Historic, archived document
Do not assume content reflects current
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USDA United States
a
Department of
Agriculture
Forest
Service
North Central
Research Station
Resource Bulletin
NC-202
BIA Forest Lands of
North and South
Dakota, 1996
David E. Haugen and Mark H. Hansen
North Central Research Station
Forest Service—U.S. Department of Agriculture
1992 Folwell Avenue ;
St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
2002
www.ncrs.{s.fed.us
This report includes the most commonly used U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
Service, Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) statistics. Additional forest resource data can
be obtained through FIA staff, an FIA CD-ROM, or through a table generator on the North
Central Research Station's Internet page. Persons requesting additional information that
requires FIA staff time are expected to pay the retrieval costs. Requests for information
may be directed to:
Program Manager Bureau of Indian Affairs, USDI Billings Area Office
Forest Inventory and Analysis 316 North 26th Street
North Central Research Station Billings, MT 59101
1992 Folwell Avenue Phone: (406) 247-7943
St. Paul, MN 55108 FAX: (406) 247-7976
Phone: (651) 649-5139
FAX: (651) 649-5285
ET SE AEE TG TEI SRY OY ED
FOREWORD
Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) is a continuing endeavor as mandated by the Renewable
Resources Research Act of 1978. The objective of FIA is to periodically inventory the Nation's
forest resources. Up-to-date resource information is essential to frame forest policies and
programs. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service regional research stations are
responsible for conducting these inventories and publishing summary reports for individual
States. The North Central Research Station is responsible for inventory and analysis in Illinois,
Indiana, lowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, South
Dakota, and Wisconsin.
Data used in this report were collected during the third North Dakota forest inventory, begun
in September 1994 and completed in November 1994, and the fourth South Dakota forest
inventory, begun in 1995 and completed in the spring of 1996. The reported statistics are
estimates. Users of these data are cautioned to consult the table of sampling errors and the
inventory methods section of the appendix. Fieldwork for these inventories was expedited
through the cooperation and assistance of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S. Department of
the Interior.
The North and South Dakota inventories were directed by Neal Kingsley (retired), FIA Program
Manager, North Central Research Station, St. Paul, Minnesota. Robert Sienko, Bureau of
Indian Affairs, Billings, Montana, Area Office, coordinated the BIA’s participation.
St. Paul FIA office staff at the time were: Roger Audette, Gary Brand, Beth Collins, Barb
Fuller, Dan Goodman, Dale Gormanson, Dan Groen, Ron Hackett, Mark Hansen, David
Haugen, Doug Hecker, Jennifer lole, Barb Johnson, Mike Johnson, Neal Kingsley, Barb
Knight, Leo Larkin, Earl Leatherberry, Joel Lemberg, Troy Lindgren, Doug Magee, Dennis
May, Pat Miles, Jerry Ostrom, Ron Piva, Gerhard Raile, Mary Jo Resendez, Thomas Schmidt,
Jay Solomakos, Dan Wendt, and Suzann Willhite.
FIA field crew members were: John Benaszeski, Avery Beyer, Nathan Goodrich, Gary
Inhelder, Lisa McDonald, Peter Koehler, Keith Magnusson, Mark Majewsky, Timothy Miller,
Daniel Nelson, Wilfred Ortiz, Paul Perdew, Daniel Sherrill, Gary Stachowicz, Kristen Weber,
and Chris Yonkers.
CONTENTS
Page
FUTIAN GINGS ee eee tet tne Anu deceeanatidebas eanaciidegc seeneusecouacnecsonenens 1
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Stocking May Hold the Key to Improved Productivity on BIA
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Reliabilityiof the: SUBVEY i joe ca)ceaccarc accor tose ere eetae beret eee eee Cece eee eeeeaee 12
Comparing the 1994 North Dakota and 1996 South Dakota
Inventories with the 1980 Inventories in These Two States. .................. is
Survey Procedures). ssiissscaacvag ene cie ok enoeee tes acs Bataan cre ae ee eee 133
Statistical: DESIQI iescdisec-daamtteansehaeccemock cee eteeen ah. cae Oo See aE 14
Sample Based on the Remeasurement of the 1980 NCFIA Inventory ...... 14
1980 NCFIA Inventory Aerial Photo Plots (Phase 1) ...............cccceeeeeeeeeeeeeees 14
1980) NCEIA Inventony Ground Plots) (Phase)2) esi.) bees eee ee 14
Remeasurement of the 1980 NCFIA Inventory ................ccceceeeeeeeeeeeeeeees V5)
Sample: Basedionmptine NRG SNR pane ae rcescnen seamen ce erence ates ane ee ee 16
Combined Estimate Based on the Two Independent Inventories.............. 17
Field Measurements: 1980 Inventory Plot DeSIQN .................cceeeeeeeeeeeeeeees 17
Field Measurements: 1994-1996 Inventory Plot Design ..................ccecceeee 18
New: linventony Plots: 6. venaiec nec coc: soon ines: unten umetee serch e sas Quant ee eee 18
Old inventory sPlotse wiivesn ees lace are era ete ease cee oe cece eRe a 18
Compuitationion Estinmatesy:s.1aecwevaccseoeteee ca tans ae teee eee nee tae eke eee 20
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Tree Species Groups in North and South Dakota .............ccccceceeeeceeeee ee eeeeees 25
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Literature: Cited: casita casudlsoh aterm erdeemeatnee reeestoeee tase a eek Sect eee eee 33
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TAD OS eo ee SRS ace PR a ERT re re re Se 36
BIA Forest Lands of North and
South Dakota, 1996
David E. Haugen and Mark H. Hansen
HIGHLIGHTS
BIA forest lands in North Dakota and South
Dakota amounted to 146.1 thousand acres
of forest land, and 131.3 thousand acres of
this land were classified as timberland.
In addition to the forest land area, BIA
lands have 56.9 thousand acres of
nonforest land with trees. Nonforest land
with trees includes wooded strips, farm
and field windbreaks, wooded pastures,
and abandoned cropland.
Aspen-birch is the most extensive forest
type found on North Dakota BIA timber-
lands, accounting for more than 57
percent, or 22.4 thousand acres of timber-
land. Ponderosa pine is the most extensive
forest type found on South Dakota BIA
timberlands, accounting for more than 44
percent, or 41.3 thousand acres of timber-
land.
Even with the prevalence of adverse
growing conditions in North and South
Dakota, over a fifth of BIA timberlands are
capable of growing more than 50 cubic feet
of wood per acre per year.
Growing-stock volume on North Dakota
BIA timberlands was 21 million cubic feet
in 1994 and represented 6 percent of the
States total volume. Growing-stock volume
on South Dakota BIA timberlands was 62.6
million cubic feet in 1996 and represented
14 percent of the State’s total volume
outside of the Black Hills National Forest.
Sawtimber volume in 1994 stood at 30.1
million board feet on North Dakota BIA
timberlands and at 264.5 million board feet
on South Dakota BIA timberlands in 1996.
Eighty-six percent of the total sawtimber
volume found on North Dakota BIA
timberlands came from aspen, bur oak, and
balsam poplar species groups. On South
Dakota timberlands, 88 percent of the total
sawtimber volume came from ponderosa
pine and cottonwood species groups.
An average of 1.7 million cubic feet of net
growth of growing stock was added to BIA
timberlands per year between 1980 and
1995. In North Dakota, this translates to an
estimated 17.6 cubic feet per acre of
average annual net growth on BIA timber-
lands. On South Dakota BIA timberlands,
annual net growth averaged 16.5 cubic feet
per acre per year.
Note.—The forest land area in this report represents areas identified by the Bureau of
Indian Affairs (BIA) as “Tribal Trust Land” within the boundaries of reservations in the
States of North and South Dakota. Tribal Trust Lands outside of reservation boundaries,
individually owned trust lands, and government-owned lands were not included in this
report. This report contains information useful for identifying forestry related trends on trust
lands. Professionals with the Branch of Forest Resource Planning (BOFRP) within the
Forestry Division of the BIA can use this information in natural resource planning.
About the Authors:
David E. Haugen isa
Forester and Mark H.
Hansen is a Research
Forester in the Forest
Inventory and Analysis
Program at the North
Central Research Station,
St. Paul, Minnesota.
¢ Ona per acre basis, growing-stock
mortality averaged 8.8 cubic feet per acre
per year from 1980 to 1995 on BIA
timberlands. Thus, nearly 41 percent of the
annual gross growth of growing stock was
lost to mortality.
e Average annual removals of growing stock
between 1980 and 1995 was 1.1 cubic feet
per acre per year.
* BIA forests provide food, cover, and
protection for a vast array of wildlife
species from elk to turkey. In addition, they
improve water quality and control
streambank erosion and sedimentation.
FOREST AREA
In 1994, BIA lands in North Dakota were
estimated at 246 thousand acres, and 48
thousand acres or 20 percent were forested. In
1996, South Dakota BIA lands were estimated
at 2.6 million acres of which 99 thousand
acres or 4 percent were forested. Total area of
timberland on BIA land was estimated at 39
thousand acres in North Dakota and 93
thousand acres in South Dakota. Woodland
area on BIA lands was estimated at 9 thousand
acres for North Dakota and 6 thousand acres
for South Dakota.
Land classified as nonforest with trees was
estimated at 5 thousand acres on BIA lands in
North Dakota in 1994 and at 52 thousand
acres on BIA lands in South Dakota in 1996.
Examples of nonforest land with trees would
include windbreaks, wooded strips, improved
pastures with trees, and wood pastures.
Typically, nonforest land with trees offers few
possibilities for commercial use. However,
such land does offer many benefits including
soil erosion control (improved water quality),
rural buildings and land protection (improved
quality of life), shade for livestock, and shelter
and food for wildlife.
FOREST TYPE COMPOSITION
Hardwood forest types dominate the forest
landscape on North Dakota BIA timberlands.
In fact, only three forest types were recorded
during the inventory on BIA timberlands in
North Dakota: aspen-birch, oak-hickory, and
elm-ash-locust (fig. 1). South Dakota BIA
timberlands have a mix of softwood and
hardwood forest types (fig. 2). Softwood forest
types found during the 1996 inventory were
ponderosa pine and Rocky Mountain juniper.
Hardwood forest types included oak-hickory,
elm-ash-locust, elm-ash-cottonwood, and
maple-beech-birch.
Elm-ash
9%
Figure 1.—Percent of area by
forest type, North Dakota
Aspen-birch
BIA, 1994.
58%
Rocky Mountain
juniper |
2%
Oak-Hickory
The oak-hickory forest type occupied 12.8
thousand acres or 33 percent of the total BIA
timberlands in North Dakota and 21.2
thousand acres or 23 percent of the total BIA
timberlands in South Dakota. Because bur oak
is the only native oak species found in North
and South Dakota, the local type is called bur
oak. Species commonly associated with the
bur oak forest type in North and South
Dakota are basswood and green ash.
Elm-Ash-Locust
In the most recent inventory, the elm-ash-
locust forest type occupied 3.6 thousand acres
or 9 percent of the total BIA timberlands in
North Dakota and 12.8 thousand acres or 14
percent of total BIA timberlands in South
Dakota. The local forest type is called elm-ash,
an upland forest type dominated by American
elm and green ash.
Aspen-Birch
The aspen-birch forest type occupied 22.4
thousand acres or 58 percent of the total BIA
timberlands in North Dakota. The entire State
Figure 2.—Percent of area by
forest type, South Dakota
Ponderosa BIA, 1996.
pine
45%
of North Dakota has 117.8 thousand acres of
aspen-birch forest type, which means that 19
percent of all aspen-birch forest land in the
entire State is found on North Dakota BIA
timberlands.
