resins.
Balsam of Gilead, or Mecca
Balsam.
Balsam of Peru.
Balsam of Tolu.
Bdellium, or Grogul.
Benzoin.
Labdanum, or Ladauum.
Liquid Storax.
Myrrh.
Olibanum, or Frankincense.
Solid Styrax.
West Indian Balsam.
Ammoniacum.
Asafetida.
Galbanum.
Opoponax.
Sagapenum.
Sarcocol.
Balsam of Copaiba.
Euphorbium.
Gamboge.
Guaiacum.
Churrus.
Cubeb Resin.
Jalap Resin.
Podophyllum Resin
Scammony.
Bahamodendron perryi, B.
opobalsamum and Amyiis
gileadrtisis.
Myrospt'i nmni perttiferum.
ISlvrospi'yuuim toluiferum.
Bahamiidcjidron roxbiiyghii.
Styrax benzoin and bahamo-
dendron Alukul.
Cistus creticHs var. labdanif-
erns.
Liquidavibar orienialis.
Bahamodendron myi~rha.
Boswellia carteri, B. serrata,
Juniperus lycia.
Styrax officinalis.
Chisia nmltiflora, C. grandi-
flora, C. insignis.
IV. Fetid Gum-resins.
Doretna ammoniacum.
ferula narthex and F. scoro-
dosma.
Ferula galbanifera and F.
rubricaulis.
Opoponax chironium.
Ferula.
Penea sarcocolla, P. mucro-
nata.
Medicinal Resins.
Copaifera officinalis, C. multi-
juga, etc.
Euphorbia resinifera.
Garcinia.
Guaiacum officinale.
VI. Extract-resins.
Cannabis sativa.
Cubeba officinalis.
Ipomea jalapa.
Podophyllum peltatum.
Convolvulus scammonia.
Kind of Resin.
•i
5 z
« w
U a:
ification-
ivalent.
-
n-Absorp-
noN.
hvdrobromic
Acid Formed.
KOH
IZED I
Sapon
Equ:
Bromi
16.I
347-6
53-5
Some.
9-5
585-5
60.2
Much.
22.3
256.0
38.9
Some.
12.4
450.8
89.9
Much.
Copal (reduced to
12.9
433-4
84-5
Much.
5-2
1068.1
1 17.9
Much.
Elemi
3-3
1697.9
122.2
Very much.
I5-.S
361-1
71.6
Much.
Kauri,
1.2.9
433-4
108.2
11.7
478.6
■24-3
Much.
Rosin (refined)
18.1
308.6
112.7
16.4
340-6
96.4
Very much.
Shellac,
23.0
242.7
5-2
Shellac (bleached), . .
18.2
306.9
4.6
Thus,
21.0
340.6
108.5
Resina [rez-i'-nah) [L.], A resin. R. lutea. See
Acaroides.
Resinaceous {rez-in-a' -she-its') resin]. Having
the qualities of resin.
Resiniferous {rez-in-if -er-us) \_resina, resin ; ferre, to
bear]. Producing resin.
Resiniform (i-ez' -in-if-onn). Same as Resinoid.
Resinoid (rez'-in-oid) \_resina, a resin ; f/Jof, like]. I.
Resembling a resin. 2. A substance which has some
of the properties of a resin. Most of the so-called
resinoids are of indefinite chemic composition ; others
are impure resins.
Resinous {rez' -in-its) \_resiiia, a resin]. Having the
nature of a resin.
Resistance [re-zis' -tans) \_resislare, to withstand]. In
electricity, the opposition offered by a conductor to the
passage of the current. It is estimated in ohms. See
0/uit. R., Essential, the resistance to conduction
within the battery itself. R., Extraordinary, the
resistance to conduction outside of the battery.
Resolution [rez-o-lu'-shun) [rifio/zYvr, to resolve]. A
quick improvement in the course of a febrile disease.
See Cn's/'s. R. of Anesthesia, the condition when
muscular and nervous reactions are permanently
absent. Complete anesthesia. R. of Inflammation,
the return of tissues implicated in the inflammatory
process to their normal condition.
Resolvent [i-e-zol' -7'eitt) \_resohiere, to dissolve]. That
which causes solution or dissipation of tissue. A
discutient.
Resolving (^re-zoF -viiig) \_reso/vere, to dissolve]. Caus-
ing solution or dissipation of tissue. R. Power, the
power of a microscopic objective to show small parts.
Resonance (^rez^-o-imns) \_re, again ; soiiare, to sound].
The peculiar quality given to sounds by their reverber-
ation and modification by the resonance-organs, or by
the morbid conditions of the chest in auscultation. R.,
Amphoric, a variety of tympanitic resonance having a
metallic quality. R., Bell-metal, a bell-like sound
heard on auscultation in pneumothorax when the chest
is percussed with two coins used as plexor and plexime-
ter. R., Cough, a sound heard on auscultation during
the act of coughing. R., Cracked-pot, a variety of tym-
panitic resonance elicited by percussing over a pulmon-
ary cavity communicating with a bronchus. R.-
organs, the supra-laryngeal cavities that modify the
quality of vocal sounds. R., Skodaic. See Skoda s
Tyinpaiiv. R., Tympanic, resonance elicited on per-
cussion over the intestines and over large lung-cavities
with thin, yielding walls. R., Vesicular, the normal
pulmonary note. R., Vesiculo-tympanitic, an ad-
mixture of vesicular and tympanitic resonance. R.,
Vocal, the sound heard on auscultation of the chest
during ordinary speech. R., Whispering, the sound
heard on auscultation of the chest during the act of
whispering.
Resonant {rez^ -o-nant) \_resoiians, resounding]. I.
Sounding or ringing in the nasal passages. 2. A re-
sonant or nasal sound. See Consonant .
Resonator [rez' -o-na-tor') \_re, again ; sonare, to sound].
An instrument used to intensify sounds. See Reso-
nance-organs.
Resopyrin {rez-o-pi' -rin) [ra/wa, resin ; orcin ; TTvp,
fire]. A compound of resorcin and antipyrin. The
physiologic and therapeutic actions of this body are still
undetermined. Unof.
Resorcin [re-zor'-sin) [resina, resin ; Orcus, Pluto],
CpH^(OH)2. Resprcinol ; a substance produced from
different resins, and from umbelliferous gum-resins on
fusion with caustic potash. It is isomeric with hydro-
quinone. It crystallizes in colorless rhombic prisms or
plates, melts at 118° C, and boils at 276° C. It re-
rembles carbolic acid in many of its properties ; is
odorless, antiseptic, and a powerful germicide. It is
valuable chiefly as an antipyretic, in malarial fevers,
and locally as a lotion in diphtheria. Dose gr. v-xv;
RESORCINAL
1255
RESPIRATION
as an antipyretic, gj. It is readily soluble in water,
alcohol, and ether. In dyeing it yields a fine purple-
red coloring-matter, and several other dyes of commer-
cial importance. R. Colors. See Pigments, Con-
spectus of.
Resorcinal (rt'-sor'-i/w-;?/). See Resorcin. R. Yellow.
See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Resorcinism (j-e-zor' -sin-izm) \)'esina, resin ; Orciis,
Pluto]. A toxic condition caused by injudicious or ex-
cessive use of resorcin.
Resorcinum i^re zor'-sin-ii/n) [L. : gen., Resorcini\
The ofticial name of resorcin, q. v.
Resorption (i-e-sorp' -sJiuH)\_yesorptio ; ;-£>, again; sorbere,
to absorb]. The absorption of morbid deposits, as
of the products of inflammation, exudations, etc. R.,
Lacunar (of ho)ie), resorption of bone by osteoclasts
forming and occupying Howship's lacuna;. Resorp-
tions-diabetes (Ger. ), a glycosuria due to absorption
of sugar.
Respiratio (res-pe-ra'-she-o) [L.]. Respiration. R.
difficilis. Synonym of Dyspnea.
Respiration \yes-pe-ra' -sliiin) \_respiratio ; respirare, to
breathe again]. The inspiration and expiration of air
through the kings. In biology, the continuous inter-
change between the gases of living organisms and the
gases of the medium in which they live, continuous
throughout life. This consists in all active cells in plants
of a constant absorption of the oxygen of the air into
the tissues, where it causes oxidation of the assimilated
substances and the release of carbon dioxid. The
movements of protoplasm are dependent upon respi-
ration. It is the opposite of assimilation . R., Ab-
dominal, respiration caused by the contraction of the
diaphragm and the elasticity of the abdominal walls
and viscera. It is more common in men than in
Women. R., Aerial, respiration in which the respi-
ratory membrane receives oxygen and is relieved of
carbon dioxid by means of atmospheric air. R.,
Amphoric, a blowing respiration engendered in large
cavities with firm walls. Its peculiar character is
due to an echo from the walls of the cavity. R.,
Aquatic, respiration in which the respiratory mem-
brane, the branchial mucosa(gills),the skin, etc. , receive
oxygen and are relieved of carbon dioxid by means of
water. R., Artificial, artificial production of the
normal respiratory movements. See Artificial Respi-
ration. R., Biot's, periodic respirations without
any variation in the extent of the individual respira-
tions. It occurs normally during sleep. R., Blood,
the giving off of carbon dioxid and taking up of
oxygen by the blood during its passage through the
lungs. The blood while passing through the capil-
laries gives up its oxygen to the tissues and takes up
carbon dioxid. R., Blowing. See A'., Bronchial.
R., Branchial, respiration by means of gills or bran-
chiae, as in aquatic animals. R., Bronchial, respira-
tion as heard over the trachea or bronchial tubes in
health; it is high in pitch, equal in inspiration and
expiration, blowing in character, especially the ex-
piratory element, and is marked by a brief pause
between inspiration and expiration. It is well
defined only in case of pulmonary consolidation.
R., Broncho-cavernous, a form intermediate in char-
acter between bronchial and cavernous respiration. R.,
Broncho-vesicular, respiration having the characters
of both bronchial and vesicular respiration. It is
heard over areas of consolidation surrounded by
patches of healthy lung-tissue. R., Buccal. See
Month-breathing. R., Cavernous, a blowing respi-
ration of low pitch, circumscribed, alternating with
gurgling, and derivingits chief character from the nature
of the cavity in which it is generated. R., Center of,
the nervous center regulating the act of respiration is
situated in the floor of the fourth ventricle near the
point of the calamus. It is automatic in its action.
R., Cerebral, respiration in which the lips are closed,
the cheeks distended, the nostrils dilate with each
expiration, which is attended with a puffing sound ;
the respirations are irregular. It is observed especi-
ally in typhus fever and in apoplexy. R., Cheyne-
Stokes, a peculiar type of breathing in which
there is a rhythmic increase of the respirations up to a
certain degree of rapidity, then gradually decreasing
again to temporary cessation. This pause may be as
long as half a minute. This form of respiration is
most commonly seen in the late stages of tuberculous
meningitis, but it may also be noted in apoplexy, fatty
degeneration of the heart, and nephritis with uremia.
R., Clavicular, a form resorted to by singers and in
which the clavicle is brought into play in the respiratory
movements, the shoulders being elevated. R., Cogged
or Cogwheel. '>et R., Interrupted. R., Costal, respi-
ration in which the chest-movement predominates over
the diaphragmatic movement. It is seen especially in
women , and is supposed to be related to gestation or per-
haps partially to the mode of dress. R., Costo-inferior,
respiration in which the elevation and depression (respi-
ratory movements) are confined chiefly to the lower ribs.
It is best seen in dogs. R., Costo-superior, respiration
in which the respiratory movements involve chiefly the
upper ribs. It is most common in women, R., Cu-
taneous, the giving off of carbon dioxid and taking
up of oxygen through the skin. R., Diaphragmatic.
See R., Ahdoj)iinal. R., Direct, respiration in which
the living substance of an organism, as an ameba,
takes oxygen directly from the surrounding medium
and returns carbon dioxid directly to it, no respiratory
blood being present. R., Divided, respiration in which
there exists a distinct interval between inspiration and
expiration. It is seen in emphysema as a result of the
distention of the air-vesicles and consequent reduction
in expelling force. R., Exaggerated, an increase in
intensity, vi'ithout alteration in character or rhythm of
the respiratory movements. R., External. See/v'. ,
Blood. R., Extrinsic (of F. He-vitt), the inspiration
and immediate expiration of a gas, so that a portion
that has once been inspired is not inspired again. R.,
Facial, a term applied to all the movements of the
face during inspiration and expiration. R., Feeble,
diminution in the intensity, without alteration in the
character or rhythm of the respiratory movements.
R., Fetal, the interchange of gases between the fetal
and the maternal blood through the medium of the pla-
centa. R., Forced, respiration induced by blowing
air into the lungs by means of a bellows, or in some
other way, as in physiologic experiments. R., Harsh.
See R. , Bronclio-vesicnlar. R., Hissing, an increased
vesicular murmur causing a hissing sound. R., Hollow.
See R. , Amphoric. R., Indeterminate, the most pro-
nounced vesicular grade of broncho-vesicular respira-
tion. R., Indirect, respiration in which the living sub-
stance of the organism, as in all the higher animals,
gets rid of carbon dioxid and obtains oxygen by means
of a circulating respiratory blood. R., Inner or Inter-
nal, the taking up of oxygen and giving off of carbon
dioxid by the body-elements for their own require-
ments. It occurs in man in the capillary system. R.,
Interrupted, respiration in which either inspira-
tion or expiration is divided into two or more parts.
It is most often heard at the apex of the right
lung, anteriorly. R., Intestinal, the interchange of
respiratory gases in the mucous membrane of the in-
testines. R., Intra-uterine, respiration by the fetus
before delivery. R., Intrinsic (of F. Heimtt^, the
RESPIRATIVE
125(!
REST
breathing over and over again of a limited volume of
gas. R., Jerking. See R., Intern/p/ed. R., Labored,
respiration in which, owing to lack of ability on
the part of the ordinary muscles of respiration to
sufficiently aerate the blood, the auxiliary muscles of
respiration are called into play. R., Laryngeal, the
widening of the glottis during inspiration and its nar-
rowing during expiration. R., Lung. See A'., Pul-
monary. R., Metamorphosing {of Seits), respira-
tion in which the first part of the inspiratory sound is
tubular and the last part cavernous ; a cavernous ele-
ment is also heard during expiration. It is a certain
sign of a cavity (Vierordt). R., Muscle, respiration
by a muscle when in action. R., Nasal, nose-breath-
ing. R., Nervous. See /i., Ct're/>ra/. R., Normal,
respiration as it occurs in a normal individual in a
state of rest or moderate action. R., Oral. See
Aloitth-hreathing. R., Ordinary. See R., Normal.
R., Organs of, any parts of the body by means of
which certain constituents of the blood are exchanged
for those of the surrounding air or water. R., Pha-
ryngeal {of Garland ), rhythmic expansions and con-
tractions of the pharnyx in connection with other move-
ments of respiration. The expansion is pre-inspiratory
and the contraction inspiratory. R., Placental. See
R., Fetal. R., Puerile. See R., E.xa,i;gerafed. R.,
Pulmonary, respiration in which the interchange of
gas between the blood and air occurs in the lungs.
R., Rough, a variety of broncho-vesicular respiration.
R., Rude. See R. , Rough. R., Senile, the feeble
respiration of old age. R., Sighing, deep respira-
tion accompanied with sighing. It is seen in pulmon-
ary congestion and dyspepsia. R., Stertorous, the
sound produced by breathing through the nose and
mouth at the same time, causing vibration of the velum
pendulum palati between the two currents of air. R.,
Subsibilant {of Laennec), a dull, whistling sound
heard over the bronchi, and due to an obstruction by
mucus. R., Superficial. See R., Blood. R., Sup-
plementary. See R. , E.raggeralfd. R., Thoracic.
See R.y Coslal. R., Tissue. See R., In/ernal. R.,
To-and-fro. See R ., Intrinsic. R., Tracheal, the
respiratory murmur heard in a normal individual by
placing a stethoscope over the supra-sternal fossa.
R., Tranquil. See R., Normal. R., Tubular. See
R., Bronchial. R., Uremic. See R., Cheyne-
Stokes. R., Vaginal, the movements of the vagina
caused by the movements of the diaphragm in respi-
ration. R., Ventral. See R., Abdominal. R.,
Vesicular, a soft, gradual, low-pitched inspiration
immediately followed by a shorter and less distinct ex-
piration-sound heard over the normal lung during respi-
ration. R., Vesiculo-bronchial. See R., Broncho-
vehicular. R., Wavy. .See R., Interrupted.
Respirative ( res-pi' -rat-iv ) [ respirare, to respire].
Performing respiration.
Respirator {res-pe-ra' -tor) \_respirare, to respire] . An
instrument through which one breathes to modify the
coldness of the air or to exclude its impurities, or for
the inhalation of volatile medicaments. R.-veil, a
muffler for women, devised by Lennox Browne. It
consists of a piece of plain veiling with a double
thickness of silk gossamer on the lower four inches.
The part that covers the mouth and nostrils is stiff-
ened with a layer of thin wire gauze, so that the veil
may stand a little away from the face and be more
comfortable.
Respiratorium {res-pe-ra -to' -re-u/n) \_respirare, to re-
spire, to breathe out : pi. , Respiratoria\ In biology,
one of the delicate folds of the integument of the
aquatic larva; of certain insects, richly supplied with
minute tracheae.
Respiratory {res' -pe -ra- to - re) [respiratorius'\. Per-
taining to respiration. Also, to the murmur heard upon
auscultation over the lungs of a liealthy person during
ordinary breathing. R. Blood, Huxley's name for
the fluid present in the pseudo-hemal system of vessels
of certain invertebrates {Annelida) . It contains a dis-
solved red substance allied to hemoglobin. R. Ca-
pacity, the capacity of the blood for taking up oxygen
in the respiratory organs and depositing it in the tissues,
and of taking up carbon dioxid from the tissues and
giving it off in the respiratory organs. R. Cavity, the
same as the thoracic cavity ; also used as a general term
to describe the air-passages. R. Chamber, a res-
piratory cavity. R. Filaments, thread-like organs ar-
ranged in tufts near the head of the larva of the gnat.
R. Glottis, that part of the glottis between the aryt-
enoid cartilages. R. Leaflets, the laminated organs
of respiration of the pulmonary arachnidans. R.
Murmur, the sound produced by the air entering and
escaping from the lungs during the respiratory period.
R. Nerve, one of two nerves involved in respira-
tion. The external is the posterior thoracic nerve ;
the internal, the phrenic nerve. R. Nerve {of the
Face), the facial nerve. R. Nerves {of Bell), the
Phrenic, Posterior Thoracic, and Facial Nerves. R.
Orifice, a breathing pore. R. Percussion, Ua Costa's
term for the method of physical examination by noting
the sound elicited by percussion of the chest while the
breath is held after a full inspiration, and also after a
prolonged expiration. R. Periods, the time elapsing
between the beginning of one inspiration and that of
the next. R. Pigments, a series of pigments dis-
covered by McMunn, Moseley, Krukenberg, and
others in the fluids and tissues of many plants and
animals. They are capable of existing in a state
of oxidization and reduction, and play an important
role in the function of respiration. See Pigments,
Conspectus of. R. Plate. See Respiratorium. R.
Portion of the Nose, the lower portion of the nasal
cavity. R. Pulse, the modifications in the pulse pro-
duced by respiration. R. Quotient, the ratio between
the amount of oxygen given off by the lungs and that
taken up by them in the same period of time. R.
Sac, a sac-like respiratory organ of various anintals.
R. Sound. See R. Murmur. R. Surface, the
entire surface of pulmonary tissue coming in con-
tact with the respired air. R. Tract, a term de-
scriptive of the sum of the air-passages. R. Tubes,
a term applied to all tubular organs of respiration.
R. Vesicular Murmur, the normal respiratory mur-
mur. See Respiration, Nor nut I.
Respire {re-splr') [re, back ; spirare, to breathe]. To
breathe.
Respirometer {res - pi - rom' - et - er) [respirare, to take
breath; /jiTpov, measure]. An instrument for as-
certaining the condition of the respiration. Also
the apparatus used to supply air to a diver under
water by supplying compressed oxygen, which is
made to combine in proper proportion with nitro-
gen chemically filtered from the air expired from his
lungs.
Responsibility {re-spon-sib-il' -it-e) [ respondere, to an-
swer]. In medical jurisprudence, the accountability
of a person for an act committed. It usually turns
upon the question as to whether or not the person
was of sound mind and capable of controlling his
actions and thoughts.
Resserrement {res-air-mon(gY) [ Fr.]. Constriction;
constipation.
Rest [ME., to rest]. Cessation of all motion, labor,
or action ; to sleep, to lie dormant. R. of Royce,
an epithelial formation arising either early, during the
RESTANT
1257
RETE
development of the embryo or accidentally during
later life and apparently left over from the formation
of a part or organ. Thus the remains of the cranio-
pharyngeal, lingual, and neural canals are in adult
life observed in the lines of old incisions. R.-
cure, the mode of treatment of patients suffering from
hysteria and neurasthenia, as suggested by Weir
Mitchell. It consists in (l) rest, (2) isolation, (3)
systematic feeding, (4) massage, and (5) electricity.
The electricity is the least important factor in the sys-
tem of treatment. The duration of the treatment
should never be under si.x weeks, and usually should
continue for ten or twelve weeks.
Restant (rrs'-tant) [Fr. remain]. In biology,
remaining ; of leaves, remaining on the plant over
winter; of a corolla or calyx, remaining unwithered
till the fruit ripens.
Restaurans (res' -taw-rans) \_restaurare, to restore].
Restorative, tonic.
Restibrachial [i-es-tib-ra' -ke-al ) [;-«/«, a rope ; bra-
chiiini, an ami]. Pertaining to the restibrachium.
Restibrachium {res-tib-ra' -ke-Hni) \_restis, a rope ; b> a-
chium, an arm]. The inferior peduncles of the cere-
bellum ; the myelobrachium.
Restiform [res'-tif-orni) \_restis,a. cord; forma, form].
Corded or cord-like. R. Bodies, a descriptive temi
applied to certain cord-like bodies or processes of the
medulla oblongata.
Resting [rest'-ing) [ME., resten, to rest]. Ceasing
from motion; at rest. R.-cell. Same as R. -spore.
R. -sporangium, in biology, Pringsheim's term for
peculiar resting-cells formed by the mycele of a few
fungi [e- g-, Saprolegnia), in which zoospores are pro-
duced. R. -spore, in biology, a spore invested with
a firm cell-wall, which remains dormant for a period,
often during the whole winter, before it germinates.
R. -stage, in biology, the period of dormancy in the
history of a plant or germ. R. -state, in biology, a
state of suspended activity, the condition of perennial
plants, bulbs, seeds, and spores during their period of
dormancy.
Restis [res'-tis) [L., a cord]. A name given to the resti-
form body.
Restitution (res-tit-u' -shun) [ra/Z/z/cr^jtoset up again].
The act of restoring to a previous condition. See
Rotatioti.
Restoration (res-tor-a' -shun') \_restaurare, to restore].
The renewal of or return to a state of health.
Restorative ire-stor' -at-iv) [L. , restaurare, to restore].
1. Renewing health and vigor. 2. A medicine, cor-
dial, or food that is efficacious in restoring one to
health and vigor.
Restraint (re-strdnt') \_restringere , to draw back]. I.
Hindrance of any action, physical, moral, or mental.
2. The state of being controlled ; specifically, abridge-
ment of liberty in the care of the insane. R.-bed
and R. -chair, ^i^t R. , Mechanical. R., Mechanical,
restraining the insane by mechanical means. R., Medi-
cinal, the use of narcotics and sedatives in quieting the
insane.
Restringent [re-sfrin' -gent ) ^resfringere, to restrain].
An astringent or styptic.
Resublimation [re-sub-lim-a' -shiai) [/r, again; siibli-
mare, to raise on high]. The process of subliming a
drug for the second time.
Resudation [re-sti-da'-shun) [;r, again ; sudor, sweat ;
resudai-e, sweat again]. A renewed sweating ; the
return of sweating as a symptom.
Resupinate [re-su' -piii-at) [;r, again; supiuare, to
bend backward]. Turned in a direction directly
opposite to the usual one ; as in an ovary with its
apex directed downward ; inverted ; reversed.
Resupination (re-su-pin-a' -shun) \_re, back ; supinare,
to bend backward]. In biology, a term applied to
the torsion which the long inferior ovary of most
orchids undergoes at the time of the opening of
the flower, which causes the posterior side of the
flower to assume an anterior position.
Resupine [re-su' -pin) [;v, back ; supinus, lying on the
back]. Lying with the face upward.
Resurrectionist [j-ez-ur-ek' -shun-ist) [resmgere, to rise
again]. Colloquially, one who steals dead bodies
from the grave as subjects for dissection.
Resuscitant [re-sus' -it-ant)\j-esuscitans,p. p. resuscitare ,
to revive again]. The person by whom or the thing
by which one is resuscitated.
Resuscitate \j-es2iscilare, \.o \t.\\v€\. To
revive ; to recover from apparent death.
Resuscitation [re-sus-it-a'-shun) \_resuscitatio ; resusci-
tare, to raise up again]. The bringing to life, or resto-
ration of one apparently dead from asphyxiation or
suffocation.
Resuscitative [re-sus'-it-a-tiv) \_resuscitare, to revive].
Tending to resuscitate ; reviving.
Resuscitator [re-sus' -it- a-tor). See Resuscitant.
Retainment [i-e-tdn'-ment). See Retention.
Retanilla {ra-tan-il'-ah) [Fr., retanille\ A genus of
the rhamnese. R. ephedra, R. obcordata, two
Chilian and Peruvian astringents and tonic styptics.
Unof.
Retardation {re-tar-da' -shmi) \j-etardatio ; retardare,
to delay]. Any hindering or delaying of a func-
tion. In obstetrics, delay in expelling the fetus. In
biology, the change of structure during growth accom-
plished by the subtraction of parts. The opposite of
acceleration, q. v.
Retarding [re-tar' -ding) \retardare, to delay]. Hin-
dering ; delaying. R. Ague, a variety of ague in
which the paroxysm is postponed to a later hour each
day.
Retch [AS., hrcecan, to cough, Ital., recere, to vomit].
To strain at vomiting. To suffer the spasmodic mus-
cular contractions by which the stomach is emptied
in vomiting, without discharging any matter.
Rete [re'-te) [L., a net : //., Retia']. Any network or
decussation and interlacing, especially of capillary
blood-vessels. R., Acromial, a plexus of arteries on
the surface of the acromial process, formed by anas-
tomoses between the acromial branch of the acromio-
thoracic, the suprascapular, and the anterior and pos-
terior circumflex. R. articulare cubiti, an arterial
anastomosis over the elbow. R., Bipolar, applied to
blood-vessels that unite into larger stems and again
divide and end in capillaries. R. calcaneum, an
arterial anastomosis over the os calcis. R., Carpal,
Anterior, and Posterior, two plexuses of arteries
formed by the carpal branches of the radius and ulna,
one in front and the other at the back of the wrist.
R. carpi dorsale, the posterior carpal arch. R.
carpi volare, an arterial meshwork made up of
branches from the radial and ulnar arteries and deep
palmar arch upon the anterior surface of the carpus.
R. choroideum, vascular prolongations of the pia.
R., Epidermal. Same as R. mucosum. R. hal-
leri, the upper part of the Wolffian body by which
the communication between the seminiferous tubules
and the Wolffian duct is established and maintained.
R. malleolare internum and externum, the net-
work surrounding the inner and the outer ankle. R.
malpighii, the layers of epithelial cells above the
corium. R. mirabile (//. , Retia mirabilia), is seen
when an artery splits into branches and reunites in a
trunk, without forming capillaries. R. mirabile
duplex. See R. viirabile geiuiniint or conjugatum.
RETECIOUS
1258
RETINA
R. mirabile (of Galoi), a network of vessels formed
by the intracranial portion of the internal carotid
arteiy in some animals. R. mirabile geminum or
conjugatum, a plexus in which arteries and veins
are combined. R. mirabile simplex, a network
involving only veins or arteries. R. mucosum, the
three lower layers of living cells of the epidermis.
R. olecrani, the network of vessels around the olec-
ranon and at the back of the elbow, formed by the
divisions of the profunda and other arteries. R. patel-
lare, the plexus of vessels surrounding the patella.
R. tarseum dorsale, an arterial network upon the
dorsal surface of the tarsus. R. testis, the network
of seminal tubules in the corpus highmori of the tes-
ticle. R., Unipolar, the capillary divisions of blood-
vessels which do not reunite. R., Vascular (^of B .
Ridge), a membranous sac, very vascular, which with
the meconic membrane forms an envelop for the
meconium of the fetus. R. vasculosum, a net-
work of blood-vessels. R. vasculosum testis.
See R. lialleri. R. venosum dorsale manus, a
venous network on the back of the hand. R. venos-
um dorsale pedis, a venous network on the dorsum
of the foot.
Retecious (re-te' -se-us). Same as Retiform.
Retene (re' -ten), C,gHjg. A hydrocarbon occurring in
the highest fractions of coal-tar and also a derivative of
phenanthrene. It occurs in the tar of highly resinous
pines and in some mineral resins. It is very soluble
in alcohol and benzene, and crystallizes in leaflets
with a mother-of-pearl luster ; it melts at 98° C, and
boils at about 390° C.
Retention [re-ten' -slmn) \_retentio : re, back ; tenere, to
hold]. The holding back or stoppage of any of the
natural discharges of the body, as the feces, lochia,
urine, menstrual flow, etc. R.-cyst, a cyst formed
by a secretion, the natural outlet being closed.
R., Hystero-cystic, retention of urine caused by
pressure from a gravid uterus. R. of Milk. Same
as Galactoschesis, q. v. R. of Menses : i. Reten-
tion of menstrual blood due to mechanical interference
with its outward flow. 2. Postponement of menstrua-
tion after the proper age for its establishment. R. of
Placenta, failure of expulsion of a placenta as a result
of improper or deficient uterine contractions. R. of
Urine, inability to empty the bladder voluntarily.
Retentive ( re-ten' -tiv) \_retinere, to retain]. That
which holds anything in place.
Retia [re'-te-ah) [L. , plural of Rete\ See Rete.
Retial (re'-te-at) \_rete, a net]. Relating to, or of the
nature of, a rete.
Retiary (re'-te-a-re) [rete, a net]. Net-like.
Reticular {ret-ik' -ti-lar) [reticidnin, a little net].
Formed by reticulation ; areolar ; abounding in inter-
stices. R. Cartilage. Same as yellow elastic car-
tilage, t]. V. R. Formation, a formation occupying
the anterior and lateral area of the oblongata dorsad of
the pyramids and lower olives and extending up into
the pons. R. Lamina of KoUiker. .See Membrane,
Reticular. R. Layer of the Skin, the deep layer of
the derma, consisting of strong interlacing bands of
white and yellow fibrous tissue.
Reticulate [ret-ik-ii-la'-re) [rc//«/A^w, like a net]. The
rete mucosum. See Rete.
Reticulate [re-tik' -ii-lat] [reticulum . a little net]. In
biology, in the form of network ; said of the veins of
leaves and the surface-markings of different organs.
Reticulated [ret-ik' -u-la-teJ). Having net like meshes.
Reticulation (ret - ik - u - la' - ^hun) [reticulatus, like a
net]. The character of being reticulated
Reticulose (ret-ik'-u-lo-) [reticulum , a. net]. Minutely
or finely reticulate.
Reticulum (re-tik' -u-lum) a little net :
Rcticula\. I. A network. 2. In biology, applied to
various reticulated structures, e.g., [a) the second divi-
sion (hood or honey-comb bag) of the complicated
stomach of a ruminant ; (b) the intracellular or intra-
nuclear network ; (c) the neuroglia ; (d ) the fibrous
substance growing at the base of the petioles of certain
palms, also called mattulla. R. cutaneum, R. mu-
cosum. See Rete mucosum. R.-Germ (of I'on
Elmer), a network of fibers occasionally seen between
layers of seminal cells.
Retiferous [re-tif -er-us) [rete, a. net; ferre, to bear].
That which has a rete.
Retiform (re' -tif-orm) [retiforinis\. Net-shaped ; re-
ticulated. R. Tissue. See Animal Tissue.
Retina (ret' -in-ali) [rete, a net]. The chief and essen-
tial peripheral organ of vision, the third or internal
coat or membrane of the eye, made up of the end-
organs or expansion of the optic nerve within the
globe. It is composed of ten layers from without in-
ward, as follows: I. Pigment-cells. 2. Rods and
I, I. Layer of
rods and cones.
2 Rods. 3.
Cones. 4. Upper
portion of rods.
5. Lower por-
tion. 6. Point of
union of these
two parts. 7, 7.
Two cells of the
granular layer.
8, 8. Two other
cells of the same
layer. 9, 9. Still
two other cells
of the same
layer. 10. Cell
of the layer of
f^ray matter with
which these com-
municate. 11,12.
Other cells of the
granular layer-
13. Tripolar cell
with which these
are continuous.
14. A rod contin-
uous with the
elements of the
other layers. 15-
Process bv'
which it commu-
nicateswithacell
of t h e external
granular layer.
16. Process by
which this cell
c o m m u n icates
with a cell of the
internal granu-
lar layer. I7-
Process by
which this cell
CO m m u n icates
with the layer of
gray matter. 18.
Process from the last entering into the fibrous layer, to
A radiating fiber of Muller. 20. Conoid swelling by which
this fiber is attached to the internal limiting layer. 21. A
cone continuous with the other elements of the retina. 22.
Cell of external granular layer. 23. Intermediary process
between two cells of the granular layer. 24. Process con-
necting a cell of the granular layer with a cell of the layer
of gray matter. 25. Process of cell of layer of gray matter.
2(S. A radiating fiber.
cones. 3. External limiting, a. t^xternal granular.
5. Outer molecular. 6. Internal granular. 7. Inter-
nal molecular. 8. f ianglionic. 9. Nerve-fiber. 10.
Internal limiting. R., Central Artery of, a branch
of the ophthalmic artery that pierces the optic nerve
in the orbit, branching within the globe, and supply-
ing the retina. R. , Coarctate, a term used to describe
\\. \ ..........J
12.: '
Elements of the Retina.
RETINACULUM
1259
RETINITIS
the morbid condition caused by an effusion of liquid
between the retina and the choroid. R., De-
tachment of, disconnection from the choroid. R.,
Epilepsy of, a symptom of migraine or of epilepsy,
characterized by transient loss of sight. R., Fovea
centralis of. See Foi'ea. R., Leopard or Tiger,
1, I. La yer of
rods and cones.
2. Rods. 3-
Cones. 4, 4.
Membrana limi-
tans externa. 5,
5. Outer and in-
ner granular
layers. 6. Outer
granular layer.
7. Inter-granular
layer. 8. Inner
granular layer.
9. Layer of gray
matter. 10. Gran-
ular portion of
this layer. 11.
Cellular portion.
12, 12. Fibrous
layer. 13. Mem-
brana limitans
interna. 14, 14.
Radiating fibers
inserted into this
membrane.
Vertical Section of the Retina.
the appearance of the retina in chronic retinitis pi^-
mentosa. R., Limbus luteus of. See Macula
lutea. R., Membrana limitans of. See Mem-
brana limitatis, R., Pulsation of. See Pulsation.
R., Shot-silk Appearance of. See Reflex, Watered-
silk. R., Sustentacular Fibers of. See Fibers
of_ Miillcr.
Retinaculum {ret - in - ak' - 11 - luni) [retinere, to hold
back: //. , Rttinacula'\. I. A term applied to such
bands or membranes as hold back an organ or part, as
the Retinaculum of the ileo-cecal valve. 2. An instru-
ment at one time used in operations for hernia. 3. In
biology : (<?) That viscid, discoid portion of the rostellum
of an orchid which holds the pollen masses in place and
is removed with them by a visiting insect ; it is also
called proscolla, and viscid disc : (b) the hardened,
uncinate funiculus of the seeds of many of the Acantha-
ccci ; [c) the little plate or scale which in certain in-
sects restT'ains the protrusion of the sting. Retinac-
ula of Barry, tense tilaments running from the
thickened portion of the cellular membrane lining the
Graafian follicle to other parts of the membrane. R.
costae ultimatae. Same as Lumbo-costal Li^^ament,
q. V. Retinacula cutis, fibrous bands connecting the
corium with the underlying fascia. R. ligamenti
arcuati, the short external lateral ligaments of the
knee-joint, q. v. Retinacula morgagni, or Retinac-
ula of the Ileo-cecal Valve, the membranous ridge
formed by the coming together of the valve-segments
at each end of the opening between the cecum and the
ileum. Retinacula ossis brachii, fibrous bands in-
serted into the neck of the humerus and having their
origin in the capsule of the humero-scapular articula-
tion. R. patellae externum, the lateral patellar
ligaments. R. patellae internum, the ligamentum
patella; mediale. Retinacula patellae, laterale et
mediale. .See Lateral Patellar Ligaments. R.
peroneorum inferius, a fibrous band running over
the peroneal tendons as they pass through the grooves
on the outer side of the calcaneum. R. peroneorum
superius, R. tendinum peroneorum. See Liga-
ment, Extreme .■l)igular {of Ankle). Retinacula val-
vulae. .See Retinacula morgagni. R. of Weit-
bricht, bands of ligamentous tissue situated on the
neck of the trochanter of the femur.
Retinal [ret'-in-al] \_retinalis : a network]. Per-
taining to the retina. R. Apoplexy, hemorrhage into
the retina. R. Horizon, a term used by Helmholtz
to describe the horizontal plane passing through the
transverse axis of the eyeball. R. Image, the image
of external objects as reflected on the retina. R.
Ischemia, anemia of the retina. R. Melanin. See
Fuscin. R. Purple. Same as Rhodopsin.
Retinerved (re'-tin-ervd ) [/vVt', net ; nervus, ntrvt"].
In biology, reticulate ; netted-veined.
Retinitis [ret-in-i'-tis) [retina, \e\.ma.; /7;(;, inflamma-
tion]. Inflammation of the retina, classed, according
to its etiology, into albuminuric, diabetic, leukemic,
pigmentary (A', pigmentosa), syphilitic, etc., most of
which are characterized by distinctive ophthalmoscopic
appearances. R. albuminurica, the form due to
nephritis, usually chronic. Numerous white spots
may be seen scattered over the fundus, some having
an irregular outline, while others are stellated.
There are also spots of hemorrhagic extravasation.
R., Central Punctate, a form seen most in the
aged. A great number of stria; or white spots are
visible in the fundus. R., Central Relapsing, a
form of syphilitic retinitis in which there is a gray
or yellow area in the macular region, or numerous
small yellowish-white spots and pigment-dots. It is
a rare form, and is inclined to relapse. R. cere-
bralis, retinitis due to intracranial inflammation.
R., Choroido-, a form of syphilitic retinitis with
cellular infiltration, exudation, atrophy, and prolifera-
tion of the pigment-epithelium in the choroid, be-
tween the choroid and retina, and in the retinal layers.
R. circumpapillaris, a form in which there is
proliferation of the outer layers of the retina around
the disc. R., Diabetic, the form of retinitis occur-
ring in diabetes. R., Diffuse. See R. serosa. R.,
Diffuse Parenchymatous, the parenchymatous
form affecting the limitans, the externa, the in-
terna, and the adventitia. R. exsudativa, retinitis
with parenchymatous exudation. R., Glycosuric.
Same as R., Diabetic, q. v. R. gravidarum, a form
occurring in pregnant women and which is similar to
retinitis albuminurica, and is of grave prognostic im-
port. R. haemorrhagica, a form in which there
is swelling of the papilla and opaque infiltration of
the surrounding retina ; there are distended, dark, and
tortuous veins, and the arteries are small ; there are
hemorrhages, linear or irregular and round in appear-
ance. R. hepatica, a rare form which sometimes
occurs in cases of parenchymatous hepatitis. R.
leukaemica, a form characterized by pallor of the
retinal vessels and optic disc, the boundary of the
latter being indistinct. Hemorrhages appear at vari-
ous points of the membrane, while numerous white
patches and round bodies are visible about the disc in
the retina. It is a result of systemic anemia. R.
macularis. Same as R., Central Relapsing, q. v.
RETINOCHOROIDITIS
1260
RETRAHENT
R. nephritica. See J?, albuinimtrica . R. nycta-
lopica, a diffuse, streaked opacity of the retina and
swelling of the disc, with central scotoma or color-
scotoma, and more or less marked amblyopia. It
indicates retro bulbar neuritis. R. paralytica {of
Klein), retinitis caused by paralysis affecting the
optic nerve. R., Parenchymatous, a simple chronic
retinitis affecting the connective tissue of the retina.
R. pigmentosa, an affection involving all the
layers of the retina, and consisting in a slowly-pro-
gressing connective-tissue and pigment-cell prolifera-
tion of the entire membrane, with wa.sting of its
nerve-elements. The disease is most common in
males, is often hereditary, and begins at a very early
period of life, and may be congenital. Both eyes
are attacked simultaneously, though occasionally only
one suffers. R. postica, inflammation of the ectal
retinal layer, R., Proliferating, a development
of connective tissue in the retina, with the formation
of dense bluish-white masses within the retina, and
extending into the vitreous humor. R. punctata
albescens. 'Sdrnt R., Central Punc/ate, ij. v. R.,
Purulent, a fonn in which there are small circum-
scribed white spots near the papilla and in the macular
region. R., Renal. See R. albuiiiiunrica. R.,
Septic. Same as j'?. , Puritlent. R. serosa, a
form characterized by ^n infiltration, most marked in
the nerve-fiber and ganglionic layer of the retina,
creating opacity, edema, and hyperemia, most marked
in the veins. R., Simple Syphilitic, a form of
syphilitic retinitis in which the ophthalmoscope shows
a gray opacity surrounding the papilla, which is dis-
colored and cloudy, and the veins darker than normal.
R. simplex. Same as R. serosa, q. v. R., Solar,
retinal change from the effect of sunlight. R. sym-
pathetica, retinitis of sympathetic origin, and attended
with retinal hyperemia, redness of the disc, engorge-
ment of the veins, and great disturbance of vision.
R., Syphilitic, the form occurring in syphilis ; it is
chronic, diffuse, and a late manifestation of the sys-
temic disease.
Retinochoroiditis {ret - in - o - ko - roi - di' - tis) [retina,
retina ; xniiiov, the chorion ; cMof, like ; itk;, in-
flammation]. Inflammation of the retina and cho-
roid. See Choroido-retinitis.
Retinogen {ret' -in-o-jen") [retina, retina; yevvav, to
produce]. In biology, the ectal of the two layers com-
posing the ectoderm of the embryonic eye of arthro-
pods, the ental layer being called the gans;liogen.
Retinoid {ret' -in-oid) [_ pijTivri, resin; ftdof, form].
Resin-like, or in the form of a resin.
Retinol {ret'-in-ol) [/)//r(i'//, a resin], C.j.jHjg. Rosinol ;
a liquid hydrocarbon derived from the destructive
distillation of resin. It is employed in capsules for
blennorrhea. It is a good solvent for iodol, aristol,
camphor, etc. , and is antiseptic, tonic, and cicatrizant.
Dose n\^viij three or four times daily. Unof.
Rstinophora {ret-in-off'-or-ali) [retina, retina; (pepeiv,
bear: //. , Retinophoree'\. In biology, one of the
crystalline cone-cells of the arthropodan eye. The
retinophons are surrounded by pigment-cells.
Retinoscopy {ret-in-os'-ko-pe) [retina, retina ; OKOTrfiv,
to observe]. A method of estimating the refraction
of the eye by observation of the movements of the
retinal images and shadows through the ophthalmo-
scopic mirror. The method has also been called, and
very properly, the Fiindiis-reflex Test; other terms
are: Keratoscopy, Pupilloscopy,Umbrascopy, Skiascopy,
Koroscopy, etc. R., Phosphenic, a method of learn-
ing the condition of the retina when the crystalline
lens is opaque. It consists in making slight pressure
on different regions of the closed eye ; if the retina
is healthy under the region pressed, a luminous circle
is seen by the patient on the side opposite to the point
of pressure.
Retinoskiascopy {ret-in-o-ski-as' -ko-pe). See Retino-
siopy.
Retinula {ret-in' -u-laJt) [dim. of retina, retina: //. ,
Retinulce^ In biology, an aggregation of retinal
cells ; that portion of the whole retina of the com-
pound eye which belongs to each of the single eyes,
as in the lateral eyes of scorpions and Limuliis, and
the eyes of Myriapoda.
Retinular {ret-in' -u-lar) [retinula, a little retina]. In
biology, of or pertaining to a retinula, q. v.
Retinulate {ret-in' -u-lat) [retinula, a little retina].
In biology, aggregated into retinuhc.
Retiped {re'-tip-ed) [rete, a net; /«, foot]. Having
netted tarsi ; said of certain birds.
Retort {re-tort') [retorquere, to bend back], A vessel
employed in distillation, containing the liquid to be
distilled.
Retract {re-trakt') [re, back ; trahere, to draw]. To
draw back ; to contract ; to shorten.
Retractile {re-trak' -til) [retrahere, to draw back].
That which may be drawn back. R. Carcinoma,
mammary carcinoma with retraction of the nipple.
Retractility {re-trak-til' -it-e) [retrahere, to draw back].
I. Capable of retraction. 2. Of Pajot, a property of
the uterine tissue by virtue of which the uterus, having
been emptied of a part of its contents, becomes thicker-
walled, while its capacit}' and volume diminish.
Retraction {re-trak' -shun) [retraetio. a drawing back].
The shortening of a fractured limb from the broken
ends slipping past one another. R., Cicatricial, that
due to cicatrices. See Cicatricial Contraction. R.,
Muscular, post-paralytic atrophy of a muscle. R. of
the Uterus, a chronic contraction, of the uterus by
which it applies itself closely to its contents without
any change of contraction and relaxation. R.-ring.
See Bandl, Ring of. R., Spasmodic, irregular con-
traction of the uterus.
Retractor {re-trak' -tor) [retrahere, to draw back]. I.
An instrument for withdrawing the lips or edges of a
wound, or for pulling the soft parts away from the
place of incision in amputations. 2. A muscle that
retracts the organ into which it is inserted. R. an-
gulioris. See Puccinator A/uscle, in Jl/uscles, I'ableof.
R. bulbi, the retractor muscle of the eyeball present in
some animals. R., Emmet's Perineal, a self-retain-
ing vaginal speculum. R., Eyelid, a metallic instru-
- ment used to hold the eyelids away from the eyeball
during an examination or operation. R., Minor's
Trachea, an instrument used as a substitute for trache-
otomy tubes, consisting in a hollow rod, slightly curved,
and holding a bent wire retractor by means of a screw
at each end. R. oculi. See R. Inilbi. R., Pilcher's,
a small pair of blunt hooks on a single delicate stem.
An instrument used in tracheotomy. R. urethra
or urethralis. See Bulbo-caTcrnotts. R. uteri : (I)
the recto-uterini of both sides considered as one ; (2)
of Luschka, a uterine fold. R., Rose's, an instru-
ment used to hold open a tracheotomy-wound ; it con-
sists in a piece of steel wire bent to form a pair of
.spring hooks. R., Wells's, two wires bent into hooks
and tied in place about the neck by bands. It is
advised for the purpose of keeping the wound open
after tracheotomy.
Retrad {re' -trad) [retro, backward]. In or toward
the rear or posterior part.
Retrahens {re'-trah-henz) [retrahere, to draw back].
Drawing back. R. Muscle, ^-.ee Muscles , Table of .
Retrahent {re'-trah-hent) [retrahens, drawing back].
Drawing backward ; retracting.
RETRAL
1261
RETROPHARYNGITIS
Retral (re'-/ral) \_refrt>, backward]. Situated toward
the back ; posterior, caudal.
Retrenchment [re-trenck'-menf) [Fr. , retrenchement^
A plastic operation the object of which is to obtain cica-
tricial contraction by the removal of superfluous tissue.
Retriment [r-ef - ri-inent) \j-etrimentum, refuse].
Dregs ; refuse, or marc.
Retro- [re'-tro-) [retro, ha.ck']. A prefix meaning
ivard or behind ; usually relating to place or position.
Retroaction {i-e-tro-ak' -s/mn) \_retro, backward; agere,
to do]. Reverse action.
Retroanterograde (^re-tro-ant' -er-o-grdd) \_re/ro, back-
ward; a nterhis, before ; gredi, to go^. Reversing the
order of succession. R. Amnesia, a perversion of the
memory in which recent events are referred to a far-oft"
and past time, while the occurrences of the remote past
seem recent.
Retrobuccal (i-e-tro-hnk' -al ) [/r/ro, back ; bucca, 'Ci\e
mouth]. Pertaining to the back part of the mouth, or
of the cheek.
Retrobulbar {re-tro-biil' -bar') \_retro, back ; biitbiis,
bulb]. Situated or occurring behind the eyeball.
R. Neuritis, inflammation in the orbital part of the
optic nerve. R. Perineuritis, inflammation of the
sheath of the orbital part of the optic nerve.
Retrocedent yre-tro-se' -dent) \_retro, back; cedere,\.o
go]. Pertaining to a retrograde condition or action of
disease ; going back ; disappearing from the surface,
as an eruption. R. Gout. .See Gout.
Retroceps [re' -tro-seps) [Fr. ]. A variety of obstetric
forceps used to grasp the fetal head from behind.
Retrocervical (re-tro-ser'-vik-t) \_retro, behind; cervix,
the neck]. Situated behind the cervix uteri.
Retrocession [j-e - tro - sesh' - tin) \_retrocessio'\. Disap-
pearance from the surface, as of an exanthem. R. of
Labor, of Charrier, a rare condition in which, after
labor has begun, but before the membranes are rup-
tured, the uterine contractions cease, and the cervix,
formerly a small ring, becomes a canal again.
Retroclavicularis {r-e-tro-kla-vik-ti-la' -ris) \_retro, be-
hind ; clavicula, the clavicle]. See Sterno-clavicu-
laris posticus.
Retroclusion {t-e-tro-klu' -zhtui) [retro, back ; clatidere,
to shut]. A form of acupressure, in which the pin is
passed first above the artery, twisted a half circle and
then driven below the artery into the tissues upon the
side first entered.
Retrocollic [re-iro-kol'-ik] [retro, back; collis, the nape
of the neck]. Pertaining to the muscles at the back
of the neck. R. Spasm, that form of wry-neck in=
volving the retrocollic muscles. Spasmodic torticollis.
Retrocopulant [i-e-tro-kop' -ii-lant^ [retro, back; copii-
lans, copulating]. Copulating backward or from
behind.
Retrocopulation [re-tro-kop-u-la' -shini) [retro, back-
ward; copidare, to copulate]. The act of copulating
from behind or aversely.
Retrodeviation (re - tro - de - -ve - a'- s/uin) [retro, back ;
deviatio, a wandering]. Any backward displacement ;
a retroflexion or retroversion.
Retrodisplacement {re-tro-dis-plas'-inent)[retro, back ;
OF., desplacer, to put out of place]. Displacement
backward of a part or organ.
Retro-esophageal {re- tro - e- so - faj'- e -al) [retro, be-
hind ; ol(70(pai'n(:, esophagus]. Located behind the
esophagus.
Retroflected [re-tro-Jlek'-ted^. Same as Retroflexed.
Retroflection [i-e-tro-Jlek' ■shitn'). See Retroflexion .
Retroflex [i-e'-tro-Jieks) [retro, h&cV ; flectere, to turn].
Turning back abruptly.
Retroflexed (re-tro-fieksf) [retro,ha.cV • ^ectere, bend].
Bent backward.
Retroflexion [re-tro-Jiek' -shuti) [retro, back ; flectere,
to bend]. Any abrupt displacement, bending or
changing of normal direction. R. of Uterus. See
Uterus.
Retrofract (re'-tro-frakt). Same as Refracted.
Retrogenerative {i-e-tro-jen' -er-a-tiv). Same as Retro-
copulant.
Retrognathous [rc-trog' -na-thus) [retro, backward;
) niWof , jaw]. Retracted jaw.
Retrograde [re' -tro-grdd, or ret' -ro-grda) [retro, back-
ward ; gradus, a step]. Receding, or going backward.
R. Carcinoma, a carcinoma which grows firmer and
less in size and remains so. R. Metamorphosis,
katabolic change.
Retrograde [re'-tro-grad, or ret' -ro-grad ) [retrogradi,
go backward]. In biology, (l) showing degeneration
from a more complex structure or higher function to a
lower one. 2. Descriptive of animals that walk or
swim backward.
Retrography {re' -tro-graf-e) [retro, back ; ypa^tiv, to
write]. Writing backward; a symptom of certain
nervous diseases.
Retrogressive (r<'-2'r<?-o-r(?j''-K') [j-etrogressiis'\. Declin-
ing in strength ; degenerating. In biology, degenera-
tion, backward metamorphosis, as the transformation
of bracts into foliage leaves, stamens into petals, sepals
into bracts, etc.
Retro-insular {re-tro-in' -sn-lar) [retro, behind ; insu-
la, island]. Situated or occurring behind the in-
sula, or island of Reil. R. Convolutions, two or
three convolutions behind the insula and wholly
within the fissure of Sylvius.
Retrojection {re-tro-jek' -shun) [retro, back ; jectio, a
throwing]. The washing out of a cavity from within
outward.
Retro-lingual (re-tro-lin'-gwal) [retro , ha.ck ; lingua,
tongue]. Relating to that part of the throat back of
the tongue. Serving to retract the tongue.
Retro-location {re-tro-lo-lea' -shun) [retro, back ; loca-
tio, location]. Same as Retro-position , q. v.
Retro-malleolar {re - tro - jnal - e'- 0 - lar) [retro, back ;
inalleoliis, malleolus]. Located back of a malleolus.
Retromammary {re - tro - mam'- ar - e) [retro, behind ;
mamma, breast]. Situated or occurring behind a
mammary gland.
Retro-maxillary {re - tro - maks'- il- a - re) [retro, back ;
maxilla, maxilla]. .Situated behind the maxilla.
Retromorphosis {re-tro-mor' -fa-sis') [retro, back ; fiop^i/,
form]. KatabolLsra; retrograde metamorphosis ; kata-
bolic change.
Retro-nasal {re - tro - na' - zal ) [retro, behind ; nasiis,
nose]. Situated back of the nose or nasal cavities.
Retro-ocular {re-tro-ok' -u-lar) [;'<?/;'<?, behind ; oculus,
the eye]. Situated behind the eyeball. Same as
Retrobulbar.
Retroperitoneal {re-tro-per-it-on-e'-al) [_retro, behind;
TTepiTovaiov, peritoneum]. Occurring or situated be-
hind the peritoneum. R. Hernia, hernia of the in-
testine into the iliac fossa back of the peritoneum.
Retroperitoneum (;r-/;-o-/^;--//-<wz-i''-/cw) behind ;
7rfp(r(;m;oi;, peritoneum]. The retro-peritoneal space.
Retroperitonitis {re-tro-per-it-on-i' -tis) [retro, behind ;
-spiTovaiov, peritoneum; iTig, inflammation]. In-
flammation of the retroperitoneal structures.
Retropharyngeal {re-tro-far-in' -jc-al ) [retro, behind ;
(papv^it, the pharynx]. Situated or occurring behind
the pharynx. Pertaining to parts situated behind the
pharynx. R. Abscess, abscess occurring in the tissues
back of the pharynx.
Retropharyngitis {re - tro - far - in -Ji'-tis) [retro, be-
hind; tpcipvy^, pharynx; trie, inflammation]. In-
flammation of the retropharyngeal tissues.
RETROPOSED
1262
RHABDITE
Retroposed {re' - tro - pozd) \_re/ro, back; ponere, to
])lace]. Displaced backward.
Retro-position {re-tro-po-zish' -un) \_i'e/ro, back ; positio,
position]. Backward displacement of the uterus with-
out flexion or version.
Retropulsion {re - tro - pul' - shiiit) [/v/n;, back ; piihio,
beating]. I. A driving or turning back, as of the fetal
head. 2. A running backward ; a disorder of locomo-
tion sometimes witnessed in paralysis agitans.
Retrorse [re-trors') [rc/w, backward ; vertere, turn].
In biology, turned backward.
Retroserrate [re-tro-ser' -at) \_retro, back ; sern7ties,sa.-w-
shaped]. In biology, furnished with serrations which
are turned backward, as the sting of a bee.
Retroserrulate {re-tro-ser' -u-lat) [r^/ro, back ; sei-rula,
a little saw] . Furnished with diminutive retrorse teeth.
Retrosiphonate {re-t7-o-si' -fiin-at), [rc/ro, back; (t«/)(ji',
siphon]. In biology, having the siphon and surround-
ing partitions directed backward.
Retrostalsis [re-Zi-o-s/a/'-sis) \_fetro, backward ; crdl-
(7/r, comjiression]. Reversed peristaltic action ; peri-
staltic action that tends to drive the intestinal contents
cephalad instead of caudad.
Retrosternal {re-tro-ster' -7ial") [retro, back ; arepvov,
sternum]. Situated or occurring behind the sternum.
Retrotarsal (re - tro - tar' - sal ) [/r/ro, back ; Tapooq,
tarsus]. Situated or occurring behind the tarsus. R.
Fold, the fornix of the conjunctiva.
Retrotracheal [re-tro-tra' -ke-al) [rc^r^i, behind ; rpa-
yf(«, trachea]. Situated or occurring behind the
trachea.
Retro-uterine [re-tro-tt' -ter-iii) [retro, behind ; uterus,
uterus]. Behind the uterus. R. Hematocele, a
blood-tumor behind the uterus in the pouch of
Douglas.
Retrovaccination [re-tro-vak-sin-a' -shuii)[retro , back ;
vail inns, of a cow]. Vaccination with virus from a
cow that had been inoculated with the virus of small-
pox from a human subject.
Retrovaccine {re-tro-vak' -siti) [retro, back ; vaceinus,
of a cow]. The virus obtained after inoculating a
cow with human virus.
Retroversion (re-tro-iwr' -s/nni) [retro ; versio, a turn-
ing]. A turning back ; applied especially to such
organs as the bladder, the womb, etc. R. of Uterus.
See Uterus.
Retti (ret'-i) [Hind., ra///]. The seed of Abrus pre-
catoriiis. See Jeqiiirity.
Retuse {re-tils') [retiisus, blunted, dull]. In biology,
applied to a leaf or other flattened organ that has a
broad, shallow sinus at the apex.
Retzius, Brown Lines of. Fine parallel lines in the
enamel of a tooth. R., Cavity of. See Cavity, Pre-
peritoneal. R., Ligament of. See Lii^anient. R.,
Space of. .Same as R., Cavity of. R., Stripes of.
.See Stripe. R., Veins of, small veins uniting the
radicles of the portal branches in the intestines and
mesentery with the inferior vena cava and its branches.
They include all the retroperitoneal veins and are
often enormously enlarged in hepatic cirrhosis.
Reunion {re-iin'-vnn) [re, again ; nnio, to become
one] . The joining of parts whose continuity has been
destroyed. R. of Wound. See Healing.
Reuss's Test. See Tests, Table of.
Revaccination (re-vak-sin-a' -shun) [revaceinatio\ Re-
newed or repeated vaccination.
Revalenta {rev-al-en' -tali) [transposed from Erviivi
lens'\. \ commercial and proprietary food-prepara-
tion for invalids, said to be composed principally of
lentil meal.
Revealed {re-veld') [re, back; velare, to veil]. In bi-
ology, not concealed under other parts.
Reveilleur {ra-vel-yur') [Fr. ]. The instrument used
in Baunscheidtism.
Revellent {rc-vel' -eut). See Revulsive.
Reverdin's Operations. See Operations, Table of.
Reverie {rev' -er-e) [Fr., reverie'\. A state of dreamy
abstraction ; visionary mental or ideational movement,
the mind itself, at least so far as volition is concerned,
being passive.
Reverse {?'e-vei-s') [revertere, to turn back]. In band-
aging, a half-turn employed to change the direction of
a bandage.
Reversion {re ver' -shun) [re^iertere, to turn back]. In
biology : I. The appearance of characteristics which
existed in remote ancestors ; thus many endoparasites
(Cestoda, Acanthoeephala, Rhizoeephala) show rever-
sion to a very low type of digestion, while the Ascidi-
ans are held by Dohrn, Lankester, and others to be
degenerate Vertebrata. The loss of eyes by the Cirri-
pedia, the Peiiellina, and the Lermsodea , when these
animals become fixed, as well as by various cave-ani-
mals, may be included as examples of reversion. 2.
The backward development of plant-organs, as stamens
into petals, etc. 3. Becoming wild after having been
domesticated or cultivated.
Revert {re-vert'). See Latent.
Revitalization {re-vi-tal-i-za' -shun) [re, again ; vita,
life]. The act or process of refreshing or revitalizing.
Revive {re ■ viv') [re, again ; vivere, to live.] To
return to life after seeming death.
Revivement {reinv' -ment) [revivere, to live again].
The act of reviving.
Revivification {re-viv-if-ik-a' -shun) [revivificatio']. I.
Restoration to consciousness. 2. The refreshing of
surfaces by paring before placing them in apposition.
Reviviscence {re-viv-is' -ens) [revi-i'iseere , inceptive of
revivere, to revive]. The awakening from a period of
dormancy ; said of insects after hibernation.
Revolute {rev'-o-lut) [re, back ; volvere, to roll]. That
form of vernation or estivation in which the margins
of the organ are rolled backward.
Revolver {re-vol'-ver). See A^ose-piece.
Revomit {re-'>om' -it ) [re, again ; voinere, to vomit].
To reject from the stomach.
Revulsant {re-vul' -sant) [rei'ellere , to push away]. I.
Revulsive. 2. A medicine or agent that, by irritation,
draws the blood from a distant part of the body.
Revulsion {re-vul' -shun) [revulsio\ The reduction
of morbid action in any part by means of counter-
irritation.
Revulsive {re-vul' -siv^ [revellere, to turn away]. Cap-
able of causing revulsion ; applied to therapeutic
agencies designed to withdraw the blood from or
counteract the tendencies toward a morbid focus or
process.
Revulsor (;r-"7//'-jor) [revellere, to turn away]. I. An
apparatus for effecting revulsion by means of the alter-
nate application of heat and cold. 2. A plate or cyl-
inder set with needles, and used in producing counter-
irritation.
Reybard's Suture. An interrupted loop-suture for
wounds of the intestine. See Suture.
Rhabarbarin (ra-bar' -bar-in) [rhabarbarum, barbarian
rhubarb]. Same as Chrvsophanic Acid, q. v.
Rhabarbarum {ra-bar' -bar-um) [rhabarbarum, barba-
rian rhubarb]. Rhubarb.
Rhabdia {rab'-de-ah) [/m/?(Soc, a rod]. In biology, the
great rods lying beneath the crystalline cones of the
insect's eye.
Rhabdite \rab'-dU) [faftiW, a rod]. In biology, {a)
one of the .spindle-shaped glandular secretions occur-
ring in the skin of certain invertebrates. They are
specially characteristic of the Turbellaria ; {b) one of
RHABDITIC
1263
RH.^BOSCELIA
the paired appendages of the abdominal sternites form-
ing the ovipositor of certain insects.
Rhabditic (j-ab-dW -ik) [pd/3cio(,-, a rod]. Pertaining to
a rhabdite.
Rhabditis [rab-di' -tis) [/)d/3(5of, a rod]. A genus of
nematode worms. Abundant especially in decaying
organic matter, garden earth, etc. Several species
are parasitic in snails, a few in man. See R. )iieUyi,
R. pellio and R. terricola, under Parasiles [Aiiiinal),
Table of.
Rhabdium [^rab' -de-itni) [dim. of pdpfing, rod : //. ,
Rhabdid\. A fiber of striped or voluntary muscle.
Rhabdocelous [rab-dose'-liis) [/jd/Sfio^-, a rod ; kihIoi;,
hollow]. Having a straight digestive cavity.
Rhabdoid [>-ab' -doid) \_f>al3(h(;, a rod ; f/(5of, form]. In
biology, an acicular or spindle-shaped body chemically
related to the plastids, which is found lying diagonally
across the stalk-cells of the tentacles of Drosera and
in the mesophyl-cells of Dionea, and tends to grow
spherical when the part is irritated. Its importance
is not fully known.
Rhabdoidal {rab-doi' -dal) [/ja/3(Soe/t5//(;, like a rod].
Rod- like.
Rhabdomal [rab'-do-iiial) \_paj3i^ufm, a bundle of rods].
Having the character of a rhabdom.
Rhabdome {rab' -doni) ympdufjn, a bundle of rods]. In
biology, a tubular rod forming the central axis of the
retinula of the arthropod eye.
Rhabdomere {>-ab' - do - mer) [/>ra/?(Sof, a rod; fJ.tpoc, a
part] . In biology, a rod found in the distal portion of
each of the retinular cells of the arthropod eye.
Rhabdomyoma {rab-do-mi-o' -mah) [/)d/3(5of, a rod ;
jive,, a muscle; him, a tumor : //. , Rhabdoinyomata\
A rare form of myoma characterized by the presence
of striated muscular fiber.
Rhabdonema (rab-do-ne'-i?iah) [pd/'3(5of , a rod ; vrj/ia,
a thread]. A genus of parasitic Anguillulidce. See
under Parasites (Animal), Table of.
Rhabdonemiasis [rab-do-ne-mi' -as-is) \_Rhabdonema,
a genus of parasitic nematode worms ; ftdfichg, a rod ;
vy/ia, a thread]. The disease arising from the pres-
• ence of parasites of the genus Rhabdonema. See
Parasites {^Animal), Table of.
Rhabdosphere (rab' -do-sfer) [pd/Wof, a rod ; acpaipa, a
sphere]. A minute spheric body bristling with rhab-
dolithic rods.
Rhabdous [rab'-dus) [pd/Jdof, a rod]. Having the
character of a rhabdus.
Rhabdus [t-ab'-diis) [pd/3rfof, a rod]. In biology, (a)
a simple, straight spicule ; the stipe of certain
fungi .
Rhachi. See also Rachi.
Rhachiagra [rak - e - a'- grah) \_paxic, a spine; aypa,
pain]. Rheumatism in the muscles of the spine.
Rhachial (ra'-z^c-fl/) [/)d;t;(f, spine]. Pertaining to the
spine.
Rhachialgia (ra-ke-al'-je-ah) [pd^'C. spine ; d/yof , a
pain]. Any pain in the spine. Spinal irritation.
R. mesenterica. Same as Tabes mesenterica, q. v.
R. pictonum. See Metallic Colic.
Rhachialgitis [rak-e-al-ji' -tis) [/)d;^'/f , spine ; dAyoc,
pain; (r;f, inflammation]. Inflammatory rhachialgia.
Rhachiasmus (ra-ke-az'-mns) [pd,v'f, spine]. Spasm
of the muscles at the back of the neck, as seen in the
early part of many epileptic attacks.
Rhachidial (ra-kid'-e-al) \_'pdxiQ, spine]. Pertaining
to a rhachis, or spine.
Rhachidian [ra-kid' -e-ait). Same as Rhachidial.
Rhachilysis (ra-kil' -is-is) \_paxi^, spine ; Vvmv, to loose].
A method of treating lateral curvature of the spine by
mechanical counteraction of the abnormal curves.
Rhachio- or Rachio- {i-a' -ke-o-) [pd_^-/f, spine]. A
prefix denoting connection with or relation to the
spine.
Rhachiocampsis [ra - ke - o - kamp'- sis) [pd,\-(f , spine ;
Kapi^'/r, a bending]. Curvature of the spine.
Rhachiochysis (ra-ke-o-ki' -sis) \_ 'pdxf;, spine ; x^<^'(>
a pouring]. An accumulation of water or watery
substance within the spinal canal.
Rhachiodynia (ra-ke-o-din' -e-ah) [pd^\;(f, spine ; ddvvr/,
pain]. Pain in the spinal cord.
Rhachiokyphosis [ra - ke - o - ki - fo'- sis) [pd,|-;t , spine ;
Ki'<pijatr, a bending]. Gibbosity, or hunch of the back.
Rhachiometet (ra-ke-om^-et-er) [pd^'/f, spine ; ptrpuv,
a measure]. An instrument used to measure the de-
gree of spinal deformities.
Rhachiomyelitis (ra-ke-o-mi-el-i'-tis) [pd^^-'f . spine ;
fiii£A6(;, marrow; iTtc, inflammation]. Inflammation
of the spinal cord. Myelitis.
Rhachiomyelophthisis [ra - ke - o - mi- el- off'-this-is)
[/"'-f?) spine; j.iv(.'k6i;, marrow; ^fllaic, a wasting].
See Tabes dorsalis.
Rhachiomyelos (ra-ke-d-mi' -el-os) [pd,Y'f , spine ; pve-
'Koq, marrow]. See Spinal Cord.
Rhachio-paralysis (ra-ke-o-par-al' -is-is) [pd^7f, spine ;
Trapa'Avmr , paralysis]. Spinal paralysis.
Rhachiophyma (t-a-ke-o-fi' -inah) [pd^^-;^-, spine ; (pvfia,
a growth]. A spinal tumor.
Rhachioplegia (ra-z^c-y-Z/^'-yV-a//) [pd;(;(f, spine ; n'Ariyij,
stroke]. Spinal paralysis.
Rhachiorrheuma (ra - ke - or - ru' - mah) [pd;t7r, spine ;
pevjia, a flowing]. Spinal rheumatism.
Rhachioscolioma [ra-ke-o-sko-le-o' -mah) [pd;i;/f, spine ;
OKo'A'nofia, a curve]. Lateral distortion and curvature
of the spine.
Rhachioscoliosis [ra-ke-o-sko-le-o' -sis) \_ 'pdxiQ, spine ;
aKo'ALOQ, aKo'Aluaic, a curving]. The condition and
progress of curvature of the spine.
Rhachiostrophosis [ra-ke-o-stro-fo' -sis) \paxf^, spine ;
arpoi^oq, twisted]. Curvature of the spine.
Rhachiotome [ra' -ke-o-tdm) [pd,\-(f, spine ; to/li6<;, cut-
ting]. A cutting instrument used in rhachiotomy.
Rhachiotomy [ra-ke-ot' -o-me) [pd;i-;f, spine ; ro/a'ia, a
cutting]. An incision into or dissection of the spine.
Rhachipagus [ra-kip' -a-gns) [pd;f(f, spine ; irdyoq,
anything fixed]. A double fetal monstrosity in which
the twins are joined back to back by any portion of
fhe spinal column.
Rhachis (ra'-kis) [pd,Y<f]. The spinal column. In
biology, [a) the main petiole of a compound leaf; (b)
the axis of inflorescence ; [c) the shaft of a feather ;
{d) the arched middle area of the dorsal surface of a
trilobite.
Rhachischisis [ra-kis' -kis-is) [/)dj(f , spine ; axK^tv, to
cleave]. A cleft in the vertebral column. Same as
Spina bifida.
RhachitsE (ra-ki'-te) [^imx'iTai'] . The muscles attached to
the vertebral column.
Rhachitic (ra-kit'-ik). See Rachitic.
Rhachitis. See Rachitis.
Rhachitome [ra' -kit-om). Same as Rhachiotome, q. v.
Rhachus [ra'-kus) [pd^oc]. A ragged wound.
Rhacoma [ra-ko'-mah) \_'pdKo<:, a rag]. Excoriation,
rent, or chapping. Also a pendulous, relaxed condi-
tion of the scrotum.
Rhacosis (ra-ko'-sis) [po/iof, a rag]. The condition of
one affected with rhacoma.
Rhacous (ra'-kiis) [pd/vof , a rag]. Wrinkled. Lacer-
ated.
Rhaebocrania or Rhebocrania (re - bo - kra'- ne - ah)
\_'pn.i ii6<; , crooked ; Kpaviov, the skull]. The condition
of wry-neck.
Rhaeboscelia, Rhaebosis (re-bo-se' -le-ah, re-bo' -sis)
[pa(,i(if, crooked ; wfttAof, leg]. Crooked-legged.
RHzESTOCYTHEMIA
1264
RHEGMATOUS
Rhsestocythemia (j-es-to-si-the' -ine-ah). See Rhestocy-
tlieiiiia.
Rhagades (j-ag' -ad-ez) [paydf : of RIuigas'\. Kha-
gadia : linear cracks or fissures in the skin, whether
due to injury or disease. Tliey are most frequently
seen on the palmar and plantar surfaces of the hands
and feet, at the angles of the mouth, the anus, and the
flexures. They are painful on movement.
Rhagadia [rag-a' -de-ah). See Rhagades.
Rhagadiolus [rag-ad-i' -o-ltis) [pajaf, a crack]. A
genus of the Cickoriacea. R. etulis, a variety found
in southern Europe and which possesses aperient and
diuretic properties. R. hedypnois, a variety supposed
to possess aperient properties.
Rhagas [i-a'-gas) \_i>a)ar, a rent: //. , RAagades'\.
Singular of Rliagades (seldom used in the singular).
Rhagite [rag'-li) [payaf, a crack]. A hydrous arseniate
of bismuth occurring in yellow or yellowish-green
crystals.
Rhagon {i-ag'-oii) \_pn^, a grape]. In biology, a type
of sponge-structure characterized by the grape-like ar-
rangement of the spheric chambers. Also called
Dyssyciis. Cf. Ascoii, Leucon, Sycon.
Rhagonate (rag'-o-iidt) \_pa.^, a grape]. Having the
character of a rhagon ; rhagose.
Rhagose {rag'-dz) \_'pd^, a grape]. Racemose ; ar-
ranged like a bunch of grapes.
Rhamma [ram' -a/i) [pd^/za]. Suture, q. v.
Rhamnegin (raiii'-ne-jhi) [/jd/ii'of], Cj.^HjgOj. A glu-
cosid derived from buckthorn -berries.
Rhamnetin [rain-ne' -tin). See Rhainnin.
Rhamnin [ram' -niji) \_pdftvo^, the buckthorn]. A yel-
low, neutral, crystalline substance found in buckthorn.
It contains rhamnetin, a valuable yellow coloring-
matter.
Rhamnite [ram' -nit) [pdfivo^, the buckthorn], CgHj^Oj.
Pentaoxyhexane. ■ Its aldehyd is rhamnose.
Rhamnocathartin (ram'-no-hath-art'-in)[pdfivoc, buck-
thorn ; Katlai^T/Kog, purging]. A yellow, amorphous,
translucent substance ; a bitter principle contained in
the berries of Rhamnm cathartica.
Rhamnose [ram'-noz] [pd/Livnc, the buckthorn] , CgH,.^-
O5. hodidcite or methyl arabinose : one of the glucoses.
It results upon decomposing different glucosids (quer-
citrin, xanthorhamnin, lesperidin) with dilute H^SO^.
It forms large, vitreous crystals containing one molecule
of water, and melting at 93° C. It reduces alkaline
copper solutions, but is not fermented by yeast. See
Carbolivdrates , Table of.
Rhamnotannic Acid, Rhamnotannin iram-no-tan' -
ik, ram-no-tan' -in) [pd//voc, buckthorn ; tannin, tan-
nin]. An astringent, amorphous, neutral greenish-
yellow mass, probably an impure coloring-matter
derived from some variety of Rhamnus.
Rhamnoxanthin [ram-no-zan'-thin) [pd/ivoc, buck-
thorn ; ^ai'Ooc, yellow]. See Frangiilin.
Rhamnus [ram'-nns) [pd/ivor, buckthorn]. One of a
genus of polypetalous shrubs and trees. R. alaternus,
a plant indigenous to northern Africa and the south of
Europe, of which the leaves are astringent and the
fruits bitter and purgative. R. alpinus, Alpine buck-
thorn. The fruits and bark are purgative. R. baccas,
the berries of R. ealharticns. R. californica, Cali-
fornia buckthorn, the bark of which has strong purga-
tive properties. R. carolinianus, a shrub or small
tree with purple berries, found in the southern United
States. R. cathartica, or catharticus, eommoii buck-
thorn ; purging thorn : harts - thorn ; rain - berry ;
thornway ; thorn ; a shrub indigenous to Eurojie, Asia,
and northern Africa; it is cultivated in the United
States. The berries are actively purgative. They are
usually given in a syrujiy vehicle to counteract their irri-
tant effect. R. catharticae fructus, the berries of R.
cathartica. R. crocea, CaHfornia mountain holly ;
an extract of the bark is used in medicine as a mild
laxative and tonic. R. ellipticus, a species used in
medicine as an antisyphilitic. R. frangula, dogwood ;
alder (United States and Br. Ph.). 'fhe bark only is
official and occurs in thin quills, grayish-brown ex-
ternally, and rough ; internally, smooth and yellowish
in color. It is a laxative, but too irritant to prove
of much value in medicine. The berries have been
used as a cathartic. R. frangulae, Extractum, an
aqueous or alcoholic extract of the bark of R.
frangula. R. lineatus, a species indigenous to
China. The root is used in medicine and has diuretic
properties. R. lycioides, a Spanish variety. A de-
coction of the berries is used as an external applica-
tion in rheumatic joint-enlargements. R. pumilus,
dwarf buckthorn ; a variety having mild purgative
properties, the fruit and bark being used. R. purshi-
ana, or purshianus, California buckthorn ; a small
tree which grows in California. The bitter bark consti-
tutes cascara sagrada — official in the Br. Ph. as Rhamni
purshiani corte.x. It contains three resins ; tannic,
malic, and oxalic acids ; a neutral, crystallizable prin-
ciple, and an essential oil. It is used as a laxative,
and is especially valuable in that it exerts a pro-
tracted influence upon the gastro intestinal tract. R.
sanguinea, or sanguineus, used in the treatment of
itch ; a Spanish variety. R. saxatilis, rock buck-
thorn ; the berries and a portion of the bark are said
to be purgative. Rhamni, Succus, the expressed juice
of the fruit of R. catliarticiis. R. virgatus, a variety
found in Hindostan. The fruit is used as a purgative.
R. wightii, an Asiatic variety. The bark is akin in
its action to cascara sagrada. See Buckthorn , Cas-
cara sagrada.
Rhamphoid [ram'-foid) [/)Q«^of,a curved beak; h6o;,
like]. Beak-shaped.
Rhamphos [ra?ii'-fos) [pn/i(j)oc, a beak]. A rostrum.
Rhamphotheca [ram-fo-thc'-hah) \_pafi<poq, a curved
beak ; a sheath]. In biology, the entire horny
integument of the beak of a bird. Cf. dertrotheca,
gnath otheca, rh inotheca .
Rhanter [rant'-er] [pavrr/p, sprinkle]. The inner
canthus, 1/.
Rhaphagra [raf-a'-grah) [patp?}, a seam ; a) pa, a seiz-
ure]. Pain in the cranial sutures.
Rhaphanedon [rafan'-ed-on) l_pa(pav!)6dv^. A trans-
verse fracture.
Rhaphania [raf-a'-ne-ah) [/jn^ai'of, the radish]. Pois-
oning by the black radish, strawberries, or ergot. R.
•marsitica, pellagra, so named because it was thought
to be due to using maize as a food.
Rhaphe [ra'-fe). See Raphe.
Rhaphides [ra' -fid-ez). See Raphis.
Rhaphiostixis {ra-fe-o-stiks'-is) [/Mflc, a needle ; crrif'C,
a piercing]. Same as Acupuncture , q. v.
Rhaphis (ra'-fis). See Raphis.
Rhaphosymphysis (ra-fo-sim'-fis-is) \_'pa(pii, a seam;
o'r/iipv<yi(:, a symphysis]. Ossification of a suture.
Rhapontic [ra-pon'-tik) [rhapontici/m']. Rhubarb.
Rhatany [rat'-an-e). See Krameria.
Rhea (n-'-^^/zV ':^^wox\ymo{ Ramie-fiber, q. v.
Rheadin (re'-ad-in). An insoluble crystalline alkaloid
of opium.
Rhegma (r<i,''-/W/) [/»/)//«: pi., Rhegmata]. ^
rupture, or puncture of the walls of a vessel or of the
containing membrane of a tissue, as, for example, the
coats of the eye, the walls of the peritoneum. Also,
the bursting of an abscess.
Rhegmatous (reg'-mat-us) [pvya, a rent]. In a rent
or ruptured condition.
RHEIC ACID
1265
RHEUMATISM
Rheic Acid [/'f'-ii)\_p>/oi', rhubarb], CjjHjgO^. An amor-
phous red powder. Synonym of Chrysophanic Acid.
Rhein [re' -in) [/i'/or, rhubarb]. I. The precipitate
from a tincture of Rheum palinatum ; it is cathartic,
tonic, cholagogue, and antiseptic. Dose I to 4 grains.
Unof. 2. Same as Chrysarobin .
Rheinic Acid (j-e-in' -ik). SeeAcii/, Chrysophanic.
Rhembasmus [rem-baz' -mus) [_pefii3eii', to wander].
Mental distraction, or wandering.
Rhenchos [i-en'-kos] [_ptyKeiv, to snore]. Synonym of
Snoring.
Rheocord (j-e' -o-kord^ [pf"', flow ; x^P^^'l-^ ^ cord]. An
instrument serving to graduate the strength of the gal-
vanic current. See Rheostat.
Rheometer (i-e-oin'-et-e>-) [/)fOf, current; fj-(Tpov, a
measure] . A device for ascertaining the electromotive
force or voltage of a given current. A galvanometer.
Also, an instrument for measuring the amount of fluid
(e. g. , blood) passing through a canal or vessel. See
Stroniiilir.
Rheometric {re-o-met' -rik) [p^oc, current ; fxeTpov,
measure]. Pertaining to the rheometer.
Rheometry [i-e-oni' -et-i-c) [pf of . current ; fihpov, meas-
ure]. The measurement of electric currents ; gal-
vanometry.
'ShtOTnoioi[re-o-mo'-tor)[_j3£'n', to flow ; motor, a mover].
An apparatus used to generate an electric current.
Rheonone [re' -o-non) \_pkoq, a current]. An instru-
ment constructed by von Fleischl to measure the exact
effect of nerve-irritation.
Rheophore (re'-o-for) \_peoc, current; (bepeiv, to carry].
Any conducting substance leading from the poles of
a galvanic battery, coil, or dynamo. Practically the
terminals or electrodes which the patient receiving the
current grasps in his hands, or which are applied to his
body.
Rheoscope [re' -o-skop') [pt'of, current ; CKOVtiv, to ex-
amine]. An instrument for demonstrating the exist-
ence of an electric current. R., Physiologic, or
Rheoscopic Limb, a moist conductor placed upon a
sensitive nerve-muscle preparation.
Rheoscopic [re-o-skop' -ik) [/j^of, current ; OKOTreiv, to
view]. Pertaining to the rheoscope.
Rheostat [re'-o-stat) [pfof, current; iardi'a/, to stand].
An instrument for the measurement or comparison of
the resistance of an electric current. When a battery-
current of absolute imiformity of electromotive force
is required, a rheostat is usually introduced within the
circuit in order to effect such uniformity. R., Water,
a rheostat the resistance of which is obtained by means
of a mass of water of fixed dimensions.
Rheostatic [re-o-stat' -ik) [/)fof , current ; lOTavat, to
stand]. Pertaining to the rheostat.
Rheostatics [re-o-stat' -iks) [pfof, current ; IcTavai, to
stand]. The statics of fluids.
Rheotannic Acid //^) [p^/ov, rhubarb ; tannin,
tannin], C.j^jH.^^Oj^. A reddish or yellowish-brown
powder obtained from rhubarb.
Rheotome [re'-o-tom) [/i/Jof, current ; Ttfiveiv, to cut].
An instrument for breaking and making the Faradic
current.
Rheotrope [re'-o-trop) [pEiv, to flow : TpeKeiv, to turn].
A device for periodically reversing the direction of
an electric current.
Rheotropism [re-of -ro-pizni) [pf"', to flow ; rpineiv,
to turn]. In biology, Jonsson's term applied to the
effect produced by a current of water upon the direction
of plant-growth. The phenomenon is called positive
rheotropism when the plant grows with the current ;
negative rheotropism when the plant grows against it.
Rhestocythemia, or Rhaestocythaemia [res-to-si-thc' -
tne-ah ) [/jfi/orof , destroyed ; kvtoq, cell ; aifia, blood].
80
A condition related to the presence of the products of
degeneration of red blood-corpuscles contained in
cells within the liver and spleen and perhaps other
organs.
Rhetoranche [rct-or' -ang-ke) \_pi/Tupa, a public speaker ;
ayKeii', to press tight]. Synonym of Phaiyngitis,
P'o/liiitlar.
Rheum [re'-ttm) \_pijov, rhubarb]. Rhubarb. The root
of R. officinalis, the Chinese variety being commonly
used. It contains several active extractives, and is a
popular tonic astringent, and in large doses purgative.
R., Ext. Dose gr. x-xv. R., Ext., Fid. Dose
gss-ij. R., Infus. (B. P.) Dose gj-ij. R., Pil.,
each containing rhubarb gr. iij, soap gr. j. Dose j-iij.
R., Pil., Comp., each contains rhubarb gr. ij, aloes
gr. jss, myrrh gr. j, oil of peppermint gr. jL. Dose
ij-iv. R., Pulv., Comp., rhubarb 25, magnesia 65,
ginger 10. Dose I teaspoonful. R. et Sodae., Mist.,
fld. ext. rhubarb, sodium dicarb., spt. peppermint aa
30, water ad looo parts. Dose gij-^ij- R-, Syr.,
rhubarb go, cinnamon 18, potassium carb. 6, sugar
600, water ad 1000 parts. Dose 3j-5ss. R., Syr.,
Aromat., arom. tinct. 10, syr. simp. go. Dose v^]-
^ ss. R., Tinct., rhubarb 12, cardamom 2, dil. alcohol
ad 100 parts. Dose^j-^ss. R., Tinct., Aromat.,
rhubarb 20, cinnamon 4, cloves 4, nutmeg 2, dil. alco-
hol ad 100 parts. Dose 3 j-iij. R., Tinct., Dulcis,
rhubarb 8, liquorice 4, anise 4, cardamom I, dil. alco-
hol ad ICQ parts. Dose ^ ss-ij. R., Vinum, rhu-
barb 10, calamus I, stronger white wine ad 100 parts.
Dose zj-_5ss.
Rheum [rum) [pev/ja, flow]. Any catarrhal discharge,
or watery flux ; the fluid of such a discharge. [Old.]
R.-salt, a vulgar term for chronic eczema.
Rheuma [ru'-mah). Same as Rheum. R. epidemi-
cum. Synonym of Inllitenza. R. ventris. Syn-
onym of Dysentery.
Rheumarthritis [riim-arth-ri' -tis) [^pevfia, a flowing ;
apOpov, a joint ; irrc, inflammation]. A synonym of
Acute Articular Rheumatism.
Rheumarthrosis [ru-mar-thro'-sis) \_'pevfia, flow; a.p6-
poy, a joint]. Rheumatism of the joints.
Rheumatalgia (/■«-W(?'/-(7/'-;e'-rt// ) [/)£i)//a, flux ; o^-yof,
pain]. Rheumatic pain.
Rheumatic [ru-iiuit'-ik)\_pevixaTiK6^'\. Relating to, of
the nature of, or aft'ected with, rheumatism. R. An-
esthesia, anesthesia associated with rheumatism. R.
Apoplexy, the stupor or coma sometimes present in
the course of acute rheumatism. R. Diathesis, the
condition of body tending to the development of rheu-
matism. R. Fever. Synonym of Rheumatism. R.
Gout. Synonym of Rheumatoid Arthritis.
Rheumatism [rum' -at-izm) [pEVfiaTiafJt6c:'\. Rheumatic
Fever; a disease characterized by severe, fitful, and
shifting lancinating pains in the joints, and in the
muscles, with fever, and inflammatory swelling of the
affected parts. It may be acute or chronic. Acute
rheumatism is a self-limited affection lasting, untreated,
for about six weeks. It is characterized by elevation
of temperature, acid perspiration, and pain, redness
and swelling of various large joints, often with effu-
sion. Inflammation of the serous membranes, particu-
larly of the endocardium, is a common association.
There is a great tendency to relapses. The blood
contains an excess of fibrin, and is said to contain
an excess of lactic acid. To this latter cause, also to
cold and to microorganisms, has been ascribed the ori-
gin of the affection. Subcutaneous nodules form
frequently in connection with the fibrous structures,
such as tendons, fasciae, etc. The disease is most
frequent in young persons under twenty-five years
of age and in those who show a strong hereditary
RHEUMATISMAL
1266
RHINENCEPHAL
tendency. Chronic rheumatism appears rather in mid-
dle and late life than in the young. Stiflness, pain
and deformity are the most prominent symptoms. R.,
Apoplectic, rheumatism complicated with apoplexy
due to cerebral congestion. R., Articular. See Rlieii-
matistii. R., Blennorrhagic. See /\^, Gonorrlieal.
R., Cerebral, rheumatism associated with welhmarked
cerebral symptoms. R., Diaphragmatic, rheumatism
of the diaphragm. R., Encephalic. Synonym of A'. ,
Cerebral. R., Epidemic Muscular, muscular rheu-
matism occurring in an epidemic form. R., Gonor-
rheal, Gonorrlieal Synovitis ; UretJiral Kheiiiiiatism :
arthritis associated with urethritis. It is probably
a metastatic infection and attacks the wrist, ankle, or
knee by preference. It is most common in men, and
is sometimes attended with endocardial involvement.
R., Gouty. Synonym of Rheumatoid Arthritis. R.
of the Gullet, a functional condition of the esophagus
causing painful deglutition. R. of the Heart, an af-
fection of the heart occurring in the course of rheu-
matism. Also a synonym of Angina pectoris. R.,
Heberden's, rheumatism of small joints, with the
formation of nodosities. R., Hemorrhagic, rheuma-
tism with a tendency to hemorrhage. R., Infectious,
articular manifestations of a general infection. R.,
Muscular, that form affecting single muscles or groups
of muscles. R., Neuralgic, muscular rheumatism
Vi'hich is truly a neuralgia of the sensory nerves of
a muscle. R., Nodular. See Arthritis defor7na)is .
R., Periosteal, a variety of periostitis common in
syphilitics. R., Puerperal, a variety of rheumatism
supposed to originate from some disorder of the uro-
genital tract in pregnant, lying-in or menstruating
women, as does gonorrheal rheumatism. R.-root.
See Jeffersonia diphylla. R., Scarlatinal, a rheuma-
toid atiection occurring occasionally in the course of
scarlet fever and which may lead to suppurative
arthritis. R., Scorbutic, an enlargement of the joints
in a person suflering from scurvy. R., Spinal, a mild
form of spinal meningitis. R. of the Spine. A
synonym of Spondylitis deformans. R. of the Supe-
rior Portion of the Spinal Cord. Synonym of
Tetany. R., Synovial, a rheumatic affection of the
synovial membranes usually leading to large serous effu-
sions. R., Syphilitic. Synonym of A'., Periosteal.
R., Urethral. Synonym of R., Gonorrheal. R. of
the Uterus, a true rheumatism of the uterine muscle,
but, according to some authorities, a neuralgia of the
uterus. R., Venereal, 'n^wowjm oi R. , Gonorrheal.
R., Vertebro-meningeal. Synonym of A'., Spinal.
R., Visceral, rheumatism affecting the viscera.
Rheumatismal {ru-mat-iz' -mal^. Same as Rheumatic.
Rheumatismus [rn-juat-iz^-mus) [L.]. See Rhennia-
lisiii. R. calidus. 'Synonymoi Acute Articular Rhen-
matism. R. cervicis. .Synonym of Torticollis. R.
colli. Synonym of Torticollis. R. cordis, rheuma-
tism of the heart. R. coxae. Synonym of Coxal-
gia. R. dorsi, rheumatism of the spinal muscles
and ligaments. R. febricosus. Synonym of Rheu-
matic Fever. R. febrilis exanthematicus. Syn-
onym of Dengue. R. flatuosus. Synonym of E711-
physema. R. lumborum muscularis. Synonym of
Lumbago. R. muscularis. Synonym of Muscular
Rheumatism . R. nodosus. Synonym of Rheiuua-
toid Arthritis. R. odontalgicus. Synonym of Odon-
talgia. R. pectoris. Synonym of Pleurodynia.
Rheumatocolica {rum'-at-o-kol'-ik-ah) [/'yev/ia, a flux ;
Ku'/.iiwr, pertaining to the colon]. Rheumatic colic.
Rheumatodynia \riim-at-o-din' -e-ah^ [^pev/xa, a flux ;
ixVi'V!), pain]. A dull rheumatic pain.
Rheumatoid {rum' -at-oid) [pFv//a, a flux; fiAor, re-
semblance]. Resembling rheumatism. R. Arthritis,
a disease of the joints characterized by chronic inflam-
matory and degenerative changes involving the struc-
ture of the various articulations and resulting in rigid-
ity and deformity.
Rheumatoidal [ru-niat-oi' -dal). Same as Rheuma-
toid.
Rheumatokelis [rti-f/iat-o-ke'-lis) [pii'/m, a flux; Kr/Xtg,
a spot]. A term applied by Fuchs to purpura occur-
ring in conjunction with rheumatism.
Rheumatophthisis {ru-iiiat-off' -this-is) [pevfia, a flux;
(pHiaig, wasting]. Atrophy the result of rheuma-
tism.
Rheumato-pneumonia [ru - mat - 0 - nu - mo' -ne-ah )
pEVfia, a flux ; TTi'tv/uovia, pneumonia]. Pneumonia
dependent upon rheumatism.
Rheumatopyra (ru-mat-o-pi'-rah) [pEVfia, flux ; irvp,
tire] . Rheumatic fever.
Rheumic [ru'-mih) \_ptvfia, flux]. Allied to rheu-
matism. A term applied to a diathesis which gives
rise to cutaneous eruptions. R. Acid, CjoHigOj,, an
acid formed by treating rheotannic acid with dilute
acids.
Rheumin {^re - uni' - in^. Synonym of Acid, Chryso-
phanic.
Rheumoparotiditis {ru-mopar-o-tid-i'-tis) ['pevfia, a
flux ; TTapuTig, the parotid gland; m^, inflammation].
Rheumatic parotiditis.
Rheumophthalmia {rii-moff-thal' -me-ah') [pMy;a, flux;
bifida'/ pia, ophthalmia]. Rheumatic ophthalmia.
Rheumotylus [rzi - mo '- til - us) \_pnpa, flux ; tvXo(,
a knob]. A callus the result of rheumatism.
Rheumy [ru'-me) \_pcvpa, flux]. Affected by or caus-
ing rheum.
Rheusis (ru'-sis) [pEJmf]. A flow. Especially applied
to a discharge from the genitals of the female.
Rhexis (reks'-is) [p?/f(f, rupture]. Rupture of any
organ.
Rhicnosis [rik-no'-sis) \^ptKv6g, shriveled]. A wrink-
ling of the skin, the result of muscular atrophy.
Rhigolene [rig'-o-len) [plyog, cold]. A product of
petroleum obtained by repeated distillation. It is
used as a spray to produce local anesthesia in minor
surgical operations, as in the use of the actual cautery.
It acts by chilling the part to which it is applied.
Unof
Rhigos (I'i^-gos) \_pixtlv, to shiver]. Synonym of
Rigor.
Rhinacanthus (ri-na-han'-thus) [pic, nose ; arnvBoq,
a canthus]. The leaves and root of the Asiatic plant,
R. communis, with properties due to rhinocattt/mt, a
substance resembling hydroquinone. It is a local
remedy for parasitic skin-diseases. Unof
Rhinaesthesia [ri-nes-the'-ze-ah). See Rhincsthesia.
Rhinaeus {ri-ne'-us') [p/f, the nose]. Synonym of
Compressor naris. See Muscles, Table of.
Rhinal [ri'-nal) nose]. Pertaining to the nose.
Rhinalgia (ri - nal'-je - ah) [p/f (^£'«. /wi'df), nose;
aAyof, pain]. Pain in the nose.
Rhinanchone (ri-jian'-ho-ne) [p/f, the nose ; ay.roi^,
strangulation]. Painful constriction of the nasal pas-
sages.
Rhinantralgia (ri-nan-tral' -je-ah) [pic, the nose;
avrpov, a cavity; a^; of, pain]. Pain in the cavities
of the nose.
Rhinarium (ri-na'-re-uin) [p/f, nose: pi., Rhinana\
I. A small nose. 2. In biology, a portion of the
front part of the cephalic exoskeleton of certain insects
(Neuroptera, Coleoptera).
Rhinelcos (ri-nel'-kos) [/«c, the nose; t'AKor, an ulcer].
A nasal ulcer.
Rhinencephal {ri - nen'- sef - al). Same as AV/Z/W'-
cephalon.
RHINENCEPHALIA
1267
RHINOLITHIASIS
Rhinencephalia (ri-uen-sef-a'-le-nk) [p(f , the nose ;
tyKS^aloQ, the brain]. A monstrosity with an ex-
treme elongation of the nose.
Rhinencephalic [i-i-iien-sef-al' -ik) [p/f, nose ; tyKe(j>a-
Aof, brain], I. Pertaining to or of the nature of a
rhinencephalus. 2. Pertaining to the rhinencepha-
lon.
Rhinencephalon [>'i-nen-sef' -al-oyi) [p/f , nose ; iyKt^a-
7io^, brain]. The olfactory lobe or segment of the
brain.
Rhinencephalous (ri-nen-sef -al-us) [p/f , nose ; iy/ct-
(pa'Aoi;, brain]. Same as Rhinencephalic.
Rhinencephalus (ri-nen-sef -al-us). See Rhinocepha-
his.
Rhinenchysia [ri-ncn-ki' -ze-ah) [ p/f, the nose ; syxvai^,
a pouring in]. Douching of the nasal passages.
Rhinenchyta {ri-nen' -kit-ah) [p(f , the nose ; iyx^'OQ,
poured in]. A nasal syringe.
Rhinenchytous (ri-nen' -kit-ns) [p/f, nose ; ey^v*^™? >
poured in]. Pertaining to nasal injections.
Rhinenchytum {ri-nen' -kit-uin) [p'i', nose ; eyxelv, to
pour in]. A liquid used in nasal douching.
Rhinesthesia, Rhinesthesis {ri-nes-the' -ze-ah, ri-nes'-
the-sis) [p'f, nose ; alaHiiai(;, sensation]. The sense
of smell.
Rhineurynter (ri-nu-rin'-le;-) [p/r, nose; evpbven>, to
dilate]. An instrument consisting of a bag or sac, to
be inflated after insertion into the nostril.
Rhiniatry (ri-ni'-at-re) [p;f, the nose; iarpei, a medi-
cal treatment]. Synonym of Rhinology.
Rhinic (rin'-ik) [p(f, nose]. Pertaining to the nose.
Rhinion (rin' -e-on) [piviof, a small nose]. In crani-
ometry, the lower point of the suture between the nasal
bones. See Craniometric Points.
Rhinismus (ri-niz' -inus) [p/f , nose]. A nasal quality
of voice.
Rhinitis (ri-ni' -tis) [p/c> the nose ; nii,, inflammation].
Inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane. R.,
Acute, acute nasal catarrh ; coryza ; the so-called
"cold in the head." It is marked by chilliness,
sneezing, profuse mucous discharge, and a feeling of
stuffiness in the nose. R. caseosa, a rare affection
of the nose characterized by occlusion of the nasal
fossae, extreme fetor, and the discharge of a gelatin-
ous mass from time to time from the nares and choanas.
This mass is composed of an amorphous substance
containing a great number of white corpuscles and
fatty cells and crystals of stearin. R. catarrhalis.
See Coryza. R., Chronic Atrophic, ozena; a
chronic inflammation, with subsequent atrophy of the
mucous membrane of the nose, accompanied by the
formation of dry crusts and by a very offensive odor.
This disease is most frequently seen in anemic young
women. R., Chronic Catarrhal. Synonym of R.,
Chronic Hypertrophic. R., Chronic Hypertrophic,
chronic nasal catarrh , a chronic inflammatory condi-
tion of the mucous membrane of the nose, with profuse
watery or muco-purulent discharge and an hypertro-
phied condition of the nasal mucous membrane. It fol-
lows repeated acute coryzas. R., Cirrhotic. Synonym
of R., Atrophic. R., Fetid Atrophic. See R.,
Chronic Atrophic. R. Fibrinous, a rare form of
rhinitis, with development of false membrane in the
nose. R., Pruriginous. Synonym of Hay-fever.
R., Pseudo-membranous, a rhinitis in which an
opaque exudate covers the inflamed area. R., Scle-
rotic. See Ozena. R. sicca. See Atrophic Catarrh.
R., Simple, the stage of rhinitis preceding hypertro-
phic or atrophic changes. R. sympathetica, a term
descriptive of reflex neuroses of the nasal passages.
R. ulcerosa. Synonym of Ozena. R., Vaso-
motor. Synonym of Hay-fever.
Rhino- (ri'-no-) [/wf, pn'df, nose]. A prefix denoting
relation to or connection with the nose.
Rhinoblennorrhea (ri-no-hlen-or-e' -ah) [p/f, the nose ;
/3/frin, mucus; pom, a flowing]. Synonym oi Rhi-
norrhca.
Rhinobyon (ri-no' -be-on) [pi'f, nose ; pbeiv, to stop].
A nasal plug or tampon.
Rhinocace (ri-nok' -as-e) [p/f, nose ; Kanoc, evil]. Fetid
ulceration of the nose.
Rhinocarcinoma (ri-no-kar-sin-o' -inali) [p/f, the nose;
napnivu/ia, carcinoma]. Nasal carcinoma.
Rhino-catarrhus [ri-no-kat-ar' -riis) [p/f, the nose ;
KaTappo(;, catarrh]. Synonym of Coryza.
Rhinocaul (ri' -no-ka-iol) [p/f, the nose; mvkoc,, a.
stalk]. The crus, peduncle, or support of the olfac-
tory bulb.
Rhinocele, Rhinoccele (ri' - no - sel), or Rhinocoelia
(ri-no-se'-le-a) [p/f, nose ; Koi/Ja, hollow]. The hol-
low, or ventricle, of the rhinencephalon ; in man it is
very small, or quite obliterated.
Rhinocephalus (ri-no-sef -al-us) [p/f, nose ; iie<paXij,
head], A cyclocephalic monster, the nose resembling
a tube or trunk, the eyes fused in the median line and
below the nose.
Rhinocereal (ri-no-se'-re-al). Synonym of Pug-nose.
Rhinocleisis (r/-«()-/^/?'''-j«) [p/f, nose; /tXe/ffif, fasten-
ing]. Nasal obstruction.
Rhinocnesmus (li-nok-nez' -nuts) [p/f, the nose ; Kvrja-
pof, an itching]. Itching of the nose.
Rhinodacryolithus (ri-no-dak-re-o-lith' -us) [p/f, the
nose; 6aKpvoi\ a tear; A/Sof, a stone]. A lacrymal
stone in the nasal duct.
Rhinoderma (ri-no-der' -mah). Synonym of Keratosis
pilaris.
Rhinodynia (ri-no-din' -e-ah) [p/f, nose ; bfi'vvr], pain].
Any pain ia the nose.
Rhinogramma (ri-tio-gram' -ah) [p/f, nose ; ypdpifia, a
line]. The nasal line.
Rhinolalia (ri - no - la'- le - ah) [p/f, the nose; Xakia,
speech]. Synonym of Dyslalia nasalis. R. aperta,
naso-palatine dyslalia, the nasal fossa and naso-pharyn-
geal cavity communicating with the pharynx. R.
clausa, naso-palatine dyslalia caused by a separation
of the nasal fossa or naso-pharyngeal cavity from the
pharynx.
Rhino-laryngitis (ri-no-lar-in-ji'-tis) [p/f, the nose ;
Tiapvy^, the larynx ; trig, inflammation]. Simulta-
neous inflammation of the mucosa of the nose and
the larynx.
Rhinolaryngology (ri-no-lar-in-gol' -o-je) [p/f, nose ;
Xapvy^, larynx; Aoyof, science]. The science of the
anatomy, physiology and pathology of the nose and the
larynx.
Rhinolerema (ri-no-ler' -e-mah) [p/f, the nose ; 'Arjpr]i_m,
silly talk]. Same as Rhinoleresis.
Rhinoleresis (ri-no-ler-e' -sis) [p/f, nose ; 'Ai/pi^ait;, folly].
Perverted olfactory sense.
Rhinolethrum (ri-no-leth'-ruin) [p/f, the nose ; b/eOpog,
destruction]. Destruction of the nose.
Rhinolith (ri'-no-lith) [p/f, nose; ?IHoc, stone]. A
nasal calculus. Cozzolini makes a distinction between
true rhinoliths, in which the calcareous deposit becomes
formed around a nucleus of mucus or of blood, and
falie rhinoliths, the more common, in which a foreign
body, such as a cherry-stone, a bead, or, the like, has
formed the nucleus. The former are rarely found be-
fore the fortieth year of age ; the latter may be found
at any age, the foreign body often having been inserted
in play during childhood.
Rhinolithiasis [ri-no-lith-i' -as-is) [p/f, nose; X'idoq,
stone]. The condition and progress of calculus of the
nasal fossa.
RHINOLOGIC
1268
RHIZOCARPIC
Rhinologic {ri-no-Ioj'-i/c) [pif, nose; /i6>o(:, science].
Pertaining to rhinology.
Rhinologist {ri-noF -o-jiit) [p/f, nose ; 'Aoyoq, science].
A specialist in the treatment of nasal diseases.
Rhinology [ri-nol' -o-je) [pif, nose; /io}or, science].
The science of the anatomy, functions, and diseases of
the nose.
Rhinometer (i-i-iioiii'-et-e!-) \_'pic, nose; fierpov, mea-
sure]. An instrument for aiding in the diagnosis of
obstructive diseases of the naso-pharynx.
Rhinommectome {^ri-nom-juek' -tome) the nose ;
o////a, the eye ; iKTojii], il cutting out]. Excision of
the inner canthus of the eye.
Rhinonecrosis i^ri-no-ne-kro' -sis) [p/f, nose; veKp(j^i^,
death]. Necrotic disease of the nasal bones.
Rhinopharyngitis [ri - no - far - in - ji'- (is) [p/f , nose ;
^ap!)} pharynx ; ;rif, inflammation]. Inflammation
of the nose and pharynx, or of the naso-pharynx.
Rhino-pharynx {ri-no-far' -ingks). See Naso-pharynx.
Rhinophonia [ri-no-fo' -ne-ah)\j3'L^,noi,e. ; <^uvi], sound].
A nasal tone in speaking.
Rhinophore [ri' -no-for) [p/f, piv, nose ; ipfpeiv, to
bear]. In biology, one of the posterior pair of tenta-
cles of certain molluscs, possibly olfactory in function.
Any external olfactory organ.
Rhinophyma (ri-no-fi' -7nak) [p/f , nose ; (fv^a, tumor :
pL, Rhinophymata\ A hypertrophic form of rosacea
confined to the nose, perinasal portions of the cheeks
and forehead, and the lobes of the ears, and marked
by a new growth of vessels and connective tissue and
chronically enlarged glands, producing a bulbous and
knotted organ. It is usually seen in advanced alco-
holism.
Rhinoplastic (ri-no-plas' -tik) [p''f> nose ; ir'ka.aatw , to
mold]. Pertaining to or having the character of
rhinoplasty. R. Operation, a surgical operation for
creating an artificial nose or reconstructing a nose par-
tially destroyed.
Rhinoplasty (ri' -Jio-plas-te) [p/f , nose ; Tr'A-aaaeiv, to
mold]. A plastic operation upon the nose, to replace
lost tissue. R., English, Syme's operation, in which
flaps are taken from the cheek. R., German, v.
Graefe's modification of the Tagliacotian rhinoplasty.
The entire operation is done at a single sitting.
R. of V. Graefe, R., German, q. v. R., Hetero-
plastic, rhinoplasty in which the tissues are re-
moved from some person other than the one operated
upon. R., Indian, an operation originating in India,
in which the flap is taken from the forehead. R.,
Italian. Synonym of A'. , Tagliacotian. R., Langen-
beck's, a modification of the Indian method, in which
the periosteum is included in the frontal flap. See
Operations, Table of. R., Osteoplastic, rhinoplasty
with transplantation of a cartilaginous flap to re-
place the septum nasi. R., Periosteal. See R.,
Langenbeck' s. R. of Post, a modified Tagliacotian
rhinoplasty, in which the flap is taken from the finger
of the patient. R. of Syme, English rhinoplasty,
q. V. R., Tagliacotian, rliinoplasty as performed by
Tagliacozzi. The flap is taken from the skin of the arm.
R. of Wood, rhinoplasty in which an inverted flap
from the upper lip is elongated by detaching the
mucous from the cutaneous surface from the root of
the flap to its free border. This defect is covered with
lateral flaps from the cheeks.
Rhinopolypus (ri-no-poF -ip-us) [p/r, nose; iro'kvrrvc,
polypus]. Polypus of the nose.
Rhinoptia [ri-nop' -she-ah) [p/f, the nose ; oTrriif , seen] .
Internal strabi.smus.
Rhinorrhagia (ri-nor-a'-je-ah) [p/?, nose; p7/yi>vvai, to
burst forth]. Copious hemorrhage from the nose.
Rhinorrhaphy (ri-nor' -a-fe) [p/f, nose; pa^^, suture].
Reduction of the tissue of the nose by section, and
by suturing the edges of the wound.
Rhinorrhea (;';'-;?<);--t"'-rt/^) [p/f,nose; pom, a flow]. A
mucous discharge from the nostrils.
Rhinorrheal [ri-nor-e' -al ) [/xf, nose; po/a, a flow].
Relating to or of the nature of rhinorrhea.
Rhinoscleroma (ri-no-sk/e-ro'-mah)\_'pig, nose ; OKkripd^,
hard ; bjia, tumor]. A granulation new-growth of
almost stony hardness, aftecting the anterior nares and
adjacent parts. The disease commences in the mucous
membrane of the anterior nares and adjoining skin.
The lesions consist of flattish, isolated, or coalescent
nodules or raised plaques, imbedded in the cutis vera.
Their growth is slow, and recurrence takes place if re-
moval is attempted. The cause of the affection is not
certainly known, but it is thought by some to be due
to a bacillus which is nearly always present.
Rhinoscope [ri' -no-skop) [_pic;, nose ; oKoneiv, to ob-
serve]. An instrument for examination of the cavities
of the nose.
Rhinoscopic {ri-7to-skop' -ik) [p'f , nose ; aicoTrdv, to
view]. Pertaining to the rhinoscope, or to rhinoscopy.
Rhinoscopy [ri-nos' -ko-pe) [p'f , the nose ; anonelv, to
observe]. Examination of the nasal fossa; by means
of the rhinoscope ; that of the anterior nares is termed
anterior rliinoscopy ; that of the posterior nares, /«-
terior rhinoscopy.
Rhinosis [ri-no' -sis). Synonym of Rhic7iosis.
Rhinostegnosis (ri-no-steg-no' -sis) [p(f, nose ; arky-
ruffig, obstruction]. Nasal obstruction.
Rhinostenose (i-i-nos-te'-ndz). A synonym of Rhinitis
atrophica.
Rhinotheca [ri-no-the'-kah) [pif, nose ; df/Kri, a sheath:
//., Rhinotliecic'\. In biology, a portion of the in-
tegument of the upper mandible of a bird.
Rhinothecal [ri- no -the' - kal) [p/c, nose; SiiKri, a
sheath]. Pertaining to the rhinotheca.
Rhinothrix [ri' -no-thriks) [ptf, nose; 6p\^, hair; //.,
Rhinotriclies^. A hair growing in the nostril.
Rhipidium [ri-pid'-e-um] \_pLiTL&iov, dim. of p"r/f, a
fan: //. , Rhipidia\ In biology, Eichler's term for
a fan-shaped cymose inflorescence, occurring in mono-
cotyledons, in which the successive branches are in
the same plane, each from the back of the preceding.
The Fdchel of Buchenau.
Rhipidura [rip-id' -u-rah) Ipnrlc, a fan; ovpa, tail].
The posterior pair of pleopoda and the telson, when
these parts are developed as in the A/acntra.
Rhiptasmus [rip-taz' -nnis) [p/Trracr/^o?]. Synonym of
Ballismzis.
Rhis [ris) [p'f]. Synonym of A^ose.
Rhizagra [riz-a' -grah) \p'i-l,a, root; aypa, seizure]. An
instrument for extracting the roots of teeth.
Rhizanthous [ri-zan' -thus) [p/Ca,root; dvf^of, flower].
In biology, flowering from the root.
Rhizantoicous [ri-zan-toi'-kus) \_pi(a, root; dm, op-
posite ; uIkoc, dwelling]. In biology, applied to
mosses that bear both organs of reproduction on the
same plant, the antheridium on a short branch con-
nected with the archegonium by the rhizome.
Rhizias [riz'-e-as) [p^Cmc]. A medicine made from
roots.
Rhizina [ri-zi'-nah) [p/fa, a root : //. , Rhizinaf]. Same
as Rhizoid.
Rhizine [ri' -zin) [pICa, root]. Same as Rhizoid.
Rhizinous [ri-zi'-nus) [p/Ca, root]. In biology, having
rhizoids.
Rhizo- [ri'-zo-) [p/Co, a root]. A prefix denoting con-
nection with or relation to a root.
Rhizocarpic [ri-zo-kar' -pik) [p/fa, root ; mpirbq, fruitj.
In biology, having the stem annual, but the root per-
ennial.
RHIZOCARPOUS
1269
RHODOMEL
Rhizocarpous (ri - zo - kar'- pits) {_iiiC,a, root; KapKOi;,
fruit]. In biology, a term sometimes applied to her-
baceous plants whose roots live on from year to year.
Rhizocaul (ri' -zo-kaivl) [pt?a, root; /cauP.df, stalk]. In
biology, the portion of a polyp by which it is fastened
to its support.
Rhizocephalous {j-i-zo-sef -al-tis) {fiKa, root; Kf^aA?/,
head]. In biology, rooted by the head.
Rhizodontropy [ri-zo-doii'-tro-pe) \_pi^a, root; bSo'vi;,
tooth; rponii, turn, pivot]. The pivoting of an arti-
ficial crown upon the root of a tooth.
Rhizodontrypy (j-i-zo-do)i' -trip-e) \_f>i(a, root ; o(5ot'f,
tooth; TfjvTT/i, hole]. The surgical puncture of the
root of a tooth.
Rhizogen [ri'-zo-jen^ [p'f«> root; yevi/t;, producing].
A plant parasitic upon the roots of another plant. A
part or organ from which roots or root-hairs grow.
Rhizogenic (j'i-zo-jen'-ik) [pifa, a root ; yevr/g, produc-
ing]. In biology, root-producing. A term applied
to the cells in the pericambium, just in front of a
xylem ray of a fibro-vascular bundle, and which give
origin to root-branches.
Rhizography {^ri-zog' -ra-fe) {_piCa, root ; ypa<pELv, to
write]. A descriptive treatise on the roots of plants.
Rhizoid (ri'-zoid) root ; fiJof, form]. In biol-
ogy, slender, root-like filaments, the organs of attach-
ment in many cryptogams ; like a root.
'Rh\zoma.(ri-zo' -ma/i) \_pi^^L>fia : pi. , Rhizoinata\. Same
as Rliizoiiie.
Rhizomania {ri-zo-ma' -ne-ali) \p'iC,a, a root; jiav'ia,
madness]. In biology, an unusual or abnormal devel-
opment of adventitious roots.
Rhizomatoid {ri-zo' -mat-oid') [_pl(^ijfia, a mass of roots ;
eldof , resemblance] . Resembling a rhizome.
Rhizome (ri'-zoiii) [/«'Ca, root]. In biology, a prostrate
or subterranean stem, having roots at its nodes and a
bud or shoot at its apex.
Rhizomorph i^ri'-zo-morf) [p/i^a, root ; jxop^ii, form].
In biology, the long, flocculent mycelium of several
species of Agariciis.
Rhizomorphoid {i-i-zo-mor' -foid) [pii^a, root ; /iiop<j»'/,
form ; £/(5of, form]. Having the form of a root.
Rhizomorphous [ri-zo-mor' -fits) [p'C". root; nopqnj,
form]. In biology, in shape and appearance like a root.
Rhizonychia [ri-zo-nik' -e-ali) [ptCa, a root ; ovv^, the
nail]. The root of the nail.
Rhizonychial [i-i-zo-nik' -e-al) [p'Ca, root ; ovv^, nail].
Pertaining to a rhizonychium.
Rhizonychium {ri-zo-nik' -e-itni) \p'iZ,a, root ; oi'c^, a
claw : //, , RJiizonicIiia\. In biology, the claw-bearing
phalanx of a digit.
Rhizophagous (ri-zoff' -cig-its) [pffoi^dyof, eating roots] .
Root-eating.
Rhizophora [ri-zoff^-or-aJi) [_ptCci, a root ; (fiopo^, a bear-
ing]. Mangrove. In its several varieties it is used
medicinally.
Rhizophore -zo-for) \_'piL,a, a root ; (popor, bear]. In
Selaginella a leafless shoot, which grows downward
and from the end of which the true roots originate as
soon as it penetrates the ground.
Rhizophorous {ri-zoff' -or-us) l_pi(a, root; (pipeiv, to
bear]. In biology, root-bearing.
Rhizophyto-alopecia {i-i-zoff-it-o-al-o-pe' -se-ah) \j)t!^a,
a root; ifivrov, a plant; a'AoKCKia, alopecia]. Synonym
of Trichoinvcosis circinaia.
Rhizopod [ri'-zo-pod] \_pi(,a, root; tto'vc, foot]. A
member of the Rhizopoda, a sub-class of Protozoa or
animalcules. Locomotion and ingestion of food take
place by means of pseudopodia, which at times fuse
and form a reticulum.
Rhizopodium {i-i-zo-po' -de-iim) [p'Cf. a root; trovq,
foot]. In biology, the mycelium of fungi.
Rhizotaxis (ri-zo-taks' -is) [p'Ca, root ; order]. In
biology, the arrangement of roots. Cf. also Phydlo-
taxis.
Rhizotaxy {ri' -zo-taks-e). Same as RJiizotaxis.
Rhodacne [rod-ak' -ne) [_p66ov, a rose ; cikp}), acne].
Synonym oi Acne rosacea.
Rhodalose [ro'-dal-oz) \_'p66ov, rose; (i/f, salt]. Sul-
phate of cobalt.
Rhodamin [pdJoi.', rose ; aiiiin'\. A violet-
red, magnificently fluorescent dyestuff, analogous in
constitution to the fluoresceins.
Rhodanic [ro-da)i' -ik) [pddov, rose]. Denoting an acid
which produces a red salt with persalts of iron. R.
Acid. See Acid.
Rhodelseon, Rhodelseum [ro-del-e'-ou, ro-del-e' -tan)
[pd<5o!', a rose ; k'Xaiov, oil]. The oil of rose.
Rhodeorrhetin {j-o-de-or-re' -tin). Synonym of Con-
volvulin.
Rhodic Acid [i-o'-dic) [pdfS/of, rosy], RhO.^. A flaky
powder; the precipitate of a solution of rhodium ses-
quioxid by nitric acid.
Rhodinacne {ro - din - ak'- ne) \fi66ov, a rose ; d/cj;^,
acne]. Synonym of Acne rosacea.
Rhodinon (r<7'-(//«-()«) [pdcSa^oi']. Oil of roses.
Rhodiochlorid (ro-de-o-klo' -rid) [poti/of , rosy ; ,^-/'i(jpof,
green], A double chlorid of rhodium and one of the
alkali metals.
Rhodionitrite [ro-de-o-tii'-trit) [^poSioc, rosy ; nitriim,
niter]. A combination of rhodium nitrite with the
nitrite of some other element or radicle.
Rhodis [ro'-dis) [/(drSjof, rosy]. An ointment or pow-
der made from roses.
Rhodium [rd'-de-uin) \_p66wc, rosy]. A rare metal
(symbol, Rh. ; at. wt. , 103) of the platinum group.
Its medicinal qualities are little known. See Ele-
ments, Table of. R., Oil of: (l) a fragrant oil de-
rived from the root-wood of Convolvulus scoparius and
C. floridiis of the Canaries; (2) a factitious compound
which commercially replaces the preceding for the most
part ; (3) an oil from Amyris balsamifera, a West
Indian tree. The foregoing oils are mainly used by
veterinarians.
Rhodizite (ro'-diz-lt) \_'po6'dlEiv,ht like a rose]. A rare
borate of aluminum and potassium ; it occurs in mi-
nute isomeric crystals.
Rhodochrosite [ro-do-l;ro'-sit) ['p66ov, rose ; ^^-puc^f, a
coloring]. Native protocarbonate of manganese, a
delicate, rose-red color, occurring in rhombohedral
crystals.
Rhododendron [ro - do - den'- dron) [/)0(5dr5f jifJpor, the
oleander]. A large genus of shrubs of the order
ericaceEe and species rhodorex. R. campanulatum,
the bell-flowered rhododendron. The leaves are used
as an errhine. R. chrysanthemum, a variety of
Eastern Siberia. The leaves and flowering branches
are used in rheumatism and gout. They are stimulant,
diaphoretic, and diuretic, and in large doses narcotic.
R. cinnabarinum, an East Indian variety — poisonous.
R. dahuricum, Dahurian rhododendron. The leaves
are used in gout and rheumatism. R. maximum,
American great laurel. The leaves are sometimes
used in rheumatism and gout. R. officinale.
Synonym of R. chrvsantheinum. R. ponticum, pontic
rhododendron of Asia Minor, Armenia, and Spain. It
is used in gout and rheumatism. R., Tinctura, made
by treating I part of the leaves of R. c/irysanthemian
with 3 parts each of brandy and white wine for two
weeks, and filtering.
Rhodomel (ro' -do-met) \_'p6(iov, rose ; pil^i, honey].
Synonym of JMel rosce. R. cydoniatum, a mixture
consisting of 7 parts of honey, 30 parts of honey of
roses, and 180 parts of quince-seed mucilage.
\
RHODOMYCES
1270
RHUS
Rhodomyces {ro-do-tui' -sez) [/xifSoi', rose ; /'I'/fW; a
fungus]. A fungus resembling the Otdiiim albicans.
R. kochii, a fungus appearing as a delicate pink
mold and producing enormous numbers of conidia.
It is sometimes found in the gastric juice in pyrosis.
Rhodon (;v'-(z't>«) [poiSop]. I. The rose. 2. The vulva.
Rhodonite {fo' -do-nit) [pfiJoi', rose]. Native silicate
of manganese. It occurs in masses, and is occasionally
found in distinct crystals of a fine rose-red or pinkish
hue.
Rhodophan [ro'-do-fdn) [p6<^ov, rose ; <pciv//g, appear-
ing]. In biology, a red lipochrome pigment found by
Kuhne and others in the retinal cones of fishes, rep-
tiles, and birds. Cf Pigments, Conspectus of.
Rhodophyl, Rhodophyll (ro' -do-fil^ [/iwSfOf, red; ^vl-
'/or, a leaf]. A name given by Schiitt to the com-
pound pigment of the /?ed Aiga:. Cf. Pigments,
Conspectus of.
Rhodophyllous (ro-do-fil' -iis) \_p6t)£oc, red ; (pvAAov, a
leaf]. In biology, containing rhodophyl.
Rhodopsin {ro-dop' -sin) [/(oiSor, rose ; ui/', eye]. Visual
purple, a retinal substance the color of which is pre-
served by darkness, but bleached by daylight ; it is
found in the outer segment of the rods.
Rhodorrhiza {ro-doi'-i'-zah) \_p66ov, arose; p'^a, a
root]. Synonym of Convolvulus.
Rhodosaccharum {j-o- do - sak'- ar-uvi) \j>66ov, rose;
ctQKxapov, sugar]. Synonym of Syrupus rosariini.
Rhodospermin [ro-do-sper' -min) \_'p66ov, rose ; CKip/ja,
seed]. Crystalloids of an albuminous substance found
in the Floridea, forming the rhodophyl, or red coloring-
matter. Cf. Pigments, Conspectus of.
Rhodotannic Acid {ro-do-tan' -ik) [pdtW, rose; tan-
nin, tannin], CjjHgO,. A tannin derived from the
leaves of Rhododendron fumiginezim.
Rhodymenia palmata (ro-di-me' -tie-ah) \p66ov, rose ;
viii/v, a membrane]. A marine Alga (Scotch, Dulse ;
Irish, Dillesk), parasitic on littoral Fuci, LaminariiP,
etc. It contains a mucilage which is used in scrofula.
Its value is probably dependent upon contained iodin.
It is largely used as food in the west of Ireland, also
in the Mediterranean regions, where it forms a com-
mon ingredient of soups.
Rhcea {rc'-ah) \j)Oia\. Synonym of Leukorrhea.
Rhceadic Acid [re-ad'-ik] \_pOLag, a kind of poppy].
See Papaveric Acid.
Rhceadin {t-e' - ad - in) [powc, a kind of poppy] ,
C.jHjjNOp. A crystallizable alkaloid obtained from
Papaver rliaas.
Rhceagenin (j-e-aj' -en-in') [/)0/af, a kind of poppy],
CjHjjNOp. A base isomeric with rhoeadin found
in acidified solutions of rhoeadin.
Rhcebdesis (i-eb-de'-sis) \j)0i[i6^aic^. Absorption ; re-
sorption.
Rhoezus {}-e'-zus) [p(5(Cof]- A purring auscultatory
sound.
YLhogmos [rog'-m as) [pw\'//(5f]. See Snoring.
Rhombo-atloideus (}-om-bo-at-lo-id' -e-us) \fi6fifioc^, a
rhomb; ar'/ac, the atlas]. An anomalous muscle
arising from the spinal processes of the lower cervical
and upper dorsal vertebrre and having its insertion in
the transverse jirocess of the atlas.
Rhombocele, Rhombocoele {j-om'- bo- sel) \_p6filioc,
rhomb ; koI'///, cavity]. Same as Rhomboccclia.
Rhombocoelia {rout - bo - sc'- le - aJi) [_p6fi(3oc:, rhomb ;
KoMn , hollow]. The sinus i-hoznboidalis ; a dilata-
tion of the cavity of the spinal cord in the sacral
region of birds.
Rhombogen (row'-^f-7>«) [/)o//;9or, rhomb ; yfi7/f, pro-
ducing]. In biology, one of the early embryonic
stages of a nematode worm ; to be distinguished from
the nematogen.
Rhombohedral (rom - bo - he' ■ draP) [pd/^/fof, rhomb ;
i^pa, base]. Of the shape of a rhombohedron. R. i
Carbonates, the isomorphous group of the native !
carbonates of calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese,
zinc, and the intermediate compounds, as the double
carbonate of calcium and magnesium, etc.
Rhomboid, Rhomboidal (/-<)///'- /'o/V/, rom- boi'-dal)
[p6pl3og, a rhomb; f/rSor, resemblance]. Having a !
shape similar to that of a rhomb. A quadrilateral
with opposite sides equal and ]3arallel, and oblique I
angles. R. Fossa, the fourth ventricle of the brain.
R. Impression. See Impression. R. Ligament.
See Ligament. R. Sinus. See Rhomboccelia.
Wa.o-m\)o\At.\x% (rom-bo-id'-e-us'). See Muscles, Table of .
Rhoncal [rong'-kal] \_p6yxo^, a snoring]. Relating
to a rhonchus. R. Fremitus. See Fremitus.
Rhonchial {rong' -ke-al'). Same as Rhoncal.
Rhoncus {rong'-kus) \jmyxo':, snore]. A rattling or
musical sound produced in the throat or bronchial
tubes during respiration. Rhonchi may be sonorous
or sibilant, the former being loud, low-pitched, and
snoring, and the latter high-pitched and whistling.
Rhonchi are especially marked during the early stages
of acute bronchitis, when the mucous membrane is
swollen and thickened, but has not begun to secrete
mucus ; also in the spasm of the bronchial tubes in
asthma and in the chronic bronchitis of emphysema.
Rhoodes [roo'-dez) [p/joKJof, like a stream]. Of fevers,
associated with fluid discharges.
Rhopal Nich [I'o' -pal-nitch ). .See Antra rhopalnria.
Rhopalismus [ro-pal-iz'-mus) \_pdnaM)i>, club]. Pria-
pism ; also plica polonica.
Rhopalium (ro-pdl'-e-um) \_p6iTa\ov, a. c\\ih \ pi., Rho-
palia'\. In biology, the so-called sense-club of an
acraspede Medusa ; a compound sense-organ of which
the auditory organ is the principal factor ; it is at the
same time a metamorphosed tentacle into which a
hollow process of the gastric system penetrates.
Rhopalocephalus carcinomatosus {ro-pal-o-sef -al-
us kar-sin-o-maPo-sus). A name given to a parasitic
organism found by Korotneff in the cells of carcinomata.
The formation of pearls is attributed to it. See Para-
sites [Aizimal), Table of.
Rhopalosis [ro-pal-o'-sis) [_p6TTaA,ov, club]. Plica po-
lonica.
Rhophesis {ro-fe'-sis) \po(^tiv, to gulp down]. Sip-
ping ; absorption.
Rhophetic [ro-fet'-ik) \j)oi^T)TiK6(f\. An absorbent
medicine.
Rhosaton (rd' -zat-on) \_'p6narov'\. A purgative confec-
tion of roses. Cf. Actius. 1
Rhotacism [j-o'- tas - izm) \_'po-aKiL,eiv , to use the r I
sound]. I. The substitution of some other speech-
sound for that of the letter more correctly, the too
frequent or too strong utterance of the r sound; the :
use of the r sound in place of some other speech- |
sound.
Rhothones [ro-tho'-nez) \_pu6uve^'\. The nasal cavi-
ties.
Rhubarb [ru'-barb) [p?/or]. See Rheum.
Rhubarbaric Acid, Rhubarbarin [ru-bar'-/>ar-ik, ru-
bar'-bar-in). Synonym of Acid, Chrysof'hanic. i
Rhus [rus) [poi'f, sumac]. In biology, a genus of the
order Anacardiacetr, of which the sumachs are the best
known. R. aromatica. Sweet Sumach ; the bark of
the root is an astringent, acting upon the urethral
canal. It is useful in cystitis, incontinence of urine,
and diabetes. Dose of the fld. ext. n\^xv-xx. Unof
R. coriaria. Elm-leaved Sumach, the dried leaves
and fruit are used in dyeing and tanning and contain
gallo-tannic acid. The berries are used as a con-
diment and contain binoxalate of calcium. They
RHUSIN
1271
RIBGRASS
have been used in the East in cholera. R. cotinus,
Purple-fringed Sumach, indigenous to Southern
Europe. The bark [cortex cotmi) is used as an
antiperiodic. The leaves [ folia cotini) are used
in the form of a gargle in sore-throat. R. -dermati-
tis, a form of inflammation of the skin, the result of
poisoning produced by the poison-oak and other species
of sumach. R. diversiloba, the hiedra of California ;
the poison-oak ; a high grade of cutaneous irritation
results from contact with it. R. glabra. Smooth
Sumach, the fruit of R. glabra. Its properties are
due to tannic acid and potassium and calcium
malates. The diluted juice is a pleasant, astringent
drink in catarrhal affections of the stomach and
bowels. Dose of the fld. ext. 3j-ij. R. glab.,
Ext., Fid., a gargle for sore-throat. R. perniciosa,
a variety which has been used in the treatment
of scorpion-bites. R. -poisoning. See Dermatitis
venenata. R. pumila, Dwarf Sumach, found in
North Carolina. It is probably the most poisonous
variety. R. radicans. Poison-vine, found in Canada
and the United States. The juice of the berries is
very poisonous. R. toxicodendron, Poison-oak,
the fresh leaves of the poison-oak, R. toxicodendron ,
and the poison-ivy, R. radicans. Locally applied,
it causes swelling and a vesicular eruption upon the
skin and mucous membranes. It is recommended
in certain affections of the skin, in rheumatism,
and locally in erysipelas and eczema. It is a
favorite remedy with homeopathic practitioners. An
unof. tinct. contains fresh leaves I, alcohol 2 parts.
