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I 


/• 


Pemn^nT 


I.  o 15  o N : 

FriutcMl  (or  fVc'C*,!  .\VM  ITE  , Fleet  Street . 


M I)  c c xciri 


I 


HISTORY 

O F 

QJJ  ADRUPEDS. 


Six  cutting  teethj  and  two  caolne,  in  each  jaw. 

Five  toes  before;  five  behind. 

In  walking  refts  on  the  hind  feet,  as  far  as  the  heel. 


Urfus.  Plinnlih.  vm.  e.  Urfus  niger,  cauda  concolore.  Brljfon 

Apxt®'.  Opptan  Cymg.\\\.  139.  ' quad.  187. 

Urfus.  Gefner  quad.  941.  Agricola,  An,  Urius,  cauda  abrupta.  Liu.Jyjl,  6g. 

Subter.  Bail fyn.  quad,  171.  Bicrn.  Faun./uec.  No.  19. 

Niedzwiedz.  RzaczinJkiPolon.  225.  L’Ours,'  De  Buffon,  viii.  248.  tab.  xxxi. 

Bar.  Klein  quad.  82.  Schnjoencbfelt  The-  xxxii.  Schrehtr,  cxxxix.  cxl.  Lev. 
riotroph.  131.  Ridinger  Wild.  'Thitre,  Mus. 

31.  Aril.Zool,  i.  No. 

Bwith  a long  head:  fmall  eyes:  fliort  ears,  rounded  at  the 
• top:  ftrong,  thick,  and  clumfy  limbs:  very  fiiort  tail; 
large  feet:  body  covered  witli  very  long  and  fliaggy  hair,  various 
’ in  its  color:  thelargeftof  a rufiy  brown:  fome  from  the  confines  of 
RuJJia,  black,  mixed  with  white  hairs,  called  by  the  Germans,  ftlvcr 
bar;  and  fome  (but  rarely)  are  found  in  T^artaryoi  a pure  white. 
VoL.  II.  B Inhabits 


XX.  BEAR, 


208.  Browns 


2 


BEAR. 


Place  and 
Man  ners. 


Inhabits  the  north  parts  of  Europe  and  Jfia,  the  Alps  of  Switzer- 
land, and  Dauphine;  Arabia'^,  Japan and  Ceylon%',  and  the 
northern  parts  North  America;  and  extends  to  the  Andes  of  Peru; 
Dodlor  Shaw^  Informs  us,  it  is  alfo  found  in  Barbary,  They 
muft  have  been  very  plentiful,  for  PUry  fays  that  Domitlus 
Mnobarbus  produced  at  one  of  the  fhews  a hundred  Numidian  bears, 
and  as  many  ALthiopian\\\xrritx%  §.  The  brown  bears  are  fometimes 
carnivorous,  and  willdeftroy  cattle,  and  eat  carrion ; but  theirgeneral 
food  is  roots,  fruits,  and  vegetables : will  rob  the  fields  of  peafe; 
and  when  they  are  ripe,  pluck  great  quantities  up;  beat  the  peafe 
out  of  the  hulks  on  fome  hard  place,  eat  them,  and  carry  off  the 
ftraw:  they  will  alfo,  during  winter,  break  into  the  farmer’s 
yard,  and  make  great  havock  among  his  ftock  of  oats:  are  par- 
ticularly fond  of  honey. 

Theyliveon  berries,  fruits,  and  pulfe,  of  all  kinds;  and  feed  much 
on  the  black  mulberry:  are  remarkably  fond  of  potatoes,  which 
they  very  readily  dig  up  with  their  great  paws:  make  great  havock 
in  the  fields  of  malz\  and  are  great  lovers  of  milk  and  honey. 
They  feed  much  on  herrings,  which  they  catch  in  the  feafon  when 
thofe  fifh  come  in  fhoals  up  the  creeks;  which  gives  their  flelh  a 
difagreeable  tafte;  and  the  fame  effed  is  obferved  when  they  eat 
the  bitter  berries  of  the  Tupelo. 

Bears  flrike  with  their  fore  foot  like  a cat;  feldom  or  never 
ufe  their  mouths  in  fighting;  but  feizing  the  aflfailant  wiih  their 
paws,  and  prefling  him  againft  their  breaft,  almofl;  inflantly 
fqueeze  him  to  death. 

The  females,  after  conception,  retire  into  the  mofl  fecret 

* Forfial,  iv,  f Kampfer,  Hi  ft.  Japan,  i,  126.  J Kmx,Iiif..  Ceykn.  20, 

§ Lib.  viii.  c.  36. 


places ; 


BEAR. 


3 


pbces;  leaft,  when  they  bring  forth,  the  males  Ihould  devour  the 
young:  it  is  affirmed  for  fadt,  that  out  of  the  feveral  hundred 
bears  that  are  killed  in  America^  during  winter,  (which  is  their 
breeding  feafon)  that  fcarcely  a female  is  found  among  * them;  fo 
impenetrable  is  their  retreat  during  their  pregnancy:  they  bring 
two,  rarely  three,  young  at  a time : the  cubs  are  deformed,  but 
not  a Ibapelefs  mafs,  to  be  licked  into  ffiape,  as  the  antients  pre- 
tended-f-.  The  cubs  even  of  the  brown  bears  are  of  a jetty 
blacknefs,  and  often  have  round  their  necks  a circle  of  white. 
The  flelh  of  a bear  in  autumn,  when  they  are  moll  exceffively 
fat,  by  feeding  on  acorns,  and  other  mail,  is  moft  delicate  food; 
and  that  of  the  cubs  Hill  finer ; but  the  paws  of  the  old  bears  are 
reckoned  the  moft  exquifite  morfel ; the  fat  white,  and  very 
fweet:  the  oil  excellent  for  {trains,  and  old  pains. 

The  latter  end  of  autumn,  after  they  have  fattened  themfelves 
to  the  greateft  degree,  the  bears  withdraw  to  their  dens,  where 
they  continue  for  a great  number  of  days  in  total  inadivity,  and 
abftinence  from  food,  having  no  other  nouriffiment  than  what 
they  get  by  fucking  their  feet,  where  the  fat  lodges  in  great  abun- 
dance. In  Lapland  they  pafs  the  long  night  in  dens  lined  warmly 
with  a vaft  bed  of  mofs,  in  which  they  roll  themfelves,  fecure 
from  the  cold  of  the  fevere  feafon  Their  retreats  are  either  in 
cliffs  of  rocks;  in  the  deepeft  receffes  of  the  thickeft  woods;  or 
in  the  hollows  of  antient  trees,  which  they  afcend  and  defcend 
with  furprizing  agility  : as  they  lay  in  no  winter  provifions,  they 

• Out  of  500  bears  that  were  killed  in  one  winter,  in  two  counties  of  Firginiat 
only  two  females  were  found,  and  thofe  not  pregnant.  La-wjon,  1 17. 

'k  Hi  funt  Candida  infomnfque  caro,  paulo  mur.bus  major,  fine  oculis,  fine  pilo", 
ungues  tantum  prominent : banc  lamhendo pa  datim  figurant.  Plinii  lib.  viii.  c,  36. 

J FI.  Lap.  313.  I'hc  mofs  is  a variety  of  the  Pclytrichum  Commune. 

B 2 


are 


4 


BEAR. 


are  in  a certain  fpace  of  time  forced  from  their  retreats  by  huK»* 
ger,  and  come  out  extremely  lean  : multitudes  are  killed  annu- 
ally in  America^  for  the  fake  of  their  flefh,  or  ikins,  which  laft 
makes  a confiderable  article  of  commerce, 

209*  Black*  ArSl,  "Zcol.  2d,  Ed.  ii.  ig. 

Bwith  a long  pointed  nofe,  and  narrow  forehead:  the  cheeks 
• and  throat  of  a yellowifh  brown  color:  hair  over  the  whole 
body  and  limbs  of  a gloffy  bltick,  fmoother  and  Ihorter  than  that, 
of  the  European  kind. 

They  are  ufually  fmaller  than  thofe  of  the  old  world  : yet  Mr. 
Bartram  gives  an  inftance  of  an  old  he-bear  killed  in  Florida^  which 
was  feven  feet  long,  and,  as  he  gueffed,  weighed  four  hundred 
pounds. 

Thefe  animals  are  found  in  all  parts  of  North  America,  from. 
Hudfon’s  Bay  to  the  fouthern  extremity ; but  in  Louijiana  and  the 
fouthern  parts  they  appear  only  in  the  winter,  migrating  from 
the  north  in  fearch  of  food.  They  fpread  acrofs  the  northern, 
part  of  the  American  continent  to  the  AJiatic  They  are 

found  in  the  Kuriljki  illands,  which  intervene  betw'een  Kamt<- 
fchatka  and  Japan,  Jefo,  Maftma,  which  lies  north  of  Japan,  and 
probably  Japan  itfclf ; for  Kampfer  fays,  that  a few  fmall  bears  are 
found  in  the  northern  provinces. 

It  is  very  certain  that  this  fpecies  of  bear  feeds  on  vegetables. 
Du  Pratz,  who  is  a faithful  as  w^eil  as  intelligent  writer,  relates, 
that  in  one  fevere  winter,  when  thefe  animals  were  forced  in  mul- 
titudes from  the  woods,  where  there  was  abundance  of  animal  food, 
they  rejected  that,  notwithllanding  they  were  ready  to  perifli  with 
hunger,  and  migrating  into  the  lower  Loulfiana,  would  often  break 
S into 


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bear; 


5 


into  the  courts  of  houfes.  They  never  touched  the  butchers  meat 
which  lay  in  their  way,  but  fed  voracioully  on  the  corn  or  roots  they 
met  with. 


White  bear.  Martin's  ^pitjberg.  lOO.  Jpp,  xxv\.  JrSt,  ZooLl. 'Ho. 

Egede  Greenl.  Ellis 'vcy.i^x.Crantz  Urfus  albus.  MartenJU,  Klein  quad,  8z, 
Gretnl.  i.  73.  Barents  njoy.  18.  45.  La  L’Ours  blanc.  Brijfon  quad.  188.  De  Buf- 
Hontan  voy.  i.  235.  Caiejby  Carolina,  fon,XV.  izZ. Schreber, cxVi,  Litw.'M.Vi, 

Bwith  long  head  and  neck  : Ihort  round  ears : end  of  the 
• nofe  black : vaft  teeth ; hair  long,  foft,  white,  tinged  in 
fome  parts  with  yellow : limbs  of  great  fize  and  ftrength : grows 
to  a vaft  fize:  the  Ikins  of  fome  are  thirteen  feet  long. 

This  animal  is  confined  to  the  coldeft  part  of  the  globe : it 
has  been  found  as  far  as  navigators  have  penetrated  northwards, 
above  lat.  80.  The  frigid  climates  only  feem  adapted  to  its  na- 
ture. It  is  unknown,  except  on  the  fliores  of  Hudfons  Bay^  Green- 
land, and  Spitzbergen.  The  north  of  Norway,  and  the  country  of 
Mefen,  in  the  north  of  Rujjda,  are  deftitute  of  them:  but  they 
are  met  with  again  in  great  abundance  in  Nova  Zernhla,  and  from 
the  river  Ob,  along  the  Siberian  coaft,  to  the  mouths  of  the  Je- 
nefei,  and  Lena,  but  are  never  feen  far  inland,  unlefs  they  lofe 
their  way  in  mifts ; none  are  found  in  Kamtfchatka,  or  its  iflands. 

They  have  been  feen  as  far  fouth  as  Newfoundland',  but  they 
are  not  natives  of  that  country,  being  only  brought  there  acciden- 
tally on  the  iflands  of  ice. 

During  fummer  the  white  bears  are  either  refident  on  iflands 
of  ice,  or  paffing  from  one  to  another:  they  fwim  admirably,  and 


210,  Polar, 


Place. 


Mahner?, 


can 


6 


BEAR. 


can  continue  that  exercife*  fix  or  feven  leagues;  and  dive  with 
great  agility.  They  bring  two  young  at  a time  : the  affedhion 
between  the  parents  and  them  is  fo  ftrong,  that  they  would  die  ra- 
ther than  defert  one  another.  Their  winter  retreats  are  under 
the  fnowf,  in  which  they  form  deep  dens,  fupported  by  pillars 
of  the  fame,  or  elfe  under  fome  great  eminence  beneath  the  fixed 
ice  of  the  frozen  fea. 

They  feed  on  fifh,  feals,  and  the  carcafes  of  whales;  and  on 
human  bodies,  which  they  will  greedily  difinter;  they  feem  very- 
fond  of  human  blood;  and  are  fo  fearlefs  as  to  attack  comoanies 
of  armed  men,  and  even  to  board  fmall  veffels.  When  on  land, 
they  live  on  birds,  and  their  eggs;  and,  allured  by  the  fcent  of 
the  feals  flefh,  often  break  into  and  plunder  the  houfes  of  the 
Greenlanders:  their  greateft  enemy  in  the  brute  creation  is  the 
Morje\^  with  whom  they  have  terrible  conflids,  but  are  ge- 
rally  worlled ; the  vafl:  teeth  of  the  former  giving  it  a fupe- 
riority. 

The  flefii  is  white,  and  faid  to  tafte  like  mutton:  the  fat  is 
melted  for  train  oil,  and  that'  of  the  feet  ufed  in  medicine  ; but 
the  liver  is  very  unwholefome,  as  three  of  Barentz’s  failors  expe- 
rienced, who  fell  dangeroufly  ill  on  eating  fome  of  it  boiled. 

One  of  this  fpecies  was  brought  over  to  England,  a few  years 
ago;  it  was  very  furious,  almofi;  always  in  motion,  roared  loud, 
and  feemed  very  uiieafy,  except  when  cooled  by  having  pail- fulls 
of  water  poured  on  it. 

Callixenus  Rhodius^,  in  his  defcription  of  the  pompous  pro- 

* La  Hontan,  i.  -|-  EgeJe,  6o.  t Egede,  Greenl,  6o.  83. 

§ As  quoted  by  Athinau$,  lib.  v.  p.  201. 


cefiion 


BEAR. 


7 


ceffion  of  "Ptokmaus  Philadelphm  at  Alexandria,  fpeaks  of  one 
great  white  Bear,  A^hto?  fj.eyaX'n  among  other  wild  beads 
that  graced  the  fliew;  notwithftanding  the  local  fituatlon  of  this 
fpecies  at  prefent,  it  is  pofTible  xhdit  Ptolemy  might  procure  one; 
whether  men  could  penetrate,  in  thofe  early  rimes,  as  far  as  the 
prefent  refidence  of  thefe  ArBic  animals,  I will  not  venture  to 
affirm,  nor  to  deny;  but  fince  my  friend,  the  Hon.  Dalnes  Bar- 
rington *,  has  clearly  proved  the  intenfe  cold  that  in  former  ages 
raged  in  countries  now  more  than  temperate,  it  is  molt  probable 
that  in  thofe  times  they  were  docked  with  animals  natural  to  a 
rigorous  climate;  which,  fince  the  alteration,  have  necedarily 
become  extindl  in  thofe  parts:  the  Polar  bear  might  have  been 
one;  but  that  it  was  the  fpecies  meant  by  CalUxenus  is  clear  to 
me,  by  the  epithet  (/.e'yxXn,  ox  great,  which  is  very  applicable  to 
it;  for  the  white  Tartarian  land  bear  (which  Ptolemy  might  very 
eafily  procure)  differs  not  in  fize  from  the  black  or  brown  kind, 
but  the  bulk  of  the  other  is  quite  charadleridic. 

Land  bears,  fometimes  fpotted  with  white;  at  other  times 
wholly  white;  are  fometimes  obferved  on  the  parrs  of  RuJJia 
bordering  on  Siberia,  in  a wandering  date,  fuppofed  to  have  drayed 
out  of  the  lofty  fnowy  mountains,  which  divide  the  two  coun- 
tries i*. 


* Phil,  Tran/,  mol,  Iviii.  ^.58.  j-  Doftor  PallaSa 


PiKD 

Land  bbaas. 


Quickhatds. 


8 


BEAR, 


21 1.  Wolverene. 


Quickhatch.  Catejhy  Carolina^  Jpp.  xxx, 
Larcajou,  or  Quickhatch.  Dobbs  Hud- 
Jon's  Bay,  40. 

Quickhatch,  or  Wolverene.  £llis  Hud- 
fotis  Bay,  42.  Clerk's  njoy.  ii.  3. 
Edwj.  103. 

Urfus  lufcus.  U.  cauda  elongata,  cor- 
pore  ferrugineo,  rollro  fufco,  fronte 


plagaque  lateral!  corporis.  Lin.  fyff, 
yi.  Ara.  Zool.  I.  N°  21. 

Urfus.  Freti  Hudfoms.  U.  caftanei  co- 
loris,  cauda  unicolore,  roftro  pedi. 
bufque  fufcis.  Brijfon  quad,  i88, 
Schreber,  cxliv. 

Le  Glouton.  De  Buffon,  Supplem.  III. 
244.  Lev.  Mus. 


B with  a black  fharp-pointed  vifage : fhort  rounded  ears,  al- 
• moft  hid  in  the  hair:  hairs  on  the  head,  back,  and  belly, 
reddilh,  with  black  tips,  fo  that  thofe  parts  appear,  on  firft 
light,  quite  black:  lides  of  a yellowilh  brown,  which  palTes  in 
form  of  a band  quite  over  the  hind  part  of  the  back,  above  the 
tail : on  the  throat  a white  fpot : on  the  breafl  a white  mark,  in 
form  of  a crefeent:  legs  very  ftrong,  thick  and  Ihort,  of  a deep 
black:  five  toes  on  each  foot*,  not  deeply  divided:  on  the  fore 
foot  of  that  I examined  were  fome  white  fpots  : the  bottom  of 
the  feet  covered  very  thickly  with  hair:  refts,  like  tho  bear,  on  its 
foot,  as  far  as  the  firll  joint  of  the  leg;  and  walks  with  its  back 
greatly  arched : claws  ftrong  and  (harp,  white  at  their  ends:  tail 
clpathed  with  long  coarfe  hairs;  thofe  at  the  bafe  reddifh,  at  the 
end  black  : fome  of  the  hairs  are  fix  inches  long:  length  from  nofe 


* Mr.  Ednjoards  obferved  only  four  toes  on  tlie  fore  feet  of  the  animal  he  de- 
Icribes.  My  defeription  is  taken  from  an  entire  fldn,  in  very  fine  prefervation, 
communicated  to  me  by  the  late  Mr.  AJhton  Blackbur7ie,  of  O'ford,  Lancajhire, 
who,  with  indefatigable  induftry  and  great  judgment,  enriched  the  cabinets  of 
his  friends  with  the  rareft  natural  produftions  of  that  continent : as  this  work 
has  profited  fo  greatly  by  that  gentleman’s  labors,  it  would  be  ungrateful  to 
.omit  my  acknowlegements. 

to 


Lxn 


j: 


//, 


/ ^ 


2//. 


Ik* 


A 


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r 


■'<■ 


.•^1 


'V. 

'V2y;,;,, 


BEAR, 


to  tail  twenty-eight  inches;  length, of  the  trunk  of  the  tail 
feven  inches,  but  the  hairs  reach  fix  beyond  its  end;  the  tail  in 
Mr.  Edzvards’s  figure  not  quite  accurate;  it  is  corredled  in  that 
which  is  borrowed  from  his  admirable  work.  The  whole  body 
is  covered  with  very  long  and  thick  hair,  which  varies  in  color, 
according  to  the  feafon. 

Inhabits  Hi(dfuns,-Bay,  and  Canada ^ as  far  as  the  ftraights  of 
Mkhilimakinac. 

A moft  voracious  animal : flow  of  foot,  fo  is  obliged  to  take 
its  prey  by  furprize ; in  America  is  called  the  BeaverrEater,  for 
it  watches  thofe  animals  as  they  come  out  of  their  houfes,  and 
fometimes  breaks  into  their  habitations,  and  devours  them. 

In  a wild  date  is  vaftly  fierce;  a terror  to  both  wolf  and  bear, 
which  will  not  prey  on  it  when  they  find  it  dead*,  perhaps  on 
account  of  its  being  fo  very  foetid,  fmelling  like  a pole-cat: 
makes  a ftrong  refiftance  when  attacked;  will  tear  the  flock  from 
the  gun,  and  pull  the  traps  it  is  caught  in  to  pieces:  burrows -f, 
and  has  its  den  under  ground.  Mr  Graham,  long  refident  in 
Hudfons  Bay,  has  aflured  me,  that  it  will  lurk  on  a tree,  and  drop 
on  the  deer  which  pafs  beneath,  and  fallen  on  them  till  the  animals 
are  quite  exhaufled. 

Charlevoix,  in  Hijl,  Nouv.  France,  v.  189,  gives  the  name  of 
this  animal  (Carcajou)  to  our  189th  fpecies,  the  Biima,  or  Brown 
Panther  of  iV.  America. 


* Clerk  California,  ii.  3.  \ La  Homan’s  way,  i.  62, 


VoL.  II. 


In 


10 


BEAR 


In  conformity  to  the  opinion  of  that  refpeftable  naturalift 
Dodlor  PallaSy  1 unite  the  Woolverene  and  Glutton.  I do  not  alter 
my  description  of  the  latter  ; but  add  both  that  and  the  fynonymsj 
fubmitting  to  future  times  the  propriety  or  impropriety  of  uniting 
thefe  animals:  there  being  dirtinftions  that  even  now  leave  me 
very  undetermined. 


212.  Glottok. 


Gulo.  Olaii  Magni  gent.  Sepfenir.  138. 
Gulo,  vielfrafs.  Ge/ner  quad.  554*  Klein 
quad.  83.  tab.  v. 

Rofomak.  Rzaczinjki  Folon,  218.  Bell's 
Travels,  i.  235 « 

Muller’s  Rufs  Samlung.  ill.  549,  550. 

Ritchkqff  Topogr.  Orenb.  i.  291;. 

Jerf,  Vieldhois.  Strom  Son  Jmor.  iqz.Pon- 
iop.  Norvsay,  ii.  22.  Scheffer's  Lapland, 

*34- 


Hyaena.  Briffon  quad.  iSg.  YJhrandts  Ides 
Yrav.  Harris's  Coll.  ii.  923. 

Muftela  gulo.  M.  pedibus  fillis.  corpore 
rufo-fufeo,  medio  dorfi  nigro.  Lin.  fyft, 
67.  T-immermon.  3 1 1. 

Jarf,  Filfrefs.  Faun./uec.  No.  14. 
Jaserven.  Gunner's  Adi.  Nidros.  iii.  143. 
tab.  iii. 

Le  Glutton.  De  Buffbn,  xiii.  278. 


T>  with  a round  head:  thick  blunt  nofe  : lliort  ears,  rounded, 
except  at  the  tip:  limbs  large:  back  flrait;  marked  the 
whole  length  with  a tawny  line:  tail  Ihort  and  very  full  of 
hair : the  hair  in  all  other  parts  black,  finely  damalked  or 
watered  like  a filk,  and  very  glofify,  but  fometimes  varies  into 
a browner  color.  Klein  attributes  to  it  five  toes  on  each  foot: 
that  which  Mr.  Zimmerman  deferibes,  had  but  four,  very  thickly 
covered  with  hair. 

Size.  The  length  of  one  which  was  brought  from  Siberia,  and  kept 

alive  at  Drefden,  was  a yard  and  eight  inches : the  height  from 
the  top  of  the  head  was  nineteen  inches.  Mr.  Zimmerman  de- 
8 feribes 


BEAR. 


If 


fcribes  another,  rather  leffer  than  the  former,  which  was  (liot  near 
Helmjledty  m IVolfenbuttle,  Its  length  was  three  feet  three:  its 
height  before  fifteen  inches;  behind,  fixteen  : the  tail  fix  inches. 

Inhabits  Lapland^  the  northern  and  eaftern  parts  of  Siberia,  and 
Kamtfchatka,  Thofe  of  Kamtfchatka  differ,  and  vary  to  white  and 
yellowifli,  and  their  fkins  are  efteemed  by  the  natives  before  the 
black:  they  fay,  that  the  heavenly  beings  wear  no  other  garments. 
The  women  wear  the  paws  of  the  white  fort  in  their  hair : and  efteem 
a fkin  as  the  moft  valuable  prefent  which  their  hufbands  or  lovers 
can  make. 

They  are  exceffively  voracious;  that  which  was  confined  at 
Drejden  would  eat  thirteen  pounds  of  flefli  in  a day,  and  not  be 
fatisfied.  The  report  of  their  filling  themfelves  fo  full,  as  to 
be  obliged  to  go  between  two  trees  to  force  out  part  of  the  food, 
feems  to  be  fabulous. 

Like  the  Lynx,  it  lurks  on  the  boughs  of  trees,  and  will  fall 
on  any  animal  which  palfes  by,  fallen  on,  and  deftroy  it.  Its 
game  is  chiefly  deer ; and  about  the  Lena,  horfes.  Is  capable  of 
being  made  tame. 

It  differs  from  the  bear  by  its  lean  habit ; by  not  lying  in- 
aftive  in  winter;  and  by  its  living  entirely  on  animal  food.  It  is 
alfo  more  bold,  voracious,  and  cunning. 

The  Ruffians  call  it  Rofomak’,  the  Kamlfchatkans , Limmi-,  and 
the  Koratjki,  Haeppi,  An  animal,  called  by  the  Greenlanders, 
Amanki,  is  faid  to  be  found  in  their  country,  which  is  fuppofed 
to  be  the  Glutton ; but  as  Greenland  is  deftitute  of  wood,  I fap- 
pofe  their  Amanki,  or  Amarok,  to  be  a fabulous  animal 


Pl  ACS. 


• See  Crantz,  Hifi,  Greenland, 
C a 


Raccoon 


12 


BEAR. 


213-  Raccodn. 


"K^ccoow.  Laivfon  Carolina,  I2i.  Catef- 
hy  Carolina,  App,  xxix. 

Mapach,  feu  animal  cunfta  prastentante 
manibus.  Hernandez,  Nov.  Hi/p.  i. 
Niere?nberg.  175. 

Vulpi  affinis  Americana.  Rail  fyn.  quad. 

179.  Sloatie  'Jamaica,  ii.  329. 

Coati.  Worm.  Muf.  319. 

Coati.  Urfus  cauda  annulatim  varie- 


grata.  Brljfon  quad.  1S9. 

Urfus  Lotor.  U.  cauda  annulata,  fafcia 
per  oculos  tranfverfali  nigra.  Lin. 
Jyft.  70.  Ardl.  Zool.  i.  zr. 

Le  Raton.  De  Buffon,  viii.  337.  tab. 

xliii.  Schreber,  cxliii. 

Raccoon.  Kalm’s  Travels.  Forjler  s /"r. 
i.  96.  208.  tab,  II.  Lev.  Mus. 


Place. 


T>  with  a lharp-pointed  black  nofe : upper  jaw  the  longer: 
ears  Ihort,  and  rounded:  eyes  furrounded  with  two  broad 
patches  of  black:  from  the  forehead  to  the  nofe  a dulky  line: 
face,  cheeks,  and  chin,  white:  upper  part  of  the  body  covered 
with  hair,  adi-colored  at  the  root,  whitilh  in  the  middle,  and  tipt 
with  black:  tail  very  bulhy,  annulated  with  black:  toes  black, 
and  quite  divided.  Sometimes  this  animal  varies:  I have  feen 
one  entirely  of  cream  color'*. 

Inhabits  the  warm  and  temperate  oi  America:  found  alfo 
in  the  mountains  of  Jamaica,  and  in  the  ifles  of  Maria,  between 
the  S.  point  California  and  Cape  Corientes,  in  the  S.  Sea-f:  an 
animal  eafily  made  tame ; very  good-natured  and  fportive,  but  as 
unlucky  as  a monkey;  almoft  always  in  motion;  very  inquifitive, 
examining  every  thing  with  its  paws ; makes  ufe  of  them  as 
hands:  fits  up  to  eat:  is  extremely  fond  of  fvveet  things,,  and 
ftrong  liquors,  and  will  get  exceffively  drunk:  has  all  the  cun- 
ning of  a fox  : very  deftruflive  to  poultry  5 but  will  eat  all  forts 


* Lev.  Mus; 


5 


•f-  DampieAs  voy.  i.  276, 


of 


BEAR. 


13 


of  fruits,  green  corn,  &c. : at  low  water  feeds  much  on  oyfters; 
will  watch  their  opening,  and  with  its  paw  fnatch  out  the  fiOi; 
fometimes  is  caught  in  the  fhell,  and  kept  there  till  drowned 
by  the  coming  in  of  the  tide;  fond  alfo  of  crabs:  climbs  very 
nimbly  up  trees:  hunted  for  its  fkin;  the  fur  next  to  that  of  the 
beaver,  being  excellent  for  making  hats. 


Wha  Tapoua  Row.  White's  Bot,  Bay,  278, 

"D  of  the  fattie  external  form  as  the  American  Raccoon  except  the 
ears,  which  are  pointed:  fix  cutting  teeth  in  the  upper  jaw; 
two  ? in  the  lower:  back  of  a dark  grey  ; growing  lighter  on  the 
fides:  belly  of  a fine  brown : tail  as  long  as  the  body,  covered  with 
long  hair;  the  lower  part  near  the  end  is  naked,  and  has  a pre- 
henfile  quality  like  fome  fpecies  of  nionkies,  or  the  common  Ope/- 
fum. 

Inhabits  New  Holland. 


214.  New 
Holland. 


Place. 


Six 


XXI.  BADGER. 


215.  Common, 


SlZ£. 


Six  cutting  teeth,  two  canine,  in  each  jaw. 

Five  toes  before,  five  behind : very  long  flrait  claws  on  the 
fore  feet. 

A tranfverfe  orifice  between  the  tail  and  the  anus. 

Meles.  Pllnii  lib,  viii.  c.  38.  Ge/ner  quad.  183. 

quad.  327.  Le  Bl.aireau,  ou  Taifon.  De  Buffon, 

Meles,  five  Taxus.  Rati  fyn.  quad.  183.  viii.  104.  tab.  vii. 

Meles,  Taxus,  TalTus,  Blerellus;  Jaz-  Urfus  meles  U.  cauda  concolore,  cor- 
wiec,  Borfuk.  Rxaczinjki  Polen.  233.  pore fupra  cinereo,  lubtus  rdgro,  faf- 
Coati  cauda  brevi,  Coati  gril'eus.  Tax-  da  longitudinal!  per  oculos  aurefque 

us,  Meles,  Tax.  Klein  quad.  73.  nigra.  Lin.Jyji.  70. 

Dachs.  Kramer  Aujir.  11%.  Meles  unguibus  anticis  longiflimis. 

Meles  pilis  ex  fordide  albo  et  nigro  va-  Graf-l'uin.  Faun.fuec.  No.  20.  Br. 
riegatis  veftita,  capite  taniis  alterna-  Zool.  i.  64.  Br  Zool.  illujlr.  tab.  lii. 

tim  albis  et  nigris  variegato.  BriJJon  Schreher,  cxlii.  Lev.  Mus, 

T)  with  fmall  eyes : fhort  rounded  ears : fhort  thick  neck  i 
vvith  nofe,  chin,  lower  fides  of  the  cheeks,  and  middle  of 
the  forehead,  white : ears  and  eyes  inclofed  in  a pyramidal  bed  of 
black:  hairs  on  the  body  long  and  rude;  their  bottoms  a yellow- 
ifh  white,  middle  black,  ends  afli-colored : throat,  breaft,  belly, 
and  legs  black : tail  covered  with  long  hairs,  colored  like  thofe 
on  the  body  ; legs  very  flrort  and  thick : claws  on  the  fore  feet 
very  long:  a foetid  white  matter  exudes  from  the  orifice  beneath 
the  tail:  animal  of  a very  clumfy  make. 

The  length  is  commonly  two  feet  fix  inches  from  the  nofe  to 
the  origin  of  the  tail;  of  the  tail  fix  inches:  the  weight  from  fif» 
teen  to  thirty-four  pounds.  The  lall  is  rare  ; but  I met  with,  in 
the  winter  of  1779,  a male  of  that  weight. 


Inhabits 


BADGER. 


*5 


Inhabits  moll  parts  of  Europe,  as  far  north  as  Norway*,  and 
EuJJia',  and  the  Jiep  or  defert  beyond  Orenburgh,  in  the  RuJJian 
Afiatic  dominions;  in  Great  T'artary,  and  in  Siberia  about  the  river 
Tom,  and  even  about  the  Lena,  but  none  in  the  north;  inhabits 
alfo  China,  and  is  often  found  in  the  butchers  (hops  in  Pekin,  the 
Chinefe  being  fond  of  themf.  A fcirce  animal  in  moll  countries: 
feldom  appears  in  the  day;  confines  itfelf  much  to  its  hole:  is 
indolent  and  fleepy:  generally  very  fat:  feeds  by  night;  eats 
roots,  fruits,  grafs,  infeds,  and  frogs : not  carnivorous:  its  flefh 
makes  good  bacon : runs  llovvly ; when  overtaken  comes  to  bay, 
and  defends  itfelf  vigoroully : its  bite  hard  and  dangerous : bur- 
rows under  ground,  makes  feveral  apartments,  but  forms  only  one 
entrance  from  the  furfaee:  hunted  during  night,  for  the  Ikin, 
which  ferves  for  pillol  furniture ; the  hair,  for  making  brulhes  to 
foften  the  lhades  in  painting.  The  divifion  of  this  fpecies  into 
two,  viz.  the  fwine  and  the  dog  badger,  unneceflary,  there  being 
only  one. 


Ar£l.  Zool.  i.  No.  23. 

T)  with  a white  line  from  the  tip  of  the  nofe,  palling  between 
the  ears,  to  the  beginning  of  the  back,  bounded  on  each  fide, 
as  far  as  the  hind  part  of  the  head,  with  black,  then  by  a white  one, 
and  immediately  between  that  and  the  ears  is  another  of  black  : 
hair  long:  back  colored  like  that  of  the  common  badger:  fides 
yellowilh:  belly  cinereous:  thighs  dulky:  tail  covered  with  long 
dirty  yellow  hairs,  tipped  with  white;  the  end  dulky. 

f Bell's  travels,  ii,  83. 


Americas. 


* Pontop,  hijl.  Norway,  ii,  28. 


The 


BADGER. 


i6 

The  legs  were  wanting  in  the  llcin  I took  niy  deTcription ‘from. 
M.  de  Bujfon’s  defcription,  taken  from  a duffed  animal*  brought 
from  Terra  dl  Librador, ' will  fupply  that  defed  : he  fays  there 
were  only  four  toes  on  the  fore  feet;  but  he  fufpeds  (as  I ima- 
gine was  the  cafe)  that  the  fifth  might  have  been  rubbed  off  in 
ftufhng. 

Dekribed  from  a fldn  from  Hudjon  s-Bay,  found  in  a furrier’s 
fliop  in  London:  it  was  lefs  than  that  of  the  Eurcpean  badger: 
the  furrier  faid,  he  never  met  with  one  before  from  that  country. 
Kalm-\  fays,  he  faw  the  European  badger  in  the  province  of  Ben- 
jylvania^  where  it  is  called  Ground  Hog  \\  and  this  proves  to 
be  no  other,  varying  very  little  from  it. 


216.  Indian.  with  a fmall  head,  and  pointed  nofe  : fcarcely  any  external 

ears;  only  a fmall  prominent  rim  round  the  orifice,  which 
was  oval : color  of  the  nofe  and  face,  a little  beyond  the  eyes, 
black : crown,  upper,  part  of  the  neck,  the  back,  and  upper  part 
of  the  tail,  white,  Inclining  to  grey  : legs,  thighs,  bread,  belly, 
fides,  and  under  part  of  the  tail  black. 

Five  toes  on  each  foot;  the  inner  fmall ; claws  very  long  and 
ftrait. 

Size.-  Length  from  nofe  to  tail  about  two  feet:  tail  four  inches: 

hair  fhort  and  fmooth. 

* Yie  c^\\s  It  Le  Car cnjou.  Suppl.  iii.  242. xllx. 

Kalm's  travels,  Forjler^s  tranjl,  i.  189, 

X M.  Brijpm  defcribes  a white  Badger,  with  a yellowilh  w'hite  belly,  and  allb 
much  inferior  in  fize  lo  that  of  Europe,  which  M.  Reaumur  received  from  Nevo  York. 
Vide  BriJJbn  quad.  185. 


Inhabits 


BADGER. 


17 


Inhabits  India ; feeds  on  flefh  : is  playful,  lively,  and  good- 
natured : 11  eeps  rolled  up,  with  its  head  between  its  hind  legs*, 
ileeps  little  in  the  day refuted  all  commerce  with  the  KngllJJj 
badger  which  was  turned  to  it,  and  lived  fome  time  in  the  fame 
place ; climbs  very  readily  over  a divilion  in  its  cage. 


Place. 


VoL.  II. 


D 


Two 


OPOSSUM. 


iS 


xxrr.  opos- 

SUM. 


^17.  Virginian* 


Two  canine  teeth  in  each  jaw. 

Cutting  teeth  unequal  in  number  in  each  jaw 
Five  toes  on  each  foot : hind  feet  formed  like  a hand,  with  a 
diftinft  thumb. 

Tail  very  long,  flender,  and  ufually  naked. 

Tlaquatzin.  lieyr.avde%  330.  iV;>-  Catejhy Carolina, /1pp. xx\x.  Rsche- 

remlerg,  p.  136.  and  fig.  136.  Jort  Antilles,  i.  283. 

Tajibi.  Marcgrave  Brajtl.  zzz.  Fait  fyn,  Fara,  ou  Kavall  f Gumilla,  Orenoque,  lii. 

quad.  182.  185.  238.  ArSl.  Zool.  i.  No.  24. 

Semi-vulpa.  Ge/ner  quad.  870.  Icon.  An,  Le  Manicou.  F euillee  obf.  Peru,  iii.  206. 

go.  Wood-rat.  Du  Pratz  Louijiana,  ii.  6j. 

Opoffum.  Ph.  TV.  alridg  ii.  884.  tab.  Didelphis  marfupialis.  D.  mammis  06I0 
xiii;  iii.  593;  and  v.  169.  iqj.La-uo-  intra  abdomen  ? Lin.Jyft.  71.  Amcen. 
Jon  Carolina,  120.  Be-verley's  Firginia,  Acad.?  i.  561.  Lev.  Mus. 

Owith  long  lharp-pointed  nofe : large,  round,  naked,  and 
• very  thin  ears,  black,  edged  with  pure  white:  fmall, 
black,  lively  eyes  : long  ftiff  hairs  each  fide  the  nofe,  and  behind 
the  eyes : face  covered  with  fhort  fofc  white  hairs : fpace  round 
the  eyes  dulky  : neck  very  fhort ; its  fides  of  a dirty  yellow  : 
hind  part  of  the  neck  and  the  back  covered  with  hair  above  two 
inches  long  ; foft,  but  uneven  ; the  bottoms  of  a yellowifli  white, 
middle  part  black,  ends  whitiPn:  fides  covered  with  dirty  and 
dulky  hairs;  belly,  with  foft,  woolly,  dirty  white  hair:  legs  and 
thighs  black  : feet  dufky : claws  white : bafe  of  the  tail  clothed 
with  long  hairs,  like  thofe  on  the  back ; reft  of  the  tail  covered 


• This  fpecles  has  eight  cutting  teeth  in  each  jaw.  Tyfen. 


with 


LXLn. 


/.r. 


OPOSSUM. 


19 


whh  fmall  fcales;  the  half  next  the  body  black,  the  red;  white  : 
it  has  a difagreeable  appearance,  looking  like  the  body  of  a 
fnake,  and  has  the  fame  prehenfile  quality  as  that  of  fome  mon- 
kies: body  round,  and  very  thick:  legs  fhort:  on  the  lower  parr 
©f  the  belly  of  the  female  is  a large  pouch,  in  which  the  teats  are 
lodged,  and  where  the  young  fhelter  as  foon  as  they  are  born. 

The  ufual  length  of  die  animal  is,  from  the  tip  of  the  nofe  to 
the  bafe  of  the  tail,  about  twenty  inches*,  of  the  tail  twelve  inches. 

Inhabits  Virginia,  Louijiana,  Mexico,  Brajll,  and  Bern : is  very 
deflrtaflive  to  poultry,  and  fucks  the  blood  without  eating  the 
fiefh  : feeds  alfo  on  roots  and  wild  fruits : is  very  aftive  in  climb- 
ing trees:  will  hang  fufpended  from  the  branches  by  its  tail,  and, 
by  fwinging  its  body,  fling  itfelf  among  the  boughs  of  the  neigh- 
bouring trees:  continues  frequently  hanging  with  its  head  down- 
wards: hunts  eagerly  after  birds  and  their  nefts:  walks  very 
flow:  when  purfued  and  overtaken,  will  feign  itfelf  dead:  not 
cafily  killed,  being  as  tenacious  of  life  as  a cat:  when  the  female 
is  about  to  bring  forth,  (he  makes  a thick  neft  of  dry  grafs  in 
fome  clofe  bufh  at  the  foot  of  a tree,  and  brings  four,  five,  or  (ix 
young  at  a time. 

As  foon  as  the  young  are  brought  forth,  they  take  (belter  in  the 
pouch,  or  falfe  belly,  and  faften  fo  clofely  to  the  teats,  as  not  to 
be  feparated  without  difficulty:  they  are  blind,  naked,  and  very 
fmall  when  new-born,  and  refemble  feetufes:  it  is  therefore  necef- 
fary  that  they  fhould  continue  there  till  they  attain  a perfedt 
(hape,  (Irength,  fight,  and  hair;  and  are  prepared  to  undergo 
what  may  be  called  a fecond  birth:  after  which,  they  run  into 
this  pouch  as  into  an  afylum,  in  time  of  danger;  and  the  parent 
carries  them  about  with  her.  During  the  time  of  this  fecond 

D 2 geftation. 


Size. 

Place. 


Manners, 


False  eelly*- 


•20 


OPOSSUM. 


ai8.  Molucca, 


\ 


geflation,  rtie  female  lliews  an  excefnve  attachment  to  lier  young, 
and  will  fulfer  any  torture  rather  than  permit  this  receptacle  to 
be  opened;  for  fhe  has  power  of  opening  or  clofing  it  by  the 
afliftance  of  fome  very  flrong  mufcles. 

The  flefh  of  the  old  animals  is  very  good,  like  that  of  a fuck- 
ing  pig ; the  hair  is  dyed  by  the  Indian  women,  and  wove  into 
garters  and  girdles:  the  lldn  is  very  foetid. 

M.  de  Buffon  Teems  not  to  be  acquainted  with  this  animal,  but 
has  compiled  an  account  of  its  manners,  and  colledled  the  fyno- 
nyras  of  it.  The  figures  * which  he  has  given  belong  to  the  fol- 
lowing fpecies,  as  does  the  defcription. 


Carigue,  ou  Saragoy.  De  Laet,  48J.  Philander  orientalis  fcemlna.  ^eh.  Mur. 
Carigueya.  Marcgro.'ve,  223.  i.  61.  tab,  xxxw\.Jig,  i.  2.  xxxviii. 

Mus  Marfupialis,  Beutel  ratze,  Klein  f.g,  i. 

qitaJ.  59.  Sarigue,  ou  rOpoffum.  De  Buffon,  31 1. 

Vulpes  major  putoria  cauda  tereti  & gla-  x.  tab.  Ixv.  Ixvi.  Schreber,  cxlvi.  A. 
brai’  Barren  France  uKquin.  166.  P.  Lev.  Mus. 

Owith  long,  oval,  and  naked  ears : mouth  verj^  wide  : over 
• each  eye  is  an  oblong  fpot  of  white:  lower  fide  of  the  upper 
jaw,  throat,  and  belly,  of  a whitifli  afii-color:  refi  of  the  hair  of 
a cinereous  brown,  tipt  with  tawny,  darkefi;  on  the  back : tail 
long  as  the  body;  near  the  bafe  covered  with  hair,  the  reft  naked: 
claws  hooked. 

On  the  belly  of  the  female  is  a pouch,  in  which  the  young 
(like  thofe  of  the  former)  flielter.  Marcgrav^  found  fix  young 
within' the  pouch  of  the  Carigueya,,  which  I confider  as  the  fame 
animal.  It  had  ten  cutting  teeth  above,  and  eight  below. 

* The  figure  in  the  firft  edition  was  very  indifferent,  I have  therefore  changed 
it  for  the  very  faithful  one  in  the  Phil.  Traff. 

3 Length 


OPOSSUM. 

Length  from  nofe  to  tail,  ten  Inches.  The  tail  exceeds  the 
length  of  head  and  body.  Its  whole  figure  is  of  a much  more 
llender  and  elegant  make  than  the  former. 

The  tail  pulverifed,  and  taken  in  a glafs  of  w^ater,  is  reckoned 
in  Nezv  Spain  a fovereign  remedy  againft  the  gravel,  colic,  and  fe- 
veral  other  diforders. 

This  genus  is  not  confined  to  America^  as  M.  de  Buffon  fup- 
pofes;  who  combats  the  opinion  of  other  naturalifts  on  this 
fubje<3:  with  much  warmth ; but  the  authority  of  Pifo,  Valentxny 
and  of  Le  Bruyn,  who  have  feen  it  both  in  Java  and  in  the  Mo” 
lucca  IJles,  and  of  numbers  of  collehdors  in  Holland,  who  receive 
it  frequently  from  thofe  places.  This  and  N°  219  are  proofs  of 
what  I advance.  It  is  alfo  met  with  in  New  Holland. 

This  fpecies  is  found  in  great  numbers  in  Aroe  and  Solon : It  is 
called  in  the  Indies,  Pelandor  Aroe,  or  the  Aroe  Rabbet.  They  are 
reckoned  very  delicate  eating ; and  are  very  common  at  the  ta- 
bles of  the  Great,  who  rear  the  young  in  the  fame  places  in  vrhich 
they  keep  their  rabbets.  It  inhabits  alfo  Surinam,  and  the  hot 
parts  of  America. 

Seba  figures  and  defcribes,  in  his  iff  vol.  64.  tab.  xxxix.  an 
Opoflum  under  the  name  of  Philander  maximus  orientalis  fce- 
mina.  It  has  a pouch  like  the  former:  is  much  larger;  feems  to 
have  a longer  and  more  flender  tail;  has  broader  ears;  has  a 
dulky  fpot  over  each  eye,  and  is  of  a darker  color.  It  feeds  on 
fruits:  was  brought  from  Amboina,  where  it  is  called  Coes  Coes'*. 

* In  Ind'i'is  orient alibus , idque  folum,  quantum  haBenus  confiat,  in  Amboina,  Jimilis 
Befiiit  (Carigueya)  frequens  ad  felis  magnitudinein  accedens,  maBata  ah  incolis  co- 
meditur,  fi  rite  preparelur,  nam  alias  fatet.  Nomen  illi  Cous  Cous  inditum.  Pifo 
India,  323. 


Size. 


Place. 


a.  Greater. 


I am 


22 


OPOSSUM. 


I am  unacquainted  with  this  fpecles,  fo  leave  ihefe  two  conj*oined 
till  I receive  fuller  information. 

Much  is  wanted  to  complete  the  natural  hiftory  of  this  genus. 

219.  Javan, 

Filander.  Le  Bruj/n  <voy,  Bajl  Indies,  il.  10  r.  tab.  ccxi’ii.  Ed.  A»gl, 

Place. 

(according  to  Le  Bruyn  s figure)  with  a narrow  fox-like- 
• head : upright  pointed  ears : a brown  ftripe  palling  through 
the  eyes:  fore  legs  very  fliort : five  toes-  on  the  fore  feet;  three 
only  on  the  hind,  two  of  which  are  very  llrong;  the  outmoft 
flender  and  weak;  and  found  on  dilfedionito  conlift  internally  of 
two  bones,  clofely  united,  with  two  weak  claws  burfting  out  of 
the  Ikin*:  tail  thick,  Ihorter  than  the  body. 

In  the  upper  jaw  are  fix  cutting  teeth ; in  the  lower  two, 
which  are  formed  like  thofe  of  fquirrels:  no  canine  teeth -f*. 

On  the  belly  is  a complete  pouch,  like  the  Virginian  kind'; 
hair  on  the  body  rude : face  feemingly  that  of  a hare. 

Difcovered  firft  by  Mr.  Le  Bruyn,  who  faw  in  Java  feveral  in 
an  inclofure  along  with  rabbets:  they  burrowed  like  them; 
leaped  in  their  pace;  preferved  their  young  in  the  pouch,  which 
would  often  peep  out  when  the  old  ones  were  fiill. 

The  fidelity  of  Le  Bruyns  figure  has  been  fince  confirmed  by 
the  fpecimens  fent  from  Java  into  Holland. 

* Pallas  in  adl.  acad,  Petr  op.  fars  ii.  229.  tab.  ix*.  f The  fame; 

Mu? 


OPOSSUM. 


23 


Mus  fylveftris  Americanus  die-  cantlbus.  Brijfon  quad. 'll! . 220.  MurIne. 

tus.  Seb,  Muf,  i.  46.  tab.  xxxi.  fg.  Didelphis  murina.  D.  cauda  femipllofa, 

1.2.  mammis  fenis.  Lin.JyJl.qz. 

Philander  faturate  Tpadiceus  in  dorfo,  La  Marmofe.  De  Buffon,  x.  336.  tab, 
in  ventre  dilute  flavus,  pedibus  albi-  lii.  liii.  Sebreber,  cxlix, 

Owith  long  broad  ears,  rounded  at  the  end,  thin  and  naked  s 
• eyes  encompaffed  with  black:  face,  head,  and  upper  part 
of  the  body,  of  a tawny  color:  the  belly  yellowilh  white:  the 
feet  covered  with  Ihort  whitifh  hair:  toes  formed  like  thofe  of  the 
Virginian:  tail  flender,  covered  with  minute  fcales,  from  the  tip 
to  within  two  inches  of  the  bafe,  which  are  cloathed  with  hair. 

Length  from  nofe  to  tail,  about  eight  inches ; tail  of  tire  fame 
length  : the  female  wants  thefalfe  belly  of  the  former;  but,  on  the 
lower  part,  the  fkin  forms  on  each  fide  a fold,  betweeen  which  the 
teats  are  lodged. 

This  fpecies  varies  in  color : I have  feen  one  from  Guiana^ 
brown  above,  white  beneath. 

Inhabits  the  hot  parts  of  South  America:  agrees  with  the  others 
in  its  food,  manners,  and  the  prehenfile  powers  of  its  tail ; it 
brings  from  ten  to  fourteen  young  at  a time ; at  left,  in  fome  fpe- 
cies, there  are  that  number  of  teats:  the  young  affix  themfelves 
to  the  teats  as  foon  as  they  are  born,  and  remain  attached,  like 
fo  many  inanimate  things,  ’till  they  attain  growth  and  vigor  to 
Ihift  a little  for  themfelves. 


CayopoIIIn. 


24 


OPOSSUM. 


221.  Mexican;  CayopolKn.  Hermndex  AW.  Hijp.  lo. 


ventre  ex  albo  flavicans,  canda  ex  fata., 
rate  fpadiceo  maculata.  BriJJon  quad, 
212,  Schreber,  cxlviii. 


Animal  caudimanum.  Nuremberg,  158. 
Mus  Africanus  Kayopollin  didlus,  mas. 


5eb.  Mvf.  tab.  Jig.  3. 

Philander  faturate  fpadiceus  in  dorfo,  in 


Le  Cayopollin.  Ve  B-uJon,  x,  350.  talt. 
Iv.  Lev,  Mus. 


with  large,  angular,  naked,  and  tranfparent  ears ; nofe 


• thicker  than  that  of  the  former  kind : whiikers  very  large 
a flight  border  of  black  furrounds  the  eyes : face  of  a dirty  white, 
with  a dark  line'  running  down  the  middle  : the  hairs  on  the  head,, 
and  upper  part  of  the  body,  afli-colored  at  the  roots ; of  a deep; 
tawny  brown  at  the  tips:  legs  dulky : claws  white:,  belly  dull 
cinereous : tail  long,  and  pretty  thick,  varied  with  brown  and 
yellow:  is  hairy  near  an  inch  from  its  origin;  the  reft  naked;, 
length,  from  nofe  to  tail,  about  nine  inches;  the  tail  the  length, 
of  the  body  and  head. 

Inhabits  the  mountains  of  Mexico:  lives  in  trees,  where  ic 
brings  forth  its  young : when  in  any  fright,  they  embrace  their 
parent  clofely:  the  tail  is  prehenfile,  and  ferves  inftead  of  a. 
hand. 


Owith  a long  flender  face : ears  eredt,  pointed,  and  fliort:  the 
• coat  woolly,  mixed  with  very  coarfe  hairs,  three  inches 
long,  of  a dirty  white  from  the  roots  to  the  middle ; from  thence 
to  the  ends  of  a deep  brown  : fides  and  belly  of  a pale  .yellow: 
legs  of  a dulky  brown : thumb  on  each  foot  diftindl : on  the  toes 


222.  Cayenne. 


Le  Crabier.  De  Buffett,  Supplem.  iil.  272. 

Canis  ferus  major,  Cancrofus  vulgo  didus.  Koupara,  Barrere  France  MquinoSl.  149. 


of 


OPOSSUM. 


of  the  fore  feet,  and  thumb  of  the  hind,  are  nails ; on  the  toes 
of  the  hind  feet  crooked  claws : tail  very  long,  taper,  naked 3, 
and  fcaly. 

Length  feventeen  French  inches : of  the  tail  fifteen  and  a half, 
The  fubjefl  meafured  was  young. 

Inhabits  Cayenne:  very  adlive  in  climbing  trees,  on  which  it 
lives  the  whole  day.  In  marfhy  places,  feeds  on  crabs,  which, 
when  it  cannot  draw  out  of  their  holes  with  its  feet,  hooks  them  by 
means  of  its  long  tail.  - If  the  crab  pinches  its  tail,  the  animal  fets 
up  a loud  cry,  which  may  be  heard  afar : its  common  voice  is  a 
grunt  like  a young  pig.  It  is  well  furnillied  with  teeth,  and  will 
defend  itfelf  ftoutly  againft  dogs:  brings  forth  four  or  five  young, 
which  it  fecures  in  fome  hollow  tree.  The  natives  eat  thefe  animals, 
and  fay  their  flefh  refembles  a hare.  They  are  eafily  tamed,  and 
will  then  refufe  no  kind  of  food. 


with  the  upper  part  of  the  head,  and  the  back  and  fides, 
* covered  with  long,  foft,  glofify  hairs,  of  a dark  cinereous 
color  at  the  bottoms,  and  of  a rufty  brown  towards  the  ends : 
belly  of  a dirty  white. 

Tail,  taper,  covered  with  fhort  brown  hairs,  except  for  four 
inches  and  a half  of  the  end,  which  was  white,  and  naked  under- 
neath : toes  like  the  former. 

The  Ikin  I examined  had  lofl:  part  of  the  face  : the  length  from 
the  head  to  the  tail  was  thirteen  inches : the  tail  the  fame. 

This  was  found  near  Endeavour  river,  on  the  eaftern  coafl;  of 
VoL.  II  E Nezv 


223.  New-  Hol- 
land. 


26 


224.  Vulpine'* 


225.  Short- 
tailed, 


OPOSSUM. 

New  Holland,  with  two  young  ones  It  lodges  in  the  grafs,  but 
is  not  common. 


StockdaWs  Bot.  Bay,  1^0. 

with  very  long  whilkers:  ears  ered,  and  pointed:  upper 
parts  of  the  body  greyifli,  mixed  with  dulky  and  white 
hairs,  tinged  with  rufous ; the  laft  predominates  about  the  flioul- 
ders : all  the  under  lide  of  the  neck  and  body  of  a tawny  buff; 
about  a quarter  of  the  tail,  next  to  the  body,  of  the  fame 
color  with  the  back ; the  reft  black : length  from  the  tip  of  the 
nofe  to  the  tail,  two  feet  two  inches : the  tail  fifteen. 

Inhabits  Nezv  Holland, 


Mus  fylveftris  Americana,  fcEHiIna.  5eh.  tre  helvus,  cauda  brevi  crafla,  BrlJJhn 
Mu/,  i.  50.  tab.  xxxi.  quad,  213.  Schreber,z\i, 

Philander  obfcure  rufus  In  dorfo,  in  ven- 

with  naked  ears:  the  back  of  a dull  red;  belly  of  a paler: 
tail  fcarce  half  the  length  of  the  body;  thick  at  the  bafe, 
leffening  towards  the  end : no  falfe  belly. 

Inhabits  the  young  adhere  to  the  teats  as  fooii 

as  born.  Seba  fays  it  lives  in  woods,  and  brings  from  nine  to 
twelve  young  at  a time. 

* Cook's  ‘voj.  ill.  586. 

Philander 


2z6.  Ph alakge r.* 


Philander  ex  rufo  luteus  in  dorfo.  In  ventre  8.  Klein  quad. 

ex  fiavoalbicans,  capita  craffo.  Brijfon  Le  Phalanger.  De  Buffbn,  xili.  <)z.  tab. 
quad.  213.  Seb.  Muf.  I.  50.  tab,  xxxi.  X.  xi.  Schreber,  clii. 

Owith  a thick  nofe : fhort  ears,  covered  with  hair:  eight 
• cutting  teeth  in  the  upper  jaw;  two  in  the  lower : hair  on 
the  upper  part  of  the  body  reddilh,  mixed  with  light  alh-color, 
and  yellow  : the  hind  part  of  the  head,  and  middle  of  the  back, 
marked  with  a black  line:  the  throat,  belly,  legs,  and  part  of  the 
tail,  of  a dirty  yellowilh  white ; the  reft  of  the  tail  brown  and 
yellow:  the  body  of  the  female  marked  with  white:  the  firft  and 
fecond  toes  of  the  hind  feet  clofely  united  : the  claws  large  : the 
thumb  on  the  hind  feet  diftindt,  like  that  of  the  other  fpecies: 
the  bottom  of  the  tail  is  covered  with  hair,  for  near  two  inches 
and  a half;  the  reft  naked:  the  length,  from  nofe  to  tail,  near 
nine  inches;  the  tail  ten. 

This  fpecies  inhabits  the  Eaft  Indian  iflands,  as  I am  informed 
by  Doftor  Pallas ; nor  is  it  found  in  Surinantj  as  M.  de  Buffon 
conje6lures. 


t)e  zak,  of  Beurs  Rot.  Merian  infeB.  Su- 
rinam, 66.  tab.  Ixvi. 

Mus  fylveftrls  Americana.  Seb.  Muf,  I. 
49.  tab.  -xxA.fig.  5. 

Philander  ex  rufo  helvus  in  dorfo,  in 
ventre  ex  flavo  albicans.  Brijfn  quad, 
212. 


Mus  fylveftrls  Amerhanus,  catulos  in 
dorfo  gerens.  Klein  quad,  58. 

Didelpliis  dorfigera.  D.  caudabafi  pilofa 
corpore  longiore,  digitis  manuum  mu- 
ticis,  Lin.fyjl.  72. 

Le  Philandre  de  Surinam.  De  Buffon,  xv. 
157.  Mus.  Lev. 


227, 


with  long,  Iharp-pointed,  naked  ears : head,  and  upper  part 
of  the  body,  of  a yellowifh  brown  color:  the  belly  white, 

* From  Merian,  a German  paintrefs,  who  firft  difcovered  the  fpecies  at  Surinam, 

E 2 tinged 


Place. 


Merian  *. 


23 


OPOSSUM. 


tinged  with  yellow  : the  fore  feet  divided  into  five  fingers ; the 
hind  into  four,  and  a thumb,  each  furnifhed  with  flat  nails : tail 
very  long,  flender,  and,  except  at  the  bafe,  quite  naked. 

Size.  The  length,  from  nofe  to  tail,  is  ten  inches.  The  tail  exceeds 

the  length  of  the  body  and  head. 

Inhabits  Surinam:  burrows  under  ground:  brings  five  or  fix 
young  at  a time,  which  follow  their  parent : on  any  apprehenfion 
of  danger,  they  all  jump  on  her  back,  and  tv/ifting  their  tails 
round  her’s,  fhe  immediately  runs  with  them  into  her  hole. 


* Flying. 

228.  Flying,  Flying  Opoffum.  StocUaWs  Bot.  Bay,  iq"].  White's, 

Owltli  large  ears:  whole  upper  part  of  the  body  covered  with 
* a rich  fur  of  a glofly  black,  mixed  with  grey.  On  each 
hip  is  a tan-color’d  fpot;  all  the  under  fide  white  : tail  at  the  bafe 
light  color’d;  increafing  to  black  as  it  advances  towards  the  tip; 
along  the  middle  of  the  back  from  the  head  to  tail,  is  a black 
line : on  the  fore  feet  are  five  toes;  on  the  hind  only  three,  with  a 
thumb  without  any  nail.  From  the  fore  to  the  hind  feet,  is  a 
large  membrane  like  the  flying  fqulrrel’s:  length  from  nofe  to  tail, 
twenty  inches : of  the  tail  twenty  two. 

Inhabits  l>lew  Holland,  The  fur  exquifitely  fine. 


Kanguroo. 


V'' 


f 


V ; 


-,’*<■ 


V. 


4.. 


OPOSSUM. 


29 


**  Gerboid. 

KangurOO.  Cook's  noy.  iil.  577.  tal.  xx. 

Yerboa  gigantea.  Zimmerman,  526. 

with  a fmall  head,  neck,  and  fhoulders : body  increafing  in 
thicknefs  to  the  rump. 

The  head  oblong,  formed  like  that  of  a fawn,  and  tapering 
from  the  eyes  to  the  nofe : end  of  the  nofe  naked  and  black  ; up- 
per lip  divided. 

Noftrils  wide  and  open:  lower  jaw  Ihorter  than  the  upper:  aper- 
ture of  the  mouth  fmall:  whilkers  on  both  jaws:  thofe  on  the 
upper  longeft:  ftrong  hairs  above  and  below  the  eyes. 

Eyes  not  large;  irides  dulky,  pupil  of  a blueifh  black. 

Ears  erect,  oblongly  ovated,  rounded  at  the  ends,  and  thin,  co- 
vered with  Ihort  hairs;  four  inches  long. 

No  canine  teeth:  four  broad  cutting  teeth  in  the  Upper  jaw: 
two  long  lanceolated  teeth  in  the  lower,  pointing  forward  : four 
grinding  teeth  in  each  jaw,  remote  from  the  others.  This  ani- 
mal has  the  very  lingular  power  of  feparating  the  lower  incifores, 
and  of  bringing  them  again  clofe  to  each  other. 

Belly  convex  and  great. 

Fore  legs  very  lltort,  fcarcely  reaching  to  the  nofe ; ufelefs  for 
w'alking. 

Blind  legs  almoft  as  long  as  the  body:  the  thighs  very  thick  : 
on  the  fore  feet  are  five  toes,  with  long  conic  and  ftrong  claws ; 
on  the  hind  feet  only  three:  the  middle  toe  very  long  and  thick, 
like  that  of  anoftrich;  and  extends  far  beyond  the  two  others, 
c which 


229.  Kangar V. 


Tskth, 


Legs. 


32 


OPOSSUM. 


230.  Lesser  Kanguroo  rat.  277.  W!nfs,2%6. 

Kangaru.  , 

with  the  vlfage  of  a rat;  with  two  (harp  pointed  cutting  teeth 
in  the  upper;  two  larger  in  the  lower,  with  truncated 
ends : fore  feet  very  fhort,  furnlfhed  with  four  toes : hind  legs  and  tail 
refembling  the  great  fpecies.  Three  toes  on  each  hind  foot;  the 
middle  greatly  exceeding  the  other  two  in  length  : on  the  belly  is 
a pouch  ; within  which  were  four  nipples.  The  color  above  is 
of  a pale  brown,  lighter  on  the  belly  : in  fize  double  to  that  of  the 
BrozVfi  rat. 

Manners.  From  the  form  of  its  parts,  the  manners  probably  the  fame  with 

thofe  of  the  former:  one  was  ihewn  in  London  in  1790,  but  fo  fhy 
as  to  elude  a perfeft  defcription,  continually  concealing  itfelf  in  the 
ftraw  of  the  box. 


231.  Spotted  s 

Kangaru. 

with  a long  canine  vifage:  upright  lharp  ears : head  and  body 
black;  the  firft  plain:  the  body  and  thighs  marked  with 
large  fpots  of  white,  thinly  difperfed  : tail  covered  with  fliort  hairs 
at  thebafe*,  the  reft  very  buftiy,  covered  with  very  long  black  hairs. 
Fore  legs  covered  with  Ihort  hairs  for  a fmall  fpace  next  to  the  body; 
the  remaining  part  naked:  the  feet  furniflied  with  five  toes;  the 
hind  feet  with  four  and  a thumb,  with  a claw.  Length  from  the 
nofe  to  the  tail  twenty-five  inches:  tail  about  nine. 

Inhabits  New  Holland. 


Six 


W E E S E L. 


13 


Six  cutting  teeth,  two  canine  teeth,  in  each  jaw« 
Sharp  nofe : llender  bodies. 

Five  toes  before  j five  behind. 


Muftela.  Agricola  An.  Suiter.  485.  Ge/-  Sno-mus.  Faun.  Suec.  N®  18. 

ner  quad.  752.  Muftela  fupra  rutila,  infra  alba.  Brif- 

Weafel  or  Weefel,  muftela  vulgaris;  f on  quad.  173. 

in  Torkjhire,  the  Fitchet,  or  Fou-  La  Belette.  De  Buffon,  vii.  225.  tab. 
mart.  Rati fyn.  quad.  195-  xxix. 

The  Whitred.  Sib.  Scot.  iii.  11.  Weefel.  Br.  Zool.  i.  82.  Br.  Zool.  il- 

Wiefel.  Klein  quad.  bz.  lujlr.  tab.  ci.  Schreber,  cxxxviii. 

Muftela  nivalis.  Lin./yjl.  bc).  Lev.  Mus. 

WT  finall  rounded  ears:  whole  upper  part  of  the  head 
' ' * and  body  of  a pale  tawny  brown ; under  fide  entirely 
white;  a brown  fpot  beneath  the  corners  of  the  mouth:  length, 
from  nofe  to  tail,  between  fix  and  feven  inches : tail  two  and  a 
half. 

Inhabits  moft  parts  of  Europe;  is  common  in  Siberia,  as 
far  as  Kamtfchatka ; is  met  with  in  N.  America,  even  as  high  as 
Hudfon’s  Bay  % found  alfo  in  Barbary  Is  very  deflrudlive  to 
chickens,  birds,  and  young  rabbets;  a great  devourer  of  eggs: 
does  not  eat  its  prey  on  the  fpot;  but  after  killing  it,  by  a bite 
near  the  head,  carries  it  off  to  its  retreat:  is  a great  defiroyer  of 
field  mice;  a gentleman  informed  me  he  found  eighty-five,  new- 
ly killed,  in  one  hole,  which  he  believed  belonged  to  this  animal: 


* Shanxi's  Tra-vels,  249. 


XXIII.  WEESEL. 


232.  Common. 


VoL.  II. 


F 


very 


to 


W E E S E L. 


very  a(5Hve,  runs  up  the  fides  of  walls  with  great  eafe;  no  place  is 
fecure  from  its  ravages ; frequents  outhoufes,  barns,  and  grana- 
ries; is  a great  enemy  to  rats  and  mice,  and  foon  clears  its 
haunts  from  thofe  pernicious  animals : brings  four  or  five  young 
at  a time  r its  Ikin  and  excrements  intolerably  foetid.  In  Nor- 
zvay,  Sweden,  RuJJia,  and  Siberia,  it  always  changes  to  white  at 
approach  of  winter.  In  Siberia  it  is  called  Lafmitjka:  their  ikins 
are  fold  to  the  Chinefe  for  three  or  four  rubles  the  hundred. 


with  the  upper  part  of  head  and  body  blackifli  *,  fides  of 


• the  body,  head,  and  legs,  of  a bright  ferruginous ; the 
lower  part  of  the  neck  and  body  of  a more  pure  white:  the  length 
from  the  nofe  to  tail  is  rather  more  than  five  inches  : the  tail  is 
rather  more  than  tv/o  inches  long,  and  tapers  to  a point. 

Inhabits  Cayenne:  lives  in  hollow  trees:  lives  on  worms  and  in- 
fedls,  and  brings  two  young  at  a time,  which  it  carries  on  its 
back. 


23J.  Touan. 


Le  Touan  d&  la  Cepedes,  &c.  vi.  252.  tab.  Ixi. 


Mullela. 


W E E S E L. 


Muftela.  Ge/ner  quad.  75^. 

Wiefel.  Kramer  Aujir.  31Z.  Meyers  An. 
ii.  tab,  23,  24. 

Muftela  erminea.  M.  plantis  fiflis, 
caudae  apice  albo.  Lin.fyft.  68. 

Wefla.  Faun./uec.  No.  17. 


Muftela  hyeme  alba,  seftate  fupra  ru- 
tila  infra  alba,  caudae  apice  nigro. 
Brijfon  quad.  1 76, 

Le  Rofelet.  De  Bvffon,  vii.  240.  tab, 
xxix.  Schreber,  cxxxvii.  A. 

Stoat.  Br.  Zool.  i.  84.  Lev.  Mas. 


234.  StoaTo 


/3.  Ermine,  when  white.  Mus  Pon- 
ticus.  Plinii  hb.  viii.  c.  37.  Agri- 
cola An.  Subter,  484. 

Armelinus,  Hermelein.  Gefner  quad. 
754" 

Gornoftay.  BzacAnJki  PoUn.  235. 
Muftela  Candida,  animal  ermineum. 


Rail  fyn.  quad.  198. 

L’Hermine,  De  Buff'n,  vii.  24c.  tab, 
xxix.y^.  2 Brijfon  quad.  ij6.  Schre- 
ber, cxxxvii.  B. 

Ermine.  Hiji.  Kamtfchatka,  99.  Pontop, 
Noravay.  ii.  25.  Br.  Zool.  i.  84. 
Lev.  Mus. 


W7  upper  part  of  the  body  pale  tawny  brown: 

’ • edges  of  the  ears,  and  ends  of  the  toes,  of  a yellowiQi 

white:  throat,  breaft,  and  belly,  white:  end  of  the  tail  black: 

length,  from  nofe  to  tail,  ten  inches;  tail  five  and  a half:  in 

the  N.  of  Europe  and  AJia,  and  in  the  Highlands  of  Scotland,  it 
becomes  entirely  white  at  the  approach  of  winter,  the  end  of 
the  tail  excepted:  refumes  its  brown  color  in  the  fpring  : fome- 
times  found  white  in  England:  one  was  brought  to  me  in  a 
former  winter,  mottled  with  brown  and  white,  the  feafon  not 
having  been  fevere  enough  to  effedf  a total  change*-,  but  in 
February  1780,  I faw  in  my  grounds  two  others  in  the  date 
of  moft  perfedt  and  beautiful  ermines.  In  the  mountains  of 
Southern  Afia  and  Eerfia,  it  retains  its  brown  color  the  whole 
yearf. 


Inha’  its. 


Br.  Zool.  illufr.  tab.  ci. 

F 2 


f Pallas. 


3^ 


W E E S £ L. 


Inhabits,  in  great  abundance,  the  N.  of  Europe,  and  of  AJtU’, 
in  Kamtfchatka  and  the  Kurile  Iflands:  is  met  with  in  Nezvfound^ 
land  and  Canada  * : the  fkins  a great  article  of  commerce  in 
Norway  and  Siberia:  is  found  in  the  laft  place  in  plenty,  in  birch 
forefts,  but  none  in  thofe  of  fir  or  pine:  the  fkins  are  fold  on  the 
fpot,  from  two  to  three  pounds  Jlerling  per  hundred  y : taken  in 
Norway  \x\.  traps,  baited  with  flefli*,  in  Siberia  either  Ihot  with 
blunt  arrows,  or  taken  in  a trap  made  of  two  flat  ftones,  propped 
by  a flick,  to  which  is  faftened  a baited  firing,  which,  on  the 
left  touch  of  the  animal,  falls  down  and  kills  it ; its  manners 
' and  food  the  fame  with  the  former;  but  does  not  frequent  houfes:. 
its  haunts  are  woods  and  hedges,  efpecially  fuch  as  border  on 
fome  brook. 


Quiqjri.  Muflela  Quiqui.  MoUna  Chili. 

Wwith  a cuneiform  nofe  ; ears  fliort  and  round,  with  a white 
• fpot  in  the  middle  : general  color  brown:  legs  and  tail 
fhort : feet  like  thofe  of  a lizard : length  from  nofe  to  tail  thirteen 
inches. 

Inhabits  C/w7/;  is  fierce  and  irritable : lives  under  ground  : feeds 
on  mice. 


Muftela  Cuja.  Molina  Chili.  272. 

Wwith  black  eyes:  nofe  turned  up  at  the  end : hair  black; 

• very  thick,  but  foft : tail  as  long  as  the  body,  well  furnifli- 
ed  with  hair : very  like  the  ferret  in  fize,  lhape,  and  teeth. 

» Charlevoix  hiji.  Nouv.  France,  v.  197.  + Mul/er  Fujf.  Samlung.  516. 

t Bell's  travels,  i.  199.  Pont  op.  Kor-iuay,  ii.  2J. 

3 


Inhabits 


W E E S E L/ 


31 


Inhabits  Chili-:  lives  on  mice  ; breeds  twice  a year,  and  brings 
three  or  four  at  a time.  / 


La  Fou’me  de  la  Guiane.  De  Bi/ffon,  Suppl.  iii.  i6i.  xxiii. 

WT  ^ ' that,  the  cheeks,  throat,  and 

’ ^ • fides  of  the  neck,  black:  forehead  and  fides  of  the  head, 
to  the  ears,  white:  ears  fliort,  round,  and  edged  with  white: 
from  each  ear,  a narrow  white  ftripe  extends  along  the  fides  of 
the  neck : the  body  covered  with  coarfe  hairs,  grey  at  their 
bafes,  black  and  white  at  the  ends  : legs  and  feet  black,  tinged 
with  red  : the  toes  not  unlike  thofe  of  a rat. 

Length  from  nofe  to  tail  near  twenty-one  inches  and  a half: 
tail  full  of  hair,  of  a bright  chefnut,  mixed  with  white;  is  rather 
fhorter  in  proportion  than  that  of  the  EngliJJx  Fitchet,  to  which 
it  has  a great  refemblance,. 

Inhabits  Guiana* 


Putorius.  Gefner  quad.  767.  eullfque  albis.  Lin.  fyji.  67.  Iller. 

Yltis.  Agricola  An.  Subler.  4§J.  Faun.fuec.  No.  16. 

Pole- cat,  or  Fitchet,  Rail  fyn.  quad.  Muftela  pilis  in  exortu  ex  cinereo  al- 
19^’  bidis,  colore  nigricante  terminatis, 

Tchorz.  Rzaczhijki  P olon . 236.  oris  circumt'ereruia  alba.  72^/3./. 

Muftela  foetida.  litis,  Teuffels  kind.  186. 

Klein  quad.  Le  Putois.  De  Buffon.  vii.  199,  tab, 

Muftela  putorius.  M.  pedibus  flffls,  xxiii.  Schreber,  cxxxi. 

corpora  flavo  nigricante;  ore  auri-  Pole-cat.  Br.  Zool.  i. -jj.  Mus.  Lev, 

with  the  fpace  round  the  mouth  white;  the  tips  of  the  ears 
~ • of  the  fame  color:  head,  body,  and  legs,  of  a chocolate- 

color, 


237.  S.  Ameri- 
can Fitchet. 


Size. 


Place, 


238.  Fitchet. 


W E E S E L. 


color,  almoft  black:  on  the  hdes  the  hairs  are  of  a tawny  caft; 
tail  black:  length  feventeen  inches;  tail  fix. 

Inhabits  moft  parts  of  Europe  \ is  common  in  the  temperate 
parts  of  RuJJia,  but  grows  fcarcer  in  Siberia,  except  in  the  defert 
of  Baraba,  and  beyond  the  lake  Baikal.  None  are  found  north 
of  thofe  places:  they  are  ufually  met  with,  in  the  places  juft  cited, 
with  white  or  yellowifh  rumps,  bounded  wdth  black. 

The  Fitchet  burrow's  under  ground,  forming  a fhallovv  retreat, 
about  tw'o  yards  in  length,  generally  terminating  under  the 
roots  of  fome  large  tree;  fometimes  forms  its  lodge  under  hay- 
ricks, and  in  barns : brings  five  or  fix  young  at  a time  : preys  on 
poultry,  game,  and  rabbets  : in  winter  frequents  houfes,  and  will 
rob  the  dairy  of  milk.  This  animal  is  exceflively  foetid;  yet 
the  fkin  is  drcfled  with  the  hair  on,  and  ufed  as  other  furs,  for 
tippets,  &c. ; and  is  alfo  fent  abroad  to  line  cloaths. 


239.  Sarmatian.  Muftela  farmatica,  ^«y^jPerugufna.P<z/-  merman,  Schreher,  cxxxii. 

las,  Itin.  i.  453.  Gueldenfiaedt,  in  Nov.  or  the  girdled  weefel?  Rzac- 

Com.  Petrop.  xiv.  441.  tab.  x.  Zim-  xinjki,  auft.  hill.  Pohn.  328. 

\%T  with  broad,  fhort,  round  ears,  edged  with  long  white 
’ ^ • hairs : mouth  furrounded  with  white : head,  feet,  and 
under  fide  of  the  body,  of  a full  black  : head  crofted  beyond  each 
eye  with  a white  band,  palling  beneath  the  ears  along  the  fides  of 
the  neck,  and  down  to  the  throat:  from  the  hind  part  of  the 
head,  another  of  yellow  paft'es  on  each  fide  obliquely  towards 

the 


I 


'-/• 


4 


I- 


/ 


S' 

4 


. /• 


f 


3 


, ^ 


W E E S E L. 


39 


the  fhoulders;  above,  is  a third:  the  upper  part  of  the  body  is 
of  a brownilh  black,  flriped  and  fpotted  irregularly  with  obfcure 
yellow : tail  dufky,  full  of  hairs,  intermixed  with  white  ones 
longer  than  the  reft  : the  end  wholly  black. 

Length,  from  the  tip  of  the  nofe,  about  fourteen  inches;  of  the 
tail  fix. 

Inhabits  only  Poiand,  and  the  fouthern  provinces  of  RuJJia,  be- 
tween the  Dnieper  and  Volga ; and  in  the  Caucafean  mountains', 
and  Georgia ; and  by  report,  Bucharia. 

It  is  a moft  voracious  animal,  feeding  on  the  marmots,  mice, 
and  other  lefler  animals  that  inhabit  with  it  the  vaft  plains  of 
the  Riijjfian  empire.  Seizes  on  its  prey,  and  firft  fucks  out  the 
blood;  does  not  meddle  with  eggs:  lives  ufually  in  holes  made 
by  other  beafts,  but  is  not  without  the  power  of  burrowing : preys 
by  night:  lleeps  little:  very  fierce  and  untameable : its  eyes 
flaming:  its  fmell  foetid,  efpecially  when  it  eredls  its  tail,  which 
it  does  in  anger:  is  very  adtive:  it  moves  by  frequent  jumps: 
copulates  in  the  fpring:  goes  two  months,  and  brings  four  or 
eight  young,  according  to  the  report  of  the  natives. 


Moflela  Siterlca,  Kolonnok,  P alias  “[tw.  joit 

WT  black,  whitlfli  about  the  noftrils,  and  fpot- 

’ ' * ted  towards  the  eyes;  the  reft  of  the  animal  of  a deep 
yellow,  nearly  approaching  to  fox  or  orange  color;  with  the  throat 
fometimes  fpotted  with  white:  tail  very  full  of  hair,  and  of  a 

deeper 


Size. 

Place. 

Manners. 


240.  Siberian 


40 


W E E S E L. 


Size. 

deeper  color  than  the  body : hair  in  general  loofe  and  long : the 
foies  of  the  feet  thickly  covered  with  far. 

Its  body  more  flender  than  the  Fitchet,  coming  nearer  to  the 
form  of  the  Stoat : length  to  the  tail  twelve  inches ; of  the  tail 
fix. 

Place. 

Begins  to  appear  in  the  Altaic  mountains,  between  the  Ob  and 
the  Irt'ijh,  from  whence  it  is  common,  in  wooded  mountains,  to 
the  Amur  and  lake  Baikal.  It  has  great  refemblance  in  its  man- 
ners, haunts,  and  food  with  the  fable;  but  does  not  extend  fo 
far  north. 

241.  Ferret. 

Viverra.  PUnii  lib,  \ni.  c.  Agricola  neo  colore  terminatls  (mate.)  M.  pills 

An.  Subter,  486.  ex  albo  fubflavis  veftita.  (feem.)  Brijfon 

Muftela  ruftica,  viverra,  Furo,  Iftis.  quad.  177. 

(Jefner  quad.  762.  Rail Jyn,  quad.  198.  Muftela  Furo.  M.  pedibus  fiflis,  oculis 
Fret.  Klein  quad.  63.  Schreber,  cxxxiii.  lubicundis.  Lin./yji,  68.  Mus.  Lev. 

Viverra  pilis  fubflavis,  longioribus,  cafla- 

WT  ^ fharp  nofe : red  and  fiery  eyes : round  ears : 

’ " • color  of  the  whole  body  a very  pale  yellow : length 
about  fourteen  inches;  tail  five. 

Inhabits,  in  its  wild  ftate,  Africa*;  from  whence  it  was  ori- 
ginally brought  into  Spain-fi  in  order  to  free  that  country  from 
the  multitudes  of  rabbets,  with  which  the  kingdom  was  over- 
run; from  thence  the  reft  of  Europe  was  fupplied  with  it:  is  a 
lively  aftive  animal : the  natural  enemy  of  rabbets ; fucks  the 

* Shanxi's  travels,  249. 

t Kxi  yccAds-  dlf'ur  uq  i5  wCvn  Strabo,  lib,  iii. 

blood 


W E E S E L. 


4^ 


blood  of  its  proy,  feldom  tears  it:  breeds  in  our  climate:  and 
brings  five,  fix,  or  nine  at  a time:  but  is  apt  to  degenerate,  and 
lofe  its  favage  nature:  warreners*  are  therefore  obliged  to  pro- 
cure an  intercourfe  between  the  female  and  a pole-cat,  by  leaving 
it  near  the  haunts  of  the  laft:  the  produce  is  a breed  of  a much 
darker  color  than  the  ferret,  partaking  more  of  that  of  the  pole- 
cat. The  ferret  has  the  fame  difagreeable  fmell  with  that  animal. 


Mixtesgniiar&zWiO,  Agricola  An.  Suhter.  Brtjhn  quad.  242. 

485.  Gtfner  quad.  764.  Muftela  martes.  M.  pedibus  fiffis,  cor- 

Stein-marter.  Klein  quad.  6^.  pore  fulvoiiigricante,gula  pallida. 

Martes,  aliasFoyna,  Martin,  or  Martlet.  fyji.  67.  Mard.  Faun.fuec.  No.  15. 

Rail  Jyn.  quad.  200.  La  Fouine.  DeBuffon,  vii.  186.  tab.  xvili. 

Kuna.  Rzaczinjki  Psion.  222.  Schreber,  cxxix. 

Muftela  pilis  in  exortu  albidis  caftaneo  Martin.  Br.  Zeol.  i.  79.  Lev.  Mus. 
colore  terminatis  veftita,  gutture  albo. 

■WT 7 with  broad  rounded  ears:  lively  eyes:  head  brown* 

* ' • with  a tinge  of  red : body,  fides,  and  legs,  covered 
with  hair,  afh-colored  at  the  bottoms,  bright  chefnut  in  the 
middle,  black  at  the  tips : throat  and  breaft  white : belly  deep 
brown : tail  full  of  hair,  and  of  a dulky  color : feet  broad,  co- 
vered at  bottom  with  thick  down : claws  white : length  eighteen 
inches ; tail  ten. 

Inhabits  moft  parts  of  Europe^  even  to  the  warmer  parts  of 
RuJJia,  but  docs  not  extend  far  eaft  in  that  empire : is  a molt 
elegant  lively  animal:  capable  of  being  tamed:  is  very  good- 
natufed  and  fportive:  lives  in  woods;  and  breeds  in  the  hollow 

* Br,  Zoel.  i.  78.  U.49S. 

VoL,  II.  G of 


Ma  afiN. 


Place. 


42 


W > E E S E L. 


243.  Grey* 

K E ade  n. 


Place. 


344.  Fine. 


of  trees  j and  often,  during  winter,  flielters  in  magpies  nefts; 
brings  from  four  to  fix  young  at  a time  i deflroys  poultry, 
game,  See,  and  will  eat  rats,  mice,  and  moles ; the  fkin  and  ex- 
crements have  a mulky  fmell : the  fur  is  of  fome  value,  and  ufed 
to  line  the  robes  of  magiftrates. 


