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MONTANA STATE LIBRARY

3 0864 0016 1680 7

State of Montana

BIENNIAL REPORT

of the

FISH AND GAME
COMMISSION

for

May 1, 1946 — April 30, 1947
May 1, 1947 — April 30, 1948

Published by the

MONTANA FISH AND GAME DEPARTMENT

Helena, Montana

• NAEGELE PRINIINO CO., HELENA, MONT.

Rfi4/e4U4e' Qo'tmd. piofn Sp>o^U6>4ne4t

Sportsmen, through their license purchases and taxes paid on arms
and ammunition, finance the cost of Montana's wildlife conservation and
administration. License fees provide nearly all of the cost of caring
for our wildlife resources to provide permanent hunting and fishing.
Because the sportsmen and landowners are the major stockholders in
the enterprise of providing hunting and fishing, it is proper that they
should take an increasing responsibility in administering fish and game
for their own best interests now and in the future.

To His Excellency

Sam C. Ford

Governor, State of Montana

Helena, Montana

Dear Governor Ford:

We herewith transmit the Biennial Report of the Montana Fish and
Game Commission for the period May 1, 1946 to April 30, 1948.

Never before in our state's history have our citizens participated
in such great numbers in the harvest of our wildlife resources and never
before has Montana been confronted with such an enormous responsi-
bility in the administration and perpetuation of wild birds, animals
and fish.

The attached report summarizes the efforts of the last biennium
directed toward meeting this unprecedented demand.

Respectfully submitted,

MONTANA STATE FISH AND GAME COMMISSION

ELMER JOHNSON, Chairman
WILLIAM CARPENTER, Member
A. C. GRANDE, Member
J. W. SEVERY, Member
E. G. VEDOVA, Member
A. A. O'CLAIRE, Secretary

FOREWORD

Since the publication of the previous biennial report, the demands
on our wildlife resources have continued to increase. The recreational
benefits which hunting and fishing afford resident and non-resident
citizens become increasingly important as the nation develops. In addi-
tion to these great benefits, many stable businesses of considerable
economic importance derive their entire or partial income from the
presence of wildlife.

Still more important, however, wildlife enters the broad picture of
conservation upon which the future prosperity of the state and the nation
depends. Wildlife is but one of many natural resources which must be
considered in a wise use program. Careful multiple-use management of
the land is necessary to preserve essential soil and water resources.
Intelligent management policies are imperative for each separate natural
resource so that none will suffer at the expense of another.

This then obligates the Montana Fish and Game Commission to
administer wildlife populations according to long-range, biological con-
cepts in close accord with the responsibilies of many agencies. Recog-
nizing the need for the perpetuation of satisfactory environment for
wildlife is paramount. This calls for a program of efficiency which
considers the needs and desires of the people coupled with the best
possible use of every available source of information.

This report of the Montana Fish and Game Commission biennium
portrays a picture of progress and invites consideration for future plans
necessary to provide hunting and fishing for generations to come.

CONTENTS

Page

Administration 5

Big Game 7

Financial Statements 28

Fisheries 11

Fur-Bearing Animals 19

Future 23

Game Birds 17

Law Enforcement 15

Legislative Recommendation 22

Personnel 27

Predator Control 20

Public Information 22

Statistics 34

Waterfowl 21

Administration

During the past biennium, administration problems have resulted
from extended activity in all divisions of the department. The most
serious problem has been lack of adequate office space for new per-
sonnel added to our organization to assist in the supervision and admin-
istration of our program. The Fish and Game Commission conducted
the most extensive improvement program in history during the past
two years. Funds which made these extensive improvements possible
came from the increase in license fees provided for by the Thirtieth
Legislative Assembly and from funds accumulated and reserved by the
Commission during the past several years for post-war improvement
projects.

The Commission has employed an engineer who prepares plans and
specifications for its improvement projects and supervises the inspection
of actual construction by contractors to insure adherence to specifica-
tions and construction details. Extensive procurement of new equipment
and property coupled with replacement of worn equipment necessitate
a broader and more comprehensive record-keeping and maintenance
division. A detailed property-accounting system has been adopted which
accurately lists state property by location, description, condition and
value. Equipment is likewise accounted for by a warehouseman. A
repair shop is maintained where miscellaneous gear and mobile equip-
ment is kept in working condition. These new methods of accounting
and maintenance have increased the general efficiency and resulted in
a saving to the department.