Elm-Ash-Cottonwood
The elm-ash-cottonwood forest type, a lowland
forest type, occupied 11.2 thousand acres or
12 percent of the total BIA timberlands in
South Dakota. The elm-ash-cottonwood forest
type can be broken down into three local forest
type groups, which are cottonwood (6.7
thousand acres), elm-ash-cottonwood (2.4
thousand acres), and willow (2.1 thousand
acres). A major forestry concern in the Plains
States is the lack of cottonwood regeneration.
Two major factors contributing to this problem
are the construction of flood control dams on
major rivers and streams and the grazing of
livestock in riparian areas. Cottonwood seeds
require a nearly bare mineral soil seedbed to
germinate. Frequent flooding along the
streambanks helps prepare a suitable seedbed
for germination. Reduced periodic flooding
has decreased the availability of bare mineral
soils for cottonwood seeds to germinate
(Haugen et al. 1999).
Maple-Beech-Birch
In 1996, the maple-basswood forest type (local
forest type) occupied 3.9 thousand acres or 4
percent of BIA timberland in South Dakota.
The entire State of South Dakota has only 5
thousand acres of this type, which means that
78 percent of this particular forest type is
found on BIA timberlands.
Ponderosa Pine
In 1996, the ponderosa pine forest type
occupied 41.3 thousand acres or 45 percent of
Forest type
Elm-ash
Aspen-birch
Bur oak
0) 5 10 15 20 25
Thousand acres
Sapling-Seedling GPoletimber M Sawtimber
Figure 3.—Area of timberland by forest type group/local type and
stand-size class, North Dakota BIA, 1994.
Forest type
Elm-ash
Basswood
Rocky Mountain juniper
Ponderosa pine
BIA timberland in South Dakota. Much of this
forest type was found on the Pine Ridge
Reservation.
STAND-SIZE CLASSES
Stand-size class is a classification of stocked
forest land based on the size class of live trees
on the area: sawtimber, poletimber, and
sapling and seedlings (figs. 3 and 4).
20 30 40 50
Thousand acres
BSapling-Seedling @ Poletimber M Sawtimber
Figure 4.—Area of timberland by forest type group/local type and stana-size Class,
South Dakota BIA, 1996.
PRODUCTIVITY OF
TIMBERLAND
BIA forest lands are productive: 80 percent of
all BIA forest lands in North Dakota and 94
percent of all BIA forest lands in South Dakota
have the potential to annually produce 20 or
more cubic feet of wood per acre per year. The
forest land area can be divided into two major
land-use classes: timberland and woodland.
North Dakota BIA forest land consists of 38.8
thousand acres of timberland and 8.8
thousand acres of woodland. South Dakota
BIA forest land consists of 92.5 thousand acres
of timberland and 6 thousand acres of
woodland.
On BIA timberlands, potential productivity
class is used to evaluate timberland site
quality as related to potential timber produc-
tion. Potential productivity is expressed in
cubic feet of net growth per acre per year on a
given site. Productivity on BIA timberlands in
North and South Dakota is lower than in
other regions due in part to extreme weather
conditions, including drought, strong winds,
and widely varying seasonal temperatures.
Only 4 percent of BIA timberland in North
Dakota has the potential to produce more
than 85 cubic feet per acre per year of growth
and less than | percent of BIA timberland in
South Dakota can produce this much. Another
37 percent of the BIA timberland in North
Dakota has the potential to produce between
50 and 84 cubic feet per acre per year of
growth, compared to an average of 22 percent
for the entire State. Only 14 percent of South
Dakota BIA timberland has the potential to
produce between 50 and 84 cubic feet per
acre per year. Most timberland, 86 percent on
South Dakota BIA land and 59 percent on
North Dakota BIA land, has the potential to
produce less than 50 cubic feet of growth per
acre per year.
STOCKING MAY HOLD THE
KEY TO IMPROVED
PRODUCTIVITY ON BIA
TIMBERLANDS
Stocking is an estimate of occupancy of a given
site, usually measured by basal area or number
of live trees required to fully utilize the growth
potential of the land. In North Dakota, 40
percent of BIA timberland area is either
nonstocked or poorly stocked (fig. 5), while in
South Dakota, 75 percent of BIA timberland
area is either nonstocked or poorly stocked
(fig. 6). In comparison, 53 percent of total
timberland area in North Dakota and 58
percent in South Dakota is poorly stocked or
nonstocked. Another 30 percent of the BIA
timberland area in North Dakota and 20
percent of BIA timberland area in South
Dakota is moderately stocked. If stocking is
increased even to moderate stocking levels on
poor sites, growth will increase and the
potential of timberland to grow and hold more
wood fiber should be realized.
Non-stocked
6%
Figure 5.—Percent of
Fully stocked
30%
timberland by stocking class
30%
of growing-stock trees,
North Dakota BIA, 1994.
Non-stocked
10%
Fully stocked
5%
Figure 6.—Percent of
timberland by stocking class
of growing-stock trees,
South Dakota BIA, 1996.
Poorly Stocked si
65% Bhai ab Sos
Species group
Elm
Balsam poplar
Other hardwoods
Noncommercial species —
Bur oak
Green ash
Quaking aspen
NUMBER OF TREES—NORTH
DAKOTA BIA
In 1994, an estimated 22 million live trees 1
inch or greater d.b.h. were growing on 38.8
thousand acres of North Dakota BIA timber-
lands, an average of 568 trees per acre. Aspen,
. green ash, and bur oak were the dominant
species with 39, 19, and 16 percent of the
5,000 6,000 7,000
3,000 4,000
8,000 9,000
total number of live trees, respectively (fig. 7).
Of the total number of live trees, growing-
stock trees (a live tree of commercial species
that meets specified standards of size, quality,
and merchantability) accounted for an
estimated 17 million trees, or 77 percent of all
live trees. Noncommercial tree species, which
include eastern hophornbeam (ironwood),
wild plum, and peachleaf willow, accounted
for 3 million or 14 percent of all live trees.
Figure 7.—Number of all
live trees on timberland by
species group, North
Dakota BIA, 1994.
0 1,000 2,000 10,000
Thousands of trees
NUMBER OF TREES—SOUTH the dominant species with 43, 12, and 11
percent of the total number of live trees,
DAKOTA BIA
Figure 8.—Number of all
live trees on timberland by
species group, South
Dakota BIA, 1996.
In 1996, an estimated 28 million live trees 1
inch or greater d.b.h. were growing on 92.5
thousand acres of South Dakota BIA timber-
lands, an average of 298 trees per acre.
Ponderosa pine, green ash, and bur oak were
Species group
Cottonwood fj
Basswood oo
Other hardwoods oe
;
Other softwoods a =e
sats aged
Bur oak
Green ash
Noncommercial species
Ponderosa pine
0 2,000
4,000
6,000
respectively (fig. 8). Of the total number of live
trees, growing-stock trees accounted for an
estimated 20 million trees, or 72 percent of all
live trees. Noncommercial tree species, which
include apple, wild plum, and peachleaf willow,
accounted for 4 million, or 14 percent of all
live trees.
8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000
Thousands of trees
TIMBERLAND VOLUME
Growing-Stock Volume
Growing-stock volume was estimated at 21
million cubic feet on North Dakota BIA
timberland and at 63 million cubic feet on
South Dakota BIA timberland. On North
Dakota BIA timberland, 90 percent of all
growing-stock volume was contained in three
species: quaking aspen, bur oak, and balsam
poplar (fig. 9). On South Dakota BIA timber-
land, more than 79 percent of all growing-
stock volume was contained in two species:
ponderosa pine and cottonwood (fig. 10).
Species group
Boxelder fi
Quaking aspen fim —
Figure 9.—Net volume of Balsam poplar EGG
growing stock on timberland Green ash F
by species group, North Elm
Dakota BIA, 1994. es
Basswood
Bur oak F
0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000
Thousand cubic feet
12,000 14,000
Species group
Other hardwoods
Cottonwood
Green ash Figure 10.—Net volume of
el growing stock on
Basswood F timberland by species
Bur oak group, South Dakota BIA,
1996.
Ponderosa pine z
0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000
Thousand cubic feet
Species
group
Boxelder
Quaking aspen
Balsam poplar
Volume Per Acre
Growing-stock volume per acre averaged 542
cubic feet on North Dakota BIA timberland,
and 678 cubic feet on South Dakota BIA
timberland. The aspen-birch forest type had
the highest average for growing-stock volume
per acre in North Dakota BIA in 1994 with
678 cubic feet per acre. On South Dakota BIA
timberland, the cottonwood forest type had
the highest average for growing-stock volume
per acre with 1,140 cubic feet per acre. Other
forest types with above average volume per
acre on South Dakota BIA timberland were
basswood (925 cubic feet per acre), elm-ash
(914 cubic feet per acre), and elm-ash-
cottonwood (707 cubic feet per acre). The
Green ash pay
Elm
Basswood
Figure 12.—Net volume of
sawtimber on timberland by
species group, South
Dakota BIA, 1996.
Bur oak
i ait teeTE ft
Pre eee Passe Pew :
willow forest type had the lowest per acre
volume with 158 cubic feet per acre.
Sawtimber
Sawtimber volume was estimated at 30 million
board feet on North Dakota BIA timberlands
and at 234 million board feet on South Dakota
BIA timberlands. Quaking aspen, bur oak, and
balsam poplar represented 86 percent of the
total sawtimber volume on North Dakota BIA
timberlands (fig. 11). On South Dakota BIA
timberlands, 88 percent of the total sawtimber
volume came from two species: ponderosa
pine and cottonwood (fig. 12).
Figure 11.—Net volume of
sawtimber on timberland by
species group, North Dakota
BIA, 1994.
0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000
Thousand board feet
Species group
Other hardwoods
Cottonwood
Green ash j
Eim
Basswood —
Bur oak
Ponderosa pine
0 20,000
40,000
60,000 80,000
100,000 120,000 140,000 160,000
Thousand board feet
Figure 14.—Quality of
sawtimber by tree grade,
South Dakota BIA, 1996.
TIMBER QUALITY
As a measure of timber quality, field crews
assigned log grades to softwood sawtimber
trees and they assigned tree grades to hard-
wood sawtimber trees. In the Dakotas, the
most critical factor in determining grade is the
d.b.h. of the tree. On North Dakota BIA
timberlands, 84 percent of the hardwood
sawtimber was given a tree grade of 3 or
poorer (fig. 13). The bur oak species had more
than 81 percent of its volume in sawtimber
less than 15 inches d.b.h. and 92 percent of
its volume in grades 3 or poorer. On South
Figure 13.—Quality of
sawtimber by tree grade,
North Dakota BIA, 1994.
Dakota BIA timberlands, ponderosa pine
(softwood species) had 96 percent of its
sawtimber volume in log grade 3; hardwood
species had 39 percent of their sawtimber
volume in tree grades 3 or poorer. Combined,
all softwood and hardwood tree species in
South Dakota BIA had 72 percent of their
sawtimber volume in grades 3 or poorer (fig.
14). Three species—cottonwood, bur oak, and
basswood—accounted for 61 percent of the
sawtimber volume in tree grades | and 2;
cottonwood accounted for 86 percent of the
total volume in tree grades 1 and 2.