Le  grande  Marte  de  Guianne.  <ie  La  Cepedes.  dt  Buffon,  SuppL  vi,  250.  tab.  lx. 

head  and  upper  part  of  the  fides  of  the  neck 
' greyifli:  throat  and  under  fide  of  the  neck  white;,  all 
the  reft  of  the  body,  limbs,  and  tail,  black ; length  from  the  tip 
of  the  nofe  to  the  tail  above  two  feet?  of  the  tail  (which  is  full  of 
hair)  eighteen  inches^ 

Inhabits  Gutana^ 


Martes  gutture  luteo.  tiigricola  An.  Sui“  bidis  caftaneo  colore  termlnatls,  gut- 
ter.  485.  ture  flavo.  Brijfon  quad.  179. 

Martes  fylveftris.  yaW.  763.  La  Marte.  Z)#  vii.  186.  xxii» 

Martes  abietum.  Rail Jyn.  quad.  200.  Schreber,  exxx. 

Baum-Marter.  Klein  quad,  6^.  Yellow-breafted  Martin,  Br.Zool,\,iii. 

Mullela  pilis  in  exortu  ex  cinereo  al-  Faunul,  Sinens.  Lev.  Mus, 

WT  ^ yellow  bread  and  throat:  the  hair  of  a dark 

’ ^ • chefnut-color,  and  of  far  fuperior  finenefs  to  the  former^ 
in  other  refpeds  agreeing  with  it. 


Inhabits 


W E E S E L. 


43 


Inhabits  the  N.  of  Europe,  AJia^  and  America:  found  alfo  in 
Great  Britain  '* : are  not  found  about  the  river  Ohy,  nor  in  any 
part  of  Siberia:  inhabits  large  forefts,  efpecially  thofe  of  pines: 
never  lodges  near  houfes,  as  the  other  fpecies  is  faid-f  to  do: 
M.  de  Biiffon  fays,  that  it  brings  but  two  or  three  young  at  a 
time:  its  prey  is  the  fame  with  the  former;  its  fur  of  far  greater 
value.  The  peninfula  of  Kamtfchatka,  and  North  America^  abound 
with  them:  their  Ikins  a prodigious  article  of  commerce.  Thofe 
found  about  Mount  CaucafuSy  with  an  orange  throat,  are  efteemed 
the  fineft  in  the  furriers  Ihops, 


Zobela.  Agricola  An.  Subter.  485, 
Muftela  Sobella.  Gtfner  quad.  768. 
Muftela  Zibellina,  the  Sable.  Rati  Jyn. 

quad.  20 1 . Klein  quad.  64. 

Muftela  Zibellina,  Arifiotele  Satherius, 
Nipho  Cebalus.  Alciato  Mus  Samar- 
ticus  et  Scythicus.  Charleton  Ex.  20. 
Muftela  Zibellina.  M.  pedibus  fiftis. 


corpore  obfcure  fulvo,  fronte  exal- 
bida,  gutture  cinerco.  Lin./yft.  68. 

Muftela  Zibellina.  Nov.  Com.  Petrop, 
V.  330.  tab.  vi. 

Martes  Zibellina.  Muftela  obfcure  ful- 
vo, gutture  cinereo.  Brijfon  quad. 
180. 

La  Zibeline.  De  Buffon,  xiii.  309. 


245.  Sabls. 


Wwith  long  whilkers : rounded  ears : large  feet : white 
• claws:  long  and  bufliy  tail;  color  of  the  hair  black  at 
the  tips,  cinereous  at  the  bottom : chin  cinereous,  fometimes 
white,  yellow,  or  fpotted:  the  edges  of  the  ears  yellowilh: 
fometimes  the  hair  has  a tawny  caft ; for  in  fpring,  after  (bedding 

• M.  de  Buffon  fays,  we  have  none  of  thefe  animals  in  England,  Farce  qu'il 
ti‘y  a pas  de  lots.  That  gentleman  never  did  our  kingdom  the  honour  of  making  a 
progrefs  through  it. 

f All  foreign  writers  agree  in  this ; but  thofe  which  inhabit  my  neighborhood 
always  keep  in  the  woods,  except  in  their  nodurnal  excurlions. 

G 2 


the 


44 


W E E S E L. 


PtACE. 


the  coat,  the  color  varies:  there  are  inftances  of  their  being 
found  of  a fnowy  whltenefs 

The  fize  is  equal  to  that  of  the  Martin,  to  which  it  has  a great 
refemblance  in  form : but  this  fpecific  diftindtion  muft  be  noted — 
the  tail  of  the  martin  is  much  longer  than  the  hind  legs,  when 
extended  : that  of  the  Sable  Ihorter. 

Inhabits  Siberia j Kamtfchatka^  and  fome  of  the  Kurile  ifles, 
which  lie  between  Kamtfchatka  and  Japan.  Notwithftanding  what 
Mr.  Scheffer  fays-f,  it  is  certain  there  are  none  to  be  found  weft 
of  the  Urallian  mountains,  from  whence  they  increafe  in  num- 
bers, in  proportion  as  you  advance  eaftward. 

Sables  live  in  holes  in  the  earth,  or  beneath  the  roots  of  trees : 
fometimes,  like  the  martin,  form  nefts  in  the  trees,  and  will 
fkip  with  great  agility  from  one  to  the  other : are  very  lively, 
and  much  in  motion  during  night:  fleep  much  in  the  day: 
one  that  was  kept  tame  would,  on  fight  of  a cat,  fit  up  on  its 
hind  legs;  excrements  moft  exceffively  foetid;  prey,  during 
fummer,  on  ermines,  weefels,  and  fquirrels,  but  above  all  on 
hares;  in  winter,  on  birds;  in  autumn  on  hurtleberries,  cran- 
berries, and  the  berries  of  the  fervice-tree : but  during  that  fea- 
fon  their  Ikins  are  at  the  worft,  that  diet  caufing  them  to  itch, 
and  to  rub  off  their  fur  againft  the  trees:  they  bring  forth  at 
the  end  of  March,  or  beginning  of  y^pril,  and  have  from  three 
to  five  at  a time,  which  they  fuckle  for  four  or  five  weeks 

Their  chace  was,  in  the  more  barbarous  times  of  the  Ruffian 
empire,  the  employ,  or  rather  the  talks,  of  the  unhapy  exiles 
into  Siberia : as  that  country  is  now  become  more  populous,  the 

• Strablenbfrg  hiji.  Ruffia,  4|2.  f Sibefftr  Lapl.  136. 

I HiJi.  Kamtf(hatka,  109,  &c. 


fables 


W E E S E L. 


45 


fables  have  in  great  meafure  quitted  it,  and  retired  farther 
North  and  Eaji^  to  live  in  defert  forefts  and  mountains.  They 
live  near  the  banks  of  rivers,  or  in  the  little  iflands  in  them  : 
on  this  account  they  have,  by  fome,  been  fuppofed  to  be  the 
of  Arijlotle,  Hiji.  An,  lib.  viii.  c.  5 j which  he  clalTes  with 
the  animals  converfant  among  waters. 

At  prefent  the  hunters  of  fables  form  themfelves  into  troops, 
from  5 to  40  each;  the  laft  fubdivide  into  lefler  parties,  and 
each  chufes  a leader,  but  there  is  one  that  diredts  the  whole : a 
fmall  covered  boat  is  provided  for  each  party,  loaden  with  pro- 
vifion,  a dog  and  net  for  every  two  men,  and  a veffel  to  bake 
their  bread  in:  each  party  alfo  has  an  interpreter  for  the  coun- 
try they  penetrate  into : every  party  then  fets  out  according  to 
the  courfe  their  leader  points  out ; they  go  againft  the  dream  of 
the  rivers,  drawing  their  boats  up,  till  they  arrive  in  the  hunt- 
ing-country ; there  they  flop,  build  huts,  and  wait  till  the  wa- 
ters are  frozen,  and  the  feafon  commences.  Before  they  begin 
the  chace  their  leader  affembles  them,  they  unite  in  a prayer  to 
the  Almighty  for  fuccefs,  and  then  feparate : the  firft  fable  they 
take  is  called  God’s  fable,  and  is  dedicated  to  the  church. 

They  then  penetrate  into  the  woods,  mark  the  trees  as  they 
advance,  that  they  may  know  their  way  back;  and  in  their 
hunting-quarters  form  huts  of  trees,  and  bank  up  the  fnow 
round  them : near  thefe  lay  their  traps,  then  advance  far- 
ther, and  lay  more  traps,  dill  building  new  huts  in  every  quar- 
ter, and  return  fucceffively  to  every  old  one,  to  vifit  the  traps, 
and  take  out  the  game  to  Ikin  it,  which  none  but  the  chief  of 

the- 


f Awl's  Tiravtls,  1 40. 


.46 


W E E S E L. 


the  party  muft  do : during  this  time  they  are  fupplied  with  pro- 
vifions  by  perfons  who  are  employed  to  bring  it  on  fledges,  from 
the  places  on  the  road  where  they  are  obliged  to  form  maga- 
zines, by  reafon  of  the  impradlicability  of  bringing  quantities 
thro’  the  rough  country  they  muft  pafs.  The  traps  are  a fort  of 
pit-fall,  with  a loofe  board  placed  over  it,  baited  with  fifh  or 
flelh:  when  fables  grow  fcarce,  the  hunters  trace  them  in  the 
new-fallen  fnow,  to  their  holes,  place  their  nets  at  the  entrance, 
and  fometimes  wait,  watching  two  or  three  days  for  the  coming 
out  of  the  animal : it  has  happened,  that  thefe  poor  people  have, 
by  the  failure  of  their  provifions,  been  fo  pinched  with  hunger, 
that,  to  prevent  the  cravings  of  appetite,  they  have  been  reduced 
to  take  two  thin  boards,  one  of  which  they  apply  to  the  pit  of 
the  ftomach,  the  other  to  the  back,  drawing  them  tight  together 
by  cords  placed  at  the  ends  * : fuch  are  the  hardfliips  our  fellow- 
creatures  undergo,  to  fupply  the  wantonnefs  of  luxury. 

The  feafon  of  chace  being  finiflied,  the  hunters  re-aflfemblej 
make  a report  to  their  leader  of  the  number  of  fables  each  has 
taken;  make  complaints  of  offenders  againft  their  regulations; 
punifli  delinquents ; fhare  the  booty ; then  continue  at  the  head- 
quarters kill  the  rivers  are  clear  of  ice;  return  home  and  give 
1:0  every  church  the  dedicated  furs. 

Commercial  The  following  is  the  commercial  hiftory  of  this  fur-trade. 
History.  which  Dr.  J.  R.  Fojier  was  fo  obliging  as  to  tranflate  for  me, 
from  Muller's  Samlung  Rufs.  Gefchkhtey  iii.  455  to  515*  being 
an  abflrad  from  above  20  pages. 

* BelPs  Travels,  i.  245. 

4 Sable, 


W E E S E L, 


47, 


Sable,  Sobol  in  Ruffian;  Zobel  in  German:  their  price 
varies,  from  1 1.  to  lol.  fteriing,  and  above:  fine  and  middling 
fable  fkins  are  without  bellies,  and  the  coarfe  ones  are  with 
them:  forty  fkins  make  a colledion  called  Zimmer:  the  finefl 
fables  are  fold  in  pairs,  perfectly  limilar,  and  are  dearer  than 
fingle  ones  of  the  fame  goodnefs;  for  x\\q  RuJJians  want  thofe  in 
pairs  for  facing  caps,  cloaks,  tippets,  &c.  The  blacked  are  re- 
puted the  beft.  Sables  are  in  feafon  from  November  to  February; 
for  thofe  caught  at  any  other  time  of  the  year  are  fhort  haired, 
and  then  called  Nedofoboli,  The  hair  of  fables  differs  in  length  and 
quality:  the  long  hairs,  which  reach  far  beyond  the  inferior 
ones,  are  called  Os;  the  more  a fkin  has  of  fuch  long  hairs,  the 
blacker  they  are,  and  the  more  valuable  is  the  fur;  the  very 
beft  have  no  other  but  thofe  long  and  black  hairs.  Motchka  is 
a technical  term  in  the  Rujffian  fur-trade,  expreffing  the  lower 
part  of  the  long  hairs;  and  fometimes  it  comprehends  likewife 
the  lower  and  fhorter  hairs:  the  above  mentioned  beft  fable 
furs  are  faid  to  have  a black  Motchka.  Below  the  long  hairs  are,  in 
the  greater  parts  of  fable  furs,  fome  fhorter  hairs,  called  Rodofie, 
3.  e.  Under-Os:  the  mocQ  Podojie  a fur  has,  the  lefs  valuable:  in 
the  better  kind  of  fables  the  Podojie  has  black  tips,  and  a grey  or 
lufty  Motchka:  the  firft  kind  of  Motchka  makes  the  middling 
kind  of  fable  furs ; the  red  one  the  word,  efpecially  if  it  has  but 
few  Os:  between  the  Os  and  Podojie  is  a low  woolly  kind  of  hair, 
called  Podfada ; the  more  Podfada  a fur  has,  the  Jefs  valuable, 
for  the  long  hair  will,  in  fuch  cafe,  take  no  other  direction  than 
the  natural  one;  for  the  charader  of  fables  is,  that  notwithftand- 
ing  the  hair  naturally  lies  from  the  head  towards  the  tail,  yet  will 

k 


48 


W E E S E L. 


it  lie  equally  in  any  direflion,  as  you  ftrike  your  hand  over  it: 
/the  various  combinations  of  thefe  charadlers,  in  regard  to  Os, 
Motchka,  Podojie,  and  Podfada,  make  many  fpecial  divifions  of 
the  goodnefs  of  furs : befides  this,  the  furriers  attend  to  the  fize, 
preferring  always,  cateris  paribus,  the  biggeft,  and  thofe  that  have 
the  greateft  glofs : the  fize  depends  upon  the  animal  being  a male  or 
female,  the  latter  being  always  fmaller.  The  glofs  vanifhes  in  old 
furs ; the  frefh  ones  have  a kind  of  bloomy  appearance,  as  they  exprefs 
it ; the  old  ones  are  faid  to  have  done  blooming : the  dyed  fables 
always  lofe  their  glofs,  become  lefs  uniform,  whether  the  lower 
hairs  have  taken  the  dye  or  not,  and  commonly  the  hairs  are 
fomewhat  twilled  or  crifped,  and  not  fo  ftrait  as  in  the  natural 
ones : fome  fumigate  the  fkins,  to  make  them  look  blacker ; but 
the  fmell,  and  the  crifped  condition  of  the  long  hair,  betrays  the 
cheat ; and  both  ways  are  detedled,  by  rubbing  the  fur  with  a 
moifl  linen  cloth,  which  grows  black  in  fuch  cafes. 

‘‘  The  Chineje  have  a way  of  dying  the  fables,  fo  that  the 

color  not  only  lafts,  (which  the  Ru[fian  cheats  cannot  do) 

but  the  fur  keeps  its  glofs,  and  the  crifped  hairs  only  difeo- 
ver  it:  this  is  the  reafon  that  all  the  fables,  which  are  of 
the  beft  kind,  either  in  pairs  or  feparate,  are  carried  to  Ruf- 
Jia;  the  reft  go  to  China:  the  very  beft  fables  come  from  the 
environs  of  Nertchijk  and  Takutjk;  and  in  this  latter  diftridl, 
the  country  about  the  river  Ud  affords  fometimes  fables,  of 
whom  one  lingle  fur  is  often  fold  at  the  rate  of  6o  or  70 

rubles  (12  or  14I.)  The  bellies  of  fables,  which  are  fold  in 

pairs,  are  about  two  fingers  breadth,  and  are  tied  together 
by  forty  pieces,  which  are  fold  from  i to  2I.  fterling.  Tails 

are 


W E E S E l; 


49 


are  fold  by  the  hundred;  the  very  beft  fable  furs  muft  have 
their  tails,  but  ordinary  fables  are  often  cropped,  and  a hun- 
dred fold  from  4 to  81.  fterling:  the  legs  or  feet  of  fables 
are  feldom  fold  feparately.  White  fables  are  ra:re,  and  no 
common  merchandize,  but  bought  only  as  curiofities:  fome 
are  yellowilh,  and  are  bleached  in  the  fpring  on  the  fnow.” 

The  common  fables  are  fcarcely  better  in  hair  and  color 
than  the  martin. 

The  fable  is  found  again  in  North  America.  The  RuJJians 
have  often  difcovered  the  Ikins  mixed  with  thofe  of  martins,  in 
the  fur-drefles  which  the  Ichutcki  get  from  the  Americans  by  way 
of  exchange.  Their  fur  is  more  gloffy  than  that  of  the  Siberian 
fable,  and  of  a bright  chefnut-color  ; but  of  a coarfer  quality.  It 
is  to  be  obferved,  that  no  fables  are  found  N.  E.  of  the  river 
Anadyr,  the  country  of  the  Ichutcki  '^. 

The  information  I received  from  Dodtor  Pallas,  refpedling  the 
charadVer  of  this  animal,  obliges  me  to  lay  afide  my  notion  of  its 
being  found  in  the  new  world,  under  the  name  of  The  Fijloer ; yet 
I have  reafon  to  fuppofe  I have  recovered  it  on  that  continent,  by 
feeing  the  fkin  of  another  quadruped  highly  refembling  it,  in  the 
cabinet  of  Mrs.  Blackburn,  fent  from  Canada;  which  1 defcribe  under 
the  name  of  the  American. 

Its  length,  from  nofe  to  tail,  was  twenty  inches.  The  trunk  of 
the  tail  only  five  inches:  but  from  the  rump  to  the  end  of  the 
hairs  eight.  The  ears  more  pointed  than  thofe  of  the  Afiatic 
fable;  feet  very  large^  hairy  above  and  below:  five  toes,  with 
white  claws  on  each  foot. 


American, 


VoL.  II. 


Doiftor  Pallas. 

H 


Color 


•e. 


50  W E E S E L. 

Color.  Color  of  the  head  and  ears  whicifli:  whilkers  fhort  and  black; 

whole  body  of  a light  tawny:  feet  brown.  This  ieeais  to  have 
been  one  of  the  bleached  kind  before  mentioned. 


246.  Fssher.  Wr  ^ black  nofe:  ftrong  and  ftifF  whilkers : fix  fmall 

’ ' • weefel-like  teeth  above  and  below : fix  large  canine 
teeth:  four  grinding  teeth  in  each  upper  jaw;  three  Iharp- 
pointed,  the  fourth  flat : in  the  lower  jaws  fix ; the  laft  flatted, 
the  next  tridentated ; the  next  to  thofe  bidentated  : ears  broad 
and  round,  dufky  on  their  outfides,  edged  with  white : face  and 
fides  of  the  neck  pale  brown,  or  cinereous,  mixed  with  black : 
hairs  on  the  back,  belly,  legs,  and  tail,  black ; browrulh  at  their 
bafe:  fides  brown:  the  feet  very  broad;  covered  with  hair  even 
on  their  foies:  five  toes  on  the  fore  feet;  generally  four,  but 
fometimes  five,  on  the  hind  feet;  with  lharp,  flrong,  and  crooked 
white  claws:  fore  legs  fliorter  than  thofe  behind:  tail  full  and 
bulhy,  fmalleft  at  the  end,  feventeen  inches  long:  length,  from 
nofe  to  tail,  twenty-eight  inches. 

Inhabits  North  America:  notwithftanding  its  name,  is  not  am- 
phibious: preys  on  all  forts  of  leffer  quadrupeds*  : by  the  num- 
ber of  fkins  imported,  is  not  an  uncommon  animal;  not  lefs  than 
580  being  brought  in  one  feafon  from  New  York  and  Y enfylvania : 
feems  to  be  the  animal  called  by  JoJfelyn-f,  the  Sable  ; which,  he 
fays,  is  perfedly  black.  I have  feen  many  of  the  fkins,  which 
vary  in  color.  Lev.  Mus. 

* By  a letter  from  Mr.  Peter  Cellin/on,  who  received  the  account  from  Bartram, 
of  Penjyl'vania, 

t wj.  87. 

Le 


\ 


t 


W E E S E L. 


5* 


Le  Vanfire.  De  Buffan,  xili.  167.  tah,  xxi.  de  la  Cepedes,  de  Buffan,  Suppl.  vii.  349,  247. 

tab.  lix. 

WT  fliort  ears:  the  hair  on  the  whole  body  brown  at  the 
* roots,  and  barred  above  with  black,  and  ferruginous:  the 
tail  of  the  fame  color : the  length  from  nofe  to  tail,  about  four- 
teen inches;  the  tail,  to  the  tip  of  the  hairs  at  the  end,  near  ten. 

Inhabits  Madagafcar. 


Le  Pekan.  De  Buffon,  xiii.  304.  tqh.  xlii.  Schreber,  cxxxiv.  Lev.  Mus.  248, 

\\7  with  very  long  and  ftrong  whilkers:  ears  a little  pointed: 

• hair  on  the  head,  back,  and  belly,  cinereous  at  the  roots, 
of  a bright  bay  at  the  ends;  very  foft  and  glofly : on  the  fidcs  is  a 
tinge  of  grey:  between  the  fore-legs  a white  fpot:  legs  and  tail 
black : toes  covered  with  thick  hair,  above  and  below  : claws 
{harp. 

In  form  like  a martin : its  length,  from  nofe  to  tail,  one  foot 
feven  inches : the  length  of  the  trunk  of  the  tail  above  ten  j and 
the  hairs  extend  an  inch  beyond. 

Inhabits  North  America : defcribed  from  a {kin. 


Le  Vifon.  De  Buffon,  xili.  308.  tah.  xliii. 

Wwith  rounded  ears:  color  of  the  hair  brown,  tinged  with 
• tawny,  very  bright  and  glolTy : beneath  is  a thick  down, 
cinereous  tipt  with  ruft  color:  legs  very  (hort ; tail  dufky. 

H 2 Length 


249. 


Ma  D A C AS« 
CAR.. 


Pekast. 


VlSON, 


52 


W E E S E L. 


SlZ£. 

Length  to  the  tail  above  feventeen  inches : tail,  to  the  extre- 
mity of  the  hairs,  nine. 

Place. 

Inhabits  North  America',  defcribed  from  the  fluffed  fkins,  in 
1765,  in  the  cabinet  of  M.  Aubry,  curate  of  Saint  LouiSf  in  Paris, 
A fuller  account  of  this  and  the  preceding  animal  is  defired. 

250.  Whitf- 

CHEEKED. 

T T 7 with  rounded  ears ; broad  and  blunt  nofe  ; dufTcy  irides : 
’ ^ • head  flat:  face,  crown,  legs,  rump,  and  tail,  black:  chin 
and  cheeks  white : throat  of  a rich  yellow  : back  and  belly  of  a 
pale  yellow,  intimately  mixed  with  cinereous. 

Size. 

Length,  from  nofe  to  tail,  eighteen  inches;  tail  of  the  fame 
length,  covered  with  long  hair. 

Defcribed  from  the  living  animal  at  Mr.  Broohs^s,  April  17744 
Place  unknown. 

2.51.  Grisok; 

Le  Grifbn.  De  Buffon,  xvi.  169.  tah.  xxv.  Allamand,  v.  65.  tab,  viil.  Schrt' 

her,  cxxiv. 

/ 

T X 7 with  large  head  and  eyes : fhort  but  broad  ears : upper 
’ ' • part  of  the  body  of  a deep  brown,  each  hair  tipped  with 
white,  which  gives  it  a grey  or  hoary  look : from  each  fide  of  the 
forehead  extends  a broad  white  line,  paffing  over  the  eyes,  and 
reaching  as  far  as  the  Ihoulders : the  nofe,  throat,  and  whole  un- 

Size. 

der  fide  of  the  body,  thighs,  and  legs,  black. 

Length,  from  the  tip  of  the  nofe  to  the  origin  of  the  tail,  feven 
inches.  By  the  figure,  the  tail  is  little  more  than  half  the  length 
of  the  body, 

6,  Inhabits 

53 


W E E S E L. 

Inhabits  but  is  a very  fcarce  animal:  firfl;  defcribed 

by  Mr.  JllamanL 

Galera,  fubfufca,  cauda  elongata,  auribus  Le  Tayra,  ou  le  Galera.  Be  Buffon,  xv. 
fubnudis  appreffis.  Browne's  Jamaica,  155.  Schreber,  cxxxv. 

485.  tab.  xlix. 

\K7  upper  jaw  much  longer  than  the  lower : eyes 

’ ' • placed  mid-way  between  the  ears  and  tip  of  the  nofe : 
ears  like  the  human:  tongue  rough  : tail  declining  downwards, 
leflening  towards  the  point:  feet  ftrong,  and  formed  for  digging: 
fliape  of  the  body  like  that  of  a rat ; fize  of  a fmall  rabbet : of 
a dulky  color : the  hair  rough. 

Inhabits  Guinea:  common  about  the  negro  fettlements:  bur- 
rows like  a rabbet:  very  fierce;  if  drove  to  neceflity  will  fly  at 
man  or  beaft : very  deftrudlive  to  poultry : feems  to  be  the  Kokeboe 
of  Bofman  *,  which  only  differs  in  color,  being  red. 


Muftela  barbara.  M.  pedibus  fiffis,  atra,  Muflela  maxima  atra  mofcum  redolens. 
collo  fubtus  macula  alba  triloba.  Lin.  Tayra,  grofle  Belette.  Barrere  France 
fyji.bi’]. 

W7  round  ears,  covered  with  down : an  afli-colored  fpace 
^ • between  the  eyes : a trilobated  fpot  on  the  lower  part  of 

the  neck  : fize  of  a martin : color  black:  hairs  eoarfe. 

Inhabits  Brajil  and  Guiana:  when  it  rubs  itfelf  againfl;  trees, 
leaves  behind  an  undfuous  matter,  that  fcents  of  mulk. 

* Hiji.  Guinea,  239. 

La 


252.  Guinea, 


Place. 


253.  Guiana. 


Place, 


W E E S E u 


^5^ 


254.  WOOLLV. 


255.  Ichneumon. 


La  petite  Fouine  de  la  Gulane.  De  ovffon,  Suppl.  Hi.  162.  tah.  xxlv, 

\K7  with  a long  flender  nofe:  upper  jaw  longer  than  the 
• lower:  eais  very  fltort  and  round;  body  covered  with 
w’oolly  hair:  tail  taper,  ending  in  a point,  between  eiglit  and  nine 
inches  long:  body,  from  nole  to  tail,  between  fifteen  and  fixteen. 
M.  de  Buffon  does  not  mention  the  color;  by  his  figure  the 


belly  feems  white.  He  fays  it 
whether  it  is  not  one  of  the  abov 

Ar'iflot.  hi/f.  An.  lih,  ix.  c,  6. 
Qppian  Cyneg^.  iii.  407. 

Ichneumon.  Pi  mi  lib.  viii.  c.  ^’4. 
L’lchreumon,  que  les  Egyptiens  nom- 
ment  Rat  ce  Pharaon.  BtUnobj.  cj. 
Portraits,  c6.  Profp.  .nip.  i.  234.0^- 
r.er  quad.  566.  R'iii  fyn.  quad.  202. 
Shanjo's  ‘1  ravels,  245,  376. 

Muftela  ^Egyptiaca.  Kletn  quad.  64. 

<3.  Indian.  Quil,  vel  Qutrpele.  Gaida 
Aror,t.  214.  Pail  yn.  quad.  iq'j. 
Viverra  Mungo.  Ka-mpfer  Amcen.  574. 
De  Mongkos  Valemyi  Au.hoin.  iii. 
SerpenticidafiveMoncus  Kumph  herb. 

Anibo  n.  Ap} . 69.  tab.  xxviii. 

Indian  Ichneumon.  Edvs,  199. 
Ichneumon  feu  vulpecula  Ceilonica. 

Wwirh  bright  flame  colored 
• molt  naked ; nofe  long 

* The  jEgyptians  never  flyle  it  Phar, 
•refemblance  to  that  animal.  HaJJelquiJt , \ 
8 


inhabits  Guiana.  1 am  doubtful 
2 fpecies, 

Meles  Ichneumon  digitls  mediis  longio- 
ribus,  lateralibus  sequalibus,  unguibus 
lubuniformibus.  t'ajjilquiji  itin.  19'. 
Ichneumon  : .VI  us  Pharaotds  vulgo.  £ri/^ 
Jo't  quad.  181. 

Viverra  Ichneumon.  V.  cauda  e bafiin- 
cralTata  fenfim  attenuata,  pollicibusre- 
motiulculis,  .63.  Schreber,  cxvi. 

A.  Lev.  M us. 

Seb.  Mu/,  i 66.  tah.  xV\.  /g.  r. 

La  Vlangoutte.  De  Buffon,  xiii.  1 30.  tab. 
xix.  Le  Nems,  lom.  xvi.  174  tab. 
xxvii. 

Viverra  mdica.  V.  ex  grifeo  rufefeens, 
Erjjon  quad.  177.  Rail  Jyi.-.  quad.  198. 
Ecbrebtr,  cxvi.  Lev.  Mus. 

eyes:  fmall  rounded  ears,  al- 
and flender:  body  thicker  than 

or  Moufe,  but  Nents,  or  Ferret,  from  its 
96.  This  Forjkal  confirms,  p.  1 1 1 . 

that 


W E E S E L. 


that  of  others  of  this  genus : tail  very  thick  at  the  bafe,  tapering 
to  a point:  legs  ftiort : the  hair  is  hard  and  coarfe:  color  various 
in  different  animals,  from  different  countries;  in  fome  alternately 
barred  with  dull  yellowifli  brown  and  white;  in  others,  pale 
brown  and  moufe-coloured ; fo  that  the  animal  appears  mottled ; 
throat  and  belly  of  a uniform  brown : beneath  the  tail  is  an  ori- 
fice not  unlike  that  of  a badger. 

The  fpecimen  in  the  JJhmolean  'Miifeum  was  thirteen  inches  and 
a half  long  to  the  origin  of  the  rail ; the  tail  eleven : the  Egyp- 
tian variety  is  the  largcft.  Some  are  forty-two  inches  long  from 
the  nofe  to  the  extremity  of  the  tail.  M.  de  Bi'ffon  gives  the 
figure  of  one  in  the  xxvith  plate  of  his  Supplement,  vol.  iii.  un- 
. der  the  name  of  La  Grande  Mangoufie’.  the  tail  is  longer,  and 
more  flender  than  that  of  the  common  kind,  and  the  hair  uni- 
verfally  more  broken  and  coarfer. 

Inhabits  Egypt,  Barbary,  India,  and  its  ijlands:  a moft  ufeful 
animal ; being  an  inveterate  enemy  to  the  ferpents  and  other 
noxious  reptiles  which  infeft  the  torrid  zone:  attacks  without 
dread  that  moft  fatal  of  ferpents  the  Naja,  or  Cobra  di  Capello ; 
and  Qiould  it  receive  a wound  in  the  combat,  inflantly  retires; 
and  is  faid  to  obtain  * an  antidote  from  a certain  herb ; after 

which 

• A faft,  as  yet,  not  well  eftablifhed : Botanifts  are  not  yet  agreed  about  the 
fpecies  of  this  fanative  plant,  whofe  ufe,  it  is  pretended,  this  weefel  pointed  out 
to  mankind : thofe  who  have  feen  the  combats  between  the  Ichneumon  and  Naia, 
never  could  difcover  it:  Kampfer,  a writer  of  the  firft  authority,  who  vifited 
India,  and  who  had  a tame  Ichneumon,  and  been  witnefs  to  its  battles  with  the 
ferpent,  fays  no  more  than  that  it  retired  and  eat  the  roots  of  any  herb  it  met 
with.  It  is  from  the  Indians  he  received  the  account  of  the  root,  whofe  veracity 

he 


56 


W E E S E L. 


which  it  returns  to  the  attack,  and  feldom  fails  of  victory.  Is  a 
great  deftroyer  of  the  eggs  of  crocodiles,  which  it  digs  out  of 
the  fand  ; and  even  kills  multitudes  of  the  young  of  thofe  terrible 
reptiles:  it  was  not  therefore  without  reafon,  that  the  antient 

jEgyptians  ranked  the  Ichneumon  among  their  Deities  : is  at  pre- 
fent  domefticated,  and  kept  in  houfes  in  India  and  in  JEgypt',  for 
it  is  more  ufeful  than  a cat,  in  deftroying  rats  and  mice:  grows 
very  tame:  is  very  adive;  fprings  with  great  agility  on  its  prey; 
will  glide  along  the  ground  like  a ferpent,  and  feems  as  if  with- 
out feet:  fits  up  like  a fquirrel,  and  eats  with  its  fore  feet: 
catches  any  thing  that  is  flung  to  it:  is  a great  enemy  to  poultry: 
will  feign  Itfelf  dead  till  they  come  within  reach  : loves  filh : 
draws  its  prey,  after  fucking  the  blood,  to  its  hole:  its  excre- 
ments very  foetid : when  it  fleeps,  brings  its  head  and  tail  under 
its  belly,  appearing  like  a round  ball,  with  two  legs  flicking  out, 
Rumphiits  obferves  how  ikilfully  it  feizes  the  ferpents  by  the  throat, 
fo  as  to  avoid  receiving  any  injury : and  Lucan  beautifully  de- 

he  fpeaks  moft  contemptuoully  of.  Amosn.  Exot.  576.  Rumphius  never  faw  the 
plant  growing ; but  defcribes  it  from  a fpecimen  fent  him  from  Java ; for  he 
fays  the  Indians  would  perfuade  him  that  it  had  no  leaves.  Vide  Herb.  Amhoin. 
App.  71.  All  that  feems  certain  is,  that  the  Indians  have  a plant,  of  whofe 
alexipharmic  virtues  they  have  a high  opinion,  and  are  faid  to  ufe  it  with  fuccefs 
againll  the  dreadful  macajfar  poifon,  and  the  bite  of  ferpents.  Kampfer  fays  he 
had  good  fuccefs  with  one  fpecies,  in  putrid  fevers,  and  found  it  infallible  for  the 
bite  of  a mad  dog.  As  there  is  no  doubt  but  a moft  ufeful  plant  of  this  nature 
does  exift  in  the  Indies,  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  ftridl  enquiry  will  be  made  after  it. 
In  order  to  direft  their  fearches,  they  are  referred  to 

Garcia  ah  Horto  Hijl.  Aromatum  in  Clus.  Exot.  2 1 4. 

K<xmpfer  Amcen.  Exot.  573.  Rumph.  Herb.  Amboin.  App,  29. 

Aman.  Acad,  ii,  89.  Flora  Zeylanica,  46.  190,  239. 


fcribcs 


B1 


I 


W E E S E L. 

fcribes  the  fame  addrefs  of  this  animal,  in  conquering  the  Jigyp- 
tian  Afp. 

Afpidas  ut  Pharlas  cauda  folertior  hojiis 
Ludit,  it  iratas  incerta  provocat  umhra  : 

Obliquanfque  caput  ’vanas  Jerpentis  in  auras 

Effufa  toio  comprendit  guttura  morfu 

hitifcram  citra  faniem  : tunc  irrita  psjiis 

Exprimitur,  faucefque  Jiuunt  pereunle  njetieno.  Lib.  iv.  724, 

Thus  oft’  th’  Ichneumon,  on  the  banks  of  Hile, 

Invades  the  deadly  Afplc  by  a wile  ; 

While  artfully  his  flender  tail  is  play’d. 

The  ferpent  darts  upon  the  dancing  lhade  ; 

Then  turning  on  the  foe  with  fwift  furprize. 

Full  on  the  throat  the  nimble  feizer  flies : 

The  gaping  fnake  expires  beneath  the  wound,  q 

His  gulhing  jaws  with  poifonous  floods  abound,  > 

And  Ihed  the  fruitlefs  mifchief  on  the  ground.  J 

Row£. 


Gm,  Lin.  85.  256.  Cafre, 

WT  fhort  hairy  ears:  hairs  on  the  body  fhining,  rude, 

• mixed  with  yellow,  black,  and  brown;  tail  grows  gradually 
more  flender  from  the  bafe,  tip  black. 

Inhabits  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

LeSurikate.  DeBuffon,  xiii.  ■jz.  tab.  \m.  Scbreher,  cxvii.  Miller's  plates,  xx.  257.  FotfR-TOED, 

WT  with  a very  fharp-pointed  nofe;  head  depreffed:  cheeks 

* inflated:  upper  jaw  much  longer  than  the  lower;  tip 

VoL.  II.  I black: 


W E E S E L. 


black:  whi/kers  black,  arifing  from  warty  tubera : irides  dulky: 
region  about  the  eyes  black ; ears  fmall,  rounded,  black,  lying 
clofe  to  the  head. 

Tongue  oblong,  blunt,  aculeated  backwards. 

Six  fmall  incilores;  two  long  canine  in  each  jaw,  and  five 
grinders  on  each  fide. 

Back  very  broad,  and  a little  convex  : belly  broad  and  flat. 

Legs  fliort:  feet  fmall,  naked  at  the  bottom;  four  toes  on 
each:  the  claws  on  the  fore  feet  long,  like  thofe  of  the  badger;, 
on  the  hind  feet  fliort. 

Color  of  the  hairs  brown  near  the  bottom  ; black  near  the  ends, 
and  hoary  at  the  points ; thofe  on  the  back  undulated : infide  of 
the  legs  yellowifh  brown :.  tail  tufted  with  black. 

Length  from  nofe  to  tail  eleven  inches ; of  tail  eight : the  lafl 
thick  at  the  bafe,  ending  pretty  abrupt. 

Inhabits  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  where  it  is  called  Meer-rat  r 
feeds  on  fiefh;  preys  on  mice;  is  a great  enemy  to  Blatta : is  al- 
ways making  a grunting  noife:  is  much  in  motion:  fits  quite 
ered,  dropping  its  fore  legs  on  its  breaft,  and  moving  its  head 
with  great  eafe,  as  if  on  a pivot,  and  appearing  as  if  it  liflened,  or 
had  juft  fpied  fomething  new.  When  pleafed,  it  makes  a rattling 
noife  with  its  tail,  for  which  reafon  the  Dutch  at  the  Cape  call  it 
Klapper-maus* . It  is  alfo  found  in  Java,  where  the  Javdnefs 
flyle  it  Jitpe',  the  Dutch,  Suracatje*.  The  animal  which  I ex- 
amined was  brought  alive  from  the  Cape.  Well  engraven  in 
Miller’s  plates,  tab,  xx, 

* Fallas  Mifcel.  Zool.  59,  60. 

Yellov/ 


VV  E E S E L: 


59 


Yellow  maucauco.  Syn.  quad.  No.  io8.  Viverra  caudivolvola.  tab.  xlii. 

TT7  with  a fliort  dulky  nofe;  fmall  eyes;  ears  fhort,  broad, 
^ ^ and  flapping,  and  placed  at  a great  diftance  from  each 

other;  head  flat  and  broad:  cheeks  fwelling  out:  tongue  very 
long:  legs  and  thighs  fhort,  and  very  thick : five  toes  to  each 
foot,  feparated  and  ftanding  all  forward:  claws  large,  a little 
hooked,  and  of  a flefh-color. 

The  hairs  fhort,  foft,  gloffy,  clofely  fet  together:  on  the  head, 
back,  and  fides  a mixture  of  yellow  and  black:  cheeks,  infide 
of  the  legs,  and  the  belly,  yellow : half  way  down  the  middle  of 
the  belly  is  a broad  dufky  lift,  ending  at  the  tail;  and  another 
from  the  head  along  the  middle  of  the  back  to  the  tail : tail  of  a 
bright  tawny,  mixed  with  black;  is  round,  and  has  the  fame 
prehenfile  faculty  as  fome  of  the  monkies  have : length  from  the 
nofe  to  the  tail  nineteen  inches;  of  the  tail  feventeen. 

It  was  very  good-natured  and  fportive;  would  catch  hold  of 
any  thing  with  its  tail,  and  fufpend  itfelf : lay  with  its  head  un- 
der its  legs  and  belly. 

Shewn  about  twelve  years  ago  in  London:  its  keeper  faid  it 
came  from  the  mountains  of  Jamaica,  and  called  it  a Potto,  the 
name  given  by  fome  writers  to  a fpecies  of  Sloth  found  in  Guinea, 
Lev.  Mus, 


l2 


Le 


258.  Yellow. 


Manners. 


Place. 


W E E S E L, 


259.  Mexicaii. 


Size. 


Manners. 


Le  Kinkajou.  De  Bufon,  xvi.  244.  tab.  I. 

\KT  ^ fliort  dufky  nofe:  tongue  of  a vafl  length:  fmalf 
^ ^ ^ eyes,  encircled  with  dufky : ears  Ihort  and  rounded, 
and  placed  very  diftant:  the  hairs  (hort-,  on  the  head,  upper  part 
of  the  body,  and  the  tail,  the  colors  are  yellow,  grey,  and  black 
intermixed  : the  Tides  of  the  throat,  and  under  fide,  and  the  infides 
of  the  legs,  of  a lively  yellow  the  belly’of  a dirty  white,  tinged 
with  yellow. 

The  toes  feparated  : the  claws  crooked,  w'hite,  guttered  beneath. 

The  length  from  head  to  tail  two  feet  five  (French)  ',  of  the 
tall,  one  foot  three  : the  tail  is  taper,  covered  with  hair,  except 
beneath,  near  the  end,  which  is  naked,  and  of  a fine  flefli-coloiv 
It  is  extremely  like  the  former-,  but  larger  in  all  its  parts. 

Like  the  former,  it  has  a prehenfile  tail,  and  is  naturally  very 
good-natured:  goes  to  fieep  at  approach  of  day,  wakes  towards 
night,  and  becomes  very  lively:  makes  ufe  of  its  feet  to  catch  at 
any  thing:  has  many  of  the  actions  of  a monkey:  eats  like  a 
fquirrel,  holding  the  food  in  its  hands:  has  variety  of  cries  during 
night;  one  like  the  low  barking  of  a dog:  its  plantive  note  is 
cooing;  its  menacing,  hiding its  angry,  confufed. 

Is  very  fond  of  fugar,  and  all  Tweet  things:  eats  fruits,  and 
all  kinds  of  vegetables:  will  fly  at  poultry,  catch  them  under 
the  wing.  Tuck  the  blood,  and  leave  them  without  tearing  them; 
prefers  a duck  to  a pullet  -,  yet  hates  the  water. 

M.  de  Buffon  calls  this  animal  le  Kinkajou,  after  a defcription 

(given. 


W E E S E L. 


6i 


(given  by  M.  Dennis')  of  one  of  that  name  found  in  iV.  America, 
defcribed  alfo  by  Charlevoix,  under  the  name  of  Carcajou ; both 
which,  in  fa,D,  are  the  fame  as  my  Puma,  N“  189.  M.  Dennis 
gives  it  the  fame  manners;  adds,  that  it  climbs  trees,  watches 
the  approach  of  the  moofe,  falls  on,  and  foon  deftroys  it.  He 
fays,  he  loll:  a heifer  by  one  of  thofe  animals,  which  at  once  eat 
through  its  neck;  but  the  quadruped  in  queftion  never  could  have 
the  powers  attributed  to  fo  ferocious  a creature.  This  therefore 
is  new,  and  by  form  and  manners  a proper  concomitant  of  the 
animal  laft  defcribed. 

This  animal  was  brought  to  Paris  from  New  Spain,  and  lived 
there  two  or  three  years.  It  is  a very  diflind  fpecies  from  the 
former,  of  which  M,  de  Buffbn  gives  a very  indifferent  figure, 
taken  from  the  animal  I defcribe. 


Coati.  Marcgrave  Brajtl.  228.  DeLaet,  lata.  Lin.fyJ}.  Brasilian 

486.  Rail  Jjn.quacT.  \8o.  Klein  quad.  Urfus  nafo  produclo  et  mobili,  cauda an- 
72.  nulatim  variegata.  BriJJon  quad.  \(^o. 

Vulpes  minor,  roflro  fuperiore  longiufcu-  Le  Coati  brim.  De  Buffon,  viii.  358.  tab. 
lo,  cauda  annulatim  ex  nigro  et  rufo  xlviii.  Schreber,  cxviii. 
variegata.  Quachy.  Barrere  France  Badger  of  Guiana.  Bancroft,  141.  Lev. 

..Mquin.  . Mos. 

Viverra  nafua.  V.  rufa,  cauda  albo  annu- 

upper  jaw  lengthened  into  a pliant,  moveable 
Y y • pYohofcis,  much  longer  than  the  lower  jaw : ears  round- 
ed : eyes  fmall:  nofe  dulky:  hair  on  the  body  fmooth,  foft,  and 
gloffy,  of  a bright  bay  color  : tail  annulated  with  dufky  and  bay  : 
breaft  whitilh : length,  from  nofe  to  tail,  eighteen  inches ; tail, 
thirteen. 


4 


p.  Dusky,, 


62 


• W E E S E L. 


Dusky.  Nofe  and  ears  formed  like  the  preceding:  above 
and  beneath  the  eye  two  fpots  of  white:  hair  on  the  back 
and  fades  dulky  at  the  roots,  black  in  the  middle,  and  tipt 
with  yellow:  chin,  throat,  lides  of  the  cheeks,  and  belly, 
yellowifli:  feet  black;  tail  annulated  with  black  and  white; 
fometimes  the  tail  is  of  an  uniform  dulky  color  *.  Le  Coati  noiatre 
of  M.  de  Bufforii  tab.  xlvii.  Schreber,  cxix.  The  Coati-mondi  of 
Marcgrave. 

Inhabits  Brqfil  and  Guiana:  feeds  on  fruits,  eggs,  and  poultry: 
runs  up  trees  very  nimbly : eats  like  a dog,  holding  its  food  be- 
tween its  fore-legs;  is  eaflly  made  tame:  is  very  good-natured : 
makes  a fort  of  whiftling  noife;  feems  much  inclined  to  lleep  in 
the  day.  Marcgrave  obferves,  that  they  are  very  fubjedl  to  gnaw 
their  own  tails. 


Yzquxepatl.  Hernandez  Mex, Rati  tab.xVn, 

Jyn.  quad,  i8i.  Klein  quad,  72.  Le  Coafe.  De  Buffon?  xiii,  288,  tah, 

Meles  Surinamenfis.  Brijfon  quad.  185.  xxxviii.  Schreber,  cxx. 

Ichneumon  de  Yzquiepatl.  Seb.  Mu/,  i. 

WT  ^ fhort  flender  nofe:  , fhort  ears  and  legs;  black 
• body,  full  of  hair:  tail  long,  of  a black  and  white 
color:  length,  from  nofe  to  tail,  about  eighteen  inches. 

Inhabits  Mexico,  and  perhaps  other  parts  of  America.  This, 
and  the  four  following  fpecies,  remarkable  for  the  peftiferous, 

* Defcribed  as  a diftinft  fpecies  by  Linneeus,  under  the  title  of  'vi’verra  Narica. 
V . fubfufea.  cauda  uni  colore,  64.  and  by  M.  Brijfon,  under  that  of  IJrfus  nafo  produSio 
et  mohtli,  cauda  unicohre,  1 90. 

fuffocating 


W E E S E L. 


63 


fuffocating  and  moft  fcEcid  vapour  they  emit  from  behind, 
when  attacked,  purfued,  or  frightened : it  is  their  only  means  of 
defence : fome  turn  * their  tail  to  their  enemy,  and  keep  them 
at  a diftance  by  a frequent  crepitus;  and  others  ejaculate  their 
urine,  tainted  with  the  horrid  effluvia,  to  the  diftance  of  eighteen 
feet : the  purfuers  are  ftopped  by  the  terrible  flench : fhould 
any  of  this  liquid  fall  into  the  eyes,  it  almoft  occafions  blind- 
nefs ; if  on  the  cloaths,  the  fmell  will  remain  for  feveral  days, 
in  fpite  of  all  waffling;  they  muff;  even  be  burled  in  freffi  foil,  in 
order  to  be  fweetened.  Dogs  that  are  not  true  bred,  run  back 
as  foon  as  they  perceive  the  fmell;  thofe  that  have  been  ufed  to 
it,  will  kill  the  animal;  but  are  often  obliged  to  relieve  them- 
felves  by  thrufting  their  nofes  into  the  ground.  There  is  no 
bearing  the  company  of  a dog  that  has  killed  one,  for  feveral 
days. 

ProfeflTor  was  one  night  in' great  danger  of  being  fuffb- 
cated  by  one  that  was  purfued  into  a houfe  where  he  ffept ; and 
it  affefted  the  cattle  fo,  that  they  bellowed  through  pain.  Ano- 
ther, which  was  killed  by  a maid-fervant  in  a cellar,  fo  affedled 
her  with  its  ftench,  that  fhe  lay  ill  for  feveral  days:  all  the  pro- 
vifions  that  were  in  the  place  were  fo  tainted,  that  the  owner 
was  obliged  to  throw  them  away. 

Notwithftanding  this,  the  flefh  is  reckoned  good  meat,  and 
not  unlike  that  of  a pig:  but  it  muft  be  Ikinned  as  foon  as  killr 
ed,  and  the  bladder  taken  carefully  out.  The  Virginian  fpecies, 

* Wood’s  voy.  in  Dampitr,  iv.  96  ; the  reft  of  the  account  Is  taken  from  CateV' 
ly  and  Kalms 

or 


W E E S E L. 


(?4 


or  Jkunk,  is  capable  of  being  tamed,  and  will  follow  its  mafter 
like  a dog;  it  never  emits  its  vapour,  except  terrified. 

It  breeds  in  hollow  trees,  or  holes  under  ground,  or  in  clefts 
of  rocks:  climbs  trees  with  great  agility:  kills  poultry,  eats 
eggs,  and  deftroys  young  birds. 


D.  Pole-cat,  or  Skunk.  Laivfon  Carolina.  Viverra  putorlus.  V.  fufca  lineis  qua- 
Pole-cat.  Catfjby  Carolina,  ii.  tuor  dorfalibus  parallelis  albis.  Lin, 

Muftela  Americana  fcetida.  Klein  quad.  fyjl.  64. 

64.  Le  Conepate.  De  Buffen,  xiil.  288.  tab, 

Muftela  nigra  tasniis  in  dorfo  albis.  xl.  Uchreber,  cxxii. 


with  rounded  ears:  head,  neck,  belly,  legs,  and  tali. 


• black : the  back  and  fides  marked  with  five  parallel 
white  lines : one  on  the  top  of  the  back ; the  others  on  each 
fide:  the  fecond  extends  fome  way  up  the  tail,  which  is  long 
and  bufliy  towards  the  end:  fize  of  an  European  Pole-cat;  the 
back  more  arched:  varies  in  the  difpofition  of  the  ftripes. 

Inhabits  N.  America:  when  attacked,  bridles  up  its  hair,  and 
flings  its  body  into  a round  forrii:  its  vapour  horrid.  Du  Pratz 
fays,  that  the  male  of  the  Pole-cat,  or  Skunk,  is  of  a Ihining  black; 
perhaps  the  Coafe  of  M.  de  Buffon  is  the  male ; for  his  defcrip- 
tion  does  not  agree  with  the  Tzquiepatly  which  he  makes  fyno- 
nymous. 


BriJJbn  quad.  181. 


Chinchc. 


W E E S E L. 


Chinche.  Feuillee  ohf.  Peru,  1714,  272.  ‘voix  Nou’v.  France,  v.  196. 

Skunk,  Fifkatta.  Kalm's  'voy.  ForJler'j  Le  Chinche.  De  Buffon,  xiii.  294.  tab, 
tr.  i.  273.  tab.  ii.  JoJfelyn's  voy.  85.  xxxix.  Schreber,  cxxi.  Lev.  Mus, 
Enfant  du  Diable,  Bete  puante.  Charle- 

Wwith  fhort  rounded  ears:  black  cheeks:  a white  flripe 
• from  the  nofe,  between  the  ears,  to  the  back:  upper 
part  of  the  neck,  and  the  whole  back,  white;  divided  at  the  bot- 
tom by  a black  line,  commencing  at  the  tail,  and  paffing  a little 
way  up  the  back:  belly  and  legs  black:  tail  very  full  of  long 
coarfe  hair;  generally  black,  fometimes  tipt  with  white,  and 
fometimes  wholly  white  *,  that  figured  by  M.  de  Buffbn  entirely 
white;  nails  on  all  the  feet  very  long,  like  thofe  on  the  fore-feet 
of  a badger.  Rather  lefs  than  the  former. 

Inhabits  Peru,  and  N.  America,  as  far  as  Canada:  of  the  fame 
manners  and  flench  with  the  others. 


VIverra  CInghe.  Molina  Chili.  269, 

Wwith  black  hair,  changeable  into  blue:  along  the  back  a 
• bed  of  white  round  fpots  from  head  to  tail:  headlong: 
ears  large,  well  covered  with  hair,  and  pendulous:  hind  legs  lon- 
ger than  the  fore. 

Inhabits  Chili:  carries  its  head  low : back  arched ; which  It 

* Do  la  Ctpides  di  Buffoti,  SuppI,  Urn.  vii.  p,  233.  tab,  Ivii. 

VoL,  II.  K generally 


263.  Skunk, 


264.  CiNOHE. 


66 


W E E S E L. 


Manners. 


265.  ZORRiNA. 


266,  Ratel, 


generally  covers  with  its  bufliy  tail,  like  the  fquirrel : digs  holes 
in  the  ground,  in  which  it  hides  its  young. 

In  manners  and  food  agrees  with  the  Stifling ; and  its  dreadful 
ftench.  Molina  denies  that  the  fmell  comes  from  the  urine,  but 
from  a greenifii  oil  coming  from  a bladder  feated  near  the  anus, 
from  which  it  ejeds  the  fetid  liquor.  The  Indians  value  the  Ikins- 
highly,  and  ufe  them  as  coverlets  for  their  beds.. 


Annas  of  the  Indians,  Zorrhias  of  the  Mariputa^  Mafutiliqui.  Gutnilla  Ore- 
Spaniards.  Garcilajpt  de  la  Vega,  noque,  iii.  240.  De  Buffon,  Scbreber,. 
331.  cxxiii. 

WT  back  and  fides  marked  with  fhort  ftripes  of 

’ ' • black  and  white;  the  laft  tinged  with  yellow;  tail 
long  and  bulky ; part  white,  part  black : legs  and  belly  black. 
Lefs  than  the  preceding. 

Inhabits  Peru,  and  other  parts  of  S.  America : its  peltilential 
vapour  overcomes  even  the  panther  of  America,  and  ftupefics  that 
formidable  enemy. 


Viverra  Ratel.  Sparman  Sloch  Wettjk.  Stink-blngfem.  Kolhen,\u  133. 

Hondl.  1777,  148.  tab.  iv.  Blaireau  puant.  Vo;p.  de  la  Caille,  182. 

with  a blunt  black  nofe:  no  external  ears;  in  their  place, 
only  a fmall  rim  round  the  orifice  : tongue  rough ; legs 
Ihort:  claws  very  long:  ftrait,  like  thofe  of  a badger,  and  gut- 
tered beneath  : color  of  the  forehead,  crown,  and  whole  upper 
part  of  the  body,  of  a cinereous  grey : cheeks,  and  fpace  round 

die 


W E E S E L, 


67 


the  ears,  throat,  breaft,  belly,  and  limbs,  black : from  each  ear 
to  the  tail  extends  along  the  fides  a dulky  line,  leaving  beneath 
another  of  grey. 

Length  from  nofe  to  tail  forty  inches:  of  the  tail,  twelve: 
fore  claws,  an  inch  and  three  quarters  long;  hind  claws  one 
inch. 

Inhabits  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope',  lives  on  honey,  and  is  a great 
enemy  to  bees,  which  in  that  country  ufually  inhabit  the  defected 
burrows  of  the  Ethiopian  boar,  the  porcupine,  jackals,  and 
other  animals:  preys  in  the  evening : afcends  to  the  higheft  parts 
of  the  defects  to  look  about,  and  will  then  put  one  foot  be- 
fore its  eyes,  to  prevent  the  dazzling  of  the  fun.  The  reafon  of 
its  going  to  an  eminence,  is  for  the  fake  of  feeing  or  hearing 
the  honey-guide  cuckoo^,  which  lives  on  bees,  and,  as  it  were, 
condufts  it  to  their  haunts : the  Hottentots  profit  of  the  fame 
guide.  This  animal  cannot  climb;  but  when  he  finds  the  bees 
lodged  in  trees,  through  rage  at  the  difappointment,  will  bite 
the  bark  from  the  bottoms  : by  this  fign  alfo,  the  Hottentots  know 
that  there  is  a nefl  of  bees  above. 

The  hair  is  very  ftiff,  and  the  hide  fo  tough,  probably  formed 
fo  by  nature,  as  a defence  againft  the  fling  of  bees,  that  it  is  not 
eafily  killed.  It  makes  a flout  refiflance  by  biting  and  fcratch- 
ing,  and  the  dogs  cannot  fallen  on  its  fkin.  A pack  which  could 
tear  a middle-fized  lion  to  pieces,  can  make  no  impreffion  on  the 

* A new  fpecies,  very  fond  of  honey,  which  by  its  noife  direfts  men,  as  well  as 
this  beaft,  to  the  bees  neft.  Sparman,  in  Phil.  Tranf.  Ixvii.  43. 

K 2 


Size. 


Place. 


Ma  NNSRS. 


hide 


6^5 


W E E S E L. 


hide  of  tills  bead; ; by  worrying,  they  will  leave  it  for  dead,  yet 
without  inflidling  on  it  any  wounds. 

This  feetns  to  be  the  Stink-bingfem  of  Kolben^  and  Blaireau-puant 
of  La  Caille,  which  they  brand  for  the  horrible  flench  which  it 
emits  from  behind,  by  breaking  wind ; but  the  Jbbe  fays,  it 
quickly  difeharges  the  noifome  air.  Mr.  Sparman  is  lilent  in  re- 
fpeft  to  this  circumftance.  The  Hottentots  call  it  RateL 


of  a black  color,  with  a white  bed,  reaching  from  the  fore- 


• head  to  the  middle  of  the  back : no  ears : length  twenty 
inches ; tail  nine. 

Obferved  by  Mutts  in  New  Spain,  about  the  mines  of  Pampluna: 
lleeps  in  the  day:  forms  deep  boroughs:  wanders  about  in  the 
night : feeds  on  worms  and  infers : is  very  fwift. 


WT  with  dulky : below  white.  Size  of  the 

’ ' • martin. 

Inhabits  the  Rhlltppine  ifles  and  Geylon* 


267.  Mariputo. 


Viverra  Mariputo,  Gm.  Lin.  88’, 


268,  Ceylon; 


Gm.  Lin.  89. 


Got* 


W E E S E L, 


69 


Gm.Liit.go.  269.  Herma. 

PHRODITE. 

Wwith  three  dufky  lines  along  the  back:  tail  longer  than 
, the  body,  with  the  tip  black. 

Inhabits  Barbary,  Defcribed  by  Pallas. 


Coolisfirjl'voy.xa.  6z6.  Martin-cat.  Steckdale’s  Bot,  Bay,  176. 


270.  Quoxl. 


WT  rounded  ears : color  black ; marked  with  oblong 

* fpots  on  the  body,  neck,  and  tail*,  belly  of  a pure  white  : 
length  from  the  tip  of  the  nofe  to  the  bafe  of  the  tail,  eighteen 
inches : tail  tapers  elegantly  to  a point,  and  is  about  the  fame  length, 
as  the  body. 

Inhabits  the  PTeJlern  fide  of  New  Holland. 


Whites  Bet,  Bay,  1 8 1 . 

Wwith  long  ears  ere(5l : color  brown ; lightefl  on  the  tail : tail 
* about  the  length  of  the  body,  covered  with  long  hairs,  and 
ending  in  a point:  fize  of  a rat. 

Inhabits  New  Holland.  According  to  Mr.  White\  defeription  the 
teeth  are  fo  anomalous  as  to  render  it  difficult  to  reduce  this  animal 
to  any  genus. 


271.  Tapoa 
Tap  A. 


White's 


70 


W E E S E L. 


272.  Spotted  Whitens  Bot.  Bay, 

Tafa. 

according  to  Mr.  IVhite^^  account  and  figure,  differs 
from  the  former  only  in  having  the  body  and'  fides  marked 
with  irregular  white  fpots : tail  plain. 


273.  Musky.  lower  part  of  the  checks,  legs,  and  end  of  the 

’ " • tail,  black ; on  the  middle  of  the  cheeks  is  a white  fpot : body 
cinereous,  dalhed  with  yellow : fome  obfcure  duiky  lines  and  fpots 
mark  the  body  and  lower  part  of  the  tail. 

Inhabits  Bengal:  fmells  of  muik.  Sir  Elijah  Impy, 


274.  Civet.  La  CIvette  qu’on  nommoitanclennement  Meles  fafclis  et  maculis  albis  nigris  et 
Hyaena.  Belon  obf.  94.  rufefcentibus  variegata.  Brijfon  quad, 

Zibettus.  Caii  opufc.  43.  186. 

Pelis  Zibethus.  Gefner  quad.  837.  Viverra  Zibetha. 'V.  cauda annulata,  dor- 

Animal  Zibethicum,  mafc.  et  foem.^er-  fo  cinereo  nigroque  undatim  ftriato. 

nandez.  Mex.  580,  581.  Lin.fyji,  65. 

Civet  Cat.  Rail  fyn.  quad.  178.  LaCivette,  299.  XXxiv. 

Coati  Civetta  vulgo.  Klein  quad.  73.  Schreber,  cxi.  Lev.  Mus. 

Wwlth  -fliort  rounded  ears : fky-blue  eyes : fharp  nofe  j the 
• tip  black;  fides  of  the  face,  chin,  breaft,  legs,  and 
feet  black;  the  reft  of  the  face,  and  part  of  the  fides  of  the 
neck,  white,  tinged  with  yellow : from  each  ear  are  three  black 
4 ftripes. 


W E E S E L. 


7* 


firipes,  ending  at  the  throat  and  Ihoulders;  the  back  and  fides 
cinereous,  tinged  with  yellow,  marked  with  large  dulky  fpots 
difpofed  in  rows ; the  hair  coarfe ; that  on  the  top  of  the  body 
longeft,  (landing  up  like  a mane:  the  tail  fometimes  wholly 
black;  fometimes  fpotted  near  the  bafe:  length,  from  nofe  to 
tail,  about  two  feet  three  inches;  the  tail  fourteen  inches:  the 
body  pretty  thick. 

Inhabits  India  '^y  the  Philippine  iflesi-,  Guinea  ^thiopia^, 
and  Madagafcar  § : the  famous  drug  mujk,  or  civet,  is  produced 
from  an  aperture  between  the  privities  and  the  anus,  in  both 
fexes,  fecreted  from  certain  glands.  The  perfons  who  keep 
them,  procure  the  mulk  by  fcraping  the  infide  of  this  bag  twice  a 
week  with  an  iron  [patula^  and  get  about  a dram  each  time ; but 
It  is  feldom  fold  pure,  being  generally  mixed  with  fuet  or  oil,  to 
make  it  more  weighty:,  the  males  yield  the  mod;  efpecialJy 
when  they  are  previoully  irritated.  They  are  fed,  when  young, 
with  pap  made  of  millet,  with  a little  fiefh  or  fifh;  when  old, 
with  raw  flefh:  in  a wild  date  prey  on  fowl. 

* Dellon’s  'voy,  82.  f Argenfola,  ill.  ^ Bofman,  238,  Barhot.  1 14. 

^ Rau'wol/'iTrawb,ii.\^z^  § Flacourt's  Madagafcar,  where  it  is  called 
Falanouc, 


Place, 


Zibet. 


72 


W E E S E l; 


275f  |3  Zibet. 


t) 


276.  Musk. 


Place. 


Animal  Zibethicum  Americanum.  Her^  Le  Zibet.  De  Buffon,  299,  tab,  xxxi. 

nandez.  Mex.  Schrebtr,  CUl, 

Fells  Zibethus.  Ge/ner  quad.  836. 

Wwlth  fhort  rounded  ears : fharp  long  nofe : pale  clnere- 
• ous  face:  head,  and  lower  part  of  the  neck,  mixed 
with  dirty  white,  brown,  and  black,*  Tides  of  the  neck  marked 
with  flripes  of  black,  beginning  near  the  ears,  and  ending  at  the 
bread;  and  fhoulders : from  the  middle  of  the  neck,  along  the 
ridge  of  the  back,  extends  a black  line,  reaching  fome  way  up  the 
tail : on  each  fide  are  two  others : the  fides  fpotted  with  afh- 
color  and  black ; the  tail  barred  with  black  and  white ; the  black 
bars  broader  on  the  upper  fide  than  the  lower. 

A variety  firft  diftinguifhed  from  the  other  by  M.  de  Buffon; 
but  figured  long  before  hy  Hernandez  and  Gefner : unknown  in 
Mexico*,  till  introduced  there  from  the  Philippine  ifles,  Thefc 
animals  feem  not  to  be  known  to  the  antients. 


W7  upper  part  of  the  body  cinereous,  dafhed  with 

^ • yellow,  and  marked  with  fome  obfcure  dulky  lines : 

nofe,  part  of  the  cheeks,  legs,  and  end  of  the  tail,  black ; on  the 
middle  of  the  cheeks  is  a white  fpot. 

Inhabits  Bengal:  has  a very  ftrong  mufky  fcent:  defcribed  from 
a drawing  in  Sir  Elijah  Impefs  colleftion. 

f Hernandez  Nov,  Hi/p  ii. 

La 


W E E S E L. 


73 


with  a long  nofe ; fliort  ere(fl;  ears : the  ground-color  of 


• the  whole  animal  perlaceous  grey:  face  black:  above 
each  eye  four  black  fpots:  from  the  hind  part  of  the  bead  are 
three  black  lines;  one  paffes  down  the  hind  part  of  the  neck  and 
one  down  each  fide  of  the  neck,  and  over  part  of  the  (boulders : 
from  the  bread;  another  extends  along  the  middle  of  the  belly; 
three  others  begin  at  the  fmall  of  the  back,  and  reach  to  the  tail : 
on  the  body  and  thighs  are  forty-one  round  black  fpots : the  tail 
annulated  with  black  and  grey:  legs  and  feet  black:  fize  of  a 
common  cat. 

This  animal  lives  by  the  chace : leaps  with  great  agility  from 
tree  to  tree:  is  very  fierce  : emits  a ftrong  mufky  fmell,  produced 
from  a liquor  which  exudes  from  an  orifice  above  the  parts  of 
generation.  The  Malayes  colledl  it,  and  pretend  that  it  (Irength- 
ens  the  fiomach,  and  excites  to  love.  The  Chinefe  efteem  it  highly 
on  account  of  the  laft  quality-,  and  buy  it  from  the  Malayes.  In- 
habits the  peninfula  of  Malacca. 


277.  Malacca 
ClVFT. 


MaK  NERS. 


VoL.  II. 


L 


La 


74 


W 'E  E S E L, 


278,  Genet.  La  Genette,  Belon  oh/.'j^.  186. 

Genetha.  Gejner  quad.  549,  550.  ViverraGenetta.V.caudaannulata,cor- 

Genetta  vel  Ginetta.  2ol.  pore  fulvo-nigricante  maculato.  Lin. 

Coati,  ginetta  Hifpariis.  Klein  quad.  73.  Jyji.  65. 

Muftela  cauda  ex  annulis  akernatim  al-  La  Genette,  De  Buffon,  ix.  343.  tab, 
bidis  et  nigris  variegata.  Brijfon  quad.  xxxvi,  Schreber,  cxiii.  Lev.  Mus. 

T T 7 with  ears  a little  pointed  : flender  body : very  long  tail : 
’ ^ • color  of  the  body  a pale  tawny,  fpotted  with  black;  and 
the  ridge  of  the  back  marked  with  a black  line:  the  tail  annu- 
lated  with  black  and  tawny  : feet  black  : fometimes  the  ground 
color  of  the  hair  inclines  to  grey  : about  the  fize  of  a martin ; but 
the  fur  is  fhorter. 

Place.  Inhabits  ^urky.,  Syria,  and  Spain\  frequents  the  banks  of 

rivers;  fmells  of  mulk,  and,  like  the  civet,  has  an  orifice  beneath 
the  tail:  is  kept  tame  in  the  houfes  at  Conjiantinople,  and  is  as  ufeful 
as  a cat  in  catching  mice. 


279.  Pi  losello.  La  Genette  de  la  Trance,  de  Buffon,  Suppl.  Hi.  tab.  xlvli.  p.  236. 

'\hT  ^ deep  brown:  face  and  chin  cinereous:  a 

• dark  line  up  the  forehead:  under  fide  of  the  neck 

cinereous,  mixed  with  rufi  : back  and  whole  body  of  the  fame 
color,  varied  with  irregular  black  fpots : outfide  of  the  hind  legs 
and  thighs  dulky:  foies  of  the  feet  and  upper  part  down  to  the 
claws,  cloathed  with  down:  tail  tawny,  annulated  with  black. 
Leffer  than  the  common  ferret. 


Inhabits 


; * 


4 


* 


% 


1; 


W E E S E L. 


75 


Inhabits  the  rock  of  Gihraltar,  and  the  mountains  oi  Ronda : 
called  by  the  Spaniards  Pilofello't  found  alfo  in  France.  After  the  fa- 
mous viifory  near  Pours,  gained  over  the  Saracens  in  726  by  Charles 
FFartel,  fuch  quantities  of  rich  garments,  made  of  the  fkins  of  thefe 
animals,  were  found,  as  to  give  oceafion  to  the  hero  to  eftablifli 
an  order  of  knighthood  called  IdOrdre  de  la  Genette.  On  the  firft 
infitution  there  were  fixteen  knights;  among  them  were  the  mod; 
iliuftrious  princes  of  the  time.  Martel  himfelf  was  the  fovereign. 
The  collar  confifted  ot  the  chains  of  gold,  mixed  with  enamelled 
rofes  of  red  ; pendent  w'as  a genet  of  gold,  enamelled  with  black 
and  red.  The  order  continued  during  the  fecond  race  of  kings.  It 
is  faid  to  have  given  way  afterwards  to  the  Order  of  the  Star. 


La  Foffane.  De  Buffon,  xiii.  163,  tab,  xx.  Schreler,  cxiv.  Lev.  Mus. 

TTT  with  a flender  body:  rounded  ears:  black  eyes:  body 
^ ® and  legs  covered  with  cinereous  hair,  mixed  with 
tawny:  from  the  hind  part  of  the  head,  towards  the  back  and 
Ihoulders,  extend  four  black  lines:  the  whole  under  fide  of  the 
body  of  a dirty  white  : tail  femi-annulated. 

Inhabits  Madagafcar , and  Guinea,  Bengal,  Cochin-china,  and  the 
VhiUppine  ifles : is  fierce,  and  hard  to  be  tamed  : in  Guinea  is  called 
Berhc ; by  the  Europeans,  Wine-bibber,  being  very  greedy  of 
Palm  zvine'--:  deftroys  poultry;  is,  when  young,  reckoned  very- 
good  to  eat  -f . 

* Bofman,  239. 

t Flucourt  hijl.  Madagafcar,  512;  where  it  Is  called  Fojfa. 

L 2 


280.  FoSSANfi. 


Place, 


The 


76 


W E E S E L. 


The  fpecimen  in  the  Leverlan  Mufeum  differed  in  fo  many  re- 
fpefts,  that  it  is  neceffary  to  give  a full  defcription  of  it. 

W.  with  a white  fpot  on  each  fide  of  the  nofe,  and  another 
beneath  each  eye  : the  reft  of  the  nofe,  cheeks,  and  throat,  black  : 
ears  very  large,  upright,  rounded,  thin,  naked,  and  black:  fore- 
head, fides,  thighs,  rump,  and  upper  part  of  the  legs,  cinereous; 
on  the  back  are  many  long  black  hairs;  on  the  fhoulders,  fides, 
and  rump  are  difperfed  fome  black  fpots : tail  black  towards  the 
end;  near  the  bafe  mixed  with  tawny,  and  flighcly  annulated 
with  black : feet  black  ; claws  white. 

Size  of  the  Genet,  to  which  it  bears  a great  refemblance : 
tail  of  the  length  of  the  body. 


Six 


OTTER. 


77 


Six  cutting  teeth,  two  canine,  in  each  jaw. 

Five  toes  on  each  footj  each  toe  connedted  by  a drong 
web. 


Lutra.  Agricolre  An,  Suhter.  482.  Gejher  fyp.  66.  Utter.  Faun,  fitee.  No.  12. 

quad.  b%-].  Rail  fyn- quad.  187.  Lutra  caftan ei  coloris.  201 . 

Wydra.  Rzaczitjki  Rohn,  221.  Le  Loutre.  Belon  Aquat.  26.  De 

Otter.  Klein  quad.  91.  vii.  134.  tab.  xi.  Schreber,  cxxvi.  A.  B. 

MuftelaLutra.  M.  plantis  palmatisnudis,  Otter.  Br,  Zool.  i.  N°  19.  Br.  Zool.  illujlr, 
cauda  corpore  dimidio  breviore.  Lin.  tab.  c.  Lev.  Mus. 

with  fhort  ears:  eyes  placed  near  the  nofe:  lips  thick: 
whifkers  large:  the  color  a deep  brown,  except  two 
fmall  fpots  each  fide  the  nofe,  and  another  beneath  the  chin  ; 
the  throat  and  bread  cinereous : legs  fliorc  and  thick,  and  loofely 
joined  to  the  body ; capable  of  being  brought  on  a line  with  the 
body,  and  performing  the  part  of  fins;  each  toe  conneded  to 
the  other  by  a broad  ftrong  web. 

The  ufual  length,  from  the  tip  of  the  nofe  to  the  bafe  of  the 
tail,  is  twenty-three  inches ; of  the  tail  fixteen : the  weight  of  the 
male  otter,  from  eighteen  to  twenty-fix  pounds ; of  the  female, 
from  thirteen  to  twenty-two.  Mr.  Ives  fays  that  the  otters  of  the 
Euphrates  are  no  larger  than  the  common  cat. 

Inhabits  all  parts  of  Europe,  N.  and  N.  E.  of  Afta,  even  as  far 
as  Kamtfchatka  ; is  found  in  none  of  the  Aleutian  or  Fox  IJlands, 
except  in  the  eafternmon:,  which  are  iuppofed  to  be  near  to  the  new 
world  : is  found  in  Chili'* : abounds  in  North  America j particularly 

* Molina,  253. 

5 


XXIV.  OTTER. 


281.  Greater. 


Size. 


Place, 


78 


OTTER. 


in  Canada,  where  the  moft  valuable  furs  of  this  kind  are  produced  ; 
dwells  in  the  banks  of  rivers ; burrows,  forming  the  entrance  of  its 
hole  beneath  the  water;  works  upwards  towards  the  furface  of  the 
earth,  and  makes  a fmall  orifice,  or  air-hole,  in  the  midfir  of 
fome  bufia : is  a cleanly  animal,  and  depofits  its  excrements  in  only 
one  place:  fwims  and  dives  with  great  eafe;  very  deftruCtive  to 
filh;  if  they  fail,  makes  excurfions  on  land,  and  preys  on  lambs 
and  poultry.  Sometimes  breeds  in  finks  and  drains ; brings  four 
or  five  young  at  a time  : hunts  its  prey  againft  the  (tream  : fre- 
quents not  only  frefh  waters,  but  fonretimes  preys  in  the  fea; 
but  not  remote  from  fliore:  will  give  a fort  of  loud  whittle  by 
way  of  fignal  to  one  another  * : is  a fierce  animal ; its  bite  hard 
and  dangerous : is  capable  of  being  tamed,  to  follow  its  mafier 
like  a dog,  and  even  to  fifia  for  him,  and  return  with  its  prey. 

The  Latax  of  AriJlotle-\;  polfibly  a large  variety  of  Otter  J. 

Slya 

* Leonard  Baldner,  ill.  139.  fg.  This  was  the  perfon  whom  Mr.  Willughhy 
calls  a filherman  on  the  Rhhie,  of  whom,  on  his  travels  in  1663,  he  bought  a 
moll  beautiful  and  accurate  colledlion  of  drawings  of  birds,  fifh,  and  a few 
beads,  frequenting  that  great  river  about  StraJLowg,  of  which  city  Leonard  Itiles 
himfelf,  filherman  and  burgher.  The  work  is  dated  in  1653.  If  I may  judge 
from  the  elegance  of  his  drefs,  in  the  portrait  prefixed  to  the  firft  volume,  it 
Ihould  appear  that  he  was  a perfon  of  confiderable  wealth.  A German  MS. 
defcription  is  placed  oppofite  to  each  drawing.  This  valuable  work  is  now  in 
the  polTeffion  of  Edward  King,  and  had  been  bought  by  a relation  of  his 
out  of  the  colleftion  of  Dr.  Mead. 

i-  Hiji.  An.  hb,  viii.  c.  5.  vide  Br.  Zool.  i.  86.  qto. 

J Sivjojeph  Banks,  on  his  return  from  Newfoundland,  was  fo  obliging  as  to  com- 
municate to  me  the  following  account  of  fome  animals  feen  by  a gentleman  who 

went 


OTTER. 


79 


Siya  & Carigulbeiu.  Marcgra^'e  BiaJU.  Lutra  Brafillenfis.  Rail  Jyn,  quad,  iSg, 
234.  Des  Marchaisi  iii.  306.  Bri£on  quad,  201. 


with  a round  head  like  that  of  a cat:  teeth  feline:  eyes 
fmall,  round,  and  black:  large  whilkers : ears  round: 
feet  in  form  of  thofe  of  a monkey,  MUth  five  toes;  the  inner  the 
Ihorteft:  claws  lharp : tail  reaching  no  lower  than  the  feet;  flat 
and  naked  *. 

Hair  foft,  and  not  long;  entirely  black,  excepting  the  head, 
which  is  dulky ; and  the  throat,  which  is  yellow. 

Bulk  of  a middling  dog.  If  the  fame  with  the  otters  of  Gui- 
ana,, mentioned  by  M.  de  BiiffoUj  it  weighs  from  forty  to  a hun- 
dred pounds -f. 

Inhabits  Brafil,  Guiana,  and  the  borders  of  the  Oronoko,  pro- 

went  on  that  voyage ; which  I take  the  liberty  of  inferting  here,  as  they  bear 
feme  relation  to  the  Otter  in  their  way  of  life.  He  obferved,  fitting  on  a rock, 
near  the  mouth  of  a river,  five  animals,  fhaped  like  Italian  grehounds,  bigger 
than  a fox,  of  a Ihining  black  color,  with  long  legs,  and  long  taper  tail.  They 
often  leaped  into  the  water  and  brought  up  trouts,  which  they  gave  to  their 
young  which  were  fitting  with  them.  On  his  appearing,  they  all  took  to  the 
water  and  fwam  a little  way  from  Ihore,  kept  their  heads  out  of  the  water,  and 
looked  at  him.  An  old  Furrier  faid,  that  he  remembered  the  fkin  of  one  fold 
■for  five  guineas ; and  that  the  French  often  fee  them  in  Hare-Bay, 

* Barrel e Fr.  jFqiiin. 

4 iii.  1 58,  1 


282,  Brasilian, 


Size. 


Place. 


vided 


go 


OTTER. 


vided  i\itGuachi  of  Gumilla  be  the  fame  *.  Marcgrave  that  It  is 
an  amphibious  animal;  lives  on  fifn,  and  crudaceous animals,  fuch 
as  cray-filli ; and  is  very  dextrous  in  robbing  the  nets  and  wheels  of 
what  it  finds  in  them;  makes  a noife  like  a young  puppy.  The 
flefli  is  reckoned  delicate  eating,  and  does  not  tafte  fifhy,  notwith- 
ftanding  its  food. 

If  this  is  the  Gnachi,  as  probably  it  is,  it  burrows  on  the  banks 
of  rivers,  and  lives  in  fociety  : are  extremely  eleanly,  and  carry  to 
a diftance  the  bones  and  reiiques  of  the  fifli  they  have  been  eat- 
ing. They  go  in  troops ; are  very  fierce,  and  make  a ftrong  de- 
fence againft  the  dogs  i but  if  taken  young  are  foon  tamed. 


283.  Lesser.  jlgricoJa  An.Suhter.  ^^'^-Gefner  hirfutls  ore  albo.  Lin.  fy/1.  66.  FenniSf 

quad.  •j6%.  Tichurt;  Suecis,  Msenk.  Faun.  fuec. 

Latax.  Gfm.  Nurtz.  »ofoNurek.  N°i3. 

%injki  Polon.  zi8.  Norka.  Riichkoff  orcnb,  Topogr.  i.  29 j, 

Muftela  Lutreola.  M.  plantis  palmatis,  Schreber,  cxxvi. 

with  roundifh  ears:  white  chin:  top  of  the  head  hoary; 
in  fome  tawny  : body  tawny  and  duflcy ; the  Ihort  hairs 
being  yellowifli ; the  long  hairs  black:  the  feet  broad,  webbed, 

* Hip.  de  POrenoque,  iii.  239.  Gumilla  calls  them  alfo  Loups  ou  Chiens  d'Eau, 
and  fays  they  are  as  large  as  a fetting-dog.  There  is  a great  difagreement  in 
the  form  of  the  feet,  with  others  of  the  Otter  kind.  The  writers  who  have  had 
opportunity  of  examining  it,  are  filent  about  the  webs,  the  charadler  of  the 
genus.  Till  that  point  is  fettled,  I muft  remain  doubtful  whether  it  be  the  Sa- 
rico-Tjienne  of  Andrew  L’hevet,  as  M.  de  Biiffon  conjeftures.  1 he  lize  of  the  lat- 
ter is  another  objedlion,  which  will  apologize  for  my  making  a feparate  article 
®f  that  animal  till  this  point  is  fettled, 

and 


:a\ 


^‘p. 


. I.hj. 


I 


\ 


OTTER. 


8i 


and  covered  with  hair:  tail  dulky,  and  ends  in  a point:  of  the 
form  of  an  otter,  but  thrice  as  fmall. 

Inhabits  Poland,  and  the  north  of  Europe',  and  is  found  on  the 
banks  of  all  the  rivers  in  the  country  north  of  the  Talk.  None 
are  found  beyond  the  lake  Baikal,  or  in  the  north-eaft;  parts  of 
Siberia.  Lives  on  filh,  frogs,  and  water-infeds : its  fur  very  va- 
luable ; next  in  beauty  to  that  of  the  fable.  Caught  in  BaJJokiria 
with  dogs  and  traps : is  molt  exceffively  foetid. 

The  Minx  of  North  America  is  the  fame  animal  with  this.  The 
late  worthy  Mr.  Peter  Collinfon  * favored  me  with  the  following 
account  he  received  from  Mr.  John  Bartram,  of  Penfylvania: 
‘ The  Minx,’  (fays  he)  * frequents  the  water  like  the  Otter,  and 

* very  much  refembles  it  in  fhape  and  color,  but  is  lefs ; will 
‘ abide  longer  under  water  than  the  mulk  quaQi,  mulk  rat,  or 
‘ little  beaver : yet  it  will  leave  its  watery  haunts  to  come  and 
‘ rob  our  hen-roofts ; bites  off  their  heads  and  fucks  their  blood  : 

‘ when  vexed,  it  has  a ftrong  loathfome  fmell ; fo  may  be  called 
‘ the  Water  Pole  Cat : its  length,  from  nofe  to  tail,  twenty  inches; 

* the  tail  four : is  of  a fine  fhining  dark  brown  color.’ 

From  the  conformity  between  the  names  this  animal  goes  by, 
in  America  and  Sweden  {Minx  and  Mank)  it  feems  as  if  fome 

* By  letter  dated  yime  14,  1764.  Law/on  alfo  gives  fome  account  of  it, 
p.  122,  Hijl.  Carolina:  He  fays  it  is  a great  enemy  to  the  Tortoifes ; vvhofe  eggs 
it  fcrapes  out  of  the  fand  and  devours : eats  freih-water  mufcles,  vvhofe  fliells 
are  found  in  great  abundance  at  the  mouth  of  their  holes,  high  up  in  the  rivers, 
in  vvhofe  banks  they  live:  may  be  made  domeftic:  is  a great  deftroyer  of  rats  and 
mice.  La  Hontan,  i.  232,  feems  to  mean  the  fame  animal,  by  his  Foutersaux, 
an  amphibious  fort  of  little  Pole-cats. 

VOL.  II, 


Plage. 


M 


SzvediJJo 


Sz 


OTTER. 


284.  Chinchi- 

M EN. 


Manners. 


285.  Sarico- 

VIENNE, 


Swedijh  colonift,  who  had  feen  it  in  his  own  country,  firfl;  be- 
ftowed  the  name  it  now  goes  by,  a little  changed  from  the  origi- 
nal : the  Ikins  are  often  brought  over  to  England. 


Molina  Chilli  26^. 

with  head,  whl/kers,  ears,  eyes,  lhape,  and  length  of  the  tail, 
exadly  refembling  the  domeftic  cat  : feet  furnilhed  with 
five  toes,  palmated,  and  with  ftrong  and  crooked  claws : body 
covered  with  two  forts  of  hair,  one  very  fliort  and  fine,  the  other 
long  and  rude : length  from  nofe  to  tail  twenty  inches. 

