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THE CULTIVATED OKANGES AND LEMONS
OF INDIA AND CEYLON.

!•

THE CULTIVATED

ORANGES AND LEMONS

INDIA AND CEYDON.

ATLAS OF PLATES, WITH DESCRIPTIVE LETTER-PRESS.

E. BON A VI A, M.D.

BKIG. 8URG. I M.S,

LONDON :

W. H. ALLEN & CO., 13 WATERLOO PLACE, PALL MALL. S.W.

1890.

All Bights Beserved.

LONDON :

PRINTED HY

W. H. ALl.EN & CO. 13 WATERLOO PLACE PALL MALL.

WELLCOME INSTITUTE
LIBRARY

Coll.

welMOmec

Call

No.

s.w.

CONTENTS

Seville Gboup ...

From

PLATE I.

XVIII.

“ Khatta ” Oeange Geoup

» y

XIX.

XXXIX.

PoETUGAL OE MaLTA OeANGE GeOUP ...

XL.

1 1

Lvm.

“ AmILbIiD ” AND PuMMELO GeOUP

LIX.

XCII.

“ Sl^NTAEA ” Oeange Geoup

1 1

XCIII.

) »

CXVIa.

Mandaein and “ Keonla ” Geoup

1 1

CXVII.

CXXVIII.

JamIei Geoup ...

1 1

CXXIX.

CXXXVIII.

“ Tueunj,” “ Madkankue,” and “ Bajouea ” Geoup

1 1

CXXXIX.

1 1

CLXXVII.

Lemons and Pummelo-Lemons Geoup

CLXXVIII.

CCXXIV.

10.

Teue Limes and “Lima” Geoup

1 1

ccxxv.

1 1

CCXXXIII.

11.

Miscellaneous Dea wings

CCXXXIV.

CCLIX.

Digitized by the Internet Archive

in 2016

https://archive.Org/details/b28120073_0001

PLATE I.

♦

a and h are the Anrantium acidum, copied from Rnmphius’s Flora Amboyn. (Table 33, Vol. II.)

Miquel considers this Anrantium acidum of Rumphius identical with Citrus vulgaris of
Risso. In my opinion it is a Seville orange.

c and cl are the bitter orange of Hagkala, Ceylon. The surface was of a deep orange, foveolate
and polished. The colour was vivid, approaching lobster red. It had a flattened
mammilla round the apex, where there was a soupgon of roughness.

The pulp was orange, and the juice abundant ; sour, and slightly bitter. The oil-glands

of the rind small, centre solid ; seeds white, when cut.

I consider this a Seville orange. The leaves were like those of other Sevilles, lanceolate
with winged petiole, and distinctly aromatic.

E E E A T A .

Plate 116a (explanation) third line. — For a read c, and for c read a.

Plate 209. — First Figure on the left is a, and c requires letter a near
the dots.

Plate 129 i explanation) first line. — For “ ventricose ” read “ verrucose.”
Plate 234 (explanation) sixth line. — For No. 53,” read “ No. 54.”

Note. — The scale of inches in the Plates, mentioned in the Preface,
has been omitted because the fruits have the sizes given in inches, although
they are reduced from the natural size.

PLATE I.

The “ Keep ” of Nepal.

a and b show an unripe fruit of this Nepal citrus. I omitted to take full notes of this specimen,
but if I remember rightly the juice was sour.

c is a rain leaf.

d and e spring leaves. All have the character of Seville orange leaves; but as I have not full
notes, this citrus must be left as doubtful, with regard to its position in the citrus
family.

PLATE II.

PLATE III.

A Seville Orange, which was received from Calcutta, under the name of “ Gora Lemhoo.”

a and b show the unripe fruit. The surface is chagrined with closely-set foveoli. It is not

smooth; but nothing so rough as some other Sevilles. The oil-cells of the rind are

of three sizes. The rind is very bitter and pungent, the pulp is pale, but with

only an orange tinge (because unripe ? ), juice abundant and sour.

c and d are rain leaves ; the former, at the point, has an outline of the mamilla of an ordi-

nary lemon. This, however, may mean nothing.

6 is a spring leaf. All the leaves are tough, like those of the Pummelo, and with a distinct
Seville aroma. Their oil-cells are distinct, and of three sizes. I think it undoubtedly
a Seville orange.

Note. — The vernacular name with which this came is probably wrong. Voigt’s list of

Calcutta citrus puts “ Gora n^boo,” as one cf the limes (see Appendix, No. 65).

girths
S irv.

PLATE Ml.

diam.. irt

PLATE IV.

♦

Seville orange, which came from Mooltan under the name of “Khatta ” orange.

a and b show an outline and section of this orange. The surface was slightly chagrined, and
covered with foveoli, which appeared like microscopic craters, probably because this
specimen was rather dry. This orange was not rougher than a “ Suntara ” orange.
The rind ceils were distinct ; the pulp pale orange, and the juice pleasantly sour.

e and d are rain leaves, and e and / probably spring leaves. All the leaves' had a distinct
Seville aroma, and the broad petiole wings point to the^ same Seville character.
The leaf-blades were rather thin, like those of the “ Khatta,” and some leaves had
narrow petiole wings, like those of the latter. Their "oil-cells were of three sizes
and distinct. I found no spines on the branches sent. The majority of the cha-
racters of this specimen were those of a Seville, and not of a “ Khatta '* orange.

PLATE IV.

PLATE V.

♦

The Lucknow Seville Orange, the Ndranj of the Lucknow nurserymen.

a and b are the outline and section of the ndranj of Lucknow. The exterior is dark orange,
quite smooth and polished. It resembles a cooking apple, or small musk melon.
The pulp-vesicles are coarse, and of an orange-yellow colour. The juice is sour
and bitter (?) ; the rind very aromatic and distinctly bitter. Possibly, I may have
carelessly tasted the pulp, and may have got some of the rind bitter into my
mouth, which may have become mixed up with the juice.

c and d are rain leaves, and c and / spring leaves, all •with the characteristic scent of the
Sevilles. It is strange that of all the Sevilles I have seen in India, this Lucknow
variety is the only one which has the native name of Ndranj, the Arabic synonym
which Risso gives to the Seville Orange.

PLATE V.

PLATE VI.

The Seville Orange of Kandy, and other parts of Ceylon, known there by the name of
Amool Dodan (sour round orange).

a had a rather smooth surface, only pitted with shallow foveoli-cavities. Some other specimens
were slightly warty in the apex half. The rind was aromatic and bitter.

b. The section shows in the rind curious pointed oil-cells, as if they were small juice vesicles.

The pulp was pale orange, and the juice sour and slightly bitter.

c is a largely developed rain leaf.

d. A spring leaf; both had the characteristic aroma of the Sdvilles, and had the leathery feel

and polished surface of that variety.

Note. — In Ceylon I found enormous leaves of the citrus, which are probably due to the

moisture and warmth of the climate.

dicuTV,Z^-i^.

PLATE VI.

PLATE A^II.

♦

Other forms of the ‘‘ Amool Dudan” of Ceylon.

a and b were of an orange colour, chagrined with numerous foveoli ; slightly rough round the
apex, and with an occasional wart round the base.

c is a decidedly lanceolate leaf, with fine serrations, and broad wings to its petiole. The rind
of the fruit was aromatic, and the leaves had the distinct aroma of the Seville leaf.

d is the Seville orange of the English markets. Some have a rougher exterior. It is of a

deep orange colour, closely and evenly foveolate all over, but otherwise this specimen
was rather smooth ; rind aromatic and very bitter, skin about a quarter of an inch
thick ; pulp acid, with only a soup^on of bitterness ; seeds many. It is given for
comparison.

girth.
10^ in .

PLATE VIII.

a and b are copied from the monograph on the citrus by Eisso and Poiteau, where it is

called Citrus bigaradia ; the “ Bigaradier franc ” of the Fr^^nch ; the “ Arancio forte "

of the Italians, and the ndranj of the Arabs. The surface is minutely warty, like
the Malta Seville of the Lucknow Horticultural Garden.

c and d are largely developed leaves taken from a young and spiny tree in Kandy. I did

not see the fruit of this tree. The leaves resemble those of the Pummelo ; the

petiole wings, however, are not so large. They are leathery and polished, like-
those of a Seville tree, and their strong aromatic scent is also that of the Sevilles.
The leaves are glabrous everywhere, excepting a few hairs on the imexpanded leaf-
buds ; a few of the leaves were round, and had only a margined petiole. They
resemble Fig. c of Plate VI.-

ht'rLgth, of wfooZe leaf 8 irv.

lertatfL of w/iele le/xf

PLATE IX.

♦

A Seville Orange from Toolshipur, Gonda, which was received under the name of
Jhamhiri I

a and b. Externally it was of an orange colour, rough, and slightly verrucose. The rind

was very bitter and aromatic ; the pulp pale orange and sour ; the centre solid,
and the seeds white, v/hen cut.

c a rain leaf, and d a spring leaf ; both tough and leathery, and sweet scented, like all
Seville leaves.

Note. — For the true “ Jhambiri ” see PI. CXXXI,, and others.

PLATE IX.

PLATE X.

♦

A Seville Orange, which I obtained at Mangalore, under the name of Kama, or Kanchikdi.

It is said to grow there, and also in Coorg and Mysore.

a and b were of an orange colour, rough and inclined to be warty round the apex. I was

told these were small specimens, and that the fruit was often much larger; b was
much smoother than a.

c is a section of a. The rind was very bitter; pulp pale orange, sour and slightly bitter,
and many-seeded.

I did not see the leaves of this c’trus ; but I v;as told by a person who knows the

Kama of Mysore that it has a tough leaf, and is aromatic, with a large wing to its petiole.

qirth.

«✓ _ O y.

PLATE X.

PLATE XI.

The Malta Seville Orange of the Lucknow Horticultural Garden, obtained from a bud of

the stock on which an imported (in 1863) Malta orange-tree was grafted.

a. This specimen was unripe, of a deep green colour, having the outline of a round Malta

orange, but chagrined and minutely warty all over, like the specimen taken from
liisso (Plate VIII., Fig. a), or Arancio forte of the Italians.

& is a section of the same, with pale orange-yellow pulp, coarse vesicles, and sour juice with -
scarcely any bitter taste. The rind was very bitter, aromatic, and pungent ; seeds
numerous.

c and d are rain leaves, and e, /, g, and h spring leaves. All have the characteristic aromatic
sweet scent of the S4villes, which is a scent sui generis, and not found in other races
of oranges. The Seville orange-tree is, in my opinion, recognizable by this scent
alone. Mr. Kidley, in comparing the leaves of this and of the ndranj of the nursery-
men, said he could see no difference between them, except that the ndranj had

generally a less developed petiole wing.

PLATE XL

PLATE XII.

♦

A large and ripe specimen of the Malta Seville Orange of the Lncknow Horticultural
Garden.

a is sub-warty, rough, and of a deep orange colour, like that of the Keonla orange. It is closely
foveolate all over.

b is the section of the same, showing the thick and very pithy skin. The rind is bitter,
aromatic, and pungent, with a fine marmalade flavour. Some of these S^villes have
a rind so full of oil that simply placing one on paper stains it. The pulp is pale
orange, and very sour, but not bitter; centre hollow.

c, d, and e are rain leaves, and /, g, and h spring leaves ; i is the spine I found on the
branch that came with the specimen. Some varieties of the Seville orange have
hardly any spines, others have prominent ones.

Note. — Seville oranges have usually a large solid centre ; this, however, had it hollow,
with the central column isolated. (See Appendix, No. 62.)

PLATE XII.

PLATE XIII.

♦

A Seville Orange from Goncla, received under the name of Saddphal. It is stated to

flower and fruit there all the year round, and hence the name of “ Saddphal”

a was of a pale orange ; an unripe specimen was of a dark green, and more chagrined. It was

slightly sub-warty round the apex, closely foveolate all over; rind bitter, aromatic, and
pungent. Its skin was half an inch thick, with the pithy part sweetish. The bitter
lies mainly in the outer oilij part. Many of the Sevilles in India, if left too long on
the tree, have their pulp dried up. Pnlp of the unripe specimen was pale orange,

and intensely sour, not bitter; some seeds were greenish, and others white, when cut.

6, a rain leaf, and c a spring leaf ; both leathery and shiny, and with the usual sweet aroma
of the Seville leaves.

Note. — For the true Saddpjhal” see Plate CCIX.

PLATE XIII.

PLATE XIV.

A Seville orange from the Etawah Jail Garden. The origin of these Seville trees I have
not been able to trace. I found them ticketed as -Punjab Sevilles. I have called them Etawah
S6villes.

a. Orange colour, prominently chagrined aU over.

b is a section of a ; juice vesicles coarse, pale, and interspersed with orange yellow vesicles.

An unripe specimen had pale orange pulp, and scanty juice, sour, and slightly bitter ;
the rind was very aromatic and oily. These Seville oranges, if left too long on the
tree become quite juiceless.

c and d are well-developed rain leaves, with a highly polished surface. I have failed to find
any spines on these Etawah Seville trees. The aroma of their leaves is distinctly
that of other SeviUes.

PLATE XIV.

PLATE XV.

a is a D uinrcz form of Etawah Seville orange, more warty than those of the spring crop.

6, c, and d are leaves taken from the same tree ; all broadly lanceolate, but one (c) has only a
margined petiole.

c is another Sl^uIIo orange of the English markets, given for comparison. It is of a deep
orange colour, closely and evenly foveolate all over ; but otherwise not very chagrined.
Some specimens are slightly sub-warty; rind aromatic and very bitter; skin about a
quarter of an inch thick ; pulp acid, with only a soupgon of bitterness ; many-seeded.

PLATE XV.

PLATE XVI.

a, 6, c, d, and e are leaves taken from one and the same tree of the Etawah Seville orange.

The well-developed leaf of this variety is either rounded, or broadly lanceolate. Some
leaves have their petioles only margined; but the typical leaf has a broad-winged
petiole.

/, g, h are spring leaves, with margined petioles, and are not unlike those of the “ SUntara ”
orange, except for their leatheriness and distinct Seville aroma.

PLATE XVI.

PLATE XVII.

Thesa are citrus leaves sent to me by Mr. John Payne, from some forest near Devikulam*,
in South India. He says a and h "were taken from a tree at the edge of the jungle, and therefore
this particular tree, from seeing the light, was in a flourishing condition ; while c and d were

taken from trees in the middle of the jungle, and were therefore shaded by other trees, and

less luxuriant. He said orange-trees of the thickness of a thick walking-stick were common

in those jungles ; . they were growing in a wild state. All these leaves, although somewhat
dry, had the characteristic scent of the Seville orange leaf, and their shape quite corresponds to
that of the Ceylon Seville leaf. Dr. Trimen, in his Systematic Catalogue of Plants ItrJigenous

to or Growing Wild in Ceylon, does not mention any kind of citrus.

PLATE XVH.

PLATE XVIII.

— - ♦-

The “ Nartun ” of Tanjore.

a is a Keonla shaped orange, which I got in one of the Tanjore Gardens. They called it

“ Nartun.” One man called it “ Kamala.” Its shape is almost exactly that of the
Poona Keonla. It is deep orange, foveolate, uneven, and warty round the apex.
The latter is much depressed. The skin is thick, though rather loosely attached.

The rind has the scent of Laniana ; pulp pale orange-yellow ; juice abundant, and of a
pleasant sour taste, without any sweetness, although ripe (21 Dec.). Seeds are white
when cut, though when young they are greenish.

b and c are its typical leaves, with large petiole wings.

d is an occasional leaf. The scent of the leaves is resinous and unpleasant, and their texture
thick and leathery, like those of the Sevilles. (Col. Yule’s Glossary^ p. 490, says

that in Tamul, Narta marum means the “ wild orange tree.”)

e and / is an oblate orange I bought in the Tanjore bazaar. They told me it was ** Nartun.”

It was orange-yellow, and foveolate all over, otherwise it was fairly smooth; pulp

pale orange and sour, with a hollow centre; vesicles coarse; skin thick, easily
detached, but not loose ; rind very hitter ; pithy part spongy. As I did not see its
leaves, I cannot say whether it was identical with a or not. I sowed the seeds
of this “ Nartun,” and the leaves of the young seedlings gave the distinctive aroma
of the Sevilles, so I have little doubt that it belongs to that group.

qirchy

PLATE XIX.

♦

KluUta orange from Jubbiilpur (received imaer the name of Attarra lime).

a. Exterloj- not rougher than a Malta orange ; although not very smooth it is not very

rough. It is pitted -with oil-glands. This specimen was unripe, and of a pale green.

b. The pulp is of a decided orange-yellow ; juice abundant and very sour.

c. d, e, are rain-leaves.

/. Spring leaf.

g. The spine attached to the branch of the specimen.

Note. — For the Citrus called Attarra, see Plate OCX.

PLATE XIX.

PLATE XX.

Khattd orange from Auraya, Etawah district.

a. Exterior smooth, though not polished, and foveolate with oil-glands. This specimen had no
mammilla.

h. -Pulp orange yellow with the taste of a very sour orange. The white or pithy part of the
skin is very slightly sub-acid and spongy, like that of a pummelo.

c and d are rain-leaves.

e is a spring leaf.

/. A spine on the branch of the specimen.

PLATE XX.

PLATE XXI.

Khattd orange from Messrs. Carew & Co.’s garden, Eosa, Shahjahanpur.

a. Exterior surface chagrined, soft and almost ripe. Between the larger foveoli are eminences
covered with the smaller glands.

The section having nothing uncommon was not given. The pulp was pale orange, with
abundant sour and slightly bitter taste. The skin was more than | inch thick.

6 is a rain leaf.

c and d. Spring leaves. The size of the leaves and the larger or smaller development of
serrations or crenations is usually a matter of luxuriance, although some pummelos have
hardly any.

e. It is a spine on the branch of the specimen.

PLATE XXI.

PLATE XXII.

Khattd orange from Calcutta (received under the name of Sherhetee-lemhoo) ,

a is an unripe specimen, closely pitted with large and small foveoli. It is sub-warty and
furrowed round the apex.

b. The oil-cells of the. skin are of three sizes, and are bat-shaped. The pulp is pale orange and
acid, with a slightly bitter juice.

c is a rain leaf.

d and e. Spring leaves.

/. A spine on the branch of the specimen.

Note. — No reliance can be placed on vernacular names for purposes of grouping. Sherhetee
nimhoo all over Upper India is given to the mitha mimhoo, or sweet lemon.

PLATE XXII.

PLATE XXIII.

Khattd orange from Etawah. (Flowers purplish externally, axilliary, in twos and threes,
with little scent.)

a. Ordinary form, with a pronounced mammilla. When ripe, of a rich maize-orange. Birds or

other animals eat it, although sour. The exterior is rough and foveolate.

b. Palp is of a pale orange-yellow, and, although sour, it has a flavour of orange (not lemon)

pulp.

c. Exceptional, oblate form. Both forms are sometimes found on the same tree.

Well developed rain leaf.

e and /. Spring leaves.

g. Ordinary spine on the flowering branches.

PLATE XXill.

PLATE XXIV.

♦ ^

Leaves taken from a Khattd orange tree of Etawah.
a and 6. Emarginate leaves.
c and d. Acuminate leaves.

e. Neither emarginate nor acuminate, with a rounded point. All are well-developed leaves.
/. Occasional spine met with on the Khattd orange tree.

PLATE XXIV.

PLATE XXV.

«.

Khattd oranges from Bholi, Etawah district (received under the name of Kama),
a. Form with flattened mammilla.
h. Form with prominent mammilla,

Beth were hard and unripe (October). Externally they were not rough, hut foveolate, with
intermediate smaller oil-cells. The pulp of both was orange, with abundant sour
and slightly bitter juice. Being unripe the skin was solid, and ^ an inch thick. They
had both large and small oil-cells in the rind, and the latter was not very aromatic.
The sections having nothing uncommon are not given.

c. Ordinary spring leaf. ,

d. Very emarginate spring leaf.

Note. — This variety of citrus is sometimes called Kama (meaning bitter, according to
Mr. Growse, B.C.S.), but more frequently Khatta,

PLATE XXV.

PLATE XXVI.

Khatta oranges from Saharanpur and Lucknow.

a. Came from Saharunpur, under the name of Kama lime. Its young unexpanded leases
were pubescent.

The exterior of the fruit was yellow-orange, rough, with large shallow foveoli. The skin
was not easily detached. Pulp orange, juice abundant, and only sour; centre solid.
Rind sweetish and aromatic, not bitter, and only slightly pungent. Pith sweetish and
not spongy. Pulp carpels slightly emarginate in section.

From Bulrampur, Gonda, I received one much like this, under the name of Kama
nimboo. It had a rougher and duller surface, and a hollow centre, and a paler
orange pulp. Its girth was 14J in., and its apex had a slightly projecting mammilla.

h is the same kind of orange from Lucknow. It is called there either Khatta or Kama,
When ripe it is of a deep orange-yellow.

c and d are spring leaves of the Lucknow Kama. These leaves had only two sizes of oil-cells
distinct. The third size was indistinct.

PLATE XXVII.

♦

Two KhatU'i oranges, sent from Gonda by Major Buller; he stated they both c^me off
the same tree.

a is the smooth form, of a maize-orange exterior, quite smooth, only foveoiate.

The pulp was pale orange, and the skin ^ in. thick.

b is the warty form, with a maize-orange exterior. The front side was, as is shown, very
warty; the hidden side was less warty; the mammilla at the apex was very prominent.

The pulp was pale orange, and the skin | in. thick. The warts were covered with foveoli,
as shown on the right side A.

Major Buller stated that had he not seen them both on the same tree he would not

have believed it possible that both forms could have been borne by the same tree.

Note. — Can these two forms on one tree, dependent, as I think, on tdiference of season,
throw any light on the origin of Bizzaria, and so called trifacial oranges ? {Vide
Appendix, No. 65.)

PLATE XXVII.

PLATE XXVIII.

Khatta orange from Khoorja, Bolundshuhr district.

a. This was a green and unripe specimen, with the general outline of a Khattdf but with the
warty surface of a true citron.

fc is a section of the above. The pulp was orange ; the juice sour and slightly bitter. The
rind had three sizes of oil-cells. The warts were covered with foveoli-depressions of
the oil-cells, as in the preceding specimen.

c. A rain leaf.

d and e. Spring leaves. The spines I found on the branch were mere points.

This specimen floated very well in water.

Note. — At first I did not know what to make of this specimen, but when I saw the
warty form on the same branch as the smooth form, the place of the Khooija
specimen became evident.

PLATE XXVIII.

PLATE XXIX.

Two specimens of the Khatta orange, taken by myself from the same branch of a ‘tree
in the Benares Public Garden.

a. The warty form, which natives call Dumrh. This after crop sets in the rains. This
outline very inadequately indicates the extreme wartiness of this specimen. The large
projecting warts were covered with foveoli depressions, as shown on the right side A.
It was as warty as the wartiest citron proper, if not more.

h. This specimen was almost smooth, with only here and there an unevenness of the surface, as
shown by the cross lines.

PLATE XXIX.

7Z±iri..

PLATE XXX.

Sections of the Benares warty and smooth Khattd oranges, shown on Plate XXIX.

a. This fruit was not ripe ; the pulp was pale orange ; the juice was scanty and sour ; the

seeds where white when cut ; the pithy part of the skin was spongy and sweetish ;
and the centre was solid.

b. This fruit was ripe; the pulp pale orange and sour; the juice rather abundant; the seeds

when cut where white; and the centre of the fruit solid.

PLATE XXX.

PLATE XXXI.

♦

A specimen of the Khatta orange type. It came from Jubbulpur under the name of
Gulgul,

a. An elongated warty orange ; the warts were rather lumpy. Colour of a Khatta orange, that

is of a maize-orange. It was spotted all over with oil-glands, and slightly furrowed
longitudinally.

b. Section of the same. Pulp pale orange-yellow; juice abundant and very sour. White and

pithy part of skin sweetish. Bind very aromatic, and resembles that of the Malta
lemon.

c. Eain leaf.

d and e. Spring leaves.

/. A spine found on the branch, received with the fruit.

Whether this Gulgul be a Dumrez form of the Khatta orange, or whether the tree produces
only this form, I do not know. (Vide next plate.)

PLATE XXXI.

PLATE XXXII.

♦

A specimen of the Khattd orange type, from Lahore. It was sent under the name of
Gulyul, by Mr. H. G. Hein, Superintendent Horticultural Garden of Lahore.

It is sub-warty. The sound given by tapping it with the fingers ‘ is that given by a
pummelo.

The exterior is of a deep lemon-yellow, with a polished surface. The surface is more
shiny in the cavities of the oil-cells, which are as large as shown on the side A.
Between the cells the surface is slightly raised. The rind has a fine aromatic scent.

PLATE XXXII.

PLATE XXXIII.

A section of the Lahore Gulgul, given on Plate XXXII.

The oil-cells of the rind are large and distantly situated. The pith is snow
white, very spongy, and sweetish, but nothing like the solid white and sweet skin of
a true citron. The pulp is pale like that of a lemon, but just verging on the pale
orange. The seeds are large and numerous, and cream white when cut. The
juice is very abundant, and of a pure sharp acid flavour. The centre is hollow.
The aroma of the rind strikes me as being more orangy than lemony. On account
of its abundant acid juice this citrus appears a very desirable variety.

PLATE XXXlll.

PLATE XXXIV.

♦

Leaves of the Lahore Gulgul, shown on the foregoing Plates XXXII. and XXXIII.

a and b are well-developed rain leaves, showing the wings of the petioles more than usually
developed ; more crenate than serrate.

c and d are spring leaves, which come out with the spring flower crop, in February or March,
more serrate than crenate. These are more like lemon leaves.

All have a faint scent, as is usual with Khattd orange leaves. The young
leaves are tomentose, and even the old leaves have tomentum on the petioles, midrib,
and angles between the leaflet, and wings of the petiole. The young stem is also
tomentose.

e. A spine found on the branch that came with the specimen.

Note. — Tomentum, which has been considered the specific character of the
pummelo shoots, appears characteristic of most huge citrus, of various types.

^ opcn/M -fa

PLATE XXXIV.

PLATE XXXV.

♦

Specimen of the Khattd orange t}'pe, from Bulrampur, Gonda district. It
was sent by Major Buller, under the name of Kathairee nimboo, or “Jack” citrus.
It also goes by the name of Bus-Jcankw, and also Bedra. Externally it was lemon-
colour. Probably it was not a fully-ripened specimen. The surface consisted of
lumpy knobs. The mammilla was flattened. The oil-cells were large, transparent and
distinct, as shown at a. Some were convex, and others concave. This specimen
alone would he enough to disprove Risso’s theory that acid pulp was found with
concave rind cells, and sweet pulp with convex cells (vide Chapter on “ Morphology ”).
The rind was fragrant, and the whole fruit floated very well in water. It should
be noted that “ Kunker,” “ Kanker,” “Kankree,” all mean “ Kakree,” or its Sanskrit
equivalent “ Kakkatee ” — a sort of melon.

PLATE XXXV.

PLATE XXXVI.

♦

Section of the Bulrampur Kathairee nimhoo. The oil-cell portion of the
skin is ^-inch thick, and the cells are large and separate. The pithy part is snow-
white, soft and spongy. It is said to be the only part of the fruit which is eaten.

Pulp pale, like that of a lemon, with perhaps an imaginary tinge of the palest
orange colour. Juice abundant, and very sour ; seeds few ; juice-vesicles arise also

from the sides of the carpels ; centre hollow. This is much like the Gidgul of
Lahore.

Another specimen, also sent by Major Buller from Tulsbipur, Gonda, was still
larger than this. It had a girth of 24 inches ; it was 10 inches long ; and had

a diameter of inches. It was the largest I have seen. Its pulp was white,

and it had no seeds.

PLATE XXXVI.

PLATE XXXVII.