The tag on this elk calf
will stay on his ear through-
out his lifetime. If taken by
a hunter and the tag re-
turned to the department, it
will tell the story of where
he has been and how long he
has lived. A story that will
provide data for better game "
management.

Big Game

With a topography that varies from short grass prairie to rugged,
precipitous mountains and a variety of wildlife adapted to these habitat
variation, Montana has been recognized as an important game region.
Probably most important of the animals which place this state among
the leading wildlife-producing districts are the big game species.

Whitetail and mule deer occur in abundance from the densely for-
ested regions of Lincoln County to the badlands of eastern Montana.
Elk and moose are found over much of the western section, and bighorn
sheep and mountain goats range in the rugged, remote areas. Montana
is the only state with a substantial number of grizzly bear and the black
bear occurs commonly. Antelope roam the eastern prairie lands, and
a rare but important visitor is the caribou of northwestern Montana.
This abundance and variety of big game is of considerable economic
and aesthetic value to the state. Typical of all renewable natural re-
sources big game requires constant supervision and management.

Management of big game must be predicated upon two basic prin-
ciples: First the assurance of perpetuation of all species and secondly
the fair and equal distribution of harvestable surplus animals among
legal hunters.

To accomplish the first objective, habitat must be provided the
animals, forage must be reserved for critical, winter periods, sanctuaries
for breeding and protection are often necessary and trained law enforce-
ment personnel is essential to secure observance of protective regula-
tions. The second principle, the harvest of surplus animals, necessitates
first a good inventory to determine abundance and distribution of each
species. Other needed facts include breeding potential, life history, and
the probable hunting pressure a species may receive. From such data,
it is possible to determine the number of animals to be taken, the method
of hunting and sex and age class to be taken. When animals occur in
sufficient numbers, a general hunt may be proclaimed with limitation
of length of season and sex to be taken to be determined by local abund-
ance. If mass or unlimited hunting might jeopardize a species, special
permits are issued for a definite number of animals. In other cases,
total protection may be offered a species if it is in danger of extinction.

These are some of the problems, and others occur as a result of
the condition of habitat. Overabundance of big game in one area may
result in overuse of necessary forage plants and the chance of loss of
animals by malnutrition. A scarcity of a species may indicate the
necessity of re-stocking. Perhaps predators are a problem or winter
range scarce. Each problem requires basic information, and this infor-
mation can be obtained only by trained personnel.

With the increase in total hunting effort and the resulting dangerous
pressures placed upon wildlife, it has become increasingly necessary to
determine the number and distribution of each species within the state.
Therefore, a definite effort has been made to census the big game ani-
mals. Normally this is accomplished during the winter when the animals
are concentrated on a limited winter area. By airplane, horseback, and
snowshoe, these regions are covered carefully by trained and experienced
department personnel, and through the co-operation of the U. S. Forest
Service, National Park Service, Fish and Wildlife Service, and the Indian
Service, a complete statewide inventory is accomplished.

Obviously this information cannot be 100 per cent accurate, but it
definitely indicates population trends. When big" game herds are man-
aged upon the estimated population, it is assured that severe or dan-
gerous overkills will not occur.

The following tabulation is believed to be the most accurate and
complete yet developed. The numbers are based upon the year ending
December 31, 1947.

Montana Big Game Inventory

Whitetail Deer 38,600

Mule Deer 107,700

Elk 31,600

Moose 3,700

Pronghorned Antelope 26,000

Rocky Mountain Bighorn 1,200

Mountain Goat 4,800

Black Bear 8,000

Grizzly Bear 700

Caribou 15

An analysis of the trends in big game indicate an upward swing of
most species since 1940. There have been some local decreases, but
the statewide condition has been favorable. Indications at present are
that in most areas the population of big game will level off and remain
about constant.

Deer and antelope have shown the greatest advance, but elk in-
creases, although important, have been less significant. Both species
of bear have become more numerous. Mountain sheep and moose have
remained about constant, and a slight decrease has been noted in the
mountain goat population. This latter decrease occurred in the Bitter-
root Range where heavy hunting of this accessible area has made it
advisable to close the season for at least one year.

During the past sixteen years, the recreational demands and hunt-
ing pressures have increased tremendously. In 1931 when big game
licenses were sold separately from the fishing license, about 20,000
hunters purchased the big game permit. Just prior to the war in 1940,
this figure had doubled, and in 1946, nearly 80,000 hunters purchased
big game licenses.