Inhabits  the  fea  of  Chili j and  very  feldom  quits  that  element : 
goes  always  in  pairs:  loves  to  balk  in  the  fun;  creeps  to  the 
fummit  of  the  rocks,  where  it  is  taken  in  traps  : has  a hoarfe  voice, 
and  all  the  fiercenefs  of  the  wild  cat. 


of  the  fize  of  a cat,  with  a fur  fine  as  velvet,  grey  and 
black : web  footed. 

Lives  more  in  the  water  than  on  land : the  flelh  very  delicate, 
and  good  to  eat. 

This  appears  to  me  to  be  the  very  fame  with  La  petite  Loutre 
d'eau  douce  de  Cayenne i defcribed  and  figured  by  M.  de  Buffba*, 
probably  from  a young  animal. 


• Suppl,  iii,  159.  tab.  jcxii. 


The 


OTTER. 

The  body,  fays  he,  is  feven  inches  {French)  in  length : the  tail 
fix  inches  and  feven  lines;  flender,  taper,  tuberculated,  convex 
above,  flat  beneath  : ears  rounded,  and  longer  than  ufual  with  ot- 
ters: head,  cheeks,  and  back,  dulky;  and  the  fides  marked  regu- 
larly with  the  fame  colors,  ifluing  from  the  back,  extending  al- 
moft  to  the  belly ; the  fpaces  between  of  a yellowifli  grey  : above 
each  eye  is  a white  fpot : the  throat,  and  whole  under  fide  of  the 
body,  of  the  fame  color:  the  toes  before  are  divided;  thofe  be- 
hind webbed. 

M.  de  la  Borde,  as  quoted  by  M.  de  Baffony  mentions  another 
fpecies  of  Otter  frequent  in  the  rivers  of  Guiana^  weighing  from 
twenty  to  twenty-five  pounds,  and  of  a yellowifli  color. 


Muftela  Lutrls.  M.  plantis  palmatls  pi-  ii.  367.  tab.  xvi. 

lofis.caudacorporequadruplobreviore  Sea  Otter.  Hijl,  Kamtfchatka,  izz,  Mul- 
Lin.JyJi.  66.  Schreber,  cxxviii.  ler's  woy.  57>58» 

Lutra  marina,  Kalan.  Com,  Petrop, 


with  a black  nofe  : upper  jaw  longer  and  broader  than  the 
lower:  long  white  whifkers : irides  hazel:  ears  fmall, 
eredt,  conic  : in  the  upper  jaw  are  fix  cutting  teeth ; in  the 
lower  four : the  grinders  broad,  adapted  for  breaking  and  com- 
minuting cruftaceous  animals,  and  Ihell-filb  : flein  thick:  hair 
thick  and  long,  exceflively  black  and  glofly:  beneath  that  a foft 
down : color  fometimes  varies  to  filvery  : legs  thick  and  fhoit : 
toes  covered  with  hair,  and  joined  by  a web : the  hind  feet  ex- 
adly  like  thofe  of  a feal,  and  have  a membrane  fkirting  the  out- 

M 2 ’ fide 


83 

Size. 


286.  Sea, 


84 


Size. 


Place. 


Manners. 


O T T E P>.. 

fide  of  the  exterior  toe,  like  that  of  a goofe,  Length  from  nofe 
to  tail  is  ufually  above  three  feet ; but  there  have  been  inftances 
of  fome  being  a foot  longer:  the  tail  thirteen  inches  and  a half^ 
flat,  fulleft  of  hair  in  the  middle;  (harp-pointed.  The  biggeftof 
thefe  animals  weigh  feventy  or  eighty  pounds. 

Inhabits,  in  vaffc  abundance,  Bering’s  illand,  Kamtfchatka,  the 
Aleutian  and  the  Fox  IJlands  between  AJla  and  America,  and  in  the 
interior  fea  as  far  as  has  been  difcovered  to  the  eaft  of  De  Fuca's 
flreights.  They  are  fometimes  feen  in  troops  of  hundreds,  and  a 
hundred  leagues  from  land.  They  are  entirely  confined  between  lat. 
49.  and  60  north  ; and  between  eaft  long,  from  London  126  to  150, 
During  winter  they  are  brought  in  great  numbers  by  the  eaftern 
winds  from  the  American  to  the  Kurilian  iflands. 

Are  mod  harmlefs  animals : moft  affedionate  to  their  young ; 
will  pine  to  death  at  the  lofs  of  them,  and  die  on  the  very  fpot  where 
they  have  been  taken  from  them : before  the  young  can  fwim, 
they  carry  them  in  their  paws,  lying  in  the  water  on  their  backs : 
run  very  fwiftly;  fwim. often  on  their  back,  their  (ides,  and  even 
in  a perpendicular  pofture:  are  very  fportive;  embrace  each 
other,  and  even  kifs  : inhabit  the  (hallows,  or  fuch  which  abound 
with  fea-weeds  : feed  on  lobfters,  fifli,  Sepia,  and  lhell-fi(h : breed 
once  a year;  bring  but  one  young  at  a time*,  fuckle  it  a year, 
bring  it  on  fhore : are  dull  lighted,  but  quick  feented : hunted 
for  their  (kins,  which  are  of  great  value ; fold  to  the  Chinefe  for 
feventy  or  a hundred  rubles  apiece:  each  (kin  weighs  three 
pounds  and  a half.  The  young  are  reckoned  very  delicate  meat, 
fcarcely  to  be  diftinguifhed  from  a fucking  Iamb. 

4 


Length 


OTTER. 


85 


T ENGTH  from  nofe  to  tip  of  tail  four  feet  four  inches : of  the  tail 
about  thirteen  inches : diameter  of  body  fcarcely  more  than  five 
inches  and  a half : fore  legs  about  three  inches  and  a half  long ; 
hind  legs  about  four  inches : head  fmall,  eyes  fmall,  ears  mofi;  ex- 
tremely fmall,  fcarce  vifible:  fore  feet  webbed;  hind  feet  more 
ftrongly  fo  : color  of  the  whole  animal  a rich  very  deep  chefnut  or 
dark  brown,  rather  paler  beneath : cheeks  and  throat  paler  than, 
the  other  parts,  or  more  inclining  to  whitilh. 

Inhabits  Staten-Land, 


i 


287.  Slender. 


Place, 


DI  V, 


DIV.  II.  Sect.  Ill, 


DIGITATED  QUADRUPEDS 


Without  canine  teeth;  and  with  two  cutting  teeth  in 
each  jaw. 

Generally  herbivorous,  or  frugivorous. 


88 


C A V Y. 


DIV.  II.  Sect.  III.  Digitated  Quadrupeds. 


XXV.  CAVY.  Two  cutting  teeth  in  each  jaw. 

Generally  four  toes  on  the  fore  feet,  three  behind. 

Short  ears:  no  tail,  or  a very  Ihort  one. 

Pace  creeping ; and  flow:  numerous  breeders : fhort-lived. 

288.  Capi  BARA.  Caby-bara.  Marcgrave  Brajll,  230.  Tifo  Capivard.  Frogcr's  ‘voy,  99. 

BraJU.  Raii/yn.quad.  iz6.  Sus  hydrochseris.  S.  plantis  tridaftylis  cau- 

River  hog.  Wafer  in  Dampier,  iii.  400.  da  nulla.  Lin.fyji,  103. 

Cochon  d’Eau.  Des  Marchais,  iii.  314.  Hydrochserus,  Le  Cabiai.  Briffbn  quad, 
Susmaximuspalullris.  Cabiai, cabionora.  80.  xii.  584. xlix. 

Barrere  France  ^quin,  160.  Irabubos.  CumillaOrenoquef\\\.Q.'i,%, 

Cwith  a very  large  and  thick  head  and  nofe ; fmall  rounded 
• ears  : large  black  eyes  : upper  jaw  longer  than  the  lower : 
two  ftrong  and  great  cutting  teeth  in  each  jaw:  eight  grinders  in 
each  jaw ; and  each  of  thofe  grinders  form  on  their  furface  feem- 
ingly  three  teeth,  each  flat  at  their  ends*:  legs  fhort:  toes  long, 
connedted  near  their  bottoms  by  a fmall  web;  their  ends  guarded 
by  a fmall  hoof:  no  tail : hair  on  the  body  Ihort,  rough,  and 

♦ Mi  Bujgn  denies  this : his  defcription  was  taken  from  a young  fubjefl ; 
but  Marcgraw  and  Des  Marchaist  who  had  opportunities  of  examining  thefe 
animals  in  their  native  country,  agree  in  this  fingular  conltrudlion  of  the  teeth. 

brown 


C A V Y, 


brown;  on  the  nofe,  long  and  hard  whilkers  : grows  to  the  fizc 
of  a hog  of  two  years  old. 

Inhabits  the  country  from  the  Ifthmns  of  Darien  to  the  Brafils, 
and  even  to  Paraguay,  lives  in  the  fenny  parts,  not  remote  from 
I the  banks  of  great  rivers,  fuch  as  the  Oronoqne,  Amazons,  and 
i Rto  de  la  Plata : runs  flowly:  fwims  and  dives  remarkably  well, 
and  keeps  for  a long  time  under  water : feeds  on  fruits  and  vege- 
j tables:  is  very  dextrous  in  catching  fifli,  which  it  brings  on  fhore, 
i and  eats  at  its  eafe : it  fits  up,  and  holds  its  prey  with  its  fore 
' feet,  feeding  like  an  ape;  feeds  in  the  night,  and  commits  great 
ravages  in  gardens : keeps  in  large  herds,  and  makes  an  horrible 
noife  like  the  braying  of  an  afs : grows  very  fat:  the  fleQi  is  eaten, 

I is  tender,  but  has  an  oily  and  fifliy  talle : is  eafily  made  tame 
and  foon  grows  very  familiar. 


Cuniculus  ve]  Porcellus  Indicus.  Gefner 
quad.  367. 

Cavia  Cobaya.  Maregrave  Brajil.  224. 
Pifo  Brajil.  1 02. 

Mus  feu  cuniculus  Amricanus  et  Guineen- 
Jis,  Porcell i pilis  et  vece,  Cavia  Cobaya. 
Rati  fyn.  quad.  223. 

Cavia  Cobaya  Brafil.  quibufdam  mus 
Pharaonis.  Tatu  pilofus,  Klein  quad. 


49. 

Mus  porcellus.  M.  cauda  nulla,  palmis 
tetradaftylis,  plantis  tridaftylis,  Lin, 
fyjl.  79.  Ameer..  Acad.  iv.  1 90.  tab.  ii. 

Cuniculus  ecaudatus,  auritus  albus,  aut 
rufus,  aut  ex  utroque  variegatus.  Brijfon 
quad.  102. 

Le  Cochon  d’Inde.  De  Bujfon,  viii.  x.tah, 
i.  Lev.  Mus, 


with  the  upper  lip  half  divided  ; ears  very  large,  broad,  and 
rounded  at  the  fides:  hair  erecl,  not  unlike  that  of  a young 
pig;  color  white,  or  white  varied  with  orange  and  black,  in  irre- 
gular blotches:  no  tail  : four  toes  on  the  fore  feet;  three  on  the 
hind. 


89 


Place. 


289.  Restless. 


VOL.  II. 


Mur  atari  hijl.  Paraguay,  258. 

N 


Inhabits 


50 


C A V Y. 


Place. 


290.  Rock. 


Size, 

Place. 


Inhabits  Brafil:  no  mention  made  by  writers  of  its  manners  In 
a wild  ftate  : domefticated  m.  Europe:  a reftlefs,  grunting,  little 
animal;  perpetually  running  from  corner  to  corner;  feeds  on 
bread,  grains,  and  vegetables:  breeds  when  two  months  old: 
brings  from  four  to  twelve  at  a time ; and  breeds  every  two 
months : would  be  innumerable,  but  numbers  of  the  young  are 
eaten  by  cats,  others  killed  by  the  males : are  very  tender,  mul- 
titudes of  young  and  old  perilhing  with  cold : are  called  in  Eng- 
land, Guinea  Pigs,  being  fuppofed  to  come  from  that  country. 
Rats  are  faid  to  avoid  their  haunts. 


Aperea.  BrofiUenfthus,  nobis  Veldratte,  Cuniculus  ecaudatus  auritus,  ex  cinereo 
vcl  Bofchratte.  223.  rufus.  BriJJon  quad,  lo^. 

Pi/o  Brajil.  Rail Jy7t.  quad.  206.  L’Aperea.  De  Buffon,  xv.  160.  Lev, 

Cavia  Aperea.  50.  Mus. 

with  divided  upper  lip;  fhort  ears:  four  toes  on  the  fore 
feet;  three  on  the  hind  : no  tail:  color  of  the  upper  part 
of  the  body  black,  mottled  with  tawny : throat  and  belly  white : 
length  one  foot. 

Inhabits  BraJil:  lives  in  the  holes  of  rocks:  Is  driven  out,  and 
taken  by  little  dogs : is  fuperior  in  goodnefs  to  our  rabbets : its 
paces  like  thofe  of  a hare. 


NarhorougPt 


^4- 


^r> 


♦ 


%' 


C A V Y. 


91 


Narlorcugh's  ’voy.  33.  Lev.  Mus, 

with  long  ears,  much  dilated  near  the  bottom : upper  lip 
divided  ; on  each  fide  of  the  nofe  tufts  of  foft  hairs,  and 
long  whificers:  tip  of  the  nofe  black:  face,  back,  and  fore  part 
of  the  legs,  cinereous  and  ruft-colored:  bread  and  fides  tawny; 
belly  of  a dirty  white:  on  each  thigh  a white  patch:  rump 
black:  legs  very  long;  claws  long,  ftrait,  and  black;  four  on 
the  fore  feet;  three  on  the  hind : tail  a mere  naked  dump. 

This  animal  is  found  of  the  weight  of  fix-and  twenty  pounds  *. 

Is  found  in  plenty  about  Port  Deftre,  in  Patagonia',  lives  in 
holes  of  the  earth*  like  the  rabbet : the  delh  of  a fnowy  whitenefs, 
and  excellent  davor  f. 

Sir  yohn  Narborough,  and  other  voyagers,  call  it  a hare. 


Paca.  MarcgraiJe  Brafil.  224.  Pifo  BraJU.  pentadaftylis,  lateribus  flavefcentl-li- 
101.  De  Lael,  484.  neatis.  Lin.fyfl.  81. 

Mus  Brafilienfis  magnus,  porcelli  pilis  et  Cuniculus  caudatus,  auritus,  pills  obfcure 
voce,  Paca  didtus.  Rail  fyn.  quad,  226.  fulvis,  rigidis,  lineis  ex  albo  flavefcen- 
CaviaPaca.  Klein  quad.  50.  tibus  ad  latera  diftindtis.  BriJJon  quad. 

Cuniculus  major,  paluftris,  fafciis  albis  99, 

notatus.  Paca  Marcgranie.  Barrere  Le  Paca.  De  Buffon,  x.  269.  tah.  xliii. 
France  .^quin.  152.  Supflem,  iii.  203.  tab.  xliii.  Lev. Mus. 

Mus  Paca.  M.  cauda  abbreviata,  pedibus 

with  the  upper  jaw  longer  than  the  lower:  nodrils  large: 
whiikers  long:  ears  diort  and  naked;  neck  thick:  hairs 
fliort  and  hard:  color  of  the  upper  part  of  the  body  dark 

* Byron's  voy . 18.  -|-  The  fame,  19. 

N 2 brown ; 


291.  Patago- 
nian’. 


292.  Spotted. 


92 


C A V Y. 


brown;  the  lower  part,  or  fides,  marked  lengthways  with  lines  of 
grey  fpots;  the  belly  white ; in  fome,  perhaps  young  ones,  the 
iides  and  fpots  are  of  a pale  yellow:  five  toes  on  each  foot:  only 
the  meet  rudiment  of  a tail:  length  about  ten  inches:  is  made 
like  a pig,  and  in  fome  parts  is  called  the  Hog-Rabbet'^. 

Inhabits  Brajil,  and  Guiana:  lives  in  fenny  places:  burrows 
underground;  grows  very  fat : is  efleemed  m Brajil  a great  de- 
licacy: grunts  like  a pig:  eats  its  meat  on  the  ground,  not  fitting 
up,  as  fome  others  of  this  genus  do : are  difcovered  by  little 
dogs,  who  point  out  the  places  they  lie  in  : the  mafter  digs  over 
them,  and  when  he  comes  near  transfixes  them  with  a knife; 
otherwife  they  are  apt  to  efcape : will  bite  dreadfully.  There  is 
a variety  quite  white,  found  on  the  banks  of  the  river  St, 
Francisf. 


293*  Bristly.  Agnus  filiorum  Ifrael.  Afhnoko.  Brt/ce'’s  /ravels,  v.  i^g. 

i.  232.  Hirax  Syriacus.  Gmel.  Lin.  fyfl. 

Daman  Ifrael.  De  Buffon  Suppl.  vi.  276.  Sehreber,  tab.  ccxi.  B, 
tab.  xlii. 


with  fliort  oval  ears,  covered  within  and  without  with  hair : 


• color  of  the  whole  animal  above  grey  and  ferruginous: 
from  the  chin  to  the  extremity  of  the  belly  white ; on  the  upper 
aftrong  briftly  mufticho,  three  inches  five  eighths  long;  above  the 
eyes  another  tuft,  two  inches  and  two  eighths  long ; all  over  the  body 
are  fcattered  fimilar  briftles,  two  inches  and  a quarter  in  length  : 
the  toes  are  flefhy ; the  lower  part  naked,  the  upper  covered  with 

* Wafer's  voy,  in  'D ampler,  iil,  401.  ^ De  Laet,  484., 


black 


C A V Y. 


93 


black  liairs : the  claws  fomevvhat  refcmble  nails,  and  are  ill  adapt- 
ed for  burrowing:  no  tail:  the  length  of  the  whole  animal  is 
about  feventeen  inches. 

This  fpecies  was  firft  taken  notice  of  by  Profper  Alpinus,  who  calls 
it  Agnus  jiliorum  Ifrael ; the  Daman  Ifrael  of  the  Arabs.  He  fays 
it  is  larger  than  a rabbet,  an  objeft  of  the  chace,  and  that  the  f efh 
is  fweeter  than  that  of  the  rabbet. 

Inhabits,  according  to  Mr.  Bruce,  mount  Libanus,  the  mountain 
of  the  Sun  in  AbyJJinia,  and  in  great  numbers  Cape  Mahomet,  on 
the  Arabian  gulph,  not  far  to  the  eaft  of  6'arz.  By  Alpinus  we  find 
they  are  alfo  inhabitants  of  Mgypt.  They  are  gregarious,  and  fit 
by  dozens  on  the  great  Hones  to  bade  in  the  fun,  before  the  mouth 
of  caves,  or  clefts  in  the  rocks,  their  places  of  refuge  at  the  fight 
of  man.  They  are  juftly  fuppofed  by  Mr.  Bruce  to  have  been 
the  Sapben  (miftranflated  the  coney)  of  Holy  Writ.  Solomon 
fays,  ‘ The  bills  are  the  refuge  for  the  wild  goats,  and  the  rocks  for 
the  Conies.  See  his  Saphen.  ‘ The  Saphen,  adds  he,  are  but  a feeble 
‘ folk,  yet  make  they  their  houfes  in  the  rocks*.'  They  retire 
into  the  depths  of  the  clefts,  and  there  make  themfelves  a houfe ; 
i.  e.  a neft  of  flravv.  Neither  the  Chrijlians  of  Abyjfmia  and  the 
Mahometans,  eat  the  fiefh  of  thefe  animals.  The  Arabs  of  mount 
Libanus  and  of  Arabia  Betrcea  ufe  them  as  a food.  The  flelh  is  as 
white  as  a chicken,  and  free  from  any  ranknefs. 

Mr.  Bruce  fuppofes  that  Dodlor  Shaw  intended  this  animal  by  his 
Jird\',  but,  as  our  learned  countryman  exprefsly  fays  that  his 

* Proverbs,  ch.  xxx.  v.  24,  26. 
f Travels,  p.  248. 

4 animal 


.Place, 


r 


94 


C A V Y. 


animal  has  a tall,  and  that  only  a little  fliorter  than  that  of  the 
common  rat,  we  muft  have  recourfe  to  fome  other  fpecies,  perhaps 
genus,  for  of  Barbary, 


294.  Long-nose. 


Aguti  vel  Acuti.  Marcgrave  Brajih  224. 
Pi/o  Braftl.  102. 

Acuti  ou  Agoutis.  De  Laet,  484.  Roche- 
fort Antilles,  i.  287. 

Mus  fylveftris  Americanus  cuniculi  mag- 
nitudine,  pilisetvoce  Porcelli,  Aguti. 
Raii fyn,  quad.  226. 

Cavia  Aguti.  M.  cauda  abbreviata,  pal- 
mis  tetradadlylis,  plantis  tridadtylis, 
abdomine  flavefcente.  Lin.fyf.  80. 


Cttniculus  caudatus,  aurlbus,  pilis  ex  ru- 
foet  fufco  mixiis  rigidis  velHtus.  Brif- 
fon  quad.  98. 

L’Agouti.  De  Bciffon,  viii.  375.  tah.  1. 

Small  Indian  Coney.  Bronvit’s  Jamaica, 
484. 

Long-nofed  Rabbet.  WafePsatoy.  in  Dam- 
pier,  iii.  40 1 . 

Cuniculus  omnium  vulgatiflimus,  Aguti 
vulgo.  Barr  ere  France  JEquin.  153*. 


with  a long  nofe : divided  upper  lip  : flrort  rounded  ears : 
black  eyes:  hard  and  fliining;  on  the  body  mixed  with 
red,  brown,  and  black;  on  the  rump,  of  a bright  orange-co- 
lor: belly  yellowy  legs  almoft  naked,  flender,  and  black:  four 
toes  on  the  fore  feet ; three  on  the  hind ; tail  Ihort,  and  naked : 
fize  of  a rabbet. 

Inhabits  Brafil,  Guiana,  &c.  Grunts  like  a pig : is  very  vora- 
cious: fits  on  its  hind  legs,  and  holds  its  food  with  the  fore  feet 
when  it  eats:  hides  what  it  cannot  confu me  : hops  like  a hare : 
goes  very  fall:  when  purfued,  takes  (belter  in  hollow  trees:  is 
capable  of  being  tamed  : when  angry,  fets  up  the  hair  on  its 

* The  animal  defcribed  by  5eha  under  the  name  of  Cuniculus  Americanus, 
i.  67.  tah.  xli.  feems  the  fame  with  this,  notwithftanding  he  fays,  that  the  hind 
feet  are  tetradaftylous. 

back. 


95 


C A V Y. 


back,  and  flrikes  the  ground  with  its  feet;  is  eaten  by  the  inha- 
bitants of  South  America, 


Cuniculus  minor  caudatus,  oHvaceus,  L’Akouchy.  xv.258.  .5'a///,iii. 

Akouchy.  L'arrere  France  j¥iquin,  153,  211.  tab,  xxxvi. 

Des  Marchais,  iii.  303. 

Species  o^Aguti,  lefs  than  the  former,  and  of  an  olive-color  : 


which  is  the  whole  account  left  us  by  M.  Barr  ere.  Des 
Marshals  fays,  it  is  more  delicate  food  than  the  other. 

Inhabits  Guiana^  and  the  iflands  of  St.  Ducia  and  Grenada : in- 
habits the  woods;  lives  on  fruits:  is  excellent  meat;  its  fleQi  is 
white:  eafily  made  tame:  makes  a cry  (but  very  rarely)  like 
the  rejliefi  cavy:  abhors  vvateix 


Java  hare.  Catejby  Carolina,  uipp,  tab,  mixto.  Brijfon  quad.  98. 

xviii,.  Mus  leporinus.  Lin.fyft.  80. 

Cavia  Javenfis.  Klein  quad.  c^o.  Cuniculu' Americanus.  Seb.  Muf.  i.  67. 

Cuniculus  caudatus  auritus,  rufefco  ad-  tab.  xlii.  lig.  2. 

Cwith  a flender  fmall  head  ; prominent  naked  ears,  rounded 
• at  the  tops:  hairs  very  ftiff  like  brifiles,  efpecially  on  the 
back;  color  of  the  upper  part  of  the  body  reddifla : bread  and 
belly  white:  legs  long:  hind  parts  large:  four  toes  on  the  fore 
feet;  three  on  the  hind  ; tail  fliort : fize  of  a hare. 

Inhabits  Surinam  and  t!ie  hotter  parts  South  America,  where 

it  is  a common  food ; the  fiefli  is  white,  but  dry.  It  is  not 


295".  Olive, 


296.  Javan, 


found 


c/.  ' , C A V Y. 

found  in  Java  or  Sumatra,  as  Catejby  aflerts.  Governor  Loten 
affures  me,  that  he  made  the  mofl;  diligent  enquiry  after  it  in 
moft  parts  of  Java,  but  could  never  find  the  left  traces  of  any 
fuch  animal. 


Cavia  capenfis.  Pallas  Ml/cel.  Zool.  30.  Monogr.  De  Bvffon,  SuppUm.  iii.  177. 

tab.  ii.  Spicll.  16.  tab.  ii.  tab.  xxix. 

Africaanfch  bafterd-mormeldier.  Vofmaer 

with  a thick  head,  and  full  cheeks:  ears  oval,  half  hid  in 
the  fur:  head  of  the  color  of  a hare  : along  the  top  of  the 
back  dufky,  mixed  with  grey;  fides  and  belly  of  a whitifh  grey: 
four  toes  on  the  fore  feet,  three  behind  : tail  fcarce  vifible  : fize 
of  a rabbet,  but  the  ftape  of  the  body  thick  and  clumfy. 

Inhabits  in  great  abundance  the  rocky  mountains  near  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope,  where  it  is  called  Kaapfche  Dafs,  Klip  Dafs  or 
Cape  Badger:  burrows  under  ground:  has  a flow  creeping  pace; 
a fharp  voice,  often  repeated  : is  efteemed  very  good  meat. 

* Kolben,  Dutch  edition,  as  quoted  by  Dr,  Pallas,  La  Caille  mentions  thisfpecies 
under  the  name  of  Marmot. 


Le 


C A V Y. 


9; 


Les  Pxats  mufques,  Pllcris.  Rochefort  An»  %0z.  De  Buffbn,  X,  £,  ^o8  Mu<!k- 

tillesf.z^^.Durertrehifl.Antniesfn.  Musk. 

of  a black  or  tan  color  on  the  upper  part  of  its  body : white 
on  the  belly  : tail  very  Ihort  * ; almofc  as  big  as  a rabbet. 

Inhabits  Martinico  and  the  reft  of  the  Antilles : burrows  like  a 
rabbet ; fmells  fo  ftrong  of  mulk,  that  its  retreat  may  be  traced 
by  the  perfume;  an  obfcure  fpecies,  never  examined  by  a na- 
turalift. 

* Nouv,‘vvy.  auxijles  ie  VAmer'iqut,  i.  43?, 


VOL.  II. 


o 


Two 


HARE. 


XXVI.  HARE. 


199.  Common. 


Two  cutting  teeth  in  each  jaw. 
Short  tail:  or  none. 

Five  toes  before  j four  behind. 


Lepus.  Plinii  lib,  viii.  e.  5J.  Ge/ner  quad,  quad,  94. 

60 J.  Raii  Jyn,  quad.  204.  LeLievre.  DeBuff’otiiXi.z/^^t.tab.xxxviiu 

Ilafe,  Klein  quad,  51.  Br.  7,eol.  i.  N°  20. 

Lepus  timidus.  L.  cauda  abbreviata  au-  Arnaeb.  Forjkai.  i/.  Lev.  Mus.  in  which 
' riculis  apice  nigris  ? Lin./yjl,  77 . Hafe,  are  feveral  curious  varieties  of  colored 
Faun,  fuec.^o.  z^,  hares. 

Lepus  caudatus  ex  cinereo  rufus.  BriJJhn 

T T with  ears  tipt  with  black:  eyes  very  large  and  prominent: 
chin  white:  long  white  whiikers:  hair  on  the  face,  back, 
and  fides,  white  at  the  bottom,  black  in  the  middle,  and  tipt  with 
tawny  red:  throat  and  bread  red:  belly  white:  tail  black  above, 
white  beneath;  feet  covered  with  hair  even  at  the  bottom:  a 
large  hare  weighs  eight  pounds  and  a half.  I am  informed,  that 
in  the  IJle  of  Man  fome  have  been  known  to  weigh  twelve:  its 
length,  from  the  nofe  to  the  tail,  two  feet. 

Inhabits  all  parts  of  Europe,  mod  parts  of  Tljia,  Japan,  Ceylon*, 
JEgyptf,  and  Barhary^'.  a watchful,  timid  animal:  always 
lean  : fwifter  in  running  up  hill  than  on  even  ground  : when 
darted,  immediately  endeavours  to  run  up  hill:  efcapes  the 
hounds  by  various  artful  doubles;  lies  the  whole  day  on  its  feat; 
feeds  by  night : returns  to  its  form  by  the  fame  road  that  it  had 


• Keemp/er  yapan,  i.  126,  Knox  Ceylon,  20. 

t ^hanjo's  Travels,  249. 


-}■  Profp,  Alp.  i.  232.' 

taken 


HARE, 


99 


taken  in  leaving  it:  does  not  pair:  the  rutting-feafon  is  in  K’- 
hruary  or  March,  when  the  male  purfues  the  female  by  the  fa- 
gacity  of  its  nofe:  breeds  often  in  the  year;  brings  three  or  four 
at  a time : are  very  fubjed  to  fleas : the  Dalecarllans  make  a 
cloth  of  the  fur,  which  preferves  the  wearer  from  their  attacks: 
the  fur  is  of  great  ufe  in  the  hat  manufadure : feeds  on  vege- 
tables: fond  of  the  bark  of  young  trees:  a great  lover  of  birch, 
parfly  and  pinks:  vvas  a forbidden  food  among  the  ; the 

Romans,  on  the  contrary,  held  it  in  great  efteem. 

Inter  quadrupedes  gloria  prima  lepus, 

was  the  opinion  of  Martial',  and  Horace,  who  was  likewife  a Bon 
vivant,  fays,  that  every  man  of  tafte  mull  prefer  the  wing 

Fcecundt  leporis  fapiens  feBabitur  armos. 

There  have  been  feveral  inftances  of  what  may  be  called  mon-  Horned  Hares. 
fters  in  this  fpecies,  horned  hares,  excrefences  growing  out  of 
their  heads,  likeft  to  the  horns  of  the  roe-buck.  Such  are  thofe 
figured  in  Gefners  hlftory  of  quadrupeds,  p.  634;  in  the  Mnfeum 
Regium  Hafnije,  No.  48.  tab.  iv;  and  in  Kleins  hiftory  of  qua- 
drupeds, 32.  tab.  iii ; and  again  deferibed  in 
p.  32 T,  and  in  Grezv’s  Mufeum  of  the  Royal  Society.  Thefe  in- 
ftances have  occurred  in  Saxony,  and  I think  in  Denmark,  to 
vdtich  may  be  added  another  near  AJlracan*. 

A farther  account  of  two  ftraw-colorcd  animals  like  dogs, 
which  run  like  hares,  and  were  of  the  fame  fize,  feeri  by  the  late 
navigators  in  New  Holland-^,  will,  1 fear,  be  a long  dejideratirm 
among  naturalifts. 

Lepu'; 


* ?allau 


4 Cook's  wey,  iii.  56.5, 
O 2 


ICO 


HARE. 


300.  Va  ryin  g.  Lepus  hieme  albus.  Forf.erhijl,  nat.  Vol-  Lepus  variabills.  Pallas,  nov.fp.  i.  Lev. 

G^.  Ph.  Tranf.  Ivii.  343.  Mus. 

Alpine  hare.  Br.  Zool,  i.  N°  20. 

T T with  foft  hair,  in  fummer  grey,  with  a flight  mixture  of 
■■■■*■•  black  and  tawny:  with  fliorter  ears,  and  more  flender 
legs,  than  the  common  hare : tail  entirely  white,  even  in  fum- 
mer: the  feet  mofl;  clofely  and  warmly  furred.  In  winter,  the 
■whole  animal  changes  to  a fnowy  whitenefs,  except  the  lips  and 
edges  of  the  ears,  which  remain  black,  as  are  the  foies  of  the 
feet,  on  which,  in  Siberia,  the  fur  is  doubly  thick,  and  yellow, 
Lefs  than  the  common  fpecies. 

Place.  Inhabits  the  higheft  Scottijh  Alps,  Norway,  Lapland,  Rujfia, 

Siberia*,  Kamtfchatka,  and  the  banks  of  the  Wolga,  and  Hudfons 
Bay.  In  Scotland,  keeps  on  the  tops  of  the  higheft  hills  j never 
defcends  into  the  vales;  never  mixes  with  the  common  hare, 
which  is  common  in  its  neighborhood:  does  not  run  fall:  apt 
to  take  (belter  in  clefts  of  rocks:  is  eafily  tamed;  full  of  frolic: 
fond  of  honey  and  carraway  comfits : eats  its  own  dung  before 
a ftorm : changes  its  color  in  September:  refumes  its  grey  coat 
in  April:  in  the  extreme  cold  of  Greenland  only,  is  always -j- 
whlte.  Both  kinds  of  hares  are  common  in  Siberia,  on  the 
banks  of  the  Wolga,  and  in  the  Orenburg  government.  The  one 
never  changes  color:  the  other,  native  of  the  fame  place,  con- 

* Vide  Pontop.  Nonvay,  ii,  9.  Scheffer  Lapland,  1 3 7.  Strahitnberg  Puff  a,  370, 
Pitchkoff  Orenlerg  Topog.  i.  287. 

•j"  Egede,  Greenl,  62.  Crantz  Greenl.i.  70. 

flantly 


li 


HARE. 

flantly  affumes  the  whitenefs  of  the  fnow  during  winter.  This 
it  does,  not  only  in  the  open  air,  and  in  a date  of  liberty  : but, 
as  experiment  has  proved,  even  when  kept  tame,  and  preferved 
in  houfes  in  the  ftove-warmed  apartments ; in  which  it  experi- 
ences the  fame  changes  of  colors  as  if  it  had  dwelt  on  the  fnowy 
plains 

They  colledt  together,  and  are  feen  in  troops  of  five  or  fix 
hundred,  migrating  in  fpring,  and  returning  in  autumn  f . They 
are  compelled  to  this  by  the  want  of  fubfiftence,  quitting  in  the 
winter  the  lofty  hills,  the  fouthern  boundaries  of  Siberia,  and 
feek  the  plains  and  northern  wooded  parts,  where  vegetables 
abound  i and  towards  fpring  feek  again  the  mountainous  quar- 
ters Mr.  Muller  fays,  he  once  faw  two  black  hares,  in  Sibc'- 
ria,  of  a wonderful  fine  glofs,  and  of  as  full  a black  as  jet.  Near 
Cafan  was  taken  another  in  the  middle  of  the  winter  176S.  Thefe 
fpecirnens  were  much  larger  than  the  common  kind. 

In  the  fouthern  and  weftern  provinces  of  RuJJia  is  a mixed 
breed  of  hares,  between  this  and  the  common  fpecies.  It  fuf- 
tains,  during  winter  only,  a partial  lofs  of  color : the  fides,  and 
more  expofed  parts  of  the  ears  and  legs,  in  that  feafon,  become 
white ; the  other  parts  retain  their  colors.  This  variety  is  un- 
known beyond  the  Urallian  chain.  It  is  called  by  the  Ruffians, 
Rujfak ; they  take  them  in  great  numbers  in  fnares,  and  export 
their  fkins  to  England  and  other  places,  for  the  manufadure  of 
hats  ||.  The  Ruffians  and  Tartars,  like  the  Britons  of  old,  hold 

* Pallas  nov.  fp.  fafc.  i.  p.  7.  -j-  Bell's  Travels,  i.  2j8,  J Pallas 

nov.  fp.  fafc.  i.  p.  15.  [j  The  fame,  p.  6, 

the 


lOI 


MiG  RATIONS. 


Black  hares, 


«.  Spurious.’ 


lOZ 


301.  American. 


HARE. 

tTie  flefh  of  hares  in  detefl-ation,  efteeming  it  impure:  that  of 
the  VARIABLE,  in  its  white  ftate,  is  exceffively  infipid. 


Hare,  hedge  Coney.  Lawfin,  122.  Catejhy,  App.  xxvili. 

Hwith  the  ears  tipt  with  grey : upper  part  of  the  tail  black  \ 
• lower  white : neck  and  body  mixed  with  cinereous,  ruft- 
color,  and  black;  legs  of  a pale  ferruginous;  belly  white;  fore 
legs  Qiorter,  hind  legs  longer,  in  proportion,  than  thofe  of  the 
common  hare. 

Length  eighteen  inches:  weighs  from  three  to  four  pounds 
and  a half. 

Inhabits  all  parts  of  North  America,  In  New  Jerfey,  and  the 
colonies  fouth  of  that  province,  it  retains  its  color  the  whole 
year.  In  New  England'^,  Canada^  and  about  Hudfons  Bay^  at 
approach  of  winter,  it  changes  its  Ihort  fummer’s  fur  for  one  very 
long,  hlky,  and  filvery,  even  to  the  roots  of  the  hairs-,  the  edges 
of  the  ears  only  preferving  their  color:  at  that  time  it  is  in  the 
higheft  feafon  for  the  table-f- ; and  is  of  vaft  ufe  to  thofe  who 
winter  in  Hudfons  Bay,  where  they  are  taken  in  vaft  abundance, 
in  fpringes  made  of  brafs  wire,  to  which  the  animals  are  led  by  a 
hedge  made  for  that  purpofe,  with  holes  left  before  the  fnares 
for  the  rabbets  to  pafs  through. 

They  breed  once  or  twice  a year,  and  have  from  five  to  feven 
at  a time:  they  do  not  migrate,  like  the  preceding,  but  always 
haunt  the  fame  places:  they  do  not  burrow,  but  lodge  under 

• Jo/slyn'i  Rarities,  32.  f Chrk  Califwn,  i.  156. 

fallen 


HARE. 


103 

fallen  timberj  and  In  hollow  trees:  they  breed  in  the  grafs;  but 
in  fpring  (belter  their  young  in  the  trees,  to  which  they  alfo  run 
when  purfued;  from  which,  in  the  ibuthern  colonies,  the  hun- 
ters * force  them  by  means  of  a hooked  flick,  or  by  making  a 
fire,  and  driving  them  out  by  the  fmoke.  1 have  had  an  oppor- 
tunity of  examining  this  fpecies  in  its  brown  diefs  homPenJyl- 
vania,  and  its  winter’s  drefs  from  Hudfon's  Bay. 


Cuniculus.  Plinii,  lib.  vlii.  c.  55.  Ge/ner-  Kanin.  Taun.fuec,  No.  26.  Br.  Zeol.  i.  302.  Rabbet, 
quad.  1^2.  Agricola  An.  Suit,  N°  22. 

Rabbet,  or  Coney.  Paii  fyn.  quad.  205.  Lepus  caudatus,  obfcure  cinereus. 

Lepufculus,  cuniculus  terram  fodiens,  quad,  95. 

Kaninchen.  Klein  quad.  52.  Le  Lapin.  De  Bdff'on,  vl.  303,  tab.  1.  li, 

Lepus  cuniculus.  L.  cauda  abbreviata.  Lev.  Mus. 
auriculis  nudatis.  Lin.J'yJi.  77. 

T T with  ears  almoft  naked:  color  of  the  fur.  In  a wild  ftate, 

^ brown;  tail  black  above,  white  beneath:  in  a tame  ftate, 
varies  to  black,  pied,  and  quite  white : the  eyes  of  the  laft  of  a 
fine  red. 

Inhabits,  in  a wild  ftate,  the  temperate  and  hot  parts  of  £«- 
rope,  and  the  hotceft  parts  of  Afia  and  Africa:  not  originally 
Britijh ; but  fucceeds  here  admirably : will  not  live  in  Sweden,  or 
the  northern  countries,  except  in  houfes.  Strabo-\  tells  us,  that 
they  were  firft  imported  into  Italy  from  Spain.  Not  natives  of 
America;  but  encreale  greatly  in  S.  America. 

Moft  prolific  animals:  breed  feven  times  in  a year:  produce 
eight  young  at  a time : fuppofing  that  to  happen  regularly,  one 


8 


Kalm,  ii.  45. 


t Lib.  'rd. 


pair 


HARE. 


pair  may  bring  In  four  years  1,274,840.  In  warrens,  keep  In  their 
holes  in  the  middle  of  the  day;  come  out  morning  and  night: 
the  males  apt  to  deftroy  the  young : the  Ikins  a great  article  of 
commerce  ; numbers  exported  to  China-:  the  fur  of  great  ufe  in 
the  hat-manufaflure. 

(3.  Angora  Rabbet.  With  hair  long,  waved,  and  of  a lilky 
finenefs,  like  that  of  the  goat  of  Angora.,  vol.  i.  p.  5i , and  the  Ch/, 

vol.  i.  p.  296. 

y.  Hooded  Rabbet.  With  a double  Ikin  over  the  back,  into 
which  it  can  withdraw  its  head  : another  under  the  throat,  in 
which  it  can  place  its  fore  feet : has  fmall  holes  in  the  loofe 
fkin  on  the  back,  to  admit  light  to  the  eyes : color  of  the  body 
cinereous;  head  and  ears  brown. 

Defcribed  from  a drawing,  and  manufeript  account,  by  Mr.  C. 
Edwards,  preferved  in  the  Mufeum;  inferibed  “ A RuJJlan  Rab- 
“ but  I find  that  it  is  unknown  in  that  empire. 


303.  Baikai.  Cuniculus Infigniter caudatus, colons Le-  Lepuscaudalnfupinapartenigrainprona 
porini.  Nov.  Com.  Petrop.  v.  357.  tab.  alba.  Brijfon  quad.  97. 
xi.  Le  Tolai.  De  Buff  on,  xv.  138, 

T T with  a tail  longer  than  that  of  a rabbet : ears  longer  in  the 
male,  in  proportion,  than  thofe  of  the  varying  hare:  fur 
of  the  color  of  the  common  hare:  red  about  the  neck  and  feet: 

tail 


HARE. 

tail  black  above,  white  beneath  : fize  between  that  of  the  common 
and  the  varying  hare. 

Inhabits  the  country  beyond  lake  Baikal,  and  extends  through 
the  great  Gohee,  even  to  '7'hibet.  The  l^anguts  call  it  Rangwo, 
and  confecrate  it  among  the  fpots  of  the  moon  * ; agrees  with 
the  common  rabbet  in  color  of  the  flefh ; but  does  not  burrow, 
running  inftantly  (without  taking  a ring  as  the  common  hare 
does)  for  (belter,  when  purfued,  into  holes  of  rocks ; fo  agrees  in 
nature  with  neither  that  nor  the  rabbet.  Called  by  the  Mongolst 
Tolai.  The  fur  is  bad,  and  of  no  ufe  in  commerce. 


Lcpus  Capenfis.  L.  cauda  longltudlne  capitis,  pedibus  rubris.  78, 

T T with  long  ears  dilated  in  the  middle : the  outfides  naked, 
* and'  of  a rofe-color : infide  and  edges  covered  with  (hort 
grey  hairs : crown  and  back  dulky,  mixed  with  tawny : cheeks 
and  fides  cinereous : bread,  belly,  and  legs,  rud-colored ; tail 
bulhy,  carried  upwards ; of  a pale  ferruginous  color. 

Size  of  a rabbet. 

Inhabits  the  country  three  days  north  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
Is  called  there  the  Mountain  Hare,  for  it  lives  only  in  the  rocky 
mountains  ; does  not  burrow.  It  is  difficult  to  (hoot  it,  as  it  int- 
ftantly,  on  the  light  of  any  one,  runs  into  the  fiflTures  of  the 
rocks. 

The  fame  fpecics  probably  extends  as  high  as  Senegal.  M.  Adan* 
Jon  (44)  obferves,  that  the  hares  of  that  country  are  not  fo  large 


10$ 


Cape. 


Vot..  IL 


* Fallas  nov./p,  i.  ao, 

P 


io6  H A R E. 


as  thofe  of  France ; their  color  between  that  of  the  European  kind 
and  a rabbet ; and  their  flefli  white. 

305.  VlSCACClA, 

Lepus  vlfcaccla.  Molina  Chili,  289.  Acojla  Peru.  p.  32.  GarcilaJJh  de  la  Ve- 

ii\  Purchases  VAgxivas,  ill,  Feuillee  33^* 

Manners. 

T T with  the  appearance  of  a rabbet,  excepting  the  tail ; in  that 
part  and  color  like  a fox  ; the  tail  is  long,  and  turned  up, 
and  covered  with  coarfe  hair ; the  reft  of  the  hair  foft : fize 
fuperior  to  that  of  a rabbet. 

Inhabits  Peru  and  C&i/i:  lives  under  ground,  and  forms  two 
boroughs  one  above  the  other;  in  the  one  it  keeps  its  provifions, 
in  the  other fleeps:  goes  out  only  in  the  night:  its  flefli  is  white 
and  tender.  The  antient  Peruvians  make  fluffs  of  the  hair,  which 
were  fo  fine  as  to  be  worn  only  by  the  nobility.  In  CJoili  it  goes, 
into  the  hat-manufa<ftory  : its  tail  is  its  weapon  of  defence. 

306,  Cuy. 

Lepus  pufillus.  Molina  Chili.  a88. 

T T with  a conoid  body:  ears  fmall,  painted,  and  covered  with 
hair:  nofe  long:  tail  fo  fliort  as  fcarcely  to  be  feen : is 
domefticated  and  varies  in  color  to  white,  brown,  and  fpotted  with 
divers  colors  : fur  very  fine  : flze  of  a field  moufe. 

Inhabits  Chili:  breeds  every  month,  and  brings  from  fix  to 
eight  young  : is  delicate  eating. 

**  Without 


HARE, 


107 


' * * Without  a tall. 

Taped.  Marcgrave  Braftl.  223.  Pi/a  _ 307.  Brasilia^. 

Bra/l.  102.  Lepus  ecaudatus.  BriJJbfi quad.  97. 

Caniculus  Bra/lw/s  Taped  ditSlus.  Rail  Le  Tapeti.  DeBufon,  xv.  i6z. 

fyn.  quad.  205.  Q<JAzx'^'Bski'Q^X.,Wafer'svoy.inDampigr^ 

Lepus  Bra/lien/s.  L.  cauda  nulla.  Lin.  iii.  401. 

T T with  very  large  ears,  like  the  common  kind : a white  ring 
round  the  neck:  face  of  a reddilh  color:  chin  white: 
black  eyes:  color  of  the  body  like  the  common  hare,  only  darker  ; 
belly  whitifli : no  tail:  fome  want  the  white  ring  round  the 
neck. 

Inhabit  Brafil:  live  in  woods : do  not  burrow  : are  very  pro- 
lific: very  good  meat:  found  alfo  in  Mexico* ^ where  they  arc 
called  CitU, 


Lepus  Alpinus.  Pallas,  nov.  fp.  fafe.  I.  52.  tah.  ii.  hin,  ii.  701.  tah.  A.  Zimmerman. 

Hwith  fhort,  broad,  rounded  ears:  head  long:  very  long 
, whilkers:  two  very  long  hairs  above  each  eye:  color  of 
the  fur  at  the  bottom  dulky,  towards  the  ends  of  a bright  ferru- 
ginous; the  tips  white*,  intermixed  are  fcveral  long  dulky  hairs; 
but  on  ftrfl;  infpe<ftion  the  whole  feems  of  a bright  bay. 

Length  of  that  I faw  was  nine  inches.. 


308.  Alfine. 


• HernandcK  An.  Nev»  Liijp.  2, 

P 2 


Thefe 


HARE. 


loS 

Plac?, 


\^01CE. 


Thefe  animals  arc  firft  feen  on  i\\t  Altaic  chain,  and  extend  to 
lake  Baikal-,  and  from  thence  to  Kamtfchatka ; and,  as  it  is  faid,  in 
the  new-difeovered  Fox  or  Aleutian  ifiands.  They  inhabit  al- 
ways the  middle  region  of  the  fnowy  mountains,  in  the  rudeft 
places,  wooded  and  abounding  with  herbs  and  moifture. 

They  fometimes  form  burrows  between  the  rocks,  and  oftener 
lodge  in  the  crevices ; and  are  found  in  pairs,  or  more,  according 
to  conveniency;  in  cloudy  weather  they  colledf  together,  and 
lie  on  the  rocks,  and  give  a keen  whittle,  fo  like  that  of  a fpar- 
row,  as  to  deceive  the  hearer.  On  the  report  of  a gun,  they  run 
into  their  holes ; but  foon  come  out  again,  fuppottng  it  to  be  a 
clap  of  thunder,  to  which  they  are  fo  much  ufed  in  their  lofty  ha- 
bitations. 

By  wonderful  inftindt  they  make  a provifion  againft  the  ri- 
gorous feafon  in  their  inclement  feats.  A company  of  them,  to- 
wards autumn,  colled  together  vaft  heaps  of  choice  herbs  and 
grattTes,  nicely  dried,  which  they  place  either  beneath  the  over- 
hanging rocks,  or  between  the  chafms,  or  round  the  trunk  of  fome 
tree.  The  way  to  thefe  heaps  is  marked  by  a worn  path.  In 
many  places  the  herbs  appeared  fcattered,  as  if  to  be  dried  in  the 
fun  and  harvetted  properly.  The  heaps  are  formed  like  round  or 
conoid  ricks;  and  are  of  various  fizes,  according  to  the  number 
of  the  fociety  employed  in  forming  them.  They  are  fometimes 
of  a man’s  height,  and  many  feet  in  diameter,  but  ufually  about 
three  feet. 

Thus  they  wifely  provide  their  winter’s  flock,  otherwife  they 
mutt  perifh,  being  prevented  by  the  depth  of  ttiow  to  quit  their 
-.retreats  in  queft  of  food. 

8 


They 


HARE. 

They  felefl  the  beft  of  vegetables,  and  crop  them  when  in  the 
fulled;  vigor,  which  they  make  into  the  beft  and  greened;  hay  by 
the  judicious  manner  in  which  they  dry  it.  Thefe  ricks  are  the 
origin  of  fertility  amidft  the  rocks ; for  the  reiiques,  mixed  with 
the  dung  of  the  animals,  rot  in  the  barren  chafms,  and  create  a 
foil  produdive  of  vegetables. 

Thefe  ricks  are  alfo  of  great  fervice  to  that  branch  of  man- 
kind who  devote  themfclves  to  the  laborious  employ  of  fable- 
hunting : for  being  obliged  to  go  far  from  home,  their  horfes 
would  often  perilh  for  want,  if  they  had  not  the  provifion 
of  thefe  induftrious  little  animals  to  fupport  them ; which  is  ea- 
fily  to  be  difcovered  by  their  height  and  form,  even  when  covered 
with  fnow.  It  is  for  this  reafon  that  this  little  beaft  has  a name 
among  every  Siberian  and  "Tartarian  nation,  which  otherwife  would 
have  been  overlooked  and  defpifed.  The  people  of  Jakutz  are 
faid  to  feed  both  their  horfes  and  cattle  with  the  reiiques  of  the 
winter  ftock  of  thefe  hares. 

Thefe  animals  are  negleded  as  a food  by  mankind,  but  are  the 
prey  of  fables  and  the  Siberian  weefel,  which  are  joint  inhabitants 
of  the  mountains.  They  are  likewife  greatly  infefted  by  a fort  of 
gadfiyj  which  lodges  its  egg  in  their  Ikin  in  Augujl  and  September^ 
which  often  proves  deftrudive  to  them. 


Lepus  Ogotona.  Fallas  Nov.  fp.  fafc.  i.  59.  tab.  iit. 

T T with  oblong  oval  ears,  a little  pointed : fhorter  whilkers 
than  the  former:  hairs  long  and  fmooth;  color  of  thofe 

on 


OcOTONA. 


no 


H A R E.' 


<yr\  the  bod)-,  brown  at  the  roots,  light  grey  In  the  middle,  white 
at  the  ends,  intermixed  with  a very  few  dufky  hairs*,  a yellowilh 
fpot  on  the  nofe : fpace  about  the  rump  of  the  fame  color:  out- 
fide  of  the  limbs  yellovvifh:  belly  white. 

Length  about  fix  inches : weight  of  a male,  from  fix  ounces 
and  a half  to  feven  and  a quarter;  of  the  female,  from  four  to 
four  and  three  quarters. 

Inhabits  only  the  country  beyond  lake  Baikal^  and  from  thence 
common  in  all  parts  of  the  Mongolian  defert,  and  the  vaft  defert 
of  Gobee,  which  extends  on  the  back  of  China  and  Thibet^  even  to 
India.  It  lives  in  the  open  vallies,  and  on  gravelly  or  rocky 
naked  mountains.  Thefe  little  creatures  are  called  by  the  Mon- 
gols, Ogotona:  are  found  in  vafl  abundance:  live  under  heaps  of 
ftones,  or  burrow  in  the  fandy  foil,  leaving  two  or  three  en- 
trances. Their  holes  run  obliquely : in  thefe  they  make  a neft  of 
foft  grafs.  The  old  females  make  for  fecurity  many  of  thefe  bur- 
rows near  each  other,  that  they  may,  if  difturbed,  retreat  from 
one  to  the  other. 

They  wander  out  chiefly  in  the  night.  Their  voice  is  exceflively 
ihrill,  a note  like  that  of  a fparrow,  twice  or  thrice  repeated;  but 
very  eafily  to  be  diftinguiflied  from  that  of  she  Alpine  hare. 

They  live  in  the  vallies, . principally  on  the  tender  bark  of  a 
fort  of  Service  and  the  dwarf  elm ; in  the  fpring  on  different 
herbs.  Before  the  approach  of  fevere  cold,  in  the  early  fpring, 
they  colledt  great  quantities  of  herbs,  and  fill  their  holes  with 
them,  which  the  inhabitants  of  the  country  confider  as  a fure  fign 
of  change  of  weather. 

Diredled  by  the  fame  inflind  with  the  former,  they  form  in 

autumn 


HARE. 

autumn  their  ricks  of  hay  of  a hemifpherical  lliape ; about  a foot 
high  and  wide:  in  the  fpring  thefe  elegant  heaps  difappear,  and 
nothing  but  the  reliques  are  feen. 

They  copulate  in  the  fpring,  and  about  the  latter  end  of 
their  young  are  obferved  to  be  full  grown. 

They  are  the  prey  of  hawks,  magpies,  and  owls;  but  the  Cat 
Maml  makes  the  greateft  havock  among  them : and  the  ermine 
and  fitchet  is  equally  their  enemy. 


Lepus  pufillus.  Patlas  Nov.  fp.  u 31.  lab.  i.  Nov.  Com.  Ptlrop.  xiii.  531.  /«^.  xiv. 

Zimmerman. 


T T with  a head  longer  than  ufual  with  hares,  and  thickly  covered 
with  fur,  even  to  the  tip  of  the  nofe  : numerous  hairs  in  the 
■whilkers : ears  large  and  rounded:  legs  very  Ihort:  foies  furred 
beneath : its  whole  coat  very  foft,  long,  and  fmooth,  with  a thick 
long  fine  down  beneath,  of  a brownilh  lead-color:  the  hairs  of 
the  fame  color;  towards  the  ends  of  a light  grey,  and  tipt  with 
black : the  lower  part  of  the  body  hoary ; the  fides  and  ends  of 
the  fur  yellowilh. 

Length  about  fix  Inches:  weight  from  three  ounces  and  a 
quarter  to  four  and  a half;  in  winter  fcarcely  two  and  a half. 

Inhabits  the  fouth-eaft  parts  of  RuJJta,  and  about  all  the  ridge 
of  hills  fpreading  fouthward  from  the  UralUan  chain ; alfo  about 
the  Irtijh,  and  in  the  weft  part  of  the  Altaic  chain ; but  no 

wh  er€ 


1 1 1 


310.  Calliko. 


Size. 

Place. 


lit 


HARE. 


Manners, 


Voice. 


Vovjfic. 


where  in  the  eaft  beyond  the  Oby,  They  delight  in  the  mod: 
funny  vallies,  and  herby  hills,  efpecially  near  the  edges  of  W'oods, 
to  which  they  run  on  any  alarm. 

They  live  fo  concealed  a life  as  very  rarely  to  be  feen : but  are 
often  taken  in  winter,  in  the  fnares  laid  for  the  ermines ; fo  are 
well  known  to  the  hunters.  About  the  Folga  they  are  called  Sem~ 
lanoi  Saetjloik,  or  Ground  Hare:  the  ^Tartars,  from  their  voice, 
flyle  them  Tfchotfchot  or  Ittjiljkan^  or  the  Barking  Moufe;  the 
Kalmucs  call  them  Rujla. 

They  chufe  for  their  burrows  a dry  fpot,  amidfl;  bulhes  covered 
with  a firm  fod,  preferring  the  weftern  fides  of  the  hills;  in 
thefe  they  burrow,  leaving  a very  fmall  hole  for  the  entrance; 
and  forming  long  galleries,  in  which  they  make  their  nefts : but 
thofe  of  the  old  ones,  and  females,  are  numerous  and  intricate; 
their  place  would  be  fcarcely  known  but  for  their  excrements, 
and  even  thofe  they  drop,  by  a wife  inftinct,  under  fome  bufli,  leaft 
their  dwelling  fliould  be  difcovered  by  their  enemies  among  the 
animal  creation. 

It  is  their  voice  alone  that  betrays  their  abode  : it  is  like  the  pip- 
ing of  a quail,  but  deeper,  and  fo  loud  as  to  be  heard  at  the  diftancc 
of  half  a German  mile.  It  is  repeated  by  juft  intervals  thrice, 
four  times,  and  often  fix.  This  is  wonderful,  as  this  little  ani- 
mal docs  not  appear  to  be  partfcularly  organized  for  the  purpofe* 
The  voice  is  emitted  at  night  and  morning : feldom  in  the  day, 
except  in  rainy  and  cloudy  weather.  It  is  common  to  both  fexes^ 
but  the  female  is  filent  for  fome  time  after  parturition,  which  is 
about  the  beginning  of  Mayy  N.  S.  They  bring  forth  fix  at  a 
time,  blind,  and  naked ; which  flie  fuckles  ofteuy  and  covers  care^ 
fully  with  the  materials  of  her  neft. 


Thefe 


LXX. 


/ 


H A R Bi 


Thefe  m£)ft  harmkfs  ^nd  inoffenfive  animals  never  go  from 
their  holes : feed  and  make  their  little  excurfions  by  night : 
drink  often  : fleep  little : are  eafily  made  tame ; will  fcarcely  bite 
when  handled.  The  males  in  confinement  are  obferved  to  attack 
one  another,  and  exprefs  their  anger  by  a grunting  noife. 


VoL.  II. 


Two 


BEAVER. 


114 


XXVII.  BEAVER. 


311.  Castor. 


Place. 


Two  cutting  teeth  in  each  jaw. 

Five  toes  on  each  foot. 

Tail  compreffed,  and  covered  with  fcales. 


K«,trT&)§.  Ariji.  hift.  An.  lib,  vili.  c.  5.  Caftor  caftanei  colons,  cauda  horizonta« 
Oppian.  Halieut.  i.  398.  liter  plana.  BriJJhn  quad.  90. 

Fiber.  Plinii  lib.vni  c.  30.  Agricola  An,  Cailor  Fiber.  C.  cauda  ovata  plana.  Lin, 
Subt.  482.  BelonAquat.  25.  fyft.  78. 

Caftor.  quad,  309.  Rondel.  236.  Bafwer,  Biur.  Faun.  fuec.'i^°  zj, 

Scheneveld  Icth.  34.  Le  Caftor,  ou  Le  Bievre.  De  Bujon,viiu 

Beaver.  Raiifyn.  quad.  zog.  282.  tab.  xxxvi. 

Bobr.  Rzaczinjki  Polon.  215.  Beaver.  Br.  Zool.  i.  PI.  9.  Lev.  Mus. 

Biber.  Klein  quad,  9 1 . Kramer  Aujir.  315. 

T>  with  ftrong  cutting  teeth;  fhort  ears,  hid  in  the  fur:  blunt 
nofe:  hair  of  a deep  chefnut  brown:  tail  broad,  almoft 
oval,  compreffed  horizontally,  covered  with  fcales:  the  fore  feet 
fmall;  the  hind  large:  length  from  nofe  to  tail,  about  three  feet : 
tail  eleven  inches  long,  three  broad. 

Inhabits  itom  Lapland  to  Languedoc'^ : in  great  plenty 

in  thoNorlh:  a few  are  yet  found  in  the  Rhone-f^  the  Gardon,  the 
Danube,  the  Rhine,  and  the  Vijiula,  1 have  an  inftance  of  two 
old  and  fix  young  being  taken  in  1742,  at  Gornichem,  in  Holland’, 
another  in  1757  in  the  I'^jfel,  in  Guelderland and  another  in  1770 
in  the  Maas,  near  the  village  Hedel,  not  far  from  Bois  le  due:  this 
laft;  weighed  forty  pounds,  and  had  tvvo  bags  of  cajioreum,  weigh- 


ing 

w 


* DeBuffon,  viii.  286. 


f Ibid, 


LXXX 


/// 


< /w ' 


o/] 

■ /i  J fv/  / ' r / _ 


>//. 


B E A V E R. 

ing  four  ounces,  and  of  excellent  quality.  It  had  inhabited  the 
river  for  fome  years,  and  done  much  damage  to  the  willow- 
trees,  with  whofe  bark  its  ftomach  was  found  full.  They  are 
much  more  frequent  in  the  Lippe,  above  IVefel,  from  which  river 
they  might  defcend  into  thofe  of  Holland'*. 

Abound  in  the  Afiatic  part  of  the  RnJjian  empire  *,  are  found 
in  companies,  or  affociated,  about  the  Konda,  and  other  rivers 
which  flow  into  the  Oby.  They  are  met  with  difperfed,  or  in  the 
ftate  of  terriers,  in  the  wooded  parts  of  independent  Tartary,  and 


are  to  be  feen  in  Kamtfchatka,  by  reafon  of  the  interruption  ol  the 
woods  beyond  the  river  Kowyma ; nor  yet  in  the  new-difcovered 
iflands  weft  of  that  country:  only  in  the  ifte  of  Kadjak,  the  neareft 
to  America,  fome  fkins  have  been  procured  by  the  Rnjfians,  which 
probably  were  got  by  the  natives  from  America,  in  whofe  northern 
parts  they  are  found  in  prodigious  abundance. 

The  moft  induftrious  of  animals:  nothing  equals  the  art  with  Manners. 
which  they  conftrufl  their  dwellings.  They  chufe  a level  piece 
of  ground,  with  a fmall  rivulet  running  through  it.  This  they 
form  into  a pond,  by  making  a dam  acrofs ; firft  by  driving  into 
. the  ground  ftakes  five  or  fix  feet  long,  placed  in  rows,  wattling 
I each  row  with  pliant  twigs,  and  filling  the  interfticcs  with  clay, 
i ramming  it  down  clofe.  The  fide  neareft  to  the  water  is  doped; 
j the  other  perpendicular.  The  bottom  is  from  ten  to  twelve  feet 
thick;  but  the  thicknefs  gradually  diminiflies  to  the  top,  which 
is  about  two  or  three.  The  length  of  thefe  dams  is  fometimes 
not  lefs  than  a hundred  feet. 

* Marline's  Kaiechi/m,  Natur,  ii.  143. 

0^2  Their 


I 


BEAVER, 


Their  houfes  are  made  in  the  water  colledled  by  means  of  the 
dam,  and  are  placed  near  the  edge  of  the  fhore.  They  are  built 
on  piles;  are  either  round  or  oval  ; but  the  tops  are  vaulted;  fo 
that  their  infide  refembles  an  oven,  the  top  a dome.  The  walls 
are  two  feet  thick  ; made  of  earth,  ftones,  and  flicks,  moft  arti- 
ficially laid  together ; and  the  walls  within  as  neatly  plaiftered 
as  if  with  a trowel.  In  each  houfe  are  two  openings;  one  into  the 
water,  the  other  towards  the  land.  The  height  of  thefe  houfes 
above  the  water  is  eight  feet.  They  often  make  two  or  three 
ilories  in  each  dwelling,  for  the  convenience  of  change,  in  cafe 
of  floods.  Each  houfe  contains  from  two  to  thirty  beavers ; and 
the  number  of  houfes  in  each  pond  is  from  ten  to  twenty-five. 
Each  beaver  forms  its  bed  of  mofs;  and  each  family  forms  its 
magazine  of  winter  provifion,  which  confifts  of  bark  and  boughs 
of  trees.  This  they  lodge  under  water,  and  fetch  it  into  their 
apartments  as  their  wants  require.  Lazvfon  fays  they  are  fondell 
of  the  fajfafras,  afh,  and  fweet-gum.  Their  fummer  food  is 
leaves,  fruits,  and  fometimes  crabs  and  craw-fifh;  but  they  are  not 
fond  of  filh. 

To  effedt  thefe  works,  a community  of  two  or  three  hundred 
aflembles;  each  bears  his  fliare  in  the  labor:  fome  fall,  by  gnaw- 
ing with  their  teeth,  trees  of  great  fize,  to  form  beams  or  piles; 
thefe  are  gnawed  all  round  in  as  regular  a manner  as  a cutter  cuts 
in  falling  a tree,  bringing  the  bottom  of  the  wood  to  a point*: 
others  roll  the  pieces  along  to  the  water ; others  dive,  and  with 
their  feet  ferape  holes,  in  order  to  place  them  in;  while  others 

* This  will  be  bell  underllood  by  infpedting  the  fpecimens  in  the  Leveriah 
Museum, 


exert 


BEAVER. 


exert  their  efforts  to  rear  them  in  their  proper  places : another 
party  is  employed  in  colleding  twigs,  to  wattle  the  piles  with; 
a third,  in  collefting  earth,  ftones,  and  clay;  a fourth  is  bulled  in 
beating  and  tempering  the  mortar;  others,  in  carrying  it  on  their 
broad  tails  to  proper  places,  and  with  the  fame  inftrument  ram  it 
between  the  piles,  or  plaifter  the  infide  of  their  houfes.  A cer- 
tain number  of  fmarl  ftrokes  with  their  tail,  is  a fignal  given  by 
the  overfeer,  for  repairing  to  fuch  or  fuch  places,  either  for  mend- 
ing any  defefls,  or  at  the  approach  of  an  enemy ; and  the  whole 
fociety  attend  to  it  with  the  utmoft  affiduity.  Their  time  of 
building  is  early  in  the  fummer ; for  in  winter  they  never  ftir  but 
to  their  magazines  of  provilions,  and  during  that  feafon  are  very 
fat.  They  breed  once  a year,  and  bring  forth,  the  latter  end  of 
the  winter,  two  or  three  young  at  a birth, 

Befides  thefe  affociated  beavers,  is  another  fort,  which  are 
called  Terriers-,  which  either  want  induftry  or  fagacity  to  form 
houfes  like  the  others.  They  burrow  in  the  banks  of  rivers, 
making  their  holes  beneath  the  freezing  depth  of  the  water,  and 
work  up  for  a great  number  of  feet.  Thefe  alfo  form  their  win- 
ter flock  of  provifion. 

Beavers  vary  in  their  colors:  the  finefl  are  black;  but  the  ge- 
neral color  is  a chefnut  brown,  more  or  lefs  dark;  fome  have 
been  found,  but  very  rarely,  white;  others  fpotted : both  varie- 
ties are  preferved  in  the  Leverian  Museum.  The  fkins  are  a 
prodigious  article  of  trade ; being  the  foundation  of  the  hat-ma- 
nufaftory.  In  1763  were  fold,  in  a fingle  fale  of  the  Hudfon's 
Bay  Company,  54,670  fkins.  They  are  diftinguilhed  by  different 
names.  Coat  Beaver  is  what  has  been  worn  as  coverlets  by  the 
Indians*  Parchment  Beaver,  becaufe  the  lower  fide  refernbles  it. 

Stage 


ii8  ' BEAVER. 

Stage  Beaver  is  the  word,  and  is  that  which  the  Indians  kill  out 
, of  fe^fon,  on  their  flages  or  journies.  The  valuable  drug  Cajlo- 

reum'^  is  taken  from  the  inguinal  glands  of  thefe  animals.  The 
antients  had  a notion  it  w'as  lodged  in  the  tefticles,  and  that  the 
animal,  when  hard  prefled,  would  bite  them  off,  and  leave  them 
to  its  purfuers,  as  if  confcious  of  what  they  wanted  to  deftroy 
him  for. 

Imitatus  Caftora,  qui  fe 
Eunuchum  ipfe  facit,  cupiens  evadere  damng 
‘leJUeulerum.  Juvenal,  xii.  34, 

Juft  as  the  Beaver,  that  wife  thinking  brute. 

Who,  when  hard  hunted  on  a clofe  purfuit. 

Bites  ofF  the  parts,  the  caufe  of  all  the  ftrife. 

And  leaves  them  as  a ranfom  for  his  life.  Dry  den. 


* The  Eujftan  Caftoreum  Is  fo  much  better  than  the  American,  that  we  give  two 
guineas  a pound  for  that,  and  only  8j.  kd,  for  the  laft  ; the  lirft  being  lefs  waxy, 
and  pulverifes  readier.  Notwithftanding  we  take  this  drug  from  Rujfta,  we  export 
there  vaft  numbers  of  Beaver  Ikins.  The  flefti  is  reckoned  good  eating,  being 
preferved,  after  the  bones  are  taken  out,  by  drying  it  in  the  fmoke. 

MS.  h'tjl,  Hud/on’s  Bay, 


MufTafcus. 


BEAVER. 


Muflafcus.  Smith'’ s Virginia,  27.  Caftor  cauda  verticaliter  plana,  digitis 

Mufquafti.  Jo£elyn’s  'voy,  Nevu  Engla>ui,  omnibus  a fe  invicem  feparatis. 

86.  quad.  93. 

Mufk  Rat.  Lavjfon  Carolina,  120.  L’Ondatra.  De  Buffon,  x.  i.  tah.  i. 

Caftor  Zibethicus.  C.  cauda  longa  com-  Rat  Mufque.  Charlevoix  Nouv.  France, 
preftb-lanceolata,  pedibus  fifiis.  Lin.  v.  . Lefcarbot  N.  Fr.  350.  Lev. 
J'yji.  Mus. 

TJ  with  a thick  blunt  nofe:  ears  (hort,  and  almoft  hid  in  the 

fur:  eyes  large:  toes  on  each  foot  feparated ; thofe  behind 
fringed  on  each  fide  with  llrong  hairs,  clofely  fet  together  : tail 
compreffed  fideways,  and  very  thin  at  the  edges,  covered  with 
fmall  fcales,  intermixed  with  a few  hairs : color  of  the  head  and 
body  a reddifii  brown:  breall  and  belly  afli-color,  tinged  with 
red:  the  fur  very  fine:  length,  from  nofe  to  tail,  one  foot;  of 
the  tail,  nine  inches : in  the  form  of  its  body,  exactly  refembles 
a beaver. 

Inhabits  'North  America:  breeds  three  or  four  times  in  a year^, 
and  brings  from  three  to  fix  young  at  a time  : during  fummer, 
the  male  and  female  confort  together:  at  approach  of  winter, 
unite  in  families,  and  retire  into  fmall  round  edifices,  covered 
with  a dome,  formed  of  heibs  and  reeds  cemented  with  clay:  at 
the  bottom  are  feveral  pipes,  through  Vv'hich  they  pafs  in  fearch 
of  food;  for  they  do  not  form  magazines  like  the  beavers:  dur- 
ing winter,  their  habitations  are  covered  many  feet  deep  with 
fnow  and  ice;  but  they  creep  out  and  feed  on  the  roots  that  lie 


5 


* MS.  bijl.  Huetfon's  Bay. 


beneath ; 


1 19 


312.  Musk. 


I 


120 


BEAVER, 


313.  Guillino, 


Manners. 


beneath  : they  quit  their  old  habitations  annually,  and  build  new 
ones.  The  fur  is  foft,  and  much  efteemed  : the  whole  animal, 
during  fummer,  has  a mofl;  exquifite  mulky  finell:  which  it  lofes 
in  winter : perhaps  the  fcent  is  derived  from  the  Calamus  Aro- 
maticuSi  a favorite  food  of  this  animal.  Lefcarhot  fays  they  are 
very  good  to  eat. 


Caftor  Huidobrius.  Molina  Chili,  266. 

"O  with  a fquare  head  : fliort  and  round  ears : fmall  eyes:  color 
grey;  dark  on  the  back,  whitilla  on  the  belly.  It  has  two 
forts  of  hair,  like  the  common  beaver : one  fliort  and  fine,  andfuf- 
ceptible  of  any  dye ; the  other  fpecies  of  hair  long  and  hard : 
the  roes  of  the  fore  feet  bordered  with  a membrane;  the  hind  feet 
webbed ; the  back  very  broad  : the  tail  long  and  hairy,  and  length 
from  the  nofe  to  the  tail  three  feet ; height  two  feet. 

Inhabits  the  deepeft  rivers  and  lakes  of  ChiU:  has  the  foramen 
ovalehdM  clofed:  can  live  long  under  water : feeds  on  fillies  and 
crabs : is  fierce  and  bold,  and  will  feize  its  prey  in  fight  of  mankind ; 
is  killed  by  the  hunters  when  it  comes  to  difcharge  its  excre- 
ments, which  it  does  always  in  the  fame  place:  moth  beatitiful 
ftulFs  are  made  of  the  fur,  refembling  velvet ; it  is  alio  of  great  ufe 
in  the  manufadture  of  hats. 

M.  Molina  calls  it  HuidohriuSi  from  the  family  name  of  his 
patron,  the  marquifs  of  Cafa  Reale. 

M.  Molina 


BEAVER,  i2i. 

M.  Molina  was  one  of  the  Jefuits  whom  the  Spaniards  ex- 
pelled out  of  South  America,  I'hcy  robbed  him  of  all  his 
effeds  and  manuferipts : by  a fingular  fortune  he  found  in 
Italy  the  manufeript  which  furniflies  us  with  the  valuable  na- 
tural hidory  of  Chili. 


VoL.  II. 


R 


Two 


122 


PORCUPINE. 


XXVUT. 

PORCUPINE. 


314.  Crestfd. 


Two  cimlng  teeth  in  each  jaw. 

Body  covered  with  long,  hard,  and  (harp  quills. 

Upper  lip  divided. 

TrJ  -^r'tjlot.  hijl.  An.  lib.  1. 1.  6.  Oppian  HyPcrix  criftata.  H.  palmis  tetrada£lylis, 
Cyneg.  iii.  391.  plantis  pentadaftylis,  caplte  criftato, 

Hyftrix.  Plinii  lib.  via,  c.  33.  Gcfnerqtiad.  cauda  abbreviata.  Lin.fyfi,  76.  Hajjfd- 
563.  Rail  fyn  quad.  206.  quiji.  itin.  290. 

Acanthion  criftatus.  Klein  quad.  66.  Hyilrix  caplte  criftato.  Br’Jfon  quad.  83. 

Hyftrix  orientalis  criftata.  ieb.  Mu/,  i.  79.  Le  Porc-epic.  De  Buffon,  xii.  402.  tab.  li. 
tab.X,  Hi.  F annul.  Sinens, 

■p  with  a long  creft  on  the  top  of  the  head,  reclining  backwards, 
^ * formed  of  ftiff  bridles:  the  body  covered  with  long  quills; 
thofe  on  the  hind  part  of  the  body  nine  inches  in  length,  very  (harp 
at  the  ends,  varied  with  black  and  white ; between  the  quills  a few 
hairs : the  head,  belly,  and  legs,  are  covered  with  (Irong  bridles, 
terminated  with  foft  hair,  of  a duflcy  color:  the  whilkers  long; 
ears  like  the  human  : four  toes  before,  five  behind  : tail  diort, 
and  covered  with  quills : length,  from  nofe  to  tail,  two  feet ; tail, 
four  inches. 

Inhabits  India,  the  fand-hills  on  the  S.  W.  of  the  Cafpian  fea, 
“Tart ary,  Perfia,  PaleJUne,  and  all  parts  oi  Africa',  is 

found  wild  in  Italy;  but  is  not  originally  a native  oi*  Europe: 
is  brought  into  the  markets  of  Rome,  where  it  is  eaff.  The 
Italian  porcupines  have  (horter  quills,  and  a lelTer  cred,  than  thole 
oi  Afi  a ocoal  Africa : is  an  harmlefs  animal:  lives  on  fruits,  roots, 
and  vegetables : deeps  by  day,  feeds  by  night : the  report  of  its 

* Agricola  An.  Subt,  486. 
t RafsTravds,  i.  31 1,  Ph.  Tr,  ahridg.  v.  147, 


darting 


'If. 


'1 

1) 


ffl- 


I 


i. 


t 


..  \ 


/ 


PORCUPINE. 


darting  its  quills  fabulous:  when  angry,  retires  and  runs  its  nofe 
Into  a corner,  ereds  its  fpines,  and  oppofes  them  to  its  aflailant: 
makes  a fnorting  noife. 

Thefeanimals produce  -xBe^oar',  but,  accordingto&i'5,only thofe 
which  inhabit  Java,  Sumatra,  and  Malacca.  Thefe  Bczoars  were 
very  highly  valued,  and  have  been  fold  for  five  hundred  crowns 
apiece.  It  has  alfo  been  pretended  that  a ftone  was  procured 
frona  the  head  of  this  animal,  infinitely  more  efficacious  than 
other  Bezoars  * ; but  this  may  be  placed  among  the  many  impo- 
fitions  of  oriental  empirics. 

Erinaceus  Malacenfis.  Gm.  Lin.  ii6.  i.  p.  8i.  tab.  41 . fig.  i.  Malacca. 

^ with  large  pendulous  ears : no  c reft:  quills  like  the  preceding, 

* with  the  interftices  filled  with  long  hairs,  refembling  briftles : 
eyes  large  and  bright;  hair  on  the  legs,  and  belly  covered  with 
fhort  reddifii  prickly  hairs : toes  five  in  number,  which  might 
determine  Linaaus  to  place  this  animal  among  the  hedge-hogs. 

Inhabits  the  peninfula  of  Malacca. 

Porcus  acuTeatus  fylveftrls,  feu  Hyftrix  Hyftrix caudalongifllma,  aculeisundique  Lonc!- 

orientalis  fingularis.  Seb.  Muf.  i.  84.  obfita,  in  extreme  panniculata,  tailed. 

tab.  lii.  quad.  89. 

Acanthion  cauda  prslonga,  acutis  pills  Hyftrix  macroura.  H.  pedlbus  pentadac- 
horrida,  in  exitu  quafi  panniculata,  tylis,  caudalongifDma : aculeis  clavads. 

Klein  quad,  67.  Lin.JyJi,  77, 

"O  with  long  whilkers:  fhort  naked  ears;  large  bright  eyes; 

^ • body  Ihort  and  thick,  covered  with  long  ftiff  hairs  as  fharp 

* Tavernier,  II.  i J4. 

R 2 


as 


124 


PORCUPINE. 


4 


317.  Brasilian. 


as  needles,  of  different  colors,  according  as  the  rays  of  light  lali 
on  them:  feet  divided  into  five  toes;  that  which  ferves  as  a 
thumb  turns  backwards:  the  tail  is  as  long  as  the  body,  very 
flender  to  the  end,  which  confifts  of  a thick  tuft:  the  bridles  ap- 
pearing as  if  jointed;  are  thick  in  the  middle,  and  rife  one  out 
of  the  other  like  grains  of  rice;  are  tranlparcnt,  and  of  a fdvcry 
appearance. 

Inhabits  the  ifles  of  the  Indian  Arc  hipclago,  and  lives  in  the  forefls. 


Tlaquatzin.  Hernandez.,  Me.v,  330.  H.  cauda  longiffima,  tenui,  medietate  ex- 

Cuandu.  Brafilienfihus,  Lujitanis.  trema  aculeorum  experte,  87. 

Ourico  cachiero.  Marcgrave  Brafd.  233.  H.  Americanus  major,  88. 

Pifo  Brafd.  99.  325.  ilyftrix  longius  caudatus,  brevioribus 

Iron  Pig.  Nieuhqff',  17.  aculcis.  Barrere  France  jEquin.  153. 

Hyftrix  Americanus. 208.  Hyllrix  minor  leucophasus,  Gouandou. 
Hyilrix  prehenfilis,  H.  pedibus  tetradac-  ibid. 

tylis,  cauda  elongat'a  prehenfili  femi-  Chat  epineux.  Des  Mardais,  iii.  303. 
nuda.  Lin.fyf.  76. 

^ with  a fhort  blunt  nofe:  long  white  whifkers:  beneath  the 
• nofe  a bed  of  fmall  fpines : top  of  the  head,  back,  fides,  and 
bafe  of  the  tail,  covered  with  fpines;  the  longed,  on  the  lower 
part  of  the  back  and  tall,  are  three  inches  in  length,  very  Iliarp, 
white,  barred  near  their  points  with  black;  adhere  clofely  to  tlie 
ficin,  which  is  quite  naked  between  them;  are  fhorter  and  weaker 
as  they  approach  the  belly:  on  the  bread,  belly,  and  lower  part  . 
of  the  legs,  are  converted  into  dark-brown  bridles:  feet  divided 
into  faur  toes:  claws  very  long;  on  the  place  of  the  thumb  a , 
great  protuberance  : tail  eighteen  inches  long,  flender,  and  taper 
towards  the  end;  the  lad*  ten  inches  is  aimed  naked,  bavin 

onl 


fcD 


/I,  I 


W . 


P O P.  C U P I N E. 

only  a few  hairs  on  it;  has,  for  that  length,  a ftrong  prehenhie 
quality. 

Inhabits  M-x/Vo  Brqfil : and  extends  to  Chili:  lives  in  the 
woods:  preys  not  only  on  fruits,  but  poultry:  fleeps  in  the  day, 
preys  by  night:  makes  a noife  with  its  noflrils  as  if  out  of  breath: 
grunts  like  a fow  : grows  very  fat ; its  flefli  white,  and  very  good : 
climbs  trees,  but  very  flowly ; in  defccnding,  twills  its  tail  round  the 
branches,  for  fear  of  falling  : is  no  more  capable  of  Ihooting  its  quills 
than  the  firll:  may  be  tamed.  Pifo  fays  there  is  a greater  and  leffer 
kind. 

This  fpecies  is  very  rarely  brought  into  Europe^  I had  op- 
portunity of  defcribing  it  from  a fpecimen  fome  time  in  pof- 
feffion  of  Mr.  Greenwood;  who  was  fo  obliging  as  to  permit  me 
to  have  a drawing  made  of  it,  from  which  a very  faithful  figure 
is  here  given.  M..  de  Buffonp  has  made  mention  of  this  animal 
in  his  work;  but  unjuflly  reproaches  Maregrave  with  confound- 
ing it  with  the  Mexican  fpecies. 


Hoitzlacuatzin,  feu  Tlacuatzin  fpinofus,  rentibus,  cauda  brevi  et  craffo.  BriJJhn 
Hyllrix  novae  Hifpania:.  Mernmdi^  quad.  86. 

Mex.  322.  ^ Le  Coendu.  De  Buffon,  xli.  421.  tab.  liv, 

Hyltrix  novae  Hifpaniae.  H.  aculeis  appa- 

■p  of  a duflcy  color,  with  very  long  bridles  intermixed  with  the 
* down:  the  fpines  three  inches  long,  flender,  and  varied 
with  white  and  yellow;  fcarcely  apparent,  except  on  the  tail, 

* Focem  edit  ut  233. 

t Under  tlie  name  of  LeCoettdeu,  xli.  421,  tab,  liv, 

which 


125 


18.  Mexican. 


126 

PORCUPINE. 

Size. 

wliich  Isj  according  to  Hernandez,  thicker  and  fnorter  than  that  of 
the  preceding  fpecies.  He  adds,  that  the  tail,  from  the  middle 
to  the  end,  is  free  from  fpines. 

According  to  Hernandez,  it  grows  to  the  bulk  of  a middle- 
fized  dog.  M.  de  Buffon  fays,  its  length  is  f xteeii  or  feventeen 
inches  from  the  nofe  to  the  tail ; the  tail  nine,  French  meafure,  but 
taken  from  a mutilated  fkin. 

Place. 

Inhabits  the  mountains  of  Mra7Vo:  lives  on  the  fummer  fruits, 
and  may  be  eafily  made  tame.  The  Indians  pulverife  the  quills, 
and  fay  they  are  very  efficacious  in  gravelly  cafes;  and,  applied 
whole  to  the  forehead,  will  relieve  the  mofl:  violent  hcad-ach» 
They  adhere  till  filled  with  blood,  and  then  drop  off. 

Jig.  Canada. 

Porcupine  from  Hudfons  Bay.  Edn.v,  52.  dorfo  folo  fpi’nofo.  Lin.fyjl.  76. 