Leaves of the Kathairee nimhoo of Bulrampur, in the “ Tarai ” at the foot of
the Himalayas.

a and h are well-developed rain leaves, with the wings of the petioles sufficiently well developed.

c is a spring leaf, with the petiole only margined. The young shoots and young calyces are
purple, and puhescent. The flower buds are purple. The leaves are rather lemon-
scented. The midrib and petioles of the old leaves still retain some of the pubescence.
Some of the leaves are serrated or crenated from the base, like those of the
Bajouras and Turunj, or citron proper.

d is a spine found on the branch attached to the specimen.

PLATE XXXVII.

PLATE XXXVIII.

♦

a and h are the Karnphdl of Almora sent by Mr. H. Harris. I suppose Karnphdl is a con-

traction of Karnaphal, or fruit of the Kama. The Khattd is sometimes called Kama.
Externally it is orange-yellow; surface smooth and slightly foveolate, with a flattish
mammilla at the base. It looks like a Khattd, orange, and has the same aroma in
the rind, without bitterness. The pithy part is yellowish-white ; pulp transparent
orange, sour, and juice abundant, without bitterness.

c and d are its typical leaves, which are similar to those of the common Khattd orange of
the plains; a fully-developed rain leaf and a spring leaf.

Note. — This and the following specimen arrived after I had arranged the plates,
and so I put them at the end of the group.

PLATE XXXVm.

PLATE XXXIX.

♦

a and b is the Kathphdl of Almora, sent by Mr. H. Harris. This name is probably a con-
traction of Khalldphal, or fruit of the Khaitd orange.

Externally it is maize-orange, with an uneven surface, studded with large and
small pinholes. It looks much like a Khattd orange, and has the same aroma

and taste in its rind. The pithy part is yellowish-white; the pulp is orange, and
the juice sour and abundant.

c is a fully-developed rain leaf.

d, e, and / are spring leaves.

g is the spine that came with the specimen.

PLATE XXXIX.

PLATE XL.

♦

Four figures of Citrus aurantium, taken from Risso and Poiteau's monograph.

a is called “ oranger a fruit conifere,” with pale yellow pulp; half sweet and half acid, with a
little bitterness. The authors say this variety is on the debatable ground between
the oranges and lemons.

b is the “ oranger a fruit pyriform.” The pulp is orange-yellow in the centre, and blood-

coloured towards the rind. It is very fine fiavoured.

c is the “ oranger a fruit toruleux,” with the rind-carpels distinct.

d is the “oranger a fruit rugueux,” commonly called “oranger des hois de St. Domingue.”

Eisso states that in St. Domingo this orange was used by preference in cases
of '‘weakness after fever.

It is not impossible that the Italians may have got the notion of “ decoction

of lemon” for fever, and weakness after fever, from the West India Islands.

PLATE XL.

PLATE XL I.

Malta orange from Hagkala, Ceylon.

a and h. The exterior of this slightly unripe orange was greenish -yellow, with pale orange
oil-glands of Tarious sizes. Pulp pale orange, juice abundant and sour-sweet. Skin

rather thick. A good kind of orange of the Malta type. Flowers white with five
petals.

c and d.

Kain leaves with the distinctive scent of the Malta orange leaf.

PLATE XLI.

PLATE XLII.

♦

Malta oranges from Colombo, Ceylon.

a and c. Exterior orange-yellow, pitted all over witli shallow cavities ; at the bottom of each
there is a large oil-gland. The intermediate spaces are filled with miliary convexi-
ties, consisting of the smaller oil-glands. c is the section of a. The skin is
rather thick. The pulp is of a darker shade of orange than the Malta varieties of
India. The centre is all but solid. It is many seeded; seeds white when cut.

b is another specimen, pitted like a, but the intermediate spaces are much smoother, and in
places shiny. It is thinner skinned, more juicy, and finer flavoured than a. The
natives of Ceylon call this either orange, or “ Peni-dudan,” which means “sweet and
round,” while all the other oranges of the “ Suntara ” type they call by the name of
“ Mandarin.” (None of these, however, is true Mandarin.) The Malta oranges of
Kandy are like those of Colombo.

PLATE XLII.

PLATE XLIII.

Oranges of the Malta type from Tanjore, South India.

a and h are the “ Bandir ” orange of Tanjore, called by the English “ sweet lime.” It is of

a yellowish-orange when ripe. It is generally smooth and pitted all over with

large foveoli, the intermediate spaces having miliary convexities. The pulp is pale
orange, juicy, and of a pleasant, sweet, and sub-acid flavour. The juice-vesicles are
rather coarse, the centre hollow, and the seeds white when cut.

Another specimen had thinner skin, juice very abundant and sweet, with a
distant soupgon of sub-acid. This is a very fine orange ; can be cut across in halves

and eaten with a spoon ; well worth propagating and disseminating.

c and d is the so-called Spanish orange of Tanjore. It is yellow externally, slightly foveolate,
and covered with miliary projections. The rind has a slight scent of Lantana. The
pulp is darker than other Indian oranges of the same type, and deep orange ; juice
abundant, and very pleasant, sweet, and sub-acid ; centre solid, and seeds white
when cut. Both are distinctly of the Malta orange type.

PLATE XLIII.

PLATE XLIV.

The “ Mussembi ” orange of Poona.

a and c are one orange. The characteristic feature of this variety of the Malta orange is that

externally it has closely-set, < longitudinal furrows, running from base to apex, with

a tendency to become subwarty in the larger specimens, like /. The exterior is
orange-yellow, generally with an aureola round the apex, which is probably the

remains of an extinct mammilla. The pulp is pale orange, juice abundant, with the
distinctive flavour of the Malta orange ; seeds white when cut ; centre solid, as in
c, or hollow, as in e.

ft is a smoother specimen, and d has only a trace of furrows round the base. The smooth

specimens have a much thinner skin ; their juice- vesicles are flner, and their juice
is more abundant, e is the section of d.

^ is a rain leaf of the “Mussembi” orange of Poona. Natives of Poona say they can keep
this orange on the tree for a year, without spoiling. It is supplied to the Bombay
market, where I purchased a and h. It is a distinct and very desirable variety.
One I got at Poona I kept from 25th December to 28th January. It remained
fresh and juicy, and became more highly coloured round the apex.

PLATE XLIV.

PLATE XLV.

The trm “ Mussembi ” oranges of the Bombay market. These come from

Zanzibar, and “ Mussembi is evidently a corruption of Mozambique. It is also called
Malta orange in Bombay.

Most of the specimens are ovoid or egg-oranges, like a, b, c, g, and i, but round
forms like d are also found. They are orange-yellow, and foveolate all over. The
skin is thin and some are seedless. When quite ripe they are very sweet. Those
who know this orange in Zanzibar say it is much better than the Malta or Spanish
orange, that is oranges of the same type grown in Malta and Spain.

d resembled the Sicily orange.

e is the section of a, / is the section of b, g and i were of a deep orange colour, h is the
section of g. Both these had many seeds. In two others I found only three seeds,
and a was seedless. In this variety the juice-vesicles were attached also a little
way up the sides of the pulp carpels.

PLATE XLV.

PLATE XLVI

Other specimens of the Malta orange type.

a and h are called the Suez orange, by Mr. C. Nickels, of the Passewa factory, Jaunpore.

He obtained the fruit in Suez, and from their seeds grew this specimen at his

factory. I received it on the 30th January. It was of a bright orange colour,
evidently ripened on the tree ; smooth and only slightly foveolate. When cut the

perfume of the fruit is distinctive, and that of the Malta orange type. Pulp of a

deeper orange than others of this type grown in India, and as deep as that of the
Zanzibar orange ; juice abundant, and of a delicious, sweet, and sub-acid flavour. It
is one of the best oranges of this type which I have tasted in India. The pithy
part of the skin was of a yellowish- white ; the rind only aromatic, scarcely bitter
or pungent.

c is a rain leaf, well developed, and d a spring leaf.

^ is an orange of this type which I obtained on the SS. Chunda (B. I. S. N, Co.), said to

have been purchased at Madras about five or six weeks before. It had a thin skin,
abundant sweet juice, and many seeds, with a solid centre. It was of the Malta type.

PLATE XLVl.

PLATE XLVII.

♦

Malta egg-oranges from Etawah.

a and e. Exterior chagrined with foveoli, and intermediate miliary elevations. A larger specimen,
of which e is a section, was more chagrined, and its pinholes more decided. It had
not only deep foveoli, but other less deep foveoli between them, and between these
again there were miliary convexities. The oil-cells of c and e are rather exaggerated
to show clearly the three sizes of oil-cells, to which the foveoli and miliary eminences
correspond.

h and d show a smaller and smoother egg-orange, with a thin skin, the foveoli being distinct
only at the base and apex. The colour of the pulp of all is of a pale orange ;

abundant and sub-acid juice. These specimens had only from four to seven seeds.
Usually the egg-orange in Europe is seedless, and corresponds to the orange sans
pepins of Risso ; but in India it is often full of seeds.

/ and g are spring leaves ; the latter shows the wing of the petiole continuous -with the blade
of the leaflet on one side. This is normal in some of the citrons, and occurs

often in some pummelos. h and i are also spring leaves.

PLATE XLVil.

PLATE XLVIIl.

♦

Malta round orange, from Etawah (frequently but wronglij called Sylhet orange).

There is a notion among natives that this orange is better and more juicy
when plucked in its green state in October. This notion may have arisen .from

some varieties becoming, either from quality of soil or want of cultivation, dry and
juiceless if left too long on the tree.

a and 6. A fully grown but unripe specimen, with foveoH close to each other. Surface
chagrined, with the usual miliary eminences ; pulp orange, juice very abundant, sweet
and sub-acid. From each half of this orange I squeezed a full wine-glass of juice.

c and d are leaves taken from the same branch of the round orange.

e and / are leaves taken from the same branch of the egg-orange. Both show the small

spine, which is rather characteristic of this type of orange.

PLATE XLVin.

PLATE XLIX.

Another specimen of the Malta round orange.

a and b. Surface chagrined, pinholes rather close ; surface covered with miliary oil-glands. In
this specimen the juice-vesicles were developed also from the sides of the pulp
carpels, as shown in h and h. Some of them were in an undeveloped state, •much
like the oil-cells of the rind ; i shows them in a section of the side of h

h shows some of the pedicelled juice-vesicles isolated and hanging down, the others having
been removed to prevent confusion. In many of the large specimens of the Malta
orange type the circumference part of the pulp carpels has an emargination as shown
in b at x. This is common in pummelos.

c is a rain leaf ; d and e very small spring leaves ; and / is the small spine of this type of
orange.

g shows little points on the under side of some of the leaves, as if caused by some insect.

PLATE XLIX.

PLATE L.

♦

Malta blood orange, from the Horticulture,! Garden, Lucknow.

a and & is a large, thick-skinned specimen, deeply foveolate, and coarsely chagrined. Pulp
orange, streaked occasionally with blood colour ; juice not abundant, and without much
flavour ; seeds white when cut.

c and d is a smoother and thinner skinned specimen, of an orange exterior, and only foveolate.

Pulp pale orange, streaked with blood colour. The flavour of the Malta type of
orange is sui gpueris, and different from the flavour of the Suntara orange type.
This was imported from Malta in 1863 ; it never showed in Lucknow more blood
colour than mere streaks, showing probably something was wanting either in the
soil or mode of cultivation. It may be also that the trees sent were not of the
full-blooded variety.

« is a rain leaf, and f and g are spring leaves. The scent of the Malta orange leaf is feeble,
and different from that of the Seville, and of the Suntara type.

PLATE L.

PLATE LI.

Blood oranges sent by Mr. Steel, Deputy Commissioner of Gujranwala, Punjab.
The original trees were imported from Malta by Colonel Clarke, D.C., between 1852
and 1856. Some specimens were from the original imported trees, still living; and.
some were from budded plants. The latter gave smaller fruit, but as good as the
others.

a and b. Exterior of a bright orange ; apex half smeared with a tinge of blood red ;

foveolate all over, with the intermediate spaces dotted with smaller oil-cells. All
the specimens sent were more or less slightly oblong, c is the section of h. The
oil-cells of the rind are small and of an orange colour, but now and again a few
are found with a blood colour; pithy part of skin yellowish-white. Pulp of a uniform
orange-claret colour throughout, and of a delicious sweetness and perfection of flavour,
not a bit inferior to those grown in Malta. Seeds very few; centre almost solid.

d and e are spring leaves of this orange.

PLATE LI.

PLATE LI I.

Blood orange sent by Mr. C. Nickels, of Jaunpore, N.W.P. The trees were
imported by him from England in 1872.

a and h. Exterior deep orange, with a deeper blush on one side, and foveolate all over.

Scent, when cut, distinctive and that of the Malta orange type. Pithy part of the
skin yellowish-white ; rind only aromatic, scarcely bitter or pungent. Pulp orange,
deeper than that of others, excepting the Suez and Zanzibar orange. Here and
there were streaks and little dabs of blood colour. Flavour delicious, with a slight
mixture of sub-acid. Seeds white when cut.

c and d are probably rain leaves, showing rather well-developed petiole wings ; the former has
one half slightly undeveloped.

PLATE Lll.

PLATE LIU.

a and h are leaves from a round Malta orange tree of Etawah ; h, for size, shape, and
thickness of blade resembled a pummelo leaf, the petiole being only margined, and
not large winged, as is usual in pummelo leaves.

c and d are also leaves of a Malta orange tree, one having a winged petiole, the other a
margined petiole.

PLATE LIN.

PLATE LIV.

♦

a, b, and c are also leaves of the Malta orange tree of Etawah. Usually this variety has a stout
petiole, only margined.

d and e are leaves of the true Sylhet orange, of the Suntara type. Usually their petioles are
more slender than the former, and only margined, thinner and less polished ; the
minute oil-glands slightly project on the surface, giving them a somewhat chagrined
appearance. These leaves are given for comparison. There is scarcely a citrus tree
which has all its leaves at all times typical. On any tree one is sure to find
some leaves which might be easily mistaken for the leaves of some other variety.
The rain leaves usually differ much in development from the spring leaves.

PLATE LIV.

PLATE L V.

♦

a, h, and c are leaves taJken from the same tree of the Malta orange of Etawah.

seen how widely the petiole of a differs from the petiole of c. In
ever, the typical petiole, that is like which most of the leaves on
found, is that of h.

It will be
reality, how-
a tree are

PLATE LV.

PLATE LVI.

♦

This is the “ Poonchee Jambole ” (or small pummelo) of Kandy, Ceylon. Some

call it “ Amool-dodan,” or sour orange.

a, h, and c. When ripe the exterior is of a deep lemon-yellow, pitted all over with foveoli,
the intermediate spaces being filled with smaller oil-cells. If it were orange
coloured it might be easily taken for a thick-skinned Malta orange, although the

skin can be separated more easily than in the latter. The exterior of 6 is a

little coarser than a. c is the section of a. The pithy part of the skin hsis a

lemon-yellow blush. The pulp is pale yellowish, like that of a lemon. The juice-
vesicles are large, and the juice is abundant, and of a pleasant sub-acid flavour,

without sweetness. The seeds are like those of the pummelo, large and rugose.

e and d are rain leaves, and / and g spring leaves. The majority have a decidedly winged
petiole like e and d, but I found nothing to approach the large wings of a pum-
melo leaf. They had no special aroma, and their scent approached those of the

Malta orange. On tapping the fruit with the fingers it gave the sound of a pum-
melo, on account of the thick, spongy skin. I saw a basket full of this citrus,

and they all had the colour, average size, and shape of those given. I look upon
it as a yellow variety of the Malta orange. The smaller of the spines h supports
this view, as also the scent of the leaves.

PLATE LVI,

PLATE LVII.

♦

Other leaves of the Malta orange trees of Etawah.

a and h are rain leaves, and c shows the tip and petiole of another leaf. All these three leaves
were taken from the same tree.

d and e are rain leaves taken from another Malta orange tree.

Note. — All these forms of leaves, taken from the same tree, are given, in order
to impress the reader with the necessity of making observations, not only on one tree,
hut on many, and under different circumstances. By only examining one leaf one
might perhaps be impressed with a type of leaf of a totally different variety.

PLATE LVIl.

PLATE LVIII.

♦

This plate shows oranges of the Malta or Portugal type purchased from shops in
England. They are here given for purposes of comparison.

a IS called the Jaffa orange. Some specimens are much larger. It is a large egg-orange, pitted
all over with foveoli. It resembles the Malta egg-orange, but is larger.

h and. t are what are called Denia oranges. The skin is very closely adherent.

d and e I purchased under the name of St. Michael's oranges, d was orange-yellow, finely chag-
rined, and covered with shallow depressions and intermediate miliary projections; skin
thin, and closely adherent ; flavour fair, and seeds none, d was a flatter specimen
with thickish skin, which had a sweetish aromatic taste, without any bitterness ; pulp
of a pleasant flavour and slightly sub-acid. I fancy many of the imported oranges are
plucked a good deal before they are ripe. .In my experience, unless an orange is well
ripened on the tree, it never possesses the right flavour.

f is the Florida orange, quite ripe and very fresh (14th March). The exterior is orange,
blushed with a sooty fine powder, which can be washed off, excepting from the foveoli.
I have often observed this blackness on this type of orange ; I do not know what
it is. Skin rather thin, adherent ; centre solid ; seeds numerous, long, but many
are imperfect ; colour of pulp orange, and flavour very fine indeed ; sweet, with a
minimum of sub-acid.

PLATE LVHI.

PLATE LIX.

♦

The drawings of this plate are taken from the Flora amboyn. of Rumphius.

a and h are the Aurantium pompelmoes (Cassomba of the Malays), of Tab. xxiv. fig. 2, vol. ii.

of Rumphius. If I have read him rightly, he says that fig. B denotes the natural
shape (no spines in his drawing). He describes four kinds, one of which is irregular
and tubercled. He says there are both red and white pulped pompelmoes.

Loureiro at p. 467, under the head of Citrus decumana, says : “ Spinous, glabrous,
petioles large, with cordate wings, pulp red or white, sweet or acid; very thick skin.
A variety is very sweet, and with a white pulp and yellow exterior.”

a shows a spineless branch, with entire leaves, of the" Pummelo.

c and d are taken from Tab. xxxv. vol. ii. of Rumphius. They represent the Aurantium dulcis
verrucosum, with a perfectly round fruit, A representing warts. The branch has crenate
leaves, with small petiole wings, and small spines.

e represents a bunch of this fruit.

Miguel, in his Flor. Ind. Batav., places this Aurantium of Rumphius as “ Citrus decumana,

var. verrucosa” (?).

Note. — c, d, and e should, I think, have been placed with the Portugal orange group.

/>^S-

PLATE LIX.

PLATE LX.

♦

Is an Amilbed from liohilcund.

a and h show this Amilbed ; lemon-yellow externally ; round the mammilla it is smooth ; in other
parts it is closely studded with miliary elevations. It was the only citrus which
came with the above name, and which had a mammilla, somew’hat like that of the
Khaitd orange. The pulp was pale orange, with abundant and sour juice. It is
said it never sweetens. Some of the pulp carpels were open towards the centre of
the fruit, which was hoUow. It floated very well m water.

c and d are well-developed rain leaves ; one with only a margined petiole, and the other with
small wings to its petiole.

Note. — Amilbed should properly be written Amdlbed, Amdl coming, it is said,
from the Sanskrit word meaning sour.

PLATE LX.

PLATE LX I.

♦

An AmilhH from Ajitmul, in the Etawah District (some call it Amilhent).

a and h show this perfectly oblate specimen, with a perfectly polished surface, distantly pitted
with oil-glands. When unripe it is light green, and pale yellow when ripe. The
pulp is orange-yellow and sour; juice abundant. When I was examining this fruit,
it struck me as on its way from an orange to a pummelo.

c is a well-developed rain leaf, and d and e spring leaves. In the section h there is a central
column A, detached from the carpels, and only united to them by the surrounding
threads.

PLATE LXI.

PLATE LXI.I.

Is the small Amilhed of Lucknow.

a and h show this citrus with a very slight indication of a mammilla. When ripe it is light yellow,
with a smooth and shiny surface,’ simply pitted with oil-glands. When unripe it
is of a vivid green, and looks like a large roasting apple. The . pulp is orange-
yelloAv; juice abundant, and very acid. Some of the pulp carpels were open towards
the centre, and two had an indentation, or emargination, on the circumference part, as
shown by aa in the section.

c is a fully-developed rain leaf, and d a spring leaf ; the former is more serrate than crenate,
and the three sizes of its oil-cells are quite distinct.

PLATE LXII.

PLATE LXIII.

♦

An Amilhed from Bulrampur, Gonda.

a and 5 show this oblate citrus, with a deep lemon-coloured exterior, rather smooth and shiny,
with distant foveoli, and smaller ones between them. The pulp is transparent and
of a pale orange-yellow; juice abundant, and of a pure acid flavour. The seeds
were small for the size of the fruit. The pulp carpels were open towards the
centre, the latter being a large hollow space.

c shows a well-developed rain leaf with oil-cells of all sizes, quite distinct ; and d a spring leaf.

e a small spine which came with the branch. The young unexpanded leaf-buds were quite

pubescent. The leaves were slightly lemon scented.

b shows the central column a remaining adherent to only one carpel, and dragged to the one
side.

PLATE LXIII.

PLATE LXIV.

A pyriform Amilbed from Eampur, Eohilcund.

a and b show its distinct pyriform outline, with smooth surface. It had slight foveoli, and the
smooth intermediate spaces had indistinct transparent oil-cells. This Amilbed was
different from the foregoing. It had a white pulp, like that of a lemon, with scanty
and very sour juice. It was unripe, which may account for the scantiness of its
juice.

c and d are rain leaves; e is a spring leaf.

I found no spines on the branch sent.

PLATE LXIV.

PLATE LXV.

Is an ovoid Amilhed from Benares.

a and b show its outline and section. Externally it is not unlike a large Chilgul lemon, with-
out its mammilla. It is lemon-yellow and smooth. Its pulp is pale, like that of a
lemon. Its centre solid, and the circumference part of the pulp carpels has a distinct
indentation or emargination. These indentations correspond to the midribs of the
carpels. The juice is abundant and sour.

The leaves, which I have not seen, would probably decide whether this is an
Amilbedf or a Gulgul lemon.

PLATE LXV.

PLATE

L X V I,

♦

Is a citrus, received from Messrs. Carew & Co., of Eosa, Shahjahanpur, under the
name of Chahotra, or Pummelo.

a and h show its outline and section. It is of a pale yellow, neither very smooth nor at all
rough. It has slight foveoli, representing the openings of the large oil-cells, with
intermediate small ones, which are not raised. In section these oil-cells of the rind
have a curious appearance. The larger ones have a long neck and are shaped like
battledores. They are not unlike small juice-vesicles. Each carpel, on its circum-
ference side, had a httle projection a, representing the main vessel of its midrib.

c and d are well -developed spring leaves, thin and quite different from Pummelo leaves. Pulp
lemon-like, sour and bitter.

e, /, g, and h represent spring leaves.

The spines on the branches sent were mere feeble points. Taking all its
characters into consideration, I believe this to be an Amilhad, and not a “ Chakotra ”
proper.

PLATE LXVl.

PLATE LXVII.

a shows its

c is a rain

Amilhed Kaldn, or large Amdhed of Lucknow.

irregular outline. It is, when ripe, of a deeper yellow than the Kaghzi nimboo or
lime. Its surface, beyond being undulating, is rather smooth ; only pitted with oil-
cell openings. The pulp is very pale, like that of a lemon. The juice-vesicles are
coarse; the juice very abundant, and of a pure acid; seeds very numerous. This is

a desirable variety, on account of its abundant and purely acid juice.

leaf, thick and tough, reminding one of a pummelo leaf; is a spring leaf.

The oil-cells of the leaves, of three sizes, were distinct.

PLATE LXVII.

PLATE LXVIII.

The Bhi Kalamha of Calcutta. (Desi means “belonging to India,” in contradistinction to

Beldti, or foreign.)

a and h show its outline and section. Its exterior was neither rough nor smooth. It had
shallow and distant foveoli. The intermediate spaces were covered with convex cells,
each having a minute earth-coloured scab or crust, as if caused by. some insect.
The pulp was pale, and pinkish at the circumference. The juice was abundant and
sour, with a pleasant taste of pummeio, and a slight dash of bitterness.

c and d were papery leaves, unlike pummeio leaves.

e is the small spine found on the branches sent.

It appeared to me that this citrus was more hke an Amilbed Kalon than a pummeio

proper.

Desi might either mean that it belonged to India, or it might be a contemptuous ferm,
meaning an inferior article.

PLATE LXVIll.

(JJam '^ ' '4 in

PLATE LXIX.

♦

The Keem citron of the Saharunpur Botanic Grarden.

a &hows its undulating and sub-warty surface. Its exterior is lemon-yellow, with large lumpy
folds round the base. The foveoli are large and shallow, with the interspaces bulging
out. The apex mammilla is depressed and obliterated. Its former existence being
only indicated by an aureola.

h shows the section and its thick skin. It had a very bitter rind ; bat very aromatic. The
pithy part was soft and spongy ; the pulp coarse, pale, with a faint tinge of pinkish
orange ; the juice abundant and very sour ; the centre hollow. Many of the carpels
were open towards the centre.

c is a well-developed leaf, with its petiole simply margined,
the spine found on the branch sent.

In my opinion this is a variety of Amilbed Kaldn. Mr. Gollam says that its flowers
are large and pure white ; the young shoots are slightly downy. I do not know what Keem

means, if I have read it rightly.

PLATE LXIX.

PLATE LXX.

♦

Is a Chahdtra or pummelo sent from Gonda, and supposed to have come originally from

NepaL

a shows its pyriform outline. Its exterior was lemon -yellow, with a tinge of red on one side.

The oil-cells were slightly convex ; there were no foveoli depressions. The skin
was I of an inch thick ; the pulp pinkish. The pulp carpels irregular, and rather
emarginate on their circumference side ; the centre hollow.

b shows a well-developed leaf almost entire, and very slightly tomentose. The shape of the
leaves, and absence of crenations are like the Chahdtra of Etawah, which has a
large oblate fruit. This shaped fruit in Etawah is called Mahtdhi.

All the foregoing specimens of citrus, which came under the name of Amilhed, had only

margined petioles. Here we have the large cordate wings of the pummelo proper.

PLATE LXX.

PLATE LXXI.

Is another Cha'cotra from Gonda.

a shows its pyriform outline, almost an exact copy of the foregoing one on Plate LXX. Like
it, it is lemon-yellow, with very slightly projecting oil-cells. Its skin was ^ an
mch thick ; its pulp pale towards the centre, and pinkish towards the circumference ;
centre, small and hollow ; carpels regular, and not emarginate.

h shows a well-developed leaf, crenate, tomentose, and ovo-lanceolate.

I have given this plate to show that, although this fruit is almost indistinguishable from
the preceding, the tree is of a different variety, with ovo-lanceolate, crenate, and tomentose leaves ;
while the foregoing has lanceolate, entire, and almost glabrous leaves. Besides, the pulp carpels of
this are not emarginate, while those of the foregoing are slightly so.

T‘

y -

PLATE LXXL

PLATE LXXII.

♦

This is a pyriform pummelo, which I purchased at the Sohagpur station, G.I.P. Ey.

a and b show its outline and section. It was lemon-yellow, smooth, and tinged with red in many
places. It was closely dotted all over with oil-cells of irregular shape and of various
sizes. The centre was solid, with a ring of vessels as shown at A of section h. The
pulp was red round the circumference, and pale towards the centre. It had many
seeds. (Note the elongated centre, and see Chapter on “Morphology.”)

c shows the disposition of the juice vesicles in the carpels, as shown in a cross section. They
were short excepting towards the centre of the fruit. Many were like enlarged oil-cells ;
pear shaped. The attachments were not only on the circumference part of the carpel,
as is usual with many citrus, but also on the sides, as far as B B. The vesicles
projected into the middle of the carpel ; but at B B they projected towards the centre
of the fruit, and were much longer. Some of the juice-vesicles were pedicelled, but
the majority were sessile. (See Appendix No. 62.)

Note. — The elongated centre A gives an impression of this fruit having originally come
from the fusion of two ovaries. {Vide Plates CCXXIII. and CCXXIV.)