The increase since 1939 is shown in the following tabulation.

Big Game Licenses Sold In Montana, 1939-1947

Year* Resident Non-Resident

1939 37,182 284

1940 . 39,201 327

1941 38,943 338

1942 46,487 481

1943 47,889 339

1944 46.892 374

1945 45,335 479

1946 52,694 1,085

1947 74,997 2,914

1948 72,396 972
* Ending April 30 each.

It is believed that the number of big-game hunters in Montana will
level off to about 70,000. Non-resident hunters decreased between 1946
and 1947. Part of this may have been the result of increased license

fees. It is anticipated that out-of-state hunters will become more
numerous when the cost of hunting in comparable western states is
found to be similar to the cost in Montana.

Indications at present are that about 35 per cent of the state hunters
are successful in getting one or more big game animals. From checking
stations which are maintained in the more important areas plus field
contacts and questionnaires, the following totals of legal hunter take
have been obtained: \

LEGAL KILL

Montana Big Game 1946 1947

Whitetail Deer 2,200 2,209

Mule Deer 10,500 10,484

Elk 6,700 6,682

Moose .. , - 100 99

Antelope 2,800 2,819

Mountain Goats 100 128

Black Bear . 900 811

Grizzly Bear 70 67

Management of big game may be divided into two general phases:
The obtaining of accurate, detailed data concerning each species, and
the actual development or doing of the things indicated as necessary
by the research work.

For convenience in study and management the state has been
divided into big game management units. These divisions have been
determined by topographical and biological factors, and each has distinct
problems. Only recently have sufficient well-trained personnel been
available to obtain by field investigations the necessary data essential
to big-game management.

Detailed, winter coverage was made of the important Blackfoot-
Clearwater, Beaverhead-Big Hole, and Ruby-Madison game ranges.
Similar intensive work was carried out in the Gallatin-Absaroka unit
over a two-year period. On this unit so many problems have developed
with reference to the northern Yellowstone and Gallatin elk herds that
a man has been permanently assigned to this area. A study of the
factors involved on the winter elk range, with the objective of im-
proving these ranges, is being conducted with the co-operation of the
U. S. Forest Service. This information is expected to have a vital bear-
ing on the management of the Gallatin elk herd.

Two men have been assigned to a study of the relationship of sus-
tained yield timber management and game production. Objectives are
to maintain a maximum deer herd on the forest lands of Lincoln County
and to increase the yearly yield of deer in this unit. The vital import-
ance of both timber and game production on this area makes a complete
understanding of the inter-relationships essential. This project is con-
ducted in co-operation with the U. S. Forest Service.

On the rolling plains and eroded badlands of eastern Montana, dif-
ferent game management problems occur. A major portion of the
management program in the eastern area has consisted of re-stocking
depleted areas. One man with two assistants has been permanently
assigned to this large area. An airplane has been purchased for use
on the vast territories of eastern Montana. Definite management plans,
based upon field observations, have been prepared for this area. The
desirable hunter harvest of both antelope and deer has been determined,

and areas in need of i-e-stocking have been checked closely, and neces-
sary breeding stock is being introduced.

A statewide investigation of the mountain goat was conducted dur-
ing the biennium. The possibility that this rare big game animal was
not holding his own as well as other species under present-day hunting
pressure makes this work of particular value. Several current changes
in the hunting regulations have been based upon the findings of this
project. The capture of big game in areas of abundance and its release
in desirable areas is becoming one of the most important phases of
management.

The transplanting of elk was carried out successfully as early as
1911. Since that time approximately 1,400 elk and thirty-two new hunt-
able herds developed. During the last two years, emphasis has been
placed upon trapping and transplating antelope, deer and to a lesser
extent, mountain goats and mountain sheep.

One of the outstanding examples of interstate co-operation was the
exchange of Montain mountain goats for bighorn sheep from the thrifty
Tarryall mountain sheep herd of Colorado. The sixteen bighorn sheep
received from Colorado have been placed temporarily in a 400-acre
holding pasture in the Missouri breaks north of Jordan in Garfield
County. This represents the re-introduction of mountain sheep into an
area where the extinct Audubon variety once was extremely abundant.
It is expected that mountain sheep may be developed in substantial num-
ber in this vast badland area of eastern Montana.

The department moved 1,610 pronghorn antelope from their native
range and re-introduced into forty-one new areas of known historical
antelope range. Both species of deer were caught, 531 mule deer being
released in twelve new areas and 153 whitetail released to establish
four additional herds.