Dose Tt\^ 10-ij. R. venenata, Poison-ash, a highly
poisonous shrub found in North America and Japan.
R. venicifera, Japan lacquer-tree ; it is used chiefly
in the preparation of varnish, and is highly poi-
sonous.
Rhusin [ru'-sin) \_'povQ, sumac]. A precipitate from a
tincture of the root-bark of Sumach, Rhus glabra;
it is tonic, astringent, and antiseptic. Dose I to 2
grains. Unof.
Rhusma (rus'-mah) [Turkish]. A depilatory of orpi-
ment, lime, and water, used to remove superfluous
human hair.
Rhyas [ri'-as) [pf/r, to flow]. Synonym oi Discharge.
Rhynchanthera [ri)i - kan' - iJier - aJi) \j>oyxQ<;., snout;
avdripog, blooming]. A genus of melastomaceous
herbs. R. grandiftora, a West Indian species ; the
flowers are used as a sedative expectorant in chronic
cough.
Rhynchodont (ring' -ko-dont^ \_p'vyx°'^i snout ; otSoi'if,
tooth]. In biology, having a toothed beak.
Rhynchosia [ring-ko' -ze-ali) ^pvyx^li a snout]. A
genus of plants of the tribe Phaseolece. R. diversi-
folia, a variety used as an expectorant in spasmodic
cough.
Rhyostomaturia [ri-o-sto-mat-u' -re-ak) \_pva^, fluid ;
CTTo/ja, the mouth; ovpov, urine]. Excretion of the
urinary constituents by the salivary glands.
Rhypia (rip' -e-ali). .Synonym of Rupia.
Rhypophobia [ri-po-fo' -he-ak) [py-n-of, filth ; <j>oPui>, to
fear] . A better form of the word Rupophobia. A
morbid dread of dirt.
Rhyptic (;7/'-i'//') \^pvKTiH.6q \ pyTrren^, to cleanse]. De-
tergent ; cleansing ; cathartic.
Rhypus [rip' -us) [pyTTo?]. Dirt; sordes.
Rhysema [rl-se'-j?iah) \_p'vcriija'\. Wrinkle.
Rhysis- (ri'-sis-) [pf(i', to flow]. .Synonym of Dis-
charge.
Rhythm [rithni] [prfi'^udf]. Action or function recur-
ring at regular intervals or according to some system-
atic plan or type, as the rhythm of the heart, of res-
piration, etc.
Rhythmic {rith'-mik) [pvOfwc, rhythm]. Pertaining
to or having the quality of rhythm.
Rhytidosis corneae [pur/f, a wrinkle]. Wrinkling of
the cornea.
Rib (rib) [ME., /-ib, rib]. I. In anatomy, a rib is a
long, flat, curved bone, with an ectal and an ental broad
smooth surface, cephalic rounded border, and a caudal
sharp one. Within the greater part of the length of the
lower border there exists a groove for the intercostal
blood-vessels. The dorsal end is the head, and
this presents two articular facets (separated by
the intervertebral ridge) which articulate with corre-
sponding facets of a contiguous pair of vertebrje . Slightly
ventral, just beyond a slight constriction, the neck,
is the tubercle, upon which is a facet for articulation
with the transverse process of the lower of the two
Ribs of Left Side,
Posterior
Aspect.
1-12. Anterior ex-
tremities of . 12
ribs of left side.
13, 13. Internal
surface. 14,14.
External surface.
15. Head of ist
rib. i6. Head of
2d rib. 17. Head
of 3d rib. 18, 18.
Heads of ribs
from 4tli to 9th.
19. Head of loth
rib. 20, 20. Heads
of nth and 12th
ribs. 21,21. Necks
of ribs. 22. Tuber-
cle of ist rib. 23.
Articular facet of
tubercle of 2d rib.
24, 24. Articular
facets of tubercles
of ribs from 3d to
9th. 25. Articu-
lar facet for tu-
bercle of loth rib.
26, 26. Angles of
ribs.
vertebras united by the head of the rib. Externally to
the tubercle is a rough mark called the angle, at which
point the rib is directed abruptly ventrad. The
ventral portion is more compressed and is continuous
with the costal cartilage. The ribs successively in-
crease in length from the first to the eighth and then
decrease to the last. They number twelve pairs, form-
ing a series of narrovir arches on each side of the trunk
extending from the thoracic vertebras to the sternum.
The seven superior, or true ribs, are attached to both
the spine and the sternum. The remaining five are
called false ribs. Three of these are attached
dorsally to the spine, and ventrally by costal carti-
lages, to the cartilages of adjacent ribs. Tlte two
last are free at their anterior extremities, and are
called floating ribs. 2. A primary or, principal vein
of a leaf.
Ribbail's Bandage. See Bandage.
Ribes, Ganglion of. See Ganglia, Table of.
Ribesin [ri-be' -zin) \_ribesium, currant]. The juice of
the black currant [Ribes nigrum), used for staining
microscopic sections.
Ribgrass [rib' -gras). See Plantago, Plantain.
RIBLET
1272
RIDGE
Riblet (rib' -let) [ME., rib, rib]. Any pleurapophysis
not developed into a rib and not destined to be so de-
veloped ; a costal process of a vertebra
Rice {ris). See Oiyza. R.-seed Bodies, peculiar
small, white bodies resembling grains of rice, found
in the so-called ganglia occurring on tendons. R.-
water Evacuations. See Ory^a.
Richard's Styptic Collodion. A solution of tannin
in collodion.
Richardson's Bellows. An instrument for injecting
vapors into the middle ear. R.'s Mixture. See
Aiiest/ietic. R.'s Neutral Blue Fluid, a fluid for in
jecting tissues. Dissolve 0.648 gm. of ferrous sulphate
in 15 c.c. of glycerin ; and 2.07 gms. of potassium ferro-
cyanid in a liter of water, to which 15 c.c. of glycerin
have been added. Mix the two solutions gradually ;
then add 30 c.c. of alcohol and 120 c.c. of water.
R.'s Test. See Death, Signs of.
Richet's Bandage. See Bandage.
Richter's Collyrium. A mixture of rose-water and the
white of egg beaten to a froth. R.'s Hernia,
Parietal Enterocele, Partial Enterocele, Littres Hernia.
Strangulated enterocele in which only part of the cir-
cumference of the gut is constricted. See Diseases.,
Table of.
Ricin [ri'-sin) [rieinns, a genus of the euphorbiaceaf^.
The toxalbumin of the castor-oil bean ; a vegetable
albuminoid employed in the study of immunity. A
dose of jL gr. by the skin, or -^-^ gr. by the stomach
is toxic. It induces multiple hemorrhages of the
intestines and stomach, and appears to break down
the blood-corpuscles. Unof.
Ricinelaidic (ris-in-el-a-id'-ik) [^?-icim/s, castor-oil].
Derived from castor-oil. R. Acid, an acid derived
from and isomeric with ricinoleic acid.
Ricinic [ris-in'-ik) [ricinus, castor-oil]. Pertaining to
or having the properties of castor-beans or castor-oil.
Also applied to an acid derived from castor-oil. See
Piciniis.
Ricinine (ri'-sin-in) [;-?>/« castor-oil]. A crystalline
substance obtained from castor-oil.
Ricinoleic Acid (ri-sin-o-le'-ik). See Add.
Ricinus ( ris' -iti-us) [L. ]. A genus of apetalous
euphorbiaceous plants. R. communis, the only
species is the well-known castor-oil plant, indige-
nous in America and Asia. The height is from 4 to
14 feet; the leaves are alternate, peltate, palmately
seven-lobed or nine-lobed ; the flowers are monecious
and apetalous. The fruit is a grooved, rather triangular
tricoccous capsule, generally spinescent, with a single
oval or elliptic seed enclosed in each cell. The embryo
has foliaceous, heart-shaped cotyledons, is straight,
white, and imbedded in an oily albumin, having a
bland and slightly acrid taste. The seeds are chiefly
used in the manufacture of oleian ricini, castor-oil.
They are first crushed and freed from their cover-
ings, then kiln-dried and subjected to powerful
pressure. The oil is heated with water to remove
albuminous matters. The yield is 38 to 45 per cent.,
by cold pressure 25 to 30 per cent. The oil prepared
by the latter method requires no further purification.
It is viscid, nearly transparent, pale greenish-yellow or
almost colorless. The specific gravity varies between
.950 and .960. The oil is partly soluble in petroleum
benzine, but is more soluble in absolute alcohol,
ether, and glacial acetic acid in all proportions.
When fresh, it has a neutral reaction to test-
paper, and is composed of several fats. The solid
fatty acid is related to palmitic acid, the liquid one
is ricinoleic acid. The acrid principle to which its
purgative properties are due has not been isolated.
Tuson claimed, in 1864, to have discovered an alka-
loid, ricinin. The oil is used medicinally to over-
come constipation or to cure diarrhea due to the
presence of irritating substances. The dose for an
adult is from half an ounce to an ounce. R., Olei,
Mist. (B.P. ), castor-oil, oil of lemon, oil of cloves,
potash, syrup, orange-flower water. Dose ^ss-ij.
Rickets {rik'-ets) [pdxif:, spine]. The common name
for Rachitis ; it is a constitutional disease of child-
hood, characterized by increased cell-growth of
the bones, with deficiency of earthy matter, resulting
in deformities, and with abnormal changes in the
spleen and liver. See Pachitis.
Rickety (?-ik'-et-e) [_pdxi^, spine]. Affected with, or
distorted by, rickets. R. Rosary, the beaded con-
dition of the ribs in rickets. See Pacliilis.
Rictal [rik'-tal) \_ringi, to gape]. Pertaining or re-
lating to rictus.
Rictus (rik'-tus) [L. , from ri7igi, to gape]. A fissure
or cleft ; a gaping, as of the moudi ; the gape of a
bird. See Pisiis sardoniLiis. R. lupinus, cleft
palate.
Rider (ri'-der) [ME., ridere, a rider], (Jne who
rides, especially one who rides on horseback. R.s'
Bone, an osseous formation in the adductor muscles
of the leg, from long-continued pressure of the leg
against the saddle. See Exercise - bones. R.s'
Bursa, an enlarged bursa, produced in the same way
as the riders' bone. R. Garbage - furnace, a
form of furnace with two chambers, the foremost
of which is the combustion-chamber in which the
garbage to be destroyed is placed, and the rear one
the receiving -tank.
Ridge (ri/) [ME., rigge, the back of a man or beast].
An extended elevation or crest. Rs., Bicipital, the
borders of the bicipital groove of the humerus. Rs.,
Condylar, the ridges ascending from the condyles of
the humerus. Rs., Dorsal. See Ps., A/ediillary. R.,
Genital, the germ-ridge in front of and internal to
the Wolffian body, from which the internal reproduc-
tive organs are developed. R., Gluteal, the ante-
rior intertrochanteric line. R., Interosseous {0/ the
Jibtila), the ridge on the fibula which gives attachment
to the interosseous membrane. R., Intervertebral,
a crest on the vertebral end of a rib dividing the ar-
ticular surface into two portions. R., Lambdoidal,
the lanibdoid crest. Rs., Lateral {of the blastoderm),
two ridges on the posterior «nd of the embryonic
shield that coalesce and close the primitive groove.
R., Maxillary, dental crest ; a ridge of vascular
fibrous tissue along the alveolar processes of the max-
illary bones of the fetus. Rs., Medullary, the lami-
nx dorsales, or longitudinal elevations of the epiblast,
which coalesce and close in the medullary or neural
tube. R., Mylo-hyoid, the ridge on the inner sur-
face of the inferior maxilla for the attachment of the
mylo-hyoid muscle. R., Neural, neural crest; the
ridge of epiblastic cells on the superior margin of the
medullary groove, from which the dorsal nerves of
the embryo are developed. Rs., Occipital, the supe-
rior and inferior curved lines of the occipital bone.
Rs., Palatine, one longitudinal and several transverse
corrugations of the mucosa of the hard palate. R.,
Parietal, the ridge on the parietal bone ; a con-
tinuation of the temporal ridge. Rs., Pectoral, the
bicipital ridges of the humerus. R., Pterotic, a
ridge on the upper and external portion of the auditory
capsule. R., Pterygoid, the infra-temporal crest or
ridge on the external surface of the greater wing of the
sphenoid bone. Rs. of the Skin, the delicate ridges
of the skin which intersect at various angles, and
correspond to the rows of papillae of the corium. R-i
Superciliary, the arched ridge of the frontal bone
RIDGE'S FOOD
1273
RING
corresponding to the eyebrow. Rs., Supracondyloid.
See Rs., Condylar. R., Temporal, the ridge extend-
ing from tile external angular process of the frontal
bone upward and backward across the frontal and
parietal bones, curving downward, and terminating
in the posterior root of the zygomatic process. R.,
Wolffian, germ-epithelium. See R., Genital.
Ridge's Food. A farinaceous food for infants. Its
composition is: Water, 9.23 ; fat, 0.63 ; grape-sugar,
2.40; cane-sugar, 2.20 ; starch, 77.96; soluble carbo-
hydrates, 5.19; albuminoids, 9.24; ash, 0.60.
Ridgel {rij'-el) [origin uncertain]. A male animal
having one testicle removed or wanting.
Ridgeling (rij'-iing). See Ridgel.
Ridgil [rij'-i'l). See Ridgel.
Riding of Bones. In surgery, the displacement of
the fractured ends of bones which are forced past
each other by muscular contraction, instead of remain-
ing end to end.
Riding-hag. Incubus ; nightmare.
Ridley, Sinus of. See Sinus.
Riegel's Disease. See Diseases, Table of. R.'s Test-
meal, a test-meal consisting of 400 grams broth, 50
grams scraped beef, 60 grams white bread.
Riga's Disease. See Aphtha, Cachectic, and Diseases,
Table of.
Riggs' Disease. See Diseases, Table of.
Right (fit) [ME., right, right]. Belonging to or
located upon that side which, with mammals contains
less of the heart and is on the east when the face is
toward the north ; dextral. R. -brained, having the
speech-center in the right instead of the left hemisphere.
R.Hand. See Dexter. R. -handed, using the right
hand with more freedom and effect than the left. R.-
handedness, the condition of being right-handed.
Rigiditas (ry-n/'-ZZ-ffj-) [L.] Stiffness; rigidity. R.
articulorum, spurious ankylosis.
Rigidity (rij-id' -it-e) \_rigidus, stiff]. Stiffness; inflexi-
bility; immobility; tonic contraction of muscles. R.,
Anatomic [of the cervix uteri), rigidity in which the
cervix, though neither edematous nor tender, is not
wholly effaced in labor, but retains its length and dilates
only to a certain extent, beyond which the contrac-
tions of the uterus are without effect. R., Cadav-
eric, rigor mortis. R., Cerebellar, rigidity of the
spinal muscles, due to tumor of the middle lobe of
the cerebellum. The head is drawn backward, the
spine curved, and the arms and legs made rigid (H.
Jackson). R., Hemiplegic, spastic rigidity of the
paralyzed limbs in hemiplegia. R., Muscular. See
Thomsen^ s Disease. R., Pathologic (of the cervix
uteri), rigidity due to organic disease or cicatricial
contraction. R., Post-mortem, rigor mortis. R.,
Spasmodic (of the cervix uteri), rigidity due to spas-
modic contraction of the cervix.
Rigor (ri'-gor) \^rigor, cold]. Coldness, stiffness, or
rigidity. In the plural, chills, shivering. R. cadav-
erosus. See R. mortis. R. maxillae inferioris,
trismus. R. mortis : I. The muscular rigidity that
occurs a short time after death, due to chemic changes
resulting in the production of myosin. 2. The rigor
due to changes occurring in a muscle that has lost its
irritability, in which its acidity is increased and its
electric currents are absent. R. nervorum, R.
nervosus. See Tetanus.
Rima (r/''-w(7/;) [r/;«a, crack, cleft : pi., Rinue'\. In bi-
ology: I. A chink, cleft, or fissure. 2. The chief part
of the great transverse fissure of the brain. It is a line
of interruption of the nervous parietes of the paracele,
beginning at the dorsal end of the porta, and extending
to near the tip of the medicorun. R. ad infundibulum,
the anterior aperture of the third ventricle of the brain.
R., Anterior, the calamus scriptorius (Monro). Rimae
caecae hepatis, the hepatic fissures lodging the
branches of the portal vein. R. cerebri transversa,
tlie transverse fissure of the cerebrum. R. clunium,
the cleft of the nates. Rimae cutis, the normal fur-
rows of the skin. R. glottidis, the cleft between the
true vocal bands ; the glottis. R. glutaea. See R.
clunitim. R. helicis, an anomalous cleft in the in-
ferior anterior portion of the helix. R. labiorum.
See R. oris. R. laryngis. See R. glottidis. R.
oris, the line formed by the junction of the lips. R.
palpebrarum, the palpebral fissure. R. pudendi,
the fissure between the labia majora. R. pudendi
connivens, the fissure between the labia majora when
they completely conceal the nymph;e. R. transversa
cerebelli, the sulcus between the peduncles of the
cerebellum. R. ventriculi laryngis, the aperture
of the ventricle of the larynx. R. vocalis. See R.
glottidis. R. vulvae. See R. pudendi.
Rimiform (ri' -iniforDi) \_rima, a chink ; forma, form].
In biology, possessing a longitudinal chink or futTow.
Rimose (ri'-mdz) \}-imosus, full of chinks]. In biol-
ogy, full of crevices or furrows.
Rimous (ri' -?)ius) \_rima, a cleft]. Having cracks,
clefts, or fissures.
Rimula (rim' -u-lah) [L. , dim. of rima, a crack: //. ,
Rimulce^. A fissure; applied especially to the ventral
mesal fissure of the spinal cord ; an interfoliar cleft of
the cerebellum.
Rimule (rim' -itl)\_riinula, (Shn. oi rima, a cleft]. Any
minute cleft, crack, or fissure.
Rinar (ri'-nar). Limatura ; filings.
Rind (rind) [ME., rind, crust]. In biology, an outer
coat, skin, or integument. Cortex.
Rinderpest (rin'-der-pest) [Ger., "cattle-pest"]. An
acute infectious disease of cattle, appearing occasion-
ally among sheep, and communicable to other rumi-
nants. It is called also cattle-plague. Cf. Bacillus
septiccemice hcemorrhagicce, under Bacteria, Synonym-
atic Table of.
Rindfieisch's Granule-cells. Eosinophile leukocytes
with granulations.
Ring [ME., ring, ring]. A circular opening or aper-
ture ; the structure surrounding a circular opening.
See Annulus. Rs., Abbe's, rings of catgut, used in
the establishment of an artificial communication be-
tween one part of the bowel and another, or between
the bowel and the stomach. R., Abdominal, the
internal or external abdominal ring. R., Annual, one
of the successive circles of wood produced yearly in
exogenous trunks. R., Antimonial, a ring pro-
duced when volatilized antimony impinges on a glass
surface. Rs., Apposition. See Rs., Abbe's. R.,
Arsenical, a ring produced when fumes of arsenic
impinge on a glass surface. R., Bandl's, an annular
muscular thickening of the uterus during labor between
the contractile portion of the organ and the relaxed
attenuated portion below ; the true os uteri internum
of Bandl. R.-bone, a bony callus or exostosis, the
result of inflammation on one or both pastern-bones
of a horse. It may extend to the interphalangeal
joints and cause immobility and lameness. R. -canal :
(a) the circumesophageal canal of the water-vascular
system of Echinoderms ; (b) the annular enterocele
of Ccelenterates. R., Contraction. See R., Bandl' s.
R., Crural. See R., Femoi-al. R., Femoral, the ab-
dominal opening of the femoral canal. Rs., Fibrous
(of the Heart) , the fibrous bands surrounding the arterial
and auriculo-ventricular orifices of the heart, and to
which the muscular fibers are attached. R. -finger,
the fourth digit or third finger. R. -infiltration {of the
Cornea) , an infiltration of cells, circular in shape, in the
RINGED
1274
RIZIFORM
laminae of the cornea, sometimes following perforating
septic wounds of the cornea. R., Inguinal. See Ji.,
Abdominal. R., Lowe's, a bright violet ring seen
on looking through a solution of chromic chlorid. R.,
Marsh's. See A',, Arsenical. R., Maxwell's, a
faintly defined halo around the fovea when the eye
rests on a homogeneous blue surface. R., Miiller's, a
muscular ring observed in an advanced stage of gesta-
tion, situated where the canal of the cervix joins the
cavity of the body of the uterus. R. -muscle of
Miiller. See Muscles, Tabic of. R., Omphalic.
See R., Umbilical. R. -scotoma. See Scotoma. R.,
Spermatorrhea, a metallic ring furnished with sharp
points, to be worn during sleep to prevent seminal
emissions. R., Tracheal, a tracheal cartilage. R.,
Tympanic, an osseous ring forming part of the tem-
poral bone at the time of birth, and which de-
velops into the tympanic plate. R., Umbilical, the
ray-like aperture of the abdominal wall by which the
umbilical cord communicates with the fetal system,
and through which, in extra-uterine life, the urachus
and the remains of the umbilical vessels pass to the
umbilicus. R.-worm, a general term for vegetable
parasitic diseases of the skin characterized by circinate
lesions. R.-worm of the Beard, sycosis parasitica.
R.-worm of the Body, tinea circinata. R.-worm,
Burmese, a cutaneous affection occurring in Burmah,
resembling, and probably identical with, the form
of tinea circinata called eczema marginatum. R.-
worm, Chinese, ringworm due to Tinea imbri-
cata. R.-worm, Honeycomb, favus. R.-worm of
the scalp, tinea tonsurans. R.-worm of the Thighs
and Genitalia, eczema marginatum. R.-worm,
Tokelan, ring-worm due to Tinea imbricata.
Ringed [i-itigd) [ME. , ring, ring]. In biology, marked
with rings. R. Hair, a very rare form of canities,
in which the hairs are white or colored in rings or
bands.
Ringent (rin'-Jent) \ringi, gape, open-mouthed]. In
biology, irregularly gaping ; applied to a bilabiate
corolla when the throat is wide open or gaping ; oppo-
site of personate.
Rinmann's Green. See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Rinne's Test. This consists in applying a vibrating tun-
ing-fork with moderate pressure first over the mastoid
process, leaving it there until the patient seems no
longer to hear the sound, and then as quickly as pos-
sible bringing it immediately in front of the external
meatus, avoiding all contact with the head or ear.
If the patient then is able to hear the sound of the
tuning-fork once more, it indicates that the conduction
through the air is better than through the bone, and
Tice versa.
Rinolite (ri'-no-tit). See Rhinolith.
Riolan, Bouquet of. See Bouquet. R., Meso-
colic Arch of, the arch of mesentery attached to the
transverse meso-colon. R.'s Muscle. See Muscles,
Table of. R.'s Nosegay. See Nosegay and Bou-
quet.
Ripa [ri'-pak) \_ripa, a bank]. The line formed by the
reflection of the endyma upon any plexus or tela of the
brain.
Riparial, Riparious [ri-pa'-re-al, ri-pa' -re-us) [ripa,
the bank of a stream or body of water]. Living on
or associated with, or pertaining to the shore.
Ripault Sign. See Deal/!.
Ripe (rip) [ME., rySi-, ripe]. Mature.
Ripening (rip'-en-ing) [ME., ripe, ripe]. Becoming
mature. R. of Cataract. See Cataract. R. of
Cream, the allowing of cream to sour before churning,
whereby a larger amount of butter is obtained. The
process is attended with a multiplication of bacteria.
the proper temperature for ripening being that at which
the bacteria best multiply. It is attended with the
production of lactic acid and various decomposition-
processes.
Risidontrophy [riz-id-on'-tro-fe) \_pt!^a, a root]. The
operation of drilling the root of a tooth.
Rising [ri'-zing) [ME., risen, to rise]. A popular
term for an inflammatory swelling. R. of the Lights,
a popular term for pleurisy and for croup.
Risipola lombarda [i-iz-ip-o' -lah lom-bar' -dah). Syn-
onym of Pellagra.
Risorius {ri-zo' -re-us) [ridere, to laugh]. The upper
portion of the Platysma myoides. It controls certain
motions of the lips and adjacent parts in laughing.
See Muscles, Table of.
Ristorum (ris-to' -rum) [L.]. A nutritive preparation
of egg-yolk.
Risus (ri'-zus) [L.]. A grin or laugh. R. sardoni-
cus, an involuntary sardonic or convulsive grin or
drawing down of the angles of the mouth in certain
spasmodic or tetanic conditions.
Ritgen's Method. A method of manual delivery of
the fetal head. It consists in lifting the head upward
and forward through the vulva, between the pains, by
pressure made with the tips of the fingers upon the
perineum behind the anus close to the extremity of
the coccyx.
Ritter's Disease. See Dermatitis exfoliativa neona-
torum Diseases, Table of. R.'s Law of Contrac-
tion, " a nerve is stimulated both at the moment of
the occurrence and that of the disappearance of elec-
trotonus : (i) When the current is closed, the stimula-
tion occurs only at the kathode, i.e., at the moment
when the kathelectrotonus takes place ; (2) when the
current is opened, stimulation occurs only at the anode,
i. e., at the moment when the anelectrotonus dis-
appears." (Landois and Stirling.) R.'s Opening
Tetanus. 'Ute TetaJius. R.'s Tetanus, a temporary
tetanic state caused by sending a constant current of
electricity to a nerve and then suddenly interrupting it.
R.-Valli Law, "If a nerve be separated from its
center, or if the center die, the excitability of the
nerve is at first increased; the excitability then
falls until it disappears entirely. This process takes
place more rapidly in the central than in the peripheral
part of the nerve, so that the peripheral end of a
nerve separated from its center remains excitable for a
longer time than the central end." (Landois and
Stirling.) See Laiv.
Rivallie's Paste. A caustic made by adding concen-
trated nitric acid to lint.
Riverius, Salt of. An old name for normal potassic
citrate.
Rivini, or Rivinus, Canal of. See R. , Ducts of. R.,
Ducts of, the excretory ducts of the sublingual
gland. R., Foramen of, an opening in the tympanum,
of doubtful existence. R., Glands of, the sublingual
glands. R., Notch of, a notch in the osseous tym-
panic ring, filled by Shrapnell's Membrane. ^ R., Seg-
ment of, an opening in the upper and anterior part of
the annulus tympanicus.
Rivolta's Disease. Synonym of Actinomycosis.
Rivose (ri'-voz) [rivus, a stream, channel, groove]. In
biology, marked with furrows that are sinuate rather
than parallel.
Rivulose {riv'-u-ldz) \i-ivulus, a small stream]. In bi-
ology, marked with small sinuate lines.
Rivus {ri'-vus) [L. ," a stream : pl.,Rivi']. Anyone
of the smaller conduits of the subarachnoidean space.
R. lacrymalis. See Palpebra.
Riziform {riz' -if-onn). Having an appearance resem-
bling grains of rice.
RIZZOLI-ESMARCH OPERATION 1275
ROLLE, PLANE OF
Rizzoli-Esmarch Operation. An operation for the
relief of ankylosis of the lower jaw, consisting in mak-
ing a section of the ramus. See Operations, Table of.
Roads, Animal. See Zodcurrent.
Roaring (j-or'-ing) [ME., rorcn, to roar]. A disease
of horses that causes them to make a singular noise in
breathing under exertion. The disease is due to paral-
ysis and wasting of certain laryngeal muscles, usually
of the left side, resulting in a narrowing of the
glottis.
Roasting [rost'-ing) [ME. , /-(wA'w, to roast]. The ap-
plication of heat to a degree less than that of car-
bonization, as the roasting of coffee ; torrefaction.
Rob, Robb [Arab,]. A confection made of fruit-juice,
especially of that of the mulberry.
Roberts' Macula. See Macula. R. Pelvis, the
ankylosed transversely contracted pelvis. See Pelvis.
R. Reagent, to five volumes of filtered saturated
solution of magnesium sulphate add one volume of
strong nitric acid ; it is used to obviate the objections
to nitric acid in Heller's test. Proceed as in Heller's
test. R. Test. See Tests, Table of.
Robertson's Pupil. See Pupil.
Robin's Fluid. A fluid used in the microscopic study
of the blood. It consists of distilled water containing
one per cent, of chlorid of sodium, and one-half of
one per cent, of bichlorid of mercury.
Robin's Gelatin Vehicle. A warm, flowing mass for
injecting tissues. One part of gelatin is soaked in
seven, eight, nine, or ten parts of water, according to
the consistency of the mass desired, and when soft is
melted on a water-bath. This vehicle is then com-
bined with any of the coloring-matters employed in in-
jecting tissues in the proportion of one part color to
three parts vehicle. Filter through flannel before in-
jecting. R.'s Rye. See Hair-cap Moss.
Robinia [ro - bin'- e - ak) [after fean Robin, the royal
gardener at Paris (1550-1629)]. A genus of legumi-
nous shrubs indigenous in North America. R.
amara, of China, is used as a stomachic tonic. R.
pseudacacia, the locust tree of North America.
Various parts of it are used by eclectic physi-
cians. The bark is said to be emetic and cathar-
tic, the flowers antispasmodic. Cases of poisoning
from chewing the root are recorded in which the
symptoms resembled those of belladonna-intoxica-
tion.
Robinin [ro^ -bitt-in) [after Robin, a French gardener],
C25H2gOjg. A glucosid obtained from the fresh flowers
of the locust-tree.
Robinson's Ointment. An ointment used in treating
eczema of the beard. It consists of diachylon and
zinc-oxid ointments, each ^ ss ; ammoniated-mercury
ointment, 3 iij ; bismuth subnitrate, iss. R.'s
Patent Barley, a farinaceous food for infants. Its
composition is : water, lo.io; fat, 0.97; grape-sugar,
3.08; cane-sugar, 0.90; starch, 77.76; soluble carbo-
hydrates, 4. II; albuminoids, 5.13; gum, cellulose,
etc., 1.93 ; ash, 1. 93.
Robiquet's Paste. A caustic paste consisting of equal
parts of zinc chlorid and flour with gutta-percha. It
is firm and tenacious.
Robor {ro'-hor) [L.]. Strength.
Roborant {ro' -bo-rant) \_robur, an oak ; also strength].
Tonic. Strengthening.
Robur [ro'-bur). See Robor.
Roburite [ro'-hu-rit) \_rohur, strength]. An explosive
composed of dinitrobenzene, chloronitrobenzene, and
ammonium nitrate. Its fumes, when inhaled by
miners, cause headache, vertigo, vomiting, etc.
Robust {ro - bust' ) \_robustus ; robus, robur, an oak-
tree]. Strong; vigorous.
Roccella, Rocella {rok-seF -ah , ro-sel' -ah). A genus
of the Roccellece. R. tinctoria, litmus-plant, archil ;
a species growing in the Canary Islands, Africa, and
Europe. It yields litmus.
Roccellic {rok-sel' -ik ). Related to or derived from
Roccella. R. Acid, Cj,H3204, a dibasic acid ob-
tained from Roccella tinctoria and Lecanora tar-
tarea.
Roccellin {rok-sel' -in). A dye consisting of the
sodium salt of /3-naphthalazonaphthalinsulphonic acid.
See Orseillin.
Roche's Embrocation. An embrocation containing
amber-oil.
Rochelle Salt {ro-sheV -sawlt). See Potassium.
Rock (rok) [ME., rocke, rock]. A mass of stone.
R. -candy. See Saceharnm. R. -fever. See Medi-
terraneaii Fever. R.-oil. See Petroleum. R.-
rose. See Helianthemum. R.-tripe. See Gyro-
phora. R.-weed. See Fucus.
Rockdale System. See Sewage, Disposal of.
Rocky Mountain Fever. A form of typhoid fever
occurring at high altitudes; mountain fever.
Rod [ME., rod, rod]. I. One of numerous slender
rod-like or bacillary structures, as in the retina. 2. A
shoot or slender stem of any woody plant. Rs.,
Acoustic. See Rs. of Corti. Rs., Auditory. See
Rs. of Corti. R. -bacterium, any member of the
genus bacillus. Rs. of Corti. See Corti. R. -epi-
thelium, the striated cells lining certain structures, as
the ducts of the salivary glands
and the convoluted portions of
the uriniferous tubules of the
kidney. Rs. of Heidenhain,
the rod-like cells of the renal
tubules. See Rs., Intracelhilar.
Rs., Intracellular, the fibrillas
of rod-like cells. Rs. of Kcenig.
Ste Kcenig. Rs., Muscle : i.
sarcous elements of the contrac-
tile disc of a muscle-fiber. 2.
The rod-shaped elements form-
ing the non-contractile part of a
muscle-fiber (Schafer). Rs. of
the Retina, c y 1 i n d r i c bodies
found in the layer of rods and
cones of the retina.
Rodent [ro'-dent) \_rodere, to gnaw]. Eating; gnaw-
ing. R. Cancer. See A". Ulcer. R. Ulcer, Jacob's
ulcer; cancroid ulcer; ulcus excedens ; noli me tan-
gere ; a carcinomatous ulceration of the skin, generally
held to be a form of epithelioma, occurring usually in
the eyelid or the side of the nose, and frequently per-
sisting for years before developing malignancy.
Rodostrophone [ro-dos' -tro-fon). An instrument for
transmitting articular sounds from the skull of one
person directly to that of another.
Rodrigues' Aneurysm. See Aneurysm and Diseases,
Table of.
Roederer's Obliquity. See Obliquity.
Rokitansky's Disease. Acute yellow atrophy of the
liver. See Diseases, Table of. R.'s Theory, a theory
of inflammation in which it is supposed that the first
step in the inflammatory process is a sweating out of a
fluid from the blood-vessels, and that in this fluid cells
are formed.
Rolando, Arciform Fibers of. White fibers curving
around the lower border of the olivary body and
around the sides of the medulla. R., Column of.
See Column. R., Fissure of. See Fissures, Table
of. R., Funicle of. See Funiculus. R., Nucleus
of. See Nucleus. R., Tubercle of. See Tubercle.
Rolle, Plane of. See Plane.
Rod - EPITHELIUM
FROM THE Urinife-
rous Tubules.
I. On the flat with
interlocking proces-
ses. 2. On edge,
showing rodded
character of outer
portion. (From Stir-
ling.)
ROLLER
1276
ROSACEOUS
Roller (ro'-ler) [ME., rol/e, a roll]. A long strip of
cloth varying from one to six inches or more in width,
made, for convenience, into a cylindric roll.
RoUet, Delomorphous Cells of. See Dclomorphous.
Roman Ocher. Same as Oilwr. R. Theory, of
Marchiafava and Celli, as to the nature of the crescentic
forms of the parasites found in the blood of malarial
patients. According to this theory, the crescents are
sterile forms and do not reproduce new bodies. Man-
naberg's theory considers them as conjugation-forms, or
syzygies. See Syzygies. R. White. Same as White
Lead.
Romberg's Sign or Symptom. The increased inco-
ordination of movement in tabes caused by placing the
feet in juxtaposition and closing the eyes. It is also
called the Brack- Romberg Symptom. See Signs atid
Symptoms, Table of.
Romershausen's Eye-water. A wash frequently
employed in chronic ophthalmic catarrh. It con-
sists of a mixture of fennel water and tincture of
fennel.
Root [ME., 7-oote, root]. The place of origin of
a nerve ; the proximal and cutaneous end of a hair ;
the intra-alveolar portion of a tooth. The base of an
organ. See Radix. In biology, the descending axis
of a plant, originating in the radicle of the embryo.
It fixes the plant in the soil and absorbs nutrition. It
differs from a stem in producing no buds or branches.
Rs., Aerial or Adventitious, tho§e springing from
the stem above ground for climbing or bracing pur-
poses, e.g., ivy, corn. R., Anterior [of t/ie auditor]'
nerve), the root of the auditory nerve arising from the
large-celled auditory nucleus. R., Anterior [of the
zygoma), a ridge passing from the temporal portion of
the zygoma to the squamous portion of the temporal
bone. R., Antero-lateral (^of the optic tract), that
strand of fibers arising from the optic thalamus and
passing through the geniculate body. R., Ascend-
ing {of the auditory nerve) , those fibers of the auditory
nerve which arise from the median line of the oblongata
(Roller). R., Ascending {of the fifth nerve), those
fibers of the sensory root of the fifth nerve which have
their origin in a group of cells in the gelatinous sub-
stance of the medulla. R., Brazil, an old name for
Ipecac. R.-cap, a mass of tissue that covers like a
helmet the growing-point of every root. R., Deep
{of the auditory nerve). See R., Anterior {of the
auditory nerve). R., Descending {of the fifth nerve'),
those fibers of the motor root of the fifth nerve having
their origin in the gray substance of the aqueduct of
Sylvius. R., External {of the olfactory nerve), those
fibers of the olfactory nerve which have their origin
in the insula. R. -fillings, fillings of different ma-
terials inserted into the pulp-canals of the teeth. R.-
form, applied to that form of an insect, if it has two
forms, which it assumes when infesting roots, as in
Phylloxera vastatrix, the grape-vine pest. R., Gray
{of the olfactorv nerve) . See R. , Middle {of the olfactory
nerve). R. -hairs, slender filaments growing from the
epidermis of the younger roots which increase the power
of absorption. R., Inferior Auditory, the posterior of
the two roots which unite to form the auditory nerve.
R.-leaf. Same as radicle leaf ; apparently springing
from the root, but really from a short stem. R.-louse.
See Phylloxera and Schizoneura. R.-neck (Collet), the
point of union between the root and the stem of a plant ,
or where the radicle and the plumule of the embryo unite.
R. -parasite, a plant parasitic upon the root of another.
R. -pressure, in biology, a force exerted in plants by
which the water absorbed from the soil by the roots in
greater quantity than required drives the sap up the
stem. R. -sheath, the thick layer of tissue covering
the radicle of grasses, etc., and which is ruptured on
germination ; it is called also Coleorhiza. R. -sheath
(()/ hair), the epithelium of the hair-follicle. R.-
stock, in biology, (l) a rhizome; (2) a cormus or
rhizocaulus. R. -symptoms (of Cowers), in com-
pression of the spinal cord. The functions of the
nerve-roots are interfered with at the level of the mor-
bid process. A second class of coexistent symptoms
are denominated by Cowers as Cord-sympto/ns, and
consist in interference with the function of the cord
itself R. -trimmer, an instrument for shaping and
reducing the roots of natural teeth in crown and bridge
work. R.-zone, a name given to the columns of
Burdach in the spinal cord.
Rootlet [Dan., rod, a root]. A little root.
Roquefort Cheese. See Cheese.
Rorulent {ro' -ru-lent) \_rorulentiis, full of dew]. In
biology, covered with a powdery bloom.
Rosa {ro'-zah) \\^. ,gen.,roste\. A genus of the family
rosacea, the rose. R. Acidum, Infus. (B. P.) Dose
,^j-ij. R., Aqua, pale rose 40, water 200 parts,
mixed and distilled. R., Aq., Ung., cold cream ;
oil of almond 50, spermaceti, white wax aa lo, rose-
water 30 parts. A useful emollient. R. Caninse
Confectio (B. P. ) Dose ^j-ij. R. canina, the dog-
rose, a European plant four to eight feet high. Rosae
caninae, Fructus. Hips. These are the enlarged calyx-
tubes, not the fruit. They have a sweet, acidulous,
rather astringent taste, and are inodorous. For medic-
inal use, the fleshy calyx-tube is employed, the akenes
being removed. The pulp contains malic and citric
acids. Confectio rosae caninae, prepared from hips,
R. centifolia, pale rose ; hundred-leaved rose, prob-
ably a native of Western Asia, but cultivated in all
countries. The petals alone are used, and are roundish
obovate, pink in color, having a delicious odor, due to
a volatile oil, and a sweetish, rather bitter and astrin-
gent taste. The chief constituents are tannin, fat,
resin, sugar, mucilage, a bitter principle, malates, tan-
nates, phosphates, and a coloring-matter. The petals
are used in the distillation of Aqua rosce, and dried in
preparing Syrupns sarsaparilhc comp. R., Confectio,
red rose 8, sugar 64, honey 12, rose-water 16 parts.
A basis for pills. R., Damascena. See Attar of Rose.
R., Ext., Fid. Dose TTLv-gij. R. gallica, red
rose ; rose rouge. A native of Southern Europe and
the Levant, but extensively cultivated. The buds are
collected, the petals cut off near the base and rapidly
dried. The chemic constituents are nearly identical
with those of pale rose. Confectio rosae, red rose 8
parts, sugar 64, honey 12, rose-water 16 parts. Used
as a basis for pills. Infus. rosae acidum, dried red
rose petals broken up ]4 troy -ounce, diluted sulphuric
acid I fluidram, boiling distilled water 10 fluid-
ounces. Infuse in a covered vessel for half an hour
and strain. Extr. rosae fluid., red rose in No. 30
powder 100 gm., glycerin 10 gm., dilute alcohol to
make 100 c. c. Pack the mixture in a percolator,
and add enough of the menstruum to saturate the
powder and leave a stratum above. Used in gargles
and mouth-washes. Syrupus rosae, made from the
fluid extract. Mel rosae, honey of rose. Red rose
in No. 140 powder 8 parts, clarified honey 92 parts,
dilute alcohol, a sufficient quantity to make 200 parts.
R. solis (" Rose of the sun "), a cordial or liqueur,
flavored with cassia bark and orange-flower. Cf.
Rosoglio.
Rosacea {ro-za' -se-ali). See Acne rosacea.
Rosaceous {ro-za' -she-us) [r(>.ra, a rose]. Rose-like;
rose-red. In biology, a term descriptive of flowers
that have five spreading, clawless, or short-clawed pet-
als, as the flowers of the apple, rose, etc.
ROSANILIN
1277
ROSOGLIO
Rosanilin [ro- zdH^ ^vosa^ rose; ciHihii~^y C2QH2J-
N3O. A derivative of anilin. It crystallizes from
alcohol and hot water in colorless needles or plates.
It reddens on exposure, and when heated suffers
decomposition. Its salts are employed as dyes. R.-
blue ; Triplienyl rosaiii/ln. Spirit-blue. An anilin-
blue derived from coal-tar, used for dyeing, and solu-
ble in spirit (alcohol). It is prepared by heating
rosanilin with an e.xcess of anilin and some benzoic
acid. It gives a very pure blue to silks. See Pig-
ments, Conspectus of. R. -violet. See Pigments,
Conspectus of.
Rosary [ro'-zar-e] \_vosa, a rose]. A rope suspended
from the ceiling of a room, and strung with blocks a
foot or eighteen inches apart. It is used in gymnastic
training. In biology, applied to the string of eggs of
certain batrachians [Alytes obstetricans). R., Rachi-
tic. See Rachitis.
Rose {rdz) \_rosa, a rose]. I. A flower of a plant of
the genus Rosa. 2. A synonym in .Scotland for Ery-
sipelas. 3. A tetronerythrin pigment around the eyes
of certain birds. R. des Alpes. 's?cmt Daphn/n.
R. -anilin. See Azalein. R., Bengale. See Pig-
itients. Conspectus of. R. -catarrh. See Hay-fever.
R.-cold. See Hay-fever. R. -fever, a condition
resembling hay-fever, in which the emanations from
the rose are the exciting cause. R.-lake. See Pig-
ments, Conspectus of . R.-madder. 'Aee Pigtnents, Con-
spectus of. R.-pink, a chromatic crimson-pink color.
R. -pearl. See Celluloid. R.-rash. See Erythema
and Roseola. R. -ringed, having a collar of rose-red
feathers. R. -sickness. See Pelade, Pellagra. R.-
vinegar, an infusion of rose-leaves in vinegar. It is
used as a local application in headache. R. -water,
water tinctured with oil of roses by distillation. R.-
wood, the wood of several varieties of tropical plants,
notably the Dalbergia.
Rosein (?'o'-ze-in). See Fuchsin and Magenta.
Rosellin (ro-zeV -in). See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Rosemary [rdz' -ma-re). See Rosmarinus.
Rosen's Liniment. A liniment composed of oil of nut-
meg, spirit of juniper, and oil of cloves.
Rosenbach's Bacilli. See Bacteria, Synonymatic
Table of. R.'s Sign. Absence of movement of the
abdominal muscles in inflammatory intestinal disease.
See Signs and Symptoms, Table of.
Rosenmiiller, Accessory Gland of. See Gland
of Rosenmiiller. R., Body of. .See Parovarium.
R.'s Fossa. See Fossa. R.'s Glands. See Gland.
R.'s Organ, the parovarium, q. v.
Rosenstrehl's Green. Same as Manganese Greeji.
Rosenthal, Canal of. See Canal. R.'s Hyperacid
Vomiting. See Rossbaclis Disease. R.'s Paste, a
paste used in treating sycosis. It consists of tannic
acid, 75 grains; precipitated sulphur, 2 14 drams;
powdered starch and zinc oxid, each I ^ drams ; vas-
elin, ounces. M. S. To be used at night. R.'s
Test, a test for commencing vertebral disease, made
by pressing one pole of a faradic battery in contact
with the front of the body, and passing the other pole
along the spine. If disease exists, pain will be felt.
Roseola [ro - ze' - o - lah) \_roseus, ro%y'\. Rose-rash, or
erythema. The name is also given to other diseases,
such as Rubella, or German measles. See Ery-
thema. R. aestivalis. See Erythema roseola. R.
annulata. See Erythema roseola. R. autumnalis.
See Erythema roseola. R., Balsamic. See Erythema.
R. cholerica, an eruption which often appears upon
the ninth day of an attack of cholera. R., Circinal,
a form with ring-shaped eruptions. R. circinata.
Synonym of Pityriasis rosea. R., Bpidemic. See
Rotheln, also Rubeola. R. febrilis, a name given to
the Erythema roseola occurring in malaria. R.,
Herpetic, R., Miliary, a form attended with the for-
mation of vesicles. R. infantilis. See Ervthema
roseola. R., Rheumatic, the reddish eruption that
appears in rheumatism. R., Secondary, R., Symp-
tomatic, roseola occurring as a secondary symptom
of other disorder. R., Syphilitic, Syphilitic Ex-
attthem ; Erythetnatous Syphilid; Macular Syphilid ;
the earliest of the skin-manifestations of syphilis.
It arises usually six or seven weeks from the first
appearance of the initial lesion. It is a diffuse mot-
tling or marbling of the skin in spots the size of
the finger-tip, or smaller, with ill-defined and irregular
borders. The color at first is a bright rose-pink, dis-
appearing on pressure, but it soon becomes purplish
or yellow. Favorite seats are the front of the trunk,
flank, back, and flexor surfaces of limbs. It lasts
from one to four weeks. R. typhosa, the typhoid rash.
R. vaccina, an erythematous eruption appearing from
the third to the eighteenth day after vaccination,
analogous to that seen sometimes at the onset of vari-
ola. The eruption consists of red maculae, at times
reaching the size of the palm, commencing usually
upon the arras, and thence spreading at times all over
the body.
Roseolar [ro-ze'-o-lar] \_rosetcs, rosy]. Pertaining to or
exhibiting roseola.
Roseoloid [ro-ze' -o-loid). .Same as Roseolous.
Roseolous (ro-ze'-o-lus) \_roseus, rosy]. Having the
character of roseola.
Roseous (ro'-ze-iis) \_roseus, rosy]. Rose-colored.
Roser's Method. The dependent position of the head
in operations on the respiratory passages, to prevent
blood flowing into the trachea. R.'s Line. .See
Line. R.'s Position. See Position. R.'s Theory
of Inflammation. See under Theory.
Roser-Nelaton Line. A synonym of Nelaton'' s Line.
See Lines, Table of.
Roset, Rosette (ro-zef). See Karyo kinesis.
Rosewood-oil. " A pale-yellow, viscid, volatile oil,
having an odor resembling that of sandal-wood or
rosewood, and obtained by distillation with water from
a kind of rosewood" (Cent. Diet.).
Rosin ( roz'- in ) [a variation of resinl. See Resina,
Colophony Resin. R. -grease. See R. -oil. R.-
oil, a violet-blue fluorescent liquid, varying in specific
gravity from .98 to 1. 1, obtained by dry distillation
from colophony resin. It is largely used as a lubri-
cant, especially for machinery and wagon-wheels. It
is used in the condition of " rosin-grease " (made by
stirring rosin-oil with milk of lime), and largely as a
substitute for linseed-oil in the manufacture of printers'
ink. R. -plant. Sa.me as R.-iaeed. R. -soap, a soap
made of rosin and soda or potash. R.-weed, Compass
Plant. The plant Silphium laciniatuin secretes an
oleo-resin commonly used as a chewing-gum. Tonic,
alterative, and emetic. Dose of fld. ext. 3ss-j. Unof.
Rosinol [roz'-in-ol). See Retinal.
Rosmal (^roz'-mal). A commercial name for liquid
storax.
Rosmarinus [ roz - ma - ri'- nus) [r<w, dew ; inarinus,
marine: gen., Rosmarini\ Rosemary. The leaves
of R. officinalis. Its properties are due to a volatile
oil and a resinous principle. It is somewhat useful as
an external stimulant in liniments and lotions. R.,
Oleum, the volatile oil. Dose TTLj-v. R., Spiritus.
(B. P.) Dose n\^j-v.
Rosoglio or Rosolio (ro-.fd/'-y<)) [Ital.]. I. A kind of
red wine. 2. A cordial highly popular in the Mediter-
ranean region. The plant called sundew [Drosera]
is believed to be used in making some brands of this
liqueur.
ROSOLENE
1278
ROUND
Rosolene {i-oz' -o-len') \j-osin, a variation of resin;
oleum, oil]. The oily distillate of colophony.
Rosolic (ro-zol'-ik) [ME., rose, rose]. Relating to
rosanilin. R. Acid. See Acid and Auriii. R. Blue.
Same as Azulin.
Rossalia, Rossania {ros-a'-le-ah, ros-a' -ne-ah). Syn-
onym of Scarlatiiia.
Rossbach's Disease. .See Diseases, Table of.
Rostel [ros'-iel) \_rostellum, a "little beak]. Same as
liostelliiin.
Rostellar {ros-tel'-ai-) \_i-oslelliim, a little beak]. Per-
taining to a rostellum.
Rostellate [t-os-tel'-at] \_rostellum, a little beak]. Hav-
ing a small rostrum.
Rostelliform [ros-lel' -if-orm] \_rostellujn , a rostellum ;
forma, form]. Having the form of a rostel.
Rostellum [ros-lel'-tim) [dim. of rostriun, a beak :
Rostelhi\. In biology: (a) A little beak ; the hook-
bearing or spine-bearing portion of the head of certain
worms ; (b) A peculiar viscid modification of the upper
stigma of the three confluent styles in many orchids,
which holds the retinaculum or disc to which the
pollen-masses are attached.
Rostral [ros'-lral) \_rostrttm, beak]. I. Pertaining to
or resembling a rostrum. 2. See Cephalic.
Rostrate [ros'-lrat) [rostrum, a beak]. In biology,
furnished with a beak, or a beak-like process or ex-
tension.
Rostriferous [ros-trif'-er-ns) \_rostriim, heak; ferre,\.o
bear]. Having a beak or rostrum.
Rostriform {ros'-trif- orin) \_rostrum, beak; forma,
form]. Shaped like a rostrum.
Rostroid (ros'-lroid). Same as Rostriform.
Rostrular ()-os' - trii - lar) \_rostriilum, a small beak].
Pertaining to a rostrulum.
Rostrulate {ros' - tru - lat) \_rostruliim, a small beak].
In biology, provided with a rostrulum.
Rostrulum {>-os' -tru-htm) [dim. of rostrum, a beak,
snout: //. , Rostrula'\. In biology, a term for the
peculiar mouth-parts of fleas.
Rostrum (ros'-trum) [L. ,the beak (of a bird): //. ,
Rostrums or Rostra'\. A projection or ridge, as the
rostrum of the sphenoid or of the corpus callosum.
The ventral continuation of the genu of the callosum.
In biology, a beak or snout or proboscis ; a beak-like
structure.
Rosula (roz'-ti-lak) [dim. of rosa, a rose]. A roset.
Rosular (i-oz' -u-lar). Same as Rosiilate.
Rosulate (roz'-ti-ldt) \_rosa, a rose]. In biology, hav-
ing the leaves arranged in the form of a roset.
Rosy (n)'-3<?) [ME. , ro^i", rose]. Blushing; like a rose.
R. -colored, having a rosy color. R.-drop, acne
rosacea; grog-blossoms; brandy-face. .See Rosacea.
Rot [ME., rot, rot]. To suffer .putrefactive fer-
mentation. In biology: (a) Loosely applied to
various processes of organic disintegration, dissolu-
tion, decomposition, or decay ; (i^) A disease of sheep
due to the fluke, Fasciola hepatica ; also called water-
rot, fluke-rot, bane, pourriture, cachexie aqueuse, Egel-
seuche, Leberkrankheit, Faule. R., Dry, a form of
decomposition of wood-tissue due to chemic or fun-
goid change. R., Potato. See Mildew.
Rotate (ro'-tat) \rotare, to revolve]. Wheel-shape.
In dentistry, the term implies the turning of a tooth
on its axis. R. -plane, in biology, wheel-shaped and
flat.
Rotating (ro-ta'-tinif) [rotare, to revolve]. Revolving.
R. Devices, appUances, either single or double, for
correcting torsion of single-rooted teeth.
Rotation {ro-ta'-shun) Sj'otare, to rotate]. I. Turning
with a circular motion. That movement in a joint
by which the bone rotates on its own axis, as in the
atlas and axis, also the hip-joint and the shoulder-
joint. 2. A Swedish rotatory movement, by which
the different joints are brought into motion within
their natural limits. The aim is to lengthen and
shorten the veins, so as to produce a sucking of their
contents, thus stimulating the circulation and assisting
the heart in its action. R. of Protoplasm, applied to
the movement of the whole mass of protoplasm in
a cell revolving on its own axis and carrying with
it the grains and granules contained in it. Cf. Cyclosis.
R. -stage of Labor, one of the stages of labor, con-
sisting in a rotatory movement of the fetal head or
other presenting part, whereby it is accommodated to
the birth-canal. It may be internal, occurring before
the birth of the presenting part, or external, occurring
afterward.
Rotator (r<;-Az''-/£ir) [ro/a;^, to turn]. Any mechanical
device that produces rotation. Also, the name of sev-
eral muscles that turn the parts to which they are
attached.
Roth, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Sytionymatic Table
of
Rothein {ro'-te-m). Same as Phenyl-browji.
Rotheln [rat'-eln). See Rubeola.
Rotiferous (ro - tif- er - us) \_rota, a wheel; ferre, to
bear]. In biology, having a wheel.
Rotiform (ro' -tif orni) \_rota, a wheel ; forma, form].
Shaped like a wheel ; rotate.
Rotten (rot'-n) [ME., rote?!, rotten]. The state re-
sulting from natural decomposition.
Rotterin {rot'-er-iii) [after Rotter, of Munich]. A
soluble, non-toxic antiseptic introduced by Rotter, of
Munich.
Rottlera (rot-le'-rak). See Kamala.
Rotula {rot' -u-lah') [L., dim. of rota, wheel: //. , Rot-
uLe\. Any small, circular body. The patella or
knee-cap. In biology, a radial piece in the oral skel-
eton of certain echinoderms.
Rotulad (rot'-u-lad) \_rotula, a little wheel]. Toward
the rotular aspect.
Rotular (rot' -u-la;-) [_rotula, a little wheel]. Of or per-
taining to the rotula, or to the patella, e. c^., the patel-
lar aspect of a limb ; opposed to popliteal.
Rotulen (rot'-u-len) \_rptula, a little wheel]. Belonging
to the rotula in itself
Rotuliform {rot'- u - lif- orm) \_rotula, a little wheel ;
forma, a form]. .Shaped like a rotula.
Rotund (ro-tund') \_rota, a wheel]. In biology, hav-
ing a rounded outline.
Rotundate {ro-tun'-dat) [rotundus, ronnd']. Rounded
off.
Rotundifolious {ro-tun-dif-o' -le-tcs) [^rotundus, round ;
folium, leaf]. In biology, having round leaves.
Roubain Blue. Same as Coupler's Blue.
'RowcoM (roo'- koo). Sume a.s A iinotto. ^tt Pigments,
Conspectus of.
Rouge {7-oozh) [Fr.]. A dye made from the safflower,
Cartkamtts tinctorius, used as a cosmetic. Also, any
cosmetic for producing a flush of the skin. Also, the
form of ferric oxid known as crocus martis and colco-
thar, used for polishing glass. R., Vegetal. Same
as Carthamin.
Rouge's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Rouget, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Synonymatic Table.
Roulet, Roulette (;w-A-/')[Fr.,a "roller"]. A roller,
or light wheel, used in some forms of massage, and in
the application of labile currents of electricity.
Round [ME., round, round]. In anatomy, applied to
various parts having a nearly circular section. R. Fora-
men, a foramen of the sphenoid bone transmittnig
the second or superior maxillary branch of the fifth
pair of nerves. R. -headed, having a round head.
ROUNDEL
1279
RUBRESERIN
R. Ligaments of the Uterus, a name given to two
cords originating in tlie superior lateral parts of the
uterus and terminating in the areolar tissue of the
groins and labia. R. -shouldered, having the shoul-
ders drooped. R. Ulcer, a name given to simple
ulcer of the stomach. R. Window of the Ear. See
Fenestra rotunda. R.-worm, ascaris lumbricoides.
See Thread-worms.
Roundel [ro-un'-del) roundel, anything round
and flat]. The bone button removed by the trephine.
Rounder 'yrown' -der'). See Rounding.
'Rounding (j'ozan' -ding) [ME., round]. A term
given to that propensity manifested by certain hypo-
chondriac individuals to run the round of all the free
dispensaries in a vicinity. Such patients ire termed
" rounders.'^
Roup [roop). A contagious disease of poultry, charac-
terized by offensive breath, discharge from the nostrils,
and swollen face and eyes. It is probably tuberculous
in nature, and is very commonly fatal.
Rousseau's Laudanum. .See Laudanum.
Roussel's Treatment. .See Treatment., Methods of.
Roussillon fyroo-se-von{gY) [Fr.]. A sweet red wine,
used as a substitute for port. It contains from II to
l6 per cent, of alcohol.
Roussin's Fluid. A fluid used in the microscopy of the
blood. It consists of glycerin three parts, sulphuric
acid one part, with water sufficient to reduce the specific
gravity to 1.028.
Royal [roi'-al) [ME., roial, roysX^. Pertaining to a
king ; kingly. R. Blue. See Pigments, Conspectus
of. R. Fern. See Buckhorn Fern. R. Green.
Same as Sclnveinfurth Green. R. Suture, a form of
suture used in the treatment of hernia. See Suture.
Rubber [ruh'-ei-) [origin uncertain]. Caoutchouc;
india-rubber. R.-dam, or Coffer-dam, Barnum's,
consists of a small piece of sheet- rubber, or rubber
cloth, about six inches wide and from six to ten inches
long, used for preventing the saliva and breath from
interfering with the operation of filling teeth. It is
secured by ligatures and clamps. R.-dam Clamps,
flexible steel clamps to prevent the rubber-dam from
being forced off the tooth by movements of the lips and
tongue, and also useful in forcing the rubber higher
up on the tooth, and pressing it aside to facilitate
access to the cavity. See Clamp. R.-dam Holder,
consists of an elastic ribbon, attached to two oval
plates, upon which spring catches are adjusted to
hold the rubber. R.-dam Punch, an instrument
used for perforating the rubber-dam for the reception
of the teeth. R.-dam Weights, small weights of
metal intended to be suspended from the free ends or
borders of the dam, to keep it out of the way of the
operator. R., Hard. See 'Vulcanite. R., India, or
R., Indian, Caoutchouc, q.v. Also, see I'ulcaitiie
Base.
Rubbers [rub'-ers). See Scab.
Rubbing (ricb'-ing). One of the methods of carrying
out massage. See Massage.
Rubedo [ru-be'-do) [ ;-«/vr, red ] . Any diffused red-
ness of the skin ; blushing.
Rubefacient [ru-be-fa'-se-ent) \_ruher, red ; facere, to
make]. I. Causing redness of the skin. 2. A
medicine or agent that by irritation of the ends of
the nerve- filaments of the skin causes distention of the
capillaries and reddening of the skin.
Rubefaction {m-be-fak' -shun) \_rubefacere , to make
red]. Redness of the skin produced by a rubefacient.
Rubella (ru-bel' ah) [dim. of ruber, reA'\. A synonym
of Rubeola, q. v.. Rotheln, or German Measles. This
term is also vaguely applied to other somewhat similar
affections attended with slight eruptions.
Ruben's Madder. See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Rubeola [rii-be' -o-lah) \_rubeus, red]. R'otheln ; Ru-
bella, or Geriiuin Measles ; an acute, specific, exanthe-
matous, contagious disease of childhood, characterized
by enlargement of the superficial lymphatic glands,
especially those of the neck, by catarrhal symptoms,
and by an eruption appearing first upon the face and
scalp, and consisting of small rose-colored spots. It
is followed by a slight, branny desquamation. The
period of incubation is usually eleven or twelve days.
The term rubeola was formerly used synonymously
with measles. See Exanthenuita, Table of. R.
conflluens. See Scarlet Fever. R. maligna. Syno-
nym of Black Measles. R. nigra, R. scorbutica,
black measles. R. notha, an anomalous form of
measles, with a papular eruption, the papulx not being
arranged in crescentic clusters, being less obvious, and
not appearing at all, or showing themselves but imper-
fectly, on the limbs. The patches are of dusky hue,
and there is no distinct sore-throat, but considerable
constitutional disturbance. R. scarlatinosa. See
Scarlatina. R. vulgaris. See Measles.
Rubeolar [ru-be'-o-lar) \_rubeits, red]. Of the nature
of or pertaining to rubeola.
Rubeoloid {ru-be'-o-loid ) \_rubeus, red; E!(5of, like].
Resembling rubeola.
Rubescence [ru-bes' -ens) \_rubescere, to become red].
Blushing ; redness of countenance or complexion.
'Ruh^sz^nt {ru-bes'-ent) \_rubere,\.o be red]. Blush-
ing; becoming red.
Rubiacin [t-u - bi' - as - in). See Pigments, Conspectus
of
Rubicund [ru' -bik-und) \rubicundus, very red]. Rud-
dy ; inclined to redness.
Rubidin [rid -bid-in). See Orseillin.
Rubidium {ru-bid'-e-um) \_ruhidus, red]. Rb = 85.3 ;
quantivalence I. One of the rare alkaline metals,
resembling potassium in physical and chemic proper-
ties. See Elements, Table of. R.-alum, an alum
much resembling potash-alum, but less soluble in
water. In Europe alum prepared from the mineral,
bepidolite, sometimes contains a considerable propor-
tion of rubidium-alum. Unof. R. -ammonium
Bromid, RbBr{NHjBr)^, a double salt of rubidium,
introduced as a substitute for potassium bromid. It
is a white, crystalline powder, having a cooling, saline
taste, and is readily soluble in water. It is used as a
hypnotic and sedative, with special recommendation
in the treatment of epilepsy. Dose I to 2 drams,
in divided doses, best given in mixture with syrups
flavored with lemon or orange. It has not been
adopted generally, although endorsed by good author-
ities, and it is comparatively little known. R. Bro-
mid, a serviceable but expensive substitute for po-
tassium bromid. Unof. R. Chlorid, unof. , lowers
the pulse-rate and raises the arterial tension. Dose
gr. ij-v.
Rubiginose (j-u-bif -in-oz) \_rulnginosus, rusty]. Brown-
red.
Rubiginous [ru-bij'-in-us) [rubiginosus']. Rust-col-
ored.
Rubigo (ru-bi'-go). See Rust.
Rubijervin {ru-bij-er' -vin) {^rubezis, red ; Jerva, green
hellebore root], C.^gH^-jNO;,. An alkaloid of Vera-
truiu album.
Rubin. Same as Fuchsin.
Rubini's Tincture of Camphor. See Camphor.
Rubor (ru'-bor). [L. ] The redness or discoloration
due to inflammation.
Rubores {ru-bor' -ez). Synonym of Scarlatina.
Rubreserin {ru-bres' -er-in). A product of the decom-
position of physostigmin.
RUBRICOSE
1280
RUNNER
Rubricose {ru' brik-oz) \_rttbricosus, full of red earth].
In biology, marked with red.
Rubula [ru' -bu-lali). See Fra/iibasia.
Rubus (ru'-bus) [L. , gen., Riibi\. Blackberry. The
bark of several species of Riibus. It contains about
lo per cent, of tannic acid, to which its properties are
mainly due. It is useful in the summer complaints of
children. Dose gr. xv-xxx. R. chamaemorus, the
cloud-berry. It is used in Russia as a diuretic and
sudorific, the berries, leaves, and flowers being em-
ployed in infusion or extract. Unof. R., Ext., Fid.
Dose tTLx-::^]. R. idaeus, Raspberry, the fruit of
several species of rubus. It contains various fruit-acids,
flavors, etc. It is used as a flavor for svrups. R. id.,
Syr., contains the clarified juice of the fruit with sugar
q. s. R., Syr., fid. ext. rubus 20, syrup 80 parts. Dose
R., Syr., Aromat., unof. , contains the root-
bark with cloves, cinnamon, nutmeg, etc. Each fluid-
ounce contains gr. xxx of the drug.
Ructamen [ruk-/a'-men) [L. , //., Ructamina\. A
ructation.
Ructation [rzik-ta' -shun) \_riictalio'\. An eructation or
belching of wind.
Ructus [ruk'-tus) [L.]. A belching of wind from the
stomach. R. hystericus, hysteric belching, the gas
escaping with a loud, sobbing, gurgling noise.
Rudbeckia ()-tid-bek' -e-aJi) [after Olaus Riidbeck, a
Swedish botanist]. A genus of composite-flowered
plants, chiefly North American ; cone-flowers. R.
laciniata, and R. purpurea, are diuretic and altera-
tive. See Thiinblnveed. Unof.
Ruddy {riid'-e) [ME., ruddy, ruddy]. Of a red color,
reddish.
Ruderal {ru'-der-al) \_riidiis, rubbish, stones broken
small and mixed with lime]. In biology, growing
among rubbish.
Rudiment [rn'-dim-ent) \_riidimentum, a beginning].
In biology, a part or organ in a primary stage, or
aborted or remaining as a functionless trace of some-
thing once important to the organism. Cf. Anlage,
and Pro/on.
Rudimentary [rit-dim-en' -tn-re) \riidimejitmn, a rudi-
ment]. In an undeveloped or unfinished state. R.
Organ, one whose development was arrested before
reaching a state of normal growth.
Rue See Ruta.
Rufescent [ni-fes'-ent). Developing a reddish-brown
color. Rufous.
Ruficarmin [ru -fik - ar' - miit) [;-///}«, red ; carinin\.
A bright-red .substance obtained by heating carmin and
water. See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Ruficoccin {ru-fik-ok' -sin). A brick-red animal color-
ing-matter obtained from carmic acid by heating with
concentrated H.^SO^ to 120° C. (248° F.). It is solu-
ble in alcohol with a yellow fluorescence. See Pig-
ments, Consperltis of.
Rufigallic Acid {ru-fig-al' -ik). ^ice Arid.
Rufous {ru'-fus) \rufus, red]. Reddish-brown.
Ruga [ru'-gah) [L., a wrinkle: //. , Rugir'\. I. A
wrinkle, furrow, crease, or ridge, as, e.g., in the mu-
cosa of the stomach, vagina, etc. 2. A fold of pia
on the ental surface of the piarachnoid.
Rugine {i-u'-gin, or ru'-zhln) [Fr.]. A surgeon's rasp,
or scraper.
Rugitus {rii-gi'-tus). See Bom/nis.
Rugose [ru'-gdz] [ruga, a wrinkle]. Applied to a sur-
face that is rough or wrinkled.
Rugosity (ru-gos'-it-e) \_rngositas, the state of being
wrinkled]. A condition of being in folds, or wrinkles.
Roughness.
Rugous (ru'-gus). Same as Rugose.
Ruhmkorff Coil. See Coii.
Rule [rul) [ME., ru/e, m\e']. A formula or general
proposition. R., Goodell's. See Law, Goode//'s. R.
of Ready Practice. See Law, Goodell's.
Rum [abbreviation of rumbullion']. A spirit obtained
in the West Indies and the U. S. from the molasses
of the sugar-cane by fermentation and distillation.
When new, it is white and transparent, and has, when
freshly distilled, an unpleasant odor, due to oils con-
tained. These are removed by treatment with charcoal
and lime. Cf. Bay-rum. R. -blossom, a pimple on
the nose caused by excessive drinking ; rum-bud ; acne
rosacea. R.-bud. See R. -blossom.
Rumbling [rum'-bling). See Borborygmus.
Rumen [i-u'-men') [r«w/c;?, the throat, or gullet]. In
biology, (^7) the first compartment of the complicated
stomach of a ruminant, also called the paunch . plain
tripe, and farding-bag (see Farding-hag) : (h) the cud
of a ruminant.
Rumex (ru'-meks) gen., Rumicis]. Yellow Dock.
The root of R. crispus and other species of R. Its
properties are due to tannin , calcium oxalate , and chrys-
ophanic acid. It is astringent and tonic and is useful
in combination with the iodids. Dose gr. xv-^j.
R., Decoct., contains of the dried root to Oj of
water. Dose ^j-ij. R., Fid. Ext. Dosen^xv-^j,
Rumicin (ru'- mis - in). Synonym of Acid, Chryso-
phanic.
Rumin [ru'-iiiin) [rumex, sorrel]. A precipitate from
a tincture of the root of Yellow Dock, Rumex cris-
pus ; resolvent, anti-scorbutic, mildly astringent, and
laxative. Dose 3 grains. Unof.
Ruminant (ru' -min-a)it) [ruminare, to chew the cud].
In biology, chewing the cud ; specifically applied to one
of the best defined and most closely united of any of
the groups of Matnnialia (the Pecora or Cotylopliora),
the complicated stomach of which is characteristic,
consisting of four well-defined compartments known as
(l) the rumen, or paunch; (2) the reticulum, or
honey-cojnb bag ; (3) the psalterium, or vianyplics ;
(4) the abomastim , or reed.
Ruminate (ru' -min-dt) [ruminare, to chew the cud].
In biology, [a) to chew the cud ; (b) applied to the
albumin of certain seeds, when channeled or perfor-
ated with holes through which the inner coat penetrates,
as in the nutmeg.
Ruminatio [ru-miii-a'-she-o). See Rumination.
Rumination [ru-miu-a' -shtai) [ruminare, to chew the
cud]. I. Merycismus ; a'remarkable and rare condi-
tion in which patients regurgitate and chew the cud,
like ruminants. It occurs in neurasthenic or hysteric
persons, epileptics, and idiots. It may be hereditary.
Certain persons have the power of returning food from
the stomach to the mouth at will. 2. In biology, the
return of ingesta — the cud — to the mouth from the
paunch, and its remastication. Among certain of the
lower animals this function is normal.
Rump [ME. , rumpe, rump]. The end of the backbone;
the buttocks, or nates. R.-bone, the sacrum.
Run [ME., rinnen, to run]. In pathology, to liis
charge pus or purulent matter from a diseased part.
R. -around. See Paronychia .
Runcinate (r^w'-.f/w-o/) i;-««(-/«<7, a plane]. In biol-
ogy, a modification of a pinnatifid leaf, in which the
points of the large central lobes are reflected, e.g.,
in the dandelion.
Runge's Method. A method of dressing the umbilical
cord. The stump is powdered with a mixture of
boric acid and starch, one part to three.
Runner (run'-er) [AS., ryne, course, path]. In biol-
ogy, (a) a stem or branch, like that of the strawberry,
that creeps along the ground, rooting at intervals ; (/')
a cursorial animal.
RUNNING
1281
RYPIA
Running [run' -iiig) [ME., rmnen^ to run]. Moving
quickly. R. Amuck. See Aiinuk. R. Scall.
Synonym of Eizcina.
Runt [E. dialect.]. A dwarf.
Rupestrine [i-ii-pcs'-trin) \_nipes, a rock]. In biology,
living or growing upon or among rocks.
Rupia (i-u' -pe-ah) [p/iTrof, filth]. A term used to de-
note a variety of pustular syphiloderm characterized
by the formation of large, dirty-brown, stratified, conic
crusts, like limpet shells. R. escharotica. See
Dermatitis gangrenosa infantum.
Rupial (j-u'-pe-al') [pi-rrog, filth]. Resembling rupia.
Rupophobia [^ru - po- fo' - he - ah^ [pi'Trof, filth ; ^o/3of,
fear]. Insane dread of filth. See Mysophohia.
Ruptorium [rup-to'-i-e-iun] \_ruptio, a breaking]. An
apparatus for the breaking of continuity.
Rupture (riip'-tiir) \riiptiira ; rhexis ; rumpere, to
break]. Breakage or laceration of the walls or con-
tinuity of an organ, especially of a viscus. Also, the
popular name for hernia.
Ruptured (nip'-tnrc/) \_riiptiira ; rumpere, to break].
Burst ; affected with hernia.
Rusconi, Anus of. See Protostoma.
Ruscus (/'^j-'-zfw) [rz«c«w, butchers' broom]. A genus
of monocotyledonous plants. R. aculeatus, the
butchers' broom or knee-holly of Europe. The rhi-
zome is diuretic. R. hypophyllum and R. hypo-
glossum have similar qualities. Unof.
Rusma {}-us' -mah). See Rhnsma.
Russel and West's Method. See Urea.
Russian [)-ush'-aii) [Russ. , Rossuja, Russia]. Per-
taining to Russia. R. Bath. See Bath. R. Dis-
ease. Synonym q{ Influenza. R. Glue. See Glue.
R. Pest. Synonym of Influenza. Russo-Polish
Fever. Synonym of Typhus Fever.
Russow's Potash-alcohol. x\n alcoholic solution of
potassium hydrate employed in vegetable histology as a
solvent of suberin and other substances incrusting the
cell- wall.
Rust \W^.,rust, rust]. I. The oxids, hydrates, and
carbonates collecting on the surfaces of metals exposed
to moist air. 2. In biology, a disease common on
cereals, causing masses of rust-like dust to break out
from the tissues of the plant. It is caused by fungi
of the class Uredinece. R., Apple, R., Quince,
Rcestelia aurantiaca, Pk. ; R. transfornians. Ell. ;
.■Ecidium piratum, S. R., Bean, R., Pea, Uredo
appendiculata . R., Beet; Uromvces hettr, Kiihn. R.,
Blackberry, and R., Raspberry, .-Ecidittm (Caoma)
niteus, S. R. of Carnation-pinks, Uromyces cary-
ophyllinus. R., Celery, Puccinia hullata. R.,
Clover, Uromyces irifolii. Abb. R., Corn, Puccin-
ium sorghi, S. P. maydis, Berenger. R., Elder,
^cidium sambiici, Schw. R. Flax., Melampsora
litii, Desm. R., Hollyhock, Puccinia nuilva cearum.
Mont. R., Oat, R., Wheat, Puccinia graniinis,
P. ; P. coronata : Puccinia rubigo vera, D. C. R.,
Peach, R., Plum, R., Cherry, Puccinia pruni spi-
nosiC, P. R., Pear, Gymnosporangium izidus avis,
Thaxter ; yEcidium cancellatum, Gmel. R., Rose,
Phragmidiuin subcorticum. R., Strawberry, Ramu-
hiria fragariie, Pk. R., Sugar-cane, Uromyces
Kiihnii. 3 . The " brusone," " white blast," or
" water weevil," [Lissorhoptrus simp/ex. Say), a
coleopterous enemy of the rice-plant.
Rust's Disease. See Malum. R.'s Disinfectant,
a mixture of camphor and myrrh, each seven parts,
powdered charcoal and styrax, each 30 parts, and oil
of turpentine sufficient to make an ointment.
Rusty (rus'-te) [ME., rust, rust]. Of the nature or
appearance of rust. R. Expectoration, the common
name for the usual form of expectoration in croupous
pneumonia, due to the presence of a small amount of
blood in the sputa.
Ruta [ru'-tah) [\^.,gen. rutce']. Rue. The leaves oiR.
grai'eolens, which furnish oil of rue by distillation.
R., Oleum is irritant, rubefacient, and vesicatory. In-
ternally, it is an efficient emmenagogue. Dose tl\j-v,
in mucilage.
Ruthenic, Ruthenious {ru-then'-ik, ru-then'-e-us)
\_Ruthenia, a province of Russia]. Containing ruthe-
nium as a radicle.
Ruthenium {ru-the' -ne-utn) \_Ruthenia, a province of
Russia]. A rare metal of the platinum group. Sym-
bol. Ru ; atomic weight, 103.5. Little is known of
its medicinal properties. See Elements, Table of.
Rutherford's Solution. A decalcifying and hardening
solution for tissue-specimens : chromic acid I grm.,
water 200 c.c; then add 2 c.c. nitric acid.
Rutic [rzi'-tik) [ruta, rue]. Obtained from rue.
Rutidosis (ru-tid-o' -sis) [ptir/VSwrnf ; pvrig, a wrinkle].
A contraction or puckering of the cornea that precedes
death.
Rutin (nd-tin) \_ruta, rue]. A crystalline neutral sub-
stance obtained from the leaves of rue.
Rutting (rut'-ing) [ME. , rut, rut]. The stage of sexual
excitement in female animals coincident with the
rupture of ovisacs.
Rutulin (^ritf -u-lin). A substance obtained from salicin
and sulphuric acici.
Rutyl {rid -til). Synonym of Cupryl.
Ruysch, Membrane of. See Membrane.
Ruyschiana {ru-she-an' -ah). See Membrane.
Rye (i-l) [ME., rye, rye]. The popular name of the
grain Secale cereale, one of the Graminacea. R.-
asthma, a form of hay-fever occurring at the time of
the flowering of rye. R., Ergot of. Ergot. R.,
Spurred. Same as Ergot.
Rypia [ri^ -pe-ah ) . See Rupia.
81
S 1282 SACCHARIN
S. The chemic symbol of sulphur. Letter of "S"
Curve, of Pleurisy; the upper line of dulness of a
pleural effusion is said to be curved like the letter " S. "
S. romanum, the sigmoid flexure of the colon, cr,
the symbol of one-thousandth of a second. A micro-
second.
Sabadilla [sab-ad-iV -ali). See Cebadilla.
Sabadillin {sab-ad-W -in) \cevadind\, C^qH.^^NjOj. A
colorless, crystalline alkaloid obtained from cevadilla-
seed.
Sabal {sa' bal ) . See Saw Palmetto.
Sabalol [sa' -bal-ol). A substance prepared from the
active principles of the Saw Palmetto (^Serenoa serrit-
lata).
Sabatier's Suture. See Suture.
Sabatrin [sah' -at-rbi) \_cevadina'\, CjjHjgNjOjY- An
alkaloid found in cevadilla-seed.
Sabbatia (sab-a' -she-ah) [after Liberatus Sabbati, an
Italian botanist]. The herb S. campestris, of value
in the sick headache of indigestion. Dose of the fld.
ext. n\,xv-3j. Unof. S. angularis is a good bitter
tonic and appetizer. Other plants of this genus have
similar properties, especially S. ihloroides. They have
the medicinal virtues of the gentians, to which they
are nearly related. S. eliotti is known as quinin-
flower. S. paniculata is used for the same purposes
as .S'. angularis.
Sabina (sa-bi' -jia/i) [L., gen., sabina'\. Savine. The
tops of Jiiuiperits S. ; its properties are mainly due to
a volatile oil which resembles turpentine, but is more
irritant. In large doses it produces violent purging
and vomiting. It is used as an emmenagogue. Ex-
ternally, it is useful, to prolong the discharge from blis-
ters and to stimulate ulcers to cicatrization. S., Cera-
tum, fld. ext. savine 25, resin cerate 90 parts. S.,
Fid. Ext. Dose n\^v-xv. S., OI., the volatile oil.
Dose TT\,i-v. S., Tinct. (B. P.) Dose n\^xx-_::^j.
Sabulose (sab' -u-ldz) \sabiiliim, sand]. In biology,
growing in sand.
Sabulosity (sab-u-los' -it-e) [sabidmn, sand]. Sandi-
ness ; grittiness.
Sabulous [sab'-H-liis) [j^/'w/z/w, sand]. Gritty; sandy.
Growing in sandy or gravelly places. Pertaining to
the sandy deposit sometimes found in urine. Also, to
the gritty matter called brain-sand, found in the
pineal gland and in psammoma. See Acerviilns.
Saburra (sab-nr'-ah) [coarse sand]. Foulness of the
stomach, or of the tongue or teeth ; sordes.
Saburral [sab-iir' -al) \sabiirra, coarse sand]. Pertain-
ing to or affected with saburra.
Saburration [sab-ur-a' -shiin') \jaburra, coarse sand] .
The use of the sand-bath ; ammotherapy, or arena-
tion. In biology, the act of rolling in the sand, as
practised by poultry.
Sac (sak) \_saccits, a bag]. The bag-like bulging or
covering of a natural cavity, hernia, cyst, or tumor.
S., Air, the air-cells of the lung. S., Allantoid.
Synonym of Allautois. S., Amniotic, the amnion.
Ss., Auditory, the rudimentary organs of hearing of
the embryo of certain vertebrates. S., Dental. See
Dental Sae. S., Embryonic, the sac-like stage of
the embryo, which it presents early in its develop-
ment, just after the abdominal plates have closed.
S., Fetal. See 5., Gestation. S., Gestation, the
sac enclosing the embryo in ectopic pregnancy. S.,
Hernial, the peritoneal covering of a hernia. S.,
Lacrymal, the dilated upper portion of the lac-
rymal duct. Ss., Latex, milk-sacs, spaces con-
s
taining the latex of plants. S., Omental, the sac
formed between the ascending and descending por-
tions of the great omentum. S., Peritoneal, the cavity
formed by the peritoneal serous membrane. S.,
Pleural, the cavity formed by the pleura. S.,
Vitelline, the sac enclosing the vitellus or yolk in
the embryo. S., Yolk. See Umbilical Vesicle.
Sacatra [sak a - trah). A person of seven-eighths
black and one-eighth white blood.
Saccade (5f?/'-(7 [F., i-rtaa^/f, pull, draw]. The in-
voluntary jerk of deglutition.
Saccaneurysma (sak-an-u-riz' -mali) [cru/c/cof, bag;
ehpiveiv, to dilate]. A sacculated aneurysm.
Saccate, or Saccated [sale' -at, sak' -a-ted) \saccus, sac
or pouch]. Sac-shaped or contained in a membranous
envelop. Encysted ; pouched ; furnished with a sac.
Saccharate [sak' -ar-at) \jaccharnm, sugar]. I. Hav-
ing or containing sugar. 2. A compound of saccharic
acid and a base. 3. A compound of cane-sugar with
a base. S. of Iron [Ferritin oxydatum sacchar-
alum solnbilc, Ger. Ph.). A compound of cane-sugar
and iron", important as an antidote for arsenic. S. of
Lead, a salt of saccharic acid and lead, used in form-
ing the nitro-saccharate of lead, which has been
vaunted as a safe and effective solvent of urinary cal-
culus. S. of Lime, a compound of cane-sugar with
lime. A syrup charged with it has been recom-
mended as a cure for chronic rheumatism. A solu-
tion of this compound is a good antidote in carbolic-
acid poisoning.
Saccharated (sak'-ar-a-ted) \_adKxapoi', sugar]. Con-
taining sugar. S. Carbonate of Iron, a greenish-
gray powder containing sulphate of iron. S. lodid
of Iron, iodid of iron with milk-sugar. S. Pepsin,
milk-sugar with pepsin from the stomach of the hog.
S. Tar, a mixture of tar (4 parts) and sugar (96
parts), a soluble medium for medicinal adminis-
tration.
Saccharephidrosis [sak- ar - ef- id - ro'- sis) [aoftjnpoi',
sugar; f(pi.6pi,>aic, ephidrosis]. A form of hyperidrosis
characterized by the excretion of sugar in sweat.
Saccharic [sak-ar' -ik) \ca.Kxo.pov, sugar]. Pertaining
to or obtained from sugar. S. Acid. See Acid.
Saccharid [sak'-ar-id) \p(iKxapmi, sugar]. A com-
pound of a base with sugar. A sucrate. See Casetn
Saccharid .
Sacchariferous [sak - ar - if - er - ns) \aaKxapm', sugar;
ferre, to carry]. Containing sugar.
Saccharification [sak-ar-if-ik-a'-sJnm) [paKxapov,
sugar; /vz<rf;Y, to make]. Sugar-forming. The act of
converting into sugar.
Saccharimeter [sak-ar-im' -et-er). See Saccharonieter.
Saccharimetry [sak-ar-im' -et-re) \naK.xa.pov, sugar ;
//tr/mi', measure]. The operation or art of ascertain-
ing the amount or proportion of sugar in solution in
any liquid.
Saccharin ( sak'- ar - in) [ff(;/.-,|-a/x)i', sugar] , C|.H^-
CO
<[gQ >NH. I. A benzol-sulphonicimid derived from
coal-tar, occurring as six-sided, colorless tablets, melt-
ing at 224° C. It is 280 times sweeter than cane-
sugar. It is used as a substitute for sugar in diabetes,
and is recommended for use in the treatment of cor-
pulency and gout. It is also antiseptic, and has been
found useful in erysipelas, septic fever, and gonorrhea.
Dose, gr. ^. See Glitsidum. 2. C|.,H,„05. The
anhydrid of monobasic saccharic acid. It is soluble
in 18 parts of water, forms large crystals, having a bit-
SACCHARINE
1283
SACRAL
ter and salty taste, melts at l6o° C, is dextrorotatory
and non-fermentable.
Saccharine [sak'-aj--i>!) [aaKxapov, sugar]. Having
the nature of or containing sugar. An old term for
oxalic acid.
Saccharinin (sak-ar' -in-in). Synonym of Saccharin
(1st def.).
Saccharobiose [sak - ar - o' - be - oz) [^aduxafjov, sugar].
Synonym of Saccharose. The name has been given
on account of the property possessed by saccharose of
giving rise, when hydrated, to two carbohydrated
molecules. C,.^H,^20u + =
Saccharocolloid [sah-ar-o-kol'-o/d) [aanxapoi', sugar ;
KoXka, glue ; tlJof, like]. Any member of that group
of carbohydrates to which starch, pectin', and gum
belong, which are amorphous, crystallize with difficulty,
and diffuse through animal membranes very slowly.
Saccharogalactorrhea (sak-ar-o-gal-ak-for-e'-ah) [oclk-
;i'fl;poi', sugar ; jdAa, milk ; po/a, a flow]. The excre-
tion of an excess of sugar with the milk.
Saccharogen (sak' -ar-o-jeii) \_aaKxaj)ov, sugar ; yevvav,
to produce]. A material found in milk, and convert-
ible into lactose. A glucosid.
Saccharoid (sak'-ar-oid) \_GaKxcii>ov, sugar; ekJo^-, like] .
Resembling loaf-sugar.
Saccharometer (sak-ar-om' -et-er^ [(T(i/>;t:a/jor, sugar ;
fitTpov, measure]. An apparatus for determining the
amount of sugar in solutions, either in the form of a
hydrometer which indicates the strength in sugar by
the specific gravity of the solution ; or of a polarimeter,
which indicates the strength in sugar by the number
of degrees of rotation of the plane of polarization. S.,
Fermentation, an instrument for collecting and esti-
mating the percentage of carbon dioxid evolved in the
fermentation of saccharine urine.
Saccharomyces (sak-ar-o-mi' -sez) \_aaKxo,po\i, sugar ;
/iuK^/f, fungus : pi. , Saccharoiiiycetes~\. A genus of uni-
cellular vegetable organisms, of which the yeast-plant
is a common example. S. albicans, the same (Rees)
as the Oidhmi albicans of Robin ; the fungus of thrush.
S. apiculatus, a fungus-ferment found upon goose-
berries, etc. S. capillitii, a form found on the human
scalp and supposed to cause Pityriasis capitis. S.
cerevisiae, the ferment of beer-yeast. S. conglom-
eratus, found in grape-must when fermentation is
nearl)^ over. S. coprogenus, a form observed in
human feces. S. ellipsoideus, the common ferment
of wine. S. exiguus, found in the last stages of the
fermentation of beer. S. glutinis, a species forming
a rose-colored coating on gelatin or potatoes. S. gut-
tulatus, occurs in the digestive tract of various ani-
mals. S. mesentericus, destroys fruit acids. S.
minor, according to Engel, the fungus of bakers'
yeast. S. mycoderma (Grawitz),same as S. albicans.
S. pasteurianus, a form closely allied to 5. ellipsoideus.
S. psoriasis, occurs in the human scalp, around the
hairs. S. reessi, probably a variety of S. ellipsoideus.
S. sphaericus, found on fermenting tomatoes. S.
tyricola, found in fermenting cheese. It resembles
.S". minor. See Bacteria, Svnonymatic Table of.
Saccharon [sak'-ar-on) [aaKxapov, sugar], CgHgOg.
The lactone of saccharonic acid.
Saccharonic Acid [sak-ar- on' -ik). See Acid.
Saccharorrhea (sak-ar-or-e' -ah) [^anK\apav, sugar; po'ia,
flow]. The secretion of saccharine fluid. S. cutanea.
See Saccharephidrosis . S. lactea. See Saccharogalac-
torrhea. S. pulmonalis, the exudation of sweetish
sputa. S. urinosa. See Diabetes niellitiis.
Saccharose isak' -ar-bz) \caKxapov, sugar], C,.,H,20,,.
Cane-sugar ; it occurs in the juice of many plants,
chiefly in sugar-cane, in some varieties of maple, and
in beet roots (10-20 per cent.). The syrupy mother
liquid from the sugar is called molasses. Saccharose
crystallizes in large monoclinic prisms, of a sp. gr. 1. 606.
Its aqueous solution is levorotatory. Cane-sugar melts
at 160°; at 190-200° it changes into a brown non-
crystallizable mass called caramel, used in coloring
liquids. It is not directly fermentable and does not
reduce alkaline copper-solutions. The ordinary pure
sugar of commerce. See Carbohydrates, Table of.
Saccharous (sak' -ar-tts). Same as Saccharine.
Saccharum (sak-ar' -tini) [croKja/jor, sugar; gen., sac-
charil, Cj.^Hj^O,,. Cane-sugar. The soluble crystal-
line substance occurring naturally in the juice of the
sugar-cane, S. officinantni : maize, Zea mays: the sugar-
beet, Beta vulgaris, and the sugar-maple, Acer saccha-
rinum. In pharmacy, in the form of syrups, it is
used mainly as a vehicle, and in a solid state as a pro-
tective coating for pills and troches. See, also, Glu-
cose, Lactose, and Levulosc. S. album, white or pure
crystallized sugar. S. canadense. Maple-sugar, ob-
tained from Acer saccharinum. S. candidum. Rock-
candy. S. lactis. Sugar of Milk. S. purificatum,
pure white sugar.
Saccharure (sak' -ar-ftr) \_aaKxapov , sugar]. A pre-
paration obtained by saturating sugar with a tincture,
then drying, and pulverizing.
Saccholactic Acid [sak-o-lak' -tik). Synonym of Acid,
AJucic.
Sacciferous (sak - sif- er - us) [^saccits, mck; ferre,X.o
bear]. In biology, having a sac ; saccate.
Sacciform (sak'-sif-oi-tn) [_saccus, a pouch; for?na,
form]. Resembling a sac ; saccate. S. Disease of
the Anus, distention and inflammation of the pouches
of the rectum.
Saccular (sak' -u-lar) \^saccMS, sac]. Sac-shaped. S.
Aneurysm, a saccular dilatation of an artery, com-
municating with the latter by a narrow neck.
Sacculate (sak' -n-ldt) \_saccus, a bag]. Having small,
sac-like projections.
Sacculated (sak'-u-la-ted) \_sacciis, sac]. Encysted.
Divided into little sacs.
Sacculation (sak-u-la' -shun) [ra(r/«, sac]. A sac-like
formation ; a sac, or set of sacs ; as the sacculation of
the colon, or of the uterus in rare cases.
Saccule, Sacculus (sak'-ul, sak' -u-lus) [dim. saccus,
sac]. A small sac. S. communis, oblongus, or
semiovalis, the utricle. S. laryngis, the laryngeal
pouch between the superior vocal bands and the inner
surface of the thyroid cartilage. S. mucosus, the
bursa of the rectus femoris muscle. S. of the Vesti-
bule, the smaller of two vestibular sacs of the mem-
branous labyrinth of the ear.
Saccus (sak'-u.'i). Synonym of Sac. S. vitellinus.
See Sac, Vitelline.
Sacer (sa'-se>') [L.]. Sacred. S. ignis, erysipelas.
S. morbus, epilepsy.
Sachet (sash-a') \^saccus, a sac]. A small bag of per-
fumed or medicated substances. S. resolutif [Fr.],
a sachet of equal parts of sal ammoniac, iron sulphate,
and calcium sulphate.
Sachse's Solution and Test. A solution for testing
for sugar in the urine. It consists of 18 grams of red
iodid of mercury, 25 grams of potassium iodid, and
80 grams of potassium hydrate in water, diluted to one
liter.
Sachs's Theory of Inflammation. See Theory.
Sack (sak) \_siccus, dry]. An old name for dry Spanish
and Canary wine ; sherry. Synonym of Sac.
Sacrad (sa'-krad) [^sacrum, the sacrum]. Toward the
sacral aspect.
Sacral (sa'-kral) \_sacrui?!, sacrum]. Pertaining to the
sacrum. S. Bone. See Sacrum. S. Canal. See
Canal. S. Cornua. See Cornu. S. Flexure, the
SACRALGIA
1284
S.-EPIMENTUM
cvirve of the rectum in front of the sacrum. S. Fora-
men. See Foraiue)i. S. Groove. See Gi-oozy. S.
Index, the sacral breadth muhiphed by loo, and
divided by the sacral length. S. Nerves. See
Xt-rres. S. Plexus. See Plexus.
Sacralgia (sa-kral'-je-ak) \_sncrnii!, sacrum; aAyoi',
pain]. Pain in the sacrum ; hieralgia.
Sacrarthrocace [sak-rar-throk' -as-e). See Sacro-iliac
Disease.
Sacred {sa'-kred) [ME., sacren, to render holy].
Hallowed ; holy. S. Bark. See Cascara Sagrada.
S. Malady. Synonym of Epilepsy.
Sacren (^rt'-zJ-ri";/) [jirtvv/w, sacrum]. Belonging to the
sacrum in itself.
Sacrifical {sa-krif -ik-al) \_saci'ificare, to sacrifice].
Employed in sacrifice. S. Operation, an operation
in which some organ (as an ovary), is sacrificed or
destroyed for the general good of the patient.
Sacriplex (sa'-krip-leks) [sacrum, sacrum; plexus,
plexus]. The sacral plexus of nerves.
Sacriplexal (sa-krip-leks' -al ) [.wcraw, sacrum ; plexus,
plexus]. Pertaining to the sacriplex.
Sacro- (sa'-kro-) [_wt7-«/«, sacrum]. A prefi.x denoting
connection with or relation to the sacrum.
Sacro-caudal (sa - kro - kaw' - dal ) \sacrum , ■i2LZx\xm;
eauda, tail]. In biology, pertaining to the sacrum
and the tail.
Sacrococcygeal (sa' -kro-kok-sij' -e-al ) \_sacrum , sacrum ;
KOKKv;, coccyx]. Pertaining jointly to the sacrum and
the coccyx.
Sacrocostal [sa-kro-kos'-tal) \_sat>-um, sacruin ; eosta,
rib]. Connected with the sacrum and having the
character of a rib.
Sacro-cotyloid (sa-kro-kot'-il-oid) [sacntiii, sacrum;
Korr/r/fiflii'. cotyledon; eiSoc, like]. Pertaining to the
sacrum and the acetabulum.
Sacro-coxalgia {sa-ki:o-koks-al' -je-ali). See Sacro-iliac
Disease.
Sacro-coxitis (sa-ki-o-koks-i' -lis) . See Sacro-iliac Dis-
ease.
Sacro-iliac {sa-kro-iV -e-ak) \_sacrtini, sacrum ; ilium,
ilium]. Pertaining to the sacrum and the ilium. S.
Disease, sacro-coxitis ; sacrarthrocace : sacro-coxalgia;
an inflammation of the sacro-iliac joint, characterized
by pain and tenderness, with swelling over the line of
the sacro-iliac junction. The limb on the diseased
side is usually extended, elongated from downward
displacement of the os innominatum, wasted, and
sometimes edematous. The hip is deformed. Suppu-
ration may occur at a late period of the disease. The
affection occurs in early life, and is probably tubercu-
lous in nature.
Sacro-ischiatic (sa-kro-is-ke-at' -ik) \_sacru>?i, sacrum ;
lax'tov, ischium]. Pertaining both to the sacrum and
the ischium.
Sacrolumbal (sa-kro-lum' -bal) \_sacrufn, sacrum; lum-
bus, loin], .Sacrolumbar ; pertaining to both the
sacrum and the loins.
Sacrolumbalis [sa - kro- luni - ha' - lis). See Muscles,
Table of.
Sacrolumbar [sa-kro-lum' -bar") \^sacricm, sacrum ; lum-
bus, loin]. Pertaining conjointly to the sacrum and
the loins. S. Angle, the angle formed by the articu-
lation of the sacrum and the last lumbar vertebra.
Sacro-median {^sa - kro - me'- de - an) \_sacrui?i, sacrum ;
niedius, middle]. Running along the median line of
the sacrum.
Sacro-pubic (sa-kro-pu' ■bik') [sacrum, sacrum ; pubes,
pubis]. Pertaining to the sacrum and the os pubis.
Sacro-rectal (sa-kro-rek' -tal) [sacrum, sacrum; rectum,
rectum]. Pertaining to both sacrum and rectum.
Sacro-sciatic [sa-kro-si-at' -ik). Synonym of Sacro-
ischiatic. S. Foramen. See Foramen. S. Notches.
.See Ischiatic.
Sacro-spinal (sa-kro-spi'-nal) [sacrum, sacrum; spina,
spine]. Pertaining to the sacrum and the spine.
Sacrospinalis [sa - kro - spi - na'- lis) [sacrum, sacrum ;
spina, spine]. The erector spina; muscle.
Sacro-vertebral (sa-kro-ver'-te-bral) [sacrum, sacrum;
vertebra, vertebra]. Pertaining conjointly to the sa-
crum and the vertebrfe.
Sacrum {sa'-krum) [sacer,s,&crtA']. A curved, triangu-
lar bone composed of five united bones, which are
1,1,1,1. Bodies of sacral
vertebrae, with trans-
verse lines of union.
2, 2, 2, 2. Anterior sa-
cral foramina. 3. Base.
4. Auricular surface of
lateral aspect. 5. Its
inferior p o r t i on. 6.
Articular surface of
base. 7. Notch for
formation of last lum-
bar intervertebral fora-
men. 8. Superior ar-
ticular process of first
sacral vertebra. 9.
Apex of sacrum. 10.
Cornu. II. Notch for
transmission of fifth
sacral nerve.
really vertebrse, situated between the last lumbar ver-
tebra above, the coccyx below, and the two ilia on
, I, I, I. Spinous pro-
cesses of sacral verte-
brae. 2, 2. Sacral
groove. 3.3.3.3- Pos-
terior sacral foramina.
4,4,4,4. Articular pro-
cesses, united. 5, 5, 5,
5. Transverse pro-
cesses. 6, 6. Cribri-
form f OS s a. 7, 7.
Auricular surface. 8,
8. Superior articular
processes of first sa-
cral vertebra. 9. Supe-
rior orifice of sacral
canal. 10. Groove rep-
resenting inferior ori-
fice. II. II. Cornua.
12. Apex.
Sacrum, Posterior Aspect.
either side, and forming the posterior boundary of the
pelvis. S., Ala of. See Ala.
Saddle (^(Z(/'-/) [ME , jf/t/d"/, saddle]. A contrivance
secured on the back of a horse or other animal to
serve as a seat for a rider. S.-bags, a pair of leathern
cases, formerly, and still locally, carried by physicians
upon the saddle, and containing their medicines and
instruments. S. -joint, an articulation concave in one
direction and convex in the opposite. S.-nose, one
of which the bridge is deep or wanting. A nose in
which there has been a collapse of the bridge from
necrosis of the nasal bones.
Sadism, Sadismus {sa'-dizm, sa-diz'-mus) [from the
Marquis de S<7de, author of obscene books]. Sexual
perversion which leads to rape, with circumstances of
great violence and inhuman cruelty.
Sadist (sa'-dist ) [from the Marquis de Sade'\. One af-
fected with sadism, <i^. 7'.
Saemisch's Ulcer. An acute serpiginous, or creeping
ulcer of purulent keratitis. It is due to local infection.
Infectious ulcer of the cornea. See Diseases, Table of.
Ssepimentum (se-pe-men' -turn) [sapire, to fence]. I.
The tissue enclosing the three umbilical vessels. 2.
Pons varolii.
S.EPTOMETER
1285
SALACETOL
Sxptomeier {sf/>-fojfi'-e/-er). See Septometei-.
Saeptum (sep'-lum). See Septum.
Safflower [saf'-low-er). See Carthamus. S. Carmin.
Same as Cartliamin.
Saffranin (saf -ran-in). See Pigtmnts, Conspectus of.
Saffrol {saf'-rol). See Safrol.
Saffron [saf'-ron) [ME., saffron, saffron]. See Crocus.
S., American. See Cartha?nits. S., Meadow. See
Colchicum. S. Substitute. Same as Victoria YellonK
S.-tea. See Carthamus. S. -yellow. Same as Alai--
tilts' s Yellozv. See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Safranin {saf'-ran-in) [Fr. , safran, saffron], CjgH,sNj.
A coal-tar color used in dyeing and staining, obtained
by oxidizing a mixture of amido-azotoluene and tolui-
din. It gives yellowish-red shades' on wool, silk,
and cotton, and is fairly fast to light. It is used
in histology to stain karyokinetic figures. Physio-
logically, it is very poisonous, producing death, if in
sufficient dose, by respiratory paralysis. The 'saf-
ranins are diamido-derivatives of hypothetic phenyl-
phenazonium. They are produced upon oxidizing
a mixture of an indoamin and a primary amin. They
are strong bases. See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Safraninophile or Saphranophile (safran-in'-o-fil, sa-
fran' -o-fil) [Fr., safran, saffron ; (piXelv, to love]. In
bacteriology, or histology, applied to microbes or
histologic elements that show a peculiar affinity for
safranin. Cf. Eosinophile.
Safrene (saf'-ren) [Fr. , safran, saffron], Cj„H,g. A
hydrocarbon obtained from sassafras.
Safrol [saf'-rol] [Fr. , safran, saffron; oleum, oil],
C,qH,jO.^. The stearoptene of the oil of sassafras.
When the oil is chilled, it separates as a white crys-
talline mass, melting at -|- 8° C. It is used in head-
ache, neuralgia, and subacute rheumatism. Its dose
is n\,x-xx. It is also employed for perfuming soaps.
Safrosin {saf'-ro-sin) [Fr., safran, saffron], C.^„HgBr-
( N0^).^05. A coloring-matter used in the arts for
dyeing silk or wool scarlet. It occurs chiefly as a
sodium salt. See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Safrosin [saf'-ro-sin) . Same as Daphnin.
Sagapenum [sag-ap-e'-num) [aayaizrivov']. A fetid
gum-resin, believed to be the concrete juice of Ferii/a
persica. It has the general properties of asafetida,
but is now little used. Unof
Sage (jay ) [ME., jflo-^, sage]. St& Salvia. S., Moun-
tain. See Sierra salvia. S. -brush. See Serra
salvia ; also Eurotia.
Sage-femme [sahzk-fam') [Fr. , literally a wise woman].
A midwife.'
Sagitta (saj-it' -all) \sagitta, an mow, a bolt]. In
biology, {a) the sagittal suture ; {b) an otolith in the
ear of a fish.
Sagittal [saf -it-al) \sagitta, an arrow]. Pertaining to
the antero-posterior median plane of the body, the
meson, or to planes parallel with it. S. Furrow, a
channel extending along the median line of the inner
surface of the vault of the cranium. S. Nucleus,
that of the oculo-motor nerve. S. Plane, the median
plane of the body. S. Section. See Section. S.
Sinus, the longitudinal sinus. S. Suture, the suture
uniting the parietal bones.
Sagittate {sa/-it-at) [sagitta, an arrow]. In biology,
shaped like the head of an arrow, with the basal lobes
pointing downward when applied to leaves.
Sagittocyst [saf -it-o-sist ) [sagitta, an arrow ; cystus,
a bag, a pouch]. In biology, applied to certain glan-
dular cutaneous cells in turbellarian worms ; they con-
tain the so-called rods ox rliabdites ; also called rod-
cells or rhabdite-cells.
Sago {sa'-go) [Malay, sagu, sago]. The starchy fecula
obtained from the pith of Sagus Icevis and several
species of palms and cycads. It is an excellent food
for invalids when completely softened by long boiling.
S. Spleen, a spleen presenting on section the appear-
ance of sago-grains, as a result of amyloid degenera-
tion. The apparent grains represent the degenerated
Malpighian bodies. S. -grain, a vesicular granulation
of the eyelid, seen in granular ophthalmia.
Sailors' Colic. See Colic.
Saint Agatha's Disease. Mamniitis. S. Aignon's
Disease, tinea or favus. S. Andrew's Cross, the
herb or shrub Ascyritm cru.x andreiv of N. America,
a discutient remedy. Unof. S. Anthony's Dance.
Synonym of Chorea. S. Anthony's Fire. .See
Erysipelas. S. Apollonia's Disease, toothache.
S. Avertin's Disease, epilepsy. S. Avidius'
Disease, deafness. S. Blasius' Disease, quinsy.
S. Clair's Disease, ophthalmia, or sore eyes. S.
Dymphna's Disease, insanity. S. Erasmus'
Disease, colic. S. Fiacre's Disease, hemorrhoids,
or condylomata. S. Francis' Fire, erysipelas. S.
Germain Tea, the species laxantes (N. F. ) ; a mixture
of elder flowers, senna, fennel, anise, and potassium
bitartrate ; a useful aperient. S. Gervasius' Disease,
rheumatism. S. Giles' Disease, carcinoma or leprosy.
S. Guy's Dance. Synonym of Chorea. S. Helena
Tea, a plant of the island of St. Helena, Beatsonia
portulacifolia , a local substitute for tea. Unof S.
Hilaire (Geoffroy), Angle of. See Angle. S.
Hubert's Disease, hydrophobia. S. Ignatius'
Bean. See Ignatia. S. Jacob's Oil. See Aco/iitum.
S. Job's Disease, syphilis. S. John Long's Lini-
ment. See Liniineiituin. S. John's Dance.
Synonym of C/zo/Ya. S. John's Evil. See Epilepsy.
S. John's Wort. See Hypericum and Johnswort.
S. Kilda Cold ; Strangers' Cold; a form of influenza
in the Hebrides, supposed to be due to the presence of
strangers on the arrival of a ship. S. Lazarus' Dis-
ease, leprosy. S. Main's Disease, the itch. S.
Martin's Evil, drunkenness. S. Mary's Thistle.
See Carduus. S. Mathurin's Disease, insanity,
idiocy or epilepsy. S. Modestus' Dance. Syno-
nym of Chorea. S. Robert's Herb, the Geranium
robertianum . S. Valentine's Disease, epilepsy.
S. Vitus' Dance. Synonym of Chorea. S. With's
Dance. Synonym of Chorea. S. Zachary's Dis-
ease, dumbness.
Sake (salt' -he) [Jap.]. Japanese rice-beer or other al-
coholic beverage.
Sakitlakar (sak-it-lak'-ar) . Synonym of Palmus.
Sal \_sal, salt]. Salt ; a term applied to various crystal-
line substances. S. aeratus, potassic bicarbonate. S.
alembroth. See Alemhroth, and Listerian Method.
S. ammoniac. See Ammonium. S. carolinum,
Carlsbad salts. S. communis, common salt. See
Sodium. S. cornus cervi, hartshorn ; same as Am-
monia. See Ammonium. S. de duobus, potassic
sulphate. S. epsom, magnesium sulphate. See Jl/ag-
nesiuin. S. glauberi, sodium sulphate. See Sodium.
S. kissingense, Kissengen salts. S. mirabile, sodium
sulphate. S. polychrest, S. polychrestum, potassic
sulphas cum sulphure. S. seignetti, potassium and
sodium tartrate. S.-soda. Crystallized sodium car-
bonate. S. vichyanum, Vichy salt. S. volatilis, a
name applied to various preparations of ammonium
carbonate used as smelling-salts.
Salaam Convulsion. See Eclampsia nutans, and
Spasmus nutans.
Salabreda {sal-ab-re'-dah). Brittle gum, q. v.
Salacetol (sal-as'-ef-dl) [salix, vi'iWow ; acetu/n, vine-
gar]. The salicylic acid ester of acetone-alcohol. It
is proposed as a substitute for sodium salicylate and
salol. It has been recommended as an intestinal and
SALACIOUS
1286
SALIVARY
genito urinary antiseptic, and for the treatment of
acute or chronic rheumatism. Dose, 30-45 grains.
Salacious {sa-/a' -se-iis) \_saiax, lustful]. Lustful.
Salacity [sa-/as' -it-e) \_sahx, lustful]. Lustful or ve-
nereal desire.
Salad Oil [sal'-ad oil). See Oleum Olhw.
Salamandrin {sal-am-an' -dri]i). See Lettkoinaitis, Table
<y-
Salap (sal'-ap). Synonym of Salep.
Salbromalid [sal-bro' -mal-id) . See Antinervhi.
Salempien {sal-em' -pe-eii). See Serempion.
Salep (sal'-ep) [Ar., sahleb, salep']. A drug chiefly
used in India and the Levant, consisting of the dried
bulbs of various species of Orchis, q. i>. A mucilagi-
nous and nutritious drink is made of it, which is con-
sidered to be an analeptic, aphrodisiac, and nervine.
Unof.
Saleratus [sal-er-a' -tiis) [sal, aeratiis, aerated salt].
Properly, sal-aeratus. Potassium bicarbonate ; also,
sodium bicarbonate.
Salicin (sal'-is-iii) \_sali.\-, willow], CjjHjgO-. The
glucosid of saligenin ; it occurs in the bark and leaves
of willows and some poplars. It forms shining crys-
tals, that dissolve easily in hot water and alcohol, and
melt at 198° C. Its taste is bitter. It possesses tonic
properties, and is used as a substitute for salicylic acid
in the treatment of rheumatism.
Salicinum [sal-is-i' -ninii). Official name of Saliciii.
Salicol (saF-ik-ol). .Synonym of Carbolic Acid.
Salicyl [sal'-is-il) \_sali.r, willow], C,H-0.^. The hypo-
thetic radicle of salicylic acid. S. Orange, S. Yellow.
See Pix'ii'enls, Conspectus of.
Salicylage [saV -is-il-aj ) \salix, willow]. Preservation
of articles of diet by the use of salicylic acid.
Salicylamid (sal-is-iV -am-id) \salix, willow; amid],
C-H^(OH)CONHj. A tasteless compound produced
by treating methyl salicylate with an alcoholic solution
of ammonia. It is used like salicylic acid.
Salicylate (sal-is' -il-at) \_salix, willow]. Any salt of
salicylic acid. The salicylates of ammonium, atropin,
bismuth, caffein, cinchonidin, lithium, methyl, physo-
stigmin, quinin, and sodium, etc. , have been employed
in medicine, especially in rheumatic affections.
Salicylic [sal - is - il'- ik) \_salix, willow]. Containing
salicyl or pertaining to it. Derived from the willow.
S. Acid. See Acid, Salicylic, and Salix. S. Acid
Colors. See Pigments, Conspectus of. S. Aldehyd.
See Aldehyd.
Salicylism (sal'- is - il - izni) [salix, willow]. A toxic
condition, produced by the injudicious or excessive use
of salicylic acid or its salts.
Salicyluric Acid (sal-is-il-u' -rik) [salix, willow ; oi>pov,
urine]. An acid found in the urine after the adminis-
tration of salicylic acid. It is a compound of the latter
with glycol.
Salifiable (sal-if-i' -a-bl) [sal, salt to become].
Forming a salt by union with an acid.
Saligenin (sal-ij'-en-in) [salix, W\\\o^ ; /ewai', to pro-
duce], C-HgO.^. A substance formed by the action
of sodium amalgam upon salicylic aldehyd or in the
decomposition of salicin with dilute acids or ferments.
It consists of pearly tables, soluble in hot water,
alcohol and ether, and melting at 82° C.
Salimeter (sal-im'-et-cr) [sv//, salt ; fjtrimv, measure].
.\n hydrometer for ascertaining the strength of saline
solutions.
Salinaphtol (sal-in-af'-tol). See Betol.
Saline (sa'-len or sa'-lin) [.w/, salt]. .Salty. In biology,
growing in a salt-marsh or by the sea-shore. S. Solu-
tion, a 0.6 per cent, solution of sodium chlorid.
Salines (sa'-lens) [sal, salt]. Salts of the alkalies or
of magnesium, used as hydragogue cathartics. Mag-
nesium sulphate and citrate, sodium sulphate and
Rochelle salts are examples.
Salinometer (sal-in-oni' -ei-er). Synonym of Salimeter.
Salipyrin (sal - ip- i'- rin) [salix, willow ; irvp, fire],
CjjH,2N.^O.C,HgO.,. A white powder, the salicylate
of antipyrin, consisting of 57.7 parts of salicylic acid,
and 42.3 parts of antipyrin. It is readily soluble in
water and has been recommended as an analgesic and
antipyretic in doses of gr. xv-xxx.
Salirrhetin (sal - ir - ret' - in) [salix, willow; pi/rivr/,
resin], Cj^H,^O.j. An amorphous, resinous powder,
produced by treating saligenin with acids.
Salisbury Method. A method of treating obesity.
It consists in restricting the diet absolutely for a time
to large quantities of rump-steak, cod-fish and hot
water. It is thought by the advocates of this method
that an excess of albuminates favors the reduction of
obesity by promoting the oxidation and combustion of
the excess of deposited fat.
Saliva (sa-li'-va) [L.]. The mixed secretion of the
parotid, submaxillary, and sublingual glands, and the
small mucous glands of the mouth. Physiologically,
three kinds of secretion may be distinguished : a serous
from the parotid, a mucous from the mucous glands,
and a mixed secretion from the submaxillary and the
sublingual. Mixed saliva is opalescent, tasteless, alka-
line and has a specific gravity of 1004-1009. The daily
quantity secreted is approximately 1500 c. c. (Bid-
der and -Schmidt. ) Saliva contains serum-albumin,
globulin, mucin, urea, an amylolytic ferment called
ptyalin, and a proteolytic and a lipolytic ferment ; also,
salts, among which is potassium sulphocyanid, de-
rived especially from the parotid gland. Among
formed elements are epithelial cells, salivary corpus-
cles and bacteria. The functions of saliva are phys-
ical and chemic. Its physical functions are to moisten
the food and lubricate the bolus, to dissolve cer-
tain substances, and to facilitate tasting and aid in deglu-
tition and articulation. Its chemic action depends upon
its ferments, the most important of which is pytalin.
This converts starch into dextrin and sugar. The
proteolytic and lipolytic ferments are not important.
It is possible that any other fermentation save the
amylolytic is due to bacteria, S., Chorda, that pro-
duced by stimulation of the chorda tympani nerve.
S., Ganglionic, that produced by irritating the sub-
maxillary glands.
Salival (sa-li' -val) [saliva , ?sa.mt 2l% Salivary.
Salivant (sal'-iv-ant) [saliva, saliva]. Stimulating the
secretion of saliva.
Salivary (sal'-iv-a-re) [saliva, saliva]. Pertaining to
saliva or to its secretion. S. Calculus, Odonto-
lith; odontia incrustans ; tartar of the teeth, an
SALIVATE
1287
SALOPHEN
earthy concretion found upon the teeth and in the
mouths of the salivary ducts. S. Corpuscles, pale,
Small Lobule of Submaxillary Gland.
D. Duct of the Lobule. {From Stirling.)
SUBMA.XILLARY GLAND, DOG.
Showing duct communicating with an alveolus by a narrow
ductule. The alveoli containing mucous cells and dense
demilunes. X 300. {From Stirling^
spheric, nucleated bodies found in the saliva. S. Di-
astase. Same as Ptyalin. S. Digestion, the con-
version of starches
into dextrin and
sugar by the ac-
tion of saliva. S.
Fistula, an al;-
normal openinir
com municati n<;
with a salivary
A Dissection of the Side of the
Face, showing the Salivary
Transverse Section Glands.
?)f,r-T ^'^'-'^^'^'^ a. Sublingual gland. *. Submaxil-
■ lary gland with its ducts open-
Showing only the ing on the floor of the mouth be-
"rodded" epithe- neath the tongue at rf. c. Parotid
Hum lining it. X 300. gland and its duct, which opens on
{From Stirling.) the inner side of the cheek.
duct. S. Glands, the glands, six in number, situated
on each side of the mouth, which secrete the saliva.
See Parotid, Submaxillary , and Stiblingual.
Salivate (saF -iv-dt) \_salivare, to spit out]. To purge
by the salivary glands. To bring about an undue
discharge of saliva.
Salivatio (sal-iv-a' -she-o) [L.]. Salivation. S. mer-
curialis. .Synonym of Stomatitis, Mercurial.
Salivation [sal-iii-a' -shun') \jaliva, saliva]. An exces-
sive secretion of saliva. It may be produced by cer-
tain poisons, by such drugs as mercury and pilocarpin,
or by nervous disturbances.
Salivin (sal' -iv-in). Same as Ptyalin.
Salivous [sa-li'-vus) \_salic>a, spittle]. Of or pertaining
to saliva.
Salix (sa'-lil's) [L.]. The bark of the common white
willow, .S'. alba. Its properties are due to a constitu-
ent, salicin, CijHjgO^, which is tonic and antiseptic. It
is useful as an antipyretic in rheumatic fever. Dose
of the glucosid gr. x-jij. Lithium Salicylate, 2Li-
C,H503. H^O. Dose gr. v-gj. Sodium Salicy-
late, 2NaC7H.03.H.^O, properties like those of the
acid, though less irritant. Dosegr. v— ^j. Salicylic
Acid, HC^HjO-j, a derivative of Salix, a powerful anti-
pyretic in rheumatic fever, and locally in eczema and
indolent ulcers ; and also an antiseptic. Dose gr.
v-xxx. Ung. acid, salicyl. (B. P.) Used in chronic
deep-seated skin diseases.
Salkowski - Ludwig Method. A method for the
estimation of uric acid in solution. When an
ammoniacal solution of nitrate of silver is added to
a solution of uric acid, to which a mixture of magne-
sium chlorid and ammonium chlorid has been pre-
viously added, the uric acid is precipitated as a mag-
nesio-silver salt. This is collected, washed, and de-
composed by sodium or potassium sulphid, whereupon
the uric acid passes again into solution as a urate of
the alkali. On the addition of an excess of HCl to
this solution the urate is decomposed, uric acid separ-
ates out and is collected and weighed.
Salkowski's Mixture. See Camerer^ s Method.
Sallow (saF-o) [M.'E., salo7i', sallow]. Having a yel-
lowish color, as the complexion or skin.
Salmon-disease. A disease of salmon and other fi.shes,
due to the fungus, Saprolegnia ferox. S. -louse.
Caligus piscimis, a crustacean parasitic upon the salmon
and other fishes. S. -patch. See Keratitis, Inter-
stitial.
Salocoll [sal'-o-kol) \_salix, willow]. A chemic com-
bination of phenocoll and salicylic acid ; in other
words, the salicylate of phenocoll. It is a white
powder ; odorless and tasteless ; only slightly soluble
in cold water. Salocoll is said to be a reliable anti-
pyretic, anti-neuralgic, and anti-rheumatic, combining
the favorable actions of its constituents, and as a rule,
free from the by-effects common to the new anti-
pyretics. The dose is from 15 to 30 grains, in powder
or in capsules, to be repeated three or four times per
day.
Salol [sal'-ol) [salix, willow], CjjHjgOg. SalicvHc
Phenol Ester ; or Phenyl Salicylate. A white, odor-
less, crystalline substance, melting at 43° C. It is used
as an intestinal antiseptic, and as a substitute for sali-
cylic acid, being less irritating to the stomach. Dose
gr. ij-xv. It is decomposed in the intestines into
salicylic acid and phenol. On this account it has been
employed to test the motor power of the stomach. A
few grains are given in capsule and the urine tested at
intervals for the decomposition-products of salicylic
acid.
Saloop [sa-loop') [see Salep]. A drink prepared from
salep ; also from sassafras bark and herbs. It is re-
garded as a cure for drunkenness. Unof.
Salophen (sal'-o-fen) \_salix, willow],
P „ .on
6"4'--cOO.C„H,.N'^CO.CH,Ci5Hi3NO^.
A derivative of salicylic acid, of value in acute artic-
ular rheumatism. Dose gr. Ix-xc daily. Unof.
SALPHONIC TEST FOR PROTEIDS
1288
SALTATORY
Salphonic Test for Proteids. See Tests, Table of.
Salpingectomy [sal - pin - jek'- to - me) \_pakixiy^, tube ;
tKTiifu/, excision]. Excision of an oviduct.
Salpingemphraxis ( sal - pin -jem -fi-aks'- is) [ad/.iny^,
tube; f/«)/jaf/r, obstruction]. Closure of the Eustach-
ian tube.
Salpinges (salpin' -jez) . Plural of Salpinx.
Salpingian, or Salpingic {sal-pin' -je-an, sal-pin' -jik)
[uuXtt;; ^, tube]. Pertaining to a Eustachian or Fallo-
pian tube.
Salpingitic [sal-ping-jif -ik) \j5a\TnyS,, tube ; iriq, in-
llammation]. Pertaining to, or affected with, salping-
itis.
Salpingitis (sal-ping-ji' -tis) \_aakT:r/^, tube ; mf , inflam-
mation]. Inflammation of the Eustachian tube, or
of the Fallopian tube.
Salpingocyesis [sal-ping-go-si-e' -sis) [pcOiMC]^, tube;
Ki'i/Gti;, pregnancy]. Tubal pregnancy.
Salpingo-mallearis, Salpingo-malleus (sal-ping-go-
mal-e-a'-ris, sal-ping-go-inal' -e-ns). The tensor tym-
pani muscle. See Alnscles, Table of.
Salpingo-nasal {sal-ping-go-tia'-zal) \_aaXT:ty^, tube ;
nasiis, nose] . Pertaining to the Eustachian tube and
the nose.
Salpingo -oophorectomy [sal-ping-go-o-ofor-ek'-to-me)
[caA-/)^', tube ; udr, egg ; (jiopo^, bearing; eKTOfiij, ex-
cision]. Excision of an oviduct and an ovary.
Salpingo - oophoritis {sal-ping-go-o-o-for-i' -tis) \GaK-
7r()-.f, tube ; woi', egg; <^o/jof, bearing ; (r^f, inflamma-
tion]. Inflammation of an oviduct and an ovary.
Salpingo-palatal [ sal-pitig-go-pai'-ai-al ) [aaA-myi,
tube ; palatum, palate ]. Pertaining to the Eustach-
ian tube and the palate. S. Fold, a fold of mucosa
covering the levator palati muscle.
Salpingo -pharyngeal [sal-ping-go-far-in' -je-al) \oa>--
7r/;f, tube; </«)//i'j-.f, pharynx]. Pertaining to both the
P'ustacliian tube and the pharynx.
Salpingo-pharyngeus ( sal - ping -go - far - in -je' - us)
[mi/TT/};, tube ; ^ripnyf, pharynx]. A muscular bundle
passing from the Eustachian tube downward to the
constrictors of the pharynx.
Salpingorrhaphy {sal-p/ng-gor' -a-fe) [_aa?.7Tiy^ , tube ;
parjii/, suture]. Suture of the Fallopian tube.
Salpingo-staphylinus {sal -ping -go - staf- il- i' - nus)
\ph7iinyi,. tube ; CTa(px>k7j, uvula]. The abductor
muscle of the Eustachian tube. S. internus. Syn-
onym of Levator palati . See Muscles, Table of.
Salpingostenochoria ( sal - ping -go - ste - no-ko' -re-ah)
[(jaA7r/)'|, tube ; OTfrof, narrow ; ^w^a, space ]. Ste-
nosis or stricture of the Eustachian tube.
Salpingostomy [sal-ping-gos' -to-me) [ ca7,iny^, tube ;
(jTuun, mouth]. Establishment of a fistula of a Fal-
lopian tulie.
Salpingotomy ( sal - ping -got'- o - me ) \rjak-KiyS., tube ;
TniLTj, a cutting]. The surgical division or excision
of a Fallopian tube.
Salpingysterocyesis [sal - ping -gis - ter - o - si- e' - sis)
[i7('i/ -/-) i , tube; vnrepa, womb; Kvr/atg, gestation].
Interstitial jiregnancy.
Salpinx {sal'-pin/cs) [ad'/'-iy^, tube]. A tube, espe-
cially the Eustachian or the Fallopian tube.
Salsilago (sal-sil-a' -go) \_sal, salt]. Salty liquid.
Salsuginose {sal-su' -jin-dz) \_salsngo, saltness]. In bi-
ology, growing in brackish soil, or in situations liable
to an overflow of salt water.
Salt \_sal, salt]. A common name for sodium chlorid.
See Sodium. In chemistry, a substance produced
by the union of a base or radicle acting as such with
an acid. See also Sal. S., Acid, a salt formed
from a dibasic or polybasic acid in which only a por-
tion of the replaceable hydrogen atoms has been re-
placed by the base. This salt, therefore, has acid
properties. S., Bakers', sodium bicarbonate. S.,
Basic, a compound formed by the union of a normal
salt with a basic oxid or hydroxid. S., Bay, sodium
chlorid ; also the sea-salt obtained by the evaporation
of sea-water by solar heat. S., Bitter, magnesium
sulphate. S.-cake, crude sodium sulphate obtained
in the manufacture of sodium carbonate by what is
known as Leblanc's process. S., Cheltenham, a
mixture, in equal proportions, of magnesium sulphate,
sodium sulphate, and sodium chlorid, or of similar
salts. S., Common, sodium chlorid. S., Diuretic,
potassium acetate. S., Double, one in which the
hydrogen atoms of an acid are replaced by two metals.
S., Epsom, magnesium sulphate. S. -flour, finely
crystalline potassium nitrate. S. Frog, a frog from
whose vascular system all blood has been artificially
removed and replaced by normal salt-solution. Also
known as Cohnheim^ s Frog. S., Glaser's Poly-
chrest, potassium sulphate. S., Glauber's, sodium
sulphate. S., Halogen, S., Haloid, any salt of the
halogen elements, broniin, chlorin, fluorin, iodin. S.,
Hornberg's Sedative, boric acid S., Lemery's,
potassium sulphate. S., Marine Epsom, magnesium
chlorid. S., Martial Sea, iron chlorid. S., Micro-
cosmic, NaHKH^P0^.4H20, a reagent in blow-pipe
analysis. S., Monsel's, subsulphate of iron, used
chiefly in solution as a styptic. S., Neutral, one
formed by the replacement of all of the hydrogen
atoms of an acid by a base or a radicle. S., Normal.
Synonym of S., A'eutral. S., Oxy-, S., Oxygen, a
salt of an oxy-acid, i.e., one containing oxygen.
S., Purgative. Synonym oi S., Epsom. S. Rheum,
a form of chronic eczema. S. of Riverius, neutral
potassium citrate. S., Rochelle, sodium and potas-
sium tartrate. S., Rock, native sodium chlorid, oc-
curring in crystalline masses; also the large crystals
of sodium chlorid obtained in its manufacture from
sea-water. S., Schlippe's, sodium sulphantimoniate.
S., Sea, the sodium chlorid obtained by the evapora-
tion of sea-water. It is not perfectly pure. S., Seda-
tive, boric acid. S., Seidlitz, magnesium sulphate.
S. of Seignette, sodium and potassium tartrate. S.,
Smelling, any pungent, irritant salt which when in-
haled usually acts reflexly as a respiratory or circula-
tory stimulant. Ammonium carbonate is generally
used. S. -solution, a solution of sodium chlorid
in distilled water. One containing from 0.6 to 0.75
per cent, of sodium chlorid is known as a normal
or pitvsiologic salt-solution, and on account of its un-
irritating character is much used in physiologic experi-
ments on living tissues. In medicine, it has been
employed to restore to the system the fluids lost by
severe hemorrhage or profuse diarrhea! discharges.
Infusions of salt-solution are made either into the
subcutaneous tissues or into a vein ; sometimes also
into the rectum. S., Table, sodium chlorid. S.,
Wall, calcium nitrate. The name has been given to
it because it is found on the walls of stables and similar
places over which urine flows. S.-wort. See Clau.x.
Saltation {sal - ta' - shun) \_saltare, to dance]. The
dancing or leaping sometimes noticed in chorea.
Saltatorial {sal-tat-o' -re-al) [^saltare, to dance, to leap].
Applied to such animals as progress by leaping.
Saltatoric {sal-tat-or' -ik) [saltare, to dance]. Pertain-
ing to dancing or leaping. S. Cramp or Spasm, a
clonic spasm which sometimes attacks a patient when
he attempts to stand, causing him to leap or jump. It
is rare and transient, and is quite distinct from the
condition known as palmus. See Pahnus.
Saltatory {sal - tat - or'- e) . Synonym of Saltatoric. S.
Theory of Evolution, in biology, that form of the
doctrine of evolution which holds that the evolution ot
SALTER, LINES OF
1289
SANGUINARIA
species is frequently marked by abrupt variations. Cf.
Niatisiii.
Salter, Incremental Lines of. Lines due to want
of uniformity in the calcitication of the outer zone of
dentine. See Lines, Table of. S.'s Swing, a
movable suspension-cradle for a fractured leg.
Saltpeter (i(nc'//-/i''-^(';j [ja/, salt ; irtrpa, rock]. Na-
tive potassium nitrate. See Potassium. S., Chile,
sodium nitrate. S., Lead, lead nitrate. S., Lime,
calcium nitrate. S., Lye, the liquor obtained by
treating saltpeter with water.
Salts (sawlts) \sal, salt]. A popular name for Epsom
salt, or magnesium sulphate. See also Glaubers
Salt, Rochelle Salt, etc. under Salt.
Saltus (sal'-tns) [L.]. I. A leap. 2. Vulva.'
Salubrious [sa-lit^-bre-iis) [^rt/wj, health]. Healthful;
applied especially to telluric and atmospheric condi-
tions.
Salubrity [sa - lii'- b?-it - e) \_salnbritas. healthful ness] .
The state or character of being wholesome.
Salufer (sal' -u-fer) \_salus, health; ferre, to bring].
Sodium silico-tluorid, recommended as an antiseptic
and deodorant. Unof.
Salumin [sal'- ii - i/iin) \_salix, willow; ahiininiiiif\.
Aluminum salicylate. It is employed in the treatment
of diseases of the nose and throat.
Salutary {sal' -u-ta-re) \_salus, health]. Promotive of
health.
Salutiferous [sal-ii-tif -er-us') \_salutifer, health-bring-
ing; /t-r/r, to bear]. Medicinal; health-bearing.
Salvatella [sal-vat-el'-ah) or Vena salvatella \_salva-
tus, from salvare, to save] . The vein on the back of
the little finger. See Vein.
Salve [ME. , J■^7/^.'^, salve]. Ointment. S.-bug,
a sailor's name for various parasitic crustaceans or
" fish-lice," one of which, Caligus ciirtits, lives upon
the connnon cod-fish. These crustaceans are made
into salves by mariners. Unof. S., Deshler's, com-
pound resin cerate.
Salver-shaped (sal' -ver-shapt) \salva, a plate]. In
biology, applied to corollas having a slender tube,
spreading suddenly into a flat limb, as a phlox.
Salvia (j'l-i'/'-iV-o//) [L.]. Sage. The leaves of 6". ij^r/-
nalis, common garden sage. Its properties are due to
tannin, a resin and a volatile oil. It is tonic, stimu-
lant, and astringent.