GROWTH
Growing-Stock Growth
An average of 1.7 million cubic feet of net
growth of growing stock was added to BIA
timberlands per year between 1980 and 1995
(fig. 15). In North Dakota, this translates into
an estimated 17.6 cubic feet per acre of
average annual net growth on BIA timber-
lands. The average annual growth rate on
North Dakota BIA timberland is about 3
percent of the total growing-stock inventory.
The aspen-birch forest type on North Dakota
BIA timberlands accounted for 87 percent of
the average net growth between 1980 and
1993. On South Dakota BIA timberlands,
average annual net growth per acre is esti-
mated at 10.5 cubic feet per year. The average
annual growth rate on these lands is about 2
percent of the total growing-stock inventory.
The ponderosa pine forest type accounted for
46 percent of the average annual net growth
between 1980 and 1995.
Sawtimber Growth
The average annual net growth of sawtimber
between 1980 and 1995 was estimated at 850
thousand board feet for BIA timberlands in
North Dakota and 3.0 million board feet on
BIA timberlands in South Dakota per year (fig.
16). This averages out to be 22 board feet per
acre per year of growth on North Dakota BIA
timberland and 33 board feet per acre per year
of growth on South Dakota BIA timberland. An
estimated 98 percent of the average annual net
growth of sawtimber came from the aspen-
birch forest type on BIA timberlands in North
Dakota. A little over 60 percent of the average
annual net growth of sawtimber came from the
ponderosa pine forest type on South Dakota
BIA timberlands. The other major forest types
contributing to average annual net growth of
sawtimber on South Dakota BIA timberlands
were elm-ash-cottonwood with 21 percent and
oak-hickory with 16 percent.
Thousand cubic feet
North Dakota
South Dakota Total
BIA Suvey Units
BGrowth mMortality mRemovals _
Figure 15.—Average annual net growth, mortality, removals of growing stock
on timberlands, North Dakota BIA, 1980-1993, and South Dakota BIA, 1980-
1995.
Thousand board feet
South Dakota Total
North Dakota
Forest Survey Units
HGrowth MMortality BRemovals
Figure 16.—Average annual net growth, mortality, and removals of sawtimber
on timberland, North Dakota BIA, 1980-1993, and South Dakota BIA, 1980-
1995.
MORTALITY
Mortality in Growing Stock
Average annual mortality for growing stock on
BIA timberlands in North and South Dakota
was estimated at 1.2 million cubic feet between
1980 and 1995. Average annual mortality as a
percentage of total volume was 2 percent of the
total growing-stock volume on North Dakota
BIA timberlands and 1 percent of the total
growing-stock volume on South Dakota BIA
timberlands. On North Dakota BIA timber-
lands, average annual mortality equaled 11
cubic feet per acre per year between 1980 and
1993. On South Dakota BIA timberlands,
average annual mortality equaled 8 cubic feet
per acre per year between 1980 and 1995.
Quaking aspen made up 67 percent of the
growing-stock average annual mortality on
North Dakota BIA timberlands, followed by
balsam poplar with 19 percent of the mortality
and elm with 12 percent. On South Dakota BIA
timberlands, cottonwood made up 40 percent
of the growing-stock average annual mortality,
followed by ponderosa pine with 27 percent of
the mortality and elm with 13 percent.
Mortality in Sawtimber
Average annual sawtimber mortality was 721
thousand board feet on North Dakota BIA
timberlands and 2.7 million board feet on South
Dakota BIA timberlands. Aspen accounted for
more than half (383 thousand board feet) of all
sawtimber mortality on North Dakota BIA
timberlands. Cottonwood accounted for 46
percent or 1.2 million board feet of all sawtim-
ber mortality on South Dakota BIA timberlands.
REMOVALS
Average annual growing-stock removals for
North and South Dakota BIA timberlands
between 1980 and 1995 was 54 and 89
thousand cubic feet, respectively. This averages
out to be 0.3 percent of the growing-stock
volume for North Dakota BIA and 0.1 percent of
the growing-stock volume for South Dakota BIA
timberlands. Quaking aspen accounted for 69
percent of growing-stock removals on North
Dakota BIA timberlands, and green ash and elm
accounted for 75 percent of growing-stock
removals on South Dakota BIA timberlands.
In 1994, the aspen-birch forest type accounted
for 58 percent of North Dakota BIA timberland
area and all of the average annual growing-stock
removals. The elm-ash-cottonwood forest type,
which accounted for 12 percent of South Dakota
BIA timberland area, had the highest amount of
average annual growing-stock removals with 74
percent of the total.
ll
CE EE FT a a a
APPENDIX
RELIABILITY OF THE SURVEY
Forest Inventory and Analysis information is based on a sampling procedure designed to provide
reliable statistics at the State level. Consequently, the reported figures are estimates only. A measure
of reliability of these figures is given by sampling errors (table A). These sampling errors mean that
the chances are two out of three that if a 100-percent inventory had been made, using the same
methods, the results would have been within the limits indicated.
For example, the estimated growing-stock volume in BIA timberlands was 83.7 million cubic feet,
with a sampling error of + 8.5 percent (+ 7.1 million cubic feet). The growing-stock volume from a
100-percent inventory would be expected to fall between 90.8 million cubic feet and 76.6 million
cubic feet (83.7 + 7.1), there being a one in three chance that this is not the case.
Table A.—Sampling errors for the 1994 and 1996 inventories of North and South
Dakota's BIA timberlands
Item BIA totals Sampling error
Growing stock Million cubic feet Percent
Volume (1994/1996) 83.7 8.5
Average annual growth
(1980-1993/1 980-1995) thal 15.0
Average annual removals
(1980-1993/1 980-1995) 0.1 67.8
Sawtimber Million board feet
Volume (1994/1996) 264.6 11.9
Average annual growth
(1980-1993/1980-1995) 3} 18) 21.9
Average annual removals
(1980-1994/1980-1996) 0.3 69.0
Thousand acres
Timberland area (1994) likes 6.4
As survey data are broken down into sections
smaller than BIA totals, the sampling error
increases. For example, the sampling error for
volume for a species group is higher than that
for total volume on BIA timberland. To estimate
sampling error for data smaller than BIA totals,
use the following formula:
(SE) [(BIA total volume or area)
i (Volume or area smaller than BIA total)
Where :
E = Sampling error in percent.
SE = BIA total error for volume or area.
For example, to compute the error on the
growing-stock volume in the bur oak species
group for North Dakota BIA timberlands,
proceed as follows:
1) Total bur oak GS Volume (North Dakota
BIA) = 3,792 thousand cubic feet.
2) Total BIA GS Volume = 83,705 thousand
cubic feet.
3) The BIA total error for GS Volume = 8.5
percent.
4) Using the above formula:
0.085 / 83,705
N 3,792
E = 39.9 percent sampling error for the bur oak
species group in North Dakota BIA timberland.
Sampling errors for area, volume, growth, and
removals, for both growing stock and sawtim-
ber, by BIA sampling units are shown in table
Ke
COMPARING THE 1994
NORTH DAKOTA AND
1996 SOUTH DAKOTA
INVENTORIES WITH THE
1980 INVENTORIES IN
THESE TWO STATES
All volumes and biomass estimates presented
in this report are based on methods presented
in Hahn and Hansen (1984). A different
volume estimation procedure developed for
Minnesota's prairie region was used to compute
the volumes published in the 1980 inventory
reports. The newer methods were used to
recompute the 1980 inventories where
comparisons are presented in this report.
Although the adjustment will differ by species,
the recomputed 1980 growing-stock and
sawtimber volumes will generally be greater
than those shown in the 1980 report.
Past surveys used only growing-stock trees to
determine stand-size class. Current survey
procedures require that stand-size class be
determined on the basis of all live trees.
Therefore, direct comparisons of current
inventory data to old inventory data by stand-
size class may be misleading.
SURVEY PROCEDURES
The inventory of BIA lands in North and South
Dakota was part of the statewide inventories of
the two States, which sampled all forest lands
across both States, without regard to owner-
ship. The North Dakota inventory covered all
lands in the State and the South Dakota
inventory covered all lands in the State outside
the Black Hills National Forest. The Black Hills
National Forest was inventoried at a different
time. The BIA provided additional funding to
the Forest Service to measure more plots
within all reservations in these two States. The
inventory was designed to provide statewide
information, but the intensified sampling
13
allows a breakdown of this information for BIA
lands. A summary of the procedures used in
these two statewide inventories is presented
here with references to the intensification on
BIA lands. This summary consists of three
parts:
1) A description of the statistical design used
in the inventory, which deals with the
methods used for stratification, aerial photo,
and ground plot selection and estimation.
2) A description of the ground plot measure-
ments which focuses on the plot design and
changes in the design between the 1980
and the 1994-1996 inventories.
3) A description of the methods used to
compute items presented in this report
(area, number of trees, volume, growth,
mortality, removals, and biomass) from field
plot measurements.
STATISTICAL DESIGN
The basic design for this inventory consists of
two independent samples that were combined
to provide an overall estimate of the forest
resources of the Dakotas. The first sample is
based on the remeasurement of the 1980
NCFIA inventory, and the second sample is
based on the Natural Resource Conservation
Services Natural Resources Inventory (NRCS-
NRI). These samples produced two indepen-
dent estimates of the total forest resource in the
two States and were combined, using statisti-
cally appropriate methods, to provide the best
overall estimates possible.
SAMPLE BASED ON THE
REMEASUREMENT OF THE
1980 NCFIA INVENTORY
The first sample was based on the
remeasurement of aerial photo and ground
plots taken during the 1980 NCFIA inventories
of North and South Dakota. These inventories
used double (two phase) sampling for stratifica-
tion as presented in various texts on sampling
such as Cochran (1977) and Loetsch and Haller
(1964). Aerial photo plots were observed in the
first phase and ground measurement or field
plots were measured in the second phase.
1980 NCFIA INVENTORY
AERIAL PHOTO PLOTS
(PHASE 1)
The first phase of the 1980 inventory was a
systematic sample of aerial photo plots
distributed over the entire State. Sampling was
completed using a grid at the intensity of 121
photo plots per township (6 miles by 6 miles).
This provided a phase | sampling rate of one
photo plot per 190.4 acres. Each photo sample
plot was classified as forest, nonforest, ques-
tionable (samples where the photo interpreter
was unable to make a definite call between
forest and nonforest), or unproductive. The
distribution of photo plots by aerial photo
classification in the 1980 NCFIA forest
inventory is shown in table B.
1980 NCFIA INVENTORY
GROUND PLOTS (PHASE 2)
A systematic sample of the aerial photo plots
was selected as ground plots in phase 2 of the
1980 inventory. Within the two States, a total
of 24,446 ground plots were selected from the
478,210 photo plots. These ground plot
locations were carefully examined stereoscopi-
cally, pin pricked on the aerial photo, and
assigned a ground plot identification number.