Ellis's  'VO'/.  \z.  Clerk's ‘voy.i.  177.  igi.  Hyftrix  aculeis  fub  pills  occultis,  cauda 
Cavia  Hudfonis.  Klein  quad.  brevi  et  cralTa.  BriJJonquad.  87. 

Hyftrix  dorfata.  H.  palmis  tetradaftylis,  L’Urfon.  De  Buffon,  xii.  ^J26.  tab.  Iv. 
plantis  pentadaftylis,  cauda  mediocri.  Lev.  Mus. 

T)  with  fhort  ears,  hid  in  the  fur : head,  body,  legs,  and  up- 
• per  part  of  the  tail,  covered  with  foft,  long,  dark  brown 
hair:  on  the  upper  part  of  the  head,  back,  body,  and  tail,  num- 
bers of  fharp  ftrong  quills ; the  longed  on  the  back,  the  left  to- 
wards the  head  and  fdes;  the  longed  three  inches;  but  all  are 
hid  in  the  hair : intermixed,  are  fome  diff  draggling  hairs,  three 
inches  longer  than  the  red,  tipt  with  dirty  white:  under  fide  of 
the  tail  white:  four  toes  on  the  fore  feet,  five  behind,  each 
armed  with  long  claws,  hollowed  on  their  under  fide : the  form 
of  the  body  is  exadtly  that  of  a beaver j but  is  not  half  the  fize: 
3 one, 

PORCUPINE, 


127 


one,  which  Mr.  Banks  brought  from  Newfoundland^  was  about 
the  fize  of  a hare,  but  more  compadly  made : the  tail  about  fix 
inches  long. 

Thefe  animals  vary  in  color.  Sir  JJJoton  Lever  had  one,  which 
is  entirely  white. 

Inhabits  N.  America,  as  high  as  Hudfon's  Bay : makes  its  nefl; 
under  the  roots  of  great  trees,  and  will  alfo  climb  among  the 
boughs,  which  the  Indians  cut  down  when  one  is  in  them,  and 
kill  the  animal  by  ftriking  it  over  the  nofe:  are  very  plentiful 
near  Hudfon’s  Bay,  and  many  of  the  trading  Indians  depend  on 
them  for  food,  efteeming  them  both  wholefome  and  pleafant : 
feed  on  wild  fruits  and  bark  of  trees,  efpccially  juniper ; eat 
fnow  in  winter,  drink  water  in  fummer;  but  avoid  going  into 
it:  when  they  cannot  avoid  their  purfuer,  will  fidle  towards 
him,  in  order  to  touch  him  with  the  quills,  which  feem  but  weak 
weapons  of  offence;  for,  on  ftroking  the  hair,  they  will  come 
out  of  the  fkin,  flicking  to  the  hand.  The  Indians  flick  them 
in  their  nofes  and  ears,  to  make  holes  for  the  placing  their 
ear-rings  and  other  finery  : they  alfo  trim  the  edges  of  their 
deer-fkin  habits  with  fringes  made  of  the  quills,  or  cover  with  them 
their  bark-boxes. 


Place. 


Two 


128 


XXIX. 
MARMO  r. 


320.  Alpine, 


]VI  A R M O T. 


Two  cutting  teeth  in  each  jaw. 

Four  toes  before,  five  behind. 

Short  ears,  or  none. 

Tail  covered  with  hair,  and  of  a middling  length;  in  Tome 
very  fliort. 


Mus  Alpinus.  //A  vlli.  c.  '^’]>Agr'i-  pilofa,  auriculis-rotundatis,buccis  gib- 

cola  An.  Suhter.  484.  Gtjner  quad.  743.  bis.  Lin.fyfl.  8 i. 

Rail  fyn.  quad.  223 . Glis  pilis  e fufco  et  flavicante  mixtis  vef- 

Glis  marmota.  Klein  quad.  56.  Hiji.  Mur.  titus.  Glis  fiavicans,  capite  rufefcente. 

Alp.  230.  Brijfon  quad.  I 16,  117. 

Murmelthier.  Kramer  Aujlr.  317.  La  Marmotte.  De  Buff'on,  vlii,  219.  tab. 

Mus  marmota.  M.  caudaabbreviatafub-  xxviii. 


l\/r  with  fhort  round  ears,  hid  in  the  fur:  cheeks  large:  color 
• of  the  head  and  upper  part  of  the  body  brownifli'  afh, 
mixt  with  tawny:  legs  and  lower  part  of  the  body  reddilh:  tail 
pretty  full  of  hair  : length,  from  nofe  to  tail,  about  fixteen  inches ; 
tail  fix  : body  thick. 

Inhabits  the  loftieft  fummits  of  the  Alps  and  Pyrenaan  moun- 
tains: feeds  on  infedls,  roots,  and  vegetables:  while  they  are 
at  food,  place  a centinel,  who  gives  a whiftle  on  feeing  any  fign 
of  danger,  on  which  they  infiantly  retire  into  their  holes : form 
holes  under  ground,  with  three  chambers  of  the  fhape  of  aY, 
with  two  entrances;  line  them  well  with  mofs  and  hay;  retire 
into  them  about  Michaelmas,  and,  flopping  up  the  entrances 
with  earth,  continue  in  a torpid  flate  till  : when  taken  out 
remain  infenfible,  except  brought  before  a fire,  which  revives 
5 them : 


M A R M O T- 


129 


them  : they  lodge  in  fociety,  from  five  to  a dozen  In  a chamber : 
will  walk  on  their  hind  feet : lift  up  their  meat  to  their  mouth 
with  their  fore  feet,  and  eat  it  fitting  up;  bring  three  or  four 
young  at  a time:  are  very  playful:  when  angry,  or  before  a 
■ftorm,  make  a mofi:  ftrange  noife;  a whiftle  fo  loud  and  fo  acute, 
as  quite  to  pierce  the  ear : grow  very  fat  about  the  backs : are 
fometimes  eaten;  but  generally  taken  in  order  to  be  fliewn,  efpe- 
cially  by  the  Savoyards',  grow  very  foon  tame,  and  will  then  eat 
any  thing:  are  very  fond  of  milk,  which  they  lap,  making  at 
the  fame  time  a murmuring  noife,  expreffive  of  their  fatlsfaftiont 
very  apt  to  gnaw  any  cloaths  or  linen  they  find  : will  bite  very 
'hard. 


Mwith  a blunt  nofe : fliort  rounded  ears:  cheeks  puffed, 
and  of  a grey  color:  face  dulky:  nofe  black:  hair  on 
the  back  grey  at  bottom,  black  in  the  middle,  and  the  tips 
whitifh : belly  and  legs  of  an  orange-color  : toes  black,  naked, 
and  quite  divided ; four,  and  the  rudiments  of  another,  on  the 
fore  feet;  five  behind;  tail  Ihort,  and  of  a dufky  color:  was  ra- 
ther larger  than  a rabbet. 

Inhabits  Htidforis  Bay  and  Canada.  Mr.  Brooks  had  one  alive 
a few  years  ago;  it  was  very  tame,  and  made  a hifling  noife: 
perhaps  is  the  fpecies  which  the  French  of  Canada  call  Sijjieur. 

It  has  lately  been  defcribed  by  Dr.  Balias,  under  the  name  of 
Mus  empetra 

* No'u./p.  ^uadr.fafc.  L 75. 

s 


321.  Quebec. 


Plac», 


Yol.  II. 


Bahama 


130 


MARMOT. 


322.  Maryland* 


Plagi. 


323.  Hoary. 


Bahama  Cony.  Catejly  Carolina,  ii.  79. 
Monax,  Catejhy  Carolina  Afp.  xxviii. 
MonaXj  or  Marmotte  of  America.  Echv. 
104. 

Glis  Marmota,  Americanus.  Klein  quad, 
56,  De  Buffon,  Suppl.  iii,  175. 


Glls  fufcus.  Glis  fiifcus,  roltro  e clnerco 
caerulefcente.  Brijfon  quad.  1 1 j. 

Mus  Monax.  M.  cauda  mediocri  pilofa, 
corpore  cinereo,  auriculis  fubrotundis, 
palmistetradacfylis,  plands  pentadafty- 
lis.  Lin.JyJt.  81. 


IX /I  with  fhort  rounded  ears:  black  prominent  eyes:  nofe 
*^~'*‘*  fliarper  than  that  of  the  laft:  nofe  and  cheeks  of  a blueilh 
alh-color:  back  of  a deep  brown  color:  fides  and  belly  paler : 
tail  half  the  length  of  the  body,  covered  with  pretty  long  diifky 
hair:  toes  divided,  and  armed  with  fliarp  claws:  four  toes  before^ 
five  behind : feet  and  legs  black  : is  about  the  fize  of  a rabbet. 

Inhabits  Virginia  and  Penjylvania:  during  winter  lleeps  under 
the  hollow  roots  of  trees:  is  found  alfo  in  the  Bahama  ifles: 
lives  on  wild  fruits  and  other  vegetables : its  flefh  is  very  good,  | 
tailing  like  that  of  a pig:  when  furprized,  retreats  to  holes  in  the 
rocks : whether  it  lleeps,  during  winter.  In  the  climate  of  thofe 
illes,  is  not  mentioned. 


with  the  tip  of  the  nofe  black:  ears  (hort  and  ovali 
• cheeks  whitilh  : crown  dulky  and  tawny  : hair  univerfally 
rudeandlong;  that  on  the  back,  Tides,  and  belly,  cinereous  at  the 
root,  black  in  the  middle,  whitilh  at  the  tip,  fo  that  the  ani- 
mal has  a hoary  appearance : legs  black : claws  dulky  *,  four  be- 
fore, five  behind  : tail  black,  mixed  with  ruft- color. 

About  the  fize  of  the  former. 

Inhabits. 


.ill 


M A R M O T, 

Inhabits  the  northern  parts  of  North  America.  Defcribed  from 
a fpedmen  in  theLEvERiAN  Museum. 


*31 


Bobab  Swiftcb.  Rzacztnjki  Polon.  233.  tab.  xviil.  J24.  Bobak, 

'Bohdk..  Beauplan  hift  Ukrain,  Churchill's  ^Ogm.  Rubrupds'sTravels  in  Purchas.m, 
coll.  i.  600.  Forfier  hiji.  Volga,  Phil.  6. 

‘Iran/.  Ivii.  343.  De  Buffon,  xiii.  136.  Ardiomys.  Pallas nov,/l>.fafc.\,c).\.2ih,v. 


TL yr  with  fmall  oval  thick  ears,  covered  with  greyifli  white 
down;  with  longifli  hairs  on  the  edges;  eyes  fmall; 
whifkers  fmall : color  about  the  eyes  and  nofe  dulky  brown ; 
among  the  whilkers  ferruginous : upper  part  of  the  body  greyifli, 
intermixed  with  long  black  or  dufky  hairs,  tipt  with  grey ; 
throat  ruft-colored  ; reft  of  the  body,  and  the  infide  of  the  limbs, 
of  a yellowifh  ruft-color:  four  toes  on  the  fore  feet,  with  a ftiort 
thumb  furniftied  with  a ftrong  claw;  five  toes  behind:  tail  fliort, 
flender,  full  of  hair. 

Length  from  nofe  to  tail  fixteen  inches;  of  the  trunk  of  the  Size. 
tail,  about  four : the  hairs  extend  an  inch  beyond  the  end  of  the 
trunk. 

Inhabits  the  high  but  milder  and  funny  fides  of  mountancus  Place, 

Countries,  which  abound  with  fi file  or  free-ftone  rocks : feck  dry 
fituations,  and  fuch  which  are  full  of  fprings,  woods,  or  fand. 

They  are  found  in  Poland,  and  the  fouth  of  Rujfui,  among  the 
Carpathian  hWh;  they  fwarm  in  the  about  the  BorlJIhenes., 

efpecially  between  the  Sula  and  Siipoy and  again  between  the 
Borljihenes  and  the  Don,  and  along  the  range  of  hills  which  ex- 
tend to  the  Volga-,  they  arc  found  about  the  Talk  and  other 

S 2 neighboring 


marmot; 


neighboring  rivers.  Inhabit  the  fouthern  defert  in  Gnat  "Tar~ 
tary,  and  the  Altaic  mountains  eaft  of  the  Irtis ; ceafe  to  appear 
in  Siberia,  on  account  of  Its  northern  fituation ; but  are  found 
again  beyond  lake  Baikal,  and  about  the  river  Argun  and  lake 
Dalay ; in  the  funny  mountains  about  the  Lena-,  and  very  com- 
mon in  Kanitjchatka,  but  rarely  reach  as  high  as/^?/.  55. 

Manners.  They  burrow  extremely  deep,  and  obliquely,  to  the  depth  of  two, 

three,  or  four  yards : they  form  numbers  of  galleries  with  one 
common  entrance  from  the  furface ; each  gallery  ends  in  the  neft 
of  the  inhabitant.  Sometimes  the  burrows  confifl;  of  only  one 
paffage.  They  are  found  in  great  abundance  about  the  fepub 
chral  tumuli,  as  they  find  they  can  penetrate  with  great  facility 
in  the  foft  dry  earth;  but  they  are  very  common  in  the  rocky 
ftrata;  and  in  the  mineral  part  of  the  Urallian  chain,,  often  direct 
the  miners  to  the  veins  of  copper,  by  the.  fragments  which  ap- 
pear at  the  mouth  of  their  holes,  flung  out  in  the  courfe  of  their 
labors.  In  very  hard  and  rocky  places,  from  twenty  to  forty  of 
thefe  animals  join  together  to  facilitate  the  work,  and  live  in  fo- 
dety,  each  with  its  neft  at  the  end  of  its  refpedive  gallery ; but 
the  feweft  galleries  are  found  in  the  fofteft  ground,  and  very  fre- 
quently only  a Angle  one.  In  each  neft  they  colled,  efpecially 
towards  autumn,  the  Aneft  of  hay,  and  in  fuch  plenty,  that  fuffi- 
dent  is  found  in  one  neft  for  a night’s  food  for  a horfe. 

During  the  middle  and  funny  part  of  the  day  they  fport  about 
the  entrance  of  their  holes,  but  feldom  go  far  from  them;  on 
the  Aght  of  man  they  retire  with  a flow  pace,  and  At  upright 
near  the  mouth,  and  give  a frequent  whiftle,  liftening  at  the  ap- 
proach. In  places  where  they  live  in  large  families,  they  ah 
4 ways-. 


M A R M'  O T,. 


ways  place  a centinel  to  give  notice  of  any  danger,  during  the 
time  the  reft  are  feeding. 

They  are  very  fond  of  oleraceous  plants:  in  a ftate  of  confine- 
ment eat  cabbage  and  bread  very  greedily,  and  drink  milk  with 
great  eagernefs ; but  refufe  water,  and  feem  never  affefted  with 
thirft:  they  are  mild  and  good-natured;  never  quarrel  or  fight 
about  their  food  in  a wild  ftate,  and  when  confined,  and  placed 
with  others,  caught  in  diftant  parts,  and  ftrangers  to  them,  grow 
inftantly  familiar  with  them;  then  very  foon  become  tame,  even 
when  taken  in  full  age;  but  the  young  immediately  become  fa^ 
miliar. 

The  number  produced  at  a birth  Is  not  certainly  known,  pro- 
bably at  times  eight;  the  females  being  furnifhed  with  that 
number  of  teats:  they  breed  early,,  for  in  June  the  young  are 
obferved  to  be  of  half  the  fize  of  the  old^ 

They  lie  torpid  during  winter,  except  thofe  which  are  kept 
tame  in  the  ftove-warmed  rooms  of  the  country  ; and  even  then, 
finding  a defetf  of  that  warmth  which  the  fnug  neft  of  their  fub- 
terraneous  retreat  would  afford,  in  cold  nights  creep  for  fhelter 
into  the  very  beds  of  the  inhabitants.  In  that  ftate.  they  will 
not  abfolutely  refufe  food,  but  eat  very  little,  and  that  with  a 
feeming  difguft;  nature  allotting  for  them,  in  the  wild  ftate,  a 
long  deep  and  ceffation  from  food,  the  refult  of  plenitude  pre- 
vious to  its  commencement.  They  fornetimes  efcape  from  con- 
finement, find  a retreat,  and  get  their  winter’s  deep,  and  return- 
to  their  mafter  in  the  fpring;  but  lofe  much  of  their  gentle 
manners. 

They  grow  very  fat:  the  fat  is  ufed  for  foftenlng  of  leather 
the  fktns  are.  ufed  by  the  Koreki^  people  of  J.akutksy  and  the  RnJ- 

Jiam^ 


MARMOT. 


ftanSj  for  cloathing.  The  Calmucs  take  them  in  fmall  nets  with 
large  meflies,  placed  before  their  holes.  The  inhabitants  of 
Ukraine  catch  them  in  May  or  June,  by  pouring  water  into  the 
holes,  which  forces  them  into  the  nets.  In  South  Rujfia  they  are 
deftroyed  by  means  of  a log  of  wood  with  a weight  at  top ; the 
end  direded  into  a wooden  box  placed  at  the  mouth  of  the  hole, 
which  falls  as  foon  as  the  animal  comes  out,  and  opprefles  it  by 
the  weight.  Their  fiefli  taftes  like  that  of  a hare,  but  is  rank. 

The  Calmucs  are  very  fond  of  the  fat  ones,  and  even  efteem  them 
medicinally:  on  the  contrary,  the  Mahometan  Tartars  not  only 
abftain  from  their  flefli,  but  even  give  them  protedion ; fo  that 
near  the  hords  they  are  extremely  numerous:  thefe  Tartars  efteem 
a warren  of  Bobaks  near  them  to  be  very  fortunate,  and  think 
it  a fin  to  kill  one  of  them,  a fwallow,'  or  a dove;  but  at  the 
lame  time  abominate  the  following  animal. 

In  Chinefe  Tartary  they  are  the  propagators  of  Rhubarb,  which 
grows  among  their  burrows : the  manure  which  they  leave  about 
the  roots  contributes  to  its  increafe;  and  the  loofe  foil  they  fling 
np,  proves  a bed  for  the  ripe  feed  ; which,  if  fcattered  among  the 
long  grafs,  periflies  without  ever  being  able  to  reach  the  ground. 


Lxxn'. 


2.&^'  J.  (AcrrAA  fL^'/Aa./M /■//-_,  '\A3z6’. 


Mus  Maulinus.  Molina  Chili,  284, 

Mwkh  pointed  ears;  elongated  nofe:  whilkers  difpofed  in  four 
• rows:  the  tail  longer  than  that  of  the  common  kind:  five 
toes  on  each  foot  •,  an  anomalous  diftinclion : hair  like  the  common ; 
in  fize  twice  as  large. 

Difcovered  in  the  province  of  Maule  in  Chili,  in  1764,  and 
inhabits  the  woods:  makes  a flout  defence  againfl  the  dogs,  which 
conquer  it  not  without  difficulty. 


Mus  Noricus  aut  Citellus.  Agricola  Ar, 
Suiter.  485.  Gefner  quad,  737.  Raii fyn. 
quad,  220, 

Ziefel,  Schnvenkfelt,  'Thiriotroph,  86. 

Mus  citellus.  M,  cauda  abbreviata,  cor- 
pora cinereo,  auriculis  nullis.  Lin.fyji, 
80. 

Tfitsjan.  Le  Bruyn  <voy,  Mufc.  ii.  402*. 

Cuniculus  caudatus,  auriculis  nullis,  ci- 
nereus.  Brijfon  quad.  10 1. 


Le  Zifel.  De  Buffon,  xv.  139. 

Le  Souflik  — 144,  193.  Suppkm,  iii. 

igi.  tab.  xxxl. 

Mus  Marmotta.  Forjier  hiji.  nat,  Volga, 
Ph.  Tranf.  Ivii  343. 

Mus  Citillus.  Pallas  no<v. /pi  fafc.  i.  irg^ 
tab.  vi.  vii.  B.  Vcrv.  com,  Petr  op.  xiv. 
349.  tab.  vii. 

Earleis  Marmot.  Syn.  quad.  276.  Cafart 
M. 272. 


with  a cinereous  face:  over  each  eye  a white  line:  teeth 
■LtX,  yellow;  whilkers  black  and  long:  no  ears:  hind  part  of 

* Un  chien  courant  que  j’avois,  y prit  dans  la  plaine  un  petit  animal  nomme 
Tjits-jan,  qu’il  m’apporta'en  vie,  et  un  autre  peu  apres,  lefquels  je  fis  ’eventrer, 
pour  les  conferver.  C’eil  un  efpece  de  rat  de  campagne,  de  la  groffeur  d’un 
ecureuil,  qui  a la  queue  courte,  et  le  poil  et  la  couleur  d’un  lapreau,  aulTi  bien  que 
la  forme,  hors  qu’i]  a la  tete  plus  groffe,  et  les  deux  dents  de  delTous  la  moitie  plus 
longues  que  celles  de  deffus.  11  a aufli  les  pattes  de  devant  plus  courtes  que  celles 
de  derriere,  avec  quatre  grifes,  et  une  plus  petite,  et  cinque  a celles  de  derriere,, 
leflemblant  affez  a celles  d’un  linge. 

8 the- 


325.  Maulins. 


Manners. 


326.  Earless. 


136 


MARMOT, 


i 


the  head,  and  whole  back,  of  a pale  yellowifh  brown;  often  dif- 
tindtly  fpoited  with  white;  fometimes  undulated  with  grey:  un* 
der  fide  of  the  body,  and  legs,  of  a yellovvifli  white. 

Tail  covered  with  long  hair-,  brown  above,  bordered  vdth 
black  on  each  fide-,  each  hair  tipped  with  white:  under  part  of 
a bright  ruft-color:  three  middle  toes  of  the  fore  feet  long: 
claws  long  and  fnarp  : exterior  and  interior  toes  fhort;  the  lafl: 
remote  from  the  others : its  claws  (hort  and  blunt. 

Length  one  foot;  of  the  tail,  to  the  end  of  the  hairs,  four 
inches  and  a half. 

Inhabits  Bohemia,  Aiijlria,  Hungary,  and  from  the  banks  of  the 
Volga  to  India  and  Verfia ; through  Siberia,  and  Great  Hartary,  to 
Kamtfchatka'^'' ; fome  of  the  intervening  ifles,  fuch  as  Kadjak',  and 
even  the  continent  ol  America  itfelf. 

Burrows,  and  forms  its  magazine  of  corn,  nuts.  See.  for  its  win- 
ter food-f  : f ts  up  like  a fquirrel  while  it  eats.:  fome  inhabit  the 
fields  in  Siberia,  others  penetrate  into  the  granaries;  the  firfl  form 
holes  under  ground,  with  a double  entrance,  where  they  fleep 
■during  winter:  thofe  v/hich  inhabit  granaries,  are  in  motion  dur- 
ing the  cold  feafon.  They  couple  the  beginning  of  May,  about 
the  Lena,  but  about  AJlraean  earlier,  and  bring  from  five  to  eight 
young,  which  they  bring  up  in  their  burrows,  and  cover  with 
hay : only  one  animal  inhabits  each  burrow : the  females  are  al- 
ways feparate  from  the  males,  except  in  the  coupling  feafon.: 
whiffle  like  the  marmot:  are  very  irafcible-,  quarrelfome  among 
themfelves,  and  bite  very  hard:  fit  in  multitudes  near  their  holes: 
■are  very  fond  of  fait  : taken  in  numbers  on  board  the  barges 

* Yevraflika,  or  Marmotte  minor.  Gmdin  'voj,  Siberia,  ii.  448. 

Raii Jyn>  zzo. 


which 


MARMOT. 


*37 


which  are  loaden  with  that  coaimodity  at  Solikamjky^  and  fall 
down  into  the  Volga  below  Cafan. 

Are  both  herbivorous  and  carnivorous ; feed  on  plants,  and 
deftroy  the  young  of  fmall  bird.-,  and  the  leffer  mice. 

The  Bohemian  ladies  were  wont  to  make  cloaks  of  the  fkins; 
we  fee  them  at  this  time  made  ufe  of  for  linings,  and  appear  very 
beautiful  for  that  purpofe,  efpecially  the  fpotted  kind. 


yr  with  truncated  cars,  the  apertures  large : fliort  tail : upper 
fore  teeth  truncated;  lower,  flender  and  pointed:  four 
toes  on  every  foot,  each  furnifiied  with  claws:  walks  on  the  whole 
hind  feet  as  far  as  the  heel ; color,  teflaceous  red. 

Size  of  a fmall  rabbet. 

Inhabits  Barbary  towards  Mount  Atlas,  near  Majfufin.  Defcribed 
by  the  late  Mr.  Rohtman,  a Szvede.  This  account  was  communi- 
cated to  me  by  Ivir.  Zimmerman,  Gundi  is  its  Arabic  name, 
which  1 retain. 


■R /T  with  fliort  ears : head  and  body  of  a cinereous  brown  ; the 
ends  of  the  hairs  whi.e:  two  cutting  teeth  above;  four 
belo'.v:  no  tail, 

I communicated  a drawing  of  this  fpecies  to  Mr.  Bezvick,  who 
has  given  an  engraving  of  it  at  p.  374  of  his  ingenious  perform- 
ance. \\\hAh\i%  Hudjons  Bay.  In  the  Leverian  Museum, 


327.  GuNDi. 


328.  Taille  ss. 


Voe.  il. 


T 


With 


S U I R R E L. 


XXX. 

SQUIRREL. 


229.  Common. 


With  two  cutting  teeth  in  each  jaw. 
Four  toes  betore,  five  behiaa. 

Long  tail,  cloathed  with  long  hair. 


Sciurus.  Gejner  quad,  845.  Rail /yn.quad,  tadaftylis.  Lin.  j/yft.  86. 

214,  Ikorn,  Gratkin  Fau/.. /uec. 

Wie  viorka  Rzac'ztt’/ki  Polon.  225.  Sciui  us  rurus  quandoque  grifeo  admixto.' 

Eichhorii.  Klein  qi  ad,  53.  Brijfon  quad.  104. 

Sciuras  vulgaris.  3c.  auricuiis  apice  bar  L’EcurPuil.  vii.  258. /«^.xxxiL 

batis,  palniio  tetradafiylis,  planus  pen-  Br.  Zooi.  i.  93.  Lev.  Mus. 

Q with  ears  terminated  with  long  tufts  of  hair:  large  lively 
black  eyes:  head,  body,  legs,  and  tail,  of  a bright  reddilh 
brown:  bieaft  and  belly  white:  hair  on  each  fide  the  tail  lies 
flat.  In  Sweden,  and  Lapland^  changes  in  winter  into  grey.  In 
many  parts  of  England  is  a beautiful  variety  with  milk-white 
tails. 

Inhabits  the  northern  and  temperate  parts  of  u^fia;  and 

a variety  is  even  found  as  far  Joulh  as  the  ifle  of  Ceylon  : is  a neat, 
lively,  aiflive  animal:  lives  always  in  woods:  in  the  fpring,  the 
female  is  feen  purfued  from  tree  to  tree  by  the  males,  feigning  an 
efcape  from  their  embraces.  Makes  its  nefl  of  mofs  and  dried 
leaves,  between  the  fork  of  two  branches:  brings  three  or  four 
young  at  a time : has  two  holes  to  its  nefl : flops  up  that  on  the 
fide  the  wind  blows,  as  Pliny\  juftiy  remarks:  lays  in  a hoard  of 

* Faun.  Suec,  and  Scheffer  Lapl,  135.  f Lib,  viii.  c.  38. 

8 winter 


*39 


S U I R R E L. 

winter  provifion,  fuch  as  nuts,  acorns,  &c. ; in  fummer,  feeds  on 
buds  and  J'oung  (lioots;  is  particularly  fond  of  tliofe  of  fir,  and 
the  young  cones : fits  up  to  eat,  and  ules  its  fore-feet  as  hands : 
covers  itfelf  with  its  tail:  leaps  to  a furprifing  diftance:  when 
difpofed  to  crofs  a river,  a piece  of  bark  is  its  boat;  its  tail  the 
fail 

A large  kind  of  grey  fquirrel  is  found  about  the  upper  parts  of 
the  river  O^i,  in  the  diftrift  of  Kuznetjk^  and  is  called  T’eleufjkaya 
Belka,  or  the  fquirrel  of  the  ’Teieutian  tartan:  it  is  as  large  again 
as  the  common  grey  fquirrels  of  thofe  parts,  and  is  preferred  to 
them,  on  account  of  the  filvery  glofs  of  the  Ikin.  Few  are  fent 
into  RijJfia,  the  greatefh  part  being  fent  into  China^  and  fell  for  6/. 
or  7 /.  fierllng  per  thoufand-f. 

A white  variety  is  found  common  in  Siberia, 

A beautiful  black  variety  about  lake  Baikal.  In  the  Leve- 
RiAN  Museum  is  a moft  elegant  fpecimen  of  this  kind. 


ft,.  White-legged  Squirrel.  The  head,  whole  upper  part  of 
the  body,  fries,  and  toes,  of  a rcddifli  brown;  face,  nofe,  un- 
der fide  of  the  neck,  belly,  fore  legs,  infide  of  the  ears  and 
thighs,  white:  ears  llightly  tufted  with  black:  tail  long,  co- 
vered with  dulky  hairs,  much  fliorter  than  thofe  in  the  Euro- 
pean kind.  Br.  Muf.:  by  the  catalogue,  faid  to  be  broughi: 
from  Ceylon. 


t 


Rzaczinjki,  Klein,  Scheffer,  Linnaus. 

Memtrabalia  Ruff.  /Jiat,  in  Muller's  Sanilung.  Ruff,  vii.  124* 


T 2 


Sciuras 


J40 

S CL  U I R R E L. 

330.  Ceylon. 

Sciurus  Zeylanicus,  pills  indorfo  nigrican-  Sciurus  macrourus,  long-tailed  Squirrel, 
\Mo\xs,Rukkaia  didus  a fono.  Raii  Jyn.  Ind.  Zool.  tab.  i. 

quad,  215. 

Q with  ears  tufted  with  black : nofe  flefli-colored ; cheeks, 
legs,  and  belly,  of  a pale  yellow  ; between  the  ears  a yel- 
low fpot:  forehead,  back,  fides,  haunches,  black  : cheeks  marked 
with  a bifurcated  ftroke  of  black;  under  fide  red:  tail  twice  as 
long  as  the  body,  of  a light  grey,  and  very  bufhy:  the  part  next 
the  body  quite  fijrrounded  with  hair  : on  the  reft  the  hairs  are 
feparated,  and  lie  fiat.  Is  thrice  the  fize  of  the  European  fquirrel. 
Inhabits  ; is  called  there  Dandoelana : alfo  Roekea^  from 

the  noife  it  makes. 

331.  Abyssinian, 

Q with  a round  flefii-colored  nofe:  hair  on  the  upper  part  of 
the  body  of  a rufty  black:  tail  a foot  and  a half  long: 
belly  and  fore  feet  grey  : foies  of  the  feet  flelb-colored.  Thrice 
the  fize  of  an  European  fquirrel. 

Defcribed  from  Ehevenot*,,  who  fays  it  was  bought  at  Moco 
from  an  Abyjfmian ; that  it  was  very  good-natured,  and  fportive 
like  a fquirrel ; would  eat  any  thing  except  flefti,  and  would  crack 
the  hardeft  almonds.  A variety  of  the  above  ? 

^ Voyage  des  Indes  Orient  ales,  v.  34. 

Sciurus 


S CL  U I R R E L. 


Sciurus  maximus.  Gmelin  Un.  i.  149.  Grand  Ecureuil.  Sonnerat,  ^'oy.  li.  139, 

Q with  fliort  tufted  ears;  five  toes  to  each  foot:  inftead  of  a 
thumb  to  the  hind  foot,  is  a fhort  excrefcence,  with  a flat 
nail;  all  the  other  nails  flrong  and  crooked:  tail  very  full  of  hair, 
and  as  long  as  the  body  : hair  long,  of  a reddifh  color,  reflefting 
gold;  a beard  of  the  fame  begins  under  each  ear,  and  turns  towards 
the  body:  all  the  hind  part  of  the  body  and  tail  black:  is  of  the 
fize  of  a cat. 

Inhabits  the  mountains  of  Cardomone  which  form  part  of  the 
Gauts:  is  very  fond  of  the  milk  of  the  coco  nut,  which  it  will 
pierce  and  fuck  out  on  the  tree.  Its  cry  is  fliarp  and  piercing, 


Conner  at  •voy.  ii.  140. 

Q of  a dirty  grey  color;  brightefl;  on  the  belly:  eyes  encompaflT- 
ed  with  a white  circle  : on  each  fide  of  the  belly  is  a white 
line  which  extends  along  the  flioulders  and  thighs:  tail  black: 
rather  larger  than  the  European  kind. 

Inhabits  Gingi, 


141 


332.  Malabar. 


Place. 


333.  Gingi. 


Sonne  rat 3 


142 

S U I R R E L. 

134.  Aye.  Aye. 

Bonner  at  1 11.  142.  tab.  Ixxxviii. 

Size. 

^ with  large  broad  ears,  fmooth,  Ihining,  and  with  feveral  long 
^ • hairs  fcattered  over  them : fur  foft  and  fine;  of  a tawny  white, 
intermixed  with  fome  long  black  hairs:  the  tail  is  very  bulhy, 
covered  with  long  hairs,  black  at  their  ends,  white  at  their  bottoms : 
five  toes  to  each  foot ; the  two  joints  of  the  middle  finger  of  the 
fore  feet  very  {lender ; the  thumb  of  the  hind  foot  furnifltcd  v/ith 
a flat  nail. 

Length  eighteen  inches;  tail  of  the  fame  length  ; burrows  under 
ground:  goes  out  only  in  the  night : the  eyes  fixed  : is  veryllothful, 
and  of  gentle  manners:  very  fearful:  much  inclined  to  fleep; 
and  refl:s  with  its  head  between  its  legs. 

Place. 

\n\ich\tz  Madagafcar : is  a very  rare  animal : takes  its  name  from 
its  cry,  the  note  of  aftonifhment  of  the  natives  of  that  ifland. 

335.  Javan. 

Q black  on  the  upper  part  of  the  body ; of  a light  brown  on 
the  lower:  end  of  the  tail  black:  on  the  thumb  a round 

nail. 

This  brief  account  leaves  me  uncertain  whether  this  is  not  alfo 
a variety. 

Inhabits  Java:  difeovered  by  Mr,  Memoirs  foclety 

at  Gothenhurgh.  Dr,  Pallas. 

S.  with 


S U I R R E L. 


Q with  tufted  ears:  head,  back,  fidcs,  upper  part  of  the  legs  336,  Bombay, 
and  thighs,  and  tail,  of  a dull  purple:  the  lower  part  of 
the  legs,  and  thighs,  and  the  belly,  yellow;  end  of  the  tJl orange: 
length,  from  note  to  tail,  near  fixteen  inches;  tail  feventeen. 

Inhabits  Bombay,  Defcribed  from  a ftulfed  Ikin  in  Dotftor  Hun- 
ter's cabinet. 

This  fpecies  extends  to  Baliferej  the  oppofite  part  of  the 
peninfula  of  Indojlan. 

M.  de  la  Cepede  * gives  the  defcription  and  figure  of  a large 
fquirrel  which  agrees  fo  much  with  this,  that  I fufped  it  to  be 
only  a variety.  He  fays  on  one  front  of  the  face  is  a chefnut 
fpot,  furrounded  with  orange  : in  other  refpe^Is,  there  is  much 
agreement,  only  he  makes  no  mention  of  the  orange  at  the  end  of 
the  tail. 


Sclurus  Erythratus.  Pallas  No^,  fp.  fafc,  i.  377.  Miller's  plates,  tab,  xlvi. 


337.  Ruddy, 


Q with  the  ears  flightly  tufted  : color  above  yellow,  mixed 
with  dufky:  below  of  a blood  red  indinirig  to  tawny;  tail 
llender;  of  the  fame  color,  marked  lengthways  with  a black 
ftripe. 


* See  Bujon,  Suppl.  vi.  234.  tab.  Ixii, 


Four 


144 


R E L. 


S U I R 

Four  toes  on  the  fore  feet;  with  a remarkable  protuberance  In- 
flead  of  a thumb:  five  toes  on  the  hind. 

Rather  larger  in  fize  than  a common  fquirrel. 

Inhabits  India. 


338.  Grey. 


Grey  Squirrel.  JoJJelyn's  'voy.  Catejhy  Ca- 
rolina, ii.  74.  SrniiFs  ‘voy.  27.  Kahns 
^oy.  9J,  310. 

Fox  Squirrel.  La^jofon's  Carolina,  124. 
Sciurus  ciuereus  Virginianus  major.  Rail 
Jyn,  quad.  2 1 5. 


Sciurus  cinereus.  Lin.fyjl.  86. 

Sciurus  cinereus.  Auiiculis  ex  albo  fia- 
vicantibus.  BrijJon  quad,  107. 

Le  Petit-Gris.  De  Buffon,  x.  116.  iaB 
XXV.  Lev,  Mus. 


Q with  plain  ears:  hair  of  a dull  grey  color,  mixed  with  black, 
and  often  tinged  with  dirty  yellow;  belly  and  infides  of  the 
legs  white;  tail  long,  bulhy,  grey,  and  ftriped  with  black.  Size 
of  a half-grown  rabbet. 

Inhabits  the  woods  of  North  Americay  Peru*,  and  Chili. -f;  are 
very  numerous  in  North  America;  do  incredible  damage  to  the 
plantations  of  runup  the  flalks,  and  eat  the  young  ears ; 

defcend  in  vaft  flocks  from  the  mountains,  and  join  thofe  that  in- 
habit the  lower  parts;  are  proferi'oed  by  the  provinces,  and  a re- 
ward of  three  pence  head  for  every  one  that  is  killed ; fuch  a 

* ChinchiUes  are  fmall  beafts,  like  fquirrels,  with  wonderful  fmeothe  and  foft 
lliins,  \vhicli  they  weare  as  a healthful!  thing  to  comfort  the  ftomacke  ; they  make 
coverings  and  rugs  of  the  haireof  thefe  ChinchiUes,  which  are  found  on  the  Sierre  of 
Peru.  Acojla  in  Purchases  PUg.  iii.  966. 

f Ovalle,  in  his  liillory  of  Chile,  fays,  that  the  grey  or  alh-colcr’d  fquirrels,  of 
the  valley  of  Guafeo,  are  valuable  for  the  furs.  ChurchilUs  Coll,  vol.  iii.  44. 

number 


LXX\'[ 


,//////>^)//,>  ’/rjfry  ■ 


I . -X^f)  ^ 


,'i./y/ry  /. 


S U I R R E L. 


number  was  deftroyed  one  year,  that  'Penjylvania  alone  paid  in 
rewards  8000/.  of  its  currency. 

Make  their  neil's  in  hollow  trees,  with  mofs,  ftraw,  wool,  he* 
Feed  on  the  mayz  in  the  feafon,  and  on  pine-cones,  acorns,  and 
mails  of  all  kinds.  Form  holes  under  ground,  and  there  depoiit 
a larp-e  flock  of  winter  provihon.  Delcend  from  the  trees  and 
vifit  their  magazines  when  in  want  of  meat;  are  particularly 
bufy  at  the  approach  of  bad  weather*,  during  the  cold  feafon 
keep  in  their  nefts  for  fevcral  days  together;  feldom  leap  from 
tree  to  tree,  only  run  up  and  down  the  bodies;  their  hoards  often 
deftroyed  by  fwine;  when  covered  with  deep  fnow,  the  fquirrels 
often  perifh  for  want  of  food;  are  not  eafdy  fliot,  nimbly  chang- 
ing their  place,  when  they  fee  the  gun  levelled  ; have  the  actions 
of  the  common  fquirrel ; ealiiy  tamed  ; their  flefti  efteemed  very 
delicate.  The  furs  which  are  imported  under  the  name  of  petit- 
grh  are  valuable,  and  ufed  as  linings  to  cloaks. 


Quahtechalotl-thlitic.  Her?ta»^ez  Msx,  L’Ecureuil  noir.  lo;. 

582.  Berttandex.  Nov.  Hijp.  8.  Sciurus  niger.  Lin.Jyjl.  86.  Lev.  Mus. 

Black  Squirrel.  Catejby  Car.  ii.  73. 

Swith  plain  ears : fometimes  wholly  black,  but  often  marked 
• with  white  on  the  nofe,  the  neck,  or  end  of  the  tail : the 
tail  fhorter  than  that  of  the  former : the  body  equal. 

Inhabits  the  North  of  Afta,  North  America,  and  Mexico.  I 
lliould  have  placed  it  as  a variety  of  the  laft  fpecies,  did  nor  Mr. 
VoL.  II.  U CateJhj 


14^ 


340»  Madagas- 

CAK. 


S U I R R E L, 

€aiejhy  cxprefsly  fay,  that  it  breeds  and  affoclates  In  feparate 
troops;  is  equally  numerous  with  the  former;  commits  as  great 
ravages  among  the  Mayz ; makes  its  neft  in  the  fame  manner, 
and  forms,  like  them,  magazines  for  winter  food. 

A fquirrel  of  a moft  beautiful  Qiining  black  color,  is  found  at 
the  Pulo  Condore,  in  lat.  8.  40. 


p.  Squirrel,  with  plain  ears : coarfe  fur,  mixed  with  dirty  white, 
and  black,  but  varies  to  w'hite;  throat,  and  infide  of  the  legs 
and  thighs,  black  ; tail  much  fliorter  than  thofe  of  fquirrels 
ufually  are:  of  a dull  yellow  color,  mixed  with  black:  body 
of  the  lize  of  the  grey  fquirrel.  Lev.  Mus. 

Inhabits  Virginia;  defcribed  from  M.r.  Knaphans  colledlion  j. 
who  told  me  that  the  planters  called  it  the  Cat  Squirrel. 


Swith  plain  ears : color  of  the  face,  back,  fides,  tail,  and  outfide  of 
, the  limbs,  of  a dark  glofly  black  : ears,  end  of  thenofe,  cheeks, 
and  all  the  under  lide  of  the  limbs,  yellowifli  white.  The  length 
of  this  fpecies  from  the  tip  of  the  nofe  to  the  origin  of  the  tail,  is 
about  eighteen  inches : the  tail  is  longer  than  the  body,  flender, 
and  ends  in  a point. 

Inhabits  Madagafcar : defcribed  by  M.  de  la  Cepede,  in  his  fupple- 
ment  to  M,  de  Buffon,  vii.  256.  tab.  Ixxiii, 


3 


S.  with 


S U I R R E L. 


147 


Swith  plain  ears:  fmailer  than  the  European:  marked  along  341. 

, the  middle  of  the  back  with  a ferruginous  line  from  head 
to  tail : the  (ides  paler ; belly  of  a pale  alli-color,  mottled  with 
black  : tail  not  fo  long,  or  fo  full  of  hair,  as  the  common  kind; 
of  a ferruginous  color,  barred  with  black,  and  towards  the  end  is 
a broader  band  of  the  fame  color.  Lev.  Mus. 

Inhabits  the  pine-foreds  about  the  Bay,  and  Eerra  de  Labrador. 


a..  Carolina*  Souirrel,  with  the  head,  back,  and  Tides  grey, 
white,  and  ruft-colored  intermixed:  belly  white,  divided  from 
the  colors  of  the  lides  by  a ferruginous  line  : lower  part  of  the 
legs  red:  tail  brown,  mixed  with  black,  and  edged  with 
white. 

Thefe  are  rather  leffer  than  the  European  fquirrels : vary  in 
the  colors : in  moft  the  grey  predominates. 

Quauhtecollotlquapachtli.  Hernarde'z  Nov.  Wfp,  8, 

Le  Coquallin.  De  Buffon,  xiii.  109.  tab.  xiii. 

Swith  plain  ears ; upper]  part  of  the  body  varied  with  black, 
® white  and  brown : the  belly  tawny  i* : twice  the  fize  of  the 
common  fquirrel. 

* Leffer  Grey  Squirrel  of  the  old  edition, 
f Called  by  \^zludians,  Coztiocotejuallin,  or  Y ellow  Belly. 

U 2 Inhabits 


Hudson’s 
Ba  V, 


VaRIEUo 


148 


S U 1 R R E L. 


Inhabits  Mexico : lives  under  ground,  where  it  brings  forth  its 
young,  and  lays  in  a flock  of  winter  food  : lives  on  mayz : is 
never  to  be  tamed. 

Thefe  probably  vary  in  fize : I have  feen  one  that  feemed  to 
be  of  this  fpecies,  but  not  fuperior  in  fize  to  the  common  fquir- 
rel : the  colors  were  brown,  orange,  and  cinereous  : the  belly 
orange. 


\ 


343«  Fair#  Sciurus  flavus.  Sc.  aurlculis  fubrotundis,  pedibus  pen tadadylls,  corpora  Iuteo..I/V/o. 

86.  Amcstu  Acad,  i.  561# 

Q with  the  body  and  tail  of  a flaxen  color;  of  a very  fmall 
flze,  with  plain  round  ears,  and  rounded  tail. 

Inhabits  the  woods  near  Amadabad,  the  capital  of  Guzarat,  in 
great  abundance,  leaping  from  tree  to  tree  *.  Linnans  fays  it  is 
an  inhabitant  of  South  America^ 


344.  Brasilian.  Sciurus  Brafillenlis ? Marcgrave  Brajil.  107. 

330.  _ Sciurus  asftuans.  Sc.  grifeus,  fubtus  fia- 

Sciurus  coloris  ex  flavo  et  fufco  mixti  vefcens.  Lin.fyji.  88. 
taeniii  in  lateribus  albis.  Brijfon  quad. 

Q with  plain  ears,  and  rounded  tail : head,  body,  and  fides, 
covered  with  foft  dufky  hairs,  tipt  with  yellow  : tail  round- 
ed ; the  hairs  annulated  with  black  and  yellow  ; throat  cinere- 

• L’Ecureuil  blond.  Della  Valle,  p.  84.. 


ous : 


149 


S U I R R E L. 

ons:  infide  of  the  legs,  and  the  belly,  yellow:,  the  belly  divided 
lengthways  with  a white  line  ; which  begins  on  the  bread,  is 
interrupted  for  a fmall  fpace  in  the  middle,  and  is  then  continued 
to  the  tail:  length,  from  nofe  to  tail,  eight  inches  one  quartern 
tail  ten. 

Inhabits  Brafil  and  Guiana.  Mr.  Vandeck,  captain  of  a man  of 
war  in  the  Portuguefe  fervice,  who  procured  them  from  their  fet- 
tlements  in  S.  America^  favored  me  with  two. 


Tlalmototli.  Uernande^i.  Nav.  Hifp.  9.  i.  76.  ial>.  xlvli.  fig.  2,  3.  Brljfen  345.  Mexican. 

Sciurus  rariflimus  ex  Nov.  Hifpania.  Seb,  ^uad.  108. 

Q of  a moufe-color:  the  male  marked  on  the  baek  with 
feven  white  lines,  which  extend  along  the  tail ; the  female, 
with  only  five : the  tail  of  the  male  divided  into  four  parts  at 
the  end : perhaps  accidentally : its  fcrotum  pendulous,  like  a 
goat’s. 

Inhabits  'New  Spain,  Seha,  in  tab.  xlviii.  fig.  5.  has  the  figure  of 
another,  of  an  uniform  color,  diflinguifhed  alfo  by  its  vaft  ficrolum, 

Muflela  Africana.  Clus.  Exot.  112.  Ran  Sc.  palmarum.  Sc.  coloris  ex  rufo  et  ni-  Palm. 

fyn.quad.  2i6.*  gro  mixti,  tasniis  in  dorfoflavicantibus. 

Sciurus  palmarum.  Sc.  fubgrifeus  flriis  Brigon  quad.  109. 
tribus  flavicaniibus,  caudaque  albo  ni-  Le  Palmifte.  De  Buffhn,  x.  126.  tab, 
groque  lineata.  Lin./yfi.  85.  xxvi. 

Swith  plain  ears : an  obfeure  pale  yellow  ftripe  on  the  middle 
• of  the  back,  another  on  each  fide,  a third  on  each  fide  of 

the. 


S a U I Pv  R E L. 


(JO 

ine  belly  ; the  two  laft  at  times  very  faint : reft  of  the  hair  on 
the  fides,  back,  and  head,  black  and  red,  very  clofely  mixed 5 
that  on  the  thighs  and  legs  more  red:  belly,  pale  yellow:  hair 
on  the  tail  does  not  lie  flat,  but  encircles  it;  is  coarfe,  and  of  a 
dirty  yellow,  barred  with  black.  Authors  defcribe  this  kind 
with  only  three  ftripes  ; this  had  five,  fo  poffibly  they  vary. 

Governor  Loten  did  me  the  favor  of  informing  me  that  it 
lived  much  in  the  Coco  trees,  and  was  very  fond  of  the  fury,  or 
palm-wine,  which  is  procured  from  the  tree;  from  which  it  ob- 
tained, among  the  Indians,  the  name  of  Suricatsje,  or  the  little 
cat  of  the  Sury  *. 

According  to  Clufius  and  Mr.  Ray,  this  fpecies  does  not  eredh 
its  tail  like  other  fquirrels,  but  has  the  faculty  of  expanding  it 
fideways. 


347.  White-  Barb  ary.  Sciurus  getulus.  Caii  quad,  Brijfon  quad.  log. 

STlliBED.  opufc.  77.  Ge/ner  quad.  847.  Barbarian  fquirrel.  Ediv.  ig8. 

Sc.  getulus.  Sc.  fufcus  fcriis  quatuor  albis  Le  Barbarefque.  De  Buffon,  x.  126. 
longitudinalibus.  Lin,  fyfi,  87.  Klein  tab.  xxyii. 

Q with  full  black  eyes  and  white  orbits:  head,  body,  feet,  and 
tail,  cinereous,  inclining  to  red:  lighteft  on  the  legs: 
fides,  marked  lengthways  with  two  white  ftripes:  belly  white; 
tail  bufby,  marked  regularly  with  lhades  of  black,  one  beneath 
the  other  : lize  of  the  common  fquirrel. 

* See  the  procefs  of  obtaining  this  liquor  In  Rumphius's  herbarium  Amloinenfe, 
vol.  i.  p.  5 . The  tree  is  engraved  in  tab,  i.  ii. 


Both 


S U I R R E L. 

Both  thefe  fquirrels  inhabit  Barbary  and  other  Iiot  countries : 
live  in  trees,  efpecially  palmSi  from  which  one  takes  its  name. 


25 » 


fpecies  refembles  much  the  common  fqnlrrel,  but  is  34^-  Plantans 
lighter  colored,  a,nd  has  a yellow  line  extending  along  the 
lides,  from  leg  to  leg. 

Common  in  Java  and  Princess  illand;  is  called  by  the  Malayes^ 

Ba-djing;  lives  much  on  Plantanes  \ is  very  fhy;  retreats  at  the 
light  of  mankind,  and  clatters  over  the  dry  leaves  of  the  Pitang 
or  Planlanes  with  vaft  noife.  It  alfo  is  common  on  the  tamarind 
trees. 


A.  with  membranes  from  fore  leg  to  hind  leg. 


Sciurus  Sagitta.  Sc.  hypochondriis  pro- 
lixis  volivans,  cauda  plano-pinnata  lan- 
ceolata.  Lin.jyft.  88. 

Sciurus  petaurifta.  Pailas  Mif-el.  Zool. 
54.  tab.  vi. 

Sciurus  maximusvolans,  feu  felis  volans. 
Sc.  caftanei  coloris,  in  parte  corporis 


fuperlore,  in  inferiore  vero  eximie  fla- 
vefcentis ; cute  ab  anticis  cruribus  ad 
poftica  membranse  in  modum  extenfa 
volans.  Brijfm  quad.  ! 12. 

Le  Taguan  ou  grand  Ecureuil  volant.  De 
Bujffon,  Suppl.  iii.  150.  tab.  xxi.  Mu/... 
Roy.  Society  *. 


349.  Sailing 


Swith  a fmall  rounded  head:  cloven  upper  lip:  fmall  blunt 
• ears : two  fmall  warts  at  the  outmoft  corner  of  each  eye. 


• Where  there  is  the  Ikin  of  one  in  fine  prefervation. 


with 


S U I R R E L. 

with  hairs  growing  out  of  them:  neck  fliort:  four  toes  on  the 
fore  feet ; and  inllead  of  a thumb,  a flender  bone,  two  inches 
and  a half  long,  lodged  under  the  lateral  men:b*ane,  Icrving  to 
ftrctch  it  out  : from  thence  to  the  hind  legs  extends  the  mem- 
brane, which  is  broad,  and  a continuation  of  the  fkin  of  the  Tides 
and  belly-,  the  membrane  extends  along  the  fore  legs,  and 
Ib  etches  out  near  the  joint  in  a winged  form  : five  toes  on  the 
hind  feet,  and  on  all  the  toes  fharp,  comprefled,  bent  claws:  tail 
covered  with  long  hairs,  difpofed  horizontally:  color  of  the  head, 
body,  and  tail,  a bright  bay-,  in  fome  parrs  inclining  to  orange: 
bread  and  belly  of  a yellowifh  white;  length,  from  nofe  to  tail, 
eighteen  inches  -,  tall  fifteen. 

Inhabits  Java*:,  others  of  the  Indian  iflands;  leaps  from 
tree  to  tree  as  if  it  flew  : wdll  catch  hold  of  the  boughs  d*  with 
the  tail.  Differs  in  flze : that  defcrlbed  by  Linnaeus  was  the  fize 
of  our  fquirrel : that  killed  by  Sir  Edward  Michelbourne,  in  one 
of  the  Indian  ifles,  was  greater  than  a hare.  Nieuhoff  de- 
feribes  this  fpecies  under  the  name  of  the  Flying  Cat,  and  fays 
the  back  is  black;  he  has  given  two  very  good  figures  of  itj 
one  in  his  frontifpiece,  the  other  in  the  page  he  deferibes  itinj. 

• Hamilton's  ’voy.  ii.  1 3 1 . 

-J-  Sir  Ed’ward  Michelbourne' s voy,  in  Purchas's  Pilgrim,  i.  134. 

J Churchill'S  all,  ii.  354. 


Greater 


•f  ' • ' 

•'V  >,  . . • 

'7\ 

• ,\ , ^ . • ' i ^ 


V 


<v 


S U I R R E L. 


S53 


Greater  Flying  Squirrel.  Ph.  Tr.  Ixii.  379. 

^ with  back  and  fides  of  a deep  cinereous  color  at  the  bot- 
tom ; end  ferruginous : under  fide  of  the  body  of  a yel- 
iowifh  white;  the  hair  every  v/here  long  and  full:  tail  covered 
with  long  hairs,  difpofed  in  a lefs  flat  way  than  thofe  of  the  Eu- 
ropean kind ; brown  on  the  upper  part,  darker  at  the  end,  yel- 
lowifli  beneath  the  ik.in : the  inftrument  of  flying  difpofed  from 
leg  to  leg ; but  does  not  border  the  fore-legs. 

Size  equal  to  the  European  fquirrel. 

Inhabits  the  fouthern  parts  of  Hudfon’s  Bay,  about  Severn  river. 
Muf.  Roy.  Society* 


350,  Severn  Ri- 
ver, 


Size. 

Place, 


AlTapanick.  Smith's  Virginia,  27.  Jef-  1. ttih.  \,  Da Pratz.n.  6g.  2^1,  Flying. 

fdyns  ajoy.  86.  De  Laet,  88.  Sciurus  volans.  Sc.hypochondriisprolixis 

SciurusAmericanusvolans.R«//_^«.y««ij'.  volitans,  cauda  rolundata.  88. 

2.1  Lanss fin's  Carolina,  124.  Catejby  Sciurus  volans.  I lo.  iii.  No. 

Carolina,  ii.  76,  77.  Edw,  191.  Kalm,  1 2.  Lev.  Mus. 

Swith  round  naked  ears : full  black  eyes : a lateral  mem- 

* brane  from  fore  to  hind  legs ; the  fore  legs  for  the  moft 
part  clear  of  the  membrane:  tail  with  long  hairs  difpofed  hori- 
zontally, longeft  in  the  middle,  and  ending  in  a point : color 
above,  a brownifh  afli : beneath  white,  tinged  with  yellow.  Much 
lefs  than  the  common  fquirrel. 

VoL.  II.  X 


Inhabits 


*54 


S a U I R R E L. 

Inhabits  North  America  and  New  Spain  * : lives  in  hollow  trees  v 
fleeps  in  the  day;  during  the  night  very  lively;  Is  gregarious, 
numbers  being  found  in  one  tree : leaps  from  bough  to  bough 
fometimes  at  the  diftance  of  ten  yards:  this  adlion  improperly 
called  flying,  for  the  animal  cannot  go  in  any  other  direction 
than  forward ; and  even  then  cannot  keep  an  even  line,  but 
fmks  confiderably  before  it  can  reach  the  place  it  aims  at:  fen- 
fble  of  this,  the  fquirrel  mounts  the  higher,  in  proportion  to  the- 
dillance  it  widtes  to  reach : when  it  would  leap,  it  ftretches  out 
the  fore  legs,  and  extending  the  membranes,  becomes  fpecifi- 
cally  lighter  than  it  would  otherwife  be  ; and  thus  is  enabled  to 
fpring  further  than  other  fquirrels  that  have  not  this  apparatus. 
When  numbers  leap  at  a time,  they  feem  like  leaves  blown  ofT 
by  the  wind.  Their  food  the  fame  as  the  other  American  fquir^ 
sels:  are  eafdy  tamed:  bring  three  or  four  young  at  a time. 


52.  Norfolk-  ^tockdaW's  Bot.Bay,  White, 

ISLE  . 

Q with  very  Ihort  ears,  almoft  hid  in  the  fur:  color  very  much 
refembling  that  of  American  grey  fquirrel ; a black  line 
extends  from  the  head  along  the  middle  of  the  back  to  the  tail: 
the  flying  membrane  black,  edged  with  white;  two  thirds  of  the 
tail  are  of  an  elegant  afli-color;.  the  reft  black:  fize  of  the 
American  grey  fquirrel. 

Inhabits  Norfolk  ifle. 

* Where  it  is  called  ^imicipathn.  Htrnandez,  Nov,  Bifp.  8. 


In 


^55 


S U I R R E L. 

In  the  Ille  of  Tula  Condore  is  a fiying  fqiiirrel  (triped  with  brown 
and  white:  poffibly  a new  fpccies. 


Sciurus  Virginlanus  volans.  Seh,  Muf.  I.  tab.  xllv.  Brijfon  quad.  iiL 
Mus  volans.  Liti./yji,  85. 

Swith  the  lateral  membrane  beginning  at  the  chin  and  ears, 
* and  extending  like  the  former  from  fore  to  hind  leg : red- 
difli  above;  cinereous,  tinged  with  yellow,  beneath:  ears  large 
and  oval. 

Inhabits  Virginia,  according  to  Seha ; who  is  the  only  author 
who  has  defcribed  it,  Linnaus’s  fynonyms,  from  Ray  and  Ed- 
zvards,  erroneous. 


Mus  Ponticus  vel  Scythicus.  Ge/ner  quad. 
743* 

Sciurus  Petaurifta  volans.  Klein  quad.  54. 
Flying  fquirrel.  Ph.  Pranf.  abr.  Ix.  76. 
tab.  V. 

Sciurus  volans.  Faun.  fuse.  No.  38. 
las,  neoj.  fp.fafc.i. 

Sc.  volans  Sc.  hypochondriis  prollxis 


volltans,  cauda  rotundata.  Lin.  JyJi. 

88. 

Sciurus  Sibiricus  volans.  Brijfon,  no. 
No.  13. 

Le  Poulatouche.  Be  Buffon,  x.  95.  tab. 
xxii. 

Quadrupes  volatilis  Bujfa.  Com.  acad. 
Petrop.^.  218.  Lev.  Mus. 


Q with  naked  ears,  indented  on  the  exterior  fide:  full  eyes: 
eyelids  bordered  with  black : membranes  extend  to  the 
very  bafe  of  the  fore  feet,  and  form  a large  wing  on  the  exte- 
rior fide;  tail  full  of  hair,  and  round  at  the  end : color  of  the 

X 2 upper 


353.  Hoobed. 


354.  European 
Fl.  Sq^ 


I 


Size. 

Peace. 


Names. 


S U I R R E L. 

tipper  part  of  the  body  a fine  grey,  like  that  on  a gull’s  back ; 
lower  part  of  a pure  white. 

From  nofe  to  tail  four  inches  and  a quarter;  of  the  tail  to  the 
tip  of  the  hair,  five. 

Inhabits  Finland  and  Lapland,  and  the  Rujfmn  dominions,  from 
Livonia  to  the  river  Kolyma  or  Kowyrna,  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Si- 
beria, and  is  common  in  all  the  mountanous  w'ooded  tradls  of 
that  cold  region : lives  ufually  on  birch-tree  buds  and  frudtifica-  . ’ 
tions,  and  on  the  cones  of  the  pines  and  cedars:  is  not  grega- 
rious, and  leads  a folitary  life,  and  wanders  about  even  in  win-  r 
ter;  lives  in  hollow  trees,  and  makes  its  nefl  in  the  mofs  of  birch-;; 
trees;  when  at  reft,  it  flings  its  tail  over  its  back ; but  in  leaping,  | 
extends  it. 

The  Germans  call  it  Konige  der  Grau'iverke*,  or  King  of  the  ; 
Squirrels;  the  Ruffians,  Polatueha,  and  Letaga',  the  Roles,  Wisk* 
viorka  Lataiaca, 


\ 


Two 


D O R M O U S E» 


Two  cutting  teeth  in  each  jaw. 

Four  toes  before:  five  behind. 

Naked  ears. 

Long  tail,  covered  with  hair. 

Moufc  fquirrel.  voy.  86.  Sciurus  flriatus.  Sc  flavus  ftriis  quinque 

Ground  iqmirel.  Lav.yb>t  Carolina,  124.  fufcis  longitudinalibus.  Lin.  fyji.  87. 
Catejby  Carolina,  ii.  75.  Edvj.  181.  Klein  quad.  Pallas  nov.  /p-  J'a/c.  i, 
Kahn,  i.  322.  tab.  i.  378. 

Sciurus  Lijleri.  Raii  fyn.  quad.  216.  Sciurus  Carollnenfis.  Brijfon  quad. 

Sciurus  minor  virgatus,  Cw/2.  Le  SuitTe.  De  Biiffon,x.  izb.  tab.  xxvm. 

V.  344.  Charlevoix  Ncuv.  France,  \ . xq'i.'Ls.'f, 

Boern-doefkie.  Le  Brim,  voy.  Mo/cov.  ii.  Muo. 

342* 

yx  with  plain  ears:  ridge  of  the  back  marked  with  a black 
fireak:  each  fide  with  a pale  yellow  ftripe,  bounded 
above  and  below  with  a line  of  black:  head,  body,  and  tail,  of 
a reddifh  brown*,  the  tail  the  darkeft : breaft  and  belly  white : 
nofe  and  feet  pale  red  : eyes  full. 

Inhabits  the  north  of  JJia,  beginning  about  the  river  Kama, 
and  grows  more  and  more  frequent  in  the  woody  parts  of  Sibe- 
ria ; but  found  in  the  greateft  abundance  in  the  forefts  of  North 
America:  they  never  run  up  trees  except  purfued,  and  find  no 
other  means  of  efcaping  : they  burrow,  and  form  their  habitations 
under  ground  with  two  entrxances,  that  they  may  get  accefs  to  the 
one,  in  cafe  the  other  is  flopped  up.  Their  retreats  are  formed  with 
great  fkill,  in  form  of  a long  gallery,  with  branches  on  each  fide, 
each  of  which  terminates  in  an  enlarged  chamber,  as  a magazine 
4 to 


157 


YY  YT 

DORMOUSE. 


355.  Striped. 


Pl ACE» 


Manners. 


Magazines* 


158 


DORMOUSE. 


to  (lore  their  winter  provifion  in;  in  one  they  lodge  the  acorns, 
in  another  the  may%,  in  a third  the  hickery  nuts,  and  in  the  laft, 
their  favorite  food,  the  ch'inquapbt  chefnut.  They  very  feldoni 
llir  out  during  winter,  at  left  as  long  as  their  proviftons  laft ; 
but  if  that  fails,  they  will  dig  into  cellars  where  apples  are  kept, 
or  barns  where  mayz  is  ftored,  and  do  a great  deal  of  mifchief; 
but  at  that  time  the  cat  deftroys  great  numbers,  and  is  as  great 
an  enemy  to  them  as  to  mice. 

During  the  mayz  harveft,  thefe  animals  are  very  bufy  in  biting 
off  the  ears,  and  filling  their  mouths  fo  full  with  the  corn, 
that  their  cheeks  are  quite  diftended,  having  pouches  in  their 
jaws  like  the  hamjler.  It  is  obfervable,  that  they  give  great  pre- 
ference to  certain  food ; for  if,  after  filling  their  mouths  with 
rye,  they  happen  to  meet  with  wheat,  they  fling  away  the  firft, 
that  they  may  indulge  in  the  laft.  They  are  very  wild,  bite  fe- 
verely,  and  are  fcarcely  ever  tamed;  the  fkins  are  of  little  ufe; 
but  are  fometimes  brought  over  to  line  cloaks. 


, GVii.GefnerquaJy^o.'Raii/yn.quad.zzq.  Sciurus  Glis.  Sc.  canus  fnbtus  albidus. 

35'0.  f*AT.  Glis  vulgaris.  Klein  quad.  56.  Lin.fyjl,  87 

Glis  fupra  obfcure  cinereus,  infra  ex  albo  Le  Loir.  De  Buffon,  viii.  1 58.  tab.  xxiv. 
cinerefcente.  Brijfon  quad.  1 13.  Mus  Glis.  Pallas  w)v.  fp.fa/c.  i.  88. 

with  thin  naked  ears:  body  covered  with  foft  afh-colored 
hair:  belly  whitifh : tail  full  of  long  hair:  from  nofe  to 
tail,  near  fix  inches;  tail  four  and  a half:  thicker  in  the  body 
than  the  fquirrel. 

Inhabits  France  and  the  fouth  of  Europe.  Is  found  in  the 
woods  in  the  fouth-weft  parts  of  Pa'Jfia^  and  was  difcovered  by 

Dodlor 


DORMOUSE. 


159 


Doflor  Pallas  In  the  rocky  caverns  about  the  rivers  Samara  and 
Volga,  The  late  Dodor  Kramer  favored  me  with  one  from  Au- 
Jiria.  Lives  in  trees,  and  leaps  from  bough  to  bough:  feeds  on 
fruits  and  acorns:  lodges  in  the  hollows  of  trees:  remains  in  a 
torpid  date  during  winter,  and  grows  very  fat, 

SCota  mihi  dormitur  hyems,  et  pinguior  illo 
Vempore  fu?n,  quo  me  nil  niji  fomnus  alii  *. 

Was  efteemed  a great  delicacy  by  the  Romans,  who  had  their 
GHraria,  places  conftruded  to  keep  and  feed  them  in.  I think 
that  the  Italians  at  prefent  eat  them. 


Musavellanarummajor. 735.  Mus  quercinus.  M.  cauda  elongata  pilb-  357.  Garden. 
Greater  Dormoufe,  or  Sleeper.  Rail  Jyn,  fa,  macula  nigra  fub  oculos.  Lin.  fyft. 

quad.  219.  84. 

Glis  fupra  obfcure  cinereus,  infra  ex  albo  Le  Lerot.  Be  Buffon,  viii.  181.  fab,  xxv. 
cinerefcens,  macula  ad  oculos  nigra.  Mus  nitedula.  i,  88. 

Brijfon  quad.  114. 

with  the  eyes  furrounded  with  a large  fpot  of  black,  reach- 
ing  to  the  bafe  of  the  ears,  and  another  behind  the  ears 
head  and  whole  body  of  a tawny  color:  the  throat  and  whole 
under  fide  of  the  body  white,  tinged  with  yellow : the  tail  long: 
the  hairs  at  the  beginning  very  fhort ; at  the  end  bufliy : length, 
from  nofe  to  tail,  not  five  inches : the  tail  four. 

Inhabits  France  and  the  fouth  of  Europe:  is  found  in  mag- 
pies neds  and  hollow  trees  about  the  Volga,  and  other  temperate 

* Martial  Epig.  Lib..x\u.  Ep.  59, 

and 


( 


i6o 


358.  DfiCUi. 


Manners. 


359.  Common. 


DORMOUSE. 

and  fouthern  parts  of  the  Ruffian  dominions.  Neither  this  nor  the 
former  fpecies  extend  beyond  the  Uralian  mountains:  infefts  gar- 
dens, and  is  very  deftrudtive  to  fruits  of  all  kind  : is  particu- 
larly fond  of  peaches:  lodges  in  holes  in  the  walls:  brings  five 
or  fix  young  at  a time : like  the  former,  remains  torpid  during 
winter;  has  a flrong  fmell,  like  a rat. 


Sclurus Degus.  Molina  Chili,  284. 


of  a dull  white  color,  and  with  a black! (li  line  crofs  the 
Ihoulders,  reaching  to  the  elbows : the  tail  ending  in  a 
tuft:  ears  rounded;  larger  than  the  common  rat. 

Inhabits  Chili,  and  lives  under  ground,  near  the  hedges  and 
bullies and  forms  its  retreat  into  various  galleries  communica- 
ting with  each  other:  feeds  on  roots  and  fruits,  and  lays  up  a large 
provilion  of  them  for  winter  food.  Is  not  torpid  during  that 
feafon  like  our  dormoufe. 

-% 


Mus  avellanarum  minor,  the  Dormoufe 
or  Sleeper.  Raii fyn.  quad.  220. 

Rothe  Wald  Maufs.  Kramer  Aujiria,  3 17. 

Glis  fupra  rufus,  infra  albicans.  BriJJ'on 
quad. 

M us  avellanarius.  M.  cauda  elongatapl- 
lofa,  corporerufo,  gulaalbicante,  pol- 


Hcibus  pofticis  muticis.  Lin.  fyft,  83.  f 
Faun.  fuec.  No.  3 5.  Pallas  nov.fp.fajc, 
i.  89. 

Le  Mufcardin.  De  Buffon,  viii.  193.  tab.  ' 
xxvi. 

Dormoufe.  Edw,  266.  Br.  Zool.  i.  95. 
Lev.  Mus. 


with  round  naked  ears : full  black  eyes : body  of  a tawny 
red:  throat  white:  lize  of  a moufe,  but  plumper;  tail  two 

inches 


DORMOUSE.  i6s 

inches  and  a half  long,  and  pretty  hairy,  efpecially  towards  the 
end. 

Inhzhxts  Europe : lives  in  thick  hedges:  makes  its  neft  in  the 
hollow  of  a low  tree,  or  in  a thick  bulh  near  the  bottom,  of 
grafs,  mofs,  or  dead  leaves:  brings  three  or  four  young  at  a 
time;  feldom  appears  far  from  its  retreat:  forms  magazines  of 
nuts:  eats  its  food  fitting  up,  like  a fquirrel:  at  approach  of. 
winter,  retires  and  rolls  itfelf  up,  lying  torpid : fometimes  in  a 
warm  day  revives,  takes  a little  food,  and  relapfes  into  its  former 
flate. 


Dwith  a 
• bifid. 


flat  head,  obtufe  nofe,  eyes  full  and  black,  upper  lip 


Auricles  very  minute,  fcarcely  apparent:  long  whifkers. 

Head,  back,  fides,  and  front  of  the  fore  legs,  pale  ferruginous, 
mixed  with  black ; from  fhoulder  to  hind  parts,  on  each  fide,  a 
white  line ; above  each  eye  another : belly  and  feet  of  a dirty 
white. 

Tail  black  in  the  middle;  hoary  on  the  fides. 

Toes  long  and  diftindt : the  knob  on  the  fore  feet  large:  claws 
very  long. 

Hind  legs  black  behind,  and  naked. 

Size  of  a common  fquirrel,  but  much  broader  and  flatter. 

800  miles  above  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  about  the  mountain 
Sneeburgh.  Communicated  by  Sir  Jofeph  Banks, 

Yol.  II.  Y 


360,  Earless 


Size. 

Place. 


Never 


I'62 

DORMOUSE. 

MaNNER.8. 

Never  climbs  trees ; burrows,  feeds  on  bulbous  roots,  and  is 
particularly  fond  of  potatoes  : walks  often  on  its  hind  feet;  and 
often  lies  flat  on  its  belly:  very  tame,  and  never  offers  to  bite: 
frequently  flirts  up  its  tail:  makes  a warm  neft,  and  forms  in  it 
a round  hole,  in  which  it  lodges,  and  pulls  to  the  orifice  a quan- 
tity  of  materials,  in  order  to  clofc  it : keeps  fometimes  in  its 
retreat  for  three  entire  days. 

361.  Gilt-Tail. 

Le  Lerot  a queue  doree.  Allatiiand  Supphm.  iv.  164.  tab.  Ixvii. 

Size. 

with  flaort  broad  ears,  great  whifkers,  the  face  marked 
lengthways  with  a gold  color  line  extending  from  the 
nofe  to  the  fpace  between  the  ears.  The  reft  of  the  head  and 
whole  body  and  beginning  of  the  tail  are  a purplifla  chefnut  colo.'f. 

Place. 

the  remaining  halt  of  the  tail  is  black:  the  reft  ot  a beautiful  gold 
color.  The  tail  is  thick  about  the  bafe. 

Length  from  nofe  to  tail  is  five  inches;  of  the  tail  fix  and  nine 
lines. 

Inhabits  Surinam,  Lives  on  fruits  and  climbs  up  the 
trees. 

Guerlinguets. 

M.  de  la  Cepede'^  gives  us  the  defeription  of  two  fpecies  of 
animals,  wLich  he  calls  Guerlinguets.  He  denies  that  they  are 
true  fquirrels:  the  ears  are  naked,  and  the  tail  grows  taper, 
yet  is  covered  with  long  hair,  but  by  no  means  difpofed  like 

* Supplem.  &c  vii.  261,  tab.  Ixv.  Ixvi. 

that 

LXXJX. 


! 


/{/■: 


r 


I , 


I 


DORMOUSE. 


163 

that  on  the  tail  of  the  fquirrel : they  may  come  into  this  genus; 
at  left  let  them  remain  here  till  we  are  better  informed. 


The  larger  is  between  feven  and  eight  inches  long,  exclufive  3^2.  Greater, 
of  the  tail : the  tail  is  of  equal  length  : the  hair  on  the  body 
is  very  Ihort,  and  at  its  extremity  a bright  bay.  The  tail  is  rayed 
with  brown  and  tawny. 

The  lelTer  is  little  more  than  four  inches  long:  the  tail  little  263.  Lesser, 
more  than  three:  the  body,  legs,  and  tail,  are  clouded  with  olive 
and  afti-color:  o the  face,  lower  part  of  the  belly,  and  fides  of 
the  legs  are  tawny. 


Y 2 


Two 


164 


JERBOA. 


XXX  IT. 
JERBOA. 


Two  cutting  teeth  in  each  jaw. 

Two  very  fliort  fore  legs:  two  very  long  hind  legs,  re« 
fembllng  thofe  of  cloven-footed  water-fowl. 

Very  long  tail,  tufted  at  the  end.  ' 


364.  .(Egyptian.  Theophr.  opufc.  29^.  Julian  palmisfubpentadaflyliE.femoribusIon- 

hij}.  an.  nh  xv.  c.  26.  giffimis,  brachiis  breviffimis.  Lin,  /yji, 

Mus  bipes.  Plinii  lib.  x.  f.  65.  Pexeiia's  85.  HaJJelquiJl  itin.  198. 

Travels,  2.1.  I,e  Jerbo.  De  Buffcn,  xWi.  14^1. 

Gerbua.  Edvj.2\g.  PlaifePs  journal,  59.  Mus  fagitta.  Pallas  r.ov.  Jp.fafc,  i.  306^ 
Musjaculus.  M.  cauda  elongata  fioccoi'a,  tab.  xxi. 

T with  thin,  eredl,  and  broad  ears:  full  and  dark  eyes:  long; 

* whifkers : forelegs  an  inch  long;  five  toes  on  each;  the 
inner,  or  thumb,  fcarce  apparent ; but  that,  as  well  as  the  reft, 
furnifhed  with  a fliarp  claw  : hind  legs  two  inches  and  a quarter 
long,  thin,  covered  with  ftiort  hair,  and  exadly  refembling 
thofe  of  a bird  ; three  toes  on  each,  covered  above  and  below 
with  hair;  the  middle  toe  the  longeft;  on  each  a pretty  long 
iharp  claw  : length,  from  nofe  to  tail,  feven  inches  and  one  quar- 
ter: tail  ten  inches,  terminated  with  a thick  black  tuft  of  hair; 
the  tip  white;  the  reft  of  the  tail  covered  with  very  fhort  coarfe 
hair:  the  upper  part  of  the  body  thin,  or  comprefled  fidewayst 
the  part  about  the  rump  and  loins  large:  the  head,  back.  Tides, 
and  thighs,  covered  with  long  hair,  afh-colored  at  the  bottom, 
pale  tawny  at  the  ends : breaft  and  belly  whitilh : acrofs  the  up- 
per 


Place. 


JERBOA. 

per  part  of  the  thighs  is  an  obfcure  duiky  band  : the  hair  long 
and  fofc. 

Inhabits  Aigypt,  Barbary,  PaleJUne,  the  defcrts  between  Baf- 
fora  and  Aleppo,  the  fandy  trads  between  the  Don  and  Volga,  the 
hills  fouth  of  the  IrtiJJ:,  from  fort  Janiyfchera  to  the  feven  palaces, 
where  the  Altaic  mountains  begin  : as  fingular  in  Its  motions  as 
in  its  form : always  ftands  on  its  hind  feet ; the  fore  feet  per- 
forming  the  office  of  hands:  runs  fall;  and  when  purfued_,  jumps 
five  or  fix  feet  from  the  ground:  burrows  like  rabbets:  keeps 
elofe  in  the  day:  fieeps  rolled  up:  lively  during  night:  when 
taken,  emits  a plaintive  feeble  note ^ feeds  on  vegetables:  has 
great  ftrength  in  its  fore  feet.  Two,  which  I faw  living  In  London, 
burrowed  almofl:  through  the  brick  wall  of  the  room  they  were 
in;  came  out  of  their  hole  at  night  for  food,  and  when  caught, 
were  much  fatter  and  fleeker  than  when  confined  to  their  box. 

This  is  the  Daman  Ifrael,  or  the  Lamb  of  the  IfraeUtes  of  the 
Arabs,  and  is  fuppofed  to  be  x\\q  Saphan^ , the  coney  of  Holy 
Writ:  our  rabbet  being  unknown  in  the  Holy  Land.  Dr.  Shazv 
met  with  this  fpecies  on  mount  Libanus,  and  diftinguifiies  it 
from  the  next  fpecies -f*.  It  is  alfo  the  moufe  of  lfaiah\,  Achbar 
in  the  original  fignifying  a male  Jerboa. 

This  and  the  following  fpecies,  which  is  found  to  extend  to  the 

* Bochart  difplays  a vaft  deal  of  learning  on  the  fubjeft.  Vide  Hieyozoicon,  lil.’ 
iii.  c.  33.  p.  lODi. 

+ Travel!,  376. 

t Chap.  Ixvi.  17.  Bochart,  loie,.  This  animal  was  a forbidden  food  with  the 
Jfraelites, 


165 


colder 


1 66 


365.  Siberian. 


os.  Great. 


Place. 


Middle. 


J E ‘ R B O A. 

colder  regions,  on  any  approach  of  cold  grow  torpid,  and  remain 
fo  till  they  are  revived  by  a change  of  weather.  Fallas  calls  this 
clafs  the  Species  Lethargica.  \ 


Cuniculus  pumillo  fallens  cauda  longif-  Dipus  Jaculus.  Gm.Lin.  1^7.  ( 

fima.  A'o'v.  Com,  Petrop.  v.  35 1 . tab.  ix.  Flying  hare.  Strahlenberg's  hifl.  Rujf.  3 70.  ! 

fig.  I.  Mus  jaculus.  Pallas  nov./p,faJc.  \,  Z’]^.  } 

Cuniculus  pumillo  fallens,  cauda  anoma-  tab.  xx.  Mus.  Lev.  | 

la lorgilTima.  Brijon  quad.  103.  | 

O S E truncated ; end  edged  with  white : lower  teeth  flender;  I 
twice  as  long  as  the  upper.  I 

Ears  large,  pointed,  tipt  with  white,  naked  within  : hairs  on  ( 
the  back  tawny,  of  a dark  grey  beneath,  very  foft : legs  and  I 
whole  under  fide  of  the  body  white:  half  the  tail  next  to  the  > 
body  covered  with  fliort  whitilh  hairs;  from  thence,  with  long  | 
black  hairs*,  the  end  has  a large  white  feathered  tuft  an  inch  long,  j’ 
Five  toes  on  the  fore  feet;  the  toe  without  a nail.  J 

On  the  hind  legs,  an  inch  above  the  feet,  are  two  long  toes 
armed  with  nails:  the  back  part  of  the  legs  naked. 

Length  eight  inches  and  a half ; of  the  tail  ten. 

This  variety  is  no  where  very  frequent,  but  is  chiefly  found  |)j 
from  the  Cafpian  fea  to  the  river  Irtijh, 

Of  the  fize  of  a rat:  of  the  color  of  the  former,  except  that  ti 
the  rump  on  each  fide  is  croflTed  with  a white  line.  1 

This  middle  fpecies  is  found  only  in  the  eaftern  deferts  of  Si-  ii 
herla  and  Tartary,  beyond  lake  Baikal;  alfo  in  Barbary and  1! 
Syria-\,  and  even  as  far  as  India  |. 

* Shaw's  Travels.  f Haym's  Teforo  Brit.  ii.  p.  and  tab.  124.  J Pallas. 

Differs  ;i 


LXXK. 


/OO. 


167 

y.  Pygmv. 


JERBOA. 

Differs  from  the  Great,  in  wanting  the  white  circle  round  the 
nofe,  in  having  a lefs  tuft  to  the  tail,  and  the  end  juft  tipt  with 
white:  agrees  entirely  in  form;  but  is  far  inferior  in  fize  to  even 
the  Middle.  Inhabits  the  fame  places  with  the  Great. 

Thefe  three  agree  in  manners:  burrow  in  hard  ground,  clay 
or  indurated  mud:  not  only  in  high  and  dry  fpots,  but  even  in 
low  and  fait  places.  They  dig  their  holes  very  fpeedily,  not  only 
with  their  fore  feet  but  with  their  teeth,  and  fling  the  earth  back, 
with  their  hind  feet,  fo  as  to  form  a heap  at  the  entrance.  The 
burrows  are  many  yards  long,  and  run  obliquely  and  winding, 
but  not  above  half  a yard  deep  below  the  furface.  They  end  in 
a large  fpace  or  neft,  the  receptacle  of  the  pureft  herbs.  They 
have  ufually  but  one  entrance ; yet  by  a wonderful  fagacity  they 
work  from  their  neft  another  paflage  to  within  a very  fmall  fpace 
of  the  furface,  which  in  cafe  of  necefiity  they  can  burft  through, 
and  fo  efcape. 

It  is  Angular,  that  an  animal  of  a very  chilly  nature,  fliould  keep 
within  its  hole  the  whole  day,  and  wander  about  only  in  the  night. 

They  fleep  rolled  up,  with  their  head  between  their  thighs : 
and  when  kept  in  a ftove,  and  taken  fuddenly  out,  they  feera 
quite  ftupified,  and  for  a time  fcarcely  find  the  ufc  of  their  limbs : 
perhaps  this  arifes  from  an  excefs  of  heat;  for  when  an  attempt 
is  made  to  take  them  out  of  their  burrows,  they  are  quickly 
alarmed  on  the  noife  of  digging,  and  attempt  their  efcape.  At 
fun-fet  they  come  out  of  their  holes,  clear  them  of  the  filth, 
and  keep  abroad  till  the  fun  has  drawn  up  the  dews  from  the 
earth.  On  approach  of  any  danger,  they  immediately  take 
to  flight,  with  leaps  a fathom  in  height,  and  fo  fwiftly  that  a 

man 


Manners. 


Great  leaps* 


i6S 


Easily  tamed. 


Food. 


JERBOA. 


man  well  mounted  can  hardly  overtake  them.  They  fpring  fo 
nimbly,  that  it  is  impoflible  to  fee  their  feet  touch  the  ground. 
They  do  not  go  ftrait  forwards,  but  turn  here  and  there,  till  they 
gain  a barrow,  whether  it  is  their  own,  or  that  of  another.  In 
leaping,  they  carry  their  tails  flretched  out : in  (landing,  or 
going  or  walking,  they  carry  them  in  form  of  an  S,  the  lower  , 
part  touching  the  ground,  fo  that  it  feems  a diredor  in  their  jf' 
motions.  When  furprized,  they  will  fometimes  go  on  all  fours,  (|r 
but  foon  recover  their  attitude  of  (landing  on  their  hind  legs  like  1)' 
a bird:  even  when  undidurbed,  they  ufe  the  former  attitude;  \\. 
then  rife  ered,  liften,  and  hop  about  like  a crow.  In  digging  or  fH] 
eating  they  drop  on  their  fore  legs : but  in  the  lad  adion  will 
often  fit  up  and  eat  like  a fquirrel. 