Salviol (sal'-ve-ol) [salvia, sage; oleum, oil], C,|,HjgO.
A liquid substance obtained from oil of sage.
Salvioli, Micrococcus of. See Baeteria, Synonymatic
Table of.
Samadera or Samandura (sam-ad-e' -rah or sa-man' -
du-rah). [E. Ind.] A genus of old-world trees of
the simarubaceous type. S. indica produces a bitter,
febrifugal bark. Unof.
Samara (sa-mar'-ah or sam' -ar-a/i) \_sa>nara, also sa-
mera, the fruit of the elm]. In biology, an indehis-
cent dry fruit provided with a wing-like appendage,
as the fruits of the ash and elm.
Samariform (sam-ay'-ifo7-i)i) \samara, the seed of an
elm ; forma, form]. In biology, having the form of
a samara.
Samaritan [sa-mar' -it-aii) [lafiapeirr/i;, a Samaritan].
1. A benevolent person, or benefactor of the helpless.
2. Devoted to charitable work or to the service of the
helpless, as a 5. Hospital. S.'s Balsam, a mixture
of wine and oil, formerly used in treating wounds.
S. Schools, schools established for the instruction of
the general public in the means of giving prompt
succor to the wounded and injured before the arrival
of the physician. In England these schools are
known as ambulance-classes.
Samaritanism (sa-mar' -it-an-izm) [I,iruapeiTK, a Sa-
maritan]. Active philanthropy; devotion to the re-
lief of suffering.
Samarium (sam -a' -re -11711) [L.]. A metallic element
belonging to the didymium group. Symbol Sm ;
atomic weight 150.
Samaroid (sam' -ar-oid). Same as Samariform.
Sambucus (sam-bu'-kus) [h.,j^en., Sambuci~\. Elder.
The flowers of .S*. canadensis and S. nigra (B. P.) ;
stimulant and diaphoretic. The inner bark of Sam-
bucus is cathartic. Dose gr. xxx-:5j in hot infusion.
S. Aqua (B. P.) Dose j-ij.
Sampsuchine (samp' -su-kiii) \pajn\>vxoc^, marjoram].
An old name for marjoram.
Samshu (sa/n' -slit/) [Chinese]. An alcoholic drink dis-
tilled in China from rice or millet, or both.
Samuel's Theory of Inflammation. See Theory.
Sanable (saji'-a-bl) [.?<;«(?;•<■, to heal]. Curable.
Sanation (san-a' -shun) \_sanare, to heal]. The process
of healing ; cure.
Sanative (san'-at-iv) [sana/-e, to heal]. Promoting
health.
Sanatol (sa?i'-at-ol) . The trade name of a disinfectant
said to consist of sulphuric acid, esters of phenol, and
its homologues.
Sanatorium (san-at-o' -re-um) \sanare, to heal]. An
establishment for the treatment of the sick ; especially
a private hospital. See Sanitarium.
Sanatory (san'-at-or-e) \_sanare, to heal]. Curative.
Sand [ME., sand, sand] . Fine, rounded, polished grains
of silicic oxid. S.-bath, a vessel containing dry sea-
sand in which a substance requiring a slowly-rising
and uniform temperature may be heated. See Bath ;
also, Ammothcrapy, Saburration, Psammism. S.,
Brain. See Acervulus. S. -crack, a crack or
fissure in the hoof of a horse, extending from the
coronet toward the sole, and due to a diseased condi-
tion of the horn-secreting membrane. S.-flea. See
Chigoe. S. -lobster. See Buckle-shell.
Sandalwood (san' -dal-zuud). See Sanfalum album.
Sandarac (san'-dar-ak) \aav('iapaKi]'\. A white, trans-
parent resin, produced by Callitris qtiadrivalvis , a tree
of North Africa, and by other species. It is now sel-
dom used in medicine. S., German, the resin of the
common juniper.
Sane (san) \_sanus, whole]. I. Mentally sound; of a
sound mind. 2. Healthy, free from disease.
Saneness (san' -nes). Same as Sanity.
Sanford's Mixture. See Anesthetic.
Sangaree (sang-ga-re') [Sp., sangria'\. A sweetened
and flavored drink, consisting essentially of diluted
wine or porter.
Sanger's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Sang-mele (sang-ma-la') . See Mulatto.
Sangrado (sang-gra' -do) [sanguis, bloody]. A term
sometimes applied to a physician who employs blood-
letting extensively. From Le .Sage's novel of "Gil
Bias," in which a Doctor Sangrado treats all diseases
by blood-letting.
Sanguicolous (sang-g7ciih'-o-lus)[sanguis, blood ; colere,
to inhabit]. Living in the blood, as a parasite.
Sanguiferous (san-gwif -er-us) [sang/ris, blood ; ferre,
to carry]. Carrying, or conveying, blood.
Sanguification (sang-gwif-ih-a'-shun) [sangu is, hlood ;
facere, to make]. The formation of blood; hemato-
genesis. Conversion into blood, as of the elements
absorbed from the intestines.
Sanguifluous (sang-g7C'if'-lu-us)[sanguis, blood ; fluere,
to flow]. Running with blood.
Sanguigenous (sang-gwij' -en-us)[sanguis ,\l\ooi^ ; yrjvri^,
producing]. Producing blood.
Sanguinaria (sang-gwi7t-a' -j-c-ah) [sanguis, blood].
Blood-root. The rhizome of S. canadensis. Its
SANGUINARIN
1290
SANTORINI, CANAL OF
properties are due to an alkaloid, sanguinarin, Cj-Hjj-
NO^. In large doses it causes vomiting and purging.
Toxic doses cause convulsions, and then paralysis ;
death results from failure of respiration. It is used as
an e-xpectorant in chronic bronchitis. S., Acetum,
vinegar of sanguinaria ; sanguinaria lo, dil. acetic acid
90. Dose TTLx-xxx ; as an emetic 3 ij-_^ ss. S., Ext.,
Fid. Dose Tl\j-v as an expectorant, tTLx-lx as an
emetic. S., Tinct., 15 per cent, strong. Dose t1\^v-
3j as an expectorant, ,^ j-iij as an emetic. Sanguin-
arin, the alkaloid, unof. Dose gr. j^-} ; as an emetic
gr. )4-). Sanguinarin Nitrate. Unof. Expecto-
rant. Dose gr. x^q-tj.
Sanguinarin {sniig->;7iiiii'-a>'-ii!') \_sanguis, blood]. I.
The alkaloid of sanguinaria. 2. The precipitate from
a tincture of the root of Sanguinaria canadensis ;
emetic, stimulant, diuretic, emmenagogue, antiseptic,
errhine, antiperiodic, etc. Dose I to 3 grains. Unof.
Sanguine [sang'-gzciiii) \_sangnis, bloody]. I. Bloody.
2. Hopeful. S. Temperament, a hopeful, active,
energetic disposition.
Sanguineous [sang-gwin' -e-us) [sanguis, blood]. Per-
taining to the blood. Bloody ; blood-red. S. Cyst,
a cyst containing blood-stained fluid.
Sanguinicolous [sang-gzvin-ik'-o-ltts) . Same as San-
guicolous.
Sanguinification [sang-gwin-if-ik-a'-skun). See San-
guification .
Sanguinity (sang-gwin' -it-e) [sanguis, blood]. The
quality of likeness or dissimilarity between parents, a
certain degree of the latter being most favorable for
the production of well-organized offspring. "Parents
who are more similar (Consanguine), or more dis-
similar (Exsanguine), will probably have inferior
offspring" (Mercier).
Sanguinivorous (sang-giuin-iv' -or-us) [sanguis, blood ;
vorare, to devour].. Same as Sanguivorous.
Sanguinol [sang'- gwin - ol') [sanguis, blood; oleum,
oil]. A hematinic constituted of the iron combina-
tions found in plants and animals. It consists of
evaporated blood and hemoglobin in liquid form, and
is free from the intermedi.ate products of the degenera-
tion of albuminous bodies. It consists of natural
blood-salts 46 parts, oxyhemoglobin 10 parts, and pep-
tonized muscle-albumin 44 parts.
Sanguinolent [sang-gwin' - o-lent^ [sanguis, blood].
Having the appearance of blood ; tinged with blood.
Sanguineus (sang'-giuin-us). Same &s Sanguinary.
Sanguis (sang'-giois) [L.]. Blood.
Sanguisuction (sang-gzvis-uk' -skim^ [sanguis, blood ;
u<i!iis, p.p. of sugere, suck]. The abstraction of blood
by suction, as by a leech or other parasite.
Sanguisuga [sang-givi-su' -gah) [sanguis, blood ; sugere,
to suck]. A blood-sucker. A leech. S. medici-
nalis or officinalis, a leech,
Sanguisugent {sartg- gwis - u'-jent) [sanguis,h\ooA ;
sugere, to suck]. Bloodsucking.
Sanguivorous ( sang- g-viv'- or - tis) [sanguis, blood;
vorare, to devour]. P^eeding on blood, as a leech.
Sanicle [san'-ik-l) [sanicuhnn, sanicle]. Any plant
of the genus Sanicula. S. europcea, of the old
world, and S. marilandica, of America, are con-
sidered to be antispasmodic, diaphoretic, and stimu-
lant. Unof.
Sanies (so'- ne - ez) [L.]. The thin, fetid, greenish,
sero-purulent fluid discharged from ulcers, wounds,
and fistulas.
Sanious (sa'-ne-us) [sanies']. Pertaining to or resem-
bling sanies. S. Pus. See Pus.
Sanitarian [san - it - a' - re - an) [j-awz'to, health]. One
skilled in sanitary science.
Sanitarium [san - it - a' - re - uni) [,w«//(7.r, health]. A
health-station. A place or institution where the con-
ditions are such as especially to promote health and
vigor. The word is often incorrectly employed for san-
atorium, which is a hospital or place for curing those
who are sick. A sanitarium may be used as a sanato-
rium but it is not necessarily the same thing.
Sanitary [san'-it-a-re) [sanitas, health]. Pertaining
to health, or preventing disease ; not. as often used, per-
taining to the cure of disease. S. Science, the science
which includes a consideration of all that can be done
for the prevention of disease and the promotion of the
public health.
Sanitas (.fa«'-//-(7.?) [L.]. Health. Also a proprietary
antiseptic solution, containing hydrogen dioxid, cam-
phor, and camphoric acid.
Sanitation {san-if-a'-s/iun) [jflw/to, health]. The
application or enforcement of sanitary rules or laws.
Sanity [san' -it-e) [sanitas ; sanus, sound]. Soundness
of mind.
Sansom's Inhaler. See Anesthetic.
Sanson-Purkinje's Images. See Purkinje-Sanson.
Santalin [saji' -tai-in) [santalum, sandalwood], Cj^Hj^-
O5. I. The coloring-matter of red sandalwood, ob-
tained by evaporating the alcoholic infusion to dryness.
It is a red resin, fusible at 212° F. , and is very soluble
in acetic acid as well as in alcohol, essential oils, and
alkaline lyes. See Pigments, Conspectus of. 2. Cj^-
HjjO^j. The active principle of Red Saunders. It
crystallizes in minute red prisms soluble in alcohol and
ether.
Santalum (san'- tal - um) [L.]. Pterocarpi lignum
(B. P.) White Sandalwood. The wood of a species
of .S. athum and S. citrinum, or yellow sandalwood.
It yields oil of santal, an astringent oil, useful in
chronic bronchitis arid gonorrhea. It is often adulter-
ated with oil of cedar. Dose of the volatile oil ti\x-
XXX, in emulsion or capsule; of the fid. ext., unof ,
alcoholic, 3j-iij. S. rubrum. Red Saunders, the
wood of Pterocarpus santolinus, imparts a brilliant-red
color to ether and alcohol.
Santonic Acid [san-ton'-ik) [GavroviKov, wormwood],
C,5H,jfiO^. An acid obtained by treating santonin with
alkalies.
Santonica ( san - ton'- ik - ah) [aavroviKov, wormwood].
Levant Wormseed. The flower-heads of Artemisia
niaritima , the properties of which are due to a crystal-
line principle, santonin, Cj^HjgO^. The flower-heads
yield about 2 per cent, of santonin, which is a very ef-
ficient anthelmintic against the round-worm, Ascaris
himhricoides. In large doses it produces yellow vision,
and gives a yellow color to the urine. In toxic doses
it causes headache, vertigo, sometimes convulsions, and
death by respiratory paralysis. Santonini, Troch.
(B. P.) Each contains gr. ss of the active principle.
Dose ij-x. Sodii santoninas, 2NaC,-H]j,047H20,
colorless rhombic crystals. Dose gr. ij-x. This jire-
paration is much less effective as a vermifuge than
santonin, and is also much more poisonous. Sodii
sant. Troch., each contains gr. j of the preceding.
Dose ij-x.
Santonin, Santoninum [san' -to-nin , san-to-ni' -nuni)
[santoninum, gen. , Santonini ; (U. S. P.)] , Cj^Hj^Os-
The active principle of wormseed ; it crystallizes in
shining prisms, and melts at 170° C. It is odorless,
insoluble in cold water, and an active poison. It is
one of the most efficacous vermifuges for round-
worms. Dose gr. ^ to gr. ij. See Santonica.
Santoninate [san-ton' -in-at) [navroviKdv, wormwood].
Any salt of santoninic acid. .See Santonica.
Santoninic Acid (san-to-nin'-ik). See Acid.
Santorini, Canal of. See Canat. S., Cartilages of.
See Cartilage. S., Duct of. See Duct. S., Pis-
SAP
1291
SARCINA
sure of. See Fissures, Tal>/t- o/. S.'s Muscles. See
Muscles, Table of. S.'s Tubercles, the cornicula
laryngis.
Sap \sapa, must, new wine boiled]. The nutritive
fluid which circulates by endosmosis in plants. S.-
cavity, in biology, one of the sacs in the leaves of
plants, filled with sap. S. -green. Same as Blad-
der-green. S.-wood. See Alburnum.
Saphena {sa-fe' -nah) \pai^iivin;, manifest : //. , Saphen<c'\ .
A name given two large veins of the leg — the internal
or long, and the external, or short saphena.
Saphenal (sa-fe' -nal). Same as Saphenous.
Sapheno-tibial (sa-fe' -no-tib'-e-al) \_na(l)//i'/'/^, manifest;
/z^/rt, tibia]. Pertaining to the tibial and the saphen-
ous veins. S. Vein, a vein that runs from the long
saphenous to one of the tibial veins.
Saphenous (sa-fe' -nus) \_Ga(j»/v//(;, manifest]. Pertain-
ing to the saphena veins. S. Nerves. See Nerves,
Table of. S. Opening, an opening in the fascia lata
at the upper part of the thigh anteriorly, the external
terminus of the femoral canal, where a complete fem-
oral hernia emerges and becomes subcutaneous. S.
Veins. See Saphena.
Sapid (sap' -id) \japere, to taste]. Capable of being
tasted.
Sapientia (ja-/c-<?«'-j/;i'-(?//) [L.]. Wisdom. Sapientiae
denies, the posterior or third molar teeth.
Sapo (sa'-pd) [L. , Saponis\ (Sapo duris, B. P.)
I. Soap. 2. Of the U. S. Ph., castile soap, one made
from olive-oil by treating it with sodium hydroxid.
S. alba, olive-oil soap, castile soap. S. animalis,
curd soap. Unof. Prepared from animal fat and soda.
S. calcis, lime soap. See Linimentum calcis. S.
durus, hard soap, made with olive-oil and soda. S.
emplastrum, soap-plaster, has soap lo, lead-plaster
90 parts. S. fuscus, brown soap. S. fuscum,
emplast. (B. P.), curd soap, yellow wax, olive-oil,
oxid of lead, vinegar. S. linimentum, soap lini-
ment, has soap 10, camphor 5, oil rosemary I, alcohol
70, water ad 100 parts. S. medicatus, made from
almond-oil and soda. S. mollis. Unof. Made from
olive-oil and potash. S. plumbi oxidi, lead soap.
See Lead-plaster. S. viridis (S. mollis, B. P.),
green soap, soft, and usually bro-on in color. S.
viridis, Tinct., green soap 65, oil of lavender 2, alco-
hol q. s. ad loo parts. Similar to opodeldoc.
Sapo-carbol (sap-o-kar' -bol ) \sapo, soap]. A tar-oil-
soap solution. A disinfectant of unknown composition
and uncertain activity.
Sapogenin (sap-oj' -en-in). See Senegi'n.
Saponaceous (sap-o-na' -se-us) \_sapo, soap]. Having
the nature of soap.
Saponaria (sap-o-na' -re-ali). See Soapnvort.
Saponic Acid (sap-on' -ik). Synonym of Sapogenin.
Saponification (sap - on - if - ik- a ' -shun) , soap ;
facere, to make]. I. Conversion into soap. 2. The
process of decomposing a neutral fat into glycerin and
a fatty acid by the action of an alkali, which combines
with the fatty acid, forming a soap. S. Equivalent,
a term used to indicate the number of grams of an
oil saponified by one equivalent in grams of an alkali.
S., Fermentation, saponification brought about by
the action of a ferment.
Saponiment (sap-on' -iin-ent') \^sapo, soap]. A term
denoting a medicinal compound of soap.
Saponin (sap'-o-nin) [i<7/(>, soap], C^.^Hj^Oig. A. glu-
cosid contained in the roots of Saponaria officinalis
and other plants ; a white, amorphous powder, provok-
ing sneezing, and in aqueous solution forming a strong
lather. Dose gr. i^j-l.
Saporific (sap-o-rif -ik) \sapor, savor ; facere, to make].
Producing taste, flavor, or relish.
Saporous (sap' -o-rus) [sapor, savor]. Having flavor
or taste.
Sapotoxin (sap-o-toks' -in) [sapo, soap ; to^ikov, poi-
son], CjjHjgO],,. An active protoplasmic poison ob-
tained from saponin. It is a glucosid.
Sappey's Accessory Portal System. Numerous
small vessels formed around the liver and gall-blad-
der, in the suspensory ligament, and in the gastro-
epiploic omentum, in cases of hepatic cirrhosis. It is
for the purpose of compensatory circulation.
Sapphism, or Sapphismus (saf'-izin, saf-iz'-mus)
[from 'S.anifxl), Sappho, a Greek poetess]. Tribadism.
The unnatural passion of one woman for another,
Sapremia (sap-re' -ine-ah) [craTrpdf , putrid ; aifia, blood].
A febrile condition due to introduction into the blood
of the products of putrefaction.
Sapremic (sap-re' -mik) \_annp6r, putrid ; ai/ia, blood].
Affected with, of the nature of, or pertaining to, sap-
remia.
Saprin (sap'-rin) [an~i)6c, rotten]. A non-poisonous
ptomain, the product of bacterial decomposition of
flesh.
Saprodontia (sap-ro-don' -she-ali) [craTrpdf, rotten, cari-
ous ; oSoi'g, tooth]. Caries or rottenness of the teeth.
Saprogenic (sap-ro-jen' -ik) [rra-rrpSc, rotten ; yt vvav, to
beget]. Causing putrefaction; caused by putrefac-
tion.
Saprogenous (stip-roj'-en-tis) [oaiTpoi;, rotten ; yevviv,
to beget]. Arising in decaying matter.
Saprol (sap'-rol) [nanpoc, putrid]. A mixture of crude
cresols, to which considerable quantities of pyridin are
attached, with carbohydrates. It is probably derived
in the process of refining petroleum, and is used for
coarse disinfection.
Saprophilous (sap-roff ' -il-us) [ua-por, rotten ; ^I'Aelv,
to love]. Infesting decaying matter.
Saprophyte (sap' -ro-fit ) \<iaTTp(K, putrid ; ^vtov, a
plant]. In biology, a chlorophylless plant which
derives its sustenance from decaying organic matters.
Saprophytic (sap-i-o-fit' -ik) [aanpo^, rotten ; (pvTov,
plant]. In biology, growing on or in decaying organic
matter.
Saprophytism (sap' -ro-fi-tizm) [pa-por, rotten ; ^vtov,
plant]. The quality of being saprophytic.
Sapropyra (sap-ro-pi' -rah) [aanpoc, putrid; nvp, fire].
I. Malignant typhus, or putrid fever. 2. Any fever
due to putrid infection.
Saprostomous (sap - ros'- to - mus) [aanpor, putrid;
CTTotia, mouth]. Having a fetid breath.
Saprotyphus (.liap-ro-ti'-fus) [aa-p6(, putrid; Tv<j)oc,
stupor]. Malignant or putrid typhoid fever.
Saraca indica (sar'-ak-a in'-dik-ah) [L.]. Asak ;
Jasundi. The bark is reputed as an astringent uterine
sedative, useful in menorrhagia. Dose of the fid. ext.
n\^xv-_:^j. Unof.
Sarapus (sar' -ap-tts) [aaipsiv, to sweep ; irouf, foot], A
flat-footed person.
Sarcepiplocele (sar-sep-ip' -lo-sel) [cdp^^, flesh ; fTiTr-
/oor, omentum ; iirfAt/, tumor]. An omental hernia
with sarcocele, or with great thickening of the omen-
tum.
Sarchydrocele (sar-ki' -dro-sel). Synonym of Hydro-
sarcocele.
Sarcin (sar' -sin) [ndp^, flesh] , CjH^N^O. //ypo.ran-
thin, a constant attendant of xanthin in the animal
organism. It crystallizes in needles, not very soluble
in water, but dissolved by alkalies and acids.
Sarcina (sar-si' -nah) [L., a bundle]. A genus of
Schizoinycetes, or bacteria, having spheric or ovoid
cells dividing in three directions, thus producing cubic
masses of greater or less size. See Bacteria, Synonyin-
atic Table of.
SARCINIC
1292
SARCOMA
Sarcinic [sar-sin' -ik) \_(japK.a'0(; , of flesh]. Pertaining
to or caused by sarcina;.
Sarcitis [sar-si'-tis) [iru/jf, flesh; ltii-, inflammation].
Inflammation of fleshy tissue ; especially inflammation
of muscle.
Sarco- [sii?-'-ko-) [aapi, flesh]. A prefix to denote con-
nection with or relation to flesh.
Sarco-adenoma [sar'-ko-ad-en-o'-mah) [(tg/j^, flesh;
a'S//i', gland ; 6//a, tumor]. A fleshy glandular tumor.
Sarcobasis {sar-kob' -as-is) [ffd/jf , flesh ; paa/t;, a step,
foot]. See Caycerule.
Sarcoblast {sar' -ko-blast) \_aap^, flesh ; ^'Kaajor, germ].
In biology, a protoplasmic germinal mass.
Sarcoblastic {sar-ko-blas' -tik) [ffripf , blast ; jilaaToi;,
sprout]. Of the nature of a sarcoblast.
Sarcocarp (sar' -ko-karp) [ffapf, flesh ; napnoQ, fruit].
In biology, a fleshy, succulent mesocarp.
Sarcocele [sar^ -ko-sel ) [aap^, flesh; KijArj, a tumor].
A solid or fleshy tumor of the testicle. S. of the
Egyptians, elephantiasis of the scrotum. S., Malig-
nant, any malignant tumor of the testicle.
Sarcocol, Sarcocolla {say' -ko-kol, sar - k;o - kol'- ah)
\_aapi^, flesh ; Ko/'Ka, glue : named from its vulnerary
power]. I. A gum-like drug, much used in India
and Arabia, supposed to be the product of some
species of Astragalus. 2. An African resin with
purgative qualities, tlie product of various plants of
the genera Peiicca and Sarcocolla. It is acrid and
nauseous. Unof.
Sarcocollin (j-(7;--/5'ti-/fW-/«) [aa/jf, flesh ; Ko'/la, glue],
CjjHj.jOjQ. A brownish, sweetish substance obtained
from sarcocolla.
Sarcocoptes (sar-kok-op'-te':) [(Tap5, flesh ; kotttsiv, to
cut]. A preferable term for sarcoptes.
Sarcocystidia {sar-ko-sis-tid' -e-ah) [aap^, flesh ; Kvanc,
cyst]. A sub-class of the sporozoa. Sarcocystis
miescheri is a parasite found in pork and beef ; it is
very common, but it is not known to be injurious
to butchers' meat. See also Pai-asites [Animal),
Table of.
Sarcode (sar'-kod) [cfl/iKuJ^yf, flesh-like]. In biology,
a term applied by Dujardin to the protoplasm of cells.
Cf. Protoplastii .
Sarcoderm (ir?r'-/5't)-(/cV7//) [o-dp;, flesh; ^fpiia, skin].
In biology, a fleshy layer in the coat of certain seeds.
Sarcodic (sar-kod'-ik) [cdpf, flesh; clJof, like]. Of
the nature of sarcode.
Sarcodous (sar'-ko-dus). Synonym of Sarcodic.
Sarcodyctium [sar-ko-dik' -fe-itm) [ffdpf, flesh]. In
biology, a protoplasmic network on the surface of the
calymma of certain Radiolaria. Cf. Sarcomatrix.
Sarcoepiplocele [sar-ko-e-pip'-lo-sel). Synonym of
Sarcepiplocele.
Sarcogenic [sar-ko-jen' -ik) [adp^, flesh ; yevvdv, to
beget]. Producing flesh or muscle.
Sarcoglia {sar-kog' -le-ah) [orip^, flesh; y'Aia, glue].
Sarcoplasm ; a protoplasmic substance containing
the granules and nuclei composing the eminence of
Doy^re, or the point of entrance of a motor nerve
into muscular fiber.
Sarcohydrocele (sar-ko-hi' -dro-sel) [crapf, flesh ; 'vi\up,
water ; Kif/ i}, tumor] . A sarcocele complicated with
hydrocele of the tunica vaginalis.
Sarcoid (sar'-koid) [fropf, flesh ; flfJof, shape]. Re-
sembling or having the nature of flesh.
Sarcolactic Acid [sar-ko-lak' -tik). See Acid.
Sarcolemma ( sar-ko-lem' -ah ) [ rrdpf , flesh ; Xkfijia,
husk: //. , Sarcolemmata\ The membrane that
envelops a muscle-fiber.
Sarcolemmic, Sarcolemmous [sar-ko-lem' -ik, sar-ko-
lem' -us) [ crdpf, flesh ; Iqjpa, covering]. Pertaining
to or of the nature of sarcolemma.
Sarcolobe [sar'-ko-lob) \_odp^, flesh; lopdi;, a lobe].
In biology, a fleshy cotyledon.
Sarcologic [sar-ko-loj' -ik) [adpj, flesh ; /'.dyof, science] . |
Pertaining to sarcology.
Sarcologist ( sar - kol'- o - jist ) \pdpS,, flesh ; /dyof,
science]. One versed in sarcology.
Sarcology [sar-kol' -o-je) [adpf, flesh ; Adyof, science], j
{a) The doctrine that each part nourishes a part, as
held by the ancients, and revived in modern organo-
therapy, [b) That part of anatomy treating of the
soft tissues.
Sarcolyte [sar'- ko - lit ) [adp^, flesh ; I'veiv, to dis-
solve]. A cell which is actively concerned in effect-
ing the retrograde metamorphosis of soft tissues.
Sarcoma (j-rt;--/v'-wtf//)[aupf, flesh ; d//a, tumor : pi., Sar-
comata\ A connective-tissue tumor in which the cells
so predominate in number, and often also in size, that
the intercellular substance becomes a secondary ele- .
nient. It may also be defined as a tumor made up of
embryonal connective tissue. Sarcomata are malignant j
tumors, the small-celled forms and those of soft con- j
sistency excelling in this respect. They appear, as a '
rule, at an earlier age than carcinoma. The problem
of their causation is not solved : in many instances it ^
is possible to trace a history of injury. It is probable,
however, that the trauma merely acts as a predispos- !
ing cause. To the naked eye sarcomata appear, as the -
etymology of the word indicates, flesh-like. Micro-
scopically, the picture varies with the variety of tumor, j
and whether it is a round-cell, a spindle-cell, or a giant-
cell sarcoma, or one of the other derivative forms.
Sarcomata are well supplied with blood, which, how- j
ever, is not contained in true vessels, but in spaces
lined by endothelium. They are often combined 1
with other new-growths, especially with the so-called
mixed tumors and with certain congenital neoplasms, '
as the rhabdomyoma. The most frequent seats of
sarcoma are the connective-tissue of the skin, peri- 1
osteum, intermuscular septa, tendons, subserous con- j
nective-tissue, and the eye. The following are the i
chief varieties: S., Alveolar, one in which alveolar '
spaces are filled with sarcoma-cells. The walls of those j
spaces are formed by embryonal tissue. The growth i
resembles carcinoma. S., Angio-, one in which the ^
vessel-walls have been conerted into sarcomatous
tissue. S., Angio-lithic. Synonym of Psaiiimoma.
S., Chloromatous, a round-celled sarcoma found in
the periosteum of the skull. It has a greenish color. ,
S., Cylindromatous, a sarcoma traversed by cylin-
ders of myxomatous tissue. If the myxomatous degen- .
eration affects the walls of the blood-vessels, the tumor |
is termed Angio-sarco7iia myxomatodes. S., Encepha-
loid, a soft, rapidly growing sarcoma, usually of the
round-cell variety. S., Endotheliomatous, a sarcoma j
formed by the multiplication of the endothelial cells
of lymphatic spaces. S., Fascicular, S., Fascicu-
lated. Synonyms of S., Spindle-celled. S., Gelat- j
inous. Synonym of S., Myxo-. S., Giant-celled, '
one containing giant- cells as a prominent feature. It |
is comparatively benign. S., Lympho-, a round-
celled sarcoma in which the cells are held in a reticu- j
lum. S., Medullary, ^.ynowjxix oi S. , Encephaloid. i
S., Melano-, S., Melanotic, a sarcoma, usually spin-
dle-celled, in which the cells contain a pigment, mela- j
nin. It is a very malignant tumor, occurring most often j
in the eye, with a tendency to metastasis to the liver, ,
intestinal tract, skin, etc. S., Mixed-celled. j
Synonym of 5. , Po/iwor/ZzOT/j. S., Myeloid. Syn- i
onym of S., Giant-celled. S., Myxo-, one which in |
part has undergone myxomatous degeneration. S.,
Nest-celled. Synonym of Psamiuoma. S., Net-
celled. Synonym of S., Myxo. S., Ossifying, S.,
i
SARCOMATOSIS
1293
SARRACENIA
Osteo-, S., Osteoid, one which has a tendency to the
formation of bony tissue. S., Pigmented. Synonym
of S., Alclanotic. S., Plexiform, an angio-sarcoma
presenting an intricate interlacing of vessels covered
by sarcomatous tissue. S., Polymorphous, one con-
taining several varieties of cells, as in the S., Giant-
celled. S., Pulpy. Synonym of S., Encephaloid.
S., Round-celled, one made up of round cells. There
are two varieties, the small round-celled and the lars;e
round-celled sarcoma. The latter contains spindle-
cells and sometimes giant cells, but the dominant feat-
ure is large round-cells. S., Spindle-celled, one
made up of spindle-cells. Also known as a Recurrent
Fibroid.
Sarcomatosis (j«r c'- ^/.r) [ud/jf, flesh ; oaa,
tumor]. The formation of multiple sarcomatous
growths. S. generalis. Synonym of Granuloma
fungoides.
Sarcomatous {sar - ko' - mat - zis) [crdpf, flesh; ofia,
tumor]. Like or having the nature of sarcoma.
Sarcomatrix {sar-ko-ina' -trik) \papKi,)iia, a fleshy ex-
crescence ; /;//r;;p, mother]. A protoplasmic layer on
the exterior of the capsular membrane in certain Radio-
laria. Cf. Sarcodyctium.
Sarcome (sar'-kom). Same as Sarcoma.
Sarcomere (sar'-ko-mer) [cdpf, flesh ; //epof, a part].
In biology, one of the segments into which a sarco-
style or muscle-fibril appears to be divided by transverse
septa. A sarcous element.
Sarcomoscheocele [sar-ko-mos' -ke-o-sei) [crdpl^, flesh ;
haxtav, scrotum; (c//A//, tumor]. A fleshy .scrotal
tumor.
Sarcomphalocele, Sarcomphalon [sar-kom-fal'-o-sd,
sar-kom'-fal-oii) [cri/pf, flesh; 0|U^a/*df, navel ; k!//.//,
tumor] . A fleshy tumor at the umbilicus.
Sarcopeptone (sar-ko-pep' -16)1) [crdpf , flesh ; tts-teiv,
to digest]. A trade name for certain proprietary
predigested meat-extracts.
Sarcophaga {sar-koff ' -a-gali). Synonym of Sarcophila.
Sarcophagal (sar-koff' -ag-al). Same a.s Sarcopkagous.
Sarcophagous {sar-koff ' -ag-us) [udpf, flesh; ^aytlv, to
eat]. Flesh-eating.
Sarcophagus {sar-koff ' -ag-iis) [trdpf, flesh; (payeiv, to
eat]. Coffin ; tomb.
Sarcophagy {sar-koff ' -aj-e) [ffd/jf, flesh ; (pnyeiv, to
eat]. The habit of eating flesh.
Sarcophila {sar - koff ' - il - ah) [adpf, flesh ; (j>i?Leti>, to
love]. See Parasites, Table of.
Sarcophilous {sar-koff ' -il-iis) [i7dp.f , flesh ; (^iXtiv, to
love]. Fond of flesh as food ; sarcophagous.
Sarcophyia {sar-ko-fi' -e-ah) \j3apm^vuv, to produce
flesh]. Sarcoma; also fungous granulations.
Sarcophyma {sar-ko-fi' -mali) [crop;, flesh ; (f>vfia, a
tumor]. A fleshy tumor.
Sarcophyte {sar' -ko-fit). Synonym of Bioplast.
Sarcoplasm, Sarcoplasma {sar' - ko - plazm, sar • ko-
plaz'-tnah) [(rdpf, flesh; ■K'kaacsiv, to mold]. The
hyaline or finely granular interfibrillar material of
muscle-tissue.
Sarcoplast {sar' -ko-plast ) [(rdpf, flesh ; -KXaaceiv, to
form]. 1. A cell that develops into a muscular fiber.
2. Same as Sarcolyte.
Sarcopoietic {sar-ko-poi-et' -ik) [crapf , flesh ; Troteiv, to
make]. Producing flesh or muscle.
Sarcopsylla {^(7;--/^(7/-j?7'-rt/^) [trdpf, flesh; i/^rJ^Xd, flea].
A genus of siphonapterous or aphanipterous insects.
See Parasites {Animal), Table of.
Sarcopterygium {sar - ko - ter - ij'-e - u7>i) . Synonym of
Pterygiiim carnosum.
Sarcoptes {sar-kop'-tez) [ddpf, flesh; Ad7rrf(i', to cut].
A genus of acarids, including the itch-mite. See
Parasites, Table of. S. scabiei. See Scabies.
Sarcoptic {sar-kop'-tik) [oap^, flesh ; kotttelv, to cut].
Due to or caused by sarcoptes.
Sarcoptid {sar-kop' -tid ) [ffdpf, flesh; KOTrrtiv, to cut].
Any acaridan, or mite, of the family Sarcoptidcc, to
which the genus Sarcoptes belongs.
Sarcoseptum {sar-ko-sep' -turn) flesh; septum, a
partition: //. , Sarcosepta'\. In biology, an ordinary
septum of a Cnidarian, lying between two sklerosepta.
Sarcosin (j(zr^-/i'0-J-?'«) \aapS., flesh], C3HJNO2. Methyl-
glycocoll : a substance produced when creatin and
caffein are heated with baryta ; it crystallizes in rhom-
bic prisms that dissolve readily in water, but with
difficulty in alcohol. It melts at from 210° to 220° C.
Sarcosis {sar-ko'-sis) [cTd/;f, flesh]. I. The condition
of one affected with sarcoma ; sarcomatosis. 2. The
formation of flesh or muscle-tissue.
Sarcosperm {sar'- ko - sperm) [crdpf, flesh; arrepua,
seed]. Same as Sarcoderm.
Sarcosporidia {sar-ko-spo' -rid-e-ah) \aapS,, flesh ; a-KUpa,
seed]. Utriculiform psorosperms frequently found in
the muscles of cattle, sheep, swine, and other mam-
mals. Qi. Miesclier^ s Tubes, Rainey^s Tubes, Sarcocystis
miescheri, under Parasites {Animal ), Table of.
Sarcostosis {sar-ko-sto'-sis) [adp^, flesh ; oorf oi', bone].
Bone- formation in muscular tissues.
Sarcostroma {sar-ko-stro' -mah) [trdpf, flesh ; arpCifja,
a covering]. A thick, fleshy, false membrane.
Sarcostyle {sar'-ko-st'il) \_aap^, flesh; a-l''Aoc, a pillar].
In biology : {a) One of the fine longitudinal elements
running from end to end in a striated muscle-fiber ; a
muscle-fibril; a muscle-column. (/') The name given
by Hincks to the sarcode mass contained in the chitinous
(sarcotheca) lasso- cell of a Cnidarian.
Sarcotheca ( sar - ko - the'- kah ) [ ffdpf , flesh ; Wikt), a
sheath: //. , Sarcothecce^. In biology, the name ap-
plied by Hincks to the chitinous cups of a thread-cell
or lasso-cell of the Cnidaria.
Sarco-therapeutics ( sar'- ko - ther - ap - u'- fiks ) [cap^,
flesh ; HepaTTfla, treatment]. The treatment of disease
by means of animal extracts or substances. See Or-
ganotherapy .
Sarcothlasia, Sarcothlasis {sar - koth - la' - ze - ah , sar-
koth' -las-is) \ciap^, fle.sh ; dXaoic^, a. crushing]. Con-
tusion of the soft tissues.
Sarcothlasma {sar-koth-laz' -mah). Synonym of Sar-
cothlasis.
Sarcotic {sar-kot'-ik) [cdpt, flesh]. Producing flesh.
Also, pertaining to sarcosis.
Sarcotome {sar' -ko-tom) [ocipS, flesh ; rofir/, a cutting].
A surgical instrument for the division of soft tissues.
Sarcous {sar'-kus) [ndpf, flesh]. Fleshy. Pertaining
to muscles S. Elements, the dark prisms of the
ultimate fibrillse of striped muscle-fibers, formerly re-
garded by Bowman as the units of muscular tissue.
A sarcoma.
Sardiasis, Sardoniasis {sar-di'-as-is, sar-do-ni' -as-is).
Synonym of Risu< sardonictis.
Sardonic {sar-don'-ik) [2ap(5w, Sardinia]. Resembling
the grimace produced by eating a certain Sardinian
plant. See Risus sardonicus.
Sarkin {sar' -kin). See Sarcin and Hypoxanthin.
Sarment {sar'-mejit)\_sarmentu?n , twigs, light branches].
In biology, a long, slender stolon or branch.
Sarothrum {sa-ro' -thrum) [(Td/ior, a broom : //. Saro-
thra\ In biology, the comb-like or brush-like hairs
of the corbiculum or pollen-basket of a bee.
Sarracenia {sar-a-se' -ne-ah) [after Dr. Sarraziit, of
Quebec]. A genus of American insectivorous plants,
e.g., side-saddle flower, or pitcher-plant, remarkable
for their trumpet-shaped leaves. S. purpurea, S.
flava, and S. variolaris are said to afford roots ser-
viceable in dyspepsia and gout. S. purpurea, and S.
SARRACENIN
1-294
SATYROMANIAC
violaris have been vaunted as a cure for smallpox.
They are diuretic, diaphoretic, and stimulant. Dose
of the fid. ext. gtt. xxv. See also, TriDnpet-plant.
Sarracenin [sar-a-se' -niii) [after Dr. Sai-i-azin, of Que-
bec]. A substance, perhaps an alkaloid, found in
Sarracenia pui'purea.
Sarrazin {sar'-az-in). Same as Buckwheat.
Sarsa (^sar' -sail). Same as Sarsaparilla.
Sarsaparilla (,f<z;--^rt/-rt;--//''-a//) [origin obscure]. Sar-
sse Radix (B. P.) The root of Sniila.x officinalis.,
and several other species of the Sinilax family, native
to tropical America. It contains an essential oil and
several extractive principles, and is diuretic, tonic and
alterative. It has mild alterative properties and is a
good vehicle for potassium iodid. It is used somewhat
in tertiary syphilis, scrofula and- similar diseases. S.,
Comp., Fid. Ext., sarsaparilla 75, licorice root 12,
sassafras bark 10, mezereum 3, glycerin 10, water and
alcohol q. s. ad 100 parts. Dose Jss-j. S., Comp.,
Syr., sarsaparilla 150, guaiac wood 20, pale rose,
licorice root, senna aa 12, sassafras, anise, gaultheria
aa 6, sugar 600, alcohol, water, ad 1000 parts. Dose
p^j-^ss. S., Decoct. (B. P.) Dose ^ij-x. S.,
Decoctum, Comp., sarsaparilla 10, sassafras, guaiac
wood, licorice root aa 2, mezereum I, water ad 100
parts. Dose .^j-iv. S., Ext., Liq. (B. P.) Dose
,:;ss-iv. S., Fid. Ext. Dose^ss-j. S., Hood's,
a proprietary nostrum composed of comp. ext. sarsap.,
taraxacum, podophyllum and juniper in about the pro-
portion of their dosage. S., Indian. See Hemides-
iints. S., Syr., unof., consists of a mixture of the oils
of gaultheria and sassafras with syrup ad lib. Used as
a flavoring for soda water.
Sartian Disease. An endemic rheumatic affection of
the tropics, characterized by red indurated spots that
finally ulcerate.
Sarticrureus (sar-tik-rit-re' -its') \sartor, a tailor ; crii-
r,riis, crureus]. The sartorius muscle.
Sartorius (sar-to' -re-us) \_sartor, tailor]. See Muscle.
Sassa Gum. A gum resembling tragacanth ; the pro-
duct of Allnzzia fas/igiata, an African tree.
Sassafras {sas'-a-fras) [Sp., sasaj'ras, sassafras]. The
root-bark of S. officinalis. Its properties are due to a
volatile oil. S., Australian. See Atherospeyvia
jiioscliata. It is aromatic and stimulant diaphoretic.
S., Infus., unof., " sassafras tea." l)ose ad libitmn.
See Salvop. S., Medulla, the pith of the sassafras
stem, useful with 98 percent, water as a demulcent
drink ; used also as a collyrium. S. Oil, the volatile
oil. Dose TTLj-v. A constituent of sarsaparilla syrup.
Sassaparilla [sas - ap - ar - il'-ah). Synonym of Sarsa-
parilla.
Sassolin (sas'-o-lin) [It., Sasso, a town near Florence].
A native boric acid. See Boron.
Sassy Bark {sas' -e bark). See Casca.
Satanophobia {sa-tan-o-fo' -be-ali) [Sarai', Satan ; (j)6[ioc,
fear]. Morbid fear of the devil.
Satellite [sat'-el-jt) \_satelles , 7a\ attendant]. In anat-
omy, the vein accompanying an artery.
Satiety [sa-ti' -e-te) \_satis, enough]. Fulness beyond
desire.
Satin White. See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Satterthwaite's Method. See Artificial Respii-ation.
Saturable [sat' -n-ra-bl) [j«/?/ra'^/7/j, saturable]. Cap-
able of saturation.
Saturant (sat'-n-rant) [sati/rare, to saturate]. Saturat-
ing.
Saturate [sat' -ii-rat) \sattirare , \.o saturate]. Filling
to excess.
Saturated {sat'-ti-ra-ted) [saturare, to fill full], I. A
qualification applied to compounds constituted ac-
cording to the general formula C X,3u-|-2 (in which
X represents the valences directly joined to C). Such
compounds are known as paraffins. 2. Of a liquid,
containing in solution all of a substance that it can
dissolve. 3. Of .solids, completely permeated with
fluid. S. Solution. See Saturated, 2d definition.
Saturation (sat-u-ra'-shun) \_saturare, to satisfy]. I. A
term used to denote that a fluid holds as much of a solu-
ble substance as it can dissolve. 2. Also a term denot-
ing that an atom, molecule, or radicle has combined
with all the atoms, molecules, or radicles it can hold.
The complete satisfaction or neutralization of valency
in any molecule, so that further combination can occur
only by increasing the valency of some atoms, or releas-
ing some atom or molecule from the compound. Thus,
carbon, is saturated with 4 monad or 2 dyad atoms,
H
as H-C-H, or O = C = O. S. of the Atmos- i
I
H i
phere, that condition in which any reduction of tern- i
perature will be followed by a precipitation of the aqua- !
ous vapor mingled with the atmosphere. S. -point, the i
temperature at which the atmosphere contains as '
much moisture as it can possibly hold, in the form of
vapor. I
Satureia [sat-u-re'-e-ah). See Summer Savory. \
Saturn Cinnabar. Same as Minium. \
Saturnine (sat' -cr-mn) \_Saturnus, a Roman deity; the !
alchemic symbol of lead]. I. Pertaining to leader |
produced by lead. 2. Of gloomy nature. S. Amau-
rosis. Stee Saturnism. S. Arthralgia. See Saturn-
ism. S. Cerebritis. See £ncep/ialitis and S. Encep/i- '
alopatliy. S. Colic. See Colic. S. Encephalitis, '
inflammation of the brain, arising from lead-poisoning.
S. Encephalopathy, a sudden outburst of grave cere-
bral symptoms: convulsions, coma, delirium, head-
ache, sometimes amaurosis. It is often fatal, but at
the autopsy, the brain usually shows no lesions. S.
Paralysis, paralysis from lead-poisoning. S. Poi-
soning, lead-poisoning. S. Red. Same as Minium.
Saturnism or Saturnismus (sat'-er-nizm, sat-er-niz'- {
mus) \^Saturnus, a Roman deity; the alchemic term ■
for lead]. Lead-poisoning; plumbism. A chronic
form of poisoning due to the more or less prolonged |
ingestion of small quantities of lead. It is most com-
mon in those whose occupation exposes them to con-
tact with salts of the metal, such as painters, glaziers,
workers in white-lead works, etc. Drinking-water and
foods may also convey the poison to the system ; so
may cosmetics impregnated with lead ; indeed, the
sources of poisoning are manifold and often very
curious. The forn)s of chronic lead-poisoning maybe
grouped as follows : I. Lead-colic, the most frequent.
The pain is centered about the umbilicus, the abdomen
retracted, constipation obstinate, the pulse corded. 2.
Lead-palsy, wrist-drop or drop-wrist. This is a paral-
ysis of the extensor muscles of both forearms ; it
may be associated with sensory disturbances. Par-
alysis of the ocular and the laryngeal muscles has also
been observed, t,- Saturnine encephalopathy, q. y.^ 4.
Saturnine arthralgia. A painful affection of ihe joints,
especially the knee, rarely the others. Objective signs
are usually absent. The disease may resemble chronic
gout. 5. Chronic contracted kidney. 6. Amblyopia
due to atrophy of the optic nerve. The general
symptoms of lead-poisoning are a marked anemia and
cachexia, and a blue line at the edge of the gums.
Satyriasis (sat-ir-i' -as-is) \_c!aTVf>o^, a satyr], i- Ex-
cessive venereal desire. 2. Leprosy.
Satyromania {sat-ir-o-ma'-ne-ah). Same as Satynasts.
Satyromaniac (sat-ir-o-ma' -ne-ak) [^anrvpo^, satyr;
ftav'ia, madness]. One who is affected with satyriasis.
SAUNDERS
1295
SCALA
Saunders {salin' -derz) . See Santahim riibrum.
Sauriasis [saw-ri' -a-sis). Same as Ichthyosis .
Sauriderma [sa^o-rid-ei-'-mah) \_aavpa, lizard; Stp/ja,
skin] . Ichthyosis.
Sauriosis {sa7tj-ri-o' -sis). See Ichthyosis sauroderma.
Sauroderma [sazu-ro-der' -ma)i^. See Sauriderma.
Saurognathism [sazv - rog' - na - thizm) [ffai'pa, lizard ;
yv&Qoq, ]^^'^'\ In biology, having a lizard-like jaw ;
with the halves of the vomer distinct, as in certain birds.
Saururus (.faze'-r/i'-rj^j) [aai^pof, lizard ; oii/ju, tail]. A
genus of apetalous plants. S. cernuus, lizard-tail,
or breast-weed. AN. American water-plant ; the root,
bruised or boiled, is discutient and emollient, and is
said to relieve pleurodynia. Unof.
Sausage (saw' -sdj) [ME., saucige, sausage]. • An arti-
cle of food consisting mainly of minced meat with
seasoning. S. -poison. See Allantotoxicon. S.-
poisoning. See Botuiisinus and Allantiasis.
Sauterne (so-tcrn') \_Saiiterne, a place in France]. A
certain white wine.
SscvsLrma. [sa-Tan'-ah] l^^., savana , & sheet]. A tree-
less plain. S. -flower, yellow nightshade. The
leaves of Urechites suherecta, a highly poisonous West
Indian plant. It resembles aconite in action. Its
properties are not fully known. Unof.
Savelieff 's Method. See Sputum, Methods of Exam-
ination.
Savigny's Tubules. The very fine branched and
amputated tubules ramifying over the wall of the in-
testine in nearly all the Tunicata, functioning as a pan-
creas.
Savine (sav'-in). See Sabiiia.
Saviotti's Canals. Fine passages between the secret-
ing cells of the pancreas. They are now believed to
be formed artificially.
Savor [sa'-vor') \_savor, taste]. The taste or odor of a
substance.
Savory (sa' -vo-re) \savoi-, odor, or flavor]. Having a
pleasant odor or flavor. See Summer Savory.
Savory and Moore's Food. A Liebig's food for in-
fants. Its composition is: Water, 8.34; fat, 0.40;
grape-sugar, 20.41 ; cane-sugar, 9.08; starch, 36.36;
soluble carbohydrates, 44.83 ; albuminoids, 9.63 ;
cellulose, gum, etc. , 0.44 ; ash, 0.89.
Saw [ME., sawe, saw]. An instrument for cutting bone.
It consists of a thin blade with sharp teeth on one
edge. S., Amputating, one especially devised for
amputations. S.-box. See Macrotome. S., Butch-
er's, one which allows the blade to be fixed at any
angle. S., Chain, one in which the teeth are set in
links movable upon each other. The saw is moved
by pulling alternately upon one and the other handle.
S., Crown. See Trephine. S.-dust, small particles
of wood, produced by sawing. Saw-dust was form-
erly used in surgery, in preparing pads for fractured
bones, and as a dressing for wounds. S., Hemp, a
cord slipped over the part to be excised, and drawn
back and forth till it cuts through the tissue ; it is of
service in embryotomy and in amputations of deep-
seated parts. S., Hey's, a rigid disc with saw-teeth and
handle, for enlarging an opening. S. Palmetto, the
fruit of Serenoa serrulata, sedative, nutritive and
tonic. Dose of the fld. ext. ^ss-ij. Unof. S., Skull,
the trephine. S.-wort. See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Sawing {saw' -ing). See Sciage.
Sawyer's Cramp. See Cramp.
Saxatile [saks' -at-il) \_saxum, a rock]. In biology,
growing upon or among rocks.
Saxifrage (saks' -if -raj) \_saxum, a rock ; frangere, to
break]. Any plant of the genus Saxifraga , including
many species of herbs, to some of which doubtful
medicinal properties are ascribed.
Saxigenous (sahs-ij'-en-us) \_saxum, rock ; yevr/^, pro-
duced]. In biology, growing on rocks.
Saxolinum (sa/es-o-l/'-nu/n) \_saxiim, rock ; oleum, oil].
.Synonym of Petrolatum.
Saxony Blue. Same as hid i go Blue. S. Green.
Same as Riiiinann^ s Green.
Sayre's Apparatus, S.'s Jacket. A jacket of plaster-
of- Paris molded to support the spine in certain diseases
of the vertebral column. S.'s Method. See Treat-
ment, Methods of. S.'s Shoe, the high shoe used in
hip-joint disease. S.'s Sign or Test. See Signs attd
Symptoms, Table of.
Scab \skab) \scabere, to scratch], I. The crust formed
by the desiccation of the secretions of an ulcer or
wound. 2. In biology : {a) Psoroptic scabies of
domestic animals, al.so called, Shab, Ray, Rubbers,
Rdude, Krdtze, Schabe, Grind (Ger. ) ; Rogne, Tac,
Gall epizodtique (Fr.) ; Rogna, Scabbia (Ital.) ; Sarna
(.Sp.); Tchesotka (Rus'.) ; Rith (Hung.); Skab
(Dan.) ; Scabb, (Swed.) ; i\Iaracane (Guayana) ; Car-
racha (Peru) ; a dermatosis due to the presence of
Psoroptes communis, var. equi, bovis, ovis, caprce,
cuniculi. See under Parasites (Animal'), Table
of. [b) A diseased condition of plants produced
by a parasitic fungus, and characterized by a
scabby appearance ; e. g. , Apple-scab, Fusicladium
dendriticum, Fuckel. Pear-scab, P'usicladium pyri-
num, Fuckel. Potato-scab, O'dspora scabies, Spongo-
spora solani, F'usarium diplosporuiii , C. E. Wheat-
scab, Fusarium culmorum. Orange-scab, Clado-
sporium herba?-iim,V\i., Fusarium sarcochroum, Sacc.
S. -weavers. Synonym of Scabies.
Scabbed (skabd ) \_scabere, to scratch] . Mangy, affected
with scabies.
Scabby (shab'-e). Same as Scabbed.
Scaberulous (ska - ber' - u - lus) \jcaber, rough]. In
biology, slightly roughened.
Scabies (ska'-be-ez) [scabere, to icrsAcW]. //«•//.■ a para-
sitic skin-disease, caused by an animal parasite, the
Sarcoptes scabiei, var. hominis, or itch-mite. See
Parasites (Animal), Table of. The acarus, burrow-
ing in the epidermis, irritates the skin, causing vari-
ous inflammatory lesions, such as papules, vesicles,
and pustules, accompanied by intense itching. The
scratching resorted to to relieve this itching produces
the long scratch-marks so commonly seen in itch.
The insect shows a marked predilection for certain
localities, as between the fingers, the flexor surface
of the wrists, the axillre, and the buttocks. S. nor-
wegica. See Itch, Norway, and .Sarcoptes scabiei, va.r.
lupi, under Parasites (Animal), Table of.
Scabiola (ska-bi' -o-lah). Synonym of Scabies.
Scabiophobia (ska-be-o-fo' -be-ah) \_scabies, itch ; (j>6j3oc,
fear]. Morbid or insane fear of scabies.
Scabious (ska' -be-us) \_scabiosus, rough, scabby]. I.
Scabby or scaly. 2. As a noun, any plant of the
genus Scabiosa ; popularly regarded as useful in skin-
diseases and gout, and as vulneraries. Unof.
Scabrate (ska' -brat). Same as Scabrous.
Scabrid (ska'-brid) \_scaber, rough]. In biology,
slightly rough.
Scabrities (ska-brit' -e-ez) \_scaber, rough]. Roughness ;
scabbiness. S. unguium, abnormal thickening of
the finger nails.
Scabrous (ska'-brus) [^scaber, rough]. In biology,
rough or harsh to the touch, with points or hairs.
Applied to leaves, etc.
Scaia \ska'-lah) [L.]. A stair-case or ladder. S.,
Collateral. Synonym of Canal, Cochlear. S. of
Lowenberg. Synonym of Canal, Cochlear. S. media,
the space between the membrane of Reissner and the
basilar membrane ; containing the essential peripheral
SCALARIFORM
1296
SCAPHOLUNAR
organs of hearing. S., Posterior Cochleal. Synonym
o{ S. ty??ipani. S., Superior Cochlear. S.vestibuU.
S. tympani, the canal lying below the osseous
lamina and the basilar membrane of the internal ear.
S. vestibuli, the canal bounded by the osseous
lamina and the membrane of Reissner. See Ear.
Scalariform {ska-lar' -if-onn) \scalaria, a ladder ;
forma, form]. In biology, shaped like a ladder.
Applied to ducts or vessels on which the markings are
so placed as to resemble the rounds and spaces of a
ladder.
Scald [skaw/d) [ME. , ^ca/^/^w, to scald]. I. The burn
caused by hot liquids or vapors. 2. A scabby skin-
disease, especially of the scalp. S.-head. See
Favus.
Scale (skdl^ [ME., scale, a scale]. Of fishes, any one
of the small semi-opaque lamina of modified epidermis
covering the surface of the body. 2. An exfoliated
shell of bone. 3. The semi-opaque laminee of horny
epidermis occurring upon the skin in various skin-dis-
eases. See Squama. Ss., Hair, the imbricated plate-
like cells forming the cortical portion of a hair.
Scale [^r«A?, ladder]. A series of marks placed at regu-
lar distances from each other and used as standards
in measuring. S., Centigrade, S., Fahrenheit, S.,
Reaumur. See Tkerinometer.
Scalene [ska'-len) \_ciiaAriv6<;, uneven]. Of a figure
having unequal sides.
Scalenus (ska-le' -nus). See Muscles, Table of.
Scaler (ska'-ler) [ME., scale, scale]. In dentistry, an
instrument for removing the tartar from the teeth.
Scalesiasis (ska-le-si'-as-is). Synonym of Measles.
Scaling (ska' -ling) [ME., scale, scale]. Desquamating ;
producing scales. S. the Teeth, an old name for
the operation, in dentistry, which consists in the re-
moval of salivary calculus, commonly called tartar,
from the teeth. See Salivary Calculus.
Scall [skawl) [ME., skalle, a scab]. P'avus, impetigo,
psoriasis, eczema, or other skin-disease. [Old.] S.,
Dry, psoriasis, scabies. S., Moist, eczema.
Scalled [skawld) [ME., skalle, a scab]. Affected with
scall.
Scalma [skal'-mak) [OHG., scalmo, pestilence]. A
contagious and infectious febrile disease of the horse,
with local lesions of the bronchi, trachea, and larynx,
which produce cough. It is further characterized by
great irritability of temper. It is rarely fatal, except
from complications.
Scalp [skalp) [ME., scalp, the top of the head]. The
integumentary covering of the cranium. S., Hairy,
that portion of the scalp usually covered by hair.
Scalpel (sl-alpcl') \_scalpellum, a little knife]. A small
knife, having a blade somewhat wider than a bistoury,
the cutting edge being convex.
Scalpellum (skal-peF -um) [L., a surgical knife]. In
biology, one of the lancet-like organs of the promus-
cis of certain insects (Hemiptera).
Scalper (skal'-per) [L.]. See Scalprum.
Scalping (skal' -ping). See Gerdy^s Operation in
Table of Operations.
Scalpriform {skal' -prif-orm) \scalprum, a knife, chi.sel ;
forma, ioxm]. In biology, chisel-shaped ; applied to
the incisor teeth of rodents and some other mammals.
Scalprum {skal' -prion) [jff?//^';-;', to scrape]. A toothed
raspatory used in trephining and in removing carious
bone.
Scaly {ska'-le) [ME., scale, scale]. Covered with or
having scales. S. Tetter. See Psoriasis.
Scammonin {skam'- 0 - nin) [oKamiuvia, scammony],
C,,^Hr,fiO,p. A glucosid found in scammony. It may
be identical with jalapin.
Scammonium, Scammoneum, Scammony {skam-o'-
ne-tim, skam' -o-ne)[oKafifiuvia, scammony : gen.. Scam-
monii\ A purgative gum-resin, the dried juice of the
xootoi Convolvulus sea mmonia, a South-western Asiatic
plant. It is generally given in combination with other
drugs. Its properties are due to an active principle,
jalapin. A drastic cathartic. Dose gr. v-x. S.,
Confectio (B. P.) Dose gr. x-xx. S., Mist. (B. P.)
Dose 5ss-ij. S., Pil., Comp. (B. P.) Dose gr. v.
S., Pulv., Comp. (B. P.), contains scammony, ginger,
and jalap. Dose gr. x-xx. S., Resina. Dose gr.
iij-viij.
Scandent {skan' -dent) \_scandere, climb]. In biology,
climbing. Applied to stems that climb by means of
organs modified for the purpose.
Scandium [skan' -de-icm) ^Scandia, Scandinavia]. A
metal belonging to the aluminum group. Symbol
Sc ; atomic weight 44. See Elements, Table of.
Scanning (skan' -ing) \_scandere, to climb]. A peculiar,
slow, and measured form of speech, met with in vari-
ous nervous affections, chiefly in multiple sclerosis.
Scansorius (skan-so'-re-us). See Muscles, Table of.
Scape (skdp) [pma-Ko^, a shaft, a staff]. In biology, a
leafless, radical peduncle.
Scapel {skap' -el) \_scapellus, dim. of scapns, scape]. In
biology, the neck or caulicle of the germinating
embryo.
Scapha (ska'-fah) \aiia(\n^, trough]. A trough.
Scaphidium (ska-fid' -e-um) \pKa<^i6iov , a small tub or j
skiff]. In biology, the receptacle of the spores in ,
certain algae.
Scaphion (skaf'-e-on) [oKCKpiov, dim. of okA^t], a trough]. 1
Synonym of Cranium.
Scaphium (ska'-fe-um) \_GKa(j)tov, a bowl, a basin : pi.,
Scaphia'\. In biology: (a) the carina or keel of a
papilionaceous flower ; (b) an unpaired appendage of
lepidopterous insects. ;
Scaphocephalic (skaf-o-sef-al'-ik). See Scaphocepha-
lous. J
Scaphocephalism {skaf-o-sef -al-izm). See Scapho- 1
cephaly . \
Scaphocephalous (skaf-o-sef ' -al-us) \am^^^, a skiff;
ne<pa'Aii, head]. Characterized by a boat-shaped ap-
pearance of the cranium, arising from ossification of i
the sagittal suture in infancy. I
Scaphocephalus (skaf - o - sef- al - us) [cr/id^?/, a skiff; j
Kti^nXi], head]. A boat-shaped appearance of the j
cranium, due to a premature union of the sagittal j
suture, or abnormal development. j
Scaphocephaly (skaf-o-sef ' -al-e) [(tto?))?, boat ; K£(j)a6ii,
head]. The condition of having a boat-shaped skull. |
Scaphocerite (ska-fas' -er-it) \am<^oq, a bowl ; Kf'yiaf, a
horn]. In biology, the scale-like appendage of the ;
second pair of antennas of a crustacean.
Scaphocuboid (skaf-o-ku'-boid) [psKa^r/, boat; KujioQ, \
cube; f«5df, like]. Pertaining to the scaphoid and
cuboid bones. 1
Scaphognathite (ska-fog' -na-thlt) \_aKa<j>og, a bowl, j
boat; yvadoi;, ]3.\\''\. In biology, the scale-like appen-
dage of the second maxilla of a crustacean. •
Scaphoid (.r/'rt'/''- o?V/) [(TKo^i;;, boat; fJ(5')C, like]- Boat-
shaped. S. Abdomen, the sunken appearance of the \
belly, seen in meningitis and in great emaciation from
wasting diseases. S. Bone, a name given to a boat-
shaped bone of the tarsus and also to one of the carpus. ]
S. Fossa. See Fossa.
Scaphoideum (ska -foi'- de - um) [L. ]. The scaphoid ,
bone of the wrist or ankle. ^ i
Scaphoido-cuneiform Amputation. See ChoparCs
.Amputation and Forbes' s Amputation, in Operations, \
Table of.
Sza^\\o\vi'i\2x(skafo-lu'-nar)\aKa<^ri, boat; liaia, moon].
Pertaining to the scaphoid and semilunar bones.
SCAPHULA
1297
SCARLET
Scaphula {skaf -u-lah) [ct/cq^;?, boat]. The fossa nav-
icularis.
Scapiform [ skn'- pif- orm) [scapiis,a. stalk ;
form]. In biology, scape-like.
Scapula [skap' -it-lali) [L.]. The large, flat, triangular
bone forming the back of the shoulder and belonging
Scapula. Postero-
external Aspect.
I. Supraspinous fossa.
2. Infra- s p i u o u s
fossa. 3. Superior
or coracoid border.
4. Coracoid or su-
prascapular notch.
5. Axillary or exter-
nal border. 6. An-
terior angle and
glenoid cavity. 7.
Inferior angle. 8.
Rough impression
for long head of
triceps. 9. Internal
or spinal or verte-
bral border. 10.
Spine. II. Smooth
surface over which
trapezius muscle
glides. 12. Acro-
mion. 13. Base of
spine. 14. Coracoid
process.
The shoulder-blade. See
me-al^ [scapitla, shoul-
acromion]. Pertaining to the
to the shoulder-girdle.
Bones, Table of.
Scapulacromiai [skap-ii-lak
der-blade ; aKpunio
acromion process of the scapula
Scapulalgia (skap-u-lal' -je-ah) [scapula, the shoulder-
blade ; a/ yog, pain]. Pain in the neighborhood of the
shoulder-blade.
Scapular (skap' -n- la r) \scapnla, the shoulder-blade].
Pertaining to the shoulder-l)lade. S. Arch, the
pectoral arch or shoulder-girth. S. Line, a vertical
line drawn on the back through the inferior angle of
the scapula. S. Point, a tender point developed in
neuralgia of the brachial plexus and situated at the in-
ferior angle of the scapula. S. Reflex. See Rejlexes,
Table of. S. Region, the region in and about the
scapula. In biology, a well-defined longitudinal area
of feathers lying along the back and over the shoulder-
blade of a bird [regio scapularis).
Scapulary (skap' - u - la - re) \_scapula, scapula]. A
shoulder-bandage.
Scapulated (skap' - 11 - la - ted') \_scapiila, X^aa shoulder-
blades]. In biology, having the feathers of the scap-
ular region well marked, as in Corvus scaptilatus, the
scapulated crow.
Scapulen (skap'- 11 - len) \_scapula, the shoulder-blade].
Belonging to the scapula in itself.
Scapulet, Scapulette (skap'- u- let) {scapula, the
shoulder]. In biology, one of the leaf-like append-
ages of the manubrium of certain Cnidaria.
Scapulo- (skap' - ti - lo -) [^<:a/«/ff, scapula]. A prefix
denoting relation to the shoulder or scapula.
Scapulo -clavicular (skap' -ii-lo-kla-vik' -u-lar) \ scapula,
scapula ; clavis, key]. Pertaining to the scapula and
the clavicle.
Scapulo-coracoid (skap' - u - lo - ko' - rak - old) \_scapula,
scapula; KupaS, raven; fMof, like]. Pertaining to
the scapula and the coracoid process.
Scapulodynia (skap - u - lo - din'- e - ak). Synonym of
Scapulalgia .
Scapulo-humeral (skap'- u - lo - hit'- nier - al) \_scapula,
scapula; humerus, \mcf\^xv&\ Pertaining to the scap-
ula and the humerus. S. amputation, removal of
the arm at the shoulder-joint.
82
Scapulo-radial (skap'-u-lo-ra'-de-aT) [ifa/z//(7, scapula ;
radius, ray]. Pertaining to both scapula and radius.
Scapulo-ulnar (skap' -u-lo-ul' -nar) \_scapula, scapula ;
ulna, ulna]. Pertaining to both scapula and ulna.
Scapulo- vertebral (skap'- u- lo - ver' - te - hral)\scapula,
scapula; vertebra]. Pertaining to the scap-
ula and the spine.
Scapus (ska' -pus) \_scapus, a, shaft, stem: //. , Scapi^.
In biology, the scape of a flower, a feather, or an
antenna. S. penis, the body of the penis. S. pili,
the hair-shaft.
Scar (skar) {noxapa, scab, scar]. I. See Cicatrix. 2.
In biology, the mark left on the stem when the leaf
falls away, or on the seed when it separates from the
funiculus.
Scardamygmus (skar ■ dam - ig' - mits) [(TKap(Sa/yD)7Ydf].
Winking.
Scarenzio's Treatment. The treatment of syphilis by
the hypodermatic injection of calomel. S.'s Method.
See Treatment , Alcthods of.
Scarfskin (skar f -skin) [Sw., skarf,& scarf; ME., skin,
skin]. The epidermis or cuticle.
Scarification (skar-if-ik-a' -shun) \scarificare, to scar-
ify]. The operation of making numerous small, su-
perficial incisions or punctures, for giving vent to serum
or blood or gases.
Scarificator (skar' -if-ik-a-tor) \_scarificare , to scarify].
An instrument used in scarification. It consists of a
number of small lancets, operated by a spring, so that
a number of slight incisions are made synchronously.
Scarious or Scariose (ska' -re-us, ska' -re-dz) \_scaria, a
thorny shrub]. Dry, thin, and membranous. Applied
to parts of flowers, etc.
Scarlatina (skar-lat-e' -nah) [scarlatimis, scarlet]. See
Scarlet Fever. S. anginosa, S. cynanchica, scarlet
fever with angina. S. gastrica, scarlet fever compli-
cated with gastro-enteritis. S. gravior, malignant
scarlet fever. S. haemorrhagica, scarlet fever, or
more usually septic fever with hemorrhagic spots. S.
laevis, mild scarlet fever. S. latens, scarlet fever
without eruption. S. maligna, malignant scarlet
fever. S. papulosa, scarlet fever in which there are
prominent papules, due to involvement of the hair-
follicles. S. pruriginosa. Synonym of Urticaria.
S. puerperalis. See Scarlet Fever, Puerperal. S.
pustulosa, scarlet fever with a pustular eruption. S.
rheumatica. Synonym of Dengue. S. septica, a
grave form of scarlet fever characterized by symptoms
of septic intoxication. S. simplex, mild scarlet fever.
S. sine angina, scarlet fever without throat-symp-
toms. S. sine eruptione, S. sine exanthemata,
scarlet fever without the rash. S. traumatica, the
eruption similar to that of scarlet fever, accompanied
by febrile symptoms, which sometimes follows wounds
or surgical operations. S. typhosa, malignant scarlet
fever, with grave nervous symptoms. S. urticata,
urticaria.
Scarlatinal (skar - lot' - in - al, skar-lat-e' -nal) \_scarla-
tinus, scarlet]. Pertaining to scarlatina. S. An-
gina, the throat-aff'ection produced by scarlet fever.
S. Nephritis, the acute catarrhal nephritis that arises
in the course of or during the convalescence from
scarlet fever. S. Tongue, the " strawberry" tongue
of scarlet fever.
Scarlatiniform (skar-lat-in' -if-orm). .Synonym of ^rar-
latinoid.
Scarlatinoid (skar - lat' - itt - oid ) \_scarlatii?us , scarlet;
eJrfof, like]. Resembling scarlatina.
Scarlatinous (skar - lat' - in - us) \_scarlatinus, scarlet].
Having the nature of or pertaining to scarlatina.
Scarlet (skar' -let) [cj/fajo/ldroi', scarlet]. A highly chro-
matic and brilliant-red color. S. -faced, having a
SCARPA'S APLATISSEMENT 1298
SCHEELIZATION
very red face. S. Fever, an acute, specific, epidemic,
contagious disease, characterized by a scarlet flush
spreading progressively from the face over the body,
ending on about the seventh day in desquamation of
the cuticle. The fever is not high in the simple cases,
but may rise to a very high point in the graver cases.
The tongue is the characteristic "strawberry tongue,"
with prominent papilLu, and there is a red, swollen,
and inflamed condition of the tonsils, uvula, and soft
palate, upon which a soft, white film may be deposited.
Acute nephritis and suppurative otitis are frequent
complications or sequela'. In a small proportion of
the cases the patient will undergo a relapse, and pass
through a second attack of the disease of varying
severity. One attack of the disease protects against
a second attack, but not quite to the same extent as
in measles. The disease is most frequent in children
near the age of five years, and after this period the
liability to contract the disease diminishes rapidly.
See Exanthemata, Table of. S. Ocher. Same as
Ocher.
Scarpa's Aplatissement. A fomi of ligature used by
Scarpa for the purpose of arresting the circulation tem-
porarily by mechanical pressure without lacerating the
tissues of the vessel. S.'s Fascia, the deep layer of
the superficial abdominal fascia. S., Foramen of.
See Foramina, Table of. S.'s Ganglion. See Gang-
lia, Table of. S.'s Hiatus, the helicotrema, or open-
ing between the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani.
S.'s Ligature. See Ligature. S.'s Liquor, the
endolymph. S.'s Nerve. See A^ervcs, Table of.
S.'s Shoe, a shoe for club-foot. S.'s Triangle. See
Triangle.
Scatacratia [skaf-a/c-ra' -slie-ali). See Scoracratia.
Scatalogia [skat- al - o' -Je - ah) [ cr/twp, OKaroQ, dung;
a?M-}la, senselessness]. Insanity characterized by
great filthiness.
Scatol (sha^-tol). See Sl,-atol.
Scatologia, Scatology (skat-o-lo' -je-ah, skat-oF -o-je)
[c/fM/j, (TA-arof , dung ; ?,ojor, learning]. The science
or study of excreta.
Scatologic (skat-ol-of -ik) [rr/,<j/j, (T/iarof, dung ; Adjof,
science]. Pertaining to scatologia.
Scatomancy [skat' -o-man-se). Same as Seatoseopv.
Scatophagia {skat-o-fa' -je-ah) [(7/,w/), cuaToc, dung ;
tpayth', to eat]. Same as Coprophagia.
Scatoscopy ( ska - tos' - ko-pe) [ c/cu/i, amrd^, dung ;
(jKOTrelv, to inspect]. Inspection of the excreta.
Scattered [skat'-erd) [ME., seateren, to scatter]. In
biology, few, or without regularity of arrangement.
Scatula {skat' -ti-lah) [L. , a parallepiped : //. , Seatubr'].
An oblong flat box for powders or pills.
Scavenger {skav'-en-jer) [ME., sea7'ager, scavenger].
One who cleans ; specifically one who cleans the streets,
etc., of a city. S. -cells, a name applied to certain
lymph-cells of the brain. In general paralysis and
chronic alcoholism they are said to become highly de-
veloped, but have individually only a brief existence,
their growth and decay leading to a degradation of the
tissue. S. -service, collectively, those employed to
clean the .streets of a city by scraping or sweeping to-
gether and carrying off the filth or other waste pro-
ducts.
Scavenging (skav' -en-jitig) [ME., seavager, a scaven-
ger]. Removal of the waste products, as the cleansing
of out-houses, sewers, etc.
Scelalgia {se-lal' -je-ah) [cr/(f>,of , leg ; a/^yof, pain]. Pain
in a leg. S. puerperarum. Synonym of Phlegmasia
alba dolens.
Sceleteuma {sel-et-u' -mah) {pKtkXdv, to dry up] . Syn-
onym of Alummification .
Sceleton (sel' -et-on). Synonym of Skeleton.
Scelocambosis [se-lo-kam-bo' -sis)\_nK!^'tor, leg ; KdfnrreLv,
to bend]. Curvature of a leg or of the legs ; genu
varum.
Scelodesmus {se - lo - dez' - mus) [crKt/of, leg ; dersjid^,
band]. I. A bandage for the knee. 2. Gout in the
knee.
Scelodidymus {se-lo-did' im-iis). Synonym of Ischio-
pagiis.
Scelometer (se-lovi' -et-er) [(T»'t!of, leg ; /ihpoi', meas-
ure]. An instrument for measuring the lower limbs
in fractures or dislocations.
Sceloncia, Sceloncus ( se - Ion' - se - ah, se - Ion' - ktis )
[a/vf/or, leg; oyKcic, tumor]. Swelling of the leg;
phlegmasia alba dolens.
Scelotyrbe [sel-o-tei-'-be) [(7/i£?oc leg ; T'rppi/, vacilla-
tion]. Weakness, or indecision in stepping, often
due to a palsied condition. S. pituitosa. Synonym
of Enteritis, Pseiido-7ne)iibratious.
Scempsis (setup' -sis). Synonym of Decitbitits.
Scenotheoria (sen-o-f/ie-o' -re-ah) [^OKi/vnr, tent; deup'ia,
theory]. The cell-doctrine.
Scent (sent) [ME., senten, to smell]. An effluvium
from any body capable of affecting the olfactory sense;
odor, fragrance. S.-bag. Same as S. -organ. S.-
gland, an odoriferous gland, or one secreting an odor-
iferous substance. S. -organ. See Osmeteriiim. S.-
pore, the orifice of a scent-gland. S. -vesicle, a
vesicle containing odoriferous matter.
Schacher's Ganglion. The ophthalmic ganglion.
See Ganglia, Table of.
Schachowa, Spiral Tubule of. The spiral portion of
a uriniferous tubule.
Schadonophan (ska-don' -o-fan) [axadiyv, the larva of
some insects; <j>aivf/r, to appear]. In biology, the
name applied by Henking to a larval stage of certain
acaridans.
Schsefer's Dumb-bells. Dark, dumb-bell shaped
structures, imbedded in a light intermediate sub-
stance, and which, according to Schafer, constitute
the basis of striated muscular tissue.
Schaller's Method. A method of preparing carminic
acid. The aqueous extract of cochineal is precipi-
tated with plumbic acetate acidulated with acetic
acid ; the precipitate is decomposed with hydrogen
sulphid, and filtered. The filtrate is evaporated to
dryness on a water-bath, and the residue dissolved in
absolute alcohol ; this solution is allowed to evapor-
ate, when the crystals of carminic acid separate.
They are washed with cold water to remove impuri-
ties, the water dissolving only the carminic acid.
Schallphotismen (shahl-fo-tiz' -meti). See Audition
colore'e.
Scharling and Pettenkofer, Method of. A method
of investigating the changes in the air brought about
by respiration. The animal is placed in a chamber
through which atmospheric air is passed, and the
change in the composition in the air after passing
tlirough the chamber is determined.
Schatz's Method. A method of performing external
version in face-presentation. See Treatment, Methods
of.
Schede's Method. See Treatment, Methods of.
Scheelate (^/^f/'-a/). ':~.y'nox\^\xi oi Tungstate.
Scheele's Green. The arsenite of copper. See Cop-
per and Rinmamt' s Green.
Scheelization (she-liz-a'-shiin) [after Scheele, a chem-
ist]. A method of improving wines, that consists m
the addition of glycerin to the finished wine, so as to
improve the sweet taste without injuring its keeping
qualities. The limits of the addition of glycerin lie
between one and three liters to the hectoliter of
wine.
SCHEINER'S EXPERIMENT
1299
SCHIZOPHYTA
ScHEiNER's Experiment.
Scheiner's Experiment or Test. A method of illus-
trating refrac-
tion and ac-
commodation
of the eye by
two pin-holes in
a card placed at
a less distance
apart than the
diameter of
the pupil. If
the eye is em-
metropic, or if
in accurate ac-
commodation
the two sets of rays passing through the pin-holes
unite at c and form a single image. In a myopic eye
the focus of the rays is at /, q, and in an hyperopic
eye at in, n, and the object appears double. The same
doubling of the image occurs when accommodating for
a point beyond or nearer than the object.
Schema {ske'-maJi) form]. I. A simple de-
sign to illustrate a complex mechanism. 2. An out-
line of a subject.
Schematic {ske-mat' -ik) \jjxw"--' forni]. Pertaining to
or of the nature of a schema. S. Eye, one showing
the proportions of a normal or typical eye.
Scheroma f^ike-ro' -mah)\px''90i;, dry]. Xerophthalmia.
Scheurlen's Bacillus. A bacillus thought to be spe-
cially connected with carcinoma, but not peculiar to
it. See Bacteria, Sviionvmatic Table of.
Schias [ski' -as). Synonym of Ischias.
Schidacedon, Schidacedum [skid-as-e'-don, skid-as-e'-
duin) [iT,Yi<5a/"sf'i', to splinter]. A longitudinal frac-
ture of a bone.
Schiefferdecker's Fluid. A fluid for dissociating nerve-
tissues. It consists of methyl alcohol 5 c.c, glycerin
50 CO., distilled water 100 c.c. Allow the tissues to
remain in this for several days. It is specially useful
for staining the retina and the central nervous system.
It is best prepared fresh.
Schiff's Test. See 7>,sA, Tah/e of.
Schimper's Theory. See Theory.
Schindalamus, Schindalmus [skin-daF -am-us, skin-
dal'-iitus']. Synonym of Schidacedon.
Schindylesis (skin-dil-e'-sis) [ff;t;/.i'(5y2;?mf, a cleavage].
Articulation by the reception of a plate of one bone
into a fissure of another ; a variety of synarthrosis.
Schindyletic [skiii-dil-et' -ik) \_axivt^>'Xi](;ii;, cleavage].
Pertaining to, or of the nature of, schindylesis.
Schinus (ski' -11115). See Pepper Tree.
Schirrus {skir'-iis). Synonym oi Scirrkiis.
Schistaceous [skis-ta' -se-tis) [axi^^i-f, to cleave]. In
biology, slate-gray ; bluish-gray.
Schisto- [skis'-io-) [(T^'ordf, cloven]. A prefix denoting
a fissure or cleaving.
Schistocelia, Schistocoelia {skis-to-se'-k-ah) [axif^To^,
cloven ; Koikia, cavity]. Abdominal fissure.
Schistocelus, Schistocoelus [skis-to-se'-hts) [aKiaro^,
cloven; «o(/.(a, cavity] . A monster exhibiting schisto-
celia.
Schistocephalus [skis-to-sef -al-iis) [(Ti;/crrdf, cleft; ke^-
akr], head]. A monster with a fissure of the skull.
Schistocormus {skis-to-kor'-mus) l_axi(yTdg, cleft ; Kop-
Il6q, trunk]. A monstrosity having a cleft thorax,
neck, or abdominal wall.
Schistocystis (skis-to-sis'-tis) [axio'oc, cleft ; Kvariq,
bladder] . Fissure of the bladder.
Schistoglossia {skis-/o-gios'-e-ah) [(T,^((T-df, cleft; yXCia-
ca, tongue] . Cleft tongue.
Schistomelia (skis-/o-me' -le-ah)\_r!xioT6<;, cloven ; fikTioi;,
limb]. The condition of schistomelus.
Schistomelus [skis - torn' - el - iis) [axiorog, cleft ; iJ.tXo<;,
limb]. A monstrosity with a cleft lower extremity.
Schistoprosopus (skis-to-pro-so' -pus) [ff^fcrrdf, cleft ;
Ttiwaunoi', face]. A monster with "Cleft-face." A
cavity in the middle of the face due to a failure of de-
velopment of the first branchial arch and the fronto-
nasal plate.
Schistorrhachis {skis-tor' -a-kis) [ti^Y/ardr, cleft ; pax'St
spine]. A condition of fissured spine, the canal con-
taining two channels. Also, spina bifida.
Schistosomia {skis-to-so'-me-ah)\_axiaT6<;, cloven ; aibiia,
body]. The condition of a schistosomus.
Schistosomus {skis-to-so'-?ittcs) [c7,v/cr-i«;, cleft; aijua, a
body. A variety of single autositic monsters of the
species celosoma in which there is a lateral or median
eventration extending the whole length of the abdomen,
with the lower extremities absent or very imperfect.
Schistosternia [skis - to - ster'- tie - ah) [cr^'djrdi-, cloven ;
ariipviiv, sternum]. Sternal fissure. Synonym of
.Schistothora.K .
Schistothorax [skis-to tho'-raks) [pxioToc;, cleft ; Oupa^,
chest]. Fissure of the sternum or chest.
Schistotrachelus [skis-to-tra'-kcl-iis) [u^vardf , cleft ;
Tpa\ii/or, neck]. Fissured neck or cervix.
Schizoblepharia [skiz - o - blef - a'- re - ah) \^axK^i-^> to
split ; ji'/hjiapov, eyelid]. Fissure of the eyelid.
Schizocarp [skiz'-o-karp) [a^/ff^i', cleave, split ; /.ii/j-
TTOf, a fruit]. In biology, a pericarp that dehisces
into two or more one-seeded indehiscent mericarps.
Schizocarpic [skiz-o-kar'-pik) \_axK'^i-^'> to cleave ; nap-
TTOf, fruit]. Resembling a schizocarp.
Schizocarpous [skiz - o - kar'- pus'\. Same as Schizo-
carpic.
Schizocele, Schizoccele [skiz'-o-sel) [px'^^i-'^i cleave,
split; KoMa, a cavity]. In biology, a type of body-
cavity distinguished by its being formed by a simple
splitting of the mesoderm. Cf. Enterocele, Epicele.
Schizodinic [skiz-o-din' -ik) [c^^ffa', cleave, split ; wrS/f ,
travail]. In biology, the bringing forth of genital
products by rupture, as in certain molluscs. Cf. Idio-
dinic, Porodinic.
Schizogenesis [skiz-o-jen' -es-is) \r!x'^^^iv, cleave, split ;
yiiv?oic,, production]. In biology, reproduction by
fission.
Schizogenetic [skiz-o-jett-et'-ik] [(T;f/Cf'i', split, cleave ;
yvijr, produced]. Same as Schizogenic.
Schizogenic [skiz-o-jen' -ik')\axi.^ei-v, split, cleave ; yevi/^,
produced]. In biology, formed by the separation of
parts, as certain cavities or intercellular spaces. Cf.
Lysigenoiis, Protogenic, Hysterogenic.
Schizogenous {skiz-oj' -en-us). Same as Schizogenic.
Schizognathism [skiz-og' -na-thizm) \axKeLV, to cleave ;
yvdHor, jaw]. Cleavage of the jaw.
Schizognathous [skiz - og' - na - thus) [(T,v('Cf"', cleave,
split ; ; vai^cK, jaw]. In biology, applied to such birds
as have the maxillo-palatine bones separated.
Schizogony (skiz-og' -o-ne) [psxK^'^'y to cleave, split ;
ynvld, generation]. Same as Schizogenesis.
Schizomycetes (skiz- o - mi - se' - tez) \axKuv, zXt^ive,
split; pijKiji;, pi. pi'KijTeg, a fungus]. In biology, an
order of Fungi ; the so-called Fission-fungi or Bac-
teria, cj. V.
Schizomycosis (skiz-o-mi-ko' -sis) \_axiC,eiv, to split ;
ii'vKijr, fungus]. A disease due to schizomycetes.
Schizoneura ( skiz - o - nu' - rah ) [ ox'i^m\ to cleave ;
vevpov, nerve]. A genus of plant-lice. S. lanigera,
the root-louse of the apple.
Schizopelmous (skiz-o-peU -mus) [^axiZ^tv, to cleave,
split; Tzklpa, the sole of the foot]. Same as Mono-
pebnoHS.
Schizophyta [skiz-o-fi' -tah) \_f7x'tCeiv, to split; tpvToi',
plant]. Dried but viable schizomycetes.
SCHIZORHINAL
1300
SCHWEIZER'S REAGENT
Schizorhinal (skiz - o - i-i' - nal) [(T;i;('Cf(i', cleave, split ;
/»<■, nose]. In biology, applied to isirds in which the
posterior margin of the osseous nares has a distinctly
slit-like, triangular form, instead of being simply con-
cave. In most of these forms the line joining the
posterior extremities of the nostrils passes behind
instead of in front of the ends of the nasal pro-
cesses of the prEemaxillns. Cf. Holorhinal.
Schizothecal (skiz-o-tlie'-kal) \pxKtiv, cleave, split;
^^//K?/, case]. In biology, applied to such birds as
have the tarsal envelop {podotheca) scaled or reticu-
lated, as distinguished from holothecal.
Schizothorax [skiz-o-tho' -mks].- Synonym of Schisto-
tko?-ax.
Schizotrichia (skiz-o-trik' -c-ah) [pxi^siv, to split ; (^{ni,
hair]. Splitting of the hair.
Schlemm, Canal of. A flattened annular channel
within the sclera and close to the corneal juncture. It
is also called ihe circular venoits sititis, and is the out-
let whereby the aqueous humor finds its way into the
general circulation. S., Ligament of. See Li^-a/z/oif.
Schmiedel's Ganglion. The inferior carotid ganglion.
Schmerzfreude iyScliinaiiz'-froy' -de) [Ger., Painjoy'\-
A rare symptom of hysteria, in which pain or normally
painful operations seem to the patient pleasant.
Schmidt, Arrov^^-markings of. Certain lines occasion-
ally seen upon the axis-cylinders of nerves and supposed
to be masses of protoplasm by some and connective
tissue by others. S., Incisures of, minute fissures in
the medullary sheaths of nerves, separating the seg-
ments of Lautermann. S.'s Nodes. See Ac;;/.?. S.'s
Test. See Birth. S.'s Theory of Coagulation.
The theory that fibrin is formed by the coming together
of fibrinogen and fibrino-plastin.
Schmidt-Lautermann Segments or Incisures. See
Segiiieiif and Incisure.
Schneider's Acid Carmin. See Stains, Tabic of.
Schneiderian Membrane. The pituitary membrane.
The nasal mucosa.
Schnitzer Green. Same as Mittler s Green.
Scholeciasis [sko-k-si' -as-is). A term proposed by Hope
(1840) for the diseased condition caused by the pres-
ence of the larvx of lepidopterous insects.
SchoU's Method. A method of percussion by which
the diffusion of sound along the ribs is prevented.
Three fingers are pressed toward the chest, and the
second phalanx of the third finger is used for percus-
sion,
Schbller's Method. A method of inducing premature
labor. It consists in inserting a tampon of charpie
into the vagina, and allowing it to remain until the
pains commence.
Schonlein's Disease. Peliosis rJieiimatica ; a peculiar
affection characterized by multiple arthritis, and an erup-
tion which varies greatly in character, and is sometimes
purpuric, but more commonly associated with urticaria
or with erythema exsudativum. The disease is most
common in males between the ages of twenty and thirty.
The purpuric rash first appears on the legs or about
the affected joints. It is also called Sckdniein' s Pelio-
sis. See Diseases, Table of.
Schow, Bacillus of. See Bacteria, Synonymatic Table.
Schrager's Lines. A coarse striation, concentric with
the outline of the pulp-cavity, produced by the den-
tinal tubules in cross-section. See Lines, Table of.
Schreiner's Base. See Sperniin.
Schroder's Method. See Artificial Respiration. S.'s
Operations. See Operations, Table of.
Schroth's Cure. A painful form of treatment of pleu-
ral effusion, consisting in an entire abstinence from
drinking for some days, though fluid is allowed at in-
tervals during the existence of the effusion.
Schrotter's Catheters. See Catheter.
Schultze, Cells of. See Cell, Olfactory. S.'s Fold,
a falciform fold of the amnion extending from the in-
sertion of the cord in the placenta to the remains of
the umbilical vesicle. S.'s Granules or Granule-
masses, minute particles in the blood, produced by
the breaking up of the blood-platelets ; also called
granules of Max Schultze. S.'s Macerating Fluid,
a fluid employed to dissolve cutin and to dissociate
plant-cells. It consists of potassium chlorate 3 grains,
nitric acid 2 drams. Keep the sections in this, cold,
for a fortnight. After careful washing in alcohol the
preparations may be placed on the slide in glycerin,
and the cells easily separated with needles, in conse-
quence of the solution of the middle lamellce. S.'s
Method. See Artificial Respiration. S.'s Reagent,
a solution for use in laboratories. It is prepared as
follows : lodin is dissolved to saturation in a solution
of zinc chlorid, sp. gr. 1.8, to which 6 parts of potas-
sium iodid have been added. Cross and Bevan recom-
mend the following : Zinc is dissolved to saturation in
HCl, and the solution evaporated to sp. gr. 2.0; to 90
parts of this solution are added 6 parts of potassium
iodid dissolved in 10 parts of water, and in this solu-
tion iodin is finally dissolved to saturation.
Schuster's Treatment. See Treatment, Methods of.
Schwalbe's Convolution. See Convolutions, Table
of. S., Fissures of. See Fissiires, Table of. S.'s
Method. See Treatment, Methods of.
Schwann, Sheath of. The neurilemma of a nerve-
fiber, a delicate, connective-tissue membrane, investing
the white substance. See Neurilemma. S.'s Theory
of Inflammation. Same as Rokitansky'' s Theory.
See Theory. S., White Matter or Substance of, a
coat of myelin deposited within the neurilemma, and
surrounding the axis-cylinder of a medullated nerve-
fiber. It contains cerebrin and lecithin and some fatty
matter, is semi-fluid, homogeneous, bright, and refrac-
tive. The medullary sheath. Cf. Myelin.
Schweigger-Seidel's Acid Carmin. See Stains,
Table of.
Schweinerothlauf (slnui-neh-rot' - lo7vf) [Ger.]; Rotiget
dn pore [Fr. ]. Hog-erysipelas. An infectious disease
of hogs, characterized by fever and the appearance, on
neck, chest, and belly, of reddish or brownish spots.
Intestinal hemorrhages are sometimes present. One-
half of the animals affected die. The lesions con-
sist in a hemorrhagic infiltration of the intestinal
mucosa, swelling and ulceration of the follicles, tume-
faction of the mesenteric glands, and petechi;e of
the serous membranes. The blood and organs con-
tain a bacillus which is considered the cause of the
disease. See Bacillus erysipelatos suis, Koch, under
Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of.
Schweinfurth Blue, S. Green. See Pigments, Con-
spectus of.
Schweininger Cure. See Treatment, Methods of.
Schweizer's Reagent. A solution of hydrated cupric
oxid in ammonia, for use in chemic and physiologic
laboratories. This reagent is prepared as follows :
Oxyhydrate of copper is carefully precipitated from the
sulphate by a dilute solution of ammonia ; the clear
green precipitate, separated and washed, is added
while still moist to strong ammonia, in which, on
slightly warming, it is dissolved. Upon cooling, crys-
tals of sub-sulphate of copper and ammonia fall to the
bottom. The filtered liquid contains only the am-
moniacal cupric oxid in solution. It must be kept m
bottles of dark glass, or in the dark. ^ It can also be
prepared by digesting copper turnings in an open bot-
tle with liquor ammonii of the Pharmacopeia. As it
is very easily decomposed by light, it is perhaps best
SCHWELLE
1301
SCISSORS
prepared fresh when required. This reagent has the
power of dissolving pure cellulose. It is fit for use
only so long as it rapidly dissolves cotton-wool.
(Strasburger. ) This reagent possesses its chief interest
from the fact that it is the only liquid known in which
cellulose appears to dissolve without essential change
in composition. It has a limited application in the
discrimination of the fibers used in the arts.
Schwelle (i/;7<;'£'/'-f//)[Ger., " threshold'"]. The thresh-
old, or liimn, of any sensation ; nerve-excitation
wliich just fails of producing a sensation.
Schwendener's Theory. See Schwendenerism.
Schwendenerism [shwen' -den-er-izni) \_Sclrinendener, a
German botanist, born 1829]. A theory suggested by
De Bary, but avowed by Schwendener, that lichens
consist of fungi parasitic upon alga;.
Schwimmer's Ointment. An ointment for applica-
tion to smallpox pustules to prevent pitting. It con-
sists of carbolic acid 15 grains, olive-oil one dram,
prepared chalk sufficient to make half an ounce.
This is applied on pieces of clean soft linen.
Sciage (se-alizh') [Fr., "sawing"]. A to-and-fro saw-
ing movement in massage, practised with the ulnar
border, or with the dorsum of the hand.
Sciatic {ii-at'-ik) \)()\iov, ischium]. Pertaining to the
ischium. S. Nerve. See Nerve. S. Notch. See
Notch. S. Spine, a triangular eminence on the
dorsal border of the body of the ischium. Sciatic
Scoliosis. See Scoliosis.
Sciatica ( si-at' -ik-ah^ \_Sciaticiis, pertaining to the
ischium]. Pain in the course of the sciatic nerve.
This may be confined to the proximal half of the thigh,
or follow out the entire course of the nerve and its
branches. The pain is constant and gnawing, subject
to exacerbations, and occurs most commonly in adults
of middle age.
Science {si' -ens)\sci}'e,X.QVno'^\ Systematized knowl-
edge of the order of nature. " Science is that knowl-
edge which enables us to demonstrate, so far as our
limited faculties permit, that the appearances which
we recognize in the world around us are dependent
in definite ways on certain properties of matter ;
science is that knovvledge which enables or tends to en-
able us to assign to its true place in the series of events
constituting the universe, any and every thing which
we can perceive." (E. Ray Lankester. ) S., Chris-
tian, a method of treating disease upon principles simi-
lar to those upon which faith-cure rests..
Scientific [si-en-tif -ik) \jcientia, knowledge ; facere,
to make]. Relating to science. That which is based
upon science.
Scientist (si' -en-/ist) [scientin, science]. A savant;
one versed in science.
Scieropia (si-er-o'-pe-ali) [d/c^f/jof, shady; ui/', eye].
Defective vision in which all objects appear dark.
Scilla [sil'-ak) , gen. , Scillce]. Squill. The bulb
of S. maritiina or Urginea maritima, found near the
Mediterranean Sea. Its properties are due to a gluco-
sid, scillitoxin, and several other principles. It acts
like digitalis upon the circulation. In large doses it
causes vomiting and purging. It is diuretic and ex-
pectorant. In cases of nephritis it should be used with
caution, as it may prove irritant to the kidneys. Dose
gr. j-iv. S., Acetum, "vinegar of squill," 10 per
cent, in strength. Dose 'mj.-'Z,]. S., Fid. Ext.
Dosetr^^j-v. S., Oxymel (B. P.'). Do.se5ss-j. S.,
Pil., Comp. (B. P.) Dose gr. v-x. S., Syr., has
of fluid extract 40, sugar 60, water q. s. Dose ^ss-
ij. S., Syr., Comp. Dose T^^v-gj, for children as
an emetic; tTLx-xxx, for adults as an expectorant;
contains squill, senna, aa 120, tartar emetic 3, sugar
1200, calcium phosphate 9, dil. alcohol and water ad
2000. Commonly known as Coxe's Hive Mixture.
S., Tinct., 15 per cent, strong. Dose Ti:\,v-xxx.
Scillin {sil'-in) [cra'A/M, squill]. An inactive substance
obtained from squills.
Scillipikrin (si/ - ip - ik' - rin) [/SKiXXa, squill ; niKpog,
bitter], A yellowish- white, amorphous, hygroscopic
powder obtained from squills.
Scillitin [sil-it'-in) [(t/i7A/,u, squill]. A white or yel-
lowish resinous substance, the bitter principle of squill.
Scillitoxin {sil - it - oks' - in) l_aK.I'AAa, squill; to^lkhv,
poison]. An amorphous light-brown, bitter, active
principle of sci//a. It is soluble in alcohol, insoluble
in ether and water, and a cardiac poison somewhat
resembling digitalis.
Scillocephalous (sit - 0 - sef - al - its) [oKiXAa, squill ;
K&pa'/ >i, head] . Aftected with scillocephalus.
Scillocephalus [sil-o-sef -al-its) \<3Kik\a, squill; Ke^ali],
head]. I. Congenital deformity of the head, in
which it is small and conically pointed, or squill-
shaped. 2. A person with a squill-shaped head,
usually an idiot.
Scillopicrin (sil-o-pik' -riti). See Scillipicrin.
Scillotoxin [sil-o-toks'-in). See Scillitoxin.
Scinde Boil. See Delhi Boil.
Scintillation (sin-til-a' -shun) \_scintillare, to sparkle].
An emission of sparks. Also a subjective visual sen-
sation as of sparks.
Scion (si'-on) [ME., OF., sion, a shoot, twig]. A twig
or young shoot.
Sciopticon (si-op' -tik-on) [ff/iio, a shade ; ok-ik6(;, per-
taining to sight]. A form of magic lantern.
Scirrhencanthis (skif-en-kan' -this) [_<yKipp6c, hard; £i',
in ; KavOoc, canthus] . Scirrhus of the lacrymal gland.
Scirrhoblepharoncus (skir-o-blef-ar-ong' -kus) \nKipp6q,
hard ; ^'Kk(\>apov, eyelid ; oyno^, tumor]. A hard tumor
of the eyelid.
Scirrhocele (s/eir'-o-sel) [crrappdf, hard ; Kijh/, tumor].
Scirrhous tumor of the testicle.
Scirrhoid (skir' -oid) ^OKippoc, hard ; f(Mof, like]. Re-
sembling a scirrhus.
Scirrhoma (skiv-o' -mah) [ff/f/p/iof, hard ; (j//a, tumor].
Scirrhous tumor. S. caminariorum, chimney-sweeps'
carcinoma.
Scirrhophthalmia (skir-off-thal' -me-ah) [aKi'ppog, hard ;
iiip8a2ii6^, eye]. Scirrhus of the eyeball.
Scirrhosarca (shi/'-o-sur'-hah) [aKip'p6(;, hard ; (rapf ,
flesh]. The hardening of the flesh of new-born infants ;
sclerema of infants.
Scirrhosis (skir-o'-sis) [_mippdc, hard]. The formation
of a scirrhous carcinoma.
Scirrhous (skir'-iis) [mippoc, hard]. Pertaining to, or
of the nature of, scirrhus or hard carcinoma. S. Car-
cinoma. See Scirrhus.
Scirrhus, or Scirrus (skir' -us or sir' -us) [^CKi'ppoc, an
induration]. A scirrhous or hard carcinoma.
Scission [sizh'-un) \_scitidere, to cut]. A cutting or
splitting of anything; fission.
Scissiparity (sis-ip-ar'-it-e) \scissus, p.p. of scindere,
cut, divide ; parere, iohnng forth]. In biology, gen-
eration by fission ; schizogenesis.
Scissor-leg (siz'-or-leg-). Same as Cross-leg.
Scissors (siz'-ors) [scindere, to cut] . An instrument
with crossed, closing blades for cutting. The blades
may be straight, angular, or curved. S., Artery, a
scissors, one blade of which is probe-pointed, for intro-
duction into a duct or canal. S., Canalicular, delicate
scissors, one blade of which is probe-pointed, used in
slitting the lacrymal canal. S., Cannula, scissors for
slitting any canal or tube longitudinally. S., Crani-
otomy, a strong S-shaped instrument used in craniot-
omy for perforating the skull and cutting away por-
tions of bone. S., Iris, one having flat blades which
SCISSURA
1302
SCLERODERMOUS
are bent in such a manner that they may be applied to
the eyeball. Also, scissors used in iridectomy. S.,
Perforator. Sea S., Craniotomv. S., Skin-grafting,
an instrument consisting of a forceps and a scissors, the
former for seizing a small piece of skin, and the latter
for cutting it oft. S., Uvula, one designed for re-
moval of the uvula. S., de Wecker's, a peculiar
modification of iris-scissors.
Scissura {siz-u' -rah) \jcindere, to cut]. A fissure, rent,
or cleavage. S. longitudinalis, the longitudinal fis-
sure of the brain.
Sclera (skle'-rah i[cr/c/'i//pof , hard]. The sclerotic coat of
the eye; the firm, tough, white, outer membrane of
the eyeball, continuous with the sheath of the optic
nerve behind and with the cornea in front. S. testis,
the tunica albuginea of the testis.
Scleral {skle'-ral) [iTK/l?;pdf, hard]. Pertaining to the
sclera. S. Extraction. See Extraction.
Scleratitis (sk/e-rat-i'-tis). Same as Sclerotitis.
Sclerectasia (skle-rek-ta' -ze-ah) \_(jKA7jpdc, hard; Ik-
raaic, extension]. Staphyloma of the sclera. S.
posterioris, posterior staphyloma.
Sclerectasis {.sk/c-rei''-tas-is). See Sclerectasia.
Sclerectomy {skle-rek' -to-tne) [(7«:/7;pdr, hard ; eKTOjifj,
excision]. I. Excision of a portion of the sclera. 2.
The excision of the sclerosed and ankylosed conductors
of sound in chronic catarrhal otitis media.
ScXtrtma. [sk/e-?-e' -/nah) [(7«:/;?pdf, hard]. Sclerosis, or
hardening, especially of the skin. S. adultorum, a
synonym of Scleroderma. S. neonatorum. Sclero-
derma neonatorum ; Induratio tela: cellnlosie ; a disease
found only in premature infants ; it is characterized by
a hardening of the skin, beginning in the legs, and
spreading, usually sparing breasts and belly. Jaundice
or a hemorrhagic condition may be present ; the tem-
perature is very low, 95°, and the condition is apt to
end fatally. The pathology of the disease is not posi-
tively known. By some the disease is believed to
consist in a solidification of the subcutaneous fat,
which in infants contains more palmitic and stearic
acids than in the adult, and relatively less oleic acid.
Sclerencephalia (skle-ren-sef-a' -le-ah) [(T/f^;?pdf , hard ;
h/Ktcfia'Aog, brain]. Sclerosis of brain-tissue.
Sclerenchyma [skle - reni^--'- kim - a/t) [aK?,r!p6c, hard;
iyxi'fia, an infusion]. In biology, hard bast, or bast-
fibers. Used by some in a more extended sense, to
include all lignified fibrous cells or cell-derivatives.
Sclerenchymatous {skle - reng - kivi'- at ■ its) [(t/c/ ^/pdf ,
hard; eyx^f^t infusion]. Having the character
of sclerenchyma.
Sclerenchyme {^skle-reng' -kiiii) . Same as Sclerenckvma.
Sclererythrin [skle-rer'-ith-rin) \_GiiAripbc, hard ; tpv-
Upor, red]. A red substance obtained from ergot.
Scleriasis [skle-ri' -as-is) \_au'A//p6c, hard]. Induration;
sclerema ; scleroderma.
Scleriritomy [skle-rir-it' -o-me) [cK/ly/pdc, hard, sclera;
Toiilj, a cutting]. Incision of the conjunctiva, sclera,
and iris, followed by excision of a piece of the iris and
anterior capsule, in staphyloma of the cornea and
secondary glaucoma.
Sclerite {skle'-rit) [ff/c/lr^pdf, rough]. In biology, a
separate or definite element in the exoskeleton of an
arthropod.
Scleritic {skle-rit'-ik') [(T/(/l?/pdf, hard]. Sclerous.
Scleritis [skle-ri'-tis). See Sclerotitis.
Sclero- (skle'-ro-) [(T«:A7?pdf, hard]. A prefix denoting
hardness or induration, or connection with the sclera.
Sclerobase {skle' -ro-bas) [^aK'/.r/p6g, hard; /Wcr/f, base].
In biology, the cornified or calcified axial connective
tissue of an actinozoan zoanthodeme. The hard endo-
skeletal portion of a colony of coral polyjis, as the
precious red coral.
Sclerobasic [skle-ro-ba'-zik] \_aiilrip6^, hard ; tiaaiQ,
base]. I'ertaining to a sclerobase.
Scleroblast {skle' -ro-blast) \_aKhiip6c, hard ; /i/acrrdf, a
germ]. In biology, a spicule-cell in sponges.
Scleroblastic {skle-ro-hlas' -tik) [aK/r/por, hard; [SXaa-
ror, germ]. Forming sclerous tissue.
Sclerobronchiorrhoncus {skle-ro-brong-ke-or-ong' -kus)
[aK?ir/p<ig, hard ; /Jpo; ,v"(;, bs-onchus ; ptyKciv, to snore].
A dry bronchial rhonchus.
Sclero-cataracta {skle - ro - kat - ar ■ ak'- tali) \aK\Tip6i;,
hard; hara/fOATz/r, cataract]. A hard cataract.
Sclero-choroiditis {skle-ro-ko-roid-i'-tis)\iiKh]p6(;, hard ;
\'npinei('ii/r, choroid; irir, inflammation]. Conjoined
inflammation of the choroid and the sclerotic coat
of the eye.
Sclero-conjunctival [skle-ro-kon-jnngk-ti' -val') \a\Ckri-
poc, hard; (■(?;{/'««f//7'(7, conjunctiva] . Pertaining con-
jointly to the sclerotic coat of the eye and the con-
junctiva.
Sclero-corneal {skle - ro - kor' - ne - al) [ai:?,7ip6^, hard ;
Cornells, horny]. Pertaining conjointly to the sclerotic
coat and the cornea of the eye.
Sclerocrissorrhonchus (skle • ro - kris - or - rang' - kus)
[(ThV ?//)df , hard ; Kviaaav, to crackle ; ph/KCiv, to snore].
A dry crackling rale.
Sclerocrystallin {skle-ro-kris'-tal-lin) [oKtripog, hard;
KpvaTa'/ '/ n(;, c\ta.r ice], C-H7O3 -|- H.,0. A colorless
substance derived from ergot.
Sclerodactylia, Sclerodactyly ( skle-ro-dak-til' -e-ah,
skle-ro-dak' -til-e) \_aK})ip6r, hard; daKTvXoc, finger].
A dystrophy, thus far met with in women only, and
characterized by a symmetric involvement of the
fingers, which become deformed, shortened, and
atrophied. The skin thickens and becomes of a waxy
color, and occasionally is pigmented.
Scleroderm {skle'- ro - derm ) [^OK/tipoc, hard; depiia,
skin]. In biology, the calcareous skeleton of a
madrepore coral.
Scleroderma {skle-ro-der' -mali) [anA.Tipoi;, hard ; depfia,
skin]. Sclerodermia ; sclerema; scleriasis; hide-
bound skin ; derniaio-sclerosis ; hide-bound disease. A
rare affection of the skin, characterized in general by
infiltration of its substance, followed by shrinking or
contraction and impairment of the secreting appara-
tus, resulting in a characteristic stiffness and harden-
ing of the integument, occurring in diffuse and sym-
metric forms, and spreading more or less rapidly
over the yirface of the body, involving especially
the scalp, face, neck, chest, and upper limbs. Itch-
ing may or may not be present. The etiology is
obscure, but the disease is evidently of nervous
origin. S., Circumscribed. See Morphea. S.
diffusa, a form confined to a particular area. S.
localis, morphea; circumscribed scleroderma. S.
neonatorum. See Sclerema neonatorum.
Sclerodermatous {skle-ro-der' -mat-ns) \rsK/j}p6c^, hard ;
iMpua, skin]. Having a hard outer covering.
Sclerodermia {skle-ro-der' -me-ah). See Scleroderma.
Sclerodermic {skle-ro-der' -mi k). Same as Scleroderm-
atous.
Sclerodermite {skle-ro-der' -mlt) [oKAripoc. hard; 6ip/m,
skin]. In biology, a calcareous or chitinous exo-
skeletal element or sclerite of an arthropod.
Sclerodermitic {skle - ro - der - mit'- ik) \_aK'/.iip6g, hard ;
(iipua, skin; iti^, inflammation]. Of the nature of
or affected with sclerodermitis.
Sclerodermitis {skle - ro - der - mi'- tis) [aKXijpor, hard ;
fUppa, skin; inc, inflammation]. An inflammatory
skin-affection, with induration of the structures of the
skin.
Sclerodermous {skle-ro-der' -mus). 'Harne Scleroder-
matous.
SCLEROGEN
1303
SCLEROTIC
Sclerogen {skle' -ro-jen) \aK\rip6g, hard ; ycvr/(, pro-
ducing]. In biology, a name for the hard matter de-
posited in sclerotic or stone-cells.
Sclerogenous [sk/e-n>/^-eii-iis) [(i\/;//)df , hard, rough ;
}t'rf/i', producing]. In biology, producing hard, cal-
careous, silicious, or chitinous tissue. S. Method, a
method of treating tuberculous joint-disease, by intersti-
tial injections of zinc chlorid.
Sclerohymenitis (skle-ro-hi-men-i' -tis). Synonym of
Sclerotitis.
Sclerohystera [skle-ro-his' -ter-ali). Synonym of Scle-
rystera.
Scieroid (j/'/c'- [ffKAA/^jdr, hard ; eMof, form]. In
biology, hard or bony in texture.
Sclero-iodin [skk-ro-i'-o-diii) [(T/</l?/pdf, hard ; JiifSz/f ,
violet]. A brownish coloring-matter found in ergot.
Sclero-iritis [skle-ro-i-ri' -tis) [tJ/i/.^/pdf, hard; iris;
/r/f, inflammation]. Inflammation of the sclera and
the iris.
Sclero-keratitis (skle-ro-ker-at-i' -tis) [a/t9,//pdf, hard;
Ktpag, horn; /tic, inflammation]. Inflammation of
the sclera and the cornea.
Scleroma [skle-ro' -maJi) [(T/tv' ;//)df , hard]. Abnormal
hardness or induration of a part. A neoplasm that
forms in the nose and larynx particularly, and which is
characterized by its density. A bacillus has been found
which is believed to be the cause of the condition. S.
adultorum. Synonym of Scleroderma.
Scleromeninx {skle-ro-me' -ninks) [jSKkripdr, hard ; jirjv-
ly^, membrane]. The dura mater.
Scleromucin (slele-ro-iuii'-siii) [_a km/ p6c, hurd ; imicus,
mucus] . A gummy substance obtained from ergot, and
said to be one of its active principles.
Scleronyxis [skle-ro-iiiks' -is) [aK7jjp6c, hard ; rrf/f, a
pricking]. Puncture of the sclerotic.
Scleroophoritis [skle- ro-o-for-i' -tis) [^OKh/pnc, hard ; udi',
egg; (popog, bearing; irir, inflammation]. Sclerosis
of the ovary.
Scleropathia (skle-ro-pa' -the-alt). See Sclerosis.
Sclerophthalmia (skle-roff-lhal' -ine-ah) [(T/iA//pdf, hard ;
uipda'/./i6g, eye]. Xerophthalmia.
Sclerophthalmus {skle-roff-thaU -inus) {oKXiipoc, hard ;
bip0a'//j6c, eye]. Staphyloma of the sclera.
Sclerorrhonchus (skle-ror-rong' -kiis). See Sclerobron-
chorrhonchtis.
Sclerosal [skle-ro' -zal) [oK'Aijpoc, hard]. Of the nature
of sclerosis.
Sclerosarcoma (skle-ro-sar-ko'-mak) \_aiiAtjp6i;, hard;
oap^, flesh; opa, tumor]. A hard, fleshy tumor, es-
pecially of the gums.
Sclerose [skle'-rnz) [rr/cA^pof, hard]. To aftect with
sclerosis ; to become affected with sclerosis.
Sclerose en plaques (skla-rdz' on plak) . Synonym of
Sclerosis, Multiple.
Sclerosed (side' -rozd) [jjK2r]p6i; , hard]. Affected with
sclerosis ; rendered abnormally hard. S. Arteries,
arteries whose coats are thickened.
Sclerosis [skle-ro' -sis) [(7/c//;pdf, hard]. I. A process
which consists essentially in an overgrowth of the con-
nective tissue of an organ. The term is applied chiefly
to the nervous system and the arteries. 2. In biology,
the hardening of a plant cell-wall by the formation of
lignin ; the induration of a normally soft tissue. S.,
Amyotrophic Lateral, a combination of chronic ante-
rior poliomyelitis with lateral sclerosis. The symptoms
are in the main wasting of the muscles and a spastic
condition of the limbs, with exaggeration of the re-
flexes. The disease is prone to end fatally by in-
volvement of the medulla oblongata. S., Annular,
a chronic myelitis, in which the sclerosis extends about
the cord like a ring. S., Arterio-. See Endarteri-
tis. S., Atrophic, sclerosis with atrophy. S.,
Cerebro-spinal. 's>^t Charcot' s Disease . S. Com-
bined, simultaneous sclerosis of the posterior and
the lateral columns of the spinal cord. S., corii.
Synonym of Scleroderma. S. dermatis. Synonym
of Scleroderma. S., Diffuse, when the sclerosis ex-
tends through a large part of the brain and cord. S.,
Disseminated. See Charcot' s Disease. S., Focal,
one confined to a particular region of the brain or
cord. S., General, a connective-tissue hyperplasia
affecting an entire organ. S., Initial, the syphilitic
chancre. S., Insular. See Charcot' s Disease. S.,
Lateral. See Charcot' s Disease. S., Lobar, sclero-
sis of a lobe of the brain. S. of the Lung. Synonym
of Pneumonia, Interstitial. S., Miliary, small sclero-
tic patches such as have been observed in the spinal
cord in some cases of pernicious anemia. S., Multiloc-
ular. See Sclerosis, Disseminated. S., Multiple.
Ste Charcot' s Disease. S. ossium. Synonym of C^/'t'/-
tis. Condensing. S., Posterior Spinal, locomotor
ataxia; tabes dorsalis, q. v. S., Postero-lateral. See
Friedreich's Ataxia. S., Progressive Muscular.
Synonym of Pseudohypertrophic AInsciilar Paralysis.
S., Renal. Synonym of iVephritis, Interstitial.
S., Syphilitic Arterio-, the arterial sclerosis due
to syphilis. It affects chiefly the intima, but also
the adventitia. It occurs as a diffuse form, as in
the brain ; also in distinctly localized lesions, as in
the chancre.
Scleroskeletal [skle - ro - skel' - et - al) [crK/z/pd^-, hard ;
nKt'KiTOv, a dry body]. Pertaining to a sclero-
skeleton.
^cleroskeleton [skle - ro - skel'- et - on) \_aK'/Jip6c, hard ;
OKcTieTov, a dry body]. In biology, skeletal parts or
ossifications other than the bones of the main endo-
skeleton, as sesamoid bones, ossified tendons, mar-
supial bones, etc.
Sclerostenosis [skle- ro-ste-no'-sis) ^aK/r/poc, hard;
arkvuGig, constriction]. I. Sclerosis with constric-
tion. 2. Also, synonym of Scleroderma.
Sclerosteous {skle-ros' -te-us) [(T/i-A?/pdf, hard ; bareov,
bone]. A bony formation resulting from osseous de-
posit in a tendon.
Sclerostoma [skle-ros' -to-mah') [cr/c^^pdf, hard ; aropa,
mouth]. A genus of nematoid worms. See Parasites
[. hiimal). Table of.
Sclerotal [skle-ro' -tal) \_aKh]p6c, hard]. In biology,
one of a circlet of bones about the eyeball of certain
birds ; an eye-bone.
Sclerote [skle' -rot). Same as Sclerotium.
Sclerothrix [skle' -ro-tkriks) [cr«:A?;pdf, hard ; fJp'f, hair].
Abnormal hardness of the hair.
Scleroth's Cure. The treatment of pleuritic effusions
by diet, /. e., the withdrawal of fluids for the purpose
of causing absorption of the effusion.
Sclerotic [skle- rot' -ik) \aii'krip6q, hard]. I. Hard, in-
durated ; pertaining to the outer coat of the eye. 2.
Related to or derived from ergot. S. Arteritis. See
Arteriosclerosis and Endarteritis. S. Coat. See
Sclerotica. S. Endocarditis, a hyperplasia of the
fibrillar layer of the endocardium. It may be a regen-
erative process following infarcts, abscesses, or wounds
of the heart which implicate the endocardium ; it may
be a termination of acute endocarditis ; it may (and
this is the commonest form) be a chronic inflammation
from the beginning, occurring as a part of a general vas-
cular sclerosis. The last form affects especially the
valves, and leads either to insufficiency or to obstruc-
tion of the valvular orifice. In the early stages it
presents itself as a .slight thickening ; this increases in
extent ; the new tissue undergoes fatty degeneration
(atheroma) ; eventually calcareous matter and. occa-
sionally, cholesterin are deposited. S. Myocarditis, a
SCLEROTICA
1304
SCOOP
hyperplasia of the connective tissue of the myocardium.
It may be a reparative process following wounds, in-
farcts, or abscess of the heart-wall, or it may be a dift'use
chronic process, the heart participating in a general
vascular sclerosis. S. Parenchyma, in biology, hard-
ened parenchyma, as the grit-cells of pears.
Sclerotica iskle-rot' -ik-ah) [aK?a/p6c, hard]. The sclera
or sclerotic coat of the eye ; the firm, tough, white,
outer membrane of the eyeball, continuous with
the sheath of the optic nerve behind and with the
cornea in front.
Scleroticectomy {skle-rot-ik-sk' -to-vie) l(7K///fj6i:, hard ;
iKTo/ji/, excision]. The removal of a part of the
sclera.
Scleroticitis {skle-rot-ik-i' -tis). Synonym of Sclerotitis.
Sclerotico-choroiditis [sklc - rot'- ik-o-ko-roi- di'-tis).
.Synonym of Sclero-choroiditis.
Scleroticonyxis {skle- rot' -ik-o-iiiks' -is). See Sclera-
nyxis.
Scleroticotomy (skle-rot-ik-ot' -o-vie) [aKA?/p6c, hard;
To/xi/, a cutting]. Incision of the sclerotic.
Sclerotinic (slcle-ro-tin'-ik). .Same as Sclerotic, second
definition. S. Acid. See Acid, Sclerotinic.
Sclerotis [skle-ro'-tis) laa'/j/po^, hard]. The ergot of
rye, v.
Sclerotitic (skle-j-o-tit'-ik) [(T/cAz/pof , hard ; itk;, inflam-
mation]. Affected with sclerotitis.
Sclerotitis {skle-ro-ti'-tis) {jjKAtjpui;, hard, sclera; itk;,
inflammation]. Inflammation of the sclerotica.
Sclerotium {skle-ro'-s/if-tun) [(TK/z/pof, hard: pi., Scle-
rotia\ In biology : ((7) a thick mass of hyphx felted
together, constituting a resting-stage in the develop^
ment of some fungi, and acting as a store of reserve
materia! ; (/') the hypnocyst of mycetozoa.
Sclerotized [sklc' -ro-tized). Same as Sclerosed.
Sclerotome (skle'-ro-ioin) \_OKX>jp6c, hard ; ri/jveiv, to
cut]. I. A knife used in sclerotomy. 2. In biology,
a hard tissue separating successive myotomes in certain
of the lower vertebrates.
Sclerotomia [skle-ro-to' -me-ali) [(TK?i.;;pdf, hard ; ropi),
a cutting]. The excision of a portion of the sclera
for the purpose of forming an artificial pupil.
Sclerotomy (skle-rof -o-uie) \_aK'ki^p6i;, hard; rkpveiv,
to cut]. The operation of incising the sclera, and
also the choroid and retina. S., Anterior, the
making of an incision through the sclera anterior
to the ciliary body and most of the iris, and entering
the anterior chamber ; it is done in glaucoma. S. ,
Posterior, sclerotomy done by an incision through
the sclera behind the ciliary body, and entering the
vitreous chamber.
Sclerotonyxis ( skle - ro - to - jiiks'-is) //poc , hard;
i'>'it<;, a pricking] . An operation for cataract formerly
practised, in wihich a broad needle was introduced
into the sclera, behind the ciliary region, passed
between the iris and the lens, and the latter depressed
into the vitreous.
Sclerotrichia {skle-ro-trik' -e-ali) [wP,/;pof , dry ; Qp'i^,
hair]. A harsh and dry state of the hair.
Sclerous (^/;'/(''-;v«) [(T«:;^,;/pdf, hard]. Hard; indurated.
Scleroxanthin (skle - ro - zan' - thin^ \_aK7>]p6<;, hard;
^arBo(;, yellow]. A crystalline .substance derived from
Era-ot.
Sclerymen (skle-ri' -moi). -See Sclera.
Sclerymenitis (skle ri-men-i' -lis). See Sclerotitis.
Sclerysma, Sclerysmus (skle-riz' -mah, skle-riz'-miis).
.See Sclerosis.
Sclerystera (skle - ris' - ter - aJi) \cK)jip6r varspa,
womb]. Induration in malignant disease of the
uterus.
Scobiform (sko' - hif - orni) \scohis, saw-dust, filings;
forma, form]. In biology, resembling saw-dust.
Scoleciasis, Scolecicis (sko-les-i'-as-is, sko-les-is'-is).
See Helminthiasis, also Sc/ioleciasis.
Scoleciform (sko-les'-if-orm) [crKwA?/.;, a worm ; forma,
form] . Having the form or character of a scolex.
Scolecite (sko' -Ics-it) \_aiM/Ji^, a worm]. In biology, a
name given by Tulasne to the vermiform carpogonium
of the fungus Ascobfliis. It is a branch of the my-
celium, consisting of a row of short cells. Woronin's
" vermiform body."
Scolecoid (sko' -le-koid) l_aKCj'/j/iioei6i/<;, worm-like]. Ver-
miform.
Scolecology (sko-le-kol'-o-f). See Helminthology.
Scolecophagous (sko-le-kof'-ag-us) [(TK(iX?;f , worm ;
(payeiv, to eat]. In biology, worm-eating.
Scolesis (sko-le' -sis). See Scoliosis.
Scolex (sko'-leks) [cKuArj^, a worm]. In biology, the
knot-like head of a cestode worm, which by budding
gives rise to the proglottides of the chain. See Ticnia.
Scolices (sko-le' -sez). Plural of Scolex, q. v.
^coWaxna. (sko-le-o' -mali)\jsKo'Kiupa\. Curvature of the'
spine. See Scoliosis.
Scoliometer, Scoliosometer (sko-le-om' -et-er, sko-le-o-
so?n'-et-ei-) [cr/vo/'/ti*;, bent ; /if rpoi', measure]. An in-
strument for measuring the extent of a scoliosis.
Scolioneirosis (sko-le-o-ni-ro'-sis) [cKO/l/df , bent ; ovzl-
poc, a dream]. Oppressive, disagreeable dreaming.
Scolio-rachitic (sko - le - o - rak - it'- ik) [aKo7ud^, bent ;
/)d V'f > spine; trie;, inflammation]. Spinal deformity
as a result of rickets.
Scoliosis (sko-le-o' -sis) [oKn'/iog, curved]. Any morbid
distortion or curvature of the spine, especially a lateral
curvature. S., Cicatricial, scoliosis due to cicatricial
contraction, such as occurs after costal necrosis. S.,
Empyematic, that due to empyema. S., Habit, sco-
liosis as a result of faulty posture. S., Inflamma-
tory, scoliosis due to caries of the vertebrae. S.,
Myopathic, a form due to paresis of the muscles of
the spine. S., Osteopathic, spinal curvature caused
by disease of the vertebrre. S., Paralytic, the same as
S., Myopathic. S., Rachitic, spinal curvature due to
rachitis. S., Rheumatic, temporary scoliosis caused
by rheumatism of the muscles of the spine. S., Sciat-
ic, scoliosis in sciatica with the convexity toward
the affected side. Frequently there is compensatory
curvature higher up, and the leg is slightly flexed and
supported on the toe. S., Static, scoliosis as a result
of inequality in the length of the lower limbs.
Scoliosometer (sko-le-os-om' -e-ter) \aKo\i6^, curved ;
phpnv, measure]. An instrument for measuring the
amount of deformity in scoliosis.
Scoliotic [sko-le-ot' -ik) \aKo7a6q, curved]. Pertaining
to or marked by scoliosis.
Scolopophore (sko-lo' -po-for) [rad/o)/', anything pointed,
a rod, stake; (pi:[)eiv, bear]. In biology, the long,
slender, stretched tube which conceals the terminal
rod of the peripheral auditory nerve-fiber in certain
arthropods. When grouped they form the peculiar
cliordotonal organs, ij. v.
Scolopsia (sko-lop' -se-ah) [tr/cdAoi/', anything pointed].
A suture between two bones having reciprocal move-
ment.
Scolymus (skol'-im-ns) [(T/fd/w/«)f] . A genus of the
Compositir. S. hispanicus, golden thistle, Spanish ,
oyster-plant ; the root was formerly used as a diuretic.
S. maculatus, spotted golden thistle of the Mediter-
ranean regions.
Scoop (skiip) [ME., scope, a scoop]. In surgery, an
instrument resembling a spoon, for the extraction of
foreign bodies from the softer tissues or from passages
or cavities. S., Ear, an instrument having a slender
handle and a small, shallow bowl, used in removing
epidermal scales or cerumen from the external audi-
SCOOPERS' PNEUMONIA
1305
SCOTOPSIA
tory canal. S. -extraction, an operation for cataract
in which the lens is removed by means of a lens-
scoop, or spoon, passed^ behind and lifted out with
the lens. S., Leroy d'Etiolle's, a scoop resembling
a lithotrite in shape, and used in removing urethral
calculi. S., Lithotomy, an instrument used to re-
move calculi in the operation of lithotomy. S., Pla-
cental, a scoop or curet furnished with a long handle,
and used to detach adherent portions of the pla-
centa. S., Schaffer's Throat, an instrument for the
throat, made so that it can be introduced closed, and
then opened by means of a rod sliding within a hol-
low stem.
Scoopers' Pneumonia. The chronic form of pneu-
monia occurring in grain-scoopers from exposure to
cold and dust.
Scopa (sko'-paJi) \jcopa, twigs, shoots, a broom]. See
SarothruDi.
Scoparin {sko'-par-in) [scopa, a broom]. A diuretic
principle obtained from scoparius. See Scoparins.
Scoparius {sko-pa' -re-iis) \_scopa, a broom: gen., Sco-
parii\ Broom. The tops of the common broom-
plant, Sarothamniis S. Its properties are due to a neu-
tral principle, scoparin, Cj, H.,.,©!,,, andanalkaloid,spar-
tein. It is diuretic and laxative; in large doses
cathartic and emetic. It is a favorite remedy in car-
diac dropsy and kidney-complaints. Dose of an
to Oj decoction, ; of scoparin, gr. v-x ; of the
fluid extract gtt. xxx. S., Decoct. (B. P.) Dose
Jj-iij. S., Succus (B. P.) Dose
-scope (skop) [(jKo-tu', to examine]. A suffix, signify-
ing to see or examine ; usually forming a part of the
name of some instrument.
Scopolein, or Scopolin [sko-po' -le-in, sko' -po-lin') [after
Scopoli, an Austrian naturalist]. An alkaloid extrac-
tive of Scopolia japonica. It is a powerful mydriatic,
whose effects are more rapid and more lasting than
those of atropin, and are neutralized by those of eserin.
It is recommended in keratitis and corneal ulcers.
Unof It is said by some to be a natural mixture of
hyoscin, hyoscyamin, and atropin.
Scopoletin {sko-pol' -et-in) [after Scopoli, an Austrian
naturalist], CjgHgO^. A fluorescent, crystalline sub-
stance obtained from the root of Scopolia japonica and
Scopolia atropoides.
Scopolia [sko-po' -le-aJi) [after Scopoli, an Austrian na-
turalist]. A genus of the j'j^'"-^'^'''^"''''^- S. Atropoides.
See S. carniolica. S. carniolica, the rhizome of a
European solanaceous plant, of use as an efficient
anhydrotic, checking sweating without producing dry-
ness of the mouth or dilatation of the pupil. Also a
local anesthetic. Dose of the fluid extract, tlX,j-iij.
Unof. S. japonica, of Asia, has in general the pro-
perties of belladonna, for which it is substituted in
Japanese practice. See Scopolein.
Scoptula (skop' -tn-lah) See Scopula.
Scopula [skop'-ti-lak) [dim. of scopa, a broom]. See
Sarotkrmn.
Scopulate [skop'-tc-ldt) \jcopula, a little broom]. In
biology, broom-shaped.
Scopuliform [skop' -u-lif-orni). Same as Scopulate.
Scoracratia {sko-rak-ra' -she-aK) \_aKwp, feces ; anpaTia,
want of control ]. Involuntary evacuation of the
bowels.
Scorax [sko'-raks). A gum obtained from the olive-
tree.
Scorbutic [skor-hu'-fik) \scorbtitiis, scurvy]. Pertain-
ing to, affected with, or of the nature of scorbutus.
S. Cancer. Synonym for Cancrum oris.
Scorbutus (skor-bu'-tits) [ L.]. See Scurvy. S.
alpinus. See Pellagra. S. nauticus. See Scurvy.
Scordein [skor' -de-iti) \pK6p&tov, a garlicky plant]. An
aromatic substance of a yellow color found in Teu-
criiim scordiuin.
Scordinema [skor-din-e' -mak). See Pandiculation.
Scordium [skor' -de-u/?i) [oKopdiov, a garlicky plant].
The Teucrium scordiuin. Aqua scordii, a mixture
of one part of scordium and tliree parts of water,
reduced one-fourth by distillation. Aqua scordii
composita, a preparation containing 1 1 parts
each of scordium, Cretan dittany, spikenard, and the
roots of Virginia snakeroot, sweet flag, and angelica,
4 parts each of opium and saffron, 6 each of cinna-
mon, cardamom, and cloves, and 360 of brandy.
Extractum scordii, a preparation made by infusing
I part of scordium in 4 parts of boiling water, pour-
ing ofl' the infusion, repeating the process with a like
volume of water, mixing the two infusions, and
evaporating. Syrupus scordii, a preparation made
by digesting 32 parts of scordium in 1000 of aqua
scordii, and adding to the filtered liquid twice its
weight of sugar. Tinctura scordii, a filtered infu-
sion of I part of scordium in 4 parts of alcohol.