PLATE

LXXII.

PLATE LXXIII.

♦

a came from Bulrampur, Gonda, with the name of Mahtdbi ChaoTctra. It is said that the fruit

often weighs seers, or 3 lbs. It is said to ripen in November, and also in March
(I suppose the latter is the Dumrez crop). It is lemon-yellow, with shallow green

furrows round the base, indicated by the lines A A. Round the base the oil-cells

are shallow cavities; elsewhere they are convex elevations. In its longitudinal furrows
it resembles the Mussemhi orange of Poona. The skin of this specimen was one

inch thick ; the pulp, of- a pleasant sub-acid ; in parts pinkish, in parts like a white
pummelo ; it was seedless.

c is a fully -developed leaf of a. It is crenate, and its scent is very faint. The young shoots
are pubescent.

b is the Chakotra Ghdgus of Bulrampur, said to be sweet. It was not sweet, but sub-acid, and
in every way like the bigger one a. The young shoots were also pubescent. I
saw no difference between these two, although they bore different names. Another

variety, called Chakaya Chakotra, and said to be sweet, was also sub-acid, like most
pummelos.

^irth

20 ifu

PLATE LXXlll.

PLATE LXXIV.

A “ Chakotra ” from Bulrampur, Gonda, said to be uncommon.

a and b are the outline and section of this pummelo. It was of a lemon-yellow. The surface
was covered with foveoli, at distances of ^ of an inch. The intermediate spaces
had both convex and plane oil-cells. The convex ones were polished, the others not so.
The pulp was pale and greenish, with a very light pinkish , tinge on the B side. The
skin was thicker on the B side than on the A side, probably from better development,
as is shown also by the larger pulp carpels. The juice was abundant, and of a
pleasant sub-acid ; and it had no seeds.

c is a rain leaf, and d a spring leaf. The spring leaves were either entire or crenate.

The spines were mere points.

Besides being seedless, I could see nothing uncommon about this pummelo. If c represents
a fully-developed rain leaf, which I doubt, this variety may have smaller leaves, with smaller
petiole wings, than is usual.

PLATE LXXIV.

PLATE LXXV.

This is the Jambole, or Jamhoo Ndrun, of Ceylon.

a and h show the outline and section of this ovoid pummelo; the wavy outline indicates the
projections of the oil-cells of three sizes, the disposition of which is shown at A.
The exterior is pale yellow, covered all over with only conmx oil-cells of three sizes.
There are no depressions. The convexities are easily squashed with the nail. The
scent of their essential oil is peculiar. The pulp is transparent yellowish white,
with the faintest tint of pink towards the centre. The juice-cells are large, and
the juice of a nice sub-acid and aromatic flavour, without any bitterness. It is
many-seeded. The seeds, when cut, are white. The oil-cells of the rind are

globular and quite distinct. The pithy part of the skin is spongy, and, as in some
other pummelos, bitter.

/S iri:

PLATE LXXV.

PLATE LXXVI.

♦

c and d show the leaves of the Jamhole pummelo of Ceylon, shown on the foregoing
Plate LXXV.

c is the largest pummelo leaf I have seen, excepting that of Plate LXXXV. ; its size being probably
due to the abundant moisture and warmth of Ceylon ; d is a spring leaf ; both crenate,
and not so leathery as the leaves of the Indian pummelos. These leaves were ,of a
light green, mottled faintly with yellow. The stem and mid-ribs were slightly
pubescent. The oil-cells were distinct, and both the large and small ones distantly
situated. In some parts none but the smallest oil-cells could be seen. Those of the
edges, as usual, were quite distinct and large.

e is a longitudinal section of one of the pulp carpels. The juice-cells of the three different sizes
are sufficiently clear, and shown in cross section. They are roughly of three sizes.

PLATE LXXVI.

PLATE LXXVII.

Chakotra Kaldn from Gundaroop Sing’s Garden, Ajitmal, Etawah district.

a is the pyriform outline of this large pummelo. It is lemon-yellow, with a reddish tinge on
one side. There are two sets of oil-cells, one concave like pinholes, shown by the

dark dots at A, the others are miliary convexities, or little eminences between the

former, as shown by the light dots at A. These miliary convexities near the peduncle
are also concavities. In Rampur Rohilcand this sort of pummelo, I was told, is called
At Amii Kalan. B B shows the zigzag minings of some insect, probably the larva of

a minute moth. This is the only instance in which I noticed these minings under the

epidermis of the fruit. Between the laminaa of the citrus leaves, in the rains, these
minings are common, and give a glistening appearance to the leaves attacked ; they
injure the leaf. Probably the larvae have a partiality to the essential oil of the leaves.

PLATE LXXVII

PLATE LXXVIII.

♦

& is a section of the Chakotra Kalmi, of the foregoing Plate LXXVII. It has a very thick
skin and emarginate pulp carpels. The oil-cells of the rind are distinct. The pulp is
red towards the circumference, and of a dirty yellowish colour elsewhere. The
juice-vesicles of this specimen were dry, concrete, and tasteless. It had no seeds.

c and d are its leaves. The wings of the petioles in this variety, even in the young
seedlings, are often continuous with the blade of the leaf, as shown in 0 C, the joint
being in its normal position at C. Four leaves were sent, all with this cha^’acter ;
c was only half so. All the leaves were tough and leather^'.

PLATE LXXVIll.

PLATE LXXIX.

♦

At Anni Kalan of Rohilcund.

This pummelo was pyriform and similar to the foregoing on Plate LXXVII., but larger.
It had a girth of 25^ inches at its thickest part ; its section was rather oval, with a long diam. of
8^ inches and a short diam. of 7^ inches in the thickest part. The exterior was greenish
lemon-yellow (perhaps not quite ripe), with very distinct foveoli depressions at certain distances,
and everywhere between the former slight miliary convexities of the smaller oil-glands. The
depressions gave it a uniform and faintly sub-warty surface. The apex had an outline of a
very flattened mammilla.

a shows its section. The wavy outline indicates the depressions and elevations of the oil-glands,
as shown at C. D D is the central column burst asunder.

b and c are the leaves of this pummelo. As before, c shows the union of the petiole wings
with the leaf blade, and the joint at A.

The pulp was pale pink ; juice abundant, sweetish sub-acid, with a pleasant aroma.
The dissepiments or division walls of the pulp were of a dark rose colour. At B is shown the
disposition of the juice-vesicles, which are mostly long and slender.

Note. — The ovality in section may possibly mean that it descends from a fruit made up
of the fusion of two ovaries. {Vide Chapter on “ Morphology,” and Plates CCXXIII. and
CCXXIV.)

PLATE LXXIX.

PLATE LXXX.

Large oblate pummelo, called “ Chakotra,” from the Public Garden of Etawah.

a shows its outline, not unlike that of a gourd. When unripe, it is of a pale green, and when
ripe, of a dull lemon-yellow. Its surface does not shine. It has large oil-glands at
regular distances as shown at A, interspersed with innumerable small ones. This is
the largest pummelo I have seen.

N.B. — The Bombay thin-skinned red pummelo is smaller than the above and more globose,
with convex oil-cells of various sizes. The specimen I examined had a girth cf 22 inches. The
thickness of its skin varied from ^ to ^ inch. Its pulp was of the colour of ravj beef, and very
juicy, and of a pleasant sub-acid, sui generis flavour, mixed with sweetness, and the merest
soupgon of bitterness. The seeds when cut were white. It was by far the finest variety of
pummelo I have yet seen, with an aromatic rind.

PLATE LXXX.

PLATE LXXXI.

' " ^

Section of the foregoing huge pummelo given on Plate LXXX.

The pithy part of the thick skin is of the consistence of sponge cake, and has a pink

blush.

The pulp is of a crimson pink, and hollow in the centre. The parts A A are the
central column split up by the expansion of the fruit, and left adherent to the carpels. They are
joined together by threads as shown in the centre.

T?he seeds are very numerous, and the carpels contorted in various ways, each having a very
distinct emargination on its circumference side C C. In all other kinds these indentations were
not so marked. The juice-vesicles are coarse, and their disposition shown at B. Taken singly,
they are of a pale rose colour. The juice is an agreeable mixture of sweet, sub-acid, and just
enough bitter to give it piquancy.

PLATE LXXXI.

PLATE LXXXII

♦

Ijeaves of pummelos, in the Etawah Public Garden.

a is a well-developed rain leaf of the foregoing large pummelo given on Plate LXXX. The

shoots of this tree and leaves are quite glabrous, so are the shoots and leaves of
six other trees, which bear similar oblate fruit, but smaller. Their leaves are

entire, with only an occasional indentation ; nevertheless, on their edges, at stated
distances, there are the remains of oil-glands, as if the leaves had been crenated.
{Vide Chapter on “ Morphology.”)

These leaves are leathery, tough, and shiny ; their scent is nil. The oil-cells
of this blade appear to be all small, distantly situated, and almost indistinct, on
account of the thickness of the leaf.

c is the leaf of a fully pubescent variety, with somewhat pyriform fruit, called Mahtdbi by the

gardener. Its leaves are crenate, ovo-lanceolate, and of a duller and less shiny

green than a. The petiole wings are smaller, and the oil-cells distinct.

b is an intermediate form, has a good deal of pubescence on young leaves and very young

stem ; less on older leaves and older stems, and none on the oldest leaves. The

fully-developed but ijoung leaves have a few scattered hairs here and there.

PLATE LXXXrr.

PLATE LXXXIII.

Chakotra, sent by Messrs. Carew & Co.

a and b show its outline and section. I here reproduce it because on its B side it was

undeveloped. This produced a curious alteration in the oil-cells of the rind. Those
shown on the developed, or A side, were simple depressions or concavities, not like
pinholes, as in At Anni Kaldn of Plate LXXVTI. Between them were the small
oil-cells, shown by the dots. On the contrary, on the undeveloped, or B side, the
large oil-cells were closely set and elevated, that is convexities, while the small oil-cells
were either not developed, or only here and there found, as shown by the few dots.
Midway between the two sides the small cells became more apparent, and the

convex larger cells became concave.

b shows the fully-developed oil-cells at A, and only the closely set large cells at B. This

fruit had a rosy red pulp, sweet and sub-acid, imperfect and rather dry. The pulp
carpels on B side also show a want of development. I think this specimen alone
sufficiently proves that the concave or convex oil-cells of the rind do not depend,
as Risso said, on the acid or sweet nature of the pulp, but on a quite different
set of conditions.

Note. — In this specimen also the elongated centre C probably comes from the fruit

having originated in the fusion of two ovaries. (Vide Chapter on “ Morphology.”)

PLATE LXXXIII.

PLATE

L X X X I V.

•

Leaves of the undeveloped pummelo given on the foregoing Plate LXXXIII.
c is a fully-developed rain leaf,

d is a spring leaf.

e, f, and g are also spring leaves, with margined petioles, / and g shomng a deep emargination

or division at the tip. The typical leaves of all the true pummelos I have seen

always have a large winged petiole; but by search many types of leaves would he
found on the same tree simulating the leaves of other varieties.

PLATE LXXXIV.

PLATE LXXXV.

Leaves of a citrus I obtained at Kandy, Ceylon.

These leaves were taken from a young tree which had no fruit. They had all the

characters of pummelo leaves.

a resembled the fully-developed leaves of the Kandy Jambole. The stems and leaves were

quite glabrous, excepting the minute unexpanded leaf buds, which were decidedly
tomentose. The large young leaves had only a few hairs on their edges, while in
the tomentose forms the hairs were persistent on the edges even on the old leaves.

c is one of the spines I found on this tree. From its appearance the tree, I should say, was
a seedling about three years old. If so, that would account for such a large spine.
I have always found that seedlings of most citrus have more formidable spines than
budded plants. These leaves had a faint lemon scent. Not hadng seen their fruit,
I cannot say whether they were really pummelo trees.

PLATE LXXXV.

PLATE LXXXVI.

♦

a, h, and c. All these three leaves are from one pummelo tree in Etawah ; they are all glabrous,
and apparently entire, but have oil-cells at their edges, with very minute, almost
imperceptible indentations, showing that although entire they retain the remains of
crenations. The scent of these leaves is almost nil. The oil-cells along the mid-
rib and venations are very sparse.

PLATE LXXXVI.

PLATE LXXXVII.

These are leaves of two pummelo trees I found in the “ Taj ” Garden. Their fruits were
slightly different in size, but similar in shape. Their leaves were indistinguishable, except that
those of a were tomentose, and those of b quite glabrous. The latter were slightly thinner,
less crenate, and a little more shiny than those of the former. They had no scent.

The unexpanded buds of h had some hairs, as in other citrus, and the petiole wings of
the young leaves a few scattered hairs on their edges. The young stems and mid-ribs were
quite glabrous.

The oil-cells of a were minute and sparsely situated ; crenations slight ; mid-ribs and
edges of petiole wings, and upper side of petiole base, and green stem were tomentose.

The oil-cells of h were also minute, very few and sparse, and scarcely visible ; crenations
obscure; all parts quite glabrous. {See Chapter on the “Pummelo and Amilbed Group.'*)

PLATE LXXXVIII.

This specimen was sent by the Secretary A. H. S. of India under the name of sour
pummelo.

a and h are the same fruit. Externally pale yellow, and exactly like a pummelo of the Mdhtdhi
variety, only a little more shiny; generally smooth, with foveoli at stated distances,
as shown at c, and smaller, and still smaller ones between them. The rind rather
lemon-flavoured; pithy part very slightly sweetish, and not so spongy as is usual in
pummelos pulp pale transparent, like that of a lemon, acid, and ^ quite seedless.

The letter which accompanied it stated, “ I send you three fruits of a pummelo. We
know it as ‘ No. 15.’ It is said to be extremely acid. You will notice that the fruit
contains no seed. Our garden people declare that anyone eating the fruit is certain to get fever !
You must not suppose that our ordinary table-pummelo is anything like it.”

I have tried the decoction of a number of sour kinds of citrns as an antidote for fever,
including some Amilheds. I found them all more or less useful for this purpose !

Note. — This and the following were received after the others were arranged, and
therefore placed at the end of the group.

PLATE LXXXVil!,

PLATE LXXXIX.

These are leaves of the sour pummelo, shown on the foregoing Plate LXXXVIII.

a, 6, and c are fully-developed rain leaves, and d, e, and / are small spring leaves. They have
some tomentum on the under side of the mid-rib, and round the edges of the
petiole wings. The petiole wings of h are the largest ; most of the other leaves have
them much smaller, the petioles of the small leaves being only ridged. The petiole
in all is short, and different from the long one of the pummelo. proper. The leaves
are serrated rather than crenated, and the serrations commence from the base of the
leaf as in lemons. The oil-cells are as usual, and the scent citrine, but feeble. If not
an Amilbed, this large pummelo-like citrus may be a lemon of the “ Gulgiil ” variety ;
and, having been grown in Calcutta, may have got a thicker skin than usual. The
spines g and h are not unlike those of the lemon tribe ; but the winged petiole
inclines me to think it an Amilbed.

PLATE LXXXIX. '

PLATE X C.

This specimen was taken from the Garden of the Maharaja of TJlwar. There it was
called Amilhed,

a and b. Externally lemon-yellow, like an Amilhed, but with a tendency to sub-wartiness ; the
skin thickish, and of a lemon scent; pulp pale orange and sharply acid.

c is its well-developed leaf; thin, and its petiole only slightly margined.

If this is not an Amilhed, it may not be impossible that it is a yellow-skinned variety
of the Khattd orange.

PLATE XC.

PLATE XCI.

♦

a, b, and c are leaves from a tree called AmilhSd) from the Garden of the Maharaja of Ulwar.

Their serrations are indistinct ; the oil-cells minute and distant, as in pummelo-

leaves. The upper side of petiole base is distinctly tomentose ; all had slight serrations at tips,
and they are thinner than is usual in pummelos proper. The green stem is as tomentose as
that of a tomentose pummelo.

The fruits are indistinguishable from small pummelos. The skin is f inch thick and
spongy ; rind bitter ; pulp pale, transparent and sour ; it leaves a slight bitterness in the mouth.
Seeds large, and rather like those of a pummelo, and white, when cut.

Taking into consideration the indistinctness of the leaf serrations and oil-cells, these
leaves would appear to be of a sour pummelo. Its large petiole wings point also in that
direction.

PLATE XCI.

PLATE XOII.

.» ■ ■

These specimens were purchased from a shop in England. This kind is the shaddock,
pummelo, or forbidden fruit of the English markets. The fruiterer said they came from
Palestine. They are given for the purpose of comparison.

a. Skin quite smooth, with transparent oil-cells of different sizes ; of a pale citrine colour,
and from ^ to - an inch thick ; centre solid ; pulp pale, like that of a lemon, sub-
acid and sweet, and slightly bitter ; seeds many.

i is a smaller specimen of the same kind, and of a pyriform shape.

N.B. — The fine large red pummelos of India appear to be unknown in the English
markets. They can be carried long distances without spoiling. The thin-skinned, dark red, and
juicy pummelo of the Bombay market is the best I have seen.

It is doubtful whether this shaddock of the English markets is a pummelo proper.
Gallesio says the Crusaders found the Porno d'Adamo in Palestine, and that it is not the
Pompelmoess, the latter being a new citrus introduced from the East Indies.

PLATE XCII.

PLATE XOIII.

■

a is taken from the Herb. Amboyn. of Eumphius, vol. ii., Table xxxi. It is his Limonellus
Madurensis (from Madura, in Java). {Vide Appendix, 41, j.) It is also called
“ Kimquit.” Its tree is usually about 2 feet high. The fruit is not eaten raw, but
preserved v^hole in sugar.

d is the smaller “ Kumquat,” or China orange grown in Lucknow. This branch had margined
petioles ; but e show leaves without the margins ; / is a section of its fruit with
five carpels, the smallest number I have ever met with in this genus. The skin is
very thin ; the pulp pale orange, and sour ; seeds greenish-white.

^ is a specimen of the “Kumquat” from Calcutta, used mainly as a decorative plant; both d
and y were unripe specimens obtained in September. When ripe, the fruit is slightly
larger, more oblate, and of an orange-yellow ; h ia a. section with seven carpels.
The leaves of the Calcutta specimeq had linear petioles.

b is taken from Table xxxiv., vol. ii., of Eumphius (same as Plate CXVI. A of this group) ;

c shows a margined petiole on the same branch. He calls it Aurantium Sinense. His
description of it coincides with that of the “ Suntara ” orange of India. {Vide
Appendix, 41, 1.)

PLATE XCIII.

PLATE XOIV.

♦

a, 6, c, and d I obtained from a tree in Benares, called “Hazara.” It had innumerable
oranges, both smaller and larger than the ordinary Kumquat. The name Hazdra
comes probably from the thousands of oranges it produces. The tree in question
was over six feet high, and was covered with oranges The colour is bright yellow-
orange, like that of the “ Suntara ” ; oblate, smooth, or chagrined, and foveolate. Pulp,
orange, sour ; juice abundant ; seeds green, when cut ; rind loosely attached ; aromatic,
but not agreeably so ; flowers small, white, five-petalled, scented.

e, /, and g are its leaves ; some having a linear, others a margined petiole ; scent feeble.

h and i came from Rohilcund, under the name of Hazara naringhi. Its leaves had linear petioles.

The fruit was orange-red, very finely chagrined, with minute foveoli and intermediate
miliary elevations. Pulp orange, juice plentiful and very sour ; never sweetens ; seeds
greenish, and rind very thin. There were no spines on this branch. These Hazdras
appear to be no other than overgrown Kumquats.

j is taken from Risso’s work. He calls it “ Bigaradier Chinois ” ; acid, and slightly bitter.

Probably it is the same as the Hazdra and Kumquat, enlarged from the effects of
climate and cultivation.

PLATE XCIV.

PLATE XOV.

a came from Messrs. Carew & Co., Shahjahaupur, under the name of Reshmi naranghi. Thin

skin, yellow-orange ; pulp pale orange, sub-acid, with greenish seeds ; b and c are its

rain leaves ; d, e, and / its spring leaves.

g and h came from Benares, under the name of Reshmi narangi. The exterior of the fruit is

sometimes chagrined, like a mandarin ; at other times much smoother ; skin loosely

attached ; pulp pale orange and sour ; seeds green.

i are the leaves that came with it. They are small spring leaves. The fruit shown had fourteen
carpels.

These two specimens appear to be no other than “ Hazaras,” or overgrown Kumquats.

As the Kumqmt is grown from seed, it probably may vary a good deal. Then cultivation, and

difference of soil and climate are almost sure to induce other changes.

PLATE XCV

PLATE XCVI.

a and h I obtained at Kandy, Ceylon, under the name of Nas-ndrun. It was reddish yellow
and foveolate, otherwise smooth. Pulp pale and greenish, and very acid; skin very
thin, and seeds numerous ; c are its leaves. At the Colombo Market I obtained a
much smaller specimen than this, but with similar characters. It was there called
Oodoo-Dehi. {Vide Plate CCXXIII., Fig. e.)

dy e, and f are the Surkh-nimhoo (red lime) of Lucknow ; very smooth and polished ; pulp
orange-yellow and sour. The fruit, when ripe, is of a reddish orange.

^ is a rain leaf, and h a spring leaf.

Whether this Surkh-nimhoo is a distinct variety from the Hazara, or an over-
grown Hazdra, I cannot say. Although the fruit is larger, it has similar characters ;
and so have the leaves. Any differences there might be would be quite compatible
with differences producible from seed.

PLATE XCVI.

PLATE XOVII.

♦-

a and b came under the name of Banndti-Benarsi-nimboo. This name, I was told, was derived
from its red-cloth colour, which natives call Banndt.

The surface was very finely chagrined, of an orange red colour. Pulp, orange \
juice abundant and very sour; it never sweetens ; skin very thin.

c, its rain leaf ; d, its spring leaves. They resemble the leaves of the Suiitara orange ; d is
the spine of the branch which came with it.

e and / is another specimen of Banndti-Benarsi-nimboo; red-orange externally, foveolate and
slightly chagrined. Pulp, orange ; juice abundant, and very sour. It never sweetens ;
seeds green, when cut. The rind has a resinous aroma.

g and h are its leaves, like those of the Suntara orange, and with feeble aroma.

These two specimens do not appear to be different from the Surkh-nimboo.

(

PLATE XCVII.

PLATE XOVIII.

♦

a and 6 is a sour orange, which came from Gonda, under the name of Khattd naringi. It is
said to have come there from Lucknow.

It is scarlet-orange and foveolate ; rind not bitter or pungent, but with a
slightly unpleasant resinous taste, and without any depressed mammilla at the apex,

as in the sweet naringhi. Pulp, orange ; juice abundant, and very acid, and with a
slightly unpleasant flavour. Seeds green when cut; skin thin, and loosely attached.

c is its rain leaf, with marked nerve-furrows on the upper surface ; d, spring leaves. They

have a feeble, scent.

The smallest of four oranges had a girth of 5^ inches. This appears to differ
from the Surkh-nimhoo only in being slightly redder in colour.

e and / is a Butwal orange, received from Baja Siva Prasad, C.S.I. It was sent to him

from Nepal. Colour of the Suntara ; pulp, orange ; juice very abundant and sweet ;
skin aromatic, thin, and loosely attached. I found twenty-one seeds in one orange.
They were green when cut.

PLATE XCVIII.

PLATE XOIX.

This is the interesting Butwal orange of Nepal sent by' Major Buller from
Gonda. It is the sweetest orange I have seen in India. Butwal is a Nepalese
place near the borders of British India, and north of Goruckpore. Its proper
name is Suntolah or Suntdwrea orange. It is the colour of the Sunlara orange,
smooth and slightly foveolate ; many seeded ; but in some the seeds are empty.

Skin, thin and closely fitting, but easily peeled off ; pulp, deep orange, sweeter
than any other kinds of Suntara when fully ripe, only very slightly mixed with

sub-acid. Seeds green, when cut; centre hollow. I is the section of h.

i and j is a flat specimen, which came with the others ; d is a rain leaf of the Butwal

orange; /, and g are spring leaves.

h are the spines which came with them.

This is evidently a variety of the Suntara orange. It grows in a semi-wild

state in Butwal, and appears to get no cultivation whatever. Externally some are
more or less rough, and more or less foveolate, especially round the base and
apex.

PLATE XCIX.

PLATE O

♦

a and h is the Sungtara orange of Mooltan, kindly sent by the Deputy Commissioner of that
district. It was smooth and very slightly chagrined, with large and small foveoli
closely set. Pulp, orange and sub-acid and sweet ; juice abundant ; thin skin. Like
the Keonla orange, the juice-vesicles are mostly sessile. At the angles between the
dissepiments, and the back of the carpel, there are some pedicelled vesicles.

c and d are rain leaves, the former with a broadly-margined petiole, and e and / spring leaves.
On the branch sent there were no spines.

g and k is a specimen I purchased at the Colombo market, and called there Heen-ndrm. It
was orange-yellow, smooth, except round the apex, and with shallow foveoli. Pulp,
deep orange; juice abundant, and of a pleasant flavour, with large vesicles; seeds
green, when cut. The oil-cells were of various sizes, the largest occupying the whole
thickness of the skin.

This appears to be like the Konda-ndrm of Kandy, and the Nagpore orange of
India, i was a smaller specimen, at the i^ex it had an obliterated mammilla.

•r

PLATE C.

PLATE 01.

a and 6 is the Konda-ndrm of Kandy, Ceylon ; mostly pyriform, chagrined, and foveolate,
more so round both base and apex ; oil-cells of rind distinct ; pulp, deep orange,
and well flavoured; seeds green, when cut. This was an unripe specimen. Its centre
was filled with a cottony fibre, which probably disappears when the fruit ripens ;
although the exterior was green the larger oil-cells of the rind were already turning
orange.

c is its rain leaf ; d and e its spring leaves.

/, g, h, and i are other specimens of the same Konda-ndrun.

j is the section of i. This Konda-ndrun of Ceylon appears to me to be identical with the
Nagpore orange, or merely a variety of it.

There is a notion in Ceylon that this orange never gets coloured, and they
consequently look upon it as a green orange. Indeed, it is not possible to obtain

an orange one at the market. It is sufficiently well flavoured in its green state in
December. However, I purchased some on the 11th December, and took them with
me to Etawah, which I reached on the 1st January. Most of them, by that
time, had turned of a ijellow -orange. Probably this is a variety which, even in
Ceylon, colours late. It is well flavoured when fully ripe, and travels well.

Note. — Eumphius, in his chapter on “ Aur. Sinenee,” mentions a green orange, which,
if left on the tree till it becomes orange, is worthless.

PLATE CL

PLATE Oil.

♦

a and b is the Nagpore orange, grown in Nagpore, and which I purchased at one of the
railway stations in the Central Provinces. The skin is thin ; pulp, deep orange,
deeper coloured than the rind ; juice very abundant, and of a pleasant flavour ; rind
loosely adhering, the white tissue of the skin being very scanty. Surface smooth,
only foveolate round the base and apex. All Nagpore oranges are neither so smooth nor
BO regular in form as this. The mammilla at the base is rather typical of one of the
Nagpore varieties. I saw some with the mammilla so flattened that it was practically
obliterated ; others were oblate at both base and apex. One had an areola, or
remains of a mammilla on the apex. The Nagpore orange is one of the best
Suntaras of India.

c and d is the Nagpore orange, grown in Etawah. It has the Suntara colour, with abundant
juice, a very pleasant mixture of sub-acid and sweet. When ripe the rind is aromatic,
not bitter, loosely attached to the pulp ; centre hollow ; seeds greenish, when cut ; e
and / are its rain leaves; g and h its spring leaves. Usually the Nagpore orange
tree has no spines, but i shows what it can sometimes produce.

C(M:>-Tny

Zfs irv.