They  are  eafily  made  tame  : feek  always  a warm  corner : fore-  - 
tell  cold  or  bad  weather  by  wrapping  themfelves  clofe  up  in  hay ; ■ 
and  thofe  which  are  at  liberty  (top  up  the  mouths  of  their  bur- 
rows, J 

In  a wild  date  they  are  particularly  fond  of  the  roots  of  tulips : ^ 
live  much  on  oleraceous  plants:  the  fmall  dature  of  the  pygmy  < 
kind  is  attributed  to  their  feeding  on  faline  plants.  Thofe  of  the 
middle  fize,  which  live  beyond  the  lake  Baikal,  live  on  the  bulbs' 
of  the  Lilium  Pomponium,  and  they  gnaw  the  twigs  of  the  Robinia 
Carugana,  When  confined,  they  will  not  refufe  raw  meat,  and  i 
the  entrails  of  fowls. 

They  are  the  prey  of  all  lelTer  rapacious  beads.  The  Arabs, 
who  are  forbidden  all  other  kinds  of  mice,  edeem  thefe  the 
greated  delicacies ; as  thofe  people  often  are  difappointed  in  dig- 
ging after  them,  they  have  this  proverb,  ‘‘  To  buy  a hole  indead  ' 
oi  2^  Jerboa  A 

4 The  . 


i6g 


JERBOA. 

The  Mongols  have  a notion  that  they  fuck  the  fneep  : certain 
it  is,  they  ate  during  night  very  frequent  among  the  flocks,  which 
theyclifturb  by  their  leaps. 

The  Mongols  call  this  animal  Jiagh-Daagha.  Alagh  fignifies 
variegated,  Daagha,  a foal.  The  Calmucs  call  it  Jalma:  the 
great  fort  xXity  Alorin  Jalma,  or  the  Horfe  Jerboa',  the  leffer 
fort,  Cho’in  Jalma,  or  the  Sheep. 

They  breed  often  in  the  fummer;  in  the  fouthern  parts,  in  the 
beginning  of  May:  beyond  Baikal,  not  till  June.  They  bring 
perhaps  eight  at  a time,  as  they  have  fo  many  teats.  They  fleep 
the  whole  winter  without  nutriment.  About  AJlracan,  they  will 
fometimes  appear  in  a warm  day  in  February:  but  return  to  their 
holes  on  the  return  of  cold. 

Animals  of  this  genus  were  certainly  the  two-footed  mice,  and 
that  jFgyptian  mice,  of  the  ancients,  which  were  faid  to  walk  on  their 
hind  legs;  and  ufe  the  fore  inftead  of  hands.  Thefe,  with  the 
plant  Silphium,  were  ufed  to  denote  the  country  of  Cyrene,  w'here 
both  were  found,  as  appears  from  the  figures  on  a beautiful  gold 
coin  preferved  by  Mr.  Haym  *,  and  which  I have  caufed  to  be 
copied  above  the  animal,  in  the  plate. 


Dlpus  fagitta.  Gm.  Lin.  158.  Pallas  no-v.fp.  87,  206.  tab.  y.xi.  Edw.  tab.  219. 

Jwith  ears  fhorter  and  broader  than  the  preceding:  nofe  longer 
* and  lefs  obtufe : toes  before,  three  behind  : coat  thicker 

* Teforo  Brit,  ii.  124. 

VoL.  IT.  z and 


Names. 


366.  Arrow. 


J li,  B O A. 

and  longer;  a white  band  from  the  bafe  of  the  tail  to  the jundion 
of  the  thighs  with  the  body  : length  from  the  tip  of  the  nofe  to  the 
rump,  little  more  than  five  inches-,  of  the  tail  fix. 

inhabits  Barbary^  and  all  the  north  of  Africa,  -^gypt,  Arabia,  and 
Syria  ; and  lives  in  the  fandy  deferts. 

^67.  Cape.  Grand  Geibo.  Allamand  de  Buffon,  XV.  DipvisCzfer. Gm, Lin.  l^g.Miller's^htCS, 

1 1 8.  ‘Journal  Hiflorique,  59.  xxxi. 

T with  a fhort  head:  broad  between  the  ears:  mouth  placed  far 
• below  the  upper  jaw  : lower  very  fliort : two  great  teeth  in 
each : ears  one-third  fhorter  than  thofe  of  the  common  rabbet, 
thin  and  tranfparent  '•  eyes  large  : whifkers  great. 

Fore  legs  flaort,  five  toes  on  each,  with  a great  protuberance 
next  to  the  inner  toe : claws  of  the  fore  tees  crooked,  and  two- 
thirds  longer  than  the  toes  themfelves ; claws  of  the  hind  toes 
fhort. 

Color  above  tawny;  cinereous  below,  mixed  with  long  hairs 
pointed  with  black  : two-thirds  of  the  tail  tawny,  the  reft  black. 

Length  from  nofe  to  tail  one  foot  two  inches ; of  the  tail  near 
fifteen  inches ; the  ears  near  three. 

Inhabits  the  great  mountains  far  north  of  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope.  It  is  called  by  the  Hottentots,  Aerdmannetje\  and  by  the 
Dutch,  Springen  Haas,  or  the  Jumping  Hare. 

It  is  very  ftrong;  will  leap  twenty  or  thirty  feet  at  a time: 
its  voice  a grunting:  when  it  eats,  fits  upright,  with  the  legs  ex- 
tended horizontally,  and  with  a bent  back  ; ufes  its  fore  feet  to 
bring  the  food  to  its  mouth;  burrows  with  them,  which  it  does 

fo 


JERBOA.  lyt 

fo  expeditloufly  as  quickly  to  bury  itfelf.  In  fleeplng,  it  fits  with 
its  knees  feparate,  puts  its  head  between  its  hind  legs,  and  with 
the  fore  legs  holds  its  ears  over  its  eyes. 


Mus  longipes.  M.  cauda  elongata  vefti-  Mus  cauda  longa  veftita,  pedibus  pofticls  368.  Torrid. 
ta,  palmis  tetradaflylis,  plantis  penta-  longitudine  corporis,  flavis.  Muf.  Ad. 
daflylis,  femoribus  longiffimis.  Lin.  Fr,  9. 

JyJl.  84. 

T with  naked  oval  ears:  long  whilkers:  four  toes  on  the  fore 
• feet : the  hind  feet  the  length  of  the  body,  thick,  ftrong  and 
thinly  haired:  five  toes  on  each  foot:  fcarcely  any  neck:  tail  the 
length  of  the  body,  with  very  little  hair  on  it : color  of  the  up- 
per part  of  the  body  yellow  ; the  lower  white  : fize  of  a common 
moufe. 

Inhabits,  according  to  the  torrid  zone*:  mentioned 

by  no  other  writer. 


Habitat  in  torridis  regionibus. 


XXXIII.  RAT. 


Two  cutting  teeth  in  each  jaw. 

Four  toes  before;  five  behind. 

Very  flender  taper  tail ; naked,  or  very  flightly  haired. 


Jerboid. 


369.  Canada. 


Manners. 


with  the  upper  jaw  projedling  far  beyond  the  lower : upper 


" cutting  teeth  deeply  divided  by  a longitudinal  furrow : ears 
fmall,  and  hid  in  the  fur,  and  placed  far  back:  the  three  middle  hind 
toes  very  long;  thofe  on  each  fide  very  fhort:  color  of  the  fur  on 
the  upper  pai  t of  the  head  and  body,  light  ruft ; towards  the  bottom 
of  the  fur  iron  grey : belly  whitifh : length  from  nofe  to  the  tip  of 
the  tail  fcarcely  two  inches:  tail  very  flender  j three  inches  and  a 
half  long. 

This  animal  inhabits  the  woods  of  Canada.  Its  hind  legs  have 
more  of  the  Jerboas,  than  any  of  the  relf  of  this  genus ; are  very 
long.:  it  goes  upright  on  thefe,  like  the  Jerboa ; and  its  pace  is  leap- 
ing like  that  animal:  is  exceeding  nimble,  and  is  with  difficulty 
caught,  except  it  can  be  forced  into  the  open  grounds : is  torpid 
during  winter:  wraps  itfelf  up  like  the  dormoufe,  and  coils  up  its 
long  tail ; previoufly  rolling  itfelf  into  a round  ball  of  clay,  which  it 
forms  for  its  winter  retreat. 

I am  indebted  to  Col.  Davies,  of  the  artillery,  for  the  fight  and  the 
account  of  this  curious  animal. 


R.  with 


RAT. 


J73 


with  a blunt  nofe  : mouth  placed  far  beneath  : upper  lip  37o-  Labrador. 


• bifid:  ears  large,  naked,  rounded;  fore  legs  Ihorr,  fur- 
niflied  with  four  toes,  and  a tubercle  inflead  of  a thumb:  hind 
legs  long  and  naked,  like  fome  of  the  Jerboas:  thumb  Paort: 
toes  long,  Pender,  and  diPindt;  the  exterior  the  PtorteP. 

The  whole  length  of  the  animal  eight  inches : of  which  the 
tail  is  four  and  three  quarters. 

Color  deep  brown  above,  white  beneath,  feparated  the  whole 
leno-th  on  each  fide  by  a yellow  line. 

Inhabits  Hudfon’s  Bay,  and  the  Labr adore  coaP.  Sent  by  Mr.  Place. 
Graham,  and  depofited  in  the  Mufeum  of  the  Royal  Society. 

Since  I wrote  the  above,  I Pnd  that  Doftor  Pallas  has  defcribed 
this  fpecies  under  the  title  of  Mus  Longipes*.  It  inhabits  alfo 
the  fandy  defert  of  Naryn,  or  Ryn  Pejly,  between  the  Volga  and  the 
Talk,  near  the  Caspian  Sea,  in  Lit.  46  L,  In  this  trad;  fcarcely  any 
thing  grows  except  the  Torlok,  or  Fterococcus  Aphyllus,  and  a few 
other  poor  plants  on  which  it  feeds.  Two  were  then  taken  fport- 
ing  in  the  mid-day  fun;  they  were  both  males,  and  attempted  to 
efcape  to  different  holes.  The  burrows  had  three  entrances  run- 
ning obliquely,  and  were  about  a yard  deep ; lined  or  plaiPered 
with  mud.  In  the  bottom  was  neither  neP  nor  proviPon  of 
grafs. 

The  Afidtic  animal  differed  in  color  from  the  American,  being 
above  of  a light  grey  mixed  with  tawny,  white  below : thefe 
colors  divided  lengthways  by  a Pripe  of  duPcy  red.  The  tail 


i.  314.  tab.  xviii,  B.  Mus  mindianus  ? Itin.  ii.  702. 

c . covered 


JT4 


R A T. 


covered  with  longer  and  loofer  hair  at  the  end  than  In  the  other 
parts  : the  foies  of  the  feet  clad  with  hair.  This  I could  not  well 
obferve  in  the  fpecimen  from  HudfonsBay,  as  it  was  preferved  in 
fpirits.  Linnaus  defcribes  this  fpecies  under  the  title  of  Mus 
hngipeSf  Syjl.  nat.  84.  Doftor  Pallas,  with  great  reafon,  fuppofes 
it  to  be  the  fame  with  the  Jird  of  Doclor  Shaw,  which  our 
learned  countryman  defcribes  with  the  Jerboa.  It  agrees  in  co- 
lors with  the  above;  in  its  long  tail  being  better  cloathed  than 
that  of  a rat ; and  in  its  burrowing  under  ground.  This  is  fre- 
quent in  Barbary,  and  is  reckoned  there  a good  food*. 


371.  A.  CiRCAs-  To  this  I join,  on  the  judgment  of  Dodor  Pallas,  another 
animal,  which  I deferibed  at  N°  205  of  the  Synopjis  of  ^adrnpeds, 
under  the  title  of  CircaJJian  Marmot,  or 

M.  with  ears  like  thofe  of  mice : red  fparkling  eyes : lharp 
teeth;  body  long,  and  of  an  equal  thicknefs:  chefnut- colored 
hair,  long,  efpecially  on  the  back:  has  lharp  claws:  tail  long  and 
bulhy:  fore  feet  Ihorter  than  the  hind  feet:  fize  of  \d\t  Hamjier, 
N®  324. 

Inhabits  the  neighborhood  of  the  river  Terek,  which  flows  out 
of  CircaJJia  and  falls  into  the  Cafpian  Sea : runs  fall  up  hill,  very 
flowly  down : burrows,  and  lives  under  ground  j-. 


^ Shaw's  transds,  248. 

t Schoberi  memorab.  Afiat.  RufliaEin  Muller's  Samlung  Ruff.  viii.  124. 


Mus 


i» 


vc 


t 


>> 


XX^XI  . 


% 


/. 


/■ 


rOV). 


..iyZ. 


RAT. 


*75 


Mus  Tamaricinus.  Pallas,  nov.  Jp,  i.  322.  tal.  xlx.  Itin.  ii.  702. 

Rwich  an  oblong  head:  great  whifkers:  nofe  blunt:  noftrils 
• covered  with  a flap : teeth  yellow : eyes  large  and  brown : 
ears  large,  naked,  and  oval : neck  fhort : fpace  round  the  nofe 
and  eyes,  and  beyond  the  ears,  white:  fides  of  the  head  and  neck 
hoary;  back  and  fides  of  a yellowifli  grey:  tips  of  the  hairs 
brown:  breaft  and  belly  white:  tail  cinereous;  above  half  annii- 
lated  with  brown:  hind  legs  long:  on  the  fore  feet  a warty  tu- 
bercle inftead  of  a thumb. 

Length  to  the  tail  above  fix  inches:  tall  not  quite  fo  long. 
Inhabits  the  lower  falt-marfhes  about  Saritfchikofka,  on  the 
Lower  Talk  or  Ural,  where  they  burrow  beneath  the  knotty  roots 
of  the  tamarilk  buflies;  each  burrow  has  two  entrances,  and  is 
very  deep:  they  feed  only  at  night:  out  of  numbers  which  were 
taken  in  traps  placed  before  their  holes,  not  a female  was  taken. 
Their  food  is  the  fucculent  maritime  tribe  of  plants,  fuch  as  Ni- 
traria,  Salfola,  and  others,  with  which  thofe  deferts  abound. 

To  this  divifion  of  Rats  I give  the  title  of  Jerboid,  from  the 
affinity  it  has  to  that  genus  in  the  length  of  the  hind  legs.  To 
the  other.  Murine,  as  comprehending  all  the  common  fpecies  of 
Rats  and  Mice. 


372.  Tamarisk. 


Size. 

Place. 


*•  Murine. 


RAT. 


176 

Murine. 

373.  Black.  Mus  domefticus  major,  quern  vulgo  Rat-  Mus  Rattu.';.  M.  cauda clongata  fubr.uda, 
turn  vccant.  Ge/ner  quad.  73 1 . Raii Jyn.  palmts  tetradaftylis  cum  unguicdopol- 
quad.  217.  licari,  plantis  pentadadylis. 

Mus  Rattu‘i,  MusCiiirmarius./sr/fi«yr/rt./.  Fann./uec,  N°  33  Br.Zool.  i.  i\° 

57-  27- 

Ratze.  Kramer  j^ufr.  316.  Le  Rat.  Dc  Bujon,  vli,  2j'i.tah.  xxxvi. 

Mus  cauda  longiffima  obfeure  cinerea.  Pallas  rov.jp.  fafc.i.  hz'v.  M.vs, 
BriJJon  quad.  118. 

TJ  of  a deep  iron-grey  color,  nearly  black : belly  cinereous ; 

legs  dulky,  almoft  naked:  a claw,  in  the  place  of  a fifth 
toe,  on  the  fore  feet : length,  from  nofe  to  tail,  feven  inches ; tail 
near  eight. 

Place.  Inhabits  moft  parts  of  Europe :'o^  late,  the  numbers  much  lef- 

fened,  and  in  many  places  extirpated,  by  the  next  fpecies : very 
deftfudtive  to  corn,  furniture,  young  poultry,  rabbets,  and  pi- 
geons : will  gnaw  the  extremities  of  infants  when  afleep  ; breeds 
often  in  a year:  brings  fix  or  feven  young  at  a time:  makes  its 
neft,  in  a hole  near  a chimney,  of  wool,  bits  of  cloth,  or  flraw: 
will  deftroy  and  devour  one  another : its  greatefl;  enemy  is  the 
weefel.  Firft  introduced  by  the  Europeans  into  South  America*, 
about  the  year  1544,  in  the  time  of  the  Viceroy  Blafco  Nunnez. 
Is  now  the  pefl  of  all  that  continent. 

The  word  Rattus  is  modern.  The  Romans  probably  compre- 
hended all  kinds  under  the  word  Mus.  The  ^eijb  call  this  Llygoden 
Frengig,  or  the  French  Moufe,  which  evinces  it  not  to  be  a native 

* Garcilajfo  de  la  Vega,  384.  Ovalle,  ChurchilPs  coll.  iii.  43. 

of 


RAT. 


of  our  illand.  There  is  a very  minute  variety  of  this  kind  about 
the  Volga,  in  the  deferts  of  the  lower  part  (for  they  have  not 
reached  the  upper)  which  fcarcely  weighs  feven  drachms. 

I cannot  trace  the  original  place  of  the  black  rat : none  are 
found  in  Siberia  or  Kamtfchatka. 

Rats  (I  know  not  of  what  fpecies)  are  found  in  the  Papuas 
iflands,  off  New  Guinea’*  but  according  to  the  account  given  by 
T>o&.ox  Forfier-f , the  common  black  rats  fwarm  in  Otaheite,  and 
other  of  the  Society  iflands,  and  are  alfo  met  with  in  the  other 
groupes  of  iflands,  in  New  Zealand,  and  in  New  Holland.  They 
feed  in  Otaheite  on  the  fruits  of  the  country,  and  are  fo  bold  as 
even  to  attack  the  inhabitants  when  they  are  afleep.  The  na- 
tives hold  them  In  the  utmoft  deteftation,  as  unclean  animals, 
and  will  even  avoid  killing  them,  lead  they  fliould  be  polluted  by 
the  touch.  They  will  not  even  eat  the  bread-fruit  thefe  ani- 
mals Ihould  happen  to  run  over. 


lyy 


South-Sea 

ISLAJM  DS. 


Le  Coypu.  Molina  Chili.  26%.  Mas  Coypus.  G//?,  1 25,  Coyp 

R with  round  ears : nofe  elongated,  covered  with  whilkers;  legs 
• fhort:  tail  thick,  and  of  a moderate  length,  well  covered 
with  hairs:  two  very  Oiarp  cutting  teeth  in  each  jaw:  on  the  fore 
feet  are  five  toes,  all  feparated ; on  the  hind  feet  five,  palmated  : 
has  the  appearance  of  the  otte-r  in  hair  and  fize. 

This  animal  lives  equally  well  in  the  water  as  on  the  landj  and  Mannerso 

* Captain  f Obfer'vations,l^c. 

VoL.  II.  A a frequents 


1^8 

RAT. 

frequents  alfo  houfes:  is  eafily  tamed,  and  very  content  in  the  do- 
meftic  ftate:  attaches  itfelf  to  thofe  who  treat  it  kindly:  has  a 
piercing  cry  on  being  abufed : the  female  brings  forth  five  or  fix 
young,  which  always  follow  her.  * 

375*  Brown. 

Muscaudalongiflima,  fupra dilute  fulvus,  xxvii. 

infra  albicans.  Le  Rat  de  Bois.  Brijfon  Norway  Rat.  Br.  Zool.  i.  N®  26. 
quad.  120.  Mus  Decumanus.  Pallas  nov.  fp./a/c.i, 

Le  Surmulot,  De  yiii,  zob.  tab.  91.LEV.Mus. 

In  Evrope. 

T)  with  the  head,  back,  and  fides,  of  a light  brown  color, 
mixed  with  tawny  and  afh-color  : breaft  and  belly  dirty 
white:  feet  naked,  and  of  a dirty  flefh- color : fore  feet  furniflied 
with  four  toes,  and  a claw  inflead  of  the  fifth : length,  from  nofe 
to  tail,  nine  inches;  tail  the  fame:  weight  eleven  ounces:  is 
fironger  made  than  the  laft. 

Inhabits  moft  parts  of  Europe:  but  was  a ftranger  to  that 
continent  ’till  the  prefent  century : came  into  Great  Britain  about 
fifty  years  ago  : not  known  in  the  neighborhood  of  Baris  half 
that  time.  I his  rat  is  common  in  India^  both  on  the  land  and  in 
fliips.  May  we  not  go  to  Indojtan  for  their  origin  } They  fwarm  in 
Beterfburg:  have  reached  BrnJJia,  but  not  the  oppofite  fide  of  the 
Baltics  at  left  Linnaus  takes  no  notice  of  them. 

.^32  Ac 

Are  numerous  in  Berjia,  where  they  burrow  in  the  fields 
In  Hyrcania  they  occupy  the  deferted  holes  of  the  porcupine. 

V 

* • Doftor  P alias , among  his  other  epillolary  communications. 

Some 

R A T. 


179 


Some  years  ago  an  immenfe  migration  arrived  from  the  weft  at 
the  town  of  Jaik\  and  in  the  year  1727  an  equal  number  ap- 
peared about  JJlracan,  filled  the  whole  bed  of  the  Volga,  and  in- 
fefted  the  houfes  to  that  degree,  that  nothing  could  be  preferved 
from  them.  They  have  not  yet  reached  Siberia.  Thefe  probably 
were  the  Mures  Cafpii  of  MUan,  which  he  fays  were  little  lefs  than 
Ichneumons',  and  made  periodical  vifits  in  infinite  multitudes  to 
the  countries  bordering  on  the  Cafpian  Sea:  fwimming  baldly 
over  the  rivers,  holding  by  one  another’s  tail  *. 

Burrow,  like  the  water-rat,  on  the  Tides  of  ponds  and  ditches  : 
fwim  well  and  dive  readily ; live  on  grain  and  fruits,  and  will 
deftroy  poultry  and  game:  encreafe  faft;  bring  from  fourteen  to 
eighteen  young  at  a time:  are  very  bold  and  fierce;  will  turn 
when  clofely  purfued,  and  faften  on  the  ftick  or  hand  of  thofe  who 
offer  to  ftrike  them  : have  deftroyed  the  common  black  rat  in 
moft  places.  Inhabit  fields  part  of  the  year,  but  migrate  in  great 
numbers  into  houfes,  and  do  infinite  mifchief. 


Le  Rat  Perchal,  De  Buffott,  Supplem,  vii.  276.  tab.  Ixix. 

"O  with  ears  rounded  on  the  top;  nofe  long  and  turning  up;  body 
longer  than  that  of  common  rats;  hair  on  the  upper  parts 
deep  brown : hind  legs  larger  than  the  fore : tail  naked  and 
fcaly:  length  from  nofe  to  tail  above  a foot;  tail  between  eight 
and  nine  inches. 

Common  in  India,  and  infefts  the  houfes  in  Pondicherry, 

* jEliani  hiji.  av.  xvlt.  c.  1 7* 

A a 2 as 


376.  Perchal. 


Place, 


i8o 


377.  Banuicote. 


378.  American. 


RAT. 

as  our  rats  do  thofe  of  Europe:  are  very  numerous:  the  inhabitants 
nfe  them  for  food. 

At  p.  440  of  the  former  edition  I imagined  that  the  Brown  rat 
was  the  fame  as  the  Bandicote  of  the  Eajl  Indies.  My  good  and 
intelligent  friend  Do6for  Balrick  Rujfel,  who  has  made  a long  re- 
fidence  on  the  eaftein  coafl  of  Indojlan,  convinces  me  of  my  miftake. 
His  remarks  are  fuch  that  do  not  at  prefent  enable  me  to  give  fo 
full  a defcription  of  this  fpecies  as  I could  wifh.  It  is  gene- 
rally agreed  that  the  Bandicote  is  at  left  five  times  the  weight  of  the 
Brown  rat : that,  comparative  with  that  kind,  it  has  a fliorter  and 
thicker  tail ; that  its  general  form  is  much  thicker,  and  the  back 
arched ; fo  that,  at  firft  fight,  it  looks  like  a little  pig : it  is  lefs  adive 
and  alert  than  the  brown-rat:  is  infinitely  mifchievous  in  gardens: 
burrows  under  the  houfes,  and  will  even  undermine  them  fo  as  to 
caufe  them  to  fall : never  go  on  board  flrips.  The  Palinquin- 
boys  eat  this  kind,  but  will  rejed  the  common  rat.  A more  fatisfac- 
tory  account  of  the  Bandicote  may  be  expeded  in  the  courfe  of  a 
year. 

Leverian  Museum. 

Mus  Caraco?  Pallasno^v./p./a/c,  i.  335.  tab,  xxlii. 


"D  with  the  upper  jaw  much  longer  than  the  lower:  head  long  : 
nofe  narrow  and  pointed:  ears  large  and  naked : whilkers 
fine,  but  long  ; tail  naked,  and  like  that  of  the  black  rat,  but  not 
fo  long. 


Color 


RAT. 


i8i 


Color  a deep  brown;  on  the  belly  inclines  to  alb-color;  hair 
ruder  than  in  the  precedmg  fpecies. 

In  fize  larger  than  the  black,  leffer  than  the  brown  rat. 

Inhabits  North  America]  but  1 am  uncertain  whether  it  is  en- 
tirely vvildj  or  whether  it  has  yet  found  its  way  into  houfes  and 
out-houfes.  yix,  Bartrani*  mentions  the  rat  (but  does  not  de- 
termine the  fpecies)  which  lives  among  the  Hones  and  caverns  in 
the  B hie  Mountains^  far  from  mankind  ; comes  out  at  night,  and 
makes  a terrible  noife;  but  in  very  fevere  weather  keeps  lilent 
within  its  holes. 

The  Mus  Caraco  of  Doflor  Balks  is  fo  nearly  allied  to  this 
fpecies,  that  I do  not  at  this  time  venture  to  feparate  them  : the 
whifkers  of  the  former  feem  rather  fhorter,  and  the  tail,  in  propor- 
tion to  its  length,  thicker;  but  the  thinnefs  of  that  part  might,  in 
the  fpecimen  in  the  L.everian  Musuem,  arife  from  its  being 
dried  ; neither  could  I examine  it  thoroughly,  as  it  was  within  a 
glafs  cafe.  The  Caraco  has  not  as  yet  appeared  to  the  weft  of 
the  Jenefei,  but  fwarms  about  and  beyond  lake  Baikal.  It  has 
much  agreement  with  the  laft  kind,  being,  as  the  Mongals  report, 
converfant  among  lakes  and  waters,  and  is  called  by  them  Cha~ 
racho^  and  Jike-Cbolgonach  or  the  Great  Moufe.  It  burrows  in  the 
banks  of  rivers : is  fuppofed  to  extend  to  China,  and  to  be  very 
noxious  there. 

* In  Kalm' s trav,  ii.  4^’ 


Le 


Caraco. 


RAT. 


182 


379.  SCHERMAN. 


Le  Scherman,  De  Buffon,  Sulplem,  vii.  278.  tab.  Ixx. 


T>  with  a fhort  head  and  thick  nofe : fmall  eyes:  ears  fo  very 
fmall  as  to  be  fcarcely  vlfible:  color  of  the  hair  dulky, 
mixed  with  grey  and  tav/ny  : edges  of  the  mouth  bordered  with 
white  : body  fix  inches  long;  tall  above  two. 

Common  about  Strcijhourg,  in  the  gardens  and  places  near  the 
water:  make  great  havoc  among  the  plants  and  the  cultivated 
grounds:  fwim  and  dive  very  well,  and  are  often  taken  by  the 
fidiermen  in  their  weels : burrow  under  ground,  and  are  frequently 
caught  in  the  traps  ufed  by  the  people  who  are  employed  in  tak- 
ing the  Hamjler  rat. 


380.  Water. 


LeRatd’Eau.  Belon,Aquat.  30.  xxxi. 
Mus  aquatilis.  Jgricola  An.  Suhter.  488. 
Gefner  quad.  732.  Raii  fyn.  quad.  217. 
Klein  quad.  57. 

Wafier-maus  Kramer  Aujir.  316. 

Mus  Amphibius.  M.caudaelongata  pilo- 
fa,  plantispalmatis.  Lin.  fyft.%z. Faun, 
fuec,  N°  32.  Pallas  Notj,  Jp.fa/c,  i.  20. 


M.  cauda  longa  pilis  fupra  ex  nigro  et 
flavefeente  mixtis,  infra  cinereis  vefti- 
tus.  Brijfon  quad.  i 74. 

Le  Rat  d’Eau,  De  Buffon,  vii.  348.  tah, 
xliii. 

Water  Rat.  Br,  Zool,  i.  N°  27.  Lev. 
Mus. 


"O  with  a thick  blunt  nofe:  ears  hid  in  the  fur:  eyes  fmall: 
teeth  yellow  : on  each  foot  five  toes;  inner  toe  of  the  fore 
foot  very  fmall;  the  firft  joint  very  flexible:  head  and  body  co- 
vered with  long  hairs,  black  mixed  with  a few  ferruginous  hairs : 
belly  of  an  iron  grey:  tail  covered  with  fliort  black  hairs;  the 
tipwhitilh:  weight  nine  ounces ; length,  from  nofe  to  tail,  feven 

inches; 


183 


RAT. 

inches ; tall  only  five  : fliape  of  the  head  and  body  more  compaft 
than  the  former  fpecies*. 

Inhabits  the  north  of  AJia,  and  North  America-]-',  bur- 

rows in  the  banks  of  rivers,  ponds,  and  wet  ditches : feeds  on 
fmall  filh,  and  the  fry  of  greater;  on  frogs,  infedts,  and  roots: 
j is  itfelf  the  prey  of  pike:  fwims  and  dives  admirably,  though  it 
is  not  web-footed,  as  Mr.  Ray  fuppofed,  and  Linnaus  copied  af- 
ter him  : brings  fix  young  at  a time.  This  animal  and  the  Otter 
are  eaten  in  France  on  maigre  days. 


j Le  Guanque.  Molina,  2^1.  Mus  Cyanus.  Gmelin,  381.  Sky-colored. 

1 

I 

^ with  rounded  ears : fur  of  a blue  color : fize  and  appearance  of 
my  field  rat. 

Inhabits  Chili:  burrows  a gallery  ten  feet  long,  with  feven 
correfpondent  chambers  on  each  fide  of  a foot  in  depth:  thefe  are 
II  the  magazines  for  winter  provifion,  which  are  of  roots,  mofi;  nicely 
laid  in  order  one  upon  the  other : at  the  approach  of  the  rainy  feafon 
I retire  to  the  burrows : breed  twice  in  the  year,  and  bring  forth  fix 

* It  has  fome  refemblance  to  the  Beaver,  which  induced  Linneeus,  in  the  firfl:  edi- 
tion of  his  Fauna  Suecica,  to  ftyle  it  Caftor  cauda  lineari  tereti, 

t Law/on  hiji,  Carolina,  \z2.  He  alfo  mentions  another,  which  he  calls  the 
Marjh  Rat,  being  more  hairy  than  the  common  rat ; but  apparently  is  the  fame  with 
this.  Thofe  of  Canada  vary  to  tawny  and  white.  Vide  De  Buffon,  xiv.  401.  xv. 

146. 


at 


RAT. 


at  a time : the  firft  brood  is  left  to  provide  for  itfelf ; the  fecond  re- 
tires under  ground  with  the  parents : are  very  timid,  and  very 
cleanly  in  their  retreats:  the  peafants  hunt  for  the  hoards,  and  by 
robbing  them  leave  the  family  to  perilh. 


382.  Mouse.  ]yJ^3  domeftlcus  communis  feu  minor.  Lin. Pallas  Nov.  fp.fafc.i,  - 

Gtfner  quad.  714.  Paii  fyn.  quad.  2i8.  Mus.  Faun.  fuec.  N°  34. 
Mu-*minor,mufculusvulgaris.  Kleinquad.  Mas  cauda  longiffima,  obfcure  cinereus, 
Maufs.  Kratner  Aujlr.  3 i6-  ventre  fubalbefcente.  Brijfon  quad.  1 19. 

Musmufculus.M.caudaelongata, palmis  La  Souris.  De  Buffon,  vii.  309.  tab.  lix. 
tetradaftylis,  plantis  pentadadlylis.  Br.  Zcol.  i.  N°  30.  Lev.  Mus. 

A N animal  that  needs  no  defcription  : when  found  white,  is 
very  beautiful,  the  full  bright  eye  appearing  to  great  ad- 
vantage amidft  the  fnowy  fur. 

Inhabits  all  parts  of  the  world,  except  the  Ard,ic:  follows 
mankind. 


383.  Field. 


Mus  agreftis  minor.  Gefner  quad.  733. 
Mui  domefticus  medius.  Ban  fyn.  quad. 
218. 

Maufs  mit  weiflen  bauch.  Kramer  Aicjlr. 

3»7- 

Mus  cauda  longa  fupra  e fufcoflavefcens, 
infra  ex  albo  cinerefcens.  Brijfon  quad. 
123- 


Mus  fylvaticus.  M.  cauda  longa,  palmis 
tetradadylis,  plantis  pentadadlylis, 
corpore  grifeo  pilis  nigris  abdomine  al- 
bo. Lin.lyjl.  Pallas  Nov.  fp.fafc.  'u 
94.  Faun,  Suec.  1S1°36. 

Le  Mulot.  De  Buffon,  vii.  325.  tab.  xli. 

Long-tailed  Field-moufe.  Br.  Zool.  i. 
N°28.  Lev.  Mus. 


"O  with  full  and  black  eyes:  head,  back,  and  Tides  of  a yellowifh 
• brown,  mixed  with  fome  dufky  hairs:  breaft  of  an  ochre- 
color  : belly  white : length,  from  the  tip  of  the  nofe  to  the  tail, 
5 four 


185 


R A T, 

four  mclies  and  a half : tail  four  inches,  flightly  covered  with 
hair. 

Inhabits  Europe:  found  only  in  fields  and  gardens : feeds  on 
nuts,  acorns,  and  corn:  forms  great  magazines  of  winter  provi- 
fion;  hogs,  tempted  by  the  fmell,  do  much  damage  in  the  fields 
by  rooting  up  the  hoards : makes  a neft  for  its  young  very  near 
the  furface,  and  often  in  a thick  tuft  of  grafs  : brings  from  feven 
to  ten  at  a time : called,  in  fome  parts  of  England,  Bean  Moufey 
from  the  havock  it  makes  among  the  beans  when  juft  Town. 

Is  common  in  Rujfia,  and  about  the  Urallian  chain,  but  not 
beyond. 

«,  American  R.  with  very  long  whifkers,  fome  white,  others 
black:  ears  large,  naked,  and  open:  from  the  head  to  the  tail, 
along  the  middle  of  the  back,  a broad  dark  ftripe,  ferruginous 
and  dulky:  the  cheeks,  fpace  beneath  the  ears,  and  fides,  quite 
to  the  tail,  orange-colored : under  fide,  from  nofe  to  tail,  of  a 
fnowy  whitenefs:  feet  white : hind  legs  longer  than  thofe  of 
the  European  kind:  tail  dufky  above,  whitifti  beneath.  New 
TorL 


The  lefs  long -tailed  Field-Moufe.  Br.  Zcol.  ii.  Jpp.  498.  Lev.  Mus,  _ 38^,  Harvest. 

"O  with  eyes  lefs  prominent  than  thofe  of  the  former:  ears 
prominent:  of  a full  ferruginous  color  above,  white  be- 
neath : a ftrait  line  along  the  fides  divides  the  colors:  tail  a little 
hairy:  length,  from  nofe  to  tail,  two  inches  and  a half:  tail  two 
inches : weight  one-fixth  of  an  ounce. 

VOL.II.  B b 


Inhabits 


i86 


RAT. 


Inhabits  HampJhWe',  where  it  appears  In  greateft  numbers  dur- 
ing harveft:  never  enters  houfes;  but  is  carried  into  the  ricks  of 
corn  in  the  Iheaves;  and  often  hundreds  are  Villed  on  breaking  up 
the  ricks : during  winter,  flickers  itfelf  under  ground:  burrows 
very  deep,  and  forms  a warm  bed  of  dead  grafs;  makes  its  neft 
for  its  young  above  ground,  between  the  ftraws  of  {landing  corn ; 
it  is  of  a round  fliape,  and  compofed  of  blades  of  corn : brings 
about  eight  young  at  a time. 


385.  Oriental.  Mus  orientalls.  Seb.  Muf.’n.  22.  tab.  xxi.  dinallbus  & punftls  albis.  Mu/.  Ad. 
jig.  2.  Fred.  10. 

M.  cauda  mediocrl  fubnuda,  palmis  te-  Mus  caudalonga,  rufus,lineis  in  dorfo  aF- 
tradadylis,  plantis  pentadaftylis,  cor-  bicantibus,margaritarumsmulis.£r^- 
poris  ftxiis  pundlatis.  84.  /on  quad.  124. 

M.  cauda  longa,  flriis  corporis  longitu- 


TJ  with  round  naked  ears : of  a grey  color : the  back  and  fides 
elegantly  marked  with  twelve  rows  of  fmall  pearl-colored 
fpots,  extending  from  the  head  to  the  rump : tail  the  length  of 
the  body;  in  fize,  half  that  of  a common  moufe. 

Inhabits  India.  In  the  fame  country,  and  in  Guinea,  Is  another 
very  fmall  fpecies,  which  fmells  of  mufk.  The  Tortuguefe  living, 
in  India  call  it  Cherofo,  and  fay  its  bite  is  venomous,  Boullaye  la 
Gouz,  256.  Barhofs  Guinea,  214. 


Mus 


R A T, 


Mus  Barbaras.  M.  caudamediocri  corpore  daftylis,  plantis  pentad.a£lylis. 

fufco,  ftriis  decern  pallidis,  palmis  tri-  tom.  i.  pars  ii.  addenda. 

T ESS  than  the  common  moufe:  of  a brown  color:  marked 
on  the  back  with  ten  flender  ftreaks ; three  toes  with  claws 
on  the  fore  feet,  with  the  rudiments  of  a thumb;  tail  of  the 
length  of  the  body. 

Inhabits  Barharj. 


Mus  Mexicanus  maculatus.  Seb.  Mu/.  74.  tab.yXv,  fig,  j. 

of  a whitifli  color,  mixed  with  red:  head  whitifli:  each  fide 
of  the  belly  marked  with  a great  reddifh  fpot. 

According  to  Seba  inhabits  Mexico. 

Mas  agreftis  Americanus  albus.  Seb.  Muf,  i.  76.  tab.  xWii.figl  4, 

Rwith  pointed  ears  and  nofe;  the  laft  black:  whifkers  long: 
• fur  very  (hort : limbs  very  weak  and  flender : tail  at  the 
bafe  thick,  growing  gradually  fo  from  the  rump,  fo  that  the 
junftion  cannot  be  diftinguilhed ; decreafes  gradually,  and  be- 
comes very  long  and  {lender;  ends  in  a point,  and  is  in  all  parts 
befet  with  long  hair. 

Color  of  this  animal  iiniverfally  white. 

According  to  Seba,  found  in  Virginia,  The  thicknefs  at  the 
bafe  of  the  tail  is  its  fpecific  difference. 

B b 2 


187 


386,  Bareary. 


387.  Mexican. 


3 83.  Virginian. 


Place. 


RAT. 


iS3 


389.  Wanzer- 

I NG. 


Mus  Vagus.  Pallas  Nev.  fp.  fa/c.  i.  327*  tah.  xxii.9^.  2. 

T>  with  an  oblong  head:  blunt  nofe,  with  a red  tip:  cutting 
teeth  yellow;  the  upper  truncated:  eyes  placed  midway 
between  the  nofe  and  the  ears : ears  large,  oval,  naked  •,  the  tip 
duiky  and  downy:  limbs  flender  i inftead  of  a thumb,  on  the  fore 
fret,  is  a conic  wart:  tail  longer  than  the  body,  and  very  flender. 

Color  above  a pale  aQi,  mixed  and  undulated  with  black: 
alone  the  back  to  the  tail  is  a black  line  : ends  of  the  limbs 
whitiih. 

Length,  from  nofe  to  tail,  between  two  and  three  inches;  the 
tail  near  three. 

Inhabits  the  whole  'Tartarian  defert ; and  at  certain  times 
wanders  about  in  great  flocks,  and  migrating  from  place  to 
place  during  night.  Obferved  as  high  as  lat.  57,  about  the  Irtiflo^ 
and  between  the  Oby  and  JeneJei,  in  birch  woods:  is  of  a very 
chilly  nature;  foon  becomes  torpid,  and  fleeps  rolled  up  in  the 
cold  night,  even  of  the  month  of  June.  Lives  in  fiirures  of 
rocks,  under  ftones,  and  in  hollow  fallen  trees : has  carnivorous 
inclinations;  for  on  being  placed  in  a box  with  a moufe  of  ano- 
ther fpecies,  it  killed  and  devoured  part,  notwkhllanding  it  had 
feeds  to  feed  on.  Is  called  by  the  DJJokkis-fitJkan,  or  gre- 

garious Moufe. 


Mus 


RAT. 


189 


Mus  Betulinus.  Pallas  Nov.  fp.  fafc,  i.  322.  tab.  xyCa.  fg.  i, 

1>  with  a fliarp  nofe,  with  the  end  red  ; ears  fmaller  than  thofe 
of  the  former,  brown,  briftly  at  the  end  : limbs  very  len- 
der ; toes  long,  flender,  and  very  feparable  : tail  very  long  and 
flender,  much  exceeding  the  length  of  the  body ; brown  above, 
white  below. 

Color  of  the  head  and  body  a cinereous  ruft,  with  a few  dufky 
hairs  interfperfed  : breaft  and  belly,  pale  alli : along  the  top  of 
the  back  is  a dufky  line. 

Lefs  than  the  former. 

Inhabits  the  birch  woods  about  the  pla'ns  of  Ifchim  and  Baraba, 
and  between  the  Oby  and  yenefei : lives  in  the  hollows  of  decayed 
trees : very  tender,  and  foon  grows  torpid  in  cold  weather : runs 
up  trees,  and  faftens  to  the  boughs  with  its  tail;  and,  by  affiftance 
of  its  flender  fingers,  adheres  to  any  fmooch  furfiice;  emits  a weak 
note. 


Miis  Agrarius.  P alias  no-v.  fp  fafc.  i.  341.  tab.  xxiv.  A.  Itin.  i.  434. 
jVlus  Rubeas.  Schvsenkfeldt  Amsn.  Silf.  114. 

O with  afharpnofe:  oblong  head:  fmall  ears  lined  with  furr 
color  of  the  body  and  head  ferruginous,  with  a dufky  line 
along  the  back:  belly  and  lim.bs  whitifh:  above  each  hind  foot  is 
a dufky  circle. 

A little  lefs  than  the  field  moufe.  The  tall  only  half  the 
length  of  the  body,. 


390.  Beech. 


Size. 

Place, 


391.  Rustic. 


Inhabits- 


1^0 


RAT. 


Place. 

Inhabits  the  temperate  trad  of  Ruffia,  and  Siheria,  as  far  as  the 
Irf/JI: : in  the  former,  chiefly  about  villages  and  corn-fields;  in 
the  latter,  in  woods.  In  RuJJia  is  often  migratory,  and  often  very 
noxious  to  the  grain : it  is  called  there  Shitnik,  or  the  Corn  Moufe, 
for  it  abounds  in  the  fheafs  and  ricks.  At  times  they  wander  in  vaft 
multitudes,  and  deflroy  the  whole  expedations  of  the  farmer. 
This  plague  did  in  particular,  in  the  years  1763  or  >764,  make 
•great  ravages  in  the  rich  country  about  Cafan  and  Arjki  but  came 
in  fuch  numbers  as  to  fill  the  very  houfes,  and  became  through 
hunger  fo  bold  as  to  fleal  even  the  bread  from  the  table  before 
the  very  faces  of  the  guefls.  At  approach  of  winter  they  all  dif- 
appeared. 

They  make  their  retreats  a little  below  the  furface,  which  in 
thofe  places  appears  elevated  : each  has  a long  gallery,  with  a 
chamber  at  the  end,  in  which  they  place  their  winter  food,  which 
confifts  of  various  forts  of  feeds. 

592.  SORICINE. 

Mus  Soricinus.  SchreheVi  tab.  clxxxlii.  Gm,  Lin.  130. 

Place. 

“O  with  an  elegant  flender  head : ears  rounded  and  covered  with 
hair;  tail  long  and  flender:  hair  on  the  head  and  upper  part 
of  the  body  cinereous,  mixed  with  yellow:  belly  white:  length  two 
inches. 

Inhabits  the  neighborhood  of  Strajhurg:  difeovered  by  Profeflbr 
Herman. 

Mus 


RAT. 


Mus  pumillo.  Gmel.  Un,^ljiJ},  230.  Spafmafi's  ‘vqy.  il.  349.  fab.  vif. 

with  black  forehead  and  hind  part  of  the  head:  from  the  lad: 
extend  along  the  back  to  tail  four  black  lines : color  of  the 
reft  of  the  animal  a cinereous  brown  : tail  of  a light  color,  very 
fmall : not  fuperior  in  fize  to  the  following. 

Inhabits  the  foreft  of  Sitjicamma  on  the  Shvigen  river,  at  a vaft 
diftance  to  the  eaftward  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 


Mus  minutus.  Pallas  Nov.  fp.  fafc.  i.  345.  tab.  xxiv.  B.  Itin.  i.  454. 

11  with  a fharpiih  nofe:  dulky,  with  a whitenefs  at  the  corner 
of  the  mouth:  ears  fmall,  half  hid  in  the  fur:  body  more 
llender  than  that  of  the  common  moufe:  tail  fliorter  and  more 
flender. 

Color,  a deep  tawny  above,  white  below  : feet  grey» 

The  left  of  the  genus;,  little  more  than  twm  inches  long  from 
nofe  to  tail;  w'eight  not  half  a dram. 

Inhabits  the  temperate  parts  of  Ruffia  and  Siberia,  in  corn-fields 
and  barns;  is  alfo  plentiful  in  the  birch-woods.  More  males  among 
them  than  females.  Seem  to  wander  without  any  certain  places  for 
tlieir  nefts,. 


191 

393  Ljneated. 

Place. 

394,  Little, 

S I z s. 

Flags, 


With 


192 


RAT. 


395,  Rock.  **  With  tails  of  middle  length. 

Mus  Saxatills.  Fallas  'Ko<v./p.fa/c.  i.  25  3.  tab.  xxlii.  B, 

^ with  an  oblong  head;  nofe  rather  pointed;  ears  riling  above 
the  fur;  oval,  downy,  at  the  edges  brown:  whilkers  Ihort; 
limbs  ftrong;  tail  not  half  fo  long  as  the  body,  with  a few  hairs 
fcattered  over  it. 

Color  above,  brown  flightly  mixed  with  grey:  fides  incline 
more  to  the  laft  color:  belly  of  a light  cinereous;  fnout  dulky, 
furrounded  with  a very  flender  ring  of  white. 

Size.  Length  four  inohes;  tail  one  and  a half. 

Place.  Inhabits  the  country  beyond  lake  Baikal,  and  the  Mongolian 

■defert:  makes  its  burrows  in  a wonderful  manner,  confidering  the 
weaknefs  of  its  feet,  between  the  crannies  of  the  rocks  which  had 
been  forced  open  by  violence  of  froft,  or  the  infmuation  of  roots 
of  plants : it  chufes  its  habitation  amidlb  the  rudeft  rocks,  and 
lives  chiefly  on  the  feeds  of  AJiragali.  The  burrows  confift,  firft- 
ly,  of  a large  winding  oblique  paflTage,  through  which  the  ani- 
mal flings  out  the  earth:  fecondly,  of  one  or  more  holes  point- 
ing downwards,  which  likewife  wind  among  the  rocks;  and  at 
their  bottom  is  the  nefl,  formed  of  foft  herbs. 


Viverra 


RAT. 


*93 


VIverra  fafciata.  Qmdin  Lin,\.  Chat  fauvage,  &c.  il.  143.  tab.  396.  Indian. 

Ixxix. 

■O  with  fhort  pointed  ears:  fliarp  nofe:  two  cutting  teeth  in  each 
jaw,  and  fourteen  grinders  in  each  : five  toes  to  each  foot: 
claws  ftrong  and  crooked:  color  grey,  tinged  on  the  lower  part 
of  the  head  and  neck  with  red  : belly  white;  back  and  fides  marked 
with  four  black  lines,  commencing  near  the  hind  part  of  the  head, 
and  ending  at  the  rump : on  each  thigh  is  a bifurcated  black 
flroke,  the  forks  pointing  backwards. 

Length  two  feet;  tail  nine  inches.  Inhabits  7;^^/^.  No  further 
account  is  given  by  M.  Sonnerat  of  this  and  the  following  obfcure 
fpecies.  I place  them  in  this  genus,  as  they  have  no  canine  teeth, 
and  only  two  incifores  in  each  jaw. 


Le  Zenik  des  Hottentots.  Soinerai  'voy,  Viverra  Zenik.  Gmelin  Lin.  i.  84.  ^97.  Zenik, 

li.  145.  tab.  xcii. 

r>  with  fhort  ears:  very  long  fliarp  nofe:  two  cutting  teeth;  fix- 
teen  grinding  teeth;  four  toes  on  each  foot:  claws  on  the 
fore  feet  very  long,  and  almoft  ftrait:  color  of  a reddida  gtey, 
flriped  tranfverfcly  with  ten  black  lines  falling  from  the  back 
almoft  to  the  belly. 

Size  of  a water  rat : tail  not  fo  long  as  the  body ; of  a gilded  red 
on  three  parts  of  its  length  ; the  reft  black. 

Inhabits  the  land  of  the  Hottentots. 

VoL,  I.  C c 


Mus 


294 


RAT. 


398.  CEconomic, 

^ S12B. 

Place. 

Manners. 


Mus  CEconomus.  Pallas  Nov.  fp.fafc.  i.  Tegoulichitck.  Defer.  Kamfchatka,  Engl. 
ZieSf.tah.  xiv.  A.  Itin,  iii.692.  ed.  104. 

Rwith  fmall  e3?es : ears  naked,  and  iifually  hid  in  the  fur 
• limbs  ftrong : teeth  very  tawny  : color  black  and  yellow, 
intimately  mixed  ; dulky  on  the  back;  from  throat  to  tail  hoary  4 
beneath  the  hair  a dark  down;  ends  of  the  feet  duflcy. 

Length  four  inches  and  a quarter ; of  the  tail,  more  than  an. 
Inch;  in  form  of  body  like  the  meadow  moufe,  but  is  rather 
longer,  and  the  belly  bigger.  The  females*are  far  fuperior  to  the 
males  in  lize,  as  on  the  former  refts  the  chief  labor  of  providing  the 
food. 

Inhabits  in  vafl:  numbers  all  Siberia,  efpecially  the  eaftern  parts,, 
and  Ka^ntfchatka',  and  even  found  within  the  ArBic  circle. 

They  are  called  by  Dodtor  Pallas,  Mures  CEconomi  or  CEco- 
nomic Mice,  from  their  curious  way  of  living.  They  inhabit 
damp  foils,  and  (liun  the  fandy,  form  burrows  beneath  the  up- 
per cruft  of  the  turfy  ground;  and  have  in  them  many  cham- 
bers, and  feveral  entrances.  Never  more  than  two  animals  are 
found  in  thefe  extenfive  nefts,  and  thofe  fondly  attached  to  each 
other;  fometimes  only  one  inhabits  thefe  dwellings,  except  towards 
autumn,  when  the  whole  family  make  it  their  refidence.  In  the 
firft  they  form  magazines  for  winter  food,  confifting  of  various  forts 
of  plants,  which  they  colleift  in  fummer  with  great  pains;  and  in 
funny  days  draw  them  out  of  their  nefts,  in  order  to  give  them  a 
more  effedlual  drying.  During  fummer  they  never  touch  their 
boards,  but  live  on  berries,  and  other  vegetable  produdlions. 
3 Twenty, 


RAT. 


*95 


Twenty,  and  even  thirty  pounds  of  freQ)  roots,  have  been  found  in 
one  hoard.  Befides  man,  thefe  mice  find  a cruel  animal  in  the  wild 
boars,  which  ranfack  the  magazines,  and  devour  the  little  defence- 
kfs  owners. 

They  in  certain  years  make  great  migrations  out  of  Kamtf- 
clatka ; they  colledl  in  the  fpring,  and  go  off  in  incredible  multi- 
tudes. Like  the  Lemmus,  they  go  on  in  a diretfl  couiTe,  and 
nothing  flops  their  progrefs,  neither  rivers  nor  arms  of  fea : in 
their  paffage  they  often  fall  a prey  to  the  ravenous  filhes  and 
birds;  but  on  land  are  fafe,  as  the  Kamtfchatkam  pay  a fuper- 
flitious  regard  for  them;  and  when  they  find  them  lying,  weak  or 
half  dead  with  fatigue,  on  the  banks,  after  paffinga  river,  will  give 
them  all  poffible  affiftance.  They  fet  out  on  their  migration  weft- 
ward.  From  the  river  Pengin  they  go  fouthward,  and  about  the 
middle  of  July  r&zzhOchofJka  and  Judoma,  a tra(5l  of  amazing  extent. 
They  return  again  in  OEiober.  The  Kamtfehatkans  are  greatly 
alarmed  at  their  migrations,  as  they  prefage  rainy  feafons,  and  an 
unfuccefsful  chace;  but  on  their  return,  expreffes  are  fent  to  all 
parts  with  the  good  news. 

Many  fables  are  related  of  them,  fuch  as  that  they  cover  their 
provifions  with  poifonous  herbs  before  their  migrations,  in  order 
to  deftroy  other  rats  which  may  attempt  to  plunder  their  maga- 
zines; and  if  by  chance  they  fhould  be  pillaged,  they  will  flrangle 
themfelves  through  vexation,  by  fqueezing  their  necks  between 
the  forks  of  fhrubs ; for  this  reafon  the  natives  never  take  away 
all  their  flore,  but  leave  part  for  their  fubfiftence,  or  leave  in  its 
place  fome  caviare,  or  any  thing  that  will  ferve  for  their  fup- 
port.  It  is  certain  that  the  roots  of  certain  poifonous  plants  are 

C c 2 often 


196 

RAT. 

often  found  in  their  nefls  half  eaten;  but  this  is  no  wonder,  as  it  Is 
well  known  that  divers  animals  will  feed  on  noxious  vegetables 
which  would  prove  the  certain  bane  of  others. 

399.  Woolly.. 

La  Chincliilla.  MoIina  ChiU.  283.  Mus  laniger,  Gni.  L/«,'i34. 

U with  very  fmall  ears:  flrort  nofe:  tail  of  a middling  length:. 

whole  body  covered  with  long  wool  of  exquifite  finenefs, 
grey,  and  long  enough  to  be  fpun.  The  length  of  this  fpecies  is 
fix  inches. 

Thefe  animals  live  in  fociety  under  ground,  and  feed  on  the 
bulbous  roots  of  the  country.  It  breeds  twice  a year,  and  brings 
five  or  fix  at  a time : it  is  a very  gentle  tame  animal  : very  fond  of 
being  carefled,  and  will  lie  down  without  fear  by  mankind : it  is 
often  domefticated.  The  antient  Peruvians  manufaduied  many, 
fmall  articles  from  the  wool,  which  they  fold  at  a great  price. 

400.  Red. 

Mus  Rutilus.  Pallas  Nov- fp-fafcii.  \ifi.tab.  xiv.  B. 

Size-, 

“O  with  the  nofe  and  face  very  brifily  : ears,  like  thofe  of  the 
former,  naked,  except  the  tip,  on  which  is  a rufty  down; 
tail  full  of  hair : color,  from  the  middle  of  the  forehead,  along 
the  back,  to  the  rump,  an  uniform  pleafant  tawny  red  : the  fides 
light  grey  and  yellow  : under  fide  of  the  body  whitilh ; feet 
white:  tail  dulky  above,  light  below. 

Length  not  four  inches  j tail  above  one. 

Inhabits. 


RAT, 

inhabits  Siberia,  frotn  the  Oby  eaft^ard  to  Kamtfchatka,  in 
woods  and  mountains;  and  alfo  within  the  Arbfic  circle.  Creeps 
fometimes  into  houfes  and  granaries;  lives  abroad  under  logs  of 
wood,  or  trunks  of  trees : they  wander  out  the  whole  winter,  and 
are  very  lively  even  aniidft  the  fnovvs;  eat  any  thing  which  comes 
in  their  way  ; even  flefli. 

A variety  is  found  about  Cafan,  a little  leflfer  than  the  Siberian 
kind,  and  the  tail  longer  and  more  dender:  the  red  on  the  back  is 
not  fo  much  diffufed  as  in  the  other.  The  fame  kind  has  alfa 
been  difcovered  in  the  botanical  garden  at  Gottengen. 

Mus  Alliarius.  Pallas  nov.  fp-  fafc^  i.  252.  tah.  xlv.  C. 

with  great  open  naked  ears,  very  apparently  out  of  the  fur; 
tail  clothed  with  hair:  color  on  the  back  cinereous, 
mixed  with  longer  hairs  tipped  with  duficy  grey:  Tides  of  a 
whitifliafli:  bread,  belly,  and  feet  white;  tail  marked  along  the 
top  with  a dufky  line,  the  reft  white. 

Length  a little  above  four  inches-,  tail  one  and  a half. 

Inhabits  the  country  about  the  JeneJei  and  Lena:  is  frequent  in 
the  fubterraneous  magazines  of  btilbous  roots,  efpecially  the 
Allium  angulatum,  or  angular  garlic,  formed  by  the  Siberian  pea- 
fants. 


with  the  nofe  a little  extended  ; four  toes  on  the  fore  feet; 
with  a tubercle  inftead  of  a thumb;  five  toes  on  the  hind 
feet;  round  ears  covered  with  fur;  tail  of  a middling  length,  and 

hairy  % 


197 

Place, 


401.  Garlic. 


Size. 

Place, 


402.  S0RIC1N2. 


198 


RAT. 

hairy:  color  of  the  upper  part  of  the  body  yellowllh  gtfey:  belly 
white. 

PtACE.  Inhabits  the  neighborhood  of  Difcovered  by  Pro- 

feffbr  Herman. 


With  Ihort  tails. 


403.  Lemmus.  Lemmar  vel  Lemmus.  Olatis  magnus  de  rufo  et  nigro  variegatus,  Brijfon  quad, 
gent.  Septentr.  358.  100. 

Leem  vel  Lemmer.  Gefner  quad.  73T.  Mus  Lemmus.  M. caudaabbreviata,  pe- 
f'dus  Norvegicus  vulgo  Leming.  Wor?n.  dlbus  pencadaftylis,  corpore  fulvo  ni- 
MuJ.  321,  325.  SchejJ'er  Lapland,  136.  gro  vario.  Lin.  fyji.  80.  Pallas  no'V.fp. 
Pontop.  Norway,  ii.  30.  Strom.  Sondtnor.  Hfi  >•  186.  tab.  xli.  A.  & B. 

1 34.  P.aii  fyn.  quad.  227.  Fial-Mus,  Sabell-Mus,  Lappis. 

Sable-mice.  Ph.  Tr.  abridg.W.  873.  Lummick.  Faun.Suec.  N°  29. 

jCuiucuIus  caudatus,  auritus,  ex  flavo,  Le  Leming.  xiii.  3 14. 


*0  with  two  very  long  cutting  teeth  in  each  jawt  head  pointed : 
long  whilkers;  fix  of  the  hairs  on  each  fide  longer  and 
flronger  than  the  reft:  eyes  fmall  and  black:  mouth  fmall:  up- 
per lip  divided  : ears  fmall,  blunt,  and  reclining  backwards: 
fore  legs  very  fhort : four  flender  toes  on  the  fore  feet,  covered 
with  hairs;  and  in  the  place  of  the  thumb  a fharp  claw,  like  a 
cock’s  fpur:  five  toes  behind:  the  fkin  very  thin:  the  color  of 
the  head  and  body  black  and  tawny,  difpofed  in  irregular 
blotches  : belly  white,  tinged  with  yellow. 

"Size.  Length,  from  nofe  to  tail,  about  five  Inches:  in  large  fpeci- 

mens  a little  more:  the  tail  about  half  an  inch.  Thofe  of  RuJJian 
Lapland  2Nt  much  lefs  than  thofe  of  the  Norwegian  or  Szvedi/Io, 

LACE.  Inhabits  Norway  and  Lapland,  the  country  about  the  river 

Oby, 


Lxmii. 


RAT. 


199 


t)fy,  and  the  north  extremity  of  the  Urallan  chain.  They  ap- 
pear in  numberiefs  troops,  at  very  uncertain  periods,  in  Norzvay 
and  hapland : are  the  peft  and  wonder  of  the  country:  they 
march  like  the  army  of  locufts,  fo  emphatically  defcrlbed  by  the 
prophet  Joel:  dellroy  every  root  of  grafs  before  them,  and  fpread 
univerfal  defolation  : they  infeed  the  very  ground,  and  cattle  are 
faid  to  penfh  which  tafte  of  the  grafs  which  they  have  touched: 
they  march  by  myriads,  in  regular  lines : nothing  flops  their 
progrefs,  neither  fire,  torrent-s,  lake,  or  morafs.  They  bend  their 
courfe  flrait  forward,  with  moft  amazing  obftinacy  ; they  fwitn 
over  the  lakes ; the  greateld  rock  gives  them  but  a flight  check, 
they  go  round  it,  and  then  refume  their  march  diredlly  on,  with- 
out the  left  deviation ; if  they  meet  a peafant,  they  perfift  in 
their  courfe,  and  jump  as  high  as  his  knees  in  defence  of  their 
progrefs : are  fo  fierce  as  to  lay  hold  of  a flick,,  and  fuffer 
themlelves  to  be  fwung  about  before  they  quit  their  hold  : if 
ftruck,  they  turn  about  and  bite,  and  will  make  a noife  like  a 
dog. 

They  feed  on  grafs,  on  the  rein-deer  liverwort,  and  the  catkins 
of  the  dwarf  birch.  The  firft  they  get  under  the  fnenv,  beneath 
which  they  wander  during  winter;  and  make  their  lodgements, 
and  have  a fpiracle  to  the  furface  for  the  fake  of  air.  In  thefe 
retreats  they  are  eagerly  purfued  by  the  ArElic  foxes. 

They  make  very  fltallow  burrows  under  the  turf;  but  do  not 
form  any  magazines  for  winter  provifion:  by  this  improvidence 
it  feems  that  they  are  compelled  to  make  thefe  numerous  migra- 
tions, in  certain  years,  urged  by  hunger  to  quit  their  ufual  re- 
lidences. 

They  breed  often  in  the  year,  and  bring  five  or  fix  young  at  a 

time: 


2 GO 


RAT. 


.time:  fometimes  they  bring  forth  on  their  migration;  fome  they 
carry  in  their  mouths,  and  others  on  their  backs. 

They  are  not  poifonous,  as  is  vulgarly  reported;  for  they  are 
often  eaten  by  the  Laplander who  compare  their  fle/h  to  that  of 
fquirrels. 

Are  the  prey  of  foxes,  lynxes,  and  ermines,  who  follow  them 
in  great  numbers : at  length  they  perifh,  either  through  want  of 
food,  or  by  deftroying  one  another,  or  in  fome  great  water,  or  in  ' 
the  fea.  They  are  the  dread  of  the  country:  in  former  times  fpi- 
, ritual  weapons  were  exerted  againfi;  them;  the  prieft  exorcifed, 
and  had  a long  form  of  prayer  to  avert  the  evil  * : happily  it  does  ' 
not  occur  frequently;  once  or  twice  in  twenty  years:  it  Teems 
like  a vaft  colony  of  emigrants,  from  a nation  over-docked;  a 
,dil'charge  of  animals  from  the  great  Northern  hive,  that  once 
poured  out  its  myriads  of  human  creatures  upon  Southern  Eu-  y, 
rope.  Where  the  head- quarters  of  thefe  quadrupeds  are.  is  not  \ 
very  certainly  known  *,  Lhinaus  fays,  the  Norzvegian  Lapland  T 
yllps-,  Tontoppidan  Teems  to  think,  that  Kolens  rock,  which  di-  jj.* 
■vides  Nordland  from  Sweden^  is  their  native  place : but  wherever  T 
they  come  from,  none  return  : their  courfe  is  predeftinated,  and  I 
.they  purfue  their  fate. 

* Worm.  Mu/.  333.  where  the  whole  form  is  preferved.  It  was  once  ferioufly  . 
believed  that  tliefe  animals  were  generated  in  the  clouds,  and  fell  in  Ihowers  upon  i.  ■ 
the  ground : Per  tempeflates  et  repentinos  imbres  e calo  decidant,  incompertum  unde,  an  ex 
xemotioribus  infulis,  et  hue  •vento  delates,  an  ex  nubibus faculent'u  nates  deferantur.  Olaus  \ 
Magnus  de  Gent.  Septentr.  358. 

Mus 


RAT. 

Mus  torquatus.  Talks  No’v.fp.fa/c.  i.  20^; 

Rwith  a blunt  nofe:  ears  hid  in  the  fur:  legs  flrong  and 
• Ihort : foies  covered  with  hair : claws  very  ftrong,  hooked 
at  the  end  : the  hair  on  the  whole  body  very  fine. 

Color  of  the  upper  part  of  the  body  ferruginous,  mixed  with 
grey  and  yellow;  fometimes  pale  grey,  clouded  with  undulated 
lines  of  dulky  ruft-color:  from  the  ears,  down  each  fide  of  the 
cheeks,  is  a bed  of  the  fame  color,  and  behind  that  a ftripe  of 
white,  fo  that  the  neck  appears  encircled  with  a collar ; behind 
thefe  again  is  another  bed  of  the  former  color. 

Length  to  the  tail  little  more  than  three  inches ; of  the  tail 
j one;  at  its  end  is  a hard  tuft  of  briftles. 

i Inhabits  the  northern  parts  about  the  river  Oby.  Makes  its 
burrows,  with  many  paflages,  beneath  the  turfy  foil.  The  nefts 
are  filled  with  rein-deer  and  fnowy  liverworts.  They  are  faid  to 
migrate  at  the  fame  feafons  with  the  Lemmus. 


Mus  Hudfonius.  Talks  Nov.  fp.fafc.u  20S. 

Rwith  flender  brown  whilkers  : very  fine  long  foft  hair:  cine- 
• reous,  tinged  with  tawny,  on  the  back,  with  a dufky  firipe 
running  along  its  middle : along  each  fide  a pale  tawny  line : 
belly  pale  cinereous:  limbs  very  flrort:  fore  feet  very  flrong:  the 
two  middle  claws  of  the  male  very  flrong,  thick,  and  comprefl- 
ed;  divided  at  the  end:  thofe  of  the  fnppofed  females  (of  the 
Yol.  II.  D d lefler 


201 

404.  Ringed. 


Size. 

Place. 

405.  Hudson’s, 


202 


Size. 


406.  Hare- 

TAiLEO. 


Size. 

Place. 

Manners. 


R A T. 

lefler  fkins)  fmall ; tail  very  fliort,  terminated  by  fome  fiiff 
bridles. 

Length  about  five  inches.  Defcribed  by  Doctor  Pallas,  from 
fome  fkins  fent  to  him  from  Labrador,  one  of  which  he  favored 
me  with. 

Mus  Lagurus.  Pallas  Nov.  fp.fafc.  i.  2 10.  tab,  xiii.  A.  Itin.  ii.  App.  704. 

T3  with  a long  head,  and  blunt  nole : rough  lips,  and  dwelling 
out : ears  fliort,  round,  flat,  juft  appearing  out  of  the 
fur : limbs  fhort  and  flender ; tail  the  fliorteft  of  all  the  genus, 
fcarcely  appearing  out  of  the  hairs : fur  very  foft  and  full,  cinereous 
on  the  upper  part,  mixed  with  dufky : along  the  back  is  a dark 
line  : belly  and  feet  of  a pale  afli-color. 

Length  between  three  and  four  inches. 

Inhabits  the  country  above  the  Talk,  IrliJJo,  and  Jenefei.  They  c 
love  dry  foils,  but  firm ; in  which  they  make  burrows  with  two  t 
entrances;  one  oblique,  leading  to  the  neft,  the  other  perpendicu-  ^ 
lar,  but  both  end  at  it,  or  unite  beyond ; the  neft  is  formed  of 
grafs.  Ufually  the  male  has  a different  habitation,  but  fome- 
times  they  live  together.  When  more  males  than  one  get  toge-  ' 
ther,  they  fight,  and  the  conqueror  devours  the  vanquifhed ; the 
mate  of  the  dcceafed  inftantly  fubmits  to  the  embraces  of  the 
former,  even  though  pregnant.  They  are  very  falacious,  and 
bring  their  young  frequently  in  the  air:  they  bring  fix  at  a time; 
emit  often  a mufky  fmell  when  in  heat:  the  males  fight  fitting 
up,  and  bite  very  hard,  and  make  a noife  by  ftriking  their  teeth 
together.  They  fleep  very  much,  and  like  the  Marmots,  rolled 

up; 


R A T. 

up;  and,  like  them,  are  flow  in  their  motions:  are  very  fond  of 
the  dwarf  iris,  bat  feed  on  all  forts  of  feeds : they  have  alfo  car- 
nivorous appetites,  for  they  will  devour  one  another,  and  even 
others  of  different  fpecies,  of  the  fame  fize  with  themfelves;  for 
which  reafon  few  other  kinds  live  near  them.  They  migrate  in 
great  troops ; therefore  are  called  by  the  Tartan,  DJJMkis- 
Zizchan,  the  Rambling  Moufe, 


Mus  focialis.  Pallas  No<v>  fp^fafc,  i.  218,  tab.  xiii.  B.  Itln.  n.App.  705, 

*0  with  a thick  head  and  blunt  nofe:  whifiters  white:  ears  oval, 
naked;  limbs  fhort  and  ftrong : tail  flender:  nofe  dufky; 
upper  part  of  the  body  a light  grey ; paleli  on  the  fides : fides, 
fhoulders,  and  belly,  white. 

Length  above  three  inches ; tail  an  inch. 

Inhabits  the  Cafpian  defert,  between  the  Volga  and  the  Talk, 
and  the  country  of  Uircania.  They  live  in  fandy,  low,  and 
herby  places,  in  large  focieties;  and  in  many  places  the  whole 
ground  is  covered  with  the  little  hills  formed  by  the  earth  they 
call  out  of  their  burrows:  the  burrows  are  about  a fpan  in 
depth,  with  eight  or  (nore  paffages.  They  are  always  found  to 
live  in  pairs,  or  with  a family.  They  live  much  on  tulip-roots. 
They  rarely  appear  in  autumn,  but  fwarm  in  the  fpring.  They 
are  faid  either  to  migrate  or  change  their  places  in  autumn,  or  to 
conceal  themfelves  among  the  bufhes;  and  in  the  winter  to  (belter 
in  hay- ricks.  They  breed  later  than  other  kinds.  7\re  the  prey 
of  weefels,  fitchets,  crows,  and  vipers. 

D d 2 Mas 


■ 203 


407,  Social, 


Size. 

Place, 

Manners, 


204 


RAT, 


408.  Baikal.  Mus  Gregalis.  Pallas nou,ff.ti%,Gmel.  Lin. fyft. 

Rwith  large  thin  ears  appearing  above  the  fur:  whilkers  black j 
• hair  rough  and  hard;  color  above  a pale  grey;  the  back 
darkened  with  dufky  hairs,  which  gradually  decline  into  the  light- 
er color : body  below  of  a dirty  white : the  legs  ftronger,  the 
tail  thicker,  than  in  the  Social  fpecies:  about  the  fize  of  that 
kind. 

Inhabits  Siberia,  but  not  like  the  country  beyond  the  Oby : moft 
plentiful  about  the  Baikal  lake  and  SBram-Baikal  region ; efpecially 
thofe  places  which  abound  moft  with  the  Lillum  pomponium  and 
allium  tennijfmuni',  z.n'i  Siberia  zndi  Hircania,  They  colleft  the  roots 
of  thefe  and  of  the  TrifoUum  hupinajlrum,.  for  winter  food.  They 
' form  their  lodge  beneath  the  turf,  and  have  many  minute  entrances : 

the  earth  that  they  fling  out  is  carefully  heaped  above  their  lodge, 
in  form  of  a hillock,  to  divert  the  rain.  In  this  retreat  the  malcj 
female,  and  the  progeny  of  one  year,  refide.  This  fpecies  is  never 
obferved  to  migrate. 


RAT. 


205 


Mus  agrelHs  capite  grandi  brachiurus. 
Rati Jyn,  quad,  218. 

Mus  terreftris.  M.  cauda  mediocri  fub- 
pilofa,  palmis  fubtetradaftylis,  plantis 
pentadaftylis,  auriculis  vellere  brevio- 
ribus.  Lin./yft,  82. 

Molle.  Faun.  fuec.  N°  31  *. 

Mus  cauda  brevi,  pilis  e nigricante  & 
fordide  luteo  mixtis  in  dorfo,  & fatu- 


rate  cinerels  in  ventre  veilitis.  Brijfhn 
quad.  123. 

Le  Campagnol,  De  Buffon,  viiijdg,  tab. 
xlvii. 

The  fhort-tailed  Field-moufe.  Br.  Zool.i, 

N°3I. 

Erdzeifl.  Kramer  Aujlr.  316. 

Mus  arvalis.  Pallas  Nov,  fp.  fafc.  i.  78. 
Lev.  Mus. 


Rwith  a large  head:  blunt  nofe:  ears  fliort,  and  hid  in  the 
• fur:  eyes  prominent:  tail  fhort:  color  of  the  head  and 
upper  part  of  the  body  ferruginous,  mixed  with  black : belly 
deep  afli-color:  feet  dulky. 

Length,  from  nofe  to  tail,  fix  inches;  tail  only  one  and  a half/- 
thinly  covered  with  hair,  terminated  by  a fmall  tuft. 

Inhabits  Europe,  Siberia  and  Hlrcania;  alfo  in  great  abundance  in 
Elewfoundland,  where  it  does  much  mifchief  in  the  gardens  : in  Eng- 
land,  feldom  infeils  gardens;  makes  its  nefl  in  moift  meadows: 
brings  eight  young  at  a time  : has  a ftrong  affe(5fion  for  them ; re- 
fides  under  ground:  lives  on  nuts,  acorns,  and  corn. 

* The  fpecieSj  30.  Faun,  fuec,  defcrlbed  by  the  ftyleof  Mus  cattda  abbreviata,. 
tsrpore  nigro  fufo,  ahdomitie  cinerefcente,  feems  the  fame  with  this.. 


409.  Miadow. 


Size. 

Place.. 


Mus- 


2o6  - R A T. 


/J.IC.  Grega- 
rious. 

Mus  gregarius.  M.  cauda  corpore  trlplo  tus  pedibuftpe  albis.  Lin.JxJl.  34, 

breviore  fubpilofa,  corpore  grifeo  fub- 

with  a fmaU  mouth  and  blunt  nofe : ears  naked,  and  ap- 
J.V*  pearing  above  the  fur:  hair  on  the  upper  part  of  the  body- 
black  at  the  roots  and  tips,  ferruginous  in  the  middle;  throat, 
bell}'-,  and  feet  whitiili : tail  thrice  as  fliorc  as  the  body,  covered 
with  thin  white  hairs;  the  end  black  and  alh-color:  is  a little 
larger  than  the  common  moufe. 

Inhabits  Germany  and  Sweden:  cats  fitting  up;  burrows,  and 
lives  under  ground. 

411.  HAr4STER. 

*****  Short-tailed^ 

With  pouches  in  each  jaw. 

Hamefter,  Cricetus.  Jgricola  An.  Suhter.  culls  rotundatis,  corpore  fubtus  nigro, 

486.  Gefner  quad.  738.  Raii  /yn.  quad.  laterrbus  rufefcentibus  maculis  tnbus 

221.  Mtyer  An.  i,  tab.  Ixxxi.  Ixxxii.  albis.  Lin.fyji,  82. 

Skrzeczek,  Chomik.  Rzaczinjki  Fo’on.  Glis  ex  cinereo  rufus  in  dorfo,  in  ventre 
232.  niger,  maculis  tribus  ad  latera  albis. 

Porcellus  frumentarius.  EriJ/jn  quad.  117. 

riofroph.  ii'&.  Le  Hamller.  De  Buffon,  xiii.  117.  tab. 

Krietl'ch,  Hamfler,  Kratner  Auflr.  . xiv,  xvi.  iii.  r83. 

Pallas Eov.  Jp.  fafc.  Zi??itnsr/r.an.  German  Marmot.  Syn,  quad.^°  ZCo. 

343.  5 1 1.  Lev.  Mus. 

Mus  cricetus.  M.  cauda  mediocri,  auri- 

*0  with  large  rounded  ears ; full  black  eyes : color  on  the 
-L\.  ® head  and  back,  reddifli  brown ; cheeks  red : beneath  each 
ear  a white  fpof,  and  another  behind;  a fourth  near  the  hind 
5 legs: 

I 

N 

R A 


'T' 

■1  . 


207 


legs:  breaft,  upper  part  of  the  fore  legs,  and  the  belly,  black: 
tail  ihorr,  aimoft  naked  : four  toes,  and  a fifth  claw,  on  the  fore 
feet,  five  behind  : about  nine  inches  long;  tail  three. 

The  males  are  always  bigger  than  the  females ; fome  weigh 
from  twelve  to  fixteen  ounces : the  females  feldom  exceed  four  or 
fix.  They  vary  fometimes  in  color.  About  Cafan  is  found  fre- 
quently a family  entirely  black. 

Inhabits  Aujiria,  Silefia^  and  many  parts  of  Germany,  Toland, 
and  Ukraine ; in  all  the  fouthern  and  temperate  parts  of  RiiJJia 
Siberia',  and  even  about  the  r'wex  Jenefei,  but  not  farther  to 
the  eaft.  They  are  alfo  found  in  the  Tartarian  deferts,  in  fandy 
foil,  difiiking  moift  places.  They  are  very  fond  of  fuch  fpots 
which  abound  with  liquorice,  whofe  feeds  they  feed  on.  They 
fvvarm  fo  in  Gotha,  that  in  one  year  11,564,  in  another  54,429, 
and  in  a third  80,139  of  their  Ikins  were  delivered  at  the  Hotel  de 
Ville  of  the  capital  thefe  animals  being  profcribed  on  account 
of  their  vafi;  devaftations  among  the  corn. 

They  are  very  deftrudllve  to  grain ; eating  great  quantities, 
and  carrying  ftill  more  to  its  hoard : within  its  cheeks  are  two 
pouches,  receptacles  for  its  booty,  which  it  fills  till  the  cheeks 
feem  ready  to  burft : the  German  therefore  fay  of  a very  greedy 
fellow,  Er  frijft  vide  ein  Hamjler. 

They  live  under  ground;  firft  form  an  entrance,  burrowing 
down  obliquely : at  the  end  of  that  pafiTage  the  male  finks  one 
perpendicular  hole;  the  female  feveral:  at  the  end  of  thefe  are 
formed  various  vaults,  either  as  lodges  for  thcnifelves  and  young, 
or  ftore-houfes  for  their  food  • each  young  has  its  different  apart- 

* DeBuffon,  Suppl.  iii.  185.  quoted  from  Mr.  Sulzer. 

ment; 


Size. 


Place. 


Manners. 


joS 


R A T. 


ment;  each  fort  of  grain  its  different  vault;  the  firft  they  line 
with  ftraw  or  grafs : thefe  vaults  are  of  different  depths,  according 
to  the  age  of  the  animal;  a young  HamJIer  makes  them  fcarcely 
a foot  deep;  an  old  one  finks  them  to  the  depth  of  four  or  five ; 
and  the  whole  diameter  of  the  habitation,  with  all  its  communi- 
cations, is  fometimes  eight  or  ten  feet. 

The  male  and  female  have  always  feparate  burrows;  for  ex- 
cepting their  fliort  feafon  of  courtfhip,  they  have  no  intercourfe. 
The  whole  race  is  fo  malevolent  as  to  conftantly  rejedf  all  fociety 
with  one  another.  They  will  fight,  kill,  and  devour  their  own 
fpecies,  as  well  as  other  leffer  animals ; fo  may  be  faid  to  be 
carnivorous  as  well  as  granivorous.  If  it  happens  that  two  males 
meet  in  fearch  of  a female,  a battle  enfues ; the  female  makes  a 
fliort  attachment  to  the  conqueror,  after  which  the  connexion 
ceafes.  She  brings  forth  two  or  three  times  in  a year,  and  brings 
from  fixteen  to  eighteen  at  a birth.  Their  growth  is  very  quick ; 
and  at  about  the  ag-e  of  three  weeks,  the  old  one  forces  them  out 
of  the  burrows  to  take  care  of  themfelves : flie  fhews  little  affec- 
tion for  them ; for  if  any  one  digs  into  the  hole,  fhe  attempts  to 
fave  herfelf  by  burrowing  deeper  into  the  earth,  and  totally  neg- 
lects the  fafety  of  her  brood : on  the  contrary,  if  fire  is  attacked 
in  the  feafon  of  courtfhip,  Are  defends  the  male  with  the  utmoft 
fury. 

They  lie  torpid  from  the  firfl  colds  to  the  end  of  the  winter; 
and  during  that  time  are  feemingly  quite  infenfible,  and  have  the 
appearance  of  being  dead;  their  limbs  fllff,  and  body  cold  as 
ice:  not  even  fpirits  of  wine,  or  oil  of  vitriol,  poured  in  to  them, 
can  produce  the  left  mark  of  fenfibility.  It  is  only  in  places  be- 
yond the  reach  of  the  air  in  which  it  grows  torpid;  for  the  fevereft 

4 cold 


209 


RAT. 

cold  on  the  furface  does  not  affect  it,  as  has  been  proved  by  ex- 
periment. 

In  its  annual  revival,  it  begins  firft  to  lofe  the  ftiffnefs  of 
its  limbs;  then  breathes  deeply,  and  by  long  intervals:  on 
moving  its  limbs,  it  opens  its  mouth,  and  makes  a rattle  in  the 
throat ; after  fome  days  it  opens  its  eyes,  and  tries  to  Hand  ; 
but  makes  its  efforts  like  a perfon  much  concerned  in  liquor; 
at  length,  when  it  has  attained  its  ufual  attitude,  it  refts  for  a 
long  time  in  tranquillity,  to  recolle6l  itfelf,  and  recover  from  its 
fatigue. 

'They  begin  to  lay  in  their  provifions  in  Aiigiijl\  and  will  carry 
grains  of  corn,  corn  in  the  ear,  and  peas  and  beans  in  the  pods, 
which  they  clean  in  their  holes,  and  carry  the  hulks  carefully  out: 
the  pouches  above  mentioned  are  fo  capacious  as  to  hold  a quar- 
ter of  a pint  Englijlo.  As  foon  as  they  have  finifhed  their  work, 
they  flop  up  the  mouth  of  their  paffage  carefully.  As  they  lie 
torpid  during  the  whole  fevere  feafon,  thefe  hoards  are  defigned 
for  their  fupport  on  their  firfl  retreat,  and  in  the  fpring  and  be- 
ginning of  the  fummer,  before  they  can  fupply  themfelves  in  the 
fields.  In  winter,  the  peafants  go  what  they  call  a HLWiJler-neJUng% 
and  when  they  difcover  the  retreat,  dig  down  till  they  difcover  the 
hoard,  and  are  commonly  well  paid;  for,  befides  the  fkins  of  the 
animals,  which  are  valuable  furs,  they  find  commonly  two  bufhels 
of  good  grain  in  the  magazine.  Thefe  animals  are  very  fierce; 
will  jump  at  a horfe  that  happens  to  tread  near  them,  and  hang 
by  its  nofe,  fo  that  it  is  difficult  to  difengage  them  : they  make  a 
noife  like  the  barking  of  a dog.  In  fome  feafons  are  fo  numerous 
as  to  occafion  a dearth  of  corn.  Pole-cats  are  their  greatefl  ene- 
mies ; for  they  purfue  them  into  their  holes,  and  deftroy  numbers. 

VoL.  II.  E e It 


210 


RAT. 


412.  VoRMEtA. 


413.  Yaik. 


Size. 
Place  and 
Man  NE  RS. 


It  Is  remarkable,  that  the  hair  flicks  fo  clofe  to  the  fkin,  as  not 
to  be  plucked  off  without  the  utmoft  difficulty. 