Scorodolasarum [skor-o-do-las' -ar-uin). See Asafetida.
Scorpioid [skor'-pe-oid) [anopmoi;, a scorpion; fJtSof,
form]. In biology, curved like the tail of a scorpion.
Applied to certain cymes, like those of the forget-me-
not and heliotrope.
Scorteum [skor' -te-uni). Synonym of Scrotum.
Scorzonera [skor-zo-ne' -rali) [It. , " black bark "]. A
genus of composite plants of many (Old World) species.
S. hispanica, S. deliciosa, S. tuberosa, and other
species are cultivated for their esculent roots, which
also are called scorzonera. S. humilis is diaphoretic
and stimulant. Unof.
Scotasma [sko-taz' -mak) . See Scotoma.
Scotasmus [sko-taz' -mus) [tr/corof, darkness]. Dim-
ness of vision. See Coligo.
Scotch [skoch) [a contraction of .Scottish']. Pertaining
to Scotland. S. Fiddle, the itch. S. Method. See
Anesthetic. S. Pine, Pinus sylvestris.
Scotodia [sko-to'-de-ah). See Amblyopia.
Scotodinia [sko-to-din'-e-ah] [cr/tdror, darkness ; dh'of,
a whirl]. Giddiness, with the appearance of black
spots before the eyes.
Scotograph [sko' -to-graf) [crKcirof, darkness ; ypatpeiv,
to write]. An instrument for aiding the blind to write.
Scotoma [sko-to' -mah) [(j/idru//a ; anoToeiv, to darken :
//. , Scotomata']. A fixed spot or space in the field of
vision corresponding to some abnormality in the retina
or optic centers of the brain. S., Absolute, a
scotoma in which perception of light is entirely absent.
S., Central, a scotoma limited to the region of
the macula lutea, or its immediate vicinity. S.,
Color, color - blindness limited to a part of the
visual field, and which may exist without interruption
of the field for white light. S., Flittering, a scotoma
with seiTated margins extending peripherally and pro-
ducing a large defect in the visual field. S., Negative,
a defect due to the destruction of the retinal center, and
which is not noticeable to the patient. S., Positive,
a scotoma perceptible to the patient as a dark spot
before his eyes. S., Relative, a scotoma within
which perception of liglit is only partially impaired.
S., Ring, zones of scotoma surrounding the center of
the visual field. S., Scintillating. See S., Flitter-
ing.
Scotome [sko' -torn) [aKorog, darkness]. A scotoma.
Scotometer [sko-toin' -et-er) [cr/corfji;, darkness ; fiETpov,
measure]. An instrument for detecting, locating, and
measuring scotomata.
Scotomy [skot' -o-?ne) fc'vordf, darkness]. Imperfect
vision, with giddiness.
Scotopsia [sko-top'-se-ah). See Mviodesopsia.
SCOTOS
1306
SCROFULODERMA
Scotos (sko'-tos). See Scotodinin.
Scotoscopia {sko - to - sko'- pe - a!i) [ffrarof , darkness ;
OKOTreh', to inspect]. See Retinoscopy.
Scott-Battam's Method. See Treatment, Methods of.
Scott's Dressing. " A method of treating fungous
artliritis consisting in rubbing on compound mercury
ointment and then applying pitch-plaster spread on
leather. "
Scour (j/wtv) [ME., scoureii, to scour]. Diarrhea, as
in cattle.
Scourge [skerj) [ME., si-o!i>-i:^e , scourge]. I. Any
severe epidemic disease of a fatal character. 2. To
strike the skin with light withes or with knotted cords
in order to produce counter-irritation.
Scourging (ske7-j' -ing) [ME., scourge, scourge]. A
beating or flagellation. S. Mania, a religious mania
of the 13th and 14th centuries characterized by the
self-flagellation of the persons affected.
Scouring (sko-ur'-ingj [ME., scoiiren, \.o scour']. Purg-
ing ; also, diarrhea. S. Rush, the stalks of Equi-
setuni hycmale. Diuretic and astringent. Dose of
fld. ext. tTLxx-_:^j. Unof. See Eqtiisetiini.
Scrape [skrap) [ME. , jrra/>/i'«, to scrape]. Galipot;
a white viscid resin obtained from fir-trees ; an inferior
sort of turpentine.
Scraper {skra'-per) [ME., scrapieii, to scrape]. An
instrument used to produce an abrasion. S., Tongue,
an instrument used to remove accumulations of exfoli-
ated epithelium and other foreign material from the
tongue.
Scrat (j/va/) [ME. , ^cv-f?/, a monster]. An hermaphro-
dite.
Scratched (sl-rackt) [ME., scrat]. Excoriated. S.
Skin, a group of lesions directly and indirectly due to
the constant irritation of the nails, and, as a whole, a
symptom of prurigo, urticaria, scabies, and other pru-
ritic diseases.
Scratches [skracli' -es) [from ME., jc;-;?/]. I. Excori-
ations produced by the nails in scratching. 2. Grease ;
an eczematous inflammation of the feet of the horse.
S., Ohio, prairie itch.
Screable (skre'-a-bi) \_screai-e, io hawk]. That which
may be spit out.
Screaming Fits. See Comiulsions, Pnfantile.
Screation [skre-a' -shun) [sereare, to hawk]. The act
of sjjitting.
Screatus [skre-a' -tus) [L. , a "hawking."]. I. Ex-
cretion. 2. Agnew's term for a singular neurosis of
the nasal passages, characterized by paroxysms of
short, noisy inspirations or snortings, "as though an
effort were being made to draw into the pharynx some
worrying secretion from the back of the nose "
The paroxysms last for two or three minutes, are fre-
quent in occurrence, and are utterly independent of
the patient's volition. The patient is exhausted and
becomes emaciated from the excessive wear. The
condition is often due to some local irritation, and
is, as a rule, amenable to treatment.
Screw (skru) [Dan., skrue, a screw]. A cylindric rod
on the surface of which is a projecting fillet or thread,
passing spirally around at a constant angle to its axis.
This fits into a hollow cylinder with its surface spirally
grooved to correspond with the thread on the screw,
which moves within it backward and forward in the
direction of its length. S. -driver Teeth, peculiar
teeth occurring in the subjects of hereditary syphilis.
S.-hook, an instrument devised by Elsberg for the re-
moval of foreign bodies from the ear. S., Micrometer,
a screw with a very slight pitch for the measurement of
very minute spaces and motions, as in the fine adjust-
ment of microscopes. S., Oral, a screw of hard
rubber or bone for insertion between the teeth to
separate the jaws. S., Pancoast's, a screw for
drilling the fragments in ununited fracture.
Scriptulus {skrip'-tu-lus). See Scruple.
Scriveners' Cramp, or Palsy. See Paralysis,
Writers'.
Scrobe (skrolA \_scrobis, a ditch, a trench]. In biology,
a groove for the reception of the basal joint of the
antenna, occurring at the side of the rostrum in cer-
tain beetles. S., Mandibular, a groove in the side
of the mandible in certain insects.
Scrobicula (skro-bik'-u-lah) [L.]. In biology, a
smooth space surrounding a tubercle on the test of a
sea-urchin.
Scrobicular {skro-hik'-u-lar)\_scrobiculus, a little ditch].
Pertaining to scrobicula;.
Scrobiculate {skro-hik' -u-lat ) {scrobiculus, a little ditch
or trench]. In biology , pitted or grooved. Possess-
ing minute or shallow depressions.
Scrobiculus {skro-bik'-u-ltis) [L.]. A small pit or
furrow. S. cordis. "Aftst Anticardium. S. variolae,
a scar made by a small-pox pustule.
Scrofula {skrof -u-lah) [dim. of scrofa, a sow]. Tu-
berculous adenitis. A morbid condition, usually con-
stitutional, and frequently hereditary, characterized by
glandular tumors, having a tendency to suppuration,
and leaving indolent ulcers very stubborn to treatment.
It is now generally accepted as a manifestation of
tuberculosis. The term is gradually falling into dis-
use. S., Benign, a condition characterized by in-
flammation, not endangering life, as lupus erythema-
tosus. S., Fixed Primitive, a condition in which
the symptoms presented at the onset of the disease are
maintained to its close. S. fugax. 'Ae.e. S., Fugitive.
S., Fugitive, suppurative cervical adenitis with
eczema capitis (Cullen). S., Ganglionic, scrofulous
adenitis. S., Malignant, lymphadenoma. S. mes-
enterica, tabes mesenterica. S. moluccana. See
Ya'ws. S., Mucous, an old term for a supposed
scrofula of the mucous membranes. S., Phagedenic,
of Bazin, a scrofula with a marked tendency to
phagedenic ulceration. S., Primitive, a term formerly
applied to scrofula in its early stage. S., Pulmonary,
pulmonary tuberculosis. S., Quaternary, visceral
tuberculosis. S., Senile, a condition occurring in ad-
vanced age, and characterized by strumous ulcers,
which are apt to develop into rodent ulcer or epitheli-
oma. S., Visceral, the same as quaternary scrofula.
Scrofulelcosis (skrof-u-lel-ko'-sis) \_scrofiila, scrofula ;
t'/Kuaic, ulceration]. Scrofulous ulceration.
Scrofulide {skrof -it-lid) \scrofulii, scrofula]. See
Scroftilodenna. S. boutonneuse benigne, of Bazin,
prurigo. S.s malignes, of Bazin, lupus erythemato-
sus and lupus vulgaris. S. tuberculeuse, lupus vul-
garis.
Scrofulism {skrof '-ti-lizm) \scrofulcc, scrofula]. The
scrofulous diathesis or condition.
Scrofuloderm {skrof ' -u-lo-derin) [scrofulce, scrofula;
6ipjja, skin]. See Scrofuloderma. S., Large Pus-
tular, ecthyma scrofulosum. S., Small Pustular.
See Lichen scrofulosus.
Scrofuloderma {skrof-u-lo-der^ -mali) \jcrofula, scrof-
ula ; fiii>iia, the skin]. A term applied to the various
forms of suppurating dermatitis. The lesions most
commonly occur in the skin of the face and neck, over
caseating and softening lymphatic glands. S. gum-
matosum. See 5. tuberculosum. S. papulosum.
See Lichen scrofulosus. S. squamosum, a furfura-
ceous exfoliation of the epidermis occurring in scrofu-
lous subjects. S. tuberculosum, a condition charac-
terized by cellular infiltrations, forming nodes and
having a tendency to ulcerate. The lesions begin as
hard, rounded, subcutaneous nodules, freely movable
SCROFULOME
1307
SCUTELLIPLANTAR
beneath the skin. Later the skin is implicated, be-
comes adherent and violaceous, and the tumors soften,
with obvious fluctuation [S. giu?ii?ia/os!im). They
may then be absorbed or evacuated spontaneously, in
which case they cicatrize slowly or form spreading
ulcers with thin, red, undermined edges, uneven bases,
and pale, pus-covered, unhealthy granulations, some-
times associated with numerous deep sinuses {S. lUcer-
omni). S. ulcerosum, granuloma fungoides. See
S. tiiberculosnm. S. verrucosum, tuberculosis ver-
rucosa cutis (Riehl and Paltauf ) ; lupus verrucosus
and verruca necrogenica (Unna).
Scrofulome (skrof ' -ii-loin) \_scrofulic, scrofula; 6//n,
tumor]. A tumor of a supposed scrofulous nature or
origin.
Scrofulonychia [skrof-ii-Io-nik' -e-a/i) [scrofuhr, scrof-
ula ; ofi'f , nail]. Onychia maligna.
Scrofulophyma {skrof -ti-lo-fi' -inah) [scrofula, scrofula;
©)'iUa, growth]. Scrofuloderma tuberculosum. S.
diffusum, elephantiasis scrofulosa.
Scrofulosis [skrof-ti lo' -sis) \_scrofiiliF, scrofula ; voaor,
disease]. A scrofulous condition, disease, or diathe-
sis. S. erethica. Scrofulosis with a tendency to
suppurative adenitis. S. torpidus, scrofulosis, as it
is manifested by tlie puffy face with thick nose and
lips, slender limbs, and prominent abdomen, and
also other characteristic features of the facies scrofu-
losus.
Scrofulous (skrof ' -it-lus) \_sc-rofii/ic , scrofula]. Having
the nature of scrofula. Affected with scrofula. S.
pneumonia, secondary inflammatory processes in the
lungs occurring in pulmonary scrofula. S. teeth,
teeth similar in some respects to those of syphilis,
but distinguished by a inuddy- white color; they are
large, rough, and irregular; their lingual surfaces are
indented ; the arch is broad, and the teeth regular in
arrangement.
Scrofulousness [skrof ' -u-lus-nes) [srrofie/iv, scrofula].
The scrofulous character or condition.
Scroll {skro/) [ME., scrolle, scroll]. A roll of paper,
or anything folded so as to resemble a roll. Ss.,
Olfactory, the turbinate bones.
Scrophula [skrof ' -ii-lah). See Scrofula.
Scrophularia [skrof-u-la' -re-ah ) \_scrofulce, scrofula].
A genus of flowering plants called figworts ; the
type of the important order of ScropkulariaceiF.
There are some 120 species. S. nodosa, of Europe
and North America, has been much used in the
treatment of scrofula, piles, and ulcers. Unof. S.
officinalis, S. vulgaris. See S. uoi/osa.
Scrophulelcosis. See Scrofulelcosis.
Scrophulophyma. See Scrofulophyma.
Scrotal [skro'-tal) \_scrotum, scrotum]. Pertaining to
the scrotum. S. Hernia, protrusion of the gut
through the external ring and into the scrotum ,
oscheocele.
Scrotiform (skro' -tif-orni) [scrotum, scrotum ; forma,
form]. In biology, shaped like a purse or pouch
with two compartments, as the pod of shepherd's
purse (Capsella).
Scrotitis (skro-fi'-fis) \scrotum, scrotum ; ltl^, inflam-
mation]. Inflammation of the scrotum.
Scrotocele [skro'-to-sel) [scrotum, scrotum; ni/At],
tumor]. .Same as Scrotal Hernia.
Scrotum {skro' -tuni) [L.]. The pouch containing the
testicles, consisting of a thin, brownish skin marked
by numerous rugae, and beneath which are the dartos,
the spermatic fascia, the cremasteric fascia, the infun-
dibuliform fascia, and the parietal tunica vaginalis. S.
cordis, the pericardium. S. lapillosum, multiple
calcareous atheroma of the scrotum.
Scrubgrass {skrub'-gras) . See Scouring Rush.
Scruff [skriif) [origin obscure]. A popular name for
the nape, or back of the neck.
Scruple [skru'-pl) [scrupulum, a scruple]. In Apothe-
caries' weight, 20 grains. Represented by the sign ^ •
^CY\xp\l\osiX.y {skru-pu-los' -it-e) [scrupulosus, exact]. An
over-precision, or morbid conscientiousness as to
one's thoughts, words, and deeds. It is somewhat
common among insane persons of a certain type.
Scull (skul). See Skull. S.-cap. See Skull and
Scutellaria.
Scultetus, Bandage of. See Bandage.
Scurf (skerf) [ME., ir//;y", scurf ]. The bran-like ex-
foliation of the epidermis, especially from the scalp.
It is popularly known as " dandruft " or " dandriff."
S.-skin, the epidermis.
Scutvy {sker'-i'e) [ME. , j(-z/rz{v] . A disease observed
both on land and at sea among persons who have been
deprived of wholesome diet for any length of time ;
it is characterized by spongy gums, extravasations of
blood, livid, indurated patches of skin, hemorrhages
from the mucosa, fetor of the breath, and painful
contractions of the muscles. It is aggravated by want
of cleanliness and by a diet of fat, salt meat. It soon
disappears under a vegetable diet, vegetable acids, etc.
S. of the Alps, ^ee Pellagra. S., Button, a disease
which prevailed among the peasantry of Ireland, in
1814. It was described as an eruption of " convex
tubercles, varying from the size of a split pea to that
of a shilling," having " an appearance somewhat like
the surface of a raspberry," and exuding "a white,
tenacious matter which formed thin, yellow crusts "
(Cariuichael). S. -grass, plants of the genus Cochle-
aria : spoonwort. Common scurvy-grass, Cochlearia
officinalis, is stimulant, diuretic, and antiscorbutic. It
is administered in an infusion made of one part of the
herb in 12 parts of water, evaporated one-half by
heating. Dose ^^ij. S., Land, scurvy affecting
landsmen. See Purpura hceinorrhagica . S., Nor-
wegian. See Radesyge. S. Rickets, a form of
scurvy associated with rickets occurring in young
infants improperly fed. It appears especially in those
cases in which there is a lack of fresh milk in the
diet.
Scutate (sku'-tat) [scutum, a shield]. In biology,
shaped like a buckler.
Scute {skill) [scutum, a shield]. In biology, a scale or
plate, a scutum, q. v.
Scutellar {sku-teU -ar) [scutellum, a little shield]. Of
or pertaining to a scutellum.
Scutellaria {sku-tel-a' -re-ah) [scutellum, a little shield].
A genus of labiate plants. Skull-cap, the leaves and
twigs of S. lateriflora, have reputed properties as a
tonic nervine, in tremors, chorea, hysteria, etc. Dose
of the fld. ext. i^ss-ij. S. galericulata is considered
astringent and febrifuge, as is also S. integrifolia.
All unof.
Scutellarin (sku-tel-a' -rin) [scutellum, a little shield].
A precipitate from a tincture of Scutellaria lateriflora ;
nervine, tonic, diuretic, and antispasmodic. Dose
gr. j-ij. Unof.
ScuXe\\aX& (sku' -tel-dt) [scutellum, 2. little shield]. In
biology : (a) provided withscutellaor transverse scales,
as the feet of certain birds ; (/') plate-shaped.
Scutelliform {sku-tel' -if-orm) [scutellum , a. little shield ;
forma, form]. Scutellate.
Scutelligerous [sku-tel- i/'- er-zis) [scutellum, a little
shield; gerere, to carry]. In biology, provided with
a scutellum.
Scutelliplantar (sku-tel-ip-lan'-tar) [scutellum, a little
shield ; plauta, the sole of the foot]. In biology,
applied to certain birds in which the planta or back of
the tarsus is provided with transverse scales.
SCUTELLUM
1308
SEAT
Scutellum {skii-teV -um) [dim. of scutum, a shield : //. ,
Scut€lla\. I. Scitiulum ; the characteristic " plate "
of Tinea favosa. It shows a typical central depres-
sion with raised edges (cupped), is usually marked
with concentric lines, and may be as large as a split
pea. It is whitish or pale-yellow in the center, vivid-
yellow at the periphery. 2. In biology: (^7) (i) In
lichens a sessile shield-shaped apothecium ; (2) in
Gramiiieiv, the cotyledon that envelops the embryo
and is modified to absorl) the reserve materials and
convey the nutriment to the embryo; (l) one of
the sclerites composing the tergum of an insect ; (2)
one of the plates of the tarsus of certain birds.
Scutia [sen' -te-a/i ) \_scutiiiii,a. shield]. A genus of the
Jihamiicic. A shrub growing in Asia ; the leaves,
made into an ointment', are used as an oxytocic in
India.
Scutiform [sku'-tif-ornt] \_scutum, a shield]. Shield-
shaped. S. Leaf, the first-formed leaf or cotyledon
in Salvinia, so named from its peculiar shape.
Scutigerous (s/cu-tij^ -ei--us) \sculuin, .shield; gerere, to
carry]. In biology, provided with a scute.
Scutiped [sku'-fip-ed) \_scutuni, a shield ; pes, foot]. In
biology, a bird with scaled tarsi.
Scuto-auricularis ( sku-to-aw-rik-u-la' -ris ) \_scutum,
shield; auricula, ear]. A muscle attached to the
scutiform cartilage of the ear.
Scutulatio {sku-tu-la'-she-o) \siutuni, a shield]. A
cutaneous disease of new-born infants. vSee Ichthyosis
congenita and Ichthyosis sebacea.
Scutulum {sku'-tu-!u>ii). 'f>ee Scutel/uin.
Scutum (sl'u' -turn) [^scutuni, a long shield : //. , Scuta'\.
I. An exoskeletal scale or plate. 2. The thyroid car-
tilage. S. cordis, the sternum. S. genu, the patella.
S. pectoris, the thorax. S. thoracis, the sternum.
S. tympanicum, the semilunar plate of bone separ-
ating the attic of the tympanum from the outer mastoid
cells.
Scybala [sib' -alah). Plural oi Scyha!uiii,q. v.
Scybalous (i77)''-(7/-«j-) [ff/cij/iaAoy, fecal matter]. Of the
nature of a scybalum.
Scybalum (sib' -al-uui) \_aKv^aXov, fecal matter]. Ab-
normally hard fecal matter that has aggregated into
lumps.
Scyllite (sil'-it) {aKv^aXov, fecal matter], CpHjjO^. A
glucose obtained from the intestines, kidney, liver,
etc., of the hag-fish, skate, and shark.
Scyphistoma [si-fis' -to-mah) or Scyphostoma, [si-fos'-
to-»tak) \_aKi'<j)og, a cup; arofia, mouth: //. , Scvphis-
tomata, Scyphostomata'\. In biology, the hydra-tube
stage in the development of Meduscc. It arises from the
scyphula, and gives rise to the free-swimming medusa
by the tearing away of the larger portion of the
body. The remaining stem can, however, become
regenerated into a complete attached medusa (mono-
disc strobila) ; or the stem of the scyphistoma may be-
come regenerated into a new scyphistoma before the
first medusa has detached itself; and when this regen-
erative process continues without the medusae at once
fully detaching themselves we have a polydisc strobila,
a temporary animal stock. The whole process is called
strobilation, tj. v.
Scyphula {sif'-tt-lah) [scyphuhis, dim. of scyphus, a
cup]. In biology, a stage in the development of the
acraspede Meduscs, in which the primitive larva re-
sembles an attached coral-like animal. It later
develops into an attached young Medusa, the Scyphis-
toma, q. V.
Scyphus [si'-fus) [ff/(iV/)Of, a drinking-cup]. A cup, or
structure having the shape of a cup. S. auditorius,
S. cochleae, S. vieussenii, the infundibulum of the
cochlea. S. lapideus in oculo, a cup-shaped con-
cretion in the eye, probably identical with what is
known as ossification of the choroid.
Scyros [si'-ros.) Synonym of Callosity.
Scytalis [sit'-al-is) [cr/vrra/i;/, a staff]. A phalanx of the
fingers.
Scythian Disease (sith'-e-an dis-ez'). Atrophy of the
male generative organs, with consequent loss of phys-
ical power, masculinity, etc. It is an attendant or
result of sexual perversion, its victims adopting the
dress and manners of women. It prevails locally in
the Caucasus (as in the time of Herodotus), and is
common as far eastward as Alaska.
Scythrospasmus [si-tJiro-spaz' -i>ius) \_aKv(ipbi;, angry;
OTTtta/joc;, spasm]. A heavy or fatigued expression,
regarded as an evil symptom in grave disease.
Scytitis [si-ti'-tis) [ahvTog, skin ; irig, infiammation].
Inflammation of the skin ; dermatitis.
Scytoblastema (si-to-blas-te'-mah) [crhrrof , skin ; (32a(7-
TTjiia, germ]. The primitive or embryonic stage of
the development of the skin.
Scytoblastesis (si-to-blas-tc'-sis) [gkvto^, skin ; ^Ida-
r////n , germ] . The condition and progress of scyto-
blastema.
Scytomorphosis [si-to-mor-fo'-sis) [cr/iiTOf, skin ; fidpif)-
uaig, shaping]. An abnormal development of the
skin.
Scytonemin [si-to-tie' -jiiin') [(T/oiirof, skin, hide ; vima,
a thread]. A deep yellow or brown pigment coloring
the filament-sheath in many of the Scytonemacece.
See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Sea (se) [ME., see, sea]. The ocean. S.-moss. See
Carragheen. S. -sickness, the nausea and vomiting
affecting persons at sea, or those who are subjected to
any undulatory motion like that of a vessel. S.-
tangle, the stem of Laininaria digitata, a marine
plant. The dried stem, introduced into a moist canal or
hollow organ, swells and dilates the cavity. See Tent.
S. -water bath. See Bath. S. -weed, any marine plant
of the order Algic. S.-weed bath, a bath in sea-
water charged with an infusion of some medicinal sea-
weed. S. -wrack. See Ficcus vesiculosus.
Seal {sel) [ME., seel, seal]. A body of water, or
other material, placed in the trap of a house-drain
for the purpose of preventing the ingress of sewer-
air.
Sealing (^^'-//;zr>-) [ME., j(v/<"«, to seal]. The exclusion
of air from a wound during the process of healing.
S.-wax, a product manufactured from shellac, to which
have been added Venice turpentine to make it more
fusible and less brittle, and some mineral coloring-
matter, usually vermilion. For black sealing-wax the
best ivory-black is used ; for golden-color wax, " mo-
saic gold " (stannic sulphid) ; for green wax, pow-
dered verdigris, and for the commoner varieties earthy
materials.
Seam (sent). See Suture and Raphe.
Searcher (serch'-er) \_MY,., sere hen, to search]. An
instrument used for the detection of stone in the
bladder.
Searching (serch' -ing) [ME., serchen, to search].
Probing ; sounding. The operation of exploring the
bladder by means of a metallic sound, for the purpose
of detecting the presence or absence of calculi. S.
Ocular. See Ocular.
Seamstress's Cramp. See Cramp.
Seaside Grape. West Indian kino, from Coccoloba
uvifera.
Seasoning (se'-zn-ing) [Fr., saisonner, to have a good
flavor]. Adding a higher relish to food; acclimatiz-
ing. S. Fever, the febrile symptoms occurring dur-
ing the process of acclimatization
Seat (set) [ME., sete, seat]. Breech ; nates. S.-bone,
SEB
1309
SEBORRHEA
Large Sebaceous Gland.
Hair in its follicle. 2,3,4,5. Lobules of
the gland. 6.
by the hair.
Excretory duct traversed
Pertaining to or
the ischium. S.-worm, thread-worm. See O.xynris,
under Parasites [Anl/iial), Table of.
Seb [seb). ' Gold of the alchemists ; also alum.
Sebaceous {se-ba'-shus) [sebum, suet, fat]. Pertaining
to fat or suet,
and especial-
ly to the seba-
ceous glands
of the corium
of the skin.
S . Cyst,
wen, athe-
roma, s t e a-
toma; a cystic
tumor vary-
ing in size
from a millet-
s e e d to an
orange, situ-
ated in the
skin or sub-
cutaneous tis-
sue. It occurs
most fre-
quently on
the scalp,
face, back,
and scrotum,
and may be
single or mul-
tiple. S. Flux. See Seborrhea.
Sebacic {se-ba'-sik) [sebum, fat],
derived from sebum. S. Acid,
,COOH
-COOH,
a dibasic acid obtained by dry distillation of oleic
acid and by the action of sodium hydroxid on castor-
oil.
Sebacin {se-ba' -sin) [sebum, fat]. I. A hydrocarbon
obtained by distilling calcium sebate with an excess of
calcium carbonate. 2. An unctuous substance found
in the fruit of Myristica sebifera.
Sebadilla {seb-ad-il'-ah). See Cevadilla.
Sebastomania [se-bas-to-ma' -ne-ak) [c!ej5aaT6(; , revered ;
jiavia, madness]. Religious insanity.
Sebate [se'-bdt) [sebum, fat]. A salt of sebacic
acid.
Sebel. See Pannus ocidi.
Sebesten {se-bes' -ten) [Ar. sebestan, the fruit sebesten].
A tree of Asia, Cordiamyxa ; also, C. obliqua ; also
their edible fruits, called sebesten plums. The latter,
dried, have been much used for their demulcent
qualities. Unof.
Sebic [se'-bik). See Sebacic.
Sebiferous [se-bif -er-us) [sebum, fat ; /erre, to he3.r'\.
Same as Sebiparous.
Sebiparous {se-bip' -ar-us) [sebuf?i, fat ; parere, to pro-
duce]. Forming or producing sweat.
Sebolith [seb'-o-litk) [sebum, iz.t; XWoc, stone]. A cal-
culus, or hard concretion, in a sebaceous gland.
Seborrhagia [seb-or-a'-je-ah). See Seborrhea.
Seborrhea, Seborrhoea [seb-or-e^-ah) [sebum, suet; p6ia,
a flow]. Sebaceous jlux ; sfearrhea ; seborrhagia ; stea-
torrhea ; a disorder of the secretory organs of the skin,
in which there is an alteration and increase of sebaceous
secretion, and, according to some, an involvement of
the sweat-coils, as well as of the sebaceous glands. It
is characterized by the formation of an oily, waxy, or
scaly accumulation on the surface. S. adiposa. See
5. oleosa. S. amianthacea, S.capillitii, S. capitis,
seborrhea of the scalp. See S. ucca and Alopecia
furfuracea. S. cerea, the waxy form of S. sicca. It
is the vernix caseosa of the new-born. It occurs at
almost any age after birth, and includes the accumu-
lation of smegma beneath the prepuce. At puberty
and onward it is seen most commonly on the scalp,
where it forms dirty-looking, yellowish or greenish-
brown, or even black, plates or crusts of fat and epi-
thelium. It leads to atrophy of the hair. S. con-
gestiva, lupus erythematosus of Hebra ; it is the early
stage of lupus erythematosus. S. corporis, S. papu-
losa seu lichenoides, a papular, ringed, serpiginous
eruption, confined to the trunk, and characterized by
slight scaliness and marked greasiness, and frequently
associated with S. capitis. It is popularly known
as "flannel rash." Its synonyms are: Lichen cir-
cinatus, L. circumscriptus, L. annulatus serpigi-
nosus, L. gyratus. S. crustosa. ' See S. sicca. S.
dermatitis. See S. corporis, S. ecze/na, S. eczemi-
foriiiis, S. psoriasiformis , the various forms resem-
bling ordinary dermatitis, and comprised under the
general term, Jf. dermatitis. S. eczema of Unna.
See S. dcrijiatitis. S. eczematoid, seborrhea asso-
ciated with active inflammation of the scalp. The
margin of the affected area is well defined, and there
is abundant formation of flaky, fatty scales. This
acute condition is due to some depressing influence,
mental or physical. S. faciei, a common sequel of
variola and other exanthemata, and often associated
with rosacea. It affects chiefly the forehead, super-
ciliary regions, and sides of the nose and cheeks. The
scales are often greenish or blackish. S. fluida. See
S. oleosa. S. furfuracea seu pityriasiformis, the
scaly form of S. sicca. It constitutes the condition
known as scurf or dandruff, and is the alopecia pity-
rodes of Pincus. S. genitalium, the accumulation of
smegma beneath the prepuce, about the clitoris, and
between the labia and the nymphre. S. lichenoides.
See S. corporis. S. localis, circumscribed seborrhea,
as when it occurs on the face only. S. nasi, sebor-
rhea attended with the formation of yellow crusts on
the tip of the nose {S. Jlavescens). S. nigra, S. ni-
gricans, seborrhea with the formation of dark -colored
crusts, the coloration being usually from dirt. .See
Chromidrosis. S. oleosa, a variety in which there is
an excess of oily secretion on the surface. The face
has a greasy appearance and feel ; the complexion is
generally thick and muddy-looking. It occurs usually
in young adults. S. papulosa. See S. corporis. S.
psoriasiformis, one of the least common forms of
seborrhea, consisting of well-defined bright-red patches,
with scanty, scaly, and fatty crusts. The individual
patches may coalesce and cover a considerable area.
The eruption is chiefly met with in the axilla and on
the trunk. S. sicca, the commonest form of the dis-
ease, characterized by fine greasy or branny scales ;
the underlying skin is pale and leaden. There are no
subjective symptoms. It is one of the chief causes of
premature baldness. S. squamosa (seu sicca) neo-
natorum, ichthyosis congenita ; regarded by Hebra
as a general seborrhea. The entire surface of the
body is covered with fatty, thick, epidermic plates,
firmly adherent to the skin, and broken by deep rha-
gades extending down into the corium. Owing to the
stiff"ness and contraction of the skin, the eyes cannot
be completely opened or closed, the lips are retracted,
the nose and ears are atrophied, and the toes contracted
and cramped. If not born dead, the subject soon suc-
cumbs from starvation and depression of temperature.
S. syphilitica, S. capitis when associated with syphilit-
ic lesions of the scalp. S. tabescentium, a form of
5. furfuracea, occurring in diabetes and chronic wast-
ing diseases. S. universalis. Pityriasis tabescentium ;
a variety occurring only at the end of wasting dis-
SEBUM
1310
SECTOR
eases, as diabetes mellitus. It consists in a universal,
branny desquamation, especially over the trunk and
extremities.
Sebum [se^-lmm) [L.]. The secretion of the sebaceous
glands. See also Sei'ii/ri. S. palpebrale, Lema : the
dried glandular secretion of the eyelids. S. praepu-
tiale, S. praeputii, smegma prajputii.
Sec (st'k) [Fr.]. Dry ; said of bloodless surgical opera-
tions.
Secale (sck-a'-le) [L.]. Rye. S. cereale, common
rye ; rye-flour furnishes a nutritious bread. Alone
or mixed with bran it is used as an absorbent and
emollient application, and as a mush it is said to be
laxative. Carbonized Rye is used in tooth-powders.
S. cornutum. See Ergot. S. farina, rye-meal.
Secalin [sek' -al-iil). See Trimethylaniin.
Secamone [sek-am-o'-ne) [L.]. A genus of the Seca-
moiifce. S. emetica, a shrub of India ; the root con-
tains an acrid, emetic ]irinciple.
Secernment, Secerning [se-sern'-»ient, se-se)-n'-ii!g)
\_sei-ernere, to separate]. Secreting; applied to the
function of a gland or a follicle.
Secessio, Secessus [se-ses/i' -e-o, se-ses^-us). Defeca-
tion.
Secohm {sek'-dni) \_secundus, following ; ohni\. A
unit of electric self-induction.
Second [sek' -und ) \_seciindits, next]. Next after the
first. S. Intention. See Healing. S. -sight. See
Clairvoyance.
Secondaries {sek'-im-da-rez) \secundns, second]. A
name sometimes applied to the secondary symptoms
of syphilis, in contradistinction from the primaries.
Secondary (sek' -un-da-re) \jecimdariiis~\. l. Follow-
ing, succeeding to a first. Subordinate in order of
time or development ; an induced or faradic electric
current. 2. In chemistry, a hydrocarbon having a
substituted radicle, attached to a carbon atom which is
attached to two other carbon atoms. S. Amputa-
tion, consecutive amputation, or amputation done after
the subsidence of inflammatory symptoms. S. Cata-
ract. See Cataract. S. Dentine, dentine formed at a
later period than the rest of the dentine ; when the
pulp, for example, is converted into solid material and
no pulp-cavity remains the material so formed is called
" secondary dentine. " S. Hemorrhage. 'Ace Hemor-
rhage, Consecutive. S. Syphilis. See Svphilis. S.
Tertiary, those diatomic alcohols in which one mole-
cule of hydroxyl is attached to a carbon atom which
is attached to two other carbon atoms, and the other
molecule of hydroxyl is attached to a carbon atom
itself connected with three other carbon atoms.
Secreta [se-kre' -tah) [secernere, to separate]. The sub-
stances secreted by a gland, follicle, or other organ ;
products of secretion.
Secreting {se-kre' -ting') \_secernere, to separate]. Ef-
fecting secretion]. S. Fringes, synovial fringes.
Secretion ( se - kre' - sliun ) \_secretio : fl. , Secretiones\.
The natural function of certain organs of the body,
mainly the glands and follicles. It consists in the
separation and elaboration of fluid or semi-fluid sub-
stances differing according to the organ in which they
are secreted. Also, the substance secreted. S., Anti-
lytic, the saliva secreted by a submaxillary gland with
intact nerves, as distinguished from that which flows
from a gland which has had its nerves divided (Lang-
ley). S., Menstrual, menstrual blood. S., Paralytic,
the abnormal discharge from a gland after section of
its motor nerve. S., Sebaceous, sebum. S., In-
ternal, the secretion of an organ that is not excreted
or discharged, as, e.g., glycogen.
Secretitious (se-kre-tish'-us) \_secretio, 3. secretion].
Of the nature of a secretion.
Secretodermatosis {se-kre-to-der-inat-o' -sis) \secretio,
a secretion ; f)t/)//a, skin ; I'OffOf, disease]. An affec-
tion of the secretory apparatus of the skin.'
Secreto-motor (se-kre' -to-mo' -tor) \_secretio, a secretion ;
motor, a mover]. Applied to nerves intermediating the
function of secretion.
Secretory (se' -kre-tor-e) \_secernere , to separate]. Per-
forming secretion ; applied to those glands or organs
that form or produce secretions. S. Fibers, cen-
trifugal nerve-fibers exciting secretion.
Secretum (se-kre' -turn). See Secretion.
Sectio (sek' -she-o) [L.]. Section. S. abdominis. See
Laparotomy and Celiotomy. S. agrippina. Cesarean
section. S. alta, high or supra-pubic section in lithot-
omy. S. alta subpubica, transverse section beneath
the pubic arch in lithotomy. S. anatomica, a dissec-
tion. S. bilateralis, bilateral cystotomy. S. cadav-
eris, an autopsy. S. csesarea. Cesarean section. S.
corneae, keratotomy. S. fistularum, section of the
tissues between the two openings of a complete anal
fistula. S. fraenuli praeputii, division of the preputial
frenum for the relief of penile curvature and premature
seminal emissions. S. franconiana, suprapubic cys-
totomy. S. hypogastrica, suprapubic cystotomy.
S. lateralis, lateral cystotomy. S. lecatiana, lithot-
omy done partly by incision and partly by dilatation
(Le Cat). S. legalis, a post-mortem examination
made by order or consent of the law. S. mediana,
median lithotomy. S. musculorum, myotomy. S.
nervorum, neurotomy. S. postrolandica, a tran-
section of the brain at the posterior margin of the
postcentral gyrus. S. praerolandica, a transverse
section of the brain at the anterior margin of the pre-
central gyrus. S. rectovesicalis, rectal cystotomy.
S. renalis, nephrotomy. S. rolandica, a transverse
section of the cerebrum passing through the fissure of
Rolando. S. tendinum, tenotomy. S. urethralis,
urethrotomy. S. vaginalis, elytrotomy. S. vagino-
vesicalis, colpocystotomy. S. ventralis, suprapubic
cystotomy. S. vesicae felleae, cholecystotomy. S.
vesicalis, cystotomy.
Section (sek' -shun) \secare, to cut]. Division by cut-
ting ; also, the condition made thereby ; dissec-
tion ; post-mortem examination ; a cut or thin slice
made for histologic or anatomic study. S., Ab-
dominal. See Celiotomy. S., Cesarean. See Cesa-
reait Operation. S., Frontal, a longisection serving
to divide the body into equal or unequal dorsal and
ventral parts. It is, therefore, approximately parallel
with the dorsal and ventral aspect of the body. See
also Sagittal and Transection ; also Position and Di-
rection, Table of Intrinsic Terms. S., Longitudinal.
See Longisection and S. , Frojital. S., Optic, the
appearance resulting from microscopic examination of
transparent or nearly transparent objects, when some
plane below the upper surface of the object is in focus.
S., Sagittal, a longisection parallel with the sagittal
suture, and hence with the meson or median plane of
the body, and serving to divide the body into equal or
unequal right and left parts. See also iMedisection,
Frontal, and Transection ; also Position and Di'-ection,
Table of Intrinsic Terms. Ss., Segmentation. Pee
Segmentation. Ss., Serial, the arrangement, con-
secutively, of microscopic sections in the order in
which they are cut. S., Sigaultian. See Symphysi-
otomy. S., Transverse. See Transection.
Sector (sek'-tor) [secare, to cut]. An area of a circle
included between two radii and an arc. Ss., Cranio-
metric, sectors in circles having the punctum ala;
vomeris as a center. The frontal sector is that bounded
by a radius to the punctum naso-frontale, and one
which, if prolonged, would pass through the punctum
SECTORIAL
1311
SEGMENT
bregmatis ; the maxillary sector is that bounded by
a radius to the punctum naso-frontale and one passing
through the punctum spinae nasaUs posterioris ; the
medullary sector is that included between a radius to
the punctum foraminis magni anterius and one passing
through the punctum foraminis magni posterius ; the
nasal sector is that bounded by a radius to the punctum
spins nasahs anterioris and one which, if prolonged,
would pass through the punctum naso-frontale ; the oc-
cipital sector is included between a radius to the punctum
occipitale and one to the punctum protuberantiie occipi-
talis ; the palatine sector is contained between a radius
to the punctum spinee nasalis posterioris and one pass-
ing through the punctum prremaxillare ; the parietal
sector is included between a radius to the punctum breg-
matis and one passing through the punctum occipitalis ;
the premaxillary sector is that bounded by a radius
to the punctum praemaxillare and one to the punc-
tum spinoe nasalis anterioris ; the sector for the caviiiii
naso-pharvnsreum is contained between a radius termi-
nated by the punctum foraminis magni anterius and one
to the punctum spinie nasalis posterioris (Lissauerj.
^^z\ox\a\{sek-to'-re-al) \_scxtor, a sector]. Carnassial.
Secund [sek'-iind) \_secundus, following]. In biology,
arranged on one side of a stem or axis.
Secundina [se-kun' -de-nali) [L.]. Something follow-
ing. S. cerebri, the pia mater.
Secundine or Secundines {se-kun' -diti) \_secundittcB\
In biology: (a) the "after-birth," or that which
remains in the uterus after the expulsion of the fetus.
It includes the placenta, part of the umbilicus, and
the membranes of the ovum ; (/') the inner coat of
an ovule ; also called the mesosperm.
Secundum artem {se-kun' -dum ar'-tem) [L. , "ac-
cording to art" ]. In the approved, professional, or
official manner ( used in writing prescriptions, as a
direction to the apothecary).
Securiform {se-ku' -rif-orni) [securis, an ax; forma,
form]. In biology, ax-shaped.
Secus (se'-kus) [L.j. Sex.
Sedan Black. See Figments, Conspectus of.
Sedans {se'-danz) [L. : pi., Sedantia'\. Sedative; a
sedative medicine. See Liquor sedans.
Sedation [se-da' -shun) \sedatio\ A condition of quiet
and tranquillity, especially when following excessive
functional activity.
Sedative {sed'-at-iv) \^sedare, to soothe]. I. Soothing or
tranquilizing. 2. An agent that exerts a soothing effect
by lowering functional activity. S. Salt, boric acid.
Sedentaria {sed-en-ta' -re-ah) [L.]. Plural of Seden-
tarius, sedentary. S. ossa, the ischia and os coccygis,
the bones on which the body rests while in a sitting
posture.
Sedentary [sed'-en-ta-re) \jedetitarius ; sedere, to sit].
Occupied in sitting ; sitting at one's work. Pertaining
to the habit of sitting.
Sedes [se'-dez] [L.]. Anus; stools. S. cruentse,
bloody stools. S. lactescentes, celiac flux. S. pro-
cidua, prolapse of the anus.
Sedigitate, Sedigitated {se-dif -it-at, se-dij' -it-a-ted)
[sedigitus : sex, six ; digittis, digit]. Having six
fingers on a hand, or six toes on a foot.
Sedilia (se-dil'-e-ah) \sedile, a seat]. The nates,
j Sediment {sed'-im-eiit) [sedimentum : pi., Sedimenta'\.
j That which settles to the bottom of a liquid. S.,
Urinary, the solid constituents of urine, organic and
inorganic, which are deposited on standing. See
■Urinary.
Sedimentation [sed-im-en-ta' -shun) [sedimetitum, sedi-
ment]. The process of producing rapid deposition of
the sediment of urine or sewage by means of centrifu-
[ gal or other apparatus.
Sedlitz {scd'-litz). See Seidlit:.
Sedum {se'-dum) [L., houseleek]. A genus of crassu-
laceous plants. Stonecrop, wall-pepper, creeping Jack,
gold-dust. S. acre, a moss-like creeping plant indig-
enous to Europe, and naturalized in some places in
North America. The expressed juice is emetic, pur-
gative, and also capable of vesication. It was formerly
used as a remedy for scrofula, and administered inter-
nally in decoction, while externally the bruised fresh
plant was applied. Unof. S. telephium, Live-for-ever,
a species of salad indigenous to Europe, and introduced
in the United States. The root and herb were for-
merly official as radix et herba telephii.
See's Treatment. See Treatment, Methods of.
See-saw Eczema, a form of eczema alternating with
some other disease.
Seed {sed) [AS., seed, seed, sowing], (a) A fertilized
ovule or ovum, as the egg of the silkworm-moth.
[" Naked seeds meant to all botanists up to the time
of A. L. de Jussieu and J. Gartner (1788) dry inde-
hiscent fruits," Sachs]; (/') seminal fluid ; sperm or
milt ; (r) oftspring, as young oysters. S.-coat, in
biology, the testa or exterior coat of the seed. Cf.
Frimine, Secundine. S.-lac. See Lac.
Seedy-toe (se' -de-to) \Yx., fourmiliere^. The English
common name for an affection of the hoof of Equidce.
More frequent in the ass and mule than in the horse.
It is held to be due to the fungus, Achorion kerato-
pltagus, q. V. (Ercolani.)
Seegen's Dietetic Regimen. A regimen for diabetics,
consisting of meats of all kinds, eggs, corn, vegetables,
cheese, and gluten bread.
Seemann and Hehner's Method. A method of esti-
mating the amount of acids in the stomach. It con-
sists in neutralizing the gastric contents by titrating
with NaOH, evaporating to dryness, and carefully in-
cinerating. The ash is extracted with water, and the
alkali present in the extract is estimated by titrating
with an acid; the difference between the amount of
alkali added and the amount of alkali found gives the
amount which must have combined with II CI, the
lactic and volatile acids being decomposed during in-
cineration.
Seessel's Pocket or Pouch. See Fouch.
Segestor {se -jes' - tor) \_se, self; gerere, to carry]. A
proprietary embalming fluid, introduced into the ves-
sels of the cadaver by a syringe ; so called because it
has the alleged property of finding its way to all parts
of the dead organism.
Segment [seg'-ment) \segmentum ; secure, to cut]. I.
A small piece cut from the periphery of anything. 2.
A natural division, resulting from segmentation ; one
of a series of homologous parts, as a myotome ; the
part of a limb between two consecutive joints. A
subdivision, ring, lobe, somite, or metamere of any
cleft or articulated body. S. of Bandl. See
BandFs Ring. S., Interannular, the portion of
a nerve included between two consecutive nodes
of Ranvier. S., Intermediate (of a ciliuin), the
isotropous, delicately striated portion of a cilium
between the cilium proper and its pedicle. S.,
Lower [of the uterus) , all that portion of the uterus
situated below the ring of Bandl. Ss., Medullary,
the incisures of Schmidt and Lautermann, or oblique
markings in the medullary sheath of a nerve-fiber.
S., Primitive, Minot's word for a prirnitive division
of the vertebrate celom. The protovertebra, meso-
hlastic somite, mesomere, metamere, Ursegment, Ur-
wirbel, of authors. S., Pubic [of the pelvic floor) ; this
" consists of what extends from the symphysis pubis
to the anterior vaginal wall, inclusive of the latter,
and is chiefly made up of bladder." (D. B. Hart.)
SEGMENTAL
1312
SELENIUM
S., Rivinian {of the tympanic ring), that portion of
the temporal bone between the two points of attach-
ment of its tympanic portion to its squamous portion.
S., Sacral [of the pelvic floor) ^ that portion whicli
" extends from the sacrum to the posterior vaginal
wall." (D.B.Hart.) S , Schmidt-Lautermann's,
the elongated pieces making up the medullary sub-
stance of nerve-fibers, several pieces being included
within each internode.
Segmental \scg - men'- tal ) \_segment:im , a segment].
Pertaining to, or of the nature of, a segment ; made up
of segments. S. Duct, the duct of the pronephros,
q.v. S. Organs. See iVep/iridia. S. Sense-
organs, a series of organs formed by the temporary
or permanent union_ of the sensory ganglia ; the ear,
eye, and nose possibly belong to this class; the
branchial sense-organs of Beard, and the ganglionic
sense-organs of Minot.
Segmentation (seg-men-ta' -shun) \_segmejitum , a piece
cut off ]. In biology, the process of cleavage or divi-
sion. In embryology, the term is restricted by usage
" to the production of cells up to the period of devel-
opment when the two primitive germ- layers are clearly
differentiated and the first trace of organs is beginning
to appear." (Minot.) Merogenesis. S. -cavity, the
central space in the blastula stage of the segmentation
of an ovum. S. -cells, homogeneous indifterent cells
formed by the repeated division of the fecundated
egg-cell, and which compose first of all the solid
mulberry germ. (Hteckel.) S., Centro-lecithal, a
form of segmentation in which the spheres enclose a
central nutritive yolk. S., Complete, holoblastic
segmentation. S., Direct, amitosis, or direct cell-
division. S., Discoidal, a form of segmentation in
which the germinal disc alone is involved. S., Du-
plicative, segmentation peculiar to the gonococcus,
marked by an interval between the two segments.
S., Free, cleavage of zymoplasts. S., Germ, seg-
mentation of the impregnated ovum, or of the first
embryonic segmentation-sphere, or blastosphere. S.,
Holoblastic, segmentation in which all the con-
tents of the ovum undergo cleavage. S., Incomplete,
S., Meroblastic, segmentation in which only a por-
tion of the contents of the ovum, the formative yolk,
undergoes cleavage, the other portion, or food-yolk,
being a reserve store of food for the developing
embryo. S., Metameric, division of the embryo into
metameres. S. -nucleus. See under Ahicleus. S.,
Partial. See 6'., Incomplete. S., Protovertebral,
division of the mesoblast on each side of the notochord
into somites, or protovertebrse. S., Regular, seg
mentation in which the spheres are equal in size and
symmetrically arranged. S. -sphere, one of the cells
of an ovum during the early stages of segmentation.
•a^^ Blastosphere Morula. S., Total. See S.,
Holoblastic. S., Unequal, a variety of segmentation,
in which, after cleavage of the ovum into four equal
segments, the spheres of one pole are smaller and
more numerous than those of the other.
Segmentellum (seg-men-tel' -um) \_segmentum, a seg-
ment]. A blastula.
Segnitia, Segnities [seg-tiish'-e-ah, seg-nish' -e-ez) [L. ].
Torpor ; sluggishness, as of the bowels ; languor.
Segond, Angles of. See Angle.
Segregate (seg' -re-gdt) \_segrega7-e ; .f^, by one's self ;
grex, a flock]. To separate or set apart; separated
from each other. S. Fecundity. See Plomo-
gamy.
Seguin's Signal-symptom. The warning of the be-
ginning of the epileptic attack, consisting in affection
of the muscle or muscles habitually first involved in the
epileptic convulsion.
Seiage {sa'-ahzh) [Fr.]. In massage, a pressing with
a to-and-fro movement, similar to the action of a saw.
It is practised with the ulnar border of the hand, or
the palmar side of the hand.
Seidlitz Powder [seJ'-litz). Pulvis effervescens com-
positus. See Potassium.
Seignette Salt. Potassium and sodium tartrate, KNaC^-
H^O„ + 4H.jO. It crystallizes in large prisms with
hemihedral faces. See Rochelle Salt.
Seller's Treatment. See Treatment, Methods of.
Seirospore (si' - ro - spor) [aeipn, garment; a-rropa,
seed]. In biology, a special organ of non-sexual
propagation occurring in some genera of Algir [Ce?-a-
miacecc) .
Seizure {sez'-tlr) [ME., seisen, to seize]. The sudden
onset of a disease or an attack. In surgery, the
grasping of a part to be operated upon.
Sejugous (se-jit'-gus) [^sex, six ; jugum, a yoke]. In
biology, having six pairs of leaflets.
Sel [L.]. Salt. S. alembroth, a solution of mercuric
chlorid and ammonium chlorid, each gr. x,in distilled
water, Oj (Imperial). S. amarum, S. amer, mag-
nesium sulphate. S. ammonia, S. ammoniac, S.
ammoniacum, ammonium chlorid. S. ammoniac
martial, ammonio-chlorid of iron. S. ammoniacal
nitreux, ammonium nitrate. S. de Chrestien, gold
and sodium chlorid. S. commune, S. culinare,
sodium chlorid. S. digestif, potassium chlorid. S.
digestif de Vichy, sodium bicarbonate. S. d'Epsom,
magnesium sulphate. S. de Figuier. See S. de
Chrestien. S. de Glauber, sodium sulphate. S. de
Perse, sodium borate. S. de saturne, lead acetate.
S. secret de Glauber, ammonium sulphate. S. de
Seidlitz, magnesium sulphate. S. de Seignette,
potassium and sodium tartrate. S. de soude, sodium
carbonate. S. vegetale, potassium tartrate.
Selection (se-lek' -shun) \_selectiis, p.p. of seligere, to
choose]. In biology, the process of choosing from
a number. S., Artificial, the artificial choice,
definitely planned, of such forms of animals or plants
as will by differentiation develop and reproduce
given or desired characteristics. S., Natural, " the
preservation of favorable individual difierences and
variations and the destruction of those which are in-
jurious " (Darwin '■'■Survival of the fttest^'). S.,
Physiologic, " the selection of those varieties, the
individuals of which are fertile among themselves, but
sterile or less fertile with other varieties and with the
parent stock. This has been c&WtA seg7'egate fecundity
by Gulick, and hojtiogamv by Romanes " (De Var-
igny). S., Sexual, the selection by females, among
varying and competing males, of the strongest or most
attractive.
Selene [se-le'-ne) [oM/vt], moon]. The white spot some-
times occurring on the finger-nails. Cf Lunula.
Seleniasis (^sel-en-i' -as-is) \atXijvri, raoox\'\. Lunacy;
epilepsy ; somnambulism.
Seleniasmus (sel-en-i-az' -jnus) . See Seleniasis.
Selenic (se-len'-ik) [^seAr/vri, the moon]. A compound
containing selenium combined directly with three
atoms of oxygen. S. Acid, H^SeO^, a dibasic acid,
resembling sulphuric acid in its properties.
Selenid (sel'-en-id) [utXijviu the moon]. A compound
containing selenium.
Selenion (se-len'-e-on). See Selenium.
Selenite (sel'-en-lt) \_ae7Jjvr!, moon], I. A salt of
selenous acid. 2. A translucent form of calcium
sulphate.
Selenium (se-le' -nc-um') [deA^i"?, moon]. Se = 79-4 i
usually bivalent, sometimes quadrivalent or hexavalent.
A rare element, resembling sulphur in its properties.
See Elements, Table of.
SELENODONT
1313
SEMICUPIUM
Selenodont (scl-rn' -o-don/) i/vi/, the moon ; bSovQ,
tooth]. In biology, applied to such animals as have
molar teeth with crescentic ridges on the crowns.
Selenoplegia [scl-en-o-ple' -jf-ah) [ct/ //r//, moon ; tt /•,,;/-
stroke]. A kind of apoplexy said to be caused
by exposure to the moon's rays.
Selenoplexia [sel-eti-o-pleks' -e-ali). See Selenoplegia.
Selenotropic [sel-eii-o-trop' -ik) \_a£Arji'7/, the moon ;
Tpenciv, to turn]. In biology, turning toward the
moon ; applied to growing parts of plants which are in-
fluenced in their direction of growth by the influence
of the moon.
Self [ME., self, self]. Same; identical; own; per-
sonal. S. -abuse. See Masturbalioii. S. -differ-
entiation, the theory that cells control theniselves ;
that is to say, the fate of the cells is determined by
forces situated within them, and not by external in-
fluences ; a conception first propounded by His, and
later demonstrated by Roux, Pfliiger, Born, Weis-
mann, and others. S. -digestion. See Autodigestion.
S. -fertilization, in biology, fertilization of a flower
by its own pollen. S.-heal, Primella vulgaris ; heal-
all ; a perennial herb growing in North America,
Europe, and Asia. S.-incasement, a condition in
which the small intestine is inclosed, as in a pouch,
between the layers of the mesentery (J. S. Thatcher).
S. -infection, the spread of infectious material from a
circumscribed area to others or to the entire organism.
S. -inflation, a process suggested by H. R. Silvester,
by which a person in danger of drowning is to render
himself buoyant. After having made a puncture in
the mucous membrane of the mouth, at the reflection
I of the cheek from the lower jaw, air is to be forced
I into the subcutaneous tissue of the neck by vigorous
j blowing efforts, with the mouth and nose closed. S.-
i limited, a term applied to certain diseases, which even
i without treatment run a definite course within a given
time. S. -pollution. See Self-abuse. S.-repos-
itor. Pneumatic, a curved and bulbous glass tube
used at bed-time for the reposition of the displaced
uterus, the instrument being used by the patient, and
operated by air-pressure. S. -suggestion. SeeAtt/a-
sziggestion. S. -suspension, suspension of the body
for the purpose of stretching or making extension
on the vertebral column. See .Suspension. S.-s.,
Axillo-cephalic, suspension by the axillae and the
head. S.-s., Cephalic, suspension by the head.
Selinum i^se-li' -)uuii) [crfAa'O!', a kind of parsley]. I.
Caruiii pctroseli>iuin of the ancients. 2. A genus of
; perennial herbs belonging to the Umbelliferee.
\ Sella [sel'-ah] [L.]. A seat; a part having a shape
i like a seat or saddle. S. turcica (Turkish saddle),
I the pituitary fossa of the sphenoid bone, lodging the
I pituitary body.
! Sellanders, Sellenders {sel'-an-derz, sel' -en-derz)
j [origin obscure]. A kind of eczema occurring on
[' the tarsus of the horse. See Alallenders.
' Selliform {sel' -if-orm) \_sella,2L saddle; forma, form].
I . In biology, saddle-shaped.
Selters, Seltzer [sel'-fers, sells' -er) [German]. I. A
1 place in Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, where there are
gaseous springs containing chiefly carbonates and
[ sulphates. 2. An abbreviated name for seltzer water,
i an acid-soda mineral water ; the term is also applied
1: to artificial seltzer water,
l! Selza Water. See Seltzer.
[ Sematic [se-)?ial' -ik) [^af/fia, a sign, mark, token]. In
biology, applied to colors in mimicry, used as signals
or warnings for repelling enemies by the indication of
some unpleasant or dangerous quality. Cf. Aposetnatic ,
Episematic , Allosematic.
, Semeiography {se-me-og' -ra-fe') \_a7ffieioi', sign ; -) pa<peiv,
83
to write]. A descriptive treatise on the symptoms of
disease.
Semeiology (se-me-ol'-o-je) l_(TiJineiov, sign ; Xoyof, dis-
course]. Same as Sy»ipto)natology.
Semeiosis [se-rne-o' -sis) \jyiji-iHov, sign] . The study of
symptoms as indications of disease.
Semeiotic [se-me-of -ik) \_aijfiElov , sign]. Pertaining to
semeiotics, or to symptoms.
Semeiotics [se-ine-ot' -iks) \_G///iEiov, sign]. The science
of symptomatology.
Semelincident [seiii-el-in'-sid-ent) [_se///el, once ; incid-
ere, to happen]. Happening only once ; a qualifica-
tion applied to certain diseases which, as a rule, occur
but once in the same individual, as, e. g., small-
pox.
Semen [se'-iiien) [serere, to sow: gen., se»iinis~\. The
fecundating fluid of the male, chiefly secreted by the
testicles, composed of the liquor seminis, the seminal
granules, and spermatozoa. For testing for semen in
medico-legal examinations, see Lassaigne' s Test, in
Tests, Table of. S. contra, worm-seed. See Santonica.
S. multiplex. Same as Sporiderui.
Semester (sc-ines' -ter) \_semesiris, half yearly ; sex, six ;
iiiensis, month]. A period of six months.
Semi- [seiii'-e-) \_sei>ii, one-half]. A prefix to denote
the half of anything.
Semiacid (sein-e-as'-id) \_se»ii, half; acidum, acid].
Half acid.
Semiadherent [seni - e - ad -lie' - rent) [icw/, half ; ad-
lucrere, to adhere]. In biology, having the lower
half adherent, as a seed.
Semiaquatic ( sent - e - a - kwat'- ik ) \jemi, half ; aqua,
water]. In biology, growing, or living close to the
water, and having the capacity for existence either
within it or out of it.
Semiarticulate i^sem-e-ar-tik' -u-lat) [j^/;//, half ; artic-
a joint]. Loose-jointed.
Semibulb {sem' -e-biilb) \_seniibHlbiis, half bulb]. Either
half of the bulbus vestibuli of the corpus spongiosum
of the clitoris.
Semicartilaginous {sem-ik-ar-til-aj' -in-iis) \_semi, half;
cartilago, ^x\'r,\\&\. Gristly; partially cartilaginous.
Semi-castration {sein - e - kas - tra' - shun) \jemi, half;
castrare ,\.o cut]. The removal of one testicle.
Semicaudate [se/n-ik-azv' -ddt) [sevii, half ; cauda,
tail]. In biology, having a rudimentary tail.
Semicell [seui' -is-el) [.f(V«?', half ; (("//a, a small room].
In biology, one of the halves into which a cell is nearly
divided by constriction in the middle, as in Desi/ii-
diacete. Called also half-cell.
Semicephalus [sem-is-ef -al-tis). See Anencephabis .
Semicircular {sem-e-sir' -kti-lar) \semi, half; circulus,
a circle]. Having the form of a half-circle. S.
Canals. See Canal.
Semicircumference (sem-e-sir-kum' -fer-eus) \_semi, half ;
circumfere, to carry around]. Half the circumference
of a circle.
Semiconscious {sem-ik-on' -shiis) \semi, half ; conscius,
knowing]. Half-conscious ; partially conscious.
Semicordate {son- e - kor'- dat) \semi, half; cor, a
heart]. Having the form of a lateral half of a heart.
Semicorneous (sem-ik-or' -ne-iis) \semi, half; corneus,
horny]. Partly horny.
Semicostiferous {sent - ik - as - iif- er - us) \_semi, half ;
costa, rih; fen'e,\.o bear]. Having a .costal demi-
facet.
Semicretin (seni-e-kre' -tin) \_semi, half ; cretin"]. A
person having a form of cretinism in which the rudi-
ments of language have been developed. Intellection
reaches only to the most ordinary bodily wants.
Semicupium {sem-e-kid -pe-uni) \_seini, half ; ci/pa, tub].
A half- bath, hip-bath, or sitz-bath.
SEMIFLEXION
1314
SEMPER'S METHOD
Semiflexion (^sem-e-flek' - shun) \_seini, half; flexion, a
flexion]. A posture half-way between flexion and
extension.
Semi-floret {sem-if-lo' -ret) \_semi , half ; flos, flower].
In biology, a ligulate floret in Coinpositic.
Semi-fiosculous, Semi-flosculose {sein-if-los' -kn-liis,
se'tn - if - los' - kit - Idz) \senii, half; floseuliis, a little
flower]. In biology, having all the florets ligulate in
a head of Coinposita: .
Semi-globose {sem-e-glo' -boz) \jeini, half; globus, a
ball]. Hemispheric.
Semilunar [se/>i-e-lti' -nar) \^seiiii,ha\{ ; Inna, moon].
Resembling a half-moon in shape. S. Bone, one of
the carpal bones. S. Cartilages, two interarticulating
cartilages of the ■ knee. S. Fold, the conjunctival
folding at the inner canthus. S. Ganglia. See
Ganglia. S. Notch, a notch in the scapula through
which the supra-scapular nerve passes. S. Space of
Traube, that portion of the left inferior anterior
thoracic region corresponding to the tympanitic reson-
ance of the stomach. S. Valves. See Valves.
Semiluxation [sein-e-liiks-a' -shun) \_seiiii, half; luxits,a.
luxation]. Subluxation.
Semimembranosus {sc7n - e - viem-bra-no' -sus). See
Museles, Table of.
Semimembranous (sem-e-inein' -bra-nus) \_seini, half ;
meinbranosus, like a membrane] . Formed partly of
membrane.
Semi-metal (sem-e-met' -aV). See ATetalloid.
Semi-molecule [sem-e-mol' -e-kfd) \semi, half; mole-
ciile'\. A radicle having in composition one-half the
molecules it had in the free state.
Semi-mute (se)n' -e-mftt) [^cw/, half ; 7mite'\. A person
whose speech is imperfect by reason of impairment of
the hearing. One who has lost his hearing by acci-
dent or disease after having acquired the use of articulate
speech. Semi-mutes differ from deaf-mutes in having
the ability to express themselves orally, and in their
natural mode of thought, which is in words and not
in gestures.
Semina [sem' -in-ah). Plural of Semen, q. 7'.
Seminal (^fw'-/;/-*// ) seed]. Pertaining to the
semen. S. Cells. See Cell. S. Granules. See
Granules. S. Tubes. See Tube. S. Vesicles.
See X^esiculiv semitiales.
Semination [sent - in - a' - shu72) [seniinatio, a sowing].
The intromission of semen into the uterus. In biology,
the production of seeds ; also their dissemination.
Seminervosus (sem-in-er-vo' -stis). See Setnitendinostis.
Seminiferous (sem-iji-if -er-us) \_semen, seed; ferre,
to carry]. Carrying semen. S. Scale, in botany,
the scale bearing the ovules in Conifercr. S. Tubules,
the small, convoluted canaliculi of the testicles. (See
illustration in adjacent column).
Seminific ( sem-in-if -ik) \_setiien, semen; faeere, to
make]. Producing semen.
Seminulum (sein-in' -u-lum) [dim. of semen, seed]. A
little seed ; a spore.
Seminuria [sem - in - u^ - re- ah) \_semen, seed; ovpov,
urine]. The presence of semen in the urine.
Semiology {se-me-oF -o-je). See Semeiology.
Semiotic \se-me-ot' -ik). See Se?neiotie.
Semiovate [seni-e-o' -vat) \semi, half ; ovum, ovum].
Having the form of a lateral half of the longitudinal
section of an egg. The qualification may be applied
to either flat or solid bodies.
Semioxidized (sem-e- oks'- id-izd) \_semi,h3\^; b^i'C,
sharp]. Containing half the amount of oxygen for
complete oxidization.
Semipalmate ( sem - e - pal'- mat ) \_semi, half ; palina,
palm]. Having the toes or fingers half-webbed.
Semiplegia {sem-ip-le' -je-ah). See Hemiplegia.
Semiplume (sem' -ip-lum) \_semi, half ; //«W(7, a small,
soft feather]. In biology, a feather having a penna-
ceous rhachis and a plumulaceous web.
Semipronation [sem-ip-ro-na' -shun) \_semi, half ; pro-
natus, prone]. The assumption of a semiprone, or
partly prone position ; an attitude of semisupination.
Semiprone (sem' -ip-ron) \_sejiii, half ; pronus, bent].
Half prone. S. Posture. See Postures, Table of.
Semiptosis (sem-ip-to' -sis) {_semi, half ; Trrwtrzf, a fall-
ing] . Partial ptosis.
Semipupa (scm-ip-u' -pah) \semi, half; pupa, pupa:
//. , Semipup(x\. Same as Fseudopupa or Propupa.
Semisideratio (sem-is-id-er-a' -she-d). Synonym of
Hemiplegia.
Semispeculum (sem -is-pek' -u-lum) [semi, half; specu-
lum, a mirror]. An instrument for inspecting the
bladder in lithotomy.
Semispinalis (sem-is-pi-na' -lis). See Muscles, Table of.
Semissis (sem-is'-is) [L.]. One-half.
Semisulcus (sem - is- ul'- kus ) [,r^/«?', half; sulcus,?.
sulcus]. A name of various grooves, forming sinuses
in the cranial bones.
Semisupination (sem - is-ti-pin - a' ■ shuji) [semi, half;
supinare, to bend backward]. The assumption of a
position half-way between supination and pronation.
Semita (sem'-it-ah) \jemita, a narrow way, a path: //.,
Semitir\ In biology, an ambulacra-like area bearing
clubbed spines, in spatangoid sea-urchins.
Semitendinosus (sem-it-en-din-o' -sus). See Muscles,
Table of.
Semitendinous (sem-it-en' -diii-us) \semi, half ; tendo,
a tendon]. Partially tendinous.
Semitertian (sem-it-er' -shan) \se171i, half ; tertius, third].
Partly tertian and partly quotidian (applied to intermit-
tent fevers).
Semolina (sem-o- le'-nah). See Semolino.
Transverse Section of Seiviiniferous Tubule from
Human Testicle.
a. Membrana propria, b. Zone of parietal cells, c. Mother-
cells undergoing division, d. Daughter-cells, 01 spermato-
blasts, e. Partially-developed spermatozoa, f. Surround-
ing inter-tubular connective tissue. {After Piersol. )
Semolino (sein-o-le'-no) [It.]. A kind of coarse flour
or grits prepared from hard wheat.
Semper's Method. A method of making dry prepara-
tions for exhibition or class-room purposes. It^ is
especially adapted for the preservation and exhibition
of dissections. The animal, e. g., a mouse, is dis-
sected so as to show the desired organs. It is then
hardened by chromic acid ; after hardening, it is re-
moved and thoroughly washed in water. It is then
SEMPERVIRENT
1315
SENSITIVIZATION
transferred from one to another of a series of alcohols,
until it reaches 96 per cent, to 98 per cent., the object
being to remove all the water. From the strong
alcohol it is transferred to spirit of turpentine, where
it remains until thoroughly impregnated, after which it
is simply dried in the air, when it will be found to have
a soft kid-like texture, not easily broken. The various
organs can now be painted suitable colors and the pre-
paration labeled for use.
Sempervirent [se/n-per-iii' -rent)\je??iper, always; virere,
to be green]. Evergreen.
Senary [sen' -ar-e) [seiiarius, consisting of six each].
In sixes.
Seneca Snake-root. See Senega. S. Oil, Petroleum
(so-called because found near Lake Seneca). .
Senecin [sen' -es-in) \_seneeio, groundsel]. A precipi-
tate from a tincture of Senecio gracilis; diaphoretic,
emmenagogue, febrifuge, pectoral, tonic. Dose I to
3 grains.
Senecio [se-ne' -se-o) \_senex, an old man]. Groundsel,
a genus of composite-flowered plants, said to contain
960 species, many of them medicinal. S. aureus.
See Life-root. S. gracilis, a slender species, gener-
ally regarded as a variety of S. aureus. S. jacobaea,
ragwort, or ragweed, tonic and astringent.
Senectus [se-nek' -tus) \_senex,o\A\ Old age.
Senega [sen' -e-ga) [L. ; gen., Senegec']. The root of
Polygala senega (called also Seneca snake-root), with
properties due to a glucosid, senegin (or polygalin),
CjjHj^Ojg. It is expectorant and diuretic ; in large
doses a gastro-intestinal irritant, and is useful in bron-
chitis, typhoid pneumonia, asthma, etc. S., Ab-
stractum. Dose gr. v-x. S., Fid. Ext. Dose TTLx
-XX. S., Infus. (B. P.) Dose gj-ij. S., Syr.,
contains fld. ext. 160, water of ammonia 4, sugar 600,
water ad 1 000 parts. Dose ^j-ij. S., Tinct. (B.P.)
Dose 3j-ij.
Senegal-root [sen' -e-gal-rut). The root of Cocczilus
bakis.
Senegin [sen' -e-gin) \_senega, senega]. An amorphous
glucosid obtained from Senega. It is soluble in water,
making a frothy solution, and is sternutatory. It con-
tains sapogenin and sugar.
Senescence [se-nes' -ens) [_senex, old]. The condition
or time of growing old. Senility.
Senile [se'-ni/ ) [seniiis, o\d^. Pertaining to or having
the nature of old age. Arcus senilis. See A reus.
5. Chorea. See Paralysis agitans. S. Gangrene.
See Gangrene.
Senility [se-nil'-it-e) \_senex, old]. The weakness and
decrepitude characteristic of old age.
Senn's Bone-plates. [After Nicholas Senn, surgeon.]
Plates of decalcified bone used in intestinal anasto-
mosis. S. 's Test, the introduction of hydrogen gas
into the bowel through the rectum, for the detection
and localization of an abnormal opening.
Senna [sen'-ah] [Ar., sena, senna]. The leaflets of
Cassia aciitifolia and C. elongata. Senna contains a
complex glucosid, cathartic acid (Cig^HjgjNjSOgj), and
other extractives. It is an excellent cathartic for
children and infants. S., American. See Cassia
marilandica. S., Confectio, senna lo, coriander
' 6, cassia fistula 16, tamarind 10, prune 7, fig 12,
sugar 50, water 60 parts. Dose 3j-ij. Known as
" Tamar Indien " and "Tropical Fruit Laxative."
S., Fid. Ext. Dose 3). S., Infus. (B. P.) Dose
,^j-ij. S., Infus., Comp., "black draught," senna
6, manna, magnesium sul])hate aa 12, fennel 2, water
looparts. Dose ,^j-iij. S., Mist., Comp. (B.P.)
Dose ,^j-ij. S., Syr., senna 33, sugar 60, alcohol 4,
oil of coriander and water to 100 parts. Dose ss-ij.
S., Tinct. (B. P.) Dose gj-iv.
Sennacrol [sen' -ak-rol )\_hx . , sena, senna ; acris, sharp].
A bitter principle obtained from senna.
Sennapicrin [sen-ap-ik' -rin) [Ar., sena, senna ; niKpoi;,
bitter]. An insoluble bitter principle obtained from
senna.
Sennine [sen' -in) [after Nicholas Senn, surgeon]. A
proprietary preparation described as a chemically pure
product of boric acid and phenol. It is a fine, *hite
powder, odorless, slightly astringent, and of sweetish
ta.ste. It is antiseptic, antizymotic, bactericidal, deo-
dorant, and disinfectant.
Senocular [sen-ok' -u-lar) \_sex, six ; oculiis, an eye].
In biology, having six eyes.
Sensation [sen-sa' -shiin) \_sensatio ; sentire, to feel].
The cognizance or perception of an impression com-
ing from an external source by means of the peripheral
organs of sensation.
Sense [sens) \_sensiis ; sentire, to feel]. The faculty of
the nervous system whereby impressions of the ex-
ternal world are received by the mind. Organs of
the Senses are those of touch, taste, smell, hearing,
and sight. S.-body, a peripheral sense-organ. S.-
capsule, the hollow cup-like receptacle of a peripheral
sense-organ. S.-club. See Rhopaliutn. S. -epithe-
lium, a tract of epithelium having some specialized
function of sensation. S. -filament, the thread-like
peripheral termination of a sensory nerve-fiber. S.-
organ, the peripheral termination of a sensory nerve.
S. -scale. See Sqnajna rhopalaris. S.-seta, the
bristle-like termination of a peripheral sensory nerve-
fiber. S. -shock, a condition observed in hysteric
women and overworked men, and occurring at the
moment of waking from sleep. A sensation like
an aura rises from the feet or hands, and, passing
upward to the head, disappears in the sense of a blow
or shock, or of a bursting in the head. It is of no
serious significance. S. -sinus, one of the antra-
rhopalaria ; a hollow containing a compound sense-
organ, or rhopalia, q. v.
Sensibility [seji-sib-iU -it-e) \_se}tsibilitas'\. The capa-
bility of receiving and transmitting impressions, and
of being conscious of them. S., Organic, the capa-
bility of transmitting and receiving impressions with-
out being conscious of them (Bichat). S., Range
of. See Feckner's Law. S., Transference or
Externalization of. See Sensitivi'zatio7z.
Sensible (sen'-sib-l) \_sensibiiis'\. Perceptible by the
senses ; capable of receiving an impression through
the senses. Endowed with the sense of feeling.
Sensiferous [sen-sif -er-us) [sensiis, sense; ferre, to
bear]. Conveying a sensation, or sense-impression.
Sensigenous ( sen-sij'-en-iis ) \_sensus, sense ; gigiiere,
to produce]. In biology, giving rise to a sensory
impulse.
Sensitive [sen' -sit-ill) \_sensitivtis'\. Capable of feeling ;
reacting to stimulus. S. Dentine, a hypersensitive
condition of the dental structure of the teeth, due to
distal irritation of the tubular fibrils.
Sensitiveness [sen' -sit-iv-nes) \_sentire, to perceive].
In biology, responsive to external stimulus or irrita-
tion.
Sensitivity [sen - sit - iv' - it - e) \_sensititnts , sensitive].
Acuteness of the perception, or discrimination of
sensations ; capacity of receiving sense-impressions.
Sensitivization [sen-sit-iv-iz-a' -sJiiin) \jensitivus , sensi-
tive]. A phenomenon, real or supposed, occurring
during hypnotic sleep, in which by action upon
objects or strata of the atmosphere these are seem-
ingly endowed with power to affect the patient as if
he himself were acted upon. This condition is
called also Externalization of Sensatioji, Transfer-
ence of Sensibility , etc.
SENSORIAL
1316
SEPTOCHEMIA
Sensorial [sen-so' -i-e-al) \_se}tsoriu»i, the organ of sen-
sation]. Pertaining to the sensorium or to sensory im-
pressions.
Sensori-digestive {sen' -so-re-di-jcs' -tiv') {_sensoyius, sen-
sory ; digesth'us, digestive]. Pertaining to or con-
cerned in sensation and digestion.
Sensori-motor {sen' -so-i-e-iiio' -tor^ \_senstis, feeling;
motor, mover]. Concerned in the phenomena of feel-
ing and muscular contraction ; both sensory and motor.
S. Centers, sensory centers which are also motor, or
are intimately associated with the motor centers.
Sensorium [sen-so' -re-nm) [L.]. The common center
of sensations. More especially that part of the brain
that is the seat of sensation, in distinction from the
centers of thought and motion. The mechanism of
sensation considered in toio.
Sensori-volitional [sen' -so-riv-o-lisk' -un-al) [sensus,
sense; volitio, willing]. Pertaining to or concerned
in sensation and volition.
Sensory {sen' -so-re) \_sen/ire, to feel]. Pertaining to
or conveying sense or sensation ; having the quality
of sensation. S. Aphasia, ^ee Aphasia. S. Nerves,
those that convey sensations or impressions from the pe-
riphery to their proper centers, being afferent in func-
tion, in distinction from motor nerves, which are effer-
ent. Also, the nerves of the special senses. S. Nerve-
fiber, a centripetal nerve-fiber conveying sensory im-
pulses. The fibers of this kind may be: (l) General,
conveying to the nerve-centers, in the brain impulses
of an indeterminate or general character ; or (2)
Special, conveying to the nerve-centers in the brain
impulses that cause visual, auditory, gustatory, olfac-
tory, tactile, or thermal sensations.
Sensualism {sen' -sii-al-izni) \se)isns, sense]. The con-
dition or character of one who is controlled by the
animal passions.
Sensus {sen'-sns) [L,]. Sense; feeling. S. com-
munis, the state of the consciousness or sense of nor-
mal sensations at any one time. See Cenesthesia.
Sentient {sen'-s/ie-ent) \_scnfi?-e, sentiens, to feel].
Having sensation ; conscious of feeling.
Sentisection {sen-tis-ek' -shun) [senfire, to feel ; sectio,
section]. Painful vivisection ; vivisection of an ani-
mal not under the influence of anesthetics.
Sepal {sep'-a/) \jepalunu sepal]. I. One of the leaflets
or divisions of the calyx of a flower. 2. In the anat-
omy of the lower animals, certain thin, leaf-like
organs are also called sepals.
Sepalody {sep' -al-o-de] \sepal, fr. separ, different, sep-
arate]. Reversion of petals into sepals.
Separating and Closing. Certain concentric Swedish
movements intended to develop the chest and other
parts of the body.
Separator {sep' -ar-a-tor). An instrument for separating
the teeth.
Separatorium {sep-ar-n-to' -re-uni) [^separa?-e, to sepa-
rate]. In pharmacy , a strainer. In surgery, an instru-
ment for separating the pericranium from the skull.
Sepia {se'-pe-ah) \_ntjTvia, the cuttle-fish]. I. The ink or
black secretion of the common cuttle-fish ; used as a
pigment. 2. .See Sepiost.
Sepicolous {sep-ik' -o-lus) \_sepes, a hedge ; colere, to in-
habit]. In biology, growing in hedge-rows.
Sepiost {se'-pe-osl) [ff?;7r(o, the cuttle-fish ; off-f ov, bone] .
In biology, the endoskeleton of the cuttle-fish {Sepia] ;
cuttle-fish bone, sepium, is sometimes prescribed as
an antacid and used in dentifrices.
Sepium {se'-pe-um) \_GriTnov, the bone of the cuttle-fish].
Same as Sepiost.
Sepometer {sepoin' -et-er) \cifiTmv, to putrefy ; fifTpov,
measure]. An apparatus for detecting organic im-
purities in the air.
Sepsin {sep' -sin) [uz/Trfn', to make rotten]. A poisonous,
nitrogenous, crystallizable substance obtained by Berg-
mann and Schmiedeberg (l868) from the yeast of
putrefying beer. See Ptoinains, Table of.
Sepsis {sep' -sis) [d/yi/ja ]. A toxic or putrefactive condi-
tion. Infection by pathogenic germs.
Septa {sep'-tah). Plural of Septum.
Septal {sep'-tal) [septum, septum]. Pertaining to a
septum. S. Gland. See under Gland.
Septan {sep' -tan) \jeptem, seven]. Recurring on the
seventh day. A malarial fever in which the par-
oxysms occur every seventh day.
Septate {sep' -tat) \_septum, a fence]. Possessing septa
or partitions.
Septemia, Septaemia {sep-te'-me-ah). See Septieeinia.
Septenate {sep'-ten-at) \septeni, seven apiece]. In
biology, having seven parts or the parts in sevens.
Septic {sep'-tik) [(7?;7rr;K:of ; oi/TTcn', to putrefy]. Re-
lating to putrefaction. S. Infection, infection with
pathogenic microorganisms. S. Intoxication, absorp-
tion of septic matter. S. Pestilence. Synonym of
the Plague, i]. v.
Septicemia, Septicaemia {sep-tis-e' -me-ah) [(T?/7rrof,
putrid ; o5//a. blood], A condition induced by the ab-
sorj)tion of septic products. /^'<?;;//« is septicemia plus
the formation of secondary or embolic abscesses. S.,
Phlebitic. See Pyemia.
Septicemic or Septicaemic {sep-tis-e' -mik) [ciitttii^^
putrid ; ajjia, blood]. Of the nature of, affected with,
or pertaining to, septicemia.
Septicidal {sep-tis-i' -dal ) [septum, a fence ; ccedere, cut].
In biology, applied to that form of capsular dehiscence
in which the opening takes place along the line of junc-
tion of the carpels. Cf. Loculicidal.
Septicin {sep' -tis-in) [urjivToi;, putrid]. A ptomain re-
sembling quinin and obtained from decaying flesh.
See Ptomains, Table of. -,
Septicity {sep-tis'-it-e) [crz/Trrof, putrid]. Septic quality.
Septico-pyemia {sep-tik-o-pi-e'-7iie ah) [pij-roi;, putrid;
■Kvov, pus ; aijia, blood]. The condition of combined
septicemia and pyemia ; septic and purulent infec-
tion. S., Spontaneous, Leube's term for a form of
pyemia which comes on without obvious cause, or is
perhaps preceded by a fall or a slight skin-wound, and
is attended with pain and tenderness in joints and
muscles, ecchymosis of the conjunctiva, vesicles in the
skin containing blood, high temperature, swelling of
the spleen, albuminous urine, delirium, cramps, invol-
untary discharges and coma. It is called cryptogenetic
septicemia by Jiirgensen.
Septiferous {sep-tif -er-us) [septum, a fence; ferre,io
bear]. In biology, having a septum. Same as Sep-
tate.
Septifolious {sep-tif -0' -le-us) [septem, seven; folium, a
leaf]. In biology, having seven leaves.
Septiform {sep' -tif-orm) [septum, an inclosure ; forma,
form]. Having the form or function of a septum.
Septifragal {sep-tif -ra-gal) [septum, an inclosure;
frangere, to break]. In biology, applied to that form
of capsular dehiscence in which the opening takes
place lengthwise along the middle of each carpel.
Septile {sep' -til) [septum, an inclosure]. In biology,
pertaining to septa.
Septin {sep'-tin) [fT;/--of , putrid]. A poisonous sub-
stance developed as the ultimate product of putrid fer-
mentation of organic matter. According to Rich-
ardson, a contagious principle derived from any ani-
mal secretion.
Septivalent {sep - ti-''- al - ent) [septem, seven ; valens,
valere, to be worth]. Having an atomicity of seven.
Septochemia {sep-to-ke' -me-ah) [af/fig, sepsis ; /'//'"'ii
chemistry]. Septic action.
SEPTODIARRHEA
1317
SERO-
Septodiarrhea {sep-io-di-a)--e' -ah) [uz/i/'^f, sepsis ; di-
arrliea'\. Septic diarrhea.
Septodysenteria [sep-to-dis-en-ter' -e-ali') [crf/ij-'ig, sepsis;
d]'Si'i!^t'iy~\. Septic dysentery.
•Septometer (scp-toin^ -cl-er) \_scptiii?i, septum, or arjiTToq,
putrid ; jitrpav, measure]. I. An instrument for deter-
mining tlie thickness of the nasal septum. 2. An
apparatus for determining organic impurities in the air.
Septon fySep'-ton') [cr//!/'/f, sepsis]. A liypothetic fer-
ment supposed to cause a contagious disease.
Septonasal [sep-fo-na'-zal) \_septuin, septum; nasiis,
nose]. Pertaining to the nasal septum.
Septo-pneuma [sep-to-nn' -mah) [(7/;/rrof, putrid ; ■kvev-
fia, air]. A microorganism said to have been found
in cemetery-air, and to cause typhoid symptoms in the
living.
Septopyra fySep-to-pi' -rali) . Synonym o{ Septicemia.
Septulate (sep' -lu-lat)\_septiihim, a little partition]. In
biology: I. Having a small septum or septa; 2.
Having imperfect or false septa.
Septulum [sep'-tu-luiii) \\^. : pi., Sipfiiia'\. A small
septum.
Septum (sep' -tuiii) [j^/w, to hem in : pL, Septa']. A
lamina or division- wall of bone, cartilage, or mem-
brane ; a partition, as the membrane or wall which
separates adjacent loculi in an ovary. S. auricu-
larum, the partition-wall between the right and
left ventricles of the heart. S. cerebelli, the falcula.
S. cerebri, the fal.x. S. cordis, the wall between the
two sides of the heart. S. crurale, the layer of areolar
tissue closing the femoral ring. S. linguae, the vertical
mesal partition of the tongue, which divides the mus-
cular tissue into two halves. S. lucidum, that between
the lateral ventricles of the brain. S. of the Nose, that
between the two nasal fossw. S., Pectiniform, that
between the lateral portions of the corpora cavernosa
of the penis. S., Recto-vaginal, the tissue forming
the partition between the rectum and the vagina. S.
scroti, the septum dividing the scrotum into two
cavities for the two testes. S., Subarachnoid. See
Space, Siibaraclmoid. S. of the Tongue, a vertical
layer of fibrous tissue extending the entire length
and depth of the middle line of the tongue. S.
transversum, the diaphragm, and also the tentorium
cerebelli. S. ventriculorum, the septum between the
two ventricles of the heart.
Septuplet [sep' -tic-plet^ \_septeni, seven]. One of seven
offspring born from a single gestation.
Sepulture (sep'- ul - tur) [sepn/tm-a ; sepelire, to en-
tomb]. The disposal of the dead by burial.
Sequel [se'-kwel). See Seqicela.
Sequela {se-kweV -ali) \_seqiti, to follow : //. , Sequelcr].
j The consequence or abnormal condition following an
injury or the abatement of a disease ; any diseased
or abnormal condition that follows an attack of disease
or an injury.
Sequence (se'-kwejts) \_seqiieiitia']. I. The order of oc-
! currence, as of symptoms. 2. A sequela.
1 Sequential [se-k-uien'-s/ia!) [sequentia']. Occurring as
. a sequence, as sequential insanity.
Sequestral (se-kwes'-ti-al) \jeqttestnan, sequestrum].
Pertaining to, or of the, nature of, a sequestrum.
Sequestration [se-/;ii'es-tra' -s/nin) [seqiiestratio, a se-
questration]. I. The formation of a sequestrum. 2.
The isolation or seclusion of lunatics or of persons
]i suffering from contagious disease.
Sequestrectomy (se-kwrs-irek' -tp-me) \seqtiestrum, se-
questrum ; EKToiii/, excision]. Excision of a seques-
trum.
Sequestrotomy {se-kwes-trot' -o-i>ie) [sequestrum, se-
questrum; Toiiij, section]. A cutting operation . for
the removal of a sequestrum.
Sequestrum {se-kwes' -trmii] \_seqiiestrare , to separate :
//. , Sequestra]. A detached or dead piece of bone
within a cavity, abscess, or wound. S., Primary,
that entirely detached and demanding removal. S.,
Secondary, one that is partially detached, and that
unless very loose may be pushed into place. S.,
Tertiary, cracked or partially detached and remain-
ing firmly in place.
Seralbumin iser-al' -bti-miji) \_senim, serum ; albumen,
albumin]. Serum-albumin; the albumin found in the
blood, in distinction from that of the egg, oval-
bumin.
Serempion [se-rem'-pe-on] [\V. Ind.]. A form of
epidemic measles encountered in the West Indies,
and causing great mortality, especially among
children.
Serene-drop {se-ren' -drop). See Gutta serena.
Serial (se'-re-al) [series, a succession]. Following in
regular order ; occurring in rows. S. Sections, ana-
tomic or microscopic sections made in consecutive or-
der. S. Symmetry, in biology, the resemblance of
metameres, as distinguished from bilateral symmetry,
the resemblance of parameres, or radial symmetry, the
resemblance of actinomeres.
Seriate [se'-re-at) [seriare, to arrange in a series]. In
biology, to arrange in a series or connected sequence.
Sericeous (se-ris'-e-us) [aripiKog, silken]. With a pubes-
cence of very fine, silky hair.
Sericeps {ser'-is-eps) [ar/piKO^, silken ; forceps, forceps].
A device made of loops of ribbon, used in place of
the forceps in making traction upon the fetal head.
Sericin (ser' -is-in) [piipmoc,, silken]. Silk gelatin.
Sericission (ser-is-isli' -un) [ai/piKoc, silken ; scindere, to
cut]. The cutting of tissues by means of a thread.
Sericterium [ser - ik - te' - ri - iidi) [(j///«/>:of, silken : //. ,
Sericteria]. In biology, the spinning-gland, or silk-
gland, of an insect.
Sericulture (i-^r'-Z/'-wZ-rZ/wr) [(T/;p«iOf, silken; ciiltura,
culture]. The rearing of silk- worms for their silk.
Sericum {ser' -ik-ttiu) [_a//ptK6c, silken]. Silk (q. v.).
Sericum was formerly much prescribed as a cordial,
tonic, nervine, and as a restorative of the memory,
reason, and reproductive power. It was an ingredient
of various electuaries.
Series (se'-!-e-ez) [L.]. A succession or chain of simi-
lar parts, or activities. S. dentium, a row of teeth.
S., Numbering Parts in, the rule almost univer-
sally followed is to commence with the part at the
proximal, or at the cephalic aspect, e.^if., the most
cephalic vertebra (atlas) is number one. The shoulder-
girdle is the proximal segment of the pectoral limb.
Serifluxus [se-rif- Inks' - us) [serum, serum ; flu.xus,
flow: //. , serijluxus]. Any serous or watery dis-
charge, or a disease characterized by such a dis-
charge.
Serin (ser'-in), CH,,(OH).CH(NH,,).CO,^H. Amido-
glycerol, obtained by boiling serecin with dilute sul-
phuric acid, HjSO^. It forms hard crystals, soluble in
water, but jnsoluble in alcohol and ether.
Seringos [ser-in' -gos). A form of suppurative dysen-
tery, peculiar to South Africa.
Serious [se'-re-us) [serins, grave]. Applied to such
morbid conditions or symptoms as indicate a grave
prognosis.
Sero- (se' -ro-) [scriini, serum]. A prefix denoting
connection with or relation to serum. S. -cystic, con-
taining cysts filled with serum. S. -fibrinous, con-
stituted of both serum and fibrin. S. -gelatinous,
having the nature of both serum and gelatin. S.-
purulent, pertaining to or being of the nature of a com-
bination of serum and pus. S.-pus, a fluid which con-
sists of serum and pus. S. -sanguineous, having
SERODERMATOSIS
1318
SESAME
the nature of both serum and blood. S. -synovial,
having the characters of both serum and synovia.
Serodermatosis [s('-)'o-der-i?iat-o' -sis) \_st'riiiii, serum ;
cif/i/za, skin ; rotraf, disease]. A skin-disease charac-
terized by serous effusion into the tissues of the skin.
Serodermitis [se-ro-der-mi' -lis) \_seruin, serum ; dipjia,
skin; (r/f, inflammation]. An inflammatory skin-
afifection attended with serous eftusion.
Sero-lactescent [se - ro - lak - tes'- ent) \_senni!, serum;
laitis, milk]. Having the characters of both serum
and milk. The secretion of Montgomery's glands is
said to be serolactescent.
Serolin [ser'- o - /in) \_serni?i, serum; oleum, oil]. A
fatty constituent of blood occurring in small amount,
and the nature of which is undetermined.
Sero-mucous [se-ro-mu' -kits) [serion, serum ; miiiiis,
mucus]. Having the nature of or containing both
serum and mucus.
Serophthisis {sc-roff'-this-is) \^seritm, serum ; <f>Oiaic, a
wasting]. An insufficient proportion of serum in the
blood. S., Endemic Pernicious. Synonym of
Be7'ihcri.
Sero-pneumothorax (se-ro-nu-tiio-fho'-raks) \_serum,
serum; nvevfia, air; dupa^, thorax]. Pleurisy with
serous effusion, associated with pneumothorax.
Serosa (sc-ro'-sak) \_seyti»i, serum]. The delicate mem-
brane of connective tissue, lining closed cavities of
the body. A serous membrane.
Sero-serous (se-i-o-se' -rus) \serum, serum]. Pertain-
ing jointly to two or more serous membranes.
Serosity [se-ros'-i/-e) \_senaii, serum]. The quality of
being serous ; a serous fluid not the true secretion of
serous membranes.
Sero-sublimate Gauze {se-ro-siib'-lim-at gwivz). See
Listerian Method.
Sero-synovitis [se-vo-si-no-vi' -tis) \seritm, serum ;
synovitis\ A synovitis accompanied or marked by
an increase of the synovial fluid of the joint.
Sero-therapy (se-ro-ther' -ap-e)\_serum, serum ; ftepa-aa,
therapy]. The whey-cure. See, aho, Senim-i/iera/v.
Serotina (ser-o-ti' -nali). The portion of the decidua
that eventually becomes the site of the placenta. See
Decidiia serotina.
Serotinous [ser-of -in-tis) [_sei'otimes, late]. In biology,
coming late, or comparatively late in the season.
Serous {st-'-ms) \_seriiiii, serum]. Pertaining to, charac-
terized by, or of the nature of serum. S. Gland, a
Resting Serous Gland, Rabbit. {From Stirling.)
gland secreting serum. See Salivary Gland. S.
Membrane. See Me?nbrane.
Serpens (ser'-pe)iz) [L.]. Serpentine, sinuous ; creep-
ing. S., Ulcus, a fistulous ulcer ; a sinuous ulcer of
the cornea.
Serpentaria {ser-pen-ta' -re-ah) [L.]. Virginia .Snake-
root. The roots of Aristolorhia serpentaria, and A.
retieiilata. Its properties are due to a volatile oil, a
camphor-resin, and a bitter extractive. It is a stimu-
lant, tonic, and diaphoretic, promoting appetite and di-
gestion. It is used mainly as a vehicle for other medi-
cines. S., Ext., Fid. Dose tTLx-xxx. S., Infus.
(B. P.) Dose gj-ij. S., Tinct., lo per cent, in
strength. Dose ,^ss-ij.
Serpentine [ser' -pen-ten) \jeipens, serpent]. Sinuous.
Having a snake-like form or movement.
Serpent-poison [ser'-pent-poi'-zn). See Echidnin.
Serpiginous [ser-pij' -in-tis) {serpigo, ringworm]. Re-
sembling serpigo. Also, applied to such skin diseases
as move or creep progressively from one part to an-
other. S. Ulcer, one that changes its seat, or seems
to creep from one part to another.
Serpigo (^^r-Z/'-^o) [L.]. Ringworm. See Tinea.
Serra [ser'-ak) [L., a saw]. In biology, a saw or saw-
like structure. S. salvia, mountain sage, an herb of
the U. S., introduced as a substitute for quinin in the
treatment of periodic fevers. Also of service in
rheumatism, scarlet fever, and diphtheria. Dose of
the fluid extract .^^j-ij. Unof.
Serrate [ser' -at) {serra, a saw]. Provided with sharp
teeth or projections directed forward like the teeth
of a hand-saw.
Serratiform {scr-at' -if-onn) {serra, a saw ; forma, a
form]. Same as serrated.
Serration {ser-a' -shun) {serra, a saw]. In biology, the
state or condition of being serrate. A tooth of a
serrate border ; a set of serrate processes.
Serratus (scr-a' -tus). See Muscles, Table of.
Serre-fine [sar-fen') [Fr.]. A small suture used in
accurate apposition of the lips of a wound.
Serre-nceud [Fr.]. An instrument used in ligation.
Serres, Angle of. See Angle. S., Glands of. See
Gland.
Serriped (ser' -ip-ed) {serra, a saw ; pes, foot]. In
biology, having serrated feet, as certain insects.
Serrula (ser'-u-lah) [dim. of serra, a saw: //. , Serru-
laP^. In biology, one of the paired appendages placed
on either side of the copula of the Mud fish [Ainia)
and covered by the operculum.
Serrulate [ser'-u-lat) {serrula, iam. oi jdvra, a saw].
Minutely notched or serrated.
Sertoli's Cells. The cells in the testicles which give
origin to the spermatoblasts. S.'s column, the long
column or supporting cell holding the spermatozoa
together and formed by the breakdown of a mass of
daughter-cells in the seminiferous tubules ; identical
with Merkel's Stiitzzellen, La V aXXeiie' s Spermatogonien,
and Swaen and Masquelin's Cellules folliculaires.
Serum The yellowish fluid separating from
the blood after the coagulation of the fibrin. See
Blood. S. -albumin, a native albumin or proteid
con.stituent of the human body, especially of the
blood, differing from egg-albumin in several re-
spects. It is changeable into syntonin or acid-albu-
min by dilute hydrochloric acid, and by dilute alka-
lies into alkali-albuminate. S. -globulin. Set Para-
globulin. S. lactis, whey. S. -lutein, the pig-
ment contained in the serum from the blood of most
animals. Serum-lutein is bleached by the action of
light. S. -therapy: l. The treatment cff disease (as
tetanus) by injections of sterilized blood-serum from
immune animals. 2. See Whey-cure .
Serumuria [se-rurjt-u' -re-ah). See Albuminima.
Sesame (ses'-am-e). -See Sesamwn. S., Oleum,
Benne Oil, a fixed oil expressed from the seeds of
Sesamum indicutn, or Benne plant. It resembles
olive-oil in composition and properties and is em-
ployed mainly as a hair-oil.
SESAMOID
1319
SHACKLE
Sesamoid {ses' -ant-oid) \_a//aa/tnv, a grain ; eidof,
form]. Resembling a grain. S. Bones, small bones
(cartilaginous in early life) developed in tendons
submitted to much pressure.
Sesamoiditis (ses-a/zi-oi-di' -lis) [c/ycrtoor, a grain ; ttJof,
like; itiq, inflammation]. Inflammatory disease of
the sesamoid bones of the fetlock of the horse.
Sesamum [ses'-am-tim) \_c!>]aa^ov\ .gen., Sesami'\. A
genus of old-world plants, chiefly African. S. orient-
ale (or S. indicum) is widely cultivated for the oil
of its seeds ; called also beiine, til, etc. See Sesami,
Oleum.
Sesqui- [ses' -kwe-) [L. , one and one-half]. A prefix
denoting one and one-half.
Sesquialter (ses-kive-al' -ter) \jesqui, one-half more ;
alter, another]. In biology, a large spot with a
smaller one in the center ; a sesquiocellus.
Sesquibasic (ses-ku<e-ha' -zik) \jtsqiii- , oxi^-\\2\{ more;
fiaat^, base]. Applied to salts formed from a tribasic
acid by the replacement of three atoms of hydrogen
by two of a basic element or radicle.
Sesquiocellus [ses-kwe-o-sel' -us) \_sesijiii, one-half more ;
ocellus, a little eye: //. , Sesquiocelli^. In biology, a
large spot with a smaller one in the center of it ; a
sesquialter.
Sesquioxid {ses-kwe-oks' -id) one-half more;
of if, acid]. A compound of oxygen and another
element, containing three parts of oxygen to two of
the other element. S. of Iron, ferric oxid, a salt of
iron having the composition Fe.^Oj.
Sesquisalt (ses'-kwe-sau'lt) [^sesqui; WE., salt, salt].
A salt which contains one and one-half times as much
of a given radicle as a protosalt.
Sessile [ses^-il ) [_sessilis, sedere, to sit]. Attached by a
broad base ; not pedunculated ; e. g., ?l sessile tumor.
In biology, not stalked ; inserted directly on the axis,
as when a leaf-blade is attached directly to a stem.
S.-eyed, in biology, having eyes without stalks.
Seta (se'-tah) [seta, a bristle : //., Setts'^. In biology,
a stiff', stout, bristle-like appendage ; a chseta, vibrissa.
Setaceous {se-ta'-se-us) \_seta, a hair, a bristle]. In
biology, bristly, bristling, bristle-shaped.
Setaceum (se-ta'-se-um). See Seton.
Setiform [se'-tif-orm) [seta, a bristle ; forma, form].
Bristle-like in shape.
Setigerous, or Setiferous {se-tif -er-us , se-tif -er-us)
[seta, bristle; gerere or ferre, to bear]. In biology,
bearing bristles or stifl hairs.
Setiparous [se-tip'-ar-us) [seta, a bristle ; parere, to
bear]. In biology, producing bristles or setae, e.g.,
certain glands.
Setireme (se' -tir-ein) [seta, a bristle; an oar].
In biology, applied to the leg of an aquatic insect or
other animal when beset with setas.
Seton [se'-ton) [jf'/^;, a bristle] . I. A thread, or skein
drawn through a fold of the skin, so as to maintain an
issue. 2. A sinus kept from healing by the introduc-
tion and drawing through it of a thread. S. -needle,
a needle used in passing a seton through the skin.
Setschenow's Inhibitory Center. A hypothetic cere-
bral mechanism for the inhibition of reflex movements.
It is supposed to be located in the corpora quadrigem-
ina and the oblongata.
Setula {set'-u-lah) [dim. of seta, a bristle: //., Setula\.
A diminutive bristle.
Seven [ME. , seven]. A numeral. S.-
bark, the plant Hydrangea arborescens. See Hydran-
gea, z^io Nine-bark. S. -day Fever. Synonym
of Relapsing Fever. S. -days' Disease. Synonym
of Trismus.
Sevum i^se'-vum) [L.: gen., Sevi^ Suet. The adipose
tissue or fat from the abdomen of the sheep, strained
and clarified. It is soluble in benzine and ether, and
consists mainly of stearin, with a small percentage of
palmitin and olein. It is used in the preparation of
ointments and liniments.
Sewage [su'-dj] [ME., sewer, a canal]. The hetero-
geneous substances constituting the excreta and waste
matter of domestic economy and the contents of drains.
It consists mainly of putrescent animal and vegetable
tissues, fecal matter, and urine — the latter in a state of
ammoniacal fermentation — mixed with water or dis-
solved in it. In the process of fermentation, marsh-
gas, ammonia, hydrogen sulphid, and other gases are
freely given oft, and as these are more or less soluble
in water, an ordinary water-trap only partially prevents
their passage. In addition, the constituents of the
solution are such as to form an excellent culture-fluid
for numerous pathogenic microbes, especially those
constituting the contagium of cholera, typhoid fever,
and similar diseases. S. -farming, use of sewage as
a manure. S. -fungus. See Beggiatoa alba under
Bacteria, Synonymatic Table of .
Sewer (su'-er) [ME., sewer, a canal]. A canal for the
removal of sewage. S.-air Throat, acute tonsillitis.
S.-gas, the mixture of air, vapors, and gases, which
emanates from sewers. It varies greatly in respect to
its pathogenic qualities. S.-g. Pneumonia. See
Pneumonia.
Sewerage (sii'-er-aj) [yiE.,sewer,a. canal]. The col-
lection and removal of sewage.
Sewing Spasm. See Spasm.
Sex- (seA's) [L.]. A numeral used as a prefix, meaning
six.
Sex (seh) [sexus, also secus, sex]. In biology, the
state or condition of being either male or female. See
Law, Kofacker-Sadler'' s.
Sexdigital, Sexdigitate {seks-dij' -it-al, seks-dij ^-it-at)
[sex, six ; digitus, a finger]. Having six fingers or
six toes.
Sexdigitism {seks-di/-it-izm) [sex, six ; digitus, finger] .
The condition of having six digits on a hand or foot.
Sexiferous {seks-if -er-us) [sex, six ; ferre, to bear].
Having sexual organs.
Sextan (seks^-tan) [sex, six]. A malarial fever in
which the paroxysms occur every sixth day.
Sextuplet (seks-tftp' -let) [sex, six]. One of six off-
spring from a single gestation.
Sexual {seks' -u-al) [sexus, sex]. Pertaining to sex.
S. Bondage, the dependence of one person upon
another of the opposite sex that is abnormal but not
perverse. S. Diseases, diseases of the sexual organs.
S. Intercourse, copulation. S. Inversion, a variety
of sexual perversion in which there is an abnormal
liking for a person of the same, instead of for one of
the opposite sex. S. Metamorphosis, a variety of
sexual perversion in which the individual has the
tastes and feelings and assumes the dress and habits
of the opposite sex. S. Selection. See Evolution.
Sexualia {seks-u-a'-le-ah). See Gonades.
Sexuality [seks-u-al' -it-e) [sexus, sex]. The collective
differences which in an individual make one male or
female.
Sexually {seks' -ii-al-e)[sexus, sex]. In a sexual manner.
Sexvalent {seks-va' -lent) [sex, si.x ; valere, to be worth] .
Having an atomicity of six.
Shab [shab). See Scab.
Shackle {shak'-l) [ME., schakkyl, shackle]. Some-
thing that hinders or confines. S. -joint, a variety of
articulation formed by passing a bony ring of one
part through a perforation of another part. It is seen
in the exoskeleton of some fishes. S.-vein, a vein
of the horse, probably the median antebrachial, from
which blood was formerly abstracted.
SHADOW
1320
SHELL
Shadow {shad'-o) [ME., schadowe, shadow]. A
phantom-cell, or skeletonized blood-cell, formed by
the removal of the hemoglobin from a red cor-
puscle. S.-test. See Retinoscopy-
Shaft [ME., shaft, shaft]. The trunk of any columnar
mass.
Shakes (skaks) [ME., shaken, to shake]. A popular
designation for Ague.
Shaking (sha'-king) [ME., shaken, to shake]. A
passive Swedish movement used in the treatment of
nervous affections. S. Cure, the treatment of disease
by a shaking or vibratory movement, advocated by
Charcot in paralysis agitans, by means of a vibrating
arm-chair. S. Palsy. See Paralysis agitans.
Shale (shfzl) \_G. , schate, 3, scale]. Clay with a fissile
structure. S. Naphtha. See Photogene. S. Oil.
See Benzine.
Shampoo [sham-poo') [Hind. ,A//(7ot/«<7, shampoo], i.
Synonym of Massage. 2. To lather, rub, or wash the
head.
Shampooing (sham-poo' -ing) [shampoo]. The per-
formance of massage with the application of a liniment
or other medicinal substance, and also in connection
with the Turkish bath.
Shank [ME., shanke, the bone of the leg]. The leg
from the knee to the ankle ; the tibia or shin-bone.
Shark [mp^Y'^^po?. jagged]. One of a large group of
sea-fishes constituting the order, Squalidce. S.-oil,
an oil prepared from the livers of various species of
shark. It is the lightest of the fixed oils, the specific
gravity ranging from .865 to .876. It is used in the
adulteration of cod-liver oil and for tanning.
Sharpey's Perforating Fibers. Transverse or perpen-
dicular periosteal fibers, most numerous in the superfi-
cial lamellte of spongy bones ; they are also present
Sharpey's Perforating Fibers. (From Stirling.)
in the interstitial lamellje of other bones, transfixing
the lamellae. Kolliker recognized a smaller, soft,
uncalcified, and a larger, partly calcified, variety.
Shavegrass (shav'-gras). See Sco7a-ing Push.
Shaven-beard Appearance. A peculiar appearance
of the enlarged intestinal glands in typhoid fever.
They are dark-red or reddish-gray in color, and marked
with fine white striations.
Shearing [slier' -ing) [ME., sheren, to clip]. I. The
overlapping of the cranial bones of the fetus during its
passage through the pelvis. 2. In biology, the result
of attrition of the incisorial region of the lower jaw
against the front of the upper jaw in aged persons who
have lo.st their teeth. Shearing takes place in propor-
tion as the upper jaw at its anterior arc is beaked, and
when present the articular surface of the condyloid
process is invariably at the anterior part. (Harrison
Allen.)
Shears [slierz) [ME., slieres, shears]. A large pair of
scissors. S., Bandage. Strong shears for cutting
bandages, usually bent at an angle.
Sheath (shelh) [ME., .s//^//;t', sheath]. An envelop;
a covering. In anatomy, applied to the coverings of
arteries, muscles, nerves, fascia, etc. S., Arach-
noidean, a delicate partition lying between the pial
sheath and the dural sheath of the optic nerve. S.,
Axis-cylinder. See Huxley's Layer. S., Capil-
lary, or S., Circumvascular, a wide lymphatic
tube surrounding some of the smallest blood-vessels.
S., Cellular. See Epiiieuriuiii. S., Cortical, the
bast-bundles. S., Dentinal, the structure lining the
dentinal canals. S., Dural, a strong fibrous mem-
brane forming the external investment of the optic
nerve. See Dura. S., Femoral. See Femoral.
S., Fibril, a sheath formed of connective-tissue
fibrils and surrounding individual nerve-fibers. S.
of Henle, an attenuated extension of the peri-
neurium investing the fibers composing funiculi of a
nerve-trunk ; it consists of a delicate fibrous en-
velop lined with endothelial plates, which in some
cases alone represent the entire sheath. S., Hux-
ley's. .See Iluxley' s Layer. S. , Lamellar. See
Perineurium. S., Leaf. See Vagina. S. of
Mauthner, a protoplasmic investing membrane be-
neath the neurilemma and the nodes of Ranvier,
passing inward to separate the myelin from the axis-
cylinder. S., Medullary, the myelin-sheath sur-
rounding the axis-cylinder. S., Myelin. Medul-
lary Sheath and jVeurilei/una. S., Nerve. See
Perineurium. S., Neumann's. See S., Dentinal.
S., Perivascular. See S., Capillary. S., Pial,
the extension of the pia which closely invests the
surface of the optic nerve. See Pia. S., Primi-
tive. See A^eurilemma. S., Root. See Poot-
sheath. S. of Schvi^ann. See N'etirilemma. S.,
Synovial, a synovial membrane which lines the
cavity attached to a bone and through which a
tendon glides. S., Tangential, the fibro-cellular
sheath surrounding the carotids.
Shed [ME., sheden, to shed]. To throw off.
Shedding (^//^(/'-z'w^'') [ME.,^//;';/^;/, to shed]. Throw-
ing off . S. Teeth, the teeth of the first dentition ; the
term is also applied to the loss of the first or temporary
set of teeth.
Sheep (ship) [ME., sheep, sheep]. A ruminant mam-
mal of the family Bo^-ida and genus Ovis. S.-bug.
Set Argas tholozani in Parasites [Animal), Table of.
S. -cough. See Hoose. Also Strongylus filaria, Ru-
Aa\T^\'\\,xmA&[ Parasites [Aiiimal), 7\jble of . S. Gad-
fly. See Oestrus ovis, L., under Parasites [Anitnal),
Table of . S. -laurel. Sea A'aluiia. S. -louse. See
Trichodeclis spharocephalus, Nitzsch, in Parasites [Ani-
mal), Table of. S.-pest, the sheep-tick. S.-pox,
a contagious pustular disease of sheep similar to cow-
pox. See Ovination. S. -sorrel, the leaves of com-
mon sorrel, Riimex acetosella. Their acidity is due
to potassium oxalate and tartrate. They are refrige-
rant and diuretic, and are useful as an antiscorbutic.
Dose of the infusion ad lib., of the fid. ext. 3j-ij-
Unof S.-tick. See Melophagus ovinus, under Para-
sites [Animal), Table of. S.s' Wool, a fine grade
of Bahama and Florida sponge. S.s'-wool Fat.
See Suint and Lanolin.
Sheet [shet) [ME., shete, sheet]. A large piece of
linen or cotton used as bed-clothing. S.-bath. See
Bath. S., Draw, a sheet so folded as to be placed,
or removed, from beneath the patient with the least
inconvenience.
Sheffield Grinders' Rot. Synonym of Pneumonokoni-
osis.
Shell [shel) [AS., seel: I)., schel, shell]. In biology:
I. A hard, bony, calcareous, chitinous or silicious
outer covering; a scale, husk, test, lorica, carapace,
elytron. 2. A thin or hollow structure, as the outer
ear. S. -follicle, the integumentary sac containing
the primitive shell of a mollusc. S. -gland, [a) the
SHELLAC
1321
SIAGONAGRA
shell-secreting gland of a mollusc ; (/>) a coiled tubu-
lar gland lying in the shell-fold or in the cephalo-
thoracic carapace, opening near the posterior maxillae
of a crustacean ; it is widely distributed among Ento-
mostnica. It acts as a renal organ. S., Hearing, a
small concave plate used to concentrate the sound-
waves in the ear.
Shellac {s/iel'-ak). See Lcic. S. Cement. See
Ceinetit.
Shells (she/-.) [ME., schelle, shell]. Tinted spectacles,
for protection of the eyes. Coquilles.
Shepherd's Purse. The Capsella bursa pastoris. A
common herb possessing tonic and stimulant and ac-
tive diuretic properties. Dose of the fluid extract
rr^xv-gj. Unof.
Sheringham Valve. See Ventilation.
Sherry Wine (sher'-e). See Vinuin xericiim.
Sherwood Oil. See Petroleum Ether.
Shield (shelJ) [ME., sheeld, shield]. I. A protective
structure or apparatus. 2. In biology, a protective
plate, scute, lorica, or carapace. S., Nipple, a protec-
tive covering for sore nipples. S. -shaped, same as
Sctttate or Peltate. S., Sims', an instrument used in
the application of wire sutures.
Shifting-type, Foerster's. See Foerster^s.
Shima-mushi [Jap.]. A Japanese
febrile disease supposed to be due to the bite of an
insect.
Shin [ME., shinne, shin]. The anterior margin of
the tibia or fore-part of the leg. S.-bone, the tibia.
Shingles [shing'-gles). A name for herpes zoster.
Ship Fever. Synonym of Typhus Fever, q. v.
Shiver [shiv' -er) [ME., ekiveren, to shiver]. A tremor
or shaking of the body. It may arise from a sense
of coldness, but it is often concomitant with or symptom-
atic of fevers, especially those of an infectious nature.
Shock [shok) [ME., schok, a shock]. The depression
or grave effect produced by severe injuries, operations,
or strong emotion. A relaxation or abolition of the
sustaining and controlling influence which the nervous
system exercises over the vital organic functions of the
body. It is the result of a profound impression made
on the cerebro-spinal axis, either directly through the
agency of an afferent nerve, or through the circulatory
medium. S., Deferred, that curious condition in
which the manifestations of shock, due not to severe
bodily injury but to purely mental causes, develop
after the lapse of some time from the occurrence. This
variety of shock may be even more profound than
that produced by bodily injury. S., Discharging,
a shock produced by a discharge of electricity. S.,
Electric, the physiologic effect produced upon an
organism by the opening or closing of an electric cir-
cuit in which it is included. S., Epigastric, the
result of a blow upon the epigastrium. S., Erethismic,
a form of shock attended with symptoms of excitement.
S., Fetal, the sensation produced by movements of
the fetus in utero. S., Railv^^ay, the mental impres-
sion produced by a railway accident. S., Secondary,
or Insidious, a second attack occurring after the first.
S., Sexual, shock caused by rape or coitus. S.,
Torpid, shock in which marked depression is a
prominent symptom. S., Traumatic, shock due to
traumatism.
Shoddy {shod'-e) [E. dial]. A material made from
fragments of cast-off woolen clothing torn into fibers
and re-spun into yarn. It is looser in texture than
miingo, which is made from remains of finer fragments,
such as old dress-coats, tailors' clippings, etc. S.
Fever or Disease, a febrile condition caused by the
inhalation of the dust arising in making " shoddy "
yarns and fabrics. It is characterized by feverishness,
headache, nausea, dryness of the mouth, dyspnea,
cough, and expectoration. See Fever.
Shoe [shic) [ME. , shoo, shoe]. A covering for the foot,
S., Club-foot, a shoe provided with braces for the
correction of talipes. S. -salesmen's Disease,
one of the occupation-neuroses, characterized by a
paradoxic paralysis of muscles (anterior tibial) that are
placed in extreme relaxation by the movements which
caused and intensified the paralysis. It is produced
by sitting on the heels while engaged in fitting shoes,
the feet being sharply flexed on the legs and the legs
on the thigh. Degenerative changes take place in the
muscles or nerve-endings. S., Sayre's. S&e Sayre.
S.-and-stocking Position. See Position. S.-boil,
in farriery, an enlargement at the point of the elbow,
the result of pressure of the heels upon the spot. It
is also called capped elbotv.
Shone's System. See Se-wage, Disposal of.
Short [ME., short]. Neither long "nor tall. S.
Breath. Synonym of Dyspnea. S. Circuit, a cir-
cuit in which an electric current encounters an ab-
normally small resistance. S. -sight. See Myopia.
Shortening (short' -en-ing) [ME., short, short]. The
process of making short.
Shot [ME., shot, a shot]. A projectile, especially a
ball or bullet ; anything thrown forth. S.-gun
Prescription, one with many ingredients, written
with the expectation that some one may prove cura-
tive. S.-gun Quarantine, the extemporized and
unauthorized establishment of a cordon against a place
suspected of being the seat of an epidemic of a com-
municable disease. S.-silk. See Retina.
Shoulder (shol'-der) [ME. , j<r/zf)/i/;v, shoulder]. The
popular designation for the scapulo-clavicular articu-
lation and adjacent parts. S. -blade, the scapula.
S. -girdle. See Girdle.
Show (sho) [ME., sckeive, a show]. A sanguino-serous
discharge from the birth-canal prior to labor ; the first
appearance of a menstrual flow.
Shower [shaii'-e?-) [ME., j/zo?/;-, shower]. A light fall
of rain. S.-bath. See Bath. S.-bath, Electric.
See Electric Sho7uer-bath .
Shrapnell's Membrane, the membrana flaccida ; the
skin-layer of the membrana tympani, with the mucosa
of the attic. See Membrane .
Shreds [ME., shrede, a shred]. Patches of filmy ma-
terial passed with the fecal discharges in some cases of
enteritis and diarrhea. They may be composed of
false membrane, of actual sloughs from the intestinal
mucosa, or of flakes of hardened mucus.
Shrivel (j//;7z/-/) [origin obscure]. To shrink in bulk
and become wrinkled.
Shriveled (shriv' -Id) [origin obscure]. Contracted into
wrinkles ; corrugated.
Shrub (shrub) [AS., scrob, a shrub]. I. A low, branch-
ing, woody plant ; a bush. 2. [Arab., sharab'\. A
drink, or cordial made of fruit-juice, often with the
addition of rum ; as currant, or raspberry shrub.
Shudder (shud'-er) [ME., schuderen, to .shudder]. A
convulsive but momentary tremor, caused usually by
fright, disgust, or nervous shock.
Shunt [ME., schunt\ In electricity, a conductor of
low resistance, joining two points in an electric current,
and completing a path through which the current will
pass.
Shurly-Gibbes Treatment. See Treatment, Methods
of-
Shuttle Pulse (shut' -I). See Conigaji'' s Pulse.
Siagon {si' -ag-07i) [aiaywv, a little jaw]. In biology,
the mandible of a crustacean.
Siagonagra (si-ag-on-a' -grah) \_aiayLv, jaw-bone ; aypa,
seizure]. Gouty pain in the maxilla.
SIAGONANTRITIS
1322
SIEVE
Siagonantritis {si-a;^-on-an-tri' -tis) \ciiayuv, the jaw-
bone ; ni'Tpor, antrum]. Inflammation within the
antrum of Highmore.
Siagonopod [si-ag-oii'-o-pod) [(T(aj (I)r, a little jaw ; Trodf,
foot]. In biology, the maxilla of a crustacean.
Sialaden (.v/-a/'-<7;/-('«) [m'a/'ioi', saliva ; d(5//v, a gland].
A salivary gland.
Sialadenitis {si-al-ad-en-i' -tis) \_ma'Kov^ saliva ; a&iiv,
gland; im;, inflammation]. Inflammation of a sali-
vary gland.
Sialadenoncus (si-al-ad-en-ong' -kiis) \aialov, saliva ;
a&i]v, gland; oyKog, a tumor]. A tumor of a salivary
gland.
Sialagogue (si-al' -ag-og). See Ptyalagogiie.
Sialaporia \si-al-ap-o' -re-ali) '[pia'kov, spittle]. De-
ficiency in the amount of saliva.
Sialin [si'-a/-in). .Same as Ptyalin.
Sialism, Sialismus lysi'-al-izni, si-al-iz' -imis). See
Ptyalism.
Sialisterium {si-al-is-te' -re-imi) [oiaTiiaTr/piov^ a bridle-
bit : //. , Sialis/eria'\. In biology, one of the salivary
glands of an insect.
Sialocinetic (si-al-o-sin-et' -ik) [cmAoi', spittle ; Kiveaig,
motion]. .Stimulating the flow of saliva.
Sialodes (si-al-o' -dez) \p'iaKov , saliva; EirSof, like].
Like saliva.
Sialodochitis (si-al-o-dd-ki'-tis) [cr/ra/or, spittle ; 6ox>lt
receptacle ; itiq, inflammation]. Inflammation of the
salivary ducts. S. fibrinosa, inflammation of a
salivary duct obstructed by a fibrinous exudate.
Sialodochium [si -al - o - do' - ke - urn) [a/o/'ioi', saliva;
^o\fin\\ receptacle]. A salivary duct.
Sialogogic {si-al-o-goj' -ik) \_ma},ov, spittle ; aywyd?,
leading]. I. A sialogogue. 2. Promoting a flow of
saliva.
Sialogogue (si-al' -o-gog') \csia\ov, spittle; ayuyoc, lead-
ing]. A ptyalogog.ue ; a drug producing a flow of
saliva.
Sialoid {si'-a!-oid) [ffi'aAo!', spittle ; eWoc, like]. Per-
taining to, or like saliva.
Sialolith, Sialolithus [si'-al-o-lith, si-al-o-lith' -us)
spittle; ?i6oc, stone]. A salivary calculus.
Sialo-lithiasis [si-al-o-lith-i' -as-is) \aia)\.ov, spittle ;
"k'lOoc, stone]. The presence of salivary calculi.
Sialoncus [si-al-oug' -kus) \oia\ov, spittle ; byKOC, a
tumor]. A tumor under the tongue, arising from the
obstruction of the duct of a salivary gland by calculus
or other cause.
Sialorrhea [si-al-or-e' -a) [aia'/iov, spittle ; po'ia, flow].
Salivation. S., Pancreatic, a flow of pancreatic
juice.
Sialoschesis [si-al-os'-kes-is) \_a'ia\ov, spittle ; ax^'J'C,
holding]. Suppression of the secretion of saliva.
Sialostenosis (si-al-o-sfe-iio'-sis) [aialov, spittle ; orf-
vof, narrow]. Occlusion of a salivary duct.
Sialosyrinx (si-al-o-si' -ringks) [aiaTMV, saliva ; avpty^,
tube]. I. A salivary fistula. 2. A syringe for
washing out the salivary ducts. 3. A drainage-tube
for the salivary ducts.
Sialozemia [si-al-o-ze'-me-ah) \_a'ia7i.ov, spittle ; Ci/uia,
loss]. Loss of saliva.
Siam Disease. See Fever, Yello^v.
Sibbens {sib'-enz) [Gael., siihhaiu raspberries]. A
disease formerly endemic in the Scotch highlands, by
some identified with syphilis, by others with yaws.
Siberian Plague [si-be' -re-an plag). See Plague.
Sibi {siiii'-be) [Fiji]. A Fiji term for elephantiasis or
a tumor of the leg or arm.
Sibilant (sib' -il-ant) [sibi/are, to hiss]. Articulating
with a hissing sound. Also, the nature of certain
wheezy sounds observed in auscultation. S. R&le.
See Rale.
Sibilismus, Sibilus (sib-il-iz'-inus, sib'-il-us) \_sibilare,
to hiss]. A hissing sound.
Siccant, Siccative (sik'-ant, sik'-ai-ii') [sieeare, to
dry]. I. Drying; tending to make dry. 2. A drying
agent or medicine.
Siccate (sik'-d/) [siceare, to dry]. In biology, to dry, as
plants for a herbarium.
Sicchasia (sik-a'-ze-ah) [aiKxaiveiv, to feel disgust].
Morbid loathing of food.
Siccus (sik'-Hs) [L.]. Dry.
Sick (j//.-) [ME., sick]. 111. Not well. In Eng-
land the term commonly means nauseated, or " sick at
the stomach." " S. Time," popularly used for the
period of menstruation. S. -headache, headache
with anorexia, nausea, vomiting, etc. Migraine. S.-
list, a list of persons, especially in military or naval
service, who are disabled by sickness. S. -report, a
sick-list. S.-room, a room occupied by one who is
sick. S. -stomach. Synonym of A'ausea, and of
Milk-sickness.
Sickle-germs (sik' -l-jermz). A falciform stage in the
development of Coccidia.
Sickliness (sik' -le-nes) [ME., sik, sick]. Predisposi-
tion to easily contract disease ; insalubrity of climate.
Sickly (sik'-le) [ME., sik, sick]. Predisposed to dis-
ease. Unhealthy.
Sickness (sik'-iies) [ME., siknesse, sickness]. Nausea.
Also, a general term including all morbid conditions,
also menstruation. S., African Sleeping. Set Afri-
can Letli a rgy. S., Bleeding, hemophilia. S., Fall-
ing, epilepsy. S., Gall, remittent fever. S., Green,
chlorosis. S., Hungarian, remittent fever. S.,
Milk, a form of poisoning due to the ingestion of dis-
eased milk or meat. S., Miners'. See Ankylostomi-
asis. S., Monthly. See Menstruation. S., Morn-
ing. See Morning Sickness. S., Mountain, a
sensation of nausea, with impeded respiration and
irregular heart's action, due to the rarefied air of high
altitudes. S., Sea, nausea, with vomiting and often
extreme weakness, caused by unaccustomed motion.
Naupathia.
Side (sid) [ME., side, side]. A lateral half of the
body or of any bilateral organ. S.-bone: I. The
hip-bone. 2. The disease or disordered condition in
horses which causes the lateral cartilages above the
heels to ossify. 3. An abnormal ossification of the
lateral elastic cartilage in a horse's foot. S. -saddle
Flower. See Sarracenia .
Sideration (sid-er-a'-shun) \_sideratio, blight produced
by the stars]. I. Apoplexy. 2. Gangrene. 3.
I^ightning-stroke. [Obs.]
Siderine Yellow. See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Siderodromophobia (sid-er-o-dro-mo-fo' -be-ah ) [c/rf^pof ,
iron; rf^)o//of , way ; <^(5/3of, fear]. Morbid dread of
traveling by railway.
Siderophilous (sid-er-off' -il-us) [u/iSj/^jof, iron ; i^ikziv,
to love]. Applied to cells that show a tendency to
take up iron, e.g., the red blood-corpuscles.
Siderosis (sid-er' -o-sis) [cr/(5?//)or, iron]. The pigmenta-
tion of the lymphatic glands, liver, and kidneys, so
called from the presence of iron in the pigment.
Siegle's Speculum. An apparatus for pneumatically
testing the mobility of the membrana tympani.
Sielon (si'-el-on). See Saliva.
Sienna, (se-en'-a/i). See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Sierra salvia. See Serra salvia.
Sieve (.!?>■) [ME., si7'e, sieve]. A vessel with a reticu-
lated bottom, used for the separation of pulverized
from coarse substances. The gauge of the sieve is
usually expressed in the number of meshes per square
inch. S. -cells, long cells of tubular or prismatic
form constituting an essential element in fibro-vascular
SIEWER'S TEST
1323
SIGNS
bundles of the inner bark of exogenous stems. They
are peculiar in the possession of circumscribed panels,
with fine perforations, which allow of communication
between contiguous cells. S.-disc. See S.-/>/a/e. S.-
hypha ; a hypha in which sieve-plates occur. S.-
plates, the perforated panels of sieve-cells occur-
ring at the points of contact of sieve-cells. S. -pores,
the perforations in the panels of sieve-cells. S. -tis-
sue, a cellular tissue made up of thin-walled cells
which possess areas with sieve-like markings. The
tissue is characteristic of the phloem. S. -tubes. See
S. -cells. S. -vessel. See S. -cells.
Siewer's Test. See Tests, Table of.
Sig {sig). I. Abbreviation for signa, " label it," or
ior signetur, "let it be labeled." 2. A colloquial
name for urine.
Sigault's Operation. See Operations, Table of.
Sigh (.;/) [ME., sighen, to sigh]. A peculiar pro-
longed and deep inspiration ; suspirium.
Sighing [si'-ing) \y<\.Yj. , sighen, to sigh]. I. The act
of giving forth a sigh. 2. A deep respiration accom-
panied by sighs. 3. Characterized by sighs.
Sight (sit) [ME. , wV/;/, sight]. That sense by which
the image of an object projected upon the retina is
conveyed to the mind. S., Day. See Hetneralopia.
S., Depraved. See Paropsis. S., Long. See Hy-
peropia. S., Mouse. See Myopia. S., Night. See
Nyctalopia. S., Old. See 'Presbyopia. S., Short.
See Myopia. S., Skew. See Dysopia. S., Weak.
See Asthenopia.
Sigillate (sij'-il-at) \sigilliim, a seal]. In biology,
marked as if with a seal.
Sigmatism, Sigmatismus (sig' -mat-izm, sig-mat-iz'-
mus) \sigma, the Greek letter j (t^)]- I. Defective
utterance of the sound of s. 2. Too frequent use of
the .r sound in speech. See Lisping.
Sigmoid [sig' -moid) \_aiyjia, letter s; ekSof, likeness].
Bearing a resemblance to the shape of the letter
sigiiia : curved in two directions. S. Catheter, one
shaped like an S, for passing into the female bladder.
S. Cavities, a name applied to the depressions on
the head of the ulna ; the greater is a depression
formed by the olecranon and coronoid process for ar-
ticulation with the humerus ; the lesser, on the outer
side of the coronoid process, is for articulation with the
radius. S. Flexure, the bend in the colon between
the descending portion and the rectum. S. Gyrus,
the S-shaped cerebral fold about and behind the
cruciate fissure in Cartiivora . S. Mesocolon, the
fold of the peritoneum attaching the sigmoid fle.vure
of the colon to the left iliac fossa. S. Notch. See
Notch. S. Valves, the cardiac semilunar valves.
Sigmoiditis (sig-moi-di'-tis) \_ah/^ia, sigma ; eidof , like ;
/r/f, inflammation]. Inflammation of the sigmoid
flexure of the colon.
Sigmoidostomy [sig-inoi-dos'-to-me) \_wyiia, sigma;
OTojia, mouth]. The creation of an artificial anus in
the sigmoid flexure of the colon.