In 1947 five mountain goats were transplanted in the Spanish Peaks
of the Gallatin Range and nine goats were shipped to Colorado to intro-
duce a new big game species in that state. Eight mountain sheep were
moved from the Sun River herd to start a new band on Wildhorse Island
on Flathead Lake.

LAND ACQUISITION

Perhaps the most important program initiated by the Fish and Game
Department is the acquisition of vital game range to assure these ani-
mals a wintering area. Problems concerning summer range are not
comparable to the winter range problem. The number of big game
animals is definitely limited by the amount of winter range available.
Projects of this nature have been carried on with the active co-operation
of interested ranchers and adjacent landholders. It is generally agi-eed
if big game is to survive in the increasing complex pattern of land use
that certain critical areas be reserved for game only.

In the Sun River 18,000 acres of critical winter range have been
obtained for use by elk. This range will do much to relieve damage on
adjacent lands. Development of this winter range for game is now
progressing.

*7^e Caoe^ Pltoto.

In the bitter cold of midwinter in the Sun River foothills, elk string
out before the airplane. These elk are wintering in the new Sun River
winter elk range, a major wildlife restoration project.

By fin clipping, a ti^ui .= niuikcd =o the state fish and gome department can
follow his travels and learn howr better to plant fish. Sportsmen are urged to
report catching such trout and to keep fishermen's logs on their catches, all in

the interest of better angling.

Fisheries

During the last biennium much has been accomplished in fisheries
work, but much remains to be done in our efforts to bring our fisheries
program up to the high standard of production and conservation which
we hope to obtain.

With the release of men, materials and equipment following the
war years, the program has assumed new aspects. Hatcheries are and
will continue to be a keystone; but as an integral part of the program,
biological work begun July 1, 1947, will compliment the hatchery system
in an effort to solve its problems of distribution to insure the greatest
return possible of liberated fish from the hatcheries. This work will
deal not only with hatchery fish, but with all phases of fish life. This
will strengthen management by providing scientific data on which
decisions may be made.

At the Anaconda hatchery, there has been installed a new and
larger pipeline to bring more water from the spring to the hatchery
and ponds. A concrete mixing chamber was built to mix the warm
water from one spring with the cold water from another spring and to
insure a greater flow of water with a uniform temperature. Completed
at Anaconda are sixteen raceway-type rearing ponds, constructed of
concrete, 104 feet long by 10 feet wide and 3% feet deep. Two circular,
concrete ponds forty feet in diameter and three feet deep were also
constructed. These ponds are for the purpose of holding fish to yearling
age and should produce annually 450,000 ffish from four to six inches in
length without interfering with production of smaller fish. The ice house
at Anaconda was made into a refrigerated, storage building capable of

storing fifty tons of fish food. Some repairs were made to the hatchery
building, and the yard and driveway have been newly surfaced.

Construction at the Arlee station includes a new hatchery building
41 feet by 84 feet, with built-in refrigeration and storage rooms, food-
grinding room, and office space. This building is equipped with ten
concrete tanks 32 feet long and 45 inches wide and 30 inches deep, which
will enable holding fish in the hatchery building to a larger size than
can be done with the old trough system. Two new four-room cottages
and a four-stall garage and workshop have been completed . A pond 600
feet long and 200 feet wide has been constructed for the purpose of
holding brood stock. This stock of rainbow, which spawn in December,
will annually produce 3,000,000 eggs when in full production. The planned
improvements at the Arlee station are only about fifty per cent com-
plete, as it is planned to put in ten of the raceway-type ponds as soon
as possible. When the ten ponds are completed, this station should turn
out 400,000 fish from four to six inches annually.

The Lewistown station enlargement centers around a new hatchery
building 41 feet by 84 feet with 18 inside tanks.. These tanks are 32
feet long by 28 inches wide and 28 inches deep. Like the Arlee hatchery
building, this hatchery has built-in refrigeration and storage space, a
work shop and an office. A new pipeline was laid from the spring to
the hatchery and ponds to insure an ample supply of water. Four of
the raceway-type ponds were built at this station. With the new con-
erte ponds and the large dirt ponds already in use at this station, it
should produce 300,000 fish from four to six inches in addition to the
usual quota of smaller fish.