Ground plots that definitely were not forest
land were given a nonforest ground land-use
classification (more detailed than the photo
classification done on all photo plots) by the
photo interpreter and not sent to the field for
measurement. These plots are referred to as
office ground plots. Ground plot locations that
could possibly be forest land (those classified as
forest, questionable, or unproductive) were
Table B —Number of aerial photo plots in the 1980 inventory of North
and South Dakota
North Dakota
South Dakota
Both States,
statewide inventory BIA lands
inventory outside BHNF only
Forest 2,848 4,222 992
Questionable 247 530 109
Unproductive 401 5g 65
Nonforest 223,397 246,506 65,965
Total 226,893 Zoe oly, 67,131
Table C_—Number of ground plots in the 1980 inventory of North
and South Dakota
North Dakota
South Dakota Both States,
statewide inventory BIA lands
inventory outside BHNF only
Forest 2S 429 gi
Questionable 19 75 13
Unproductive 31 8 5
Nonforest A7A83 6,085 3,266
Total AJ AbZ 6,597 3,375
sent to the field for ground classification. The
ground plot sampling intensity varied by
inventory unit and was as low as one ground
plot per 2,541 acres in North Dakota and as
high as one ground plot per 6,892 in eastern
South Dakota. The distribution of ground plots
by aerial photo classification in the 1980
NCFIA inventory is shown in table C.
Estimates of the forest resources presented in
1980 inventory reports are based on double
sampling for stratification based on these four
Strata.
REMEASUREMENT OF THE
1980 NCFIA INVENTORY
The aerial photo classification completed in
the 1980 inventory was used for stratification
in the first sample of the 1994-1996 North and
South Dakota forest resources inventory. These
478,210 photo plots were used as the phase |
sample to estimate the area in each of the four
strata. The second phase used plots that were
visited by field crews to sample and observe
ground conditions (land use, volume, growth,
mortality, removals, etc.) within the four strata.
The 1980 ground plots measured in the field
form the second phase of this sample. In the
forest, questionable, and unproductive strata,
remeasurement observations of every system-
atic ground plot location established during the
1980 inventory were used to estimate average
ground conditions within each strata in 1994.
In the nonforest stratum, a cluster sampling
scheme (using townships as clusters) was used
to make repeated ground observations of the
photo plots established in the 1980 inventory.
This sampling scheme was selected to improve
our ability to estimate the area of forest, with
particular emphasis on estimating the actual
area of land change to and from forest. Because
all stratification was based on the same photo
classification used in the previous inventory,
estimates of change in forest area cannot be
biased by differences in the quality of the aerial
photography, the equipment and techniques
used, and the individual photo interpreters and
their skills. This design maintained the same
level of intensity as the previous inventory in
the strata where most of the forest land was
found in the 1980 inventory (the forest and
questionable strata) and in those strata from
which most of the additional forest land was
anticipated to come (the unproductive stra-
tum). The photo plots that were classified as
nonforest in the 1980 inventory were, by far,
the largest portion of the 1980 photo sample.
In addition, on a plot by plot basis, this stratum
was anticipated to have a low probability of
currently being forest. Cluster sampling
provided an efficient sample of this large area
with a low probability of change, by examining
a large number of locations at two points in
ume.
Where double sampling was used in the forest,
questionable, and unproductive classifications,
the ground plot sampling intensity was one
plot per 2,876 acres in North Dakota and one
plot per 1,774 acres in South Dakota. In the
nonforest stratum where cluster sampling was
used, 155 townships from the total of 3,902
townships in the region were sampled. The
ground plot intensity in this region for the
nonforest without tree stratum was 9,427 acres
per plot. On BIA lands, additional new plots
were established at existing aerial photo plots
to approximately double the ground plot
intensity.
Every ground plot in the 1994 inventory was
classified for disturbance and other changes
that may have taken place between 1980 and
1994. Disturbed plots are those plots that
showed evidence of harvesting, insect or
disease damage, land-use change, or other
significant changes since the last inventory. A
subset of the undisturbed forest ground plots
was not remeasured. Instead, these plots were
updated using the Stand and Tree Evaluation
Modeling System (STEMS) (Belcher et al.
1982). The undisturbed forest plots that were
remeasured were used to adjust the STEMS
model for discrepancies between updated and
actual remeasurements using methods pre-
sented in Hansen (1990) that have been used
in the previous NCFIA inventories in Michigan,
Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, and Wisconsin. The
undisturbed forest plots that were not re-
measured are referred to as pseudo-remeasure-
ment plots because they contain all the data
normally collected on a remeasure-ment plot
(new plot and tree level data) but without the
expense of a field visit. This methodology has
been very efficient in other States inventoried
by NCFIA. Because these undisturbed forest
plots were not remeasured, other resources
were available to establish additional ground
plots for the second inventory based on the
NRCS-NRI.
SAMPLE BASED ON THE
NRCS-NRI
Just before this inventory, the Natural Re-
sources Conservation Service (NRCS) con-
ducted its National Resources Inventory (NRI)
in the Plains States (U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service 1991)
using a two-stage sampling design. This sample
design consisted of 160-acre and 640-acre
primary sampling units (PSU) with three 2-acre
secondary sampling units (SSU) located within
the PSUs. The NRCS-NRI inventory sampled all
lands except those owned by the Federal
government. Estimates of the 1994 forest
resources on Federal lands (primarily Forest
Service, Corps of Engineers, and Bureau of
Indian Affairs lands) come entirely from the
NCFIA inventory described in the previous
section. The data collected in the NRI formed
the basis for stratification of the second
independent inventory.
This second portion of the overall inventory of
the North and South Dakota forest resources
used the NRCS-NRI area estimates and point
data as its basis for stratification and ground
plot location in a double sampling scheme
similar to the first portion of the inventory (the
NCFIA remeasurement of the 1980 field
ground plots). The number of 2-acre SSU plots
sampled by NRCS-NRI are shown in table D.
Table D.—Number of NRI-SSU plots available for remeasurement in the inventory of North
and South Dakota
North Dakota
state-wide
inventory
Forest (20 percent
tree cover or greater) Dipe|
Nonforest (less than 20
percent tree cover) 234,858
Total ESTE STES|
NCFIA photo classified and installed standard
NCFIA field ground plots on a subset of the
NRI-SSU plot locations. The selection criteria
used resulted in a random sample of 5 percent
of all PSUs and established plots at all three
SSU points within this 5-percent sample. In
addition, any SSU having 20 percent or greater
tree cover was also included in the NCFIA
sample. This subsampling of the NRI (5
percent of the less than 20 percent tree cover
and 100 percent of the 20 percent or more tree
cover) formed the basis of the estimation of
means within strata. The average sampling
intensity was approximately one ground plot
per 6,000 acres in the forest stratum and one
ground plot per 60,000 acres in the nonforest
stratum.
COMBINED ESTIMATE
BASED ON THE TWO
INDEPENDENT
INVENTORIES
These two inventories produced two indepen-
dent estimates of the forest resources. Final
estimates presented in this report are based on
weighted averages from these two independent
estimates. Weighting was proportional to the
number of ground plots on forest land for the
estimates of most items including area,
number of trees, volume, growth, mortality,
and biomass. Weighting based on the number
of remeasurement plots on forest land was
used for estimates of items that can only be
South Dakota Both States,
inventory outside BIA lands
BHNF / only
841 584
192,495 70,030
193,336 70,614
obtained from remeasurement plots, including
removals and area change over time.
FIELD MEASUREMENTS:
1980 INVENTORY PLOT
DESIGN
On plots classified as timberland, wooded
pasture, or windbreak (at least 120 feet wide),
a ground plot was established or remeasured,
or the growth and mortality of its trees were
predicted using the STEMS models. Old plots
selected for remeasurement that could not be
relocated were replaced with new plots at the
approximate locations of the old plots. Each
ground plot consisted of a cluster of 10
subplots collectively covering approximately 1
acre. Trees 5.0 inches or greater in d.b.h. were
sampled using 37.5 basal area factor (BAF)
variable-radius plots, and trees less than 5.0
inches d.b.h. were sampled on 6.8-foot radius
(1/300th acre) microplots established at the
centers of subplots 1, 2, and 3. Under the
estimation procedures used for this inventory,
an entire plot was represented by a single
condition class where condition was deter-
mined by forest type, stand-size class, land use,
stand origin, and density. Thus, the arrange-
ment of the 10 subplots within the plot was
adjusted if any subplots were located in
condition classes different from that of subplot
1. In particular, if a subplot was located outside
the condition class for the plot, it was re-
established or rotated into the condition class
used for the entire plot. For example, if
17
subplots | through 9 were located in forest
land and subplot 10 was located in a pasture,
then subplot 10 was rotated back into the forest
land condition class.
FIELD MEASUREMENTS:
1994-1996 INVENTORY
PLOT DESIGN
Field ground plots were established or
remeasured, or the growth and mortality of
their trees were predicted using the STEMS
models for all forest lands (including reserved
forest land, unproductive forest land, and
timberland), wooded pasture, or windbreaks
(at least 120 feet wide). Establishing ground
plots on all forest lands represented a major
change between the 1980 and the 1994-1996
inventories.
The new overall plot layout consisted of 10
subplots arranged in a cluster with 70 feet
between subplots. The basic locations of plots
and subplots were the same as in the 1980 plot
layout. All trees less than 5 inches in d.b.h.
were measured on 6.8-foot radius (1/300th
acre) microplots established at the centers of all
10 subplots. (In 1980, these microplots were
measured only on subplots 1, 2, and 3). This
radius was the maximum distance at which a
5.0-inch-d.b.h. tree would be selected using a
basal area factor (BAF) of 37.5. Trees with
diameters between 5.0 and 17.0 inches were
selected for measurement at each of the 10
subplots with a BAF of 37.5. All trees greater
than 17.0 inches d.b.h. located within a 24-foot
radius macroplot centered at each of the 10
subplots were selected for measurement.
In the new plot design, subplots of the same
plot were not rotated, even if they were located
in multiple condition classes or straddled
condition classes. As in 1980, factors determin-
ing condition class were forest type, stand-size
class, land use, stand origin, and density. Plots
with multiple condition classes were mapped in
the field to record how the boundaries between
classes split the plot. This procedure identified
the area of the plot located in each class and
assigned each tree to a specific class. When
multiple condition classes occurred on a plot,
all information normally collected for the plot
as a whole, such as forest type, site index, stand
age, and stand-size class, was collected for each
condition class.
On remeasured plots, the rotated subplots and
all trees measured from the 1980 plot design
were also remeasured to obtain change data
such as growth and mortality. On new plots,
subplots were not rotated.
NEW INVENTORY PLOTS
New ground plots were selected from the plots
identified in NCFIAs evaluation of the NRCS-
NRI inventory. These new ground plots were
established, and measures of current classifica-
tion such as land use, forest type, and owner-
ship, as well as size and condition of all trees
on the plot, were recorded. These locations
were monumented for future remeasurement.
OLD INVENTORY PLOTS
Old inventory plots are those plots established,
monumented, and measured as part of the
1980 field inventory. The Inventory procedures
used for these old plots were different from
those used for new plots. Old plots were
classified as “disturbed” on the basis of aerial
photo analyses if either: 1) a reduction in
vegetation on the plot occurred between
inventories that resulted in a detectable change
in the structure or function of the plant
community; or 2) conditions on the plot were
such that the STEMS models were unable to
accurately predict growth or mortality. Plots not
predicted to be disturbed were classified as
“undisturbed.” All disturbed plots and a one-
third sample of the undisturbed plots were field
remeasured to obtain estimates of current
conditions and changes since the last inventory.
All remaining live trees measured on these plots
in 1980 were remeasured, and all new trees
were identified and measured.
Of the timberland plots measured in 1980,
many were not remeasured for the 1996
inventory. On BIA lands, a total of 6 timber-
land plots were classified “undisturbed” and
not remeasured (table E). Growth and
mortality for these plots were predicted using
the STEMS models as a means of obtaining
growth and current volume. A comparison of
the predicted growth and mortality for these
undisturbed plots and observations of growth
and mortality for the one-third sample of
remeasured undisturbed plots was used to
adjust the model predictions to accommodate
local conditions. The adjustment procedure is
a modified version of the method described by
Smith (1983).