Sign (sin) \signuin, a mark or device]. In pathology,
any diagnostic symptom. In pharmacy, a conven-
tional character implying a direction or order. A
table of Eponymic Signs and Symptoms is appended.
See Ataxia, Signs of; Death, Signs of, etc. S. -lan-
guage, the method of intercommunication employed
by deaf-mutes, in which ideas are communicated by
means of signs.
TABLE OF EPONYMIC SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF DISEASES.
Name.
Description.
How Elicited.
Disease Present in.
Significance.
Abadie's sign.
Spasm of the levator palpebrae
superioris muscle.
Inspection.
Exophthalmic goiter.
Said to be pathogno-
monic (?).
AUis's sign.
Relaxation of the fascia be-
tween the crest of the ilium
and the trochanter major.
Inspection.
Fracture of the neck of
the femur.
A r g y 1 1 - Robertson
pupil.
A pupil that acts in accom-
modation but not to light.
Usual tests for accommo-
dation and light.
Locomotor ataxia.
Baccelli's sign
(aphonic pectori-
loquy) .
Reverberation of the whis-
pered voice, heard through
the chest-wall.
Whispered voice of patient
auscultated through the
chest.
Pleural effusion.
Baruch's sign.
The resistance of the rectal
temperature to a bath of 75°
for fifteen minutes with fric-
tion.
Immersipn in bath of 75° F.
Typhoid fever.
Biermer's change
of sound.
See Gerhardl's change of
sound (in this table).
Bouillaud, T i n le-
nient metallique
of.
A peculiar clink sometimes
heard to the right of the
apex-beat of the heart.
Auscultation.
Cardiac hypertrophy.
Brach - Romberg
symptom.
See Romberg' s symptom.
Brow n-Sequard's
paralysis.
Hemiparaplegia with hemi-
anesthesia of opposite side.
Lesion of lateral half
of spinal cord.
Burton's sign.
Blue line at junction of teeth
with gums.
Visual examination.
Chronic lead-poisoning.
Cheyne-S t ok e s '
respiration.
A succession of respirations
becoming progressively
shorter and more shallow,
then an intermission of vary-
ing duration, followed by pro-
gressive increase in depth
and length of respirations.
In various affections in
which the brain is im-
plicated. Cerebral
edema. Uremia.
Approaching death.
SIGNS 1324 SIGNS
TABLE OF EPONYMIC SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF DISEASES. — Cb«/w«^(/.
Name.
Description.
How Elicited.
Disease Present in.
Significance.
Chvostek's sign.
Sudden spasm of one side of
the face.
A slight tap upon the side
of the face.
Post-operative tetany.
Clark's (Alonzo)
sign.
Obliteration of the hepatic dul-
ness due to tympanitic dis-
tention of the abdomen.
Percussion.
Appendicitis and other
peritoneal inflamma-
tions.
The presence of the in-
flated bowel, or of gas
between the liver and
the abdominal or the
thoracic wall.
Corrigan's line.
A purple line at the junction
of the teeth with the gums.
Visual examination.
Chronic copper-poison-
ing.
Corrigan's pulse.
A forcible pulse-wave, which
quickly recedes.
By the finger or sphygmo-
graph over a superfical
artery.
Aortic insufficiency.
Regurgitationof blood
at the aortic orifice.
Dalrymple's sign.
Abnormal widening of the pal-
pebral aperture.
Visual examination.
Exophthalmic goiter.
Davidsohn's sign.
Reflection of light through the
pupil in traiislumination.
Electric light in the
mouth.
Health.
Drummond's whifT.
A whiff heard at the open
mouth, during expiration,
proceeding from the glottis.
Auscultation.
Aortic aneurysm.
Duroziez's mur-
mur.
A double murmur occasionally
heard in the femoral artery.
Auscultation.
Aortic incompetency.
Escape of blood past
imperfectly closed
aortic valve.
Farre's tubercles.
Superficial masses felt pro-
jecting beneath the capsule
of the liver.
Palpation.
Carcinoma of the liver.
Filipovitch's sign.
A saflfron-like coloration of all
the prominent parts of palms
of hands and soles of feet.
Inspection.
Typhoid fever.
Doubtful. Blood and
circulatory changes.
Fisher's brain-mur-
mur.
A systolic murmur over the
anterior fontanel or in the
temporal region of infants.
Auscultation.
Rickets and other con-
ditions.
Flint's murmur.
A second murmur frequently
heard at the apex ; it has a
rumbling quality and maybe
presystolic, and is probably
produced at the mitral orifice.
Auscultation.
Aortic incompetency.
Improper passage of
the blood.
Fcerster's shifting
type.
Variations in the field of
vision.
Perimetric limits differ ac-
cording as they are deter-
mined by moving the
disc from the center out-
ward or from without to
the center.
Anesthesia of the ret-
ina, traumatic neuro-
ses, etc.
Friedreich's respi-
ratory change of
sound.
The pitch of the percussion-
note becomes increased at
the height of a deep inspira-
tion.
On percussion.
Pulmonary tuberculosis
and other conditions.
Excavation ; increased
t€tlS10Il .
Friedreich's sign.
Diastolic collapse of the cervi-
cal veins.
Palpation. Inspection.
Adherent pericardium.
Garel's sign.
Absence of luminous percep-
tion on the affected side of
the walls and sinuses about
the mouth — antrum of High-
more.
Electric transillumination.
Disease of the antrum.
— ■
Gerhardt's change
of sound.
A change of percussion-note
according to the patient's
position, whether upright,
lying on the back, or on the
side. Due to changes in the
form of the air-space and
fluid-contents of the thoracic
cavity.
Percussion in the differ-
ent positions.
r*non »Vi^t VinfQ Y rtlllTTIf^—
f neu moiiioi <iA , [juiiiiu-
nary tuberculosis.
Graefe's sign.
Failure of the eyeball to fol-
low the upper lid in glancing
downward.
By having the patient al-
ternately rotate the eyes
up and down.
Exophthalmic goiter.
Intraorbital pressure.
Grancher's sign.
The expiratory murmur equals
in pitch that of the inspira-
tory.
Auscultation.
Pulmonary condensa-
tion.
Obstruction to expired
air.
Gubler's tumor.
A prominence seen on the
dorsum of the carpus.
By flexing carpus
Wrist-drop of chronic
lead-poisoning.
Probably some effusion
into the synovial sacs.
SIGNS 1325 SIGNS
TABLE OF EPONYMIC SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF DISEASES.— Co«//«W.
Name.
Description.
How Elicited.
Disease Present in.
Significance.
Guyon's sign.
Renal ballottement.
Palpation.
Floating kidney.
Heberden's nodos-
ities.
Hard nodules, usually on the
distal joints of the fingers.
Palpation.
Rheumatoid arthritis,
usually in advanced
life.
Hegar's.
A softening of the lower uter-
ine segment.
By forefinger in the rec-
tum and the thumb in the
vagina, with pressure
from above.
Pregnancy.
Pregnancy.
Hicks' (Braxton).
Intermittent uterine contrac-
tions. Begins to be apparr
ent at end of third month.
May also be produced by
any tumor that distends
uterus.
Palpation.
Pregnancy.
Almost a positive sign
of pregnancy.
Hippocratic facies.
That of agony, as in impend-
ing dissolution.
By involuntary contrac-
tion of the facial muscles.
In peritonitis and fatal
diseases. .
Approaching death.
Hippocratic fin-
gers.
Clubbing of the finger-tips,
with incurvation of the nails.
Inspection.
Pulmonary tuberculosis
and other wasting
diseases
Emaciation.
Hippocratic suc-
cussion.
Splashing sound.
By shaking body of pa-
tient.
Pyopneumothorax.
Air and fluid in the
pleural cavity.
Hutchinson's
patch.
Dull-red coloration of the cor-
nea.
Ciliary injection.
Interstitial keratitis.
Syphilis.
Hutchinson's teeth.
Upper central permanent in-
cisor teeth are peg-shaped,
and notched on the cutting
edge.
Inspection.
Inherited syphilis.
Inherited syphilis.
Hutchinson's trio
of symptoms.
Notched teeth, interstitial ker-
atitis and otitis.
Inspection.
Inherited syphilis.
Inherited syphilis.
Jaccoud's sign.
Prominence of the aorta in the
suprasternal notch.
Inspection.
Leukemia (and pseudo-
leukemia).
Jacquemin's sign.
Violet color of the mucous
membrane of vagina; appears
about the fourth week of ges-
tation.
Inspection.
Pregnancy.
Venous congestion.
Jadelot's lines.
Various lines on the face of
infants.
Inspection.
Various diseased con-
ditions.
Jorisenne's.
Pulse does not become accel-
erated on changing from
the horizontal to the erect
position.
Change of position as de-
scribed.
Pregnancy.
Pregnancy.
Keen's.
Increased diameter through
the leg at the malleoli.
Measurement.
Fracture of fibula
(Pott's).
Solution of the tibio-
fibular articulation.
Kiister's.
Presence of a cystic tumor in
the median line anterior to
the uterus.
Palpation and inspection.
Ovarian dermoids.
Needs further confir-
mation.
Laennec's perles.
Rounded gelatinous masses.
Expectorated.
Bronchial asthma.
Mucous molds of the
smaller bronchial
tubes.
Laennec's rile.
A modified subcrepitant rile.
Auscultation.
Pulmonary emphy-
sema.
Mucous in the bron-
chioles.
Mannkopf 's symp-
tom.
Increase in the frequency of
the pulse.
By pressure on peripheral
points.
Pain (not present in
simulated pain).
True pain.
Oliver's sign.
Tracheal tugging.
By grasping the larynx be-
tween the thumb and fin-
ger and pressing up-
ward.
Aneurysm of the aorta.
Transmitted impulse.
Palmo-plantar.
See Filipovitch' s.
Parkinson's facies.
Face expressionless, "wood-
en ; " movements of the lips
slow; eyebrows elevated.
The whole expression is im-
mobile and mask-like.
Inspection.
Paralysis agitans.
SIGNS 1326 SIGNS
TABLE OF EPONYMIC SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF m?,Y.A.^m.— Continued.
Name.
Description.
How Elicited.
Disease Present in.
Significance.
Parkinson's mask.
See Parkinson' s fades.
Parrot's nodes.
Osteophytes of the skuli.
Palpation.
Of syphilitic origin.
Inherited syphilis.
Parrot's sign.
Dilatation of the pupil.
By pinching the skin of the
neck.
Meningitis.
Paul's sign.
A feeble apex-beat, with a for-
cible impulse over the body
of the heart.
Palpation.
Pericarditis.
Pericardial adhesions.
Porter's sign.
See Oliver's sign and tra-
cheal tugging.
Pott's boss.
ProjScting spinous process.
Palpation.
Pott's disease.
Vertebral caries.
Qu i n c k e ' s pulse
(symptom).
Blanching of the finger-nails
at each diastole of the heart.
Inspection.
Aortic insufficiency.
Very marked regurgi-
tation.
Raynaud's phe-
nomena.
A white and cold condition of
the fingers, alternating with
burning heat and redness.
Raynaud's disease, q. v.
Vaso-motor disturb-
ance.
Ritter's tetanus.
Tetanus of a muscle.
By suddenly breaking the
circuit while a strong
constant current is pass-
ing through a nerve.
Health.
Ritter-Rollet phe-
nomenon.
Flexion of the foot by gentle
electric stimulation. Exten-
sion of the foot by energetic
stimulation.
Voltaic or faradic stimu-
lation.
Romberg's symp-
tom.
Swaying of the body.
By standing patient with
feet close together and
with eyes closed.
Locomotor ataxia.
Disturbance of equilib-
rium. Static incoor-
dination.
Rosenbach's sign.
Abolition of abdominal reflex.
In inflammatory intesti-
nal diseases.
Rosenthal's hyper-
acid vomiting.
The vomiting of very acid ma-
terial.
Exaggerated secretion
of HCl in the gastric
juice.
Rossbach's disease.
Seguin's signal
symptom.
The contraction of one mus-
cle or group of muscles, pre-
ceding the epileptic attack.
Involuntary.
Epilepsy.
Skeer's symptom.
A small circle that forms in
the iris near the pupil in both
eyes simultaneously.
Inspection.
Tuberculous m e n i n -
gitis.
Considered pathogno-
monic.
Skoda's consonat-
ing rMes.
Bronchial rSles heard through
consolidated pulmonary tis-
sue.
Auscultation.
Pneumonia.
Mucus in the bronchial
tubes, surrounded by
consolidated struct-
ure.
Skoda's resonance,
sign or tympany.
A tympanitic note on percus-
sion.
By percussing the chest
above a large pleural ef-
fusion or above the line
of consolidation in pneu-
monia.
Heard when a pleural
effusion extends up to
the 4th rib or above.
Vicarious action of the
portion of lung not in-
volved (apex or upper
lobe).
Stairs-sign.
Difficulty in descending stairs.
Attempt to descend stairs.
Early symptom of loco-
motor ataxia.
Incoordination.
Stellwag's symp-
tom.
Apparent widening of the pal-
pebral aperture.
Retraction of upper eye-
lid.
Exophthalmic goiter.
Stokes' sign.
Violent throbbing in the abdo-
men to the right of the um-
bilicus.
Palpation.
Acute enteritis.
Tache cerebrale or
T a c h e mening-
eale.
The appearance of a red line.
By drawing the finger-nail
over the skin.
Tuberculous menin-
gitis, acute fevers, and
other conditions.
Supposed at one time
to be pathognomonic
of tuberculous men-
ingitis.
Tarnier's sign.
The effacement of the angle
between the upper and lower
uterine segments.
Digital examination.
Pregnancy.
Inevitable abortion.
Trousseau's phe-
nomenon or sign.
Muscular spasm, which con-
tinues as long as pressure is
applied.
Pressure on the larger ar-
teries or on the nerve-
trunk.
Tetany.
Heightened neuro-
muscular irritability.
Trousseau's spots.
See Tache ciribrale.
SIGNA 1327 SIGNATURE
TABLE OF EPONYMIC SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF I)IS¥.ASES.—Co,ifinueJ.
Name.
Description.
How Elicited.
Disease Present in.
Significance.
Valleix's points.
Tender spots along the course
of a nerve.
Pressure.
Neuralgia.
Wallerian degen-
eration.
Degeneration of nerves after
separation from their trophic
centers.
Injuries to nerves.
Loss of trophic in-
fluence.
Weber's symptom.
Paralysis of the oculo-motor
nerve of one side and hemi-
plegia of the opposite side.
Wernicke's symp-
tom.
The condition of the pupillary
reaction.
By throwing a ray of light
on the blind half of the
retina.
Hemianopsia.
If reaction is present, it
would indicate a cen-
tral trouble ; if absent,
a lesion of the path
between the retina
and the geniculate
bodies may be in-
ferred.
Westphal's foot-
phenomenon.
Ankle-clonus.
By suddenly flexing foot
on leg.
Lateral sclerosis.
Indicates disease of the
pyramidal tracts.
Westphal's para-
doxic contrac-
tion.
The tonic contraction of a
muscle caused by the passive
approximation of its extrem-
ities. Best known in the
tibialis anticus.
In anterior tibial, by rapid
dorsal flexion of the foot.
Paralysis agitans(West-
phal), and sclerosis of
the postero-lateral col-
umns of the cord.
Always indicates dis-
ease.
Westphal's sign.
Abolition of the knee-jerk.
Percussion over the quadri-
ceps tendon.
Locomotor ataxia, de-
structive lesions of
lower part of cord, pe-
ripheral neuritis, etc.
Westphal-Erb
symptom.
Same as Westphal's.
Williams' tracheal
tone.
A dull tympanitic resonance,
becoming higher pitched on
opening the mouth.
Percussion.
Pleural effusion.
Arises from the vibra-
tion of air in a large
bronchus surrounded
by compressed lung.
Wintrich's sign.
Change in the pitch when the
mouth is opened and closed.
Percussion.
Tuberculosis pulmon-
alis.
Pulmonary cavity.
Zenker's degenera-
tion.
A degeneration of the muscu-
lar fibers, causing them to be-
come brittle and easily
broken on forcible contrac-
tion.
High or continued
fevers.
Signa [sig'-na/i) \_signare, to make a sign]. In
prescription- writing, a conventional term meaning
"mark." It designates the physician's directions
to the patient concerning the medicine prescribed.
Signal (sig^-na/) \_signiaii, a sign]. A sign. S.,
Marcel Duprez', the interruption of an electric
current produced by a tuning-forlc of lOO vibrations
per second.
Signatura [sig-nat-u'-rah) [ L. ]. I. Signature. 2.
A characteristic mark. 3. The directions showing
how medicines are to be taken.
Signature [sig'-na-fiir) \_s2gnai-e, to sign, mark]. In
biology, a characteristic, distinguishing, or significant
mark or appearance. Ss., Doctrine of, a system of
discovering the medicinal uses of a plant or mineral
from something in its external appearance (color,
shape, or markings) that resembled the disease it
would cure. Accordingly, the stony seeds of grom-
well iyLithospernmm officinale) were held good for
gravel, the knotty tubes of Scrophttlaria for scrofu-
lous glands, while the scaly pappus of Scabiosa showed
it to be a specific in leprous diseases ; the spotted
leaves of Pulmonaria, that it was a sovereign remedy
for tuberculous lungs, and the growth of Saxifrage
in the fissures of rocks that it would disintegrate
stone in the bladder ; Turmeric and Celandine were
recommended for jaundice on account of their color ;
Liver-Lvort for torpidity of the liver ; Euphrasy,
being marked with an eye, was good for sore eyes ;
Orchis, resembling a testis, was good as an aphro-
disiac ; Dock-root was yellow, and therefore good for
jaundice. Many plants still possess common names
based on this doctrine, e.g., Backwort {Symphytitm
officinale); Bladder-herb [Physalis alkekengi) ;
Blood-root {Potentilla tormentilla ) ; Breakstone
[Saxifraga sp. , Pimpinella saxifraga) \ Bruisewort
[Bellis perennis] ; Burst wort { Herniaria glabra);
Cancerwort (Linaria spuria, L. elatine); Chafe-
weed (Gnapkaliian svlvaticuin) ; Colickwort (.-?/-
cliemilla arvensis) ; Dropwort {Spircea flipendula) ;
Eyebright {Euphrasia officinalis) ; Felonwort (Sola-
nu»i dulcamara ) ; Gallwort ( Linaria vulgaris) ;
Goutweed ( yEgopodiiiin podagraria ) ; Jaundice
Tree {Berberis vulgaris); Milkwort {Polygala tuI-
garis ) ; Nailwort ( Draba verna ) ; Navelwort
{Cotyledon umbilicus') ; Neckweed {Cannabis saliva) ;
Open -arse ( Alespihis geT7U{t7t2ca ) ; Palsywort
(^Primula vens)\ Pestilence-wort [Pehisites vid-
SIGNUM
1328
SIMS' DEPRESSOR
gayis); Quinseywort [Asperula lyniua/iiia) ; Share-
wort {Pallciiis spinosa ) ; Spleenwort ( Asple)iinm
ceterach) ; Stitchwort {Sfe!/ai ia liolostt-a) ; Tetter-
berry (^Bryonia dioica); Throatwort {Campanula
trachelhaii ) ; Tooth wort ( Lathraa sqiiamaria ) ;
Uvulawort. See Throalwort.
Signum {sig'-num) [L.]. A mark, sign, or indication.
S\%\i2i.\.&X2L [sig-ioah-te' -rah) [Sp.]. The name given by
Spanish colonists to a complex of symptoms that
resulted from eating poisonous fishes indigenous to cer-
tain hot countries.
Sikimin {sik'-iiii-in) \jikkim, a region of the Hima-
laya]. A poisonous principle derived from Illiciuin
religiosiiDi. Unof
Silent Region of the Brain and Cord. The gray
matter of the cord.
Silex {si'-leks) [L.]. See Silica.
Silica Quartz {sil'-ik-ah kworts) \silex, flint]. The
oxid of silicon, Si02. It occurs in nature in the mineral
form, of which sea-sand is a familiar example.
Silicate {sil'-ik-af) [_silex, flint]. A salt of silicic
acid.
Silicic {sil-is'-ik) \_si!ex, flint]. Containing silicon.
Silicide {siF-is-id) \_silex, flint]. A combination of sil-
icon with another element.
Silicious, Siliceous [sil-ish' -iis) [silex, flint]. Having
the nature of or containing silicon.
Silicium [sil-iih' -e-iim). See Silicon.
Silicle [sil'-ik-l) \_silicnla, a little husk or pod]. In
biology, a short pod not over three times longer than
broad, e.g., that of the Shepherd's Purse {Capsella
btirsa-pastoris) .
Silicol {sil'-ik-ol) \_silex, flint]. An alcohol from a sil-
icon or silicon-carbon radicle.
Silicon [sil'-ik-on) [j/Z^jr, flint] , Si — 28 ; quantivalence
IV. One of the elements, and, next to oxygen, the
most abundant, forming about one-fourth of the crust
of the globe. See Eleinenls, Table of. In medicine,
it is used in the form of an alkaline silicate chiefly.
See Potassium, Sodium, and Alagnesiiim ; also Taha-
sheer. Some forms are used in dentifrices, and
others in pharmacy. S. hydrid, a colorless inflam-
mable gas.
Silicosis [sil-ik-o' -sis) . See Ckalicosis.
Silicula {sil-ik'-u-lah) [L.]. Same as Silicle.
Silicular (sil-ik' -it-lar) \_silicula,a silicle]. In biology,
having the shape or appearance of a silicle.
Silicule [siF -ik-fil). Same as Silicle.
Siliculose {sil-ik' -u-loz) [silicula, a little husk]. In
biology, the same as Silicular.
Silicyl [sil'-is-il) [silex, flint]. A radicle containing
silicon directly combined with a trivalent radicle.
Siliqua {sil-ik' -7i.iah)[s!liqua , ahusk, pod : //., Siliqucr].
Same as .Siliqtte.
Silique {sil-lk') [siliqua, a husk, pod]. In biology, the
slender, two-valved capsule of some Crucifercv. It is
divided into cells by a false partition stretched between
two opposite parietal placentae, and which often per-
sists after the valves have fallen away.
Silk [ME., .r///', silk]. The simplest and most perfect
of the textile fibers. It differs from all other fibers in
that it is found in nature as a continuous fine thread.
Silk is the product of the silk-worm {Bombyx mori),
and is simply the fiber that the worm spins around it-
self for protection when entering the pupa or chrysalis
state. The silk-fiber consists, to the extent of rather
more than half its weight, of fibroin, C^^.y^'H^O^, a
nitrogenous principle. Covering this is the silk-glue,
or sericin, C^^Hj-N-Os. The most important physical
properties of the silk-fiber are its luster, strength, and
avidity for moisture. Besides the true silk; we have
several so-called " wild silks," the most important of
which is the Tussur silk, the product of the larva of
the moth, Aniheraa mylitta, found in India. The
cocoons are much larger than those of the true silk-
worm, are egg-shaped, and of a silvery drab color. The
cocoon is very firm and hard, and the silk is of a drab
color. It is used for the bufi-colored Indian silks,
and latterly largely in the manufacture of silk plush.
Other wild silks are the Eria silk of India, the Muga
silk of Assam, the Atlas or Fagara silk of China, and
the 1 'amamai silk of Japan. Silk has been used as a
hemostatic. See Sericum. S., Epispastic, silk con-
taining some vesicant. S. Floss, Dentists', un-
twisted filaments of fine silk, prepared expressly for
the purpose of cleaning the surfaces of the teeth, and
used by some dentists for finishing the surfaces of fill-
ings in the sides of teeth. S. -grass. See Pineapple
Fiber. S., Saddler's, a heavy silk used by saddlers, and
to some extent in surgery. S.-weed. See Milk-weed.
S.-worm, the larva of the silk-moth. S.-worm Gut,
the thread drawn from a silk-worm killed when ready
to spin the cocoon.
Sillonneur {sil on-ur') [Fr.]. A three-bladed scalpel
used by ophthalmologists.
Sillyhow {sil'-e-houi) [E. dia.]. The caul which some-
times covers the head of the new-born child.
Silphium {siF -fe-um) [ailfiop, a plant so called on ac-
count of its resinous juice]. An umbelliferous plant,
Thapsia silphium, Viviani, so highly esteemed among
the ancients for its juice, which according to Pliny was
a remedy for sixty diseases, internal and external, that
it was sold for its weight in silver, and figured largely
on the coins of Cyrene, its native home. The Greeks
called it j/i^/z/wOT, from silphi, its African name; the
Romans laserpitium.
Silphology {sil - fol' - o -je) [al?\(j>?}, an insect; /0}of,
science]. The morphology and development of
larvae.
Silver {sil'-ver). See Argentiim and Elements, Table
of. S., Coin, an alloy consisting of nine parts silver to
one of copper. S. Fir. ^ee Abies. S.- fork Defor-
mity, a peculiar displacement of the wrist and hand in
fracture of the lower extremity of the radius. S., Ster-
ling, an alloy consisting of 925 parts silver to 75 parts
copper. S. White. Same as White Lead.
Simaba {sitn-a' -bah) [native name in Guiana]. A
genus of simarubaceous tropical trees. S. cedron,
S. ferruginea, S. floribunda, etc., have exceedingly
bitter barks, and are tonic and febrifuge. Unof
Simaruba {sim-ar-tF -bah) [native name in Guiana]. I.
A genus of tropical American trees, the type of the
order Simarubacece. S. amara, S. glauca, S. offi-
cinalis, S. medicinalis, and others have barks with
tonic properties. Unof.
Similar {sim'-il-ar) [L.]. Having the same charac-
teristics.
Simon's Position. See Postures, Table of. S.'s
Triangles. See Triangles, Table of.
Simple (j/w'-//) [j/OT//?.r, simple]. I. Not complex ;
consisting of a single ingredient ; not compound.
2. Wanting in intellect. 3. A medicinal plant.
Simpler, Simplist {sim'-pler, sivF -plist). An herb-
doctor.
Simpler's Joy. The common vervain, q. v.
Simples {sim'-plz) [simplex, simple]. A common
term for herbs having a medicinal value.
Simplist {sim' -plist). See Simpler.
Simpson's Method. See Treatment, Methods of.
Sims' Depressor. An instrument for holding back
the wall of the vagina in examination of that cavity.
S. Feeder, an instrument for aiding in the suture of
tissues. S. Posture or Position. See Postures,
Table of. S. Speculum. See Specttlum.
SIMULATION
1329
SINUS
Simulation i^sini-n-la' -s/uiit) \jimulatio ; simulare, to
feign]. In medicine, the feigning or counterfeiting
of disease. The pretence of a maHngerer.
Simulo [si/it'-u-lo). The fruit of certain species of
Capparis, especially C". ioriaica, of Peru; it is re-
commended as a cure for epilepsy, and possesses anti-
scorbutic and stimulant properties. Dose of the
tincture 3 ss-iij ; of the fluid extract 3j-iij. Unof.
Sinalbin [sin-al' -bui). A neutral crystalline glucosid
found in white mustard, soluble in cold water.
Sinamin (sin' -ani-iti), CjHjCN. Allyl cyanamid, a
substance obtained from crude oil of mustard.
Sinapeleum [sin-ap-el-e' -tint) [aivairi, mustard ; t'Aamv,
oil]. Mustard-oil.
Sinapin [ff/m/r;, mustard], CjgH.^jNOj. A
substance that occurs as a sulpho-cyanate in white
mustard. Free sinapin is soluble and decomposable.
Sinapis (sin'-a-pis) [aivaKi, mustard]. Mustard. The
seeds of 6'. an>a, white mustard, and 5. nigra, black
mustard. They contain a ferment, myrosin, and a crys-
talline substance, which, when moistened, unite to form
a volatile oil of allyl sulpho-cyanid. Locally the seeds
act as a powerful rubefacient ; internally, as a stomachic
stimulant ; in large doses as an emetic. Sinapis is
much used locally in the form of the well-known " mus-
tard-plaster." S., Cataplasma (B. P.), mustard-
poultice, contains mustard, linseed meal, and water.
S., Charta, mustard-paper, consists of black mustard
mixed with a solution of gutta percha and spread on
paper. S., Liniment., Comp., contains oil of mus-
tard 3, ext. mezereum 2, camphor 6, castor-oil 15,
alcohol ad 100 parts. S., Ol., the volatile oil.
_DoseTTLy8-'4^-
Sinapiscopy [sin-ap-is'-ko-pe) [aiva-rn, mustard : (jkottsIv,
to view]. The use of mustard as a test of sensory dis-
turbances, analogous to a similar use of metalloscopy.
Sinapism (sin' -ap-iziii) [_aivaTnofi6(; ; ffi'vajr^, mustard].
A mustard-plaster.
Sincaline (sin' -kal-en^. Same as Cholin.
Sincipital (sin-sip' -it-al) [sinciput, the head]. Pertain-
ing to the sinciput.
Sinciput (sin'-sip-u/) [semi, half; caput, head]. The
superior and anterior part of the head. Also, the top
of the head ; the bregma.
Sindon (sin'-doti) [piv&wv, linen]. A pledget or
dossil.
Sinew (sin' -11) [ME., sittnve, sinew]. Tendinous or
ligamentous tissue. S. -shrunk, having some of the
sinews wasted ; said of horses or mules. The condi-
tion is mainly caused by overwork.
Singultus {sing-gul' -tus) . See Hiccough.
Sinigrin (sin' -ig-rin) [aivarzL, mustard]. A crystalline,
bitter-tasting, inodorous glucosid of black mustard,
soluble in water, but not in alcohol or ether.
Sinistrad (sin'-is-trad) [sinister, the left hand]. To-
ward the left.
Sinistral [sin'-is-tral] [sinister, left]. At or in the di-
rection of the left side of the body. See the opposite,
dextral ; also Position and Direction, Table of.
Sinistren {si)i' -is-tren) [sinister, left]. Belonging to
the sinistral side in itself.
Sinistrin (sin'-is-trin) [sinister, left]. A dextrin-like
substance found in squills.
• • Sinistrocerebral (sin' -is-tro-ser' -e-bral) [sinister, left;
• cerebrnin, cerebrum]. Occurring or situated in the
left hemisphere of the brain.
Sinistrorse (sin' -is-trors') [sinister, left ; vertere, turn].
In biology, turning from right to left ; said of a plant
climbing in an opposite direction from the sun.
Sinual (sin'-u-al) [sinus, a curve]. Possessing the
characteristics of a sinus.
Sinuate (sin' -u-at) [sinuare, to curve, swell out in
84
curves]. In biology, wavy, or winding in and out.
Applied to the margins of leaves and other flattened
organs.
Sinuation (sin-u-a' -shun) [sinuatus , from sinuare, to
bend]. l. The state of being sinuate. 2. A cerebral
gyre.
Sinu-auricular (sin-u-aiv-rik' -u-lar^ [sinus, a curve ;
auricula, auricle]. In biology, pertaining to the sinus
venosus and the auricle.
Sinuose (sin' -u-dz). Same as Sinuous.
Sinuosity (sin-u-os'-it-e) [sinuare, to bend]. Anfrac-
tuosity ; the state of being sinuous or bent.
Sinuous (sin'-u-us) [sinuosus ,• sinus, a curve] . Wavy ;
applied especially to tortuous fistulK and sinuses.
Sinus (j/'-ww) a curve, fold, hollow : pi. , Sinus
or Sinuses'\. A hollow or excavation, a cavity, re-
cess, pocket, dilatation, or channel in a bone or other
structure. The term is applied also to an abnor-
mal pathway or canal, usually the result of ulceration.
S. acusticus internus. See Canal, Internal Audi-
tory. S., Air, any one of the cavities within
bones, containing air, especially those communicat-
ing with the nasal passages. S. alae parvae. See
5. , Spheno-parietal. S. amplus ureteris, the pelvis
of the kidney. S. ampuUaceus. See Ampulla os-
sea. S., Anterior. See Lateral Ventricle. S. of
Aorta. See S. of Valsalva. S., Aortic. S. of
Valsalva. S. aritii. 'n&t Lacrymal Fossa. S. arteri-
osus. See S. pulmonalis. S. atlantis, a depression
for the passage of vessels and nerves on the upper sur-
face of the posterior part of the arch of the atlas. S.
auditorius, the cavity of the tympanum. S., Basi-
lar. See .5"., Transverse. S. basilaris anterior.
See S. , Transverse. S. of Breschet, the spheno-
parietal sinus. S. bulbi. See S. bulbi urethrce. S.
bulbi rhachidici. See Fourth Ventricle. S. bulbi
urethrae, a dilatation of the bulb of the urethra. S.
canalis vertebralis, any of the spinal veins. S.
caroticus, S. carotidien. See S., Cavernous. S.
cavernosus. "See S., Cavernozis. S., Cavernous, a
large sinus extending from the sphenoid fissure to the
apex of the petrous portion of the temporal bone, com-
municating behind with the inferior and superior petro-
sal sinuses and receiving the ophthalmic vein in front.
S. cavi cranii. See S., Cranial. S. choroidien,
See S., Straight. S. circulaire de Ridley. See S..
Circular. S. circulaire du trou occipital. See S.
circularis foraminis magni. S., Circular, a venous
sinus surrounding the pituitary body, communicating
on each side with the cavernous sinus. S., Circular
(of the placenta), a plexus of veins in the maternal
portion of the placenta in communication with the
utero-placental sinus. S. circularis. See S. , Circu-
lar. S. circularis foraminis magni (seu f(r«)>2V<7/?>).
A venous plexus surrounding the posterior margin of
the foramen magnum. S. circularis iridis. See
Canal of Schlemm. S., Clinoid. See S., Circular.
S. cochleae, a vein in the aqueduct of the cochlea
opening into the internal jugular vein. S. du coeur.
See Atrium. S. columnae vertebralis, the anterior
longitudinal spinal veins. S. communis. See
Utricle (2d def.). S. communis venarum cardi-
acarum (seu cordis). See S., Coronary (of the heart).
S. condylorum anterior. See Fossa intercondyloidea
a)iterior. S., Confluence. See Torcular herophili.
S. cordis. See Atriu?n. S. coronaire du placenta.
See S., Circular (of the placenta). S. coronarius.
See S., Coronary (of the heart). S., Coronary (of
the heart), a vein in the transverse groove between
the left auricle and the left ventricle of the heart on
its posterior aspect ; it is by some regarded as a dila-
tation of the great cardiac vein into which it opens.
SINUS
1330
SINUS
S. of Coronary Vein. See S. , Coronary [of the heart).
S. coronoideus. See S., Circular. S. du corps
calleux. See Callosal Fissure. S. costales. See
Lh isuriT costales. S. COStarii. See hoi'ece articulares
laterales. S. coxae. See Acetabulinn. S., Cranial,
one of certain venous channels between the folds of
the dura lined with a continuation of the tunica intima
of the veins. S. craniens. See S., Cranial. S.
of Cuvier. See Ducts of Cuvicr. S., Diploic,
channels containing veins which traverse the diploe
of cranial bones. S. ductus lactiferi. See Ampulla
ductus lactiferi. S. durae matris. See 6'. , Cranial.
S. ellipticus. See .S'., Ciirular. S. epididymidis,
the furrow between the posterior surface of the epi-
didymis and the testicle. S., Ethmoid. See Ethmoid
Cells. S. ethmoidales. See Ethmoid Cells. S. of the
External Meatus, a space at
the bottom of the external audi-
tory canal between the concave
inferior wall of the osseous
meatus and the membrana tym-
pani. S. falciformis inferior.
See S. , hiferior Longitudinal.
S. falciformis superior (seu
triangularis). See S. , Superior
Longitudinal. S. fossae basi-
laris. See S.., Trajisverse. S.
fraenuli, the depression at the
side of the frenum of the penis.
S., Frontal, an irregular cavity
in the frontal bone, underlying
the prominence at the root of
the nose, and over the superior
orbital margin, extending up-
ward and outward between the
two tables of the bone, separated
from its fellow of the opposite
side by a thin septum, and com-
municating with the nose by the
infundibulum. S., Galactopho-
rous. See Ampulla ductus lac-
tiferi. S. genae pituitarius
(^highmori). See Maxillary
Atttrum. S., Genital, the cleft
of the vulva. S., Genito-
urinary. See S., Urogenital. S.
Great [of the aorta), a dilatation
generally found on the right side
of the ascending portion of the
aorta. S. of Highmore. See
Maxillary Antrum . S. hippo-
campi inferior. See Hippocam-
pus Major. S., Inferior In-
tercavernous, the lower of the
two veins sometimes replacing
the single sinus intercavernosus anterior. S., Infe-
rior Longitudinal, a venous sinus which extends
along the posterior half of the lower border of
the falx cerebri and terminates in the straight sinus
near the anterior margin of the tentorium. S., In-
ferior Petrosal, a large venous sinus arising from the
cavernous, running along the lower margin of the
petrous portion of the temporal bone, and joining the
lateral sinus, to form the internal jugular vein. S. in-
tercavernosus anterior, the anterior half of the circu-
lar sinus. S. intercavernosus posterior, the poste-
rior half of the circular sinus. S., Intercavernous,
the anterior and posterior halves of the circular sinus.
S., Internal. See 5. , .S'/;v?/<V/A S. jugularis spurius.
See S., Pet?-o-si]uamous. S. of the Jugular Vein, the
bulbi venae jugularis (distinguished as inferior, internus,
and stiperior). S. of Kidney, the prolongation inward
of the hilum of the kidney. S. lacrimales. See Cells,
Anterior Ethmoid. S. lacrimalis. "iftft S. , Lacrymal.
S., Lacrymal, a small pouch formed by a fold of skin
at the inner angle of the eye in the deer and some
other quadrupeds. It can be opened or shut at will,
has no connection with the lacrymal passages, and
contains a gland which secretes a viscid substance re-
sembling the cerumen of the ear. S., Lacteal. See
Ampulla ductus lactiferi. S. lacteus lactiferus. See
Ampulla ductus lactiferi. S. lactiferi secundarii,
dilatations of the milk-ducts in addition to the ampulla.
S. laiteux. See Ampulla ductus lactiferi. S. laryn-
gis {of Morgagni). See Ventricle of the L.arynx.
S. of the Larynx. See Ventricle of the Larynx. S.,
Lateral, a venous sinus which begins at the torcular
and runs horizontally on the inner surface of the
Medisection of Brain, Showing Important Sinuses.
Falx cerebri. 2, 2. Its convex border, with the great longitudinal sinus. 3. Its concave
border. 4,4. Inferior longitudinal sinus. 5. Base of falx cerebri. 6. Straight sinus.
7. Ape.x of falx cerebri. 8. Right half of the tentorium, seen from below. 9. Right
lateral sinus. 10. Superior petrosal sinus. 11. Inferior petrosal sinus. 12. Posterior
occipital sinus. 13. Falx cerebelli. 14. Optic nerve. 15. Motor oculi. 16, Pathetic. 17.
Trigeminus. 18. Abducens. 19. Facial and auditory nerves. 20. Glosso-pharyngeal,
pneumogastric and spinal accessory nerves. 21. Hypoglossal nerve. 22. First cer-
vical nerve. 23. Second cervical nerve. 24, 24. Upper extremity of ligamentum
denticulatum.
occipital bone to the base of the petrous portion
of the temporal bone, where it unites with the inferior
petrosal sinus to form the internal jugular vein. S.
laterales seu superioris. See Lacuna- laterales seu
superioris. S. lateralis. See S., Lateral. S. longi-
tudinales columnae vertebralis, the longitudinal
spinal veins. S. longitudinalis cerebri. '&t(i S. , Supe-
rior-Longitudinal. S. longitudinalis inferior (seu
minor). See S., Luferior Longitudinal. S. longi-
tudinalis superior. See S., Superior Longitudinal.
S. lunatus radii, the semilunar cavity of the radius.
S. lunatus ulnae. See Sigmoid Cavity, Lesser. S.,
Lymph, small spaces scattered throughout the par-
enchyma of a lym])hatic gland, between the pulp of the
gland and the trabeculx or dilatations of the lymphatic
vessels. S. maieri, an anomalous dilatation into
which both canaliculi lacrimales open. S. of the
SINUS
1331
SINUS
Mammary Gland. Set Ampulla ductus /actiferi. S.,
Marginal, a variety of the occipital sinus opening
into the transverse. S., Marginal (of tJw plaicnla).
See .S'. , Circular [of the placenta). S. marginalia.
See S. , Marginal. ' S., Mastoid. See Mastoid Cells.
S. mastoideus. See Mastoid Cells. S. max-
illaris. See Maxillary Antrui/i. S., Maxillary.
See Maxillary Antrum. S. maximus. See Olec-
ranon P'ossa and S., Great (of the aorta). S. maxi-
mus aortse. See S., Great (of the aorta). S.
maximus cubitalis (seu humeri). See Olecranon
Fos^a. S. , median sseptum. See S. , Superior Longi-
tudinal. S., Median, Superior. See S. , Superior
Longitudinal. S. medianus. See I'estibular Sac-
cule. S. mediastinocostalis (pleunc), the part of
the pleura where the costal and mediastinal portions
unite behind the sternum. S. mediastinophrenicus,
the part of the pleura where the mediastinal and dia-
phragmatic portions unite. S. of Morgagni, the in-
terval between the upper border of the superior con-
strictor muscle and the basilar process of the occipital
bone. See Lacuna morgagni, S. of I'alsalva, and
Ventricle of the Larynx. S. mucosi urethrae. See
Lacunts morgagni. S. muliebris. See Vagina.
S. nasi accessorii, the various air-sinuses connected
with the nose. S. obliquus. See S., Straight. S.,
Occipital, a small venous sinus in the attached mar-
gin of the falx cerebelli, opening into the torcular
herophili. See S., Lateral. S. occipitalis, S.
occipitalis posterior. See S., Occipital. S. occip-
italis anterior. See S., Transverse. S. occipit-
alis transversus. See S., Transverse. S. opertus
minor. See Occipital Fissure. S. ophthalmicus.
See S., Cavernous. S. ophthalmopetrosus, an
anomalous opening into the transverse sinus. S.
palatinus. See Ethmoid Cells, Posterior. S.
parieto-occipitalis. See Occipital Fissure. S.
pedis, the internal sinus between the astragalus
and the os calcis. S. pericardiacocostalis, the
left mediastinocostal sinus. S. pericardii. See S.
transversus pericardii. S. perpendicularis. See
S., Straight. S., Petit's. See .S^ of Valsalva. S.
petrobasilaris. See S., Superior Petrosal. S.
petro-occipitalis inferior, a vein uniting the cav-
ernous sinus and the circellus venosus hypoglossi.
S., Petro-occipitalis superior. See S. , Superior
Petrosal. S., Petrosal, venous sinuses along the
borders of the petrous portion of the temporal bone.
S., Petroso-squamous. See S., Petro-sqtiamous.
S. petro-squamous, a venous sinus running along the
petro-squamous suture, and opening into the transverse
sinus ; it is believed to be a relic of a fetal communica-
tion with the internal jugular vein. S. petrosus
inferior. See S., Inferior Petrosal. S. petrosus
medius, an anomalous communication between the
inferior and superior petrosal sinuses. S. petrosus
profundus. See S. , Inferior Petrosal. S. petrosus
superficialis (seu superior). See S., Superior Petrosal.
S., Pharyngo-laryngeal. See Fossa laryngopharyn-
gea. S. pharyngolaryngei. See Fossa laryngo-
pharyngea . S. phrenicocostalis, the part of the pleura
where the costal and diaphragmatic portions join. S.
phrenicomediastinalis. See S. mediastinophreni-
calis. S., Pilo-nidal. .See Foveola coccygea. S.
pituitarius frontis. See S., Frontal. S., Placen-
tal. See S. , Utero-placental. S. pleurae, the spaces
in the pleural sac, along the lower and inferior por-
tions of the lung, which the lung does not occupy.
S. pocularis. See Uterus masculinus. S. of the
Portal Vein, an enlargement of the portal vein near
the right end of the transverse fissure of the liver. S.,
Posterior Basilar. See S., Occipital. S., Posterior
Ethmoid. See Ethmoid Cells, Posterior. S., Pos-
terior Occipital. See S., Occipital. S. primus et
secundus (of Galen), the transverse sinus. S.,
Prostatic. See Uterus masculinus. S. prostaticus.
See Uterus masculinus. S. protuberantiae annu-
laris, the basilar groove of the pons. S. pulmon-
alis, the atrium of the left auricle. S., Pulmonary.
See S. pulmonalis. S., Pyramidal (of the lar-
yn.x). See Fossa laryngopharyngea. S. pyriformis.
See Fossa laryngopharyngea and Fossa, Ilvoid.
S. quartus. I. The fourth ventricle of the brain. 2.
(Of Galen). See S., Straight. S. quartus aortae.
See S., Great (of the aorta). S. quintus, the fifth
ventricle of the brain. S. ad radicem linguae (Mor-
gagni). See F'oramen cacunt (of the tongue). S. rectus.
See S., Straight. S. renalis. See S. of the Kidney
znd. Hilum of the Kidney. S. reuniens. See Meatus
venosus. S. Rhomboidal, S. Rhomboid : I. A dila-
tation in the sacral region of the central canal of the
spinal cord of birds. 2. The fourth ventricle of the
brain. S. rhomboidalis, the fourth ventricle of the
brain. S. rhomboidalis lumbalis, the expansion
of the central canal of the spinal cord near the
lumbar enlargement. S., rhomboideus, the fourth
ventricle of the brain. S., Ridley's. .See S., Circular,
S. saepti (lucidi), the fifth ventricle of the brain. S.
sagittalis superior. See S. , Superior Longituditial.
S. secundus. See S., Superior Petrosal. S. of the
Seminiferous Tubules. See Co?pus Iiighmori. S.
semiovalis. See F'ovea hcmielliptica. S. Septimus
(of Guidi ), the superior longitudinal sinus. S. sig-
moideus. See S. , Lateral. S. speculi, the fifth ven-
tricle of the brain. S., Sphenoid, air-sinuses which
occupy the body of the sphenoid bone and communi-
cate with the nasal cavity. S., Sphenoparietal, a
vein uniting the cavernous sinus and a meningeal
vein. S. sphenoparietalis. See S. , Sphenopa-
rietal. S. squamopetrosus. See S., Petrosquamous.
S., Straight (of the tentorium), a sinus which is con-
tinuous with the inferior longitudinal sinus and, run-
ning along the junction of the falx cerebri and ten-
torium, is continuous with the lateral sinus. S. subar-
achnoidalis. See Subarachnoid Space. S. sulci-
formis. See Fossula sulciformis. S. sulciformis
(Morgagni), the Aditus ad aqiueductum svlvii. S.,
Superior Longitudinal, a triangular canal which
runs along the upper edge of the falx cerebri,
beginning in front at the crista galli and terminating
at the torcular. It is received into a median
groove in the frontal, parietal, and occipital bones.
S., Superior Petrosal, a venous canal running in
a groove in the petrous portion of the temporal bone
extending from the posterior part of the cavernous
sinus to the lateral sinus on the mastoid portion of
the temporal bone. S., Tarsal, the passage between
the tarsal bones occupied by the intertarsal ligament.
S. tentorii. See S., Straight. S. tentorii lateralis.
See S., Superior Petrosal. S. tentorii lateralis
(seu posterior). See S., Lateral. S. tentorii me-
dius. See S., Straight. S. tentorii medius (seu
posterior). See S., Straight. S., Terminal, i. See
6'. terminalis, 2. Of Toldt, sinus-like spaces near the
hilum of a lymph-gland. S. terminalis, a vein that
encircles the vascular area of the blastoderm, and
empties either by one trunk, the anterior vitelline
vein, into the left vitelline vein, or by two trunks into
both vitelline veins. S. tertius, the third 7'enlricle
of the brain. S., Transverse : i. A sinus uniting
the inferior petrosal sinuses. 2. A venous network
in the dura over the basilar process of the occipital
bone. It opens into the inferior petrosal and the
anterior spinal veins. S. transversus. See 5. ,
SIPHILIS
1332
SITOPHOBIA
Transverse. S. transversus pericardii, an opening
connecting the prolongation of the pericardium whicli
covers the pulmonary artery and the aorta with that
covering the auricles. S. triangularis. See 5.,
Superior Longitudinal. S. tuberculi {ossis ineta-
earpi ) , a depression upon the external surface of a
metacarpal bone just above its distal articular sur-
face. S. tympani. See Sulcus tyinpani. S. of
the Urethra. See Bulbi urethrie. S., Urino-genital,
S., Urogenital: I. The canal or duct into which,
in the embryo, the Wolffian ducts and the bladder
empty, and which opens into the cloaca. 2. In com-
parative anatomy, the common receptacle of the geni-
tal and urinary ducts. S. urino-genitalis, S. uro-
genitalis. Ste S. , Urino-genital. S., Uterine, the
veins of the uterus when in a state of dilatation due
to the enlargement of the organ, as i,n pregnancy. S.,
Utero-placental, slanting venous channels which is-
sue from the placenta at its uterine surface by piercing
the decidua serotina, and serve to convey the maternal
blood from the intervillous lacunce back into the
uterine veins. S. of the Uterus. See S., Uterine.
S. of Valsalva, dilatations of the aorta and pul-
monary artery opposite the segments of the aortic
and pulmonary valves. S. valsalvae. See S. of
Valsalva. S., Valvular. See S. of Valsalva. S.
of a Vein, a pouch-like enlargement of a vein on the
cardiac side of its valves. S. venae coronariae {magna
proprius). 'att S. , Coronary (of the heart). S. venae
jugularis. See S. of the Jugular Vein. S. venae
portse, the sinus of the portal vein. S. venarum
cavarum, the right auricle of the heart. S. venosi
durae matris. See S., Cranial. S. venosus, the
canal of Schlemm. See S., Venous. S. venosus
anterior. See Vena mediana medullte spinalis anterior.
S. venosus cordis. See Atrium. S. venosus
corneae. See Canal of Schlemm. S. venosus hovii,
a ring-like anastomosis of the venae vorticosae. S.
venosus iridis. See Canal of Schletnm. S., Venous,
one conveying venous blood. See also Meatus venosus.
S., Vertebral, veins within the bodies of the vertebrae.
S. vesicae urinariae. See iiecesszis vesicce urinaria.
Siphilis {sif'-il-is). See Syphilis.
Sipho [si'-fo) [a'Kpuv, tube]. A syringe.
Siphon (si'-fon) [ff/0a)!', a tube]. I. A tube bent at an
angle one arm of which is longer than the other, for
the purpose of transferring a liquid from one vessel to
another. Trocars and aspirating instruments con-
structed on this principle are called S. -trocars and
S. -aspirators. 2. In biology, a tubular organ for the
passage of some fluid, as the inhalent and exhalent
siphons of certain molluscs, or the sucking-tube of
various parasitic arthropods.
Siphonage [si' -fon-dj) [aKpuv, a siphon]. The action
of a siphon, whether in drainage of wounds or in
house-plumbing.
Siphonal [si' fo7i-al) \pi<liu)v, a tube]. Pertaining to or
resembling a siphon.
Siphonate [si'-fon-dt) \ai<^u)\\ tube]. In biology, pro-
vided with a siphon.
Siphonet [si' -fon-et) \_aiticjv, a tube]. In biology, one
of the pair of excretory tubes on the upper surface of
the abdomen of a plant-louse [Aphis). It exudes
honey-dew.
Siphoniferous [si' -fon-if -er-us) [cr/owi', tube ; ferre, to
bear]. Provided with siphons.
Siphoniform(,c/'-/t';z-//-or;«)[(7(((i(.)/', tube ; forma, form].
Shaped like a siphon.
Siphonium [si-fo' -ne-um) [cr/i^ui', a tube, pipe : //. ,
Sipho}iia'\. In biology, a special bony tube in some
birds, which conducts the air from the tympanum to
the articular piece of the mandible.
Siphonoma [si - fon - o'- mah) \aiipuv, siphon ; bfia.
tumor]. A peritoneal cylindroma, sometimes called
IIe)tle's tubular tumor.
Siphonoplax [si-fon' -o-plaks) [(t/0wi', a tube, pipe ; TrAaf,
a plate]. In biology, one of the calcareous plates which
form a tube about the siphons of boring molluscs
[Pholadida:).
Siphosome [si'-fo-som) [crji^uv, a tube ; cru/za, the body].
In biology, that portion of a siphonoplioran stock de-
voted to obtaining food ; the feeding-polyps. See
Nectosome.
Siphuncle [si' -fing-kl) [(7/0(jr, a tube]. In biology, a
small siphon, as the siphonet or honey-tube of a plant-
louse, or the funnel of a cephalopod.
Siphuncular [sifung'-ku-lar) [(j/^ui;, siphon]. Per-
taining to a sipliuncle.
Siphunculate [si-fung' -ku-ldt) [a/^wi', tube]. In biol-
ogy, provided with a siphuncle.
^\^\i\!LT\z\i\yxs [si-fung' -ku-lus). Same a.s Siphuncle. See
Syringe.
Siren [si'-ren) [^aetpijv, a mythic being who enticed by
her singing]. I. An instrument for studying the
qualities and properties of musical sounds. 2. Same
as Sirenomelus.
Sirenomelia [si - ren ■ o - me' ■ le - ah). Same as Siren-
omelus.
Sirenomelus [si-ren-om' -el-ics) [<7E/p//i', mermaid ; jJ.(1io(;,
limb]. A form of single autositic monster of the
species symelus, in which the lower extremities are
intimately fused, without the trace of a foot, or, at
most, with but a single toe.
Siret's Disinfectant. A disinfecting mixture contain-
ing copperas loo parts, zinc sulphate 50 parts, saw-
dust 40 parts, coal-tar 5 parts, and rapeseed-oil 5
parts.
Siriasis [sir-i' -as-is) [ (te /p(Of , the dog-star]. An old
name for a supposed attack of sideration, resembling
sunstroke, and caused by the influence of the dog-
star.
Sirloin [sir' -loin) [Fr. , surlotige, a sirloin]. The muscu-
lar mass from the loin of animals, particularly cattle.
Siro [si'-ro) [L.]. See Comedo. An old name for cer-
tain parasites. See Parasites [Animal), Table of.
Sirup [sir' -up). See Syrup.
Sisal Hemp [se'-sal). See Hemp.
Sister [sis' -ter) [ME., sister, sister]. A female relative
in the first degree of descent. S. -cells, cells pro-
duced by the fission or gemmation of any given
mother-cell; daughter-cells.
Sit [ME., sit ten, to sit]. To occupy a seat.
Site [sit) [situs, place]. Situation. S., Placental,
the area to which the placenta is attached.
Sitfast. In farriery, a piece of dead tissue in the skin
which would be thrown off but that it has formed firm
connections with the fibrous skin beneath, or with the
deeper tissues, and is thus bound in its place as a
persistent source of irritation.
Sitiology [sit-e-ol'-o-;e) \_aiTiov, nourishment; Aoyn^,
a treatise]. The science of nourishment or dietetics.
Sitiomania [sit-e-o-ma' -ne-ah). See Sitomania.
Sitiophobia [sit-e-o-fo'-be-ah) [ciTiov, food; <j>6f3oc,
dread]. A form of insanity marked by abhorrence
of food.
Sitis morbosa [si'-tis-mor-bo'-sah) [morbid thirst].
Synonym of Polydipsia.
Sitology [si-tol' -o-jc). See Sitiology.
Sitomania [si-to-ma' -ne-ah) [(Xirof, food ; iiavia, mad-
ness]. A mania occurring periodically, characterized
by loss of volition and an overwhelming desire to
partake of food to an unlimited extent.
Sitophobia [si-to-fo' -be-ah)-,\_mroc, food; 0o/3of, fear].
Morbid or insane aversion to food.
SITUS
1333
SKIN
Situs {si'-His) \_situs, site]. A position. S. viscerum
inversus, an anomaly in which tlie organs or viscera
of the body are changed from the normal to the
opposite side of the body.
Sitzbath [si/s' -bath) [Ger. , sitz, a seat; bafk'\. A hip-
bath or half-bath ; a bath taken in a sitting posture ;
semicupium.
Sivvens (siv'-enz). Same as Sibbeiis.
Size {fiz) [ME., sue, size]. Extent or volume. S.-
glue. See Glue.
Sizy [si' -ze) \jiza, glue]. Viscous, like glue or size.
Sizyzium [si-ziz'-e-u/ii). See Syzygj.
Skatol [skal'-ol) [ff/iarof, gen. oi ahCyiT, dung, dirt],C9-
HyN. The principal aromatic product of the decomposi-
tion of albumin in the intestinal canal. It resembles
indol, crystallizes in brilliant, vifhite plates, and pos-
sesses an intense fecal odor. It fuses at 93.5° C,
and is soluble with difficulty in water. Warmed with
dilute hydrochloric acid or nitric acid it gives a violet
color. Its vapor-density is 65.2. Serum-albumin
digested with pancreas and water at 36° C. for from
six to ten days yields skatol on distillation ; two and
a half kilograms of albumin give one gram of skatol.
Skatophagia (skat-o-fa'-je-ali). See Scatophagia.
Skatoxyl (skat - oks' - if) [cr/cwp (cKar-), dung; of if,
acid]. A product of the oxidation of skatol. It is
obtained from the urine in cases of disease of the
large intestine.
Skeer's Symptom. A small circle which forms in the
iris, near to and surrounding the pupil, commencing in
both eyes simultaneously ; it is considered pathogno-
monic of tuberculous meningitis.
Skein (^/i'aw) [ME. , j/&f_>'«(f, skein]. I. A fixed length
of any thread or yarn of silk or other material, doubled
again and again and knotted. 2. A synonym of
Spirem. S., Close. See Spireiii. S., Loose, the
thickened chromatin fibrils resulting from a loosening
of the spirem or close skein in mitotic cell-division.
Skeletins (skeF -et-ins) \_aKz'KtT6v, skeleton]. A name
given to a number of insoluble epithelial products
found chiefly in invertebrates. The group includes
chitin, conchiolin, eornein, spongin, fibroin , and silk.
Skeletization (skel-et-iz-a' -slnin) [tr/cEAerdi', skeleton].
Removal of the soft parts and leaving only the skele-
ton.
Skeletography (skel-et-og' -ra-fe) \_aKe'AET6v, skeleton;
ypd(pELv, to write]. A description of the skeleton.
Skeletology [skel-et-ol' -o-je) [oksXetov, skeleton ; Aoyo^,
science]. The sum of knowledge concerning the
skeleton. See Osteology.
Skeleton [skel' -et-on) [(Tw^erdy, a dried body, a skele-
ton]. In biology, the supporting or inclosing structure
for sustaining or protecting the soft parts of an organ-
ism. Cf. Endoskeleton, Exoskeleton, Dertnoskeletoit,
Scleroskeleton, Splanchuoskeleton. S., Cartilaginous,
the cartilaginous development from which the bony
skeleton is formed through ossification.
Skeletonize (skeF -et-07i-iz) [oae'/iETov, skeleton]. To
remove all the soft parts, leaving only the skeleton.
Skeletotrophic (skel-et-o-tro' fik) \j5Ke'kET6v, a skeleton ;
Tpk<^en\ to nourish]. In biology, pertaining to the
nutrition of the skeleton.
Skelos [ske'-los) [(TwAof, the leg: //., Skeleal- In bi-
ology, the vertebrate hind limb taken as a whole ;
it includes the ineros or thigh, the cfiis or leg, and the
pes or foot. Cf. Armies.
Skene's Glands. See Gland. S.'s Instillation-
tube, a tube or pipet used for making applications of
drugs to the interior of the uterus. S.'s Tubes,
minute tubular outgrowths from the rudiments of the
Wolffian ducts, corresponding to the vesiculse semi-
nales in the male.
Skew Muscles. Triangular-shaped or quadrilaterat-
shaped muscles, the plane of whose line of origin
intersects that of the insertion.
Skiascopy (ski as'-ko-pe). See Retinoscopy.
Skilip [skil'-ip) [Turk., Iskilip, a place in Asia Minor].
An inferior variety of scammony.
Head.
BoNV Skeleton.
Skin [ME., skin, skin]. The external protective mem-
branous covering of the body. Also the chief organ of
touch. It is composed of three layers, the epidermis,
or scarf-skin, the cutis (derma), or true skin, and the
rete tmicosHDi, which gives the color to the skin. S.-
bone, an ossification of the skin. S. -bound, affected
with sclerema, q. v. See also Scleroderma. S.,
Bronzed. See Addison's Disease. S. -disease, a
disease of the cutaneous surface. A classification of
skin-diseases is appended. S., Fish. See Icthyosis.
S., Glossy, a neurotic dermatosis in which the skin
becomes smooth and glossy. S., Goldbeaters', a
thin, tenacious sheet from the cecum of cattle, occa-
SKIN
1334
SKIN
• sionally used as a surgical dressing. S., Goose. See
Cutis anserina. S. -graft, a graft, ■iy. S. -grafting,
the application of minute pieces of the outer layers of
healthy skin to a granulating surface for the purpose
of hastening its cicatrization. See Dermatoplasty. S.,
L ^2
Section Perpendicularly Through the Healthy Skin.
a. Epidermis, or scarfskin. A. Rete mucosum, or rete malpighii.
c. Papillary layer, d. Derma, corium, or true skin. Pan-
niculus adiposus, or fatty tissue. J', g, h. Sweat-gland and
duct. J, k. Hair, with its follicle and papilla. /. Sebaceous
gland. '
Piebald. See I'itiligo. S. -planting. Same as S.-
graffing. S., Scale. See Icthyosis. S. -trans-
plantation, or S. -transportation. Same as Dfrtna-
toplastv.
SKIN-DISEASES, CROCKER'S CLASSIFICATION OF,
Class I. — Hyperemi.e — Congestions.
Most Proftiinetit Primary I.fsion.
Erythema simplex, Erythema.
" ab igne " and pigmenta-
tion
pernio,
intertrigo,
fugax
roseola,
scarlatiniforme
Class II. — Exudationes — Inflammations.
Alost Protuinent Privtary Lesion .
Erythema exsudativum multiforme. Erythema.
ins
nodosum, .
induratum,
Peliosis rheumatica.
and vesicles.
and brawny
swelling,
and hemor-
rhages.
Pellagra, "
Acrodynia "
Urticaria, Wheals.
Prurigo, Lenticular papules.
Eczema, Multiform lesions.
Dermatitis repens, Epidermic denudation and
fluid exudation.
Impetigo contagiosa, Vesicles and pustules.
Furunculus, Phlegmons.
Carbunculus, "
Pompholyx,
Herpes zoster, ....
" facialis, . .
" progenitalis, . ,
Pemphigus
Hydroa,
Impetigo herpetiformis.
Psoriasis,
Ptyriasis rubra, ....
Bullae and vesicles.
Grouped vesicles.
rosea,
" rubra pilaris
Lichen ruber,
" planus,
" scrofulosus,
" pilaris
Conglomerative pustular folliculi-
tis
Dermatitis
Bullae.
Grouped bullae.
pustules.
Scaly crusts on red base.
Diffuse redness with large
scales.
Patches, with fine scales.
Papules, " "
" acuminate,
flat.
" minute, convex.
" follicular.
Pustules en plaques, aggre-
gated.
Multiform lesions.
Class III. — Hemorrhagi/e— Hemorrhages.
Purpura, Blood-extravasation.
Class IV. — Hypertrophi/e — Hypertrophies.
Parts Affected.
Ichthyosis Epidermis and papillae.
Keratosis pilaris Hair-follicles.
Verruca Epidermis and papillae.
Clavus, " " "
Cornu cutaneum, " " "
Callositas Epidermis.
Tylosis, "
Scleroderma, Corium.
Sclerema neonatorum "
Gidema " "
Elephantiasis, The whole skin.
Lentigo Pigment.
Chloasma "
Acanthosis nigricans, " with papillary
growths.
Naevus pigmentosus, " neoplasm.
Class V. — Atrophi>e — Atrophies.
Parts Affected.
Albinism Pigment-deficiency.
Leukoderma, " disturbance.
Atrophoderma (or xeroderma) pig-
mentosum, Corium.
Atrophoderma albidum,
" senile, "
" striatum et macu-
latum, "
" neuriticum, .... "
Perforating ulcer, "
Morvan's disease, Sensory nerves.
Analgesic whitlows.
Ainhum, Corium?
Class VI.— Neoplasmata— New-growths.
General Cliaracter.
. . Crusted papules.
Darier's disease
Molluscum contagiosum
Xanthoma,
Colloid,
Lupus vulgaris
erythematosus
Scrofuloderma,
Tuberculosis,
Syphilis,
Lepra,
Rhinoscleroma
Keloid,
Fibroma
Myoma
Neuroma,
Nsevus vascularis,
Telangiectasis
Angioma serpiginosum
Angiokeratoma
Lymphangiectodes,
Lymphangioma tuberosum multi
plex,
Carcinoma,
Paget's disease,
Epithelioma, . . .
Rodent ulcer
Sarcoma
Mycosis fungoides
Yaws
Verruga peruana
Furunculus orientalis
Phagedaena tropica,
Degenerative.
Infiltrating.
Benign.
Malignant.
SKINNINESS
1335
SKULL
Class Vll — Neuroses— Sensory Diseases.
Hyperesthesia. Pruritus.
Dermatalgia.
Anesthesia.
Class VIII.— Morbi Appendicium— Diseases of the
Appendages.
Most Prominent Primary Lesion.
A. Sweat-glands.
Hyperidrosis Excessive secretion.
Bromidrosis I
Chromidrosis, • • • I Altered quality.
Phosphorescent sweat
Uridrosis, J
Anidrosis, Secretion absent
Miliaria crystallina (Sudamina), Retained secretion.
" vesiculosa Inflammation,
" papulosa,
B. Sebaceous Glands.
Seborrhea, Excessive secretion.
Seborrheic dermatitis, Multiform.
Sebaceous cysts, Retention.
Milium, , . . "
Comedones, "
Acne vulgaris Inflammation.
" rosacea "
" varioliformis,
Adenoma sebaceum Papular neoplasms.
C. Hair-follicles.
Hirsuties, Excessive growth.
Atrophy Defective "
Alopecia Baldness.
" areata " in patches.
Coucretiones, Growths on the hair-
shaft.
Sycosis, Inflammation.
Dermatitis papillaris capillitii, . " and keloid.
D. Nails.
Pterygium Overlapping of nail-
fold.
Onychia, Inflammation in matrix.
Paronychia, " around ma- 20
trix. r, I
Atrophy, Defective growth.
Onychogryphosis, Overgrowth.
Onycho-mycosis Fungus-growth in the
nail.
Class IX. — Parasiti — Parasites
A. Vegetable. Parts Affected.
Favus, Hair and skin.
f tonsurans, . Hair.
I decalvans, . "
Tinea trichophy- J circinata, . Skin,
tina, I barbae, . . Hair.
I imbricata, . Skin.
I, versicolor, . "
Erythrasma, "
Pinta "
Fungus-foot of India, •' and deeper tissues.
B. Animal.
Scabies, Acarus.
Demodex folliculorum, "
f capitis, 1
Pediculosis, < corporis, .... V Insect.
I, pubis J
Dracunculus medinensis, . . . . | Filaria or thread-
Filiaria sanguinis hominis, . . . ( worms.
Cysticercus cellulosae cutis, . . Taenia, or tape-worm em-
brvo.
Skoda, Consonating Rales of. Bronchial rales heard
through the consolidated pulmonary tissue of pneu-
monia. S.'s Resonance Sign or Tympany, a
tympanitic note heard above the line of fluid in a
pericardial effusion, or above the line of consolidation
in pneumonia. It is almost as tympanitic as the abdo-
men. See Bruit skodique.
Skodaic Resonance. Sep Skoda s Resonance.
Skodaic Tympany (sko' -da-ik tivi' -pan-e"). See Skoda' s
Resonance.
Skoliosometer {sko-le-o-som' -et-er) [crKoAiOf , curved ;
fit-fHiv, measure]. See Scoliosometer.
Skopophobia (sko-po-fo' -be-ah) [cKOTrof , a spy ; (p6f3og,
fear]. Insane dread of spies.
S)iuU. (sku/ } [ME. , ^/i-w/Zi', skull]. The superior expan-
sion of the vertebral column, the protective bony
Skinniness {skin'-e-nes)
ness.
Skinny {sMn'-e) [ME.,
2. Emaciated.
Skleriasis {skle-ri' -as-is)
[ME., skin,
s kilty skin].
skin]. Lean-
I. Cutaneous.
See Scleroderma.
Skleroseptum [skle-ro-sep'-titJii) \_c!K?i?^por , hard ; sep-
twn, fence, partition : //., Sklerosepta\ In biology,
one of the radially arranged, perpendicular cal-
careous ridges arising from the foot-plate of a stone
coral [Hexacorallia , Madreporaria), also called star-
ridges. Cf. Sarcosepta.
Base of Skull.
I. Median suture of palatine vault. i. Inferior orifice of an-
terior palatine canal, 3. Inferior openings of posterior
palatine canals. 4. Posterior border of palatine vault ; pos-
terior nasal spine. 5. Posterior border of nasal septum. 6.
Hamular process of internal pterygoid plate of sphenoid
bone. 7. Internal pterygoid plate. 8. External pterA-goid
plate. 9. Scaphoid fossa. 10. Oval or inferior maxillary
foramen. 11. Foramen spinosum. 12. Foramen lacerum
medium. 13. Zygomatic arch. 14. Spheno-occipital suture.
15. Glenoid cavity. 16. External auditory canal. 17 Mas-
toid process. 18, 18. Styloid process and stylo-mastoid fora-
men. 19. Inferior orifice of carotid canal. 20. Foramen
lacerum posterius. 21, 21. Occipital condyles. 22. Basilar
process. 23. Foramen magnum. 24. External occipital
crest. 25,25. Inferior curved lines of occipital bone.
covering or container of the brain and organs of the
special senses, consisting of the cranium and face.
The cranium is made up of 8 bones — .the occipital, 2
parietal, the frontal, 2 temporal, the sphenoid, and the
ethmoid. The face is composed of 14 bones — nasal,
superior maxillary, lacrymal, malar, palate, inferior tur-
binated, two each, and vomer and inferior maxillary, one
each. S. -cap, the dome of the skull, '^et Scutellaria .
S., Landmarks of, the eminences, chiefly the frontal
SKUNK
1336
SMALL
and parietal, the 2 temporal ridges, the sutures, and
the craniometric points, q. v. S., Natiform, a skull
S
Lateral Aspect of Skull.
I. Frontal bone. 2. Parietal bone. 3. Occipital bone. 4. Tem-
poral bone. 5. Greater wing of sphenoid bone. 6. Lamb-
doid suture. 7. Occipito-parietal suture. 8. Squamo-parietal
suture. 9. Masto-parietal suture. 10. Spheno-parietal su-
ture. II. Spheno-temporal suture. 12. Spheno-frontal suture.
13, 13. Temporal ridge. 14. Malar bone. 15. Fronto-malar
suture. 16. Malo-temporal suture. 17. Malo-niaxillary su-
ture. 18. Superior maxillary bone. 19. Infraorbital foramen.
20. Nasal bone. 21. Naso-maxillary suture, 22. Naso-frontal
suture. 23. Lacrymal groove, at the bottom of which may
be seen the suture between the lacrymal and the superior
maxillary bones. 24. Nasal eminence. 25. Inferior maxil-
lary bone. 26. Mental foramen. 27. Angle of lower jaw.
28. Coronoid process. 29. Condyle. 30. Neck of condyle.
31. External auditory canal. 32. Styloid process. 33. Mas-
toid process. 34. Masto-occipital suture.
covered with osteophytes. S.-roof, the roof of the
skull ; skull-cap.
Skunk. See Mephitis. S.-bush. See Gariya. S.
Cabbage, the root of Syiiiplocafpus fxtidtts, a stimu-
lant, antispasmodic, and narcotic. Dose of the fld.
ext. TT^^x-xl. Unof.
Slag [Sw., slagg, dross]. The earthy matter separated,
in a more or less completely fused and vitrified condi-
tion, during the reduction of a metal from its ore.
Slaver [slnv'-er^ [ME., slaver, slaver]. Drivel;
saliva, especially such as is involuntarily discharged.
Sleek [slek) [ME. , ^//V/v, smooth]. Smooth; glossy,
as the skin.
Sleep [slip) [ME., slepen, to sleep]. The state of
rest and recuperation of the bodily and mental vol-
untary powers. The consciousness may also be
inactive or dreaming, ?". e., without the guidance and
data of the will and lower centers, and hence illogi-
cally functional. S. -drunkenness. See Somno-
lentia. S. -epilepsy. See A'arcolepsy. S., Hyp-
notic, S., Magnetic, S., Mesmeric, sleep produced
by hypnotism. S. -paralysis, paralysis produced by
pressure during sleep. S., Paroxysmal. See A'ar-
colepsy. S. -walking. -See So>iinai]ilnilism .
Sleeping {slep'-ing) [MY.., slepen, \.o sleep]. Resting
in slumber. S. -dropsy, a singular disorder seen only
on the Atlantic coast of Africa, and characterized by
daily paroxysms of somnolence, tending to become
more and more continuous and profound until merged
in fatal coma. Its onset is gradual, commencing with
a slight frontal headache. It may persist for from three
months to a year or more, and always ends fatally.
It is also called African Lethargy, and is said by some
to be only one of the manifestations of filariasis. See
Narcolepsy. S. -sickness. See African Lethargy,
A^arcolepsy, Nelavan, and Filariasis.
Sleeplessness [step' -les-nes). See Insomnia.
Sleepy [sle'pe) [ME, slepen, to sleep]. Inclined to
sleep. S. -disease. See Hypnopathy. S. Stag-
gers, a symptom in the horse, resulting from a variety
of brain-affections, characterized by more or less
drowsiness or coma associated with a staggering gait.
See Staggers.
Slender Lobe of the Cerebellum. See Lobe.
Slick [slik). Same as Sleek.
Slide (j/;(/)[ME., sliden, to slide]. A small, rectangular
slab of clear glass for the mounting, preservation, and
ready examination of microscopic objects. The slides
may vary in size ; for ordinary work the most common
dimensions are 26 X 7^ millimeters, or I X 3 inches.
Slime (slim) [AS., sll?n, slime]. In biology, a viscid
secretion of the cutaneous glands of various animals.
Mucus. S. -fungus. Same as S. -mold. S. -gland,
(a) one of the modified leg-glands, with ducts emerging
at the ends of the oral papillse in the Protracheata ;
(b) one of the glands furnishing the viscid mucus-
like substance of snails, fishes, etc. S.-mold. See
I\Iyxo!nycetes.
Sling [ME., slitjge, a sling]. A swinging bandage and
carriage for supporting a fractured limb. S. of the
Lenticular Nucleus, a tract of nerve-fibers which
enter the lenticular nucleus by passing beneath the
optic thalamus.
Slink (slingh) [origin obscure]. To bear young or cast
prematurely ; said of a female beast ; to miscarry.
S. Meat, the meat of calves or lambs that have been
cast prematurely.
Slinking (slingk'-ing) [origin obscure]. Abortion in
cows or other beasts.
Slip [slip) [MD. D., slippen, slip, escape]. I. A male
fowl which has been unsuccessfully caponized. 2. A
scion or cutting of a plant made for grafting or rooting.
3. Same as Slide.
Slippery Elm. See Ulmiis, and Fremontia.
Slit [ME. , j///, a slit] . A narrow opening ; a visceral
cleft ; the separation between the labia ; the vulvar
cleft. S., Genito-urinary, S., Urino-genital, S.,
Uro-genital, the uro-genital opening. S. of the
Micro-spectroscope, the spectral ocular, in place of
an ordinary diaphragm, has two movable knife edges so
arranged that a slit-like opening of greater or less width
and length may be obtained by the use of screws for
that purpose.
Sloid, Sloyd [Sw. , j/oyV, slight, skill]. A sys-
tem of manual training taught in elementary schools ;
it is of Swedish origin.
Slop [ME., sloppe, a pool]. A general term for liquid
foods used in the course of acute diseases and during
convalescence.
Slough [sliif) [ME. , the skin of a snake]. A
term applied to the separating and dying particles of
tissue in suppurative and ulcerative processes. As a
verb, to separate or die in consequence of gangrene;
said of tissues.
Sloughing {sluf'-ing) [ME. , sloiih, the skin of a sn.ake].
Gangrenous.
Slows (.f/00). Synonym of Milk-sickness.
Sludge (^//y) [AS., slog,m\xA'\. Sewage-deposit.
Slumber [slum' -ber) [ME., slumberen, to slumber].
I. To sleep lightly. 2. L'glit sleep.
Small [smawL] [ME., small, not large]. Little in
size ; diminutive. S.-pox. See Variola. S.-pox,
Abortive, variola in which but few pustules are present ;
these rapidly disappear. S.-pox., Bastard. See
Varicella. S.-pox, Confluent. See J'ariola con-
Jiitens. S.-pox, Crystalline. See Varicella. S.-
SMALTS
1337
SOAP
pox, False. See Varicella. S.-pox, Hemorrhagic.
See Variola. S.-pox, Ichorous. SeeVamflla. S.-
pox, Mahgnant. See Variola. S.-pox, Modified.
See Varioloid. S.-pox, Ovine. See Sheep-pox. S.-
pox, Spurious. See Varicella. S. Red Granular
Kidney. ?>ee Bright' s Disease. S. White Kidney.
See Bright' s Disease.
Smalts (smawltz). See Pigments, Conspectus of.
Smart \yiE. , stnerteii, to smart]. I. To feel a pun-
gent pain. 2. A sharp, quick, active pain. S.-
weed. See Polygonum Iiydropiperoides.
Smead-Dowd System. See Ventilation.
Smear-cultures [smer). .See Culture.
Smectic [smek'-tlk). .Same as Detergent.
Smegma [smeg' -viah) \pjiijyua, a cleansing substance].
The sebaceous accretions upon the skin. S. em-
bryonum. See Vernix. S. of Prepuce, the case-
ous substance secreted by the follicles of the prepuce.
Smegmatic {smeg-tnaf -Ik) [ajn'jyjia, a cleansing sub-
stance]. Pertaining to, or of the nature of, smegrna.
Smegmatorrhea [smeg-niat-or-e'-ah ). Synonym of
Seborrhea.
Smell {smel) [ME., smellen, to smell]. The percep-
tion of an odor by means of the olfactory nerve.
S. -hollows, elliptic pits on the antennis of bees
having olfactory functions.
Smelling [s??iel'-ing) [ME., smellen, to smell]. The
sense of smell ; olfaction. S. -bottle, a small bottle
containing smelling-salts. S. -salts, a popular name
applied to various preparations of ammonium car-
bonate flavored with aromatic substances. S. -salts,
English, carbonate of ammonium impregnated with
ethereal oils, such as oil of lavender or bergamot.
Smelting [smelt' -Ing) [ME., jw^'//d'«, to smelt]. The
treatment of ore by which it is subjected to intense
heat for the purpose of separating the contained metal.
Smilacin [smi'-las-ln] [anVka^, the yew]. The precipi-
tate from a tincture of the root of sarsaparilla, Smilax
officinalis, alterant, detergent, diaphoretic, and stimu-
lant. Dose 2 to 5 grains. Unof.
Smilax [s?nl'-laks). See Sarsaparilla, China-root,
Bamboo-brier.
Smith, Bacillus of, S., Spirillum of. See Bacteria,
Svnonymatlc Table of.
Smith's Method. See Treatment , Methods of.
Smiths' Cramp or Spasm. See Spasm.
Smoke {smok) [ME., smoken, to smoke]. To emit
a vapor or exhalation while burning. S. -rockets, an
inflammable substance used in making the smoke-test
for sewer-gas. S.-test, a method for finding defects
in drains by means of smoke.
Smoker (smo'-ker) [ME., smoken, to smoke]. One
who uses tobacco. S.s' Cancer. See Cancer. S.s'
Dyspepsia. See Dyspepsia. S.s' Patch, a chronic
inflammation of a small spot of the mucous membrane
of the mouth arising from an irritation produced by
the pipe. It varies in size from a quarter to a half of
an inch in diameter, and is smooth and red in appear-
ance. S.s' Sore-throat, the condition of catarrh of
the pharynx and larynx, with' hoarseness, common in
habitual smokers. S.s' Vertigo. See Vej-tigo.
Smooth Sumach. See Rhus glabra.
Smother [sjituth' -er) [ME., smofhren, to suffocate].
To suffocate ; to stifle.
Smothering (smuth' -er-ing) [ME., jOTo///r^«, to suffo-
cate]. Exclusion of air from the respiratory organs,
I as by covering the mouth and nostrils.
Smut [AS. , jot///<?, a spot], i. A foul spot ; thefoul-
j ing matter itself. 2, A parasitic disease of plants,
caused by fungi of the order Ustilaginece, the first
exact researches concerning which were published
about 1850 by the brothers Tulasne. S. of Broom
Corn, Ustllago sorghl (l^.V^.), Passerini. S., Covered,
of Barley, Ustilago hordei (P.), Kell and Swingle.
S. of Indian Corn, Ustilago inaydis (D. C). S.,
Naked, of Barley, Ustilago nuda (Jensen), Kell and
Swingle. S. of Oats, Ustilago ai'ciuc (P.), Jensen,
var. Levis, Kell and Swingle. S. of Rye, Ustilago oc-
culta (Walls), Rabh. S. of Wheat, Bunt, or Stinking
Smut, Tilletla fa:te)is,'\xe\e3&e; Tllletia tritlci {V,]er\<),
Wint. The disease is spread by spores of these fungi
adhering to the sound grains before they are planted,
or by spores in the soil.
Smyrna [smlr'-nah). Synonym oi Myrrh .
Snake [snak) [ME., ^«<z/('(', a snake]. A serpent. S.-
head. See Balmony. S.-root, Black. See Cimici-
fnga. S.-root, Canada. See Asarum. S.-root
Seneca. See Senega. S.-root Virginia. See Ser-
pentarla. S. -Stone. See Madstone. S.-weed. See
Bistort.
Snap-finger. See Spring-finger.
Snare [sncir] [ME., snare, snare]. A light or small
ecraseur, or wire loop, used in removing polypi and
small excrescences.
Snarling Muscle. See Mtcscles, Table of.
Sneering Muscle. See Muscles, Table of.
Sneeze [snez) [ME., snesen, to sneeze]. To expel the
breath audibly and spasmodically through the nose for
the removal of mucus or foreign bodies. S. -cough,
a peculiar explosive sound produced by an attempt on
the part of the patient to sneeze and cough at the
same time. It is due to an irritation of the lower and
posterior portions of the nasal cavities. S.-wort.
See Achillea.
Sneezing [snez'-ing) [ME., snesen, to sneeze]. Ster-
nutation.
Snellen's Types. See Test-types.
Sniffles [snif'-h). See Snuffles.
Snore [stior) [ME., snoren, to snore]. I. To breathe
through the nose in such a manner as to cause a vibra-
tion of the uvula and soft palate, thereby producing a
rough, audible tone. 2. The sound so produced.
Snoring {snor' -ing). See Stertor.
Snort [MB., snorten, to snore]. To snore loudly.
Snout (sno7ft) [^M¥,. , snoute, snout^. The nose of an
animal. See Muzzle.
Snow [sno) [ME., s>to"M, snow]. The aqueous vapor
of the atmosphere precipitated in a frozen form. S.-
blindness. See Blindjtess. S. -shoe Disease, pain
in the feet following a long march on snow-shoes. S.-
white. Same as Zinc White.
Snow's Inhaler. See Anesthetic.
Snub-nose (snub' -noz). See Pug-nose.
Snuff {snuf) , snuffen, to snuff]. I. Powdered
tobacco, variously perfumed and mixed, used for in-
halation into the nostrils. 2. A medicated powder to
be insufflated into the nostrils. 3. To inhale ; to smell.
S.-box, Anatomist's, the Foveola radialls.
Snuffle [snuf'-fl) [LG., snuffeln, to snuffle]. To
breathe hard through the nose. As a plural noun, a
popular name for a catarrhal discharge from the nose in
infancy. It is not infrequently symptomatic of syphilis.
Soap (sop') [ME., sope, soap]. A chemic compound
made by the union of certain fatty acids with a salifi-
able base. It is used for washing and cleansing pur-
poses. See Sapo. A table is appended showing the
composition of the chief soaps of pharmacy, as ana-
lyzed by M. Dechan. S. -balls, balls made of starch
and soap. S.-bark. See Qulllala. S., Black. See
Sapo viridls. S., Castile, soap made from olive-oil.
S., Cocoanut-oil, soap made from cocoanut-oil. It
is soluble in hard water. S., Glassmakers', native
dioxid of manganese. S., Green. See Sapo vlrldis.
S., Hard, soap prepared by means of soda alkali;
SOBBING
1338
SCEMMERING'S BONE
soda soap. S. -liniment. See Linimcnfuin sapotiis.
S., Petroleum, a soap made by heating together
5 parts of petroleum, 4 of white wax, 5 of alcohol,
and 10 of hard soap. S., Soft, soap made by means
of potash alkali ; potash soap S., Taxidermists', a
soap made by mixing 32 parts each of grated olive oil
soap, arsenious acid and boiling water, 12 of potassium
carbonate, 4 of unslaked lime, and I of camphor. S.,
Tincture of Green. See Snpo viridis. S.-wort,
Bouncing Bet, the root of Saponaria officinalis. Its
properties are due to an extractive, saponin. It is a
paralyzant to the peripheral nerve-endings and the
respiratory centers, and is a useful alterative in syph-
ilitic and scrofulous complaints. .Dose of the fid. ext.
T1\^xv- 3 j . Unof.
Variety.
Fatty Acids.
Combined Al-
kali.
Free Alkali.
Silica.
Sulphates and
Chlorids.
Insoluble Mat-
ter.
Water.
Insoluble in
Alcohol.
Hard Soap (Sapo
durus).
81.5
9.92
.08
.00
.28
•36
0.20
10.65
0.50
White Castile Soap
(5. Cast. alb.).
76.7
9.14
.09
.00
0.90
13-25
0.60
Mottled Castile
Soap.
6S.1
8.9
•19
■15
■63
0.80
21.70
1.30
Tallow Soap (Sapo
animalis).
78-3
9-.S7
.28
.00
■47
0.40
12.50
1. 10
Soft Soap (Sapo
mollis).
48.5
12.6
.38
•17
•93
1. 00
39-50
1.60
Sobbing [sob'-ing] [ME., sobben, to sob]. Convulsive
inspirations due to contraction of the diaphragm and
spasmodic closure of the glottis. The sound produced
is characteristic.
Soboliferous [sob-o-/if'-cr-iis) \_soboles, a shoot ; ferre,
to bear]. Bearing vigorous shoots.
Socaloin i^so-kal' -o-in) \_Soco/ra, an island in the Indian
Ocean ; alori, aloes], CjjHjgO,. The aloin derived
from socotrine aloes.
Socia [so'-se-ah) [L.]. One accompanying. S. par-
otidis, an occasional small, separate lobe, or exclave,
of the parotid gland.
Social (so'-skdl) \^sociits, a companion]. In biology,
gregarious, growing near, or together. S. Evil,
prostitution.
Society Screw. The screw at the lower end of the draw-
tube or body-tube of a microscope for receiving the
objective.
Socin's Antiseptic Paste. See Fas/e.
Sociology (w-J;'-o/^-o-;>) \_socitis, a. fellovv'-being ; /o;of,
a treatise]. A treatise on the mutual relations of
people and of social organization.
Sock [so/c] [ME., socl'c, a sock]. A short-legged stock-
ing. Ss., Neapolitan, socks containing mercurial
ointment, which are to be worn continuously for the
purposes of inunction.
Socket [ME. , jo/iv/, a socket]. The concavity
or excavation of an articulation.
Socle {so'-M) \soccus, a light shoe]. In biology, the
supporting structure of the sense-organs of certain
worms. See Pedalia.
Soda lyso'-dah) [L.], Na^O. The oxid of the metal
sodium. Also, popularly, almost any salt of sodium.
.See Sodium. S.-ash, a substance produced in the
manufacture of sodium carbonate. S., Baking, so-
dium bicarbonate. S., Caustic, sodium hydroxid,
a strongly alkaline base with a great affinity for water.
S. -powder, a baking-powder. S., Washing, so-
dium carbonate. S. -waste, a by-product in the manu-
facture of sodium carbonate. S. -water, the so-called
soda-water sold by druggists and confectioners con-
sists of filtered water impregnated or aerated with
carbon dioxid. It contains no soda.
Sodamid [so' -dani-id) \_soda, soda; ainid'\, NHjNa. A
crystalline substance formed from ammonia gas and
metallic sodium.
Sodic [so'-dil') \_sodn , soda]. Derived from or con-
taining soda.
Sodium [so'-de-um) \_soda, soda: gen., Sodii'\, Na =
23; quanti valence I; sp. gr. 0.972. A metal of the
alkaline group, characterized by its strong affinity for
oxygen. It has a silver-white luster, and is softer
than lead. It decomposes water, forming sodium
hydrate. The action of sodium salts is similar to
that of potassium compounds. See Elements, Table
of. S. acetas, NaC,H302.3H20, diuretic, a good
saline draught. Dose gr. xx-^j. S. -amalgam,
a compound of sodium and mercury. S. ben-
zoas, NaCjHjO.^. Dose gr. x-xxx. S. bicar-
bonas, HNaCOj, "saleratus," " baking - soda ; "
antacid; 20 gr. neutralize 16. 7 gr. of citric acid
or 17.8 gr. tartaric acid. Effervescent. It is
much used for the aeration of quick -made bread.
Dose gr. x-^j. S. bicarb., Troch., each contains
gr. iij of the salt. S. bicarb, venalis, commercial
bicarbonate. S. bromidum (B. P. ), NaBr. Dosegr.
x-xxx. S. carbonas, Na.^CO.j antacid ; 20 gr. neu-
tralize 9.7 gr. citric, or 10.5 gr. tartaric acid. Effer-
vescent. Dose gr. v-xxx. S. carb. exsiccatus,
the carbonate dried until it loses 50 per cent, of its
weight. S. chloras, NaClOj, the basis of an
agreeable gargle. Dose gr. v-xx. S. chloridum,
NaCl, common salt, an agreeable condiment. Dose
gr. x-;5j. S. ethylas, C^HjNaO, caustic alcohol,
unof., in contact with water breaks into caustic soda
and alcohol ; a strong caustic. S. formas, Na-
CHOj.H.^O, used in the form of parenchyma-
tous injections in surgical tuberculosis. Dose gr.
ss-iij. S. hydras, Na(HO), "caustic soda," very
alkaline and powerfully escharotic. S. hyposul-
phis, Na^S.^O.) -\- SH^O, an antiseptic salt. S. iodi-
dum, Nal. Dose gr. iij-x. Sodae, Liq., solution of
soda. r)ose ■tT\^v-3ss; contains 56 parts of the
hydrate in 944 of distilled water. S. nitras, Na-
NO.p " cubic niter," " Chili saltpeter." S. santonas,
Na.^Ci5H,g04, a vermifuge for threadworms. Dose
gr. V. S. sulphas, Na^SO^, "Glauber's Salt," a mild
purgative. Dosegr. v-xx; as a purgative §ss-j. S.
sulphocarbolas, NaC|;H5S042H.^O. Dose gr. x-xv.
S. valerianas, NaCjHgOj. Dose gr. j-v.
Sodomist, Sodomite [sod'-om-isf, sod'-om-it) [So(5o//a,
Sodom]. One guilty of sodomy.
SoAomislic (sod - o - mis'- ti/c^ [2o(5o//a, Sodom]. Re-
lating to sodomy.
Sodomy (sod'-om-c) [Zw^ojia, .Sodom, a former city of
Asia]. Sexual connection by the anus. S., Mastur-
bating, a name proposed for intromission of objects
into the rectum to produce sexual excitement.
Soemmering's Bone. The marginal process of the
malar bone. S.'s Crystalline Swelling, an annular
swelling behind the iris, due to proliferation of the
cells of the capsule after cataract-operation. S.,
Foramen of. See Foramina, Table of. S., Gan-
glion of, the substantia nigra of the thalamus. S.,
Nerve of. See Arer-c^es, Table of. S., Yellow Spot
of. See Macula Itttea.
SOFT
1339
SOLUBLE
Soft [ME. , .rc/?, soft]. Yielding readily to pressure;
not hard. S. Palate. See Palate.
Softening {sof -en-ing) [ME., soft, soft]. The act of
becoming less cohesive, firm, or resistant. S., Acute
Gastric, a disease of childhood in which the stomach
and intestines are said to undergo softening. It is
probably a post-mortem phenomenon. S., Anemic,
disintegration and liquefaction of the brain-substance
from lack of blood - supply . S. of the Bones,
osteomalacia. S. of the Brain, a disease of the
cerebral tissue dependent upon inflammation or blood-
failure, the symptoms varying according to the part
affected, but consisting in loss of function, partial
or complete. According to the appearances present-
ing the softening has been distinguished as red, yellow,
or white. See General Paralysis of the Insane. S.
Colliquative, the name applied to that condition in
which the affected tissues liquefy. S., Esophageal,
softening of the lower portion of the esophagus due
to the solvent action of the gastric juice. S. of the
Heart, myomalacia cordis, a softening of the cardiac
muscle consequent on arterial anemia. S., Hemor-
rhagic, the softening of parts involved in a hemor-
rhage. S., Mucoid, myxomatous degeneration. S.,
Red, or Yellow (o/" the brain), when hemorrhage
accompanies the ischemic softening, and the products
of disintegration of the blood mingle with the nerve-
substance, giving it a red or yellow hue. S. of the
Spinal Cord, various stages in myelitis known by the
terms gray, green, red, ivliite, and yellow softening.
S. of the Stomach, gastromalacia, consequent upon
highly acid contents with a feeble circulation in the
walls, but usually a post-mortem phenomenon. See
Auto-digestion. S. of a Thrombus, may be simple
or red, piiriform or yellow, the latter resulting in the
extremely unfavorable condition of Thrombophlebitis.
S., White {of the brain), when the ischemia is un-
accompanied with hemorrhage.
Soil [ME., jo/Zi", soil]. The ground ; earth. S. -dis-
eases, those diseases produced by emanations from a
decomposing organic soil, or arising from imperfect
drainage of decaying animal matter. S.-pipe, the
main discharge-pipe of a system of house-plumbing ;
usually an upright, hollow cylinder of iron.
%o\a.{so' la") [Beng., Wa, the sola]. A plant of tropical
regions, yEsehynomene aspera. Its pith-like wood is
largely manufactured into pith helmets, or sun-hats,
especially in India.
Solanidin (so-lan' -id-in). See Solanin.
Solanin [sol' -an -in) \solanum, the nightshade]. A
glucosid found in Bittersweet. It is composed of
sugar and another substance, jo/^? It is a poison-
ous narcotic. Dose gr. 3^-iv. Unof. See Bittersweet.
Solanoid [soV -an-oid) \solantim, nightshade; sMof,
like]. Of a potato-like texture, as a solanoid car-
cinoma.
Solanum [so-la' -num) [L.]. A genus of the family of
Solanace(E. The tomato, potato, jurubeba, and black
nightshade belong to this genus. See also Bitter-
siueet.
Solar [so'-lar) \_solans, of the sun]. Pertaining to or
resembling the sun. S. Ganglion. See Ganglia,
Table of. S. Oil, an oily liquid produced from tar-oil
by rectification and employed as an illuminant. S.
Plexus. See Plexus.
Solarium {so- la' -re-urn) \_solaris, solar; sol, sun]. A
room enclosed with glass, and arranged for the ad-
ministration of sun-baths.
Solayre's Obliquity. See Obliquity.
Soldaini's Reagent and Test. A reagent for testing
for sugar in the urine. It consists of a solution of
cupric carbonate in potassium dicarbonate. It is
made by dropping into a saturated solution of potas-
sium dicarbonate iron water, very gradually and with
constant shaking, a saturated solution of cupric sul-
phate until it ceases to be redissolved ; filter, and pre-
serve in bottles. In testing add 2 c.c. to 4 c.c. of
urine and heat. A yellow precipitate indicates glu-
cose.
Sole {sol) [ME., jo/if, sole]. The plantar surface of
the foot. S. -leather. See Leather. S. -plate, {a)
the name given by Boas to the palmar side of claws
and hoofs, as distinguished from the volar side (Sohlen-
horn) ; [b) the flattened nucleated mass of soft,
faintly granular protoplasm closely applied to the sur-
face of a voluntary muscle to receive the ultimate
fibrillEe of the medullated nerve-fibers composing its
motor supply. It forms part of the motor disc or end-
plate. S. -reflex. See Reflexes, Table of.
Solea {so' -le-ah). See Sole.
Solearis {so-le-a' -ris). Synonym of Soleus.
Solen {so'-len) [auTiijv, a channel]. I. A channel. 2.
The central canal of the spinal cord.
Solenochalasis {so-len-o-kal-a' -sis) \pu}iiv, channel;
XoXaoTLKOi;, making supple]. Dilatation of a tubular
organ.
Solenostegnosis {so-len-o-steg-no' -sis) [au/J/v, a chan-
nel ; CTtyvuaiQ, stenosis]. Constriction of a tubular
organ.
Soleus {so-le' -tis). See Muscles, Table of .
Solid {sol' -id) \_solidus, solid]. A substance the mole-
cules of which are in a condition of strong mutual
attraction. S. Green. See Pigments, Conspectus of.
S. Ocular. See Ocular. S. Violet. Same as Gallo-
cyanin.
Solidago {sol-id-a' -go) \_solidus, solid : gen., Solidaginis'].
Golden-rod, a genus of some 100 species of composite-
flowered plants, mostly American. S. odora is car-
minative, diaphoretic, stimulant, diuretic, and ant-
emetic. S. rigida is tonic and astringent. S. vir-
gaurea, of both continents, is astringent, tonic, and
vulnerary.
S6\i6.a.Y\X.y {sol-id -ar'-it-e) [^solidus, soWA']. The unitary
nature of the relations of the various parts of an organ-
ism, whereby all individual parts are subordinated to
the welfare of the whole.
Solidification {sol- id - if - ik - a'- shun) \_solidus, solid ;
facere, to make]. The act of becoming solid, or of
possessing molecular attraction.
Solidism (W-Zo'-Zzw) \_solidus,%o\\A\ The theory that
diseases depend upon alterations in the solids of the
body.
Solidist {sol'-id-ist) [jo//V//«, solid]. The name given to
one opposed to the doctrines of the humoralists.
Solitarius [sol-it -a' -re-zts) [L.]. .Single, solitary.
Solitary {sol' -it-a-re) [solitarius, solitary]. Marked by
solitude; single. S. Bundle, a strand of nerve-fibers
in the medulla. S. Follicles, certain minute glands
found in the mucous membrane of the intestines. S.
Glands. See Gland. S. Kidney, Rokitan.sky's
term for the single mass produced by the congenital fu-
sion of the two kidneys.
Solium {so' -le-um). See Tcenia solium.
Solomon's Seal {soF -o-monz-sel). The root of Conval-
laria polygonatum , a tonic, mucilaginous and slightly
astringent. It was formerly a popular domestic remedy
for rheumatism and gout, and is externally employed
in contusions. Dose of fld. ext. ,^j-ij. Unof.
Soluble {sol'-u-bi) \_sohtbilis, soluble]. That which
may enter into solution. Capable of being dissolved.
S. Albumin. See Native Albumin. S. Blue. See
Pigments, Conspectus of. S. Eosin. See Pigments,
Conspectus of. S. Glass, the silicate of sodium,
potassium, or magnesium. A viscid liquid that hard-
SOLUTE
1340
SOMATOPLEURA
ens into a firm varnish when applied to bandages
and dressings. S. Primrose. Same as Eiyihro-
si'n. S. Starch (CgHj^Oj). Attiylodextrin ; a sub-
stance obtained by heating starch paste to 40° C.
on a water-bath and digesting witli a small amount of
saliva. The solution loses its opalescent appearance
and becomes limpid and clear, like water. It is dex-
trorotatory and does not reduce Fehling's fluid. S.
Stool, feces of semi-solid consistency.
Solute [sc-/ii/') \_so/vere, to set free]. In biology: (a)
free ; not adhering or adnate ; (b) soluble.
Solutio [so-lu' -she-o) [L.]. A solution.
Solution [so-ht' -shiin) \sohttio, a solution]. The over-
coming of cohesion in the molecules of a solid by
means of a liquid menstruum and their diffusion among
those of the liquid. The infusion of the molecules of
a gaseous or of a liquid substance among those of a
liquid ; a liquid in which a solid has been dissolved; " a
homogeneous mi-xture exerting an osmotic pressure."
S., Arsenical, Liquor potassii arseiiitis. S., Bur-
nett's, an aqueous solution of zinc chlorid. S., Centi-
normal, a solution y-L of the strength of a normal
solution. S. of Contiguity, the separation of two
parts normally in contact. S. of Continuity, division
of a tissue by traumatism, inflammation, or disease.
S., Decinormal, a solution of the strength of
a normal solution. S., DobeU's, a solution contain-
ing 2 drams of borax, i of sodium bicarbonate, 45 grains
of carbolic acid, I oz. of glycerin, and water to make I
pint. S., Donovan's, a solution of the iodids of arsenic
and mercury. S., Fehling's, a solution of cupric sul-
phate, potassium tartrate, and sodium hydrate in water.
It is used in testing for sugar. See Tests, Table of.
S., Fowler's. Liquor potassii arsenitis. S., Kop-
peschaar's, a decinormal bromin volumetric solution.
It is employed to test the strength of carbolic acid.
S., Labarraque's, a solution of chlorinated soda.
S., Lugol's, a solution of iodin and potassium iodid
in water. S., Magendie's, a solution of 16 grains of
sulphate of morphin in I oz. of water. S., Mayer's,
decinormal mercuric potassium iodid volumetric solu-
tion. S., Monsel's, LJqiior ferri siibsiilpliatis. S.,
Normal, a standard solution containing in each liter
an amount of the reagent sufficient to exactly replace
or combine with one gram of hydrogen. S., Normal
Saline, a solution of 75 parts of sodium chlorid in
10,000 of water. S., Saturated, a solution in which
no more of the molecules of the solid can be diffused
through the menstruum. See also Liquor. S., Semi-
normal, a solution having j4 the strength of a normal
solution. S., Standard, a solution containing definite
quantities of chemicals whose exact reactions are
known. S., Standardized, one made of standard
strength. S., Vlemingkx's, a solution of quicklime
and flowers of sulphur in water. It is useful in
seborrhea. S., Volhard's, decinormal potassium
sulphocyanate volumetric solution. S., Volumetric.
See S., Standard.
Solutol {sol'-u-tdl) \jolvere, to dissolve]. An alkaline
solution of cresol in sodium cresol. It is prepared by
adding cresol to an excess of caustic soda and then
adding more cresol. It is used as a disinfectant.
Solvent (soF-venf) [^solvere, to dissolve]. A liquid
menstruum for effecting solution or overcoming molec-
ular cohesion. Water is the chief solvent for crystal-
line substances and salts, alcohol for gums and resins,
and ether, chloroform, and benzine for fats.
Solved {sol'-ve-ol). A neutral solution of cresol in
sodium cresol ; it iS disinfectant and makes a clear
mixture with water: o. 3 per cent, solutions may be
used for asepsis ; 0.5 per cent, solutions for antisepsis.
Solvine {soF-vin) \_soh'ej-e, to dissolve]. One of a
number of liquids obtained from certain oils, by the
action of concentrated sulphuric acid. They are
blood-poisons, dissolving the red corpuscles. See
Sulplioriiineolic Acid.
Soma (so' -mail) \riuf.ta, the body: //. , Sojiiata'\. In
biology, the body alone, considered without the limbs.
Somacule (so' -inak-ill) [dim. of oC}fia, the body].
Foster's term for a physiologic unit corresponding to,
but greatly more complex than, the chemic molecule,
any division of which will interfere with its physiologic
specificity.
Somascesis {so-mas-se'-sis). See Gymnastics.
Somatic (so-maf -ik) [^ou/jariKo^ ; au/ia, body]. Per-
taining to the body or organism as a whole. S. Cavity,
the body-cavity or perivisceral cavity. S. Cells, un-
difterentiated body-cells or parenchyma-cells. S.
Death, the final cessation of all vital activities in the
body at large. See Death. S. Mesoderm, the upper
or outer leaf of the mesoderm [Nautfaserl'iatt ) separated
by the coelomic fissure from the lower or inner leaf
(Darmfaserblatt). S. Musculature, the muscles of
the outer wall of the body-cavity or somatopleure, as
distinguished from those of the splanchnopleure, the
splanchnic musculature.
Somatoblast [so-?iiat'-o-blast) [co/in, body ; [i7MCT6(,s.
germ]. Any plastidule from which cell-material (in
contradistinction to nuclear material) is built up or
developed.
Somatocyst {so-mat'-o-sist) [aujta, the body ; kvcti^,
bladder]. In biology, a pneumatophore formed by
inflation of the stem or body, as in some Siphono-
phora [P/iysa/ia).
Somatodidymus ( so-mat-o-did' -im-iis ) [crw/za, body ;
f!((5t)//of, twin]. A double monster having the trunks
united.
Somato-etiologic [so-tnaf -0- e-te-o-loj' -i k) [crw/za, body ;
aiTia, cause; 'tiAyoi;, science]. Relating to some men-
tal disturbance caused by physical disease.
Somatogenic {so-mat-o-jen' -ik) [ff(j//a, the body ; yfw/f,
produced]. Pertaining to somatogeny.
Somatogeny (so-niat-oj'-en-e) [crw/ia, body; ytvvav,
to produce]. The acquirement of bodily characters,
especially the acquirement of characters due to the en-
vironment.
Somatologic (so-maf-o-/o/'-ik) [ffw//n, body ; loyoQ,
science]. Pertaining, to somatology.
Somatology (so-mat-oF -o-jc) \cii)na, body ; l-byof;,
science]. The study of anatomy and physiology, or
of organized bodies ; biology, apart from psychology.
Somatome (ifj^-^wrtZ-ow) [crw/za, body; royii], section].
In biology, a transverse segment of an organized body;
a somite ormetamere, actual or ideal. Goodsir's term
for one of the primitive segments of a vertebrate ;
" primitive vertebra ' ' ( Urwirbel). Cf. Metasomatomes.
Somatomegaly {so - mat - a - meg'- al - e') [cii/za, body ;
inyalri, large]. Gigantism.
Somatomic {so-mal-om' -ik) [crtj/m, body ; Tajiuv, to
cut]. Pertaining to a somatome.
Somatopagus {so-umt-o-pa' -gus) [crw/ia, body ; irayof,
fixed]. A double monstrosity having two trunks.
Somatoplasm (so'- mat -0 - plazu:) [trw/za, the body;
TT? (iff/in, anything formed]. In biology, the proto-
plasm of the body-cells ; Weismann's term for that
form of living matter which composes the mass of the
body, and which is the subject of death, as distin-
guished from germ-plasm, which composes the repro-
ductive cells and is possessed of potential immortality.
See Heredity .
Somatopleura [so -mat - o - phi' - rah] \n<:,)na, the body;
7r;if7)pa, the side : //., Somatopleur,e\ In biology,
the body-wall, composed of the somatic mesoderm
and the ectoderm.
SOMATOPLEURAL
1341
SORBINOSE
Somatopleural [so - ?ndt - o - pin'- ?-al) \_aufia, body;
nAevjja, side]. Pertaining to a somatopleura.
Somatopleure {so' - Diat - o - pliir). Same as Somato-
pleura.
Somatopleuric {so-mat-o-pht' -rik). Same as So??iato-
pL'uyal.
Somatose (so' -mat-oz) [(Tw/io, body]. A proprietary
albumose food-product.
Somatotomy {so - mat - of - o - ?i/e) [cru/za, body ; to/z//,
section]. Anatomy: dissection.
Somatotridymus {so-mat-o-trid' -im-us) [ctw/zq, body;
Tpl6v/wg, triple]. A monster with three trunks or
bodies.
Somatotropic [so-mat-o-trop' -ik) [uu/za, body ; Tpinetv,
to turn]. In biology, exhibiting somatotropism.
Somatotropism {so-mat-of -ro-pizm) \aC)na, the body ;
Tperrtif, to turn]. In biology, the influence of the
attraction of gravitation on growing organs in plants.
Sombrerite [som-bra' -rit) [Sp., sombrero, a sounding-
board]. An impure calcium phosphate, a source of
phosphorus, found in West Indian guano.
Somital {so'-mi/-al). Same as So/uitic.
Somite (so'-mit) [cru^a, the body] . In biology, one of
the segments, arthromeres, diarthromeres, or meta-
meres of an articulated organism.
Somitic '(so-mit'-ik) [trtj/ia, the body]. In biology, re-
sembling or pertaining to a somite.
Somnal [som'-nat ) \_somnHS, sleep],
L,L,l2 '-"\NH.CO.OC2H.
A hypnotic formed by the union of chloral, alcohol
and urethan. It acts like chloral, but is more pleasant.
Dose rr\^xxx.
Somnambulism [som - nam'- bu - lizm) \_somnus, sleep;
ambulare, to walk]. The condition of half-sleep, in
which the senses are but partially suspended ; also
termed sleep-walking. Also, the type of hypnotic sleep,
in which the subject is possessed of all his senses, often
having the appearance of one awake, but whose will
and consciousness are under the control of the oper-
ator. Charcot calls this simply somnambulism,
v/hich constitutes the third type of the hypnotic state.
The second he calls catalepsy, produced by the gong
suddenly sounded or the electric light suddenly brought
before the subject's eyes ; the eyes are wide open and
the muscles acquire the curious waxy condition desig-
nated as flexibilitas cerea. The subject seems to have
no mental communication with the outside world. This
latter characteristic also distinguishes lethargy, or the
first type of the hypnotic state, in which there is un-
consciousness, irresponsiveness of the senses to stim-
ulation, and a fixed position of certain muscles. See,
also, Hypnotism.
Somniation {sovi-ne-a' -shiai) \somniatio'\. Dreaming.
Somnifacient ■ {soi7i - nif - a'- se - ent) [somnus, sleep ;
facere, to make]. I. Narcotic or soporific. 2. A
medicine producing sleep ; a hypnotic.
Somniferin {som-nif -er-ui) \_somnus, sleep ; ferre, to
bear]. I. A morphin-ether discovered by Bombelon,
said to be stronger than morphin, and without bad ef-
fects or influence upon the heart. 2. An alkaloid de-
rived from Withania somnifera, a solanaceous plant of
Asia and the Mediterranean region. It is said to be
narcotic. Unof.
Somniferous, Somnific (som-nif ' -er-iis, som-nif -ik)
[.ro;««2«, sleep ; ferre'\. Producing sleep.
Somnific {som-nif '-ik) \_somims, sleep]. Causing
sleep.
Somnifugous {som-nif -it-gus') \somnus, sleep; fugere,
to flee]. Driving away sleep.
Somniloquence, Somniloquism, Somniloquy {som-
nil' -o-kivens, som-nil' -o-kiviziii, som-nil' -o-kwe) \soin-
nits, sleep; loqiii, to talk]. The act of talking in
one's sleep.
Somnium {som'-ne-u»i). See Dream.
Somnolence {som'- no - lefts) \s07nn0lentia ; somnus,
sleep]. A condition of drowsiness or sleep.
Somnolent {so»i' -no-lent) \_somnolentiis~\. Inclined to
sleep.
Somnolentia {som-no-len' -she-ah) [L.]. Sleep-drunken-
ness : a condition of incomplete sleep in which a part
of the faculties are abnormally excited, while the
others are in repose.
Somnovigil {som-no-vij' -il). See Coma-vigil.
Somnus {som' -mis). See Hypnosis.
Sonde {sond) [Fr.]. See Sound.
Sonitus (son' -it-us). See Tinnitus,
Sonometer (so-nom'-ct-er) [sonus, a sound ; juerpov, a
measure]. An instrument for determining the pitch
of a sound, and also for determining its relation to a
chord.
Sonora (so-no'-rah). Gum. The gum of the creasote
plant, Larrea mexicatia.
Sonorous {so-no'-rus) \_sonus, sound]. Ringing;
capable of producing a musical sound.
Sonstadt's Solution. A solution used to test the
specific gravity of gems. It consists of 3720 grains of
red iodid of mercury and 2830 grains of iodid of po-
tassium in i^Yz drams of distilled water.
Sonus (so'-nus). See Sound.
Soor (Sor) [G.]. See Thrush.
Soot [ME., soot, soot]. A complex carbon deposit
of wood-smoke ; an old-time remedy in certain
diseases. S. -cancer. See Chimney-sweeps'' Camer.
Sophistication {so-fis-tik-a'-shun) [(T0(■/)^(J-^^■(5f , deceit-
ful]. The adulteration or imitation of a substance.
Sophomania (sof - 0 - ma' - ne - ah) \go(\}6c^, wise; fiavia,
madness]. Insanity in which the patient believes
himself to excel in wisdom.
Sophora {so-fo' -rah) [Arab.]. A genus of leguminous
trees, shrubs, and herbs, mostly growing in warm re-
gions. S. sericea (see Loco) is a poisonous plant of
the U. S. ; its seeds contain sophorin. S. speciosa,
a tree of Texas, also yields sophorin.
Sophorin (i(7-/b'-;'2>/) [Arab.]. A paralyzant, poisonous
alkaloid which exists in the seeds of some species of
Sophora.
Sophronistae dentes {sof-ro-nis'-te den'-tez). Wisdom-
teeth, or dentes sapientiae.
Sopient {so' -pc-ent) \sopor, sleep]. Sedative, soporific.
Sopor {so'-por) [L.]. Sleep, especially the profound
sleep symptomatic of a morbid condition.
Soporifacient (so-por-ifa' -se-ent) \_sopor, sleep ; facere,
to make]. A drug producing sleep ; a hypnotic.
Soporiferous (so-por-if -er-us) \_sopor, sleep ; ferre, to
bear]. Producing or causing sleep.
Soporific {so-por-if -ik) [sopor, sleep; facere, to make].
I. Narcotic; inducing sleep. 2. A medicine or agent
, which induces sleep ; a hypnotic.
Soporose, Soporous {so' -por-bz, so'-por-us) [sopor,
sleep]. Sleepy; partaking of the nature of sound
sleep.
Sora {so'-rah). Synonym of Urticaria.
Sorbefacient (sor - be - fa'- se - ent) [sorbere, to suck;
facere, to make]. I. Promoting absorption. 2. A
medicine or agent that induces absorption.
Sorbic (sor'-bik) [sorbus, the sorb-tree]. Pertaining to
or derived from the mountain ash. S. Acid. See
Acid.
Sorbin {sor' -bin). See Sorbinose.
Sorbinose {sor' -bin-dz) \_sorbus, the sorb-tree], CgHjjO,;.
Sorbin, a ketone alcohol, found in mountain-ash ber-
ries, and consisting of large crystals, which possess a
very sweet taste. It reduces alkaline copper-solutions.
SORBITE
1342
SOUND
but is incapable of fermentation under the influence of
yeast. See Carhohydrates, Table of.
Sorbite (sor'-bit) \_sorbus^ the sorb-tree], C„H,^Og -|-
H.jO. A hexahydric alcohol occurring in mountain-
ash berries, forming small crystals which dissolve
readily in water. They melt at iio° C. Sorbite cor-
responds, in all probability, to grape-sugar.
Sordes [sor'-dez) \_sorderi\ to be foul]. Filth. Pus or
suppuration. Also, any filthy or morbid secretion or
deposition, especially the crusts that accumulate on the
teeth and lips in low fevers. S. aurium, cerumen.
S. capitis. See Scabies capitis. S., Dental, the col-
lection of matter found upon the teeth in some diseases.
Sordid (wr'-o'/i/ ) [-ttiri/^rf , to be dirty]. In biology, dull
or dirty in hue.
Sore {sdr) [ME., sore, sore]. I. Any ulcer, chafe, or
wound ; a sensitive, inflamed spot. 2. Painful. S.,
Bed, a localized gangrene depending upon subnormal
trophic conditions and decubitus. S.-eyed, affected
with ophthalmia or blepharitis. S., Fungating, a
soft chancre with abundant granulations. S., Hard.
Synonym of Cliancre. S. -heels. See Horse-pox. S.,
Hunterian, a true or hard chancre. S., Indurated,
S., Infecting. Synonyms of Chancre. S. -mouth,
stomatitis. S. -mouth, Nursing, that produced by
nursing. S., Oriental, a general term for any one of
a number of suppurative sores of the Orient. S., Soft,
a chancroid. S. -throat, a popular name embracing
almost every inflammation or morbid affection of the
throat. S. -throat, Clergymen's, chronic follicular
pharyngitis. S. -throat. Gouty, a pharyngitis due to
gout. S. -throat. Hospital, chronic pharyngitis. S.-
throat, Malignant, S. -throat. Putrid, pharyngitis
attended with ulceration. S. -throat. Rheumatic,
pharyngitis due to rheumatism. S. -throat, Ulcer-
ated, pharyngitis attended with ulceration. S.,
Veneral, a chancroid.
Sorediate [so-rc' -de-at) [crw/for, a heap]. In biology,
bearing soredia.
Sorediferous (sor-e-dif -er-jis) [cupog, a heap ; ferre, to
bear]. In biology, bearing soredia.
Soredium [so-re' -de-uni) [ufj/jor, a heap ; /'J/or, a dim.
suffix: //., Soredia\ In biology, one or more algal
cells wrapped in hyphte and discharged from the fronds
of lichens, serving the purposes of vegetative propa-
gation.
Sorghum (ji5r'-o-2//«) [.wy?^^, sorghum]. A variety of
sugar-cane, S. saccliaratiiin,oi the family Graminacece.
Also a syrup made from the expressed inspissated
juice of the same.
Soroche [so-ro'-ke] [Sp.]. Mountain sickness.
Sorophore (so'-ro-for) [(Twpdf, a heap; fopng, bear].
In biology, the cushion lying along the ventral edge
of the sporocarp of Marsilea^ which at germination
becomes detached at one end, and exposed in the
form of a cord, bearing the sori in two rows.
Sororiation {sor-or-e-a'-shun) \joror, a sister]. The
development which takes place in the female breasts
at puberty.
Sorose [so'-roz] \oup6c, a heap]. In biology, bearing
a sorits or a sorosis.
Sorosis [so-ro' -sis) [aupoc, a heap]. In biology, a fruit
like that of the mulberry, which consists of a collec-
tion of small, fleshy fruits, the product of a compact
flower-cluster.
Sorrel [sor'-el) [ME. , re/, sorrel] . See S/ieep-sorre/.
S.-tree. .See Soiir'wood.
Sorts (sortz) [ME., sort, sort]. In the drug-trade,
refuse or culls ; the poorest grade of any drug.
Sorus (so'-rtis) [c7(jp()f, a heap : //. , Sori^. The name
applied to the fruit-dot or collection of sporangia of
the ferns.
Sosibious {so-sib' -e -Its) \_ad)(^eiv, to save; /3'Of, life].
Able to preserve life.
Soteriology [so-te-re-ol' -o-je). Synonym of Hygiene.
Soudan Brown. See Pigments, Conspectus of. S.
Red. Same as Naplitlialin-red .
Souffle (joo'yi?) [Fr.]. A blowing sound, 'iee Murmur.
S., Cardiac. See Heart-murmur. S., Fetal, an in-
constant murmur heard during pregnancy, and sup-
posed to be due to the compression of the umbilical
cord. S., Funic or Funicular, a hissing sound,
synchronous with the fetal heart-sounds, heard over
the abdomen of a pregnant woman. S., Splenic, a
sound said to be audible over the spleen in cases of
malaria, leukemia and biliary calculus. S., Umbili-
cal. See S., Funic. S., Uterine, the proper term
for what was formerly called the Placental Souffle, a
sound heard in the latter months of pregnancy, and
caused by the entrance of blood into the dilated ar-
teries of the uterus.
Soul {sol) [ME., soule, soul]. The moral and emo-
tional part of man's nature. S. -blindness. See
Blindness, Psychic, and Apraxia. S., Spinal, a sup-
posititious consciousness present in the spinal cord.
Sound [sownd) [ME., so7imde,iovLnA'\. The sensation
produced upon the auditory nerve by aerial vibrations.
See Hearing. Also, an instrument for insertion into
the bladder to test for calculus. S., Anasarcous, a
moist bubbling sometimes heard on auscultation when
the skin is edematous. S., Bandbox, the resonant
percussion-note sometimes heard in emphysema. S.,
Bellocq's. See Bellocf s cannula. S., Bellows, an
endocardial murmur which sounds like a bellows.
See £ell07ijs. S., Blowing, a blowing murmur.
S., Bottle. See A?nphoric Murmur. S., Bronchial,
the large, harsh sound of bronchial respiration.
Ss., Cardiac. See S., Heart. S., Cracked-pot,
a form of tympanitic resonance indicative of a cavity.
S., Esophageal, a long flexible sound for examina-
tion of the esophagus. Ss., Fetal Heart-, the sounds
produced by the beating of the fetal heart, best heard
near the umbilicus of the mother. S., Flapping,
the clap made by the closure of the cardiac valves.
Ss., Friction-, the sounds produced by the rubbing
of one rough surface upon another. S., Funicu-
lar Bellows. See Souffle. Ss., Heart-, the two
sounds heard over the cardiac area. The first, dull
and prolonged, is said to sound like lubb, and is
isochronous with the systole of the ventricles. The
second, sharp and short, is said to sound like dup,
and is isochronous with the closure of the semilunar
valves. S., Hollow. See Amphoric Percussion. S.,
Kettle-singing, a chest-sound sometimes heard in
incipient pulmonary tuberculosis. It resembles water
boiling in a kettle. S., Lacrymal, a fine sound for
exploring or dilating the lacrymal canal. S., Metallic
Heart-. See Metallic Murmur. S., Metamorphos-
ing Breath-, a sound due to the passage of air through
a narrow opening into and out of a pulmonary cavity.
S., Muscle-, the sound heard through the stethoscope
when placed over a muscle in the state of contrac-
tion; sussurus. S., Osseous, a high-pitched intense
auscultatory sound having a slightly metallic timbre.
S., Pulmonary, the respiratory murmur. S., Respira-
tory, respiratory murmur. S., Sawing, a cardiac
murmur resembling the sound produced by sawing.
S. -shadow, the interference with a sound-wave
caused by an object being placed between the ear and
the source of sound. S., Subjective. See Phonisvi.
S., To-and-fro, the friction-sound of pericarditis
and pleuritis. S., Tubular, the sound of tracheal
respiration. S., Urethral, an elongated steel instru-
ment, usually slightly conical, for examination and
SOUR
1343
SPAGIRIC
dilatation of the urethra. S., Uterine, a graduated
probe for measurement of the uterine cavity.
Sour [sow?-)[MK. , soitr, sour^. Having an acid taste ;
fermented. S. Dough. 'Ate Leave/i. S. -wood, sorrel-
tree ; the leaves of Oxydendron arboreiim ; they
are tonic, refrigerant and diuretic, and of reputed
value in dropsy. Dose of the fid. ext. Tt\_xxx-3ij.
Unof.
Souring (smvr'-ing) [ME. , sour]. A disease of
wine due to the conversion of the alcohol into acetic
acid. It is caused by the formation in the wine of
the vinegar plant.
Southern {sti/k'-ern) [ME., wz^/Z/tv-w^, southern]. Per-
taining to the south. S. Vanilla. See Liatris odora-
tissima. S.-wood. See Artemisia.
Southey's Drainage-tubes. Small tubes employed
for draining away the fluid from limbs that are the seat
of extensive anasarca. It is said that large amounts
of fluid can thus be drained away in a comparatively
short time, and that there is but slight risk of erysipe-
las or other inflammatory process being set up around
the puncture.
Soy Bean, or Soya Bean (soi' or soi'-yah) [Jap.]. A
kind of bean, the seed of Glycine soja (also referred to
as Soja hispida and DolicJtos sinensis), a ])Iant of Japan
and China and India.' Diabetic bread, biscuits, and
cakes are prepared from its flour, which contains no
starch. The sauce called soy\?> also made from this bean.
Soyka's Plates. Dishes employed in the cultivation
of bacteria. They are similar to Petri's capsules, but
differ from them in having from eight to ten depres-
sions ground in the lower plate, which resemble the
"wells" in hollow slides.
Sozal {so'-zal) [o-yCfi', to protect]. An astringent
organic salt of aluminum, used as an antiseptic.
Sozin [so'-zin) [auCfn', save, keep]. In biology, a de-
fensive proteid which occurs naturally in a normal
animal ; one of the two provisional classes into which
Hankin divides Alexins or defensive proteids. See
Proteids, Defensive, and Toxosozin.
Sozodont [so' -zo-dont) \_aoCeiv, to protect; orWf, tooth].
A dentrifice supposed to be prepared mainly of Castile
soap and alcohol.
Sozoiodol (so-zo-i' -o-dol) [crofEff, to save ; (urf^f, like a
violet], CjH2(HS0.5)I,^.OH. A combination of sul-
phur, iodin, and carbolic acid. It is useful as an an-
tiseptic.
Sozolic Acid {so-zo' -lik). See Aseptol.
Space (spas) space, space; spatium, space]. A
name given for purposes of description to sundry en-
closed or semi-enclosed places within or about the
body. S., Anterior Perforated, a triangular space
at the mesal side of the Sylvian fissure. S.', Arach-
noid. See S., Subarachnoid, and S., Subdural. S.,
Axillary, the axilla. S., Bregmatic, the anterior
fontanel. S., Circumlental, the interspace between
the ciliary body and the equator of the lens. Ss.,
Circumvascular Lymph-, channels surrounding the
blood-vessels and communicating with lymphatic ves-
sels. S., Corneal, that between the corneal layers.
S., Douglas's. See Douglas' s Pouch. S., Epidural
(of the spinal canal), a lymph-space between the spinal
dura and the periosteum lining the canal. S. -feelings,
Hering's term for the perceptions or inferences of
space-relations resulting from the retinal image. S.
of Fontana, one of the intercommunicating cavities
in the spongy tissue occupying the angle between the
cornea and the iris. S., Haversian or Medullary, in
the cancellous tissue of bone. S. of His. See S., Cir-
cumvascular Lymph-. Ss., Intercellular, cavities
formed by the splitting or separation of the walls of ad-
joining cells. S., Intercostal, the space between two
contiguous ribs. S., Intercrural. "rite. S., Interpedun-
cular. Ss., Interfascicular, spaces between the bun-
dles in fibrous tissue. S., Interglobular, an apparent,
irregular space in the interglobular substance of the
dentine. S., Intermesoblastic, the cavity between
the visceral and parietal laminte of the mesoblastic
plates of the embryo. Ss., Intermetatarsal, spaces
between the metatarsal bones. S., Interosseous,
the space between two parallel bones. S., Interpa-
rietal. 'Set S. ,J'irchow- J^obin. S., Interpeduncular,
a diamond-shaped depression at the base of the brain,
lying between the optic tracts and the crura cerebri.
S., Intertunical. 'its S., Virchow-Robin. S., Inter-
vaginal (of the optic nerve). See S., Sub7'aginal.
S., Investing. See Lymph-sinus. S., Ischio-
rectal. See Ischio - rectal Fossa. S., Lacunar.
.See Lacuna. S., Lymph, a sinus or space through
which lymph passes. S., Marrow. See Medul-
lary Cavity. S., Mediastinal, the cavum medi-
astinum. S., Pelvirectal, the same as the Ischio-
rectal Fossa, q. V. Ss., Pericellular, lymph-spaces
in the brain. S., Perichoroidal, a lymph-space
between the sclera and the choroid. S., Perigas-
tric, the cavity surrounding the stomach and other
viscera. Ss., Perineuria], lymph-spaces between the
lamellae of the perineurium. S., Perivascular. See
S., Circu?nvascular Lymph-. S., Perivitelline. See
S., Yolk. Ss., Placental Blood-, the intervillous
lacunae of the placenta. Ss., Pleuro-peritoneal.
See S., Intermesoblastic. S., Poiseuille's. See S.,
Lymph-. S., Popliteal, a lozenge-shaped space at
the back of the knee and thigh. S., Posterior Per-
forated, the depression just behind the albicantia at
the base of the brain. S., Posterior Triangular, the
space lying above the clavicle and between the sterno-
cleido-mastoid and the trapezius muscle and the occi-
put. S., Prevesical, a space lying immediately above
the pubis and between the transversalis fascia and the
posterior surface of the rectus abdominis. S., Re-
troperitoneal, the space lying behind the peritoneum,
but in front of the spinal column and the lumbar mus-
cles. S., Semilunar, of Traube. .See Semilunar.
S. -sense, the faculty by which the form of objects is
recognized. S., Subarachnoid, the space between
the arachnoid and the pia proper. It contains the
cerebrospinal fluid. S., Subdural, the space between
the dura and the arachnoid. Normally it contains
only a capillary layer of fluid. S., Subvaginal, a
lymph-space within the sheath of the optic nerve.
S. of Tenon, a lymph-space between the sclera and
the fascia of Tenon. S., Traube's, a semilunar
tympanitic space overlying the stomach. See .Semi-
lunar. S., Utero-rectal. .See Douglas's Pouch.
S., Utero-vesical, the utero-vesical fossa. S., Vir-
chow - Robin, an adventitious lymph - space found
between the coats of the cerebral capillaries. S.,
Visual, the visual field. S., Yolk, the .space formed
by the retraction of the vitellus from the zona pel-
lucida.
Spadiceous (spa-dish' -us) [ (T-rf(i/f, a palm branch].
In biology, bearing a spadix.
Spadicose (spa'-dik-dz) \_nKd6iS, a palm branch] . In
biology, spadiceous.
Spadix (spa'-diks) [crn-dd/f , a palm branch : //. , Spa-
dices']. In biology, a fleshy spike, .commonly en-
veloped in a spathe.
Spaeth and Braun, lodoform-bacillus of. A medi-
cated bacillus for use in puerperal fever. It consists
of iodoform 20 grams, gum arabic. glycerin, and pure
starch each 2 grams, made into three suppositories.
One is introduced into the uterine cavity.
Spagiric (spaj-ir'-ik) \_aTtaeiv, to stretch or rend;
SPAGIRISM
1344
SPASMOTOXIN
ayeipeiv, to collect]. Pertaining to the obsolete
chemic, or Paracelsian, school of medicine.
Spagirism ( spaj' -e-rizm ) [ nnaeiv, to stretch ; ayeipeiv,
to collect]. The Paracelsian, or spagiric school, or
doctrine, of medicine.
Spagirist {spaj' -e-rist ) [crTrafa', to stretch ; aydptiv , \.o
collect]. A Paracelsian; a physician of the obso-
lete alchemistic school.
Spamenorrhea ( spa-iiicn-or-e' -aJi ) [ffTrdvif, scarcity ;
pilv, month ; poia, flow ]. Scantiness of menstruation.
Span {span) \ciTav, draw out ; spafium, space, exten-
sion] . The distance between the tip of the thumb
and the little finger outstretched.
Spanemia, Spanaemia {span e' -me-ah). See Ane?nia.
Spanemic, Spanaemic {span-e' -mik). See Anemic.
Spanipelagic {span-ip-el-aj'-ik) \cTTav6t;, scarce, rare;
7rf/^a;7Kd(:, pertaining to the open sea]. In biology,
applied to such marine organisms as only rarely come
to the surface, living mostly in the ocean-depths. Cf.
Planktoti.
Spanish {span'-isJi) , Spainisc, Spanish]. Per-
taining to Spain. S. Black. See Pig))ients, Con-
spectus of. S. Brown. See Pigments, Conspectus of.
S. Catarrh. Synonym of Influenza. S. Fly. See
Cantharis. S. Needle. See Bidens. S. Red.
^2LVi\t.2L'i Venetian Red. S.White. 'Ha.xa.e us Bismuth
White. S. Windlass. See Carrot.
Spanopogon {sfaji-o-po' -gd>i) [andviq, scarcity; niiyuv,
the beard]. A man having little or no beard.