At the Emigrant station the old troughs formerly used in the
hatchery were removed and ten concrete tanks built in their place.
These tanks are 16 feet long by 28 inches wide, and 30 inches deep.
This improvement will enable holding larger fish and many times the
numbers of fish formerly held in the hatchery. Additional improvements
include four of the concrete raceway-type ponds, a new pipe in the
hatchery to replace the old head trough, and about 300 feet of tile from
the different springs to supplement the water supply. These improve-
ments will increase the output from this station fifty per cent.

A new pipeline has been purchased for the Libby station to insure
a better water supply. A new settling tank has been installed in the
water line at the Somers sattion which eliminates much of the silt which
formerly came down into the hatching troughs. Plans have been made
to install a new settling tank in the water line at the Poison station,
but to date this tank has not been built. Both the Somers and Poison
stations are particularly important because of their production of the
Kokanee or Sockeye salmon.

Some improvements have been made at the McNeil pike hatchery
near Malta. The most important improvement is the heating device
which was installed around the water line which feeds the hatchery.
By using this device, the temperature of the water can be raised to the
point where the incubation period is shortened materially. This increases
the percentage of the hatch and insures a stronger and better fish. About
1,250,000 pike eggs were hatched at McNeil in 1947, and the resulting
fry were planted in reservoirs in various parts of the state with the
hope that good pike fishing may be had where little or no fishing was
enjoyed before.

Engineering data together with plans and specifications have been
completed for new refrigerated storage buildings of thirty-ton capacity

to be built at the Great Falls, Big Timber, Emigrant, and Hamilton
stations. At the Big Timber station, it is planned to put five concrete
tanks inside the hatchery and to replace a section of wood floor with
a concrete floor. At the Hamilton station plans are ready for the con-
struction of five concrete tanks to be built inside the hatchery and for
a new dam to be built in Skalkaho Creek to insure the water supply
for this station.

During the last biennium the department entered into a co-operative
agreement with the Fish and Wildlife Service whereby the department
furnishes the Fish and Wildlife Service certain funds to be used to
further the fish cultural program of the service at the Ennis and Creston
hatcheries. All fish hatched at these stations, above the requirements of
Glacier and Yellowstone national parks, are planted in state waters.
It is believed that this arrangement will materially increase the numbers
of fish available for the water of Montana.

The co-operative agreement between the Fish and Game Department
and the Fish and Wildlife Service effecting the Warm Water Fish Cul-
tural station at Miles City is still operating, and through this agency
many fish are planted annually in the waters of eastern Montana. As
more reservoirs are being built each year by the farmers and ranchers
with the co-operation of the Soil Conservation Service, this program is
becoming more and more important to the residents of eastern Montana,
where trout fishing does not prevail.

Old fish distribution facilities have been replaced by new and
modern equipment. The department now possesses a highly efficient
tank truck that is capable of transporting six hundred pounds of trout
anywhere in the state.

Hatching eggs and rearing fish is not the whole story as these fish
must be introduced into the water. It has been repeatedly demonstrated
throughout the nation that fishing cannot, in most instances, be im-
proved or mainained at the present level by hatchery planting and other
accepted management measures if these are based on casual observa-
tions and personal belief. It is not sufficient merely to get the fish
into the water. The success of hatchery releases may depend upon the
following circumstances: (1) the difference between planting fish from
the hatchery truck at selected spots and scattering fish evenly over a
large area by drifting the river in a boat; (2) the difference between
planting fingerlings or legal-size fish; (3) the difference between plant-
ing fish at different season; (4) the difference between planting various
species in different waters. Then, too, how can casual observation reveal
how many fish to plant?

Large amounts of money have and are being spent on our hatcheries.
That this money may not be spent in vain, a staff of biologists has been
added to the fisheries division to aid the hatchery men who are already
over-burdened with work by finding answers to the questions of distri-
bution. The biologists' problems begin when the hatchery truck reaches
the stream and terminate with the fish safely nestled in the fisherman's
creel. Their work will result in a greater percentage of fish in the creel
and fewer dying before they are caught.

Tagging work is anticipated for the Madison River and Hebgen
Lake to determine the best methods of planting. Two four-man crews
will operate in various sectors of the state to gather data from which
the waters' productivity may be ascertained.

The nature of this study will be the calculation of growth rate and
the fishes' condition for the various lakes and streams. A body of water,

whether it be lake or stream, can support only a certain poundage of
fish — the same as a range can support only so many head of cattle.
Where the growth rate is found to be low and the fishes' condition poor,
stocking trout will be a waste of fish. When such lakes and streams
are found, improvement efforts will be made to increase their pro-
ductivity.