In  my  former  edition  I fuppofed  the  Vormela  of  Agricola  * to 
have  been  a variety  of  this  kind.  He  fays  it  is  lefs ; the  whole 
body  marked  with  yellow  and  tawny  fpots ; the  tail  cinereous, 
and  white  tipped  with  black-,  but  as  he  adds  that  it  is  a palm 
and  a half  long,  I muft  refer  it  to  another  fpecies,  or  perhaps 
genus;  for  it  is  not  unlikely  but  that  it  is  the  fame  with  the  Sar~ 
matian  I'Ve ej el,  N°  239. 


Mus  accedula.  Pallas  Nov./p.fa/c.  i.  257.  tab.xvm.,  A. 

Mus  migratorius.  Pallas  bin.  ii.  App,  703. 

“O  with  a thick  fnout:  blunt  nofe : very  flefliy  lips:  upper  lip 
deeply  divided:  upper  fore  teeth  fmall,  yellow,  convex 
outwards,  truncated;  the  lower  llender,  pointed:  eyes  large  : ears 
great,  oblongly  oval,  high  above  the  fur,  naked  : tail  very  fliort, 
cylindrical:  color  about  the  face  white:  upper  part  of  the  body 
of  a cinereous  yellow,  mixed  with  brown ; below  of  a hoary 
whitenefs. 

Length  near  four  inches. 

Inhabits  the  deferts  about  xhe  Taik : runs  about  during  night, 
when  it  quits  its  burrow.  It  is  faid  by  the  Cofacks  to  migrate  in 
great  numbers  out  of  the  deferts,  and  to  be  followed  by  multi- 
tudes of  foxes,  prefaging  a good  hunting  feafon : but  Dodor 
Palki  doubts  whether  this  fpecies,  or  any  of  the  pouched  kinds, 


5 


* De  asiitn. /ubter,  ^^6. 


go 


R A T. 


2,11 


go  far  from  tbeir  homes,  as  thofe  receptacles  for  proviilon  are 
calculated  only  for  fhort  excuiTions. 


Mus  Phseus,  Pallas  Kn>./p-fafc,i,  z6i.  tai.xv.  A,  Zarizyt?. 

Rwith  the  forehead  much  elevated : edges  of  the  eyelids 
• black:  ears  naked,  oval,  {landing  far  out  of  the  fur : tail 
very  fhort,  flightly  furred  : color  above,  a hoary  ada-color,  with 
long  duflcy  hairs,  running  from  the  neck,  along  the  middle  of  the 
back,  to  the  tail:  the  lides  whiiifh:  the  circumference  of  the 
mouth,  under  fide  of  the  body,  and  the  extremities  of  the  limbs, 
of  a fnowy  whitenefs. 

Length  about  three  inches  and  a half. 

Inhabits  the  deferts  of  Afiracan,  about  Zarizyn',  and  Is  taken  In 
traps  frequently  in  winter,  in  places  near  to  ftables  and  out- 
houfes.  It  is  alfo  common  among  the  Hyrcanian  mountains, 
about  the  Perfum  villages,  where  it  commits  great  ravages  among 
the  rice.  It  does  not  grow  torpid  during  winter,  as  is  proved  by 
the  flomachs  of  fuch  which  are  taken  in  that  feafon,  being  found 
full  of  food. 


Mus  arenarlus.  Pallas  Nov.  fp.  fafe.  J.  266.  tab.  xvi.  A.  Itin.  ii.  App,  SaKd» 

"O  with  a longilh  head  and  fnuut,  and  lharp  nofe  : the  pouches 
very  large:  ears  great,  oval,  browniPu  : bodylhort:  nails 
white:  color  or  rhe  upper  part  of  the  body  hoary:  fides,  belly, 
limbs,  and  tail,  of  a pure  white. 

E e 2 Length 


•^.11 


RAT. 


Size. 

Place, 

Length  near  four  Inches;  tail  above  one. 

Inhabits  the  fandy  plains  of  the  Baraba,  not  far  from  the  river 
Irtipj.  The  males  inhabit  a very  deep  burrow,  with  a Angle  en- 
trance, at  the  bottom  of  which  is  the  neft,  made  of  the  Elymus  arena- 
rius,  and  other  plants other  burrows,  perhaps  of  the  females,  had 
three  entrances : in  another,  difcovered  in  May^  were  five  young 
in  three  nefts;  two  were  preferved  alive ; were  untameable,  very 
fierce,  and  would  fling  themfelves  on  their  back,  and  defend 
themfelves  by  biting;  they  went  out  only  in  the  night,  and  hid 
themfelves  during  day  in  their  fodder. 

416,  SONGAR, 

Mus  fongarus,  Pallas  Kov.  fp.fa/c.,  i.  269.  lab,  xvi.  B.  Itin.  ii.  Jpp,  703. 

Size. 

Place. 

*0  with  a thick  head  and  blunt  nofe ; ears  oval,  very  thin,  ap- 
pear  above  the  fur,  are  very  flightly  cloathed  with  hoary 
down:  tail  very  Ihort,  blunt,  thick,  and  hairy:  color  above,  a 
cinereous  grey,  marked  along  the  back,  from  head  to  tail,  with  a 
black  line  : fides  of  the  head  and  body  marked  with  great  white 
fpots  in  certain  parts,  running  into  one  another,  in  others  bounded 
with  brown:  belly  and  legs  white. 

Length  three  inches. 

Inhabits,  with  the  former,  the  Baraba^  ufually  in  the  dry  fandy 
faline  places:  dwells  during  fummer  in  the  fhallow  new-begun 
buriows;  thofe  of  the  females  have  a very  deep  oblique  paflTage 
at  the  end  of  it : the  neft  formed  of  herbs ; in  one  of  which  were 
feven  young;  from  this  neft  ran  another  deep  hole,  perhaps  the 
winter  retreat.  The  young  were  much  grown,  yet  blind.  Doc- 
tor Pallas  preferved  them  long:  they  grow  foon  familiar,  contrary 

4 to 

I 


lAXKV. 


1 

i' 

1 

i/'i  t 


/.  ./y?  zy/^ 

r'' 

■i  . ' ^z^z/y/rr  -/' 


i '4/^. 


i.. 


li 


f , 


, 'jA; 


'if 


i 


i 


213 


RAT. 

to  the  nature  of  other  mice;  would  feed  from  his  hand,  lap  milk, 
and  when  placed  on  a table,  iliew  no  dehre  of  running  away;  but 
were  flower  in  all  their  motions  than  the  other  fpecies.  They 
wafhed  their  faces  with  their  paws,  and  eat  fitting  up : wan- 
dered about  in  the  day  and  morning:  flept  all  night  rolled  up: 
feldom  made  any  cry,  and  when  they  did,  it  was  like  that  of  a 
bat. 


Mus  furunculus.  Pallas  Nov.  fp.fafc,  i,  273, 

Mus  Barabenfis.  It  in.  ii.  Jpp.  704. 

"D  v/ith  a fliarp  nofe:  large  broad  naked  ears,  dulky  edged 
with  white:  tail  longer  than  that  of  the  preceding : color 
of  the  upper  part  of  the  body  cinereous  yellow,  growing  paler 
towards  the  fides : below  of:  a dirty  white:  from  the  hind  part 
of  the  neck  extends  a black  line,  reaching  not  quite  to  the  tail; 
tail  white,  marked  above  with  a dufky  line. 

Length  about  three  inches  and  a quarter : tail  near  one  inch... 

Inhabits  the  fandy  plain  oi  Baraha^  towards  theO^;  and  be- 
tween the  Onon  and  Argun,  and  about  the  lake  Dalai  in  the  Cht- 
nefe  empire.  Nothing  is  known  of  their  manners;  the  fpeci- 
mens  from  whom  the  defcriptions  were  formed,  were  taken  run- 
ning about  the  fields. 

The  laft  divifion  of  mice  is  of  thofe  whicli  lead  a fubterra^- 
neous  life,  like  the  Mole,  which  I take  the  liberty  of  naming,, 


417.  Bakaba. 


Size. 
P L A c 3 


N-Lale- 


214 


RAT. 


* ^ ;S- 

Mole-R.at. 

» 

418,  Blind.  Mus  Typhlus.  Pallas  Nov,  fp.  fh/c.i.  Com.  Petrop.  xw.  fah.\i\\.ix. 

^ ’ Lemni.  Rzaczinjk.  Aujl,  Polon.  325.  De  Mus  oculis  minutiirimis,  auriculis  cauda- 

Bujjon,  XV.  142.  que  nullis.  I.epechen.  ibid.  509.  tab.  xv. 

Slepez.  Gmelin  Itin.  i.  131.  tab.  xxli.  Podolian  Marmot.  Syn.  quad.  N°  204. 
Spalax  microphthalmuj.  Gueldenji.  Nov. 

with  a great  head  broader  than  the  body : not  the  left  aper- 
ture  for  the  eyes;  yet  beneath  the  Ikin  are  the  rudiments 
of  thofe  organs,  not  bigger  than  the  feed  of  a poppy  : no  exter- 
nal ears;  the  end  of  the  nofe  covered  with  a thick  Ikin : noftrils 
very  remote,  and  placed  below : the  mouth  gaping,  and  the  teeth  ' 
expofed ; upper  fore  teeth  fliort,  lower  very  long,  and  none  of 
them  hid  by  the  lip;  ends  quite  even:  body  cylindrical : limbsr 
very  fliort:  five  toes  on  each  foot,  all  feparated,  except  by  a thin 
membrane  near  the  bafe : claws  fliort : hair  univerfally  fliort, 
thick,  and  very  foft;  duflcy  at  the  bottom,  at  the  ends  of  a cine- 
reous grey ; the  fpace  about  the  nofe,  and  above  the  mouth, 
white. 

Length  between  feven  and  eight  inches:  weight  of  a male 
above  eight  ounces. 

Place.  Inhabits  only  the  fouthern  parts  of  Rujfia,  from  Poland  to  the 

Volga,  but  is  not  found  any  where  to  the  eaft  of  that  river; 
but  is  very  common  from  the  Syfran  to  the  Sarpa:  is  frequent 
along  the  Don,  even  to  its  origin,  and  about  the  town  of  Rajh, 
excepting  the  fandy  parts,  for  it  delights  in  moift  and  turfy  foils. 

It 


RAT.  215 

It  lives  in  great  numbers  in  the  fame  places  with  the  Earless 
Marmots. 

It  forms  burrows  beneath  the  turf  for  a very  confiderable  ex- 
tent, with  feveral  lateral  paffages  made  in  quell  of  roots,  on  which 
it  feeds.  At  the  interval  of  fome  yards,  there  are  openings  to  the 
furface  to  difcharge  the  earth,  which  forms  in  thofe  places  hillocks 
of  tw'O  yards  in  circumference,  and  of  a great  height.  It  works  its 
way  with  its  great  teeth,  and  cads  the  earth  under  its  belly  with 
the  fore  feet,  and  again  behind  it,  with  its  hind  feet:  it  works 
with  great  agility;  and  on  any  apprehenlion  of  an  enemy,  it 
forms  inftantly  a perpendicular  burrow.  The  bite  of  this  animal 
is  very  fevere.  It  cannot  fee  its  aflailant,  but  lifts  up  its  head  in  a 
menacing  attitude.  When  irritated,  it  fnorts,  and  gnafhes  its 
teeth,  but  emits  no  cry.  It  often  quits  its  hole,  efpecially  in  the 
morning,  and  during  the  amorous  feafon  balks  with  the  female  in 
the  fun.  It  does  not  appear  that  it  lies  torpid  during  winter, 
nor  whether  it  lays  in  provifion  for  that  feafon.  It  is  particularly 
fond  of  the  bulbous  Charophyllum. 

The  Rtiffiam  call  it  Slepez^  or  the  blind  : the  Cqffacks,  for  the 
fame  reafon,  llyle  it  Sfochor  Nomon.  In  Ukraine,  the  vulgar  be- 
lieve that  the  touch  of  a hand,  which  has  fuffocated  this  animal, 
has  the  fame  virtue  in  curing  the  king’s-evil,  as  was  once  believed 
to  be  inherent  in  the  abdicated  family  of  Great  Britain^ 


Mus 


2j6 


RAT. 


419.  Dauurian. 


Size. 


pLACEa 


Mus  Afpalax.  Pallas  "blons.  fp.fafc,  i.  165.  tab.  X.  Itin.  iii.  692. 

Mus  Myofpalax.  Laxman. 

Rvvith  a thick  flat  head:  >fhort  fnout:  blunt  nofe,  fit  for  dig- 
* upper  fore  teeth  naked;  lower  covered  with  a 

moveable  lip.:  no  external  ears:  eyes  very  fmall,  yet  vifible,  lodged 
•deeply  in  their  fockets,  which  are  fo  minute  as  fcarcely  to  admit 
a grain  of  millet:  body  fliort,  anddeprefled:  limbs  very  ftrong, 
efpecially  the  fore  legs:  fore  feet  large,  and  adapted  for  digging; 
naked,  and  furniflaed  with  five  toes,  and  very  long  and  ftrong 
claws,  flightly  bent,  on  the  three  middle:  hind  feet  naked  to  the 
heel ; on  each  are  five  toes  with  fmall  claws:  tail  fliort : hair  fofr, 
and  loofe:  color  at  bottom  dulky,  outwardly  of  a dirty  cine- 
reous grey : in  foine  is  a white  line  on  the  hind  part  of  the 
head. 

Difters  in  fize.  Thofe  of  the  Altaic  chain  are  near  nine  inches 
from  nofe  to  tail:  thofe  about  lake  Baikal  not  fix:  the  tall  of  the 
former  is  near  two  inches  long. 

Inhabits,  firft,  the  Altaic  mountains ; and  again  beyond  lake 
Baikal,  and  from  thence  for  fome  fpace  fouthward;  but  none  are 
found  to  the  north.  In  the  former  it  lives  on  the  bulbs  of  the 
Erythronium ; in  the  latter  on  thofe  of  the  Lilium  Pomponium, 

It  burrows  like  the  former,  a little  below  the  furface,  and 
fpreads  over  an  extent  of  a hundred  fathoms  j and  the  diredion 
it  takes  is  knowm  by  the  number  of  hillocks. 

Its  voice  is  w'eak  and  plaintive.  It  digs  with  both  nofe  and 
fore  feet;  but  lefs  than  the  preceding  with  the  teeth  : by  commi- 
nuting the  earth,  and  flinging  it  up  in  hillocks,  it  prepares  the 

ground 


RAT. 


217 


ground  for  the  reception  of  various  kinds  of  rare  feeds;  which 
grow  ufually  in  greater  plenty  about  fuch  places  than  any  others. 

The  ‘Tangvfiy  about  lake  Baikal^  call  this  fpecies  Monon  Zoko)\ 
or  blind;  yet  it  is  not  quite  deprived  of  fight.  The  Ri(^.ans  flyle 
it  Semiunaja  Medwedka,  or  Earth  Bear, 


^ with  a large  head  : nofe  black ; end  flatted  and  corrugated  : 
• eyes  minute,  much  hid  in  the  fur : no  ears ; upper  teeth 
one-third  of  an  inch  long,  fulcated  lengthways;  lower,  one  inch 
and  a quarter,  expofed  to  view : legs  fhort : on  the  fore  legs  are 
four  toes  and  a thumb,  detached  and  free:  inmofl  toe  the  longeft, 
the  others  gradually  fliorten:  on  the  thumb  is  a fliort  claw;  the 
other  claws  are  very  long,  and  flightly  bent : the  foies  are  naked, 
and  diflinguiflied  by  two  great  tubercles:  hind  feet  very  long, 
large,  and  naked,  which  the  animal  refts  on  even  to  the  heel; 
they  have  five  toes  with  fliort  claws. 

Tail  compreffed,  and  covered  above  and  below  with  fliort 
hairs : on  the  fides  befet  with  very  long  briftles  difpofed  horizon- 
tally. 

Color  a cinereous  brown,  paleft  on  the  lower  parts. 

Length  to  the  tail  thirteen  inches : tail  two. 

Inhabits  the  fandy  country  near  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  where 
it  is  called  Sand  Moll.  It  burrows,  and  flings  up  hillocks,  like  the 
former ; and  renders  the  ground  fo  hollow,  as  to  be  very  incon- 
venient to  travellers;  for  it  breaks  every  fix  or  feven  minutes  un- 
der the  horfes  feet,  and  lets  them  in  up  to  the  flioulders.  This 
animal  feeds  on  the  roots  of  Ixia,  Gladioli,  Anthclyza,  and  Iridee ; 
VoL.  II.  F f grows 


420.  African 


Size. 

Place. 


RAT. 


i8 

orrows  to  the  fize  of  a rabbet,  and  is  by  foine  efteemed  a good 
dhli  This,  from  its  fuperior  lize,  1 fuppofe  to  be  the  Sand 
Moll  of  Mr.  Majon, 


421.  Cape.  Pallas  Nov. fp.fafc.i.  ijz.  xlvi. 

tah.vn.  La  Taupe  du  Cap.  Jcurral  h'-Jl.  fig.6\. 

Long  toothed  Marmot.  Brovjri’iZcol.tab. 

13  v.dth  a blunt  nofe:  minute  round  noftrlls:  eyes  fmall,  but 
larger  than  thofe  of  the  preceding:  no  ears:  upper  fore 
teeth  contiguous,  truncated  ; lower,  an  inch  long,  not  contiguous, 
bend  upwards,  excavated  on  the  upper  furface : end  of  the  nofe 
naked  and  black,  the  reft  white : chin,  and  lower  fides  of  the 
cheeks,  of  the  fame  color:  fpace  round  the  ears  and  eyes  white: 
on  the  hind  part  of  the  head  is  a white  fpot;  reft  of  the  head, 
cheeks,  back,  and  lides,  of  a rufty  brown,  and  cinereous : 
belly  cinereous:  five  fiender  toes  on  each  foot,  furniflied  with 
fmall  claws : tail  very  fliort,  befet  with  briftles. 

Size.  Length,  from  nofe  to  tail,  about  feven  inches. 

Is  very  common  about  the  Cape,  and  very  deftrudlive  to  gar- 
dens ; flings  up  hillocks,  and  eats  roots  of  various  kinds. 

f MdJJbn'‘s  irav,  Ph,  Tran/,  Ixvi,  304.  De  la  Caille,  259. 


Mus 


I 


LO.XVi  . 


■1/6'. 


RAT. 


219 


Mus  Talpinus.  Pallas  Nov.  fp.fafc.  i.  176.  tab.  xl.  B.  No-v.  Com.  Petrop.  xlv.  568. 

tab.  xxi.Jig.  3. 

"O  with  a large  fliort  bead;  thick  fnont:  nofe  truncated:  up- 
per  teeth  extending  out  of  the  mouth,  long  and  flat: 
lower  longer,  rounded  at  the  ends:  eyes  fmail,  hid  in  the  fur:  no 
ears:  the  aperture  bounded  behind  by  a fmail  nmt  body  ffiort: 
fore  feet  ftj'ong;  on  thofe,  and  on  the  hind  feet;,  five  toes  fur- 
nidied  with  fmail  claws:  tail  very  fliort,  fcarcely  appearing  be- 
yond the  fur:  color  of  the  head,  noie,  back,  and  fides,  dulky; 
cheeks  greyifh:  chin  white:  belly  and  limbs  whitilh. 

Length  near  four  inches. 

Inhabits  all  the  open  grounds  and  commons  of  the  temperate 
parts  of  Rnjftd  and  weftern  Siberia^  but  fcarcely  any  beyond  the 
JrtlJJ::,  and  none  as  far  as  the  Oby. 

Loves  a black  turfy  foil,  and  is  frequent  in  meadows  near  vil- 
lages; feldom  in  fandy  or  mudJed  trafts:  always  abound  where 
there  is  plenty  of  Phlomis  tuberofa.,  and  LatJpyrus  efadentus.  its 
place  Is  known  by  the  little  hillocks  it  flings  up  along  tlie  courfe 
of  its  burrow,  which  is  of  great  extent;  lor  this  realon  the  R.f- 
/tans  cNil  'xi  Semleroika,  ox  Karth- digger.  In  thefe  burrows  it  lurks 
all  the  dav  but  in  evenins:  arrd  mornino;  renews  its  labors ; nor 
does  it  quit  its  hole  unlefs  to  fling  out  .the  earth,  or  in  the  leaion 
of  love  to  feek  a mate,_or  to. change  tlte  place  of  its  habitation. 
It  does  not  bear  the  full  light  of  day  ; therefore  its  few  excur- 
fions  are  ufualiy  in  the  evenings. 

It  does  not  grow  torpid  in  winter;  but  makes  its  nefl  beneath 
fome  flirub  or  hay-rick,  and  deep  in  the  ground,  and  keep  them- 

F f 2 felvts 


422.  Talpine. 


S :2E, 
Place. 


MaXK  ER.S. 


felves  warm  by  lining  It  with  foft  grafs : and  often  make  a lodcre, 
which  they  fill  with  tuberous  roots.  During  the  cold  feafon  their 
fur  grows  univerfally  thicker  and  longer. 

It  is  very  eafily  taken;  but  foon  grows  fick  In  confinement, 
unlefs  a quantity  of  earth  is  put  into  the  place.  They  emit  a 
puling  note,  but  that  rarely : they  often  gnalh,  and,  as  it  were, 
whet  their  teeth  againfl  each  other. 

They  are  in  heat  the  end  of  March,  or  beginning  of  April-,  at 
that  time  the  females  have  a firong  mufky  fmell.  They  bring 
three  or  four  at  a time. 

They  fometimes  vary  in  color,  and  are  found  quite  black. 


S H 


E W. 


221 


Two  cutting  teeth  in  each  jaw,  pointing  forward. 
Lono-  flender  nofe  : fmall  ears. 


Five  toes  on  each  foot. 

Mus  aquatlcus.  Clujii  exot,  373.  Wcrm. 
Mu/.  334. 

Mufcovy  or  Mufk  rat.  B-aii fyn,  quad.  217. 

No'V.  Com.  Petrop.  iv.  383. 

Caftor  mofchatus.  C.  cauda  longa  com- 
preffo-lanceolata,  pedibus  palmatis. 
Lin.fyji.  79. 


Dtefman,  Fauu./uec,  No.  2i.  DeBuffan, 

X.  1. 

Caftor  cauda  venicaliter  plana,  digitis 
omnibus  membranis  inter  fe  connexis, 
Brijfon  quad.  92. 

Long-nofed  Beaver.  Zjn.  quad,  N°  192. 


Q with  a long  flender  nofe,  like  that  of  a Ihrew-moufe  : no  ex- 
ternal  ears : very  fmall  eyes ; tail  compreffed  f deways : 
color  of  the  head  and  back  dulky;  the  belly  whitifli  alli-color: 
length,  from  nofe  to  tail,  feven  inches ; tail  eight. 

Inhabits  the  river  Volga  and  lakes  adjacent,  from  Novogorod  to 
Saratof’,  never  found  in  RuJJia,  and  its  exigence  in  Lapland  doubt- 
ed*. Never  goes  upon  dryland,  but  wanders  from  lake  to  lake, 
only  in  fortuitous  floods;  is  often  feen  fwimmingor  walking  under 
the  water : comes  up  for  air  to  the  furface,  or  in  clear  weather 
fporting  on  the  furface:  loves  ftagnating  waters  with  high  banks, 
in  which  it  makes  burrows  twenty  feet  long:  feeds  on  leeches,  and 
the  larva  of  water  infefls ; a few  fragments  of  roots  have  alto  been 
found  in  the  flomach.  Is  not  torpid  during  winter,  being  often  in 
that  feafon  taken  in  nets-f.  Is  very  flow  in  its  pace:  makes  holes 
in  the  cliffs,  with  the  entrance  far  beneath  the  loweft  fall  of  the 

* Dr.  Pallas,  MSS.  i"  The  famei 

water; 


XXXIV. 

SHREW. 


423.  Muskv. 


222 


4M- 1 


S H R E W. 

water;  works  upwards,  but  never  to  the  furface,  only  high  enough 
to  lie  beyond  the  higheft  flow  of  the  river : feeds  on  hlh  : is  de- 
voured by  the  Pikes  and  Siluri,  and  gives  thofe  fifh  fo  (Irong  a fla- 
vor of  mulk,  as  to  render  them  not  eatable:  has  the  fame  fcent  as 
the  former,  efpecially  about  the  tail  : out  of  which  is  exprefled  a 
fort  of  muilc,  very  much  nefembling  the  genuine  kind  The  flcins 
are  put  into  chefls'among  cloaths,  to  drive  away  moths fj  and  to 
preferve  the  wearers  from  peflilence  and  fevers. 

At  Orenburg,  the  fkins  and  tails  fell  for  fifteen  or  twenty  copecs 
per  hundred.  They  are  fo  common  near  Kizney  Novogcrod,  that 
the  peafants  biing  five  hundred  apiece  to  market,  where  they 
are  fold  for  one  ruble  per  hundred.  The  German  name  for  thefe 
animals  is  Biefem-raize;  ih&RuJfian,  IFychozhol. 


Mus  Pilorides?  Valias  Nov.  fp.  fa/c,  i.  91.  1? 

Mus  atbus  Ceyionicus  r Brijon,  122.  Lev.  Mus, 


with  a long  flender  nofe : upper  jaw  extending  far  beyond 
the  lower:  upper  fore  teeth  fiiort : lower  long,  flender,  in- 
curvated : whiikers  long  and  white:  eyes  fmall : ears  tranfpa- 
rent,  broad,  and  round  : hair  fliort  and  clofe,  on  head  and  body, 
of  a fine  pale  cairulean : the  belly  lighter  : feet  naked  and  pink- 
colored. 

Length  from  nofe  to  tail  near  eight  inches;  tail  three  and  a 

* Schohey  in  Muller's  Sa?nlung  Rj'Jf.  vii.  41.  /[z. 
b Rtchkjp  Qrcnb.  'Topogr.  i.  286, 

half; 


I 


S H R E 


half:  quite  naked,  round,  thick  at.the  bale,  tapering  to  a point; 
and  of  the  fame  color  with  the  feet. 

Inhabits  Java,  and  others  of  the  Eajl  Indian  ifiands  - eats  rice; 
has  fo  flrons;  a fcent  of  muR  as  to  nerturae  everv  thini?  it  runsover. 

I have  it  from  the  moft  undoubted  authority,  tint  it  will  render 
the  wine  in  a well-corked  bottle  not  drinkable,  by  rneidy  paffing 
over  it.  Cats  will  not  touch  them. 

Tiican.  Hernandez  Nov.  HEP’ J • Le  Tucan.  De  Bujon,  xv.  ^25.  Mexican, 

Q with  a fharp  nofe;  fmall  round  ears:  without  fight:  two 
long  fore  teeth  above  and  below : thick,  fat,  and  flefiry 
body  : flrort  legs,  fo  that  the  belly  almofi  touches  the  ground: 
long  crooked  claws:  tawny  hair:  fiiort  tail;  length,- from  nofe 
to  tail,  nine  Inches. 

Inhabits  Mexico : burrows,  and  makes  fuch  a number  of  cavi- 
ties, that  travellers  can  fcarcely  tread  with  fafety  : if  it  gets  out 
of  its  hole,  does  not  know  how  to  return,  but  begins  to  dig  ano- 
ther: grows  very  fat,  and  is  eatable:  feeds  on  roots,  kidney- 
beans,  and  other  feeds.  M.  de  Bnffon  thinks  it  is  a Mole ; but  by 
the  ears,  it  fliould  be  claffed  here. 

Mus  araneus  figura  murls.  Marcgrave  La  mufaraigne  de  Brafil.  De  Buffon,  xv,  Brasilian. 

BrafiL  229.  160. 

Q with  a firarp  nofe  and  teeth:  pendulous  fcrotum:  of  a duficy 
color,  marked  along  the  back  with  three  broad  black 
firokes : length,  from  nofe  to  tail,  five  inches ; tail  two. 

5 


Inhabits 


224 

SHREW. 

Inhabits  Braftl:  does  not  fear  the  cat : neither  does  that  ani- 
mal hunt  after  it. 

427-  Murine. 

S.  murlnus.  S.  cauda  medlocri,  corpore  fufeo,  pedibus  caudaque  cinereis.  Litu 

M-7A- 

Q with  a long  nofe,  hollowed  beneath:  very  long  hairs  about 
the  noftrils:  ears  rounded,  and  rather  naked:  of  an  afh- 
color : body  of  the  fize  of  a common  moufe : tail  a little  fliorter 
than  the  body,  and  not  fo  hairy. 

Inhabits  Java. 

428.  Peer  ID. 

MvytxM.  ^lian  hijl.  An.  lib.  vi.  c.  22.  317. 

Muoycc\n.  Diofesrid.  lib-  ii.  42.  Sorex  araneus.  S.  cauda  mediocrl,  cor- 

Mus  araneus.  Agri  cola  An.  hub  ter.  485.  pore  fubtus  albido.  Lin.fyJi.'j/^, 

Gefner  quad.'j^j.  Nabbmus.  Faun. /uec.'Ho.  z\. 

Mus  araneus,  mus  caecus.  Ccjner  icon.  Mus  araneus  Tupra  ex  fufeo  rufus,  infra 
1 16.  albicans.  BriJJbn  quad.  126. 

Mus  araneus.  Shrew,  Shrew-moufe,  or  La  Mufaraigne.  De  Buffon,  viii. 

hardy  Shrew,  Raii  fyn.  quad.  233.  tab.x. 

Mus  araneus  roftro  produdliore  Spitf-  Shrew-moufe.  Br.Zool. 1.  \iz. 
mans.  Klein  quad.  57.  Kramer  Aujir. 

Place. 

Q with  fliort  rounded  ears:  eyes  fmall,  and  almoft  hid  in  the 
fur:  nofe  long  and  flender,  upper  part  the  longeft  : head 
and  upper  part  of  the  body  of  a brownifh  red : belly  of  a dirty 
white:  length,  from  nofe  to  tail,  two  inches  and  a half;  tail  one 
and  a half. 

Inhabits  Europe,  Siberia,  and  even  the  Arfik  flats,  and  Kamt~ 
fchatka  1 it  is  alfo  found  about  the  Cafpian  fea ; lives  in  old  walls, 

heaps 

SHREW. 


12", 


heaps  of  ftones,  or  holes  in  the  earth : is  frequently  near  hay- 
ricks, dunghills,  and  neceffary-houfes : lives  on  corn,  infedls,  and 
any  filth:  is  often  obferved  rooting  in  ordure,  like  a hog  : from 
its  food,  or  the  places  it  frequents,  has  a difagreeable  fmell : 
cats  will  kill,  but  not  eat  it : brings  four  or  five  young  at  a 
time.  The  antients  believed  it  was  injurious  to  cattle,  an  error 
now  deteded.  There  feems  to  be  an  annual  mortality  of  thefe 
animals  in  Augujl,  numbers  being  then  found  dead  in  the  paths. 


?4us  araneus' dorfo  nigro,  ventreque  albo.  64.  tab.  xi. 

Merret  Pinax,  167.  Water  Shrew-moufe.  Pr.  Zool.  ilhjlr. 

Sorex  fodiens.  Pallas  '*.  tab.  cu.  Lev.  Mus. 

La  Mufaraigne  d’Eau,  De  Buffon,  viii. 

O with  a long  flender  nofe  ; very  minute  ears;  and  within 
each  a tuft  of  white  hairs:  very  fmall  eyes,  hid  in  the  fur: 
color  of  the  head  and  upper  part  of  the  body  black:  throat, 
breaft,  and  belly,  of  a light  afli-color:  the  feet  white:  beneath 
the  tail  a triangular  dufky  fpot:  much  larger  than  the  laft : 
length,  from  nofe  to  tail,  three  inches  three  quarters;  tail  two 
inches. 

Inhabits  Europe  and  Siberia^  as  far  at  left  as  the  nxQX  Jenefei^ 
long  fince  known  in  England,  but  loft  till  May  1768,  when  it 
was  difcovered  in  the  fens  near  Revejhy  Abby,  LincolnJInre ; bur- 
rows in  the  banks  near  the  water;  and  is  faid  to  fwim  under  wa- 

• Doftor  Pallas  favored  me  with  feveral  prints  of  this  animal  in  176  but  never 
publilhed  them;  he  difcovered  it  near  Berlin:  it  is  called  there  Graber,  or. The 
Digger. 

VoL.  II.  G g 


429.  Water. 


Place, 


ter ; 


226 


SHREW. 


ter*:  is  called  by  the  Fen-men  i\\Q  Blind  Moufe:  chirrups  like 
a grafshopper,  and  its  note  often  miftaken  for  one. 

430.  Elephant, 

Q with  a very  long,  flender  and  little  nofe : the  whole  animal  of  a 
deep  brown  color. 

Inhabits  the  neighborhood  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope:  called  the 

Place. 

Elephant,  from  \ts probofcis~Uke  fnout:  engraven  from  a drawing  by 
Mr.  Eater fon.  This  animal  has  been  very  ill  reprefented  by  Eetiver 
in  his  Gazoph.  Dec.  iii.  tab.  xxiii.  fig.  9.  under  the  title  of  Mus 
araneus  tmximus  Capenfts* 

431.  Marine. 

Sorex  marlnus,  Gm.Lin,  114, 

Q with  elongated  fnout,  channel’d  below : ears  rounded,  and 
naked:  fur  of  a dufky  color;  whi/kers  grey:  tail  a little  fhorter 
than  the  body : fize  of  the  common  moufe. 

Inhabits  Java. 

432.  Surinam. 

Q with  the  upper  part  of  the  body  bay;  the  lower  pale  afli, 
mixed  with  yellow:  tail  one  half  fliorter  than  the  body. 
Inhabits  Surinam. 

* L,  BaUntr,\\\,  137. 


8 


Sorex ' 


I 


i.XXXX  TM  . 


f)/ 


. ■/: 


.0 

4.30. 


S 1:1  R E W. 


Sorex  pufjllas,  Erxlehn,  izt.  G^fi.  Lin,  114,  Persiak. 

Q witk  the  body  hoary  above,  cinereous  beneath  t (fubdijlicha')  . 

fliort,  and  vvhitifn:  length  of  the  body  three  inches  feven 
lines;  tail  one  inch  one  line. 

Inhabits  the  north  of  Perjh : burrows  and  lives  below  ground. 


Sorex  minutus.  S,  roftro  longiffimo,  Z</».  ^y?.  73.  ^ 434,  Mjnute. 

Q with  a head  near  as  big  as  the  body;  very  flendcr  nofe; 

broad  fliort  naked  ears;  whiikers  reaching  to  the  eyes: 
eyes  fmal!,  and  capable  of  being  drawn  in:  hair  very  fine  and 
Pnining ; grey  above,  white  beneath  : no  tail. 

Inhabits  Siberia,  about  the  Oby  and  near  the  Kama : lives  in  a 
neft  made  of  lichens,  in  fome  moift  place  beneath  the  roots  of 
trees ; lives  on  feeds:  digs : runs  fvviftly ; has  the  voice  of  a bat. 


Sorex  exilis.  Gm.Lin.  115, 

Q with  a Very  long  flender  nofe  : in  fhape  and  color  like  the 
FOETID,  but  paler  : the  tail  very  flender  near  the  roots,  then 
fuddenly  grows  remarkably  thick  and  round;  and  again  grows 
gradually  lefs  to  the  end. 

Linn^us  imagines  that  the  laft  is  the  iefi:  of  -quadrupeds. 
Dodtor  Pallas,  who  communicated  this  fpecies,  thinks  this  has 

G g 2 . a better 


435.  Pycmt. 


22§  SHREW. 


a better  dame  to  that  title,  as  its  weight  is  only  equal  to,  or  very 
little  above  half  a drachm. 

Is  very  common  betweenj  and  about  the  rivers  Jenefei  and 
Oby. 

436.  White- 
toothed. 

Q of  a dufliy  cinereous  color:  belly  white;  cutting  teeth 
white  : tail  flender  and  hairy. 

437.  Square- 
tailed. 

of  a dulky  cinereous  color:  belly  paler:  cutting  teeth 
brownilh  : tail  inclines  to  a fquared  form. 

This  fpecies  has  no  bad  fmell. 

438.  Carinated. 

0 of  a duflcy  cinereous  whitifh  on  the  belly,  with  brownifh 
foreteeth:  a white  fpot  beyond  each  eye:  tail  llender  and 
taper,  carinated  or  ridged  below. 

439.  Unicolor. 

Q of  an  uniform  dufky  cinereous  color:  bafe  of  the  tail  nar- 
row,  or  comprdTed. 

Place. 

The  above  four  fpecies  inhabit  the  neighborhood  of  Straf- 
hourg,  and  were  difcovered  by  Profeffor  Herman^. 

Long 


MOLE. 


tong  nofe:  upper  jaw  much  longer  than  the  lower. 

No  ears. 

Fore  feet  very  broad,  with  fcarcely  any  apparent  legs  before: 
hind  feet  fmall. 


Talpa.  Agricola  An.  Suhter.  Gefnir  pentadaftylis.  Lin.  Jy/l. 

quad.  931.  Klein  quad.  60.  Mullvad,  Surk.  Faun.  fuec.  No.  23.  Br, 

Talpa,  the  Mole,  Mold-warp,  or  Want.  Zool.  i.  108. 

Raii j'yn.  quad  236.  Talpa caudaca,  nigricans  pedibus  anticis 

Kret.  Rzacodnjki Polon.  2^6.  et  pofticis  pentadaftylis.  Brijfon  quad. 

Scheer,  Scheer-maufs.  Maul-wurf.  Kra-  203. 

7ner  Auftr.  314.  La  Taupe,  De  Buffon,  viii.  81.  tab.  xii. 

Talpa  Europasus.  T.  caudata,  pedibus  Lev,  Mus. 

■|\ yr  with  very  minute  eyes,  hid  in  the  fur:  long  fnoutr  fix 
cutting  teeth  in  the  upper,  eight  in  the  lower  jaw,  and 
two  canine  in  each:  no  external  ears,  only  an  orifice:  forepart 
of. the  body  thick  and  mufcular;  hind  part  taper:  fore  feet  placed, 
obliquely,  broad,  and  like  hands:  five  toes,  each  terminated  by 
ftro.ng  claws:  hind  feet  very  fmall,  with  five  toes  to  each:  tail 
Ihort : fkin  very  tough,  fo  as  fcarcely  to  be  cut  through : hair 
flrort,  clofe  fet,  fofter  than  the  fineft  velvet:  ufually  black,  fome- 
times  fpotted  * with  white;  fometimes  quite  white:  length  five 
inches  three  quarters;  tail  one. 

Inhabits  Europe,  and  the  temperate  or  fouthern  parts  of  RuJJia 
and  Siberia,  as  far  as  the  River  Lena.  Siberian  is  much  larger 

than  the  European  Mole. 

• Spotted  Mole,  Ed-w.  268.  . 

It 


229 


XXXV. 

Mole. 


440,  European, 


PiACE, 


230 


M OLE. 


Manners. 


It  lives  under  ground;  burrows  with  vaft  rapidity  with  its  fore 
feet ; flings  the  earth  back  with  its  hind  feet ; has  the  fenfe  of 
fmelling  exquifite,  which  direds  it  to  its  food— wormSj  infeds, 
and  roots:  does  vafl  damage  in  gardens,  by  flinging  up  the  foil 
and  loofening  the  roots  of  plants : is  moft  adive  before  rain,  and 
In  winter  before  a thaw,  worms  being  then  in  motion ; breeds  in 
the  fpring:  Brings  four  or  five  young  at  a time;  makes  its  neft 
of  mofs,  a little  beneath  the  furface  of  the  ground,  under  the 
greatcft  hillock : raifes  no  hillocks  In  dry  weather,  being  then 
obliged  to  penetrate  deep  after  its  prey  ; makes  a great  fcreani 
when  taken.  Talma  Chrijii  and  white  hellebore^  made  into  a pafte^ 
and  laid  in  their  holes,  deftroys  them.  None  in  Ireland, 

p.  Yellow  M.  in  form  refembling  the  European-,  but  larger, 
being  fix  inches  two-tenths  long ; the  tail  one  inch  ; hair  fofr, 
filky,  and  glofly,  of  a yellowiflt  brown  color  at  the -ends;  dark 
grey  at  the  roots:  brighteft  about  the  head ; darkefl  about 
the  rump:  belly  of  a deep  cinereous  brown.:  feet  and  tail 
white. 

Inhabits  JV.  America,  Defcribed  from  a ikin  in  which  the 
Jaws  were  taken  out. 


LXXXK  . 


■zyj! . 


M O L E. 


231 


Ta!pa  Sibiricus  verficolor,  Afpalax  didus. 
Seb.  Muf  i.  ji.  tab.  KKxn.  fg.  4,  5. 
Klein  quad.  bo. 


La  Taupe  doree.  D<-  Buffon,  xv.  145. 


Talpa  A'fiatica.  T.  ecaudata^  palrnis  tri-  Variable  Mole.  Brown's  Zool,  118.  tab. 

dadylis.  Lin.  fyji.  73.  ^4. 

Talpa  ecaudata,  ex  viridiaurea,  pedibus 

1^/r  with  the  nofe  fhort  and  blunt:  fpace  between  the  tip,  and 
corner  of  the  mouth  covered  with  pale  brown  hair:  from 
the  corner  of  the  mouth,  a broad  whitilli  bar  points  upwards  along 
the  fides  of  the  head : color  of  the  hair  on  the  upper  part  of  the 
body  varied  with  gloffy  green  and  copper-color;  below  is  of  a 
cinereous  brown  ; in  the  upper  jaw  are  two  (harp  cutting  teeth  ; 
in  the  lower  the  fame,  with  a lharp  canine  tooth  contiguous  to 
them  on  each  fide. 

On  the  fore  feet  three  toes  with  vafl;  claws ; that  on  the  outmofl; 
toe  exceedingly  large:  on  the  hind  feet  five  fmall  toes  and  weak 
claws;  no  tail:  rump  round. 

Length  four  inches. 

Inhabits  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  not  Siberia,  as  Seba  fuppofes : 
Whether  this'  is  the  Bles  Moll  of  the  Dutch,  which  lives  in  the 
harder  grounds  about  the  Cape  *,  I cannot  determine. 


Teeth. 


Size. 

Place* 


* Majfon's  Tranj,  Ph.  Tranf,  IxvI.  305. 


Sorex 


M O L 'E. 


232 


442.  PvADIAT£-I>. 

Sorex  criftatus.  S.  naribus  carunculatis,  cauda  brevlore.  Lin.  JyJl. 

Lev.  Mus. 

PlACEo 

1^/1'  with  fmall  but  broad  fore  legs;  five  long  white  claws  oh 
each;  nofe  long;;  the  edg;es  befet  with  radiated  tendrils : 
hair  on  the  body  dufky,  very  fhort,  fine,  and  connpadl;  on  the 
nofe  longer  : the  hind  legs  fcaly  ; five  toes  on  each  foot.:  length, 
from  nofe.to. tail,  three  inches  three  quarters:  tail  flender,  round, 
and  taper;  one  inch  three-tenths  long. 

inhabits  N.  America.  Forms  fubterraneous  paflages,  in  dif- 
ferent directions,  in  uncultivated  fields ; raifes  walks  about  two 
inches  high  and  a palm  broad:  the  holes  often  give  way  and  let 
in  the  walkers.  Feeds  on  roots.:  has  great  ftrength  in  its  legs. 

443,  Long-tail- 
ed. 

T\ /r  with  a radiated  nofe : the  fore  feet  pretty  broad,  hind  feet 
fcaly,  with  a few  fliort  hairs  on  them:  the  claws  on 
the  fore  feet  like  thofe  of  the  common  Mole  ; on  the  Find  very 
long  and  flender:  hair  on  the  nofe  and  body  foft,  long,  and  of  a 
nifty  brown  color;  tail  covered  with  fltort  hair;  the  length  two 
inches ; that  of  nofe  and  body  four  inches  fix-tenths. 

Place. 

N.  America.  Lev.  Mus. 

444.  Brown. 

Sorex  aquaticus.  S.  plantis  palmatls,  palmis  caudaque  breviore  albis. 

Lin. Jyjl.  74.  Lev.  Mus. 

Ti  yr  with  a flender  nofe : upper  jaw  much  longer  than  the 
lower;  two  cutting  teeth  in  the  upper,  four  in  the  lower, 
the  two  middle  of  which  are  very  fmall ; no  canine  teeth:  fore 

feet 

I 


Iri 


MOLE.  233 

feet  very  broad:  nails  long:  hind  feet  fmall;  five  claws  on 
each:  hair  very  fofc  and  gloflyj  brown  at  the  ends,  deep  grey  at 
the  bottom:  tail  and  feet  white;  length,  from  nofe  to  tail,  five 
inches  and  a half:  tail  very  {lender,  not  an  inch  long. 

Inhabits  N.  America:  called  there  the  Brown  Mole:  fent  from  Place. 
lAew  York  by  Mr.  A.  Blackburne,  with  |3.  Yellow  Mole,  and  No. 

44.2  and  443.  The  black  and  fhining  purple  Virginian  Mole, 
deferibed  by  Seba'*  as  the  fame  with  the  common  kind,  was  not 
among  thofe  that  gentleman  favoured  us  with.  Linnaus  places 
this,  and  our  radiated  Mole,  in  his  clafs  of  Sorex,  or  Shrew,  on 
account  of  the  difference  of  the  teeth  •,  but  as  thefe  animals  pof- 
fefs  the  ftronger  charadlers  of  the  Mole,  fuch  as  form  of  nofe  and 
body,  fiiape  of  feet,  and  even  the  manners,  we  think  them  better 
adapted  to  this  genus  than  to  the  preceding. 


Talpa  rubra  Americana.  Sib.  Muf.  i.  ji.  tab.  xxxu.fg.  2. 


445,  P.EU, 


of  a cinereous  red  color:  three  toes  on  the  fore  feet,  four 
on  the  hind  : form  of  the  body  and  tail  like  the  European 

kind. 

According  to  Seba,  it  inhabits  America',  but  he  does  not  in- 
form us  whether  it  is  North  or  South. 


* I.  51.  tab.  xxxil.  fig.4. 


VoL.  n. 


H h 


Five 


2j4 


H E D G E 


HOG. 


XXXVI. 

HEDGE-HOG. 

Five  toes  on  each  foot. 

Body  covered  with  ftrong  fliort  fpines. 

4J.6,  Common. 

Erinaceus.  Agrlcola  An.  Subter.  48-!.  datls  naribus  criftatis.  Lin.  fyji.  75. 

Echiniis  terrellris.  Gefner  quad.  368.  Igelkott.  faun.  fuec.  22.  Br.  Zool.  ). 

Echinus  fc.  Erinaceus  terreftris.  Urchin,  106. 

or  Hedge-hog.  Raii  Jyn.  quad.  2^\ . Erinaceus  auriculis  ereftis.  BriJJon  quad. 

Jez.  Rzaczinjkt  Poton.  233.  128.  Seh.  Muf.  i.  78,  tab,  xlix. 

Acanthion  vulgaris  noilras.  66.  L’Heriffon.  De  Buffo n,  v'ni.  z%.tah-,\\. 

]gel.  Kramtr  Aujlr.q^x  /y,  Haerbe,  vel  Ganfud.  Forjkal,  iii.  Lev. 

Erinaceus  Europeus.  E.  auriculis  rotun-  Mus. 

Place. 

X_T  ^ nofe ; noftrils  bordered  on  each  lide  with  a 

^ * loofe  flap  ; ears  rounded,  fhort,  broad,  and  naked:  eyes 
fmall : legs  fliort,  naked,  and  dufky  : inner  toe  the  fhortefl: 
claws  weak  : upper  part  of  the  face,  the  fides,  and  rump,  covered 
with  flrong  coarfe  hair  of  a yellowidi  and  cinereous  color;  the 
back,  with  flrong  (harp  fpines  of  a whitifh  color,  with  a bar  of 
black  through  their  naiddle ; tail  an  inch  long:  length,  from  nofe 
to  tail,  ten  inches. 

Inhabits  Europe  and  Madagafcar'^^ ; is  common  in  many  parts 
of  Rujfu,  but  fcarcely  or  ever  found  in  Siberia:  is  in  motion 
during  night ; keeps  retired  in  the  day  : feeds  on  roots,  fruits, 
worms,  and  infedls : erroneoufly  charged  with  fucking  cows  and 
hurtiijg  their  udders : refides  in  fmall  thickets,  in  hedges,  and  at 
the  bottom  of  ditches  covered  with  buPnes;  lies  well  wrapped  up  in 

* Flacourt  voy.  Madagajcc.r , 152,  where  they  are  called  Sora. 

mofs. 

HEDGE 


H O G. 


235 


mofs,  grafs,  or  leaves,  and  during  winter  rolls  itfelf  up  and  fleeps 
out  that  dreary  feafon  ; a mild  and  helplefs  animal ; on  approach 
of  an  enemy,  rolls  itfelf  into  the  form  of  a hall,  and  is  then  in- 
vulnerable. 


Erlnaceus  Aurltus.  Pallas  Sc  Gmelin,  in  AW.  com.  Petr  op.  xiv,  5 ig.  573.  xvl, 

and  xxi.  4. 

T T with  the  upper  jaw  long  and  flender:  with  very  large  open 
oval  ears,  naked,  brown  round  the  edges,  with  foft  whitifh 
hairs  within  : rail  fliorter  than  that  of  the  common  hedge-hog; 
upper  part  of  the  body  covered  v/Ith  flender  brown  fpines,  encom- 
pafled  at  the  bafe,  and  near  the  ends,  with  a ring  of  white:  the 
limbs  and  belly  cloathed  with  a mod  elegant  foft  white  fur. 

Generally  much  inferior  in  f ze  to  the  common  kind ; but  be- 
yond Baikal  is  found  much  larger  than  that  fpecies. 

Is  very  common  in  all  the  fouthern  deferts,  from  the  Don  to 
the  Oby. 

Grows  very  fat : fleeps  all  the  winter,  lodged  in  a hole  a few 
inches  deep:  lives  on  infeds,  even  the  mod  caudic,  and  will  eat 
(as  experiment  has  been  made)  above  a hundred  Cantharides 
without  any  Injury  : rolls  itfelf  up,  and  has  all  the  manners  of 
the  common  kind. 


447.  Siberian. 


Place, 


H h 2 


Lc 


236 


HEDGE 


HOG. 


448.  Asiatic.  Le  petit  Tandrek.  Sorwerat,^^oy.\\.\if^).  Le  Tendrac,  et  Le  Tanrec.  De  Bujin, 
tab.  xcviii.  xii.  438. 

T T V'ith  a long  lender  nofe  : fliort  rounded  ears:  fliort  legs: 
the  body  marked  longitudinally  with  five  broad  lines  of 
black,'  and  the  fame  of  white ; which  are  continued  over  the  flioul- 
ders  and  thighs:  the  white  marks  confift  of  fhortfpines;  the  black 
marks  are  furnifhed  with  long  loofe  hairs,  which  fall  quite  to  the 
ground  : bead  and  face  quite  black  : no  tail:  length  feven  inches. 
M.  de  Buffon  has  given  the  figure  of  a young  one. 

The  other,  or  the  Tham-,  is  rather  larger : covered  with  fpines 
only  on  the  top  and  hind  part  of  the  head,  the  top  and  lides  of 
the  neck,  and  the  flioulders ; the  longeft  were  on  the  upper  part 
of  the  neck,  and  flood  ered;:  the  reft  of  the  body  was  covered 
with  yellowifh  briftles,  among  which  were  intermixed  fome  that 
were  black,  and  much  longer  than  the  others.  Each  of  thefe  ani- 
mals, which  are  varieties  or  young  of  the  fame  fpecies,  had  five  toes 
on  each  foot. 

Place.  Inhabit  the  iftes  of  India,  and  that  of  Madagajcar : are,  when 

of  their  full  growth,  of  the  fize  of*  rabbets;  grunt  like  hogs: 
grow  very  fat : multiply  greatly : frequent  -f  fliallow  pieces  of 
frefli  or  fait  water:  they  burrow  on  land:  lie  torpid  during  fix 
months,  during  which  time  their  old  hair  falls  off.  Their  flefli  is 
eaten  by  the  Indians,  but  is  very  flabby  and  infipid. 

* Dutch  nioy.  Eaji  Indies,  203.  Thofe  in  the  cabinet  of  the  French  King  were 
much  fmaller;  probably  young. 

t Cauche  wj,  Madagajcar,  53.  Fiacourt  hij.  Madagajcar,  152. 


American 


HEDGE 


HOG* 


237 


American  Hedge  hog.  Bancroft  Gidana,  Lh.ffl,  75.  Brifhn  quad,  131. 

144*  Erinaceus  Americanus  albus.  Seh.  Muf 

Erinaceus  inauris.  E.  auriculis  nullis.  i.  tab.  fg.  q,. 

T T without  external  ears,  having  only  two  orifices  for  hearing : 
has  a fhort  thick  head:  back  and  Tides  covered  with  Qiort 
fpines  of  an  alh-color,  tinged  with  yellow:  face,  belly,  legs,  and 
tail,  covered  with  foft  whitifli  hair;  above  the  eyes,  of  a chef- 
nut  color;  the  hind  part  and  Tides  of  the  head  of  a deeper  color : 
length,  from  nofe  to  tail,  eight  inches:  tail  fhort:  claws  long 
and  crooked. 

Inhabits  Guiana, 


DI 


T?* 


449.  Guiana. 


Place, 


DIGITATED  Q^U  A D R U P E D S 
Wiihout  Cuttins:  Teetlu 


SLOTH. 


240 


DIV.  II.  Sect.  IV.  Digitated  Quadrupeds. 


xxxvu. 

SLOTH. 


Without  cutting  teeth  in  either  jaw. 
With  canine  teeth  and  grinders. 

Fore  legs  much  longer  than  the  hind. 
Long  claws. 


450.  Three-  ArClopItheeus.  Gtft,er  quad.  869,  Icon,  Ai,  five  Tardigradus  gracilis  America- 
XOEB.  quad.  nus.  Seb.  MuJ.  xxxni.  fg.  z.  Schreber, 

Ignavus  five  per  aflKp^aaip  Agilis.  C//^  ii.  7.  /ab.  Ixiv. 

fA&r.  1 10.  372.  Ouaikare,  Pareffeux.  Barrere  France 

Ai,  five  Ignavus.  Ma'‘cgrawc  Brajil.  221.  jFquin,  154. 

Sloth.  Rail  fyn.  quad.  245.  Edav.  310.  Bradypus  tridadtylus.  B.~pedibus  tridac- 
Ignavus  Americanus,  rifum  fletumilcens.  tylis  cauda  brevi.  Lin.  fyfl.  50. 

Klein  quad.  43,  L’Ai.  De  Buffon,  xiii.  4.4.  tab.  v.  vi. 

Tardigradus  pedibus  anticis  & pollicis  Br.Muf,  Lev.  Mus.  ^ 
tridaflylis.  Erijfon  quad.  2 1 . 


Swith  a blunt  black  nofe,  a little  lengthened : veryfmall  ex- 
9 ternalears:  eyes  fmall,  black,  and  heavy;  from  the  corner 
of  each  a dufky  line  : color  of  the  face  and  throat  a dirty  white; 
hair  on  the  limbs  and  body  long  and  very  uneven,  of  a cinereous 
brown  color,  with  a black  line  along  the  middle  of  the  back: 
each  fide,  about  the  fhoulders,  is  dafhed  with  ruft-color;  the  reft 
of  the  back  and  limbs  fpotted  irregularly  with  black.  The 
young,  fuch  as  I fufpedt  that  to  be  in  the  Britip  Mufeum,  have 
few  or  no  fpots.  Tail  (hort,  a meer  ftump:  legs  thick,  long,  and 
3 aukwardly 


SLOTH. 

aukwardly  placed:  face  naked;  three  toes,  and  three  very  long 
claws  on  each  foot. 

It  grows,  as  Nieuhoff  remarks,  to  the  bulk  of  a middle-fized 
fok*. 

Inhabits  moft  parts  of  the  eaftern  fide  of  South  America:  the 
moft  fluggifh  and  moft  flow  of  all  animals ; feems  to  move  with 
the  utmoft  pain  ; makes  a great  progrefs  if  it  can  go  a quarter  of 
a league  in  a dayf:  afeends  trees,  in  which  it  generally  lives,  with 
much  difficulty:  its  food  is  fruit,  or  the  leaves  of  trees;  if  it 
cannot  find  fruit  on  the  ground,  looks  out  for  a tree  well  loaded, 
and  with  great  pains  climbs  up  : to  fave  the  trouble  of  defeend- 
ing,  flings  off  the  fruit,  and  forming  itfelf  into  a ball,  drops  from 
the  branches  •,  continues  at  the  foot  till  it  has  devoured  all ; nor 
ever  ftirs,  till  compelled  by  hunger];:  its  motion  is  attended 
with  a moft  moving  and  plaintive  cry,  which  at  once  produces 
pity  and  difguft,  and  is  its  only  defence ; for  every  beaft  of  prey  is 
fo  affedled  by  the  noife,  as  to  quit  it  with  horror  ||  : its  mouth  is 
never  without  foam:  its  note,  according  to  Kircher,  is  an  afeend- 
ing  and  defeending  hexachord^,  which  it  utters  only  by  night: 
its  look  is  fo  piteous  as  to  move  compaffion ; it  is  alfo  accom- 
panied with  tears,  W'hich  diffuade  every  body  from  injuring  fo 
wretched  a being:  its  abftinence  from  food  is  remarkably  power- 
ful; one  that  had  faftened  itfelf  by  its  feet  to  a pole,  and  was  fo 
fufpended  crofs  two  beams,  remained  forty  days  without  meat, 

* Wieuhoff's  tranj.  Churchill's  collet,  ii.  1 8. 

t Gumilla  Orenoque,  ii.  13, 

J Vlloa's  'vqy.  i.  103. 

II  Ibid. 

5 Kirchers  Mufurgia,  as  quoted  by  Mr.  Stil ling  FLEET,  in  his  mifcellaneous 
trafts, 100. 

VoL.  II.  I i 4kmk- 


24  £ 

Size, 

Place. 

Manners. 


242, 


SLOTH. 


drink,  or  fleep  * : the  ftrengdi  in  its  feet  is  fo  great,  that  there 
is  no  poffibility  of  freeing  any  thing  from  its  claws,  which  it 
happens  to  feize  on.  A dog  was  let  loofe  at  the  above-mentioned 
animal,  when  it  was  taken  from  the  pole;  after  fome  time  the 
SI0I&  layed  hold  of  the  dog  with  its  feet,  and  held  him  four  days, 
till  he  perilhed  with  hunger -f. 

451.  Two-toed.  Tardigradus  Ceilonicus  famlna.  Tardigradus  pedibus  anticis  didaftylls, 

Miy.  i. /ai,  xxxiv.  pollicis  tridadtylis.  BriJJbn  quad.  zz. 

Bradypus  didaijiylus  Br.  manibus  di-  L’Unau.  De  Buffon,  xiii.  34.  tab,  i.  Br, 
dadtylis  cauda  nulla.  Lin.  Jyji,  51.  Muf. 

Schreber,  ii.  10.  tab.  Ixv. 

Swith  a round  head  : fiiort  projedting  nofe  : ears  like  the  hu- 
« man,  lying  fiat  to  the  head  : two  long  ftrong  claws  on  the 
fore  feet,  three  on  the  hind  : hair  on  the  body  long  and  rough ; 
on  fome  parts  curled  and  woolly  : in  fome,  of  a pale  red  above, 
cinereous  below;  in  others,  of  a yellowilh  white  below,  cinereous 
brown  above.  No  tail.  Length  of  that  in  the  BritiJJj  Mufeum 
eleven  inches : I believe  a young  one. 

PtACE.  Inhabits  South  America  and  the  ifie  of  Ceylon.  The  laft  is  ftre- 

nuoufiy  denied  by  M.  de  Buffon,  who  has  fixed  the  refidence  of  this 
genus  to  America  only  ; but,  befides  the  authority  of  Seha^  who 
exprefsly  fays  his  fpecimen  was  brought  from  Ceylon,  a gentleman, 
long  refident  in  India,  and  much  diftinguifiied  in  the  literary 
world,  has  informed  me  he  has  feen  this  animal  brought  from  the 
Baliacat  mountains  that  lie  in  fight  of  Madrafs-,  which  fatisfies  me 
that  it  is  common  to  both  continents.  Farther  enquiry  is  defired 
into  the  identity  of  this  fpccies. 

* Kirthtr,  •f  Ibid, 


There 


SLOTH. 

There  is  reafon  to  think  that  it  is  met  with  alfo  in  Guinea,  or 
at  left  fome  fpecies  of  this  genus;  for  Barbot  and  Bofman  de- 
fcribe  an  animal  by  the  name  of  Potto,  to  v,  hich  they  give  the  at- 
tributes of  the  former,  and  defcrihe  as  ijeing  grey  when  young, 
red,  and  covered  with  a fort  of  hair  as  thick  fet  as  flocks  of 
wool.  Both  thefe  writers  were  fenfible  men,  and,  though  not  na- 
turalifts,  were  too  obfervant  of  the  animals  of  Guinea  to  miftake 
one  whofe  charadlers  are  fo  ftrongly  marked  as  thofe  of  the 
Bloth  *. 


Bradypus  urfiformis.  Nafuralijts  Mi/cellanj>  tab.  580 

Swith  a long  and  ftrong  nofe,  truncated  at  the  end : the  fore- 
• head  rifes  fuddenly  above  it:  that  and  the  nofe  whitifti,  and 
almoft  naked:  eyes  very  fmall;  above  is  a black  line:  ears  Aort, 
and  loft  in  the  hair:  the  hair  on  the  top  of  the  head  points  for- 
ward, that  in  the  neck  is  parted  in  the  middle;  on  head  and  neck, 
back  and  fides,  is  extremely  long,  fhaggy  and  black;  in  moft  parts 
twelve  inches  long,  and  on  the  upper  part  of  the  body  fliines  m 
the  fun  with  a moft  brilliant  purple  glols;  on  the  breaft  and 
belly  ftiort;  acrols  the  firfl;  is  a line  of  white  : the  tail  is  only  five 
inches  long,  and  is  quite  hid  in  the  hair : the  limbs  are  very  ftrong 
and  bear-like : on  each  foot  are  five  toes : on  thofe  of  the  fore  feet 
the  claws  are  three  inches  long,  pointing  forward,  and  flightly  in- 
curvated ; pointing  forward  and  admirably  adapted  for  digging  or 
burrowing:  the  claws  of  the  hind  feet  are  very  fhort ; the  bottoms 

f Bt/man,  237.  Barbet,  2iz> 

I i a of 


452,  Ursiform, 


Hair. 


244 


SLOTH. 


% 


Teeth. 


Li  PS. 


Food. 


Manners. 


Peace. 


of  the  feet  are  black  and  naked.  This  animal  wants  the  inctforeSy 
or  cutting  teeth,  above  and  below.  In  each  jaw  are  two  canine 
teeth,  remote  from  the  grinders : the  roof  of  the  mouth  is  marked 
with  tranfverfe  fulci : the  tongue  is  fmooth,  and  not  fo  long  as  the 
mouth. 

The  noftrils  are  tranfverfe,  and  appear  like  a narrow  flit:  the  lips 
are  very  loofe,  and  capable  of  being  protruded  to  a great  length, 
and  drawn  in  again;  they  ferve  the  ufe  of  a hand,  and  by  their 
means  it  conveys  apples  or  any  fort  of  food,  into  its  mouth  ; its 
principal  food  was  vegetables,  and  alfo  milk:  it  was  very  fond  of 
honey,  fugar,  and  ether  fweets;  but  did  not  willingly  eat  any  animal 
food. 

In  its  manners  It  was  gentle,  and  very  good  natured;  it  fuffered 
me  to  put  my  hand  far  down  its  mouth  to  examine  the  infide,  and 
to  tumble  it  up  and  down,  to  examine  the  different  parts ; nor  did 
it  ever  offer  to  bite  : it  did  no  more  than  emit  a Ihort  abrupt  roar 
when  I had  provoked  it  highly. 

I clafs  it,  from  the  teeth,  among  the  Bradypi,  or  Sloths,  not  from  its 
inaflivity,  or  any  of  its  natural  properties  ; it  was  neither  flow  nor 
languid,  .but  was  moderately  lively  : it  appeared  to  have  a habit  of 
turning  itfelf  round  and  round,  every  now  and  then,  as  if  for  amufe- 
ment,  in  the  manner  of  a dog  about  to  lie  down  to  fleep;  it  is  faid 
to  have  a ftrong  propenfity  to  burrowing;  and  that  it  was  firft  dug 
out  of  its  retreat  by  thofe  who  difeovered  it. 

It  inhabits  Bengal,  and  lives  in  certain  fand  hills  not  remote  from 
Batna.  It  was  about  the  fize  of  a black  American  bear,  not  half 
grown.  When  1 faw  this  animal  in  1790  it  was  between  four  and 
five  years  old,  fo  probably  had  attained  its  full  growth. 

I faw  it  in  company  with  the  ingenious  Dodlor  Shaw,  of  the 

Briiijh 


74 


- 


SLOTH. 


^45 


Brltijlo  Mufeum.  My  figure  is  copied  from  his  Naturalljls  Mifccl- 
lany : but  it  was  before  engraved  by  Mr.  Cation  in  his  book  of 
Quadrupeds.  Mr.  Bewick  has  alfo  given  a very  good  figure  of 
it  at  p.  266  of  his  beautiful  Hiftory  of  Quadrupeds  with  wooden 
plates. 


Without 


246 


XXXVIII. 

ARMADILLO. 


453.  Th«ee- 

SAND£D. 


Plase  and 
Manners. 


ARMADILLO. 


Without  cither  cutting  teeth  or  canine  teeth. 

Head,  and  upper  part  of  the  body,  guarded  by  a cruftaceous 
covering  j the  middle  with  pliant  bands,  formed  of  various 
fegments,  reaching  from  the  back  to  the  edges  of  the  belly. 


Tatu  apara.  Martgrave  BraJtl.z^z.Raii  pedibus  pentadadlylis,  53. 

fyn.  quad.  234.  Cataphraftus  fcutis  duobus  cingulis  tri- 

Armadillo  feu  Tatu  genus  alterum.  C/^.  bus.  BriJJim  quad. 

Exot,  109.  Klein  quad.  48.  L’Apar,  ou  le  Tatou  a trois  bandes.  De 

Tatu  feu  Armadillo  orientalis.  Jf^.Mii/',  Buffon,  x.  206.  Schreber,\\,  z'6.  tab, 
i.  tab.  xxxvni.Jig.  2,  3.  Ixxii.  A.  \\x\i.Jig.  i.  2. 

Dafypus  tricinftus.  D.  cingulis  tribus, 

A with  (hort  but  broad  rounded  ears : the  crufl;  on  the  head, 
back,  and  rump,  divided  into  elegant  pentangular  tuber- 
culated  fegments:  three  bands  in  the  middle:  five  toes  on  each 
foot:  Ihort  tail. 

The  whole  genus  inhabits  South  America:  the  manners  of.. all 
much  the  fame:  burrows  under  ground;  the  fmaller  fpecies  in 
moift  places,  the  larger  in  dry,  and  at  a diftance  from  the  fea: 
keeps  in  its  hole  in  the  day,  rambles  out  at  night:  when  over- 
taken, rolls  itfelf  into  the  form  of  a ball,  which  it  does  by 
means  of  the  pliant  bands  on  its  middle,  and  thus  becomes  in- 
vulnerable : when  furprized,  runs  to  its  hole,  and  thinks  itfelf 
fccure  if  it  can  hide  its  head  and  fome  part  of  its  body.  The  In- 
dians take  it  by  the  tail,  when  the  animal  fixes  its  claws  in  the 
earth  fo  ftrongly  that  there  is  no  moving  it  till  the  Indian  tickles 
5 « 


ARMADILLO. 


247 


It  with  a (lick:  is  hunted  with  little  dogs,  who  give  notice  to 
their  mafter  of  its  haunts  by  barking,  who  digs  it  out;  to  take 
it  out  incautioufly  is  very  dangerous,  on  account  of  the  fnakes 
that  commonly  lurk  in  the  burrows.  Feeds  on  potatoes,  melons, 
and  roots,  and  does  great  damage  to  plantations : drinks  much ; 
grows  very  fat,  and  is  reckoned  very  delicious  eating  v;hen  young; 
but  when  old,  has  a mulky  difagreeable  tafte:  is  very  numerous; 
breeds  every  month,  and  brings  four  at  a time  : is  very  inofFen- 
five  *. 


Tatou.  Belon  olf.  21 1.  Portraits,  106.  Dafypus  fex  cinftus.  D.  cingulis  fenls, 
Tatu  Sc  Tatu  paba  Braftl : Armadillo  pedibus  pentadadylis, 

Hi/panis,  Encuberto.  Marc-  L’Encourbert,  ouLeTatoua  fix  bandes. 

grave  Brajil.  131.  De  Buffon,  x.  209.  tab.  xlii.  Su^plem. 

Cataphrad'ius  fcutis  duobus,  cingulis  fex.  ill,  285.  tab.  Ivii.  Schreber,  ii.  31.  tab, 
Bnjfonquad.  25.  Ixi.  B.  Lsv.  Mus. 

A with  the  cruft  of  the  head,  fhoulders,  and  rump,  formed  of 
angular  pieces : the  bands  on  the  back  fix;  between  which, 
alfo  on  the  neck  and  belly,  are  a few  fcattered  hairs;  tail  not  the 
length  of  the  body,  very  thick  at  the  bafe,  tapering  to  a point; 
five  toes  on  each  foot. 

Inhabits  Brafil  and  Guiana, 

* The  authorities  for  the  natural  hlftory : Marcgravt,  231.  Dampier,  ii.  61. 
Guwilla  Orenoque,  iii.  223  to  Z26,  Kituhoff,  Bancro/t’f  Guiana,  Rochefort 
Antilles,  i.  286. 


434.S1X-BANDID. 


Place. 


AyotocbtUl 


248 

45?*  E!GHT- 
BANDED. 

Place. 

456.  Nine- 
ban  DED. 


ARMADILLO. 


Ayotoclitll  ? Hernandez  Mex,  314. 
Tatuete  Bi-ajilienjibus,  Verdadeiio  Lvjl- 
ta?iis,  Marcgra^e  Brajil.  231.  Cluf. 
exot,  330. 

Cataphradlus  fcutis  duobus  cingulis  o£lo. 
BriJJon  quad.  26. 

Erinaceus  loricatus  cingulis  feptenis  pal- 


mis  tetradaiSylis,  plantis  pentadac- 
tylis.  Amcen,  Bead.  i.  560. 

Daiypus  feptem  cinftus.  Liu.  fyd.  34. 

Le  I'atuete.  ou  Tatou  a huit  bandes.  Dt 
Buffoh,  X.  212.  Schreher,  ii.  34.36. 
tab.  Ixxii.  Ixxvi.yf^,  3,  4. 


A wilh  upright  ears,  two  inches  long:  fmall  black  e5^es ; eight 
bands  on  the  fides:  four  toes  on  the  fore  feet,  five  on  the 
hind:  length,  from  nofe  to  tail,  about  ten  inches;  tail  nine. 

Inhabits  Brafil.  Reckoned  more  delicious  eating  than  the 
others. 


Armadillo.  Worm.  Muf.  333. 

Tatu  porcinus,  Schildverkel-  Klein  quad. 

.48- 

Pig-headed  Armadillo.  Grenxds  rarities, 
18.  Rail  Jyn.  quad.  233. 

Tatu  five  Armadillo  Americanus.  Seb. 

Muf.  tab,  xxw.fig.  I. 

Dafypus  novem  cindtus.  D.  cingulis  no- 
vem,  palinis  tetradadlylis,  plantis  pen- 
tadadtylis.  Lin.  fyf.  54.  Fhil.  tranf. 


llv.  57.  tab.  vii. 

Cataphradtus  fcutis  duobus,  cingulis  no- 
vem. Brijfnquad.  Z-j. 

Le  Cachichame,  ou  Tatou  a neuf  bandes. 
De  Bujfon,  x.  21  q.  tab.  xxxviii.  Sup- 
phm.  iii.  287.  tab.  Iviii.  Schreber,  i. 
37.  tab,  Ixxiv.  \xx\i.fg.  7.  10. 
American  Armadillo.  Phil.  Tran/,  liv. 
57.  tab.  vii.  Lev,  Mus. 


A with  long  ears:  cruft  on  the  Ihoulders  and  rump  marked 
with  hexangular  figures;  the  cruft  on  the  head  marked  in 
the  fame  manner : nine  bands  on  the  fides,  diftinguifhed  by  tranf- 
verfe  cuneiform  marks : breaft  and  belly  covered  with  long  hairs : 
four  toes  on  the  fore  feet,  five  on  the  hind  : tail  long  and  taper : 
length  of  the  whole  animal  three  feet;  the  tail  a little  longer 
than  the  body. 


In 


#» 


* 


/ 


IP: 

. i;. 


* 


1-11 

i 


J 


■ 1 


KC’IIJ  . 


A R M A D I L , L O. 


Ill  the  Lever  I AN  Museum  is  a fpecimen  of  the  fame  form, 
number  of  bands,  and  proportions,  with  this ; but  the  crufts  on 
the  head,  and  other  parts,  are  covered  with  large  fcales  not  an- 
gular. 

Inhabits  South  America.  One  was  brought  a few  years  ago  to  P«Lace. 
England,  from  the  Mofquito  fliore,  and  lived  here  fome  time:  it 
was  fed  with  raw  beef,  and  milk,  but  refufed  our  grains  and 
fruit 


Tatu  five  Armadillo  Africanus.  Seb.  Cataphradlus  fcutis  duobus,  cingulisdao-  457*  Twelve- 
Mu/.  \.  lab,  XXX. Jig.  3,  4.  decim.  BriJTon  quad.  27,  Schyeber,\i,  banded. 

Le  Kabaffou,  ou  Tatou  a douze  bandes.  40.  tab.  Ixxv.  lxxvi._/F^.  11.  12. 

De  Bujfon,  x,  218.  tab,  xl. 

A with  broad  upright  ears : the  cruft  on  the  Ihoulders  marked 
with  oblong  pieces;  that  of  the  rump  with  hexangular: 
twelve  bands  on  the  Tides ; five  toes,  with  very  large  claws,  on  the 
fore  feet;  five  lefler  on  the  hind:  tail  ftiorter  than  the  body: 
fome  hairs  fcattered  over  the  body. 

yi.  de  Buffon-\  mentions  another,  of  twelve  bands,  wdth  a tail 
covered  with  rhomboid  figures,  which  he  is  doubtful  whether  to 
refer  to  this  fpecies.  It  is  the  largeft  I ever  heard  of,  being  from 
nofe  to  tail  two  feet  ten  inches  long ; the  tail  about  one  foot 
eight;  by  the  figure  (for  I never  faw  the  animal)  it  varies  greatly 
from  the  other. 

* This  corroborates  what  Ma-rcgrave  fays  of  one  of  thcfe  animals,  Cuniculos, 
anjei  mortuas  ahaque  deojorant ; which  is  very  extraordinary  in  quadrupeds  which 
want  both  cutting  and  canine  teeth, 
t P.  256.  tab,  xli. 

VoL.  II.  K k 


Weelle-headed 


230 

armadillo. 

458.  Eighteen- 

BANDED. 

Weefle-headed  Armadillo.  Gref's  rari-  Cataphraflus  fcuto  unico,  dngulis  odlo- 
iies,  1 9.  decim . BnJJhn  quad.  2 3 . 

Tatu  Muftelinus.  Rati  fyn.  quad.  235.  Le  Ciiquiri9on,  ou  Tatou  a dixhuit  ban- 

Dafypus  uniciruflusj  D.  tegmine  tripar-  des.  De Buffon,  x,  220.  tab.  xiii.  Schre~ 

tito,pedibuspentadadlylis.  Z./«.^.53.  her,  ii.  42. 

Place. 

A with  a very  flender  head;  fmall  ereft  ears;  the  cruft  on  the 
fhoulders  and  rump  confifting  of  fquare  pieces;  eighteen 
bands  on  the  fides;  five  toes  on  each  foot;  length,  from  nofe  to 
tail,  about  fifteen  inches ; tail  five  and  a half. 

Inhabits  Soui^ 

DIV. 


D I V.  II.  Se  c t.  V. 


DIGITATED  QJI  ADRUPEDS: 
Without  Teeth. 


K k 2 


2^2 


MANX  S. 


\ 


. 

DIV.  II.  Sect.  V.  Digitated  Quadrupeds. 

XXXIX.  MANIS. 

Back,  fides,  and  upper  part  of  the  tall,  covered  with  large 
ftrong  fcales. 

Small  mouth:  lono;  tongrue  : no  teeth. 

459.  Long-tail- 
ed. 

Lacertus  peregrinus  rquamofus.  Cluf.  Pholidotus  pedibus  anticis  et  pofticis  te- 
exot.  374.  Rail  fyn.  quad.  274.  tradadlvlis,  fquamis  mucronatis,  cauda 

f 

Scaly  Lizard.  Grew’ s rarities.  longifiima.  Brijpm  quad,  itq, 

Manis  tetradadlyla.  M.  pedibus  tetra-  Le  Phatagiu.  De  Bujon,  x.  180.  fai,. 
dadylis.  Lin.  fyft.  53.  Scbreber,  ii.  23.  xxxiv.  Jjh.  Muf,  Lev.Mus.  Br.Mus. 

tab. Ixx. 

"|\yT  with  a {lender  nofe;  that  and  the  head  fmooth:  body,  legs, 
and  tail,  guarded  by  large  fliarp-pointed  ftriated  fcales: 
the  throat  and  belly  covered  with  hair:  fliort  legs:  four  claws 
on  each  foot,  one  of  which  is  very  fmall : tail  a little  taper,  but 
ends  blunt.  The  co’or  of  the  whole  animal,  choc&late. 

Place. 

Inhabits  the  iflands  of  India.  Thefe  animals  approach  fo  nearly 
the  genus  of  Lizards,  as  to  be  the  links  in  the  chain  of  beings  which 
connedt  the  proper  quadrupeds  with  the  reptile  dais. 

They  grow  to  a great  length  : that  which  was  preferved  in  the 
Ulufeum  of  the  Royal  Society,  was  a yard  and  a half  long  * : from 
tlie  tip  of  the  nofe  to  the  tail,  was  only  fourteen  inches;  the  tail 
itidf  a yard  and  half  a quarter. 

* Grew. 


Lacertus 


I 


XCIV. 


I 


M A N I S. 


253 


I'/acertus  rquamofus.  Boit'ius  Java,  60. 

Pet.  Gaz.  tab.  'AX  fg.  1 1. 

Ar;nadillus  fqaamatus  major.  Ceilanicus, 
feu  Diabolus  P ojov.uiicus  diftus.  Seb. 
Is1uf.  i.  tab.  llii.  liv.  Klein  quad.  47. 
Schtcber.  ii.  22.  tab.  Ixix. 


Piiolidotus  pedibus  antlcis  et  poi'licis 
pentad.afryiis,  fqaainis  fubrotandis. 
BriJJhn  quad.  iS. 

Manis  pentadadyla.  Lin.  fyd.  52. 

Le  Pangolin.  Ue  Bnffvn,  x.  iSo.  tab. 
xxxiv.  Ajb.  Muf.  Luv.iVlus,  Br.Mus, 


■pi /f  with  back,  fides,  and  legs,  covered  with  blunt  fcales,  with 
iVla  bridles  between  each:  five  toes  on  each  foot:  tail  not 
longer  than  the  body:  ears  not  unlike  the  human:  chin,  belly, 
and  infide  of  the  legs,  hairy:  tail  broad;  much  Ihorter  in  propor- 
tion to  the  body  than  that  of  the  preceding,  and  obtufc  at  the  end  : 
the  color  of  the  whole  animal  a pale  yellow. 

Inhabits  the  iilands  of  Ltt^ia,  and  that  of  Formofa.  The 
Indlaas  call  it  Fangoelllng',  and  the  Chinefe,  Chin  Chlon  Seick* . 
Feeds  on  lizards  and  infecfts : turns  up  the  ground  with  its 
nofe:  walks  with  its  claws  bent  under  its  feet:  grows  very 
fat:  is  efteemed  very  delicate  eating:  makes  no  noife,  only  a 
fnorting. 

It  is  alfo  found  in  Bengal,  where  it  is  called  in  the  Sanjlrlt 
language,  Vajracite,  or  the  Thunderbolt  reptile,  from  the  exceflivc 
hardnefs  of  its  fcales:  in  its  flomach  is  found  a number  of  frnali 
Hones,  probably  taken  in  to  help  the  digeftion.  In  the  fecond 
volume  of  the  /IJiatk-  P^efearches , p.  3 '6,  publilbed  under  the  direc- 
tion of  the  able  and  learned  Sir  William  Jones,  is  a very  good 
account  of  this  anunal-,  under  the  direction  of  that  gentleman,  a 


460.  Short- 
tailed, 


Place, 


* Dalhman  in  Act.  b^tock  \ 1749=  25j. 

4 


fecond 


vn 


IM  A N I S. 

fecond  inundation  of  knowledge  is  pouring  upon  the  weftern  world 
from  its  primeval  feat,  the  Kajl. 

Perhaps  is  a native  of  Guinea : the  ^wgelo  of  the  Negroes ; 
which  Des  Marchais'*  fays  grows  to  the  length  of  eight  feet, 
of  which  the  tail  is  four  : lives  in  woods  and  marfhy  places ; 
feeds  on  ants,  which  it  takes  by  laying  its  long  tongue  crofs 
their  paths,  that  member  being  covered  wic,h  a fticky  falivaf 
fo  the  infeds  that  attempt  to  pafs  over  it  cannot  extricate 
themfelves : walks  very  flowly:  would  be  the  prey  of  every 
ravenous  beaft,  had  it  not  the  power  of  rolling  itfelf  up,  and 
oppofing  to  its  adverfary  a formidable  row  of  ereded  fcales. 
In  vain  does  the  leopard  attack  it  with  its  vail  claws,  for  at  laft 
it  is  obliged  to  leave  it  in  fafety-f-.  Tht  Negroes  kill  thefe  ani- 
mals for  the  fake  of  the  fleOi,  which  they  reckon  excellent. 


461.  Broad  Anew  Manis.  Phil.  Tranf.  vol.  lx.  p.  36.  tab.  i r. 

tailed. 

^ /T  with  five  toes  on  the  fore  feet,  and  four  on  the  hind  : fcales 
fhape  of  a mufcle:  belly  quite  fmooth:  the  exterior 
fcales  end  in  a fharp  point  fomewhat  incurvated  : tail  very  broad, 
decreafing  to  a point : whole  length  of  the  animal  a German  ell 
and  five  eighths:  the  tail  half  an  ell  and  a fpan  broad  in  the 
broadeft  part. 


* Voyage  du  des  Marchais,  \.  zoo.  Bar  hot,  114. 

+ Is  faid  to  deftroy  the  Elephant,  by  twilling  itfelf  round  the  trunk,  and  com- 
preffing  that  tender  organ  with  its  hard  fcales. 


This 


M A N I S, 


255 


This  fpecies  was  found  in  the  wall  of  a merchant’s  houfcat  l^ran- 
quehar:  when  purfued  it  would  roll  itfelf  up  fo  that  nothing  but  the 
back  and  tail  could  be  feen:  it  was  with  great  difficulty  killed,  al- 
though it  was  often  ftruck  with  rice-ftampers,  or  poles  armed  with 
iron;  a blow  on  the  belly  deprived  it  of  Jife,  The  fcales  of  this 
genus  are  fo  hard  as  to  ftrik«  fire. 


Place. 


256 


XL. 

ANT-EATER. 


462.  Great. 


Plage  and 
Manners. 


A N T - E *A  T E R. 


Body  covered  widi  hair. 

Small  mouth : long  cylindric  tongue. 
No  teeth. 


Tamandua-guacu.  Marcgrave  Brajtl. 
22^. 

Tamandua-guacu  five  major,  Pi/o  Erajil. 
320. 

Pifmire-eater,  Nieuboff,  19. 

Tamandua  major  cauda  pannicylata. 

Barr  ere  Frat  ce  jE^uin.  162. 
Mange-fourmis.  Des  Flarchais,  iil.  307. 
Great  Ant-Bear.  Paii  fyn.  quad. 
Myrmecophaga  roflro  longiffimo,  pe- 


dibus  amicistetradaflylis,  podlcispen- 
tadaftylis,  cauda  longiflimispilis  vefti- 
ta.  Brijpm  quad.  15. 

Myrmecophaga  jubata.  M.  palmis  tetra- 
daflylis,  plantis  pentadadtyiis.  Lin. 
fyfl.  52.  Klein  quad.  /jj.  tab.  v. 

Le  Tamanoir.  l)e  Buffon,  x.  141.  tab. 
xxix.  Suppl.  iii.  278.  tab.  Iv.  Uchreber, 
ii.  14.  tab.  Ixvii.  Br,  Muf. 