Sparadrap {spar'-a-drap) \sparadrapum : pL, Spara-
drapa'\. A waxed cloth ; also a plaster, spread upon
cotton, linen, silk, leather, paper, or the like.
Sparagmatodes {spar-ag-inat-o' -dez) [airdpayfia, a piece
torn off ; e'l^oc, like]. Afflicted with convulsions or
cramps.
Sparagmos {spa?--ag'-/nos) [airapayfid^, a tearing]. A
cramp ; a choking sensation.
Sparagmus {spar-ag' -mus) \p-!rapa)i6(;, a tearing : //. ,
Sparagmi'^. A severe convulsion; a laceration,
or tearing.
Sparallium {spar-al' -e-u>n) [L. ]. An old name for a
vaginal clyster.
Spare {spar) [AS., spar, sparing]. Lean; t,hin.
Sparganosis {spar-gan-o' -sis) \_anapy(ivuaic, a swath-
ing]. Same as Spargosis.
Spargosis {spar-go' -sis) [anapyuaig ; oirapyaeiv, to be
distended]. A term loosely applied to enlargement
of the breasts ; distention of a secretory organ ; the
swathing of a child's head in cloth ; elephantiasis, 17. 7'.
Spartein {spar-te' -in) [cTrnprov, Spanish broom], Cj,-
H.,r,N,. A volatile liquid alkaloid not containing
oxygen. It occurs in Sarothamnus scoparius (see
Scoparius) , and is a colorless, thick oil, boiling at 311°
C. It is narcotic. It stimulates the action of the
vag^s, and acts more quickly than digitalis, but not as
powerfully. It is an uncertain diuretic and cardiac
tonic, but is often efficacious when digitalis fails.
Dose gr. tjV-^^
Spartium {spar' -te-um) \aT^dpTov, Spanish broom]. A
genus of leguminous plants. S. junceum, Spanish
broom, a leguminous Old-world shrub. In small doses
its seeds are diuretic and tonic ; in larger doses, cath-
artic and emetic.
Spasm {spazt?i) [cr7rac7//of, a drawing]. Convulsive
muscular contraction, local or general, voluntary or
involuntary. S., Bell's, convulsive facial tic. S.,
Bronchial, asthma. S., Clonic, alternate muscular
contraction and relaxation. S., Cynic. See .Spasimis
cynicus. S., Drivers', one of the so-called profes-
sional neuroses. It consists of cramp-like pains
in the arms of drivers upon taking the reins in the
hands. S., Facial, a peculiar clonic contraction
of the muscles supplied by the facial nerve,- at times
confined to the muscles surrounding the eye, or else
involving one entire side of the face. It is usually
reflex in origin, and due to carious teeth or other local
irritation. S., Fixed, permanent or continuous tetanic
rigidity of one or more muscles. S. of the Glottis.
See Laryngismus stridulus. S., Habit-, half-volun-
tary spasmodic movements, the result of habit, some-
times called Ilabit-chorea . S., Histrionic, a con-
dition in which local involuntary twitchings of the
face, acquired in childhood, persist during adult life,
and are increased by emotional causes. S., Inspira-
tory, a spasmodic contraction of nearly all the inspi-
ratory muscles. S., Lingual. See Aflithongia.
S., Mobile, slow, irregular movements depending upon
hemiplegia. S., Perineal. See Vaginodynia. S.,
Phonetic (of the glottis), spastic aphonia consisting of
a spasm of the glottis, with elevation, resulting in in-
terference with respiration. S., Salaam, clonic spasm
of the muscles of the leg, causing jumping movements.
S., Sewing, an affection of tailors, seamstresses, and
shoemakers, in which clonic and tonic spasms attack
the muscles of the hands on attempting to use them in
the regular work. S., Smiths', a spasm that occurs
in those engaged in pen-blade manufacturing, saw-
straightening, razor-blade striking, scissors-making,
file-forging, etc. It consists in spasmodic movements
of the arm used, and finally paralysis. Hemiplegia,
Hephestic. S., Spinal Accessory. See Pic rotatoire.
S., Synclonic, tremulous agitation. S., Tonic, per-
sisting rigidity of contraction. See, also, Carpopedal,
Histrionic , Nictitating, A'odding, Saltatorial, Tetanic,
etc. S., Winking. See Spasmus nictitans. S.,
Writers', writers' cramp, q. v.
Spasmatic {spaz-maf -ik) [o-Tracr/iof, spasm]. Pertaining
to spasm ; also, one in convulsions.
Spasmi {spaz'-ml) \_pl.. Spasmus']. Spasms.
Spasmo- {spaz' -mo ) \_a-aafi6c, spasm]. A prefix to
denote connection with, or relation to, spasm.
Spasmodermia {spaz-mo-der' -me-ah) \_(!7Taa/i6g, spasm;
fitpfxa, skin]. A spasmodic skin-affection.
Spasmodic {spaz-mod' -ik) [f77rn(T/zw(f;?f]. Pertaining to
convulsion or spasm. S. Cholera. Synonym of
Cholera morbus. S. Colic. See Cramp Colic. S.
Croup. See Laryngistnus stridulus. S. Dorsal
Tabes. See Charcot' s Disease. S. Dysmenorrhea.
Same as Dysmenorrhea, Idiopathic. S. Neurosis.
See Neurosis. S. Spinal Paralysis. See Lateral
Sclerosis, Primary. S. Tabes dorsalis. See Para-
plegia, Infantile Spasmodic, and Lateral Sclerosis,
Primary. S. Theory of Inflammation. See
Theory. S. Torticollis. See Tic rotatoire.
Spasmodyspnea (spaz' - mo - disp - ne - ah) [arraofioi;,
spasm ; dyspnea]. Spasmodic difficulty of breathing.
Spasmolipopyria {spaz-mo-lip-op-i' -re-ah) [(T/ra(T//(5?,
spasm; 'Aeiweiv, to leave; Trvp, fever]. A disease in
which death takes place from convulsions, there being no
fever present. It is supposed to be a form of yellow fever.
Spasmologic {spaz-mo-loj' -ik) [a-Kaaix6<;, spasm ; 7<.6yoc^,
science]. Pertaining to spasmology.
Spasmology {spaz-mol'-o-jc) \_anaaii6(;, spasm ; Aoyof ,
a treatise] . The sum of scientific knowledge of the
nature and causes of convulsions.
Spasmolygmus {spaz-mo-lig' -mus) . See Hiccough.
Spasmophilia {spaz - mo -fil'- e - ah) [(i7raa,u<5f, spasm ;
(piMciv, to love]. A morbid ease or tendency of
being thrown into spasms.
Spasmorthopnea {spaz - ?nor - thop - ne' - ah) [(j7raff/iof ,
spasm; (ip^?of, straight ; ttveZi', to breathe]. Spasmodic
orthopnea.
Spasmotoxin {spaz-mo-toks' -in) la-rraa/iot;, spasm ; rofi-
Kor, poison]. A ptomain-base of composition yet
SPASMOTRACHEOCYNANCHE 1345
SPECIFIC
undetermined, obtained by Brieger from cultures of the
tetanus-germ, together with other unnamed toxins, one
of which induced complete tetanus, with salivation
and lacrymation. Spasmotoxin induces in animals
violent clonic and tonic convulsions. See Ptomains,
Table of.
Spasmotracheocynanche (spaz' -mo-tra' -ke-o-sin-ang' -
kf). Synonym of Asthma.
Spasmous [spaz'-mus) [cnaaiiog, spasm]. Having the
nature of a spasm.
Spasmus [spaz'-mns) [airaofiog, spasm]. A spasm.
S. bronchialis. Synonym of Bronchial Asthma.
S. cynicus, spasmodic contraction of muscles on both
sides of the mouth, giving a grinning expression. S.
intestinorum. Synonym of /^/a. S. muscu-
laris. Synonym of Cramp. S. nictilans, spasmodic
action of the orbicularis palpebrarum muscle, causing
a winking like movement of the lid. S. nutans,
salaam convulsions, nodding spasm. S. oculi. Syn-
onym of Nystagmus. S. ventriculi. Synonym of
Enteralgia and of Gastrodynia.
Spastic (spas' -tik) \_o-aaTiK6<: ; anaeiv, to draw] . Per-
taining to or characterized by spasms. Drawn out
of shape or contracted by disease ; applied especi-
ally to a muscle. S. Anemia, anemia with abnormal
smallness of the arteries. S. Diplegia. See Para-
plegia, Infantile Spas?iiodic. S. Paralysis. See
Paralysis.
Spasticity [spas-tis^-it-e) [pKaariKog ; ffTrdtw, to draw].
The quality of being spastic ; the state of, or tending
toward, spasm.
Spatha [spa'-thah) [crTrd^?;/, a broad, flat blade :
Spathce^. Same as Spathe.
Spathaceous {spa - tha' - se- us) {oiraQiu a broad, flat
blade]. Furnished with a spathe, or resembling a
spathe.
Spathal [spa' -thai) [cKdOrj, a broad, flat blade]. In
biology, inclosed in or furnished with a spathe.
Spathe [spath) \_aKaHri, a broad, flat blade]. In bi-
ology, a peculiar bract, often large and colored, which
subtends or encloses a spadix.
Spathed [spdthd). Same as Spathaceous.
Spathella (spa-thcl' -ah) [(jTrdfi'//, a blade]. In biology,
[a) one of the glumes of a grass ; (i^) see Spathilla.
Spathilla (spa-thil' -ah) [dim. of spatha, a spathe]. In
biology, a diminutive spathe. In the palms spathilke
surround separate parts of the inflorescence.
Spatile {spat-il'-e) \pv:aTikif\. Loose liquid feces,
i Spatium [spa'-ske-nm). See Space.
Spatula (spat' -u-lah). A flexible steel blade used for
spreading ointments, dispensing medicines, and other
purposes in the manipulation of medicines. S.,
Tongue, a tongue-depressor.
I Spatular \spat' -u-lar) \spatula, a spatula]. Like a
!' spatula.
Spatulate (j/^/'-w-Za/) a blade]. In biology,
resembling an old-fashioned spatula in outline. Ap-
plied to leaves and other flattened organs.
Spatule {spat' -ill) \_spatula, a blade]. In biology, a
|: structure having a spatulate shape.
1 Spatuliform {spat' -u-lif-orm). Same as Spatulate.
I Spatuligerous {spat - u - lij' - er - us) [spatula, spatula;
j gerere, to heRr^. In biology, provided with a spatula.
I Spavin {spav'-in) \_M'E. , spat'eyne, spavin]. A disease
I of horses affecting the hock -joint, or joint of the hind
P leg between the knee and the fetlock. S., Blood, a
dilatation of the vein that runs along the inside of
the hock of ahorse, forming a soft swelling. S., Bog,
an encysted tumor on the inside of the hock of a
horse, containing gelatinous matter. S., Bone, a
j disease of the bones at the hock -joint. S., High, an
I enlargement on the upper and inner part of the hock.
85
Spawn [ME., j/OTWZi'w, to spawn]. Inbiology: I. Ap-
plied to aggregates of young animals during their early
stages. 2. To produce or lay eggs, e.g. a fish.
Spay {spa) [uTraduj', a eunuch]. To castrate. To
remove the ovaries of a female.
Speak (speh) [ME., speken, to speak]. To use articu-
late utterance.
Speakers' Cramp. See Dysphonia spastica.
Spearmint (sper' -mint). See Mentha viridis. S.,
Oil of, a colorless oil obtained from Alentha viridis by
distillation.
Specialist {spesh' -al-ist ) \specialis, belonging to a
species]. One, especially a physician or surgeon,
who limits his practice to certain specified diseases, or
to the diseases of a single organ or class.
Speciality, Specialty {spesh-e-al'-it-e, spesh' -al-te)
\species, species]. The particular branch pursued by
a specialist.
Specialization (spesh-al-iz-a' -shun) \_specialis, belonging
to a species]. In biology, the modification of simple
homogeneous tissues into special organs or parts
adapted to the localization of function. See Differen-
tiation.
Species (spe'-shez) \species, species]. I. That which may
be distinguished by its characteristics. Also, in biol-
ogy, a group of things having a number of common
characteristics ; one of the constituent groups of a genus.
" The smallest group to which distinctive and invari-
able characters can be assigned." (Huxley.) "An
assemblage of individuals which differ from each
other by very small or trifling and inconstant charac-
ters, of much less value than those in which they
differ from any other assemblage of individuals."
(J. L. Le Conte.) 2. A name in German and Prench
pharmacy, and in the National P'ormulary, for certain
mixtures of herbs, used in making decoctions and
infusions. S. -cycle, in biology, the entire series of
forms exhibiting or illustrating all the phases in the
life-history of a species. S. emoUientes, a mixture
of the leaves of althea and mallow, of the leaves and
branches of the melilot, of matricaria and flaxseed, in
equal parts ; used as an emollient cataplasm ; it is
official in Germany and is given in the National
Formulary. S. laxantes. See Saint Genimin Tea.
S., Morphologic, one of " such living beings as con-
stantly resemble one another so closely that it is im-
possible to draw any line of demarcation between
them, while they differ only in such characters as are
associated with sex." (Huxley.) S., Nascent, an
incipient species; a form undergoing modification.
S., Origin of, a term employed by naturalists to
denote the evolution of differentiated groups or spe-
cies from groups of individuals characterized by gen-
eral similarity or by homogeneity of structure. S.
pectoralis. See Breast-tea, German.
Specific {spe-sif -ik) \_species, species; facere,\.o make].
Of or pertaining to a species ; that which distinguishes
a thing or makes it of the species of which it is. Also,
a medicine which has a selective curative influence
on an individual disease. S. Conduction-resistance,
the special conduction-resistance dependent upon the
molecular properties of the conducting material. S.
Diseases, those supposed to be directly the result of
the action of a distinct contagium, virus, or microbe ;
especially applied to syphilis. S. Gravity. See
Gravity. S. Heat, the amount of heat given off or
absorbed by a definite weight (l lb or I kilo) in
undergoing a measured change of temperature (1° C.
or 1° F.). S. Intensity, a term used in vital statistics
to represent the number living at any age divided by
the number dying at that age. It is highest at about
14 years of age. S. Names, the last term of an onym
SPECIFICITY
1346
SPECTRUM
in binomial nomenclature. S. Rotatory Power,
the angle of rotation which a layer of unit-thick-
ness would give to a certain light-ray. S. Stain, a
pigment used in microscopy, liaving a peculiar affinity
for certain histologic elements. The chief are :
Anilin Chlorid, Acid Fuchsin, Congo Red, Gold Chlo-
rid, lodin. Methyl-violet, Nigrosin, Osmic Acid, Phlo-
roglucin. Rose Bengale, Safranin, Silver Nitrate,
Victoria Blue. See Stain, Plasmatic Stain, A^iiciear
Stain, and Table of Stains. S. Warmth, that amount
of warmth which is necessary to warm one gram of a
given substance one degree. According to Adam-
kiewicz, the specific warmth of muscle is even greater
than that of water, although it has been assumed
that the specific warmth of water is greater than that
of any other known substance, with the exception of
hydrogen.
Specificity {spes-if-is' -it-e) \species, species ; facere, to
make] . The cjuality of being specific, or of accom-
plishing a determinate function and not another. The
ciualities giving an organ or tissue a distinct character.
Specillum [spe-sil' -urn) [L. : //. , Spedlla'\ . A probe,
especially one of silver, armed with a button-shaped
head, for exploring wounds, fistulse, etc.
Specimen {spes'-i/n-eji) [L.]. An example; an ex-
hibit. S., Living, sometimes applied to a patient ex-
hibited before an audience.
Spectacles [spek'-tak-ls] \spectacidu7n, a show] . Framed
or mounted lenses for the correction of optical or
muscular defects of the eye. See Lens. The differ-
ence between the old and new systems of numbering
lenses is shown in the annexed Table, from Landolt.
COMPARATIVE TABLE OF THE INCH AND THE
METRIC SYSTEMS OF NUMBERING SPECTACLE-
LENSES. (From Landolt.)
Inch System.
Metric
System.
f lens in inch
system.
distance in
lish inches.
X of refrac-
distance in
meters.
alents in di-
ies (D).
er of lens
netric sys-
distance in
meters.
distance in
lish inches.
:sponding
of^ the inch
:m. Index of
ction = 1.53.
> ^
umb
in 1
tem
ocal
milli
— M
o
6
0* 0
« C
on
No.
sysl
reir
2;
(I.
tL.
w
D
72
67.9
1724
0.58
0.25
4000
157-48
166.94
6o
56.6
1437
0.695
0-5
2000
78.74
83-46
48
45-3
1 150
0.87
0-75
1333
52-5
55-63
42
39-6
1005
0.99
I.
1000
39-37
41-73
36
34-
863
1. 16
1-25
800
31-5
33-39
30
28.3
718
1-39
1-5
666
26.22
27-79
24
22.6
574
1-74
1-75
571
22.48
23-83
20
18,8
477
2.09
2.
500
19.69
20.87
i8
IT-
431
2.31
2.25
444
17-48
18-53
i6
IS-
381
2.6
2-5
400
15-75
16.69
15
14.1
358
2.79
3-
333
13-17
13-9
14
13-2
335
2.98
3-5
286
11.26
11-94
13
12.2
312
3-20
4-
250
9.84
10.43
12
II-3
287
3-48
4-5
222
8.74
9.26
II
10.3
261
3.82
5-
200
7-87
8.35
10
9-4
239
4.18
5-5
182
7.16
7.6
9
8-5
216
4-63
6.
166
6-,54
6.93
8
7-5
190
5-25
7-
143
5-63
5-97
7
6.6
167
5-96
8.
125
4-92
5-22
6^
6.13
155
6.42
9-
III
4-37
4-63
6
5-6
142
7-
10.
100
3-94
4-17
i%
5-2
132
7-57
II.
91
3-58
3-8
4-7
119
8.4
12.
83
3-27
3-46
4'A
4-2
106
9-4
13-
77
3-03
3.21
4
3-8
96
10.4
14.
71
2.8
2.96
354
3-3
84
11-9
15-
67
2.64
2.8
3%
3-1
79
12.7
16.
62
2.44
2-59
3
2.8
71
14.0
17-
,59
2.32
2.46
2.6
66
15-I
18.
55
2.17
2.29
2^
2-36
60
16.7
20.
50
1.97
1.09
2K
2.1
53
18.7
2
1.88
48
20.94
S., Bifocal. See Bifocal. S., Orthoscopic. See
Orthoscopic. S., Pantoscopic, a synonym of S.,
Bifocal, q. v. S., Periscopic. See Periscopic. S.,
Prismatic, spectacles with prismatic lenses, either
alone or combined with spheric or cylindric lenses.
S., Protective, lenses, usually tinted, to shield the
eyes from light, dust, heat, etc.
Spectra (spek' -tra^ plural of Spectrum, q. v.
Spectral [spek'-tral) {spectrum, specter]. Pertaining
to a spectrum. S. Ocular. See Ocular.
Spectro-colorimeter {spek' -tro-kul-or-im' -et-er') [spec-
trttm, spectrum ; color, co\or ; ^f'rpoi^, measure]. An
apparatus for the isolation of a single spectral color.
It is used for the detection of color-blindness.
Spectrology (sfek - trol' - 0 -je) \_spectrum , spectrum ;
Aoyoq, science]. The science of spectrum-analysis.
Spectrometer (spek-trom' -et-er) \spcctrum , spectrum ;
UtTjmv, measure]. An instrument for the determina-
tion of the refractive indices of liquids.
Spectrometry [spek-trom' -et-rc) \spectrtim, spectrum;
fihpov, measure]. The measurement of the spectrum,
or the observational use of the spectrometer.
Spectro-microscope {spek' -tro-mi' -kro-skop). See Mi -
cro-spectrosi ope.
Spectrophotometer {spek' -tro-fo-tom' -et-er) [spectrum,
spectrum; (buTnQ, light; /zfrpoi', measure] . An ap-
paratus for determining the amount of color in spec-
trum-analysis.
Spectro-polarimeter (spek' -tro-po-lar-im' -et-er') \_spec-
trum, spectrum ; polns, pole ; ixtrpov, measure]. An
instrument in which a spectroscope and polarizing ap-
paratus are combined for the purpose of determining
the concentration of solutions of substances that rotate
the plane of polarized light.
Spectroscope {spek' - tro - skop) \jpectrum, an image;
cm-tlv, to see]. An instrument for the production
and examination of the spectrum. Henoque's analy-
seur chroniatique is a modified spectroscope by means
of which the spectrum of the blood in living tissues,
as the nail or palm, may be analyzed. Hyperemia, it
is said, may be definitely measured, and the change
which the blood undergoes in the tissues observed
and timed.
Spectroscopic (spek-tro-skop'-ik) \spectruin, spectrum ;
<T/f07rt7i', to view]. Pertaining to the spectroscope.
S. Ocular. See Ocular.
Spectroscopy (spek-tros'-ko-pe) [spectrum, spectrum ;
UKOKtlv, to see]. The use of the spectroscope, as in
chemic analysis.
Spectrum (spek' -trwii) [L. : //. , Spectra"]. The band
of ether-waves from a radiant body, having passed
through a prism, or having been reflected from a
difi'raction-grating, and thereby arranged regularly,
according to their wave-lengths. S., Absorption, a
spectrum which contains dark lines or bands. These
are produced in a continuous spectrum by the absorp-
tion of incandescent vapors, through which the light
has passed, as in the solar atmosphere. S. -analysis,
determination of the nature of bodies by the charac-
ter of their spectra. S., Auditory. See Phonism,
Photism. S., Comparison, the arrangement side by
side of the spectra of two different substances. A
prism is placed just below the slit of the spectroscope,
so that light entering from a mirror at the side
of the drum shall be totally reflected in a vertical
direction, and thus parallel with the rays from the
microscope. S., Complementary, a spectrum de-
rived from bodies which change in chemic or molec-
ular constitution before reaching a sufficiently high
temperature to become luminous. S., Continuous,
a spectrum without sudden variations of hue, in which
the various rainbow or spectral colors merge gradually
SPECULUM
1347
SPERMATIC
into one another. S., Double. See S., Compari-
son. S., Line, the spectrum resulting from incandes-
cent gas. It consists not of the various rainbow
colors, but of sharp, narrow, bright lines, the color
depending on the substance ; all the rest of the spec-
trum is dark. S., Normal, a spectrum in which the
red color occupies about the same space as the blue
and the violet. S., Solar, the spectrum of sunlight.
It contains many dark lines, the greater part of which
can be identified in the spectra of known terrestrial
substances. The presence in the sun's atmosphere of
thirty-six elements has been established. ( Row-
land, 1 89 1.)
Speculum (spck'- n-htiii) [L. : //., Specula or Specu-
lums\. An instrument for examining the eaf, nose,
and other cavities ; also, an instrument for dilating
parts. In biology, see Ocellus. S., Sims', a peculiar
form of vaginal speculum, sometimes called duckbill
speculum.
Spedalskhed (j'/if;/-^7/j''-/^c'a' ). A Skandinavian term for
leprosy.
Speech [speck) \yVE., specke, s^i^tcW]. Vocal sounds
conveying ideas. S. -center. See Center. S., Dis-
orders of ; three principal classes of speech-disorders
may be made : — I. Those in which speech is entirely
absent, a. Mutism, an inability to utter articulate
sound, secondary to a lesion of the auditory apparatus.
b. Anarthria, inability to utter articulate sound, due
to a cerebral lesion, c. Alalia, inability to utter
articulate sound, due to paralysis of the vocal mechan-
ism, d. Apthongia, temporary inability to speak, due
to spasm of the hypoglossus. II. Those in which
speech is impaired or made difficult through an extra-
cerebral lesion, Dyslalia, q. v. a. Aphonia, loss
of the power of intonation, the faculty of articulation
being preserved, b. Stammering, Stuttering, a
hesitancy in pronunciation due to a want of prompti-
tude in the vocal mechanism, c. Lalling, the im-
perfect pronunciation of letters or words, as by
children or inebriated persons. It is due to a want of
precision in the vocal mechanism. It includes: I.
Slurring, thickness of speech. 2. Mogilalia, the
inability to articulate some single letter. RhotacisDt,
Sigmatacisiii., Lambdacism, /otaa's/n , SLud Gammacism,
are subclasses due to the omission or defective pro-
nunciation of R, S, L,J, and A'and G, respectively.
3. Paralali.A, the production of a distinctly different
sound from that desired or the substitution of one letter
for another. Pararho/acism, Parasigmatacism , Para-
lambdacism, Paraiotacism, and Paragammacism , are
the substitution of other distinct sounds for P, S, L,
J, and A'and G, respectively. When Tk is substituted
for 5'it is called Z/^/w^. 4. Rhinolalia, defects of
articulation caused by increase or decrease of the nasal
resonance. III. Those in which speech is impaired
or made difficult by a central lesion, a. Bradylalia,
or Bradyphasia, an abnormal slowness of speech
due to pathologic cause, b. Logorrhe.^, excessive
volubility of speech. The unmeaning volubility
in certain forms of insanity is called Verbig-
eration, c. Echolalia, the echo-like repetition
of words just heard, without attempt to attach
meanings to them. d. Emhololalia, or Embolo-
PHRASIA, the frequent interpolation into speech of a
useless or meaningless word or syllable. I. Ango-
hemming and hawing. 2. Logospasmus chorei-
formis, the spasmodic interpolation of a word ; a sub-
variety when the word is of a disreputable or dirty
character is called Coprolalia, e. Aphasia, q. v.
Spelter [spel'-ter) [origin obscure]. Crude zinc.
Spend \_spendere, to spend]. Vulgarly, to ejaculate the
semen.
Spent to spend]. Exhausted; impotent. S.
Acid, a battery-acid that has become too weak for effi
cient action.
Sperm, Sperma (sper' -inah) \piTipjxa, seed]. The
semen, or seed. Sperm-ball, a spheric cluster of sper-
matozoa. S. -blastoderm, a blastodermic layer of
formative spermatozoa. S.-blastula, a spheric blas-
tula whose surface is a sperm-blastoderm. S.-cell, a
spermatozoon. S. -morula, a spermatic morula. S.-
nucleus, the nucleus of a spermatozoon. S.-oil, an
oil procured from the deposits in the head of the
sperm-whale. In the living animal, the solid sperma-
ceti is held in solution in the liquid sperm-oil ; when
the liquid becomes cold the spermaceti separates out.
The oil is very limpid, relatively free from odor, and
burns well in lamps ; specific gravity 0.875. I' is used
as a lubricant on account of its low cold-test and its
viscosity, and also as an illuminant. S.-rope, a string
of spermatozoa.
Spermaceti (sper - mas - e'- te) [anqjfia, seed ; Kf/rnc,
whale] , C,gH.,j02.C,gH33. Cetylpalmitic ester ; a sub-
stance that occurs in the oil from peculiar cavities in
the heads of sperm-whales ; upon standing and cool-
ing, it separates as a white, crystalline mass, which
can be purified by pressure and by recrystallization
from alcohol. It occurs then in waxy, shining needles
or leaflets, melting at 49° C. Its specific gravity is
0.943 at 15° C. ; its melting-point is from 43° to 49° C.
It is only slightly soluble in ether, chloroform, and
carbon disulphid. It is used in the manufacture of
candles and in pharmaceutic preparations. See
Cetacenm.
Spermacrasia (sper - mak - ra' - ze - ah) [anepua, seed ;
acrasia']. Imperfection of the semen.
Spermagone (sper' -mag-on) [oTrkpfia, seed ; yoveia,
generation]. Same as Spermogone.
Spermagonium (sper-mag-o' -ne-um) \jST:kpfia, seed ;
yoveia, generation: Sperinagonia'\. Same as Sper-
mogoniutn.
Spermalist (sper' -?nal-ist). Same as Spertnisf.
Spermangium (sper-man' -je-um) [_aKi:pjia, seed ; ay-
yeiov, vessel: //. , Spertnangid\. In biology, a spore-
case or conceptacle.
Spermaphyte (sper'-maf-it) [^arrep/ia, seed ; (pvTov,
plant] . Same as Spermophyte.
Spermarium (sper-ina' -re-um) [^aTTipfia, seed: //. ,
Spermaria'\. In biology, a sperniary, q. v.
Spermary (sper' -ma-re) [aTrfp/ia, seed]. The analogue
in the male of the ovary; i. e., the organ generating
the sperm-cells ; in the higher animals, called the
testis, or testicle.
Spermatanergia (sper-mat-an-tir' -je-ah) \pT;'epfia, seed ;
anei'gia']. vSterility in the male.
Spermatemphraxis (sper-mat-em-fraks'-is) [aTzepiia,
seed; f//o/3a|'(f, obstruction] . Obstructive spermatocele
of the tubules.
Spermatheca (sper - math - e' - ka) \j^TT'i;pfia, seed;
a case : //. , Spermatheccf\. In biology, a receptacle
for spermatozoa ; specifically, a globular pouch con-
nected with the oviduct of the queen-bee, and which
receives and becomes the depository of the millions of
spermatozoa ejaculated during the marital flight.
Spermathecal (sper-i)iaih-e' -kal) [(T-t'p//a, seed ; QrjKi],
a case]. Pertaining to a spermatheca.
Spermatic (sper - mat' - ik) \pTrtp(mTiK6(f\. Pertaining
to the semen. S. Artery, a branch of the aorta sup-
plying the testicle. S. Canal. See Inguinal Canal.
S. Cones. See Cone. S. Cord, the cord of arteries,
veins, lymphatics, nerves and the excretory duct of the
testicle passing from the testicle to the internal abdom-
inal ring. S. Crystals, a variety of crystals formed in
seminal fluid after prolonged standing. See under
SPERMATID
1348
SPERMATOPHORE
Spennin. S. Gelatin, a gelatinous substance found
in the spermogonia of certain cryptogams. S. Rete.
See Rtte testis.
Spermatid [sper' -mat-id ) [ffTrf'p//a, seed]. A seminal
cell.
Spermatin (sper' -mat-in) \_aTrepfja, seed]. The odor-
ous, mucilaginous matter found in semen. Its nature
is unknown.
Spermatis (sper^ -mat-is) [a-ip/ia, seed]. A spermatic
vein.
Spermatischesis (^spcr- tiiat - is'- ke - sis). Synonym of
Aspci-mafism.
Spermatism {sper'- mat - iznt) [a-fpfja., seed]. I. A
discharge of semen. 2. The theory that the fetus is
the direct development of the male element or sper-
matozoon.
Spermatismus (^sper-mat-iz' -nuts') \a-epiM, seed]. The
emission of semen.
Spermatist (sper' -mat-ist^. Same as Spermist.
Spermatitis [sper- mat-i' -lis) [(T7rfp/^a, seed ; ltl^, in-
flammation]. Same as Funiculitis.
Spermatium [sper - ma'- she - um) \_crTreppa, seed : //.,
Spermatid^. In biology, one of the rod-shaped
bodies, supposed to be male gametes, found in the
spermogonia of certain fungi.
Spermato- (sper' -mat-o-) [_anepfia, seed]. A prefix to
denote connection with the semen.
Spermatoal {sper->/!at-o'-at ) [cirtp/ja, seed ; Mv, an
egg]. Pertaining to a spermatoon.
Spermatoblast [sper' -mat-o-blast ) [(T7ri'p//a, seed ; ji'kaa-
Toc:, bud, sprout]. In biology, one of the nuclei of
daughter-cells, produced by mother-cells, and derived
by cell-division from spermatogenic cells. The sper-
matoblasts are originally round, but soon elongate, be-
come pyriform, and give rise directly to spermato-
zoids. Cf Speri)iatoge>ictic cells.
Spermatoblastic (sper-juat-o-blas' -tik) [a-i:pfia, seed ;
fS'AnaToc, germ].' Pertaining to spermatoblasts.
Spermatocele {sper' -mat-o-sel) \aiztp^ia, seed ; Krfki^,
tumor]. A spermatic cyst or encysted hydrocele of
the testicle or epididymis.
Spermatoclemma (sper-tnat-o-klem' -ali)\aT:kpiia, seed ;
KJcfifia, a stealing: //., Spermatoclemmata'\. Invol-
untary emission of semen during waking. A synonym
of Pollution.
Spermatocratia (sper - mat-o- kra' - she- ah). Synonym
of Spermatorrhea.
Spermatocyst [sper'-tnat-o-sisf ) \_aTrepfia, seed ; Kva-
Tir, cyst]. A seminal vesicle ; a pathologic cyst
containing spermatozoa.
Spermatocystic (sper - mat - o - sis'- tik) [ajrlpfia, seed;
KruTiQ, cyst]. Pertaining to a spermatocyst.
Spermatocystidium [sper-mat-o-sis-tid' -e-iim) \_aTreppa,
seed; /»/'(7r(r, bladder : //., Spermatocystidia^ Same
as Antheridiitm.
Spermatocystidorrhagia (sper-mat-o-sis-tid-or-a'-je-ah)
[un-fpHn, seed ; Krariq, cyst ; prj-jvvvai, to burst forth].
Hemorrhage from the seminal vesicles.
Spermato-cystitis (sper-mat-o-sis-ti'-tis)\_(rJTeppa, seed ;
KroTir, cyst ; (r/f, inflammation]. Inflammation of
the vesiculse seminales.
Spermatocytal (sper-mat-o-si'-tal)\a-ipfm,ittd ; k'vtoc,
a cell]. Pertaining to a spermatocyte.
Spermatocyte [sper' -mat-o-s'tt) [^ajreppa, seed; k'vt(i^,
cell]. The germinal cell from which the spermato-
zoon develops. Cf. also. Cell, seminal, Cell, spermato-
getietic, and Seminiferous Tubule.
Spermatogem (sper-maf -o-jem) \ai^epfjia, seed ; gemma,
a bud]. See Spermosphere.
Spermatogemma (sper-mat-o-jem' -ah) \_aTrtf)im, seed ;
gemma, bud]. In biology, a tissue formed of sper-
matocytes ; a spermatoblast.
Spermatogenesis (spcr-mat-o-jen' -es-is) \pnrkpiia, seed;
yiivtaic^, origin]. In biology, the formation of sper-
matozoa. *
c
Tubules of Testis of Rat, showing spermatogenesis.
A. Less advanced stage. B. and C. More advanced stages.
A. and B. Transverse section. C. Longitudinal section.
X 300. (From Stirling.)
Spermatogenetic (sper-mat-o-jen-et'-ih) [onepfia, sttA;
•jheai^, genesis]. Pertaining to spermatogenesis. S.
Cell, one of two kinds of cells forming a layer next
the basement-membrane of the seminiferous tubules;
they produce mother-cells, which in turn produce
daughter-cells, the nuclei of which constitute the sper-
matoblasts and give rise to sperinatozoa. Cf. Spermato-
blast.
Spermatogenous (sper-mat-oj' -en-us) \_anepfta, seed ;
yevi/c, producing]. Producing spermatozoa.
Spermatogeny (sper-mat-oj' -en-e) [airipixa, seed ; ytvfj^,
producing] . In biology, the same as Spermatogenesis.
Spermatogonia (sper-mat-o-go'-ne-aA). See Gonepoiesis.
Spermatogonium [sper-mat-o-go' -ne-uin) [irn-fp/za, seed ;
yoi"?/, generation : pi. , Spertnatogonia'\. In biology, a
formative seminal cell or mass of spermatoblasts ; a
pvcnidium.
Spermatoid (sper'-mat-oid). Ste Spermatozoon.
Spermatolepsis [sper - ?nat - 0 - lep'- sis). Synonym of
Pollution.
Spermatologic [sper - mat - 0 - loj' - ik) [awep/ia, seed ;
Aoync, science]. Pertaining to spermatology.
Spermatologist (sper - mat - ol'- o • jist) [ump/ja, seed ;
^6yo(;, science]. One versed in spermatology.
Spermatology (sper-mat-oU -o-je) [(T7rfp//a, seed ; /liiyof,
a treatise] . The sum of what is known regarding the
origin, nature, qualities and characteristics of the
seminal fluid.
Spermatomere (sper'- mat - 0 - mer) [aTztpjia, sperm;
fiepoc, share]. Any one of the portions into which a
pronucleus of the fertilized ovum may divide.
Spermatoon (sper-mat-o' -on) [(77rf|0//a,seed ; cJoi', egg].
The nucleus of a sperm-cell or spermatozoon.
Spermatopathy (sper-mat-op' -ath-e) [an-eppa, sperm ;
TTCiHnr, disease]. Disease of the sperm-cells or of their
secreting mechanism.
Spermatophobia (sper-mat-o-fo' -be-ah) [aneppa, sperm ;
(f>6(inc^, fear]. False spermatorrhea; morbid dread of
spermatorrhea.
Spermatophoral (sper-mat-off'-o-ral) [<T7rf/5/;a, seed ;
(pipeiv, to bear]. Pertaining to a spermatophore.^
Spermatophore (spe}-'-mat-o-fdr) [airkpiia, seed ; <j>epuv,
SPERMATOPHOROUS
1349
SPERMOLOGY
to bear]. In biology, a receptacle of seminal pro-
ducts, common among invertebrates.
Spermatophorous {sper-mat-off' -or-iis) [(T7rf'p//a, seed ;
fepciv, to bear]. Bearing seed or spermatozoa.
Spermatophthora {sper-niat-off' -tho-rah)\pTctpiia, seed;
(j>Hopd, decay]. Weakness or inferiority of the semen.
Spermatoplania {sper-inat-o-pla' -ne-aJi) [^dTrtpfia, seed ;
ir/ldv//, a wandering]. A supposed metastasis of the
semen.
Spermatopoietic (sper-mat-o-poi-et' -ik) \ankppa, semen ;
TTOLEELv, to make]. The production or secretion of
semen.
Spermatorrhea [spe>--»iat-or-e' -ak) [anipfia, semen ;
poia, a flow]. Involuntary discharge of semen with-
out sexual excitement. S. dormientum, a nopturnal
emission of semen. S., False, when spermatozoids
are not in the fluid ; called, also, prostatorrhea. S.,
True, when spermatozoids are present.
Spermatoschesis {sper-mat-os^ -kes-is) [jsnepfia, semen ;
'^/f^"''?! suppression]. Suppression of the seminal
fluid.
ji Spermatosis [sper-mat-o'-sis). See Gonepoiesis.
: Spermatosome [sper' -mat-o-som). See Spermatozoon.
Spermatosphere [sper' -mat-o-sfer) . 'i^e: Spermatoblast.
I Spermatospore [sper' -mat-o-spor) \_antpfia, seed ; a-rro-
pog, a sowing]. In biology, a primitive cell giving
S rise by division to spermatoblasts.
; Spermatotheca {sper-mat-o-the' - kah) [airtpfia, seed;
di]K.rj, a case]. Same as Spermatheca.
\ Spermatovum [sper-niat-o' -vum) [^aircp/^a, seed ; ovum,
egg: Spermatova\ In biology, an impregnated
ovum.
i Spermatozemia [sper-mat-o-ze' -me-ali). See Sperrna-
torrhea .
Spermatozoal, Spermatozoan [sper-mat-o-zo'-al, sper-
i mat-o-zo'-an) [anepfxa, sttd; CJoi', animal]. Pertain-
ing to a spermatozoon.
Spermatozoid or Spermatozooid [sper-mat-o-zo'-id,
sper-mat-o-zo' -Old ). Same as Spermatozoon.
I Spermatozoon (sper - mat - o - zo' - on) [oKkppa, semen ;
^(jjov, animal : //. , Spermatozoa'] . The detached, in-
Spermatozoa.
I. Human (X 400), the head seen from the side. 2. On edge.
k. Head. m. Middle piece. /. Tail. e. Terminal filament.
3 From the mouse. 4. From bothriocephalus latus. 5.
From the deer. 6. From the mole. 7. From the green
woodpecker. 8. From the black swan. 9. From a cross
between a goldfinch and a canary. 10. From cobitis.
(Landois.)
dependently mobile cilium of an enlarged epithelial
cell of the seminal tubules. The essential element
of fecundation of the semen.
Spermaturia [sper-niat-u' -re-ah) \aTTspiia, seed; ovpov,
urine]. The presence of semen in the urine.
Spermic (sper' -mik). Same as Spertnatic.
Spermidium (sper-mid'-e-nm) {p-Ktppn, seed : //. , Sper-
midia]. See Achenium.
Spermiduct (sper' -mid-iikt) [(jiri/j/za, seed ; ductus, z.
duct]. A duct for the passage of semen ; the vas
deferens.
Spermin (sper'-min) [oTrsppa, seed], C^H^N. A non-
poisonous alkaloid obtained from sputum, human se-
men, the organs of leukemic patients, and alcoholic ana-
tomic preparations. " Charcot's Crystals," " Charcot-
Leyden Crystals," or " Charcot-Neumann crystals,"
are said to be simply phosphate of spermin. Such
crystals have been found in the sputa of emphysema
associated with catarrh, in the bronchial discharges of
acute bronchitis, in the blood and spleen of leukemic
and anemic patients, in the normal marrow of bones,
and in human semen. These crystals are said to be
identical with "spermatic crystals" a variety of crys-
tals formed in seminal fluid after prolonged standing.
According to Fiirbringer they are probably formed by
the action of semen on the prostatic secretion. As
these crystals are found almost constantly, after death,
in the fluid of the prostate, and not within the con-
tents of the seminal vesicles, they are more appropri-
ately termed prostatic crystals. (Piersol.') Sper-
min seems to have a very wide distribution in certain
diseases, especially leukemia. See also Piperazin.
Spermism (sper'-i?iizm) \_(jn-epfxa, seed]. In biology,
the theory that the animal is the result of the develop-
ment of a spermatozoon, the ovum acting only as an
accessory matrix.
Spermist (sper' -mist) \pjTitpua, seed]. A believer in
spermism.
Spermoblast (sper' -mo-blast ). See Spermatoblast.
Spermoblastic (sper-mo-blas' -tik). Same as Spermato-
htastic.
Spermobole {sper-mob' -o-le). See Spermatismus.
Spermocarp (sper' -mo-karp) \aT\spfia, seed ; mpwo^,
fruit]. In biology, an aiitheridiu?n .
Spermococcus (sper-mo-kok' -us) \cnvf:ppn, seed ; kokkoc,
berry]. The head of the spermatozoon without its
protoplasmic sheath ; the nucleus of a spermule.
Spermoderm (sper' -mo-derm) [aKkppa, seed ; dsp/M,
skin]. In biology, the same as Episperm ; the outer
covering of the seed.
Spermogenous (sper-?noJ' -en-iis) [pj-ipiia, seed ; yein>av,
to produce]. Active in the formation of spermato-
zoa.
Spermogone i^sper' - mo - ^o)i) \cs~kpiLa, seed; yovoc,
producing]. .Same as Spermogoniujn .
Spermogoniferous (sper-mo-gon-if -er-us) \pnkpjxa,
seed; yordf, producing; ferre, to bear]. In biology,
producing spermogonia.
Spermogonium (sper-mo-go'-ne-iiin) \_07Tepfm, seed;
yovor, producing; //., Spermogonia]. In biology, a
receptacle in which spermatia are developed. See
Peridiitiii.
Spermogonous (sper-mog' -o-nus) \riTvipua, seed ; yovor,
bearing]. In biology, resembling spermogonia.
Spermolith (sper' -mo-litli) \_aKi:piia, semen; I'Soc, a
stone]. A calculus in the spermatic duct or vesiculfe
seminales.
Spermologic [sper - 7710 - loj'- ik) \a~kpua, seed ; Xoyoi;,
science]. Pertaining to spermology.
Spermologist (sper-ynoF -o-ji^t) \aTTkpiia, seed ; 'Aoyoq,
science]. One versed in spermology.
Spermology [sper-mol' -o-je) \_(jTt-p/_ia, seed ; Myog,
science]. In biology : I. Same as spermatology. 2.
Tliat branch of science which treats of the seeds of
plants.
SPERMONEURALGIA
1350
SPHENIC
Spermoneuralgia {spef-7iio-nii-yal'-jt'-ali)\pTi(piia, seed ;
rfrpor, nerve ; «/l)of, pain]. Neuralgia of the testicles
and spermatic cord.
Spermonucleus (sper- mo - nii' - kle - its) [anepfia, seed ;
nucleus, a little nut, kernel: //. , Spermonitclei^.
In biology, the male pronucleus.
Spermophlebectasia (sper-mo-fleb-ek-ta' -ze-ah) [^Gir-ipfia,
seed ; fAsij', vein ; tKraoic, distention]. Varicosity of
the spermatic vein.
Spermophore (spc-r'-nio-fdi-). Same as Spermophoritm.
Spermophorum (spcr-moff ' -o-yu»i) '[awepfia, seed ;
ipepeiv, to bear: //. , Spermophoya'\. In biology, a
seminal vesicle; a spermatophore.
Spermophyte {sper'- mo - fit) \j37itpiia, seed ; (fivror,
plant]. In biology, a phanerogam, a plant bearing
seeds, in distinction from one that produces spores.
Spermophytic {spcr-t)io-fit' -ik) \j5Trcpjia, seed ; (pvTov,
plant]. Pertaining to a spermophyte.
Spermoplasm, Spermoplasma {spej'' -mo-plazm, sper-
}>io-plaz' -mall) \_aTripfia, seed; TrXaafia, anything
molded]. In biology, the substance of a spermule.
Spermorrhagia [sper-mor-a'-Je-ah). See Spermator-
rhea.
Spermorrhea [sper-mor-e'-ak). See Spermatorrhea.
Spermosphere (sper'-mo-sfer) [_(jTTep/j.a, seed; a(paipa,
sphere]. In biology, a mass of spermatoblasts, or
incipient spermatozoa.
Spermospore [iper'-mo-spor). See Spertnatophore .
Spermotheca (sper-mo-the' -ka/i) [aTtepfja, seed ; OljKij,
a case]. In biology, a pericarp.
Spermous (sper'-miis). Same as Spermatic.
Spermovarian (sper-juo-va'-re-an) [a-epfta, seed ;
ovum, an egg]. Pertaining to a spermovarium.
Spermovarium [sper-mo-va'-re-iivi) \p-K'tppa, a seed;
07'ui>i, an egg: //. , Spermovaria']. See Ovotestis.
Spermovary [sper-mo'-va-re). Same as Spermovarium.
Spermovum [sper-mo' -viim) [a-epp.a, seed ; ovum, an
egg: //. , Spermova\ In biology, same as Spermat-
ovum.
Spermozoon {sper-mo-zo' -oii). See Spermatozoon.
Spermule {sper' -miil^ \aiTtpjia, seed]. In biology, a
spermatozoon, or male generative element.
Spermulum (sper' -mu-lum). Same as Spermule.
Sphacel (sfas'-el). Same as Sphacelus.
Sphacela {sfas'-el-ah) [(T<^d«:fXof , gangrene: pi., Spha-
cel,r'\. In biology, a hollow chamber, filled with
a mucilaginous or watery substance and oospheres, de-
veloped from the apical cells in certain marine Alg<^
( SphacelariacecT) .
Sphacelate, Sphacelated {sfas'-el-dt, sfas' -el-a-ted)
[(T^n/cf/lof , dead]. Necrosed; gangrenous; morti-
fied.
Sphacelation {sfas-el-a' -shun) \p^aKf7oc, dead]. Ne-
crosis.
Sphacele [sfas'-el). Same as Sphacela.
Sphacelinic Acid (sfas-el-in'-ik). See Ergot.
Sphacelism (sfas' -el-izm) [(j0aKeAof, dead]. The con-
dition of being affected with sphacelus.
Sphacelium (sfa - se'- le - um) \_(S0aK[Xi[,eiv, to destroy,
mortify]. The Clain'ceps purpurea, or the first stage of
the formation of ergot.
Sphaceloderma [sfas-el-o-der' -mali) [ff^d/ce/lof , dead ;
t!fp//a, skin]. Raynaud'' s Disease ; Symmetrical Gan-
grene ; Gangrene of the Skin. A rare disease charac-
terized by a local stagnation occurring at the periphery
of the circulation, producing symmetrically distributed
gangrenous spots on the body. The essential factor in
the disease is a vaso-motor spasm of the capillaries of
the extremities. The disease occurs in three well-
defined grades, which are, in the order of severity,
local syncope, local asphyxia, and local gangrejie.
The so-called "dead finger," frequently seen in females,
is an example of the first grade. The affected part is
cold, dead- white, and bloodless; this is but tempo-
rary, and is followed by a period of reaction. In the j
second form of the disease the aflected parts become !
cold and cyanotic, while in the third form a true
gangrene of the affected parts takes place. Pain is
the most prominent symptom of the disease, which
usually attacks children or adults under thirty years of i
age. Women of the neurotic temperament are more I
liable to be aftected, and especially does it occur after j
some sudden mental shock. See Dermatitis gan- \
grccnosa. Dermatitis gangraenosa infantum, a \
gangrenous eruption following certain pustular erup- '
tions in children. Diabetic Gangrene, a serpiginous
form of gangrene occurring in advanced cases of
diabetes, and consisting of patches forming on the skin
of the limbs.
Sphaceloid (i/rtj'-f/-<9/;/) [ff^flAf^of , dead]. Resembling
a sphacelus or gangrenous part.
Sphacelous (sfas' -el-us) [ff^ii/cfv'iof, dead]. Pertaining
to sphacelus ; gangrenous ; necrosed.
Sphacelus (sfas'-el-us) [cr^d/ffPof, gangrene]. The
disorganized or dead part of a limb or organ affected
with gangrene. F'ormerly any excessive pain or agita-
tion. See GangreJie.
Sphaersesthesia (sfe-res-tlie' -ze-ah) . See Spheresthesia.
Sphaeraphide (sfe -raf - id) [afaipa, sphere; pa<j)i(,
needle]. In biology, one of a cluster of needle-
shaped crystals arranged in spheric masses and found
in ferns and other plants. The term is extended to
include other crystalline masses having a somewhat
rounded shape ; a spherocrystal.
Sphaerenchyma (sfe - reng' - kim - ah). See Splieren-
chyma.
Sphaeridium (sfe-rid' -e-um) \p<pmpa, a ball : //. , Spha-
ridia\ In biology, one of the minute spheroid
bodies described by Loven as resting upon the am-
bulacral plates, especially upon those nearest the
mouth, in all the Ecliinidea, except Cidaris. It is
possibly auditory in function.
Sphaerobacterium (sfe-ro-bak-te' -re-um). See Spliero-
bacterium.
Sphaeroid (sfe' -raid). See Spheroid.
^^\\TE.xoxaz. (sfe-ro' -mah). See Splieroma.
Sphaeromere (sfe' -ro-mer). See Splieroiiiere.
Sphaerometer (sfe-rom' -et-er). See Spherometer.
Sphaerospore (sfe' -ro-spor). Same as Spherospore.
Sphaerula (sfe' -ru-lah) [a<paipa, a ball, a sphere: pi.,
Spliierul(r'\. In biology, a form of special asexual
reproductive bud, developed in fresh-water sponges at
certain seasons at the expense of the parent animal
and usually associated with the decay of the latter.
Sphage (sfaj) {o^ayij, the throat]. The throat; the
anterior portion of the neck.
Sphagiasmus (sfa - je - az'- mus) [a(payiaa/xd^ ; (r^Say?/,
throat ]. Epileptic spasm of the muscles of the neck.
Sphagitis ( sfa-ji'-tis) [afayt/, the throat ; trig, inflam-
mation]. Inflammation of the jugular vein.
Sphagnicolous (sfag-nik' -o-lus) \G(payvoq, moss ; colere,
to inhabit]. In biology, growing among mosses.
Sphagnous (sfag'-nus) [^aipayvoc, moss]. In biology,
pertaining to mosses.
Sphagnum (sfag'-num). See Muskeg Moss.
Sphalerocarpium (sfal -er-o- kar'-pe - um) \o^a\^po(;,
slippery, uncertain ; mpirdc, fruit : //., Sphalerocarpui].
In biology, a naked seed, surrounded, except at the
apex, by a fleshy cup or aril. It is produced by the
vew (Taxiis baccata) and other members of the
TaxacetT.
Sphenencephalus (sfe-nen-sef -al-us). See Spheno-
cephalus.
Sphenic (sfe' -nil;) [(7<t>r/T/, wedge]. Wedge-like.
SPHENION
1351
SPHERESTHESIA
Sphenion {sfe' -ne-on) [cf^'/f, wedge]. The apex of
the sphenoid angle of the parietal bone on the surface
of the skull. See Cra)iiometric Points.
Spheno- [sfe' -no-) \a^riv, wedge]. A prefix used to
denote connection with the sphenoid bone, or to indi-
cate a wedge-like shape.
Spheno-basilar [sfe' -iio-ba' -zil-a}-) \a<p!/v, wedge; (3daig,
base]. Pertaining conjointly to the sphenoid bone and
the basilar portion of the occipital bone. S. Groove,
the depression on the body of the sphenoid bone and
, the basilar portion of the occipital bone, upon which
the pons rests.
Sphenoccipital [sfe-nok-sip' -it-al) [cr^z/v, wedge ; 0(r/-
put, occiput]. Pertaining to the sphenoid and the
occiptal bone ; spheno-basilar.
Sphenocephalia [sfe - no - sef - a'- le - a/i) \_iy<p>/i', wedge ;
KBipah'/, head]. The condition of a sphenocephalus.
Sphenocephalus [sfe-no-sef'-al-iis) \p<priv, wedge;
Keipa'Aij, head]. A variety of single autositic monsters
of the species otocephalus, in which the two eyes are
well separated ; the ears are united under the head ;
the jaws and mouth are distinct ; and the sphenoid
is altered in shape, so that it is analogous in form
to what is found normally in birds.
Spheno-ethmoid [sfe' -no-eth' -moid) [(T</i'/f, wedge ;
r}(^//of, sieve ; eZdof, like]. Belonging or relating to
both the sphenoid and ethmoid bones.
Spheno-frontal (sfe'- no -fnm'- fal) \_aifirjv, wedge;
frons, forehead]. Belonging or relating to both the
sphenoid and frontal bones.
Sphenoid (sfe'-noid) \_aa>iiv, wedge; f«5o{-, likeness].
Cuneiform. Relating or pertainingto the sphenoid bone.
S. Bone, one of the cranial bones at the anterior base
of the skull, articulating with all the other bones of
the head. S. Fontanel, the membranous interspace
at the junction of the squamous and coronal sutures of
the fetal skull. S. Sinus. See Sinus.
Sphenoides [sfe-noi' -dez) [ff^^v, wedge ; fiJof like].
The sphenoid bone.
Sphenoido-auricular {sfe-noi' -do-aw-7-ik' -ti-lar) \a<bri\\
wedge; <7«;7V?//«j, auricle]. Pertaining to the sphe-
noid and binauricular diameters of the skull. S. -a. In-
dex, the ratio of the minimum sphenoid diameter of
the skull with the binauricular diameter, the latter
being taken as loo.
Sphenoido-frontal [sfe-noi' -do-fruti' -ial)\_a<prjv, wedge;
frons, forehead]. Pertaining to the sphenoid and fron-
tal diameters of the skull. S.-f. Index, the relation
between the minimum sphenoid diameter of the skull
and the minimum frontal diameter taken as loo.
1 Sphenoido - parietal [sfe-jioi' -do-par-i' et-al) \o<pri\\
wedge ; paries, wall] . Belonging or relating to the
sphenoid and parietal diameters of the skull. S.-p.
Index, the relation between the minimum sphenoid
diameter of the skull and the maximum frontal
diameter taken as loo.
Spheno-malar (sfe'-no-ina'-lar) [aipi/v, wedge ; mala, the
cheek]. Pertaining to the sphenoid and malar bones.
Spheno-maxillary (sfe' -uo-maks' -il-a-re) {_c!<j>r/v, wedge ;
tnaxilla, maxilla]. Pertaining conjointly to the sphe-
noid and maxillary bones. S.-m. Fossa. Fossa.
Sphenometer (sf -nam' -et-er) [cipi/v, wedge ; /icTpov,
measure]. An instrument for measuring the wedge to
be removed in osteotomy for curvature.
Spheno-occipital (sfe' -no-oi-sip'-if-a/) [(T(^?/i', wedge ;
occiput, occiput]. Belonging or relating to both the
sphenoid and occipital bones.
Spheno-orbital (sfe'-no-or'-bit-al) [cupiii', wedge; or-
bita, orbit]. Belonging or relating to both the sphe-
noid bone and the orbit.
Spheno-palatine (sfe' -no-pal' -at-in) [c^^v, wedge ; pal-
atum, palate]. Pertaining conjointly to the sphenoid
bone and the palate. S.-p. Foramen, the spheno-
palatine notch converted into a foramen by articula-
tion with the sphenoidal turbinated bone. S.-p.
Ganglion. See Ganglion. S.-p. Notch, a deep
notch separating the orbital and sphenoid processes of
the palate bone. See Notch.
Spheno-parietal (sfe'- no - par- i'- et- al ) [d^'/v, wedge ;
paries, wall]. Belonging or relating to both the sphe-
noid and parietal bones.
Spheno-petrosal (sfe' - no - pe - tro'- sal) [(np^/v, wedge ;
TTf'r/.a, rock]. Pertaining conjointly to the sphenoid
bone and the petrous portion of the temporal bone.
Sphenopharyngeus (sfe-no-far-in-je' -us) . See Mus-
cles, Table of .
Spheno-pterygoid (sfe' -no-ter' -ig-oid) l_a(pi/v, wedge;
■ntipv^, wing ; ei6og, like]. Pertaining to the body
of the sphenoid bone and to the pterygoid process.
Sphenorbital (sfe - nor'- bit - at) \o<piii\ wedge; orbita,
orbit]. See Sp/ieno-orbital.
Sphenosis (sfe-no'-sis) \ci<p>iv, wedge]. The wedging
of the fetus in the pelvis.
Spheno-squamosal,Spheno-squamous(jy<''-;/£>-.s/('W'a-
mo' -sal, sfe' -no-skwa' -mus) [c7^//i', wedge ; squama,
scale]. I?elonging or relating to both the sphenoid
bone and the squamous portion of the temporal bone.
Spheno-temporal (.t/t''-«(7-/f'/«''-/f)-ra/) \r5<pijv, wedge;
tenipora , the temple ; teiiiporal'\. Pertaining con-
jointly to the sphenoid and temporal bones.
Sphenotic (sfe-no'-tik) [(7(p//i', wedge ; org, ear]. Per-
taining to the sphenoid bone and the otic capsule.
Sphenotresia (sfe-no-tre' -ze-ah) [cr^'/i', wedge ; Tpijai^,
perforation]. A variety of craniotomy in which the
basal portion of the fetal skull is perforated.
Sphenotribe (sfe'-no-trib) l^acjyi/v, wedge ; rpifieiv, to
rub]. The instrument used in performing spheno-
tresia.
Spheno-turbinal, Spheno-turbinate {sfe-no-ter' -bin-
al, sfe-no-ter' -bin at) \a(^riv, wedge; turbo, z. scroll],
1. Pertaining to the sphenoid and turbinate bones. 2.
One of the sphenoidal spongy bones situated cephalad
of the body of the s])henoid.
Spheno-vomerine (sfe' -no-vo' -7ner-in) \a^Tiv, wedge ;
vomer, vomer]. Pertaining to the sphenoid bone and
the vomer.
Spheral (sfe'-ral) [a<paipa, sphere]. Like a sphere.
Sphere (sfer) \_a<f)aipa, sphere]. I. A ball or globe.
2. A space. S. of Attraction, a clear spot in the
cell-plasma, outside of and close to the nucleus of an
ovum undergoing mitosis. It contains the centrosoma
of Boveri, and is the center of the formation of the
amphiasters in karyokinesis, q. v. S. -crystal. -Same
as Sp/iceraphide. S., Embryonic. See S., Segmenta-
tion-. S. -Granule, a large granular corpuscle found
in serous exudations. S., Hearing, the area in the
brain which is supposed to be the seat of hearing. It is
in the temporal lobe. S., Motor, a region in the central
nervous system which, when stimulated, gives rise to
motion. S., Protoplasmic Primordial. See S.,
Segmentation-. S., Segmentation-, a nucleated cell
derived from division of the vitellus in the process
of segmentation. S., Sensory, a sensory area of the
central nervous system. S., Vitelline, S., Yolk-, the
mulberry-like mass of cells that results from the fission
of the substance of the ovum after fertilization. S.,
Yeast-, in biology, an aggregation of certain sprouting
forms of the genus Alucor.
Spherenchyma (sfe - reng' - Mm - ah) \a^aipa, a ball;
iyXVj.M, an infusion]. In biology, applied to a form
of parenchyma in which the cells are globular.
Spheresthesia (sfe-res-tlie' -ze-ah) \_a(l>aipa, globe; alaOif-
aig, sensation]. Perverted feeling, as of the contact
of a ball or globe-shaped body.
SPHERIC
1352
SPHYGMOID
Spheric, Spherical [sfe'-rik, sfe' -rik-al^. Having
the shape of or pertaining to a sphere. S. Aber-
ration. See Ahcryation. S. Homology, in biology,
Wilder' s term for the topical relation between the
morphically identical, converging spheromeres of a
radiate animal.
Spheriform (sfe'-rif-orm) [afoipa, sphere; forma,
form]. -Spheric.
Spheriocarcinoma [sfi - re - o- kar-sin - o' - inali) \o(^alpa,
sphere ; hapKivufia, carcinoma]. A carcinoma having
a spheric shape.
Spherobacteria i^sfe-ro-bak-te' -re-ah) [o^az/jn:, sphere;
jiaKTi/f)ioi\ a rod]. In Cohn's classification a genus
of unicellular microbes, round or oval, stationary, and
devoid of cilia or flagella. The micrococci.
Spherocerebrin lysfe - ro - ser' - e - briri) [acpalpa, a ball;
cerebrum, cerebrum]. A nitrogenized substance oc-
curring in brain-tissue among a group of cerebrina-
cides.
Spherocrystal (sfe - ro - kris' - tal ) \a<^aipa, sphere ;
KitvaraV'/Mq, crystal]. Same as sphtxraphide.
Spheroid {sfe'-roid) [(J0a(/)n, sphere; EicSof, like].
Having the form of a sphere. A solid resembling
a sphere. S., Oblate, one in which the polar axis is
less than the equatorial diameter. S., Prolate, one
in which the polar axis exceeds the equatorial diame-
ter.
Spheroma [sfe-ro' -JuaJi) l^a(paifM, sphere; dun, tumor].
Any spheric-shaped tumor or protuberance.
Spheromere {sfe' -ro-mer') [_a(l)a'ipa, a ball ; //fpof , a
part]. In biology, an acti7iomere , q. v.
Spherometer [sfe-roni' -et-e?-) [aipalpa, sphere ; phpov,
a measure]. An instrument for determining the de-
gree of curvature of optic lenses and of the tools for
their grinding.
Spherosiderite {sfe-ro-sid'-er-lf). Carbonate of iron
in spheroidal masses, occurring in trap.
Spherosome [sfe'-ro- sotii) [_a<(ialpa, sphere; ato/ia,
body]. In biology, the body- wall of a radiated
animal ; suggested by L. Agassiz in place of perisome.
Spherospore (sfe' -ro-spor) \_a(f>aipa, a sphere ; anopo^,
a seed]. In biology, Agassiz' name for a tetra-
spore.
Spherular (sfe' -rziPar) [dim. of aoalpa, a sphere].
Resembling a spherule.
Spherulate (sfe' -ru-lal) [dim, of (ycpaipa, sphere]. In
biology, studded with spherules.
Spherule (sfe'-riil) [(T(/ia/pc, sphere]. A globule. S.,
Segment. See Sphere, Segmentation.
Sphincter (£/f«^,^'''-/fr) \a(fiyK-lip; ff</i/j-y£/i', to squeeze] .
A muscle surrounding and closing an orifice. S.
ani. S. vaginae. .See Muscles, Table of. S. of the
Pupil. See Iris. S., Third, of the rectum, a dupli-
cature of mucosa projecting well into the lumen of
the gut from the right side, forming rather more than
a semicircle, and involving more of the ventral than
of the dorsal wall. It is also called KoJilrattscJi' s
Fold.
Sphincteralgia (sfingk-ter-al' -je-ah) [cr(/)(}'/vr///j, sphinc-
ter ; o/yof, pain]. Pain in the sphincter ani muscle,
or about the anus.
Sphincterate (sfingk' - ter - at) \p^LyK-iip, sphincter].
Provided with a sphincter.
Sphincterectomy (sfngk-tcr-ek'-to-me) \j7(ptyKT?]p,
sphincter; f/cro////, excision]. Oblique blepharotomy ;
Stellwag's operation for the dilatation of the palpebral
fissure, or for blepharo.spasm.
Sphincterial, Sphincteric (sfingk-te' -re-al, sfingk-ter'-
ik) \_(j<f>iyi<Ti/p, sphincter]. Pertaining to a sphincter
or to its function.
Sphincterismus (sfingk-ter-iz' -mtis) [acbiyiiri/p, sphinc-
ter]. A spasmodic contraction of the sphincter ani
muscle, usually attendant upon fissure or ulcer of the
anus, bu.t occasionally occurring independently of such
lesion.
Sphincterolysis (sfingk-ter-ol' -is-is) \p(^LyKjiip, sphinc-
ter ; Xiiff/f, solution]. The operation of freeing the
iris in anterior synechia.
Sphincteroplasty (sfingk' - ter - o - plas' - te) \ps^LVKTrip,
sphincter ; Tr'Aaaaeiv, to form]. The formation of an
artificial sphincter by plastic operation.
Sphincterotomy (sfingk-ter-of -o-me) \_a<piyKT7/p, sphinc-
ter ; TDiii/, section]. The surgical cutting of a sphincj
ter.
Sphingoin (sphing' -go-in) \<j^iyyeiv, to bind]. An
alkaloid derived from cerebral tissue.
Sphingo-myelin (sfing-go-mi' -el-in) [ff0/)}f;i', to bind;
/nie'/io^, marrow]. A brain-phosphatid allied to my-
elin. It is capable of being decomposed into jieurin
and a substance which is convertible into sphingosin.
Sphingosin (-f/?«'-^t)-i/«) l_a<plyyetv, to hind']. An alka-
loidal cerebroside occurring in brain-tissue.
Sphingostearic Acid (sfing-go-ste-ar' -ik). See Acid.
Sphinxis (sfingks'-is). See Constriction.
Sphrigosis (sfrig-o'-sis) [aippiyap, to be full and vigor-
ous]. In biology, excessive growth of wood, stem,
and leaves in plants.
Sphygmic, Sphygmical (sfig'-mik, sfig' -mik-al) \_c!<^vy-
piKoi; ; r,(^vyp6q, pulse]. Pertaining to the pulse ;
pulsatile.
Sphy gmochronograph (sfig -mo - kro'- no - graf) . See
■Sp/i vgiiiograph.
Sphygmodic (sfig-mo' -dik) \pihvyii6c,, pulse]. Like the
pulse ; throbbing.
Sphygmogram (sfig' -mo-gram)\(!^vyjx6z, pulse ; ypafifia,
a writing] . The tracing made by the sphygmo-
graph. Called, also, Pu/se-tracing, Pnlse-curve, and
Arteriogram.
Sphygmograph (sfig'-mo-graf) [(X(l)v/-fi6(: , pulse ; ypa-
(j)£iv, to write]. An instrument for recording graphic-
Marrv's Sphygmograph.
A. Steel spring. B. First lever. C. Writing lever. C. Its
free writing end. D. Screw for bringing B in contact with C.
G. Slide with smoked paper. H. Clockwork. L. Screw
for increasing the pressure. M. Dial, indicating the pres-
sure. K, K. Straps for fixing the instrument to the arm and
the arm to the double inclined plane or support.
ally the differential features of the pulse in health and
disease.
Sphygmographic (sfig-iiio-graf'-ik) [iT(j)vy/i6g, pulse ;
ypdipeiv, to write]. Pertaining to the sphygmograph.
Sphygmography ( sfig - mog'- ra - fe ) [jji/iMj /JOf , pulse ;
ypa(peiv, to write]. A description of the pulse, its
pathologic variations and their significance.
Sphygmoid (sfig'-7noid ) \c(^vyp6c^, pulse ; n'Sof, re-
semblance]. Resembling or having the nature of
continuous pulsation.
SPHYGMOLOGY
1353
SPILOPLANIA
Sphygmology [sjig-mol' -o-je) \_at^vyfi6q, pulse ; /loyof ,
treatise]. The sum of what is known regarding the
pulse.
Sphygmomanometer ( sfig - mo - man - om ^ - et - er)
[aipvyfiog, pulse; fiavd^, xaxe ; |UtT/uoy, measure]. An
instrument for measuring the tension of the blood-
current. See Blood-pressure.
Sphygmometer (sfig-mom' -et-e>-). See Sphygmograph.
Sphygmophone [sfig'-mo-fon) \_a<j)vyii6^,-pn\ss; (jxjm/,
sound]. I. A sphygmograph that marks each pulse-
wave by sounding. 2. An apparatus in which a mi-
crophone is employed for the medical examination of
the pulse.
Sphygmoscope [sfig^ -nio-skdp)\pi^vyfi6^, pulse ; okokeIv,
to examine]. An instrument for showing mechani-
cally the movements of the heart or the pulsations of
a blood-vessel. S., Gas-, makes registration by a gas-
jet.
Sphygmoscopy {sfig-mos' -ko-pe') [_c(pvyfi6c, pulse ; cr/co-
TTf/i', to observe]. The art of tracing the pulse-curve
by the sphygmoscope.
Sphygmo-systole [sjig-mo-sis' -to-k) [a^vyfio^, pulse ;
avoTo'M], contraction]. The influence of the cardiac
systole upon the pulse.
Sphygmotechny {sfig'- mo - tek - ne^ \ai^vyfi6q, pulse ;
Texv//, art]. The art of diagnosis and prognosis by
means of the pulse.
Sphygmotonometer [^sfig-mo-to-nom' -et-er^ ^acpvy/Lidc,
pulse; Tovog, tone; fierpov, measure]. An instru-
ment for use in estimating the elasticity of the arterial
walls.
Sphygmous {sfig'-ynus) [ff^ny/zof , pulse]. Pertaining
to or having the nature of a pulse.
Sphygmus [CTi/)u>'iti(5i, pulse]. The pulse; a
pulsation.
Sphyrotomy [sfi-rot' -o-me) [a<pvpa, malleus ; rofiij, a cut-
ting]. An operation consisting in the removal of the
malleus or its handle, together with a portion of the
membrana tympani.
Sphyxis [sfiks'-is). See Pu/sal/'oii.
Spica. {spi'-iti/i) [_L.'\. I. A spike or spur. 2. A spiral
bandage with reversed turns. S. -bandage. See
£a?Zi/iige.
Spicate [spi' -kdl ) \_spica, a spike]. In biology, arranged
in the form of a spike ; spurred.
Spice (spis') [ME., j/zV^, spice]. An aromatic vegetable
substance used for flavoring ; a condiment. S. -berry, a
popular name for Ganltheria prociiutbens. S. -plaster.
See Emplaitrum aromaticum. S.-poultice, a poul-
tice made from the mixture of a variety of spices. S.-
wood. See Fever Bush.
Spiced [splst) [ME., spice, spice]. Flavored by means
of spice. *
Spiciferous {spi-sif'-er-us) [spica, a spike ; fen-e, to
bear] . In biology, bearing spikes.
Spiciform {spi' -sif-onii) [spica, s^i]^e; forma, form].
Having the form of a spica.
Spicose, Spicous [spi'-koz, spi' -kits) \jpica, spike].
In biology, having spikes.
Spicula {spik' -n-laJi) [dim. of spica, a spike: //. ,
SpiciiIcB\. A small spike-shaped bone or fragment of
bone.
Spicular [spik' -u-lar) \spictt!a, a spicule]. Having the
form of a spicule. *
Spiculate {spik' -ti-ldt) [dim. of spica, a spike]. Hav-
ing the shape of, or covered with spicules.
Spicule (spik' -ill) [dim. of spica, a spike]. A needle-
shaped body; a spike. S., Bony, a needle-shaped
bone or fragment of bone. S. -sheath, in biology,
the investment of a sponge-spicule.
Spiculiferous (spik-u-lif -er-iis) \_spicula, spicule ; fen-e,
to bear]. Having spicula.
Spiculiform {spik' u-liforin) \_spiciila, spicule ; forma,
form]. Having the form of a spicule.
Spiculigenous {spik - u - /if- en - us) \_spicida, spicule ;
yei'il<;, producing]. Producing spicules.
Spiculigerous (spik - u - lif- er - us) \spicula, spicule;
gerere, to bear]. Same as Spiculiferous.
Spiculose, Spiculous (spik' -u-ldz, spik' -u-lus) \spicula,
spicule]. Having spicules.
Spiculum (spik' -u-lum) [spiculum, a little sharp point:
//. , Spicula']. In biology, a spicule, or spicular
organ, as the spiculum a maris or copulatory organ of
certain worms and molluscs.
Spider (spi'-dcr) [ME., spither, a spider]. An arthro-
pod of the c\a.si A rac/mida. S. Cancer. See^f«^
rosacea. S. -cells ; in biology : (a) Bacilli the fla-
gella of which are present in such numbers as to give
the microbes the appearance of minute spiders. See
Bacillus typhi abdominalis, under Bacteria, Syiionym-
atic Table of ; (b) the characteristic cells of the neu-
roglia. They have numerous long and delicate pro-
longations. See also Deiters' Cells. S. Nevus. See
Aoie rosacea. Ss'. Web (tela aranece), formerly
much used as a hemostatic, and also in some systemic
diseases ; used also as a moxa, with the blow-pipe.
Spigel's Line. See Lines, Table of.
Spigelia (spi-je' -le-aJi) [after Adrian van der Spiegel, a
Belgian physician]. Pink-root. The roots of S.
marilandica. A popular vermifuge, generally admin-
istered with senna. In large doses an uncertain
cathartic. Dose gr. xx-3 ij. S., Ext., Fid. Dose for a
child Ti\x-xx ; for an adult 3j-ij. S., Infus., Comp.,
" worm-tea," " pink and senna," unof ; spigelia 15,
senna, fennel aa 10, manna 30, water 500. Dose
^jss-v. S. antlielmia , oi tropical America, has simi-
lar properties.
Spigelian Lobe (spi-je' -le-aii) [after Adrian van der
Spiegel, a Belgian physician]. The lobe of the liver
projecting from the back part of the under surface of
the right lobe.
Spigelin (spi-je'-lin) [after Adrian van der Spiegel, a
Belgian physician]. An alkaloid said to exist in the
anthelmintic species of Spigelia, of which it appears to
be an active principle.
Spigelius, Line of. See Lines, Table of. S.,Lobulus
of. See Spigelian Lobe.
Spike {spik) [.(//ra, a spike, ear of corn]. I. In biology,
that form of indeterminate anthotaxy in which the
flowers are sessile, or nearly so, and arranged on a
lengthened axis. 2. A sharp point. 3. S. -lavender,
a plant, Lavandula spica ; it yields oil of spike.
Spiked (splkt). See Spicate.
Spikelet (spi'-klet) \_spica, a spike, ear of corn]. In
biology, a small or secondary spike ; applied to the
inflorescence of grasses.
Spikenard (spik' -nard) [ME., spikenard, spikenard].
Nard. A name given to the rhizome of various
species of valerian, and especially to Nardostachys
Jatamatisi , formerly much used in medicine, now
used in washes and unguents, chiefly in the Orient.
Unof It is not to be confounded with American
spikenard, Aralia racemosa.
Spillman's Soap. A soap used in treating syphilis.
It is made of pure olive-oil and caustic potash, with
which is incorporated 50 per cent, of mercury. It is
neutral in reaction and causes no irritation. A por-
tion of the body is lathered with the soap, and after
drying it is covered with thin paper or some suitable
garment. After 24 hours the part is washed off and
dusted with rice-powder.
Spiloma (spi-lo' -mah). See Navus vascularis.
Spiloplania {spi-lo-pla' -ne-ak) \aTri2.og, a stain ; ■K'kavi],
wandering]. A condition characterized by transient
SPILOPLAXIA
1354
SPINAL
or wandering maculae of the skin. Also, a synonym
of Elephantiasis grLrcoruin.
Spiloplaxia [spi-lo-plaks'-e-ak) [crTr/Aof, spot; Tr/df, a
broad surface]. A condition marked by the large red
spots symptomatic of elephantiasis ; seen also in some
cases of pellagra.
Spilosis poliosis. Synonym of Canities.
Spilus [spi'-ius) [(T7r(/iOf, a spot] . A mole or colored
mark on the skin ; nevus.
Spina {spi'-nah) [L. , the backbone]. I. A thorn. 2.
The spine. S. bifida, a hernia of the spinal mem-
branes through a cleft or abnormality of the lower
part of the vertebral column ; called, also, Hydror-
rhachitis. S. cervina. Same as Buckthorn. S.
helicis. See Crista helicis. S. suprameatum, an
elevation just above the superior angle of the mastoid
process of the temporal bone. It appears to be the
posterior part of the zygomatic line. It is an import-
ant guide in the operation of opening the mastoid.
S. ventosa, a rarefying form of osteitis in which the
bone is eroded or destroyed, and the subperiosteal
tissue and osseous marrow contain numerous small
cells with transuded red blood -corpuscles. It is fre-
quently a result of syphilis.
Spinal \spi'-nal) \_spina, spine]. Pertaining to the
spine. S. Accessory Nerve. See Nerve. S.
Accessory Spasm. See Tic rotatoire. S. Bulb,
Transection of the Spinal Cord in the Cervical
Region.
A. Ventral gray column, a. Ventral white column. /. Lat-
eral white column, ac. Ventral commissure, ar. Ventral
roots, af. Ventral median fissure, it. Intermediolateral
gray column, vc. Vesicular column of Clarke. P. Dorsal
gray column, f- Dorsal-external white column, pm. Dor-
sal-median column, pc. Dorsal commissure, cc. Central
canal, pr. Dorsal roots, pf. Dorsal-median fissure, ae
and ai. External and internal ventral vesicular columns.
sg. Substantia gelatinosa. (Bevan Leivis.)
the oblongata. S. Canal. CanaiJ'ertebral. S.
Centers, motor centers situated in the spine. The
principal are the cilio-spinal, connected with the dilata-
tion of the pupil ; the auro-spinal ; the vesico-spinal ;
the erection-center; the ejaculatory center; the par-
turition, and numerous vasomotor centers. S. Col-
umn, the vertebral column, composed of 33 vertebrse.
S. Cord, the myelon, or medulla spinalis; the neural
structure occupying the vertebral canal and extending
from the atlas to the first lumbar vertebra, and termi-
nating in the filum terminale. It is the great conduct-
Ci cif
Transection of the Spinal Cord in the Thoracic
Region. {Bevan Lewis.)
ing medium of nervous impulses both afferent and
efferent and within itself from side to side, and is the
great organ of reflexes. It consists of white matter
externally and gray matter internally. Fissures, the
/
Transection of the Spinal Cord in the Lumbar
Region. {Beva>i Lewis )
ventral median, dorsal median, and two lateral,
divide each half of the cord into four Columns, a
ventral, lateral, dorsal, and dorsal median. In the
Ventral Column lie the uncrossed, ventral, or direct
SPINAL
1355
SPINAL
TABLE SHOWING THE LOCALIZATION OF FUNCTION IN THE DIFFERENT
SEGMENTS OF THE SPINAL CORD.
{After Starr.)
Seg-
ment.
Muscles.
Reflex.
Sensation.
II and
III C.
Sterno - mastoid ; trapezius ;
scaleni and neck; diaphragm.
Hypochondrium (?). Sudden inspiration induced by
sudden pressure beneath the lower border of ribs.
Back of the head to the vertex.
The neck.
IV C.
Diaphragm ; deltoid ; biceps ;
coraco-brachialis ; supinator
longus ; rhomboid ; supra-
spinatus and iiifra-spinalus.
Pupil. Fourth to 7th cervical. Dilatation of the pupil
induced by irritation of neck.
The neck, upper part of the
shoulder, and outer part of
the arm.
V c.
Deltoid ; biceps ; coraco-bra-
chialis; supinator longus;
supinator brevis; rhom-
boid ; teres minor ; pector-
alis (clavicular part); ser-
ratus magnus.
Scapular. Fifth cervical to ist dorsal. Irritation of
skin over the scapula induces contraction of the
scapular muscles. Supinator longus. Tapping its
tendon at wrist induces flexion of forearm.
Back of the shoulder and arm.
Outer side of the arm and
forearm, front and back.
VI c.
Biceps; brachialis anticus;
pectoralis (clavicular part) ;
serratus magnus; triceps;
extensors of wrist and
fingers ; pronators.
Triceps. Sixth to 7th cervical. Tapping elbow-tendon
induces extension of forearm. Posterior wrist.
Sixth to 8th cervical. Tapping tendons causes ex-
tension of hand.
Outer side of the forearm,
front, and back. Outer half
of the hand.
VII c.
Triceps (long head) ; exten-
sors of wrist and fingers;
pronators of wrist ; flexors
of wrist ; subscapular ; pec-
toralis (costal part) ; latissi-
mus dorsi ; teres major.
Anterior wrist. Tapping anterior tendons causes
flexion of wrist. Palmar. 7th cervical to 1st dorsal.
Stroking palm causes closure of fingers.
Inner side and hack of arm
and forearm. Radial half of
the hand.
VIII c.
Flexors of wrist and fingers ;
intrinsic muscles of hand.
Forearm and hand, inner half.
I T.
Extensors of thumb ; intrinsic
hand-muscles ; thenar and
hypothenar eminences.
Forearm, inner half. Ulnar
distribution to the hand.
II to XII
T.
Muscles of back and abdo-
men ; erectores spinae.
Epigastric. Fourth to 7th thoracic. Tickling mam-
mary region causes retraction of the epigastrium.
Abdominal. Seventh to iith thoracic. Stroking
side of abdomen causes retraction of belly.
Skin of chest and abdomen, in
bands running around and
downward, corresponding to
spinal nerve. Upper gluteal
region.
I L.
Ilio-psoas ; sartorius ; muscles
of abdomen.
Cremasteric. First to 3d lumbar. Stroking inner thigh
causes retraction of scrotum.
Skin over the groin and front
of the scrotum.
II L.
Ilio-psoas ; sartorius ; flexors
of knee (Remak); quadri-
ceps femoris.
Patella tendon. Striking tendon causes extension of
leg.
Outer side of the thigh.
Ill L.
Quadriceps femoris ; inner ro-
tators of thigh ; abductors
of thigh.
Front and inner side of the
thigh.
IV L.
Abductors of thigh ; adductors
of thigh ; flexors of knee
(Ferrier) ; tibialis anticus.
Gluteal. Fourth to 5th lumbar. Stroking buttock
causes dimpling in fold of buttock.
Inner side of thigh and leg, to
the ankle. Inner side of the
foot.
V L.
Outward rotators of thigh ;
flexors of knee (Ferrier);
flexors of ankle; extensors
of toes.
Back of the thigh and leg, and
outer part of the foot.
I to II S.
Flexors of ankle ; long flexors
of toes; peronei ; intrinsic
muscles of foot ; perineal
muscles.
Plantar. Tickling sole of foot causes flexion of toes
and retraction of leg. Foot-reflex. Achilles' ten-
don. Over-extension of foot causes rapid flexion ;
ankle-clonus. Bladder and rectal centers.
Back of thigh. Leg and foot,
outer side. Skin over sa-
c r u m. Anus. Perineum.
Genitals.
pyramidal tract and the ventral ground bundle of
fibers. In the Dorsal Column are Goll's Column
(postero-median, postero-internal) and the funiculus
cuneatus (Burdach's Column, posterior radicular zone,
or postero-external column). In the Lateral Col-
umn are the antero lateral tract, the lateral mixed
paths (lateral limiting tract), the lateral or crossed
pyramidal tract, and the direct cerebellar tract. S.
Cord, Degeneration of ; injury of certain parts of
the brain causes descending secondary degeneration of
certain parts of the cord bearing centrifugal impulses,
and whose trophic centers lie in the motor areas of the
brain. Ascending secondary degeneration follows in-
jury of the cord in those fibers conducting impulses in
a centripetal direction, the trophic centers being prob-
ably in the spinal ganglia of the dorsal roots. See
Wallerian Law. S. Epilepsy, Brown-Sequard's name
for ankle-clonus. See also jS'/Z/c/.y. S. Foramina.
See Forartiina, Table of. S. Ganglia. See Gang-
lia, Table of. S. Gutter, the depression on either
SPINALIS
1356
SPINE
side of the spinous processes of the vertebral column.
S. Incurvation. See Lordosis. S. Irritation. See
yeartist/unia, SpinaL S. Localization, the deter-
mination of the functions of the various portions of the
spinal cord. S. Marrow, the spinal cord itself within
the vertebral canal. S. Nerves, the 31 pairs of
nerves arising from the cord are grouped into pairs
each, Ce>-'ical 8, Dorsal 12, Lumbar 5, Sacral 5, Coc-
cygeal I. Each arises by two roots, a dorsal (gan-
SiPERioR OR Cervical Middle or Dorsal Inferior Portion of
Segment of Spinal Portion of Cord. Cord and Cauda
Cord. Equi.na.
I. Floor of fourth ventricle 2. Superior cerebellar peduncle. 3. Middle
cerebellar peduncle. 4. Inferior cerebellar peduncle. 5 Enlargement at
upper extremity of postero-median column. 6. Glosso-phar^ngeal
nerve. 7. Vagus. 8. Spinal accessory. 9, 9, 9, 9. Ligamentum denticu-
latum. 10, 10, 10, 10. Posterior roots of spinal nerves. 11, 11, 11, 11.
Postero-lateral fissure. 12, 12, 12, 12. Ganglia of posterior roots. 13, 13.
Anterior roots. 14. Division of united roots into anterior and posterior
nerves. 15. Terminal extremity of cord. 16, 16. Filum terminale. 17,
17 Cauda equina I, N'lII. Cervical nerves. I, XII. Dorsal nerves.
I, V. Lumbar nerves. I, V. Sacral nerv es.
gliated) root, and a ventral (anterior, non-gangliated)
root. On the dorsal root is the spinal ganglion.
Beyond the ganglion the two roots unite to form, in the
spinal canal, the mixed trunk of a spinal nerve.
The ventral roots supply efferent fibers to all the
voluntar}' muscles of the trunk and e.xtremities, to
the smooth muscular fibers of the bladder, ureter,
uterus, etc., vasomotor, inhibitor^', secretory, and
trophic fibers. The dorsal roots intermediate sen-
sor}' and tactile impulses. S. Point. See Point
apophvsaire and Cranio»ietric Points. S. Reflexes.
See Reflexes, Table of. S. System, the spinal cord
and nerves considered as a whole.
Spinalis {spi-na'-lis). .See Muscles, Table of.
Spinate {spi'-ndt\ \jpi)tatits , having spines]. Armed
with spines or thorn-shaped processes.
Spindle ispin'-dl) [ME., spinjle, spindle]. A taper-
ing rod or pin. A body having a fusiform shape.
S., Achromatic, S., Cleavag:e, S., Karyokinetic,
S., Nuclear, S., Segmentation, the double, cone-
like appearance of the nucleus during certain stages
of karyokinesis. S. -cataract, a form of cataract
characterized by a spindle-shaped opacity extending
from the posterior surface of the anterior portion of
the capsule to the anterior surface of the posterior
portion of the capsule, with a central dilatation. S.-
cell, a fusiform cell. S. -celled, having fusiform
cells, a form of cell typical of certain mor-
bid growths, especially sarcoma ; fuso-
cellular. S. -legged, having long, thin
legs. S.-oils. See Lubricating Oils. S.-
shanked. ^ame&s S. -legged. S. -shaped,
shaped like a spindle. Fusiform.
Spine (spin) [spina, a thorn, a prickle]. In
biology, {a) a sharp-pointed dermal out-
growth; (b) a point or process of a bone;
a sharp, hard, stiff' bone or ossicle; (c) a
back -bone or spinal column, so called from
its spinous processes. S.-ache, pain in
or about the spine. S., Cauda equina
of. See Cauda equina. S., Cleft, or
Cloven. See Spina bifida. S., Cruciate.
See S. of Tibia. S., Ethmoid, the spine
on top of the sphenoid bone. S., Filum
terminale of. See Filum terminale. S.,
Frontal. See Fivntal Ci-est. S., Hemal,
the part that closes in the hemal arch of a
t)-pical vertebra. Ss., Iliac, there are four
of these : the anterior inferior is the emi-
nence immediately above the acetabulum ;
the anterior superior is the anterior termi-
nation of the crest ; the posterior inferior is
a slight eminence upon the margin imme-
diately above the great sciatic notch ; the
posterior superior is the posterior extremity
of the crest. S., Irritable. See Spinal
Irritation. S., Ischiatic. See S. of Iscli-
iu»i . S. of Ischium, a pointed eminence
on the posterior border of the body of the
ischium. It is the lower border of the
great sciatic notch. S., Mental. See
Genial Tubercles. Ss., Nasal, there are
three of these : the anterior, or nasal spine
of the superior maxillary, is the inferior
sharp edge of the nasal crest of this bone ;
the posterior, or nasal spine of the palate
bone, is the prominence upon the posterior
margin of the palatal plate of the palate
bone ; the third, or common nasal spine,
is the sharp process projecting from the mid-
dle of the inferior surface of the frontal
bone. S., Neural, the part that closes in
the neural arch of the typical vertebra. S., Occipital,
External, the external occipital crest. S., Palatine.
See S., .Vasal. S., Pharyngeal, the ridge on the
under surface of the basilar process of the occipital
bone. S. of the Pubes, the prominent tubercle on
the upper border of the bod}- of the pubes. S.,
Pubic. See S. of the Pubes. S., Railway, the
designation given to a series of nervous s}-mptoms
developed from shock produced by a railway accident
or from the concussion produced by constant travel.
S. of the Scapula, the plate of bone crossing the
dorsum of the scapula and dividing it into two un-
equal parts. S., Sciatic. See .9. of Ischium. S.,
Sphenoid, the spinous process of the greater wing
of the sphenoid bone. S. of the Sphenoid. See
S., Sphenoid, and 5., Ethmoid. S. of the Tibia,
the elevation upon the upper surface of the tibia
between its two articulating surfaces. S., Typhoid,
SPINESCENT
1357
SPIROCHETA
acute inflammation of one or more vertebrre following
typhoid fever.
Spinescent {spi-nes' -e?it) \_spinescere, to grow thorny].
In biology, coarse, harsh, or spiny.
Spinicerebral (spin-is-er' -e-bral). See Cerebro-spinal.
Spiniferous (spi-nif -er-iis) \_spina, spine ; ferre, to
bear]. Bearing spines.
Spiniform {spi' -nif-onn) \spina, a thorn; forma, form].
In biology, spine-like.
Spinigerous [spi-nij' -er-tts). Same as Spiniferous.
Spinirector [ spi - ne -rek'- for) spine ; erector,
erector]. The erector spinae muscle.
Spinitis [spi-ni'-tis). See Myelitis.
Spinobulbar [spi-no-bid' -bar) [spina, spine ; bulbus, the
oblongata]. Pertaining jointly to the spilial cord and
the oblongata.
Spinola [spi-}io' -/ah). See Spina bifida.
Spinometer (spi-tioin'-et-er). Same as Scoliosometer.
Spinose [spi'-noz) [_spinos/es, full of thorns]. In bi-
ology, possessing thorns ; or shaped like a thorn;
Spinous (spi' -mis) spine]. Pertaining to the
spine ; spiny or spiniform. S. Process, the apophy-
sis or prominence at the posterior part of each ver-
tebra.
Spintherism, Spintherismus [spin'- ther - izm, spin-
ther-iz' -inns) \_a-ii'depi^en>, to emit sparks]. Syn-
chisis scintillans ; the illusory sensation of sparks
dancing before the eyes.
Spintheroma (spin - ther - o' - mah) [airivfti/p, spark].
Photopsia due to the presence of cholesterin-crystals.
Spintheropia (spin-ther-o' -pe-ah) [ainvdi^p, spark ; 6t/),
sight]. Same as Spintherism.
Spinula [spin' -u-lah) \_spinttla, dim. of spina, a spine :
//. , Spinulie\. In biology, a little hook or spine.
Spinulate [spin' -u-lat) [spinula, a little spine]. Pro-
vided with a spinula.
Spinule [spin' -ill). Same as Spinula.
Spinulose, Spinulous [spin' -ti-ldz, spin' -u-lus) [spina,
spine]. .Spiny ; having spines.
Spiny [spi'-ne) [spina, spine]. Full of spines. S.
Clotbur, the herb Xanthium spinosum, reported to be
a specific in hydrophobia. Its properties have not
been investigated. Unof.
Spira [spi' -rah) [L. ,a spire]. A convolution of the
brain ; a spiral.
Spiracle [spi' -rak-l) [spiraciiluin, a breathing-hole]. In
biology, a respiratory aperture.
Spiraculum [spi - rak'- ii - lum) [L. ,a breathing-hole:
//. , Spiractda\ In biology, a spiracle.
Spiraea [spi-re' -ah). See Hardback and Queen of the
Aleado'iv.
Spiral [spi'-ral) [spiralis; spira, a spire]. A curve
with constantly increasing diameters ; wound like the
threads of a screw. S. Bandage. See Bandage.
S. Canal. See Cochlea. S., Cheese, the Spirillum
tyrogenum. Ss., Curschmann's, a form of curled and
tufted fibrous exudate, seen in the sputum of asthma,
pneumonia, etc. They are held to be pathognomonic
of exudative bronchiolitis. See Ss., Leydeii's. S.
Duct, a duct whose wall has a spiral thickening on its
innei surface. S., Finkler and Prior's. See Spiril-
lum. S. Ganglion. See Ganglion. S. Groove.
See Sulcus spiralis. S., Herxheimer's, peculiar
fibers in the epidermis and the epithelium of certain
mucous membranes. Eddowes thinks them to be of
a fibrinous nature. S. Lamina. See Lamina. S.
Layer, the middle of the three layers of the tracheal
tube of an insect. Ss., Leyden's, a mesh of delicate
fibers usually arranged in spiral form, which are found
in the sputum and are the result of desquamative catar-
rhal inflammation. S. Tendency. See under
Theory. S. Tubes of Kidney. Se.e Tubuli uriniferi.
S. Vessel, a tubular structure formed by the endwise
coalescence of elongated cells with spiral layers of
thickening in their walls.
Spiration [spi-ra' -shim). See Respiration.
Spire [spir) [spii-a, a coil, twist]. In biology, a conic,
tapering structure, a sprout, a stalk, or the exserted
whorls of the shell of a spiral gasteropod mollusc.
Spirem [spi'-rem) [spira, a coil, a twist]. In biology,
the " close skein," or "mother-skein " of chromatin-
fibrils in a cell undergoing mitotic division. The first
stage in karyokinesis.
Spiricle [spi'-rik-l) [spira, a coil]. In biology, a coiled
thread found in the hairs on some seeds ; they uncoil
when dampened and give rise to a motion which tends
to bury the seed in the soil.
Spiriferous [spi-rif -er-us) [spira, a coil ; ferre, to
bear]. Spired; having a spire.
Spirillum [spi-ril'-nm) [spirillum, a curled hair]. A
genus of bacteria whose elements are curved, often
forming a spiral of several turns. See Bacteria, Syn-
onymatic Table of. S. Fever. See Relapsing Fever.
Spirit [spir'-it) [spiritus, spirit]. In pharmacy, an al-
coholic or hydro-alcoholic solution of a volatile sub-
stance. It is prepared either by solution or by distilla-
tion. See Spiritus. S.-blue, S. -brown, S. -colors.
See Pigments, Colors, and Dycstuffs. S. Diphenyl-
amin-blue. Same as Ba-mrian Blue. S.-eosin.
Same as Primrose. S. of Mindererus. See Am-
monium. S. -proof, any liquor containing at least 49
per cent, of absolute alcohol. S., Rectified, spirit
free from fusel-oil, and containing at least 85 per cent,
absolute alcohol. S., Rum, a spirit distilled from fer-
mented alcohol. S. -vinegar. 'nttVinegar. S. -violet.
Same as Rosanilin-viclet. S. of Wine. See Spiritus.
S. -yellow. Same as Anilin-ycllow. See Pigments,
Conspectus of.
Spiritism [spir' -it-izm). See Spiritualism.
Spiritous [spir'-it-us) [spiritus, spirit]. Alcoholic.
Spiritualism [spir'-it-u-al-izm) [spiritus, spirit]. The
theory of an immaterial entity underlying or causing
organic phenomena, as opposed to materialism, which
last explains such phenomena by the operation of
mechanical forces. The term has been incorrectly
used for Spiritism, or " necromancy by the supposed
evocation of the spirits of the dead."
Spirituous [spir' -it-u-us) [spiritus, spirit]. Pertaining
to alcoholic liquors.
Spiritus [spir'-it-us) [L.]. Spirit. In pharmacy, an
alcoholic mixture obtained by the distillation of wine,
or fermented saccharine mixtures. Good spirit should
contain not less than 40 per cent, of absolute alcohol.
There are 25 official spiriti. S. frumenti, whiskey,
spirit obtained by the distillation of fermented grain
(mainly corn or rye). It should contain 44-50 per
cent, of alcohol. S. juniperi, gin or whiskey (rye or
barley) with which juniper-berries and hops have been
distilled. S. odoratus, cologne-water, consists of
alcohol 800, water 158, acetic ether 2, oil of berga-
mont 16, oils of lemon and rosemary aa 8, oils of lav-
ender-flowers and orange-flowers aa 4 parts. S. rec-
tor, in biology, a force exerted by the aggregate of an
organism over its parts, constraining newly integrated
atoms to take a definite form. See Nisus formativus.
S. vini gallici, or Spirit of Wine, brandy ; a liquor
obtained by the distillation of wine. It should contain
39-47 per cent, of alcohol.
Spirobacterium [spi-ro-bak-te' re-um) [spira, a spiral ;
[SnKTr/piov, hacteriu7n\ A schizomycete in the form
of spiral filaments.
Spirocheta [spi-ro-ke' -tah) [spira, a coil ; ;tra/r7, a
bristle]. In biology, a genus of Schizoviycetes , char-
acterized by flexible, spira! filaments. But one species
SPIROCOLON
1358
SPLANCHNOPLEURE
is known, 5. obermeieri. See under Bacteria, Syno-
nymatic Table of. S. evansi, Steel. Not a bacterium
at all, but an infusorian, Trypanosoma evansi (Evans),
Balbiani, the cause of the epizootic pernicious anemia
in horses, mules, and camels, called Surra, q. v. See
Parasites, Animal, Table of.
Spirocolon (spi-ro-ko'-lon). A form of syphilis at one
time prevalent in Greece.
Spirograph [spi' -ro-graf) \_spirare, to breathe ; ypatpT/,
a record]. An instrument for registering the move-
ments of respiration.
Spirographin (spi-ro-graf -iii) \pTTupa, coil ; ypa^tLV,
to virrite]. A substance obtained from the cartilage
and skeletal tissues of the worm, Spirographis .
Spiroid [spi'-roid] \_spira, spire]. Resembling a screw ;
having spiral convolutions.
Spiroloculine [spi-ro-lok' -u-liii) [spira, a coil ; locuhis,
a little box or cell]. In biology, characterized by
spirally arranged loculi.
Spirometer {spi-
rom'-et-er) \spi-
; to breathe;
fitrpov, a meas-
ure]. An in-
strument used
to measure the
quantity of air
exhaled.
Spirometric {spi-
ro - met' - rik )
\_s pi r a r e, to
breathe; fik-
rpov, measure].
Pertaining t o
the spirome-
ter.
Spirometry (spi-
rom' -et-re)\spi-
rar^", to breathe;
fjcTpoi', meas-
ure]. The esti-
mation of the
amount of air
used in respira-
tion, or of the Sf-Hg^g op Hutchinson's Spirom-
quantity oi air eter.
which the lungs can contain.
Spirophore {spi' -ro-for) \spirare, to breathe ; (pspetv, to
carry]. An instrument for use in artificial respiration.
Spiroscope (^spi' -ro-skop). See Spirometer.
Spirozooid [spi-ro-so'-oid) [spira, a coil, spire; l,(oov,
an animal ; f/Jof , form]. In biology, a defensive zooid
of certain liydrozoans, consisting of a long, slender,
spirally coiling filament provided with lasso-cells.
Spirulate {spi' -rii-lat) [.t/Zra, a coil, spire]. Spiral in
form or arrangement.
Spissate {spis'-dt). See Inspissate.
Spissitude {spis'-it-nd) \spissitiido, spissare, to thicken].
The state of being thick.
Spit [ME., .f///to?, to spit]. I. To eject sputum from
the mouth. 2. Saliva. 3. In biology, a frothy se-
cretion produced by certain insects as a means of
protection.
Spithameous {spith-am-e' -us) [a-r^Sanij, a span]. In
biology, span-high.
Spitting {spit'-ing) [ME., spitten, to spit]. The act
of expectorating. S. of Blood. See Hemoptysis .
Spittle {spit' -I). Same as Sputum or Saliva.
Spittoon. .See Qtspidor.
Spitzka-Lissauer, Column of. See Column.
Spix, Angles of. In craniometry, those angles formed :
(l) between the alveolo-nasal line and the coronal
line ; (2) between the alveolo-nasal line and the naso-
basilar line. S., Horizontal Plane of, in craniometry,
the alveolo-condylean plane.
Splanchna {splangk' - nak ) [csTT7ia.yxv(i, viscera], i.
The intestines. 2. The viscera.
Splanchnapophyseal {splangk-nap-off-iz'-e-al) [rsnMy-
VI'", viscera ; a-a<pvciiq, apophysis]. Pertaining to a
splanchnapophysis.
Splanchnapophysis {splangk-nap-off'-is-is) [cnrlayxva,
viscera; aK6(pvaii;, apophysis]. An apophysis or out-
growth of a vertebra on the opposite side of a verte-
bral axis from a neurapophysis, and inclosing some
viscus.
Splanchnectopia {splank - nek - to' - pe - ah) [anMyxvn.,
viscera; eKTuKoc, displaced]. The abnormal position
or dislocation of a viscus.
Splanchnemphraxis {splangk-7iem-fraks' -is)
va, viscera; c/i(f>pa^i^, obstruction]. Obstruction of
the intestine.
Splanchneurysma {splangk - nu - riz' - mah) [pnTJiyxva,
viscera ; avtvpha^ia, aneurysm]. Distention of the
intestines.
Splanchnic f splangk'- nik ) [anTiayxviKog ; aTr?.ayxva,
viscera]. Pertaining to the viscera.
Splanchnoblast {splangk' -no-blast) [aTrXayxva, the
viscera; fiXaorog, a germ]. In biology, an Anlage,
proton, or incipient rudiment destined to take part in
the formation of the viscera ; one of the " kistoblasts^'
of Kunckel and Herculais. Cf. Neuroblast and Imag-
inal Disc.
Splanchnocele {splangk' -no-sel)\_aT:')\ayxva,\!a& viscera ;
koITlo^, hollow]. I. A protrusion of any abdominal
viscus. 2. In biology, Hajek's name for that part
of the celom which persists in the adult, and gives
rise to the pericardial, pleural, and abdominal cavities;
the ventral celom, or pleuro-peritoneal space. It ap-
pears as a narrow fissure in the parietal zone of the
mesoblast.
Splanchnodiastasis {splangk-fto-di-as' -tas-is) [aTv'Aayx-
va, viscera; diaoTaatg, diastasis]. Displacement or
separation of the viscera.
Splanchnodyne {splangk' -710-d'in) \_a7T/.ayxva, viscera ;
bSvvT/, pain]. Intestinal pain.
Splanchnographic ( splangk-no-graf -ik ) l_an?,ayxva,
viscera; }'|odi/)«i', to write] . Pertaining to splanchnog-
raphy.
Splanchnography {splangk-nog' -ra-fe). See Splanch-
nology,
Splanchnolith (splangk' -no-lith) [airMyxva, viscera ;
?-lOog, a stone]. Calculus of a viscus.
Splanchnolithiasis {splangk-no-lith-i' -as-is) [piT'kayx'-'O;
viscera ; llOog, stone]. The condition of calculus
of the intestine.
Splanchnologic (splangk -f to- lo/'-ik) [cnrlayxva, vis-
cera; /loyof, science]. Pertaining to splanchnology.
Splanchnologist (splangk-noF -o-jist) [pTrXaXxvo-, vis-
cera ; 'koyoQ, science]. One versed in splanchnology.
Splanchnology (splangk-nol' -o-je) [oKlayxva, viscera;
Adyof, treatise]. The sum of what is known of the
nature and functions of the viscera.
Splanchnon (splangk'- non) [anldyxvov, viscus]. A
viscus. See Splanchna .
Splanchnopathy (splangk-nop'-ath-e) [anlayxva, vis-
cera; ;7(i^^of, disease] . Disea.se of viscera.
Splanchnopleura (splangk - no - plu' - rah) \a-rrlhyxva,
viscera; Tr7.evpa, the side]. In biology, the wall of
the alimentary tract of a vertebrate, formed by the
splanchnic mesoderm and the entoderm.
Splanchnopleural (splangk -no - plu' - ral) [a7rlayxi"t,
viscera; ir7ievpa, side]. Pertaining to the splanch-
nopleura.
Splanchnopleure ( splangk'- no - plier ) [pTrlay x^a, the
SPLANCHNOPLEURIC
1359
SPLENIZATION
viscera; Tr'Aevpa, the side]. Same as Splanchno-
pleura.
Splanchnopleuric (splangk - no - plu' - rik). Same as
Splanchiiopleural.
Splanchnoptosis {splan\;k-nop-to' -sis) [(T7r/ldy/t!'a, vis-
cera; ■KTLidn:, a falling]. A condition of relaxation
of the abdominal viscera ; it includes gastroptosis,
enteroptosis, nephroptosis, less commonly hepatoptosis
and splenoptosis.
Splanchnosclerosis [spiangk-no-skle-ro'-sis) \_(!-n:'/.ay x-
ya, viscera ; (7/c/l7;pdf, hard]. Visceral induration.
Splanchnoscopy {splangk-nos' -ko-pe) vis-
cera; (T/coTTE/i', to examine]. Exploration and examina-
tion of the viscera.
Splanchnoskeleton [spla>igk-no-skeF -et-on) [anXayxva,
viscera ; okeTletov, skeleton]. In biology, that
portion of the skeleton specially related to the viscera.
Splanchnosympathy (splangk-Jio-sim' -path-e) \av:'Kd-yx-
va, viscera"; av/nrddeia, sympathy]. The reflex actions
among the viscera themselves and between the vis-
cera and other organs.
Splanchnotomic isplangk-no-toni' -i/;) \a-n:'KayxvcL, vis-
cera ; rtfivEiv, to cut]. Pertaining to splanchnotomy.
Splanchnotomy [splangk ■ not'- o - me) \pT^\dyxva, vis-
cera ; TE/xveiv, to cut]. Dissection, or anatomy, of the
viscera.
Splashing [splash' -ing) [origin obscure]. Making a
plashing sound. S. Fremitus, a noise heard in suc-
cussion in some cases of pleural effusion ; it may be
simulated by the presence of fluid in a distended
stomach.
Splay (jT/i/a) [ME., j/Zi^iv//, tosplay]. To dislocate, as a
horse's shoulder. S.-foot. See Talipes. S. -mouth,
a wide mouth.
Spledget (splej'-et). A pledget, or cloth, used in
dressing a sore or wound. [Old.]
Spleen {splen) [_airX>/^>, spleen]. l. One of the ab-
dominal viscera, situated just below the diaphragm
upon the left side ; its function is not certainly deter-
mined, though probably hematopoietic. 2. Melan-
choly; low spirits ; hypochondriasis; ill -temper ; sur-
liness. S., Accessory, a loose portion of splenic
tissue in the neighborhood of the spleen. S., Bacon,
a uniformly lardaceous spleen. S., Floating. See
S., Wandering. S., Indian, an indurated spleen
sometimes found in Anglo-Indians. S., Lardaceous,
an enlargement of the spleen due to waxy degenera-
tion. S.-pulp, the proper tissue of the spleen. S.,
Sago-, a spleen of which the Malpighian follicles are
the seat of amyloid change. S. -sick, splenetic. S.,
Wandering. See Wandering Spleen. S., Waxy.
See ..S". , Lardaceous. S.-wort. See Filix and
Asplenium.
Spleeny [sple'-ne) [air'kiiv, spleen]. Hypochondriacal ;
melancholy; ill-tempered ; perverse.
Splen- [splen-) \_a~\7]v, spleen] . A prefix used to
denote connection with or relation to the spleen.
Splenadenoma [splen-ad-en-o' -i?:ak) \_an'k?jv, spleen ;
aAijv, gland ; oua, tumor] . .Splenic lymphadenoma.
Splenalgia (splen - al'- je - ah) [arrAi/v, spleen ; ci^ yoc,
pain]. Pain in the spleen.
Splenalgic [splen-al' -jik) \_BTv7iiiv, spleen ; alyoi;, pain].
Affected with splenalgia.
Splenalgy [splen-al' -je). Same as Splenalgia .
Splenauxe (splen-awks' -e) [aTrXr/v, spleen ; ab^i/, in-
crease]. Enlargement of the spleen.
Splencular (plen'-in-lar) [uTr?J/v, spleen]. Pertain-
ing to a splenculus.
Splenculus [splen' -kii-lus) [aTv7 rjv, spleen : , Splen-
citli'\. A supplementary spleen; an exclave of the
spleen.
Splendid Line of Haller. See Lines, Table of.
Splenechos, Splenechus [splen - e'- kos, splen- e' - kus)
\_aTT'Xi]v, spleen ; r/xoi;, sound]. The percussion-sound
obtained over the spleen.
Splenectasis [splen-ek' -ias-is) [crn-A/yv, spleen ; EKTaaic,
enlargement]. Enlargement of the spleen.
Splenectomist [splen-ek' -to-inist) [CT7rA/;v, spleen ; in-
Toi^iij, excision]. A surgeon who performs splenectomy.
Splenectomy [splen-ek' -to-me) [a-rrXi/v, spleen ; kuTOfii/,
excision]. Excision of the spleen.
Splenectopia, Splenectopy [splen-ek-to'-pe-ah, splen-
ek' -to-pe) [_aK/j/p, spleen ; ekto-(j(;, dislocated]. Dis-
placement of the spleen.
Splenelcosis [splen-el-ko' -sis) [c-zv/i', spleen ; i'AKutytg,
ulceration]. Ulceration of the spleen.
Splenelcus [splen-el' -kus) \_GTr'Ai/v, spleen ; e^Koa, ulcer].
An ulcer upon the spleen.
Splenemia, Splensemia [splen - e'- me - ah) [cik'/Jiv,
spleen; fi)//a, blood]. Splenic leukemia.
Splenemphraxis [splen-em-fraks' -is) [oKXr/v, spleen ;
tlJ.<t>j)aiu;, obstruction]. Congestion of the spleen from
any cause.
Splenepatitis [splen-ep-at-i' -tis) [awXiiv, spleen ; iinnp,
liver; itk;, inilammation]. Inflammation involving
both liver and spleen.
Splenetic [splen-e/'-ik) [an'Aiiv , spleen]. Splenic. Per-
taining to the spleen ; ill-humored ; fretful ; hypochon-
driacal.
Splenial [sple'-ne-al) [a-n:A,i]viov, bandage]. I. Serving
as a bandage or splint. 2. Pertaining to the splenium
or to the splenius.
Splenic [splen' -ik) \c!nXr]viK6<;'\. Pertaining to or affect-
ing the spleen. S. Fever. See Anthrax. S. Pulp,
See Pulp.
Splenicogastric [splen - ik - o -gas' - trik) \pv:lrjviK6r^,
splenic; jacrr^p, stomach]. Belonging or pertaining
to both the spleen and the stomach.
Splenicopancreatic [splen-ik-o-pan-kre-af -ik) \a-K'Krivi-
)«5f, splenic; Trdynpear, pancreas]. Belonging or per-
taining to both the spleen and the pancreas.
Splenicterus (i//(?«-?'/''-/<';'-?«) [cr7rX;?j', spleen ; iKTepog,
jaundice]. Inflammation of the spleen associated
with jaundice.
Spleniculus [splen-ik' -u-lus). See Splenculus.
Splenicus [spleti'-ik-tis) [anlrjv, spleen]. I. Splenic.
2. A drug acting upon the spleen.
Splenification [splen - if - ik - a'- shim) [(T7rA?/y, spleen ;
facere, to make]. In pathology, the conversion, dur-
ing certain diseases, of the substance of the lungs or of
the liver into tissue resembling that of the spleen.
Spleniserrate [splen - is -er'- at ) [ cr7r/l/;v/or, bandage ;
serra, saw]. Pertaining to the splenius and serrate
muscles.
Splenisis [splen-is' -is) [<7n-/l^i', spleen ]. A degenera-
tion of the lung sometimes found in yellow fever.
The lung contains dark-brown spots having a color
and consistency resembling those of the spleen.
Splenitis [splen -i' -tis) [airXi/v, spleen; trig, inflamma-
tion]. Inflammation of the spleen.
Splenium [ sple'- ne - u/// ) [(ttt A;?i'/oi', bandage]. The
rounded caudal extremity of the callosum. It repre-
sents a flexion of the callosal sheet upon itself, so
that there is a dorsal lamina, a ventral lamina, and a
caudal connecting portion. The thick fold or pad at
the posterior end of the corpus callosum.
Splenius [sple' -ne-us) [^okT^t/viov, bandage]. The pos-
terior mastoid muscle ; it is in two parts — -the splenius
capitis and the splenius colli. See Muscles, Table of.
Splenization [splen-i'-.-a'-shun) \_n-')'.ij\', spleen]. A
condition of the lungs during the first or secomi
stage of pneumonia, in which period the tissue
of the lungs resembles that of the spleen. S.,
Hypostatic, hypostatic pneumonia.
SPLENO-
1360
SPONDYLARTHRITIS
Spleno- (spkn'-fl-). Same as Splen-.
Splenocele (splen' -o-sel) [ctt/I//!', spleen ; hernia].
Hernia of the spleen.
Spleno-colic (spL'u-o-koF-ik) \_an7J]v, spleen ; ko'aov,
colon]. Pertaining conjointly to the spleen and the
colon. S.-c. Ligaments, a peritoneal fold between
the spleen and the mesocolon.
Splenodynia {splcn-o-din' -e-ah) \_aK'Atjv, spleen ; bdiivr/,
pain] . Pain in the spleen.
Splenographic (spkn-o-gyaf'-ik) \_a-a7Lr/v, spleen; jpd-
ffls/i', to write]. Pertaining to splenography.
Splenography [splen-og' -ra-fe) \pTz'kiiv, spleen ; ypa(peiv,
to write] . The descriptive anatomy of the spleen.
Splenohemia {splen-o-he' -me-ali) \_c!TrA//v, spleen ; ai/ita,
the blood] . Congestion of the spleen. Hyperemia
of the spleen.
Splenoid [splen' -oid^ \_aKA?/v, spleen ; eJdof, resem-
blance]. Resembling the spleen.
Splenokeratosis (splen-o-^er-at-o' -sis) [onTLj/v, spleen ;
liipac, wax]. Splenic induration.
Splenologic (splen - o - loj'- ik) spleen ; /Idyof ,
science] . Pertaining to splenology.
Splenology (splen- ol'- o-je) [aTr?.r/v, spleen; /^dyof,
science]. The sum of what is known of the splenic
structure, function, and diseases.
Splenolymphoma (splen-o-lhn-fo' - mah) . See Splen-
adenoma.
Splenoma (splen-o' -nia/i) [ff7r/i?/i', spleen ; b^ia, tumor].
Tumor of the spleen.
Splenomalacia [sple-no-mal-a' -se-ali) [an'kijv, spleen ;
fia'/uKia, softness]. Softening of the tissue of the
spleen.
Splenomegalia (splen-o-ineg-a' -le-ah) [air'kijv, spleen ;
fieyac, large]. Idiopathic hypertrophy of the spleen ;
an essential hypersplenia. Simple enlargement of the
spleen apart from leukemia, or cachexia ; by some
it is considered merely as Hodgkin's disease of exclu-
sively splenic type, while others (Debove and Gran-
cher) hold it to be a special disease.
Splenomegaly (splen-o- meg' -al-e). See Splenomegalia.
Splenoncus (splen-ong'-kus). See Splenoma.
Splenoparectasis (splen-o-pa?'-ek' -/as-is)\a~\r]i>, spleen ;
i-KTaaii;, distention]. Enlargement of the spleen.
Splenopathy (splen-op' -ath-e) \_ajT7irjv, spleen ; TrdOoc,
disease]. Disease of the spleen.
Splenophlegmone (splen-o-flcg' -mon-e) \a-K\rjv, spleen ;
(p'Aty/jovri, inflammation]. Phlegmonous inflammation
of the spleen.
Splenophraxia, Splenophraxis [splen - o - fraks'- e - ah,
sple-no-fraks' -is). See Splenemphraxis.
Spleno-phrenic (splen-o-fren'-ik) \_aTz\riv, spleen ; ibpriv,
diaphragm] . Pertaining to the spleen and the dia-
phragm. S.-p. Ligament, a peritoneal fold between
the spleen and the diaphragm.
Splenophthisis (splen - off'- this - is) [anTiijv, spleen ;
ipftiaic, wasting]. Atrophy of the spleen.
Splenopneumonia (splen - o - nn - mo' - ne - ah) \_oiTXiiv,
spleen ; TTvevnuv, lung]. Pneumonia with spleniza-
tion of the lung.
Splenorrhagia (splen - or - a'-je - alt) [a-Xr/v, spleen ;
prjyvvvai, to burst forth]. Hemorrhage from the
spleen.
Splenotomic (splen-o-tom' -ik) [n-'/i/r, spleen ; rtfiveiv,
to cut]. Pertaining to splenotomy.
Splenotomy (splen-of -o-me) spleen; riiivzLv,
to cut]. Incision or dissection of the spleen.
Spleno-typhoid (splen - o - ti' -fold) {anXiiv, spleen;
r/O^of, stupor]. Typhoid fever with splenic compli-
' cation.
Splent (splent) [ME., splente, splint]. An exostosis
occurring on the inner surface of the metacarpal bone
of the horse.
Splenypertrophia (splen - i - per - tro' - fe - ah) \p-n:\riv,
spleen; v-Ktp, over; rpoipr/, nourishment]. Hyper-
trophy of the spleen.
Splint [ME., splinte, splint]. I. A piece of wood,
metal, or other material for keeping the ends of a
fractured bone in permanent apposition during the pro-
cess of contact while healing. 2. See Splent. S.,
Agnew's [for hip-jt^int disease), a long splint with a
perineal band (fitted closely against the tuber ischii)
and a foot-piece ; used after the disappearance of
acute symptoms, and designed to support the weight
of the trunk. S., Anchor, a splint used for fracture
of the jaw. Metal loops fit over the teeth, and
are held in contact by a rod and nut. S. -bandage,
an immovable bandage. S., Bavarian, coarse flannel
is cut to fit the part, and stitched over the limb. A
thick paste of plaster-of- Paris is rubbed upon the cloth
to secure immobility. S., Bond's (for fracture of
the lower end of the radius), a thin, wooden splint,
with sole-leather edges an inch high, and a curved
block to rest in the palm of the hand. A pasteboard
splint is used on the back of the forearm, both reaching
from below the elbow to almost the distal ends of the
metacarpal bones. S. -bone, the fibula. S., Bracketed,
a splint consisting of two pieces of wood or metal joined
by brackets. S., Levis's, a perforated metal splint
extending from below the elbow almost to the distal
ends of the metacarpal bones. It is hollowed to fit
the arm and palm, and the metacarpal joints are flexed
over it.
Splinter (splin'-ter) [ME., splittteren, to split]. See
Sequestrum. Applied, also, popularly to a bit of wood
or other material that pierces the skin. S.-bone, the
fibula ; a term applied to one of the two small bones
extending from the kijee to the fetlock of the horse,
behind the shank-bone.
Split [origin obscure], A longitudinal fissure. S.
Pelvis, congenital non-union of the bones of the
pubes at the symphysis.
Spodiomyelitis (spo -de-o- mi - el - i'- tis [(T/ro(5«of , gray ;
i(/i)f/16f, marrow ; (rif, inflammation] . An acute inflam-
mation in the anterior cornua of th^ spinal cord, in
which the larger multipolar ganglion-cells are de-
stroyed ; it occurs usually in children during their
period of first dentition. See Poliomyelitis, Acute
A nterior.
Spodium (spo'-de-um) [uTroJdf, ashes]. An old term
for animal charcoal.
Spodogenous (spo-doj' -en-us) \<5v:o&6q, ashes ; yevvav,
to produce]. Arising from debris, or from the waste
matters of the economy.
Spokebone (spok'-don). See Radius.
Spoliative (spo'-le-a-tiv) \spoliare,to plunder]. Dimin-
ishing ; applied to venesection practised for the purpose
of diminishing the mass of blood.
SY>or\d.\a.s (spon'-de-as) [_anov6id(;, & \.ret\. Hog-plum;
a genus of trees of the order Anacardiacea:, growing
in China, the West Indies, tropical South America, and
the islands of the Pacific. The trees bear an edible
fruit, which is aperient and refrigerant ; the leaves are
mildly anodyne and diaphoretic, and the root and
bark possess astringent properties. The seeds are
poisonous.
Spbndle, Foramen of. See Foratiiina, Table of.
Spondles (spon'-dls) \_aT:6v6v7M<:, a vertebra]. The ver-
tebra.
Spondyl- (spon'-dil-) {pTrbv^vloQ, vertebra]. A prefix
used to denote connection with one or more vertebrse.
Spondylalgia (spon-dil-al' -je-ah) {pTrbvAvlnq, vertebra ;
a/yof, pain]. Pain referred to a vertebra.
Spondylarthritis (spon-dil-ar-thri'-tis) [(jTrofrfuAof, ver-
tebra ; apffpoi', joint ; itlc, inflammation]. Inflamma-
SPONDVLARTHROCACE
1361
SPONGINBLAST
tion at a vertebral articulation. S. synovialis, in-
flammation of the synovial membranes of the articular
processes of the vertebrte (Hiiter).
Spondylarthrocace \spon-dil-ar-throk' -as-e)\jjTT6v&vko(;,
vertebra; apt'/wr, joint ; /ca/o/, evil]. Caries of a ver-
tebra.
Spondylexarthposis [spon-dil-eks-ar-thro^-sis) \_(jtt6v-
rfuXof, a vertebra ; i^, out ; apOpov, ]omi\. Dislocation
of a vertebra.
Spondylitis (jr/£)«-(//7-/'-//V) [ffiro I'tJu/lof, a vertebra ; itl(;,
inflammation]. Inflammation of one or more vertebra ;
Pott's disease. S. cervicalis, arthritis of one or more
cervical vertebrre. S. deformans, chronic inflamma-
tion of the vertebra;, of a gouty or rheumatic nature,
terminating in ankylosis and deformity. S. tuber-
culosa, tuberculous spondylitis. See Poifs Disease
in Diseases, Table of.
Spondylizema [spon-dil-i-ze' -ma/i)\_aTT6v6vAo<;, vertebra ;
i(efia, a subsiding]. Pelvic obstruction caused by par-
tial or total loss of a vertebra, in consequence of wliich
the vertebrae above overhang the brim of the pelvis.
See Spondylolisthesis.
Spondylocace ( span - dil - ok'- as-e^. See Spondylar-
throcace.
Spondylodynia [spott-dil-o-din'-e-ah^ [(77ro!'i5ti2of, ver-
tebra ; bd'vvri, pain]. Pain in a vertebra.
Spondylolisthesis ( spon-dil-ol-is-the' -sis) [ a~6v&v7\rii;,
vertebra; bXiaOi/aiq, a slipping]. Deformity of the
spinal column produced by the gliding forward of the
lumbar vertebrae in such a manner that they over-
hang the brim and obstruct the inlet of the pelvis;
especially the separation of the last lumbar vertebra
from, and its slipping forward on, the sacrum.
Spondylolisthetic (spon-dil-o-lis-thet' -ik) {p-KOviukoq,
vertebra; oK'iodriai(;, a slipping]. Pertaining to, or of
the nature of spondylolisthesis.
Spondylomyelitis [spon-dil-o-?ni-el-i' -tis) See Spondy-
litis.
Spondylopathia [spon-dil-o-pa'-the- ah). See Spon-
dylopathy.
Spondylopathy ( spon-dil-op' -alh-e ) \oTT6v^vAoq, ver-
tebra ; 7rd9of, a suffering ]. Any disease of the ver-
tebrae.
Spondyloptosis [spon-dil-op-to'-sis). See Spondylo-
listhesis.
Spondylopyosis ( spon-dil-o-pi-o' -sis) \p-K6v&vkoq, ver-
tebra; TTiKw, pus]. Suppurative inflammation of one
or more vertebrae.
Spondyloschisis [spon-dil-os' -kis-is) \_a-K6v6vko(;, ver-
tebra]. Deficient ossification in the arch of the fifth
lumbar vertebra ; this is said to be one of the causes
of spondylolisthesis. The condition may aftect one
or both sides of the vertebra;.
Spondylotomy (^spon-dil-ot' -o-me) ^cTxov&vkoq, vertebra ;
rop/, section]. Section of a vertebra in embryotomy ;
section of a vertebra in correcting a deformity. Cf.
Rachiotomy .
Spondylous [spon'-dil-us) [oirdvSv'koq, vertebra]. Ver-
tebral ; like a vertebra.
Spondylus {^spon' - dil -us) \j5T:6v6v\oq, vertebra]. A
vertebra.
Sponge (spiinj) \a-K6yyo<;, any spongy substance]. In
biology, a ccelenterate animal of the class Porifera.
The sponge of commerce belongs to the order Cera-
spongid, having a skeleton of horn-fibers [spongin),
without proper spicules. S. -animalcule, a sponge-
cell. S., Antiseptic, a sponge that has been rendered
destructive of germs. S., Burnt, sponge-charcoal made
from fine sponges cleansed and burned, then powdered,
and sifted through a No. loo silk sieve. S., Com-
pressed, a fine sponge, cleansed, exposed to pres-
sure, and dried. It is used particularly as " sponge -
86
tents" in gynecology, and in the treatment of masti-
tis. S., Fine Levant {£itspongia oJjfici)ialis mollis-
siina), this is the finest sponge of commerce ; it is ob-
tained from the Adriatic Sea, the Eastern Mediterranean
Sea, and the Red Sea. S. -graft. 'Aee Graff. S. -graft-
ing, a method of promoting the repair of chronic ulcers
and other solutions of continuity rebellious to ordinary
treatment by the application of pieces of sponge covered
with oil-silk. Speedy cicatrization follows as a rule. S.,
Grass, the Honey-comb Sponge {Spovgia cerebri-
foniiis), a poor quality of sponge from Florida and
the Bahamas. S. -holder, an instrument, consisting
of a rod, which serves as the handle, furnished at the
distal end with a device for clasping a sponge. S.-
holder. Finger, a sponge-holder having a thimble at
one end ; it is used within the throat. S., Horse,
Venetian Bath-sponge, Gerbis Sort [Plippospongia
equina), the coarsest of all the Mediterranean sponges.
It is obtained along the Mediterranean coast. S.,
Levant. See S., Fine Levant. S. -method of Vol-
tolini, the removal of soft tumors from the vocal
bands, by means of a small sponge firmly attached to
a suitable handle, introduced into the glottis, and
roughly moved up and down. S., Prepared, a sponge
rendered soft and elastic, and suitable for surgical uses
by soaking in cold water and separation of the cal-
careous matter. S., Sheepswool (^Spongia gossypitia),
the finest and toughest of the sponges from the
Bahamas and the Florida Keys. S.-tent. See Tent.
S., Turkey. See Fijie Levant. S., Vegetable, the
fibrous network of the fruit of Luffa cegyptiaca ; it
is used as a sponge-brush and flesh-brush. S.,
Waxed, a fine sponge, which, after being cleansed, is
soaked in melted yellow wax, and then exposed to
pressure in a warm press ; it is used to make sponge-
tents. S., Worsted, a substitute for sponge in
surgery. Cut up coarse, white "four-ply fingering"
worsted into lengths of about two meters ; tie up a
large handful of these in a double thickness of or-
dinary " unprepared gauze," boil them for an hour
or more, and put away for use in a I-20 carbolic
lotion. S., Zimocca {Etispotigia zi>nocca), the flat,
tough sponge of commerce, obtained from the
Adriatic, about the Greek Islands, and the coast of
Barbary.
Spongia {spon' -je-ah). See Sponge. Carbo spongise.
See Sponge, Burnt. Pulvis spongiae ustae. See
Sponge, Burnt. S. cerata. See S.,ll'axed. S. Com-
pressa. i^ee. Sponge Compressed. S. cynorrhodontis,
S. cynosbati, bedegar ; an excrescence occurring on
various species of the wild-rose, due to the puncture
of cynips rosze, S. fluviatilis, small sponges found
on stones and on Vi'ater-plants in streams, ponds, and
marshy places. S. lacustris, a Russian variety used
by homeopaths in the preparation of a tincture. S.
officinalis. See S. praparata. S. praeparata. See
Sponge, Compressed, and S., Prepared. S. Usitatis-
sima, sponges with fine pores cleansed and pressed.
S. usta. See Carbo spongia.
Spongiform {spun' -jifomt) \a-K6yyoq, sponge ; forma, a
form]. Resembling or having the physical characters
of a sponge.
Spongin (spun'-jiii) \_a-nyyta, also a-Kdy^/oq, sponge].
In biology, the horny substance forming the skeletal
fibers of the ceratose sponges. It resembles silk
in chemic composition, but differs from it in being
insoluble in an ammoniacal solution of copper sul-
phate [cuproso-ainmoniutn s?tlphate). It is also called
spongiatin.
Sponginblast (spun' -jin-blast) [^(ynnyyia, sponge;
fiTiacToq, a germ]. In biology, a spongin-secreting
cell.
SPONGIOBLAST
1362
SPORE
Spongioblast {spun' -je-o-blast) [crTroyyof, a sponge ;
^'kacToq, a germ]. In biology, a variety of cell
derived from the invaginated ectoderm forming the
Portion of Wall of Neural Tube,
Exhibiting germ-cells (,§■) among the differentiating spongio-
blasts. {From Piersol, after His.)
neural tube. The spongioblasts are especially con-
cerned in the production of the neuroglia-cells. Cf.
Neuroblasts.
Spongiole (spini' -Je-ol) \_spongiola , a little sponge]. In
biology, a name formerly applied to the spongy tissue
of the root-tip, on account of its supposed property of
sucking up moisture like a sponge.
Spongiolin {spun' -je-o-lin). See Spoiigin.
Spongiopiline [spun' -je-o-pi' -liii) \aTroyylov, dim. of
mxoyyoq, sponge; ttITlo^, felt]. Felted or woven
cloth, into which tufts of sponge are incorporated ; one
side is coated with rubber ; it is a good substitute for
a cataplasm.
Spongioplasm [spun' - je - o - plazui) [uTroyyof, sponge;
TzXacfia, anything formed or molded]. In biology,
the extremely fine, elastic, protoplasmic threads form-
ing the intracellular reticulum, and containing between
them the clear, homogeneous, active hyaloplasm, q. v.
"In muscle-fibers the spongioplasm is regularly
arranged, consisting of parallel filaments which run
longitudinally and are bound by transverse filaments
at regular intervals in a plane at right angles to the
longitudinal axis." (Lang.)
^•pon^xosz. (spun-je-o' -sah) [a-dyyof, sponge]. Cancel-
lous tissue.
Spongiose [spun' -je-dz) \_aiT6yyog, sponge]. Full of
pores, like a sponge.
Spongoblast [spung' -go-blast) . Same as Spongioblast.
Spongoid {spun' -goid) [ffTrdyyof, sponge; el&oq, resem-
bling]. Resembling sponge.
Spongomere {spung' -go-mer) [ffTrdyyof , a sponge ; fJ-epoc;,
a part] . In biology, the upper portion of a sponge,
characterized by the presence of chambers lined with
collar-cells. Cf. Hypomere.