To supplement this productivity data, creel census is needed. Creel
census measures production, and it is more valuable than any single
item of data. A program of creel census was begun and will be con-
tinued indefinitely. This catch data is gathered by co-operation from
three sources: (1) Game wardens in the course of their regular duties
record the fishermen's catch data. (2) Dude ranches, resorts, boathouses,
and guides are contacted and asked to keep records for those fishing
under their supervision. (3) "Fishermen's Log Books" are distributed
to co-operative sportsmen that they might have a convenient place to
record their individual catches.

The data desired is the water fished, the date, the number, kind
average size fish caught and the hours spent fishing. This will be
analyzed in many ways, but chiefly to discover the percentage of each
species of fish taken to aid in knowing where work should be done and
will provide a measure of the success of initiated improvement measures.

To date eighteen ranches, resorts, boathouses and guides are co-
operating, and three hundred fifty "Fishermen's Logs" have been dis-
tributed. At the opening of the fishing season, all the game wardens
will record the catch data. Whether the general public will contribute
to the creel census in a manner making the data usable remains to
be seen.

In anticipation of an investigation of Fort Peck Reservoir to deter-
mine population levels, to determine the possible need for rough-fish
control, and to study the problems of optimum fish utilization, plans
were laid and much equipment acquired. This project is to be a co-
operative one with the department, the Missouri River Basin Studies
of the Fish and Wildlife Service, and the Army Engineers.

One of the greatest detriments to Montana's fishing has been the
unwise introduction of various species of fish. Some of these, like
the introduction of sunfish into Lake Mary Ronan, were done deliber-
ately by individuals. A large majority of these introductions, however,
such as the chub in Hebgen Lake, probably were made by using minnows
to fish. Where an overwhelming poundage of the fish in a lake or stream
are rough fish, additional stocking of trout may aid but little. This
condition should be rectified before further stocking will produce satis-
factory results. In certain cases, stocking of large fish may control the
rough fish. In other cases, this will not work. Game fish other than
trout may also fail under many conditions to produce the optimum in
recreational value in the face of concentrations of rough fish.

A crew of two men will begin work in the spring of 1948 on Hebgen
Lake. Besides furthering work of tag recovery and gathering data for
productivity studies, they will spend much time considering the trout-
chub relationship and determining methods of chub control.

Complete eradication of rough fish in waters where this is possible
is most desirable. By doing so, it is possible to restore lakes, ruined
by the introduction of undesirable species, to their former ability as
trout producers. In accordance with this work, complete eradication of
fish will be made in 1948 in Spoon Lake near Whitefish and Savage
Lake near Troy.

Another type of rough-fish control is in progress that has value
in a twofold manner. The department has provided a crew for rough
fish removal which is working in both eastern and western Montana.
Removal of i-ough fish leaves more room in the water for game fish.
The many tons of carp, buffalo, suckers, squawfish and others can be
used for trout food at stations equipped with cold-storage facilities.
It is expected that this doubly valuable program will in the years to
come mean cheaper trout for waters not overcrowded with non-game
fish.

The fisheries division of the State Fish and Game Department has
an integrated program with each part dependent upon the other. Hatch-
ery production, constantly modernized for greater output and faster and
more effective distribution, is and will continue to be a keystone. Im-
provement of waters and management of those waters to provide the
best habitat for both fish naturally hatched and those from hatcheries
is a definite part of the established program. Improving fishing is the
ultimate goal, and the biological work is designed to find the needed
answers so that effort and money will not be wasted. From facts
assembled, fishing seasons can be set more wisely, plantings made more
accurately and economically and lake and stream improvement can be
used to prepare the best home life for fish before they are planted. This
program will mean better fishing in more places at less expense per
fish in the creel.

LAW ENFORCEMENT

An increase in the number of regular deputy game wardens from
27 to 42 was authorized by the Thirtieth Legislative Assembly. This
increase has resulted in better patrol coverage and law enforcement
throughout the state. A total of 1,134 game law and regulation violators
were convicted during the biennium as compared to 640 for the previous
two-year period, an increase of 77 per cent.

Recognizing the need for greater co-ordination and better super-
vision of our expanded warden force the Commission established seven
warden supervisory districts by dividing the state into units to corre-
spond with districts previously established for the purpose of obtaining
game censuses.