The undisturbed timberland plots whose
growth and mortality were predicted were
treated in the estimation process as measured
ground plots, even though they were not
visited by field crews. The plot records for
these plots were sent to the field for verification
of current ownership information. All old plots
classified as disturbed were selected for
remeasurement to assess and verify changes
since the last inventory. Table E summarizes
the distribution of all ground plots by type and
plot.
Table E.—Distribution of ground plots by ground land-use class and type of plot, 1994-1996 inventory of the North Dakota
and South Dakota forest resources
Sample base '!
1980 NCFIA Remeasurement
NRCS-NRI
North Dakota statewide inventory
Timberland
Other forest land
Nonforest with trees
Nonforest without trees
Water
Total
South Dakota inventory outside
the Black Hills National Forest
Timberland
Other forest land
Nonforest with trees
Nonforest without trees
Water
Total
Both States, BIA lands only
Timberland
Other forest land
Nonforest with trees
Nonforest without trees
Water
Total
Remeasured Updated
WAS 48
44a 0
333 13
8,994 10
12a 0)
9,617 7)
322 10
33 0
437 {|
5,995 0
101 0
6,888 11
63 6
11 0
109 0
ZA, 0
31 0)
2,30) 6
New
85
12
80
734
10
921
Total plots
258
56
426
9,733
131
10,609
408
39
632
6,734
105
LONG
131
AZ
WAS
2,677
36
3,036
' Plots that straddle more than one land use are included in this table in the land-use class that occurs first on this list. For example, a plot that straddled
other forest land and water would be includd in this table as other forest land.
20
COMPUTATION OF
ESTIMATES
Area
All area estimates were made using two-phase
estimation methods. In this type of estimation,
a preliminary estimate of area by land use is
obtained from stratification (Phase 1) and
corrected by plot measurements (Phase 2). A
complete description of these methods is
' presented by Loetsch and Haller (1964).
Volume
Estimates of volume per acre were made from
the measurements and predictions for trees on
each of the 10 subplots per plot. For each
condition class on a plot, the volume per acre
estimate was multiplied by the area estimate
represented by the condition, and these
products were summed over all plots to obtain
estimates of total volume for the condition
class. Net cubic and board foot volumes are
based on tree measurements (d.b.h., tree class,
and site index) and volume equations pre-
sented by Hahn and Hansen (1984).
Growth and Mortality
On remeasured plots, estimates of growth and
mortality per acre were derived from
remeasurements and observations of trees that
died between inventories. These estimates were
based on the remeasurement of the 1980
inventory plots using the 1980 plot design.
Growth, reported as average annual net growth
between the 1980 and 1994 inventories, was
computed from data for both plots that had
been remeasured and plots whose growth and
mortality had been predicted using methods
presented by Van Deusen et al. (1986). Average
annual mortality was also calculated for the
remeasurement period.
On new plots, estimates of growth and
mortality were obtained by using the STEMS
models to predict growth and mortality for 1
year. Current diameter and living tree estimates
for old undisturbed plots were predicted using
growth and mortality predictions and were
derived in the same manner as for remeasured
plots. To accommodate local conditions,
predictions of growth and mortality from the
STEMS models were adjusted using data from
the undisturbed remeasured plots. As with
volume, total growth and mortality estimates
were obtained by multiplying the plot-level per
acre estimates by area expansion factors and
then summing over plots. Current annual net
growth for 1994 was computed using adjusted,
1-year STEMS predictions of growth for all
inventory plots.
Average Annual Removals
Average annual growing-stock and sawtimber
removals (1980-1993) were estimated only
from the remeasured plots. These estimates
were based on the remeasurement of the 1980
inventory plots using the 1980 plot design.
Measurements for new plots and predictions
from the STEMS models were not used to
estimate removals. These estimates were
obtained from trees measured in the last
inventory and either cut or otherwise removed
from the timberland base. Because
remeasurement plots constitute about one-half
the total ground plots, and not all remeasured
plots had cutting, average annual removals
estimates have greater sampling errors than
volume and growth estimates.
TREE AND LOG GRADES
The Forest Service reports all board foot
volume in International 1/4-inch rule. In the
Dakotas, the Scribner log rule is commonly
used. Scribner log rule conversion factors were
derived from full tree measurements and an
equation developed by Wiant and Castenaeda
(1977). The factors (multipliers) used to
convert board foot International volumes to
the Scribner rule are shown in the following
tabulation:
D.b.h. Scribner rule conversion factor
(inches) Softwoods . Hardwoods
9.0-10.9 0.7830 —_
11.0-12.9 0.8287 0.8317
13.0-14.9 0.8577 0.8611
15.0-16.9 0.8784 0.8827
17.0-18.9 0.8945 0.8999
19.0-20.9 0.9079 0.9132
21.0-22.9 0.9168 0.9239
23.0-24.9 0.9240 0.9325
25.0-26.9 0.9299 0.9396
27 .0-28.9 0.9321 0.9454
29.0+ 0.9357 0.9544
Log grades and tree grades were based on the
classification of external characteristics as
indicators of quality. Log grades or tree grades
were taken on approximately one-third of the
sample plots. All sawtimber softwood sample
trees were graded for quality and assigned a
butt log grade. All sawtimber hardwood sample
trees were graded for quality and assigned a
tree grade. The volume yield by log grade or
tree grade for this sample was used to distrib-
ute the volume of the ungraded sample trees
by species group.
Hardwood sawtimber trees were graded
according to “Hardwood tree grades for factory
lumber” (Hanks 1976). The best 12-foot
section of the lowest 16-foot hardwood log was
used for grading. Hardwood sawtimber trees
that did not meet minimum tree grade
specifications for grades | through 3 were
assigned grade 4 according to Forest Service
standard specifications for hardwood construc-
tion logs described in “A guide to hardwood
log grading” (Rast et al. 1973).
Ponderosa pine and other softwood sawtimber
trees were graded according to USDA Forest
Service specifications. For all softwoods, the
first merchantable 16-foot log or shorter
lengths down to 12 feet were used for grading.
21
x
N
N
Hardwood Tree Grade for Factory Lumber ?
Grade factor Tree grade 1 Tree grade2 Tree grade 3
Length of grading zone (feet) Butt 16 Butt 16 Butt 16
Length of grading section ° (feet) Best 12 Best 12 Best 12
D.b.h., minimum (inches) 16° 13 11
D.i.b., minimum at top of grading
section (inches) 13° 16 920 Ae 2 8
Clear cuttings (on the 3 best faces) °
Length, minimum (feet) Y eh ae) 3 3 2
Number on face (maximum) 2 2 3 Unlimited
Yield in face length (minimum) 5/6 4/6 3/6
Cull deduction (including crook and
sweep, but excluding shake)
maximum within grading
section (percent)
®
Hanks (1976)
Whenever a 14- or 16-foot section of the butt 16-foot log is better than the best 12-foot section,
the grade of the longer section will become the grade of the tree. This longer section, when used,
is the basis for determining the grading factors such as diameter and cull deduction.
© /n basswood and ash, d.i.b. at top of grading section must be 12 inches and d.b.h. must be 15
inches.
Grade 2 trees can be 10 inches d.i.b. at top of grading section if they otherwise meet surface
requirements for small grade 1's.
A clear cutting is a portion of a face free of defects, extending the width of the face. A face is one-
fourth of the surface of the grading section as divided lengthwise.
Fifteen percent crook and sweep or 40 percent total cull deduction are permitted in grade 2 trees,
if size and surface of grading section qualify as grade 1. If rot shortens the required clear cuttings
to the extent of dropping the butt log to grade 2, do not drop the tree's grade to 3 unless the cull
deduction for rot is greater than 40 percent.
oo
Q
)
Forest Service Standard Specifications for Hardwood Construction Logs
(tie and timber logs) 7"
Position in tree Butts and uppers
Minimum diameter, small end 8 inches
Minimum length without trim 8 feet
Clear cuttings No requirements
Sweep allowance One-fourth of the diameter at the small
end for each 8 feet of length.
Sound surface defects:
Single knots Any number, if no one knot has an average
diameter above the callus in excess of one-third
of the log diameter at point of occurrence.
Whorled knots Any number, if the sum of knot diameters above
the callus does not exceed one-third of the log
diameter at point of occurrence.
Holes Any number, provided none has a diameter
over one-third of the log diameter at point of
occurrence and none extends more than 3
inches into included timber °.
Unsound surface defects: Same requirements as for sound defects if
they extend into included timber.
No limit if they do not.
? Rast et al. (1973).
© These specifications are minimum for the class. If, from a group of logs, factory logs are selected first,
thus leaving only nonfactory logs from which to select construction logs, then the quality range of the
construction logs so selected is limited, and the class may be considered a grade. If selection for
construction logs is given first priority, it may be necessary to subdivide the class into grades.
© Included timber is always square, and dimension is judged from small end.
24
Log Grades for Ponderosa Pine and Other Softwoods
Grade 1
1. Trees must be 16 inches in diameter or larger, grading section 12 feet in length or longer,
and with deduction for defect not over 30 percent of gross scale.
2. Trees must be at least 75 percent clear on each of three faces.
3. All knots outside clear cutting must be sound and not more than 2-1/2 inches in size.
Grade 2
1. Trees must be 12 inches in diameter or larger, grading section 12 feet in length or longer,
and with a net scale after deduction for defect of at least 50 percent of the gross scale
deducted for defect.
2. Trees must be at least 50 percent clear on each of three faces or 75 percent clear on two
faces.
Grade 3
1. Trees must be 6 inches in diameter or larger, grading section 12 feet in length or longer, and
with a net scale after deduction for defect of at least 50 percent of the gross contents of
the log.
Note: Diameters are diameter inside bark (d.i.b.) at small end of grading section.
Percent clear refers to percent clear in one continuous section.
METRIC EQUIVALENTS
1 acre = 4,046.86 square meters or 0.405
hectare.
1,000 acres = 405 hectares.
1 cubic foot = 0.0283 cubic meter.
1 foot = 30.48 centimeters or 0.3048 meter.
1 inch = 25.4 millimeters, 2.54 centimeters, or
0.0254 meter.
1 pound = 0.454 kilograms.
1 ton = 0.907 metric tons.