PLATE Oil I.

a and h is the Nagpore orange, grown in Lucknow. It has the same surface and colour of the
Suntara. It is baggy, with the apex much depressed ; most specimens have a
prominent base, but not all. Pulp, a shade deeper than the ordinary Suntara ; carpels
loosely adherent, with a space between them and the skin ; centre hollow ; seeds green,
when cut.

c and e are rain leaves ; d and / are spring leaves ; their scent is like that of the Suntara
leaves.

g and h is the Sylhet orange, as grown in Lucknow from seed. Exterior exactly like a baggy
Suntara ; pulp also similar ; carpels loosely held together, with a space between them
and the pulp-ball ; centre hollow ; seeds green, when cut.

The original Sylhet oranges of Lucknow were seedlings raised from seeds of the
Calcutta Sylhet oranges, or Kamld lemhoo. The tree does not spread horizontally
as much as the Nagpore or Suntara proper, but straight upwards. It is the most
productive of the Suntara group, and appears to suit the climate and soil of Lucknow
better than either the Nagpore or Suntara proper varieties. It has larger leaves than
the latter.

j is a rain leaf, and i is a spring leaf.

PLATE cm.

PLATE CIV.

-♦

a and h is the Suntara orange proper, as grown in Lucknow. Of a smooth yellow-orange
colour, with scarcely any foveoli, and with minute miliary projections. Apex much
depressed ; most of these oranges have also a depressed base. Pulp, orange, of about
the same shade as the rind ; very juicy, and, when ripe, of a pleasant sub-acid and
sweet flavour ; centre large and hollow, with a space between skin and pulp -ball ;
seeds green, when cut. The hollow space beneath the skin makes it feel baggy. All
these Suntara oranges are very good floaters.

c is a rain leaf, and d a spring leaf.

e and / is the Suntara proper of Delhi. It is also called Rungtra, Sungtra^ and Suntra. It is of
a bright orange-yellow, with a smooth surface as before. The base has often a
flattened mammilla. The oil-cells of the skin are distinct, and their rotundity quite
visible on the inside of the skins, as it has little pith ; g is the section of /, with a
thin skin, and very small space between it and the pulp-ball; pulp, transparent orange,
of a pleasant mixture of sweet and sub-acid ; centre hollow ; seeds green, when cut.

h and i are spring leaves, with the usual scent of all leaves of this Suntara group.

PLATE O V.

•

a and 6 is a Suntara orange from RoLilcund, with all the characters of the Suntara orange.

This was an unripe specimen, obtained in October, of a bright green, turning yellowish
in parts. It floated well. {Vide Chapter on “ Derivations of Vernacular Names.”)

c are small spring leaves of the same. The specimen sent had no spines.

d and e is the Nardmghi, from Eohilcund. It was unripe, and of a bright green, turning reddish in
parts. It had all the characters of a Suntara orange, perhaps with a more chagrined
exterior. It floated very well.

f are its spring leaves. The specimen sent had no spines.

I could see no decided diflerence between these two oranges, although they came with
distinct names. The colour of the “ Naranghi,” when ripe, may be redder, and the surface
rougher; but such variations are frequently found on the same tree.

difiTn-

2^.rri

nirth

' S'd in

PLATE CVI.

♦

a and h was kindly sent to me by Dr. J. Shortt, from Yercaud, in the Shevaray Hills, S. India.

He stated it is there called the country orange. Natives call it Kolinje, and about
Madras it is called Kitchlee.

Externally deep orange, smooth ; slightly foveolate. The rind had a peculiar
scent, with the aroma of the “ Lantana.” It was faintly five-sided, and had fourteen
carpels. The pulp was rather pale orange ; the juice thick v^ith mucilage, and did
not taste like that of ordinary oranges; with a sui generis flavour. The skin was
loosely attached, and the flavour was not what I should call pleasant, with a soupgon
of bitter.

c shows its juice- vesicles, with pediceUed ones only at the circumference angles of the carpels.

d and e are oranges I purchased at Mangalore. I was told they came from Coorg. They

appeared to be Suntara oranges of the Nagpore variety. The pulp was deep orange ;
juice abundant and sweet, and the seeds were few.. The exterior was of a pale
orange and forelate ; the centre was hollow ; / is the section of d, which had a

flattened mammilla at the base.

At Calicut and Cochin I found small oranges of the same stamp as those of Mangalore.

Probably they came also from Coorg, although at Cochin they said they came from Madras.

r was informed that in Canarese the orange is called Kitle-lumnoo {hannoo= fruit).

PLATE CVI.

PLATE evil.

a and h is the Buxa orange (Bhootan), kindly sent at the request of Colonel Rutherford, 33rd
Regiment, N.I. It is of the Suntara type, with yellow-orange exterior, and with
large distant foveoli, more pronounced in the south half; skin loose, and in every
way as good, but not better, than the Slyhet orange.

<5 was smaller and smoother, and externally much like the Butwal orange.

Probably this Buxa orange may be the “ sweet orange ” alluded to in De
Candolle’s Origin of Cultivated Plants, p. 18&, where he says, “ Turner’s expedition
gathered ‘delicious’ wild oranges at Buxadooar, a locality to the N.E. of Rungpur,
in the province of Bengal.”

d and e is the Bhootan orange from Gonda, Oudh. It has all the characters of a Suntara,
though not baggy ; sub-warty round the apex ; pulp, deep orange, with a good
sub-acid and sweet flavour; juice abundant; centre hollow; seeds green, when cut.
The skin was closely adherent, but easily separated ; / are its spring leaves, with
the Suntara scent.

This orange came on the 2 1th January, and was still green, only tinged with
orange. If not a dumrez, it is a good late orange ; or perhaps of a variety similar
to the green orange of Kandy.

PLATE CVI{.

PLATE evil I.

♦

a, h, and e is the Suntara orange of Poona^ light orange colour, and pufiy to the feel. Apex
greatly depressed, and rather warty all round it. It had an irregular mammilla at
the base, depressed, and with furrows all round it as seen in longitudinal section c.
Foveoli not very distinct, except among the warts. The small oil-cells are represented
by minute miliary convexities. It floats very well. Pulp, deep orange, deeper than
the rind. The white tissue of the skin is almost absent, except at the angles
between the pulp carpels; centre hollow; juice abundant, and of a pleasant sweet
and sub-acid flavour. Juice- vesicles large, and attached also to the sides of the

carpel, a little way up.

d and e is the Jdwa-ndrun of Kandy, Ceylon. This is also of the Suntara type, orange-yellow

when ripe. The oil-cells of the skin distinct; pulp, orange and juicy; seeds green,
when cut ; agreeable flavour, and in every way like a Suntara.

f is its rain leaf, and g its smaller spring leaves, with the Suntara scent.

PLATE

cvm.

PLATE CIX.

♦—

a and b is the Jdwa-ndrun of Colombo, called also by some Jamhoo-ndrwi. It has an orange-
yellow exterior, all up and down, uneven and baggy, gathered up into folds, and
with a pronounced mammilla at the base ; much chagrined, with miliary convexities,
but hardly foveolate at all. It floats well. The oil-glands of the skin are very

pronounced, of various sizes, the largest touching the pulp-ball. Even when the
exterior is still green, the oil-ceUs are of an orange colour, and resemble juice-
vesicles. Pulp, deep orange, with large vesicles ; juice abundant, and very pleasant ;
hollow centre ; seeds slightly greenish, when cut ; apex depressed, h shows the size
of skin oil-cells, and also that of juice-vesicles, c is a smaller and less uneven
specimen.

d and e is the Sungiara of Lahore, wrongly named also Kama. This is the most pyriform of all
specimens I have seen, and a distinct variety ; bright yellow-orange, finely and c-losely
chagrined, with miliary convexities ; round and shallow oil-cell depressions. When shaken
the pulp-globe wabbles inside. The section d shows how loosely the pulp carpels
are attached to one another and to the skin. Pulp, pale orange, and, from being
kept too long on the tree, rather drj, with the juice-vesicles somewhat concrete ;
seeds green, when cut; centre hoUow. Two specimens were sent, both wery pyriform.
/ is a fully-developed rain leaf with large cfenations. g are spring leaves, aU with
the Suntara scent.

Note. — In No. 266 of Miss North’s gallery of oil-paintings, lioyal Gardens, Kew, are
given pictures both of this Jdwa~ndrun and of the green orange of Ceylon.

f qirtJv
' ‘ ^IO^Ui.71^

PLATE CIX.

PLATE OX.

a and b is the At Anni of Rampur, Rohilcund. Its name, I am told, comes from its being
about half the size of a pummelo — from At Anna (eight annas = half a rupee). This
specimen was unripe, and quite green. It had a very curious exterior. The large
and almost equi-distant foveoli A A are connected one with the other by means of
slight and sinuous furrows, as shown at A A, mapping the whole surface into
irregular squares or triangles. The intermediate spaces are filled with miliary

convexities, representing the smaller oil-cells, while the depressions represent the

larger oil-cells, as shown in section b. The pulp is pale pinkish-orange ; the juice
is plentiful, and of a rather pleasant sweet and sub-acid flavour. The juice- vesicles
are rather large. The oil-cells of the skin appear distinctly of three sizes. Those

most deeply placed are the largest, and correspond to the large foveoli or depressions
above mentioned. The pulp carpels are all emarginate in section.

c and d are spring leaves ; they were thin, and resembled those of the Suntara. Some were
slightly margined at the petiole. I found no spiues on the branch sent.

/Z vrv

PLATE CX.

PLATE CXI.

' ♦—

a and 6 is a ripe At Ami from Mr. Kinloch’s garden, at Etawah,

It is of a yellow-orange colour externally, much chagrined, with large foveoli at certain
distances, with sinuous broken furrows radiating from them. Between the large

foveoli are smaller ones, as shown at A. Some specimens were smoother than the
one given. The rind is aromatic and pungent, but scarcely bitter. The pulp is a
pale orange, streaked with lighter shades, of a pleasant rather sweetish acid ; centre
solid and filled up; seeds greenish white, when cut.

c is a rain leaf ; d, e, and / spring leaves. The young leaves have a scent of the Keonla
orange leaf. The old leaves are leathery. Flowers are rather large, four or five'
petaUed. Those I saw on the tree were single and axillary. The young shoots

are of a yellowish-green.

N.B. — The young stems and leaves are pubescent. The white tissue of the skin is thick
and spongy.

PLATE CXI.

PLATE

O X I I.

1 ^

Shows a large At Ami from Gonda, Oudh, which came under the name of Naringi.
Externally it was of a maize-orange colour, very rough and sub-warty. At certain distances there
were depressions, and sinuous furrows radiating from them ; then intermediate foveoli, with
smaller sinuosities converging towards them, and finally between these again there were miliary
oil-cells, as shown at A. Ail over the surface there was, in addition, what appear to have been
minute cracks, which had healed up.

The character and scent of this At Ami leaves, and the looseness of its skin indicate, I
think, relationship with the Smtara orange. Not improbably it may be a Decumana variety of
the Suntara group.

It is very suggestive that on this “ Decumana” variety the young shoots and leaves
should be also found pubescent, as in some varieties of the pummelo.

PLATE CXII.

PLATE OXIII.

a is a section of the preceding large At Anni from Gonda (Plate CXII). The oil-cells of the
skin are large ; the whito portion of the skin is very thick and spongy. The skin is
easily separated from the pulp-ball. The pulp is pale orange, of a pleasant sub-acid.
Eaten with sugar it is very nice. The juice-vesicles are large and like those of
a pummelo. The juice is abundant ; the seeds are large and of a cream, or
greenish-cream, colour, when cut. They are more like those of an orange than of
a pummelo.

Under the name of Nimboo Shirnee, two small specimens were sent from the
Maharaja’s garden, at Mathora, Gonda. They had the same characters and the same
flavour as this At Anni, Some of the carpels were burst open towards the centre,
as shown in section a, and the juice -vesicles projected into the hollow centre, as
shown at A A. The central pith column, by expansion, was separated into four
pieces, as shown at B B.

b and c are rain ' leaves ; d and e spring leaves. All leathery, and with a Suntara scent. / is the
spine which came on the branch.

no 'x.

PLATE CXI II.

PLATE OXIV.

Is the Rungpur lime from Saharunpore Botanic Garden, called by the native gardener
Rungpolang ; which is nothing but a transformation of “ Rungpur lime.”

a and b are the same fruit, of a lobster-red round the apex, and of a yellow-orange round

the base ; smooth and very slightly foveolate all over ; has an elastic feel, and no
sign of mammilla at the apex. Skin, although closely-fitting, is easily removed.

'I'he section h is exactly like that of a Nagpore Suntara orange ; juice abundant,

and very sour ; centre hollow ; seeds of a greenish-cream colour, when cut. d and e
are the spring leaves of a, with a very faint scent.

c was smooth like a surkh-nimhoo, very thin-skinned ; pulp, pale orange, and very sour ; of a
rather orangy flavour. When unripe the skin adh°eres to the pulp, like that of a

sweet lemon.

/, g, h are the leaves of c. Both these specimens came from the same garden. The former
was sent to me ; the latter was unripe in October, and which I plucked myself.

Note. — This and the following specimens I obtained late, and are, therefore, placed at
the end of the group.

PLATE CXIV.

PLATE OXV.

♦—

This is the Shor orange of Almora, Kiimaon. Plucked in October, and therefore rather

unripe. It is the Suntara orange of Kumaon, sent by Mr. A. Harris.

a and h are one fruit, much chagrined, green, turning yellowish ; skin with flavour of Suntara ;

pulp deep orange, sour-sweet ; centre solid, probably because unripe ; seeds green, when
cut. Skin rather thick and solid ; always so in the unripe Suntara. By further
ripeness and expansion the centre would become hollow, and the skin thinner and
looser. The seeds have a rather long beak.

c is a slightly smoother specimen. This orange of Kumaon is called indifferently Shor, Sitdwli,
or Ghngoli orange of Almora. There appears to be no difference between a and c.
The names are taken from the places where they are grown.

d is the leaf of a.

e and / came with c. They were pale green, with deeper green veins.

PLATE OXVI.

-♦

This is an At Anni, which I plucked from the Roshndra hagh, Delhi. I got it in

October, and unripe.

a. The exterior is not clearly marked out by furrows, as in the other specimens of Plates

CX. and CXI. ; but the prominence of the small oil-cells in the would-be inter-

mediate spaces is very distinct. The surface is deeply chagrined.

b is from the same tree, but not eo pyriform; the large oil-cells are depressed, and the intermediate
smaller ones very prominent, giving the "surface a chagrined appearance.

c is the leaf of this At Anni. It has a feeble scent ; petioles distinctly pubescent on upper

side of their base ; young stems also distinctly pubescent, under the magnifying glass.

The pulp of this citrus has a pale orange tinge; juice of a pleasant acid
flavour. (The pulp of a ripe At Anni, eaten with sugar, is nice.) Its centre was
solid, probably because unripe, and it was full of seeds.

gir0jy

PLATE CXVI.

PLATE CXVIA.

»-■

This Plate shows the Aurantium Sinense of Kumphius more fully than Plate XCIII.,

Figs, b and c.

a and h show the leaves of adult trees ; h shows them with margined petioles ; c shows the
leaves and spines of a young branch,

d is a separate and enlarged fruit, to show its proper form.

From this description of Rumphius, I have no doubt whatever that this, is
identical with the “green” Suntara orange of Kandy — the Kdnda-ndrm.

Rumphius describes two varieties of this Suntara, a larger and a smaller. In
the copy of the Royal Botanic Garden of Seebpore there are notes on the bach
of this plate, written by Buchanan Hamilton. He writes: The large kind, is the
Sylhet orange; and the small kind is the Midnapore orange.” In India there are
now many varieties of the Suntara type.

PLATE CXVI\

;

PLATE CXVII.

a and 6 is a true Mandarin orange, plucked at Etawah, in the unripe state in September. The
exterior is deep green, coarsely chagrined, and shiny, as if varnished. Pulp, when
unripe, is pale orange-yellow ; juice abundant, of a pleasant sweetish sub-acid.

c is a typical rain leaf, decidedly and distantly serrated in its tip-half with spine ; d, e, and j-
are spring leaves, apparently entire. A whole branch had leaves averaging from
g to h.

On the same branch I found spines from an inch long to less than ^ inch,

i is a myrtle leaf of the rainy season. A leaf of myrtle and one of Mandarin could scarcely

be distinguished by the eye.

is taken from Risso’s monograph. He called it “Bigaradier a feuilles de myrte.” “It has
a shiny chagrined skin, sometimes larger than that pictured; pulp orange-yellow,
sweet and sub- acid.”

It appears to me not improbable that this Bigaradier of Risso and the Mandarin
orange are identical.

Note. — In Andrew’s Repository there is a picture of a Mandarin orange called C. nobilis.

It has immense leaves and very large flat fruit. If this he a true Mandarint climate and culture

have made a great change, both in its leaf and fruit

PLATE CXVIl.

PLATE OXVIII.

♦

a and 6 is a ripe true Mandarin, plucked from a tree in the Peradeniya Botanic Garden,
Ceylon. Dr. Trimen told me that in 18l7 H.H. Ibrahim Pasha, of Egypt, sent
a collection of orange plants to Peradeniya, and that probably these Mandarins
were descendants of some of them. The rind and leaves of the true Mandarin
have an aroma distinct from all other orange trees that I have seen, although it
is allied to that of the Keorda of India. The exterior of this orange was smooth
and shiny ; oil-cells distinct, as shown at A. It was not perfectly ripe, and the
colour was orange-yellow (December) ; skin thin, and loosely adherent to the pulp ; the
latter being orange-yellow, with large cells, as shown in one of the carpels ; seeds
green, when cut. The rind had an aroma distinctly that of a true Mandarin ; juice
abundant, and of a very pleasant flavour. The oil-cells of the rind project like
little balloons into the scanty, and white loose areolar tissue.

c is a rain leaf, and d and e spring leaves, both with a sui generis aroma.

f and ^ is a ripe Mandarin orange from the Etawah Jail Garden, introduced from Lucknow.

Exterior bright orange, foveolate and chagrined, especially round the apex. The
typical shape is slightly pyriform ; some are more globose. Pulp orange ; seeds green,
when cut ; centre hollow. In this and the Lucknow climate and soil the pulp is
dryish. is a rain leaf ; i, j, and h are spring leaves ; I its spines. Often it is
spineless.

PLATE CXVIll.

PLATE CXIX.

a and 6 is a globose Mandarin orange from Lucknow, with a close but loose skin ; bright

orange, smooth, and simply foveolate ; pulp orange, paler than the rind, with a special

aroma. The pulp is dry ; the centre hollow and small.

c is a rain leaf ; d and e spring leaves. The petioles are linear and without wings. The

scent of the leaves reflects somewhat that of the rind, but it is a sui generis scent,
and allied to that of Keonla leaves.

In a suitable climate and soil the flavour of the Mandarin orange pulp is exquisite,
and the juice abundant.

/ and g was obtained from Auraya, unripe in September. It is what natives call Nardngi;

loose-skinned and about the size of a Keonla orange, but said to be sweeter. , The
glandular portion of the rind is thick, and the white portion thin ; pulp, in its
unripe state, is pale orange-yellow and sour; seeds numerous, and conspicuously green,
when cut.

PLATE CXIX.

PLATE OXX.

♦ '

a and fe is a Nardngi orange, sent by Messrs. Carew & Co., of Shahjahanpur ,* chagrined and
covered with foveoli. The intermediate spaces have small cells, decidedly convex.
The rind of the unripe fruit is deep green ; pulp pale orange, sub-acid, and sweet,
c is a rain leaf, and d and e spring leaves.

/ is a Nardngi orange from Gonda. Exterior scarlet, and foveolate, with a depressed mammilla;

oil-cells of rind large and distinct ; pulp orange ; juice abundant, and more like a
Keonla orange; centre hollow; seeds green, when cut.

h and i are spring leaves, with the scent of Keonla leaves. This appears a small form of Keonla^
All these Nardngi oranges are more chagrined than those of the Suntara type, and
frequently they have a depressed mammilla. They appear a sweeter variety than the
common Keonla.

PLATE CXX.

PLATE CXXI.

a and b is the Nas-ndrun of Colombo, called there Mandarin. Externally^ it is deep orange,

smooth and pitted all over with minute foveoli. The intermediate cells are not
distinct. Skin loosely attached to pulp. The pulp is orange, and large celled. The
juice has a pleasant flavour, and the seeds are green, when cut. This orange
appeared to me to have the character of the Reshmi orange of Upper India. It
is not a true Mandarin. I was told that its juice is used medicinally, mixed with
other things, and poured into the nose, for headaches, &c. It is also eaten.

e and d is the Heen-ndrun of Kandy. Shaped like a tomato, with surface distinctly foveolate. It
is depressed at both base and apex, and the colour, when ripe, is that of a boiled
lobster. The oil-cells of the rind are large and distinct ; pulp deep orange ; juice-
cells large ; flavour not unpleasant — sub-acid and aromatic ; seeds green, when cut.

e IS a smaller one of the same variety; ^ and h are its leaves; / is another form, and

i and j are its leaves. The leaves of these two had the scent of the Keonla

orange; c, e, and / were distinctly like the Beshmi orange of India.

PLATE CXXI.

16*

PLATE CXXII.

a and 6 is a Reshmi Nardngi, taken from Kaja Siva Prasad’s Garden, at Benares, flat and
tomato-like ,* depressed at both base and apex ; colour, when quite ripe, of a lobster-
red. On the apex especially it is often as red as a tomato. Pulp orange, and juice
abundant ; it does not sweeten completely, but remains sub-acid ; juice-cells stout and
short ; seeds green, when cut. The rind is loosely attached, and has the scent of
Lantana ; aromatic, but not agreeably so.

c and d are the leaves of this orange, rounded and crenated, like those of a Keonla. The scent of
the leaves is also similar, but not so pronounced.

e and / is the same Reshmi orange from Lucknow ; does not sweeten till late, y is a smaller and
smoother form.

h and i are its rain and spring leaves.

h is the section of a Keonla, orange from Gonda ; externally sub-warty, with a thickish, loose
skin, containing the largest oil-cells I have seen. The juice-cells were of an orange-
colour ; juice sweetish acid ; seedless. Leaves had the scent of the Keonla.

PLATE CXXII.

PLATE GXXIII.

a and 5 is a Keonla from Bulrampur, Gonda ; of a lobster-red colour on its apex half ; chagrined
and foveolate ; with a flattened mammilla on the apex. It felt baggy, from the skin
being very loose.

c was a smaller one from the same place.

d and e are their leaves. The oil-cells, as shown in b, are very large and distinct, and the

pith around them easily removed so as to expose the globular orange-coloured oil-

cells, the largest of which had a diameter of ^ inch. The rind was sweet and

pungent; pulp orange and sub-acid ; juice-vesicles coarse; seeds very few, and green,
when cut.

f and g IB a, Keonla from Lucknow; deep orange and chagrined, more like a Mandarin than a
Suntara, but of a deeper red, rather a lobster-red. On the apex there is often a
flattened mammilla. Pulp is of the same colour as the Suntara, but not so juicy,
and more sour. Seeds green, when cut.

PLATE CXXIII.

PLATE CXXIV.

a and i is a Keonla orange from Benares. This is a good average-sized Keonla ; others are

smaller, 7:^ inches in girth, and a few still larger. When quite ripe, of a red

orange, inclining to lobster-red. This specimen was sub-verrucose ; rind strongly

aromatic, rather resinous, and loosely attached. The pulp was distinctly sour, other-
wise it did not differ from others of the same type, c and d are its leaves ; rounded
and often emarginate, crenate, and with a distinct aroma.

e and / is an unripe Keonla from Etawah. The apex is rough, sinuous, and sub-warty, with

a pushed-in mammilla. Oil-cells large, and easily dissected from the white pithy

tissue ; pulp bright orange ; juice-cells coarse, and, when fully ripe, sweetish.

g are some of the juice-cells ; very few were pedicelled, they were mostly sessile, and some not
larger than the oil-cells of the rind.

h and i are well- developed rain leaves ; and j and h well-developed spring leaves. The young
canes from the bottom of the trunk have spines like the Sylhet and Suntara

varieties.

PLATE

PLATE CXXV.

♦-

a and h I purchased at the Bombay market. I was told it came from Aurungabad, Deccan.

It is the most warty orange of the Keonla type I have seen. Externally deep

orange, with its apex half very warty. The apex has a distinct mammilla, also
warty, pushed in, and depressed in its centre. Each wart of this orange has usually
one or more distinct foveoli. The base half is slightly rugose and foveolate. Pulp
deep orange; juice fine-flavoured, and abundant; juice-vesicles large, and attached
also to the sides of the carpels. This appears a desirable variety of the Keonla type.
It has few seeds, and a Jim Jlavour.

c shows the interior surface of the rind, with the pithy white tissue dissected ofi*. There was a

space between the skin and pulp-ball.

d and e is a Keonla from one of the Poona orchards. On the apex it had only a warty

and depressed aureola, not a distinct mammilla ; it had a large space between the

skin and pulp-ball, with connecting pith-fibres, as shown in section; pulp deep
orange, distinctly sub-acid ; seeds green, when cut ; centre hollow.

/ and g are its leaves, distinctly crenate, with all the characters of Keonla leaves.

PLATE CXXV.

PLATE CXXVI.

♦

a and b is a variety I obtained also in one of the Poona orchards. It is there called

“ Laroo,” It is quite flat, with a prominent mammilla at the base. The apex

is much depressed. It is of a lobster-red, bladdery, and loose-skinned ; foveolate all
over very markedly and deeply ; between the skin and pulp-ball there is a large

space, as shown in section, with connecting flbres. The pulp is orange, large-vesicled,
sub-acid, and not very sweet ; seeds green, when cut ; centre hollow ; seeds few.*^

c, d, and e are its leaves; rounded and distinctly crenate, with a distinct Keonla scent. On

the petioles of the young leaves I found scattered hairs.

/ and g I purchased in the Bombay market. I was told it was a Keonla from Delhi. Its
colour was lobster-red, much chagrined and sub-warty, and foveolate. It had a
depressed mammilla on the apex; skin loosely attached, and the quarters, or carpels,
loosely adhering ; pulp orange ; vesicles coarse ; juice not very abundant, and
distinctly sub-acid; centre hollow; seeds greenish, when cut.

*Can this be the same as the large flat Mandarin pictured in the Botanical
Repository ?

PLATE

C X X V I I.

This shows the Kohii orange of Saharunpore and Delhi.

a and b are one fruit ; chagrined, especially round the apex. I only saw it when unripe,

in October. The skin is loosely adherent, and strongly aromatic; pulp orange»

juicy, and sub-acid, when unripe. It is said to sweeten, when ripe ; centre solid
in October ; seeds green, when cut,

c is a smaller specimen, with some of the smallest leaves on.

d and e are well-developed leaves; and / and g are small spring leaves. .The scent of its

leaves corresponds more to those of the Keonla than any other. It is redder than

the Kumquat when ripe.

I believe in Saharmpore its English name is “ China orange.” Rumphius mentions a

small orange of China. It may be this.

PLATE CXXVIl.

PLATE CXXVIII.

4 —

These four oranges are all true Mandarins, purchased at an English shop, given here

for purposes of comparison. Each is from a different firm, and probably all come from Spain.

They all have the same character; pitted all over with foveoli, and shiny.

a had the brand of “ Vives navarrete ; Oliva.” Firm, A. Barraca.
b was “ Mandarina Catarroja; Valencia.” Firm, Pedrer.
c “ Mandarine Extra ; Espagne ; Abaran,” Firm, D’Ginestar et fils.
d “ Sinibaldo Gutierez ; Gandia ; 50 milms.”

w, b, and c were simply enveloped in thin tissue paper, and each orange wrapper had the

brand of the firm.

d, besides a wrapper of tissue paper, had a second one of fine tin foil to each orange. This

flat tomato shape is typical of the true Mandarin, when grown in a suitable soil

and climate.

PLATE CXXVIll.

PLATE CXXIX.