Sponges, Spongus {spun' -gos , spnit'-gus). See Sponge.
Spongy {spim'-je') [ffTrdj'yof, sponge]. Having the
texture of sponge ; very porous. S. Bones, bones
having a porous, reticulated structure, especially the
turbinated bones of the nose, and the sphenoid and
ethmoid bones. S. Portion of the Urethra. See
Urethra.
Spontaneity {spon-tan-e'-it-e) \_spons, will, abl. sponte,
of one's own accord]. In biology, variation in struc-
ture or function attributable to some innate or heredi-
tary condition of the organism and not to its environ-
ment; purposeless, or uncalled-for activity.
Spontaneous {spon-ta' -ne-us) \_spons, will]. Voluntary,
or without extraneous impulse ; instinctive; automatic.
S. Ankle-clonus, a rhythmic movement of the leg
and foot, corresponding to ankle-clonus, but occurring
spontaneously. S. Combustion. See Combustion.
S. Cretinism. See Cretinism. S. Evolution.
See Evolution. S. Generation. See Abio-
genesis. S. Version. See Version.
Spool-worm. Synonym of Oxyuris vermicu-
laris. See wadLiiX Parasites {Aniiiuil), Table of.
Spoon [ME., .t/oo«, spoon]. A utensil consist-
ing of an oval or circular bowl and a handle ;
a spoon-shaped instrument ; a curet. S.-saw,
a spoon-shaped instrument or curet with ser-
rated edges, used for scraping away fungous
growths. S.-nail, a condition of the nail in
which it is thinned and concave from side to
side, with the edges everted, and with hollow-
ing to a less degree antero- posteriorly. It has
been observed in some wasting diseases.
Spora {spo'-rah) [L.]. See Spore.
Sporaceous [spor-a'-shus) \spora, spore]. Con-
sisting of or convertible into spores.
Sporadic {spor-ad' -ik) [cr-o/jatS/AOf , scattered].
Scattered. Applied to diseases, or cases of
disease, that may spread, but which are not epi-
demic. S. Cholera, a synonym of Cholera morbus.
Sporadicity {spor - ad - is'- it - e) [o-TropaJfKOf, scattered].
The quality of being sporadic.
Sporangidium [ipor - an - jid' - e - uin) [ff-dpof, spore].
The theca or capsule of mosses.
Sporangiferous {spor - an - jif- er - us) [uTrdpof , spore ;
ferre, to bear]. Bearing sporangia.
Sporangiform {spor-an' -jif-orm) [fT7rd/jor, spore ; forma,
form]. Having the form of a sporangium.
Sporangioid (spor - an'-je - oid ) [(jTrd/jof , spore ; Etdof ,
like]. Sporangiform.
Sporangiole {spor - an' - je - ol) \_a-6poQ, spore; ayytlov,
vessel]. A capsule containing spores. Same as Spo-
rangium.
Sporangiophore {spor- an'- je - o -for). See Sporangio-
phoruni.
Sporangiophorum {spor-an-je-off' -or-um) [crn-dpof , seed ;
ayytlov, vessel; <j)tpeir, to bear : pi., Sporangiophora^
In biology, the stalk or receptacle of a sporangium,
including the leaf like organ which bears the spores in
EijuisetacecF, and the axis of the sporangia of certain
ferns.
Sporangiospore {spor-an' -je o-spbr) [cTrdpof, seed ; dy-
)'f(oi', vessel ; anopac, seed]. In biology, one of the
spores of a slime-mold {Myxomyeetes).
Sporangium {spor-an' -je-um) \_an6pog, seed; ayydov,
vessel: //. , Sporangia']. In biology, a capsule pro-
ducing or enclosing spores. Cf. Maa-osporangium,
Alicrosporangium , Odsporangium , Zoosporangium.
Sporation {spor-a' -shun) \(5vopoq, seed]. See Sponda-
tion.
Spore {spor) \_a~opa, seed, produce, offspring]. I. In
biology, one of the free, motile or non-motile repro-
ductive bodies of a cryptogam, which arise by ordinary
processes of vegetation and not directly by a union of
sexual elements. In some cases its first stage is that
of a naked primordial mass of protoplasm (zoospore) ;
rarely it is multicellular, composed of merispoi-es or
breaking up into sporids (polyspore). 2. In animals,
any germ or reproductive element less organized than a
true cell ; also, any spermatic or ovulary cell ; also,
the germ of a disease. Qi., Accidiospore, Androspore,
Ascospore, Auxospore, Basidiospore, Bispore, Carpo-
spore, Chlamydospore, Clinospore, Macrospore, Mega-
spore, Merispore, Microspore, Oospore, Polyspore, Proto-
spore, Pseudospore, Pyrnidiospo>-e, Kesting-spore ,
Sporid, Stvlospore, S^mrmspore, Teleutospore, Telra-
spore, Uredospore , Zoospore, Zygospore. S. -capsule,
SPORID
. 13()3
SPOROZOA
aspore-case. S.-case, the sporangium or covering of a
spore. S.-cell, a spore. S., Compound, a spore tliat
produces secondary spores. S., Daughter, a spore
produced in a mother-cell. S. -formation, the origina-
tion of spores. S. -group. Same as Sporidesm. S.,
Inactive, a non-motile fertile cell. S., Mother-, a
mother-cell. S., Naked, a gymnospore. S. -plasm,
the protoplasm of a sporangium. S., Primary, a
spore the germination of which produces a prothallium ;
a protospore. S.-sac, the sac lining the cavity of the
sporangium of mosses. See Sporangium. S., Sec-
ondary, a merispore. Cf. S. Compound. S., Swarm,
a spore endowed with the power of locomotion.
Sporid [spor'-id ) [(jTrdpoj', seed] . See Sporidiuin.
Sporidesm [spor' - id - eziii) [cTrdpof, seed; dtaiir), a
bundle] . In biology, a septate or compound spore.
Sporidiferous [spor-id-if -er-us) [ffTrdpof, spore ; ferre,
to bear]. Bearing sporidia.
Sporidiola (spor-id-e-o' -lali). See Sporuk.
Sporidiolum [spor-id-i' -o-luiii) [dim. oi sporidiuin, hoxa
airdpog, seed: pL, Spoyidiola\. In biology, a spi-r-
matiuni.
Sporidium (spor-id' -e-unt) [(TTrd/jof, seed ; idiov, a dim. :
//. , Sporidia\ In biology, a spore borne upon a
promycelium.
Sporiferous (spor-if'-cr-us) \_a-opa, spore; ferre,
bear]. In biology, spore-bearing.
Sporiparity [spor-ip-ar' -it-e) [crTropof, spore ; parere, to
bear]. Reproduction by means of spores.
Sporiparous [spor-ip' -ar-us) [airopa, spore ; parere, to
produce]. In biology, reproducing by means of spores.
Sporoblast (spor'- o - blast ) [cTrdpof , seed ; f}2.aaT6(;,
germ]. In biology, one of the four round bodies
produced by the process of endogenous cell-formation
in a Coccidium. Pfeifiter and Wolters refer to these
as sporogonia , while Neumann broadens the applica-
tion of the word "sporoblast" to make it include the
" spore'" as well as the "sporoblast ' ' of other authorities.
Cf. Sporophore.
Sporocarp [spor'-o-karp) [oKopor, seed ; Kap-ur, fruit].
See Sporocarpiuin.
Sporocarpium (spor - a - kar' - pe - tim) \_a7t6pog, seed ;
KapKog, fruit : //., Sporocarpia\ In biology, the
fructification resulting from the conjugation of two
sexual elements of identical structure, as found in the
ascomycetous fungi ; also, the structure inclosing the
sporangia in heterosporous ferns.
Sporocladium {spor - o - Ida' - de - utn) [(TTrd/SOf, spore;
KAdfJof, a branch]. In certain Algis a branch pro-
ducing spores.
Sporocyst [spor' -o-sist ) \_a~6poc, seed ; Kvariq, a bag
or pouch]. In biology : («) a certain larval stage of
fluke-worms [trematoda), which gives rise to new germs
called rediiB, q. v. ; (b) used by Wolters as equivalent
to macrospore and microspore of gregarines ; [e) the
mother-cell of a spore ; a sporocyte.
Sporocystic (spor-o-sis'-tik) ^arropoc, seed ; kvotic, a
bag or pouch]. In biology, of or pertaining to a
sporocyst.
Sporocyte (spor'- o - s'lt) \_a-6pnr, spore; kvtik;, a
hollow]. In biology, the mother-cell of a spore ; a
sporocyst.
Sporoderm (spoj-' - o- derm) [arrdpof, seed; Atpfia,
skin]. In biology, the coat of a spore, including
exospore and endospore. Cf. Spermoderin.
Sporoduct (spor' -o-dukt ) [o-Trdpof , spore ; ducere, to
lead]. A passage through which spores are con-
ducted.
Sporogen [spor' -o-Jen) [a-opnc;, seed ; yevi/c, produc-
ing]. In biology, an organism which reproduces by
means of spores.
Sporogenesis (spor-o-Jen'-es-is) [(jn-dpof, seed; yheaig.
generation]. In biology, spore-formation or repro-
duction by spores.
Sporogenous (spor-oj' -en-us) [crTrdpof , seed ; } f iv/f , pro-
ducing]. In biology, spore-producing.
Sporogone (spor' -o-gon). Same as Sporogonium.
Sporogonium (spor-o-go' -iie-um) [onopog, seed ; yovij,
generation: //., Sporogonia\ In biology, the non-
sexual generation of a moss, proceeding from the fer-
tilized oosphore ; cf. Sporopkyte, Sporocarp ; also
called Sporogo>ie.
Sporogony (spor-og'-o-ne). Same as Sporogencsis.
Sporoid (spor'-oid) [a-opog, spore; tWof, like].
Sporular.
Sporologist (spor - ol' - 0 -jist) [cr-dpof, spore; Aoyo^,
science]. A botanist.
Sporont (spo'-ront) \_aTr6poc:, seed; uv (bvT-) being].
In biology, a gregarine without an epimerite, as distin-
guished from a cephalont.
Sporophore (spor'-o-for) [cr-dyoof , seed ; ifiepeiv, to bear].
In biology : (a) that portion of a fungus thallus
specialized for the bearing of propagative bodies ; a
special hypha ; (b) Pfeifler's name for the protoplas-
mic material of a Coccidiuni which remains after the
formation of the sporoblasts. It is the Theilungs-
korper of German authors and the rcliquat de segmen-
tation of Railliet et Lucet. Wolters, however, employs
the term sporophore in speaking of the noyau de reli-
quat, a small portion of protoplasm which is left un-
used in the maerospures and microspores of the Gregar-
ina after the formation of the falcij'orm bodies.
Sporophoric (spor - c - fd' - rik) [c/rdpof, spore; (pepeiv,
to bear]. Having the character of a sporophore.
Sporophorous (spor-off' -or-ics) [uTrdpof , spore ; ipepEii/,
to bear]. Spore-bearing.
Sporophyl, Sporophyll, Sporophyllum (spor' -o-fil,
spor-o-fil' -urn) [(jTopof, seed; ^va'/mv, leaf]. In
biology, the modified leaf which bears the spores, or
receptacles holding the spores, in many of the vascular
cryptogams ; the fertile leaf.
Sporophyte (spor' -o-fit) [c-dpof, seed; <^vt6v, plant].
In biology, the non-sexual generation of one of the
vascular cryptogams and higher cellular cryptogams.
It is often of great size and extended length of life,
and is that which is commonly known as the fern, club-
moss, etc. On it are produced, without any process of
fertilization, the spores.
Sporophytic (spor-o-fif -i/c) \_a~6por, spore ; (pvrdv, a
plant]. Resembling a sphorophyte.
Sporos (spor'-os) [crTrdpof , spore] . Semen.
Sporosac (spor' -o-sak) [aTrd/joc, seed ; cd/c/cof, a bag, a
sack]. In biology: (a) one of the medusiform repro-
ductive buds of certain Hydrozoa ( Tubularice , Cam-
panularia). They are JMedusce which have undergone
retrograde formation, without oral-opening tentacles
or sense-organs ; (b) a sporocyst.
Sporostegium ( spor - o -ste' - je - um ) [ a-Kipoc, seed ;
arh/eiv, cover, roof]. In biology, the oosporangium or
fructification of the Characece ; the Chara-fruit.
Sporotrichium (spor-o-trik' -e-uin) \pi~6poq, spore ; dpt^,
hair]. A genus of hyphomycetous Fungi. S. der-
matodes, a whitish mold that infests Arundo donax
in Provence and contact with which causes the maladie
des Cannes, a dermatitis of the face, genitalia, etc. It
is common among basket-makers and others handling
the reeds.
Sporous (spo'-rits) [n-rropoc, spore]. Pertaining to a
spore.
Sporozoa {spor-o-zo' -ak)\_a7T0pa, seed ; !^C)nv, an animal].
A class of parasitic Protozoa including five, orders :
the Gregarinidia, parasitic in various worms and
arthropods ; the Coccidiidia, or oviform psorosperms,
parasitic in the hepatic and intestinal epithelium of
SPOROZOOID
1364
SPUTUM
various mammals, including man ; the Sarcosporidia,
or tubulifoi m psorosperms, parasitic in the muscles of
various animals. See Sarcocystis miischeri under
Parasites [Animal), Table of; the Myxosporidia,
the psorosperms of fishes ; the Microsporidia, or
the psorosperms of articulates. See Pebrine and
Microsporidia .
Sporozooid i^spor-o-zo' -oid ) [(TTTopof, seed ; zooid, ani-
mal-like]. In biology : (a) one of the two " sickle-
cells " or "falciform bodies" produced by every
spore of the true Coccidia. The small portion of the
spore-plasma remaining unused is called the noyau
de reliqiiat or reliquat de differentiation, or Restkor-
per ; (h) any oospore.
Sporozoon [spor-o-zo' -on) [ OKopa, seed ; Cvov, an
animal: Sporozoa~\. In biology, a member of the
Sporozoa .
Sport (sport) [ME., sport, sport]. A branch bearing
foliage, blossoms, and fruit unlike those of the parent
plant.
Sporular [spor'-n-lar) \_i3-n:6i)oi;, spore]. Having the
character of a sporule.
Sporulate [spor' -u-lat) \(!n6p()q, spore]. I. To form
spores. 2. To convert into spores.
Sporulation (spor-u-la' -shun) [(i-opof, spore]. The
production of spores or sporuies ; sporatioii.
Sporule [spor'-iil) \_an6i)0Q, seed]. A term applied
to a minute spore ; also sometimes to minute granules
within a spore.
Sporuliferous [spor-n-iif -er-ns) [crTropof, spore ; ferre,
to bear]. Bearing sporuies.
Sporuloid [spor' -u-loid) [<77rd/jor, spore; tl&oc, like].
Sporular.
Spot [ME., spot, spot], 'ie^t. Macula and Spilus. Ss.,
Acoustic. See Macula. S., Blind [of Mariotte).
The entrance of the optic nerve, where the rods and
cones are absent. S., Corneal, an opacity of tlie
cornea; leukoma. Ss., Cribriform. See Macula
cribrosa. S. -disease, Pebrine. S., Embryonic,
the nucleolus of the ovum. S., Germinal, S., Germ.
See S., Embryonic. S., Hectic, the bright flush on
the cheek of a person suffering from hectic fever. Ss.,
Lenticular, ephelides ; the exanthem of typhoid
fever. S., Light (on the membrana tympani), a cone
of light on the anterior and inferior part of the tym-
panic membrane, with its apex directed inward. S. ,
Marietta's, the optic disc. S., Milk, a spot found
post-mortem on the external surface of the visceral layer
of the pericardium, usually over the right ventricle ;
it varies from a half to one inch in diameter, and is
of common occurrence in persons who have passed
middle life. S., Mothers', mothers' mark ; nevus.
Ss., Rose, the typhoid rash. S., Sommerring's.
See Macula lulea. Ss., Sun. See Lenti^'o. S. of
Wagner, the macula germinativa. S., Wine, port-
wine mark ; strawberry mark. S., Yellow. See
Macula lutea.
Spotted (spot'-ed) [ME., spot, spot]. Marked with
macula;. S. Fever. See Fever, Cerebrospinal. S.
Sickness. See Pinta. Disease.
Spotting (spot'-ing) [ME., spot, spot]. A disease of
plants in which small black spots appear, and beneath
which the tissues decay.
Sprain [sprdn) [OF., espreindre, to press]. Injury and
consequent soreness from strain of a muscle or tendon
by too great traction upon it. S. -fracture, separation
of a tendon, with detachment of a small shell of bone.
S., Riders', a sprain of the adductor longus muscle
of the thigh, resulting from a sudden effort on the part
of the horseman to maintain his seat or equilibrium,
owing to " shying " or other unexpected movement
of his horse.
Spray (spra) [Ger. , spreiden, to spread]. A liquid
blown into minute particles by a strong current of air or
steam. S., Listerian Steam, a carbolized spray
from a steam atomizer, formerly used at surgical
operations. S. -producer, an atomizer.
Spread (spred) [ME., spreden, to spread]. To scat-
ter; to disperse ; to distribute over a surface. S. of
Dividers, the space including the image between the
points of the dividers. This is measured in deter-
mining the magnification of a simple microscope.
Spreio (spri'-o). Written also Sprue. A popular
term for thrush.
Spring [ME., spring, spring]. The first of the four
seasons of the year ; also, a device having resiliency.
S. Conjunctivitis. See Vernal. S. Fever. See
Eonosus. S. -finger, a condition in which there is
an obstruction to flexion and extension of one or more
fingers at a certain stage of these movements. It is
due to injuries or may result from inflammation of the
tendinous sheaths. S.-halt, an involuntary convul-
sive movement of the muscles of either hind leg in the
horse, by which the leg is suddenly and unduly raised
from the ground and lowered again with unnatural
force. S. -ligament, the inferior calcaneoscaphoid
ligament of the sole of the foot. S.-nail, a hang-
nail. S. Ophthalmia. See Vernal. S.-worm.
See Oxyuris vermicularis under Parasites (Animal),
Table of.
Sprout (sprowt) [D., spruite, a sprout]. A young root
or stem from a seed ; a quickly-grown branch. S.-
chain, a chaplet of cells formed by that mode of
multiplication in which the parent-cell sends out a
small process, which increases in size and is gradually
separated by the formation of a septum at the point
of junction.
Spruce (sprits). The name of certain species of
Abies, or fir. S.-beer, a beverage made by boiling
four ounces each of pimenta, ginger, and hops, and a
half-pint of essence of spruce in three gallons 'of
water for about ten minutes, straining, adding one
pint of yeast, six gallons of molasses, and eleven
gallons of water, and leaving it to ferment for
twenty-four hours. S.-gum, a resinous exudate ob-
tained from Abies alba and Abies nigra.
Sprue (spru). Synonym of Thrush.
Sprung Knee. In the horse an alteration in the
direction and articulation of the bones which form the
various carpal joints, so that instead of forming a
vertical line from the distal end of the forearm to the
cannon-bone, the knee (wrist) is more or less bent
forward.
Spumescent, Spumose (spu - mes' - ent, spu' - moz)
\spuma, froth, foam]. Appearing like froth.
Spunk (spungk). See Agaricus.
Spur (sper) [ME., spure, spur]. A sharp point, or pro-
jection. The angle made by any branch with the
main blood-vessel. In biology, a pointed spine-like
outgrowth, either of the integument or a projecting
appendage. S.-gall, a callous and hairless place on
the side of a horse, caused by the use of a spur.
Spurge (sperj) [ME., sporgen, spurge]. A general
name for plants of the genus Euphorbia.
Spurious (spu'-re-us) \_spurius ,{2X%t\. Not legitimate ;
bastard. S. Hydrocephalus. See Diarrhea, Acute
Infiainmatorv. S. Labor. See False Pains. S.
Melanosis.' See Miners' Phthisis. S. Pregnancy.
See Pseudocyesis.
Spurred (sperd) [ME., spure, spur]. In biology,
having spurs. S. Rye. See Ergot.
Sputa (spu' -tall). Plural of Sputum, q. v.
Sputum (spu'-tum) \_spuere, to spit]. The secretion
ejected from the mouth in spitting. It consists nor-
SPYROKOLON
1365
SQUIRTING CUCUMBER
mally of saliva and mucus from the nasal fossM and the
fauces. In disease it may be purulent, muco-purulent,
fibrinous, nummular, bloody, and may contain the debris
of suppuration of any part finding an outlet through
the mouth. Certain diseases, especially pneumonia
and pulmonary tuberculosis, are marked by the specific
character of their sputa. Microscopically, in diseased
conditions, there are found various materials, as fol-
lows : blood, oil-globules, pus-corpuscles, granular
debris, fragments of lung-tissue, bacteria, Curschmann's
spirals, and Charcot- Leyden crystals. S., Black-pig-
mented, sputum having a black color from inhaled par-
ticles of carbon. S., Cavernous, nummular sputum,
from a pulmonary cavity. S. coctum, opaque, yellow-
ish or greenish, viscid, generally partially donfluent,
though occasionally nummulated, sputum of the later
stages of acute bronchitis. S. crudum, scanty, viscid
e.\pectoration in the early stages of acute bronchitis. S.,
Egg-yolk, sputum having a yellow color. S., Globu-
lar, spheric masses of sputum of the later stages of
bronchitis; yellow in color, and consisting of epithe-
lium, pus-corpuscles, mucus, etc. S., Green, bloody
sputum in which oxidation of the hemoglobin has taken
place; it is seen in pneumonia. S., Icteric, sputum
tinged green or yellow, due to the presence of bile-
pigment ; it is observed in icterus. S., Nummular,
heavy, round, coin-like masses of sputum, such as
occurs in pulmonary tuberculosis. S., Prune-juice,
S., Rusty, the typical, dark-colored sputum of the
third stage of pneumonia ; the color is due to the
admixture of blood. S. puriforme, sputum having
the appearance of pus. S. rotunda. '&^<i S., Num-
mular. S. tuberculosum, a purulent or muco-
purulent sputum containing tubercle-bacilli, occurring
in pulmonary tuberculosis and in caseous pneumonia.
S., Yellow, sputum having a yellow color, due to the
presence of fungi ; the term is also applied to sputum
rendered yellow by oxidation of the contained hemo-
globin.
Spyrokolon {spi-ro-ko'-loii) [literally, pustules on the
nates]. A form of syphilis which has been more or
less prevalent throughout Greece. It begins usually
on the nates or scrotum and genitals as an eruption
of pustules, which spreads to various parts of the
body. No ordinary primary lesion can be dis-
covered.
Squalor {skzaol'-or, or shva'-ior) [L.]. Filth. Dis-
order and uncleanliness.
Squama (shiia' -nia/i) [L. : //. , S(]ucim(E'\. Scale; a
dry, laminated exfoliation of the epidermis ; it is usu-
ally the result of an inflammation, but may be due to
preternatural dryness of the skin, or follow an acute
hyperemia. Scales may be small and branny or very
large and thin, and of a silvery-white or yellowish
color. S. rhopalaris, the sense-scale, or covering of
the rhopal niche in acraspede Medusa.
Squamate (skwa' -mat) [squama, a scale]. Scaly, or
scale-like.
Squamation [sk'iva-nia' -skutt) [squama, a scale]. The
state of being squamate.
Squame {skwam) [squama, a scale]. In biology, a
scale.
Squamella (skiva-mel' -ah) [L., dim. of squavta']. A
very small scale.
Squamellate (skwa-mel'-at ) [squama, scale]. Same as
Squamulate.
Squamelliferous [skwa-ruel-if -er-us) [squama, scale ;
fen-e, to bear]. Furnished with squamellae.
Squamiferous [skwa-mif -er-us) [squama, scale ; ferre,
to bear]. Provided with squamae.
Squamiflorous (sk^wa-mif-loi-' -us) [sauaina, scale;
Jios, flower]. Having flowers like scales.
Squamiform {shzva' -mif-orm) [squama, scale ; forma,
form] . Squamate .
Squamigerous {skiva-mij' -er-us). Same as Squamifer-
ous.
Squamo-cellular {skwa-mo-sel' -u-lar) [squama, scale ;
celhila, a small cell]. Flat-celled.
Squamoid [skwa' -moid) [squama , 'i.zaXe ; fldof, like].
Resembling a squama.
Squamomastoid {^skzua-ino-mas' -toid) [squama, saaXe.;
mas/oid~\. Pertaining to the squamous and mastoid
portions of the temporal bone.
Squamoparietal (shua-mo-par-i' -et-al) [squama, scale ;
paries, wall]. Pertaining to the squamosal and parietal
bones.
Squamopetrosal (skzua-tno-pe-tro'-zal) [squama, scale ;
TTfrpd, rock]. Pertaining to the squamous and petrous
portions of the temporal bone.
Squamosal [shua-mo' -zal). See Squamous.
Squamose {shea' -mdz) [squa?>u7, scale]. Scaly.
Squamosphenoid [skwa-mo-sfe' -noid) [squanm, scale ;
sphenoid '\. Pertaining to the squamous portion of the
temporal bone and to the sphenoid bone.
Squamotemporal {skwa -mo- tern' -po-ral) [squama,
scale ; lemporal ] . Squamosal.
Squamotympanic [skwa-mo-tim-pan'-ik) [squama,
scale ; tympanic\ Pertaining to the squamosal and
tympanic bones.
Squamous [skwa' -mus) [squa?>iosus, scaly]. Scaly.
Characterized by thickened lamina: of morbid cuticle.
A term applied to an order of cutaneous diseases dis-
tinguished by desquamation. It is applied also to cer-
tain parts of bones having a scale-like appearance. S.
Suture, the suture between the squamous portion of the
temporal bone and the frontal and parietal bones.
Squamozygomatic (skwa -mo-zi-go- mat' -ik) [squama,
scale ; zvgomatii~\. Pertaining to the squamous and
zygomatic portions of the temporal bone.
Squamula [skwa' -mu-lali) [L.]. A minute scale.
Squamulate [skwa' -mu-lat) [squamula, a little scale].
Having little scales.
Squamule [skzva' -mid) [squamula, a little scale]. A
squamula.
Squamuliform [sk'wa' -mu-lif-orm) [squamula, a little
scale ; forma, form] . Having the form of a squamula.
Squamulose [skwa' -mu-loz) [sqitamula,a small scale].
Covered with minute scales.
Square Cap. A variety of provisional head-dressing.
A handkerchief is folded so that the edge of one side
is three inches in advance of that of the other. The
long side is placed next to the head, allowing it to
hang down some distance in front of the face. The
ends of the short side are drawn down and tied under
the chin ; then the ends of the long side are drawn
downward and forward, folded back, and tied behind
over the back of the neck.
Squarra [skwar' -ah) [eavapa, a scab]. A rough crust
o{ tinea. S. tondens, alopecia areata.
Squarrose [skiuar'-dz) [squarrosus, scurfy, scaly]. In
biology, applied to stems or other organs that are
roughened with closely arranged bracts or other spread-
ing processes.
Squarrous [skzcar'-us) [f(T;i;dpa, a scab]. Scurfy; hav-
ing crusts or scabs.
Squaw-root. See Caulophyllum.
Squibb's Diarrhea-mixture. See Opii,,Tinct., Co7iip.
Squill [skwil). See Scilla.
Squinancy (skwiii'-an-se). See Quinsy.
Squint (skziiint ) [origin obscure]. See Strabistnus.
S.-hook, a hook for picking up the tendon in an
operation for strabismus.
Squirrhus [skwir' -us). See Scirrhus.
Squirting Cucumber. See Elaterium.
SRINT
1366
STALAGMOMETER
Srint [Hungarian]. A disease characterized by inflam-
matory swellings in the mouth, throat, or anus. It is
endemic in Hungary.
Stab-culture, a culture in which the inoculating point is
thrust into a tube of agar, or otiier suitalsle solid culture-
material ; it is used for the propagation of anaerobic
schizomycetes ; it is also called Slichciiltur, Stick-
culture or Thrust-culture.
Stabile [rfi^/'/AV]. Not moving; permanent;
in electrotherapeutics, opposed to labile, the electrode
being held continually upon one point.
Stable-fly (sta' -bl-fli ). See Stomoxys calcilraiis in
Parasites [Animal) , Table of.
Stachys [sta'-kis) [ura woundwort]. A genus of
labiate plants, including motherwort, a perennial herb
growing in Europe, Asia, and North America. It is
said to possess tonic and diuretic properties, and to
be a vascular stimulant. S.palustris. Hedge-nettle;
it grows in marshy places in Europe and North
America.
Stachytarpha, Stachytarpheta (stak-it-ar'-fah, stak-
it-ar' - fe-tah) \GTaxvc, a spike; ra/;(/)e((ir, tliick]. A
genus of the Verbenacea. Bastard vervain ; an aromatic
shrub growing in the West Indies and South America.
The leaves and root are said to be tonic, stimulant,
diuretic, and anthelmintic. The leaves are known as
Brazilian tea, and in Europe are used to adulterate tea.
Stactometer [stak-toin'-et-er) [araKTO^, a dropping ;
fjerpoi', a measure]. An instrument for measuring
drops.
Stadium {sta' -de-iim) [L.]. Stage or period. S.
acmes, the height of a disease ; crisis. S. augmenti,
the period in which there is increase in the intensity
of the disease. S. caloris, the period during which
there is fever ; the hot stage. S. contagii, the pro-
dromal stage of an infectious disease. S. convales-
centise, the period of recovery from disease. S.
decrementi, defervescence of a febrile disease ; the
period in which there is a decrease in the severity of
the disease. S. decrustationis, the stage of an exan-
thematous disease in which the lesions form crusts. S.
desquamationis, the period of desquamation in an
exanthematous fever. S. eruptionis, that period of an
exanthematous fever in which the exanthem appears.
S. exsiccationis. See 5. decrustationis. S. flores-
centiae, the stage in an eruptive fever in which the
exanthem develops. S. incubationis. See Stage,
Latent. S. maniacale, the last stage of excitement
in mania, after which the nervous manifestations gradu-
ally subside. S. nervosum, the paroxysmal stage of
a disease. S. prodromorum, in eruptive fevers, the
stage prior to the appearance of the eruption. S.
staseos. See 5. acmes. S. suppurationis, the period
in the course of variola in which suppuration oc-
curs. S. ultimum, the final stage of a febrile affec-
tion.
Staff (staf) staff, staff]. An in.strument used
in lithotomy for passing into the bladder through the
urethra. S.-tree. See Celastrus.
Staffordshire Knot. See Knot.
Stage (staj ) [ME., stai^e, stage]. I. A definite period
of a disease characterized by certain symptoms ; a
condition in the course of a disease. 2. The horizontal
plate projecting from the pillar of a microscope, for
supporting the slide or object. S., Algid, a condition
characterized by subnormal temperature, feeble, flicker-
ing pulse, secondary nervous manifestations, etc. It
occurs in cholera and other diseases marked by exhaust-
ing intestinal discharges. S., Amphibolic, the stage
of a disease intervening between its height and its de-
cline. S., Asphyxial, the preliminary stage of Asiatic
cholera, marked by extreme thirst, muscular cramps.
etc., due to loss of water from the blood. S., Cold,
the initial stage, rigor or chill of an attack of a malarial
paroxysm. S., Expulsive [of labor), the stage which
begins when dilatation of the cervix uteri is complete.
See Labor. S., First [of labor), that stage in which
the molding of the fetal head and the dilatation of the
cervix are effected, ^ee Labor. S., Flexion [of labor),
the expulsive stage up to the period in which extrusion
of the head occurs. S., Hot, the second or pyrexial
stage of a malarial paroxysm. S., Infective, that
period of an eruptive fever during which it is
infectious. S., Initial, the prodromal stage of
an eruptive fever. S. of Invasion, the period
in the course of a disease in which the system
comes under the influence of the morbific agent. S.
of Latency, the incubation-period of an infectious
disease, or that period intervening between the en-
trance of the virus and the manifestation of the symp-
toms to which it gives rise. S., Latent. See S. of
Latency. S., Placental [of labor), the period oc-
cupied by the expulsion of the placenta and fetal
membranes. S., Pre-eruptive, the period of an erup-
tive fever following infection and prior to the ap-
pearance of the eruption. S., Pyrogenetic, the
stage of invasion in febrile diseases. S., Second
[of labor). See S., Expulsive. S., Sweating, the
third or terminal stage of a malarial paroxysm. S.,
Third [of labor). See S., Placental.
Staggers [stag'-erz) [MD., staggeren, to stagger]. One
of the various forms of functional and organic disease
of the brain and spinal cord in domestic animals, es-
pecially horses and cattle. Enzootic cerebritis of
horses, sheep, etc., blind-staggers, louping-ill, gid,
sturdy, turnside, stavers. See Ccenurus cerebralis, under
Parasites [Animal ), Table of. See, also, Loco and
Grass-staggers. S., Blind, staggers due to cerebral
disease. S.-bush, Andromeda mariana ; a plant
allied to the mountain laurel, growing in the seaboard
States of North America. S. -Grass, Loco, or Loco
Disease, q. v., produced by eating various so-called
loco-weeds, e. g. , Amaryllis atamasco. Astragalus
mollio-sinus, A. hornii, Oxvtropis lainberti, etc. S.,
Mad, S., Sleepy, staggers due to inflammation of
the cerebral envelops. S., Stomach, staggers due to
cerebral disturbance dependent on gastric disorder.
^X2i%modL&opBor\aiS,\s[stag-mo-de-op-so-ri' -as-is)\aTayiia,
a dropping ; £«5of, like ; ^icjptaaii;, psoriasis]. Psoriasis
in which the lesions " look like drops of mortar on
the skin;" psoriasis guttata.
Stagnation [stag- ?ia' -shun) \_sfagnare, to settle]. A
cessation of motion. In pathology, a cessation of
motion in any fluid ; stasis.
Stahl's Ear. S(te Ear, Deformities of. S.'s Theory.
See Animism.
Stain [stan) [by apheresis from distain, dis, priv. ; tingere,
to color]. I. A discoloration. 2. A pigment employed
in microscopy to render visible minute and transparent
elements or to produce certain microchemic reactions.
See Nuclear Stain, Plasmatic Stain, Specific Stain,
also Stains, Table of, page 1367.
Stainable (.fi-a'-ws-/'/) [ME. , to stain]. Cap-
able of being stained.
" Stairs " Sign. A sign in locomotor ataxy, consisting
in a difficulty in descending stairs. It is an early
symptom of the disease.
Staircase [star' -has) [ME., staire, stair; case\ A
continuous series of responses to nerve-stimuli, varying
from a minimal intensity to a maximum intensity.
(Romanes.) ^^ftt Sumnwition.
Stalagmometer [stal-ag-mom'-et-er) {cralayidx;, a
dropping; /arpnr, a measure]. A contrivance for
measuring the size of drops. ,
■li
STAINS, ETC.
1367
CEMENTS AND VARNISHES
TABLE OF STAINS,
FLUIDS FOR FIXING AND HARDENING, MEDIA FOR EXAMINATION AND PRESERVA-
TION, ETC., AND METHODS EMPLOYED IN BIOLOGIC INVESTIGATION.
PAGE
Bleaching fluids 1367
Cell mounts 1367
Cements and varnishes, . .... 1367
Cleaning slides and covers 1368
Clearing agents 1368
Corrosion methods 1369
Cover-glass preparations 1369
Cytologic methods, 1369
INDEX.
PAGE
Decalcifying fluids 1371
Decolorizing, etc., solutions, .... 1372
Dissociating fluids 1372
Embedding, 1373
Embryologic methods 1375
Examination of blood, 1376
Examination and preservation
medja, 1377
PAGE
Fixatives, 1380
Fixing and hardening fluids, .... 1381
Injection masses 1384
Staining of con. and other tissues, . . 1386
Staining of microorganisms, .... 1387
Staining of nerve-tissues 1392
Staining reagents, 1397
Zoologic methods 1405
BLEACHING FLUIDS.
These are used to dissolve and decolorize organic pig-
ments in tissues containing them, and to overcome
the staining of objects treated with osmic acid.
Chloroform, combined with nitric acid, will clear
strongly pigmented chitin. Grenadier's Mixture.
For the eyes of Arthropods and other animals. Mix
I part of glycerin with 2 parts of 80 per cent, alcohol,
and add 2 or 3 drops of hydrochloric acid. This fluid
dissolves pigment, while at the same time a stain is
formed which, in the course of from 12 to 24 hours,
colors the nuclei. The object may be previously
stained with borax-carmin. The carmin does not wash
out as rapidly as the pigment, but the decolorization
must be watched. Hydrogen Dioxid (Hydrogen
Peroxid, Oxygenated I rater). The sections, fast-
ened on slides, are placed in a 10- volume, or 2 per
cent, solution. The melanin is reduced to a pale-
yellow color in from 6 to 48 hours, according to the
amount of pigment present and the light to which the
specimen is exposed (strong sunlight materially hastens
the process). If the treatment is continued longer
the coloring-matter can be entirely removed, and by
watching the process a little carefully the decoloriza-
tion can be stopped at any point before absolute re-
moval. Practically it has been found to be of advant-
age to leave sufficient color to mark the position of the
pigment-cells. The liquid does no appreciable injury
to the structural elements. See a.ho,Poue/iet' s Mixture.
Javelle Water. See Corrosion- fluids, Eau de Javelle.
Labarraque's Solution. See Corrosion-fluids , Eau
de Labarraque. Mayer's Chlorin-solution. To
remove the staining that occurs as a result of treat-
ment with osmic acid. The specimen is put in from
70 to 90 per cent, alcohol ; the bottom of the vessel
is then covered with crystals of potassium chlorate,
and a few drops of strong hydrochloric acid are added
by means of a pipet. The appearance of a green color
indicates the evolution of chlorin, which should be
diffused through the alcohol by shaking the vessel.
Objects are bleached in half a day. Nitric acid may
be used instead of hydrochloric, in which case the
bleaching agent is the freed oxygen. Marsh gener-
ates chlorin in a small bottle, and conveys it bymeans
of glass tubing to the bottom of a bottle containing the
sections in water. Pouchet's Mixture. Treat the
tissue with glycerin to which hydrogen dioxid has
been added — 5 or 6 drops to from 5 to 10 c.c. of gly-
cerin. Osmium preparations may be bleached in
this mixture. The same author recommends creasote
as a solvent and decolorizer for granular animal pig-
ments. Sargent's Chlorin-solution. P"or bleach-
ing insects, and suitable only for the preparation of
the hard parts. The solution consists of 2 grams of
potassium chlorate, 10 drops of hydrochloric acid.
and water, 30 c.c. Soak the objects for two days and
then wash thoroughly.
CELL-MOUNTS.
Balsam-parafifin for Cells [ Ju/ieji). This substance
consists of paraffin saturated with balsam-cement, and
is prepared as follows : Reduce commercial Canada
balsam to a wax-like consistence by slow evaporation
in a shallow tin pan over a low flame. Test by cool-
ing a few drops from time to time. Melt slowly a
quarter of a pound of paraffin, with a melting-point
above 45° C. (113° F.), add a lump of the balsam-
cement about the size of a marble, and then digest at
gentle heat, stirring frequently, for about an hour.
The appearance of a slight, yellow tinge indicates the
saturation of the paraffin by the balsam. When it is
desired to prepare a cell, the balsam-paraffin is cau-
tiously heated to the melting-point in a shallow porce-
lain capsule. These paraffin cells are suitable for
dry or liquid mounts, excepting for the latter when
Canada balsam, dammar, or oils are used as preserva-
tives. The great advantage of the balsam-paraffin is
its chemic indifference to the reagents employed in
the preservation-media. Paper-cell Method (Lee).
By means of a punch cut out a ring of paper, one
mm. in breadth and about one mm. smaller in
diameter than the cover-glass. Moisten this paper
circlet with the mounting-fluid and center it on the
slide. Fill the cell thus formed with the mounting-
fluid ; place the object in it ; put on the cover; fill the
annular space between the paper and the margin of
the cover with glycerin-jelly, and as soon as this has
set turn a ring of Bell's cement on it. For Mounting-
media. See under Mounting.
CEMENTS AND VARNISHES.
These substances are chiefly used for sealing fluid
mounts, to prevent the admission of air and evapora-
tion of the liquid. Before applying a cement, all fluid
mounts should be ringed with glycerin-jelly, to avert
" running in." Amber Varnish. Fuse 6 lbs. of clear,
pale amber, add 2 gallons of hot clarified linseed-oil,
ijoil until the mixture " strings," and when partially
cooled add about 4 gallons of turpentine. Behrens
recommends this cement for its extreme tenacity.
Apathy's Cement. Heat together, in a porcelain
capsule, equal parts of hard paraffin (60° C. melting-
point) and Canada balsam, until the mixture assumes
a golden tint and no longer emits vapors of turpentine.
On cooling, this forms a firm mass, which for use is
warmed, and applied with a glass rod. This cement
is suitable for closing glycerin mounts. Asphalt
Varnish. This is one of the best media, used either
as a cement or- as a varnish. Kitton advises asphalt
STAINS, ETC.
1368
CLEARING AGENTS
dissolved in benzol and a small quantity of gold size.
Bell's Cement. Useful as a cement and varnish. It
is soluble in ether and chloroform, and resists the
action of cedar-oil. Its composition is unknown.
Brunswick or Japan Black. See Piginen/s, Con-
spectus of. Equal parts of this substance and gold
size, with a little Canada balsam, may be used.
It works easily and dries quickly. Colophonium
and Wax. To 2 parts of melted wax add, piece-
meal, from 7 to 9 parts of colophonium ; hlter and
cool. For use, melt by placing the vessel contain-
ing the mass in hot water. This cement is imper-
vious to water, glycerin, and caustic potash. Gold
Size. An excellent cement when of good quality.
Kitton's White-lead Cement. Rub together
thoroughly, with a little turpentine, equal parts of
powdered white lead, red lead, and litharge; then
mix with gold size. The cement should be thin enough
to work with a brush, and must be made as required.
Marine Glue. That known in commerce as G K4 is
the best. It is soluble in ether, naphtha, and potassium
hydroxid, and is used for securing glass cells to slides.
Sealing-wax Varnish. Cover coarsely powdered
sealing-wax with alcohol, and digest at a gentle heat.
Useful only as a varnish. Shellac Varnish [Beak).
Break shellac in small pieces, and shake in a bottle
with alcohol until a thick solution is obtained. The
addition of 20 drops of castor-oil to the ounce is said
to improve this varnish, which is useful chiefly for
protecting balsam mounts from the action of cedar-oil.
The addition of Venice turpentine renders it less brittle.
Stieda's White-zinc Cement. Rub up zinc oxid
with turpentine, and for every gram add eight grams of
a thick, syrupy solution of dammar in turpentine. This
makes a white cement like Ziegler's, the composition
of which is unknown. Cinnabar, in place and in
double the quantity of the zinc, will give a red cement.
Tolu-balsam Cement ( Cai-noy). A superior cement,
consisting of tolu balsam 2 parts, Canada balsam I
part, and a saturated solution of shellac in chloroform
2 parts, with the addition of enough chloroform to
give the mixture a syrupy consistence. Turpentine
[Parker). Dissolve true Venice turpentine in enough
alcohol to make a solution that will pass through a
filter. After filtering, evaporate about one-fourth of
the whole on a sand-bath. Test it by dropping a little
in cold water, and if on removing it from the water it
is hard and gives a vitreous fracture, evaporation has
proceeded far enough. Csoker uses common resinous
turpentine, which he melts in small pieces over a water-
bath. When cool, the resulting mass should be dark-
brown and brittle. This cement is used for closing
glycerin mounts, and is applied by means of a wire
bent at right angles, the short arm being just the length
of the side of the cover-glass, which should be square ;
the wire is heated in a spirit-lamp, plunged into the
cement, and brought down flat on the slide at the mar-
gin of the cover. The turpentine distributes itself
evenly and hardens immediately. This is a safe and
valuable medium and fixes rapidly.
CLEANING OF SLIDES AND COVERS.
Strong nitric acid, water, alcohol, and ether are recom-
mended by Behrens, to be used in the order named.
James treats slides that have been used with a mixture
of equal parts of benzine, turpentine, and alcohol.
For slides on which are balsam-mounted objects the
balsam should first be removed by xylol, turpentine, or
other solvent. Gibbes' (Heneaffe) Method. Place
the covers in concentrated sulphuric acid for an hour
or two hours ; wash until the drainings give no acid
reaction, first with methylated spirit, then with absolute
alcohol, and wipe dry with an old silk handkerchief.
Potassium Bichromate and Sulphuric Acid. Potas-
sium bichromate 200 grams ; water 1000 c.c. ; sulphuric
acid 1000 c.c. Dissolve the bichromate in the water
with the aid of heat. Pour the solution into a bottle
that has been warmed and surrounded by a wet towel.
Add slowly and at intervals the sulphuric acid. This
mixture is corrosive and must be kept in glass vessels.
It may be used more than once, but when the color
changes markedly from that seen in the first mixture,
it should be thrown away. Seller's Solution. Po-
tassium bichromate 25 gm. ; sulphuric acid 75 c.c. ;
water 325 c.c. Place the slides and covers in the
solution for a few hours, then rinse well with water,
and dry with a soft, linen cloth. Slides and covers
that have been used are treated as follows : The
covers are put into a mixture of equal parts of
alcohol and hydrochloric acid, and in a few days
are transferred to the bichromate solution, and treated
like new ones. The slides are scraped with a knife,
to free them from the mounting-medium, and are
then put into the bichromate mixture. Sulphuric
and Nitric Acid Mixture. Nitric acid 200 c.c;
sulphuric acid 300 c.c.
CLEARING AGENTS.
Liquids used to render microscopic preparations trans-
parent, to rid them of alcohol, and to facilitate pene-
tration of the mounting-media. Those chiefly employed
are essential oils. Anilin-oil. An important medium,
because of its ability to clear watery objects ; it will
even clear aqueous media without the interven-
tion of alcohol, which sometimes renders it valuable
as a penetrating medium prior to paraffin embedding.
It is also used for clearing celloidin sections. Berga-
mot-oil. Clears 95 per cent, alcohol preparations, also
celloidin or collodion sections, and does not extract
anilin dyes. It is one of the least refractive of the
clearing agents. Carbolic Acid. A concentrated
solution in alcohol clears instantaneously even very
watery preparations. It is a good medium for celloid-
in sections, but should not be used for soft objects to
be mounted in balsam, as they are apt to shrink by
osmosis in the latter medium. Gage employs a mix-
ture of melted carbolic acid, 40 c.c, and turpentine, 60
c.c. Carbolic Acid and Xylol. A mixture of one part
of carbolic acid and three parts of xylol is used to clarify
celloidin sections, which may be taken from 70 per
cent, alcohol, and do not require further dehydration.
A layer of previously heated copper sulphate in the
bottom of the bottle will keep the mixture free from
water. Cedar-oil. This agent clears readily tissues
in 95 per cent, alcohol, and does not extract anilin
colors. Five or six hours are required to clear celloid-
in sections. When of good quality the oil has a
light-yellow color. Chloroform is deficient in pene-
trating power, and requires a long time to clear an
object of any size. It may be used for celloidin and
paraffin sections. Clove-oil. New oil is pale ; the
tint deepens with age. Long immersion in this
medium renders tissues brittle, sometimes an advantage
in making minute dissections, as is also its tendency to
form very convex drops. If desired, these properties
may be counteracted by mixing it with bergamot-oil.
As this oil is a solvent of celloidin, it cannot be used
for clearing celloidin sections. New oil extracts
anilin colors more rapidly than old. This agent has the
highest index of refraction of all the usual clearing
agents, and is one of the most important. Creasote
The properties of this agent are similar to those of
carbolic acid. Beechwood creasote is a good clearing
medium for celloidin sections. Lavender-oil has
STAINS, ETC.
1369
CYTOLOGIC METHODS
the same properties and is used in the same way
as clove -oil. Naphtha clears paraffin or celloidin
sections, but is too volatile for a general clearing
agent. Oil of Origanum. Ninety-five per cent,
alcohol preparations are quickly cleared, also celloidin
sections. For the latter, Oleum origani cretici should
be used. Anilin colors are somewhat extracted by
this agent. Sandal-wood Oil. Ninety-five per
cent, alcohol preparations are cleared rapidly, celloidin
sections more slowly, by this agent. Anilin colors are
not affected by it. Toluol clears paraffin and cel-
loidin sections, and is sometimes used as a penetration-
fluid before the paraffin bath. Turpentine. This
agent has a low index of refraction, and, used for al-
cohol objects, causes contraction and alters the struc-
ture of cells. It is much used for paraffin sections,
as it possesses the property of dissolving the par-
affin and clearing the section at the same time. Xylol
is used for paraffin and celloidin sections. It causes
shrinkage if the sections are not thoroughly dehy-
drated.
CORROSION-METHODS.
Boiling or prolonged soaking in strong solution of Caustic
Soda will remove the soft parts from skeletal struc-
tures. Caustic potash may be used in the same way.
Eau de Javelle {Potassium Hypochlorite). Rub up
20 gm. of chlorinated lime in 100 c.c. of distilled
water ; dissolve 20 gm. of potassium carbonate in 100
c.c. of distilled water; mix, and after one hour filter.
This solution is particularly recommended for prepar-
ing the skeleton of siliceous sponges and that of
similar structures. In the study of the iris, choroid,
and other pigmented organs, Altmann recommends
Javelle water. Fat, especially when previously treated
with osmic acid, resists the action of this fluid. The
tissue impregnated with fat is hardened in osmic acid,
and treated with Javelle water, which destroys every-
thing but the fat, which remains as an osmium-stained
mold of the tissue-spaces. Eau de Labarraque. {So-
dium Hypochlorite). Twenty grams of chlorinated lime
are rubbed up in 100 c.c. of distilled water and mixed
with 40 gm. of crystallized sodium carbonate dissolved
in the same quantity of water. Let the mixture stand
for an hour, and filter. This is used in the same way
as Javelle water. With the aid of heat, chitin is dis-
solved in either of the solutions in a short time (Loos).
Chitinous structures, macerated for 24 hours or more in
these solutions diluted with 4 to 6 volumes of water,
become soft and transparent, and permeable to stain-
ing fluids, aqueous or alcoholic. This method is es-
pecially applicable to Ncmatoda and their ova. Hyrtl's
Corrosion-method. Commercial mastic varnish is
gradually evaporated over a spirit-lamp, or by other
means, until it is of such a hardness that it cannot be
indented with the finger, and with difficulty with the
finger nail. The varnish should never be heated to
boiling. By means of a glass rod, allow a drop of
hot varnish to fall in cold water ; if this cannot be
flattened out between the fingers when cold, and only
with difficulty after warming in the palm of the hand
or on the tongue, it is sufficiently evaporated. To six
parts of hardened varnish add one part of white bees-
wax. To color the injection-mass, five colors are re-
commended : For red mass, cinnabar ; for blue, cobalt
or ultramarine ; for yellow, light or dark chrome-yel-
low ; for green, emerald green; for white, carbonate
of lead. The latter holds more poorly than the others,
becoming somewhat brownish after heating. To 24
ounces of the mass, add from 16 to 20 drams of the
color : a little more than this for the blue and green.
The colors should be rubbed up evenly in a mortar,
with enough of the fluid varnish to give a syrupy con-
sistency, and this mixture poured slowly into the
heated mass, while constantly stirring with a small
wooden spatula. The mass is warmed, preparatory
to injection, over an ordinary spirit-lamp, to a tempera-
ture just short of boiling, and should be constantly
stirred. The method of injecting the varnish mass
differs in no way from that of ordinary injections. P'or
corroding away the fleshy parenchyma, concentrated
hydrochloric acid is used. The organ is placed in a
glass jar, of a depth at least two inches greater than
the diameter of the organ. It is first rinsed with cold
water, and then the cold acid poured over it in suffi-
cient quantity to float it. The greater the amount of
acid, the quicker the corrosion. From two to ten
days will be required for corrosion, according to the
size and density of the organ. A fine spray or jet of
water is then played upon the organ, and the corroded
flesh carefully washed away. The preparation is then
laid for two or three hours in clean water and then
dried and mounted. Noll's Method : Place a piece
of sponge on a slide, and treat it with a few drops of
eau de Javelle ; the soft parts will dissolve in 20 to 30
minutes ; remove any precipitates by cautious treatment
with acetic acid, wash several times in alcohol, treat
with oil of cloves, and mount in balsam. In Wood's
Metal Corrosion Method, the organ to be injected
is placed in water of a temperature to keep the metal
used in a fluid condition, and the liquid metal is injected
by ordinary methods. The injected organ is then placed
in cold, running water until the flesh has macerated
away, when the cast is cleaned with a brush.
COVER-GLASS PREPARATIONS.
Such preparations are usually made in examining blood,
sputum, or other fluid or semi-fluid substance. In the
case of sputum a tiny mass is placed on a cover-glass,
another is pressed gently down upon this, and the two
glasses are separated by sliding one over the other, the
object being to secure a thin, even film on each glass.
The film may also be spread with the edge of a cover-
glass or with a platinum spatula. The preparations
are then left to dry in air, or they may be dried by
exposing them to a temperature of 120° for twenty
minutes, or by passing them quickly thrice through
the flame of a spirit-lamp or Bunsen burner. When
dry, they are ready to stain. To obtain a cover-glass
preparation of blood, cleanse the finger, prick the
pad, wipe off the first drop of blood that exudes, touch
the apex of the second drop with a cover-glass, spread
in the manner described, and dry in air.
CYTOLOGIC METHODS.
Cell -structure may be studied in living cells, in fresh,
unhardened cells, and in hardened tissue in sections.
Accessory Nuclei. Fix the tissue in P'lemming's solu-
tion for I hour, then place it for 24 hours in Flemming's
fluid diluted 3 or 4 times ; wash thoroughly, harden
in alcohols of increasing strength. -Stain for 24 hours
with hematoxylin according to Apathy's modification
of Heidenhain's method; keep in the dark. Decol-
orize in a I per cent, alcoholic solution of potassium
bichromate prepared just before using (by mixing 70
c.c. of strong alcohol with 30 c.c. of a stock solution
of potassium bichromate 10 parts, distilled water 300
parts). The decolorizing mixture should be put in a
dark-colored glass bottle, and the tissue left in for from
12 to 24 hours, according as a light or dark stain is
desired. Pass into 70 per cent, alcohol — also in a dark
bottle, and after one or more days dehydrate in abso-
STAINS, ETC.
1370
CYTOLOGIC METHODS
lute alcohol. Infiltrate with thick cedar-oil, embed in
paraffin which is overheated, and section. (Gustav
Plainer, Arch. f. iiiikr. Ann/., 1889, Bd. 33, Heft I.)
Achromatin and Plasma Stains. Foremost among
these is the EhrHch-Biondi fluid, which is used by
Heidenhain as follows : Dilute 6 parts of the staining
fluid with 400 parts of water. P'ill two beakers with
distilled water, and add to each a few drops of the
diluted staining solution. To one beaker add, with
continual agitation, drop by drop, a I : 500 solution of
acetic acid, until a crimson color appears. The con-
tents of the two beakers are to serve as controls. The
dilute solution first prepared is now acidified with dilute
acetic acid, added drop by drop, with continual agita-
tion, and from time to time a few drops are added to a
beaker of distilled water, until a crimson tint is ob-
tained corresponding to that of the test-beaker, when
the staining bath is ready. Treat sections for two
hours with o. I per cent, acetic acid, then f(5r 10 to 15
minutes with official tincture of iodin, rinse in alcohol,
and place in the stain for from 12 to 18 hours.
Altmann's Qxa.n\i\&s, A//i/taiin' s (R. ) A/eikod. The
tissue is fixed in osmic acid and stained with cyanin.
The granules then appear in chains of a violet color.
The substance between the granules stains readily with
hemato.xylin or carmin, but not with cyanin, and vice
versa. (" Die Structur des Zellkernes," Arch. v. Du
B. Keymond, Anat. .4bth., 1889. ) Chromatin Stains.
Of these the foremost in importance, for fresh tissues,
is methyl-green, which may be used alone or in the
Ehrlich-Biondi mixture (see Staining Reagents) ; also
Bismarck-brown in dilute glycerin, or in aqueous solu-
tion with acetic acid. For osmium objects, Mayer's hem-
alum. For sections of hardened tissues, Bohmer's hema-
toxylin, the finer hematein stains, safranin, gentian-vio-
let, Victoria-blue, and other anilins, used according to
the indirect method. Babes stains in safranin, as fol-
lows : A supersaturated solution of safranin in water
is warmed to 60° C. and filtered warm, tjn cooling it
becomes turbid through the formation of small crystals.
Place the sections in a watch-glassful of this turbid
solution, and warm for a few seconds (until the liquid
clears) ; after one minute wash in water and treat with
alcohol and turpentine in the usual way. Do not
clear in clove-oil. Ehrlich's Granules and Gran-
ular Cells {M<istzelle7t). See Staining of the Blood.
Fresh Cells. Tease out a piece of living tissue in a
drop of a solution of methyl-green containing 0.75 per
cent, of acetic acid ; then expose for 15 minutes to
vapor of osmic acid, by inverting the slide over the
mouth of a bottle containing a small quantity of a one
per cent, solution ; remove when the cells are brown ;
add a drop of solution of Ripart and Petit, and cover.
Scrapings from the freshly-cut surface of a recently ex-
cised liver or lymphatic gland, having been treated with
I to 2 per cent, acetic acid, may be stained with fuch-
sin added in sufficient quantity to a 2 per cent, acetic
acid to saturate it. This renders the nuclei visible (v.
Kahlden) . .Segmenting ova of Echinoiterina/a may be
stained on the slide by placing a drop of safranin at the
edge of the cover-glass. When the ova are dark, the
excess of stain is removed by means of bibulous paper,
and one per cent, acetic acid is allowed to flow under
the cover. Karyokinesis. I. Place small pieces of
tissue hardened in strong Flemming's solution in an
alcoholic solution of safranin (2 gm. to 60 c.c, ) for from
24 to 48 hours. Wash for a few minutes in water, and
carry to acidulated absolute alcohol (10 drops of acetic
acid to 100 c.c.) for from '2 I minute. When thick
clouds of color are no longer given off, carry to abso-
lute alcohol. After I or 2 minutes, clear and mount.
2. Baumgarten^ s Method. This method may be em-
ployed conjointly with a stain for bacteria. Harden the
tissue for several weeks in a dilute solution of chro-
mic acid ; stain for from 5 to 10 minutes in a concen-
trated alcoholic solution of fuchsin ; rinse quickly in
absolute alcohol ; stain for from 5 to 10 minutes in
an aqueous solution of methylene-blue. In exam-
ining for bacteria also, stain first for 24 hours in anilin-
water methyl -violet (decolorize with dilute acid if
staining for tubercle-bacilli) ; then follow with fuchsin
and methylene-blue, as indicated. 3. Bcnda' s Method.
Fix in Flemming's fluid, imbed in paraffin, and stain
the sections as follows : Place for 24 hours in a concen-
trated solution of neutral copper acetate, kept at a
temperature of 40° C. Wash well with water, and
stain to a dark-gray tint in aqueous hematoxylin solu-
tion. Decolorize in 0.2 per cent, hydrochloric acid,
until of a light-yellow, and then neutralize the acid by
returning the sections to the copper solution, in which
they should remain until they acquire a grayish-blue
tint. Wash, dehydrate, and mount in balsam. 4.
Bizzozero- J'assale Method. Fix in absolute alcohol.
.Stain 10 minutes in Ehrlich's gentian-violet solution;
wash quickly in absolute alcohol ; transfer to Gram's
solution for two minutes, then pass into absolute alco-
hol for 30 seconds ; o. I per cent, chromic acid, 30 to 40
seconds ; absolute alcohol, 20 to 30 seconds ; o. I per
cent, chromic acid, 30 seconds ; absolute alcohol, 30
seconds ; oil of cloves ; renew the last until no more
color is given off. Treat with xylol, and mount in
xylol-balsam. 5. Gram's Method. This is the same as
for bacteria. The resting nuclei are either wholly or par-
tially decolorized, while the dividing nuclei retain the
dye. 6. Mitosis in the Amnion. Kill the pregnant ani-
mal, and place the uterus in a saturated watery solu-
tion of picric acid, opening the organ and the mem-
branes under the fluid. Harden for 24 hours, wash
in alcohol, and harden in alcohols, beginning with 70
per cent. Tinge a small part of the membrane in
Ehrlich's acid hematoxylin diluted one-half. 7.
Mitosis in IJeberkiihji' s Glands. Harden a section of
small intestine in mercuric chlorid, and stain with acid
fuchsin and methyl-green. The resting nuclei will be
blue and those in active mitosis green. 8. Mitosis in
the Vermiform .Appendix. Fix in Flemming's solution,
Fol's solution, or absolute alcohol ; stain 5 to 10 min-
utes in the following mixture : gentian-violet, I gm. ;
absolute alcohol, 15 c.c. ; anilin-oil, 3 c.c. ; water, 80
c.c. Wash in absolute alcohol; immerse 30 to 40
seconds in I per cent, chromic acid, then for the
same length of time in absolute alcohol ; repeat the
chromic acid and absolute alcohol to remove all excess
of dye ; clear, and mount in balsam. Living Cells.
Young larvas of Amphibia are the best objects for the
study of cells intra vitam. Place the larvee of Sala-
mandra in a watch-glassful of water containing 5 to 10
drops of a solution of I part curare in 100 parts each
of water and glycerin. Half to one hour's immersion
is required for curarization. It is not necessary to wait
until the larvre are motionless ; they may be removed
as soon as their movements have become slow. The
gills and the caudal " fin " may then be studied. The
tail may be excised from the living animal and studied
for some time in one per cent, salt-solution or other in-
different medium. The adult animal offers for study
the thin, transparent bladder. Larvre may be bred from
adults, if well fed with aquatic worms, and supplied
with a vessel of water. The larvrt will be deposited
in the water. The cytoplasm of living cells may be
stained with methylene-blue, dahlia, or gentian-violet,
dissolved in waterorin an indifferent liquid. Micro-
chemic Reactions. l. Chromatin is distinguished
from lecithins and albuminoids by treating fresh cells
STAINS, ETC.
1371
DECALCIFYING FLUIDS
with o. I per cent, hydrochloric acid, in which it is in-
soluble ; the lecithins and albuminoids are dissolved
out. Methyl-green is a test for chromatin, as it stains
nothing else in the nucleus. 2. Glycogen in Leukocytes.
Treat with I per cent, solution of iodin, containing
2 gm. of potassium iodid, a preparation of frogs' blood.
The white corpuscles are killed, and many stained yel-
low. In some of them mahogany-colored granules of
stained glycogen are seen. 3. Glycogen in Liver-
cells. Harden the liver of a well-fed frog in osmic
acid, make a thin section and wash it with iodin, and the
granules of glycogen in the hepatic protoplasm will
be colored brown. 4. Tizzoni' s Reaction for Lron.
Harden the spleen, kidney, or liver of a young animal
in alcohol. Place the sections in a freshly prepared so-
lution of 3 c.c. of I : 12 potassium ferricyanid, 90 c.c.
of water, and 1.5 c.c. of 25 per cent, hydrochloric acid.
Particles of free iron are colored blue. Spermato-
logic Methods. Tease fresh material on a slide,
fix with a strong solution of potassium permanganate,
and stain with gentian-violet or dahlia. For aqueous
mounts, use Ripart and Petit's solution or one of
Pacini's mercurial fluids. Sections of the hemaphrodite
gland of L^ainellibranchiata may be stained for from 2
to 3 hours in a mixture of equal parts of a concentrated
alcoholic solution of methyl-green and safranin diluted
with 8 volumes of water ; wash out in alcohol 5 to 10
minutes, and mount in balsam. Nuclei of ova are
red; heads of spermatozoa, l>luish-green. Watase's
Method for Differentiating Sexual Cells. The
sexual cells are fixed in Auerbach's fluid or simply in a
saturated aqueous solution of sublimate, and the pieces
embedded in paraffin. The sections are fixed to the
slide with dilute alcohol or distilled water. Saturated
solution of anilin-oil in water is added to alcohol until
the latter is 20 per cent, in strength ; with this
menstruum one per cent, solution of cyanin is
made for a blue stain ; and the same strength solution
of chromotrop RR for a red stain ; or for a more
powerful red stain, use erythrosin in one per cent,
solution. For contrast-staining it is immaterial which
solution, cyanin or chromotrop, is used first ; erythrosin
must be used before the blue stain. Stain quickly,
and wash in 50 per cent, alcohol. The nucleus of
the ovum becomes red, while that of the spermatozoon
becomes blue, showing the former to be erythrophilous,
the latter cyanophilous.
DECALCIFYING FLUIDS.
These fluids usually consist of an acid, combined with
a hardening agent, to prevent swelling of the tissue.
The specimen should be previously fixed by any
of the usual methods, tested from time to time with
a needle or razor, and when the process of decalci-
fication is complete should be washed in water and
placed in 67 per cent, alcohol, gradually increasing the
strength to 82 per cent. Bayerls' Fluid. Chromic
acid, I part; hydrochloric acid, I part; water, 100
parts. Von Ebner's Fluid prevents swelling of the
tissue. It has the following composition : Hydrochloric
acid, 2.5 c.c, alcohol, 500 c.c, distilled water, 100
c.c, sodium chlorid, 2.5 grams. Use a large volume
of the fluid and renew it frequently. If it be desired to
examine the fibrillar structure of bone, mount the sec-
tions in 10 per cent, sodium chlorid solution ; other-
wise the ordinary mounting-media may be employed.
FoTs Fluid. Nitric acid, 3 c.c, one per cent,
chromic acid, 70 c.c, water, 100 c.c. Let the tissues
remain in this fluid for two weeks, renewing it every
other day. Wash thoroughly and preserve in 90 per
cent, alcohol. Gage's Fluid. This agent answers
well for the preparation of small salamanders, etc..
for sectioning. It consists of 67 per cent, alcohol,
100 CO., and pure nitric acid, 3 c.c. More rapid in
action, and recommended for the decalcification of
teeth, is a fluid composed of nitric acid, 5 c.c, satu-
rated aqueous solution of alum, 100 c.c, and water,
ICQ c.c. It should be renewed every two days.
Haug's Phloroglucin Fluid. One of the most
rapid decalcifying agents, and without injurious action
on the tissue-elements, with the exception of blood.
It is prepared as follows : Warm slowly and care-
fully one gram of phloroglucin in 10 c.c. of pure
nitric acid, and to the resulting ruby-colored solu-
tion add 50 c.c. of distilled water. If a larger quan-
tity is desired, add nitric acid and water to the fore-
going proportion until the volume measures 300 c.c. ,
the limit of the protective influence of the phloro-
glucin. Previously to being brought into this fluid,
the tissues should be well fixed. Fetal bones and those
of lower vertebrates are decalcified in half an hour.
Older and harder bones require several hours. When
decalcification is completed, wash in running water for
two days. The sections stain well. Another formula,
useful for teeth when rapid action is not necessary,
consists of phloroglucin, I gram, nitric acid, 5 c.c,
95 per cent, alcohol, 70 c.c, distilled water, 30 c.c.
The function of the phloroglucin is to protect the
organic tissue-elements against the action of the acid.
Hydrochloric Acid. A rapid decalcifying agent,
usually employed in combination with chromic acid or
alcohol. A 10 per cent, solution of sodium chlorid in
3 per cent, hydrochloric acid is recommended. Hydro-
chloric acid and glycerin, 5 c.c. of the acid to 95
c.c. of the glycerin, constitute a good mixture for
softening teeth. Mayer's Desilicification Method.
A process for removing siliceous parts from sponges,
etc. Place the object in alcohol in a vessel of gutta-
percha or glass coated internally with paraffin. Hy
drofluoric acid is then added, drop by drop, care being
taken to avoid the fumes, which attack mucous mem-
branes with great energy. Contact with the acid causes
wounds that heal with difficulty. Small pieces of sponge
are freed from silica in a few hours or a day, and the
tissues do not suffer. (A dangerous method.) Nitric
Acid. An efficacious agent, which causes no swelling,
and does not attack the tissue-elements. One per cent,
and 10 per cent, solutions are used, the latter for large,
hard bones, the former for young bones. The speci-
mens should previously have been fixed in absolute
alcohol, and the decalcifying fluid changed daily.
They must be removed as soon as decalcification is
complete, or they will become discolored. They are
then washed in running water for two hours, and pre-
served in alcohol, which should be renewed in a lew
days. Pereny's Fluid, is recommended for rapid
action and preservation of the tissue-elements. It is
composed of 10 per cent, nitric acid, 4 parts, absolute
alcohol and one-half per cent, chromic acid, each, 3
parts. Phosphoric Acid. A 10 to 15 per cent,
solution is recommended for young bones. Picric
Acid. A saturated watery solution is employed, to
which a few crystals of the acid are added to keep
it saturated. The tissue is suspended in the fluid,
and when soft is washed and preserved in alcohol.
Young bone is usually decalcified in a fortnight.
Thoma's Fluid. This consists of 95 per cent,
alcohol and pure nitric acid, in the proportion of one
c.c. of the latter to 25 c.c. of the former. Fix the
tissue in 95 per cent, alcohol ; then place it for several
days in the decalcifying fluid, shaking and renewing it
frequently. When this has been done, wash in alcohol,
and place it in a jar containing an excess of precipitated
calcium carbonate ; renew and shake until every trace
STAINS, ETC.
1372
DISSOCIATING FLUIDS
of acid is removed from the tissue. Waldeyer's
Chlorpalladium Fluid. Palladium chlorid, one ctg.,
and hydrochloric acid, loooc.c. After decalcification,
wash the tissue thoroughly in water, and place succes-
sively in 30, 60, and 90 per cent, alcohol.
DECOLORIZING, DIFFERENTIATING, AND
MORDANTING SOLUTIONS.
Acid Alcohol. Hydrochloric acid I c.c. , absolute al-
cohol 70 c.c, water 30 c.c. Acidulated Glyceriil.
See Examination anJ Preservation Media. Acidu-
lated Water. Distilled water 1000 c.c, hydrochloric
acid I c.c. Anilin-water {EhrlicJi). Shake up 3
c!c. of anilin-oil with 97 c.c. of distilled water, and
filter. The filtrate should be clear. Used as a mor-
dant for anilin dyes. It does not keep well, and
should be freshly prepared. Gram's Solution,
lodin I part, potassium iodid 2 parts, distilled water
300 parts. This solution gives a reaction with tissues
which have undergone amyloid degeneration. It is
much used in the staining of microorganisms by
Gram's method. Lithia Water. Saturated aqueous
solution of lithium carbonate I c.c. , and distilled water
30 c.c, used as an intermediate agent in staining mi-
croorganisms. Loeffler's Mordant Solutions. I.
Ten c.c. of a 20 per cent, solution of tannin, 5 c.c. of a
cold saturated solution of ferrous sulphate, I c.c. of an
aqueous or alcoholic solution of fuchsin (or I c.c. of an
alcoholic solution of methyl-violet). 2. One percent,
solution of caustic soda. 3. Sulphuric-acid solution
of such strength that I c.c. will be completely neutral-
ized by I c.c. of I per cent, caustic-soda solution.
Nitric Acid. Pure nitric acid 10 c.c, distilled water
30 c.c. Used in the process of staining microorgan-
isms. Pal's Solution. Oxalic acid i gm. , potassium
sulphate I gm., distilled water 200 c.c. Used in staining
nerve-tissues after treatment with potassium permanga-
nate. Potassium Permanganate. In one per cent,
solution, used as a mordant for anilin dyes. In one-
quarter per cent, solution it is used to differentiate
tissues after staining with hematoxylin. Sul-
phanilic and Nitric Acid Solution. Saturated solu-
tion of sulphanilic acid 30 c.c, nitric acid (sp. gr.
1.42) 10 c.c. Used in the processof staining micro-
organisms. Sulphuric Acid Solutions, {a) Sul-
phuric acid (sp.gr. 1. 84) 10 c.c. , distilled water 30
c.c. (V) .Sulphuric acid (sp. gr. 1. 84) 10 c.c, alcohol
(90 per cent.) 90 c.c. Used in the process of staining
microSrganisms. Toluidin Water. Toluidin 10
c.c, distilled water 90 c.c. Mix, agitate, and filter.
Used for the same purpose as anilin-water, and may
be substituted for it. Weigert's Differentiating
Fluid. Borax 2 gm., potassium ferricyanid 2.5 gm. ,
distilled water 200 c.c. Used after Weigert's
hematoxylin.
DISSOCIATING FLUIDS.
These fluids soften and dissolve the interstitial material
of tissues, and facilitate the separation of their histo-
logic elements. I. Macerating P'luids. One-third
Alcohol. See Fixing; Fluids. This is particularly
recommended by Ranvier for epithelia. Thin advises
one-fourth alcohol for dissociating the retina. Ammo-
nium and Potassium Sulphocyanid. A 10 per
cent, solution of either of these salts is recommended
by .Stirling as a dissociating medium for epithelium.
Small pieces are macerated for 24 to 48 hours, and
may then be stained with eosin, fuchsin, or picrocar-
min. The fibers of a crystalline lens dissociated in
either of these fluids become beaded or moniliform.
Ammonium Chromate. A 5 per cent, solution is used
for dissociating the " rodded " cells of the renal tu-
bules, cells of the salivary glands, Purkinje's fibers of
the heart, etc. It acts in 24 to 36 hours, and the
tissues must be well washed for preservation. Artifi-
cial Iodized Serum. .See Examination and Preser-
vation Media. Artificial Saliva. CalberUi' s form-
ula : potassium chlorid 0.4 gm. , sodium chlorid 0.3
gm. , sodium phosphate and calcium chlorid, each 0.2
gm. , in 100 parts of water saturated with carbon di-
oxid ; of this solution one volume is combined with
one volume of water and half a volume of Miiller's
fluid. This mixture is recommended particularly for
dissociation of the developing muscle and nerve of
Ophidia and AvipJiihia. The tissue-elements are iso-
lated by teasing and shaking, and the preparation is
mounted in concentrated potassium-acetate solution.
Baryta Water. A 50 per cent, solution is useful for
dissociating white fibrous tissue, e. g., tendon. Beale's
Fluid. The mucus expressed from the gastric glands
of the pig is rapidly dried on glass plates, powdered,
and preserved in a stoppered bottle. Dissolve the
powder in distilled water or glycerin, and filter the
solution. Tissues are digested several hours in this
fluid at a temperature of 37° C. Eight-tenths of a
grain of the powder will dissolve 100 grains of coagu-
lated white of egg. The powder retains its proper-
ties for years. Brock's Medium. For the nervous
system cA Mollusea : equal parts of 10 per cent, potas-
sium-bichromate solution and the visceral fluid of
the animal. Caustic Potash, Caustic Soda. . Strong
solutions, 35 to 50 per cent., .should be employed;
they do not greatly mar the forms of cells, while weak
solutions destroy them. The tissue may be treated
on the slide. Weak solutions may be employed for
dissociating the cells of hair, nails, and epidermis.
Professor and Mrs. Gage [Proceedings Am. Soc.
Microseopists, 1 889) have found that preparations
treated with these alkalies can be permanently pre-
served by displacing the alkali with from 50 per
cent, to 60 per cent, of potassium acetate and then
mounting in glycerin or glycerin-jelly. Chloral. A
mild, macerating medium in 2 to 5 per cent, solution.
It preserves delicate elements admirably, and is recom-
mended by Landovvsky [Arehiv. f. mik. Anat., 1876,
p. 359) for salivary glands ; by Hickson for the retinse
of Arthropods. Bela Haller's Mixture. One part
glacial acetic acid, I part glycerin, 2 parts water.
Recommended for the centra! nervous system of
Mollusca. Maceration is complete in 30 to 40 minutes.
Hertwig's Liquid, for the nervous system of Medusa.
A mixture of equal parts of 0.05 per cent, osmic acid
and o. 2 per cent, acetic acid. For rir/ZwiZ" 0.04 per cent,
osmic acid is used ; both the solutions are made in sea-
water, and the washing out is done in o. 2 per cent, acetic
acid. Iodized Serum. .See Examination and Preser-
vation Media. It is used in the study of fresh tissue,
especially medullated nerve-fiber. A tiny fragment is
placed in 4 or 5 c.c. of weak serum in a closed vessel,
and allowed to soak for a day or more, fresh iodin be-
ing added as often as the serum becomes pale. When
sufficiently macerated, the tissue is teased or pressed
out and mounted. Landois' Fluid. Dissolve in
ICQ c.c. of distilled water 5 gm. each of neutral am-
monium chromate, potassium phosphate, and sodium
sulphate. This fluid is especially useful for the cen-
tral nervous system, and small pieces must lie in it
from one to five days. Mbbius' Media. I. One
part of sea-water and 4 to 6 parts of 0.5 per cent, so-
lution of potassium bichromate. 2. For Lamelli-
branchiata : one per cent, each of osmic and acetic
acids, and 0.25 per cent, of chromic acid dissolved in
sea- water. Miiller's Solution. See Fixing Fluids.
STAINS, ETC.
1373
EMBEDDING
Nitric Acid. Twenty per cent, solution is a useful
medium for the maceration of muscle. After 24 hours'
treatment, the isolated fibers may generally be obtained
by shaking the tissue with water in a test-tube. Ni-
tric Acid and Glycerin. A mixture of glycerin 50
CO., nitric acid I c.c, and water 150 c.c. , is recom-
mended for isolating the elements of nerve tissue.
Nitric Acid and Potassium Chlorate, Killine's
Method. Mix in a watch-glass one part of potassium
chlorate with four of nitric acid, and in this immerse
a fragment of muscle for half an hour, and then shake
it with water in a test-tube to separate the fibers.
Oxalic Acid. Maceration for several days in a
concentrated solution has been found useful in the
examination of nerve-endings. Potassium Perman-
ganate. See Fixing Fluids. Salt-solutibn. A 10
per cent, solution of sodium chlorid is a valuable mac-
erating agent for white fibrous and other tissue.
Schiefferdecker's Methyl Mixture. Methyl alcohol
5 c.c, glycerin 50 c.c, distilled water loo c.c. Used
for dissociating the retina and other nerve-tissues.
Macerate the perfectly fresh tissues for several days.
Sulphuric Acid. Recommended by Max Schultze for
isolating the fibers of the crystalline lens. Macerate
for 24 hours in 30 c.c. of water containing 4 to 5 drops
of pure sulphuric acid, and then agitate. Very dilute
sulphuric acid is stated by Odenius to be the best
medium for the examination of nerve-endings in tac-
tile hairs. Hot sulphuric acid is used to dissociate
horny epidermic structures — hair, nails, horn. II.
Digestion Fluids. Bickfalvi's Fluid. One gram
of dried gastric mucosa is mixed with 20 c.c. of 0.5
percent, hydrochloric acid, put into an incubator 3 to 4
hours, and then filtered. The tissue should not remain
in the solution for more than a half to one hour.
Briicke's Fluid. This consists of glycerinated extract
of pigs' stomach I volume, 0.2 per cent, hydrochloric
acid 3 volumes, and a few crystals of thymol. Kiihne's
Fluid. Trypsin is obtained by extracting the pancreas
of an ox with ether and alcohol, and evaporating to dry-
ness ; one part is then heated for 3 to 4 hours, at a
temperature of 40° C, with 5 to 10 parts of a o. I per
cent, solution of salicylic acid, the solution pressed
^through linen, and filtered when cold. Kuskow's
Fluid. Pepsin one part, dissolved in 3 per cent, oxalic
acid, 200 parts. The solution should be freshly made,
and objects macerated in it 10 to 40 minutes at the
ordinary temperature. Schiefferdecker's Pancre-
atin Fluid. A saturated solution of pancreatin in
cold distilled water is made and filtered. Pieces of
epidermis are macerated in it for 3 to 4 hours, at about
the body-temperature. The forms of the prickle-cells
are clearly shown, and the nuclei are preserved.
EMBEDDING.
Embedding methods are divided into two classes, ac-
cording to the end which it is intended to accomplish :
I, simple embedding; 2, interstitial embedding, or
infiltration. Simple Embedding consists in sur-
rounding objects which are too small or too delicate
to be firmly held by the fingers or by instruments
with some plastic substance which gives them firm
support without injurious pressure, and thus allows
of the cutting of thin sections without distortion.
Among the materials used are : ( I ) Moist Paper.
Strips of printing paper softened in water are rolled
around the object, which, thus wrapped, is firmly
pressed into the microtome-cylinder. (2) Fitraffin
Infiltration and Embedding. The initial step in this
process consists in the infiltration of the object with a
clearing agent ; that is, by some substance which is a
solvent of paraffin. It is then immersed in melted par-
affin until it is thoroughly saturated. The paraffin
should be kept just at the melting-point and should be
renewed if the object is large. The duration of the
bath depends on the size of the object. When this
second step in the process is completed, embed in
paraffin, as in simple embedding. To prevent crys-
tallization of the paraffin, the embedded object should
be quickly cooled, which may be done by floating it
in the containing receptacle on cold water. When
chloroform is the clarifying agent, the subsequent
treatment differs from the foregoing, and is as fol-
lows : The object is saturated with absolute alcohol,
then brought into chloroform (containing a little
ether to prevent the object from floating), and then
penetrated; the chloroform and the object are gradu-
ally warmed to the melting-point of the paraffin used,
small pieces of paraffin being added during the warm-
ing. When bubbles are no longer given oft from the
object, the chloroform has been entirely displaced by
the paraffin, and the object is ready to embed [Gies-
breckt) . A little tray or box is made of paper, and some
melted paraffin is poured into it ; as soon as the mass
has cooled sufficiently to support the object this is
placed on its surface. More melted paraffin is poured
on until the object is enclosed. Boxes may be con-
structed by placing pieces of type-metal upon a
plate of glass which has been wetted with glycerin
and gently warmed. In such a box the paraffin may
be kept in a liquid state by warming over a spirit
lamp, thus allowing small objects to be placed in any
desired position by means of a heated needle under
a dissecting microscope. Small objects may be em-
bedded in the following manner: A hole is melted in
the end of a cylinder of paraffin by means of a piece
of wire which has been heated in the flame of a
spirit-lamp. The object is then pushed into the
melted paraffin and placed in the desired position.
The Watch-glass Method, which is unequaled for
small objects, is as follows : Melt paraffin in a
watch-glass, place the object in it, and allow it to
cool ; then cut out a block containing the object,
or the whole mass of paraffin may be turned out by
rapidly warming the bottom of the watch-glass. (3)
Pith. A cylinder of pith is halved longitudinally, a cav-
ity con'esponding to the object to be embedded is made
by scooping out the inner face of either half-cylinder
and the object is placed between them. The cylinder
is then pushed into a microtome well and moistened
with alcohol, so that the pith may swell and firmly
enclose the object. Heidenhain^ s Modified Method.
Fix the object in a supersaturated solution of corrosive
sublimate made in a one-half per cent, solution of com-
mon salt. After one-half hour's immersion, transfer to
95 per cent, alcohol, where it should remain 24 hours.
Clear in bergamot-oil and embed in paraffin. Sec-
tion, remove paraffin by xylol or benzine, and place
in 95 per cent, alcohol. Then treat 15 minutes with
pure tincture of iodin, to remove the excess of
corrosive sublimate, and place again in 95 per cent,
alcohol. The sections are now ready for staining.
Interstitial Embedding. Practically, this is a pro-
cess of hardening. The natural cavities of the
object are filled with the embedding mass, and each
separate anatomic element surrounded with the
supporting substance, thus securing firmness and at
the same time ensuring natural relatioris of all structu-
ral details. The materials mainly used are Paraffin,
for small sections, and Celloidin, or collodion, for large
sections. Embedding Masses. The most gener-
ally useful is pure paraffin, melting at 45° C. Soap
Masses are very penetrating, and have the advan-
tage of being transparent and of cutting better than
STAINS, ETC.
1374
EMBEDDING
paraffin. A transparent soap is prepared as follows :
25 gm. of shavings of sodium stearate soap, and 100
c. c. of 96 per cent, alcohol are heated in a retort
over a water-bath until the soap is dissolved, and then
filtered. The filtrate should be transparent. If a
drop poured into a watch-glass solidifies into a white
mass, add water in small quantities until the tested
drop remains pellucid. Gelatin Masses are used
for tissues that have not been dehydrated. The objects
are prepared by penetration with water, instead of
alcohol or a clearing agent. After the mass is cooled,
it may sometimes be cut at once, but it is usually neces-
sary to harden it, which may be done by freezing or
by treating for a few days with 90 per cent, alcohol or
with chromic acid, or for a few aiinutes with absolute
alcohol. Brunotti's Cold Gelatin. Dissolve with
heat 20 gm. of gelatin in 200 c.c. of distilled water,
filter, and add 30 c.c. of glacial acetic acid and
I gm. of corrosive sublimate. Soak the object in a
small quantity diluted with two or three volumes of
water, embed in the undiluted mass, and harden
in alcohol. This process does not require heat.
Gerlach's Gelatin. Gelatin 40 gm. , saturated
solution of arsenious acid 200 c.c, glycerin 1 20 c. c.
Clarify with white of egg. Objects are prepared for
embedding by a bath of one-third glycerin. Klebs'
Gelatin \^Gfycerin-Jelly). A concentrated solution of
isinglass mixed with half its volume of glycerin,
Celloidin is stated to be a preparation of pure py-
roxylin. It is non-explosive, and is soluble in ether
and alcohol. Collodion, prepared by dissolving gun-
cotton or soluble cotton in equal parts of 95 per cent,
alcohol and sulphuric ether, is in every way as good as
celloidin and considerably cheaper. Celloidin should
be used in thin (2 per cent.) and in thick (6 per cent.)
solutions. The object is thoroughly dehydrated in
absolute alcohol, placed in a mixture of equal parts
of ether and alcohol for 12 to 24 hours, or longer
if the object be large. It is then placed for 24 hours
in a thin solution of celloidin, 8 gm. in 100 c.c.
each of alcohol and ether, and transferred from this
to a thick solution of celloidin, 8 gm. in 50 c.c. each
of alcohol and ether. Select a cork or piece of soft,
dry wood, and dip it in the thick celloidin solution ;
when dry, place the prepared tissue upon it and drop
the thick celloidin solution upon this with a pipet
until it is embedded in a jelly-like mass. Blocks or
cylinders of glass or vulcanized fiber serve better than
cork as they sink in the liquids used. Harden in
90 per cent, alcohol, and preserve in 70 per cent,
alcohol. When making sections, keep the knife and
section wet with alcohol. Apathy advises previous
smearing of the knife with vaselin, as it cuts better
and is protected from the alcohol. Use bergamot-oil
to clear. Sections may be kept in from 60 per cent, to
80 per cent, alcohol. Fisk's Castor-oil and Oil of
Thyme Method. The mixture consists of red oil
of thyme 3 parts, castor-oil I part, and is used only
with collodion-embedded objects. The castor-oil
makes the collodion slightly flexile, so that the sections
do not move so readily on the slide, when the balsam
is applied. There is no true action as a fixative, for
the collodion is not dissolved in any way, only softened
and toughened. The edge of the knife is preserved
for a longer time. The castor-oil gives more "body"
to the mixture, making a good lubricator, and floats
the sections readily. Very thin sections can be ob-
tained by absorbing the oil and coating the object with
a thin layer of I per cent, collodion before cutting
each section. This coating is also useful if there is
any tendency for the section to crumble or tear. The
mixture is highly antiseptic, and specimens may be left
in it indefinitely, to advantage and without shrinking.
If the objects have been stained in toto, the process is
very short. If section-staining is desired, the sections
after their transfer to the slide, should have as much
of the superfluous oil removed as possible and a few
drops of ether-alcohol (equal parts of each) are
poured over them to fasten them to the slide. The
sections are then put into 95 per cent, alcohol to dis-
solve out any oil that may be left, and passed through
from 70 per cent, to 35 per cent, alcohol, to water,
stained, carried back through the same grades and
mounted as usual. This is one of the best and most
useful of methods. Von Koch's Copal Method.
The object is dehydrated in alcohol, placed in a thin
solution of copal in chloroform, made by triturating
small fragments of copal in a mortar with fine sand,
pouring on chloroform, and filtering. The solution
is slowly evaporated by heating. When concentrated
enough to draw out into threads that are brittle, the
object is removed and allowed to dry. Sections are
cut by means of a fine saw, rubbed smooth on one
side and with the smooth side down, are cemented on a
slide. When the cement has hardened, the sections are
rubbed until they are of the requisite thinness, washed
in water, and mounted in balsam. This method is
used for the study of hard and soft structures in their
natural relations. Kultschizky's Celloidin-parafiin
Method. After the object is taken from the ether-and-
alcohol bath it is put into celloidin-solution for 24 hours,
then into origanum-oil, then into a mixture of origanum-
oil and paraffin which has been heated to 40° C. , and
finally into melted parathn. The method is especially
adapted for delicate specimens. Ryder uses chloro-
form instead of oil of origanum. Joliet's Gum-
and-glycerin Method. Pure gum arable is dis-
solved in water to the consistency of a thick syrup.
To a little of this solution in a watch-glass add 6 to
10 drops of glycerin, and mix. Embed the object,
previously soaked in glycerin, in the mass in the
watch-glass and leave to dry for several days. Cut
dry, dissolve the gum from the sections in water, and
mount in glycerin. This mass has the advantage of
being transparent. Photoxylin. A substance having
the appearance of cotton-wool and chemically close^
allied to celloidin. It dissolves in a mixture of ether
and alcohol, equal parts, and is used in the same
way as celloidin. It has the advantage of forming
a mass that remains transparent. Syrup - and-
gum Congelation-mass. Hardened brain-tissue,
previously soaked in water, is well soaked in a syrup
made of double refined sugar 2 ounces, water I
fluid-ounce. Wash the superfluous syrup from the
surface and put into ordinary mucilage an hour before
cutting. Embed in the freezing microtome and float
the sections into water (Hamilton). Cole advises 4
parts of syrup and 5 parts of gum for the brain,
spinal cord, retina, and all tissues liable to tear
easilv. The gum is made by dissolving 4 ounces of
gum acacia in 6 ounces of water ; the syrup, by
boiling I pound of loaf-sugar in I pint of water.
Add 5 gr. of carbolic acid to each ounce of the
medium.
CoUodionization of Sections. It sometimes happens
that objects, such, for example, as ova, are too delicate
and too easily broken to be cut in the ordinary way ;
it is necessary to cover the exposed surface before
cutting each section with a thin layer of collodion or
celloidin. The collodion should be of such consist-
ency, from per cent, to I per cent, solution, that,
when applied in a thin layer to a surface of paraffin,
it will dry in two or three seconds without leaving a
shiny surface.
STAINS, ETC.
1375
EMBRYOLOGIC METHODS
EMBRYOLOGIC METHODS.
Artificial Fecundation. This practice can be easily
carried out with the AmpJiibia aiiiira, Teleostea,
Cyclostomala, Echinodermata and many Verities
and Cixlenterala. In the Amphibia the ova should
be extracted from the uterus, placed 'vfx a watch-
glass, and treated with water in which the testes or
vasa deferentia of the male have been teased. The
spermatozoa of tish rapidly lose their vitality in water,
hence, the milt must be added immediately to the
spawned ova, then a little water added, and the whole
placed in a suitable hatching apparatus with running
water. Artificial fecundation of Invertebrates is per-
formed in a like manner, and can sometimes be ac-
complished under the microscope. The penetration
of the spermatozoon and some of the subsequent
changes can thus be observed. Amphibia. Ova of
amphibia are covered with thick coats of albumin,
which must be removed in their preparation for section-
cutting. Whitman places the fixed eggs in a lo per
cent, solution of sodium hypochlorite, diluted with 5
or 6 volumes of water, until they can be shaken free.
Blochmann recommends eau de Javelle (see Bleach-
ing Fluids), diluted three or four times with water,
and agitates the eggs, previously fixed in Flemming's
solution (see Fixing Fluids) , for from 15 to 30 minutes.
Preserve the ova in alcohol. Axolotl. These ova
have an albuminous layer separated from the yolk by
a liquid which is not coagulated by reagents. Place
them for a few hours in picrosulphuric acid, then
pierce the inner chorion, and gently press out the ova.
Harden in alcohol. Stain in the mass with borax-
carmin or Henneguy's g-cetic acid alum-carmin, and
embed in paraffin or celloidin. CoUodionize the sec-
tions. Rana. Place the ova in water heated to 90°-
96° C. for 5 to 10 minutes. Incise the albuminous
coverings, and remove the ova under water. Place them
in 0.5 per cent, osmic-acid solution or in alcohols of
70, 80, and 90 per cent. Salainandra. Fix in
warm, platinum-chlorid solution (0.25 to 0.3 per cent.)
for 3 to 24 hours, according to the size of the embryo.
Wash in water, and pass through successive alcohols.
Stain sections on the slide. Triton. Incise the sev-
eral concentric coats of albumin which surround the
ovum ; remove, and place it in Kleinenberg's fixing
solution (see Fixing Fluids). Or, put the eggs in a
solution of acetic acid 2 per cent., chromic acid 0.5
per cent. , and after ten hours incise the membranes
and turn the embryos out. Finally, pass through suc-
cessive alcohols. Aves. Superficial Examination .
During the first 48 hours of incubation of the egg
(hen's) the blastoderm is always uppermost. To open
the egg, place it in a dish and cover it with a 0.75 per
cent, sodium-chlorid solution at a temperature of 38°
C. Break the shell at the broad end over the air-
chamber, to keep this end from tilting up. The shell
is then filed through at one point, and the opening
enlarged with forceps. Remove the upper half of the
shell, bit by bit. Then remove the shell-membrane
in the long axis of the egg, and the yolk and embryo
will come into view. A quicker but less satisfactory
method is to break the egg across and pour the yolk
and white into the sodium-chlorid solution. Maintain
the salt-solution during the period of examination at 38°
C. over a sand-bath. Duval' s Orientation Method. To
obtain sections of any desired direction of the ova of
Aves, before the development of the primitive streak,
Duval proceeds as follows. During incubation the
embryo is generally lying on the yolk, so that the large
end of the egg is to its left, and the small end to its
right; hence, the position of the blastoderm can be
marked out. Construct a triangular, bottomless box
from a strip of paper 5 mm. wide and 50 mm. long ;
lay this on the yolk enclosing the cicatricula in such a
position that the base corresponds to the anterior region
of the embryo. By means of a pipet fill the paper
triangle with 0.3 per cent, osmic-acid solution. When
the preparation becomes dark, place the whole egg in
a weak chromic-acid solution, remove the white, and
place the rest in a fresh chromic-acid solution for sev-
eral days ; a black triangle will mark the position of
the cicatricula, and may be cut out with scissors and
scalpel. Examination of aii Opaque Object. Place
the blastoderm on a slide, and dry just sufficiently to
make its edges adhere to the glass ; immerse in a
solution of picric acid for two, or three hours, and ex-
amine with a simple lens. Examination and Pre-
servation in toto. Open the egg in salt-solution,
pierce the blastoderm at the outer margin of the vas-
cular area with a fine scissors, and carry the incision
completely around. Then place the excised blasto-
derm in a watch-glass, and remove the vitelline mem-
brane by gentle shaking with a needle. The blasto-
derm can then be placed on a slide, surrounded by a
ring of putty, covered with salt-solution and a cover-
glass, and examined under the microscope. Keep
the slide at about 38° C. Permanent preparations of
embryos in toto, up to about 50 hours, may be made
by treatment with osmic acid, I percent. After sepa-
ration of the vitelline membrane, hold a drop of the
acid, by means of a pipet in contact with the em-
bryo for 15 or 20 minutes. Then mount in a cell in bal-
sam. Development of the Blood-vessels. Obtain
blastoderms of 30 or 40 hours, immerse in gold chlorid,
0.5 per cent., for I minute, wash in distilled water,
mount in glycerin, and examine. This method renders
the nuclei and protoplasmic processes distinct. Or,
immerse the blastodenn in I per cent, solution of potas-
sium bichromate for I day, and mount in glycerin.
Or, use a 0.5 per cent, solution of osmic acid for from
^ to I hour, then place in absolute alcohol for I day,
and mount in glycerin. Gerlach's IVindo-o Method.
Remove the shell at the small end of the egg, with-
draw a little white with a pipet ; the blastoderm
will change its position and appear under the win-
dow thus made. Paint the margins of the window
with gum-mucilage, and build a small, circular wall
of cotton-wool on it, cover with a cover-glass,
and ring with gum. The progress of development
can be followed thus to the fifth day. Prepara-
tion. During the first 24 hours of incubation the blas-
toderm can be separated from the yolk only with ex-
treme difficulty, so that they must be fixed together.
Open the egg in salt-solution, then lift so that the blas-
toderm is above the surface of the fiuid, and treat it
with a fixing solution dropped from a pipet ; then
remove it by a circular incision about its margins, free
the vitelline membrane, and place the blastoderm in a
hardening fluid. Dehydrate in absolute alcohol, clear
in chloroform, and embed in paraffin. Segmentation.
To observe this process, it is necessary to obtain the
eggs from the oviduct of the hen. The yolk must be
hardened as a whole, preferably in chromic acid.
Fol's Method for Reconstruction of Embryos from
Sections. Before cutting sections of the object,
make an outline drawing of it, under the magnifica-
tion to be employed for the reconstructed drawing, and
in a plane perpendicular to that of the intended sec-
tions. Then cut the sections, and make drawings of
all under the same magnification used for the sagittal
drawing. Trace over the sagittal drawing a series of
equidistant parallel lines corresponding to the sections
cut. (If the sections are ^^ff mm, thick and the draw-
ing is magnified 100 times, the lines should be I mm.
STAINS, ETC.
1376
EXAMINATION OF THE BLOOD
apart.) The outline drawing is now to be filled in
with the details of the drawings of the sections. This
is accomplished as follows : A piece of glass, of the
size of the intended drawing, is coated with gelatin
and ruled with a series of close, parallel lines with
differently colored inks, the colors recurring in regular
order. Cut the plate in two equal parts on a line per-
pendicular to the ruled lines. Lay one plate on the
outline drawing so that its cut edge covers the line cor-
responding to the first section to be filled in, then lay
the other plate on the drawing of the sections in such
a position that the limit of the drawing corresponds to
the same colored lines that cover the limits of the out-
line drawing. Trace on the plate that covers the draw-
ing of the section the outline of the internal organs.
Lay it against its tellow on the outline drawing, making
the lines correspond. Mark off the outlines of the
internal organs. Repeat this operation for each sec-
tion and connect the series of dots so made and the
drawing is completed. Another method of recon-
structing objects from microscopic sections is that
suggested by Born. By the aid of the camera, the
outlines of the sections are transferred to wax plates,
which are then cut out so as to correspond, in out-
lines as well as dimensions, to the sections equally
magnified in all three directions. With plates thus
prepared, it is only necessary to put them together in
the proper order to obtain a complete model. Mam-
malia. For the study of the early stages, the ova must
be obtained from the tubre (of a rabbit or other small
animal) several hours after copulation. Dissect out the
tuhx and cornua of the female, allow them to cool, and
wait for the muscular contraction to cease. Dissect off
all the peritoneal investment, and slit the tubas open
longitudinally. The folds of the tubal mucosa are
spread out by means of needles and forceps, and the
ova searched for by means of a magnifying glass. The
ova are best examined in the peritoneal fluid of the
mother or in the aqueous humor, blood-serum, or ar-
tificial serum. Kolliker injects Miiller's fluid or a weak
osmic-acid solution into the oviduct, and collects the
fluid that runs out in a series of watch-glasses, which
are examined for the ova under the microscope. Dur-
ing the fourth, fifth, and sixth days after copulation
the ova are free in the uterine cornua, and are easily
visible to the eye, and may be obtained in a like
manner as from the tubte. When the ova become fixed
in the uterus they are easily distinguished by the pecu-
liar aspect of the cornua in which there are small eleva-
tions at the site of each ovum. To obtain the ova it
is necessary to incise the cornua transversely into as
many segments as there are eminences, care being
taken to have the ova in the center of the segments.
The segments are then fixed to the bottom of a dis-
secting dish by pins, with the mesometrial surface
downward. Fill the dissecting dish with serum,
Miiller's fluid, or Kleinenberg's picro-sulphuric-acid,
or nitric-acid solution. The ovular eminence is then
incised longitudinally and the ova carefully freed.
Preparations. To make permanent preparations of
the various stages of fecundation and segmentation,
the living ovum is placed in a I per cent, solution of
osmic acid, on a slide, then into Miiller's or Kleinen-
berg's solution. In an hour the solution is changed
and the whole is placed in a moist chamber for two or
three days. It is then treated with increasing strengths
of glycerin, and mounted in pure glycerin, acidulated
with formic acid ; or ova may be stained with picro-
carmin after treatment with osmic acid and careful
washing. To demonstrate the blastoderm cells, treat
the living ova in a Vt, per cent, solution of argentic
nitrate for y, to 3 minutes, then place in distilled water
and expose to the light. These specimens cannot be
rendered permanent ; they ultimately become black.
The blastodermic vesicle can be opened with a fine
needle after 3 days, and the blastoderm washed,
stained, and mounted in glycerin or balsam, or pre-
pared with gold chlorid. For embryonic areas and
the more advanced embryos, place ova in a 0.5 per
cent, osmic-acid solution until quite dark (about I
hour), then treat with successive alcohols for several
hours. For sections, Kolliker fixes the ova in osmic
acid, and v. Beneden treats them for 24 hours with I
per cent, chromic-acid solution, washes thoroughly, and
carries them through successive alcohols. Piersol re-
commends Kleinenberg's solution or, for young stages,
Altmann's 3 per cent, nitric acid. Stain small em-
bryos with borax-carmin or Delafield's hematoxylin
(see Staining Reagents), and for larger ones Henne-
guy's acetic acid alum-carmin gives the best results.
For sections, embed in paraffin and mount in balsam.
EXAMINATION OF THE BLOOD.
Alkalinized Urine. Used in the enumeration of blood-
corpuscles. Saturate a quantity of urine with borax,
filter, and dilute until its sp. gr. is 1020. The contour
of the cells remains unchanged in this medium.
Auerbach's Method for Amphibian Red Blood-cor-
puscles. By fixing the blood-film on the cover-glass by
means of a saturated solution of picric acid or a mix-
ture of o. I to o. 25 per cent, solution of corrosive sublim-
ate, I per cent, solution of boric acid, I percent, sodium
chlorid, or 2 percent, to 10 per cent, ammonium chro-
mate, certain dift'erentiations of the corpuscle are pos-
sible. With picric-acid fixation and subsequent stain-
ing with eosin and anilin-blue, the cell-wall stains blue,
while the adjacent protoplasm within stains red. The
protoplasm may further be separated into a cortical and a
medullary layer, the former containing the hemoglobin.
In picric-acid preparations the cortical layer shows a
beautiful network, while the medullary part is clear,
like a large hole. In sublimate preparations the med-
ullary part has dark granules. Blood-platelets.
Ligate the finger and prick the pad. Wipe off the
first blood that exudes, and touch the apex of the
second drop with the cover-glass ; drop it gently on
the slide, do not press it on, and platelets will have
their faces, not their edges, presented to view. Stir-
ling recommends that the finger be pricked through a
drop of normal saline solution containing methyl-vio-
let (0.75 cm. in 1000 c.c). The colorless corpuscles
are stained light-blue, the platelets dark-violet or dark-
blue. Ehrlich's Methods. E/irlick's Granules.
Dry a cover-glass preparation of blood for several
hours at 120° C. , or rapidly over the flame of a Bun-
sen-burner. Stain I hour or longer in eosin-glycerin ;
wash in water, dry, and mount in balsam. Or, stain in
glycerin, 30 c.c, and 2 gm. each of aurantia, indulin,
and eosin. If the eosin-indulin-glycerin solution be
used the d-granulations are purplish-red and the
nuclei bluish-black. I. Oxyphilous, or Eosinophil-
ons Granules. Cover-glass preparations of blood are
fixed by dry heat, as indicated, or by chemic reagents,
corrosive sublimate, or osmic acid. The preparation
is then floated on a I per cent, aqueous solution of
eosin, a quarter to one minute. A trace of acetic
acid added to the fluid causes the specimen to over-
stain rapidly, and the excess of dye is removed from
all parts of the cells, except the oxyphilous granules, by
dipping the cover-glass into a very dilute solution of
sodium carbonate. 2. Ncutrophile Granules. These
are the f-granulations of Ehrlich. They are stained
only by neutral dyes, e. g. , acid fuchsin, fuchsin-S,
methylene-blue. 3. Basophilous Granules. These are
STAINS, ETC.
1377
EXAMINATION MEDIA
best stained with Loeffler's methylene-blue. If the
specimen has been stained with eosin, and the excess
washed out, a second or two suffices for the methylene-
blue stain. Both o.xyphilous and basophilous granules
may be stained in the same specimen by preceding
the blue stain with eosin. EIniicJi' s Alasizclloi.'''
I. In blood these cells are stained by a mixture com-
posed of water, lOO c.c, absolute alcohol, saturated
with dahlia, 50. c.c, glacial acetic acid 10 to 12. 5 c.c.
The leukocytes are stained blue, the granules have a
" metachromic red-violet tint," and correspond to the
y-granulations. 2. In tissues : a small piece of fresh
tissue, or a section previously hardened in alcohol, is
placed in a watch-glass containing anilin- water and
20 to 30 drops of a concentrated alcoholic solution of
dahlia or gentian. Heat until vapor begins to arise,
stain 24 hours, wash in acid-alcohol until nearly de-
colorized, dehydrate in absolute alcohol, clear, and
mount. Nuclei of the cells are red, the granules in
the protoplasm of the granular cells blue. The tissue
may also be stained with lithium-carmin. Fixing of
Blood. Garlinskr s i\Iodificatio>i of Gaule' s Sublimate
Method. A small pipet is filled with the indifferent
fluid used in counting blood-corpuscles. A drop of
blood is drawn into the pipet, where it mixes with
the indifferent fluid. A little of this mixture is placed
on a slide, and a concentrated watery solution of corro-
sive sublimate poured upon it. After a few minutes
the morphologic elements of the blood become attached
to the glass without alteration of form. The specimen
is then washed with water, treated for some minutes
with absolute alcohol, and again washed with water,
when it is ready for staining. (Grundziige der allg.
Pathologie d. Zelle. S. M. Lukjanow , Leipzig, iSgi. )
Garlinski's Method. Stain for 2 minutes in Bohm-
er's hematoxylin ; wash in I per cent, aqueous solution
of alum and distilled water ; then stain in I per
cent, aqueous solution of nigrosin for a few seconds ;
wash and stain in I per cent, aqueous solution of rose
bengal 5 minutes ; wash and stain in anilin-yellow,
I per cent, alcoholic watery solution, 5 minutes.
Wash, dehydrate, mount in balsam. Cell-protoplasm
is yellow ; nuclei are blue or green ; any parasites in
the corpuscles are stained by the rose bengal.
Hayem's Solution. Used for fixing blood-corpuscles
of both animals and man. Dissolve in 200 c.c. of dis-
tilled water, 0.5 gm. of corrosive sublimate, 5 gm. of
sodium sulphate, and I gm. of sodium chlorid. Run
directly from a blood-vessel I part of blood to 100 of
the fluid. The corpuscles will be fixed in about 24
hours. Decant the supernatant fluid, and wash the
corpuscles in water to remove the salts. Hemin
Crystals. Place a particle of dried blood on a slide,
add a crystal of common salt and two drops of acetic
acid, heat over the flame of a spirit-lamp until it steams,
and allow it to cool. The crystals may be preserved
by removing the acid and mounting them in glycerin-
jelly or balsam. Leukocytes. A cover-glass prepa-
ration of blood is floated on a solution of eosin,
washed and floated on a solution of hematoxylin,
washed, dehydrated, and mounted. Methylene-blue
or methyl-violet may be used in place of the
hematoxylin. Martinotti and Resigotti's Method.
Harden small pieces of tissue in absolute alcohol,
and color the sections in a watery solution of safra-
nin-O ; decolorize in 2 parts of a I per cent, solution
of chromic acid to 8 or 9 parts of alcohol. Wash
in absolute alcohol, clear in oil of bergamot, and
mount in balsam. Only the fibrils of the nuclei are
stained. RoUett's Method of Preparing Hemo-
globin Crystals. Defibrinated blood is placed in a plat-
inum capsule on a freezing mixture, frozen, and then
87
thawed. The lake-colored blood is then poured into a
plate until it forms a stratum notmore than mm. in
thickness and allowed to evaporated slowly in a cool
place. Sectioning Blood. l.BiondP s Method. Fix two
drops of blood in 5 c.c. of 2 per cent, osmic-acid solu-
tion from one to 24 hours, and then mix the blood and
osmium solution with agar-agar jelly melted at 35° to
37° C. When cool, harden in 85 per cent, alcohol.
After a few days, or when the mass has acquired suffi-
cient consistence, embed in paraffin. The sections are
treated according to the usual methods, and may be
stained with methyl-green, methylene-blue, fuchsin, or
safranin ; also, double-stained with methyl-green and
eosin. 2. Fod's Method. Coagulated blood or small
pieces of hematopoietic organs are fixed in a solution of
2 gm. of corrosive sublimate in 100 gm. of Miiller's
fluid. The latter fixes the hemoglobin, the sublimate
fixes structures of protoplasm and nuclei. Embed
in paraffin, section, and stain I to 3 minutes in a mix-
ture of Bohmer's hematoxylin 25 gm., i per cent,
aqueous alcoholic solution of safranin 20 gm.,and
distilled water 100 gm. Wash in water, then in a
weak alcoholic solution of picric acid, dehydrate, and
mount in balsam. Weigert's Method for Fibrin.
Make celloidin sections, and stain one minute in Weig-
ert's fibrin stain : 5 per cent, solution of gentian-vio-
let 4.4 c.c, 96 per cent, alcohol 6 c.c, anilin-oil I
c.c. Dry with unsized printing paper, and add a drop
of Gram's solution saturated with iodin. Most of the
stained parts are decolorized. Remove the iodin with
printing paper ; clear in equal parts of anilin-oil and
xylol, renewing it until all the water is removed. The
water gives the section a white appearance. Dry with
filter-paper, wash well with xylol, and mount in xylol -
balsam. Zenker's Method. For red blood-corpuscles
in tissues. The tissue is taken as fresh as possible,
placed in Miiller's fluid for 24 hours, in which it turns
yellow. Longer immersion is detrimental. Wash
about two hours in running water ; harden in 50, 70,
and 96 per cent., and, lastly, in absolute alcohol.
Embed in paraffin. Celloidin sections do not stain as
well. .Stain on the slide in the Ehrlich-Biondi triple
mixture (see Staining Reagents) for 24 hours; rinse
half a minute in running water, and decolorize in 96
per cent, alcohol, until clouds of color no longer appear ;
dehydrate in absolute alcohol. The red blood-corpus-
cles appear a brilliant golden-yellow ; the nuclei of all
cells have a violet or green tinge ; the chromatin net-
work and nucleoli are invisible. Weigert's fibrin stain
may be used in the same way, but not after prolonged
immersion in Miiller's fluid. [Vii-eh. Arch., 1894,
Bd. 135. Folge xiii, Bd. v.)
EXAMINATION AND PRESERVATION
MEDIA.
Indifferent liquids, glycerin, and resinous preparations
used in examining, preserving, and mounting tissues
and organisms. I. Indifferent Liquids. Media
having a composition and density similar to that of the
plasma which constitutes the natural habitat during
life of the object they are intended to preserve, and
therefore, supposed to have no action on the tissues.
To be " indifferent," these liquids must possess such a
density and such a proportion of crystalloids and col-
loids as will reduce osmotic processes to a minimum.
Alum Sea-water. A saturated solution of alum in sea-
water is useful for the study and preservation of the tis-
sues of marine organisms. Aqueous Humor. This
may be obtained from a freshly excised ox's eyeball.
Puncture the cornea with a slender, triangular knife,
and collect the aqueous humor as it exudes. If only a
small quantity is desired, puncture the excised eye of a
STAINS, ETC. 1378
frog with a fine capillary pipet. Blood-serum. The
blood is allowed to clot, and in a day or two the serum
is poured oft, and any red corpuscles removed from it
by means of a centrifugal apparatus. This fluid does
not keep, and must be fresh for use. lodin is some-
times added, forming iodized seriDii. Chloral. One,
2.5, and 5 percent, aqueous solutions are recommended
by Munson, Brady, and Landowsky respectively.
Fray's Artificial Iodized Serum. To a filtered
mixture of white of egg 15 gm. , sodium chlorid 0.2
gm., distilled water 135 c.c, add 3 c.c. of tincture of
iodin. Filter through flannel, and add a little iodin to
the filtrate. Fruit-juice requires no preparation
beyond filtering. It may be iodized. Iodized
Serum. To the fresh amniotic liquid of a sheep or cow
add iodin crystals. Keep the solution in a stoppered
bottle and shake frequently. It should acquire a dark-
brown color. Kronecker's Artificial Serum. Sod-
ium chlorid 6 gm., sodium hydroxido.o6 gm. , distilled
water 1000 c.c. Normal Salt-solution. Sodium
chlorid from 6 to 7.5 gm., distilled water looo c.c.
Used in the study of living structures. Physiologic
Salt-solution, ^iae. Normal Salt-soiitticm. Syrup. A
good medium for examining fresh structures, and pre-
pared by dissolving equal parts of loaf-sugar in water
by boiling. The addition of I per cent, of carbolic
acid or chloral will preserve it from mold. Water.
Structures fixed in osmic or chromic acid, or a solution
of a metallic salt, may be examined in water, which
has the advantage of having a low index of refraction.
A little thymol will preserve it from mold. White
of Egg needs only to be filtered to prepare it for
use. It may be iodized. II. Glycerin and Other
Fluid Media. Acidulated Glycerin. Glycerin
50 c.c, glacial acetic acid or formic acid I c.c, dis-
tilled water 50 c.c. Used after staining in borax or
lithium-carmin, previous to mounting in glycerin.
Scale's Glycerin-jelly. Equal parts of pure glycerin
and gelatin, soaked, melted, and clarified. Brandt's
Glycerin-jelly. Melted gelatin l part, and glycerin
1.5 parts. Filter through spun glass, and add a few
drops of carbolic acid to the filtrate. For mounting,
melt a little on the slide, having previously soaked the
object for a short time in the medium warmed by gentle
heat. Calberla's Liquid. One part each of glycerin,
alcohol, and water. A valuable examination fluid.
For very delicate objects, Lee recommends the same
formula, with two parts of water instead of one.
Calcium Chlorid. A 50 per cent, or saturated solu-
tion is used. The addition of a little camphor will
preserve it. As this salt is very hygroscopic, the mount
need not be closed at once. Carbolic Acid. A I per
cent, solution is used as a mounting-medium. Car-
noy's Solutions. I. A concentrated aqueous solution
of methyl-green containing I per cent, of acetic acid
and o. I per cent, of osmic acid, used in the study and
preservation of fresh tissues. It has a selective action
on nuclei. 2. Powdered tannin 0.5 gm., water 100
c.c. Castor-oil. Recommended by Grenadier, on
account of its low refractive index, for certain delicate
tissues (sections of eyes of Cephalopods)^ on the sup-
position that it would augment visibility for the more
refractive elements of these tissues. Copper Acetate.
A solution of I gm. of copper acetate and 4 gm. of
mercuric chlorid in 250 c.c. of glycerin and I c.c. of
glacial acetic acid is used in preserving and mounting
green algre. Creasote. As a mounting-medium, a 5
percent, aqueous solution is used. Deane's Glycerin-
jelly. Dissolve 30 gm. of gelatin in 60 gm. of
water, and add 120 gm. of glycerin. This must be
used warm. Fabre-Domergue Glucose Medium.
Dissolve glucose in warm water and dilute to 25° of
EXAMINATION MEDIA
the areometer (sp. gr. I.1968). To 1000 parts of this
solution add 200 parts of methyl-alcohol, 100 parts of
glycerin, and camphor to saturation. Neutralize by the
addition of a little potash or soda. This medium is
said to preserve, unchanged, nearly all animal pig-
ments. Farrant's Solution {Hamilton). Make a
saturated solution of arsenious acid in water by boiling,
let it stand twenty-four hours, and filter. Then to equal
quantities of water, glycerin, and arsenious acid solu-
tion add picked gum arable until a thick, syrupy fluid
is obtained. In about a week, filter slowly through
frequently changed filter-paper. Fol's Glycerin-jel-
lies. I. Melt together one volume of Beale's jelly and
one volume of water, and add 2 to 5 per cent, of car-
bolic acid. 2. Gelatin 30 parts, water 70 parts, gly-
cerin, 100 parts, alcoholic solution of camphor 5 parts.
3. Gelatin 20 parts, water 150 parts, glycerin loo
parts, alcoholic solution of camphor 15 parts. Gage's
Fluid. Mercuric chlorid o. 5 gm. , salt 4 gm. , white of
egg 15 c.c. , water 200 c.c. Mix thoroughly and filter.
Used in the study of ciliated cells and red blood-cor-
puscles. Gannal's Solution. A preserving medium
consisting of aluminum acetate I part, and water 10
parts. Gilson's Fluid. Mercuric chlorid o. 15 gm.,
15 per cent, acetic acid 2 c.c, 60 per cent, alcohol 60
c.c, and water and glycerin each 30 c.c. An admir-
able medium for the study of fine cellular detail in
well-fixed tissues. Glycerin. As a medium for ex-
amination and mounting, glycerin is usually diluted with
water, which lowers its index of refraction, often an
advantage from an optic point of view, on account of
the increased visibility it gives to many structures. On
the other hand, undiluted glycerin has the advantage
of being a more efficacious preservative. Objects
mounted in glycerin should be subjected to a prolonged
preliminary soaking in glycerin of gradually increasing
strength ; if done on the slide, and treated with fresh
glycerin daily, the edges of the cover-glass should be
luted to make the preparation air-tight, glycerin being
so hygroscopic as to rapidly diminish in strength when
exposed to air. To facilitate the removal of the cover-
glass, warm the slide gently ; this treatment will also
counteract the shrinking action of glycerin on delicate
tissue-elements and restore them to their normal con-
tourand dimensions. Glycerin, being a solvent of cal-
cium carbonate, is not a suitable medium for the pre-
paration of calcareous structures. By dissolving in
glycerin cadmium chlorid, chloral, and certain other
substances, its index of refraction may be raised to
about that of crown-glass, which greatly augments its
clearing action, and allows the full aperture of homo-
geneous objectives to be brought to hear on the object.
A saturated solution of zinc sulphocarbolate in glycerin
will raise its index of refraction from 1.4610 1. 501, and
is prepared by taking equal parts by weight of Price's
glycerin and zinc sulphocarbolate, and boiling for an
hour or more. Filter while hot. Glycerin and Al-
cohol. Useful for bringing delicate objects gradually
from weak into pure glycerin. Glycerin I part,
alcohol I part, water 2 parts. Glycerin-jelly. Soak
in 150 c.c. of distilled water, 25 gms. of gelatin for
two hours, and add 3 c.c. of carbolic acid ai^d 1/5
c.c. of glycerin ; heat for fifteen minutes and filter
through spun glass. Wrap the cork of the bottle in
which the jelly is preserved in linen dipped in dilute
carbolic acid. For use, melt it in hot water, place a
drop on the section, upon which gently press a cover-
glass. Glycerin and Gum. Useful when the arseni-
ous acid of Farrant's medium is objectionable. Take
chloroform-water (l : 200) 200 c.c, gum acacia 130
gm., and glycerin 100 c.c. Dissolve the gum in the
chloroform-water, with frequent stirring and without
Ml
STAINS, ETC..
1379
EXAMINATION MEDIA
heat ; add the glycerin. Mix and filter through the best
Swedish filter-paper, on which has been deposited a
thin layer of talc. Glycerin and Formic Acid.
This is especially used for picrocarmin preparations,
and is made by adding formic acid to dilute glycerin —
1 per cent. Goadby's Fluids. First formula : Bay-
salt (coarse sea-salt) 5 iv, alum 5 ij, mercuric chlorid
2 grs., boiling water I qt. This fluid, diluted with an
equal volume of water, is recommended by Schultze for
preserving Medusa, EchinoJerinata , Entoniostraca ,
Polytlialinia , Pofyiystitia, and Aiuielid Larva. He ad-
vises the subsequent use of glycerin to secure trans-
parency. Seco)id formula: Bay-salt, ^viij, mercuric
chlorid gr. 2, water I qt. The absence of the alum
renders this fluid suitable for the preservation of objects
containing calcium carbonate. Hantsch's Liquid.
Glycerin I part, alcohol 3 parts, water 2 parts. Hart-
ing's Fluid. One part of mercuric chlorid to 200 to
400 of water. It is recommended for preserving blood-
corpuscles, nerve-tissue and muscle-tissue, etc.
Hayem's Mounting-media. These are solutions of
gum with chloral, for objects stained with carmin or
hematoxylin, and of gum with potassium acetate, for
objects stained with anilin colors, and are prepared as
follows : P ill a tall 6oc.c. glass two-thirds full with gum
arable, and add either a solution of chloral containing 5
to 10 per cent, of glycerin or of potassium or ammonium
acetate. The gum with frequent shaking dissolves in a
few days, and the resulting syrupy fluid is then filtered,
lodin. Liquor iodi (Br. Ph.) looc.c, distilled water
300 c.c, glycerin 200 c.c, gum arable 260 gms. Mix
and dissolve without heat ; filter through Swedish paper
coated with a thin layer of talc. Used in mounting tis-
sues stained with iodin. Jaeger's Liquid. Glycerin and
alcohol each I part, sea-water 10 parts. Kaiser's Gly-
cerin-jelly. Soak one part of gelatin for 2 hours in 6
parts of distilled water, then add 7 gm. of glycerin and
1 gm. of carbolic acid for every 100 gm. of the mix-
ture. Warm for 10 to 15 minutes, stirring constantly
until the flakes produced by the acid have disappeared.
Filter while warm through spun glass laid wet in the
filter. P"or use it must be warmed. Klein's Dammar
Lac. Dissolve in 2 oz. of turpentine, 1)4 oz. of gum
dammar, and filter. Dissolve ]A, oz. of gum mastic in
2 oz. of chloroform, and filter. Mix the two solutions
and filter again. Langerhans' Gum and Gly-
cerin. A modification of Tarrant's medium. Gum
arable 5 parts, in water 5 parts; after 12 hours add
glycerin 5 parts, and 5 per cent, aqueous solution of
carbolic acid 10 parts. Used in preserving marine
animals. Lawrence's Glycerin-jelly. Soak a
quantity of Nelson's gelatin for 2 or 3 hours in cold
water. Decant the superfluous water, and melt the
gelatin by the aid of heat. To 8 parts of the gelatin,
when it has cooled, but is still fluid, add I part of
white of egg ; boil until the albumin coagulates and the
gelatin is clear ; filter through flannel, and to 8 parts
of the filtrate add 6 parts of a mixture of I part of
glycerin and 2 parts of camphor- water. Levulose.
This substance is non-crystallizable, and is recom-
mended as a preservative of carmin and anilin stains
(hematoxylin partially fades in it). Objects may be
brought into it from water. The index of refraction is
somewhat higher than that of glycerin. May's Fluid.
Glycerin 60 c.c, I per cent, arsenic acid 10 c.c,
methyl-alcohol 10 c.c, water 20 c.c. Methyl-green.
See Carnoy'' s Solution. Meyer's Salicylic Vinegar.
A solution of one part of salicylic acid in 100 parts of
pyroligneous acid. For Larva, A^ematodes, etc., add
I part of the salicylic vinegar to 10 parts of glycerin
diluted with twice its volume of water ; for Infusoria,
add I part of the vinegar to 10 parts of glycerin diluted
with four times its volume of water. Noll's Sali-
cylic Vinegar and Gum. A mixture of equal parts
of Meyer's dilute fluid and Tarrant's medium. This
mixture does not become turbid and does not dry up.
It is an admirable medium for delicate Crustacea and
their larvae. Owen's Fluid. Mercuric chlorid 0.014
gm., alum 79 gm., salt 137 gm., water 1680
gms. Used for preserving soft-bodied animals.
Pacini's Fluids. («) Mercuric chlorid I part,
sodium chlorid 2 parts, water 200 parts. Especially
useful for the blood-corpuscles of cold-blooded animals.
\b) Solution « plus two parts of mercuric chlorid. For
the examination of the blood-corpuscles of warm-
blooded animals, [c) Mercuric chlorid I part, acetic
acid 2 parts, water 300 parts. For the examination of the
nuclei of animal tissues. (</) Mercuric chlorid I part,
sodium chlorid 2 parts, glycerin (25° Beaume) 13 parts,
water 1 13 parts. Let the mixture remain undisturbed
2 months ; then take for use I part, dilute it with 3
parts of water, and filter. This fluid is recommended
as a preservative of all delicate tissues, {e) Mercuric
chlorid l part, acetic acid 2 parts, glycerin (25°
Beaume) 43 parts, water 1 15 parts. This mixture is used
for the same purposes as the preceding. It is said to
preserve the white but to destroy the red corpuscles of
the blood. (/") One part of mercuric chlorid in 200
of water. This fluid has been used to remove the
salt or acid, when necessary, from objects preserved in
the preceding fluids. Alodifications of the foregoing so-
hitions : a. Sublimate I part, sodium chlorid 2 parts,
water 100 parts. Used for the more vascular tissues of
warm-blooded animals. Solution « diluted with an
equal volume of water ; for similar tissues of cold-
blooded animals, c. One part each of sublimate and
salt in 300 parts of water ; for pus-corpuscles, d. One
part of sublimate in 300 parts of water ; for blood-
corpuscles, e. One part each of corrosive sublimate and
acetic acid in 300 parts of water ; for demonstrating
the nuclei in epithelia, connective tissue, and pus-cor-
puscles, f Solution e plus 2 parts of acetic acid ; for
ligaments, muscles, and nerves, g. Solution e plus 4
parts of acetic acid ; for glandular tissues, h. Corrosive
sublimate I part, phosphoric acid I part, water 30 parts ;
for cartilaginous tissues. Picrocarmin. Recom-
mended by Ranvier as a medium for the examination
of fresh tissues. Carnoy finds that cells live in it for
a time, but finally become gorged with water and de-
teriorate. Potassium Acetate. A mounting-fluid
for sections stained with anilin dyes. Dissolve by
gentle heat 250 gm. of potassium acetate in 100 c.c.
of distilled water. A nearly saturated solution is also
employed. Let a drop flow under the cover-glass, and
in 24 hours close the mount. Ripart and Petit's Fluid.
A preserving medium for delicate, fresh tissues. Its
fixing action is enhanced by the addition of a drop of
osmic-acid or corrosive-sublimate solution, and it may
be used in combination with methyl-green. It is pre-
pared by dissolving 0.2 gm. each of copper acetate
and crystallized copper chlorid in glacial acetic acid
0.5 gm., camphor- water and distilled water each 50
c.c. Seaman's Glycerin-jelly. Dissolve 10 parts
of gelatin in water to the consistency of stiff jelly at
the temperature of the room ; add I part of glycerin
and a little camphor- water. Filter through muslin,
and add a little alcohol. Stephenson's Mercuric
lodid and Potassium lodid. A saturated solution of
these substances has an index of 1.680, the highest of
any known aqueous fluid. Tissues are well preserved
in this medium, but a precipitate forms in it which ruins
the preparations. III. Resinous Media. Canada
Balsam. Evaporate the balsam in a water-bath to
dryness, and dissolve in an equal volume of xylol.
STAINS, ETC.
1380
FIXATIVES
benzol, toluol, chloroform, or turpentine. Filter
through paper and keep in a " capped " bottle. If it
gets too thick, dilute by adding more of the solvent
employed. Colophonium. A solution in turpentine
is recommended by Kleinenberg, This medium sets
very slowly, and so affords ample time for arranging
objects in it. Alcohol must not be used as a solvent, as
in time it throws down a precipitate. Dammar. The
menstrua are the same as for Canada balsam, and the
solutions are prepared in the same way. A solution in
a mixture of benzol and turpentine is recommended by
Flemming and Pfitzner. Oil of Cedar. This medium
soon sets hard enough to hold the cover in place, and
so obviates the necessity of sealing the mount, except
for immersion-work. See Clearing Agen/s. Sailer's
Alcohol Balsam . Evaporate Canadabalsam to dryness
in a water-bath ; dissolve while warm in warm absolute
alcohol, and filter through absorbent cotton. Venice
Turpentine. Vosseler recommends this medium as
possessing certain advantages over Canada balsam and
dammar. The turpentine is mixed with an equal
volume of 96 per cent, alcohol, allowed to stand in a
warm place for three weeks, and then decanted. Sec-
tions may be mounted in this medium without previous
clearing in an essential oil, and it is said that stains
are permanent in it. Its index of refraction being
lower than that of the media already named, it gives
better definition to the delicate details. Xylol-bal-
sam. See Canada Balsam.
FIXATIVES.
To facilitate the staining and mounting of sections,
various preparations are used to cause them to adhere
to the slide. The following include the more import-
ant fixatives and methods of procedure. I. Aqueous
Sections. Fol's Gelatin Method. Dissolve 4
gm. of gelatin in 20 c.c. of glacial acetic acid by
means of the water-bath and agitation. Add to 5
c.c. of this solution 70 c.c. of 70 per cent, alcohol
and I to 2 c.c. of 5 per cent, aqueous solution of
chrome-alum. Pour this preparation on the slide and
allow it to dry. Immerse the slide in water contain-
ing the sections, arrange them on it, and remove it.
This method is applicable to sections made under
water. II. Celloidin Sections. Apathy's Oil
of Bergamot Method. Cut the sections with a
knife anointed with vaselin and wetted with 95 per
cent, alcohol and float them on bergamot-oil. Before
they sink, push each one, by means of a needle, into
place on a piece of tracing paper dipped in the oil.
When the desired number are in position, the paper is
drained, dried on the under side with blotting-paper,
turned over, and gently pressed down on the slide.
Remove the paper by rolling it up from one end ; the
sections remain adherent to the slide. The remain-
ing bergamot-oil may be removed by cigaret-paper.
Apathy's Series -on- the- Knife Method. The
knife is evenly rubbed with yellow vaselin and moist-
ened with 70 to 90 per cent, alcohol. The sections
as they are cut, are drawn with a needle to a dry
part of the blade, and arranged in rows, so that the
celloidin of one section overlaps that of the next.
When a series has been completed, the sections are
dried by laying blotting-paper upon them and then
painted over with the thickest celloidin solution used
for embedding. This is allowed to evaporate for five
minutes in air, and then wetted with 70 per cent, alcohol,
which hardens the celloidin into a continuous lamella
which can be readily detached by means of a scalpel.
Pregl's Acetone-celloidin Method [Sternberg).
When not embedded in paraffin, the sections, com-
pletely dehydrated, are taken out of absolute alcohol
on a thin cover-glass, upon which they are extended ;
a piece of filter-paper is applied to the side of the
cover-glass to absorb the alcohol, and before the sec-
tion is completely dry a drop of acetone-celloidin is
placed upon it by means of a glass rod. The cover-
glass is now moved about in the air to promote rapid
evaporation of the alcohol, and then placed in water.
The sections remain attached to it. The acetone-cel-
loidin solution is prepared by adding celloidin in
small, dry pieces to acetone until a concentrated solu-
tion is obtained. A large drop of this added to 5
c.c. of absolute alcohol makes a suitable solution for
use. This must be kept in a glass-stoppered bottle,
and be frequently renewed, as it absorbs moisture
from the air. The acetone obtained from dealers must
be dehydrated by adding red-hot copper sulphate.
Summers' Ether Method. After placing the sec-
tions in 95 per cent, alcohol for a minute or two, ar-
range them on the slide and pour over them ether
vapor from a bottle partly full of liquid ether. This
softens the celloidin and makes it perfectly transpar-
ent. The slide may now be placed in 95 per cent,
alcohol, and the sections will be firmly fixed to it.
Weigert's Method. This method consists in holding
the series between two adherent films of celloidin.