A E.  with  a long  flender  nofe:  fmall  black  eyes:  (lioit  round 
^ ears : flender  tongue,  two  feet  and  a half  long,  which  lies 
double  in  the  mouth  : legs  flender : four  toes  on  the  fore  feet, 
five  on  the  hind  : the  two  middle  claws  on  the  fore  feet  very 
large,  ftrong,  and  hooked  : the  hair  on  the  upper  part  of  the 
body  is  half  a foot  long,  black  mixed  with  grey  : from  the  neck, 
crofs  the  flioulders,  to  the  fides,  is  a black  line  bounded  above 
with  white : the  fore  legs  are  whitifli,  marked  above  the  feet 
with  a black  fpot : the  tail  is  cloathed  with  very  coarfe  black 
hairs  a foot  long : length,  from  nofe  to  tail,  about  three  feet  ten 
inches ; the  tail  two  and  a half : weight  about  a hundred  pounds. 

Inh&hits  BnjJil  and  Guiana : runsflowly:  fwims  over  the  great 
rivers;  at  wdiich  time  it  flings  its  tail  over  its  back:  lives  on 
ants ; as  fcon  as  it  difcovers  their  nefls,  overturns  them,  or  digs 

them 


A N T - E A T E-  R. 


257 


them  up  with  its  feet-,  then  thrufls  its  long  tongue  into  their  re- 
treats, and  penetrating  all  the  palTages  of  the  neft,  withdraws  it 
into  its  mouth  loaded  with  prey:  is  fearful  of  rain,  and  proiecfts 
itfelf  againfl  wet  by  covering  its  body  with  its  long  tail.  This 
(as  well  as  every  fpecies  of  this  genus)  brings  but  one  young  at 
a time,  at  which  feafon  it  is  dangerous  to  approach  the  place  : 
it  does  not  arrive  at  its  full  growth  under  four  years.  The  fiefli 
has  a ftrong  difagreeable  tafte,  but  is  eaten  by  the  Indians.  Not- 
withftanding  this  animal  wants  teeth,  it  is  fierce  and  dangerous; 
nothing  that  gets  within  its  fore  feet  can  difengage  itfelf.  The 
very  Panthers  of  * are  often  unequal  in  the  combat;  for 

if  the  Ant-eater  once  has  opportunity  of  embracing  them,  it  fixes 
its  talons  in  their  fides,  and  both  fall  together,  and  both  perifli ; 
for  fuch  is  the  obftinacy  and  ftupidity  of  this  animal,  that  it  will 
not  extricate  itfelf  even  from  a dead  adverfary -f:  fleeps  in  the 
day  ; preys  by  night. 

The  following  hiftory  of  this  animal  is  given  in  Dillons  Travels 
through  Spain,  p.  76,  in  his  account  of  the  Royal  Cabinet  of 
Natural  Hiftory  at  Madrid.  “ The  Great  Ant-bear  from  Buenos 
Ayres,  the  Myrmecophaga  Jubata  of  Linnaiis,  called  by  the  Spaniards 
Ofa  Balmera,  w'as  alive  at  Madrid  m 17,6,  and  is  now  fluffed  and 
preferved  in  this  cabinet.  The  people  who  brought  it  from  Buenos 
Ayres  fay,  it  differs  from  what  they  call  the  Ant-eater,  which  only 
feeds  on  emmets,  and  other  infedts;  whereas  this  would  eat  flefli, 
when  cut  in  fmall  pieces,  to  the  amount  of  four  or  five  pounds. 
From  the  fnout  to  the  extremity  of  the  tail,  this  animal  is  two 
yards  in  length,  and  his  height  is  about  two  feet:  the  head  very 


* Gumilla  Orenoque,  iii.  232, 


t Pijo  Brafd.  320. 


VoL.  II. 


L 1 


narrows 


25? 


ANT-EATER. 


4 3 i'  ’ 3D  D L E . 


narrow  ; the  nofe  long  and  flender.  The  tongue  is  fo  fingular, 
that  it  looks  more  like  a worm,  and  extends  above  fixteen  inches.. 
Elis  body  is  covered  with  long  hair,  of  a dark  brown,  with  white 
flripes  on  the  dnouiders;  and  when  he  deeps,  he  covers  his  body 
with  his  tail.” 

The  fpecimen  of  the  Great  Ant-eater  in  the  Leverian  Mih\ 
feunit  is  fuperior  in  fize  to  any  we  have  before  heard  of. 

Feet.  Inches. 

Its  whole  length  is  — — 

Tail  — — — - 

From  tip  of  the  nofe  to  the  ears  — 

Length  of  the  hairs  of  the  thane 
of  the  tail  . — — 


Height  to  the  top  of  the  fhoulders  — — 


4 

9 


o 

o 

2 

O 


Both  of  the  above  are  extremely  rare,  and  in  an  uncommon] 
fine  date  of  prefervation. 


Tamandua-i.  Marcgrave  Brajil.  Z2^.  tadaflylis,  cauda  fere  nuda.  BriJJon 
Rail  jn.  quad.  ^42.  quad.  6. 

Taniandna  minor.  5*^/.  320.  Far-  Myrmecophaga  tetrada^lyla.  Lin,  fyjl. 

re  e trance  jBquin.  162.  52  Xoofh.  Gronov.  Ao.  2. 

Tarr.andua-guacu.  Aieuhojf,  iq.  Le  l amandua.  De  BuffotiyX,  Schre- 

]\'lyrmecophaga  roftro  longiffimo,  pedi-  her,  ii.  16.  tab.  Ixviii. 
bus  anticis  tetradadyii.s,  polUcis  pen- 


A E.  with  a long  flender  nofe,  bending  a little  down;  fmall 
• black  mouth  and  eyes : fmall  upright  ears : bottoms  of  the 
fore  feet  round  j four  claws  on  each,  like  thofe  of  the  former; 

five 


...  at 


I 


A N T - E 


A T E R, 


259 


five  on  tlie  hind  feet:  liair  ndning  and  hard,  of  a pale  yellow 
color:  along  the  middle  of  the  back,  and  on  the  hind  legs, 
dufcy : each  fide  of  the  neck  is  a black  line,  that  erodes  the  fnojl- 
ders  ancl  meets  at  the  lower  end  of  the  back  : the  rail  is  covered 
with  longer  hair  than  the  back,  is  taper,  and  bald  at  the  end: 
length,  from  nofe  to  tail,  one  foot  feven  inches j the  tail  ten 
inches. 

inhabits  the  fame  country  with  the  laft : its  manners  much  the 
fame:  when  it  drinks,  part  fpurts  out  of  the  noftnls  : climbs 
trees,  and  lays  hold  of  the  branches  with  its  tail. 


Le  Tamandu.a.  De  Buffon,  Sapplem.  ill.  281.  tab.  Ivl. 

A E.  with  a taper  nofe,  the  upper  mandible  extending  very 
tar  beyond  the  lower:  eyes  exceedingly  fmall : ears  round 
and  ihort : tail  covered  equally  with  long  hairs : five  toes  on  the 
fore  feet. 

Body  and  tail  tawny;  the  firfl  marked  downwards  with  broad 
ftripes  of  black;  the  laft  annulated  : legs  and  nofe  ftriped  in  the 
fame  manner : belly  of  a dirty  white. 

Length  from  nofe  to  tail  thirteen  inches  French ; of  the  tail 
feven  and  a half. 

M.  ^e  Buffun  fpeaks  of  one,  which  he  fuppofes  to  be  the  fame 
with  this;  but  the  difference  in  fize  and  colors  forbid  us  to  fub- 
feribe  to  his  opinion.  The  account  was  tranfmitted  to  him  by 
M.  de  la  Borde,  phyfician  at  Cayenne.  The  hair,  fays  he,  is  whitifh, 
and  about  two  inches  long:  it  has  very  ftrong  talons;  earsonly 

L 1 2 in 


Place. 


464.  Stripeo. 


26o 

ANT-EATER. 

Place. 

in  the  clay-time;  keeps  in  the  great  woods:  the  fiefh  is  good; 
it  is  much  more  rare  than  the  great  Ant-eater^ 

Weighs  lixty  pounds. 

Both  thefe  inhabit  Guiana.'  ' 

465.  Lest, 

Tamandua  minor  flavefeens ; Ouatlri-  Myrmecophaga  didaflyla.  M.  palmis 
ouaou.  Barrere  France  u^quin.  163.  didaflylis,  plantis  tetradaftylis,  cauda 

Tamandua  five  Coati  Americana  alba.  villofa.  Lin,  Jyfl.  51.  Zooph.  Gronov. 

Seb.  Muf.  i.  tab.  xxxvii  i. 

Myrmecophaga  roftrobrevi,  pedibus  an-  Little  Ant-eater.  Fdnv.  220. 

tic  s didadtylis,  pofticis  tetradaclylis.  Le  Fourmillier.  x.  144  tab. 

Bi ijjbn  quad,  17.  xxx.  Schreber,  ii.  17.  tab.  Ixvi. 

Place. 

A E.  with  a conic  nofe,  bending  a little  down  : ears  fmall, 
and  hid  in  the  fur:  two  hooked  claws  on  the  fore  feet,  the 
exterior  much  the  largeft;  four  on  the  hind  feet:  head,  body, 
limbs,  and  upper  part  and  (ides  of  the  tail,  covered  with  long  foft 
filky  hair,  or  rather  wool,  of  a yellowifh  brown  color:  from  nofe 
to  tail  feven  inches  and  a half ; tail  eight  and  a half,  the  lad  four 
inches  of  which,  on  the  under  fide,  naked  : the  tail  is  thick  at. 
the  bafe,  and  tapers  to  a point. 

Inhabits  Guiana:  climbs  trees,  in  qued  of  a fpecies  of  ants 
which  build  their  neds  among  the  branches:  has  the  fame  pre- 
hcnfile  power  with  its  tail  as  the  former. 

There  is  a fourth  fpecies  found  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and 
in  Ceylon',  but  being  ddcribed  from  a mere  foetus*,  we  fliali 
avoid  giving  a tranfeript  of  Dr.  Pc?//rri’s  account  of  it,  but  wait 
for  further  information.  We  diall  only  fay,  that  it  has  .^our  toes 

* Balias  HifceLZcol,  64, 

5 

; ‘{y--/ 


Jr.i/  . ^//// -r/'f/ry , i . 


ANT-EATER. 


265 


on  the  fore  feet,  and  pendulous  ears,  which  diftingullhes  it  from 
other  kinds.  Kolhen  * defcribes  their  manners  particularly,  and 
fays  they  have  long  heads  and  tongues,  and  are  toothlefs ; and 
that  they  fometimes  weigh  loclb.-f-;  that  if  they  fallen  their 
claws  in  the  ground,  the  llrongell  man  cannot  pull  them  away  : 
that  they  thruft  out  their  clammy  tongue  into  the  ants  nell,  and 
draw  it  into  their  mouth  covered  with  infects.  7’hat  the  African 
fpecies  agrees  with  the  American  in  every  external  particular,  is 
confirmed-,  but  that  the  laft  is  furnifiied  with  grinding  teeth, 
like  the  Armadillo,  in  the  lower  end  of  the  jaws,  is  a difcovery 
proved  from  the  remarks  of  Dodlor  Camper,  a celebrated  zoolo- 
gill  in  Holland.  Mr.  Sirachan,  in  his  account  of  Ceylon  gives  the 
fame  account  of  the  manners  of  what  the  natives  call  the  'Talgoi, 
or  Ant  Bear.  It  is  not  therefore  to  be  doubted,  but  that  thefe 
animals  are  common  to  the  old  and  new  continents. 


Fourmlllier  d’AfrIquc.  Allamand  Suppl.  V.  26.  tab.  xi. 


466.  Cape. 


E.  with  a long  nofe,  truncated  at  the  end  like  that  of  a 
• hog;  and  the  noftrils  refembling  thofe  of  that  animal; 
ears  fix  inches  long,  thin  as  parchment,  and  covered  with  very 
fine  hairs:  tongue  very  long  and  fender;  the  hairs  on  the 

head  and  upper  part  of  the  body  and  tail  very  lliort,  and  fo  clofely 
adhtying  to  the  fxin  as  if  they  were  glued  to  it,  their  color  a 


DeSC  RIP. 


• Hifi.  Cape,  118;  where  they  are  called  Ea  th  flogs. 
f As  quoted  by  Dr.  Palia!-,  I luppere  from  the  Dutch  edition, 
f Ph:L  Tra>J.  ob:  idg,  v.  i8o. 


dirty 


262 


Size. 


MaNNERSi 


A N T - E A T 12  P.. 

dirty  grey ■,  thofc  on  the  fides  and  belly  long  and  of  a reddldi 
hue;  thofe  on  the  legs  ftill  longer,  black  and  fcraight ; the  tall 
thick  near  the  bafe,  and  tapering  to  a point : on  the  tore  feet 
are  four  toes;  on  the  hind  five;  all  armed  with  ftrong  claws: 
thofe  behind  equal  even  the  length  of  the  toes : all  are  blunted 
at  the  end  and  calculated  for  burrowing. 

The  length  is  three  feet  five  to  the  origin  of  the  tail,  the  tail 
one  foot  nine. 

This  fpecies  inhabits  the  neighborhood  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 

It  lives  under  ground;  feeds  on  ants  like  the  other  fpecies ; 
but  when  it  has  found  an  ants  nefl  it  looks  carefully  around  to 
fee  whether  it  can  feed  in  fafety,  then  puts  out  its  long  tongue 
to  catch  its  prey.  Is  an  objedt  of  chace  among  the  Hottentots,  and 
is  reckoned  good  food. 


467.  Acule  ated.  Porcupine  Ant-eater.  Naturaliji's  Mi/cellany,pL  109. 

A E.  Length  about  a-foot : coated  on  the  upper  parts  with  fplnes 
refembling  thofe  of  a porcupine,  being  white  tipped  with  black ; 
the  tw'o  colors  feparated  by  a ring  of  tawmy  or  dull  orange  : fpines 
on  the  back  and  fides  fomewhat  recumbent,  over  the  tail  perpendi- 
cularly eredt ; fnout  long,  naked,  black  and  tubular,  opening  very 
Imall : tongue  lumbricitorm;  forehead,  cheeks,  and 'whole  under 
parts  of  the  body,  coated  with  dark  brown  flifF  hairs:  legs  very 
Ihort,  toes  fhort,  broad  rounded  : claws  on  the  fore-feet,  five  very 
flrong,  fomewhat  obtufe;  on  the  hind-feet  four,  of  which  the  two 
firfl  are  much  longer,  and  flaarper  than  the  others : thumb  unarmed : 
FiuACfi^  fail  very  Ihort,  Inhabits  Hew  South  PVales:  preys  on  ants,  and  is 

found 


I 


I 


ANT-EATER.  263 

found  about  ant-hills.  A mofl  extraoi dinary  quadruped,  connecl- 
ing  in  fome  meafure  the  two  very  diftant  genera  of  Porcupine, 
and  Ant-Eater.  This  fingular  animal  is  more  fully  defcribed  by 
Dr.  Shaw  in  the  Naturalift’s  Mifcellany,  and  from  the  figure  in  that 
work  the  reprelentatlon  here  given  is  faithfully  copied.  Dr.  Shaw 
is  of  opinion  that  the  genera  of  Manis,  and  Myrmecophaga,  ought 
to  be  either  united,  or  dfe  that  this  animal  fhould  form  a diftindl 
genus. 


D1 


r ■ ; 


{ 


/ 


D I V.  III. 


PINNATED  QJJADRUPEDS: 

Having  fin-like  feet:  fore  legs  buried  deep  in  the  Ikin  : hind 
legs  pointing  quite  backwards. 


266 


XLI.  WALRUS. 


468.  Arctic# 


WALRUS# 


D I V.  IIL  Pinnated  Quadrupeds. 

With  t/vo  great  tufks  in  the  upper  jaw,  pointing  downwards. 
Four  grinders  on  both  lides,  above  and  below. 

No  cutting  teeth. 

Five  palmated  toes  on  each  foot. 

Rofmarns.  Gefner  Fife,  zw . Kljin  quad.  Odobenus.  La  Vache  marine.  Briffon 
92.  quad.  30. 

Walrus,  Mors,  Rofmarns.  V/orm.  Mu/.  Trichecus  Rofmarus.  T.  dentibus  lania- 
289.  Raii Jyn,  quad.  igi.  riis  fuperioribus  exfertis.  Lin.' /yfl. 

Sea  horfe,  or  Morfe.  Mt.rlen's  Spitzherg,  49. 

107,  182.  Egede  Greenland,  82.  Le  Morfe.  De  Bufm,  xlii.  tab.  liv. 

Sca-cow.  CramzGroeul.x.  125.  Schre-  Br . Muf.  Ajh . Muf.  Lev.  M us, 

her,  ii.  88. 

'SKI  ^ round  head  : fmall  mouth  : very  thick  lips,  covered 
^ • above  and  below  with  pellucid  bridles  as  thick  as  a draw: 

fmall  fiery  eyes  : two  fmall  orifices  inftead  of  ears:  fhort  neck  : 
body  thick  in  the  middle,  tapering  towards  the  tail : fkin  thick, 
w'rinkled,  with  lliort  brownifh  hairs  thinly  difperfed : legsfi-iort; 
five  toes  on  each,  all  connefted  by  webs,  and  fmall  nails  on  each  : 
the  hind  feet  very  broad  : each  leg  loofely  articulated  •,  the  hind 
legs  generally  extended  on  a line  with  the  body : tail  very  fhort : 
penis  long. 

Lengt'n,  from  nofe  to  tail,  fometimes  eighteen  feet,  and  ten  or 

twelve 


\(  \'II . 


‘ZOO. 


’■  //'rO, 


/V 


/."/Av 


I 


WALRUS. 

twelve  round  in  the  thicked  part : the  teeth  have  been  fome- 
times  found  of  the  weight  * of  20  lb.  each. 

Inhabit  the  coaft  of  Spitzbergen,  Nova  Zembla,  Hudfon’s  Bay,  and 
the  Gulph  of  St.  Laurence,  and  the  Icy  Sea,  as  far  as  Cape  Lfchuktf- 
chi,  and  the  iflands  off  it;  but  does  not  extend  fouthward  as  far  as 
the  mouth  of  the  Anadyr,  nor  are  any  feen  in  the  idands  between 
Kamtfchatka  and  America.  Are  gregarious:  in  fome  places  appear 
in  herds  of  hundreds:  are  ffiy  animals,  and  avoid  places  which 
are  much  haunted  by  mankind -f-  are  very  fierce-,  if  wounded  in 
the  water,  they  attempt  to  fink  the  boat,  either  by  rifing  under  it, 
or  by  ftriking  their  great  teeth  into  the  fides;  roar  very  loud,  and 
will  follow  the  boat  till  it  gets  out  of  fight.  Numbers  of  them 
are  often  feen  deeping  on  an  idand  of  ice;  if  awakened,  ding  them- 
felves  with  great  impetuofity  into  the  fea ; at  which  time  it  is 
dangerous  to  approach  the  ice,  lead  they  diould  tumble  into  the 
boat  and  overfet  it : do  not  go  upon  the  land  till  the  coaft  is 
clear  of  ice.  At  particular  times,  they  land  in  amazing  numbers ; 
the  moment  the  firft  gets  on  fliore,  fo  as  to  lie  dry,  it  will  not 
ftir  till  another  comes  and  forces  it  forward  by  beating  it  with  its 
great  teeth;  this  is  ferved  in  the  fame  manner  by  the  next,  and 
fo  in  fuccefiion  till  the  whole  is  landed,  continuing  tumbling 
over  one  another,  and  forceing  the  foremoft,  for  the  fake  of  quiet, 
to  remove  further  up. 

* Teeth  of  this  fize  are  only  found  on  the  coaft  of  the  Icy  Sea,  where  the  animals 
are  fcldom  molefted,  and  have  time  to  attain  their  full  growtli,  Hijt.  Kamtfchatka, 
1 20. 

fin  1608,  the  crew  of  an  Enghjh  vefiel  killed  on  Cherry  Ifte  above  900  Walrtfes 
in  feven  hours  time ; for  they  lay  in  Iteaps,  like  hogs  huddled  one  upon  another. 
Marten' i Sfnzberg.  181,182. 


267 


Place. 


M A N N E R.S, 


M m 2 


The 


268 


WALRUS. 


C H A C E . 


The  method  of  killing  them  on  the  Magdalene  ifles,  in  the 
gulph  of  St.  I aurence,  as  I am  informed,  is  thus: — The  hunters 
watch  their  handing,  and  as  foon  as  they  find  a fufficient  number 
for  what  they  call  a cut,  go  on  fliore,  each  armed  with  a fpear 
fiiarp  on  one  fide  like  a knife,  with  which  they  cut  their  throats  : 
great  care  muft  be  taken  not  to  fland  in  the  way  of  thofe  which 
attempt  to  get  again  to  fea,  which  they  do  with  great  agility  by 
tumbling  headlong;  for  they  would  crufh  any  body  to  death  by 
their  vaft  weight.  They  are  killed  for  the  fake  of  their  oil,  one 
Walrus  producing  about  half  a tun.  The  knowledge  of  this  chace 
is  of  great  antiquity;  05iher,  the  Norwegian,  about  the  year  890, 
made  a report  of  it  to  King  Alfred,  having,  as  he  fays,  made  the 
voyage  beyond  Norway,  for  the  more  commoditie  of  fiJJoing  of 
horfe-whales,  which  have  in  their  teeth  bones  of  great  price  and 
excellencie,  whereof  he  brought  form  at  his  returne  unto  the  King 
in  faift,  it  was  in  the  northern  world,  in  early  times,  the  fubfii- 
tute  to  ivory,  being  very  white  and  very  hard.  Their  Ikins, 
Qelher  fays,  were  good  to  cut  into  cables.  I do  not  know  whe- 
ther we  make  any  ufe  of  the  ikin  ; but  M.  de  Buffbn  fays,  he 
has  feen  braces  for  coaches  made  of  it,  which  were  both  ftrong 
and  elaftic. 

They  bring  one,  or  at  moft  two,  young -f  at  a time:  feed  on 
fea  herbs  and  fifli;  alfo  on  fliells,  which  they  dig  out  of  the  fand 
with  their  teeth  : are  faid  alfo  to  make  ufe  of  their  teeth  to  afeend 
rocks  or  pieces  of  ice,  fadening  them  to  the  cracks,  and  drawing 
their  bodies  up  by  that  means.  Befides  mankind,  they  feem  to- 
have  no  other  enemy  than  the  white  Bear,  with  whom  they  have 

* Hakluyt's  coll.  Foy.  i.  f Barsntx'i'oy.  4. 

terribfe 


WALRUS. 

terrible  combats ; but  generally  come  off  vidlorious,  by  means 
of  their  great  teeth. 


Le  Dugon.  De  Bujfou,  xiii.  374,  tab.  Ivl.  Schreber,  ii.  93. 


\K7  with  two  fhort  canine  teeth,  or  tufks,  placed  in  the  upper 
’ • jaw  pretty  clofe  to  each  other : in  the  upper  jaw  four 

grinders  on  each  fide,  placed  at  a diflance  from  the  tufks;  in 
the  lower,  three  on  each  fide. 

Inhabits  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  and  the  Philippine  ifles.  The 
head  defcribed  above  being  fuppofed  to  belong  to  an  animal  re- 
fembling  a hFalrus,  found  in  the  Teas  of  Africa  and  India,  as  ap- 
pears from  fome  citations  from  travellers,  too  unfiitisfactory  to 
merit  repetition.  It  is  faid  by  one,  that  it  goes  upon  land  to 
feed  on  the  green  mofs;  and  that  it  is  called  in  the  Philippines^ 
the  Dugimg  *. 

* De  Btiffon,  xlii.  377,  the  note„ 


469.  Ind'ian. 


Placb» 


Cutting 


SEAL. 


270 


XLII.  SEAL'. 

Cutting  teeth,  and  two  canine  teeth  in  each  jaw. 

Five  palmated  toes  on  each  foot. 

Body  thick  at  the  flioulders,  tapering  towards  the  tail. 

4“o.  Common. 

rpijy.-/).  /jflfi.  hift.An.  llh.  vi.  c.  12.  Op-  3. 

plan  Hal, put.  v.  376.  Kaffigiak.  Crantz  hift.  Greenl.\.  123. 

Vitulus  Oceani.  453.  458.  Phoca  vitulina.  Ph.  capite  Issvi  inauri- 

Le  Veau  Marin,  ou  Loup  de  Mer.  Belon  culato.  Lin.  f\fi.  i;6, 

PoiJJons.  23.  Sial.  Faun.  fuec.^°  4. 

Gejner  Fife. Z'ljO.  Worm.  Muf.  Le  Plioque  De  Bujfon,  xiii.  333.  tab. 

Klein  quad.  Brijpm  quad.  \bz.  xlv.  Schreber,  QXXiiiv. 

Seal,  Seoile,  or  Sea  Calf;  Phoca  live  Seal.  Br  Zool.  i.  71,  Br.  Zool.  illujlr, 
Vitulus  Marinas.  Rail fyn.  quad,  i8g.  xlviii.  Lev.  Mus. 

Phil,  tranf,  abridg.  njol.  xlvii.  1 20.  tab. 

Place. 

0 with  large  black  eyes : large  whiilcers : oblong  noflrils : flat 
head  and  nofe  : tongue  forked  at  the  end  : two  canine  teeth 
in  each  jaw:  fix  cutting  teeth  in  the  upper  jaw ; four  in  the 
lower:  no  external  ears;  body  covered  with  thick  fliort  hair: 
fhort  tail : toes  furniflied  with  flrong  lharp  claws  : ufual  length 
from  flve  to  fix  feet : color  very  various,  dulky,  brinded,  or  fpot- 
ted  with  white  or  yellow. 

Inhabit  mod  quarters  of  the  globe,  but  in  greatefl;  multitudes 
towards  the  North  and  the  South ; fwarm  near  the  Ar^ic  circle, 
and  the  lower  parts  of  South  America'*,  in  both  oceans 3 near  the 

* Dampier  fays,  that  they  are  feen  by  thoufands  on  the  ifle  of  Juan  Fernandez ; 
that  the  young  bleat  like  lambs ; that  none  are  found  in  the  Fouth  Sea,  north  of 
the  equator,  till  lat.  2i  ; that  he  never  faw  any  in  the  Weft  Indies,  except  in  the  Bay 
cf  Campeachy  ; nor  yet  in  the  Eajl  Indies,  i.  88,  89, 

fouthern 


SEAL. 


271 


fouthern  end  of  T^erra  del  Fuep'o  •.  and  even  amono;  the  floatlno-  ice 
as  low  as  fouth  lat.  60.  21  Found  in  the  Cafpian-\  Sea,  in  the 
lake  Aral,  and  lakes:?:  Baikal  and  Oron,  which  are  frefli  waters. 
They  are  lelTer  than  thofe  which  frequent  Lit  waters ; but  fo  fat 
that  they  feem  almoft  fhapelefs.  In  lake  Baikal  fome  are  covered 
with  (livery  hairs;  others  are  yellowifh,  and  have  a large  dotrk- 
colored  mark  on  the  hind  part  of  the  back,  covering  almofl;  a 
third  of  the  body. 

They  are  found  in  the  Cafpian  ifx,  in  mof;  amazing  multitudes? 
they  vary  infinitely  in  their  colors?  fome  are  wholly  white-,  others 
wholly  black  ; others  of  a yellowifli  white  ; others  moufe  colored  ; 
and  others  again  fpotted  like  a leopard : they  creep  out  of 

the  fea  on  the  fnores,  and  are  killed  as  fa.fl;  as  they  come  ; and 
are  followed  by  a vail  fucceiTion  of  others,  who  undergo  the 
fame  fate.  It  is  fingular  that  the  feals  of  the  Cafpian  are  very  tena- 
cious of  life;  it  is  well  known  that  the  fmalleft  blow  on  the  nofe 
kills  thofe  of  Europe.  At  approach  of  winter  they  go  up  the  Jaik, 
and  are  killed  in  great  numbers  on  the  ice;  they  are  fought  for 
the  (kins  and  the  oil : numbers  are  deftroyed  by  the  wolves  and 
jackals;  for  which  reafon  the  feal-hunters  watch  moft  carefully  the 
haunts  of  the  feals  in  order  to  drive  away  their  enemies.  The  (eafons 
for  hunting  the  feals  are  fpring  and  autumn  j]. 

Seals  brino-  two  young  at  a time,  which  for  fome  flaort  fpace 
are  white  and  woolly  ; bring  forth  in  autumn,  and  fuckle  their 
young  in  caverns,  or  in  rocks,  till  they  are  f x or  feven  weeks  old,., 

* Cook's  voy.  i.  34- 

f Bell's  travels,  i.  49. 

J The  fame,  280. 

Jj  Decouvertes,  &c.faltes  paries  RuJPes.W,  36.  41:0^  ed. 

4 


w'ben 


SEAL. 


when  they  take  to  fea:  cannot  continue  long  under  water;  are 
therefore  very  frequently  obliged  to  rife  to  take  breath,  and  often 
float  on  the  waves.  In  funtmer,  fleep  on  rocks,  or  on  fand- 
banks : if  furprized,  precipitate  Into  the  fea;  or  if  at  any  dif- 
tance,  fcramble  along,  and  fling  up  the  fand  and  gravel  with  great 
force  with  their  hind  feet,  making  a piteous  moaning  : if  over- 
taken, will  make  a vigorous  defence  with  their  feet  and  teeth : a 
flight  blow  on  the  nofe  kills  them,  otherwife  they  will  bear  numbers 
of  wounds.  I imagine  that  the  Cafpian  feal-hunters  are  not  ac- 
quainted with  the  method. 

Swim  with  vaft  ftrength  and  fw'Iftnefs;  frolic  greatly  in  their 
element,  and  will  fport  without  fear  about  Ihips  and  boats; 
which  may  have  given  rife  to  the  fable  of  Sea-nymphs  and  Sirens. 
Their  docility  is  very  great,  and  their  nature  gentle : there  is  an 
inflance  of  one  which  was  fo  far  tamed  as  to  anfwer  to  the  call 
of  its  keeper,  crawl  out  of  its  tub  at  command,  ftretch  at  full 
length,  and  return  into  the  water  when  diredled ; and  extend  its 
neck  to  kifs  its  mafter  as  often  and  as  long  as  required*. 

They  never  go  any  great  diftance  from  land ; feed  on  all  forts 
of  fifli : are  themfelves  good  food,  and  often  eaten  by  voyagers : 
killed  for  the  fake  of  the  oil  made  from  their  fat;  a young  feal 
will  yield  eight  gallons:  their  Ikins  very  ufeful  in  making  waift- 
coats,  covers  for  trunks,  and  other  conveniences:  thofe  of  the 
lake  Baikal  are  fold  to  the  Chinefe,  who  dye,  and  fell  them  to  the 
Mongols^  to  face  their  fur-coats : are  the  wealth  of  the  Greenlanders, 
fupplying  them  with  every  neceflary  of  life. 


® Dr.  Par/ons  in  Ph.  trayif.  xlvii.  113. 
f Muller's  Puff,  SamluJtg.  iii.  559. 

Br. 


KC'VIII 


SEAL. 


Br.  Zool.  i.  p.  122. 

Le  Phoque  a ventre  blanc.  DiBvffon,  Supplem.  vi.  310.  tab.  xliv. 

Q with  the  nofe  taper  and  elongated:  fore  feet  furnifiied  with  five 
toes,  inclofed  in  a membrane,  but  very  diflindi;  the  claws 
long  and  flrait : the  hind  feet  very  broad;  five  diftinft  toes,  with 
the  claws  juft  extending  to  the  margin  of  the  membrane,  which 
expands  into  the  form  of  a crefcent. 

This  I faw  at  Chefter;  it  was  taken  near  that  city  \nMay  1766. 
On  the  firft  capture  its  fkin  was  naked,  like  that  of  a porpoifej  and 
only  the  head,  and  afmallfpot  beneath  each  leg,  was  hairy.  Before 
it  died  the  hair  began  to  grow  on  other  parts ; the  fore  part  of  the 
head  was  black,  hind  part  of  the  head  and  the  throat  white; 
beneath  each  fore  leg  a fpot  of  the  fame  color;  hind  feet  of  a 
dirty  white ; the  reft  of  the  animal  of  an  intenfe  black.  I believe 
they  vary  in  the  difpofition  of  the  colors : that  given  by  M.  de 
Buffon  had  only  the  belly  white.  Thefe  fpecies,  according  to  that 
great  writer,  frequent  the  coaft  of  the  Adriatic : the  length  of  that 
defcribed  by  M.  de  Buffon  was  feven  feet  and  a half ; that  which  I 
faw  was  very  much  lefs,  and  probably  a young  one. 


Vitulus  Maris  Mediterranei.  Rondel.  tuor,  palmis  indivifis  plantls  exungui- 

Phoca  Monachus,  capita  inauriculato,  culatis,  Herman. 
dentibus  incis : utriufque  maxillae  qua- 


Q with  a fmall  head : neck  longer  than  that  of  the  common 
feal : orifices  of  the  ears  not  larger  than  a pea:  hair  fhort 
VoL.  II.  N n and 


273 


471.  Pied. 


Place. 


472.  Mediter- 
ranean. 


2'74 


SEA  L. 


Sizz. 

PlACE. 


473.  Long- 
necked. 


and  rude  t color  dulky,  fpotted  with  afli-color : above  the  navel, 
of  the  fpecimen  defcribed  by  Mr.  Herman^  was  a tawny  fpot:  the 
toes  on  the  fore  feet  fufniflied  with  nails : the  hind  feet  pinniform, 
and  without  nails. 

When  the  animal  is  placed  on  its  back,  the  Ikin  of  the  neck 
folds  like  a monk’s  hood. 

Length  of  the  fpecimen  defcribed  by  Mr.  Herman  was  eight 
feet  feven  inches:  the  greatell  circumference  above  fi-ve  feet. 

Inhabits  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  and  as  yet  not  difcovered  in 
the  ocean..  The  common,  or  oceanic  fpecies,  is  probably  an  in- 
habitant of  the  fame  fea,  for  the  fpecies  defcribed  by  Arijlolle*^ 
is  of  that  kind ; he  minutely,  defcribes  the  feet,  and  attributes  to^ 
the  hind,  as  well  as  the  fore  feet,  five  toes,  every  one  furnifhed 
with  nails ; that  fpecies  therefore  is  the  "Phoca  of  the  antiems,; 
not  the  kind  juft  under  confideration.. 


IiOng-nccked  Seal.  Grew's  Muftunt,  95’c- 

Q with  a flender  body  : length  from  the  nofe  to  the  fore  legs. 

as  great  as  from  the  fore  legs  to  the  tail;  no  claws  on  the 
fore  feet,  which  refemble  fins. 

This  was  preferved  in  the  Mufeum,’  of  the  Royal  Society. 

Dovftor  Rarfons  has  given  a figure  of  it  in  the  xlviith  vol.  of 
PL  Tr,  tab.  vi.  but  we  are  left  uninformed  of  its  place.- 


Hiji,  an.  llh,  ii'.  c.  i . 


ALLIED^ 


S £ A Lis 


275 


LLIED  to  this  is  another  Seal  in  the  fame  Mufeum,  fent  of 


late  years  from  the  Falkland  ijles:  its  length  is  four  feet; 
hair  Ihort,  cinereous  tipped  with  dirty  white. 

Nofe  Ihort,  befet  with  ftrong  black  bridles:  Ibort,  narrow, 
pointed  auricles. 

Upper  cutting  teeth  fulcated  tranfverfely ; the  lower  in  an 
oppofite  diredion : on  each  fide  of  the  canine  teeth,  a lefler,  or 
fecondary  one : grinders  conoid,  with  a fmall  procefs  on  one  fide 
near  the  bafe. 

No  claws  on  the  fore  feet ; but  beneath  the  fkin  evident  marks 
of  the  bones  of  five  toes : the  fkin  extends  far  beyond  their  ends. 
On  the  toes  of  the  hind  legs  are  four  long  and  ftrait  claws;  but 
the  fkin  flretches  far  beyond,  which  gives  them  a very  pinniform 
look. 

This  fpecies  probably  inhabits  alfo  the  feas  about  Juan  Fer~ 
nandez’,  for  Don  Ulloa*  informs  us  of  one  kind,  which  is  not 
above  a yard  long.  The  fmall  Seals  inhabit  from  the  Falkland 
IJlandsy  round  Cape  Horny  even  as  far  as  New  Zealand-,  and  are 
feen  further  from  fhore  than  any  other  kind.  They  are  very 
fportive,  dipping  up  and  down  like  porpoifes,  and  go  on  in  a pro- 
greffive  courfe  like  thofe  fifli.  When  they  deep,  one  fin  general- 
ly appears  above  the  water.  They  perhaps  extend  as  far  as  the 
Society  Jjlands,  at  left  the  natives  have  a name  for  the  Seal, 
which  they  call  Humi. 

* XJlloa  fays,  the  firll  fpecies  of  Seal  found  near  that  ifle,  is  not  above  a yard 
long.  it.  226. 


474.  Falkland 
iSL£. 


Place. 


N n 2 


Tortoife-headed 


276 


SEAL. 


475.  ToRTOrSE- 

NEADED. 


476.  Rub  BOW. 


Obscure  Spe- 
cies. 


Tortoife -headed  Seal.  Vh.'J'ranf.  xlvii.  tzo.  tah.  vi. 

Q with  a head  like  that  of  a tortoife  : neck  flenderer  than  head 
or  body  : feet  like  thofe  of  the  common  Seal. 

We  are  indebted  to  Doftor  Parfons  for  the  account  of  this 
fpecies,  who  fays  it  is  found  on  the  fliores  of  many  parts  of 
Europe. 


Q with  very  fliort  fine  glofly  brIfUy  hair,  of  an  uniform  color, 
almoft  black;  marked  along  the  fides,  and  towards  the 
head  and  tail,  with  a ftripe  of  a pale  yellow  color,  exadly  re- 
fembling  a rubbon  laid  on  it  by  art ; words  cannot  fufficiently 
convey  the  idea,  the  form  is  therefore  engraven  on  the  title  of 
Divifion  III.  Pinnated  ^adrupeds,  from  a drawing  communicated 
to  me  by  Doftor  Pallasy  who  received  it  from  one  of  the  remoteft 
Kuril  iflands. 

Its  fize  is  unknown,  for  Dodor  Pallas  received  only  the  middle 
part,  which  had  been  cut  out  of  a very  large  flein,  fo  that  no 
defcription  can  be  given  of  head,  feet  or  tail : a.  flrews  the  part 
fuppofed  to  be  next  to  the  head  ; b.  that  to  the  tail. 

Other  obfcure  fpecies  in  thofe  feas,  which  are  mentioned  in 
StellePs  MSS.  are,  I.  A middle- fized  Seal,  elegantly  fpeckled  in 
all  parts:  II.  One  with  brown  fpots,  fcarcer  than  the  reft:  III.  A 
black  fpecies  with  a peculiar  conformation  of  the  hind  legs. 


PJiGca 


S E A 3U 


Phoca  Leporina.  Lepechin,  a!i.  acad,  Petrop.  pars  i.  264.  tab.  vili.  ix. 

Q with  fur,  foft  as  that  of  a hare,  upright  and  interwoven  ; of 
a dirty  white  color:  whifkers  long  and  thick,  fo  that  the 
animal  appears  bearded:  head  long:  upper  lip  thick:  four  cat- 
ting teeth  above;  the  fame  below:  nails  on  fore  and  hind  feet. 

Ufual  length  fix  feet  and  a half;  greateft  circumference  five 
feet  two. 

Inhabits  the  White  fea  during  fummer ; afcends  and  defcends 
the  rivers  in  queft  of  prey ; found  alfo  off  Icelandy  and  from 
Spitjbergen  to  the  Tchiitkinofs. 


Sea  Calf.  Phil-7ranf.\x.Ti^,tah.v,  Utfuk  ? Grants  Greenl.  i.  125.  Schrehir 
Le  grand  Phoque.  De  BuJfon,yX\\,  345.  Gab.  i.  43.  Lev.  Mus. 

Q refembling  the  common,  but  grow  to  the  length  of  twelve  *, 
feet:  that  defcribed  in  the  P/.v7.  'Tra/if.  was  feven  feet  and 
a half  long,  yet  fo  young  as  to  have  fcarce  any  teeth;  the  com- 
mon Seal  is  at  full  growth  when  it  has  attained  the  length  of 
fix. 

Inhabits  the  coaft  of  Scotlatid,  and  the  fouth  of  Greenland.  The 
Ikin  is  thick,  and  is  ufed  by  the  Greenlanders  to  cut  thongs  out 
of  for  their  Seal  fifhery.  Perhaps  is  the  fame  with  the  great 
Kamtfchatkan  Seal,  called  by  the  Rujfians,  Lachtachy  weighing 
800  lb. -f,  whofe  cubs  are  black. 

* A gentleman  of  my  acquaintance  fliot  one  of  that  fize  in  the  north  of  Scot~ 
land, 

•f-  Muller's  Voj.  Kasntjchatla,  60. 

Neitfek. 


I 


SEAL. 


2 7S 


479.  Rough.  Neitfek.  Crautx.  Greenl.u  124.  Schrebtr,  clxKx^u 


Place. 

0 with  rough  briftly  hair,  intermixed  like  that  of  a hog;  of  a 
pale  brown  color. 

Inhabits  Greenland:  the  natives  make  garments  of  its  fkin, 
turning  the  hairy  fide  inmofi.  Perhaps  what  our  hewfoundtand 
Seal-hunters  call  Square  Phipper\  whofe  coat,  they  fay,  is  like 
that  of  a water-dog,  and  weighs  fometimes  5001b. 

480.  Porcine. 

Phoca  porcina.  Molina  Chili,  260. 

Place. 

Q agreeing  in  general  form  with  the  Urjine^  N°  485,  but  the  nofe 
is  longer,  and  refembles  a hog’s  fnout;  it  has  alfothe  veftiges 
of  ears : the  feet  have  five  diftindt  toes,  covered  with  a common 
membrane. 

Inhabits  the  coafi  of  Chllij  but  is  a rare  fpecies. 

481.  Eared. 

Q with  conoid  head : nofe  rather  pointed : ears  an  inch  long,  very 
narrow  and  pointed  : whilkers  very  long  and  white  ; forefeet 
pinniform;  neither  toes  nor  nails  apparent,  terminated  mem- 
braneoufly  ; in  the  hind  feet  the  toes  apparent,  and  each  furniflied 
with  its  nail;  the  n embrane  extends  beyond,  and  then  divides 
in  0 five  narrow  divifions,  correfpondent  to  each  toe : the  tail  a 

little 

T 

% 


# 


« 


#> 


0 


xrix. 


SEAL, 

little  more  than  an  inch  long : the  whole  body  is  covered  with 
longifh  hair  of  a whitifh  or  creme-color:  the  length  from  nofe  to 
tail  is  rather  more  than  two  feet. 

Inhabits  the  ftreights  of  Magellan.  This  fpecies  is  finely  preferved 
in  Mr.  Farkinfons  Mufeain,  on  the  fouthward  fide  of  Black-friars 
Bridge.  That  gentleman  has  very  properly  placed  feizing  on  it 
the  Condor  vulture,  the  vaft  co-inhabitant  of  the  Magellanic  regions. 
Every  one  knows  that  Mr.  Farkinfon  is  now  poffeircd  of  the  late 
Sir  AJloton  Lever  s Mufeum'y  I have  therefore  ftill  retained  the  words 
Lev.  Mus.  to  the  defcription  of  every  arrimal  contained  in  that 
matchlefs  collecflion. 


Clap-myfs,  'Egede  Neltferfoak.  Crantz  Gretnl.l.  iz^, 

Qj  with  a ftrong  folded  Ikin  on  the  forehead,  which  it  can  fling 
over  its  eyes  and  nofe,  to  defend  them  againfl  ftones- and 
land  in  ftormy  weather:  its  hair  white,  with  a thick  coat  of  thick 
black  wool  under,  which  makes  it  appear  of  a fine  grey. 

Inhabits  only  the  fouth  of  Greenland,  and  Newfoundland : in 
the  laft  is  called  the  Hooded  Seal:  the  hunters  fay  they  cannot  kill 
it  till  they  remove  the  integument  on  the  head. 


Black-fided  Seal.  Egede  Greenl.  plate  Phoca  oceanka.  Krylatca  RufT.  Lepechin 
Attarfoak.  CravizGreeid.  'u  124.  Schre-  all.  acad.  Petrop.  pars  i.  259.  tab,  vi. 
ber.  Cab  i.  39.  vii. 

Q with  a pointed  head  and  thick  body,  of  a whitilh  grey  color, 
marked  on  the  fides  with  two  black  crefcents,  the  horns 

pointing 


2-9 


Placs, 


482.  Hgodeb, 


Placs, 


483.  HARy. 


2§0 


SEAL. 


pointing  upwards  towards  each  other;  does  not  attain  this  mark 
till  the  fifth  year-,  till  that  period,  changes  its  color  annually, 
and  is  diflinguiQied  by  the  Greenlanders  by  different  names  each 
year. 

Place.  Inhabits  Greenland  and  Nezvfoundland,  Iceland^  the  PFkite  Sea^ 

and  Frozen  Ocean,  and  pafTes  through  the  Afiatic  flrait,  as  low  as 
Kanttfchatka : is  the  mod  valuable  kind;  the  fkin  the  thickeft 
and  bed,  .and  its  produce  of  oil  the  greatefl : grows  to  the  length 
of  nine  feet.  Our  Fifhers  call  this  the  Harp,  or 'Heart  Seal,  and 
flyle  the  marks  on  the  fides  the  faddle.  There  is  a blackifh  va- 
riety, which  they  fay  is  a young  Harp,  called  Bedlemer. 


484.  Little. 


Le  petit  Phoque.  De  Buffon,  Hi.  341.  tah.Vin,  Schreher,  cxxxv; 
Lev.  Mus. 


Q with  the  four  middle  cutting  teeth  of  the  upper  jaw  bifur-  !i 
cated;  the  two  middle  of  the  lower  jaw  flightly  trifur-  Ji 
cated  : a rudiment  of  an  ear  : the  webs  of  the  feet  extending  far  i.’j 
beyond  the  toes  and  nails:  hair  foft,  fmooth,  and  longer  than  in  j' 
the  common  Seal:  color  dufky  on  the  head  and  back;  beneath  jj 
brownifh:  length  two  feet  four  inches. 

Our  Seal-hunters  affirm,  that  they  often  obferve,  on  the  coaft 
of  Newfoundland,  a fmall  fpecies,  not  exceeding  two  feet,  or  two  :i 
feet  and  a half,  in  length.  M.  de  Buffon  fays  the  fpecimen  in  the  i 

cabinet  of  the  French  king  came  ^xom  India;  but  from  the  au-  ii 

thority  of  Dampier,  and  of  modern  voyagers  to  the  Eajl  Indies,  i 
4 who  ; 


S E A L. 


who  have  affured  me  they  never  faw  any  Seals  * there,  I fL]fpe<5t 
he  was  impofed  on. 

Captain  Abraham  Dixon  affured  me  that  he  faw  off  the  coaft  of 
North  America,  in  his  voyages  of  17H5  to  1788,  multitudes  of  fmali 
Seals,  not  exceeding  a foot  in  length  : they  were  perpetually  dip- 
ping and  riling  again,  but  were  fo  adive  that  he  never  could  procure 
a fpecimem 


Urfus  Marinus.  Steller.  Nov.  Com.  Pe-  PhocaUrfina.  Ph.  capite  auriculato.  Ursin 

trop.n. XV.  55* 

Sea  Cat.  Hiji.  Kamt/chatka,  123.  Mul-  L’Ours  Mzrin.  Bri^n  quad.  166.  Scbre~ 
ler's  Exped.  59.  her,  cxxxii. 

'’T^HERE  are  three  marine  animals,  which  keep  a particular 
**“  lituation,  and  feem  divided  between  the  N.  E.  of  Afia,  and 
N.  W.  of  America,  in  the  narrow  feas  between  thofe  vaft;  conti- 
nents. Thefe  are  what  are  called  the  Sea  Lion  and  ^ea  Bear, 
and  the  Manati.  They  inhabit,  from  June  to  September,  the  ifles  Place. 
that  are  fcattered  in  the  Kamtjchatka  ox\<S.  America,  in 

order  to  copulate,  and  bring  forth  their  young  in  full  fecurity. 

They  never  land  upon  Kamtfchatka.  The  accurate  and  indefa- 
tigable naturalift  Stelier  was  the  firft  who  gave  an  exad  defcrip- 
tion  of  them ; he  and  his  companions,  in  the  RuJJian  expedi- 
tion of  1742,  were  in  all  probability  the  firft  Europeans  who  gave 


* A gentleman,  the  moft  curious,  and  greateft  navigator  of  the  h.dian  feas  now 
living,  informed  me,  that  he  not  only  never  met  with  any  Seals  in  thofe  feas,  but 
even  none  nearer  than  the  iiles  of  Gallopagos,  a little  north  of  the  line,  on  the  coaft  of 
America. 

VOL.  II,  O o 


them 


SEAL. 


them  any  cfifturbance  in  thofe  their  retreats.  In  Septemher^  thefe 
animals  quit  their  flations,  vaitly  emaciated  ; feme  return  to  the 
Afiatie,  others  to  American  fbores;  but,  like  the  Sea  Otters, 
are  confined  in  thofe  feas  berv/een  lat.  50  and  56. 

They  are  not,  as  far  as  I can  difeover,  found  from  thofe  places, 
any  where  nearer  than  ISlez'j  Zealand*,  where  they  are  very  com- 
mon, and  again  about  Staten  Land-^{,  the  frozen  iiland  of  New 
Georgia'l,  and  the  Falkland  iflands  |[.  . I fufped:  that  they  are  alfo 
found  in  the  ifiand  of  Juan  Fernandez-,  for,  among  the  Seals  fo 
imperfedly  deferibed  by  Don  Ulloa  §,  his  fecond  kind  feems  to 
be  of  this  fpecies.  I may  add,  that  Alexander  Selkirk  fpeaks  of 
Seals  which  come  on  fhore  in  that  ifland  in  November  to  whelp  4-? 
which  nearly  correfponds  with  the  time  our  late  circumnavigators 
faw  them  in  New  Tears  ijlands,  v^here  they  found  them  and  their 
young  in  December.  Laftly,  I may  mention  the  ifies  of  Gallopagosy 
where  Captain  IVoodes  Rogers  fays  he  was  attacked  by  a fierce 
Seal,  as  big  as  a bear,  and  with  difficulty  efcaped  with  his  life  **. 

The  Urjine  Seal,  a name  we  fubflitute  for  the  fea-bear,  leads, 
during  the  three  months  in  fummer,  a mofl;  indolent  life:  it  ar- 
rives at  the  ifiands  vafily  fat;  but  during  that  time  they  are  fcarce 
ever  in  motion  : confine  themfelves  for  wholewveeks  to  one  fpor, 
fleep  a great  part  of  the  time,  eat  nothing,  and,  except  the  em- 
ployment the  females  have  in  fuckling  their  young,  are  totally 
inadive.  They  live  in  families;  each  male  has  from  eight  to  fifty 
females,  whom  he  guards  with  the  jealoufy  of  an  eaftern  monarch  j 
and  though  they  lie  by  thoufands  on  the  fhores,  each  family 

* Forjltr's  ohf.  189,  t Cookes  <voy.  ii.  20^.  J Cook's  'voy.  ii.  2rg. 

Forjier's  <voy,  ii.  529.  ||  Pernetti,  Engl,  ed.  187.  tab.  x'ix.  § Voy.  ii.  ^26* 

-i  In  Woodes  Rogers's  voy.  136,  **  The  fame,  265. 

4 


keeps 


SEAL. 


keeps  itfelf  feparate  from  the  reft,  and  fometimes,  with  the 
young  and  unmarried  ones,  amount  to  a hundred  and  twenty. 
The  old  animals,  which  are  deftitute  of  females,  or  deferted  by 
them,  live  apart,  and  are  exceflively  fplenetic,  peevifti,  and  quar- 
relfome : are  exceflively  fierce,  and  fo  attached  to  their  old 
haunts,  that  they  would  die  fooner  than  quit  them.  They  are 
monftroufly  far,  and  have  a moft  hircine  fmell.  If  another  ap- 
proaches their  ftation,  they  are  rouzed  from  their  indolence,  and 
inftantly  fnap  at  it,  and  a battle  enfues-,  in  the  conflict,  they  per- 
haps intrude  on  the  feat  of  another:  this  gives  new  caufe  of  of- 
fence, fo  in  the  end  the  difeord  becomes  univerfal,  and  is  fpread 
thro’  the  whole  fhore. 

The  other  males  are  alfo  very  irafcible:  the  caufes  of  their  dif- 
putes  are  generally  thefe:' — The  firfl;  and  the  moft  terrible  is,  when 
an  attempt  is  made  by  another  to  feduce  one  of  their  miftrefles, 
or  a young  female  of  the  family.  This  infult  produces  a com- 
bat, and  the  conqueror  is  immediately  followed  by  the  whole  fe- 
raglio,  who  are  fure  of  deferring  the  unhappy  vanquifhed.  The 
fecond  reafon  of  a quarrel  is,  when  one  invades  the  feat  of  ano- 
ther. The  third  arifes  from  their  interfering  in  the  difputes  of 
others.  Thefe  battles  are  very  violent ; the  wounds  they  receive 
are  very  deep,  and  refemble  the  cuts  of  a fabre.  At  the  end  of 
a fight  they  fling  themfelves  into  the  fea,  to  wadi  away  the 
blood. 

The  males  are  very  fond  of  their  young;  but  very  tyrannical 
towards  the  females:  if  any  body  attempts  to  take  their  cub, 
the  male  ftands  on  the  defenfive,  while  the  female  makes  off  with 
the  young  in  her  mouth ; (hould  fne  drop  it,  the  former  inftantly 
quits  his  enemy,  falls  on  her,  and  beats  her  againft  the  ftones, 

O o 2 till 


SEA 


r 

jL/« 


284. 


till  he  leaves  her  for  dead.  As  foon  as  flie  recovers,  flie  comes 
in  the  mod  fupplianL  manner  to  the  male,  crawls  to  his  feet,  and 
waQies  them  with  her  tears : he,  in  the  mean  time,  ftalks  about 
in  the  moft  infulting  manner  ; but  in  cafe  the  young  one  is  car- 
ried off,  he  melts  into  the  deeped  afilidlion,  and  lire ws  all  figns 
of  deep  concern.  It  is  probable  that  he  feels  his  misfortune  the 
more  fenhbly,  as  the  female  generally  brings  but  one  at  a timej 
never  more  than  two.  Even  the  cubs  of  thofe  on  the  ifland  of 
Ne'W  Georgia*  are  very  fierce,  barking  at  our  failors  as  they 
paffed  by,  and  biting  at  their  legs.  The  breeding-time  in  this 
ifland  is  in  the  beginning  of  January^ 

They  fwim  very  fwiftly,  at  the  rate  of  feven  miles  an  hour.  If 
wounded,  will  feize  on  the  boat,  and  carry  it  along  with  vad 
impetuofity,  and  oftentimes  fink  it.  They  can  continue  a long 
time  under  water.  When  they  want  to  climb  the  rocks,  they 
faden  with  the  fore  paws,  and  fo  draw  themfelves  up.  They  are 
very  tenacious  of  life,  and  will  live  for  a fortnight  after  receiving 
dich  wounds  as  would  immediately  dedroy  any  other  animal. 

Description.  The  male  of  this  fpecies  is  vadly  fuperior  in  fize  to  the  fe- 
male. The  bodies  of  each  are  of  a conic  form,  very  thick  be- 
fore, and  taper  to  the  tail.  The  length  of  a large  one  is  eight 
feet 5 the  greated  circumference  five  feet;  near  the  tail,  twenty 
inches.  The  weight  800  lb.  The  nofe  projects  like  that  of  a 
pug  dog,  but  the  head  rifes  fuddenly  : nodrils  oval,  and  divided 
by  a feptum : the  lips  thick ; their  infide  red  and  ferrated : 
whifkers  long  and  white. 

The  teeth  lock  into  each  other  when  the  mouth  is  clofed.  In 


* Forfter's  voy.  ii.  516.  ^29, 


the 


SEAL. 


the  upper  javv  are  four  cutting  teeth,  each  bifurcated ; on  both 
fides  is  a fmall  iharp  canine  tooth  bending  inwards;  near  that 
another,  larger:  the  grinders  refemble  canine  teeth,  and  are  hx 
in  number  in  each  jaw  : in  tlie  lower  jaw  are  alfo  four  cutting 
teeth  and  two  canine:  but  only  four  grindeis  in  each  jaw : in 
all,  thirty-lix  teeth. 

'Tongue  bifid:  eyes  large  and  prominent:  iris  black:  pupil 
fmaragdine : the  eyes  may  be  covered  at  pleafure  with  a flefhy 
membrane : the  ears  are  fmall,  fharp-pointed ; hairy  without, 
fmooth  and  polifhed  within. 

The  length  of  the  fore-legs  is  twenty-four  inches ; like  thofe 
of  other  quadrupeds,  not  immerfed  in  the  body  like  thofe  of 
Seals:  the  feet  are  formed  with  toes,  as  thofe  of  other  animals, 
but  are  covered  with  a naked  fkin,  fo  that  externally  they  feem  a 
fhapelefs  mafs,  and  have  only  the  rudiments  of  nails  to  five  la- 
tent toes  : the  hind  legs  are  tw'enty-two  inches  long,  are  fixed  to 
the  body  quite  behind,  like  thofe  of  Seals,  but  are  capable  of  be- 
ing brought  forward,  fo  that  the  animal  makes  ufe  of  them  to 
fcratch  its  head  : thefe  feet  are  divided  into  five  toes,  each  di- 
vided by  a great  web,  and  are  a foot  broad  : the  tail  is  only  two 
inches  long. 

The  hair  is  long  and  rough ; beneath  which  is  a foft  down,  of 
a bay-color : on  the  neck  of  the  old  males  the  hair  is  ereft,  and 
a little  longer  than  the  reft.  The  general  color  of  thefe  animals 
is  black,  but  the  hairs  of  the  old  ones  are  tipt  with  grey.  The 
females  are  cinereous.  The  fidns  of  the  young,  cut  out  of  the 
bellies  of  their  dams,  are  very  ufeful  for  cloathing,  and  coft  about 
3s.  4d.  each  ; the  Ikin  of  an  old  one,  4 s. 

The  fat  and  flefh  of  the  old  males  is  very  naufeous ; but  the 

flefti 


286  SEA  L. 

llefii  of  the  females  refembles  lamb  j and  the  yoimg  ones  roafted 
are  as  good  as  fucking-pIgs. 


^86.  Bottle- 
KOSE. 


Size. 


Size. 


Sea  Lion.  Dampiet's  vev.  i.  90.  iv.  15.  Le  Lion  Marin.  Brljfon  quad.  167.  De 
Rcgers'i  AnJ'en's  ajty.  \2i.  Bu^on,  xm.  351.  Schrebcr,  cxxxm. 

i’hoca  Leonina.  Ph.  caplte  antice  cri-  Le  Lame.  Phoca  elephantina.  Molina 
ftato.  Lin./yji,  53.  Chili.  261. 

Q male)  with  a projeding  fnout,  hanging  five  or  fix 
inches  below  the  lower  jaw:  the  upper  part  confifts  of  a 
loofe  wrinkled  xkin,  which  the  animal,  when  angry,  has  the 
power  of  blowing  up,  fo  as  to  give  the  nofe  an  hooked  or  arched 
appearance : the  feet  fliort  and  dufky ; five  toes  on  each,  fur- 
nilhed  with  nails  : the  hind  feet  have  the  appearance  of  great 
laciniated  fins:  large  eyes:  great  whi&ers : hair  on  the  body 
fhort,  and  of  a dun  color;  that  on  the  neck  a little  longer : the 
ikin  very  thick.  Length  of  an  old  male  twenty  feet;  greateft  cir- 
cumference, fifteen. 

Female.  Nofe  blunt,  tuberous  at  the  top  : noftrils  wide : mouth 
breaking  very  little  into  the  jav/s ; two  fmall  cutting  teeth  be- 
low, two  fmall  and  two  larger  above*,  two  canine  teeth,  remote 
from  the  preceding;  five  grinders  in  each  jaw;  all  the  teeth 
conic  : eyes  oblique  and  fimall  : auricles  none  : fore  legs  twenty 
inches  long:  toes  furniflred  with  flat  oblong  nails:  hind  parts, 
ihflead  of  legs,  divided  into  two  great  bifurcated  fins:  no  tail: 
the  whole  covered  with  Ihort  rufl-colored  hair.  Length,  from  nofe 
to  the  end  of  the  fins,  four  yards : greateft  circumference  two 
yards  and  a half  *. 

* Defcribed  from  a well-prefervcd  fpecimen  in  the  Mu/ettm  of  the  Royal 
SociET  Y.  '1  his  is  the  animal  called  by  Dr.  Pdrfons,  a Maiiati. 


Inhabits 


SEAL. 


iBj 

Inhabits  the  feas  about  Nezu  Zealand  *,  the  ifland  of  Jmn  Fer~  Piace. 
nandez-f  and  the  Falkland  ijlands’l,  and  that  of  Nezt>  Georgia  \\, 

S.  lat.  — 40.  Are  feen  in  great  numbers,  in  yune  and  July,  the 
breeding-feafon,  on  the  ifland  of  Juan  Fernandez,  which  they  refort 
to  for  the  purpofe  of  fuckling  their  young  on  fhore,  and  continue 
there  till  September.  They  bring  two  at  a time.  The  female,  during 
that  feafon,  is  very  fierce : one  of  Lord  Anfon\  failors  was  killed  by 
the  enraged  dam  of  a whelp,  which  he  had  robbed  her  of.  The  male 
flievvs  little  attachment  to  its  young,  but  the  female  is  excef- 
fively  fond^  of  it;  the  former  will  fuffer  it  to  be  killed  before  his 
face  without  fliewing  any  refentment.  Towards  evening,  both 
male  and  female  fwim  a little  way  to  fea,  the  laft  with  the  young 
on  its  back,  which  the  male  will  pur'll  off,  as  if  to  teach  it  to 
fwim. 

They  arrive  on  the  breeding-iilands  very  fat  and  full  of  blood  ; 
when  they  are  in  motion,  they  feem  like  a great  /Id  n full  of  oil,  from 
the  tremulous  movement  of  the  blubber,  which  has  been  found 
to  be  a foot  thick.  The  Spaniards  very  properly  call  thefe,  and  the 
Urigne  lobos  de  Aceyte,  or  oil  wolves,  from  their  looking  like  a /kin 
full  of  oil,  from  the  motion  of  the  vaft  quantity  of  fat  or  blubber, 
of  which  their  bodies  confift  §.  One  has  been  known  to  yield  a butt 
of  oil;  and  fo  full  of  blood,  that  what  has  run  out  of  a fingle 
animal  4-  has  filled  two  hogfheads.  The  flefii  is  eatable  : Lord 
Anfons  people  eat  it  under  the  denomination  of  beef,  to  diflinguifli 
it  from  that  of  Seal,  which  they  called  lamb* 

* ForPer’s  ohf.  190.  f AnfoP s voj.  izi^  J FernelU  zot* 

II  CaoFs  ii.  2 1 3.  Forjicr's  voy.  § Ulloa's  njoy.  ii.  227. 

4 AnJaAs  voy,  123. 


The 


2S8 


SEAL. 


The  old  animals  have  a tremendous  appearance,  yet  are  ex- 
ceffively  timid,  except  at  the  breeding-feafon,  when  they  feetn 
to  lofe  their  apprehenfions,  and  are  lefs  dillurbed  at  the  fight  of 
man.  At  other  times,  they  hurry  into  the  water;  or,  if  awakened 
out  of  their  flcep  by  a loud  noife,  or  blows,  fall  into  vail  con- 
fufion,  tumble  down,  and  tremble  in  every  part,  thro'  fear. 

Thefe  animals  aflbciate  in  families,  like  the  former,  but  not  in 
fuch  great  numbers:  the  males  fhew  equal  jealoufy  about  their 
miilrefl'es,  and  have  bloody  combats  on  their  accounts : oft-times 
there  is  one  of  fuperior  courage  to  the  reft,  and  procures  by  dint 
of  valour  a greater  number  of  females  than  others.  They  are 
of  a very  lethargic  nature,  fond  of  wallowing  in  miry  places,  and 
will  lie  like  fvvine  on  one  another:  they  grunt  like  thofe  animals, 
and  will  fometimes  fnort  like  horfes  in  full  vigor.  They  are  very 
inadive  on  land  : to  prevent  furprize,  each  herd  places  a centi- 
nel,  who  gives  certain  fignals  at  appearance  of  danger:  during 
the  breeding-feafon,  they  abftain  from  food,  and  before  that  is 
elapfed  become  very  lean  ; at  other  times  they  feed  on  fifti  and 
the  fmaller  Seals. 


4S7.  Leonike. 


BefHa  Marina,  Kurillis,  Kamf/cha^ctlis  et  Sea  Lion.  Cook''}  voy.  ii;  203.  ForJ^er's 
nomine Siwutfehadida.  voy.  ii.  513.  Pernetti's  ‘voy.  240.  tab. 
Nov.  Com.  Pet! op.  ii.  xvi. 

Phora  Leonina.  Molina  Chili,  262. 


Swith  a Ihort  nofe  turning  a little  up:  great  head  : eyes  large  : 
• whilkers  long  and  thick,  and  ftrong  enough  to  ferve  for 
pick-tooths : on  the  neck  and  Ihoulders  of  the  male  is  a great 

mane 


Cl. 


2d\f. 


SEAL. 

mane  of  coarfe,  long,  waving  hair,  not  unlike  the  fitaggy  ap- 
pearance of  a lion : the  reft  of  the  body  covered  with  a very 
ftiorr,  fmooth,  and  glofty  coat.  The  wdiole  color  is  a deep  brown: 
ihofe  of  the  Kamtfchatkan  iflands  are  reddilli ; the  females  tawny. 

The  fore  feet  are  like  thofe  of  the  Urjine  refembling  a fiat 
fin,  formed  of  a black  coriaceous  fubftance,  without  the  left  external 
appearance  of  toes,  as  moft  crroneoufly  reprefented  by  Ternetti: 
tjie  hind  feet  are  very  broad,  furnifited  with  very  fmall  nails, 
with  a narrow  ftripe  of  membrane  extending  far  beyond  each  : tail 
very  fliort : hind  parts  vaftly  large,  fwelling  out  with  the  vaft 
quantity  of  fat. 

The  old  males  are  from  ten  to  fourteen  feet  long,  and  of  Size, 
great  circumference  about  the  fnoulders;  they  weigh  from  twelve 
to  fifteen  hundred  pounds  : the  females  are  from  fix  to  eight 
feet  in  length,  of  a more  flender  form  than  the  males,  and  arc 
quite  fmooth. 

Penrofe  and  Pernetti  afcribe  a much  greater  fize  to  thofe  of  the 
Falkland  ifles.  The  former  fays,  that  fome  of  the  males  are 
twenty-fix  feet  long  '^'l  and  the  latter  affirms  that  their  length  is 
twenty-five  feet,  and  their  girth  round  the  fhoulders  from  nine- 
teen to  twenty  f. 

They  inhabit  in  vaft  numbers  Pinguin  and  Seal  ifiands,  near  Place. 
Cape  DefirCt  on  the  coaft  of  Patagoyiia  j ; are  found  within  the 
ftraits  of  Magellan,  and  on  Falkland  ijles : they  have  not  yet  been 
difeovered  in  any  other  part  of  the  fouthern  hemifphere,  or  in 
any  other  place  nearer  than  the  fea  between  Kamtfchatka  and 
America.  I'he  inhabitants  of  Chili  call  them  Fhapel  lame,  or  the 
Seal  with  z.mane. 


* Exped.  Falkland  IJlss,  28. 

Vo  I..  II. 


t Foy.  Mahuines,  240. 

P p 


J Narhorough,  31. 

They 


290 


SEAL, 


Manners. 


4S8,  Uricne. 


They  live  in  families  feparate  from  the  Urjine  and  other  Seals  : 
thefe  poflefs  the  beach  neareft  to  the  fea:  they  have  much  of  the 
lethargic  nature  of  the  former;  and,  like  them,  are  polygamous: 
they  have  from  two  to  thirty  females  apiece  : they  have  a fierce 
look  ; the  old  ones  fnort  and  roar  like  enraged  bulls ; but  on  the 
approach  of  mankind,  fly  with  great  precipitation  : the  females 
make  a noife  like  calves : the  young  bleat  like  lambs. 

The  old  males  lie  apart,  and  poflefs  fome  large  ftone,  which  no 
other  dare  approach  ; if  they  do,  a dreadful  combat  enfues,  and 
the  marks  of  their  rage  appear  in  the  deep  gaflies  on  various 
parts  of  their  bodies.  The  males  frequently  go  into  the  water, 
take  a large  circuit,  land,  and  carefs  their  females  with  great  af- 
fedion ; put  fnout  to  fnout  as  if  they  were  kifling  one  another. 
The  females,  on  feeing  their  male  deftroyed,  will  fometimes  at- 
tempt to  carry  away  a cub  in  their  mouth,  but  oftener  defert 
them  through  fear. 

The  food  of  thefe  animals  is  the  lefler  Seals,  Pi  nguins,  and  fidi; 
but  while  they  are  aftiore  they  keep,  in  the  breeding-time,  a faft: 
of  three  or  four  months;  but  to  keep  their  ftomachs  diftended, 
will  fwallow  a number  of  large  flones,  each  as  big  as  two  fills. 


L’Urigne.  Phoca  lupina.  Molina  Chili.  255“. 

O with  the  body  very  thick  at  the  fhoulders,  gradually  leflening 
to  the  hind  legs : head  like  a dog,  with  the  ears  clofe  cut : 
nofe  Ihort  and  blunt : upper  lip  cunilineated  : fix  cutting  teeth 
above ; four  below : fore  foot  has  four  toes  inclofed  in  a mem- 
branous flieath,  fo  as  to  refemble  fins  : the  hind  feet  are  hid  in  a 

continuation 


SEAL, 


291 


continuation  of  the  fkin  of  the  back,  and  have  five  toes  of  unequal 
length,  like  thofe  of  the  human  hand  ; tail  three  inches  long ; the 
Ikin  is  covered  with  two  forts  of  hairs,  one  like  that  of  an  ox,  the 
other  more  hard : the  colors  various ; length  from  three  to  eight 
feet. 

Thefe  are  the  Sea  wolves  which  navigators  fpeak  of  off  the 
ifland  of  Lobos^  near  the  river  Plata.  They  appear  in  vaft  multitudes, 
meet  the  (hips,  and  will  even  hang  by  the  fides  with  their  paws, 
and  feem  to  flare  at  and  admire  the  crew  ; then  drop  off  and  return 
to  their  haunts  They  fwim  with  incredible  fwiftnefs.  The  na- 
tives of  Chili  kill  them  for  the  fkins,  and  for  the  oil. 

* Father  Cattaneo's  firft  Letter  in  the  miflions  Paraguay,  p.  227. 


Place.' 


P p 2 


Pinniform 


292 


M A N A T I. 


XLIII. 

MAN  ATI.. 


489.  Whale 

TAILED. 


Place. 


Pinniforni  fore-legs  : bind  parts  ending  In  a tail,  horizon- 
tally flat.  Two  teats  between  the  legs. 

Manati.  Ru£orum  Morfkuia  Korowa.  De  Buffon,  Supplem.  vi.  399. 

Stellcr  in  Biov,  Co?n.  Petrop.  ii.  294.  Trichecus  Borealis.  G/«.  Z.i«.  i.  61.  /?. 

Schreber,  ii.  95.  Hiji.  Kamtjchatka,  1 

animal  in  nature  fo  nearly  approaches  the  cetaceous 
tribe,  that  it  is  merely  in  conformdty  to  the  fyftematic 
writers,  that  I continue  it  in  this  clafs : it  fcarce  deferves  the 
name  of  a biped ; what  are  called  feet  are  little  more  than  pec- 
toral fins;  they  ferve  only  for  fwimming;  they  are  never  ufed  to 
aflifl;  the  animal  in  walking,  or  landing;  for  it  never  goes  afhore, 
nor  ever  attempts  to  climb  the  rocks,  like  the  Walrus  and  Seal.  It 
brings  forth  in  the  water,  and,  like  the  whale,  fuckles  its  young 
in  that  element : like  the  whale,  it  has  no  voice;  and,  like  that 
animal,  has  an  horizontal  broad  tail  in  form  of  a crefcent,  without 
even  the  rudiments  of  hind  feet. 

Inhabits  the  feas  about  Berin^s>  and  the  other  Aleutian  iflands, 
which  intervene  between  Kamtfchatha  and  America,  but  never  ap- 
pears off  Kamtfchatka,  unlefs  blown  afhore  by  a tempeft.  Is  pro- 
bably the  fame  fpecies  which  is  found  above  Mindanao  ’*  ; but  is 
certainly  that  which  inhabits  near  Rodriguez,  vulgarly  called 
Diego  Keys,  an  ifland  to  the  eafl  of  Mauritius,  or  the  ifle  of 


* Dumpier’ i <voj.  i.  321. 


Francs, 


% 


M A N A T I. 


293 


Trance,  near  which  it  is  likewlfe  found  Sir  Jofeph  Bank's  favored 
me  with  the  fketch  of  one  drawn  oil  this  ifiand  in  1761,  by  Ulrikt 
Mole,  of  the  Norfolk  man  of  war.  It  is  likely  that  this  fpedes 
extends  to  Neva  Holland,  where  Dampier  fays  he  has  feen  it  -f. 

They  live  perpetually  in  the  water,  and  frequent  the  edges  of 
the  Ihores;  and  in  calm  weather  fvvim  in  great  droves  near  the 
mouths  of  rivers ; in  the  time  of  flood  they  come  fo  near  the 
land  that  a perfon  may  ftroke  them  with  his  hand:  if  hurt,  they 
fvvim  out  to  the  fea : but  prefently  return  again.  They  live 
in  families,  one  near  another;  each  confilts  of  a male,  a female, 
a half-grown  young  one,  and  a very  fmall  one.  The  females 

oblige  the  young  to  fvvim  before  them,  while  the  other  old  ones 

furround,  and,  as  it  were,  guard  them  on  all  fides.  The  af- 
fedion  between  the  male  and  female  is  very  great ; for  if  flae 
is  attacked,  he  wdll  defend  her  to  the  utmofl,  and  if  (lie  is 

killed,  will  follow  her  corpfe  to  the  very  fhore,  and  fwim  for  fome 
days  near  the  place  it  has  been  landed  at. 

They  copulate  in  the  fpring,  in  the  fame  manner  as  the 

human  kind,  efpecially  in  calm  weather,  towards  the  evening. 
The  female  fwims  gently  about;  the  male  purfues,  till,  tired 
with  wantoning,  fhe  flings  herfelf  on  her  back,  and  admits  his 
embraces  J.  Steller  thinks  they  go  with  young  above  a year:  it 
is  certain  that  they  bring  but  one  young  at  a time,  which  they 
fuckle  by  two  teats  placed  between  the  bread. 

They  are  vaftly  voracious  and  gluttonous,  and  feed  not  only 
on  the  fuel  that  grow  in  the  fea,  but  fuch  as  are  flung  on  the 

* Voy.de  laCaille,  Z29.  't'  Voy,  i.  3;j. 

% The  Leonine  and  Urpne  Seals  copulate  in  the  lame  manner,  only,  after  fpoiting 
an  the  fea  for  fome  time,  they  come  on  Ihore  for  that  purpofe. 

edges 


Manners. 


\ 


294 


M A N A T I. 


Descriptiok. 


edges  of  the  fliore.  When  they  are  filled,  they  fall  afleep  on  their 
backs.  During  their  meals,  they  are  fo  intent  on  their  food, 
that  any  one  may  go  among  them  and  chufe  which  he  likes 
beft. 

Their  back  and  their  fides  are  generally  above  water;  and  as 
their  Ikin  is  filled  with  a fpecies  of  loiife  peculiar  to  them, 
numbers  of  gulls  are  continually  perching  on  their  backs  and 
picking  out  the  infefts. 

They  continue  in  the  Kamifchatkan  and  Amer'ican  feas  the  whole 
year  ; but  in  winter  are  very  lean,  fo  that  you  may  count  their  ribs. 
They  are  taken  by  harpoons  faftened  to  a firong  cord,  and  after 
they  are  (truck  it  requires  the  united  force  of  thirty  men  to  draw 
them  on  (bore.  Sometimes,  when  they  are  transfixed,  they  will  lay 
hold  of  the  rocks  with  their  paws,  and  flick  fo  fafl  as  to  leave  the 
(kin  behind  before  they  can  be  forced  off.  When  a Manati  is 
(truck,  its  companions  fwim  to  its  affiflance;  fome  will  attempt 
to  overturn  the  boat,  by  getting  under  it ; others  will  prcfs  down 
the  rope,  in  order  to  break  it ; and  others  will  (trike  at  the  har- 
poon with  their  tails,  with  a view  of  getting  it  out,  which  they 
often  fucceed  in.  They  have  not  any  voice,  but  make  a noife 
by  hard  breathing,  like  the  fnorting  of  a horfe. 

They  are  of  an  enormous  fize:  fome  are  28  feet  long,  and 
8 GOO  lb.  in  weight;  but  if  the  fpecies  is  the  fame  with 

this,  it  decreafes  greatly  in  fize  as  it  advances  fouthward,  for 
the  largeft  which  D ampler  faw  there,  weighed  only  fix  hundred 
pounds  ■*.  The  head,  in  proportion  to  the  bulk  of  the  animal, 

• D ampler,  1.  321.  Voyagers  are  requefted  to  obferve,  whether  there  are  not  the 
two  fpecies  about  this  and  the  other  iflands  of  the  Indian  ocean. 

is 


M A N A T I, 


»95 


is  fmall,  oblong  and  almoll:  fquare : the  noftrlls  are  filled  with 
flioit  briftles ; the  gape,  or  ri^us,  is  fmall : the  lips  are  double : 
near  the  junftion  of  the  two  jaws  the  mouth  is  full  of  white  tu- 
bular briftles,  which  ferve  the  fame  ufe  as  the  laminte  in  whales, 
to  prevent  the  food  running  out  with  the  water : the  lips  are  alfo 
full  of  briftles,  which  lerve  inftead  of  teeth  to  cut  the  ftrong  roots 
of  the  fea-plants,  which  floating  afhore  are  a fign  of  the  vicinity 
of  thefe  animals.  In  the  mouth  are  no  teeth,  only  two  fiat  white 
bones,  one  in  each  jaw;  one  above,  another  below,  with  undu- 
lated furfaces,  which  ferve  inftead  of  grinders. 

The  eyes  are  extremely  fmall,  not  larger  than  thofe  of  a fiieep; 
the  iris  black:  it  is  deftitute  of  ears,  having  only  two  orifices,  fo 
minute  that  a quill  will  fcarcely  enter  them:  the  tongue  is  point- 
ed, and  fmall : the  neck  is  thick,  and  its  jundlion  with  the  head 
fcarce  diftinguifhable;  and  the  laft  always  hangs  down.  The  cir- 
cumference of  the  body  near  the  fiioulders  is  twelve  feet ; about  the 
belly  tv/enty,  near  the  tail  only  four  feet  eight  : the  head  thirty- 
one  inches : the  neck  near  feven  feet:  and  from  thefe  meafure- 
ments  may  be  colledled  the  deformity  of  this  animal.  Near  the 
fhoulders  are  two  feet,  or  rather  fins,  which  are  only  two  feet  twc 
inches  long,  and  have  neither  fingers  nor  nails  ; beneath  are  con- 
cave, and  covered  with  hard  briftles : the  tail  is  thick,  ftrong, 
and  horizontal,  ending  in  a ftiff  black  fin,  and  like  the  fubftance 
of  whalebone,  and  much  fplit  in  the  fore  part,  and  flightly  fork- 
ed; but  both  ends  are  of  equal  lengths,  like  that  of  a whale. 

The  fidn  is  very  thick,  black,  and  full  of  inequalities,  like  the 
bark  of  oak,  and  fo  hard  as  fcarcely  to  be  cut  with  an  ax,  and  has 
no  hair  on  it:  beneath  the  fidn  is  a thick  blubber,  which  taftes 
like  oil  of  almonds.  The  fiefla  is  coarfer  than  beef,  and  will  not 

foon 


Size* 


Tail® 


29*5 

M A N A T I. 

foon  putrlfy.  The  young  ones  tafte  like  veal.  The  fkln  ufed 
foi*  Ihoes,  and  for  covering"  the  Tides  of  boats. 

The  Rujfians  call  this  animal  Morjkaia  korowa,  or  Sea-cow;  and 
KapuJinikj  or  Eater  of  herbs. 

1 

490-  Round- 

T A1 LBD. 

ulJai7/o7i's  Senegal.  2^().  Lev.  Mcs. 

Size. 

U/l"  with  thick  lips:  eyes  as  minute  as  a pea:  two  very  fmall 
JLVJ.9  orifices  in  the  place  of  ears:  in  each  jaw  are  nine  grinding 
teeth;  in  all  thirty  fix  : neck  Ihort,  and  thicker  than  the  head ; the 
greateft  thicknefs  of  the  body  is  about  the  fiioulders,  from  which  it 
grows  gradually  fmaller  to  the  tail:  the  tail  lies  horizontally,  is 
broad,  and  thickefl;  in  the  middle,  growing  thinner  to  the  edges, 
and  quite  round. 

The  feet  are  placed  at  the  flioulders:  beneath  the  ikins  are 
bones  for  five  complete  toes,  and  externally  are  three  or  four 
nails  flat  and  rounded ; near  the  bafe  of  each  leg,  in  the  fe- 
male, is  a fmall  teat. 

The  fkin  is  very  thick  and  hard,  having  a few  hairs  fcattered 
over  it. 

The  length  of  the  fpecimen  in  the  Lever  tan  Museum  is  fix 
feet  and  a half;  the  greateft  circumference,  three  feet  eight 
inches ; that  near  the  tkil,  two  feet  two.  This  was  taken  near  the 
Marigot  of  Kanlai,  in  the  river  Senegal:  they  grow  to  the  length  of 
fourteen  or  fifteen  feet : they  are  very  fat,  and  both  fat  and  lean 
refemble  veal:  but  the  fat  adheres  to  the  fkin,  in  form  of  blubber; 
the  negroes  take  them  by  harpooning,  and  fell  them  at  the  rate  of 

two 

/ 


M A N A T ,L 

two  long  bars  of  iron  apiece.  The  feafon  is  only  in  the  months  of 
December  and  January.  Manati  are  found  in  moft  of  the  African 
rivers  to  the  fouth  of  the  and  pofilblyto  thofe  on  the  eaftern 

coaft.  The  vvoman-fidi  taken  off  the  illesTof/V^j,  to  the  fouth  of  the 
nvQv  Cuama,  is  feeminglyof  this  fpecies,  notwithftanding  the  pious 
defcriber,  yonanes' dos  Sandlos,  furniflies  it  with  four  tremen- 

dous tuflies  *. 


De  Buffon,  xiii.  425.  tab.  Ivli.  Rati  fyn.  Triehechus  Manatiis.  Lin,  fyjl.  45. 
quad.  193.  tab.  Ixxx. 

T\ /T  with  a head  hanging  downward ; the  feet  furnifhed  with  five 
i.7JL#  j-Qgg . botjy  almoft  to  tlie  tail  of  an  uniform  thicknefs-,  near 
its  junftion  with  that  part  grows  fuddenly  thin:  tail  flat,  and  in 
form  of  a fpatula',  thickefl  in  the  middle,  growing  thinner  towards 
the  edges. 

Inhabits  the  rivers  and  fea  of  Guiana : it  grows  to  the  length  of 
fixteen  or  eighteen  feet : is  covered  with  a dulky  Ikin  with  a few 
hairs  -f.  Thofe  meafured  by  Dampier  were  ten  or  twelve  feet 
long:  their  tail  twenty  inches  in  length;  fourteen  in  breadth; 
four  or  five  thick  in  the  middle;  two  at  the  edges:  the  largeft 
(according  to  the  fame  voyager)  weighed  twelve  hundred 
pounds.  But  they  arrive  at  far  greater  magnitude : Clitfius  examin- 
ed one  which  was  fixteen  feet  and  a half  long;  and  Gomora  fpeaks 
of  them  as  fometimes  of  the  length  of  twenty  feet. 

* Purchas.  ii.  1446.  i"  Bancroft's  Guiana,  186. 

Q.q 


297 


Gui  ANA. 


VoL.  II. 