♦

h and c is the “Jamir” of Almora, sent by Mr. H. Harris. It had a somewhat ventricose
appearance, but the general outline was that of a typical Malta lemon ; not

improbably it may be a link between the two types. Exterior lemon-yellow, studded
closely with minute foveoli; inclined to be sub-warty, or verrucose; slightly aromatic.
Skin thick, pulp pale, with a tinge of orange -yellow ; juice abundant, and very

acid; seeds many, but all shrivelled and without a kernel.

d is a typical rain leaf; e and / typical spring leaves; and g its spines.

e is taken from the Flor. Amboin. of Eumphius, vol. ii.. Table xxvi., Fig, 2. He calls it
Limo tuberosus, or Lemon Martin. He says it is allied to Limo ventricosus (Plate
XXVI., Fig. 1), but that the former has very different leaves from the latter. It

is impossible, from Rumphius’s plates, to judge of the size of the fruit. Probably

this Limo tuberosus is of the lemon group, but may have some connection with the
Jamhiri.

PLATE CXXIX.

17*

PLATE

O X X. X .

Two forms of Jhamhiri.

a and h is the Jhamhiri from Dhama Chowree, Gonda, one of the late Maharajahs gardens.

The exterior is lemon-yellow, inclining in parts to orange -yellow ; rind verrucose and
aromatic ; pulp lemon-yellow, and very sour, with the structure of a Keonla orange ;
seeds green, when cut; rind lemon-flavoured, but unpleasant. It had no prominent
mammilla.

c and d are the leaves of the same.

e and / is the Jhamhiri lime of the Saharunpore Botanic Garden. It is lemon-yellow, with an

elastic feel ; foveolate all over, and with here and there a slight eminence, as if

it tried to be verrucose. It has a flattened mammilla. The skin is loose like
that of a Keonla orange. The appearance of the pulp is also that of the Keonla^

excepting that it is very pale yellow ; juice abundant and pure acid ; centre hollow ;
seeds greenish white, when cut.

g, h, and i are its spring leaves ; flowers small, half inch diameter, faintly tinged purple ;

young shoots green ; spines mere feeble points. In all respects this Jhamhiri is
like a Keonla orange, excepting colour of rind and pulp. The scent and shape of

the leaves, and the colour of the seeds, are more like those of a lemon.

PLATE CXXX.

PLATE OXXXI.

;

♦

Other forms of Jhamhm.

a and h I obtained at one of the G.I.P. Ry. stations in the Central Provinces. I was told
it is called Jhamb'iri. It is shaped like a Keonla orange ; surface rough, gathered
into folds round the base, with a pronounced and flattened mammilla on the apex,

and a deep furrow all round it, as shown in section h. Externally of a clear

lemon-yellow, deeply pitted all over with foveoli and intermediate indistinct

oil-cells, fe is a longitudinal section, showing its hollow centre and the small and
large juice-vesicles very distinctly. Cells of rind very distinct ; pulp with a pale

orange tint; juice-cells rather large, like those of the Keonla ; juice abundant and
sour. It reminded me, both in flavour and sourness, of an unripe Keonla orange.

c and d rain leaves; e and / spring leaves. All leaves were emarginate on the branch I
took. They were rather lemon scented. In shape they were similar to those of the
Keonla; g is its spine.

fe, t, and j is the Jamiri of Rohilcund ; pale lemon-yellow; chagrined. The mammilla is
flattened and pushed in, as shown in j ; pulp pale and very sour, never sweetens ;
centre hollow.

hf If and m are the leaves that came with it. n is its spine.

PLATE CXXXI.

PLATE

C X X X I I.

.4- ■

Other forms of Jbambiri.

a and & is a Jhambiri from Lucknow, which came marked No. 1. Its exterior is lemon-

yellow, much chagrined ; with folds round the base, and a depressed mammilla
on the apex. It has the shape of an orange of the loose-skinned type. Pulp
pale, like that of a lemon, and very sour. It never sweetens; centre hollow; flowers
very faintly tinged purple.

c is a smoother specimen.

d is a spring leaf, with distant and scarcely perceptible serrations.

« is a rain leaf, with distinct crenations.

There is a yellow and a red variety of Jhambiri in Lucknow, and the flowers of both

are faintly tinged purple, and the young shoots are green.

/ and ^ is a citrus, which came from Benares under the name of “ Another NepaJee.” I
believe it is nothing but a Jhambiri, much chagrined round the base and apex,
otherwise smooth, with a flattened mammilla ; pulp pale and very sour. It was
sent without leaves. Its section is more like a Keonla ” orange than a Nepalee
lemon.

PLATE CXXXII.

PLATE CXXXIII.

Other forms of Jhamhiri.

a and b came from Calcutta, under the name of Gord lemon (Vide Appendix, No. 65) (2nd
kind). Its exterior is slightly chagrined, with a depressed mammilla, like that of

other Jhamhiri. It has large and small foveoli, with intermediate oil-cells. This

specimen was turning pale yellow. Pulp pale, with an orange tinge ; juice abundant,
sub-acid, with an orange flavour.

e and d are the leaves which came with it.

e and / came from Allahabad, under the name of Kunra. Its exterior is pale yellow, and

chagrined, with foveoli closely set ; the intermediate spaces are filled with miliary
convexities, representing the smaller oil-cells. The pulp is pale, with a very
slight tinge of orange, and sour. The rind has more the taste of orange rind
than lemon rind. The mammilla is flattened and pushed in, with a sulcus all
round, as shown in section.

N.B. — Kunra may possibly be a corruption of the Bengali name Gord. The small juice-

vesicles of / are vere distinct.

PLATE CXXXlll.

PLATE OXXXIV.

♦

a and b came from Benares, under the name of Shunkhddrdv. Exterior smooth, but not so

smooth as the Kalan Kaghzi nimboo. The oil-cells are close to each other. Pulp
pale orange, very sour, and with a lemon orange taste.

c and d are the leaves that came with it, and e the spine.

/ came from Dhama Chowree, Gonda, one of the Maharaja’s gardens. Exterior of a fawn-

coloured orange, quite chagrined, and with a curious epidermis, which may give it
this fawn colour. It has a flattened mammilla; skin thin and puffy; pulp very
pale orange, very sour, and juice abundant, with a slightly orange flavour ; skin
has an orange taste ; centre hollow ; seeds green, when cut.

h and i are the leaves which came with it, they had no scent ; and g, its spine.

Another came from Toolshipur, Gonda. It was yellow, with an orange-skin flavour ;

pulp very pale, with only a soupgon of orange tinge ; very sour ; others were like a Keorda ;

seeds greenish cream.

j and fc is a Jamhlri from Lucknow, which came ticketed No. 2, smoother than No 1,

and more globose ; mammilla scarcely visible ; its skin is thin and closely fitting ;
when ripe, lemon-yellow. It is full of sour juice, and has a sui generis aroma.

PLATE CXXXIV.

PLATE CXXXV.

—

a and 6 is a Jambiri from Kosa, Shahjahanpur ; externally pale yellow, and closely studded
with foveoli.

c is an ovoid form, with the mammilla represented by a point. The pulp is pale and very
sour, with a faint bitter taste.

d and e are rain leaves.

/ and g spring leaves.

It is doubtful whether this is a Jambiri proper or a citrus like the ones from
Mooltan, Khoorja and Calcutta (Vide Plates CCVII. and CCVIII.), which are also
with a slightly bitter taste in their juice.

h and i came from Baghelkund, Toolshipur, Gonda. It came ticketed Mitha nimboo. The
colour is deep yellow on apex half, and yellow orange round base, and foveolate all
over ; pulp pale yellow, with a tinge of orange ; perfectly sour ; centre hollow ;
seeds greenish cream, when cut. It is certainly not a Mitha nimboo^ or sweet
lemon. The skin fits closely, but is easily detached. It has all the characters

of a Jambiri. j is a rain leaf, and k a spring leaf. The spines were mere
points.

PLATE CXXXV.

PLATE OXXXVI.

♦-

a and 6 is a citrus I found on a tree in Hagkala, Ceylon ; colour lemon-yellow, and
foveolate all over, and with a flattened mammilla. The rind had not a very

pleasant scent. The pulp was pale orange, juice abundant, and sour ; centre solid;
seeds white, when cut.

c is a fully-developed rain leaf, with only ridges on upper side of petiole, like those of the
Malta lemon leaf.

d is an old spring leaf, and e a young leaf (December). Both were slightly margined.

The flowers were tinged purple, and the youngest leaves also tinged purple.
Not improbably this is of the Jamh'iri type. The large size of leaf c is accounted
for by climate, and by its having, been taken from a young cane.

f I purchased at the Bombay market, and said to be grown in Bombay. It is pyriform,

chagrined, and foveolate. It is said to be yellow when ripe.

g is one of the leaves which were attached to it. This was distinctly crenate and lemon

scented, others were distinctly emarginate. Not impossibly it belongs to the Jamhiri

type.

PLATE CXXXVI.

PLATE OXXXVII.

— ♦

a and 6 is a Jambtri, from the Botanic Garden, Saharunpore. It was unripe when I plucked
it in October. Probably this is the reason why it is so chagrined. The pulp

was white and sour, with abundant juice. The seeds were greenish, when cut,

and with a brown pellicle beneath the outer shell ; rind aromatic, but not pleasant;
oil-cells closely packed, possibly from being unripe and insufficiently expanded.

c and d are rain leaves ; e and / spring leaves ; and g the spine.

(0:2;. i/Z,

PLATE CXXXVIl.

PLATE OXXXVIII.

a and h is the Jamir of Almora, grown at Sitowli, by Mr. H. Harris. When I got it,
green turning pale citron colour ; chagrined like an unripe Keonla orange ; the
of the rind, neither citrine nor pleasant; pulp pale transparent, with a slight
flavour. It was full of seeds, which were longer than usual.

it was
aroma
orange

c and d are its rain leaves, thin and rather like those of the Suntara orange.

PLATE CXXXVIll.

PLATE OXXXIX.

The Chhangurd (literally, six fingers) or primitive (?) pulpless citron.

a gives an idea, as I think, of this most interesting and primitive attempt of nature at evolving
a citrus fruit. The carpels, although distinct, are united at their base, and free at
their extremities. This digitate citron consisted of two whorls, an outer one of 13
carpels, and an inner one of 7 or more carpels. In section, more than ten are visible.

h is a section across the solid part, and c across the part which is just above the union of the
carpels. It should be observed that the inner whorl of rind carpels at a is that
which at a later period, according to my view, developed into the citrus pulp ; the oil-
cells of the rind of the inner whorl becoming the juice-vesicles of the pulp. (Vide
Chapter on “ Morphology.”j The hollow space at a was filled up with some withered
carpels.

d, e, and / are the leaves of this citrus, and g its spine. The leaves have a lemon scent.

PLATE OXL.

» ' ■'

Represents another Chhdngurd.

a had also two whorls; the inner consisted of 9 carpels, and the outer of 11 carpels. In the

same way that a flower can become double, by an additional whorl of 'petals, so I think

a fruit can double itself, by an additional whorl of carpels.

6 is a section across the base. At a there appear to be oil-cells or rudimentary carpels.

c is a section close to the base of the fingers. At b there appears to be a ring of oil-cells, or

a rudimentary inner rind.

d was an unripe, but still more interesting specimen of a Chhangurd, It appears to indicate a later
period than a in the morphological history of the citrus. Its digits are still ununited,
but closed upon themselves, like the fingers of a closed fist, preparatory to complete
union and formation of the modern closed rind of the fruit.

€ is a longitudinal section of d, showing no indication of an inner whorl. This specimen appeared
to be a single fruit.

PLATE CXL.

PLATE OXLI.

♦

a and h are taken from the Flor, Amboyn. of Rumphius, vol. ii., tab. 25. a is the warty form,
and b the smooth form and called by him Malum Citrium.

J. de Loureiro, in his Flor. Cochin Chin., p. 465, refers to this plate, under the head of Citrus
Medica, and says that the petioles are linear, flowers white (no purple or pink colour
mentioned), pulp white, often acid ; skin thick, externally yellow, hard, and unequal.
Eaten raw, and preserved ; cultivated in Cochin China.

e is taken from Risso’s monograph. It is a section of the fruit of his “ Cedratier a gros fruit.”
It is only givon to show the enormous thickness of its skin. The dots round the
carpels are probably their feeding vessels.

PLATE CXLI.

PLATE

O X L I I.

Is a Turunj from Mangalore. I was told that in Concani it is called Mauling^ and
in Tula it is called Ma’pald.

a shows the very warty exterior of this citron proper. I was told that this was a small specimen,
and that the first fruits are larger than those of the subsequent crop. Externally it
was lemon yellow, with deep transverse furrows in the middle, and deep longitudinal
furrows in the lower half; the warts prominent, especially in the middle part. The
surface was dotted all over with oil-cells of various sizes; in some parts concave, in
others convex.

6 is a longitudinal section. The oil-cells were large and distinct; the pulp pale yellowish; juice
not abundant, and pure acid. At a is shown a pretty example of the large, medium,
and small juice-vesicles, corresponding, as I think, to similar sizes of the oil-cells
of the rind and leaves of the citrus. {Vide Chap, on ^‘Morphology,”)

PLATE CXLIi.

l /Z .

PLATE CXLIII.

A Turunj from Bassein, near Bombay, purchased at the Bombay market.

a gives an idea of this curious citron. Externally it was almost of a sulphur-yellow, dotted all
over with oil-cells, as shown at a. This citron had a constriction all round its middle,
as shown at e, with transverse lines and small warts,* round the base the warts were

comparatively smooth, but round the apex they were prominent and large. The rind

was very aromatic.

6 is a section across the most warty part, close to a, cutting across the ends of the pulp carpels.

c is a section across the constriction. The skin is solid white, and sweetish; pulp pale yellowish

white, dry and sour, and many-seeded.

PLATE CXLIII.

PLATE CXLIV.

A Turunj from Alibagh, near Bombay, purchased at the Bombay market.

a represents its external appearance. It was rather flattened as shown in section. Externally it
is lemon-yellow, striated transversely, and studded with concave oil-cells, which in
certain parts became convex. The oil-cells were not distinct to the unaided eye..
The lower portion was rather warty, and the mammilla inverted.

b is the same in section. The oil-cells of the rind were distantly located ; the rind aromatic ;
skin white and sweet ; pulp pale yellowish ; juice rather abundant, and pure acid.

PLATE CXLIV.

PLATE OXLV.

»-

Shows another Turunj from Bassein, near Bombay.

a shows its form, with the repetition of the constriction and transverse stri«e in its middle. The
exterior was pale yellow, rough and sinuous, but not decidedly warty. The constriction
was more pronounced on one side than on the other. It was deeply pitted all over
with oil-cells.

h is its section across the constriction. Skin very thick and white ; pulp white, dry, sour, and
many-seeded, Kind aromatic.

I have not been able to account for the constriction, which occurs so often in these Bombay
specimens, and which is connected with transverse strise, nor is the cause of it in any way
apparent in the sections.

PLATE CXLVI.

¥ —

A Turunj from the Saharunpore Botanic Garden.

a represents its form. On the bulged-ont side b, the warts are larger, while on the rather
contracted side a, the warts are small and placed among the transverse striae, appa-
rently the same striae, for which I conld not account, in the Bombay citrons, shown
on the foregoing plates. In the section 6, there does not appear much difference
in the two sides. The oil-cells of the rind, on the contracted side, may be perhaps
more closely packed than on the opposite side. The rind is aromatic, the skin white
and sweet ; pulp pale yellow, sour, and juice scanty ; seeds white, when cut, edged with
white and brown lines, from the brown pellicle under the outer shell.

c and d are spring leaves — not typical — that came with it, and e its spine. The leaves are serrated
from the base, and the petiole is barely ridged. They have a faint lemon scent.

PLATE CXLVi.

PLATE CXLVII.

♦

Shows another Turunj from Alibagh, near Bombay, purchased at Bombay.

a shows its long and slender form. Its exterior was almost of a canary yellow, with shallow
longitudinal furrows. The warts were small projections, mostly towards the apex. In-
this case also we find a belt of transverse striae, as if there were a tendency to a
constriction. This appears to be inherited, otherwise the same feature would hardly
appear in so many. The surface is dotted with oil-ceUs, which, if anything, are slightly
convex. This is against Bisso’s theory, as the pulp is very sour.

b is the section of the same. Skin white and sweetish ; pulp yellowish white ; juice not abundant,
and very sour.

PLATE

CXLVIl.

PLATE OXLVIII

Turunj from Goa, said to grow also in Mysore, called there (at Goa) Mauling ;
purchased at Bombay.

a shows its smooth, mielon-like form, with a lemon-yellow exterior, only slightly furrowed. The
warts are hardly traceable. Mammilla not pronounced. It was dotted with large oil-
cells, generally plane with the surface.

h is its section, with scattered oil-cells. The outer rind was not at all hitter ; skin very thick and
sweet ; pulp white, dry, and sour. Natives eat its thick sweet skin, after removing its
outer rind. This is probably a variety that has been selected for its thick sweet skin.
In section, the oil-cells of the rind are not distinctly made out.

PLATE CXLVIll.

PLATE OXLIX.

♦

A Turunj from Lucknow (ticketed sweet lime).

a shows its exterior conformation, scored with longitudinal furrows, the warts being represented
only by undulations, of a deep yellow colour, and pitted all over with oil-glands.

b is its section. The oil-rind was aromatic, with large oil-cells; the skin sweetish, and the pulp
dry, with an insipid sweetish taste. The pulp carpels were open towards the centre,
which was hollow.

is a rain leaf, and d a spring leaf, both serrated.

Note. — On account of the sweetness of the pulp, this should, by rights, be called

Mudhkunkur.

PLATE CXLIX.

PLATE O L.

A Turunj from Khooija, in the Bolundshuhr District.

a shows its size and appearance, with the carious transverse striae in the middle. The warts
were not prominent, and were covered with the little depressions of the oil-cells. I
tried this citron in water, and it floated, in spite of its solid oentre. The tranverse
striae are quite plain.

6 is the section, with eour pulp, of the colour of a lemon ; juice not abundant. The feeding
vessels of the carpels were distinct. The skin was not very thick ; and on the side a
the oil-cells were of one size and closely pached, as if not sufficiently developed.

c and d are the only leaf and spine which came with it^ They are not typical.

PLATE CL.

PLATE OLI.

♦

Represents the citron of Kandy, Ceylon. Some call it Siderun, others Ndtterun.

a and h give an idea of its exterior. The small-sized one is not unlike the Cedrato of Italy. The
exterior was lemon-yellow, slightly furrowed, and warty and pitted all over with shallow
cavities.

c is a section of h, with sour and scanty juice ; skin solid, and rind aromatic.

d was a leaf, without a jointed petiole, of which there were several, with the serrations
commencing near the petiole.

e had a jointed petiole of the usual type. The young unexpanded leaf-buds of this citrus were
decidedly tomentose, and the upper side of the petioles of the large leaves had also a
few scattered hairs.

/ represents its spine.

PLATE CLI.

PLATE OLII.

Another Turunj from Lucknow.

a shows its exterior, with an undulating surface, and shallow furrows pitted with oil-glands.

h is its section, with a sweet skin, dry and sweetish pulp. The juice-vesicles were coarse, like
those of the pummelo, and the pulp carpels were open towards the centre. The
seeds were smooth like the Amiltas seeds (Cassia fistula) ; the centre hollow.

c represents the seed.

PLATE CLII.

PLATE OLIII.

4 —

A Turunj from Kampur, Eohilcund.

a shows its exterior, with an occasional wart,

h is its section, with insipid pale pulp, inclining to sweetish.

c, d, and e are spring leaves, and the only ones which came with it.

• I think all the citrons proper, with a sweet or acidless pulp, should be called Mudhhunkur.
{See Chap, on “Derivations of Vernacular Names.’^’)

PLATE OLIV.

A smooth Turunj from Agassi, near Bassein, purchased at Bombay.

a shows its curious shape, like an inverted pear. The surface was uneven, as shown in section,
gathered in folds at the base.

h is its section, through the thick part. The interior was perfectly white everywhere ; skin
solid ; rind very aromatic ; juice not abundant and very sour. The juice-vesicles were
very slender, numerous, and closely packed. The majority were long and spindle-
shaped ; others were small, contorted, and compressed, as if there were too many for
the space.

c shows the different forms of juice-vesicles I found in this citrus.

L..

PLATE CLIV.

PLATE OLV.

-«

Turunj from Eosa, Shahjahanpur.

a shows its shape and size. The exterior was slightly rough and sub-warty, especially towards
the apex. This specimen was unripe, but turning pale-yellow in places.

h shows it in section. Pulp very pale, dry, and sweetish.

c, d, and e are the leaves that came with it, and / its spine. Many leaves of the citron proper
are found, like e and without margins or wings to their petioles.

PLATE CLV.

PLATE

O L V I.

MudhkmJcur from the garden of the Maharaja of Bulrampur, Muthoora, Gonda.

a and b had ridges converging to the apex, a was more warty than 6, which was ahnost smooth
and shiny. The rind was citron -scented, pale-lemon colour, with shallow foveoli
all over,

c is the section of a. Pulp pale and sour, and therefore the name MudhkmJcur is inappropriate. '

d and e are spring leaves which came with it. They were slightly lemon-scented, and the
joint of the petiole not distinguishable in most leaves.

Why this was called a MudhJcmJc^ir, and not a Turunj^ or a Bajoura, I do not hnow.

PLATE CLVI.

PLATE CLYII.

MudMiunkur from Lucknow. (In Almora this name is ‘changed into Mudkakree.)

a shows its form; exterior light yellow; surface deeply pitted with oil-glands; rough but not
warty. Surface dtdl, not shiny.

h is its section. Pulp rather dry; juice scanty and sweet, more so than that of the sweet lemon;

pulp-vesicles coarse. Skin white and sweet ; oil-rind very aromatic, but oil-cells not very
distinct.

c and d are rain and spring leaves. The junction of petiole and leaflet is not distinguishable.

PLATE CLVIl.

PLATE OLYIII.

—

The Bhimra of Nepal.

a is its shape, much like the Cedrato of Italy.
b is its section, with the pulp white, dry, and acid.
c and d are rain leaves, of a pale green, with lemon scent.
e and / spring leaves.
g its spines.

The flower-bud and calyx which came with it had a purplish tinge. The petioles of the leaves
had also a purplish tinge, so probably the young shoots had also the same tinge. The
fruit is said to grow to 7 inches long. A small specimen was probably sent from
Katmandoo for convenience of carriage. I’or all the Nepal specimens I am indebted
to the kindness ot the resident at Katmandoo.

PLATE CLVIll.

PLATE OLIX.

♦

Bajoura from Mr. Kinloch’s garden, Bholi, Btawah District.

a and c were of a pale lemon-yellow, rough and furrowed towards the mammilla.

5 is a section of a. Pulp pale ; juice rather abundant, and very sour.

The larger foveoli depressions are not distinct in these Bajouras. The oil-cells resemble
those of the Malta lemon, and there are uniform slight depressions studded all over the surface.

d and e are rain leaves.

/, g, and h spring leaves.

- X

PLATE CLIX.

PLATE CLX.

—

Bajoura from the garden of Gundaroop Sing, Auraya, Etawah District.

a shows its form, with small isolated warts in its upper half. Exterior lemon-yellow, studded
with closely-set oil-cells, as shown at a.

h is its section, with pulp like that of a lemon ; juice abundant, and rery sour.

This Bajoura comes near the Limonier d grappe, L. Amalfi, and L. d deux mammelons of
Risso. At one time -there were citrus collectors in Europe, as now there are orchid collectors
in England, and it is not impossible that either Portuguese, Dutch, or other traders with the
East introduced some of the Indian Bajouras and other citrons to Europe, if those in Risso
were not all raised in Europe. The fruit of these citrons will keep a long time.

c is a rain leaf ; d and e spring leaves. Some have the petiole slightly winged ; others only
margined.

is its spine.

PLATE CLX.

PLATE

C L X I.

— •

Bajoura from Mr. Kinloch’s garden, Etawah.

a shows its furrowed character. Colour pale lemon-yellow ; foveolate and polished. When
unripe, it is of a pale green. It was not warty.

h is the section. The rind has a pungent lemon aroma. Skin white and solid, like that of

a carrot, and sweetish ; pulp pale, like a lemon ; juice pure acid, not abundant ;
seeds white, when cut, edged brown.

c is a rain leaf ; d and e spring leaves. They have more the character of lemon than citron

leaves ; large ones serrated, small ones crenated. Petioles short and yellow, rarely

margined. Young unexpauded leaves have only scattered hairs on them. Young
shoots and flower-buds purple.

PLATE CLXI.

PLATE OLXII.

— -♦

Bijdra from one of the gardens of the Maharajah of Bulrampur, Gonda.

a and h are their form, slightly furrowed longitudinally with shallow foveoli; colour lemon-
yellow. They had no warts.

■c is the section of 6. Pulp pale, juice scanty and sour ; skin solid ; seeds white, brown edged.

d and e are the leaves that came with it; lemon-scented, with naked yellow petioles.; flowers
puiple.

/ is its spine.

PLATE CLXII.

PLATE OLXIII.

— —

Bajoura from Public Garden, Etawah.

a and b are one form. i

I Exterior slightly rough and pale yellow ; pulp pale, like that of a

d and c are another. J

> lemon, and as sour ; juice-vesicles coarse ; white part of skin sweetish.

e and / are the leaves.

The former shows also the spine,

PLATE CLXIIl.

PLATE OLXIV.

This is the Sunkhdarhz of Nepal. Probably this word is a modiScation of the
Sanscrit (?) Shunkhdardv, or “ shell splitter/’ owing to its extreme acidity.

a and b show its form and section. The pulp is very acid and many-seeded. The exterior is
smooth.

c is a rain leaf, and d and e spring leaves.

/ its spine.

Shunkhdardv is the name of one of the Indian sour citrus. Its juice is said to melt
shells, in the same way that the Sui-gul is said to melt needles.

PLATE CLXIV.

PLATE CLXV.

♦

This is the Nibooa of Nepal. (This name is evidently a modification of Nimhoo.)

a and b show its shape and section. I have little doubt that other forms might be found on
the same tree. This often happens. The pulp is pale and acid. It was smooth.

c and d are rain and spring leaves, both slightly winged.

e its spine.

PLATE CLXV.

PLATE CLXVI.

The Kaldmha of Calcutta.

a shows its curious peg-top shape. The exterior is of a shiny pale yellow, with distant foTeoli
and smooth interspaces, filled with smooth oil-cells.

b is its section. Pulp pale, and pure acid ; white part of the skin solid and sweetish 5 many-
seeded.

c and d are the serrated leaves that came with it, and e its spines,

I am informed that in Sanscrit they have the word Kdamha, which means the pumpkin
used as a float for swimming purposes, and not improbably this Kdamha, which may be of a
much larger size than that shown, is derived from that, being not unlike a pumpkin.

/'//- zt z/z

PLATE CLXVI.

PLATE OLXVII

a and

c and

♦

Otbec forms of Bajoura.

h are a Bajoura which came from Benares. It looks like a large elongated lemon. The
upper I were smooth, and only warty round its mammilla. It was of a deep lemon-
yellow, with pulp like a lemon, and sour (but not very much so). It had a rather
thin skin, but considering the amount of pulp, the juice was rather scanty.

d are a Bajoura received from Allahabad. Externally pale yellow. The large and small
oil-cells not distinct. It was studded all over with minute depressions. The pulp
was pale ; juice rather abundant and sour ; many seeded.

9^z'rL

PLATE CLXVIl.

PLATE

C L X V I I I.

a and 6 are the Kaldma of Calcutta. This was an unripe fruit, sub-warty, with both deep
and shallow foveoli, and undulations of the surface. The pulp was pale and pure acid.

c and d are the leaves that came with it.

The name Kaldma bears a family resemblance to Kaldmha, which see. (PI. CLXVI.)

a' and b' are an oblong lemon, which I found in the Benares Pubhc Garden, said to have come
from Calcutta. Colour lemon-yellow, pitted with large and small oil-cells, as shown at
A ; pulp pale, juice abundant, and pure acid.

c' is a rain leaf and d' a small spring leaf; the former quite lemon-like, only serrated like that
of a citron, while that of a lemon is often crenated ; e' is its spine. The young
leaves and flower-buds are of an iniense maroon purple, deeper than any I have seen.
The young leaves are amply covered with hairs, and the young calices have hairs
also. Traces of ridges (abortive wings) on the petiole, only visible by a magnifying
glass. The leaves had a faint lemon-scent.