TREE SPECIES GROUPS IN NORTH AND SOUTH DAKOTA
(LITTLE 1981)
Hardwoods
Silvergmiayyleigeee tease cence eines eat Aon eit 1dsVeaisvuce.catuce cecussgePtinesnee,ciebesseeeteds Acer saccharinum
IPPATOETe | OVTRELAL 2 a acl ac racee etnias so reelserscee car Rec Seen Eerie Beep cee ae SOR Hee Nar Betula papyrifera
JRUNGEIC I ONE OV lees a oat ANC oa A ee ee aoe aK i an aaa ea B. nigra
ECG MOYEN A a Re aco eR LSC RE ay ue rt oe aa Celtis occidentalis
Navies Note: Many additional tree
Bi ACheaS es ects tcc ee eR A Heide aS cance vetted ata seeh ase SM, GS. beset Bac Fraxinus nigra species have been planted
(GT ES ea a ne ce a carer ee CL eRe ne ee eR E pennsylvanica around homesteads and
Cottonwoods 2 farm headquarters in rural
BASLERMYCOLLOTIW OO CIA tere i ausivesy atta trust lew aeert teen Pl taisee tes, sae URMLane a Populus deltoides North and South Dakota, in
Blainsycovton wooden seme cham twin, ms, i. sit) Reena erty haa Soe ye P. sargentii urban settings, and in tree
Balsatiyiop lata ye. tremascertie ty tere Ak co Mroiee oti. ER alle. Meade) MTU eid exons BO P balsamifera plantings. However, only
@yWalcim SEAS De Mia eee terete ee Bens anee aca na A i ac ce saeco cceuee ceueiree ic. eats woth tes P. tremuloides those species encountered
JB Yee Ch OVA a a a LS ee APRN a ee a I RR Prunus serotina during the third inventory
SEIS HENS CLES | of the forest resources of
IBYUGe (Oil Serck ea eda eta cA US ted ORR ACen IER eR ne ee eR IR a ae a Quercus macrocarpa Non and South Dakota
Blaclavvnillowiacat ave rtee ieiiarten tem anil Went acta ute a Nua tS Veatch witeias aueca/apatedeusa tt Salix nigra
PATTIE TH CAT ASS WOO Ceca teense Uae (hin nib Ee eh ee eae NMUlD eee AlIANIL LG Tilia americana die Stee tere fore
Elms complete list of all of the
STING TLC ATANC INARA eters MOE testes dit cine seeds Meteosat Mtl Meateate ek eect nne Ulmus americana He soles, alee
Sibenianyelmntase tence Meee nn meen Ree 2 a eile Pensa here He Scat Weetde sa U. pumila contact the North or South
Soy ayer, CaaS AEE IS a a MN U. rubra Dakota Forest Service or
Other hardwoods your local Extension
Boxe | cleigaperen aut OMe ese Mis genni aa. bat Ratt tials coh Gauss Acer negundo Service office.
NAVIES OO) DIET ee anes ae ake Nach te Ab ara a A RS ne ey ee Populus alba
Softwoods *
ROCK ya Mo um tainty Ut er, cee etereeteh tate. stec-tnect sateen da ne teesteas een saleciedev vest: Juniperus scopulorum
BAStenmiereC Ce aluet aso men nt ata awe a Ne eine Abt mu od 2 eee e eet oe J. virginiana
ROM GlenOsaypinlepe meester: Re heretic dl aid ven isret 0 Ube owen ae teehee Pinus ponderosa
NMA AUIS SOLELY SS spe separa Ne Rat og ee ate ae ge ea flo MP ap 2 ie Picea glauca
Other softwoods
BINERS Pmt Cope eee cet teem fam tarts mie Macs tet eRe Mapa dA ho erat an Mt es eebe seman P. pungens
Noncommercial species
EASTGIMENO PM OLMOCATI rest cs eent o.c: Dmteeds t Sahtea Wiaaia a ean ca vat, gens aaa ates Seah ear ee Ostrya virginiana
[BIER LOO LAAT cey <Cedbe yor ec ae Se SUG ae ye Nn a eee Ue BR APE ee Crataegus spp.
AVGIIGGE Jo) IDO g a aa ce unr Ue Seep cM Ew 3 Prunus spp.
@hTOK CEI Te ig gery ee sd Seats BREN Ea AR Na do an ei see RIN Ue aS iE bcs hae P virginiana
[Pith CLITA? octet sential ic cnc aacn preg so Se soch aE RRA Ei Ren BLE Ee i Pee Ce ae one PET tee P pensylvanica
KE ATIAG Aap | Uunanes ereee tee eee eh aia nd ee GS nts ate oR Jee caress a0 Me te mine aah ni gdm 2 hae a P. nigra
IDV Tineupval iin VOSS aa es Pee ee re ae a a eee eee Oe Salix bebbiana
IAAT vuRL LT @ yigeione cee ee A a AN NEE 8 pe SR a MAM dea gre Pet ee ae MU ee ne S. alba
Reachileatawpllowsrmbuianeen mteee Moria nak 1s cA eie ee ake TIM siete Ure eens S. amygdaloides
' This species or species group is considered a hard hardwood, with an average specific gravity greater than or
equal to 0.50.
* This species or species group is considered a softwood or a soft hardwood, with an average specific gravity of
less than 0.50.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Average annual mortality of
growing stock
The average cubic foot volume of sound
wood in growing-stock trees that died in
one year. Average annual mortality is the
average for the years between inventories
(1980 through 1993 in this report).
Average annual mortality of
sawtimber
The average board foot volume of sound
wood in sawtimber trees that died in one
year. Average annual mortality is the
average for the years between inventories
(1980 through 1993 in this report).
Average annual removals from
growing stock
The average net growing-stock volume in
growing-stock trees removed annually for
roundwood forest products, in addition to
the volume of logging residues and the
volume of other removals. Average annual
removals of growing stock is the average
for the years between inventories (1980
through 1993 in this report) and is based
on information obtained from remeasure-
ment plots (see Survey Procedures in the
appendix).
Average annual removals from
sawtimber
The average net board foot sawtimber
volume of live sawtimber trees removed
annually for roundwood forest products,
in addition to the volume of logging
residues, and the volume of other
removals. Average annual removals of
sawtimber is the average for the years
between inventories (1980 through 1993
26
in this report) and is based on information
obtained from remeasurement plots (see
Survey Procedures in the appendix).
Average annual net growth of
growing stock
The annual change in cubic foot volume
of sound wood in live sawtimber and
poletimber trees, and the total volume of
trees entering these classes through
ingrowth, less volume losses resulting
from natural causes. Average net annual
growing stock is the average for the years
between inventories (1980 through 1993
in this report).
Average annual net growth of
sawtimber
The annual change in the board foot
volume of live sawtimber trees, and the
total volume of trees reaching sawtimber
size, less volume losses resulting from
natural causes. Average net annual growth
of sawtimber is the average for the years
between inventories (1980 through 1993
in this report).
Basal area
Tree area in square feet of the cross section
at breast height (4.5 ft) of a single tree.
When the basal areas of all trees in a stand
are summed, the result is usually ex-
pressed as square feet of basal area per
acre.
Biomass
The aboveground volume of all live trees
(including bark but excluding foliage)
reported in green tons (i.e., green weight).
Biomass has four components:
Bole.—Biomass of a tree from | foot
above the ground to a 4-inch top
outside bark.
Tops and limbs.—Total biomass of a tree
from a 1-foot stump minus the bole.
1- to 5-inch trees.—Total aboveground
biomass of a tree from 1 to 5 inches in
diameter at breast height.
Stump.—Biomass of a tree 5 inches
d.b.h. and larger from the ground to a
height of 1 foot.
Bolts
Roundwood logs of less than 8 feet in
length that are converted into shingles,
cooperage stock, dimension stock, blocks,
blanks, excelsior, etc. No minimum
diameter limits. Does not include logs
used for the manufacture of pulp or
veneer.
Commercial species
Tree species presently or prospectively
suitable for industrial wood products.
(Note: Excludes species of typically small
size, poor form, or inferior quality.)
Cord
One standard cord is 128 cubic feet of
stacked wood, including bark and air
space. Cubic feet can be converted to
solid wood standard cords by dividing by
79.
Corporate
Lands owned by a private corporation not
in the business of operating primary
wood-using plants.
County and municipal land
Land owned by counties and local public
agencies or municipalities, or land leased
to these governmental units for 50 years
or more.
Cropland
Land under cultivation within the last 24
months, including cropland harvested,
crop failures, cultivated summer fallow,
idle cropland used only for pasture,
orchards, active Christmas tree plantations
indicated by annual shearing, nurseries,
and land in soil improvement crops, but
excluding land cultivated in developing
improved pasture.
Cull
Portions of a tree that are unusable for
industrial wood products because of rot,
missing or dead material, form, or other
defect.
Current annual net growth of
growing stock
The annual change in volume of sound
wood in live sawtimber and poletimber
trees, and the total volume of trees
entering these classes through ingrowth,
less volume losses resulting from natural
causes, reported for a single year (1993 in
this report). Current growth is based on
an estimate of the current annual incre-
ment of each growing-stock tree in the
inventory.
Current annual net growth of
sawtimber
The annual change in the volume of live
sawtimber trees, and the total volume of
trees reaching sawtimber size, less volume
losses resulting from natural causes,
reported for a single year (1993 in this
report). Current growth is based on an
estimate of the current annual increment
of each growing-stock tree in the inven-
tory.
Current annual removals from
growing stock
The current net growing-stock volume in
growing-stock trees removed annually for
roundwood forest products, in addition to
the volume of logging residues, and the
volume of other removals. Current annual
removals of growing stock is reported for
a single year (1993 in this report); it is
based on a survey of primary wood
processing mills to determine removals for
products and on information from
remeasurement plots (see Survey Proce-
dures in the appendix) to determine
removals due to land-use change.
Current annual removals from
sawtimber
The current net board foot sawtimber
volume of live sawtimber trees removed
annually for roundwood forest products,
in addition to the volume of logging
residues, and the volume of other
removals. Current annual removals of
sawtimber is reported for a single year
(1993 in this report); it is based on a
survey of primary wood processing mills
to determine removals for products and
on information from remeasurement plots
(see Survey Procedures in the appendix)
to determine removals due to land-use
change.
Diameter class
A classification of trees based on diameter
outside bark, measured at breast height
4.5 feet above the ground. (Note: d.b.h. is
the common abbreviation for diameter at
breast height.) Two-inch diameter classes
are commonly used in Forest Inventory
and Analysis, with the even inch the
approximate midpoint for a class. For
example, the 6-inch class includes trees
5.0 through 6.9 inches d.b.h.
Diameter at breast height (d.b.h.)
The outside bark diameter at 4.5 feet
(1.37 m) above the forest floor on the
uphill side of the tree. For determining
breast height, the forest floor includes the
duff layer that may be present, but does
not include unincorporated woody debris
that may rise above the ground line.
Forest industry land
Land owned by companies or individuals
operating primary wood-using plants.
Forest land
Land at least 10 percent stocked (Note:
historically, 16.7 percent was used based
on full stocking equaling 167 percent.
Consequentially, this equaled a standard
of 10 percent based on the 100-percent
scale that is now used) by forest trees of
any size, or formerly having had such tree
cover, and not currently developed for
nonforest use. (Note: Stocking is mea-
sured by comparing specified standards
with basal area and/or number of trees,
age or size, and spacing.) The minimum
area for classification of forest land is 1
acre. Roadside, streamside, and
shelterbelt strips of timber must have a
crown width of at least 120 feet to qualify
as forest land. Unimproved roads and
trails, streams, or other bodies of water or
clearings in forest areas shall be classed as
forest if less than 120 feet wide. (See Tree,
Land, Timberland, Reserved forest land,
Other forest land, Stocking, and Water.)
Forest type
A classification of forest land based on the
species forming a plurality of live tree
stocking. The associated species for each
forest type are based on net volume of
growing stock and all live biomass by
species group and forest type from the
27
1994-1996 inventory of North and South
Dakota forests. Major forest types found
are:
Ponderosa pine.—Forests in which
ponderosa pine comprises a majority of
the forest stocking.
Rocky Mountain juniper.—Forests in
which Rocky Mountain juniper comprises
a majority of forest stocking. A common
associate of the Rocky Mountain juniper
forest type is green ash.
Bur oak.—Forests in which bur oak
comprises a majority of forest stocking.
Species commonly associated with the bur
oak forest type in North and South Dakota
include basswood and green ash.