A glass plate of sufficient size to accommodate the
sections, cleansed with ether and alcohol, is coated
with a thin film of celloidin and left to dry. The
sections, as they are cut, are taken off on a strip of
tissue-paper which has been laid upon a piece of blot-
ting paper wet with 80 per cent, alcohol. When the
series is complete the tissue-paper is lifted and turned,
section-side down, on the celloidin film on the glass
plate ; the tissue-paper is then removed, and any re-
maining alcohol absorbed with bibulous paper. An-
other film of celloidin is then poured over the sections,
and after a short exposure to the air, the plate is im-
mersed in water, section-side up. In a short time the
film enclosing the sections will become detached and
float to the surface. Remove it on tissue paper, and
stain, either whole or in parts, in the usual way. The
plate, with the adherent films, may, if desired, be pre-
served in 80 per cent, alcohol. III. Paraffin Sec-
tions. Flogel's Gum Method. To a filtered solu-
tion of I part of gum arabic in 20 parts of water, add a
little alcohol to prevent mold. Pour this preparation
over perfectly clean slides, and drain. .Sections -j-^j-
mm. in thickness may be placed on the wet gum sur-
face and floated to the proper position — a good method,
when the slide is not subsequently treated with aqueous
solutions. Frenzel's Gum Method. To a thin mu-
cilage of gum arabic dissolved in water add an aqueous
solution of chrome-alum, and then a little glycerin and
a trace of alcohol. Put a little of the preparation on
the slide, place the sections in position, and heat for
15 minutes at a temperature of 30 to 45° C, which
renders the gum insoluble. This gum has the ad-
vantage of not reacting to the majority of staining
fluids. Safranin and fuchsin should be avoided.
Gaule's Methods. Moisten the slides with water or
dilute alcohol, place the sections in position, re-
move the surplus fluid by means of bibulous paper,
and dry in a thermostat at 50° C. for 24 hours,
Sections so treated are then heated for a moment
above the melting-point of paraffin, which fixes them
securely to the slide. Gaule's xylol method is as
follows : Place the sections on a slide moistened with
alcohol ; warm slightly, cover, and run under a mix-
ture of equal parts of Canada balsam and xylol. Or,
refill the cell daily as the xylol evaporates, and com-
plete with xylol-balsam. Mayer's Albumen Method.
Mix equal volumes of fresh filtered white of egg and
STAINS, ETC.
1381 FIXING AND HARDENING FLUIDS
glycerin, and add a little thymol as a preservative.
Paint a thin, even film on the slide ; on this arrange
the sections, and warm just enougli to coagulate the
albumen (70° C). A very useful fixative for sections
that are to be stained on the slide. Acids, alkalies,
and picrocarmin must be avoided, as they dissolve the
albumen. Olilmaclicr s Alodijicatioii. Apply a thin,
smooth layer of Mayer's albumen to the slide, and on
this drop a little distilled water, which will diffuse
evenly over the albumen. Arrange the sections in
position, and heat gently over a spirit-llame until they
flatten out, being careful not to melt the paraffin.
Drain oft the water, dry the slide with bibulous paper,
and evaporate the remaining moisture in an oven at
a temperature below the melting-point of .paraffin.
Obregia's Method. Coat slides with a solution pre-
pared as follows : Mix 30 c. c. of a syrupy solution
of confectioners' sugar, made with distilled water,
20 c. c. of absolute alcohol, and 10 c. c. of a clear,
syrupy solution of pure dextrin in distilled water ;
put them aside to dry. After 2 or 3 days, when the
surface is just sticky to the moistened finger, arrange
the sections in position, and heat for a few minutes;
remove the paraffin with xylol, wash with alcohol, and
then cover with a 3 per cent, solution of photoxylin in
a mixture of equal parts of absolute alcohol and ether.
Leave the slides to evaporate in the horizontal posi-
tion, cut the sheet of collodion into ribbons, float them
oft in water, and proceed as in Weigert's method.
Schallibaum's Collodion Method. Shake up one
part of collodion with 3 to 4 parts of clove-oil. Ap-
ply this mixture thinly on the slide ; place the sections
in position, warm over a spirit-lamp until the oil col-
lects in drops between the sections and the parafiin is
melted ; then hold the slide to the lips, blow upon it
vigorously, and the paraffin and oil will be scattered,
leaving the sections dry and securely fixed. This
method is recommended for stained sections. The
Shellac Method. A filtered solution of bleached,
white shellac in absolute alcohol is spread over the
slide with a glass rod. When dry, apply a very thin
layer of creasote, which gives a sticky surface for the
sections, then heat on a water-bath for 15 minutes at
the melting-point of paraffin, allow the slide to cool,
and the sections will be fixed.
FIXING AND HARDENING FLUIDS.
Reagents used to preserve the structural elements of
tissues. Their action consists in the rapid coagulation
of certain constituents of tissue — albuminoids, gelatin,
mucin — by which their histologic and cytologic details
. are fixed in the form and attitude they normally had
in life, and are also hardened so as to resist any change
of form from the action of other reagents with which
they may subsequently be treated. Acetic Acid. A
valuable fixative of wide application, and especially
useful for fixing very contractile objects, such as are
found in the Vermes and Ca-ietitenifa. Pour a liberal
quantity of glacial acetic acid over the organism, and
in five or six minutes wash in 50 per cent, alcohol,
changing it frequently and gradually increasing the
strength. Acidulated Alcohol. Used for the pre-
paration of marine animals which are to be preserved
in alcohol> It is a mixture of 97 volumes of 90 per
cent, alcohol (in which is dissolved a little picric acid)
and 3 volumes of pure hydrochloric acid. The acid
facilitates penetration by preventing the precipitation
of the salts of sea-water. After penetration, the or-
ganism is washed in go per cent, alcohol until the
yellow stain of the picric acid no longer appears.
Alcohol. An excellent fixing medium, suitable for
all tissues, except those of the central nervous
system and those undergoing fatty infiltration or
degeneration. It is also used to harden and preserve
objects that have been fixed in other fluids. As a
preservative it is not without defects, as it alters the
structure of tissues by continuously dehydrating their
albuminoids. Toluol, ether, and xylol are recom-
mended as substitutes [A'altschitzky). As a fixing
agent alcohol is usually employed in gradually increas-
ing strengths, beginning with 50 or 70 per cent. Ahso-
luie Alcohol. (Jne of the most penetrating fixing
agents, which has the advantage of preserving the
structure of glands and of nuclei. It should be em-
ployed in large quantities. Hydration may be pre-
vented by suspending in the alcohol strips of gelatin
{■Lowrie). After fixation, preserve the object in 90
per cent, alcohol. Mayer recommends boiling abso-
lute alcohol for fixing certain Arthropoda. Absolute
alcohol is prepared in Ranvier's laboratory by add-
ing anhydrous copper sulphate to 95 per cent, alcohol.
Pulverized copper sulphate is heated to red heat, in
order to drive oft the water of crystallization ; when
cool, the white powder is placed in a wide-mouthed
bottle, holding about a liter, and three-fourths full of
alcohol. The bottle is quickly closed and the whole
shaken. After standing a day or more — with occasional
shakings — it is decanted, treated with fresh copper sul-
phate, and the operation repeated until the copper sul-
phate no longer shows a blue color on contact with the
alcohol. As a test, a drop of the alcohol thus dehy-
drated may be mixed with a drop of turpentine on a glass
slide and examined under the microscope ; if no particles
of water are to be seen, the alcohol is absolute enough
for all practical purposes. I\Ietliyla(ed Spirit contains
a little methyl-alcohol, and is nearly as strong as abso-
lute (ethyl) alcohol, and its strength may be increased
by placing in it some well-dried potassium carbonate,
which absorbs any water present in it. ^'■One-third
Aliohor^ (Ranvier'' s Alcohol^ This classic reagent
consists of two parts of water and one part of alcohol
of 36° Beaume, which contains nearly 89.6 per cent,
absolute alcohol. It is a very mild fixative, and is
chiefly used for extemporaneous and dissociation pre-
parations. Rectified Spirit contains 84 per cent, of
alcohol and 16 per cent, of water. Altmann's
Nitric Acid. Particularly useful for preserving
mitotic figures, nuclei, embryonic tissues, and the
retina. A 3 per cent, pure acid is used, the solution
having a sp. gr. of 1. 02. Immersion for a quarter to
half an hour is sufficient for blastoderms and small
embryos ; two to four hours are required for fixing
larger objects. Wash out thoroughly and harden in
strong alcohol. Any staining process may be used.
Broca's Fluid. Used for the preservation of brain-
tissue. It consists of zinc chlorid, 10 grams, and
alcohol, 90 per cent., 100 c.c. After two or three
days, transfer the tissue to 95 per cent, alcohol.
Carnoy's Fluid. One of the most penetrating and
rapid of fixatives, applicable to tissues in general, and
useful for the study of karyokinesis in the ova of
Ascaris. First formula : glacial acetic acid I part, abso-
lute alcohol 3 parts. Second formula : glacial acetic acid
I part, absolute alcohol 6 parts, chloroform 3 parts.
The chloroform is said to render the action of the mix-
ture more rapid. Chromic Acid. Used in aqueous or
alcoholic solution in strengths varying from o. I to 2 per
cent. Weaker solutions are used for' nerve-tissue.
Wash out several hours in running water. If the
object be preserved in alcohol, it must be protected
from the light, or a precipitate will be thrown down on
its surface. The brownish-green color of objects
fixed in chromic acid may be removed by treating
them with hydrogen dioxid. A 0.02 per cent, solu-
STAINS, ETC.
1382 FIXING AND HARDENING FLUIDS
tion is recommended for macerating nerve-tissue and
non-striated muscle-tissue, a cube of 5 mm. requiring
about 24 hours' immersion in 10 c.c. of the medium
[Ranviei-). Copper Sulphate. Recommended by
Bedot for the preparation of dehcate pelagic animals.
A large volume of a 15 or 20 per cent, solution is
added to the sea-water containing the animals. Fi.x-
ation occurs in a few minutes. A few drops of nitric
acid are added, and the whole is left for 4 or 5 hours.
The animals are then hardened in a large volume of
Flemming's fluid, in which they should remain for
24 hours, and are preserved in alcohol. Corrosive
Sublimate. A most excellent reagent, gener-
ally applicable, useful particularly for fixing glands
and glandular structures. Saturated aqueous and
alcoholic solutions are usually employed. The tissues
turn white when fixed. All the corrosive sublimate
must be washed out in alcohol, or the sections will be
sprinkled with crystals of the salt. The hardening is
completed in alcohol. Glass, wood, or platinum
should be used in manipulating objects immersed in this
reagent. Sections may be stained with any of the usual
reagents. Cox's Sublimate Solution. A combined
hardening and impregnating fluid, consisting of 5 per
cent, solutions of potassium bichromate and mercuric
chlorid each 20 parts, potassium chromate 16 parts, water
30 or 40 parts. The reaction should be only slightly acid.
The pieces are left in this solution two or three months,
then cut with a freezing-microtome. The sections are
put in 5 per cent, solution of sodium carbonate for an
hour or two, washed in water, then in oil, and covered
by a rapidly drying resin, like sandarac. This coating
may be covered by castor-oil, and the cover-glass pressed
down. The preparations are not permanent in balsam
or dammar. Davidoff 's Fixing Fluid. This is a
mixture of a saturated solution of corrosive sublimate
75 c.c. and glacial acetic acid 25 c.c. It is useful
for ova, which should remain in it for a half to one
hour ; then wash in water and transfer to alcohol,
gradually increasing its strength. Delafield's Fluid.
A fixing agent suitable for tissues having delicate
structural elements. It has the following composi-
tion : I per cent, osmic acid solution ID c.c, 0.2
per cent, chromic acid solution 100 c.c, 95 per cent,
alcohol ICQ c.c, acetic acid I c.c. Erlicki's Fluid.
One of the best hardening agents for large objects,
and more rapid in its action than MuUer's fluid. It is
composed of potassium bichromate 2.5 parts, copper
sulphate I part, water 100 parts. The formation of
mold is prevented by adding a little camphor or
naphthalene. Ferric Chlorid. Objects are fixed for
a short time in a dilute alcoholic solution, washed in
alcohol, and stained in pyrogallol. This process is
recommended as a general zoologic method, but
chiefly for Infusoria and other ciliated organisms, and
for its selective action on nerve end-organs. Fish's
(/*. A.) Liquid. This is found to preserve the shape,
to harden, and to differentiate brain-substance. It con-
tains alcohol (95 per cent.) 200 c.c, water 800 c.c,
glycerin 75 c.c, zinc chlorid 50 gm. The alcohol
and water should be mixed first, so as to get a
strength of 22 per cent., as determined by the alco-
ometer. More alcohol maybe required, but the entire
quantity of dilute alcohol should not exceed looo c.c
Then add the glycerin and zinc until the specific
gravity of the mixture is 1. 04. When the brain is
introduced, it should rest just at the surface, and the
vessel should be deep enough to prevent it touching
the bottom. Cotton may be laid over the top if any
part projects. It is well also to inject the fluid into
the cavities and blood-vessels daily for a week.
After a few days the brain will sink, when, without
removing it from the liquid, the pia is stripped
off. Half of the liquid is now replaced by alcohol
and the brain is steadied with cotton. After 2 days
half of the lighter liquid is replaced by alcohol,
and in 2 or 3 days more pure alcohol is used.
Flemming's Fluid, isf Formula : Chromic acid
0.2 gm., glacial acetic acid o. I c.c, water 100 c.c.
This is especially recommended for fixing the achro-
matic spindle-fibers in nuclei. 21/ Formula : One per
cent, chromic acid 45 c.c, 2 per cent, osmic acid
12 c.c, glacial acetic acid 3 c.c. This fixes small
pieces (2-3 mm. thick) in from a few to twenty-four
hours, and is useful for fixing the figures in cell-division
and for many other purposes. A weaker solution is
also used : One per cent, osmic and glacial acetic
acids each 10 c.c, one per cent, chromic acid 25.
c. c, water 100 c.c. The second formula is the one
generally known as Flemmiiig' s Fluid. Fol's Fluid.
A modification of Flemming's fluid. It contains less
osmic acid. To 2 c.c. of I per cent, osmic acid add
25 c.c. of I per cent, chromic acid, 5 c.c. of 2 per
cent, glacial acetic acid, and 68 c.c. of water.
Giacomini's Method of Preservation of the Brain
consists of two stages. In the first stage the fresh
organ, still enveloped in its membranes, is immersed in
a saturated solution of zinc chlorid. In this it floats
with a little of its surface above the fluid ; and so,
while its form is not interfered with by pressure, it
must be turned two or three times a day, in order that
all parts may be uniformly acted on. If the subject
has been dead for some time, 600 grams of the solu-
tion may be injected through the carotids under slight
pressure, so as to give a firmness to the somewhat soft-
ish brain before its removal. After 48 hours, the sur-
face is hard enough to have the membranes removed.
Let this be done without taking the organ out of the
solution, or, if it be taken out, let it be put into water
immediately, so that it may the less lose its form by
pressure. Afler having been cleaned, let it remain in
the solution till, as the hardening proceeds, it begins
to sink no longer, and then remove it. At this stage
it will be firm, slightly diminished in volume, the fis-
sures a little opened, and the color whitish, unless the
membranes have been left on too long, in which case
the course of the large vessels will be stained of a
rusty color from the blood pigment. It is now im-
mersed in alcohol of commerce for not less than 10 or
12 days, but it may be for an indefinite period ; here
it sinks, and so must be often turned, to avoid deform-
ity by pressure on the bottom of the vessel, and it is
well to renew the spirit 2 or 3 times — the oftener, the
sooner the process is finished. After this immersion
the consistence is greater, the size a little less, and the
convolutions somewhat closer together. In the second
stage the organ is immersed in glycerin of commerce,
or with I percent, of carbolic acid added. When first
put in it floats, with some of its upper surface above the
surface of the glycerin, but gradually becoming heavier
as the alcohol evaporates, and glycerin is imbibed, it
sinks more and more deeply till it is just level with the
liquid — then it is to be taken out. In this part of the
process, neither surface, color, consistence, nor volurne
is altered, but it becomes heavier. A brain should gain
from 150 to 200 grams in from twenty to thirty days,
according to its volume. Now set aside for several
days, till the surface is dry, and then cover it with
several layers of gum mastic varnish, or, better still,
marine ghie, diluted with a little alcohol. This varnish
is not to prevent evaporation — the glycerin does that
but is simply as a protective against dust and injury.
Hermann's Fluid. A modification of Flemming's
fluid. Platinum chlorid is used instead of chromic
STAINS, ETC.
1383 FIXING AND HARDENING FLUIDS
acid ; in other respects the formula: are alike,
lodin. A good and rapid fixing agent for delicate
tissues. Lugol's solution may be used, of which the
formula is as follows : lodin 4 parts, potassium
iodid 6 parts, water 100 parts. Ranvier recommends
a saturated solution of iodin in a saturated aqueous
solution of potassium iodid, filtered, and diluted to a
brown-sherry color. Johnson's [Lindsay) Fluid.
Potassium bichromate, 2.5 per cent., 65 parts; 2 per
cent, osmic acid 15 parts, 2 per cent, platinum
chlorid 15 parts, acetic or formic acid 5 parts. Ten
parts of a 5 per cent, solution of uranium nitrate may
be added ; this will prevent the tendency of the osmic
acid to blacken and will give a delicate chestnut-brown
tint. Klein's Fluid. This should be freshly pre-
pared and kept in tlie dark. It is made by mixing 2
parts of 6 per cent, chromic acid with I part of methyl-
ated spirit. For hardening the intestine Klein recom-
mends a 5 per cent, solution of neutral ammonium chro-
mate. Kleinenberg's Fluid. Picro-sulphuric Acid.
This reagent is especially adapted for fixing embryonic
tissue and soft pathologic structures, as sarcoma and
myxoma, it is prepared as follows : to loo c.c. of a
saturated aqueous solution of picric acid add 2 c.c of
strong sulphuric acid ; after an hour filter, and to the
filtrate add 300 c.c. of distilled water. A few hours
to several days are required for fixation. Wash in
warm alcohol to remove the acid. Kolossow's
Fluid. Recommended for its great penetrating
power. It consists of a 0.5 per cent, solution of
osmium in a 2 or 3 per cent, solution of uranium
nitrate or acetate. Kultschitzky's Fluid fixes tis-
sues without causing the precipitation of the albu-
minoids, so likely to occur in solutions containing
chromic acid. It is prepared by adding in excess
finely powdered potassium bichromate and copper sul-
phate to 50 per cent, alcohol, and placing in the dark
for 24 hours. At the moment of using, add a few
drops of acetic acid, 5 or 6 to 100 c.c. Fix objects
for 12 to 24 hours in the dark, then treat with strong
alcohol, and they are ready for sectioning. Lang's
Sublimate Solution. Used for fixing P/a?iaria. Its
composition is as follows : mercuric chlorid 5 grams,
sodium chlorid 6 grams, acetic acid 5 c.c, water,
100 c.c. The Plajiaria are placed on their backs and
the fluid poured over them. After half an hour they
are placed in 70 per cent., then in 90 per cent., and
then in absolute alcohol. They are sufficiently
hardened in two days. Lemon-juice. Recom-
mended by Van Gehucten as a fixative for nuclei. It
should be fresh and filtered. Fix for five minutes, and
wash out in water. Mercuric Chlorid. See Cot-
rosive Sublimate. Merkel's Fluid. A delicate
reagent, used for hardening fish ova, and consisting of
equal volumes of 1.4 percent, chromic-acid and 1. 4
per cent, platinum-chlorid solutions. Several hours
or days may be required for penetration. Prick the
ova and wash in alcohol of 50 to 70 per cent. A few
hours' immersion in this fluid will, it is claimed,
effectually prevent blackening of objects fixed in osmic
acid. Miiller's Fluid. This agent is very exten-
sively used, as it penetrates well and hardens evenly.
It has the following composition : potassium bichro-
mate 2.5 parts, sodium sulphate I part, water 100
parts. The addition of a little camphor, chloral,
thymol, or naphthalene will prevent the formation of
mold. The time required for hardening depends on
the size of the object. This fluid diluted to 0.2 per
cent, is used as a macerating agent. Osmic Acid.
An aqueous solution is used in strengths varying from
0.05 to 2 per cent. The time required for fixing de-
pends on the object and the strength of the solution,
and varies from a few seconds for Infusoria in a o. 5 per
cent, solution to 24 hours for tactile corpuscles in a I
per cent, solution. The osmium must be thoroughly
removed by washing in water, as any remaining in the
tissue in time over-colors it. Solutions of osmic acid
must be protected from the light at all times. Fatty
tissue should have the fat dissolved out by alcohol be-
fore immersion in osmic-acid solutions, or it may after-
ward be decolorized by turpentine. For delicate
membranes osmic acid may also be employed in the
form of vapor. As a macerating agent for the cortex
cerebri (Rindfleisch) , a o.l per cent, solution is used,
and may be followed by dissociation in glycerin. A
1 or 2 per cent, solution is the best fixing agent for
blood. Palladium Chlorid. Recommended by
Cattaneo as the best fixative for Bifusoria. It is pre-
pared by dissolving lo grams in one liter of water
containing 5 or 6 drops of hydrochloric acid. One or
2 minutes' immersion will suffice for the fixation of
small objects. It is an impregnation reagent, and
colors certain tissue-elements in various tones of brown.
According to Schultze, it has a special faculty for
penetrating tissues rich in connective tissue, and gives
a better consistence than chromic acid or Miiller's
fluid. Paladino' s Palladium Chlorid. Used to de-
monstrate the axis-cylinders in peripheral nerves.
After hardening in potassium - bichromate solution
place the tissue in a o. I per cent, solution of palladium
chlorid, to which a little hydrochloric acid has been
added ; in 2 or 3 days transfer to a 4 per cent, solution
of potassium iodid for I to 2 hours. Dehydrate and
embed in paraffin. Perenyi's Fluid. An important
embryologic reagent. It produces perfect fixation of
segmentation-spheres and nuclei, and has the advantage
that fuchsin, eosin, picrocarmin, and other stains may
be dissolved in it. It is composed of 10 per cent, nitric
acid 4 parts, absolute alcohol and 0.5 per cent,
chromic acid each 3 parts. Picro-nitric Acid.
Mayer s for7nula. Water 100 c.c, nitric acid (25
per cent. N^Oj) 5 c.c, and as much picric acid as will
dissolve in the mixture. The properties of this fluid
are similar to those of picro-sulphuric acid, and it has
the advantage of not crystallizing lime-salts in tissues
containing them. Eight c.c. of 25 per cent, hydro-
chloric acid may be substituted for the nitric acid, the
mixture possessing the same properties and being
known as picro-hydrochloric acid. Picric Acid. A
fixing agent of great penetration, and, therefore, espe-
cially suitable for the preparation of chitinous structures.
A saturated solution is employed. The time required
for fixation varies from a minute to a day, and depends
on the size of the object. Wash out in alcohol and stain
in alcoholic solutions. Platinum Chlorid [Rabl).
Objects are placed- in an aqueous solution, I : 300, for
24 hours, then washed with water and hardened in
alcohol. Safranin or Delafield's hematoxylin may be
used to stain. This reagent is valuable in the study
of karyokinesis. It renders Pfitzner's granules and
the longitudinal division of the elements plainly
visible. Potassium Permanganate [Dit Plessis).
Useful for the study of isolated and very contractile
cells, as spermatozoa. It is said to kill more rapidly
than any other agent, 2 per cent, osmic acid not
excepted. A saturated aqueous solution is used.
It is also used for washing out over-staining with
carmin, and in I per cent, solution as a mordant
for anilin dyes [Hennegity), and for reducing silver
impregnations. Rabl's Fluid. Especially useful
for the study of mitosis and nuclei generally. It
must be freshly prepared at the moment of using,
and consists of 200 c.c. of 0.33 per cent, chromic
acid and 4 or 5 drops of formic acid. Fix for 12 to 24
STAINS, ETC.
1384
INJECTION MASSES
hours, wash thoroughly in water, and harden in alcohol
of gradually increasing strength. Sections may be
stained in hematoxylin or safranin. Silver Nitrate.
Used in the study of epithelia. Solutions of 0.5 to 2
per cent, are employed, and fix rapidly. Wash out in
distilled water. Weak solutions do not interfere with
subsequent staining.
INJECTION-MASSES.
These are composed of a dye combined with some
suitable substance, technically termed, respectively,
the coloring-mass and the veJiicle, and are used for in-
jecting gland-tubes and blood-vessels. I. Aqueous
Masses. Emery's Carmin. Add, with continual
stirring, acetic acid to a 10 per cent, ammoniacal solu-
tion of carmin until the color of tlie fluid is blood-red
from incipient precipitation of the dye. The
clear solution is poured oft and injected cold, and the
specimens are thrown at once in strong alcohol to fix
the carmin. This fluid is for the injection of fishes.
Letellier's Ammonium Vanadate and Tannin.
Make a solution of ammonium vanadate in warm
water and of tannin in liot water. For use, mix the
two solutions according to the tint desired. The walls
of vessels are stained black. Miiller's Berlin
Blue. Precipitate a strong solution of Berlin blue
with 90 per cent, alcohol. The fluid is neutral and
the precipitate finely divided. Taguchi's Indian
Ink. Rub up on a hone Japanese or Chinese ink,
until a fluid is obtained that does not run when
dropped on thin blotting-paper or form a gray circle
round the drop. Inject until the preparation appears
black, and then put it into some hardening fluid, not
pure water. This is useful for Invertebrata, lymphat-
ics, and juice-canals. II. Celloidin Masses.
Schiefferdecker's Masses. For corrosion-prepara-
tions. I. Place pulverized asphalt in a closed vessel
with ether for twenty-four hours, and shake occasion-
ally. Pour off the ether into another vessel, and dis-
solve in it small pieces of celloidin until the solution
is like the thicker fatty oils. The undissolved asphalt
may be used to color fresh ether. 2. Vesitvianin-
bi'oiun. Dissolve celloidin in concentrated solu-
tion of vesuvianin in absolute alcohol. This color is
not fast.* 3. Opaque Blue. Add pulverized Berlin
blue to celloidin dissolved in equal parts of absolute
alcohol and ether. 4. Opaque Red. Rub up in a
mortar pulverized cinnabar with a little absolute
alcohol, and add the paste to celloidin dissolved in
equal parts of absolute alcohol and ether. Too much
pigment will make the injection brittle. Strain the
mass through flannel wet with ether. Clear the syringes
and nozzles with ether to free them from grease.
Corrosion of ilte Preparations. -Throw the injected
organs into unrectified hydrochloric acid, and let them
remain in it until all the soft parts are destroyed,
changing the acid occasionally, if necessary. Wash
under a slow stream of water, leave for some weeks
in water, rinse, and put in glycerin or in equal
volumes of glycerin, alcohol, and water. Artificial
gastric juice is also excellent for corrosion. III. Gel.a-
TiN Masses. Briicke's Blue Mass. Take a lo per
cent, solution of potassium ferrocyanid, and precipitate
it with so much of a dilute solution of iron sesqui-
chlorid that the weight of the dry chlorid employed
shall be or \ that of the ferrocyanid. Wash the
precipitate on a filter with the filtrate until only a
clear-yellow liquid runs off, then wash with water
until the water begins to be blue. Dry the precipitate,
press it between blotting-paper in a press, break the
mass in pieces, and dry in the air. Carter's Carmin
Mass. Rub up 4 gm. of carmin in a little water in
a mortar, and add enough water to bring the measure
up to 45 c.c. Add 8 c.c. of strong ammonia, and
stir until the carmin is dissolved. Glacial acetic acid,
6 c.c, is then added, drop by drop, with continuous
stirring, and finally the gelatin, 60 c.c. of a 1 : 6 solu-
tion in water. Fearnley's Modification : Cut up 7
gm. of Coignet's gelatin, and soak it in 50 c.c. of
water 4 to 5 hours. Rub up in a mortar with a little
water 3 gm. of carmin, and add 6 c.c. of strong am-
monia ; after standing for 2 hours, pour it in a bottle,
rinsing the mortar with 30 c.c. of water. Place the
gelatin and unabsorbed water on a water-bath to melt.
Add about 6 c.c. of glacial acetic acid to the carmin
solution (stop the acid when the color changes to
crimson), and stir it into the gelatin. Cover the mass
with methylated spirit, and keep it in a cool place.
For use, dissolve it on a water-bath, and filter through
fine flannel wrung out of hot water. Fol's Blue
Mass. A Modification of Thiersch'' s Foniiula. a.
To I20 c.c. of a cold saturated solution of iron sul-
phate add 300 c.c. of warm gelatin solution, b. To
600 c.c. of the gelatin solution add 240 c.c. of a
saturated solution of oxalic acid, and then 240 c.c. of a
cold saturated solution of potassium ferricyanid. Pour
the first mixture gradually into the second, shaking
vigorously, and warm for fifteen minutes over a boiling
water-bath. When the mass has set, press it through
netting into strings, wash in running water, and dry
on prepared paper, without remelting. For use, swell
the strings in cold water, and warm with enough oxalic
acid for complete solution. Fol's Brown Mass.
Soak 500 gm. of gelatin in 2 liters of water in which
140 gm. of salt have been dissolved. Melt the mass
over a water-bath and add, gradually, with vigorous
shaking, 300 gm. of silver nitrate in a liter of water.
Press the mass out through netting, stir it up, in clear
daylight, with a mixture of I liters of a cold saturated
solution of potassium oxalate and 500 c.c. of a cold
saturated solution of iron sulphate. When the whole
mass is black, wash for several hours, remelt, and
pour on paper. Fol's Carmin Mass. Soak in
water for a couple of hours one kilog. of Simeon's
photographic gelatin, pour off the water,melt the gelatin
over a water-bath, and add one liter of a solution of
carmin made as follows : Dilute a strong solution of
ammonia with 3 or 4 parts of water and add
carmin to saturation, removing the excess by filtration
just before adding the liquid to the gelatin. Add to
the mass enough acetic acid to turn the dark-purple
color to a blood-red hue, and when firm, cut it in
pieces. Tie up the pieces in fine netting, and com-
press them with the hand under water acidulated with
o. I per cent, of acetic acid. The mass is driven out
in fine strings, which are washed for several hours in
a sieve in running water, then remelted, and poured
on large sheets of parchment-paper soaked with paraf-
fin, and dried in an airy place. Separate the mass
from the paper and cut into long strips. For use,
soak them a few minutes in water and melt them over
a water-bath. Frey's White Mass. Place 125 to
185 gm. of a cold saturated solution of barium chlorate
in a tall, glass cylinder, and add sulphuric acid very
carefully, drop by drop. Allow the precipitate to
settle for twelve hours ; then decant almost all of the
supernatant liquid. The remaining mucilaginous mass,
containing the precipitate, is to be mixed with an equal
part of concentrated gelatin solution. Injected organs
may be preserved in chromic acid. Hoyer's Blue
Mass. The filtered and washed precipitate of soluble
Berlin blue is placed in a little water on a Graham s
dialyzer, and the external water changed undl the
solution begins to pass through the parchment. After
STAINS, ETC.
1385
INJECTION MASSES
diluting, pass the solution through filter-paper. For
injection the fluid may be used pure. It may also be
combined with gelatin as follows : Warm the solution
almost to boiling, and gradually add a warm, thin
solution of gelatin until coagulation begins ; then
strain through wet flannel. Hoyer's Lead-chromate
Mass. Filter through flannel I volume of a solu-
tion of gelatin, I : 4, and add I volume of a cold,
saturated solution of potassium bichromate ; warm the
mixture almost to boiling, and add, gradually, I
volume of a cold, saturated solution of neutral lead
acetate, also warmed. Cool the mass to the body-tem-
perature and inject at once. It flows so freely that
even the lymphatics may be injected, and its intense
color gives the vessels unusual distinctnes's. If the
solution of lead acetate is added to a hot bichromate
solution, an orange-red precipitate is obtained ; if both
the solutions are cold when mixed, the precipitate is
bright-yellow. Hoyer's Silver-nitrate Yellow
Mass. Mix with an equal volume of a 4 per cent, solu-
tion of silver nitrate a concentrated solution of gelatin,
heat, and add a small quantity of an aqueous solution
of pyrogallic acid, which reduces the silver in a few
seconds. Add chloral and glycerin as in Hoyer's
formula for carmin gelatin. The mass is brown in
the larger vessels and yellow in the capillaries. It
does not change in alcohol, chromic or acetic acid, or
potassium bichromate. Neutralization of a Car-
min Mass. Ville's Method. The traces of acid
mechanically retained in commercial gelatin are elim-
inated by placing it in a stop-cock funnel and wash-
ing for an hour or more with running water. To test
the reaction of the coloring-mass, moisten a strip of
dichroic litmus-paper in distilled water, and hold as
closely as possible to the injection-mass (which is kept
melted on a water-bath) ; it becomes blue at first, but
as the acid is added the reaction is less evident, and
when the change of color appears very slowly, the
addition of the acid should cease. Dichroic Litmus-
paper is prepared as follows : A tincture obtained by
decoction of cake-litmus is slightly acidified with an ex-
cess of sulphuric acid, then heated and agitated with
an excess of precipitated barium carbonate and
filtered. The solution is exposed to the air in wide
vessels until the blue color has given place to a red-
dish tint, when strips of white, unsized paper are dipped
into it and dried in the shade on stretched threads, in
a place free from ammonia vapor. Ranvier's Blue
Mass. Soak 5 gm. of Coignet's gelatin for one
hour in distilled water, wash it, and place it in a beaker
on a water-bath ; when it is dissolved add 125 c.c. of
a saturated aqueous solution of Briicke's blue, pre-
viously heated on a water-bath, and stir vigorously
with a glass rod, which should show no granules when
withdrawn. Filter through flannel. The precipitate
thrown down by the gelatin disappears if the heating
be continued. Ranvier's Carmin Mass. Mix in
a stoppered bottle 2 to 5 gm. of pure carmin with a
little distilled water ; add ammonia, drop by drop,
until the liquid is transparent, and shake. Place 5
gm. of Coignet's gelatin in distilled water for one
hour, wash it in water, and heat it in a beaker over a
water-bath. When the gelatin is dissolved, add, stir-
ring briskly, the solution of carmin. Make a solu-
tion of 2 parts of distilled water to I part of glacial
acetic acid, and pour it, drop by drop, into the mass,
stirring with a glass rod. Stop adding the acid when
the ammoniacal odor disappears and there is a faint
acid scent. Filter the mass through new flannel.
IV. Glycerin Masses. These are used cold. The
addition of amyl nitrite to the mass just before using
is advised, to counteract its tendency to stimulate con-
traction of the arteries. The animal may also be
anesthetized with a mixture of ether and amyl nitrite.
Beale's Acid Blue Mass. Dissolve 0.5 gm. of po-
tassium ferrocyanid in 30 c.c. of glycerin, and 10 drops
of tincture of iron sesquichlorid in 30 c.c. of glycerin,
and add the latter solution, drop by drop, to the
former. Then add 30 c.c. of water and 3 drops of
strong hydrochloric acid. If desired, 8 c.c. of alcohol
may be added. This is said to be an admirable
formula. Beale's Blue Mass. Dissolve 1.8 gm.
of potassium ferrocyanid in 30 c.c. each of water and
glycerin. Add to 30 c.c. of water 4 c.c. of tincture
of ferric chlorid. Gradually, and with agitation, add
the iron solution to the potassium solution. Then add
slowly 30c. c. of alcohol and 60 c.c. of water, the mix-
ture being constantly shaken. Injected specimens
should be preserved in acidulated glycerin, or the color
may fade. Beale's Carmin Mass. Dissolve in a
little water, with about 5 drops of ammonia, 0.4 gm.
of carmin, and add 15 c.c. of glycerin; then add
gradually, with agitation, another 15 c.c. of glycerin
with 8 or 10 drops of acetic acid or hydrochloric acid.
Test with blue litmus paper and add acid until the
reaction is decidedly acid. Add another 15 c.c.
of glycerin, 5 c.c. of alcohol, and 25 c.c. of water.
Robin's Cold-flowing Masses, i. Carmin. Rub
up 3 gm. of carmin in a mortar with a little water
and enough ammonia to dis.solve the carmin, add 50
c.c. of glycerin, and filter. Add a 10 per cent, solu-
tion of acetic acid in glycerin, drop by drop, until a
slightly acid reaction is obtained. 2. Prussian Blue,
[a) Potassium ferrocyanid (sat. sol.) 90 c.c, gly-
cerin 50c. c. ; (/.') liquor ferri perchloridi, 80°, 3 c.c,
glycerin 50 c.c. Mix a with /' slowly. 3. Green.
A saturated solution of potassium arsenite 80 c.c, and
glycerin 50 c.c. , is mixed with a saturated solution of
copper sulphate 40 c.c, and glycerin 50 c.c. 4.
Mahogany-red. {a) Potassium ferrocyanid (concent,
sol.) 20 c.c, glycerin 50 c.c; (b) copper sulphate
(concent, sol.) 35 c.c, glycerin 50 c.c. Mix a and
h slowly, with agitation, and add to the vehicle at the
moment of injecting. 5. Yelloti.'. (a) Cadmium sul-
phate (sat. sol.) 40 c.c, glycerin 50 c.c; (/;) sodium
sulphid (sat. sol.) 30 c.c, glycerin 50 c.c. Mix a
with 6, with constant shaking. V. Vehicles and
Other Masses. Bjeloussow's Gum Arabic Mass.
Make a saturated solution of borax in water, and a
syrupy solution of gum arable Mix the two, using 2
parts of the latter to I part of the former. Rub up
the mass with distilled water, added gradually, and
press through a fine cloth, repeating this until the mass
is free from clots. It should coagulate in alcohol, and
swell to twice its original volume. It must not be
combined with cadmium or cobalt. Cold-blooded
animals may be injected while alive. Cadmium
Mass. a. Forty c.c. of a saturated solution of
cadmium sulphate and 50 c.c. of glycerin, i. Thirty
c.c. of a saturated solution of sodium sulphid and 50
c.c. of glycerin. Mix the two solutions with agitation
and combine with 3 volumes of vehicle. Copper
Ferrocyanid Mass. a. Twenty c.c. of a strong
solution of potassium ferrocyanid and 50 c.c. of gly-
cerin, 'iliirty-five c.c. of a strong solution of
copper sulphate and 50 c.c. of glycerin. Mix the
solutions, with agitation. Combine with 3 volumes of
vehicle at the moment of using. Fol's Metagelatin
Vehicle. To a solution of gelatin add a slight pro-
portion of ammonia, and after heating several hours
the mixture no longer coagulates on cooling. This
vehicle may be thinned by the addition of weak
alcohol, and coloring masses added. Its advantage is
that it obviates the necessity of warm injections. The
STAINS, ETC.
1386 STAINING OF CONNECTIVE TISSUES.
injected preparations are thrown into strong alcohol or
chromic acid, whicli sets the mass. Hoyer's Oil-
color Masses. Mix with 30 parts of lavender, fen-
nel, thyme, or rosemary oil, 5 parts of artists' Berlin
blue oil-color, rubbed up with 5 parts of thickened
linseed-oil. Let the mixture stand 24 hours in a closed
vessel ; then decant. Shake before using. This is
useful for injecting the vessels of the spleen and other
structures difficult of injection. Hoyer's Shellac
Mass. Place in a wide-necked flask a quantity of good
shellac, with enough 80 per cent, alcohol to cover it.
After 24 hours, warm it on a water-bath, to complete
the solution ; cool, dilute with alcohol to a thin syrupy
consistence, and strain through thick muslin. Color
the solution with anilins in filtered concentrated alco-
holic solution. Cinnabar may be used for corrosion-
preparations. Berlin blue and yellow arsenic sulphid
are useful ; both yield a green color. The pigments
should be rubbed to fine powder with water, and
alcohol added. When the mixture has settled, pour
off the dilute and add strong alcohol. By shaking
the flask the coarser particles settle ; pour off the fluid
containing the finer ones, add it to the shellac solution,
and strain through muslin. Hydrochloric acid does
not attack this solution ; hence it is useful for corrosion-
preparations. Joseph's White-of-egg Mass. Take
filtered white-of-egg and dilute it with I to 5 per cent,
of carmin solution. This mass remains liquid when
cold. It coagulates when immersed in dilute nitric,
chromic, or osmic acid, is transparent, and indifferent
to reagents. It is useful for Invertebrates. Robin's
Gelatin Vehicles. I. Soak i part of " colle de
Paris" gelatin in ID parts of cold water; heat
in a water-bath, and add 2 per cent, of chloral as a
preservative. 2. Dissolve in a water-bath 50 gm. of
"colle de Paris" gelatin in 300 gm. of water con-
taining a little arsenious acid ; add a few drops of car-
bolic acid and 150 gm. of glycerin. This does not
keep as well as the pure gelatin vehicle. Scheele's
Green Mass. a. Eighty c.c. of a saturated solution
of potassium arseniate and 50 c.c. of glycerin.
Forty c.c. of a saturated solution of copper sulphate
and 50 c.c. of glycerin. Combine the two solutions
with three volumes of the vehicle.
STAINING OF CONNECTIVE AND OTHER
TISSUES.
Areolar Tissue. Inject hypodermatically into the sub-
cutaneous tissue of a dog or rabbit a I : looo solution
of silver nitrate. With a pair of curved scissors snip
off a little of the edematous tissue, and stain with
picrocarmin for from 10 to 12 hours in a moist cham-
ber. The fibrous and cellular elements are then brought
into view by treating with glycerin slightly acidulated
with formic acid. Bile-capillaries. Go/gPs Method.
Fix small cubes of liver 3 to 4 days in a mixture of 4
parts of a 3 per cent, solution of potassium bichromate
and I part of a I per cent, osmic acid ; then place in a
0.75 per cent, solution of silver nitrate for two days,
wash in distilled water, and harden in alcohol. Sec-
tion and mount in balsam. The capillaries appear as
a black network on a yellow ground. Bone. I.
FleniDtins;'' s Method. Soak sections of decalcified
bone in water, and place in a drop of water on a glass
plate ; remove the excess of water with bibulous paper
and cover with another glass plate to prevent rolling ;
place the whole in a dish and cover with alcohol. In
half an hour the sections will be fixed and flat. Place
in absolute alcohol. To mount, wash in fresh alcohol,
then in ether ; place the sections on glass, cover with two
thicknesses of blotting-paper and a glass plate, and dry
for a day in the air or in an oven. Put a drop of melted
balsam on a slide and another drop on a cover-glass ;
place the section on the slide, cover, put on a clip,
and warm. 2. White's Method. Suitable for osseous
or dental tissue. Sections ground moderately thin are
soaked in ether for 24 hours, then placed for 2 or 3
days in a thin solution of collodion stained with fuch-
sin, then hardened in alcohol, ground to the requisite
thinness between two plates of ground glass, with
water and pumice powder, and mounted, dry, in thick
balsam. The stained collodion is prepared by dissolv-
ing fuchsin in methylated spirit and adding the ether
and pyroxylin. 3. Vivante's Method. Place very
small pieces of young bone for 8 days in Miiller's
fluid, then in the osmium-bichromate mixture, then in
silver solution. After impregnation decalcify for 20
days in von Ebner's fluid ; then wash in water, place in
a solution of sodium carbonate, and embed in paraffin.
Cartilage. I. Ranvier' s Method. Place sections of
fresh cartilage for 24 to 48 hours in a few c.c. of
Ranvier's purpurin solution (see Staining Reagents),
wash in water, and mount in glycerin. The nuclei are
stained, the matrix remaining almost colorless. 2. Rub
the cartilaginous end of the freshly excised femur of a
frog with a stick of silver nitrate, and expose to sun-
light. Section, a_nd mount in Farrant's solution. The
matrix is stained brown, and the apparently empty
spaces contain the cells, which are too transparent to
be readily seen. Columnar Cells. Wash a piece
of the mucosa of the small intestine of a cat in dis-
tilled water, place for 10 minutes in 0.5 per cent,
silver-nitrate solution, and silver in the usual way.
Harden in alcohol, detach the epithelium, mount in
glycerin. A view is obtained of the free ends of the
cells with the cement-substance between them as "sil-
ver lines," and also of the open mouths of the goblet-
cells. Cornea. Klein'' s Method. Remove from a
living cornea, by brushing, the conjunctival epithelium,
and rub the corneal surface with a stick of silver
nitrate ; in half an hour detach the cornea, and
examine it in distilled water. Negative images of the
corneal cells are thus obtained. To obtain positive
images, treat according to Ranvier's gold chlorid
lemon-juice method (see Staining Reagents, Metallic
Stains). Rolletf s Method. Immerse a fresh cornea
in aqueous humor, place it in a moist chamber, and ex-
pose to the action of iodin vapor ; when brown, peel
off the epithelium and examine. A good method, the
result being almost equal to that of the gold method.
Corpuscles of Grandy. Remove the skin and pa-
pillre from the margins of the fresh beak of a duck, and
put pieces into 50 per cent, formic acid for 20 minutes,
or until transparent ; remove the corneous layer of
epithelium, rinse in water, and treat with gold chlorid,
according to Pritchard's method (see Stainiitg Reagents,
Metallic Stains). The same method may be used for
the corpuscles of Herbst. Elastic Tissue. I. Mar-
tinotti's Method. Fix for 3 weeks in 2 per cent, chromic
acid, wash, and stain 48 hours in 5 per cent. Pfitzner's
safranin solution (see Staining Reagents). The elastic
fibers appear of an intense black, the other tissues show-
ing the usual tints of safranin staining. 2. Unna's Orcein
Method. Dissolved gm. of orcein (Griibler) in 20
gm. of 95 per cent, alcohol and 5 gm. of water; dis-
solved gm. of strong hydrochloric acid in a like mix-
ture of alcohol and water. Take a number of watch-
glasses, and pour ID drops of the stain in each ; add
5 drops of the acid mixture to the first glass, 6 to the
next, and so on, increasing the proportion by one drop,
until all are acidulated. In each glass place I or
2 sections, and stain 12 hours. Examine in a drop
of glycerin ; the elastic fibers appear a shiny brown on a
lighter ground. Epithelium. Kromayer' s Method.
STAINS, ETC.
1387
STAINING OF MICROORGANISMS
Stain sections of skin hardened in Miiller's fluid for S
minutes in a mixture of equal parts of anilin-water and
concentrated aqueous solution of methyl-violet ; wash
in water, immerse for a few seconds in Gram's solution,
wash again in water, dry with iilter-paper, and differ-
entiate in a mixture of I part of anilin to 2 parts
of xylol, and then place in pure xylol. This
process demon.strates the ' ' intra-cellular and inter-
cellular fibrils" of epithelia. Mitrophanow'' s Method.
For the study of prickle-cells and intercellular canals.
Wash the tail of an axolotl larva in distilled water ; im-
merse it for an hour in 0.25 per cent, gold-chlorid so-
lution containing one drop of hydrochloric acid to about
5 c.c. ; wash, and reduce in a mixture of I part formic
acid and 6 parts water. Goblet-cells. -Scrape the
mucous surface of the stomach of a frog after hardening
for 24 hours in dilute alcohol, and press the scrapings
between two cover-glasses. Allow the film adhering to
each glass to dry, and then stain with the Ehrlich- Biondi
fluid. Inner Ear. Open the cochlea in Flemming's
solution, and fix 4 or 5 hours ; decalcify, if necessary,
in I percent, palladium-chlorid solution. Make paraffin
sections and stain with Renaut's eosin-hematoxylin, or
with safranin. Isolated Mucous and Demilune
Cells. Place small fragments of the fresh submaxillary
gland of a dog in 5 per cent, ammonium chromate for
4 to 6 days ; then tease a small piece in the same fluid.
Each isolated mucous cell has its fibrillar network,
a spheric nucleus embedded in protoplasm, and what
was the attached end of the cell prolonged into a
process. " Mastzellen." Schiefferdccker'' s Method.
Place a piece of the mesentery of a rat in a solution of
gentian-violet in anilin-water for 24 hours ; rinse in
water, decolorize in acid alcohol, rinse again in water,
counterstain with carmin, and mount in balsam. The
nuclei appear red, the granules blue. See Staining of
Blood, Ehrlich'' s Mastzellen.''^ Pacinian Corpus-
cles. Harden a piece of skin in alcohol or osmic acid.
Stain sections in picrocarmin, safranin, or hematoxy-
lin, or stain in the mass with borax -carmin. Plasma-
cells. I. iVordinann's Method. Stain sections in a
solution of vesuvin containing 4 or 5 per cent, of hydro-
chloric acid ; after a few minutes' immersion, remove
and dehydrate in absolute alcohol. 2. Unna^s Method.
Add ID to 15 drops of a solution of methylene-blue I
part, caustic potash 0.05 parts, in distilled water 100
parts, to a watch-glassful of anilin-water ; stain sections
of tissue hardened in alcohol for several hours ; dehy-
drate in absolute alcohol, differentiate in cresol, rinse
in xylol, and mount in balsam. Red Marrow. I.
Expose a cover-glass preparation of red marrow to os-
mium vapor for one or two minutes, stain in picrocar-
min, and mount in glycerin. 2. Stain a cover-glass pre-
paration for 24 hours in the Ehrlich- Biondi mixture, and
mount in xylol-balsam. Retina. I. Remove the lens
and the vitreous body, and inject into the cavity of the
eye a mixture of equal parts of acetic acid and osrAic
acid, 2 per cent. ; 3 minutes are required to fix. Wash
in alcohol for 15 minutes, and place for 2 hours in
Johnson's bichromate and platinic mixture (see Fixing
Fluids) ; wash in running water, suspend for 2 days in
a large volume of 2.5 per cent, potassium-bichromate
solution, and pass through successive alcohols, beginning
with 20 per cent, and ending with absolute. Stain in
the Ehrlich-Biondi mixture, adding to it one-third of
20 per cent, solution of nigrosin. The nuclear cells
appear pale-brown, the nucleoli a deeper-brown. The
Miiller fiber layers, the molecular layers, and the rods
are stained a beautiful green. 2. [a) Kill in the dark a
frog that has been kept in darkness 36 hours, and
harden the eye in alcohol, [b) Kill another frog kept
in direct sunlight for a few hours, and harden the retina
in alcohol. Make sections, and stain with picrocar-
min. The pigment-cells covering the rods of the
retina in a are retracted, while those in b are pushed
out between the segments of the rods. Pin the excised
eyeball of a triton (without opening the bulb) to a cork,
and expose to osmium vapor for 10 minutes. Then di-
vide it by an equatorial incision, and place the posterior
pole in one-third alcohol for from 6 to 10 hours, and
then for the same length of time in picrocarmin ;
harden in osmic acid, embed and cut in soft parafiin.
Salivary Glands. 1 . Hcidenhain' s Method. Harden
small pieces for I hour in 75 per cent, alcohol, 5 hours
in absolute alcohol, 24 hours in a fresh supply of abso-
lute alcohol. Stain 6 to 8 hours in 10 c.c. of a I per
cent, aqueous solution of hematoxylin, and differentiate
6 to 8 hours in I per cent, solution of potassium bichro-
mate. Embed in paraffin. The nuclei appear bluish-
black, the cell -substance steel-gray, and the demilunes
very distinct. 2. Schiefferdccker'' s Method. Stain sec-
tions, hardened as described, for half an hour in a watch-
glassful of alcohol, to which a few drops of a 5 per cent,
alkaline alcoholic solution of eosin have been added ;
then place them for a few minutes in a I per cent, aque-
ous solution of anilin-green ; dehydrate and mount.
Tactile Corpuscles. Impregnate pieces of skin with
gold chlorid, according to Lowit's method (see Stain-
ing Reagents, Metallic Stains'), harden in alcohol, sec-
tion, and stain in picrocarmin, hematoxylin, or purpu-
rin. Tendon. l. Take the tendon of the anterior
and superior insertion of the gemini muscles of a rabbit,
remove as far as possible the adherent muscle-fibers,
treat according to Ranvier's formic-acid-gold method
(see Staining Reagents, Metallic Stains) ; after reduc-
tion of the metal scrape with a fine scalpel, to remove
the muscle-tissue that masks the corpuscles of Golgi,
which this method is intended to demonstrate. 2.
Harden a rat's tail, denuded of integument, for 3 hours
in 5 per cent, corrosive-sublimate solution, and wash
well in alcohol. Stain in bulk in borax -carmin, de-
calcify in dilute hydrochloric acid, embed in paraf-
fin, and make transverse sections. Terminal Discs
in Tongue of Frog. Curarize or etherize the frog,
and inject through the abdominal vein a solution of
methylene-blue I part in 800 parts of 0.6 percent, salt-
solution, and secure access of air to the mouth. Good
results are also obtained by simply pouring the stain into
the mouth. Test for Non-striped Muscle. Fix
the tissue in a mixture of 10 volumes of 90 per cent,
alcohol and I volume of formic acid ; wash, and stain
for 24 hours in alum-carmin. The connective-tissue
cells are swollen and unstained. The cytoplasm of the
muscle-cells appears red.
STAINING OF MICROORGANISMS.
I. General Methods. Ahrens' Method for Bacteria
in Milk or Fatty Substances. Dilute the milk
with an equal quantity of water or, in case of denser
substances, with a larger volume. Spread on a cover-
glass, and fix by heating after it has become dry. Stain
for 5 minutes in 12 or 15 drops of methyl-blue to which
3 or 4 drops of chloroform have been added. Then re-
move, and allow the chloroform to evaporate ; wash in
water; mount. Bizzozero's Method, for microorgan-
isms in the vermiform appendix. Stain the preparation
in a gentian-violet solution, wash in absolute alcohol for
half a minute, transfer to Gram's solution for two min-
utes ; then wash alternately in I per cent, chromic
acid and absolute alcohol, allowing the preparation to
remain half an hour or more in each fluid ; repeat the
chromic acid and alcohol, clear, and mount. The surplus
stain must be well removed by the alcohol. Ehrlich-
Weigert Method. Float the cover-glass (film-surface
STAINS, ETC.
1388 STAINING OF MICROORGAl^f ISMS
downward) upon a watch-glassful of Ehrlich-Weigert's
anilin-methyl-violet stain ; heat the watch-glass gently
until the fluid begins to steam ; let it cool for 3 to 5
minutes ; decolorize in I part nitric acid and 3 parts
water, and then in 60 per cent, alcohol for I or 2
seconds; wash in water; counterstain with a saturated
aqueous solution of Bismarck-brown ; wash, dry, and
mount. Anilin-gentian-violet or anilin-fuchsin may be
used instead of anilin-methyl-violet. Sections of tissue
should not be heated. Gram's Method. Heat 2 to
5 minutes, or stain cold 20 to 30 minutes (tubercle-
bacilli, 12 to 24 hours), in saturated solution of gentian-
violet anilin- water; rinse quickly in absolute alcohol;
transfer to Gram's solution (l to minutes), in which
the specimen turns black ; wash in alcohol until the
black color vanishes and a pale-gray color appears ;
dry and mount in Canada balsam. The decolorization
may be hastened by adding 3 per cent, nitric acid
to the alcohol and then washing in pure alcohol. All
the tissue-cells are decolorized by this method, while
the bacteria are stained a deep-blue. The cells may be
subsequently stained with a watery or alcoholic solution
of Bismarck-brown 2 to 5 minutes, then washed in
absolute alcohol until the section is yellowish-brown.
This method is of diagnostic value, as certain bacteria
are stained, others decolorized by it. Bacteria stained
by Gram's method : tubercle-bacillus; Frsenkel-Weich-
selbaum pneumococcus ; streptococcus pyogenes ;
streptococcus of erysipelas ; staphylococcus pyogenes
aureus, albus, citreus, and flavus ; anthrax-bacillus;
bacillus of hog-erysipelas. Bacteria decolorized by
Gram's method : Typhoid-bacillus, gonococcus, P'ried-
lander's capsule-bacillus, Koch's comma-bacillus,
glanders-bacillus, and the spirillum of relapsing fever.
Botkin advises washing the preparation in plain anilin-
water before decolorizing in the iodin-solution. Modifi-
cations of GrcxnC s Method. I. Weigert^ s. The sec-
tions, stained with gentian-violet, or methyl-violet, are
not transferred to alcohol from the iodin-solution, but
are laid upon slides and covered with anilin-oil.
This is removed with blotting-paper, and followed
by xylol and xylol-balsam. The anilin-oil dehydrates
and differentiates. 2. Kiihne^ s. [a) A solution is pre-
pared of I gram of Victoria blue in 50 c.c. of 50
per cent, alcohol, and diluted to half its strength with
0.5 per cent, aqueous solution of ammonium car-
bonate. .Stain from I to 5 minutes ; decolorize in
Gram's solution, and treat as in Gram's method, using
fluorescein (l gm. to 50 c.c. absolute alcohol) instead
of alcohol, to extract the stain. (l>) Add hydrochloric
acid (l drop to 50 gm. water") to a concentrated aque-
ous solution of violet, and use for staining; continue as
in Gram's method. 3. GUntlier^ s [Scheitk). The
cover-glass preparation or the section is left for about
2 minutes in gentian-violet anilin-water. Excess of
stain is removed with blotting-paper, and the specimen
brought for 2 minutes into Gram's solution, then into
pure alcohol for half a minute, exactly 10 seconds into
3 per cent, hydrochloric acid in alcoliol, then directly
into fresh, plain alcohol, which is changed until no
more color is extracted from the preparation. Cover-
glass preparations are dried and mounted ; sections
cleared in xylol and mounted in xylol-balsam. Tubercle-
bacilli and lepra-bacilli must remain in the staining fluid
12 hours. Koch's Method, for bacteria in tissues.
Stain in aqueous solution of methyl-violet, fuchsin, or
methylene-blue. Wash in a saturated solution of potas-
sium carbonate diluted with an equal volume of water.
The color will be removed from the nuclei of the cells,
but remains in the bacteria ; dehydrate, clear in cedar-
oil, and mount in balsam. Kiihne's Carbol-methyl-
ene-blue Method. The section is placed in the fol-
lowing solution for about )4 hour: methylene-blue 1. 5
parts, absolute alcohol 10 parts ; triturate in a watch-
glass and add, gradually, 100 parts of a 5 per cent, solu-
tion of carbolic acid. After staining, wash the section'
in water ; decolorize carefully in hydrochloric acid, 10
drops to 500 c.c. of water; immerse at once in a solution
of lithium (8 drops of saturated solution of lithium car-
bonate in 10 c.c. of water) ; place in a bath of distilled
water for a few minutes ; dip into absolute alcohol
colored by methylene-blue ; dehydrate in anilin-oil that
contains a little methylene-blue in solution : wash in
pure anilin-oil (not colored), then in a light fluid ethereal
oil, as oil of thyme or terebene; clear in xylol; mount
in balsam. Recommended for staining the bacillus of
glanders, Kiihne's Dry Method. Sections are stained
for 10 to 15 minutes in I per cent, solution of ammonium
carbonate mixed with a concentrated aqueous solution
of methylene-blue; then wash in water, decolorize in
an aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid ; wash in
water, dry upon the slides, clear in xylol, and mount in
balsam. Pregl's Substitute for Kiihne's Method.
The sections, fixed to a slide or cover-glass by Pregl's-
method (see Fixatives) , are stained by dropping Kiihne's
carbol-methylene-blue solution upon them. Wash in
water, and place immediately in 50 per cent, alcohol.
When the sections acquire a pale-blue color with a green-
ish tinge, dehydrate in absolute alcohol, clear in xylol, and
mount. Unna's Methods. For the recognition of
fungi in epidermic scales. I. Place the crust or comedo
on a slide, add a drop of acetic acid, and rub to a pulp
by means of another slide laid crosswise upon the first ;
separate the slides, and dry quickly over a spirit-flame.
Wash out the fat with a few drops of ether and alcohol,
and stain in two drops of solutions of borax and methyl-
ene-blue, cover with the other slide, and warm over the
flame for 10 to 20 seconds ; rinse in water, decolorize in
glycol 2 to 5 minutes, rinse again in water, then in alcohol,
dry over tlieflame, and mount inbalsam. 2. Treat sections
for 5 minutes with an aqueous solution of borax-methyl-
ene blue, then for 5 minutes with a 5 per cent, solution
of potassium iodid to which a crystal of iodin has been
added. Rinse in alcohol until a blue cloud forms ;
differentiate in creasote for from a few seconds to half an
hour, according to the intensity of the stain. Carry to
rectified oil of turpentine. In this the bluish color changes
to red or brown. Preserve in a solution of colophon-
ium in oil of turpentine. Weigert's Iodin Method
[Sckenk). Sections are stained in gentian-violet anilin-
water, rinsed in a solution of common salt, laid upon
the slides, and dried ; then solution of iodin is dropped
upon them. After again drying, anilin-oil is poured
over the sections, renewed several times, and finally
displaced by xylol. Mount in balsam. II. Special
Methods. Actinomyces. Select whitish granules
from the su.spected pus by spreading it on a glass plate
upon a dark background. Prepare cover-glasses as for
other methods. The preparation may be stained in
lithium-carmin and then by Weigert's method for
bacteria. I. IFeii^ert advises a clark-red solution of
orseille in absolute alcohol 20 parts, acetic acid 5 parts,
and water 40 parts. The specimen is left in the stain
I hour, then washed in alcohol and counterstained
in I per cent, aqueous solution of gentian-violet. It
is again washed in alcohol, and mounted. 2. Gram's
Method, with eosin as a contrast-stain, shows the
clubs very well. 3. Ehrlich' s Method [Crookshank).
Sections are placed in alcohol or distilled water, then
in Ehrlich's logwood for about )/, minute, and trans-
ferred to distilled water; then placed in a large dish of
tap-water, hour or more, till a blue color ap-
pears. They are next stained in a solution of rubin S.
and orange, I to 2 minutes; washed in distilled water,
STAINS, ETC.
.1389 STAINING OF MICROORGANISMS
dehydrated, cleared, and mounted. 4. PlauP s Met^Lod.
Float sections for 10 minutes in a solution of magenta,
2 parts, anilin-oil 3 parts, alcohol (sp. gr. 0.830) 20
parts, distilled water 20 parts [Gibbes). Warm the
solution to 45° C. Rinse in water, and counterstain 5
to 10 minutes in concentrated alcoholic solution of
picric acid. Wash in water for 5 minutes and then in
alcohol for 15 minutes. Pass through absolute alcohol
and clove-oil, and mount. The clubs appear red, the
tissue yellow. Better than the magenta is the Ziehl-
Neelsen solution. When this is used, remove the picric
acid by long immersion in alcohol, and counterstain
with gentian-violet or methylene-blue i^Crookshank) .
Amoeba coli. Conncilnian and Lafleur^ s Method.
Sections of tissue hardened in alcohol are- stained in
Loeffler's methylene-blue. The amebte are colored dark-
blue. The nuclei are best demonstrated by fixing in
Flemming's solution and staining with safranin, by
which method the nucleoli may often be seen {Schenk).
Cover-glass preparations may also be made. Bacillus
anthracis. Kiiline s Method. Place the section for 5
minutes in carbolic black-brown solution, rinse in
lithia-water and then in 90 per cent, alcohol, stain 5
minutes in carbol-fuchsin, and decolorize in fluorescein-
alcohol. The carbolic black-brown acts as a mordant
and fixes the red color. Bacillus of Eve and Lin-
gard. Stains easily by Gram's method and in ordinary
anilin dyes, but not by Lustgarten's method. Bacillus
leprae. Stains with the anilin dyes and by Gram's
method. Double-stained preparations are easily made.
I. Bahes^ Method. Stain in a solution of rosanilin
hydrochlorate in anilin-water ; decolorize in 33 per
cent, nitric acid. Use methylene-blue as a contrast-
stain for the nuclei. 2. Baiimgarten'' s Method {C.
V. Kahldeii). Stain 6 to 7 minutes in a dilute alcoholic
solution of fuchsin (5 drops of a concentrated solution
to a watch-glassful of water) ; decolorize y(_ minute in
nitric acid I part, alcohol 10 parts ; wash in water,
counterstain in methylene-blue ; wash again in water,
dry, and mount in balsam. Lepra-bacilli appear red
upon a blue ground. A longer time is necessary for
staining tubercle-bacilli. 3. Ltistgarten'' s Method.
Cover-glass preparations are stained with anilin-water
fiichsin, or gentian-violet; decolorized by i per cent,
sodium hypochlorite ; rinsed in water ; dried ; mounted.
Bacillus of Lustgarten. I. Liistgarten^ s Method.
Place thin sections in Ehrlich-Weigert's gentian-violet
solution for 12 to 24 hours, or 2 hours at 40° C. W^ash
thoroughly in alcohol; transfer for 10 seconds to a. 1. 5
per cent, solution of potassium permanganate. -A pre-
cipitate is formed that adheres to the section ; wash in
a dilute aqueous solution of pure sulphuric acid, then
in water, and if not decolorized return to the potassium-
permanganate solution and repeat the process. When
decolorized, dehydrate and mount in balsam. Cover-
glass preparations are washed off in water instead of in
alcohol. Tubercle-bacilli and lepra-bacilli may be
stained in the same way. 2. De Giacomiui^ s Method.
Leave sections 24 hours in anilin-water-fuchsin ; wash in
water ; decolorize in ferric chlorid, first in a dilute, then
in a s.aturated solution. Counterstain with Bismarck
brown. Stain cover-glass preparations for a few
minutes in the heated solution. Bacillus mallei.
This bacillus stains in aqueous solutions of anilin colors,
and best when the solution is feebly alkaline. I. Add
to 3 c.c. of a 1 : 10,000 solution of caustic potash I c.c.
of a saturated alcoholic solution of an anilin color ; or
the anilin-water-fuchsin or methyl-violet solution of
Ehrlich may be used, diluting it at the moment of using
with an equal quantity of a I : 10,000 solution of caustic
potash {Sternberg). 2. Loeffler advises for cover-glass
preparations, heating for 5 minutes in Ehrlich's solu-
tion, then decolorizing in I per cent, solution of acetic
acid to which tropeohn has been added to give it the
yellow color of Rhine wine, and washing quickly in
distilled water. 3. For sections, LcetTler advises his
alkaline methylene-blue ; decolorizes in a mixture of
distilled water 10 c.c, strong sulphuric acid 2 dro])S,
5 per cent, oxalic acid I drop. Sections are left in
this about 5 seconds. 4. Noniewicz' s Method {Schejik).
Sections are transferred from alcohol to alkaline
methylene-blue for 2 to 5 minutes, rinsed in water, and
decolorized in a mixture of 0.5 per cent, acetic acid 75
parts and 0.5 per cent, aqueous solution of tropeolin
00 25 parts. Thin sections are only dipped quickly into
the solution ; thick sections remain 2 to 5 seconds.
Wash with water ; spread upon the slide, dry in air or
over a flame, clear in xylol, and mount in balsam. The
bacilli appear black on a blue ground. 5. Sehiitz's
Method. Sections or cover-glass preparations are placed
for several hours in an aqueous solution of methylene-
blue, then washed in weak acetic acid (0.5 c.c. to 100
c.c), dehydrated in alcohol, cleared in cedar-oil, and
mounted in balsam (after Squire). Bacillus tetani
may be stained by Gram's method. For double stain-
ing of bacilli and spores, the method of Ziehl may be em-
ployed. Bacillus tuberculosis. \. Arens' Chloroform
I\Iethod (Sihenk). Three drops of absolute alcohol are
dropped in a watch-glass upon a crystal of fuchsin the
size of a millet-seed, and 2 to 3 c.c. of chloroform are
added. This solution becomes turbid and then clears.
When clear, the cover-glass preparation is laid in it for
from 4 to 6 minutes, until the chloroform is evaporated,
then decolorized in concentrated alcohol to which hydro-
chloric acid (3 drops to a watch-glassful) has been added,
rinsed in water, and counterstained with dilute methyl-
ene-blue. 2. CzapIe7uskV s Methods. (<■?) After staining in
warm Ziehl's solution, drain, and immerse 6 or 10 times
in as aturated alcoholic solution of fluorescein containing
an excess of methylene-blue. Counterstain in a saturated
solution of methylene-blue, and wash quickly in water.
(/;) Stain the cover-glass preparation in carbol-fuchsin,
heating it until clouds of vapor arise. The following
solution is then dropped upon the slide, held ob-
liquely, until the surface is cleared : hydrochloric
acid and sodium chlorid each 2.5 parts, dissolved in
distilled water 100 parts ; then add 500 parts of alcohol.
The slide is then washed with water, dried in air, and
treated with a drop of some immersion-oil that can
be removed by xylol. {Arbeiteii aus dem Path.
Anat. Institiit zti Tubingen, 1892, Bd. I, Pleft
3. Also Monatschr. f. prakt. Dertii. xvil. No. 4.)
3. Ehrlich's Method [Sehenk) for tubercle-bacilli
in pus. Spread the pus very thinly ; place the
cover-glass for I to 2 hours in cold anilin-fuchsin ;
decolorize with nitric acid I part, and sulphanil-nitric
acid, saturated solution, 3 to 6 parts. The after-stain
is methylene-l)lue. 4. FrankeP s Method {Sehenk).
The cover-glass is stained with anilin-water-fuchsin,
transferred to a fluid consisting of a saturated solution
of methylene-blue in 50 parts of water, 30 of alcohol,
and 20 of nitric acid. \Vhen the preparation appears
blue, it is washed in alcohol and acetic acid or in pure
water. 5. Friedldnder' s jMethod. Place upon the dried
film-surface of the cover-glass 3 or 4 drops of
carbol-fuchsin, heat until vapor arises, wash in dis-
tilled water, drain, and add a few drops of a decolor-
izing solution (pure nitric acid 5 c.c. to 80 per cent,
alcohol 100 c.c); decolorization takes place quickly.
Wash in water, counter-stain about 5 minutes with
methylene-blue, without heat; wash; dry and mount.
6. Gabbet' s Modification of FranbeP s ]\Iethod. Stain
in Ziehl's carbol-fuchsin for about 2 minutes, without
heating; wash in water; stain in 25 per cent, sul-
STAINS, ETC.
1390 STAINING OF MICROORGANISMS
phuric acid loo c. c. and methylene-blue 2 c. c. , for
I or 2 minutes ; wash in water ; dry and mount. In
the case of sections, dehydrate with alcohol ; clear and
mount. A good and quick method. 7. abbes' Method
[Sckeiik). Two grams of fuchsin and one of methylene-
blue are slowly introduced into a solution of 3 c. c. of
anilin-oil in 15 c.c. of absolute alcohol. When they
are completely dissolved, 15 c.c. of water are added.
A few drops are heated in a test-tube and poured into
a watch-glass. In this the cover-glass is laid for 5
minutes, then washed in alcohol until no more color is
given off. The bacilli appear red on a blue ground. If
desired, stain further with a concentrated aqueous solu-
tion of eosin. 8. Gihither' s Method {Schenk). Stain
with warm anilin-water fuchsin ; carry the cover-glass,
with the prepared side up, into alcohol acidulated with
hydrochloric acid, 3 : 100 ; move about for a moment
and rinse in water. With a pipet, let a few drops of a
dilute alcoholic solution of methylene-blue fall upon the
cover-glass ; wash in water, dry, pass three times over
the flame, and mount in xylol-balsam. 9. Kaatzer^ s
Method. Float the cover-glass preparation for 24
hours in a supersaturated alcoholic solution of gentian-
violet, or, if warmed to 80° C, for 3 minutes. De-
colorize in a solution of 90 per cent, alcohol 100
c.c, water 20 c.c, strong hydrochloric acid 20
drops. Rinse in 90 per cent, alcohol, after-stain for 2
minutes in concentrated aqueous solution of vesuvin,
wash in distilled water, dry, and mount in balsam.
10. Koch'' s Original Method [Sternbe?-g). Stain sec-
tions or cover-glass preparations in Koch's methylene-
blue solution, containing caustic potash, for 20 to 24
hours, or, if heated to 40° C, for to I hour ; then
in an acjueous solution of vesuvin for 2 minutes.
Wash out excess of stain in water. Dry the cover-
glass preparation in air and mount. Dehydrate the
sections in absolute alcohol, clear in cedar-oil, mount
in balsam. The bacilli are stained blue and the
tissues brown. This method has been superseded by
the Koch -Ehrlich Method. \\. Koch- Ehrlich Method
[ Scheiik). .Stain the cover-glass preparation for 24
hours at the temperature of the room, or for 15 minutes
with heat, in anilin-water alcoholic solution of fuchsin,
gentian-violet, or methyl-violet (prepared by adding to
anilin-water enough of a concentrated alcoholic solu-
tion of the dye to produce opalescence ) . Then
immerse the preparation in 33 per cent, nitric acid,
and when it assumes a yellow-green tint transfer to 70
per cent, alcohol. Counterstain I to 5 minutes in
methylene-blue, malachite-green, or picric acid for fuch-
sin, in Bismarck brown for gentian-violet or methyl-
violet. Wash in water, dry, and mount in balsam.
Prolonged action of the nitric acid will decolorize the
bacilli. 12. Pfuhl-Petri's Method {Schenk). Prepara-
tions are stained in 10 c.c. of an alcoholic solution of
fuchsin in 100 c.c. of water, decolorized in glacial
acetic acid, washed in water, dried, and mounted in
balsam. 13. Pittioii s Method { Schenk). The pre-
pared cover-glass is dipped for a minute into a mixture
of an alcoholic fuchsin-solution I part, and 3 per cent,
ammonia 10 parts, rinsed in water, carried to a con-
centrated solution of anilin-green in alcohol 50 c.c,
water 30 c.c, nitric acid 20 c.c. for ^ of a minute,
rinsed, dried, and mounted. 14. Reeves' {J. E.)
Method. A carbolized, double stain, used for either
tissue or cover-glass preparations, is made as fol-
lows: Dissolve 2.5 gm. of rosanilin hydrochlorate and
1.5 gm. of methylene-blue in 20 c.c. of absolute alco-
hol and 3 c.c. of anilin-oil; agitate thoroughly, and
gradually add 30 c.c. of 5 per cent, carbolized water.
Filter a little of the stain into a watch-glass, heat it
gently until it steams ; drop enough of the hot stain on
the cover-glass preparation to flood it, and cover it with a
bell-glass for 5 to 10 minutes. Wash and decolorize in
alcohol, dry, and mount in xylol-balsam. Fifteen to
twenty minutes are required to stain sections ; otherwise
the procedure is the same as for cover-glass preparations.
15. ruheycle-bacilli ill Mill; {^Schenk). Place a drop of
the milk upon a cover-glass, add 2 or 3 drops of a I per
cent, .solution of sodium carbonate, and mix well with a
platinum needle ; then warm carefully until complete
evaporation has taken place. A thin film of soap
remains, and is stained like an ordinaiy cover-glass
preparation. Unna's Method. Stain for from 10
minutes to several hours in polychromic methylene-blue
(Grlibler), wash in water, and treat with a 33 per cent,
aqueous solution of tannic acid 2 to 5 minutes. Wash
thoroughly and transfer to absolute alcohol, gold-
orange alcohol, or to 25 per cent, nitric acid ; follow
with dilute alcohol, water, and absolute alcohol. Clear
in bergamot-oil. This process double-stains tubercle-
bacilli and leprosy-bacilli. 16. IVeichselbazcin' s Diodifica-
tion of the Ziehl-Neelsen Metliod [Schetih). The red-
stained cover-glass preparations are transferred directly
to an alcoholic methylene-blue solution, in which they
remain until they show a homogeneous blue color. They
are then rinsed in water, dried, and mounted in balsam.
17. Ziehl-Neelsen Method. Float the cover-glass pre-
paration upon Ziehl's carbol-fuchsin, heat till vapor
arises (about 3 to 5 minutes), wash in water, and de-
colorize in 15 per cent, nitric or 5 per cent, sulphuric
acid, then in 60 to 80 per cent, alcohol to remove the
remnant of color. Wash well, dry, and mount in
balsam. In the case of tissue-sections, stain cold for
15 minutes and decolorize as detailed ; upon removal
from the alcohol, counterstain with methylene-blue;
wash, dehydrate, clear, and mount. Bacillus typhi
abdominalis. Stains with anilin dyes, but is easily
decolorized. Does not stain by Gram's method. Cover-
glass preparations stain well with aqueous solutions,
especially fuchsin. They are to be rinsed in water,
not in alcohol. Gaffkyi's Method for sections of
tissues : Harden the tissue in alcohol, place sec-
tions for 20 to 24 hours in a deep-blue solution made
by adding a saturated alcoholic solution of methylene-
blue to distilled water, wash in distilled water, de-
hydrate in absolute alcohol, and clear in turpentine
and balsam. The best stains for the typhoid-bacillus
are Lceffler's methylene-blue and Ziehl's carbol-fuchsin.
The sections must remain in the dye at least 12 hours.
Haumgarten recommends Ehrlich's stain for tubercle-
bacilli. In this case a very dilute solution of acetic
acid is used for rinsing. The flagella may be shown by
Lceffler's method. By leaving the specimens for several
days in Ehrlich's anilin-water fuchsin the spores may
be stained. Spores also appear if the stain is heated
and then extracted by nitric acid. Counterstain
with methylene-blue. Coccidium oviforme. Gibbes^
Method. Sections of ralibit's liver, hardened in alco-
hol, are stained in a filtered solution of rosanilin sul-
phate, 2 gm., in 100 c.c. of a solution of anilin-oil
2 c.c, cologne 10 c.c, distilled water 88 c.c. Ten
minutes are required to stain. After washing in
water and then in alcohol, the sections are differen-
tiated in a solution of iodin-green, I gm. in 100 c.c of
the foregoing anilin-oil solution. When the red color has
changed to a dull-purple, the substitution has proceeded
far enough. It is well to make an examination in
distilled water from time to time. Flagella. The
first successful method was that of Koch, who used a
concentrated aqueous solution of hematoxylin, and
then transferred the cover-glass to a 5 per cent, solu-
tion of chromic acid or to Midler's fluid. The flagella
were stained brown-black. I. Crookshank .stains with
STAINS, ETC.
1391
STAINING OF MICROORGANISMS
a drop of a saturated solution of gentian-violet in abso-
lute alcohol. Before evaporation takes place rinse
with water, dry, and mount in balsam. 2. Laffler's
Method {Sternberg). A small quantity of a pure
culture is suspended in a few drops of distilled water.
Small drops of water are distributed upon clean glass
covers by means of a platinum-wire loop, and are sowed
with bacilli from the first drop. The little drops are
spread out by the [ilatinum wire, allowed to dry in the
air, then passed tlirough the flame in the usual way.
Care must be taken not to overheat. Loeffler's mordant
(No. I) is placed upon the cover-glass so as to fully cover
it as an arched drop. Tlie cover-glass is then heated
until steam begins to arise ; too much heat produces
a precipitate. The mordant is left for }^ to- I minute
upon the cover-glass and gently moved about. Wash
in distilled water, then in absolute alcohol to remove
all remnants of the mordant. Drop the staining solu-
tion (preferably neutral saturated anilin-water fuch-
sin) so as to fully cover the glass, and heat till vapor
begins to be given off; wash, dry, mount. 3.
Tre>ikmaii>i s Method [Schenk). A few drops of
boiled water are placed upon a slide, and a small drop
of the culture added and intermi.xed. Of this mixture
a droplet is spread upon a cover-glass, dried in air,
laid, without heating, in a 2 per cent, solution of
tannin and 0.5 per cent, hydrochloric acid, in which it
is allowed to remain for from 6 to 12 hours. It is then
washed in water and placed in iodin- water for half an
hour, washed, and carried to a weak solution of anilin-
oil gentian-violet for half an hour, again washed, then
dried, and mounted. Gonococcus. The gonococci
are seen in the pus-cells grouped around the nucleus.
Watery solutions of anilin dyes, preferably methylene-
blue, stain the cocci intensely. Gram's method decol-
orizes them. I. Schiitz stains for 5 or 10 minutes in a
saturated solution of methylene-blue in 5 per cent, car-
bolic-acid water and differentiates for 3 seconds^ in
acetic acid 5 parts, water 20 parts, washes in water,
and counterstains in a dilute solution of safranin.
2. CzenzvnskV s solution of methylene-blue and eosin
stains the cocci blue and the pus-cells pink. 3.
N'eisser stains for 2 or 3 minutes in a concentrated alco-
holic solution of eosin, slightly warmed ; removes the
excess with filter-paper, and counterstains in a concen-
trated alcoholic methylene-blue solution for from a quarter
to half a minute. The cocci appear blue, the cells red.
Influenza-bacillus {of Pfeiffer and Cation).
Canoti's Method of staining it in blood : Spread the
blood upon cover-glasses in the usual way. When
dry, place the covers in absolute alcohol for 5 minutes
and then transfer them to Czenzynski's staining solu-
tion. In this they remain for from 3 to 6 hours in
an incubating oven at 37° C, when they are washed,
dried, and mounted. The bacillus also stains well in
Lceffler's methylene-blue, with heat, and in dilute
Ziehl's solution. It does not stain by Gram's method.
Koch's Comma-bacillus. Stains easily in diluted
alcoholic or concentrated solutions of anilin dyes ; if
cold, in about 10 minutes ; if heated, more quickly
and mere deeply. Gram's method is not applicable. For
sections use fuchsin or methylene-blue. I. Koch's
Method. Stain sections well hardened in absolute
alcohol for 24 hours in strong aqueous solution of
methylene-blue. If the staining fluid be warmed,
less time is necessary [Crookskank). 2. Nicati and
Rietsch' s Method ( Crookshank ). A small quantity of
the stools or of the scrapings of the intestinal mucosa is
spread and dried upon a slide, steeped for a few seconds
in corrosive sublimate solution or in I per cent, osmic
acid, and stained in fuchsin-anilin solution. 3. Babes'
Method. Place sections for 24 hours in aqueous solution
of fuchsin ; wash in distilled water faintly acidulated with
acetic acid or in I per cent, corrosive-sublimate solution;
carry them quickly through alcohol and oil of cloves.
Phagocytes. Sections of a Peyer's patch, hardened
in absolute alcohol and embedded in paraffin, are
stained first with alum-carmin, and then with gentian-
violet by Gram's method. The bacilli are stained a
deep bluish- violet. Plasmodium malariae. A
minute drop of blood from the tinger-end is spread
upon cover-glasses and the film fi.ved by heat in the
usual way, or by placing the covers in a mi.\ture of
equal parts of absolute alcohol and ether. Czenzyns-
ki's solution may be used to stain, the red cor-
puscles taking up the eosin, the malarial organisms the
methylene-blue. Plehn recommends methylene-blue,
concentrated aqueous solution 60 parts, eosin 0.5 per
cent, solution in 75 per cent, alcohol 20 parts, 20 per
cent, potassium-hydroxid solution 12 parts. Stain for
5 or 6 minutes and wash in water. Pneumo-bacil-
lus of Friedlander. Friedlander' s Alethod. Stain for
24 hours in waiTn, concentrated alcoholic solution of
gentian-violet 50 parts, distilled water 100 parts, glacial
acetic acid 10 parts ; then wash in I per cent, acetic
acid, dehydrate in alcohol, dry or clear, and mount.
The capsule is pale-blue, the center deep-blue. For
cover-glass preparations Friedlander advises the follow-
ing : place in acetic acid for a few minutes ; displace
the acid by blowing upon the preparation through
a pipet ; stain a few seconds in a saturated solution
of anilin-water gentian -violet ; rinse in water; dry with
filter-paper; mount in balsam. Pneumococcus of
Fraenkel, Klebs, Eberth, and Weichselbaum.
This may be stained by Gram's method. Methods to
demonstrate the capsules. I. Ribbert places the pre-
paration for a few minutes in a hot, saturated solution
of dahlia-violet in water 100 parts, alcohol 50 parts,
glacial acetic acid 12.5 parts. Staining takes place
rapidly ; wash quickly in water. The capsules appear
light-blue, the cocci dark-blue. An overstain makes
the capsules also dark-blue. 2. Rotix stains for a few
seconds in an aqueous solution of methyl-violet, and,
without washing, counterstains for the same length of
time in Loeffler's alkaline methylene-blue. 3. C. v. Kahl-
de7i stains for some hours in a I per cent, solution of
fuchsin in 5 per cent, carbolic acid. The capsule appears
pale-red, the coccus deep-red. Protozoa in Carcin-
oma. Russeir s Method. Stain sections for 10 minutes in
a saturated solution of fuchsin in 20 per cent, carbolic
acid, wash in water, then in absolute alcohol, and stain
for 5 minutes in a I per cent, solution of iodin-green
in 2 per cent, carbolic acid ; dehydrate in absolute
alcohol, clear in clove-oil, and mount in balsam.
The " parasites " are red or jjurple, the tissue-cells
blue. Spirochaetae obermeieri. Stain with Lceffler's
solution or any of the common basic anilin dyes.
Giinther' s Method. Air-dried cover-glasses are placed
in 5 per cent, acetic acid for 10 seconds, removed, and
the acid displaced by blowing upon the preparation
through a glass tube and then holding it for a moment,
film-surface downward, over strong ammonia just pre-
viously shaken. Then stain in gentian-violet anilin-
water or in an aqueous solution of other anilin dyes, and
proceed as usual. The acetic acid bleaches the red
blood-corpuscles. Spores. Spores are more resistant
to the action of stains than other parts of bacteria. I.
Giinthei-''s Method. Float the prepared cover-glass on
a solution of anilin-water fuchsin or gentian-violet
heated to boiling, and remove from the flame for a
minute. Repeat this process 5 times and then wash
in a 3 per cent, solution of acetic acid in alcohol, and
afterward in water. 2. Moller'' s Method {Sternberg).
Dry the cover-glass preparation in air, pass it thrice
STAINS, ETC.
1392
STAINING OF NERVE-TISSUE
through a spirit-flame, or place it for 2 minutes in
absolute alcohol. Treat with chloroform for 2 minutes,
rinse in water, and carry to 5 per cent, chromic acid
for I or 2 minutes, and wash in water. Pour a few
drops of carbol-fuchsin upon the preparation and heat
to boiling (which occurs in about a minute) ; drain and
decolorize in 5 per cent, sulphuric acid, wash thor-
oughly in water, and counterstain for half a minute with
methylene-blue or malachite-green in aqueous solution.
The spores are stained dark-red, the protoplasm of the
bacilli blue or green, according to the after-stain used.
3. Neisser's Method Sternberg ). Pass the cover-
glass preparation three times through the flame of a
Bunsen burner, float upon a solution of anilin-fuchsin,
and heat to near the boiling-point for I hour ; wash in
water, and decolorize in hydrochloric acid 25 parts,
and alcohol 75 parts. Counterstain in a saturated aque-
ous solution of methylene-blue. The .spores are stained
red, the protoplasm of the bacilli blue. Prolonged
action of the hydrochloric-acid solution will decolorize
the spores as well as the bacilli. 4. Place the slide or
cover-glass, with the culture dried upon it, in a hot-
air oven for I hour at 120° C, or for 15 minutes at
180° C, or the cover-glass may be passed 8 or 10
times through the flame of a Bunsen burner. Stain
in an aqueous solution of a basic anilin dye. The
spores alone are stained {Sternberg). Streptococcus
erysipelatosus (Fehleisen) may be stained with
the usual anilin dyes and by Gram's method. III.
Preliminary Methods. Biedert's Method. Used
in examining sputa which contain few tubercle-bacilli.
Mix 15 c.c. of the sputa with from 75 to loo c.c. of
water and a few drops of potassium or sodium hydroxid
solution. Boil until the sputa are thin. Place in
a conical glass vessel and after two days pour off the
supernatant liquid. Stain the precipitated sediment.
Kaatzer's Method. Mix the sputa with from a I to
a 3 per cent, solution of caustic soda or potash. This
disolves the cells and mucus, but preserves the elastic
fibers and bacteria. Stain the sediment. Clear the
preparation with a dilute solution of acetic acid.
Kiihne's Method. This method is used to over-
come the viscidity of sputum and to facilitate the
spreading of a thin and even film on the cover-glass.
It consists in adding to the sputa an equal volume
of a saturated solution of borax. A concentrated
aqueous solution of ammonium carbonate will reduce
the consistency of less viscid .sputa. Miihlhausen's
Method. This method is used to render sputa less
viscid. It consists in adding to the sputum from 6 to
8 times its volume of a 2 per cent, solution of caustic
potash. Preserving Sputum. Savelieff' s Method.
This is a process for preserving sputum for purposes
of subsequent examination. Let the patient expecto-
rate in a receptacle containing 95 per cent, alcohol, in
which the sputum may remain for several months,
and in which it is hardened by dehydration and
coagulation. A few drops of caustic-potash solution
added to a small lump of the hardened sputum on a
slide will liquefy it in a few minutes, and from this
the cover-glass preparations are made. When dry,
fix the film by passing the cover-glass thrice through
the flame of a spirit-lamp, wash in water to remove
the potash, and then stain according to any of the
given methods. Sectioning Sputum. GabritscheTvs-
k/s Method. Place the denser portions of freshly
expectorated sputum in Miiller's fluid, or .some other
hardening reagent, and then embed in celloidin. Stain
the sections in safranin, alum-carmin or hematoxylin-
eosin. Aronson and Philip treat the sputum first with
corrosive sublimate, and, according to Schmidt, it may
be embedded in paraffin as well as celloidin.
STAINING OF NERVE-TISSUE.
Adamkiewicz's Method. Wash sections of spinal cord
in water, then in water acidulated with nitric acid, and
stain in a concentrated solution of safranin. Treat with
alcohol and clove-oil until no more color is given off;
wash in water, then in water acidulated with acetia
acid, stain in methylene-blue, and clear as before. This
process is said to demonstrate the " chromoleptic zones"
which surround the gray matter. The myelin (" ery-
throphilous substance" of Adamkiewicz) appears red,
the nuclei of nerves, neuroglia, and vessels appear violet.
This method is of value in the study of degenerative
changes, as the erythrophilous substance of pathologic
nerves does not take the stain. Alt's Method.
Adapted to the .study of peripheral axis-cylinders.
Stain for two hours in a solution of Congo red in abso-
lute alcohol ; wash out in alcohol. Axis -cylinders
of, Centric Fibers {Bevan IV. Lewis). Remove the
myelin from sections by prolonged immersion in water,
and then stain with anilin blue-black. The axis-cylin-
ders appear as slightly wavy, swollen bands. Ciaccio's
Method. This method is especially suitable for the ter-
minations of nerves in muscles and in the cornea. Place
small pieces of tissue, about 2 mm. cubes, for 5 min-
utes in the fresh, filtered juice of a lemon ; wash, and
place for from ^ to I hour in a I per cent, solution of
gold and cadmium chlorids in the dark ; wash, and
carry to a I per cent, solution of formic acid for 24 hours
in the dark, then for 12 hours in sunlight; lastly,
for 24 hours in pure formic acid ; wash, tease,
and mount in glycerin. Dausac's {A. Michel)
Method. Very minute pieces of tissue are fixed
in a watery solution of picric acid, chromic acid, and
nitric acid (the proportions are not given) for from I to 2
hours; washed in water for from ^ to I hour; em-
bedded in celloidin, cut, and placed in 90 per cent, al-
cohol. The sections are now transferred to Ehrlich's
fluid for from 2 to 5 minutes, rinsed in water, and placed
for from 2 to 5 minutes in a I per cent, solution of potas-
sio-gold chlorid ; rinsed in formic acid for I minute, car-
ried to a caustic-soda solution, I : 6, rinsed in water, and
placed in a 10 per cent, .solution of lithium carbonate for
Y2, hour. From this they are brought into a 10 per cent,
solution of potassium iodid for from 2 to 3 minutes, and
are then reduced for 10 minutes in a strong solution of
sodium thiosulphate. The axis-cylinders are stained a
black-violet ; the remaining tissue is faintly colored.
Platinum chlorid or palladium chlorid gives the same
result. Dausac recommends this method also for fibrin
and elastic fibers. Exner's Method. A small piece
of the cortex cerebri, not exceeding I cubic centimeter
in size, is placed in a relatively large volume of I per
cent, osmic acid, which should be renewed eveiy 2 days.
After from 5 to 10 days, wash with water, treat with alco-
hol, and embed. Treat sections on the shde with strong
ammonia, which clears the tissue, and reveals the medul-
lated fibers stained black. Pieces of tissue, as fresh as
possible, not over ^ cm. in thickness, are placed in a I
per cent, solution of osmic acid, the quantity of which
must be at least 10 times the volume of the tissue, and
which should be renewed in 2 days. In 5 or 6 days
wash in water and embed. The sections are placed on
the slide in glycerin to which a drop of ammonia has
been added (strong ammonia and water I : 50). The
medullated fibers appear gray or black. The preparation
is not permanent. Free Nerve-endings in the Skin.
Place small cubes of the skin of the jjalmar surface of
the fingers or toes, all adipose tissue being removed, in
boiled gold chlorid and formic acid after this mixture
has cooled. In an hour, transfer the tissues to slightly
acidulated water and expose to sunlight until the gold
is reduced. Harden in alcohol, section, and mount in
STAINS, ETC.
1393
STAINING OF NERVE-TISSUE
formic glycerin. Freud's Method. Wash sections
of tissue hardened in ErUcki's fluid with water, and
place them for from 3 to 5 hours in a I per cent,
gold-chlorid solution. Wash with water and treat for 3
minutes with a solution of caustic soda, I part, in water,
5 or 6 parts. Drain, but do not wash, and place in a
10 per cent, solution of potassium iodid. Remove in
from 5 to 15 minutes, wash in water, dehydrate, and
mount. Impregnation of axis-cylinders is obtained by
this process. Gerlach's Method. Harden pieces of
spinal cord for from 15 to 20 days in I or 2 per cent,
ammonium bichromate. Make thin sections, and im-
merse them in a solution of potassio-gold chlorid I part,
water 10,000 parts, slightly acidulated with hydrochloric
acid. In from 10 to 12 hours, wash in hydrochloric acid,
I : 3000, and bring into a mixture of hydrochloric acid I
part, and 60 per cent, alcohol 1000 parts, then for a few
minutes into absolute alcohol. Clear and mount. Golgi's
Gold Method. To demonstrate motor nerve-endings.
Treat the tissue for I or 2 minutes in a o. 5 per cent, solu-
tion of arsenic acid, and then for from 15 to 20 minutes
with ao.5 per cent, solution of potassio-gold chlorid, and
reduce in the sunlight in a I per cent, solution of arsenic
acid. I. Flechsig s Modification. Harden in a 2 per
cent, aqueous solution of potassium chromate, and im-
pregnate with a I per cent, solution of corrosive sublimate,
weeks or months, according to the size of the specimen.
Place the sections in 96 per cent, alcohol. Stain for from
3 to 8 days at 35° C. in the following : pure extract of
Japanese redwood I gm., absolute alcohol 10 c.c, dis-
tilled water 900 c.c, and 5 c.c. each of saturated
solutions of tartaric acid and sodium sulphate. Each
section is then placed in 3 c.c. of a 0.2 per cent, solution
of potassium permanganate until the purple color of the
fluid has faded out; then decolorize in Pal's solution.
When the yellow color has vanished, carry into a mix-
ture of a I per cent, potassio-gold chlorid solution 5
drops, and absolute alcohol 20 c.c. After the precipi-
tate of sublimate has turned black and the red tissue has
become blue, wash quickly in distilled water 20 c.c. and
a 5 per cent, solution of potassium cyanid I drop. De-
hydrate in absolute alcohol, and clear in lavender-oil.
The nerve-fibers are stained red, the ganglion-cells, with
their processes, black. 2. Kiihne' s Modification. Used
for nerve-endings. Instead of using Golgi's gold solu-
tion, place the tissue in the following: 1 per cent,
potassio-gold chlorid 12 c.c, 2 per cent, osmic acid 3
c.c, 5 per cent, arsenic acid 60 c.c. P'rom this bring
it into I per cent, arsenic acid, and reduce in sunlight.
The tissue may be preserved in May's fluid. (See Ex-
amination and Preservation Media). Golgi's Silver
Methods. I. Soak pieces of perfectly fresh spinal
cord in a 2 per cent, potassium bichromate solution, for
from 8 to 15 days in summer and for about one month
in winter. Wash them, and put them into a 0.75 per
cent, solution of silver nitrate ; in warm weather the
reaction will be complete in 2 or 3 days, in from 8 to 10
days in winter. Dehydrate in alcohol, section if ne-
cessary, clear in oil of turpentine, tease in turpentine,
and mount in dammar. The preparations are then ex-
posed to diffu-sed daylight or to direct sunlight, to effect
secondary impregnation. By this method may be de-
monstrated the chain of conical funnels, set one within
the other, and embracing the axis-cylinder with their
narrow apertures. Somewhat greater precision of re-
action is obtained by interstitial injection of the fresh
tissue with osmic acid before placing in the bichromate
solution. 2. For the study of peripheral nerves, the
process is modified as follows : Immerse pieces of nerve
in the bichromate solution for from 4 hours to 2 days ;
transfer them to the silver bath, in which they should
remain for from 12 to 24 hours. Wash with successive
88
alcohols, tease in alcohol, dehydrate, clear with tur-
pentine, and mount in dammar. Reduce in direct sun-
light. The preparations are permanent, but the results
are not so fine as in the following method. 3. Place
a piece of fresh nerve in a mixture of 10 parts of a 2
per cent, solution of potassium bichromate and 2 parts
of a I per cent, solution of osmic acid ; after an hour's
immersion, cut into lengths of from to I cm., and
return to the solution. Four hours after the first immer-
sion, begin to add pieces of silver nitrate to the bath,
and, from time to time, transfer pieces of nerve, so as
to ensure the proper duration of immersion for some of
the pieces. The duration of the silver bath should not
be less than 8 hours, and may be indefinitely prolonged.
The strength of the silver solution should be 0.5 per
cent. I. Obregid' s Modification . The sections are
transferred from absolute alcohol (after they have been
in sublimate or silver solution) directly into 10 c.c. of
absolute alcohol containing 8 or 10 drops of a I per
cent, solution of gold chlorid. The latter should be
made half an hour before and exposed to diffuse light.
The specimens in the solution are kept in the dark for
from 15 to 30 minutes, then washed rapidly in 25 per
cent, alcohol, then in water, and for 5 or 10 minutes (not
longer) in 10 per cent, solution of sodium sulphid. They
are again washed in water, and stained with carmin,
hematoxylin, or Weigert's stain, and mounted in balsam.
2. Ramon y CajaP s Modification. Small pieces of
brain are fixed for from 12 to 24 hours, in the dark, in
potassium bichromate 3 parts, osmic acid, I per cent.,
25 parts, water 100 parts. An abundant quantity of
the fluid should be used, and changed several times
during the first day. Embryonic tissue requires from
12 to 24 hours' immersion, adult tissue from 2 to 3
days. After hardening, which must not be excessive,
wash in a 0.25 per cent, solution of silver nitrate, for
15 minutes, and then place in a 0.75 per cent, solution
of silver nitrate containing I drop of formic acid to each
100 c.c. [ Van Gehiichten). The tissue may be left in
the silver bath for from 36 to 48 hours. The silver
will be thrown down as a very fine precipitate of silver
bichromate. 3. Sala' s Modification. Place the tissue
for 4 or 5 days in a 2 per cent, solution of potassium
bichromate, for from 24 to 30 hours in 8 parts of the
bichromate solution and 2 of the osmium solution, then
in a silver bath of 0.75 per cent, strength. Wash with
water, fix to a cork with gum, harden in alcohol for a
few hours, and cut without embedding. 4. Sehr-vald'' s
Modification. Prior to bringing the tissues into the
silver bath, put them into a 10 per cent, solution of
gelatin in water; they may be embedded in the gelatin
in a paper tray, with the aid of a little heat, and thus
brought into the silver solution. The gelatin is re-
moved by warm water saturated with silver chromate.
This process prevents the formation of the precipitate
that frequently occurs at the margins of the preparation
in Golgi's method. Samassa holds that the precipita-
tion may be prevented by preserving the preparation
without a cover. Fick and Huber recommend that the
use of an aqueous fluid be avoided and that the section
be mounted without a cover, or that the cover be raised
from contact with the slide by means of wax feet, or
that the balsam be rendered anhydrous (by heating it
on the slide with the specimen) and the cover put on
in the usual way. 5. Van Gehuchten' s Modification.
This process is like that of Ramon y Cajal, with this
difference : I c.c. of formic acid is added to each 100
c.c. of the silver bath, to assist its action. Twenty-
four hours' immersion is sufficient. The tissue is then
washed, treated for 15 minutes with alcohol, then for
the same time with absolute alcohol, and for the
same time with celloidin solution, after which it is
STAINS, ETC.
1394
STAINING OF NERVE-TISSUE
hardened for 15 minutes in 70 per cent, alcohol, cut,
and mounted in the usual way. Golgi's Sublimate
Method. Harden the tissue for from 15 to 20 days in
MuUer's fluid, and pass it directly into a 0.25 or 0.5
per cent, solution of mercuric chlorid, which should be
renewed until it no longer turns yellow. After at least
10 days' immersion in this solution, sections are cut on a
freezing microtome, washed thoroughly in water, dehy-
drated, cleared, and mounted. The nerve-cells, with
their processes and nuclei, are brought out prominently.
I'al's modification of this method consists in after-treat-
ment of the sections witli a weak solution of sodium
sulphid. Hoyer's Method. For corneal nerves. Im-
merse corner for from ^ to 5 hours, according to size,
in an acidulated 0.5 per cent, solution of potassio-gold
chlorid. To demonstrate the intra-epithelial ramifications
of nerves, reduce for from 16 to 24 hours by exposure in
distilled water containing 2 drops of pyrogallic-acid de-
veloping solution, such as is used in photography ; or,
instead, the cornere may be placed in a warm, concen-
trated solution of tartaric acid at the temperature of an
incubating oven until the gold is reduced. Isolated
Neuroglia Cells. Make an interstitial injection of
I per cent, osmic acid into the white matter of the
spinal cord. Tea.se a piece, and stain it with picro-
carmin. Jakimovitch's Method. Used to demon-
strate Frohmann's lines and Ranvier's crosses. Place
small pieces of nerve, in the dark, in a I per cent, silver-
nitrate solution ; continue the immersion for 48 hours,
and renew the solution frequently. Wash in water, and
expose to light for from 5 to 7 days in I part each of
formic acid and amyl-alcohol in 100 parts of water.
Tease, and mount in glycerin. Joseph's (M.)
Method. Used to demonstrate Frohmann's lines and
Ranvier's crosses. Place the fresh nerve in I per cent,
silver nitrate and 10 per cent, nitric acid mixture
diluted with water. After several hours, transfer to a
weak solution of ' potassium bichromate, and thence
pass through solutions of increasing concentration until
it is hardened. It may then be teased and mounted.
Kaiser's Method. Stain celloidin sections of spinal
cord in a solution of I part naphthylamin-brovvn
(Griibler), alcohol 100 parts, water 200 parts. Wash
with alcohol and clear with origanum-oil. Chromo-
philous ganglion-cells appear dark-brown ; chromo-
phobous cells, light on a dark ground. Korybutt-
Daszkiewicz's Method. For the study of the cen-
tral nervous system. Secure sections to the slide by
means of distilled water. Stain for I minute in Bohra-
er's hematoxylin, and wash in a I per cent, solution of
alum and distilled water ; stain for I minute in a I per
cent, aqueous solution of nigrosin, and wash in water;
stain for from 15 to 20 seconds in a 0.5 per cent,
alcoholic, watery solution of eosin, and wash for a few
minutes in distilled water ; transfer to absolute alcohol ;
stain for 20 minutes in a 0.5 per cent, alcoholic, watery
solution of safranin ; wash well in alcohol ; clear, but
not in clove-oil, and mount in balsam. Kupffer's
Method. A nerve is stretched on a cork, and treated
for 24 hours with 0.5 per cent, osmic acid ; then
washed in water for 2 hours, and stained for from 24
to 28 hours in a saturated, aqueous solution of acid
fuchsin. After this it is washed out for from 6 to 12
hours (not more in any case) in absolute alcohol, and
cleared in clove-oil, embedded in paraffin, and cut.
The axis-cylinder appears as a bundle of red fibrils
floating in an albuminous liquid. Magini's Method.
Used to demonstrate the finer structure of ganglion-cells
and their processes. Harden cubes of from 2 to 3 cm.
for from 2 to 3 months in Miiller's fluid, wash well
with distilled water, and bring for 10 days into froin a
0.5 to a I per cent, solution of zinc chlorid, which
should be changed daily, until it does not become
yellower than bichromate solution. Section, wash
quickly with alcohol, clear partially with creasote,
and mount in dammar. Marchi's Method. Used to
demonstrate early degeneration of nerves, prior to
sclerosis. After hardening in Miiller's fluid, place
the tissue in a large quantity of a mixture of Miil-
ler's fluid 2 parts, I per cent, osmic acid I part.
The degenerated fibers are stained black, the
normal are yellow or uncolored. Martinotti's
Method. Stain for 2 or 3 hours or days in a sat-
urated solution of nigrosin in a saturated solution of
picric acid in alcohol ; wash out in a mixture of I - part
formic acid and 2 parts alcohol, until the gray sub-
stance appears to the unaided eye differentiated from
the white. This method is of value in the study
of pathologic tissue. May's Methods. I. Forperiph-
eral nerves and ganglia, macerate pieces of muscle in
0.5 per cent, arsenic acid, and when swollen place for
20 minutes in solution of I per cent, potassio-gold
chlorid 4 c.c, 2 per cent, osmic acid I c.c, 0.5 per
cent, arsenic acid 20 c.c. Then wash in water, and
expose to sunlight for 3 hours in a I per cent, solu-
tion of arsenic acid, kept at 45° C. in a water-bath.
Clear in a mixture of glycerin 40 c.c, water 20 c.c,
25 per cent, hydrochloric acid I c.c. 2. Treat a small
piece of mu.scle for 12 hours with water containing 2
per cent, of glacial acetic acid, and transfer to a freshly
made solution of 0.5 percent, potassio-gold chlorid i
c.c, 2 per cent, osmic acid, i c.c, 2 per cent, glacial
acetic acid 50 c.c. After from 2 to 3 hours bring into
acidulated glycerin, and when the tissue is transparent
examine in glycerin or Farrant's solution. Modifi-
cations of Weigert's Method, i. Benda' s Modi-
fication. Small pieces of nervous tissue are placed for
3 days or more in a saturated solution of picric acid,
washed in water, and the hardening continued in alco-
hol. Embedding in paraffin is best. Thin sections are
])laced in a concentrated solution of iron sulphate, washed
repeatedly, and put into a I per cent, solution of hem-
atoxylin until deep-black in color (about 10 minutes).
They are bleached in a solution of chromic acid, I : 2000,
washed, dehydrated, and mounted. The fibers and the
intimate structure of the cells are well brought out.
2. Berkley s Modification. Small pieces are fixed in
Flemming's solution for from 24 to 30 hours, at a tem-
perature of 25° C. , then transferred directly into absolute
alcohol, which is changed twice during the following 24
hours, and then placed from 12 to 24 hours in celloidin.
Thin sections should be cut, washed in water, and put
into a saturated solution of copper acetate over night, in
a covered vessel. If necessary to be rapidly done, the
sections may be heated over a water-bath to between 35°
and 40° C. for 25 minutes, and then allowed to cool.
After washing in water the sections are stained in a
hematoxylin solution, prepared as follows: 50 c.c. of
water are boiled in a flask and 2 c.c. of a saturated solu-
tion of lithium carbonate added ; Iwil a little longer, and
add 1.5 or 2 c.c. of a 10 per cent, solution of hematoxylin
in absolute alcohol. The flask is then .shaken, corked,
and allowed to cool. The solution improves in a day
or two, but may be used at once. After staining, the
sections are washed and put into Weigert's borax and
potassium ferrocyanid solution, which may be diluted
one-third. The decolorizing ought to be complete in
from I to 3 minutes. Then wash several times in water,
then in alcohol, and mount in xylol-balsam. The
medullated nerves appear blue-lilack, the glia substance
yellowish, the nerve-cells unstained. 3. Breglid s Mod-
ification. Mordant sections for from 10 to 15 minutes in
a mixture of 15 c.c. of 90 per cent, alcohol and from 3 to
7 c.c. of a saturated aqueous solution of neutral copper
STAINS, ETC.
1395 STAINING OF NERVE-TISSUE
acetate ; then bring them for from 5 to 10 minutes into i
part of a saturated aqueous solution of lithium-carbonate
and 3 parts of water. Stain for from 18 to 24 hours in
Japanese red-wood solution (see formula in Flechsig's
method), and differentiate in Weigert's decolorizing mix-
ture. 4. Flescli' s Modification. Celloidin or other sections
are put for a few minutes or more in a 0.5 per cent,
chromic-acid solution, then rinsed in water, and brought
into the stain. Decolorize in the usual way. This method
has the advantage of staining more rapidly and producing
better differentiation of the nerve-cells, especially in the
peripheral ganglia, and also of giving differentiation of
the medulla of central and peripheral nerves. 5.
Haug' s Modification. Small segments of fresh cord
are put for 2 days into a saturated, aqueous solution of
neutral copper acetate, then for from a day to a day and a
half into a 5 per cent, or a saturated solution of potassium
bichromate; rinsed in water, and placed in 70 per cent,
alcohol, for from 36 to 48 hours, in the dark; then treated
for the same period with absolute alcohol, in the dark,
and embedded. Treat paraffin sections with alcohol, then
water, and stain for from 15 to 30 minutes in a well-
ripened mixture of I part hematoxylin, I partammonium-
alum, 30 parts alcohol, 300 parts water. Rinse in water,
differentiate in acid alcohol until a red color appears, wash
with water until they turn blue or bluish-gray, counter-
stain, if desired, by momentary immersion in a neutral
carmin solution, and mount. 6. Hill's Modification.
Pieces of nervous tissue are put in from a 2 to a 2.5 per
cent, solution of potassium bichromate for 6 weeks ; then
washed daily in 30 per cent, alcohol until the fluid re-
mains clear ; then fully hardened in strong alcohol. Wash
in water small pieces and put them in solution of car-
min and alum prepared thus : Boil for 3 hours, in water
in which carmin and potash-alum have been placed,
and restore the water lost by evaporation. Both car-
min and alum should be in excess. Filter when cold.
After 2 days put the pieces for 24 hours in a half-satu-
rated solution of copper acetate, then into hematoxylin
for 8 hours at 40° C. Decolorize in Weigert's decol-
orizing fluid. The nerve-cells and non-medullated
fibers are rendered susceptible of staining by the alum-
carmin. 7. Kitltschitzky'' s Modification. Harden for
one or two months in Erlicki's solution, embed in celloi-
din and photoxylin, and cut. Stain sections for from I
to 24 hours in hematoxylin 1 gm., dissolved in a little
alcohol and added to 100 c.c. of 2 per cent, acetic acid.
Wash out in a saturated solution of sodium or lithium car-
bonate. A finer differentiation is obtained by decoloriz-
ing in a lithium-carbonate solution containing 10 per cent,
of potassium ferricyanid. 8. Lissauer' s Modification.
A rapid method which gives good results with cerebral
tissue even when it is imperfectly hardened. Place
sections that have been hardened in Miiller's fluid in a
I per cent, solution of chromic acid, and heat imtil
bubbles begin to form ; rinse in water, place in Weig-
ert's hematoxylin, and heat again till bubbles begin to
form. Differentiate by Pal's method. 9. PaV s Mod-
ification. After staining in the hematoxylin solution,
the sections are washed in water, to which, if they are
not stained a deep-blue, a trace of lithium carbonate is
added. They are next placed in a 0.25 per cent, solu-
tion of potassium permanganate for half a minute,
rinsed in water, and then brought into a decolorizing
solution composed of I part each of chemically pure
oxalic acid and potassium sulphite, and 200 parts of
distilled water. In a few seconds the gray substance is
decolorized, the white remaining blue. Wash well in
water, and double-stain with eosin or picrocarmin. 10.
RossV s Modification. Harden in a solution of I gm. of
chromic acid and 5 gm. of copper acetate in 100 c.c.
of water. Dehydrate, and embed in celloidin. Stain
for 2 hours in hematoxylin (7 or 8 drops of a 5 per cent.,
alcoholic solution to 30 c.c. of alcohol). Differentiate in
acid alcohol, wash out for 20 minutes in water, dehy-
drate, and mount. Double-stain if desired in borax-car-
min. 11. Sckdfer' s Modification. Harden the tissue for
from 4 to 6 weeks, and put the sections in Marchi's fluid
(l part of a I percent, osmic-acid and 2 parts of a 3 per
cent, potassium-bichromate solution). Wash quickly in
water, and stain in hematoxylin I gm., acetic acid 2 c.c,
water 100 c.c. Differentiate by Pal's method. This
method is applicable when sections have been too long in
alcohol. 12. Vasale' s Modification. From alcohol the
sections are transferred to a solution of hematoxylin I gm.
to 100 c.c. of water, and decolorized by the aid of heat.
After from 3 to 5 minutes they are put into a saturated,
filtered solution of copper acetate and left for the same
length of time, when they become black. They are washed
in water and placed in a solution of borax 2 parts, potas-
sium ferricyanid 2.5 parts, and water 300 parts, in which
the degenerated areas, the cells, and the neuroglia be-
come decolorized, the medullated fibers remaining dark.
After decolorization, wash in water, dehydrate, clear,
and mount. Counterstaining by picro-carmin or alum-
carmin may be practised. 13. IFolter's Modification.
I. Stain sections in a solution of 2 gm. of hematoxylin
in a little alcohol and 100 c.c. of 2 per cent, acetic acid
at 45° C. for 24 hours. Dip them in Midler's fluid, and
differentiate by Pal's method. This is an intense myelin
stain ; medullated fibers appear blue-black, ganglion-cells
yellow, the ground light. Or, sections of tissue hardened
in Miiller's fluid and cut in celloidin are mordanted for
24 hours in a mixture of 2 parts of 10 per cent, vanadium
chlorid and 8 parts of 8 per cent, aluminum acetate ;
then washed for 5 or 10 minutes in water, and stained
in the foregoing solution of hematoxylin and diflerenti-
ated with Weigert's decolorizing fluid. This is a myelin
stain, with a splendid differentiation of the processes
of Purkinje's cells. Monti's Copper Method. Small
pieces of nervous tissue are hardened in a 2 or 3 per cent,
solution of potassium bichromate or Miiller's fluid until
they are quite firm. Tliey are then immersed in a mix-
ture of equal parts of copper sulphate and Miiller's fluid.
A reaction takes place which stains the nerve-cells a red-
dish color in direct, or a blackish-yellow color in trans-
mitted light. Nerves and Nerve-cells in a Frog's
Heart. Find the sinus venosus, and ligate the inferior
and two superior venae cavas opening into it ; make an
incision into one of the aortfe, and into it tie a fine,
glass cannula. Inject normal saline solution to wash out
the cavities of the heart. Distend the cavities with 2
per cent, gold chlorid 4 parts and formic acid I part, pre-
viously boiled together and cooled. Ligate the other
aorta, adjust a ligature below the cannula, cut out the
heart, and place it for from a to I hour in 5 c.c. of the
gold mixture. Open the auricles, wash the heart in water,
and expose it to light in distilled water 50 c.c, con-
taining 3 drops of acetic acid. Reduction of the gold
takes place in from 3 to 4 days. Examine the auricular
septum in glj'cerin, for pyriform nerve-cells with straight
and spiral nerve-processes. A 2 per cent, solution of
osmic acid, used in place of the gold solution, brings the
nerve-fibers into prominence. Nigrosin Method. For
axis-cylinders. Stain sections for from 5 to 10 minutes
in concentrated aqueous solution of nigrosin, decolorize
in dilute, then in absolute alcohol, and clear in origanum-
oil. Nikiforoff's Modification of Adamkiewicz's
Method. Ffarden in a chrome-salt and transfer directly
to alcohol. Section, and place in alcohol. From the al-
cohol sections are brought for 24 hours into a concentrated
aqueous solution of safranin, or anilin- water safranin, or
in 5 per cent, carbolic acid and safranin . Differentiate in
alcohol until the gray is distinguishable from the white
STAINS, ETC.
1396
STAINING OF NERVE-TISSUE
substance. Transfer toa o. I per cent gold-chlorid solu-
tion until the gray matter shows a violet tinge, wash
carefully in water, place in absolute alcohol. When the
rosy-violet of the gray substance forms a distinct contrast
to the red medullary substance carry to clove-oil, then
to xylol or toluol, and mount in balsam. Nissl's
Method. Treat bichromate objects with 95 per cent,
alcohol; then stain for 72 hours in an aqueous solution
of Congo red, 5 : 400 ; wash out for from 5 to 10 minutes
in 95 per cent, alcohol; treat for 6 hours with a 3 per
cent, solution of nitric acid in alcohol ; dehydrate for 5
minutes in alcohol, clear in clove-oil and mount in
balsam. A specific stain for axis-cylinders. Paladino's
Method. For axis-cylinders. Pieces not more than
from 5 to 8 mm. in thickness, hardened in potassium bi-
chromate, chromic acid, or corrosive sublimate, are put for
two days into a large quantity (200 c.c. for each piece) of
a o. I per cent, aqueous solution of palladium chlorid.
Then place them for 24 hours in a I per cent, solution of
potassium iodid, using a relatively small volume, or the
palladium iodid formed in the tissues may be extracted.
After from I to 2 hours, dehydrate and embed in paraffin
by the chloroform method. Medulla, axis-cylinders, and
cell-processes are stained brown. Platner's Method.
Small, fresh nerves are fixed and hardened for several
days in I part of ferric-chlorid solution and 3 or 4 of
water or alcohol, washed out in water or alcohol until the
washings no longer give the reaction for iron with potas-
sium rhodanid, and stained for several days or weeks in a
concentrated solution of dinitroso-resorcin in 75 per cent,
alcohol ; then dehydrated, embedded, and sectioned.
A specific reaction for the neurokeratin network of
medullated nerves is obtained by this method. Rehm's
Method. For axis-cylinders. Stain sections for a few
minutes in a concentrated aqueous solution of Congo red,
wash in alcohol, treat for 10 minutes, until they become
blue, with acid alcohol, clear with origanum-oil, and
mount. This gives a clear axis-cylinder stain with con-
siderable other detail. Or, alcohol-hardened sections
may be stained for I or 2 days in a 0.5 per cent, aqueous
solution of hematoxylin, washed out in an aqueous solu-
tion of lithium carbonate until no more color is given off,
then dehydrated, and mounted. Counterstain for a few
minutes in a o.l per cent, aqueous solution of Bismarck
brown. Axis-cylinders, cells, and processes appear gray-
black. Sahli's Methods. l. Sections of nerve-tissue
hardened in Miiller's fluid are stained for a few minutes
or hours in a liquid prepared as follows : Mix 24 parts of
a saturated aqueous solution of methylene-blue, 16 parts
of a 5 per cent, solution of borax, and 40 parts of water ;
let the mixture stand a day, and filter. Wash sections
in water or alcohol until the gray matter can be distin-
guished from the white, clear in cedar-oil, mount in
balsam. Nerve-tubes and nuclei of neuroglia appear
blue, ganglion-cells greenish. Micrococci, if present,
are stained. 2. .Sections hardened as detailed, and
washed for from 5 to 10 minutes in water, may be stained
for several hours in a concentrated aqueous solution of
methylene-blue. When they have acquired a deep-blue
color, rinse in water, and stain for 5 minutes in a satur-
ated, aqueous solution of acid fuchsin. Rinse in
alcohol, and differentiate in a liberal quantity of
water. The axis-cylinders appear red, the myelin-
sheaths blue. A still finer differentiation is obtained by
rinsing in alcohol containing from o.l to I per cent,
of a potassium-hydroxid solution, and then differen-
tiating in water. Clear with cedar-oil, mount in balsam
dissolved in cedar-oil. Schmaus' Method. For
axis-cylinders in the spinal cord. After hardening in
Miiller's fluid, stain sections for from 15 to 20 minutes in
the following solution : sodium carminate I gm., uranium
nitrate 0.5 gm., water 100 c.c, heat for half an hour,
and, when cold, filter. Wash out in water. Another
stain that may be used is a 0.25 per cent, solution of
English blue-black in 50 per cent, alcohol, to which a
little picric acid has been added. V. ThanhofTer's
Methods. For multipolar nerve-cells. Press fresh
tissue between two cover-glasses, separate these, and
let them dry in air. Float them on a concentrated
aqueous solution of methylene-blue for several hours.
Wash in water, pass through alcohol and clearing fluid,
or dry in air. Mount in balsam (that is not dissolved
in chloroform). Or, place fresh tissue for 3 or 4 days in
Landois' fluid ; then stain in bulk for from 24 to 48
hours in equal parts of strong ammoniacal carmin and
methylene-blue solutions. Upson's Gold Methods.
I. Harden the tissue in Miiller's fluid for from 2 to 5
months ; then wash in water, and place for 2 days in 50
per cent, and then for 2 months in 95 per cent, alcohol.
Embed in celloidin, and treat the sections with 80 per
cent, alcohol for a few days before staining. The sec-
tion to be stained is first rinsed in water, then transferred
to a I per cent, aqueous solution of gold chlorid for
from ID to 30 minutes, washed in water, immersed
for a minute in a 10 per cent, solution of sodium
hydroxid, again washed in water, and then placed
in a reducing fluid consisting of 5 c.c. of sulphurous
acid, from 5 to 10 drops of a 5 per cent, tincture of
iodin, and l drop of a 37 per cent, solution of ferric
chlorid. When the sections assume a red color, they
should be removed from this fluid, and washed,
dehydrated, and mounted in the usual way. 2. Place
the sections, soon after cutting, in a I per cent, gold-
chlorid solution for j-^ an hour ; wash in water, and
immerse for ^ a minute in a 15 per cent, solution of
sodium hydroxid, to which add, at the time of using, a
trace of chromic acid. Wash again, and place in a re-
ducing fluid consisting of 15 drops of solution of stannic
chlorid, I or 2 gm., in 30 c.c. of a I per cent, tincture
of iodin, distilled water 3 c.c, 3 drops of a 5 per cent,
solution of iron phosphate, and 3 c.c. of sulphurous
acid. 3. For axis-cylinders and nerve-cells. Harden
in the dark in a solution of potassium bichromate for 4
months, increasing the strength from I to 2.5 per cent.
Wash and transfer to alcohol, increasing in strength from
50 to 95 per cent. Section, free or embedded, dehy-
drate, and put sections in a I per cent, gold-chlorid solu-
tion with 2 per cent, of hydrochloric acid added. Wash,
transfer on filter-paper to 10 per cent, solution of potash
5 c.c, containing a trace of potassium ferricyanid.
After y2 a minute, wash, and transfer to the follow-
ing : sulphurous acid 5 c.c; 3 per cent, tincture of
iodin from 10 to 15 drops; mix, and add solution of
ferric chlorid I drop. When the section has become rose-
colored, wash, dehydrate, clear, and mount. 4. Sec-
tions made as detailed are placed in a I per cent, gold-
chlorid solution 5 c.c, saturated solution of ammonium
vanadate 10 drops, hydrochloric acid 3 drops. Remove
after 2 hours' immersion, wash in distilled water, and
place for from to I minute in a mixture of a 10 per
cent, caustic-potash solution 5 drops, 10 per cent, potas-
sium-permanganate solution ID drops, and a trace of
ammonium vanadate ; rinse in distilled water, and treat
until they become red with the following freshly pre-
pared reducing mixture : 3 per cent, tincture of iodin
to which has been added 15 drops of tin chlorid, 3 c.c.
of distilled water, from 3 to 5 drops of a saturated solu-
tion of iron phosphate, and sulphurous acid 3 c.c. ^ A
precipitate will be thrown down when these solutions
are mixed, and at the instant that this occurs the sections
should be put into it. The remaining treatment is as in
the other methods. Van Gieson's Picro-acid-fuch-
sin Method. Harden small pieces of nerve-tissue in
Miiller's fluid or alcohol, or both, and emlied in celloidin.
Mi
STAINS, ETC.
1397
STAINING REAGENTS
The sections are stained rather deeply in Delafield's
hematoxyhn, washed in water, and then pl&ced for a few
minutes in a solution of picric acid and acid fuchsin, made
by adding to a saturated aqueous solution of picric acid
a saturated aqueous solution of Griibler's acid fuchsin,
drop by droj), until a garnet color appears ; they are
again washed in water, then dehydrated in alcohol,
cleared in oil of origanum, and mounted in balsam.
The ganglion-cells, neuroglia, blood-vessels, and scle-
rosed areas are stained garnet, the a.xis-cylinders red,
and the myelin yellow. This stain is well adapted to
all tissues in which picrocarmin is used. Weigert's
Method. This method depends on the production in
the tissues of a chromium or copper lake, in consequence
of which hematoxylin acquires the property of staining
the myelin of nerves in a specific way. The steps of
the process are as follows : The tissue is hardened in
Miiller's or Erlicki's fluid, and, when it has acquired a
brown coloration, is embedded by infiltration with cel-
loidin, and placed for I or 2 days in a saturated solution
of neutral copper acetate diluted with I volume of
water and kept at the temperature of an incubating oven.
In this the tissue becomes green and the celloidin
bluish-green, and the change of color indicates that the
mordantage is complete. Preserve in So per cent, alco-
hol. Stain sections in Weigert's hematoxylin (see Stain-
ing Reagents). The time required varies according to
the tissue : for the spinal cord and the medullary layers
of the brain 2 hours, for the cortical layers of the brain 24
hours ; rinse in water, and differentiate in a solution of
borax 2 parts, potassium ferricyanid 2.5 parts, water 200
parts, Yi to several hours being necessary. Wash in
water, dehydrate, and mount in balsam. The nuclei
may be demonstrated by previous staining in alum-car-
min. Weigert's New Method. See IVeigerf s
Method liiithout Decolofiziug. Weigert's Method
without Decolorizing. Tissues hardened in Midler's
fluid and alcohol are embedded in celloidin, and then
put into a mixture of equal parts of a 10 per cent, solu-
tion of sodium-potassium tartrate and a cold saturated
solution of copper acetate, which is kept at from 38° to
40° C. They are next placed in a half-saturated solution
of copper acetate at the same temperature for 48 hours.
The blocks, rinsed in water, may be kept in 80 per cent,
alcohol and cut at any time. The staining fluid is com-
posed of I part of an alcoholic hematoxylin solution (l
to 10), and 9 parts of a saturated solution of lithium car-
bonate ; this fluid is to be freshly made. Stain for from 4
to 12 hours; wash, dehydrate in 90 percent, alcohol,
and clear in anilin-xylol (2 to l), then in pure xylol, and
mount in xylol-balsam. The advantage of the method
is the clearness with which the fine meduUated fibers are
distinguished from the cells and other parts, and it is less
tedious than the old method. Welters' Method.
Harden either peripheral or central nervous tissue in
Kultschitzky's fluid, and follow by alcohol. Embed in
celloidin or paraffin. Mordant sections 24 hours in the
vanadium-chlorid and aluminum-acetate mixture used in
Wolters' modification of Weigert's method ; wash for 10
minutes in water and stain for 24 hours in the hematoxy-
lin solution used in Wolters' modification of Weigert's
method. Wash out in acid alcohol until the sections
acquire a light blue-red color. Remove the acid in
pure alcohol, dehydrate, clear in oil of origanum, and
mount. Besides the axis-cylinders, which are sharply
stained, all the tissue-elements are colored. Ziehen's
Method. Pieces of nerve-tissue are put for 5 weeks
in a mixture of equal parts of I per cent, solutions of
gold chlorid and corrosive sublimate. The sections are
put in 0.25 per cent, solution of iodin. The nerve-fibers,
medullated and non-medullated, the nerve-cells, and
the neurolgia-cells are colored blue.
STAINING REAGENTS.
The stains employed in microscopic anatomy (histology) are
divided into two groups, according to their selective ac-
tion on the tissues : the histologic, or plasmatic stains,
and the cytologic, or nuclear stains. The substances
chiefly used are the coal-tar or anilin dyes, carmin,
hematoxylin, gold and silver. I. Anilin Stains.
These are classified by Ehrlich as acid, basic, and neu-
tral. The basic dyes are excellent nuclear stains, and
are most used. Some of them have special affinities for
certain tissues, and are of the utmost value in bacterio-
logic research. They are further classified as plas-
matic stains, and, according to the method of staining,
as direct and indirect nuclear stains. The indirect,
or " Flemming " Method, which is suitable only for
sections, consists in overstaining all the tissue-elements
in a strong solution of the dye, and then decolorizing.
As the nuclei have the strongest affinity for these stains,
they resist the washing-out process longest, and still
retain the color when it has been yielded up by the
ground-substance. The washing-out is usually done in
alcohol, but in some instances may be effected by stain-
ing with another anilin, which displaces the first in
the ground-substance ; this process is known as sub-
stitution. The initials attached to the names of anilin
dyes indicate a certain tint of a color and its depth or
intensity ; as, cyanin B, which means cyanin of a pecu-
liar shade of blue, cyanin BB meaning a deeper shade
of the same blue, and so on. The initials may also sig-
nify chemic change ; as, fuchsin S, which denotes sul-
phonation of the dye. Acid Fuchsin. A diffuse
stain, having a special affinity for axis-cylinders. A
solution of 2 gm. in 40 c.c. of 90 per cent alcohol and
160 c.c. of distilled water is employed. Wash out in 90
per cent, alcohol. Weigert stains sections of tissue
hardened in Miiller's fluid in a saturated aqueous solution
of acid fuchsin for from I to 24 hours, then rinses them
quickly in water, immerses for a few minutes in a satur-
ated solution of potassium hydroxid I part, alcohol lo
parts. Wash thoroughly to remove the alkali, dehydrate,
clear, and mount. This process differentiates the finer
nerve-fibrils in the spinal cord. Acid Rubin. See
Acid Fuchsin. Anilin Blue-black. See Nigrosin.
Anilin Brown. Sections are stained in a saturated
solution of anilin brown in equal parts of water and
glycerin, and washed and preserved in glycerin. This
stain is used especially in microphotography. Anilin
Red. See Fuchsin. Artificial Indigo. See A'igro-
sin. Bengalin. See N'igrositi. Benzopurpurin.
A dark-red, plasmatic stain, affording a good contrast
to hematoxylin and other blue nuclear stains. Sections
are stained for from 2 to 5 minutes in a solution contain-
ing 0.25 gm. of purpurin to 20 c.c. of 90 per cent,
alcohol and 80 c. c. of distilled water. Bismarck
Brown. A direct and indirect nuclear stain. A solu-
tion of 0.5 gm. in 20 c.c. of 90 per cent, alcohol and
80 c.c. of distilled water gives a good nuclear stain.
The addition of carbolic acid is advised. This dye has
also the property of staining certain cellular elements
during life. Blackley Blue. See Nigrosin. Chro-
motrop. See, under Cytologic Methods, M'atase's
Alethod for Differentiating Sexual Cells. Congo
Red. An acid stain used in the study of the central
nervous system. Stain for 2 or 3 minutes in a 2 per cent,
aqueous solution. Corallin. See Fuchsin. Cyanin
( Quinolein Blue). A plasmatic dye. It stains fatty
matters a deep-blue, other tissues a pale-blue. Dissolve
I gm. in 90 per cent, alcohol, and then dilute with
water. A weak solution should be used ; a very weak
solution, I : 500,000, in the medium that constitutes
the native habitat of the organism, stains Infitsoi-ia intra
vitam. Dahlia-violet. A nuclear stain, recom-
STAINS, ETC. 1398
mended for demonstrating the granules in Ehrlich's
Mastzellen. Tissues hardened in alcohol are stained
for several hours in a solution of dahlia-violet 2 gm., in
go per cent, alcohol 25 c.c. , distilled water 70 c.c. ,
glacial acetic acid 5 c.c. Wash in alcohol until near-
ly colorless. Deltapurpurin. See Benzopnrpurin.
Dinitroso-resorcin. See Staining of iXeri't'-tissue,
Plafner' s Method. Eosin. Stains rapidly and gives
a beautiful, dilTuse, rosy hue. It is one of the best con-
trast-stains with hematoxylin. Make a 5 per cent, aque-
ous solution, and dilute as required. It is also a spe-
cific stain for red l:> 
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