PLATE CLXVm

PLATE OLXIX.

— ♦

Sardtee Nimboo from Gonda, Oudh (said to have come from the East).

a and b are the forms of this citrus. Exterior sub-warty, of a beautiful pale lemon colour ;
surface polished ; foveoli not distinct ; rugas round the apex.

c is the section of a ; pulp very pale and Bajoura-like ; juice not very abundant, and pure acid ;
many-seeded ; seeds white when cut.

d, e, and / are its leaves, of a pale green, like those of Nepalee ’Nimboo ; petioles generally
margined and lemon-yellow; scent faint and hardly that of lemon leaves.

g are its spines.

{Vide Chap, on Derivations of Vernacular Names.)

PLATE CLXIX,

PLATE OLXX.

-#■

This is the Bijouri, received from the Saharumpur Botanic Garden.

a and b show its form. Colour lemon-yellow, foveolate all over, and rather rough round the apex,

with a pronounced greenish-yellow mammilla. The scent and taste of the rind are

different from those of the Malta lemon.

h is its section, with a rather thin skin ; pulp pale greenish, unlike that of the Malta lemon. In

this specimen I found no seed. Juice abundant and acid ; it differs in taste from

that of a Malta lemon.

c and d are spring leaves, serrated and rather curly ; petiole just margined, and they have only
a faint lemon scent.

Note. — This citrus and the foregoing one are so near to the lemons that they might
have been as well placed in the lemon group. I have placed them at the end of the citron
proper group, to show the gradations by which the citron may have passed into the modern lemon.

PLATE CLXX.

PLATE CL XXI.

This is the Madhkakree of Almora, sent by Mr. H. Harris.

It was almost smooth, the surface being slightly undulating, with slight eminences, as at
A, and covered with oil-cells of various sizes, as at b. The rind was pale green, turning
citrine, and very aromatic. ■ It was like a melon, and having a sweet pulp ; the name Madhkakree
is not inappropriate.

Note. — Some of the skin of this made the best candied citron-peel I ever tried.

This and the following specimens were received after the citron-plates were arranged, so I
placed these fine citrus at the end of their group.

PLATE CLXXI.

PLATE CLXXII.

♦

a is a section of the Madhkakree shown on Plate CLXXI. The oil-cells of the rind are very indistinct
in section, although quite otherwise on its exterior surface. The rind is aromatic, but
not bitter. The white part of the thick skin is sweet, and resembles the flesh of
the Petha (Benincasa cerifera). The juice-vesicles are perfectly white, dry, and sweetish.
They are attached only to the circumference part of the carpel. Some are pedicelled,
others sessile ; some short and stumpy, others long ; but the majority are of a
uniform length, as shown in b. They do not, however, fill the carpel to its central

edge.

c shows a cross view of a carpel with the juice-vesicles seen in section, and a seed at the apex.

d is the natural size of the seed. This citrus is full of seeds ; in half a carpel there were
nine, arranged on each side alternately like peas in a pod, along the line of union,
which is a furrow. The seeds are flat and white, when cut.

PLATE CLXXll.

PLATE OLXXIII.

♦

This is another specimen of the Madhhahree of Almora, also sent by Mr. H. Harris.

Whether it grew on the same tree as the smooth one, shown on Plate CLXXI., or not, I

do not know; but, judging from the oil-cells, it is probably another variety.

Externally it was pale citron-yellow, very fragrant, and covered all over with convex oil-
cells, like miliary projections, as at b. They were more closely packed round the apex. They
appeared of uniform size. This specimen alone would suffice to disprove Risso’s theory that a

sweetish or “ fade ” pulp carries with it plane oil-cells. Under a magnifying-glass these cells

resolved themselves into large, smaller, and smallest, the latter not being numerous.

A, A are deep furrows, the rest are shallow and broad. The rind appeared made up of eight
carpels, the space between the deep furrows A, A consisting probably of three distinct
carpels.

PLATE

CLXXm.

PLATE CLXXIV.

a is the section of the Madhkahree shown on the foregoing Plate CLXXIII. The rind is

aromatic and not bitter ; the pulp is white, dry, and sweetish ; the seeds are white,
when cut. The thick skin is also sweetish. In section the larger oil-cells are

distinct, but not the small ones. The arrows indicate deep furrows, of which the

three A, A, A are deeper than the others. They appear to be the joinings of the carpels,
while the indentations shown by the crosses appear to correspond to the midribs of

the carpels. In that case the rind whorl would consist of about nine carpels ; while
the pulp consists of eleven, or probably twelve, as a appears to be a fusion of two
carpels, as it has two nourishing vessels or midribs. It is evident that twelve pulp
carpels and nine rind carpels can neither be opposite nor alternate, but sometimes the
one and sometimes the other.

h is the base or peduncle end, showing more distinctly the joinings of the carpels. Probably
h' b' is the fusion of two carpels. In that case the rind would consist of about

nine carpels, c shows the division of the apex in eight or nine distinct carpels.
In the body of the citron the carpels are more or less fused, and their number is
counted with less certainty. These points are noted in connection with Phyllotaxis,
mentioned in the Chapter on “Morphology.”

PLATE CLXXIV

PLATE CLXXV.

».

a and h are the rain leaves of the Madhkakree of Almora.
c is a spring leaf,

d is the spine that came with its branch.

PLATE CLXXV

PLATE OLXXVI.

This is a Bajoura from the garden of the Maharaja of Ulwar. It is warty on the
side a, and smoother on the opposite side. It is more like a “ Turimj ” than a “Bajoura.”

h is one of its leaves. The upper surface of all the leaves is channelled, in correspondence
with the nerves, hut the general outline differs as in the following plate.

PLATE

CLXXVI.

PLATE OLXXYII.

♦

a is the section of the foregoing citrus, Plate CLXXVI. The joinings of the carpels of the
rind are obliterated, excepting at the base and apex, and therefore it is impossible
to make out whether they are opposite to or alternate with those of the pulp. {Vide
reference to Phyllotaxis in Chapter on “ Morphology.”) In some leaves of this citron,
such as h, there is no sign of division between the petiole margin and the edges of
the blade, and no sign of a joint, while in others, as in c, the separation between-
the two is imperfect.

d is its spine.

PLATE CLXXVTII.

a is the “ Limonier a fruit digits ” of RissOo Many years ago I remember seeing one like it

in India. It has no pulp, and is composed of a single or outer whorl of carpels,

with their ends free at the apex.

h is the “ Limo tuberosus Martinicus ” of Kumphius, taken from his Flor, Amboyn, ?oL ii.,

tab. 26, fig. 2. He says it is allied to Limo ventricosus, hui has mry dijferent

leaves from the latter. Its leaves are distinctly those of the lemon; 1 consider it
a warty lemon, or citron, of a globose form. I have given the same figure iv,
Plate CXXIX., so that it may also be readily compared with the Jamhiri forms.

c and d, are the fruit of the “ Limonier ordinaire ” of Risso — the Citrus limonum vulgaris of the
same author. It is the same as the Malta lemon. It has a very slightly rough surface.

e is its leaf, taken from Bisso.

/ and g are also taken from Eisso’s monograph. It is the Limonier a fruit rond.” It is
not unlike some specimens of the Indian Kaghzi Kaldn,

PLATE CLXXVIII.

PLATE OLXXIX.

♦

Various specimens of the Malta lemon from the Jail Garden, Etawah.

a is typical of the spring crop, which ripens in November and December. Skin slightly
rough, with depressions of oil-glands.

h is an exceptional form ; so is c. They are Dumriz, or rain -crop fruit, which ripen in the
ensuing hot weather, d is the section of c. These two were plucked in the rains.

They were smooth and very juicy.

e, /, and g, h were plucked from the same tree. They had few seeds. Risso mentions that
the C. limonum vulgaris varies in form, especially in its after crop. With management
and proper cultivation ripe fruit may be taken from this lemon tree all the year
round. It fruits abundantly, and grows luxuriantly everywhere, provided the climate
is not too cold for it.

PLATE CLXXIX.

PLATE OLXXX.

♦

Other forms of Malta lemon from Jail Garden, Etawah.

a was plucked in September. It was almost ripe. It resembles in shape the Kaghzi Kalan
and Sherhetee Nimhoo.

fe is a Dumrez ; smooth, and pitted with oil-glands.

c and d are a globose specimen. This had a faint tinge of pale orange in its pulp. The
exterior was smooth. Besides the deep foveoli and lesser ones, it had numerous
dots, which looked like undeveloped oil-cells, for want of space.

All the Malta lemons are pale yellow at first. The colour becomes deeper by
ripening.

PLATE CLXXX.

PLATE CLXXXI.

♦

Leaves of the Malta lemon, from the Etawah Jail Garden.

a is a new fully-developed rain leaf, thin and transparent. Its petiole has no sign of wings
or margins. Two minute ridges on the upper part, indicated by two lines at a,
are the remnants of ancestral petiole margins. On this sketch are shown the three
sizes of oil-cells, which are repeated on the crenations. The crenations, large and
small, are exact copies of the original. The Malta lemon leaf and rind have very
fine and distinct aromas. The main nerves branch towards the edge, and their
branches anastomose. This is the character of all the citrus leaves I have examined.

On the upper surface the larger oil-cells can be seen as low miliary projections.
On the under side the two larger sizes can be seen as dark green dots on a light
green surface. The third and smallest size can be only seen by transparency.

h and c are rain leaves, and d a typical spring leaf.

e is the spine.

In fig. a the open rings represent the largest oil-cells; the large black dots, the
medium-sized oil-cells ; and the mere points represent the oil-cells of the smallest size.

PLATE CLXXXI.

PLATE OLXXXII.

Malta lemons sent by Messrs. Carew & Co., of Rosa, under the name of AmalhSd,
or Amilhed.

a and b show their shape. They were chagrined with large and small foveoli. The skin of
both was I of an inch thick.

c is a rain leaf.

d, e, and /, spring leaves. The “ petit grains ” or essential oil-cells were very distinct.
g is the spine.

There was no doubt in my mind that these were of the Malta lemon type.
They had its aroma and its pure acid juice. Probably they had been obtained
from Lucknow.

Note. — The Malta lemon is the same as the Palermo and Messina lemons that come
to the English markets. I have observed many specimens in the shops that bear traces of
their citron origin, in having a rough, channelled, and thick skin.

PLATE CLXXXH.

PLATE OLXXXIII.

♦

Specimens of the Malta lemon type, received through Mr. R. Blechynden, Sec. A.H.S. of

India, and grown in Mr. Stalkartt’s garden at Goosery.

a, c, d are forms usual in the Malta lemon. They came in July, and were ripe. Therefore,
they are probably of the Dumrez crop. Mr. Stalkartt states those of the spring
crop are rougher.

b is the section of a ; e is a typical spring leaf ; / and g, other spring leaves ; h is the spine
of the branch that came with them.

I at first thought this stock may have been obtained from Lucknow ; but it is
not so. Mr.' Stalkartt vouches for the trees having been in his garden since he
came to India, in 1833. Mr. Blechynden thinks it probable that the old plants
in the Society’s garden may have been obtained from him. He adds that Firminger
alludes to this lemon, and thinks it the “common Spanish,” and gives Korna neeboo
as the native name. And that, in the Hortus Bengalensis of Roxburgh, published
in 1814, the Koma neeboo is given as the Citrus medica, “ common lemon,” and the
date of its introduction into the Botanic Garden is given as 1796. The Goosery
lemon trees are not improbably some of its descendants. All the characters of the
Goosery lemon are those of the Malta or Spanish lemon. Nevertheless, it may be
also an improved form of the Assam lemon, Joratenga (?). {Vide Plate CCXXXIX.,
fig. a.) The Goosery lemon just floats in water.

PLATE CLXXXIII

PLATE C L X X X I V .

a and b are Pondicherry lemons. Ov had concave oil-cells, and h convex cells. They are
called “ citrons ” by the French there. Both had thin skins, and very pale and
soar pulp. Their flavour had something of the Kaghzi Nimboo taste in it. The
seeds were greenish, when cut. I obtained both in the market. In the Horticultural
Garden of Pondicherry I was shown a plant, said to be that of the “ citron.” Its

leaf is shown at c. It struck me as being more like that of the Titrunj. The

Eurasian superintendent, however, who had been to Italy, told me that the Pondicherry
lemon was exactly like the Italian lemon. The Italian and Malta lemons are one
thing. It is not improbable that the French introduced this lemon from Europe.
I saw it nowhere else in S. India.

d and e are the Malta lemon, from the Saharunpur Botanic Garden.

/ is an unripe one ; g and h are its typical leaves ; i an abnormal spring leaf ; and j the spines.

The history of the Saharunpur lemon trees is not known. Mr. Gollam states they
are between sixteen and eighteen years old. Probably they were obtained from
Lucknow.

PLATE CLXXXIV.

PLATE OLXXXV.

— — ♦ —

Variety of the Malta lemon, received from Mr* G. Nickels, Passewa Factory, Jaunpore*

a and b show the shape of this lemon, with a pale yellow exterior, pitted with deep and

shallow foveoli, with whitish dots between them. The aroma of the rind did not
appear to me so fine as that of the Lucknow lemon.

b is the section of a. The pulp is pale, and pure acid, with abundant juice of a fine flavour.

d is a rain leaf ; e and / spring leaves ; g a spine. The only difference I could see in this

lemon from that of Lucknow was that it had its mammilla a little to the one side,
and its leaves perhaps more mucronate or pointed.

Mr. Nickels says that in 1872 he brought out from England some blood orange
trees. The stock on which one was budded gave out a shoot. Thinking that in
England they budded on the lemon stock, he removed the shoot, and struck it

under glass. It gave the fruit shown. It may, perhaps, be of some use to

distinguish this variety as the English or Jaunpore lemon.

PLATE CLXXXV.

PLATE CLXXXVI.

•

(rulgul from Raja Shiva Parshad’s garden at Benares. He says it abounds in Lahore.

a indicates its form. It is of a lemon yellow, closely foveolate all over ; apex depressed.

h is its section. The pulp is pale, like a lemon; the juice abundant, and pure acid; centre
hollow.

c is the Gulgul leaf, with a slightly margined petiole. The leaves are crenate, and thin ; rather

like those of a Khoita orange. The young leaf buds have hairs on them.

d is the Gulgul spine.,

e and i are two Guiguh purchased at Jagadri. They look much like the Kilkil or Kulkul

of the Emperor Baber’s memoirs. He says : “ It is like a goose’s egg, but does

not, like that egg, taper away at the two extremities. Skin thin, like the Sangtereh.
It has a remarkable quantity of juice.” The skin is quite smooth, and of the
texture and colour of Kaghzi nintboo, and marked longitudinally with shallow depressions
opposite the divisions of the pulp. Juice very sour, very abundant, and slightly
aromatic.

g is the section of e.

y~2 ZZ7 .

PLATE CLXXXVI.

PLATE OLXXXVII.

♦

Meetha Gulgul of Saharumpur, Botanic Gardens.

a is the shape of this lemon. Its colour is lemon yellow ; foveolate all over ; is rather smooth,

and has an elastic feel. It looks like a large Malta lemon.

b is its section, with a thick skin. The oil-cells are large and distinct. The pulp is pale

and lemon-like. Although it is called Meetha (sweet), this specimen is not so, but

suh-sicid. The juice is abundant, and the vesicles coarse. The centre is hollow,

c and d are spring leaves, with a faint lemon scent. The petioles are only slightly margined.
The spines were mere points. Flowers large white, tinged purple.

PLATE CLXXXVIl.

PLATE OLXXXVIII.

•

This is what is called the Kumaon lemon, or lime. It was sent by Mr, John Martin,

proprietor of Douglas Dale, Nynee Tal.

a is its shape, like a very large Malta lemon, and not unlike the Meetha nimboo of the
foregoing plate. The exterior is lemon-yellow, with a rough surface. The large
oil-cells are depressed, and the intermediate small ones are like pinholes. It is
slightly sub- warty round the apex.

h is its section, with thick skin ; oil-ceUs distinct ; pithy part white and sweetish ; the rind
has not the fine aroma of the Malta lemon. Pulp transparent, and of a faint
orange-yellow j sour, but not the pure sourness of the Malta lemon ; juice very
abundant ; centre hollow ; seeds white, when cut. This appears to be a true lemon
of the Gulgul type.

c is a rain leaf, and d a spine ; e is a bit of the rind, with the pith shaved off, showing
sections of the oil-cells of three sizes. The young leaves are bronze-coloured, and
the blossoms bronze-reddish-brown.

PLATE CLXXXVIII.

PLATE OLXXXIX.

-4

Kaghzi Kaldn lemons, from Gundaroop Sing’s garden, at Ajitmal, Etawah District.

a, c, and e differ only slightly in form and size. Their exterior is pale yellow, and quite
smooth, only marked with faint foveoli at certain distances. The intermediate spaces
being filled with smaller oil-cells, which are neither raised nor sunk.

h is the section of a, and d the section of c. The skin is very thin ; pulp pale ; juice
abundant, and very sour.

g 18 a typical rain leaf, and / an abnormally shaped one.

h is & small spring leaf. I could see no difference between these leaves and those of the
sweet lemon, or Sherbetee nimboo. The spines were mere points.

This lemon tree is said to have been obtained from Saharumpur, The name
Kaghzi only means that it has a very thin skin, that is, papcr-like.

PLATE CLXXXIX.

PLATE CXO.

— ♦

Mitha mmboo, or sweei lemons ; also called Sherhetee mmboo and AmritphdL

a is the sVeet lemon of Mooltan ; pale yellow and smooth,^ the furrows being tinged with red.

The specimen was rather dry. The skin was very thin, as shown in section b.

The juice was abundant, and of a nicer flavour than other sweet lemons I have
tried. Probably the dryness of the Mooltan climate may have influenced its flavour.

c is an abnormal ram leaf; / an abnormal spring leaf; d ?fud e typical spring leaves. The

leaves have a slender petiole, yrithout a trace of wings or margins, which are re-

presented by two minute ridges on the upper part. The very youngest leaf-buds
have a little down. There were no spines on the branch sent.

g and ^ is a sweet lemon from Khoorja. On the apex the oil-cells are concave, in other

places quite plane. It floats in water, but not well ; it first sinks and then rises
slowly to the surface.

i are abnormal spring leaves, and the only ones that came with it. It is curious that from

Khoorja I received both small Sherhetee and also small Kaldn Kaghzi lemons. This,

however, might be a small specimen of an ordinary tree.

.• r <•.

PLATE CXC.

PLATE CXOI.

f :

Other forms of lemons.

a is the usual form of sweet lemon.

b its typical rain leaf; and c its typical spring leaf, with their spines.

d and e are Kaldn Kaghzi, or sour lemons, from Lucknow^ The former was as round as a
cricket-ball, and the latter had an oblate form.

/ is a rain leaf of the same; and g a spring leaf. The wings of the petioles were mere
margins.

The flower of the sweet lemon is pure white, and the young shoots green, with

scattered hairs on the young leaf-buds.

The flower of the Kaldn Kaghzi is very slightly tinted with red, and the young

shoots green.

Judging from the fruit and leaves, one would say the Sherhetee is an acidless
variety of the sour Kaldn Kaghzi.

Judging from the flowers, one would say the Sherbetee is a lemon-coloured

^ ‘range

PLATE OXOII.

•

Other sweet lemons.

a and b came from Benares, under the name of Nepdlee. This was a sv^eet lemon, an ordinary
Sherhetee. The Nepdlet proper is a sour lemon.

c is the Mitha nimboo I purchased at Bombay, and said to come from Nagpore; d is the leaf
that was attached to it. It appeared quite a lemon leaf.

e, /, g, and h are leaves of a Sherhetee which came from Rosa, Shahjahanpur ; is a rain
leaf, and the others small spring leaves.

The fruit of this Rosa Sherhetee was smaller than ordinary sweet lemons, with
thin skin, pale pulp, and sweetish abundant juice ; otherwise it did *not differ from
other sweet lemons.

PLATE OXCIII.

Other sweet lemons.

a and 6 is a Sherhetee nmboo from Mr.. Nicholson’s garden, Gonda. It has a thicker skin

than the usual, with a solid centre, oil-cells of rind very distinct. The seeds,
when cut, were white, tinged green-

€ and d are its leaves ; their petioles had a slight pubescence, even in old leaves ; the leaves

had a faint lemon scent

€ is a Sherhetee from Bhilawa, Auraya. The oil-cells present neither concavities nor convexities.

They are mere transparent dots; neither the tip of the finger nor that of the tongue
can detect any unevenness.

All the sweet lemons are more or less smooth, globose, or oblate, and generally
with a small indistinct mammilla, and usualh' marked with shallow longitudinal furrows,
corresponding to the divisions of the pulp- This is probably owing to the tightly=

fitting thin skin.

J, g, and k are the leaves which came with

PLATE CXCIII.

PLATE OXOIV.

' '♦

Other sweet lemons.

a and h are the only ovoid sweet lemon I have met with in India. It came from a tree
which bore globose fruit, in the Public Garden, Benares. It was lemon yellow, and
closely foveolate with concave cells ; rather thick-skinned. The Dumrez Sherhetee has
a thicker skin than that of the spring crop. The rind of this was more aromaiic
than usual.

c is a globose Sherhetee from Baja Siva Parshad’s Garden, Benares. Deep lemon yellow, and
also rather thick-skinned.

d is its leaf, rather serrated than crenated. Petiole only margined; young leaf-buds much
covered with hairs.

e is its spine.

plate cxciv

PLATE 0 X C V.

♦

Other forms of sweet lemons.

a and b are a sweet lemon from Muscat, which I purchased at the Bombay market. Its
flavour, unlike that of Mooltan, appeared to me of the ordinary Sherbetee. Why
they import them from Muscat, when they are largely grown in India, is impossible
to say. It had few seeds.

c is another Muscat sweet lemon. For a sight of this I am indebted to Mr. A. Y. Gubboy,

of Ezra Street, Calcutta. He was travelling in the same carriage with me from

Bombay. He showed me this enormous sweet lemon, which he purchased in Bombay,
under the name of “ Muscat sweet orange.” I could not see its interior, as he

was taking it to his friends in Calcutta. I, however, took an outline drawing of
it, and measurements. It had a diameter of about 4 inches, and was of a canary
yellow. Mr. Gubboy afterwards kindly sent me its seeds. They germinated, and I
sent some of the plants to Lucknow and some to Saharunpur.

d and e are a pyriform Sherbetee from Auraya. It was unripe, and that may account for its

smallness and thick skin. It had pure white flowers ; / is its rain leaf; and g
its spring leaf.

qzri-h

PLATE OXOYI.

♦

a and b are a citrus sent by Major Buller from one of the gardens of the late Maharaja of
Bulrampur, Gonda. It is a very distinct variety, and I regret that no leaves were
sent with it. It was deep yellow, rough, elastic, and puffy; shaped like a large

Malta lemon, but with the feel of a spongy-skinned pummelo. The oil-cells were
very large ; skin sweetish, and loosely attached. The angles a a were not filled
up as in all other citrus, but hollow. The pulp was yejlowish-white ; the juice-
vesicles loose and sour; the carpels were loose and open at the centre. The centre
was hollow, and the seeds white, when cut. It may possibly be a yellow mamillate
variety of At Anni. It came under the name of Qism Bajoura Turshee, but it i^
«oi a Bajoura.

c and e are the Bard Nepdlee nimboo, or Nepal lemons. The exterior is of a beautiful pale

lemon yellow, and regularly dotted with foveoli and intermediate oil-cells, d is the

section of c. Pulp lemon-like ; juice abundant and acid, and leaves a rather
unpleasant aroma in the throat. These lemons had the shape and colour of Guavas.

f, g, and h are their leaves, rather serrated than crenated, with the scent of lemon leaves.

Some had margined petioles, others not. Young shoots purple ; flower-buds tinged

purple. The Nepal lemon is often seedless.

PLATE CXCVI

PLATE OXCVII.

Nepal lemons from Gonda.

a and b came under the name of Nepdke Kaghzi nimhoo — as round as a cricket-ball; pale

lemon yellow, smooth with shallow foyeoli. Bind aromatic, pulp pale, juice abundant
and very sour, and slightly aromatic ; almost seedless ; centre hollow.. It appears

a globose form of Nepal lemon.

c is a small spring leaf, and the only one that came with it. It had a faint lemon scent,

and with a naked petiole. The spines were mere points.

d and e came under the name of Kaghzi nimhoo {Nepdlee); very pale lemon yellow, globose

and minutely foveolate all over ; deeper yellow round the apex. Rind lemon

flavoured, pulp pale, inclined to greenish ; thin skin, seedless ; centre solid ; juice

abundant, with much the flavour of the Bard Nepdlee nimhoo, and, like it, leaves
an unpleasant taste in the throat.

f, g, and h are its spring leaves, and have the character of lemon leaves. They are lemon

scented, not lime scented. It has all the characters of the larger Nepal lemon,
and appears to be a small form of it.

PLATS

O X C V I I I.

♦

Pahdree nimbm sent by Major Bailer from tbe late Mahar^'s garden at Sheopara, Oonda.

a, b, and c are its form; c bad a small Battened mammilla. Ourionsly enough, they both
bad those transverse stria^ on one side that I found in various eitrons ^whieh see).
They made no diffiw?ence in the section Exterior lemon yellow, smooth (excepting
the strisB), with shallow foveoii. They looked like smooth and large Malta lemons.
Thin skin, pulp pale, like a SJierhetee ; juice abundant, not very sour, only sub^ieid.
When cut, they gave the scent rather of an orange than a lemon ; rind with a
faint lemon fiavonr ; seeds white, when cut. It seems a desirable variety. It

appears allied to the thin-skinned Gulgul of Jagadri.

It is not quite clear whether by the term Pahdree is meant a mountain lemon, or a
mistake for Rehdree, from Behar.

f»LATt CXCVIII

PLATE CXCIX.

Gungolee lemons, sent by Major Buller, Gronda.

a and h came from Sbeopura. Another of the same shape had a girth of 8 inches. Externally
it was of a dull clayey yellow, and in parts with an epidermis not unlike that of
a potato. Whether this may have been the work of some insect I do not know.
The oil-cells were convex and large, like those of the Ceylon pummelos. Rind lemon
scented ; skin hard and citron-like ; pulp pale, like that of the Bajouras ; seeds
many, white, when cut ; some were edged with brown, on account of the under pellicle
of that colour; juice abundant, and very acid.

c and d are spring leaves, which came with it; serrated from the base, tough, and with scarcely
any scent.

e is its spine. This lemon appears close to the Bajouras.

f and g are a Gungolee nimhoo from Bulrampur. Exterior of a dull fawn yellow ; oil-cells indistinct,
and very small. In the hand it feels like a potato; slightly aromatic, when scratched;
pulp pale, like that of a lemon; juice abundant, and very sour; seeds white, when cut;
centre solid.

h and i are spring leaves that came with it.

Note. — I have met with a JTiambiri citrus also of this fawn colour; and I have been told

that in Monte Video there is an orange which is always of this colour.

PLATE CXCIX

PLATE

O O.

-»

Citrus sent by Mr. H. B. Webster, B,C.S. He states he found a thicket of these lemon
trees growing wild in a heavy tree jungle in the Tarm, near Bareni, N.W.P. He said the

thicket was 10 or 12 feet high, and the trees had 2 -inch spines, so that his elephant refused to

face it. There were several ripe lemons, but, owing to the spines, only one could be reached.
He had never met with wild lemons before. He said the leaves were large, broad, and glossy;
he had collected some, but lost them.