During the period for which this report is written three of the seven
supervisory districts have been set up: District 1 with headquarters at
Kalispell, District 2 with headquarters at Missoula, and District 6 with
headquarters temporarily assigned at Malta. In the districts which have
been activated better co-ordination and supervision of personnel have
been possible, resulting in a more efficient district organization to cope
with special law enforcement problems and seasonal peak loads of
investigation or routine work.

A warden training school held in Helena from September 8 to 12,
1947 resulted in a better informed staff of game wardens. The compre-
hensive training course in law enforcement was conducted by special
agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. The success of the school
indicates the advisability of similar future sessions.

A combined law enforcement handbook and set of instructions has
since been furnished to each deputy game warden. Sections of the
Montana codes relative to arrests, warrants, search, and seizures are
included in the handbook as well as departmental policies governing
many other phases of field work. Training schools and written instruc-
tions have resulted in placing in the field a better-informed conservation
officer.

Providing permanent cover for game birds where none exists promises to iurnish

new hunting areas for more sportsmen. Progressive sportsmen's clubs and

landowners participate in this work.

Wild and game farm-released pheasants are studied at voluntary checking
stations. Guesswork and personal opinion are being discarded in the depart-
ment's efforts to supply more sport.

Game Birds

NATIVE SPECIES

. In 1946 Montana hunters enjoyed an open season on sharptailed
grouse which varied from two days in several counties to six days in
several others. A two-day season on blue grouse, ruffed grouse and
Franklin's grouse was allowed in the northwestern section of the state.
In 1947 a two-day open season was allowed on all species of upland
game birds except sage grouse. The department during the period of
this biennium has confined its activities to inventories of existing popu-
lations to find whether the populations would stand an open season.

Authorities generally agree that native upland game birds show a
strong tendency to follow cycles of high and low numbers. Probably
some small benefits might be gained by acquiring tracts of land which
might be developed for use of upland birds. The practicability of such
a program, however, is questionable because large tracts are necessary,
and it is essential that the lands revert to their original state which
favored the birds before agriculture changed the picture in Montana.
Coupled with this is the fact that native upland birds appear to follow
cycles. It may not be possible to maintain a high population of birds
even on lands devoted to that purpose. Present indications show that
the sharptailed grouse population is increasing, paritcularly in some
areas. Much time and money has been spent in the United States in
an effort to maintain a surplus of harvestable native game birds. A
few states have shown only moderate success and that only through
very expensive and intensive management. These efforts are being
watched by the Fish and Game Department, and should any effort show
good results the department will consider such a plan for its use.

The department intends to count the upland game bird population
in the near future. Should populations of sage grouse seem plentiful
enough in local areas, possibility of trapping and transplanting to locali-
ties of low populations will be investigated. Normally it is likely that
the native upland species will not multiply to the extent that they u^ill
furnish as much shooting as do introduced game birds. Therefore, it
seems wise to concentrate the department's efforts on maintaining satis-
factory populations of game birds which offer the greatest possibility
of furnishing maximum hunting enjoyment to the most people. The fact
that the native species will remain paramount in the minds of those
who knew them well in the past is not being overlooked by the depart-
ment.

INTRODUCED SPECIES
The Ringnecked Pheasant

No open season in 1946 and only a limited one in 1947 follows the
history of the genei'al decline in pheasant numbers throughout the
pheasant range of the continent. Since the decline was nation wide,
department policy cannot be considered as a contributing factor. Ring
neck populations depend to some extent upon favorable weather condi-
tions and favorable land usage. There is some evidence that cycles of
highs and lows in the population are caused by unknown factors.

In spite of these factors, uncontrolled by man, which so greatly
affect pheasant numbers, the department is continually striving to per-
petuate pheasant hunting. Three channels of endeavor, working hand
in hand, are directed towards this end.

The fact-finding part of the pheasant work is conducted by the
department where continual inventory of the pheasant crop is a basic

part of its activities. These studies indicate the best regulations for
each year. During the period of this report, data collected shows that
certain concepts of the department's pheasant program should be
altered. A state wide banding program in 1947 resulted in only 3.5
per cent of the bands placed on game farm cock birds being returned
to the department office by hunters. It is realized that perhaps many
individuals failed to turn in the bands. However, even accounting for
this, the survival rate is not satisfactoi-y enough to be considered a
highly efficient program. Hunter-take analysis shows that even where
game farm birds are released in heavy concentrations, the bulk of the
birds brought to bag are those raised in the wild, especially young of
the current year's birds. Improvement of releasing methods and care-
ful selection of releasing sites seems necessary in view of study, and
concentrated effort is being planned to increase the survival rate and
determine the best possible use of game farm released birds.