Cottonwood.—Forests in which cotton-
wood comprises a majority of the forest
stocking. A common associate of the
cottonwood forest type in North and
South Dakota is green ash.
Elm-ash-cottonwood.—
Lowland forests in which cottonwood,
green ash, and elm comprise a plurality of
the forest stocking. A common associate of
the elm-ash-cottonwood forest type in
North and South Dakota is bur oak.
Basswood.—Forests in which hardwoods
comprise a plurality of the forest stocking.
Species commonly associated with the
basswood forest type in North and South
Dakota include bur oak and green ash.
Aspen-birch.—Forests in which quaking
aspen, paper birch, and river birch, singly
or in combination, comprise a plurality of
forest stocking. Species commonly
28
associated with the aspen-birch forest type
in North and South Dakota include
balsam poplar, bur oak, and green ash.
Elm-ash.—Upland forests in which elm
and green ash comprise a plurality of the
forest stocking. Species commonly
associated with the elm-ash forest type in
North and South Dakota include cotton-
wood and bur oak.
Growing-stock tree
A live tree of commercial species that
meets specified standards of size, quality,
and merchantability. (Note: Excludes
rough, rotten, and dead trees.)
Growing-stock volume
Net volume in cubic feet of growing-stock
trees 5.0 inches d.b.h. and over, from 1
foot above the ground to a minimum 4.0-
inch top diameter outside bark of the
central stem or to the point where the
central stem breaks into limbs.
Hard hardwoods
Hardwood species with an average
specific gravity greater than 0.50 such as
oaks, hard maple, hickories, and ash.
Hardwoods
Dicotyledonous trees, usually broad-
leaved and deciduous. (See Soft hard-
woods and Hard hardwoods.)
Improved pasture
Land currently improved for grazing by
cultivating, seeding, irrigating, or clearing
trees or brush and less than 10 percent
stocked with trees.
Indian land
Land held in trust by the United States for
tribes or individual Indians.
Industrial wood
All roundwood products except residen-
tial fuelwood.
Land
(a) Bureau of the Census.—Dry land
and land temporarily or partly covered by
water such as marshes, swamps, and river
flood plains, streams, sloughs, estuaries,
and canals less than one-eighth of a
statute mile wide; and lakes, reservoirs,
and ponds less than 40 acres in area.
(b) Forest Inventory and Analysis.—
The same as the Bureau of the Census,
except minimum width of streams, etc., is
120 feet and minimum size of lakes, etc.,
is l acre.
Live trees
Growing-stock, rough, and rotten trees
1.0 inch d.b.h. and larger.
Log grade
A log classification based on external
characteristics as indicators of quality or
value. Log grade was assigned to a sample
of softwood sawtimber trees throughout
the States during the 1994 inventory.
Also see Tree grade. (See appendix for
specific grading factors used.)
Logging residue
The unused portions of the merchantable
central stem of growing-stock trees cut or
killed by logging.
Marsh
Nonforest land that characteristically
supports low, generally herbaceous or
shrubby vegetation, and that is intermit-
tently covered with water.
Merchantable
Refers to a pulpwood or saw log section
that meets pulpwood or saw log specifica-
tions, respectively.
Miscellaneous Federal land
Federal land other than national forest
and land administered by the Bureau of
Land Management, Corps of Engineers, or
Bureau of Indian Affairs.
National forest land
Federal land that has been legally
designated as national forest or purchase
units, and other land administered by the
USDA Forest Service. For example, the
administrative unit in North Dakota is
named “Dakota Prairie Grasslands,” and
the administrative unit in South Dakota is
the Black Hills National Forest.
Net volume
Gross volume less deductions for rot,
sweep, or other defect affecting use for
timber products.
Noncommercial species
Tree species of typically small size, poor
form, or inferior quality that normally do
not develop into trees suitable for
industrial wood products.
Nonforest land
Land that has never supported forests,
and land formerly forested where use for
timber management is precluded by
development for other uses. (Note:
Includes areas used for crops, active
Christmas tree plantations as indicated by
annual shearing, orchards, nurseries,
improved pasture, residential areas, city
parks, improved roads of any width and
adjoining clearings, powerline clearings of
any width, and 1- to 40-acre areas of
water classified by the Bureau of the
Census as land.) If intermingled in forest
areas, unimproved roads and nonforest
strips must be more than 120 feet wide
and more than | acre in area to qualify as
nonforest land.
Nonforest land without trees.—
Nonforest land with no live trees
present.
Nonforest land with trees.—Nonforest
land with one or more trees per acre at
least 5 inches d.b.h.
Nonstocked land
Timberland less than 10 percent stocked
with all live trees.
Other forest land
Forest land not capable of producing 20
cubic feet per acre per year of industrial
wood crops under natural conditions and
not associated with urban or rural
development. Many of these sites contain
tree species that are not currently used for
industrial wood production or trees of
poor form, small size, or inferior quality
that are unfit for most industrial products.
Unproductivity may be the result of
adverse site conditions such as sterile soil,
dry climate, poor drainage, high elevation,
and rockiness. This land is not withdrawn
from timber use.
Other removals
Growing-stock trees removed but not used
for products, or trees left standing but
“removed” from the timberland classifica-
tion by land-use change. Examples are
removals from cultural operations such as
timber stand improvement work and land
clearing, and the standing volume on land
classified originally as timberland but later
designated as reserved from timber
harvesting (such as a newly established
State park).
Pasture
Land presently used for grazing or under
cultivation to develop grazing.
Plant byproducts
Plant residues used for products such as
mulch, pulp chips, and fuelwood.
Plantation
An artificially reforested area sufficiently
productive to qualify as timberland. The
planted species is not necessarily pre-
dominant. Christmas tree plantations,
which are considered cropland, are not
included.
Plant residues
Wood and bark materials generated at
manufacturing plants during production
of other products.
Poletimber stand
(See Stand-size class.)
Poletimber tree
A live tree of commercial species at least
5.0 inches d.b.h., but smaller than
sawtimber size.
Potential productivity class
A classification of forest land in terms of
inherent capacity to grow crops of
industrial wood. The class identifies the
potential growth in merchantable cubic
feet/acre/year at culmination of mean
annual increment of fully stocked natural
stands.
Private individual land
Privately owned land not owned by forest
industry. This class includes the formerly
used Farmer and Miscellaneous private
classes.
Reserved forest land
Forest land withdrawn from timber use
through statute, administrative regulation,
or designation. Note: historically, Christ-
mas tree plantations were classified as
reserved forest land. However, Christmas
tree plantations are now classified as
cropland.
Rotten tree
Live trees of commercial species that do
not contain at least one 12-foot saw log or
two saw logs 8 feet or longer, now or
prospectively, and/or do not meet regional
specifications for freedom from defect
primarily because of rot; that is, when
more than 50 percent of the cull volume
in a tree is rotten.
Rough tree
(a) Live trees of commercial species
that do not contain at least one merchant-
able 12-foot saw log or two saw logs 8 feet
or longer, now or prospectively, and/or do
not meet regional specifications for
freedom from defect primarily because of
roughness or poor form, and
(b) all live trees of noncommercial
species.
Roundwood products
Logs, bolts, or other round sections
(including chips from roundwood) cut
from trees for industrial or consumer uses.
(Note: Includes saw logs, veneer logs, and
bolts; cooperage logs and bolts; pulp-
wood; fuelwood; pilings; poles; posts;
hewn ties; mine timbers; and various
other round, split, or hewn products.)
Salvable dead tree
A standing or down dead tree considered
merchantable by regional standards.
30
Sapling
A live tree 1.0 to 5.0 inches d.b.h.
Sapling-seedling stand
(See Stand-size class.)
Saw log
A log meeting minimum standards of
diameter, length, and defect, including logs
at least 8 feet long, sound and straight and
with a minimum diameter outside bark
(d.o.b.) for softwoods of 7.0 inches (9.0
inches for hardwoods) or other combina-
tions of size and defect specified by
regional standards.
Saw log portion
That part of the bole of sawtimber trees
between the stump and the saw log top.
Saw log top
The point on the bole of sawtimber trees
above which a saw log cannot be pro-
duced. The minimum saw log top is 7.0
inches d.o.b. for softwoods and 9.0 inches
d.o.b. for hardwoods.
Sawtimber stand
(See Stand-size class.)
Sawtimber tree
A live tree of commercial species contain-
ing at least a 12-foot saw log or two
noncontiguous saw logs 8 feet or longer,
and meeting regional specifications for
freedom from defect. Softwoods must be at
least 9.0 inches d.b.h. Hardwoods must be
at least 11.0 inches d.b.h.
Sawtimber volume
Net volume of the saw log portion of live
sawtimber in board feet, International 1/4-
inch rule (unless specified otherwise), from
stump to a minimum 7.0 inches top
d.o.b. for softwoods and a minimum 9.0
inches top d.o.b. for hardwoods.
Seedling
A live tree less than 1.0 inch d.b-h. that is
expected to survive. Only softwood
seedlings more than 6 inches tall and
hardwood seedlings more than | foot tall
are counted.
Short-log (rough tree)
A sawtimber-size tree of commercial
species that contains at least one
merchantable 8- to 11-foot saw log but
not a 12-foot saw log.
Shrub
A woody, perennial plant differing from a
perennial herb in its persistent and
woody stem(s) and less definitely from a
tree in its lower stature and/or the
general absence of a well-defined main
stem. For this report, shrubs were
separated somewhat arbitrarily into tall
and low shrubs as follows:
Tall shrubs.—Normally taller than 1.6
to 3.2 feet
Low shrubs.—Normally shorter than
1.6 to 3.2 feet. (Woody perennial
vines, such as grape, were included
with low shrubs.)
Shrub and tree seedling biomass
The total aboveground weight of trees
less than 1.0 inch in diameter and all
shrubs.
Site index
An expression of forest site quality based
on the height of a free-growing dominant
or codominant tree of a representative
species in the forest type at age 50.
Soft hardwoods
Hardwood species with an average
specific gravity less than 0.50, such as
cottonwood, red maple, basswood, and
willow.
Softwoods
Coniferous trees, usually evergreen,
having needles or scale-like leaves.
Stand
A group of trees on a minimum of 1] acre
of forest land that is stocked by forest
trees of any size.
Stand-age class
A classification based on age of the main
stand. Main stand refers to trees of the
dominant forest type and stand-size class.
Stand-size class
A classification of stocked (see Stocking)
forest land based on the size class of live
trees on the area; that is, sawtimber,
poletimber, or seedlings and saplings.
Sawtimber stands. —Stands with half or
more of live tree stocking in sawtim-
ber or poletimber trees, and with
sawtimber stocking at least equal to
poletimber stocking.
Poletimber stands —Stands with half or
more of live tree stocking in
poletimber and/or sawtimber trees,
and with poletimber stocking
exceeding that of sawtimber.
Sapling-seedling stands —Stands with
more than half of the live tree
stocking in saplings and/or seedlings.
State land
Land owned by the State of North or
South Dakota or leased to it for 50 years
or mote.
Stocking
The degree of occupancy of land by all live
trees, measured by basal area and/or the
number of trees in a stand by size or age
and spacing, compared to the basal area
and/or number of trees required to fully
use the growth potential of the land; that
is, the stocking standard. A stocking
percent of 100 indicates full use of the site
and is equivalent to 80 square feet of basal
area per acre in trees 5.0 inches d.b.h. and
larger. In a stand of trees less than 5 inches
d.b.h., a stocking percent of 100 would
indicate that the present number of trees is
sufficient to produce 80 square feet of
basal area per acre when the trees reach 5
inches d.b.h.