« and h show the shape of this citrus. Externally deep lemon yellow, quite smooth, with trans-
parent oil-cells of various sizes, neither concave nor convex. In section the oil-cells
were indistinct ; skin sweet, with lemon aroma ; pithy part yellowish- white ; pulp pale,
transparent, yellowish ; juice abundant and very sour, with a sui generis flavour.
Afterwards, tiirough the directions of Mr. Webster, Mr. MacDonald, C.S., of Moradabad,
kindly obtained for me the leaves of this wild lemon. It is situated in the Bazpur

tehsiL They are shown in c, d, and e. They appeared to be rain leaves, lemon

scented, with a yellow naked petiole, having only two ridges oa its upper side. They
had a coarse surface, and were more like citron leaves. The flowers were large and
tinged with red, and the young shoots were green. The young unexpanded leaver
had scattered hairs on their midribs. / is the spine I found on the branches.

p f * *

o ^ zn. •

PLATE CC

PLATE C O I .

Other forms of lemonSe

a, b, and c came from Calcutta, under the name of KagcM lemboo (long kind). Exterior, when
unripe, has distinct foveoli and minute intermediate oil-cells; pulp pale; juice not
abundant and sour, with an aroma something hke the Kaghzi nimhoo. Three sizes of
oil-cells were visible in the section. ; is the section of h.

d, e, and / are spring leaves that came with it ^ and g the spines. There was no sign of margins
to the petioles.

h, i, and j came from Lucknow, under the name of Gungolee nimboo ; surface very smooth and
polished, exterior yellow, pulp pale and pure acid ; flowers small, very faintly tinged red,

is a spring leaf, and I a rain leaf. Both had a slightly margined petiole.

Note —Not impossibly the long kind of KagcM Imboo of Calcutta shown at a, is of the

variety shown in Plates CCV. and CCVIo

PLATE CCI

PLATE coil.

—

Other forms of lemons.

a, b, and e are Behan nimboo from Lucknow. Yellow and rather rough ; pulp very pale and
sour.

d and e are its leaves. They did not come with it, but afterwards, so I am not quite sur«

that they belong to this Behan nimboo. The -flowers are said to be tinged red.

/ and g came from Nepal, ticketed Zorniri. It was rather unripe, and, if I remember rightly,

the pulp was pale and sour. I omitted to note this.

h and % are its rain and spring leaves, which were sent afterwards.

PLATE cell.

PLATE

O O I I I.

Behari nimboo, from Messrs. Carew & Co., Kosa, Shahjahanpur.

a and 6 are its shape. Exterior lemon yellow, neither rough, nor very smooth. Skin not thin
pulp pale; juice sour, with the aroma of a Kaghzi nimboo.

e is a rain leaf; e, and /, spring leaves.

g is its spine.

PLATE CCMI.

PLATE C 0 I V.

Behan kaldn of Lucknow. This is the only place from which I got this varietyo It was

sent by Mr. Ridley.

a, 6, and c are its forms, rather purse-shaped. The exterior was smooth, but not shiny, pale

yellow or buff, studded with oil-glands. It looked like a large lemon ; c was smoother

and yellower than a.

h is the section of a ; skin not tliick ; pulp pale and lemon like, and as sour, with an aroma
sui generis; juice-vesicles rather coarse — a desirable variety; centre hollow.

d and e are its leaves. They were sent afterwards, and in such cases there is always some

doubt as to their belonging actually to the specimen. In e there was no joint between

the petiole and leaflet, and it is like that of a citron proper. The flowers are said to
be large, and coloured red.

PLATE OCV.

♦

Other forms of lemon.

a and b came from Benares, under the name of Jamiri. This name and Zamiri are evidently a

modification of Jambiri. It has been given, like Kama, to many different varieties of

citrus. It is, therefore, impossible to identify any variety from its native name. It
resembles either the Behdri or Gungolia nimboo. It is lemon yellow ; pulp pale and
sour; a gcod variety.

c, d, and e came from Allahabad, also under the name of Jamiri. This is more like the Gungolia

of Lucknow and GuJgid of Auraya. It is pale yellow. There is no apparent distinction

between large and small oil-cells. The surface is closely studded with the minute
depressions of the oil-cells; skin thin; pulp pale; juice abundant and very sour.
No leaves were sent with either this or the so-called Jamiri of Benares. e is a long
form of the same. It seems a desirable variety.

/ and g were sent in August by Dr. Duke, Civil Surgeon of Jhansi. They are of the same

var. as c and d. h is a rain leaf, and i and j spring leaves, h is their spine.

The branch sent had both the leaves and fruit attached. The branch was very

spiny, and the leaves had not the sui generis aroma of lime leaves. The fruit had

many seeds, and not the distinctive aroma of Kaghzi nimboo. It is known in
Buldelcuhd as Gangolee, or Gulgul, and in Rohilcund as Behdri nimboo.

6~'X. zn. .

PLATE CCV.

PLATE CCVI.

a and h were brought by a friend from Jhansi, purchased in the bazaar there. He did not
know the name given there. Inquiries made by letter in Jhansi elicited the reply
that this elongated citrus was probably a Kaghzi nirnhoo. This word may mean a
distinct variety, or that the variety has a very thin skin. c is the section of h ;
seeds white, when cut. Pulp pale, with abundant pure acid juice.

d, /, and g I purchased at Auraya, Etawah district, under the name of Gulgul. No one knew
where they were grown. They were evidently brought there for sale, g is the

section of /. In section, both this and the foregoing have the stamp of a Kaghzi
nimhoo. Almost all the specimens had the mammilla to the one side ; / had it exactly
in the middle ; pulp greenish-yellow ; juice abundant, very acid, with a sui generis
aroma of a Kaghzi.

I tried to get specimens of these elongated limes, with their leaves, and h, i, j, h, and I
were sent to me. It is probably a small specimen of the same. If so, the leaves (spring leaves)
appear like those of true limes. Surface of h is pale yellow and quite smooth. It is very

probable the Jamiri of Benares and Allahabad belong to this variety (a and d).

P.S. — On the 17th June, 1886, Mr. J. F. Holcomb sent me c and other similar leaves,
stating that he took them off a tree, with fruit like^the oblong Jhansi lemon a and &, from the
Government garden at Bdrwa, twelve miles from Jhansi. This leaf is different from the true
lime leaf, and is nearest that of a lemon.

PLATE CCVI.

PLATE

C C V I I .

— ♦

a and 6 is a globose citrus, which came from Mooltan, under the name of Niboo. Exterior

pale yellow, studded with minute depressions, so closely set that some ran into others

by twos and threes. The surface of this citrus was tinged red, as if inclined to take
on the colour of an orange. In some places the colour was decidedly red, in others
only suffused with red. This is the only red-cheeked lime or lemon I have seen.

c, d, 6y /, and g are the leaves which came with it ; they appear those of a true lime, and so do

the spines h. The pulp was pale, juice abundant and acid, with a slightly bitter taste.

t and j is a citrus, which came from Calcutta under the name of Sherbetee pdti. It was pale
yellow, with a shiny surface ; skin very thin, pulp pale, juice abundant, sour, and
slightly bitter. The leaves k, and m are like those of the Kaghzi, and probably it
is the same variety as that of Mooltan j n is its spine.

PLATE CCVII.

PLATE OOVIII.

A citras from Khooija, which came under the name of Kaghzi nimhoo, (It should be
remembered that “ kaghzi ” means with a skin of p<r^i«r-thickness, and does not always mean
any particular variety. It is used, also, for walnuts and Bcel fruit.)

& and b are its form ; pale yellow, very smooth. It floats in water, but not well. It sinks
and then rises slowly only to the surface. Pulp pale, juice sour, and slightly bitter,
with an aroma sui generis.

c and d are probably large spring leaves, and e, /, and g small ones~all with a naked, lemon-
like petiole.

This citrus, and the two previous ones from Mooltan and Calcutta, have many points in
common, viz., the shape, thinness of skin, and a slightly bitter, sour juice, but the leaves of
this one differ in their petiole from those of the other two. It is not impossible that all
three belong to the variety called Kaghzi halm, which I think is a lemon. It is curious that
from Khooija I should receive both this (which may be a small Khagzi halan) and also a
small Sherbetee nimboo. (Not improbably these two — the sour and the acidless, are variations of
each other.)

PLATE CCVIII.

PLATE OOIX

Saddphal of Public Garden, Etawah.

a ia a full-sized specimen, and c is a smaller one, The surface looks pasty, and is covered,
at regular distances, with large foveoli-depressions, shown by the large dots at a.
The intermediate spaces are filled with slightly prominent smaller oil-cells. The
depressions correspond to the larger oil-cells. The Saddphal is pale yellow, when
ripe.

h is the section of a. Pithy part of skin sweetish; pulp pale, with a slight tinge of orange
yellow; juice scanty, with a sweetish, sub-acid flavour. It had slight tinges of orange
yellow, here and there, in its pulp.

d is a rain leaf, and e and / spring leaves. All have very large crenate wings to their
petioles, and are leathery. The spines are shown with the leaves. The flowers and
young leaves are tinged purple.

h IB a, pulp carpel, with the side removed, to show the convergence of the juice-vesicles to a
common centre. The seeds are also arranged round that centre, g are the juice-
vesicles of a portion of a pulp carpel. They are pedicelled and spindle-shaped, and
have very little juice. The Saddphal which came from Benares and Saharunpur do
not differ from that of Etawalu

PLATE CCIX.

PLATE OCX.

Attdrra nimhooy obtained at one of the railway stations in the Central Provinces.

a is its shape, rugose at the apex, and gathered into folds at the base, otherwise smooth, shiny,
and covered with foveoli of all sizes ; colour of a clear lemon yellow; the rind has the aroma
of the Saddphal ; pulp pale, like a lemon. The juice- vesicles are very prettily disposed
in the pulp carpels, as shown at c. The side vesicles are all long pedicelled, and
there are some also at the broad part of the cai-pel. Their attachments are shown
at /, /. The short sessile vesicles are few, and at the cornera e, e. The carpels are
mostly open, and the juice- vesicles project into the hollow centre, as shown in the
section b. The juice is abundant, and of a pure acid. The skin is comparatively
thin ; seeds few. Altogether this is a desirable variety.

d IS the typical leaf, lanceolate, sometimes emarginate, with scarcely any scent, and with large
wings to the petioles. They are leathery, and remind one of pummelo leaves.

PLATE COX I.

The Siderun of Kandy, Ceylon.

a, fc, and c are ona of its forms; lemon yellow; pitted all over with large and small depressions;

rugose and furrowed at base and apex, with small warty prominences here and there.
Otherwise it is fairly smooth.

h is the section of a. Pulp yellowish white ; juice abundant and pure acid ; juice-cells prettily
disposed, like those of the Attdrra nimhoo {vide Plate OCX.). They also take root from
the sides of the carpels, with short cells at the circumference. This appears allied to
the Aitdrra of the Central Provinces of India. In Ceylon some pronounce the name
Sidrung, Rung, I was told, in Singhalese meant gold. Persons who knew the language
thought the name an imported word. Probably it is a modification of the Enghsh
word citron. In the Kandy market, the sellers call this Siderun, and the citron proper
Ndthei-un. Others, when asked, reversed the names.

y2'i.^n- .

PLATE CCXI.

PLATE OOXII.

♦

Another Siderun, more furrowed and warty than the previouB one.
a shows its external appearance, more warty round the apex.

i is a rain leaf, and c a spring leaf. They are not flat like purnmelo leaves (though, like them,
they are thick and leathery), but curved and curled. They have a faint lemon seeat,
and the petioles are broadly margined, d is its spine.

The Siderun has a lemon flavour, both in its juice and rind.

PLATE CCXM.

PLATE

O O X I I I.

-4

This is a citrus, sent from, the B^^tanic Garden, Saharunpur, under the name of Amal^ed^

a is its shape, pale lemon yellow, fiirrow -d, and with ridged dough-like folds, converging towards
both base and apex. The apex is flattened. Bind aromatic and covered with shallow
foveoli.

h is its section. Pulp very pale and transparent, like the Attdrra nimboo, with the same herring-
bone disposition of its juice-vesicles; juice very abundant, and pure acid.

c is a rain leaf, with large wings to its petioles ; and d is a spring leaf, with its petiole only

broadly margined. The leaves are crenate, and have a faint lemon scent. This citrus

is a good kind, and has most of the characiers of the Attdrra nimboo.

Perhaps all the Attdrra citrus ought, more naturally, to be grouped with the Amalbedt.

PLATE CCXIV.

■■ ■ 4

This is a citrus of the Attdrra variety, obtained from the garden of the Maharajah of
Ulwar. The skin is lemon scented and lemon flavoured j the colour is lemon yellow. In section
it has all the characters of an Attdrra (see Plate CCX.). The pulp is pale and sour. The juice-
vesicles have the disposition of c in the same plate.

6 is a fully-developed rain leaf.

c and d are spring leaves.

e is an ordinary spine, and / the spine of a young luxuriant cane, with an angular, ribbed stem.

This and the following specimens were received, or met with, after the others had been
arranged and numbered. They are therefore placed at the end of the group.

70^ in

PLATE

CCXIV.

PLATE OOXV.

4 —

This is a Bajoura lemon, obtained from the garden of the Maharajah of Ulwar.

a and c show its ontline. It is yellow and smooth, like a lemon, only slightly foveolate. It is
scarcely distinguishable from a Malta lemon. Its mammilla is more drawn out than
in the latter. It is very like the “Goosery” lemon of Mr. Stalkartt, and not
impossibly may have come from Calcutta.

b is its section, showing a thin skin, though tough. The pulp is very acid, and lemon flavoured.

The rind is lemon scented, and tougher than that of the Malta lemon (vide Plate
CLXXXIII.).

c has its apex more chagrined.

d is a rain leaf, and e a spring leaf. They are Bayowra-like, and their nerves are depressed
below the surface. The spines are small.

PLATE

CCXV.

PLATE OOXVI.

This is another Bajoura lemonj taken from the garden of the Maharajah of Ulwar.
Externally it is like an elongated Malta lemon, with a tougher skin.

b is its .section, with a rather thin skin; pulp white and acid, though not sharply so; centre
hollow. This specimen was seedless. Another specimen from another tree was
many-seeded. It had elongated and also rounded fruits.

c is a rain leaf, and d a spring, well-developed, leaf. Their edges are serrated, and their
petioles only ridged on the upper part. They resemble the leaves of the Bajoura.

Taking everything into consideration, I think that there appears little doubt that the
lemon of Europe has descended from the citron proper, the Turunj^ probably passing through
the intermediate forms of the Bajouras. It is probable that these Bajoura lemons are indigenous
forms, with a tough, solid skin, although comparatively thin. In India they have been probably
selected further into the Kaghzi Kaldn, and in Europe into the Malta and Sicilian lemons,
which have a softer skin.

PLATE CCXVI.

PLATE OCXVII.

a and h are a long lemon from Ulwar. It is like those obtained from Jhansi, at Plate CCVI.

It is pale citrine, with a thicker skin, aromatic, but not of a pleasant flavour. I
met with a similar long lemon in the Taj Garden. The gardener in the latter
place told me that if this lemon is kept it becomes bitterish.

c is the form and size of its seed, different from that of the Kaghzi nimboOt or true lime.

d, e, and / are its leaves, with either a long and linear petiole, as in e, or with a short
and winged petiole, as at / and g,

g and h show also other forms of petioles, from the same tree.

t is its spine.

Having had an opportunity of examining this citrus on the tree, I think I have rightly
placed this and the Jhansi long citrus of Plate CCYI. and others among the lemon groups >
which, I think, is distinct from the lime group.

PLATE CCXVIl.

PLATE OOXVIII.

a and b are a specimen of the Almora lemon sent by Mr. H. Harris. When ripe, it is
deep lemon yellow, studded with large foveoli, especially on the apex half. The
rind, is not so aromatic as that of the Malta lemon ; pulp pale, and full of sour
juice. It is a desirable variety where a large quantity of juice is wanted at one
time.

c and d are rain leaves.
e and /, spring leaves.

This variety is the same as the Kumaon lemon, only of a smaller size. The immense
leaf, c, is probably due to the rich, moist soil of Almora.

Note. — All citrus trees sometimes give off long shoots from the base of the trunk. These
then bear latge luxuriant leaves.

PLATE CCXVIll.

PLATE

O O X I X.

This is the Shor, or Gangolee nimhoOf of Almora, sent by Mr. H. Harris. It appears
a Bajoura lemon.

a and h are its ontline and section. The exterior is shiny, hard, and of a pale citrine colour,
slightly uneven, with rather large and distant foveoli. It is sub-warty round the
apex. The skin is tough and aromatic, like that of a Bajoura. The pulp is pale,
transparent, and sour; seeds many, with a brown pellicle under the outer shell;
white, when cut.

c and d are typical leaves and well developed; thin, but not channelled at the ribs.

« is a spring leaf.

Notb.— By Bajoura lemon I mean a transition form between the Bajoura and the lemon
proper. I have mentioned two transition forms, viz. lemon-citron, that is, a citron approaching
the lemon type ; and citron-lemon, that is, a lemon having still some citron characters. I look
upon the Bajouras as half-way forms between the citrons proper and the lemons proper ; so
that Bajoura lemon would be a still further lemonized form of the Citrus medica than the
Bajoura,

PLATE CCXIX.

PLATE OOXX.

♦

This plate shows specimens of a large lemon received from Pertabgurh, in Oudh; it
was sent by Mr. J. A. Luffman.

6 is a section of a. When ripe it is yellow and smooth, with scarcely any foveoli. The

skin is rather thin and aromatic, the pulp pale, transparent; juice very abundant and

sour ; centre hollow.

c is a more elongated form of a,

d and e came from the same bunch as the other two, which contained five lemons. The

pulp is pale greenish, with long and slender juice-vesicles. The juice is not sharply

acid, and of not so pure a flavour as that of the European lemon.

All five lemons were of this shape, and all had a very small mammilla. This variety
appears distinct, and not unlike the Punjab Gulgul, shown on Plate CL XXXVI., Pig. /.

PLATE

C C X X I.

♦

These leaves are of the Pertabgurh lemon of Plate CCXX.
a and b are fully-developed rain leaves,
c, df and e are spring or dry-weather leaves.

Note. — As stated, large leaves, such as a, are not uncommon on the new cane-like
branches, which are given from the base of the stem, near the ground. In Europe, probably
these cane-like branches would be pruned off, as detracting from the strength of the tree,
without adding to the fruit. The flowers and fruit are produced from the small twigs of the
previous year; therefore, in pruning, the latter should be encouraged by removing the former,
which may not produce flowers till after several years. (See Chapter on “Cultivation of the
Citrus.”)

PLATE CCXXI.

PLATE OOXXII.

a and h is the sweet Gulgul of Saharunpur. It was plucked in October, and rather unripe,
and of a dark green colour. It grows larger by ripening. The rind is very
aromatic, but has not a pleasant taste. The pulp is white, and in its unripe state
dry and insipid — neither sweet nor acid — like that of the Saddphal. It appears a
sweet or insipid Bajoura. 1 had not met with a sweet Bajoura before; it may have
descended from the sweet Turunj or Madhkakree,

c and d are its typical leaves.

The essential oil of this specimen, like the “ lima ” of Ceylon, tinged paper
permanently, of a gamboge yellow.

e and / are the Behdri lemon from Saharunpur, plucked also in October and unripe; when
ripe, it is slightly larger. It is foveolate all over, and lemon scented. The rind
and pulp are of a lemon flavour. The latter is white and’ acid. This specimen
was seedless.

g is its well- developed . typical leaf, with a wavy surface, serrated, but not prominently so, and
slightly lemon scented.

h was a small and smooth leaf of the same.

Note. — In forwarding the specimen of Plate CLXXXVIL, possibly it was mistaken for

this sweet Chilgul, as that on Plate CLXXXVII. was not sweet.

PLATE CCXXII.

PLATE OOXXIII.

♦

a and b are a doable lemon which I got off a tree in Etawah. It was quite seedless.

c and d are another double lemon, which 1 got at an English shop. It came from Palermo, and
had seeds.

These double lemons were formed by a fusion, o’* fasciation of two ovaries. In d
the centres of the two lemons are quite separate. In b, however, there is a tendency
to fusion of the centres, in order to produce an elongated common centre.

Note. — It is not improbable that the large varieties of citrus may have originated either
by proliferation of extra carpels between the normal ones, or, as fn this case, by a fusion of two
ovaries. I have examined three double lemons, and in no case did the rind extend inwards between
the two lemon pulps.

With reference to double fruit, vide Appendix 21, on the Indian Philippine.

PLATE CCXXm.

PLATE OOXXIV.

a and b is another double lemon, which I also got from an English shop. It also came*
from Palermo. I give it here, because it also shows the amalgamation of the two
centres, producing one elongated centre. This specimen had many perfect seeds, and,
therefore, this fosciation of the two ovaries might possibly be reproduced through the
seeds, and by selection fixed into a large citrus variety, as in Plates LXXII. and
LXXXin. A double fruit would naturally take the fancy of Orientals; they have
their own game of Philippine, and, if they obtained seeds, they would almost surely
sow them, to obtain a continuance of this doubleness. 1 think it probable that many
large kinds of citrus may have originated in this way, and by selection perfected, so
as to lose all trace of their double origin.

e, d, and e are the leaves and spines of a wild citrus, found by Mr. Duthie, ** growing in the
Saijoo Valley; elevation, 2 to 3,000 feet. It had all the appearance of wildness, there
being no villages anywhere. There was a small stream, beside which it was growing,
and by which the seed was most likely conveyed from some village above.” — Ranikhet,
9th September, 1886. (Vide Webster’s lemon, Plate CC.)

PLATE

CCXXIV.

C C X X V.

PLAT E

Lima of Ceylon, or Kudalu dehi (Leech lime or Caffre lime). This is not eaten, but is

used for washing the hair, and for rubbing on the feet and legs, as an antidote against land-

leeches.

a and b are the outline and section of the Lima ; c is a smaller specimen ; both were unripe,
and very warty, the warts being studded with foveoli. The rind is thick, with an
aromatic, resinous scent, 'and a bitter acrid taste. The essential oil contains a
gamboge-yellow pigment, which permanently stains paper yellow. Pulp greenish, and
juice- vesicles small; seeds greenish, when cut; pulp sour, and of a very unpleasant
flavour. A riper specimen I got at Colombo had greenish pulp with small vesicles ;
juice very sour, with a sui generis aroma, not unlike that of the Kaghzi nimboo. The

rind had a very unpleasant acrid taste and resinous scent. Dr. -Trimen’s foreman
said it is sometimes larger than this specimen.

d and 2 are fully-developed rain leaves; dark green, thick, and leathery, with their edges
slightly turned backwards ; the oil-glands of the leaf-blade and petiole wings are of

various sizes, as also on their edges. They have no special aroma. The petiole

wings are sometimes almost as large as the leaflet, or larger, and both glabrous.

/ and g are spring leaves. The flowers are small, slightly tinged red, either male or bi-sexual,

and often with four petals, with either separate or partially-united stamen-filaments,

k are the spines of the lima.

h and i are Zmw leaves, with small petiole wings; ^ is a well-developed leaf of the Ceylon Kaghzi

nimhoo, or lime, with a large petiole, given for comparison. The small leaves of the

lima and the large leaf of the lime have similar wings to their petioles.

PLATE CCXXV.

PLATE OOXXVI.

These figures are taken from the illustrations of the Flora Amboyn. of Eumphius,

published in 1750.

a is Lima ventricosus, Vol. II., Tab. xxvi., Fig. 1. It is yellow when ripe, thick skinned, and
used for washing the head ; pictured by Rumphius with four petals. This corresponds
with C. Hystrix d.g. of Kurz, Flor. of Brit. Burma. It also corresponds with the Lima
of Ceylon ; both are used for washing the head. The Cingalese, in addition, have
discovered that it is useful against land-leeches, and have given it the name of
Kudalu dehu The Caflfre regiments of Ceylon used it for similar purposes, and hence
a third name among the English there is Caffre Lime.

h is Lima agrestis^ Vol. II., Tab. xxvii. (Dutch — Wilde pap. Leimen) Citrus papeda of Miquel.

Very yellow colour ; pulp sour and acrid. This is evidently a close connection of a.
It has retained its broad petiole wings, and has lost some of its warts. At the
same time it is acrid like the lima, and pictured by Rumphius with four petals.

c is Lima ferns, Tab. xxviii., Vol. II., also pictured with four petals. It is another variety
closely connected with Limo ventricosus. It retains the broad petiole wings of Limo
ventricosus, and the fruit, though small, is still tubercled. The spines of h and e
are like those of the Kaghzi nimboo.

ft 9t h leaves from a rain-shoot of the Kaghzi nimboo, Etawah, given here for
comparison. They have unusually large wings to their petioles.

PLATE CCXXV!.

PLATE OOXXVII.

-t

These figures are also taken from the Flora Amboyn. of Eumphms.

a would appear a smooth form of Lvm ventricosus^ but, I believe by mistake, Burmann called
it Lima fetus (or lemon swangy), Vol. II., Tab. xxvi., Fig. 3, pictured with four
petals. Here we have again the broad petiole wings of Limo ventricosus with an
entirely smooth fruit.

6 is an ovoid Kaghzi nimhoo of India, which in no way differs from the fruit of a, as far as
one can judge from a picture. The spines of a are identical with those of h ; the
latter, however, has the leaf of e.

c, c is the Limonellus aurarius (lemon Maas), Vol. II., Tab. xxx., pictured with four and also
with five petals. This is the smallest of all citrus ; not used for food, but by
goldsmiths, for cleaning gold. The leaves are pictured entire, but the broad winged
petiole of a is stiU maintained. I think that in some parts of India also the
smallest Kaghzi nimhoo is used by goldsmiths for the same purpose.

t and d are both taken from Vol. II., Tab. xxix., of Riimphins. e (Limo tenuis) is distinctly
like an Indian Kaghzi nimhoo in all its features. (Vide Plate CCXXVIII., Fig. 6, and
other plates, showing the small lime of India.) Rumphius says “it is thin skinned,
very common, and much used/' It is pictured with four petals. Loureiro, under
Citrus limonum, says, “spinous, petioles often linear^** and refers it to Vol. Ho,
Tab. xxix., of Rumphius. Unfortunately this table has both d and e, d is distinctly
a lemon (C. medica, var. limonum), and e is distmetly a true lime, which may possibly be
C. hystrix, var. acida.

PLATE GCXXVll.

PLATE 0 0 XXVIII.

♦

a is the Monserrat true lime of the West Indies. It is taken from the ‘‘Botanical Magazine/'
Tab. 6,746, and called there Citrus medica, var. acidu, as given in Sir J. Hooker’s
Flora Indica. In my opinion, it is a luxuriant variety of the Kaghzi nimhoo {lAmo
tenuis) of Amboyn., Plate .CCXXVII., Fig. e, and that of India Fig. h of this Plate.

h is the common Kaghzi nimhoo of India, called also desi, in contradistinction to the other and
larger form, the Behdri. It is also called hdra mdsi, owing to its being procurable
during the “twelve months" of the year.

e is section of b. This lime is thin skinned, with an aroma sui generis. The pulp is greenish,
and very acid. The flowers are small, white, or slightly tinged purple ; solitary axillary,
or in cymes. The young shoots are tinged ochre colour, and the young uneipanded
leaves iomentose. The leaves are small, rounded, oval, or lanceolate, with a distinct
aroma. The spines given in b are typical. Fruit pale yellow, when ripe ; smooth and
foveolate, as shown in b.

d is an ovoid variety ; e is a typical spring leaf ; and / a well-developed rain leaf. The petiole
given in a and b is usually very constant, and occurs in aU the true limes I
have seen.

^ir^/z

S Z7Z.

PLATE CCXXVIll.

PLATE

C 0 X X I X

Two forms of the true lime of India {Kaghzi nimhoo).

a, by c, and d were taken from a seedling tree about four years old, and just beginning to fruit.

The spines in all young seedling citruses are usually more developed than in older
trees and those raised from buds. The wings of the petiole are here more developed.