CLUSIUS, 


M A N A T L 


298 

492.  Manati 
Clusii. 

493.  OrONOK-O. 


Place, 


LUSIUS,  in  his  Exotics,  p.  i32,gtvesaprintanddefcriptionofa 


Manali  brought  from  Indies : but  neither  one  or  the  other 

enables  us  to  define  the  fpecies.  Ele  fays  that  it  had  (hort  nails  and 
broad  feet ; and  that  tiie  tail  was  broad  and  rnapeiefs.  Till  we  are 
better  informed  we  lhall  fuppofe  it  to  be  the  fame  with  the  Guiana. 
M.  de  Buffon^  in  his  Supplement,  vi.  396,  makes  it  a diftindt 
fpecies,  under  the  title  of  Le  grand  Lamantia  des  Antilles. 

'“T^HIS  is  the  fpecies  to  which  M.  de  Buffon  has  in  his  Supplement, 
p.  400,  given  the  name  of  Le  petit  Lamantia  deUAmerique,  and  fays 
it  is  found  in  the  Oronoko,  Oyapoc,  and  the  rivers  of  Amazons.  This 
pufhes  its  way  to  the  amazing  diftance  wc  have  mentioned.  By  the 
defcription  Gumilla  has  given  of  the  tail,  it  is  circular  and  proba- 
bly muft  be  referred  to  this  fpecies.  I do  not  underftand  why 
M.  de  Bufon  calls  it  Le  petit , for  it  grows  to  a vaft  fize.  Father 
Gumilla  had  one  taken  in  a diflant  lake,  near  the  Oronoko,  which 
was  fo  large  that  twenty-feven  men  could  not  draw  it  out  of  the 
water  : on  cutting  it  open,  he  found  two  young  ones,  which 
weighed  twenty-five  pounds  apiece. 

We  fufpedl  that  the  Manati  of  the  Amazons,  &c.  never  vifit  the 
fea,  but  are  perpetually  refident  in  the  frelh  waters. 

Thefe  animals  abound  in  certain  parts  of  the  eaftern  coafts 
and  rivers  of  South  America,  about  the  Bay  of  Honduras,  fome 
of  the  greater  Antilles the  rivers  of  OronoqueX,  and  the 
lakes  formed  by  it ; and  laftly,  in  that  of  the  Amazons,  and  the 

* Gumilla,  54.  f Dampievti,  34.  J Gumilla,  n. 


M A N A T I. 


Guallaga^  the  Pajia^a,  and  moft  of  the  others  which  fall  into  that 
vaft  river : they  are  found  even  a thoufand  leagues  from  its 
mouth,  and  feem  to  be  ftopt  from  making  even  an  higher  ad- 
vance, only  by  the  great  cataradV,  the  Pongo  of  Rorja  They 
fometimes  live  in  the  fea,  and  often  near  the  mouth  of  fomc 
river,  into  which  they  come  once  or  twice  in  twenty-four  hours, 
for  the  fake  of  brouzing  on  the  marine  plants  which  grow  within 
their  reach  : they  altogether  delight  more  in  brackifh  or  fweet 
water,  than  in  the  fait ; and  in  fhallow  water  near  low  land,  and 
in  places  fecure  from  furges,  and  where  the  tides  run  gently -f. 
It  is  faid,  that  at  times  they  frolick  and  leap  to  great  heights  out 
of  the  water  Their  ufes  were  very  confiderable  to  the  priva- 
teers or  buccaneers  in  the  time  of  Damper.  Their  flelh  and  fat 
are  white,  very  fweet  and  falubrious ; and  the  tail  of  a young  fe- 
male was  particularly  efteemed,  A fuckling  was  held  to  be  moll 
delicious,  and  eaten  roafted,  as  were  great  pieces  cut  out  of  the 
belly  of  the  old  animals. 

The  Ikin  cut  out  of  the  belly  (for  that  of  the  back  was  too 
thick)  was  in  great  requefb  for  the  purpofe  of  faftening  to  the 
lides  of  canoes,  and  forming  a place  for  the  infertion  of  the  oars,’ 
The  thicker  part  of  the  Ikin,  cut  frefh  into  lengths  of  two  or  three 
feet,  ferves  for  whips,  and  become,  when  dried,  as  tough  as 
wood. 

In  the  head.  It  was  pretended  that  there  were  certain  flones,  or 
bones  of  great  value,  on  account  of  their  virtues  in  curing  the 
gravel  and  colic  j|. 

• Cendamine,  77.  f Dampier,  i.  34.  J Gumllla,  ii.  55. 

11  Clujti  Exot,  233.  Monardus  fimp,  Msd%  326. 

CLq  2 


They 


i!oo  M A N A T I. 

They  are  taken  by  an  harpoon  (luck  in  th.e  end  of  a (laff, 
which  the  Indians  ufe  with  great  dexterity.  They  go  in  a fmall 
canoe  with  the  utmoft  filence,  as  the  animal  is  very  quick  of 
hearing.  The  harpoon  is  loofe,  but  faftencd  to  a cord  of  fome 
fathoms  in  length j for  as  foon  as  the  Manali  is  ftruck,  it  bvirns 
away  with  the  barb  infixed  in  its  body,  attended  by  the  canoe, 
till  fpenc  with  pain  and  fatigue  : in  fome  places  the  leffer  are 
taken  in  nets.  If  a female,  which  has  a young  one,  is  ftruck,  Ihe 
takes  it  under  its  fins  or  feet,  if  not  too  large,  and  Ihews,  even 
in  extremity,  the  greateft  affedlion  for  its  offspring ; which  makes 
an  etpial  return,  never  forfaking  the  captured  parent,  but  is  al- 
ways a fure  prey  to  the  harpooner 

The  Indians  of  the  Maragnon,  or  the  river  of  Amazons,  take 
them  by  the  means  of  intoxicating  herbs,  or  by  flicoting  them  with 
thofe  poifoned  arrows whofe  left  touch  is  fatal,  yet  imparts 
no  degree  of  venom  to  the  thing  ftricken,  whofe  ftefh  is  eaten 
v\  ith  the  utmoft  fafety 

At  the  time  the  waters  of  the  Oronoque  (which  annually  over- 
flow the  banks)  begin  to  return  into  the  bed  of  the  river,  the 
Indians  make  dams  acrofs  the  mouths  of  the  lhallow  lakes  formed 
by  the  floods,  and  in  that  manner  take  vaft  numbers  of  Manati, 
or  Pexi-buey,  or  FiJl:-cows,  as  the  Spaniards  call  them,  together 
with  tortoifes,  and  variety  of  fifti  ||. 

I conclude  this  account  with  the  extraordinary  hiftory  of  a. 
tame  Manati,  preferved  by  a certain  prince  of  Eifpaniola,  at  the 
time  of  the  arrival  of  the  Spaniards,  in  a lake  adjoining  to  his  re- 

■ • * Dampitr,\.  , f VUoa,\.  4.iz>  Gumilla,\\.  ^6.  J Condamineh 

Trav,  34.  Ph,  Tr.  xlvii.  81.  y Gumilla,  ii.  43. 

4 


fidence. 


M A N A T I. 


301 


lidence.  It  was,  on  account  of  its  gentle  nature^  called  in  the 
language  of  the  country  Matim.  It  would  appear  as  foon  as  it 
v/as  called  by  any  of  its  familiars ; for  it  hated  the  Spaniards,  on 
account  of  an  injury  it  had  received  f.’om  one  of  thefe  adventurers. 
The  fable  of  Avion  was  here  realifed.  It  Vv^ould  offer  itfelf  to  the 
Indian  favorites,  and  carry  over  the  lake  ten  at  a time,  finging  and 
playing  on  its  back;  one  youth  it  was  particularly  enamoured 
with,  which  reminds  me  of  the  claffical  parallel  in  the  Dolphin 
of  Hippo,  fo  beautifully  related  by  the  younger  Pliny.  The  fates 
of  the  two  animals  were  very  different ; Mahim  eicaped  to  its 
native  waters,  by  means  of  a violent  flood ; the  Hipponcnfian  fiflx 
fell  a facrifice  to  the  poverty  of  the  retired  Colonifts^h 


1^ /TR.  Steller  faw  on  the  coafl:  of  America-\  another  very  Angular  494.. Sea  Ape,- 
animal,  which  he  calls  a Sea  Ape;  it  was  five  feet  long:  the 
head  like  a dog’s:  ears  fharp  and  eredt:  eyes  large;  on  both 
lips  a fort  of  beard  : the  form  of  its  body  thick  and  round, 
thickefl  near  the  head,  tapering  to  the  tail,  which  was  bifurcat- 
ed, the  upper  lobe  the  longeft:  the  body  covered  with  thick 
hair,  grey  on  the  back,  red  on  the  belly.  Steller  could  difeo- 
ver  neither  feet  nor  paws.  It  was  full  of  frolick,  and  played  a 


■*  See  both  relations ; the  firfl  in  Peter  Martyp s Decades  of  the  Indies,  Dec.  lit. 
book  8;  the  other  in  lib.  ix.  epih.  33,  of  Pliny.  The  elder  Pliny  alfo  relates  the 
fame  ftory,  lib.  ix.  c.  8. 

•J-  The  Beluga,  which  I placed  here  in  my  former  edition,  from  the  mifrepre- 
fentation  of  other  v/riters,  is  an  animal  of  the  cetaceous  tribe,  called  by  the 
Germans,  Witfjh.  SesQ  Pallas  Itin.  iii.  84,  tab.  iv.  and  Crantz  Greenland,  i.  114. 

lA  10, 


theufand 


M A N A T I. 


thoufand  monkey  tricks;  fometimes  fwimming  on  one  fide,  fomc- 
tiraes  on  the  other  fide  of  the  (hip,  looking  at  it  with  great 
amazement.  It  would  come  fo  near  the  fliip,  that  it  might  be 
touched  with  a pole ; but  if  any  body  ftirred,  would  immediately 
retire.  It  often  raifed  one-third  of  its  body  above  the  water,  and 
flood  ereft  for  a confiderable  time;  then  fuddenly  darted  under  the 
Ihip,  and  appeared  in  the  fame  attitude  on  the  other  fide;  and 
would  repeat  this  for  thirty  times  together.  It  would  frequently 
bring  up  a fea-plant,  not  unlike  the  bottle  gourd,  which  it  would 
tofs  about,  and  catch  again  in  its  mouth,  playing  numberlefs  fan- 
taftic  tricks  with  it. 


D 1 V, 


D I V.  IV. 


WINGED  QJJ  ADRUPEDS. 


BAT. 


304 


D I V.  IV.  Winged  Quadrupeds : 

XLIV.  BAT. 

With  long  extended  toes  to  the  fore  feet,  conneded  by  thin 
broad  membranes,  extending  to  the  hind  legs. 

495.  Ternate, 

* Without  Tails. 

Vefpertilio.lngens.  Cluf.exot.  94.  x.  55.  tah.  xiv.  xvii*.  Schreher,  185. 

Canis  volans  ternatanus  orientaiis.  !^eh,  tab.  xliv. 

Mu/,  i.  91 . tab.  Ivii.  Pteropus  rufus  aut  niger  auriculis  brevi- 

Vefpertilio  Vampyrus.  V.  ecaudatus,  h\is  zzwlwxkxxYxs.  BrrJJbn  quad.  153, 

nai'o  limplici,  niembrana  inter  femora  134.  No.  z.  Shaw  Spec.  Lin.  \'\\\. 

divifa.  Lin./y/,  .\6.  Great  Bat.  Edw.  180.  Br.Mu/.AJh. 

La  Rouflette  & la  Rougette.  DeBuffon,  Muf,  Lev.  Mus. 

The  Rousette, 

"O  with  large  canine  teeth;  four  cutting  teeth  above,  the  fame 
below;  fliarp  black  nofe : large  naked  ears;  the  tongue  Is 
pointed,  terminated  by  fliarp  aculeated  papiUce : exterior  toe  de- 
tached from  the  membrane  ; the  claw  flrong,  and  hooked  ; five 
toes  on  the  hind  feet ; talons  very  crooked,  flrong,  and  com- 
preflfed  fideways : no  tail ; the  membrane  divided  behind  quite 
to  the  rump:  head  of  a dark  ferruginous  color;  on  the  neck, 
flioulders,  and  under  flde,  of  a much  lighter  and  brighter  red : 
on  the  back  the  hair  fliorter,  duflcy,  and  fmooth  ; the  membranes 

of  the  wings  dufky ; varies  in  color;  fome  entirely  of  a reddifli 

Size. 

brown;  others  dufky.  This  now  defcribed  was  one  foot  long; 
its  extent  from  tip  to  tip  of.  the  wings  four  feet ; but  they  are 
found  vaftly  larger. 

* The  Hiftory  of  thefe  bats  has  been  greatly  elucidated  by  M.  De  la  Nux,  who 
refided  fifty  years  in  the  IJle  de  Bourbon,  where  they  are  found.  See  M.  de  Buffon, 
Suppl.  iii,  253. 

This 


1 


B A r. 


This  fpccies  is  not  gregarious,  yet  they  are  found  in  numbers  on 
the  fame  tree,  by  accidentally  meeting  there  in  fearch  of  food  : 
they  fly  by  day,  and  are  feen  arriving  one  by  one  to  the  fpot 
which  furnilhes  fubfiftence.  If  by  any  accident  they  are  frighted, 
they  will  then  quit  the  tree  in  numbers,  and  thus  fortuitoufly 
form  a flock.  It  is  different  with  the  other  fpecles. 

The  Rougette*,  or  Bat,  with  the  fame  kind  of  teeth  as  the 
other,  and  the  fhape  of  head  and  body  the  fame  : the  whole  body 
and  head  cinereous,  mixed  with  fome  black ; but  on  the  neck  is 
a great  bed  of  lively  orange,  or  red. 

The  lize  is  much  lefs;  the  extent  of  wings  being  little  more 
than  two  feet. 

They  are  both  inhabitants  of  the  fame  countries,  agree  in  their 
food,  but  differ  in  fome  of  their  manners,  which  1 fliall  diflinguifli 
in  the  following  hiftory  of  them. 

Thefe  monfters  inhabit  Guinea^  Madagajcar ^ and  all  the  iflands 
from  thence  to  the  remotefl;  in  the  Indian  ocean.  They  are  found 
again  in  New  Holland -fy  the  Friendly  ijlands,  the  New  Hebrides^ 
and  New  Caledonia  ;J;.  The  Rougettes  fly  in  flocks,  and  perfedlly 
obfcure  the  air  with  their  numbers:  they  begin  their  flight  from 
one  neighboring  illand  to  another  immediately  on  fun-fet,  and 
return  in  clouds  from  the  time  it  is  light  till  fun-rife||,  and  lodge 
during  day  in  hollow  trees : both  live  on  fruits  ; and  are  fo  fond 
of  the  juice  of  the  palm-irte,  that  they  will  intoxicate  themfelves 
with  it  till  they  drop  on  the  ground  §. 

Notwithflanding  the  fize  of  their  teeth,  they  are  not  carnivo- 
rous. Mr.  Edwards  relates,  that  they  will  dip  into  the  fea  for 


* Lev.  Mus. 
pier's  voy.  i.  381. 

VOL.  11. 


f Cook's  njoy.  Hi.  626.  J Former’s  obf.  187. 
§ Mu/eum  Hafnia,  Pars  i.  Se^,  2.  No.  18. 

R r 


Dam' 


The  Rougette. 


Size. 


Place. 


fifh. 


3o6 


< 


BAT. 

filli.  I fufpeft  that  fa6l ; but  it  is  known  that  they  fkim  the 
water  with  wonderful  eafe,  perhaps  in  fportive  moods.  They 
alfo  frequent  that  element  to  wafh  themfelves  from  any  vermin 
which  might  adhere  to  them  *.  They  fwarm  like  bees,  hanging 
near  one  another  from  the  trees  in  great  cluhers -f*-,  at  left  five 
hundred  were  obferved  hanging,  fome  by  their  fore,  others  by 
their  hind  legs,  in  a large  Cafuarina-tKtQ,  in  one  of  the  Friendly 
ijlands.  When  ihot  at,  they  flew  from  the  boughs  very  heavily, 
uttering  a flirill  piping  note;  others  again,  arrived  at  inter- 
vals from  remote  places  to  the  treej.  In  New  Caledonia.,  the 
natives  ufe  their  hair  in  ropes,  and  in  the  taflfels  of  their  clubs, 
interweaving  it  with  the  threads  of  the  Cyperus  fquarrofus.  The 
Indians  eat  them,  and  declare  the  flefli  to  be  very  good : they 
grow  exceffively  fat  at  certain  times  of  the  year.  The  French, 
who  live  in  the  IJle  de  Bourbon,  boil  them  in  their  bouillon,  to 
give  it  a relifli  ||.  The  Negroes  have  them  in  abhorrence  §.  Many 
of  th.e  RouJJettes  are  of  an  enormous  fize:  Beeckman^*  meafured 
one,  whofe  extent  from  tip  to  tip  of  the  wing  was  five  feet  four 
inches ; and  Fampier-\-\  another,  which  extended  further  than  he 
could  reach  with  ftretched-out  arms.  Their  bodies  are  from  the 
• fize  of  a pullet  to  that  of  a dove;  while  eating,  they  make  a 
great  noife:  their  fmell  rank;  their  bite,  refiftance,  and  fiercenefs 
o;reat  when  taken. 

They  bring  but  one  young  at  a time. 

The  anticnts  had  fome  knowledge  of  thefe  animals,  Herodotus\- 

* Forjier^s  bhf,  i88.  f Jrgenfola  Philip,  ijles,  15S.  Des  Marchais,\\. 

J Forjler's  ||  Foy.  de  la  Caille,  § Des  Marchais,\h\d. 

**  Vcy,  to  Borneo,  1,0).  ff  1.381,  ulit^uTce, 

Lib,  iik 


mentions 


BAT. 


mentions  certain  winged  wild  beafts,  like  bats,  that  molefted  the 
Arabs,  who  collefted  the  CaJJia,  to  fuch  a degree  that  they  were 
obliged  to  cover  their  bodies  and  faces,  all  but  their  eyes, 
with  Ikins.  It  is  very  probable,  as  M.  de  Buffon  remarks,  it  was 
from  fuch  relations  the  Poets  formed  their  fidions  of  Harpies. 

Linnceus  gives  this  fpecies  the  title  of  Vampyre,  conjecturing  it 
to  be  the  kind  which  draws  blood  from  people  in  their  fleep. 
M.  de  Buffon  denies  it,  afcribing  that  faculty  to  a fpecies  only  found 
in  5.  America:  but  there  is  reafon  to  imagine,  that  this  third  af- 
ter blood  is  not  confined  to  the  bats  of  one  continent,  nor  to 
one  fpecies ; for  Bontius  and  Nieuhoff  inform  us,  that  they  of 
Java^  feldom  fail  attacking  thofe  who  He  with  their  feet  un- 
covered, whenever  they  can  get  accefs;  zx\<\Gtimilla-\,  after  men- 
tioning a greater  and  lefTer  fpecies,  found  on  the  banks  of  the 
Orenoque,  declares  them  to  be  equally  greedy  after  human  blood. 
Perfons  thus  attacked,  have  been  known  to  be  near  pafiing  from 
a found  deep  into  eternity.  The  Bat  is  fo  dextrous  a bleeder  as 
to  infinuate  its  aculeated  tongue  into  a vein  without  being  per- 
ceived, and  then  luck  the  blood  till  it  is  fatiated ; all  the  while 
fanning  with  its  wings,  and  agitating  the  air,  in  that  hot  climate, 
in  fo  pleafing  a manner,  as  to  ding  the  fufferer  into  a dill 
founder  deep  j;.  It  is  therefore  very  undife  to  reft  either  in  the 
open  air,  or  to  leave  open  any  entrance  to  thefe  dangerous  animals ; 
but  they  do  not  confine  themfelves  to  human  blood ; for  M.  Con- 

* Bontius  India,  70.  Nieuhojp,  25 j.  Thefe  writers  fay  that  this  kind  is  at 
big  as  a pigeon.  I fufpeft  that  the  fpecies  juil  defcribed  is  common  to  India 
and  S,  America-,  Mr,  Green-wood,  painter,  long  refident  at  Surinam,  informing 
me  that  there  is  in  that  colony  a fox-colored  bat,  whofe  extent  of  wings  is  above 
four  feet. 

f Ilif.  Orenoque,  ni,  too.  UHon's  woy.i.h-i. 


R r 2 


damint 


508 


BAT. 


damim*  fay?,  that  in  certain  parts  of  America  they  have  deflroyed 
all  the  great  cattle  introduced  there  by  the  miffionaries. 

(3.  Lesser.  B.  with  head  like  a grehound:  large  teeth  like  the 
former : ears  long,  broad,  and  naked  : whole  body  covered 
with  foft  Ihort  hair  of  a draw-color : fliaped  like  the  other  in 
all  refpedts ; length,  eight  inches  three  quarters  *,  extent,  two 
feet  two  inches.  Place  unknown  to  the  gentleman  who  fa- 
vored me  with  it.  Lev.  Mus. 


496.  Spectre.  Andira-gnacu,  vefperdlio  cornutus.  P^yo  ifi.  Klein  quad. 

Braftl.  190.  Marcgrave  BrajU.  213.  Pteropus  auriculis  longis,  patulls,  nafo 
Canis  volans  maxima  aurita  fem.  ex  membrana  antrorfum  inflexa  audio. 

Nov.  Hifpania.  Seb.  Muf.  i.  tab,  Ivii.  br^JJon  quad.  154. 

Vefpertilio  Ipedtrum.  V.  ecaudatus,  nafo  Le  Vampire.  De  Buffon,'X.^^.  Schrelera 
infundibuliformi  lanceolato.  Lin.  Jyji.  192.  tab.  xlv. 

with  a long  nole  : large  teeth  : long,  broad,  and  upright 
ears : at  the  end  of  the  nofe  a long  conic  eredl  membrane, 
bending  at  the  end,  and  flexible  : hair  on  the  body  cinereous,  and 
pretty  long  ; wings  full  of  ramified  fibres:  the  membrane  extends 
from  hind  leg  to  hind  leg ; no  tail  j but  from  the  rump  extend 
three  tendons,  terminating  at  the  edge  of  the  membrane.  By 
3ize.  Seha's  figure,  the  extent  of  the  wings  is  two  feet  two  inches ; 

from  the  end  of  the  nofe  to  the  rump  feven  inches  and  a half. 
Place.  Inhabits  Sou//j  America:  lives  in  the  palm-trees:  grows  very 

fat : called  Vampyre  by  M.  de  Buffon,  who  fuppofes  it  to  be  the 
fpecies  that  fucks  human  blood  : but  neither  Pifo,  or  any  other 
writers  who  mention  thb  faft,  give  the  left  defeription  of  the  kind. 


♦ Voj.  S.  America,  83. 


Vefpertilio 


B A T. 


30^ 


Vefpertilio  Americanus  vulgaris.  Seb.  fonquad.  i6r. 

Muf.  i.  tab.  \v.fg.  2.  La  cnauve  fouris  fer  de  Lance.  DeBufon, 

Vefpertilio  peifpicillatus.  V.  ecaudatus,  xiii.  226. / xxxiii.  vit  292 

nafo  foliate  acuminato.  Lin.JyJl,\q,  tab.  Ixxiv.  Schreber,  194.  tab.  xlvi. 

y.  murini  coloris  pedibus  anticis  tetra-  B. 
dadlylis,  pofticis  pentadadylis.  Bri/- 

T3  with  large  pointed  ears  : an  ereS:  membrane  at  the  end  of 
the  nofe,  in  form  of  the  head  of  an  antient  javelin,  having 
on  each  fide  two  upright  proceffes  : no  tail : fur  cinereous : fize 
of  a common  bat. 

Inhabits  the  warm  parts  America. 

The  bat  deferibed  by  Mr,  Schreber,  p.  193.  tab.  xlvi.  A.  under 
the  title  of  La  Chauve  fouris  pelle,  has  fo  much  refemblance,  that  I 
place  it  here  as  a variety  of  the  former  ; the  nafal  membrane  be- 
ing nearly  of  the  fame  form;  the  color  differs,  the  fur  being  fer- 
ruginous. 

Vefpertilio,  roftro  appendice  auriculse  Vefpertilio  foricinus.  Pallas  Mifcel.  48. 

forma  donata  Sloane  Jam.  ii.  330.  tab.  v.  * Schreber,  195.  tab.  xlvii. 

Small  bat.  Ediv.  zoi. fg.  i.  Lev.  Mus. 

La  Feuille.  De  Bujbn,  xiii.  227. 

"O  with  fmall  rounded  ears : membrane  on  the  nofe  of  the  form 
of  an  ovated  leaf : no  tail : a web  between  the  hind  legs ; 
fur  of  a moufe-color,  tinged  with  red  : fize  of  the  laft. 

* This  feems  to  be  one  of  the  blood-fucking  fpecies,  the  tongue  being  furnifhed 
with  aculeated  papilla,  and  is  twice  the  length  of  the  nofe  j fo  is  well  adapted  for 
that  purpofe. 


497.  Javemn, 

Size. 

Place.  . 


498.  Leaf, 
Size, 


Inhabits 


t 


310 

BAT. 

Place. 

Inhabits  Jamaica^  Surinam,  and  Senegal:  in  the  firft  lives  in 
caves  in  woods,  which  are  found  full  of  its  dung,  produilive  of 

falt-petre  : feeds  on  the  prickly  pear. 

499.  CORDATED. 

Glis  volans  Ternatanus.  Seb.  Muf.  i tab,  Vefpertilio  fpafina.  V.  ecaudatus  nafo  fo- 
Wi.fg.i.  Schreber,i()i.tzh.xWin.  liato  obcordato.  Lin.  fyji. 

• 

Place. 

T3  with  very  broad  and  long  ears : at  the  end  of  the  nofe  a 
heart-fliaped  membrane ; no  tail:  a web  between  the  hind 
legs : color  of  the  face  a very  light  red ; that  of  the  body  ftill 
paler. 

Inhabits  Ceylon,  and  the  ifle  of  ‘Ternate,  one  of  the  Moluccas. 

500.  Peruvian. 

•s  * With  tails. 

Chauve-fouris  de  la  Vallee  d’Ylo.  FeuilUe  tab.  Ix. 

ohf.  Peru,  1714./).  623.  Schreber  ig6,  Velpertilio  Leporlnus.  Gm,  Lin.  47, 

Size. 

*0  with  a head  like  a pug-dog : large  flrait  ears,  lharp  at  the 
ends  and  pointing  forwards  : two  canine  teeth,  and  two  fmall 
cutting  teeth  between  each,  in  each  jaw  : tail  enclofed  in  the  mem- 
brane which  joins  to  each  hind  leg,  and  is  alfo  fupported  by  two 
long  cartilaginous  ligaments  involved  in  the  membrane : color  of 
the  fur  iron-grey ; but  erroneoufly  colored  in  the  print,  of  a ftraw 
color:  body  equal  to  that  of  a middle-fized  rat : extent  of  wings 
two  feet  five  inches. 

p.  With 


B A T. 


(3.  With  a large  head  and  hanging  lips,  like  the  chops  of  a 
maftiifF:  nofe  bilobated  ; upper  lip  divided  : ftrait,  long,  and 
narrow  ears,  fliarp-pointed  : teeth  like  the  former ; tail  fnort ; 
a few  joints  of  it  (land  out  of  the  membrane,  which  extends 
far  beyond  it;  is  angular,  and  ends  in  a point:  claws  on  the 
hind  feet  large,  hooked,  and  comprefled  fideways  ; membranes 
of  the  wings  dufky,  very  thin : fur  on  the  head  and  back 
brown;  on  the  belly,  cinereous.  Length,  from  the  nofe  to  the  Size. 
end  of  the  membrane,  above  five  inches ; extent  of  wings, 
twenty. 

Inhabits  Peru  and  the  Mofquito  fhore  : the  laft  was  given  me  Place. 

by  John  Ellis,  Efq;  F.R.  S.  It  differed  from  the  former  in  fize, 
being  lefs ; in  all  other  refpedls  agreed, 

Linnaus,  carried  away  by  love  of  fyftem,  places  this,  on  ac- 
count of  its  having  only  two  cutting  teeth  in  each  jaw,  among 
the  Glires,  next  to  the  fquirrels,  under  the  name  of  Nohlilio 
Amerkanus.  But  fuch  is  the  variety  in  the  numbers  and  difpofi- 
tion  of  the  teeth  in  the  animals  of  this  genus,  that  he  might 
form  almoft  as  many  genera  out  of  it  as  there  are  fpecies.  But 
as  the  Bats  have  other  fuch  ftriking  charadlers,  it  is  unneceffary 
to  have  recourfe  to  the  more  latent  marks  to  form  its  definition. 

The  fame  may  be  faid  of  feveral  other  animals. 

Autre  Chauve  fouris,  De  Buffon,  x.  84,  87.  tab.  xix.  fg.  i,  2.  Schreler,  207.  tab,  Bull-dog 

xlix.  Lev.  Mus.  ^ 

T)  with  broad  round  ears,  the  edges  touching  each  other  in 
front  : nofe  thick  : lips  pendulous  : upper  part  of  the  body 
of  a deep  afb-color ; the  lower  paler ; tail  long ; the  five  laft 
X 7 joints 


312 


BAT, 


SiZE. 

joints  quite  dlfengaged  from  the  membrane.  Length  above  two 
inches ; extent  nine  and  a half. 

Place. 

Inhabits  the  IVeJi  Indies. 

502.  Senegal, 

Chauve-fouris  etrangere.  De  Buffon,x.  Lev.  Mus. 

82,  tab.  xvii.  Schreber,  206.  tab.  Iviii.  Vefpertilio  njgrita.  Gm.  Lin.  49. 

Size. 

"O  with  a long  head  ; nofe  a little  pointed : ears  fliort,  and 
pointed  : head  and  body  a tawny  brown  mixed  with  afli- 
color : belly  paler  : two  laft  joints  of  the  tail  extend  beyond  the 
membrane.  Length  from  nofe  to  rump,  above  four  inches  j ex- 
tent 21. 

Place. 

Inhabits  Senegal. 

503,  Pouch. 

La  Chauve-fouris  a bourfe.  Schreber,  209.  tab.  Ivii. 

Size. 

Place. 

TT  7lTH  the  nofe  fomewhat  produced  : the  end  thickeft,  and 
’ ’’  befet  with  fine  whilkers  : the  chin  divided  by  a fulcus  : ears 
long,  rounded  at  their  ends : on  each  wing,  near  the  fecond  joint, 
is  a fmall  purfe,  or  pouch  : the  tail  is  only  partly  involved  in  the 
membrane ; the  end  hanging  out : color  of  the  body  a cinereous 
brown  : the  belly  paler. 

Length  an  inch  and  a half. 

Inhabits  Surinam. 

Autre 


Autre  Chauve-fourls  de  la  Guy  arm.  De  Buffon,Sitppkm,  vli.  214.  tab.  Ixxv^ 

"O  with  large  pendulous  ears^  pointed  at  the  ends : nofe  obtufe  at 
the  end;  tail  long,  included  in  the  membrane,  and  ending 
with  a hook  ; color  above,  a deep  chefnut ; lighter  on  the  belly, 
and  cinereous  on  the  fides  : length  three  inches  and  four  lines : 
extent  of  wings  fifteen  inches. 

Inhabits  Guiana^ 


Autre  Chauve-fouris.  De  Bujfan,  x.  92.  tah.  xxGJig.  3.  Schreher,  204.  tab.  Ivi. 

Lev.  Mus. 

13  with  the  noftrils  qpen  for  a great  way  up  the  nofe  : hair  on 
the  forehead  and  under  the  chin  very  long;  ears  long  and 
narrow  : upper  part  of  the  head  and  body  of  a reddilh  brown ; 
the  lower  of  a dirty  white  tinged  with  yellow  ; tail  included  in 
a membrane  very  full  of  nerves.  A fmall  fpecies, 

Bwith  a head  fliaped  like  that  of  a moufe ; top  of  the  nofe 
• a little  bifid ; ears  fhort,  broad,  and  rounded  : no  cutting 
teeth  i two  canine  in  each  jav/ : tail  very  long,  inclofed  in  the 
membrane,  which  is  of  a conic  fliape : head,  body,  and  the 
whole  upper  fide  of  the  membrane  which  inclofes  the  tail,  co- 
vered with  long  very  foft  hair  of  a bright  tawny  color,  lighted 
on  the  head  and  beginning  of  the  back ; the  belly  paler : at 
the  bafe  of  each  wing  a white  fpot : wings  thin,  naked,  and 
VoL.  II,  S s dulky  ; 


504.  Slouch* 

E AR.EO. 


Place. 


505.  Bearded. 


506.  New  Vork 


3*4 


BAT. 


Size. 

dufky:  bones  of  the  hind  legs  very  flender.  Length,  from  nofe  to 
tail  two  inches  and  a halfj  tail  one  inch  eight-tenths;  extent  of 
wln2,s  ten  and  a half. 

Place. 

Inhabits  North  America.  Communicated  by  Mr.  AJhton  Blacks 
hurne*.  It  is  alfo  found  in  New  Zeland-\,  Mr.  Schreber  de- 
^ fcribes  it  from  me,  in  p.  212.  Lev.  Mus. 

507.  Striped. 

Autre  Chauve-fourls.  De  Buffon,  x.  92.  tah.  xx.  fig.  3.  Zooph,  Gronov.  No.  2j, 

Schuher,  205.  tab.  xlix. 

Size. 

T>  with  a fmall  Ihort  nofe;  cars  fhort,  broad,  and  pointing 
forward:  body  brown;  wings  ftriped  with  black,  and 
fometimes  with  tawny  and  brown.  Length,  from  nofe  to  the 
end  of  the  tail,  two  inches : varies  in  color ; the  upper  part  of 
the  body  being  fometimes  of  a clear  reddiih  brown,  the  lower 
whitifli. 

Place. 

Inhabits  ; called  there,  KiriwoulaX.  I may  add  to  this 

little  fpecies  of  Bat,  the  mention  of  a minute  kind  feen  and  heard 
in  myriads  of  numbers  in  the  ifle  of  Tanna^  one  of  the  New  He^ 
brides,  but  which  efcaped  every  attempt  of  our  voyagers  to  ob- 
tain  a near  examination  1|. 

* The  Rev.  M.  Clayton  mentions  another  fpecies  of  North  American  Bat ; large, 
with  great  ears,  and  long  firaggling  hairs.  Phil.  Tran/,  abridg.  iii.  594. 
t For/ePf  ob/erv.  189.  J Pallas  Mi/cel. ||  For/ePs  ob/. 

Vefpertilio 


BAT. 


3^5 


Vefpertilio  Cephalotes,  Pallas  Spicil.  Zool.  fafc.  iii.  lo.  tab,  i.  Schreher,  zoS,  tab,  508.  Molocca, 

Ixi.  Lev,  Mus. 

T>  with  a large  head:  thick  nofe:  finallears:  tubular  noftrils, 
terminating  outwards  in  form  of  a fcrevv : upper  lip  di- 
vided : tongue  covered  with  papillte  and  minute  fpines : claw, 
or  thumb,  joined  to  the  wing  by  a membrane  : firft  ray  of  the 
wing  terminated  by  a claw  : end  of  the  tail  reaches  beyond  the 
membrane:  color  of  the  head  and  back  greyidi  afh-color;  that 
in  the  Lever i an  Museum  of  a fine  ftraw-color : the  belly  dull 
white.  Length,  from  nofe  to  rump,  three  inches  three  quarters ; Size. 
extent  of  wings  about  fifteen. 

Inhabits  the  Molucca  ifles.  Defcribed  firfi;  by  that  very  able  Place. 
naturalifl:  Dodlor  Pallas. 


Vefpertilio  Lepturus.  Scbreher,  xzh.Wn.  Gm.  Lin.  Slender 

tailed. 

T)  with  tubular  noftrils : long  eredh  ears : color  dulky  above, 
cinereous  beneath. 

Inhabits  Surinam.  Place. 


Vefpertilio  Laiiurus.  Schreher,  tab.  Ixii.  Gm.  Lin,  50, 

Bwith  upright  fmall  ears  : tail  broad  at  the  bafe,  terminating  in 
• a point  thickly  covered  with  hair:  color  a reddilb  brown: 
a fmall  fpecies. 

Place  unknown. 


S s 2 


V®rpertiiio 


3i6 


BAT. 


511.  Lascoptj 

RV5. 


512.  Hor$e-shoe. 


Sizi. 


Plac*. 


Vefpertilio  Lafcopt«rus.  Schreher,  tab.  Ivill.  B.  Gm,  Lin.  50. 

Bwith  a mofl;  prominent  rounded  forehead  ; Ihort  nofe  : color  a 
• bright  ruft:  upper  part  of  the  wings  of  a paler  ruft  : ends  and 
lower  parts  of  the  wings  black.  By  Mr.  Schrebn  s figure  it  feems  a 
large  fpecies. 

Place  unknown. 

La  Chauve-fouris  fer  a Cheval,  De  Buffon,  vlii.  131,  132.  tah,  xvll.  xx.  ^chnler,. 
210.  tab.  Ixii.  Br,  Zool.  i.  129. 

T>  with  a membrane  at  the  end  of  the  nofe  in  form  of  a horfe- 
flioe:  ears  large,  broad  at  their  bafe,  and  fliarp-pointed,  in- 
clining backward : wants  the  little  or  internal  ear : color  of  the 
upper  part  of  the  body  deep  cinereous  j of  the  lower,  whitifli. 
There  is  a greater  and  lefler  variety ; the  greater  is  above  three 
inches  and  a half  long  from  the  nofe  to  the  tip  of  the  tail : its 
extent  above  fourteen.  This  and  all  the  following  have  the  tail 
inclofed  in  the  membrane. 

Inhabits  Burgundy i and  has  lately  been  difcovered  in  Kent,  by 
Mr.  Latham,  of  Dartford-,  found  alfo  about  the  Cafpian  fea.  The 
long-eared  Bat,  519,  has  alfo  been  obferved  there,  and  at  Peterf- 
hurg.  This  and  the  four  next  were  firfi:  difcovered  by  M.  de  Buf- 
fon, whofe  names  I retain. 


La 


B A r. 


3>7 


JLa  Noftule.  Z)#  "Buffon,  vili.  128.  tah,  xviii.  Schrehtr,  200.  tab.  lii.' 

Great  Bat.  Br.Zool.  illujir,  tab.zm,  Br.ZooLi,  128. 

T>  with  the  nofe  flightly  bilobated  ; ears  fmall  and  rounded  : 
on  the  chin  a minute  verruca:  hair  of  a reddiib  afh-color. 
Length  to  the  rump  two  inches  eight-tenths;  tail  one  feven- 
tenth ; extent  of  wings  thirteen  inches. 

Inhabits  Great  Britain  and  France ; very  common  in  the  open 
deferts  of  RuJJia,  wherever  they  can  find  fhelter  in  caverns : flies 
high  in  fearch  of  food,  not  Ikimming  near  the  ground.  A 
gentleman  informed  me  of  the  following  faff,  relating  to  thofe 
animals,  wliich  he  was  witnefs  to : — that  he  faw  taken  under  the 
eaves  of  ^.eens  College,  Cambridge,  in  one  night,  one  hundred 
and  eighiy-flve;  the  fccond  night  flxty-three ; the  third  night 
two ; and  that  each  that  was  meafured  had  fifteen  inches  extent 
•of  wings 


La  Serotine.  De  Buffon,  vlii.  izg,  tab.  xviii.  Schreher,  zoi.  tab.  liii. 

with  a longifli  nofe  : ears  fliort,  but  broad  at  the  bafe  : hair 
.iLi  < on  the  upper  part  of  the  body  brown,  mixed  with  ferrugi- 
.nor:.,  the  belly  of  a paler  color.  Length  from  nofe  to  rump, 
two  inches  and  a half:  no  tail. 

* No  ir  tice  was  taken  of  the  fpecles ; but,  by  the  fize,  it  could  be  neither  of  the 
common  kinds.  I never  faw  but  one  fpecimen  of  Nodule,  which  was  caught 
during  winter  in  Flinfjhlre, 

Inhabits  s 


513.  Noctule. 

Size. 

Place, 


314.  Ss ROT  IKE. 
Size. 


3i8 

Place. 


515.  Greater 
Serotine. 


Place. 


516,  Pipist- 
relle. 


Size. 


Place. 


B A T. 

Inhabits  France ; found  in  caverns  of  rocks  upon  the  river  y/r- 
gun,  beyond  Baikal-,  but  as  yet  not  difcovered  in  any  other 
part  of  the  vafl  Ruffian  dominions. 


La  Grande  Serotine  de  la  Guyanne.  De  Buffon  Supplem.  vil.  289.  tab.  Ixili. 

T>  with  a very  long,  ftrait  and  ftrong  nofe,  floping  down  at  the 
end:  ears  long,  ere(5h,  dilated  towards  the  bottom,  rounded 
at  the  end  : color  of  the  upper  parts  of  a reddifh  chefnut  j fides  a 
clear  yellow,  reft  of  a dirty  white.  Length  five  inches  eight  lines: 
extent  of  wings  two  feet ; no  tail. 

Inhabits  Guiana:  afifembles  in  vaft  numbers  in  open  places,  par- 
ticularly meadows  and  flies  in  company  with  the  goat-fuckers, 
and  both  together,  in  fuch  numbers  as  to  darken  the  air. 


La  Pipiftrelle.  De  Buffon,  vlii.  129.  tab.  x\x,fig.  2.  Schreler,  202.  tab.  liv. 

T>  vvith  a fmall  nofe  : the  upper  lip  fwelling  out  a little  on 
each  fide:  the  ears  broad  : the  forehead  covered  with  long 
hair  : color  of  the  upper  part  of  the  body  a yellowifli  brown  ; 
the  lower  part  dulky  ; the  lips  yellow.  The  left  of  Bats ; not  an 
inch  and  a quarter  long  to  the  rump:  extent  of  wings  fix  and 
a half. 

Inhabits  ; common  in  the  rocky  and  mountanous  parts 

of  RuJJia  and  Siberia, 


5 


La 


BAT. 


3^9 


La  Earbaftelle.  De  Buffon,  vili.  130.  tah,  i.  Schreher,  203.  tab.  Iv. 


"O  with  a funk  forehead : long  and  broad  ears ; the  lower  part 
of  the  inner  fides  touching  each  other,  and  conceal  the  face 
and  head  when  looked  at  in  front : the  nofe  fliort ; the  end  flat- 
ted : cheeks  full  : the  upper  part  of  the  body  of  a dulky  brown ; 
the  lower,  afli-colored  and  brown.  Its  length  to  the  rump  about 
two  inches ; its  extent  ten  and  a half. 

Inhabits  France, 


Nvxri^K;.  Artjl . hij^.  an,  lih.  i.  f.  5. 
Vefpertilio.  Plinii  lib,  x.  c,  61.  Ge/ner 
quad.  766.  Agricola  Anim,  Subter.  483. 
Bat,  Flitter  moufe.  Raii/yn.  quad,  243. 
Rear  moufe.  Charlton  Ex,  80. 

Vefpertilio  major.  Speck -maus,  Fleder- 
maui.  Kltirt  quad,  61. 

Vefpertilio  murinus,  V.  caudatus  nafo 


oreque  fimplici,  auribus  capite  mlno- 
ribus.  Lin.fyft,  47. 

Laderlap,  Fladermus.  Faun./uec,  No,  z. 
La  grande  Chauve-fouris  de  notre  pais. 
Brijfon  quad,  i j 8.  Ds  Buffon,  viii.  113. 
tab,  xvi. 

Short-eared  Bat.  Br.  Zool.  i.  130.  Ed<w, 
201.  Schreber,  199.  tab. li.  Lev.Mus. 


T)  with  flaort  ears:  moufe-colored  fur  tinged  with  red.  Length 
two  inches  and  a half ; extent  of  wings  nine. 

Inhabits  Europe:  the  moft  common  fpecies  in  England. 


517.  Bareas- 

TELLE. 

Size. 

Place. 

5 18.  Com  MON. 

Size. 

Place. 


Souris 


■3 


BAT. 


519.  IjONG-E.\Pv- 
. E^D, 


Size. 


■ Place. 


) 


i 


Souris  Chauve,  Rattepenade.  Belcn  oyf,  Brijfon  quad . 160.  Shaw  fpic.  Lin,  vU, 

147.  L'Oreiliar.  De  Buffan,  viii.  118.  tab. 

Vefpertilio  auriuis.  V.  nafo  oreque  fim-  xvii.  Schreher,  1 97.  tab.  1. 

plici,  auricalis  dupUcatis,  capite  ma-  Long-eared  Bat.  Edw.  201.  Br.  Zool.  i. 
]o\  \h\xi.  Lin.  fy ft . . Faun.  Jusc.  No.  i.  129.  Br.  Zool.  iilujlr.  ciii.  Lev. 
KL in  quad.  61.  M U S . 

. La  petite  Chauve-fourls  de  notre  pals. 

T>  with  ears  above  an  inch  long,  thin,  and  almofi:  pellucid  : 
body  and  tail  only  one  inch  three  quarters  long.  This 
and  all  other  Bats,  except  the  Ternate  and  the  Horfe-Jboe,  have  a 
leffer  or  internal  ear,  ferving  as  a valve  to  dole  the  greater  when 
the  animal  is  afleep. 

Inhabits  Europe,  and  is  found  in  Great  Britain.  Bats  appear 
abroad  in  this  country  early  in  the  fpring;  fometimes  are  tempted 
by  a w'arm  day  to  Tally  out  in  winter;  fly  in  the  evenings-,  live 
on  moths  and  other  nodlurnal  infedts ; Ikim  along  the  w'ater  in 
quell  of  gnats ; fly  by  jerks,  not  with  the  regular  motion  of 
birds,  for  which  the  antients  miftake  them ; frequent  glades 
and  thady  places ; will  go  into  larders,  and  gnaw  any  meat  they 
find  : bring  two  young  at  a time,  which  they  fuckle  at  their 
bread: : retire  at  the  end  of  fummer  into  caves,  the  eaves  of  houfes, 
and  into  ruined  buildings,  in  vaft  multitudes,  where  they  gene- 
rally remain  torpid,  fufpended  by  the  hind  legs,  enveloped  in 
their  wings ; are  the  prey  of  owls:  their  voice  weak.  Ovid  takes 
notice  both  of  that  and  the  origin  of  the  Latin  name. 

Minimam  pro  corpore  vocem 
Emittiint ; peraguntque  leves  ftridore  querelas. 

TePiaqtie,  non  fylvas  celebrant : lucemque  perofre 
No5ie  volant  : feroque  trahunt  a vefpere  nomen. 

6 ADDITIONS. 


A PROOF  of  their  being  prolific  was  produced  by  Mr. 

^ in  the  parifn  of  Newtyle,  in  the  fiiire  of  Forfar,  about 
twenty  years  age,  when  a flie-mule,  which  he  turned  to  a horfes 
brought  a foal  which  much  refembled  the  female  parent.  But 
as  there  is  a fuperfiition  in  Scotland  about  thefe  produdlions^  the 
foal  was  put  to  death,  being  confidered  as  a monfter. 


Mules. 
page  8. 


SUMATRAN  ANTELOPE, 

As  communicated  by  Dodtor  Shaw, 


Antelope, 
p.  104. 


Camhing  ooian,  or  Goat  of  the  woods,  Marfden'i  Sumatra,  93, 


SIZE  of  a common  goat,  but  ftands  confiderably  higher  on  its 
legs:  color  an  uniform  black,  but  each  hair  when  narrowly 
examined  is  grey  towards  the  bafe:  on  the  top  of  the  neck  juft 
above  the  fhoulders  a patch  of  whitilb,  briftly,  long  flrait  hair, 
much  fironger  than  the  reft,  and  having  fomewhat  the  appear- 
ance of  a partial  mane : on  each  fide  of  the  lower  jaw  a longitu- 
dinal patch  of  yellowifh  white:  ears  moderate,  marked  internally 
with  three  obfeure  longitudinal  bands  of  white,  as  in  fome  of  the 
antelopes:  horns  fix  inches  long,  bending  llightly  backwards, 
iltarp-pointed,  black  and  annulated  near  half  their  length  with 
VoL.  n.  T t prominent 


322 

ADDITIONS. 

prominent  rings:  tail  about  the  length  of  horns,  and  fliarpilh; 
hoofs  rather  fmall  and  black;  hair  on  the  whole  animal  rather 
harfli,  and  not  lighter-colored  below,  or  on  the  belly,  than  above. 

“ In  its  difpofition  it  is  wild  and  fierce,  and  is  faid  by  the  natives 
to  be  remarkably  fwift : we  are  obliged  to  the  author  of  the  elegant 
hiftory  of  Sumatra  for  the  difcovery  of  this  animal. 

Monkey. 
p.  226, 

PROBOSCIS  MONKEY. 

La  Guenon  a long  nez.  De  Buffon  Supplem.  vii.  53.  tab.  xi.  xli. 

Size. 

T\yr  with  the  nofe  proje6lIng  very  far  beyond  the  mouth,  like  the 
iVl  0 but  divided  in  the  middle  by  a fhallow  furrow: 

in  the  profile  it  exadly  refembles  a long  probofcis,  and  makes  a ri- 
diculous appearance:  the  forehead  hangs  far  over  the  bafe  of  the 
nofe:  the  face  is  hooked,  of  a brown  color,  marked  with  blue  and 
red  : the  head  covered  with  thick  hair  of  a chefnut  brown;  the  ears 
broad,  thin,  and  naked,  hid  in  the  fur : the  body  is  large,  cloathed 
with  hair  of  a brown  chefnut  color;  orange  on  the  breafl;  round 
the  throat,  neck,  and  fhoulders,  the  hair  is  longer  than  that  on  the 
reft  of  the  body,  and  forms  a fort  of  ftiort  cloak,  of  a color  con- 
traftingthat  of  the  face  ; the  legs  are  covered  with  fhort  tawny  hair: 
the  length  from  the  tip  of  the  nofe  to  the  bafe  of  the  tail  is  two 
feet : of  the  tail,  above  two  feet. 

Place, 

Inhabits  the  Eaji  Indies;  but  the  particular  part  is  not  mentioned. 

THE 


cv. 


■ / / 


• 


C\'J  . 


IZ.-i. 


ADDITIONS. 


THE  HEART-MARK*D  MAUCAUCO. 

T HAVE  totally  forgotten  the  friend  who  obliged  me  with  the 
**■  drawing  of  this  animal,  and  the  place  it  came  fromj  but  pro- 
bably  from  MadagafcaVy  or  the  neighboring  ifles,  the  feat  of  moft 
of  the  congenerous  fpecies. 

All  the  upper  parts  of  the  body  are  of  a deep  cinereous  brown  : 
the  face  marked  with  large  white  heart-lbaped  fpots ; the  broader 
part  extends  between  the  ears;  the  point  reaches  almoft  to  the  nofe : 
the  belly,  legs,  and  feet,  are  white.  I am  at  a lofs  for  the  lizej  but 
poffibly  the  gentleman  from  whom  I received  the  drawing  may 
reveal  himfelf,  and  communicate  the  wanted  particulars.  • 


/^NE  which  was  examined  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  by  Captain 
Blanket y had  ears  like  thofe  of  a lurcher,  but  larger,  and  more  on 
the  top  of  the  head.  It  could  turn  them  on  all  Tides  with  great 
facility : feet  flatter  than  thofe  of  other  dogs.  It  could  not 
bark  or  howl,  but  only  cried : was  very  fierce,  and  maftered  the 
tame  dogs  it  was  with,  though  it  was  only  a young  one. 


SLENDER  TOED  WEESEL. 

Wwith  (hort  rounded  ears ; fur  foft  and  fine,  grizzled  mi- 
• nutely  with  black  and  rufous:  toes  very  long  and  flen- 
der;  five  in  number;  each  lobated  at  the  bottom  of  the  firft 

T t 2 joint ; 


32a 


Mavcauco. 
P-  *34” 


Wild  Docs. 
p.  236. 


3*4 


ADDITIONS. 


Pl.A«E, 


joint:  claws  fmall:  the  upper  part  of  the  toes  and  part  of  thti 
legs  covered  with  (hort  velvet-like  down. 

Length  from  the  tip  of  the  nofe  to  the  bafe  of  the  tail  feven 
inches:  tail  about  the  fame  length;  bulhy  or  covered  with  long 
hairs  of  the  fame  color  with  the  rat. 

A native  of  Cochin  China* 

THE  ERMINED  WEESEL; 

Wwith  ears  fliort,  round  and  naked;  within  of  a fine  pink 
• color:  tip  of  the  nofe  black:  head  white  and  plain; 
the  reft  of  the  body  and  tail  white : the  firft  fpotted  with  er- 
mine-like black  fpots,  difpofed  in  rows  from  neck  to  tail,  on 
the  fides  as  well  as  back : the  tail  annulated  with  black : the  hairs 
on  all  parts  of  the  tail  ftiort,  only  the  end  is  tufted  with  black. 

The  legs  remarkably  ftrong,  and  thick  covered  to  the  very 
claws  with  long  bright  ferruginous  hairs:  claws  fharp  and  white; 
length  of  the  head  three  inches  and  a half;  of  the  neck  and 
body  from  head  to  tail  lixteen  inches  and  a half ; of  the  tail 
eleven  and  a half. 

This  elegant  animal  is  likewife  a native  of  Cochin  Chinas  and 
with  the  former,  communicated  to  us  by  the  friendfhip  of  Lieut. 
Col.  Davits,  of  the  artillery. 


A 

% 


INDEX. 


cN’in 


X'l. 


OK, 


(^  ///// //rr/  ^/fr.  U’/ . 


A Vol.  Page 

NT-Eater,  or  Ant-Bear  II.  256 
Antelopes,  their  general 

hiftory  — I,  68 

— Species  of  — I.  70 

Apes,  their  general  hiftory  — I.  178 


Sea 

Armadillo 
Afs  — 

Wild 

Axis 

— Greater 


Baboons 

Baby-rou/Ta 

Badger 

Bats 

Bear 

— Polar 
Beave  r 


Its  wondrous  ceconomy  • 
Sea,  <vide  Sea  Otter.  - 


Beaver-Eater 
Beluga  — 

Bezoar 

Bifon,  Scottilh 
Buck  — 

Buffalo,  Indian 
When 


introduced 

Europe 
American 
Dwarf,  or  Anoa 


— IT.  301 
— II.  246 

— I.  8 

— I.  8 

— I.  1 17 

— I.  118 


I.  188 
I.  148 

II.  14 
II.  304 
II.  I 
ir.  5 
II.  1 14 
II.  115 
II.  83 
II.  9 
II.  301 

I.  58 
I.  17 
1. 1 13 
I.  28 


into 


— I, 


lull 


Naked, 

Ceylon 


or  Bonafus 


I.  29 
I.  23 

30,  36 

I.  30 
I-  3> 
I.  16 


Bull-Dog 


Vol.  Page 

i.  242 

c 

Arabian  ' — 

I.  129 

Baftrian  — 

1.  132 

Peruvian,  or  Llama  — 

‘33 

The  only  native  bead  of 

burden  in  America  — 

I-  13+ 

Vicunna 
Paicos 
Guanaco 
Chilihucque 


Camelopard 

CaJioreu?n  

Cat,  Common  

Wild  

Tiger  

Mountain  — 

Civet  

Angora  

Cavy,  various  fpecies  of 
Chamois  • — — 

Chimpanzee  

Civet  — — 


D 


Deer, 


Elk,  or  Moofe 

Rein  

Fallow  

Mexican  

Porcine  — 

Grey  -■ 

Virginian 

Red,  Stag,  or  Hart 


I.  136 
I-  >37 
I.  138 
1.  138 
I.  65 
II.  118 

I.  295 
I.  296 
I.  277 

I.  300 
II.  70 

I.  296 

II.  88 
I.  72 
I.  180 

II.  70 


I.  105 
I.  105 
I.  HI 
I.  113 
1.  122 
I.  119 
I.  123 
I.  116 
I.  114 


* In  this  Index  very  few  of  the  Species  arc  enumerated,  that  having  been  amply  done  under  the 
Index  of  Genera;  to  which  the  Reader  is  referred,  the  Genera  being  here  printed  in  capitals  for 
that  purpofe,  under  which  he  will  find  all  the  Species  belonging  to  each. 


Deer, 


N D 


X. 


Vol.  Page 

Deer,  Axis  1.117,118 

— — Rib-faced  — I.  119 

— — Tail-lefs  - — I.  121 

Do  Gs,  the  different  varieties  — - I.  23; 


Wild 


Dormoufe,  Common 

Dromedary  

Dlhikketaei  — 


Elephant 


Elk  _ 
Ermine 


Ferret  >■ 

Filher 

Fitchet 

Flitter-Moufe 

Folfane 

Foumart 

Fox 

— Crcfs 
— — Brant 
— - Corfak 
— — Ardlic 
Grey 
’ Silvery 


— I.  236 

— II-  157 

— I.  129 

— I.  4 


Teeth  — 

American  — 


Gazelle,  njide  Antelope  - 

Genet  - — 

Giraffe  —■  — 

Glutton 

Gnou  “ — — « - 

Goat,  Wild,  or  Ibex  - 

—  DomelHc  — 

Angora  — ~ 

; — Syrian,  or  long-cared 

—  African  •—  — 

■ Caucafan  — 

Whidaw  — 

_ Capricorn  ~ 


Goat,  Pudu 

Greyhound 

Guanaco 


Hamfter 

Hare 


H 


I.  165 
I.  172 

I.  174 
I.  IOC 

II.  35 


II.  40 
II.  50 
II.  37 
IL  319 

II.  75 
II*  33 
I.  251 
I.  25 1 
I.  252 

I.  253 
I.  255 

L 259 
1.  260 


I.  89 

II.  74 
I.  65 

II.  10 
I.  70 
I.  5? 
I.  60 
I.  61 
I.  63 
I.  64 
I.  57 
I.  63 
I.  64 


Alpine 

— Baikal 

Hart  

Hedge-hog 
Hippopotame 
Hog  — 

Horse  — 


Wild 


Vol.  Page 

— I.  64 

— I.  241 
~ I.  138 


— II.  206 

— II.  98 

— II.  107 

— II.  104 

— I.  1 14 

— II.  234 

— I.  157 

— I.  140 

— I.  I 

— I.  2 


Hound 

Hy^  NA 


Sea,  'vide  Hippopotame. 


Spotted 


I.  239 
1.  270 
I.  272 


Jackal  — I.  272 

Ibex  — I*  55 

Ichneumon,  deftroyer  of  ferpents  II.  54 


Jerboa 


Kangaru 

Karagan 


Lamantia 
Leming 
Leopard 
Lion  — - 

Lizard,  Scaly 
Llama 

Lynx  ~ 

Bay 

— — Cafpian 


K 


Mammouth’s  bones 
Man  of  the  Wood 
Manipcuris  — 
Manati  - — 


M 


— II.  164 


II.  29 
I.  252 


II.  298 
II.  198 
I.  282 

I.  274 

II.  252 
I.  «33 
I.  301 

I 303 

1.  3C»4 


I.  172 
I.  191 
I.  163 
II.  2Q2 
Mandril 


INDEX 


Mandrill  — 

Manis  ~ 

Marmots 
Martin 

■ Pine 

Mauc  AUCOS 

Minx  — 

Mococo  — 

Mole-Rats 

Mo  I,  E s 

Mongooz 
MoNKiES 
Moofe  — 

Morse  — 

Moufe  — 

Mule,  Wild 
Mule  — 

Mufimon 
Musk,  Animal 
• Rat 


Vol.  Page 

— I.  190 

— n.  252 
— II.  128 
— II.  41 
■—  II.  42 

•—  1. 227 

— II.  81 

— 1. 230 
•—  II.  214 
— II.  229 

— 1. 229 
•-  1. 199 

— 1. 105 
— II.  266 

— II.  184 

— I.  4 

— I.  8 

— I.  44 

— I.  124 

— 11.  221 


N 

Norway  Rat  


- II.  i7§ 


O 

Once  ' 

Opossum  — 

Orang  Outang  

Otter  

Otter,  Sea  

Ox  

— Great  Indian 

Ahyffinian  ■■  "»■- 

Madagalcar 

— Lant  or  Dant 

Holftein  and  Jutland 

Podolian  and  Hungarian 

Granting  

Mullc  

■ Cape  - - - 

' — American  


— 1.285 
— II.  18 
■ — I.  180 

— II.  77 
— II.  83 

— I.  16 
I.  20,  21 

— I.  2 1 

— I.  21 

I.  21 

I.  2 I 

I.  21 

I.  2 2 

I.  24 

— I.  31 
~ I.  32 

— I.  23 


Pacos 


Panther 

Pecary 

Pekan 

Pig,  Guinea 
Pole-cat 


American 


Porcupine 


Vol.  Page 

— I. 280 

— I.  147 


— II. 

— II. 
~ II. 

— II. 


5* 

90 

37 

64 


— II.  122 


incapable  of  darting 


Potto 
Puma  ■— 

Pygmies,  what 


its  quills 


— II-  123 
II.  59 
I.  2§9 
1. 183 


Q_ 

Qnagga  

Quick-hatch  — " ■ 
Quojas  Morrou  — — 


I. 

II. 


H 

8 


I.  180 


R 

Rabbet  — — — 
Raccoon  - — — 

- — ' Norway  — 

Water  — — 

Mufk  

Ratel  - 

Rein  Deer  

Rhinoceros  — 

River  Hog  

Roebuck  — 


— II,  102 
~ II.  12 

— II.  172 
— - II.  178 

— II.  182 

— II.  221 

— II.  66 
— I.  HI 
— I.  ICO 

— II.  88 

— I.  1 20 


S 

Sable  - — — ‘ 

Schakal  ■■ 

Sea  Bear  — 

Ape  - ■■  — » 

Calf  

Cow  - 

Horfe  

Lion  

Seal  — 

Sheep  ■ 

Cretan  — 

— — — Hornlefs 
Many-horned 


— n.  43 

— 1. 261 

— II.  281 
II.  301 
II.  270 
-—If.  266 
— II.  266 
— II.  286 

— n.  270 
f-  I.  37 

— I.  38 
— I-  39 

— 39 

, African 


N D E X. 


Sheep,  African 

— Broad-tailed 

—  ' . Sibirian 

Corlican 

—  — Bearded 

Shrew  Motafe  — 

Sly  ah  Ghufh  ■ 

Skunk  - ' ■■■ 

Sloth  — — 

Sqjjirrels  — 

Stag  

Stoat  

Strepficeros  

Sukotyro  — — 


Taplir 

Tiger 


Hunting 


Unicorn 

Urchin 


U 


Vol.  Page 
•—  J.  40 

— I.  41 

— I.  44 

— I.  45 

— I.  5z 
• — II.  221 

— 1.  3OJ 

— II.  65 

II.  240 

II.  138 

I.  1 14 

-II.  3S 

I.  38,  88 

— I.  17s 


— I.  163 

— I-  277 

— I.  284 


— II.  234 


Vampire 

Vanlire 

Vicunna 

Vifon 


Walrus 
Warree  — 

Water  Elephant 
Weesel 
Wolf  . — 

Wolverene 


W 


Y farus 


Zebra 

Zerda 

Zibet 

Zorrina 


Vol.  Page 
II.  307 

■ II.  SI 
I.  136 
■II.  51 


II.  266 
I.  141 
I.  157 
II-  33 
I.  248 
II.  8 


— I.  72 


I.  13 
I.  267 
II.  72 
II.  66 


I X 


X 


I N D E 

OF  THE 

NAMES  of  QUADRUPEDS, 


IN  THE 

ANCIENT  CLASSIC  WRITERS, 

IN  THE 


WORKS  of  M.  De  BUFFON, 

AND  IN  OTHER  AUTHORS. 


A 

ABBADOS  — 

Acanthion  

Addax  

^dil  

Adimain  

Adive  

Aiegagrus  

Agouti  

A hu  

A'i  

Aigrette  

Akouchy  

Alagh-daagha  

Algazel  

Allo-camelus  — 

Allouatte  — — 

Alpaco  

Arnboimenes  

Anak  el  Ard 

/\udira-guacu  — 

Yol.  II. 


Vol. 

Page 

I.  - 

154 

Ane 

11. 

122 

Anta  

I.  - 

89 

Antelope 

I.  - 

261 

Apar  . 

f.  - 

40 

Aper 

I.  - 

261 

Aperea 

I.  - 

57 

Aquiqui 

II. 

94 

Arabata 

I.  - 

93 

Arftomys 

II. 

240 

Ardlopithecus 

1.  - 

207 

Argali  — 

II. 

93 

Arnasb 

II. 

169 

— — 

I.  - 

105 

Armadillo 

I.  - 

77 

Alhnoko 

I.  - 

-133 

A.fpa]ax  — 

I.  - 

215 

Alfapanick 

I.  - 

•37 

Attarfoak 

I.  - 

230 

Aurochs 

I.  - 

a 06 

Axis  

II. 

308 

Aye,  Aye 

U u 


Vol.  Page 

I.  - 8 

I.  - 163 
I.  - 68 
II.  246 
I.  - 140 
IT.  go 
I.  - 214 
I.  - 21Z 
n.  131 
II.  240 
I.  - 44 
II.  98 
If.  I 
II.  246 
II.  92 
II.  216 
II.  1C3 
II.  279 
I - 17 

1. " 1 17 
II.  142 
Ayotochtli 


INDEX  OF  CLASSICAL  NAMES, 


Fara  — 

P'elis  Catus 

Feuille 

Fial  racka 

Fiber' 

Filander 

Filfreis 

Filkatta 

Fifhtal 

Fladcr-mus 

Fong  kyo  fo 

Foffane 

Fouine  — 

Fourmillier 

Foyna 

Fret 

Fuchs 

Furo 


Ganfud 

Galera 

Galgopithecus 
Gazelle 
Gemfe 
Genette 
Gerbo 
Ghainouk 
Gibbon 
Giraffe 
Glis 
Glutton 
Glouton 
Gnou 
Gornoftay 
Gralkin 
Grimme 
Grifon 
Guachi 
Guanaco 
Guanque 
Guareba 
Gaepard  * 


Vol.  Page 

II.  i8 
I.  - 295 
II.  309 
I.  - 253 
II.  1 14 
II.  22 
II.  10 
II.  65 
I-  - 53 
II.  319 
- 133 

II.  73 
II.  41 
IL  260 
II.  41 
II.  40 
I.  - 231 
II.  40 


Guerlinguets 

Guevei 

Guib 

Guillino 

Gulo 

Gundi 


Hamller 

Handl 

Hardlooper 

Hafe 

Haerbe 

Herifibn 

Hermine 

Hippelaphus 

Hippopotamus 

Hirax  — 


H 


Hirco  cervus 
Hiort  — 

Hirfch 
Hoang  yang 
Huanucu-Llama 
Hiigiun  — 

Hyaena  

Hydrochterus 
Hyllrix  — 


Jserven 

Jaguar  - 

Jaguarete 

Jagura 

Jarf 

Javaris 

Ibex 

Ichneumon 
Jelen  — 

Jez 
Jerboa 

Igel,  Igelkott 
Ignavus 
Indri 
Jocko 


^ D«  SuffQttj  xiii,  254.  Th*  fame  with  the  Hunting  Leopard,  Nn.  184. 


Vo!.  Page 

II.  162 
I.  - 82 
I.  - 81 
II.  120 
II.  10 

il-  137 


II.  206 
I.  - 150 
I.  - 144 
II.  98 
II.  234 

11.234 

n.  35 

I.  - us 
I.  - 157 
II.  92 
I.  - 32 
I.  - 114 
I.  - 1 14 
1.  - 96 

I-  - 133 

I.  - 129 
I.  - 270 
II.  88 
II.  122 


II.  10 
I.  284,  286 
I.  - 290 
I.  - 286 
II.  10 
I.  - 147 
I.  - 53 
II.  54 
1.  - 114 
H.  234 
II.  164 
II.  234 
II.  240 
I.  - 228 
I.  - 180 

lerwaij 


INDEX  OF  CLASSICAL  NAMES, 


Vol.  Page 

• I‘  - ^57 

Irabubos  —•  ' ■ 

II.  88 

Ifatis 

I.  - 255 

K 

Kabarga  

I.  - 124 

Kabaffou  ■ 

II.  249 

Kalan  — ■ ' '■ 

11.  83 

Kangaru  ■ — 

II.  29 

Kanin  

11.  103 

Karagan  ■ ■ ■— 

I.  - 252 

Kaffigiak  

II.  270 

Kattlo  

I.  - 301 

I.  - 2 10 

Kenlie  — • — 

I.  - 26s 

Kevel  

I.  - 92 

Kidang  

I.  - I ’9 

Kinkajou  - ■ 

II.  60 

Kob  

I.  - 104 

Koba  

I.  - 103 

Kolonnok  

II.  39 

Kot  dnki  

I.  - 295 

Koulan  ■ - 

I.  - 8 

Kret  

II.  229 

Kron-hiort  

I.  - 1 14 

Krietfch  — 

-•  IL  206 

Krylatca  • 

11.  279 

Kuna  ' ' ' ' 

11.  41 

L 

Llama  ■ - • 

I.  - 133 

Lacertus  — 

— II.  25 2 

Laderlap  

II.  319 

Lame 

11.  286 

Lant  

I.  - 21 

Lapin  ' ■-* 

11.  103 

d’  Angora  ■ — 

— 11.  104 

Lar 

I.  - 185 

Latax  

II.  80 

Lemur  

I.  - 227 

Lemmar,  Leming  — 

— II.  198 

Lemni 

II.  214 

Leo  

I.  - 274 

Leopard  ■ 

I.  - 282 

Lepus 

II.  98 

■*  Dt  Buffon, 

xiv.  224.  tab,  xxix. 

Lerot  

Lerwee  — 

Leucoryx  — 

Levrier  — 

Lidmee 

Lievre  

Lion  

Loir  — 

Loris  

Loup 

de  Mexique 
Loup-Cervier 
Loup-Renard 
Loutre 
Lowe 
Lupus 
Lummick 
Lutra 
Lux 
?\vy^ 

Lynx 

Maucauco 
Machlis 
Mafutiliqui 
Magot 
Magu  — 

Maimon 
Malbrouck* 

Mammouth 
Manati 
Mandril 
Mangabey 
Mangoufte 
Manicou 
Manipouris 
Manis 
Manul 
Mapach 
Maraguao 
Mard 
Margay 
Marikina 
Mariputa 

A variety  of  o«r  Egret,  No.  119. 


Vol.  Page 

11  159 


I.  - 24* 
I.  - 91 
11.  9S 
I.  - 274 
II.  158 
I.  - 228 
I.  - 248 
L - 250 
1.  - 301 


I.  - 274 
I.  - 248 
II.  198 
IL  77 
I.  - 301 
I.  - 301 
1.  - 301 


I.  - 227 
1.  - 105 
II.  66 
I.  - 186 
I.  - 213 
I.  - 190 
I.  - 201 
I.  - 172 
II.  292 
I.  - 190 
L.  - 204 
II.  54 
11.  18 

I.  - 163 
II.  232 
I.  - 294 
II.  12 
I.  - 292 
II.  41 
I.  - 292 
1.  - 223 
II.  66 


Marniofa 


INDEX  OF  CLASSICAL  NAMES,  &c. 


Marmofe  

IV'iannotte  — 

Martes,  Marte 
Mejano;an  Banjoe 

Meles  

Meminna  — 

Mico  ■ — 

_ Mocawk  - 

Mococo  

Molle  ^ 

Monax  

Mone  

Monea  

Mongooz  

IV]  oofe  

Morfe  

Morlkuia  Korawa 
IVloufFettes  * 
Mouflon  — 

IVIouftac  


Mouton  de  Barbaric 

Mufro  

Mulct  — 


Mvya,?\y]  » 

Mullvad 
Mulct  — 

Munt-jak 
Murmelthier 
Mus  Alpinus 
Mus  — 

Mufaraigne 
Mus  Araneus 
Mufc  — 

Mufcardin 
Mufimon 
Mufquafh  - 

Muflafcas 
Muftela  — 

Myrmecophaga 


N 

Nabbmus  — 

Nagor  


Vol.  Page 

Vol.  Page 

11.  23 

Nanguer  

I.  - 83 

11. 128 

Neitlek  

11.  278 

II.  41,  42 

Nems  — 

II.  54 

I.  - ij8 

Niedzwiedz 

11.  I 

II.  14 

Nietferfoak 

II.  279 

I.  - 127 

Nil-ghau  — 

I.  - 83 

I.  - 226 

Nodlule  

II*  317 

I.  - 230 

Noerza 

II.  80 

I.  - 230 

Norka  

II.  80 

11.  205 

Nvure^if  ■■  ■— 

11.  319 

II.  130 

I.  - 210 

0 

I.  - 207 

Ocelot  -■ 

I.  - 287 

I.  - 229 

Ochs  

I.  - 16 

I.  - 107 

Odobenus  — ■ 

II.  266 

II.  266 

Ogotona  - . 

, II.  lOa 

IT.  292 

Onager  — 

I.  - n 

ll.  62 

Once  

I.  28c,  200 

I.  - 44 

Ondatra  

11.  1 19 

I.  * 205 

Opeagha  

I.  - 14 

I.  - 41 

Ophion  

I.  - 44 

I.  - 46 

Orang  Outang  

I.  * 180 

I - 8 

Oreillar 

II.  320 

n.  224 

Oreotragus  ■ 

- I.  - 79 

II.  229 

Ongnal.  Kik. 

II.  184 

Oryx  

I.  - 76 

I.  - 119 

Ollrovvidz  — 

I.  - 301 

II.  128 

Ouaikare  — 

II.  240 

n.  iz8 

Ouanderou  

I.  - 198 

II.  184 

Ouarine  ■ 

I.  - 214 

II.  224 

Ouiftiti 

I.  - 224 

II.  224 

Ourebi  — -■  ■■ 

I.  - 79 

I.  - 124 

Ourico  — 

II,  124 

11. 160 

Ours  ■ ■ 

II.  1 

I.  - 44 

Ours  blanc  de  mer  — 

II.  3 

II.  1 19 

Ours  marin  

11.  281 

II.  1 19 

Ovis  

- 37 

II-  33 

11. 256 

P 

Paca  

II.  91 

PacalTe  

1.-  78 

II.  224 

Paco,  Pacos  — — 

I.  - 136 

I.  - 86 

Palatine  ■ — 

I.  - 200 

M.  De  Buffm’i  generic  name  for  the  Polecats  which  exhale  fo  pellilentiai  a vapour. 

PalmiHe 


INDEX  OF  CLASSICAL  NAMES,  &c. 


Palmifte  

Pangolin  — =~ 

Panthera,  Pan  there 
Papio  

Jlci.^S'aXn;  — 

Pardus  — 

Parefleux  — 

Pafan,  Pafan  — 

Patas  — — 

Pecary  

Pekan  

Pelauder  Aroe  ^ 

Perchal  

Pere  — 

Perugnfna  — 

Petit  Gris  — 

Phalanger  — 

Phatagin 


Vol.  Page 
II.  149 
II.  253 
I.  - 280 
I.  - 188 
I.  280,  285 
1.  - 280 
II.  240 

I-  57-  75 
I - 208 
I.  - 147 
II.  SI 
II.  21 
II.  179 
I.  - 12 

II.  38 
II.  144 
II.  27 
II-  252 


Quahtechalotl-thlltic 

Quapizotl  

Quato  

Quauhtia  

QuiJ,  Quirpele  — 

Quojas  Morrou 

C^oll  

Quouata  

Quumbengo  — 


R 


Rad  j ur 

Raef 

Rangier 

Rangwo 

Rat 

d’Eau 


de  Madagafcar 


Vol , Page 
II.  145 
I.  - 147 
I.  - 216 
I.  - 147 

n.  54 

I.  - 180 
II.  69 
I.  - 216 
I.  - 27a 


I.  - 120 
I.  - 251 
I.  - III 
II.  105 
II.  176 
II.  182 


Philancire  

11.  27 

Ratel  — 

II.  66 

Philodotus  ■ 

II,  232 

Raton  — — 

11.  12 

Phoca  

II.  270 

Rattepenade  

II.  320 

Ph'^que  

II.  270 

Rein  Deer  — 

1.  iir 

Pichou  — — • 

I.  - 292 

Renard  ■ 

I.  - 2fl 

Piloris  

IT.  97 

Renne  — 

I.  - III 

Pilofello  

11.  74 

Rennthier  

I.  - III 

Pinche  

I.  - 2 5 

Rhen  

I.  - III 

Pipillrelle  ■ 

II.  318 

Rhinoceros  - 

I.  - 150 

Pi  flay  

I.  - 127 

Rillow  ' — 

I.  - 209 

Pitheque  — ■ 

I.  . 183 

River  Paard  

I.  - 157 

Platogna  ■ - 

I.  - 113 

Roloway  

I.  - 200 

Platyceros  

I.  - i«3 

Root  - - — 

I.  - 213 

Poephagus  

I.  - 27 

Kofelet  • ' 

il-  35 

Poulatouche  

11,  153 

Rofmarus  

II.  266 

Pongo  — ~ 

I.  - 180 

Rofomak  — 

II.  10 

Pore -epic  

11.  122 

Rougette  — — 

11.  304 

Tipoi  , — 

I.  - 1.3 

Rouffette  • — - 

II.  304 

Przevvia/ka  — 

II.  38 

Rukkaia  

II.  140 

Pteropus  

II.  304,  308 

Rupicapra  — 

I.  44»  72 

Puma  

I.  - 289 

Rufla  

II.  1 12 

Putois  

II-  37 

Rys  

1 

0 

Putorius  — - 

JI.  37 

q 

CL 

I.  - 294 

Quagga  

I.  - 14 

Saccawinkee  ' 

I.  - 222 

INDEX  OF  CLASSICAL  NAMES,  &c- 


Vol. 

Page 

Sagouin  - 

I.  - 

224 

Sai  1.— _ 

I.  - 

218 

Saiga  ■ 

I.  - 

98 

Saimiri  • 

I.  - 

220 

Sajou  - ■ — 

I.  - 

2I7 

Saki  

I.  - 

222 

Sanglier  

I.  - 

140 

de  Capvert  — 

I.  - 

144 

Sanglin  — 

I.  - 

224 

Sapajou  ■■ 

I.  - 

222 

Saragoy  

II. 

20 

Saricovienne  ' 

II. 

82 

Sa'rigue 

II. 

20 

Sarlyk 

I.  - 

27 

‘ ■■ 

II. 

45 

Satyr  US  

I.  - 

1 80 

Scenoontung  — — 

I.  - 

122 

Schakal  

I.  - 

261 

Schwein  

I.  - 

I 40 

Sciurus  

II. 

138 

Seinlanoi  Saetihik  

II. 

I 12 

Serotine  

II. 

317 

Serval  

I.  - 

30  I 

Shitnik  

H, 

igo 

Sial  

11. 

270 

Siegen  Bock 

I.  - 

60 

Sifac  

J.  - 

2 1 1 

Simia 

I.  - 

Siwutfcha  

II. 

288 

Slya  ——  ■ 

II. 

79 

Siyah  Ghufh  — — 

I.  - 

305 

Skrzeczek  • — 

II. 

2o5 

Slepez  

11. 

214 

Sno-mus  

II. 

33 

Sobol  ■■  

If. 

47 

Sogur  — — ~ 

II. 

>3^ 

Songar  

II. 

212 

Sorex  

II. 

224 

Souris  

11. 

I 84 

Souflik  

II. 

13s 

Speck-maus  — 

II. 

3>9 

Spring-bock  ■. 

I.  - 

94 

Springe n Haas  ■ '■  '-«■ 

11. 

170 

Vol.  Page 

Squilachi  — ■ • - 

I.  - 261 

Squinaton  

I.  - 122 

Steinbock  

I.  - qj 

Stink  bingfem  — — 

II.  66 

Stock  ■ ■ 

L - 150 

Strepuceros  

I.  38,  88 

Suhak  T— 

I.  - gS 

Suiffe,  Ecureuil  

II.  157 

Sumxi  

I.  - 296 

Surikate  ___ 

II.  57 

Surk 

II.  229 

Surmulot  

II.  178 

Sus  • ■ ' , 

I.  - 140 

Sus  Aquaticus  — — 

I.  - 163 

Swiftdi  

II.  131 

T 

T aguan  

II.  151 

Tajacu  

I.  - 147 

Tajibi  

11.  18 

T aifon  

11.  14 

Talapoin  

I.  - 206 

Talpa  

II.  229 

Tamandua  — — 

11.  256 

Tamanoir  — •— 

11.  256 

Ta.Tiarin  

I.  - 223 

Tan  re c — i 

II  236 

Taped  

11.  107 

Tapir  

I.  - 163 

Tapoa  Tafa  

11.  69 

Tarandus  ■ — - 

1.  - III 

Tardigradus  — ■ — 

11.  240 

Tarfier  — 

I.  - 231 

Tartarin  

I.  - 194 

Tatou  — " 

II.  248 

Tatu  apara  — . 

II.  246 

7 atuete  

II.  248 

T aupe  

II.  229 

Taupe  doiee  

II.  231 

7^  a u rea  a 

I.  - 16 

Taxus  — 

I.  - 270 

Tayra. 

11.  53 

Tchorz  

11.  37 

7"egoulichitck  — — 

11.  194 

Tegui 

1 


INDEX  OF  CLASSICAL  NAMES, 


Tcgu!  

Temamafama  

Tendrac  — 

Tenlie  

Tepe  Maxlaton 
Teutlalmajama  — 

Tgao  

Thous 

Tigris,  Tigre  

Tlaloceloti  

Tla-coozelotl  

Tlalmototli  — 

Tlaquatzin  — 

Tolai  

Touan  — 

Tragelaphus  

Trago-Camelus  — 

Tragulus  

Tretretretre  — 

Trichechus  Rofmarus 

— — Manatus 

Tfchotfchot  - — 

Tfitsjan  

Tucan 

T zeiran  - 


Vache  Marine  

de  Tartaric  — 

'falva  ■ -« 

Vampire  - 

Vanfire  

Vary  

Varia  — ■ 

Vavi  — 

Veldratte  

Verdadeiro  

Vefpertilio  

Vigogne,  Vicunna  — 

Viion  

Viverra  - . 

Viverra  tigrina  — — 

VoL.  II. 


Vol.  Page 

I.  - 103 
II.  236 
I.  - 265 
I.  - 292 
1.  - 122 
I.  - 157 

I.  - 267 
I.  - 277 
I.  - 287 

I.  - 287 
II.  149 

II.  i8.  124 
II.  104 

n-  34 

I.  - 52 
I - 83 
1.  - 124 
I.  - 191 
■ II.  266 
• II.  297 

II. 

II.  223 
I.  - 74 


II.  266 

I.  - 24 
I.  - 270 

II.  308 

II.  V 

1.  - 229 
I.  - 280 
I.  - 261 
II.  90 
II.  248 
II.  304 
I.  - 136 
II.  51 

II.  40 

I.  - 298 


Ulf 

Unau 

Uncia 

Vormela 

Urigne 

Urfon 

Urfus 

Urus 

T; 

Vulpes 

Utfuk 

Utter 


W 


Walrus  — 

Warg  

Warglo  

Warree  — 

Weefel  

Wettik 

Whang,  Yang 
Wha  Tapoua  Row 
Wiewiorka  ~ 

Wirrebocarra 
Whydra  -- — 


X 


Xoi^oiriSnHOf 

Xoloitzcuintli 


Yerboa 

Yltis 

Yfard,  Yfarus 
Yzquiepatl 


Zbik 

Zebre,  Zebra 
Zebu 

X X 


Vol.  Page 
I.  - 248 
II.  242 
I.  - 2S2 
II.  210 
II.  290 
II.  126 
II.  I 
I.  - 16 
I.  - 148 
II.  122 
I.  - 251 
II.  277 
II.  ri 


II.  266 
I.  - 248 
I.  - 301 

I.  - 141 

ii-  33 

I.  - 150 
I.  - 96 
II.  13 

II.  138 
I.  - IZ& 

II.  77 


I.  - i8y 
I.  - 250 


IT.  29 

II.  37 

I*  - 72 

IL  62 


I. » 29, 

I.  - 13 

I.  - 2J 
Zecora 


INDEX  OF  CLASSICAL  NAMES, 


Zecora 

Zenik 

Zerda 

Zibeline 


Vol.  Page 
1.  - 13 

II.  193 
I.  - 267 

n.  43 


Zibet 
Zizel 
Zobela 
Zorrina  * 


Vol.  Pag* 

II.  72 
II.  135 
II.  43 
II.  66 


* Dt  Buffotf  xlii.  301.  tab,  xli. 


THE  END. 


ERRATUM. 


Nos.  273  and  276,  Pages  70  and  72,  being  the  fame  animal,  the  reader  Is 
dehred  to  corred  this  midake. 


No,  LXXV. 


¥ol.  II.  Page  14a., 


No.  334. 


ij 


V 


/ 

^ .r' 


. 2 


'*■  ■■■•  -■  ' .S' ■‘■'''  ' 


<«  > » 


■ ■ ■■y  y -■ 


2 ' i ■•' 

• ,9«.‘.  / ■ 


• ■ 


■.  I, 

' ■'  ?.•  • ' 


•I: 

t . 

- S'- 


■ f: 


y ;>■ '-vi. , :