Stands are grouped into the following
stocking classes:
Overstocked stands.—Stands in which
stocking of live trees is 100 percent or
more.
Fully stocked stands —Stands in which
stocking of live trees is from 60 to 100
percent.
Medium stocked stands. —Stands in
which stocking of live trees is from 35
to 60 percent.
Poorly stocked stands. —Stands in which
stocking of live trees is from 10 to 35
percent.
Nonstocked areas —Timberland on
which stocking of live trees is less
than 10 percent.
Timber products output
All timber products cut from roundwood
and byproducts of wood manufacturing
plants. Roundwood products include logs,
bolts, or other round sections cut from
growing-stock trees, cull trees, salvable
dead trees, trees on nonforest land,
noncommercial species, sapling-size trees,
and limbwood. Byproducts from primary
manufacturing plants include slabs,
edging, trimmings, miscuts, sawdust,
shavings, veneer cores and clippings, and
screenings of pulpmills that are used as
pulpwood chips or other products.
Timberland
Forest land that is producing, or is
capable of producing, more than 20 cubic
feet per acre per year of industrial wood
crops under natural conditions, that is not
withdrawn from timber use, and that is
not associated with urban or rural
development. Currently inaccessible and
inoperable areas are included. (Timber-
land was formerly called commercial
forest land.)
Tree
A woody plant usually having one or
more erect perennial stems, a stem
diameter at breast height of at least 3
inches, a more or less definitely formed
crown of foliage, and a height of at least
13 feet at maturity.
Tree biomass
The total aboveground weight (including
the bark but excluding the foliage) of all
trees from | to 5 inches in d.b.h., and the
total aboveground weight (including the
bark but excluding the foliage) from a 1-
foot stump for trees more than 5 inches in
diameter.
Tree grade
A classification of the lower 16 feet of the
bole of standing trees based on external
characteristics as indicators of the quality
and quantity of lumber that could be
produced from the tree. Tree grade was
assigned to a sample of hardwood
sawtimber trees during the 1994 inven-
tory. Also see Log grade. (See appendix for
specific grading factors used.)
Tree size class
A classification of trees based on diameter
at breast height, including sawtimber
trees, poletimber trees, saplings, and
seedlings.
Upper stem portion
That part of the bole of sawtimber trees
above the saw log top to a minimum top
diameter of 4.0 inches d.o.b. or to the
point where the central stem breaks into
limbs.
Urban and other areas
Areas within the legal boundaries of cities
and towns; suburban areas developed for
residential, industrial, or recreational
purposes; school yards; cemeteries; roads;
railroads; airports; beaches; powerlines
32
and other rights-of-way; or other nonforest
land not included in any other specified
land-use class.
Urban forest land
Land that would otherwise meet the
criteria for timberland, but that is in an
urban-suburban area surrounded by
commercial, industrial, or residential
development and not likely to be managed
for the production of industrial wood
products on a continuing basis. Wood
removed would be for land clearing,
fuelwood, or esthetic purposes. Such forest
land may be associated with industrial,
commercial, residential subdivision,
industrial parks, golf course perimeters,
airport buffer strips, and public urban
parks that qualify as forest land.
Water
(a) Bureau of the Census.—Perma-
nent inland water surfaces, such as lakes,
reservoirs, and ponds at least 40 acres in
area; and streams, sloughs, estuaries, and
canals at least one-eighth of a statute
mile wide.
(b) Noncensus.—Permanent inland
water surfaces, such as lakes, reservoirs,
and ponds from 1 to 39.9 acres in area:
and streams, sloughs, estuaries, and
canals from 120 feet to one-eighth of a
statute mile wide.
Wooded pasture
Improved pasture with more than 10
percent stocking in live trees, but less
than 25 percent stocking in growing-
stock trees. Area is currently improved
for grazing or there is other evidence of
grazing.
Wooded strip
An acre or more of natural continuous
forest land that would otherwise meet
survey standards for timberland except
that it is less than 120 feet wide.
LITERATURE CITED
Belcher, D.W,; Holdaway, M.R.; Brand,
GJ. 1982. A description of STEMS the
stand and tree evaluation and modeling
system. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-79. St.
Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agricul-
ture, Forest Service, North Central
Forest Experiment Station. 18 p.
Cochran, WG. 1977. Sampling tech-
niques. New York, NY: John Wiley &
Sons, Inc. 413 p.
Hahn, J.T.; Hansen, M.H. 1984. Cubic
and board foot volume models for the
Central States. Northern Journal of
Applied Forestry. 8(2): 47-57.
Hanks, L.F 1976. Hardwood tree grades
for factory lumber. Res. Paper NE-333.
Broomall, PA: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service. Northeast-
ern Forest Experiment Station. 81 p.
Hansen, M.H. 1990. A comprehensive
sampling system for forest inventory
based on an individual tree growth
model. St. Paul, MN: University of
Minnesota, College of Natural Re-
sources. 256 p. Ph.D. dissertation.
Haugen, David E.; Piva, Ronald J.;
Kingsley, Neal P; Harsel, Robert A.
1999. North Dakota’ forest resources,
1994. Res. Pap. NC-336. St. Paul, MN:
U.S. Depatment of Agriculture, Forest
Service, North Central Research Station.
LOL. p:
Little, E.L. 1981. Checklist of native and
naturalized trees of the United States.
Agric. Handb. 541. Washington, DC:
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
Service. 385 p.
Loetsch, F; Haller, K.E. 1964. Forest
inventory, volume 1, Statistics of forest
inventory and information from aerial
photographs. Vienna: BLV
Verlagsgesellschaft Munch Basle. 436 p.
Rast, E.D.; Sonderman, D.L.; Gammon,
G.L. 1973. A guide to hardwood log
grading. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-1. Upper
Darby, PA: U.S. Department of Agricul-
ture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest
Experiment Station. 31 p.
Smith, WB. 1983. Adjusting the STEMS
regional growth models to improve
local predictions. Res. Note NC-297. St.
Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agricul-
ture, Forest Service, North Central
Forest Experiment Station. 5 p.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil
Conservation Service. 1991. Instruc-
tions for collecting 1992 National
Resources Inventory sample data.
Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service.
69 p.
Van Deusen, PC.:; Dell, T.R.; Thomas, C.E.
1986. Volume growth estimation from
permanent horizontal points. Forest
Science. 32: 415-422.
Wiant, H.V, Jr.; Castenaeda, F 1977.
Mesavage and Girard’s volume tables
formulated. BLM4. Denver, CO: U.S.
Department of the Interior, Bureau of
Land Management, Denver Service
Center: 1-4.
TABLE TITLES
Table 1.—Area of land by major land-use
class, North and South Dakota, BIA lands,
1994 and 1996
Table 2.—Area of timberland by forest
type group/local type and stand-size class,
North Dakota BIA, 1994
Table 2a.—Area of timberland by forest
type group/local type and stand-size class,
South Dakota BIA, 1996
Table 3.—Area of timberland by Forest
Survey Unit and potential productivity
class, North and South Dakota BIA, 1994
and 1996
Table 4.—Area of timberland by stocking
class of growing-stock trees, North and
South Dakota BIA, 1994 and 1996
Table 5—Number of all live trees on
timberland by species group and diameter
class, North Dakota BIA, 1994
Table 5a—Number of all live trees on
timberland by species group and diameter
class, South Dakota BIA, 1996
Table 6.—Net volume of growing stock on
timberland by species group and diameter
class, North Dakota BIA, 1994
Table 6a.—Net volume of growing stock
on timberland by species group and
diameter class, South Dakota BIA, 1996
Table 7.—Net volume of growing stock
and sawtimber on timberland by major
species group, North and South Dakota
BIA, 1994 and 1996
Table 8.—Net volume of growing stock on
timberland by species group and local
forest type, North Dakota BIA, 1994
Table 8a.—Net volume of growing stock
on timberland by species group and local
forest type, South Dakota BIA, 1996
Table 9.—Net volume of sawtimber on
timberland by species group and diameter
class, North Dakota BIA, 1994
Table 9a.—Net volume of sawtimber on
timberland by species group and diameter
class, South Dakota BIA, 1996
Table 10.—Net volume of sawtimber on
timberland by species group and grade,
North Dakota BIA, 1994
Table 10a.—Net volume of sawtimber on
timberland by species group and grade,
South Dakota BIA, 1996
Table 11.—Average annual net growth of
growing stock and sawtimber on timber-
land by Forest Survey Unit and major
species group, North and South Dakota
BIA, 1980-1993
Table 12.—Average annual removals of
growing stock and sawtimber on timber-
land by Forest Survey Unit and major
species group, North and South Dakota
BIA, 1980-1993
Table 13.—Average annual net growth
and average annual removals of growing
stock and sawtimber on timberland by
species group, North Dakota BIA, 1980-
1993
Table 13a—Average annual net growth
and average annual removals of growing
stock and sawtimber on timberland by
species group, South Dakota BIA, 1980-
1993
Table 14.—Average annual mortality of
growing stock and sawtimber on timber-
land by species group, North Dakota BIA,
1980-1993
Table 14a—Average annual mortality of
growing stock and sawtimber on timber-
land by species group, South Dakota BIA,
1980-1993
Table 15.—Average annual net growth and
average annual removals of growing stock
and sawtimber on timberland by forest type
group/local type and major species group,
North Dakota BIA, 1980-1993
Table 15a.—Average annual net growth
and average annual removals of growing
stock and sawtimber on timberland by
forest type group/local type and major
species group, South Dakota BIA, 1980-
1993
Table 16.—All live aboveground tree
biomass on timberland by major species
group, and tree biomass component, North
and South Dakota BIA, 1994 and 1996
Table 17.—Sampling errors for Forest
Survey Unit totals for area of timberland,
volume, average annual net growth, and
average annual removals on timberland,
North and South Dakota BIA, 1994 and
1996
TABLES
35
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6
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits
discrimination in all its programs and activities on the
basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age,
disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, and marital
or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all
programs.) Persons with disabilities who require
alternative means for communication of program
information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should
contact USDA's TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice
and TDD).
To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA,
Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten
Building, 14th and Independence Avenue, SW,
Washington, DC 20250-9410, or call (202) 720-5964
(voice or TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider
and employer.
ae Printed on recyclable paper
MISSION STATEMENT
SE a SS rae TS |
We believe the good life has its roots in clean air, sparkling water, rich soil,
healthy economies and a diverse living landscape. Maintaining the good
life for generations to come begins with everyday choices about natural
resources. The North Central Research Station provides the knowledge
and the tools to help people make informed choices. That's how the
science we do enhances the quality of people's lives.
For further information contact:
North Central Research Station
USDA Forest Service
1992 Folwell Ave.
St. Paul, MN 55108
Or visit our web site:
www.ncrs.fs.fed.us
The Forest Inventory and Analysis web site is:
www. fia.fs.fed.us
* U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 2002-757-170
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Haugen, David E.; Hansen, Mark H.
2002. BIA forest lands of North and South Dakota, 1996. Resour. Bull. NC-
202. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North
Central Research Station. 56 p.
An estimated 146 thousand acres of forest land are under BIA jurisdiction,
and 131 thousand acres of that are forest land and timberland. This bulletin
contains detailed tables of area, volume, growth, removals, and mortality on
timberland. i
KEY WORDS: Forest area, timber volume, growth, removals, mortality, BIA.
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