« is a form growing in the Public Garden, Etawah. Its section / shows the typical «kin of the
Kaghzi nimhoo. These thin-skinned limes are often slightly furrowed longitudinally, the
furrows corresponding to the dissepiments of the pulp.

g is a rain leaf; i a spring leaf, is a rounded form of leaf, which very often occurs in the
true limes, and recalls the leaflet of Lima leaf d, Plate CCXXV.

j is a globose form of fruit, from a four-year-old seedling (from date of planting out the young
tree, not from date of sowing the seed).

PLATE CCXX

PLATE COXXX.

Fonns of true limes, found in Calcutta and Bombay.

a is the China pdti, or so-called China form in Bengal.

6, c, d, 6y are the spring leaves which came with it. / its spine. Exterior smooth, pitted with

concave cells ; in parts they are convex. The section showed nothing new ; the skin
very thin ; juice abundant, with a pronounced Kaghzi flavour.

The words chin ka^ like pakdri, and helaiti, are often given to plants in contra-
distinction to desi, or common kinds. Whether, in this case, this variety had a
Chinese origin, or not, I do not know.

h, i, and j is the Desi pdti of Calcutta, or the common Kaghzi nimboo. Pulp hke that of
other Kaghzi nimboo. The leaves and the spines k came with this specimen.

It m, and n I purchased in the Bombay market. I was told that I was the China Kaghzi; m the

Kaghzi of Nassick ; and n the Kaghzi of Poona. I had a sour pulp, with a slightly pale

orange tinge ; its flavour was difierent from the ordinary Kaghzi. The other two had
the true lime flavour. All were pale yellow and thin skinned. I did not see the leaves
of any of these Bombay limes. It is doubtful whether / is a true lime. It. may be

something like the udo dehi of Ceylon, a variety of sour orange. {Vide Plate

CCXXXIII,, e.)

PLATE CCXXX.

PLATE

O O X X X 1.

-f

Ceylon limes, called there Dehi.

a and b are the outlines and section of the lime of Kandy. This has not the papery skin of the
Kaghzi nimhoo. In India this variety would probably be called Behciri nimhoo. It is
pale yellow, and studded all over with large and small foveoli. The pulp is pale, like
that of a lemon ; juice very sour and abundant, and slightly bitter. Young unexpanded
leaf buds are tomentose.

d and e are like the regular lime leaves ; j its spine.

c is the lime of Colombo; pale yellow, pitted all over with shallow cavities. Thin skinned, though
not quite Kaghzi ; pulp pale greenish ; ten carpels ; juice abundant, of the flavour of
Kaghzi ; oil-cells of rind distinct ; centre solid ; seeds white, when cut.

/, g, h, and i are from a lime tree (?) I found in the Hagkah garden. I found none but an
unripe undeveloped fruit, h; flowers tinged purple, four or flve petals. Leaves longer
than usual, with shape and scent more like those of a lemon. General aspect and
spines are those of a lime.

PLATE

CCXXXI.

PLATE OOXXXII.

a aDd h are the Kaghzi nimhoo, of Calcutta. This was an unripe specimen, with a thickish skin. It

had foveoli, large and small, with shallow longitudinal furrows here and there. Pulp

pale ; juice abundant, acid, with a fine aroma.

G, d, e, and / are the leaves and spine which came with it.

is a Kaghzi nimboo from Bhilawa, Auraya, Etawah District. Exterior quite smooth ; has neither
elevations nor depressions; very thin skinned; aroma of the sour juice that of the
true Kaghzi.

k, i, j, k are the leaves and spine of the same.

I and OT are a lime that came from Benares, under the name of Behdri nimboo. It appeared

to be no other than an ovoid or pyriform Kaghzi, with pale and sour pulp.

PLATE CCXXXII.

PLATE OOXXXIII.

a, by c, d are leaves of the Kaghzi nimhoo, taken from seedling plants, four or five years oid
They are all dark green, and have the scent of true lime leaves.

£ is a small citrus 1 obtained at the Colombo market. It was called Oodoo Dehi. It is used
for hair scrubbing. It has a thin skin, of a pale yellow, and smooth. The pulp had
only six carpels. Its sour juice was abundant, but different in flavour from that of
the ordinary true lime. The seeds were greenish when cut. Not improbably the
name Oodoo may be a corruption of the Usoh of Khasia, or Usse of the Malay
Archipelago.

PLATE CCXXXIII.

PLATE OOXXXIV.

♦

a and b are the Bor jeneru tenga of Assam. From its leaves and size and shape of fruit, it
would appear one of the Suntara oranges.

All the drawings of citrus from Assam were favoured me by Mr. G. E. McLeod,
and are all of the size given. They give a very good idea of the oranges and lemons of
that Province. He omitted, however, to give any further characters beyond what are
seen in the drawings. I have, therefore, reproduced in the Appendix, No. 63, the
list of Assam citrus given by Mr. William Robinson in 1841. One of the oranges
is there called Jendru tenga. It is probably this. Mr. McLeod adds that the Horn
genera tenga is exactly the same, but smaller.

« and d are the Juta muri of Assam. From the petiole of its leaf it would appear a large lemon
of the Gulgul class, or Kumaon lemon vanetij. On one side (e) this specimen was
imperfectly developed, as was seen in its section. In d I have only shown the weD-
developed portion of the section, with its thick skin. Mr, Robinson, among the

sub-acid lemons, gives Jota mori tenga, which, I suppose, means this variety.

PLATE CCXXXIV.

PLATE OOXXXV.

♦

a and b are the ChoUa tenga of Assam. From its leaf petioles I would say it is a lemon of the
large Kumaon kind, with a thick skin. Mr. Anderson, of Sibsagur, in his list
(Appendix, No. 48, h), gives as No. 3 Sdkla tenga — a hitter lime — meaning, perhaps,
sour-bitter. Mr. Eobinson groups Chakla tenga among the sub-acid lemons, but he also
gives the same name under acid limes, 1 do not think it can be a Seville, as it has
no winged petioles, which are large in the Sevilles. The leaf, as shown in Mr.
McLeod’s drawing, is that of a lemon, or Bajoura.

PLATE CCXXXV.

PLATE OOXXXVI.

■

a and h are the Hulinga muri of Assam. Judging from its leaf, I would group it among the
Amilbeds (which see).

Mr. Robinson, among the sub-acid lemons, gives Halangd mori tenga, which, I fancy,
is the same as this.

'/oriy, ^ uL0tp

PLATE CCXXXVI

PLATT2 OCXXXVIl.

—

«* and b are the Bor ten^a of Assam, Judging from its leaf, I would put it also among the
Amilbeds. Mr. Anderson, in No. 4 of his list, gives Bor tenga as a big lime, not a
pummelo ; and Mr. Eobinson, among the sub-acid lemons, gives Bor mori tenga. Mr
McLeod says it is actual she, and, therefore, might easily be mistaken for a true
pummelo. It appears wai-ty round the apex.

PLATE CCXXXVIl.

PLATE OOXXXVIII.

— « —

4 and h are the Rahab ienga of Assam. Mr. McLeod adds (? Nawab), and thinks it might possibly
be a comiption of that name. Air. Anderson gives No. 1 under the same namej but
Mr. Robinson gives two kinds of shaddocks, viz., the white — Boga rohab tengd, and the
red — Ranga robah tengd. Possibly it is one of these, but I think its petiole-wings are
too small for a true purnelo, and would seem to belong rather to the Amilbed group.
It is impossible to say whether the Amilbeds and the true pumelos have the same or
different ancestors. If this were of Batavian origin, it would probably have retained
either the Bengali name of Batabi tengd, or that of Jahatra tengd. In upper India,
however, the pumelos have, from their large size, gained different names, such as Maka
nirnboo (large himboo) and Gagree nimboo (jar-like nimboo). Whether this Babab tengd
is one of those mentioned by Mr. Robinson as Shaddocks, or not, 1 cannot say.

plate ccxxxviii.

PLATE CCXXXIX.

a and b are the Jora tengd of Assam. It appears to be a true lemon of the Nepdlee nimboo
variety. It iSf however, rather thick skinned, but this may not be a typical specimen.

It is No. 2 of BIr. Anderson’s list. Mr. Robinson gives three varieties with this

name, and all placed under citrons. Between thin-skinned citrons and thick-skinned
lemons there is not, in reality, a very great difference. The drawing gives the

“reduced size,”

c and d are the Nimboo tengd of Assam. Judging from the shape of the leaf given in the
drawing, I should say it was not the true lime (Kaghzi nimboo) of the plains, but rather
a small variety of the Nepal lemon. Its spines are too large and its leaves too
oblong for a true lime. {Vide Plate CXCVII., Figs, d and e.) Mr. Robinson,

among the add limes of Assam, gives Nimu tengd, which, I suppose, means this.

PLATE CCXXXIX.

PLATE

O O X L.

a and h are the fruit of the “ Bigaradier fetif^re ” of Risso. They show oranges developing

within oranges, and the section h shows a multiple fruit. At a is shown a rind

carpel developed within the pulp carpel, and a second whorl of pulp carpels within the
outer one.

c and d are the fruit of the “ Bigaradier a fruit cornicule ” of Risso. They show several carpels
remaining distinct, and unamalgamated with the others, to form a uniform round
fruit. The section, at e and /, shows separate pulp carpels, belonging to the separate
rind carpels.

g is the fruit of the “Granger a fruit cornu” of Risso. It shows a single carpel persisting

in remaining separate. This horn varied in size, but all the oranges of that variety

had it more or less developed, and every large appendage had within it a separate
pulp carpel. Whatever may be the origin or nature of the citrus rind^ it would
appear that each pulp carpel had originally its own rind (carpel or not) ; thatj in
the process of selection and perfection, the pulp carpels remained distinfi, while the
rind coverings became amalgamated and their separate nature ohliterated.

These figures are referred to in the Chapter on “ Morphology.”

PLATE CCXL.

PLATE COXLI.

a and h show the fruit of the ** Bergamottier meilarose a fleur double ” of Risso. a shows

the rind carpels all distinct, and ununited at their distal ends, forming a sort of

cup-rim, out of which come out numerous other carpels, belonging to inner whorls.
The section h shows a very interesting multiplication of rind and pulp carpels.
Within the outer whorl of pulp carpels there is a whorl of rind carpels, shown at
h', with their oil-cells; within these, again, is a complete whorl of smaller pulp
carpels. The centre of the fruit is occupied by pulp carpels of various sizes. At

A there is also a rind carpel. Innermost of all is a circle of rind carpels, with

essential oil-cells.

c is the fruit of the “ Bergamottier meilarose ” of Eisso, showing distinct carpels, and a second
whorl of carpels at the distal end.

d is the anomalous form of orange given by Dr. Masters in his “ Teratology," Fig. 32, Plato
LXXIV. If I have interpreted it rightly, it consists of single carpels of the centre
leaflet and one of the side leaflets of the original trifoliate leaf. By the {lotied
carpel d', I have endeavoured to complete the trifoliate ancestral form, changed into
a tri-carpellar fruit, with all three carpels completely disunited (?).

e is also taken from Dr. Masters’ work, p. 303. It shows the whorl of stamens changed into
carpels or pistils.

PLATE CCXLI.

PLATE CCXLII.

a and 6 are the ovoid form of the Bcel frnit {JEgle Marmelos). Although heavy and solid, it floats

in water. The ripd is pale green, and when ripe of a yellowish brown studded with
large and small oil-cells, h is the section, showing the isolated pulp-carpels, c shows
a longitudinal section of one of the latter. Its interior surface is studded with open-
mouthed cells, which pour their gummy secretion into the interior of the carpel, and
fill it, bathing the seed. The Bcel gum is a sticky astringent substance, soluble in
water. The gum-cells are more numerous towards the circumferential side of the carpel,
which is also the case with citrus juice-vesicles. I look upon these gum-sacs as
the homologues of the citrus juice-vesicles. Their rim projects beyond the inner
surface of the carpels, and a little more might make them closed sacks. All the rest
of the fruit V h' is occupied by a yellow spongy substance? and which appears to be
the homologue of the white pith which is on the inside of the organge and lemon,
peel.

d and c is a pyriform Bed. 1 cat three Bed fruits, from different trees, and in each found
eleven pulp, or gum-carpels. This specimen had a very small mamilla, shown at e.'
The large and small oil-cells of the rind were distinct.

J is the trifoholate leaf of the Bed. The minute unexpanded leaves are covered on both sides
and edges with a short brownish down. This is shed by degrees, as the leaf grows.
The oil-cells, of three sizes, are very distinct on the edges. Not so distinct on the
othe parts of the blades. The spines are in pairs.

PLATE CCXLII.

PLATE COXLIII.

a and h are a large pumelo-Uke variety of Bad (JEgle Marmelos) called Bara Bcel. The hard pithy
substance which occupies the whole interior of the fruit, is sweetish and aromatic, of
the colour of pale orange carrot. In the case of the Bcel fruit, this pithy matter has
forced itself between the palp carpels— squeezing and separating them, and invading
also the centre of the fruit. In fact, it is the principal part of the fruit. While in
the citrus, the pulp vesicles with their enclosing pod-membrane form the principal part
of the fruit. By their excessive growth, they have kept the pulp carpels close together,
and so have prevented the pith from invading the centre also. In the citrus, this
pithy substance could only grow externally by expanding the rind, and so creating the
thick skins of the pumelo, citron, and Kathairee nimboo, and others.

e shows the interior of the gum-carpel, with its gum-cells, and the seed c', with its large placenta.

In October this Bcel was pale green, and might have become larger when ripe. It
was studded with oil-cells of two sizes, with intermediate white dots.

PLATE CCXLIII.

PLATE

O O X L I V.

a is an ovoid fruit of the Kaithd {Feronia elephantum). It is covered with a fawn-coloured

epidermis, more dense at the apex, b and c are the compound leaves of this Feronia.
They are crenated as in c, although in h the crenations are not shown. The leaflets
have sparse oil-cells; also in the angles, between the crenations, and on the edges of
the margined petiole. Sometimes the oil-cells of the blades require a high-power glass
to bring them out, while those of the edges are distinct and like minute pearls. When
crushed, they have the scent of aniseed. is a small trifoliolate leaf, and e is the
spine. The older branches, in the axillae of the spines, have small tufty branchlets,
with five or six leaves. The fruit of the Feronia, though solid and heavy, floats in
water.

/ and ^ are a fruit of the Feronia of the shape of an inverted pear. It is covered with a furfuraceous
epidermis, of an earth-colour, and easily scraped off. g shows the in^mal structure
of the fruit. At g' are the cells of the woody rind, fiUed with a hard concretion.
The fruit appears to consist of five large, and imperfectly closed carpels', aa They
appear to consist only of the skeletons of the carpels, that is of the feeding vessels,
at the ends of many of which seed-buds are developed, bb appears to be another
whorl of carpels, alternating with the first. They have their feeding vessels straight,
filling the centre of the fruit with seed-buds, at the same time pushing out of the
way, and curving inwards the edges of carpels a. In the section, some of the seeds
are seen of full size, while others are seen in pq,rtf and belong to a lower level. As
in the iBgle, the carpels of the Feronia are embedded in a dense pithy substance,
homologous to the pith of the orange rind. It fills the fruit, h is the normal leaf
of an -^gle I found at the temple of Tanjore, with very thick leaflets ; so much so,
that when bent, they snapped. Usually the leaves of the .^gle are very thin. The
fruit of this was small and ovoid.

PLATE CCXLIV.

PLATE OOXLV.

♦

a, h, and c are the componnd leaves of the Limonia acidissima, which I got at the Sahamiipore
Botanic Garden.

The tree has the habit of the Feronia. The leaflets are dotted with large and

small oil-cells. Their scent is almost nil, perhaps it distinctly recalls that of the
leaves of Feronia eUphantum. The petioles are pnbescent. At the angles of the
crenations there are large oil-cells, with smaller ones between them. The leaves of

this Limonia might perhaps be taken to consist of a chain of winged petioles, one
bndding out of the tip of the other, with a pair of opposite side-buds proliferating from
the same node, and ending in the odd leaflet, when the power of proliferation had been
exhausted.

d is the Limonia fl*uit of the natural size. When ripe, it is purple-black. The rind is studded
with oil-cells, and slightly aromatic, and bitterish, but not citrine. The pulp is slightly
acid and bitter ; I did not find it very acid, as its name would denote. It had one seed
of the size of a Sorghum-seed.

e is its spine, with a bud at its base.

f and g are only diagrams, in connection with what I said in the Chapter on Morphology, and
intended to illustrate a supposed branching of the Phyllanthus — one of the Cactacese.

PLATE CCXLV.

PLATE OCXLVI.

The following plates show the young seedling leaves of various kinds of citrus. The fir^t
leaves that show themselves above ground are always opposite, as shown in Plate CCLV, The
second and third of these varieties came out as here shown.

a is the second leaf of the Kumquat (Plate XCIII., Figs, d and g), showing margins to the
petiole.

b is the second leaf of the Kathairee nimboo (Plate XXXV.), showing a very long margined
petiole, its margins being continuous with those of the blade, h' shows the position
of the joint.

c is the second leaf of the At* Ami of Gonda (Plate CXII.). d and e are its third and fourth
leaves. Another seedling of this variety gave a second leaf like e.

f is the second leaf of Surkh nimboo (Plate XCVI., Figs, d and /).

g is the second leaf of tha Delhi Keonla, purchased at Bombay (Plate CXXYI., Fig. /),

h and i are third and fourth leaves of the Jhansi long lemon (Plate CCVI., Fig. a and b).

j is the third leaf of the Ceylon orange called Punchi Jambole (Plate LVI., Pig. a).

k is the second leaf of the “ Lima ” or Kudalu ddhi of Ceylon (C. hystrix, Plate CCXXV.
Fig. a).

I and m are its third and fourth leaves.

It should be noted that these leaves are taken from one particular seedling of each
variety, other seedlings of the same variety might give somewhat different leaves. The tm/oliate
leaves are rare.

PLATE CCXLVl.

PLATE OOXLVII.

a is the third leaf of the Kaghzi Kalhn of Ajitmal (Plate CLXXXIX., P^. a) ; it does not
show any sign of joint between the petiole and the leaflet.

h is the third leaf of the Rangpur lime from Saharanpur (Plate CXIV., Fig. a).

c and d are the second and third leaves of the Galamha of Bengal (Plate CLXVI., Pig. a).

e is the second leaf of ^he Bhootan orange (Plate CYII., Pig. a).

f and g are the second and third leaves of the Nagpore Suntara orange (Plate CII.).

h and t are the second and third leaves of the Suntola orange of Nepal (Plate XCIX.).

3 is the third leaf of the Pondicherry lemon (Plate CLXXXIV., Fig. a).

PLATE CCXLVIl.

PLATE CCXLVIII.

a is the third leaf of the ovoid Sherhetee of Benares (Plate CXCIV., Fig. a).

h and c are the second and third leaves of Major Boiler’s Kaghzi nimhoo Nepalee (Plate

CXCVII., Fig. d). If this is a true Kaghzi n. its large winged petiole might

strengthen the theory of the descent of the true lime from the C. hystrix.

d is the second leaf, and e and / the third leaves of the oblate Nartun of Tanjore (Plate

XVIII., Fig. /). The pyriform Nartun had similar leaves.

g is the second leaf of the Bombay red pumelo. It had no sign of joint between the
petiole and leaflet. Its edges seemed entire^ bnt they had the nnmistakable oil-cells
in the places of the crenations. The oil-cells on the blade were very few and
scattered.

h is the third leaf of the same pmnelo. Both g and h were glahrcus.

CCXLVIll.

PLATE OOXLIX.

a and b are third and fonrth leaves of Bnller’s large Gimgolee nimboo (Plate OXOIX.,
Fig. a).

c is the. third leaf of the ordinary round Sherbetee nimboo (Plate CXCI., Fig. a).

d is the second leaf of the MUha (?) Gulgid of Saharanpur (Plate CLXXXVII., Fig. a) ;

it has a joint at d\ but the edges of the petiole margin are continuous with those
of the blade.

e is the third leaf of Mr. Nickel’s Suez orange (Plate XL VI., Fig. a).

/ is the third leaf of the Ceylon Suntara or Konda ndrun (Plate Cl., Fig. a).
g is the second leaf of the Lucknow Jambiri (Plate CXXXII., Fig. a).

h and i are the thirds and fourth leaves of the common Khatta orange (Plate XXV.,
Figs, a and 6).

PLATE CCXLIX.

PLATE 00 L.

♦—

a and b are the second and third leaves of the Nepal sour lemon (Plate OXCVII., Fig. a),
with lemon-like leaves and no joints.

e and d are the second and third leaves of the Desi Calamba of Bengal (Plate LXYIII.,
^)t probably an Amilbed.

€ is the second leaf of the Beh^ Nimboo, without a joint (Plate CCII., Fig. a).

/ is the third leaf of the Etawah Bajouraf with a joint (Plate CLXIII., Fig. a).

f' is the third leaf of another seedling of the Etawah Bajoura.
g is the second leaf of the yellow Surk nimboo,

h is the second leaf of the Boxa small orange (Plate CVII., Fig. a).

t is the second leaf of the Malta Seville (Plate XL^ Fig. a), of Lucknow.

j and k are the second and third leaves of the Etawah Seville (Plate XIV., Pig. a).

I and m are the second and third leaves of another specimen of the same Seville.

PLATE CCL.

PLATE OOLI.

a aad h are the second and third leaves of the Chingolee nimhoo of Bulrampnr (Plate
CXCIX., Fig. f),

G and d are the second and third leaves of the Benares Gulgid (Plate CLXXXYl., Fig. a).

e is the second leaf of the large lemon of Kumaon, without joint (Plate CLXXXVIII., Fig. a).

/ and g are the third and fourth leaves of the Saroti nimhoo of G-onda (Plate CLXIX., Fig. a.)

/ is without a joint, and g has a joint.

h and t are the second and third leaves of the Bdndir orange of Tanjore (Plate XLIII., Fig. a.)

j is the second leaf of Qism Bajoura of Major Bailer (Plate CXCVI., Fig. a). Probably it

is an “At’ Anni.”

PLATE ecu.

PLATE OOLII.

, »

a is the second leaf of the Mooltan Sherhetee, or sweet lemon (Plate CXO., Fig. a).

b and c are the second and third leaves of the Lahore Gulgul (Plate XXXII.). b has a joint
at h*\ bnt the edges of the blade and petiole are continnons. c has also a joint
at c\ showing a tendency to separation between the petiole wings and blade.

d and e are the first and third leaves of the Aurungahad orange (Plate OXXY., Fig. a).

/ is the second leaf of the Sherhetee lemon (a sour citrus) of Calcutta (Plate CCVII.,

Pigs, i and j).

g is the third leaf of the Nepdlee nimboo of Benares (sweet lemon) (Plate CXGII., Fig. a).

h is the third leaf of the Surhh nimboo (Plate XCYI., Figs, d and «).

PLATE COLII.

PLATE OOLIII.

♦

a, h, and c are second, third, and fourth leaves of Q&em citron of Saharunpore (Plate
LXIX., F^s. a and h) ; probably an Amilbed.

d is the third leaf of the small Sherbetee of Khoorja (Plate OXC., Pig. g).

e and / are second and third leaves of the AmUbid (Plate LXl., Figs, a and b).

PLATE CCLIII.

PLATE O C LI V.

a and b are the second and third leaves of the large Sherbetee lemon of Muscat (Plate
CXCV., Fig. c).

c and d are the second and third leaves of another specimen of the same variety.

e is the third leaf of the yellow Surkh ni/niboo of Tulshipur Gonda.

f is the third leaf of the Oodo Ddhi of Ceylon (Plate CCXXIII., Fig. e).

g' are the leaves and spines of the GUnis trifoliata, sent from the Botanic Garden, Saharanpore.
It has never fruited there. (Vide Plate CCLL, Fig. g\)

PLATE CCLIV.

PLATE OOLV.

» — »

a shows the first pair of leaves and the second leaf of the sosall Behdri Niinboo of Lucknow
(Plate CCIV.).

b shows the same in the Sungdaraz of Nepal (Plate CLXIV.).

e ditto of the Turunj of Lecknow (No. 2) (Plate CLII.).

d ditto of Etawah Bajoura (Plate CLXIII,).

e ditto of Big Pumelo of Etawah (Plate LXXX.).

/ ditto of Turunj of Lucknow (No. 1) (Plate CXLIX.).

g and h are seedlings of the same fruit, the Nibood of Nepal (Plate CLXV.).

In no case do the first pair of leaves show either margins or wings to the petiole, or
joints, between the petiole and blade. The second leaf of all the above shows a joint, but no
appendages whatever to the petiole. Miffht the first pair of leaves be considered the original
citms leaf, from the tip of which, by proliferation, a second leaf budded, the latter being
afterwards called the leaflet, and the former the winged petiole? Possibly this suggestion might
be hazarded, from an emtryological point of view.

PLATE CCLV.

PLATE COLVI.

♦

This, and the following, represent some of the yarieties of citrns in the Ehasia Hills
mentioned in Mr. G. Stevenson’s letter (vide Appendix No. 43 a). These outlines are taken from
coloured sketches made by Rai Jagesh Chandra Chattel] ee Bahadur, subdivisional officer of
Sumamgunj, and courteously forwarded by Mr. Stevenson, Deputy Commissioner of Sylhet.
a is called Moglai in Bengali. It has the shape and colour of the Suntara orange varieties.

In Khasi, its name is Usoh Myngor. The Kamald proper differs little from this.
Mr. Stevenson says the Moglai has a thicker skin than the Kamald.

h in the drawing is only called orange. It is probably the common orange — the Kamald proper
— of the Bengalis, and the Usoh Santra, or Nianitra, of the ^Ehasis.

plate cclvi.

PLATE OOLVII.

—

(a is the Nardngi of the Bengalis. It is coloured much redder than the foregoing, and Mr.

Stevenson, in Appendix 43 (a), says the Nardngi is sour. Probably it corresponds to
to the Keonla of the plains.

If the Karangi be sour, it is not clear why its Ehasi name should be
Usoh Sim, meaning the “ Raja orange.” Possibly it is only sour when unripe.
The Naringhi of Upper India, although I think it of the Keonla type, is

probably a sweeter variety, or ’ one that sweetens earlier than the Keonla

proper.

b is given as Jhagi in the drawing. This name is not in Mr. Stevenson’s list, unless it be
the one called there Kdki. In his list, it is said to be sour. Its colour is deep
yellow, and may be some kind of lemon, if not the Jhambiri of the plains. In the
drawing it looks much chagrined.

PLATE CCLVIl.

PLATE OCLVIII.

•

a is pictured as green, and called Khata jamir, the Khasi name would be Usoh hymphoTf

and is said to be sour. It was probably taken from an unripe specimen, and its

name pointo to its being a variety of the Jamiri. It is pictured as warty and much
chagrined.

h is called Saikara and Hs Kh4si name is given in the list as Usoh kuid' or kuhit. It is

sour and eaten unripe, cooked, and used as a “ chutny.” It is probably one of the

Amilheds, It is pictured as rather warty, and chagrined, and of a lemon colour. Its
leaf corresponds with the Amilbed leaf.

PLATE CCLVIll.

PLATE COLIX.

»—

These figures are taken from the monograph on the Citrus of Bisso and Poitean.

a and h are there called “ Bigaradier bicolor.” It was yellow, with green stripes, when unripe, and
yellow with orange stripes, when ripe.

c and d are called “Bigaradier bizarrerie.” The smooth parts were of an orange colour, and the

warty parts of a yellow colour. They appeared a mixture of an orange and a citron
in one fimit.

A seedling is also mentioned, which, on the same tree, had both white flowers and oth^
tinged purple. Mention is also made of similar mixtures between the apple and the pear.

Note. — The whole subjecj; of the hybridization of the difierent varieties, or species, of
citrus requires to be carefully gone over by direct experiment, not only to determine certain
purely scientific points, but to see whether new and useful varieties might be obtained by
crossing.

N.B. — These are like the so-called Trifacial oranges of other writers.

PLATE CCLIX

LIBRARY

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Full text of "The cultivated oranges and lemons, etc. of India and Ceylon : with researches into their origin and the derivation of their names, and other useful information with and atlas of illustrations"

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