At the Fort Peck farm large covered holding pens for brood stock
have been constructed. Authorization has been given for the develop-
ment of land on the Fort Peck area so that the open pen type method
of rearing birds may be followed. This includes an irrigation system
which will provide alfalfa, corn aind wheat for the birds. Starting with
the 1948 season, pheasants will be free to roam in a semi-wild condition
on 110 acres. After acclimation to wild conditions, the birds will be
trapped, transported and released.

The Billings farm has seen considerable improvement and enlarge-
ment. Foui' new brooder houses have been completed. New equipment
includes incubators, hovers and hatching machines. A well has been
drilled on the property, and a new water-supply system is now in
operation.

The game farm at Warm Springs has been fully modernized, and
now^has a single-i'un capacity of 14,200 birds. Nine new brooder houses
are in operation as well as additional battery brooders and humidaire
hatching machines. A six-acre open-topped holding pen has been con-
structed, and most of the wire on all the pens has been replaced with
new material. During the winter of 1947, three thousand hens were
held over at the farm and released into the wild prior to the nesting
season.

Because regular game farm methods are producing birds with a
low survival ability, the state property located near Moiese has not
been developed into a regular game farm. The farm is to become an
experimental site where worthwhile information on the raising and
management of pheasants can be collected. In 1947 valuable informa-
tion obtained here showed some of the weaknesses of game farm birds
released into the wild. Two brooder houses under construction will be
used to rear birds by methods designed to overcome some of the factors
which contribute to their unsatisfactory survival rate. A project now
under development at Broadview, north of Billings, seeks to provide
requirements for game birds by fencing small areas and encouraging
thereon the growth of cover plants. The Billings Rod and Gun Club is
cooperating on this promising proj^t. This area has a huge acraege
of strip-covered wheat lands. Because suitable permanent cover is
lacking, pheasants cannot use the area. With development of needed
cover, the fields of wheat stubble may produce the combination of fac-
tors needed to support a population of game birds.

Establishing permanent pheasant cover where present sources are
too scanty or none exists may Offer opportunities to expand the pheasant

lange in Montana. Improvement of the environment for wildlife as a
first step in the whole process of wildlife management promises to be
the most feasible and logical.

The whole pheasant program during this biennium has been modern-
ized and revamped. Closer correlation between the three enlarged and
improved game fai'ms now exists. The Restoration Division has a large
part in the pheasant program. Guesswork and personal opinion are
being discarded, and facts are being gathered to present a real basis
for an intelligent program.

Since the state has a combination small game and fishing license,
there is no immediate method to determine the trends of small game
hunting pressure. In addition, the combination license forces the distri-
bution of funds for fish and game bird work to be made by estimate.

Hungarian Partridge

The sportsmen have been aware that this speedster has not been
plentiful for a number of years. From all indications this splendid
game bird does not have the fortunate facilities to weather through a
tough winter as does the Chinese pheasant. It is entirely possible that
almost the entire population may be wiped out in local areas by adverse
weather conditions. It is just as likely that these birds may appear in
their former abundance almost as quickly as they vanished. Since 1946
reports indicate that the Hungarian partridge is seen in greater numbers
than previously, and in view of the fact that the welfare of this bird
depends to a large extent upon factors beyond the control of man, the
department must follow the plan of allowing the maximum utilization
of the increase whenever satisfactory populations permit.

GAME BIRDS LIBERATED

1946 1947

Billings 15,142 19,075

Fort Peck 17,153 16,194

Warm Springs 4,724 10,846

TOTALS 37,019 36,115

Fur-Bearing Animals

The legislature in 1947 gave the Fish and Game Commission author-
ity to set the trapping season on fur-bearing animals. Using this
authority, the Commission in 1947 declared an open season on mink, fox,
raccoon and muskrat. The recommendations of sportsmen's clubs, the
fur industry, trappers and other interested parties all were considered.
Generally the season proved to be satisfactory.

An auction sale of confiscated furs was conducted in 1947. The sale
was conducted on a high plane, following procedures regularly used in
the fur industry. Montana fur interests have been well pleased with the
method of procedure and with the results obtained.

The department has been actively engaged in a program of trapping
and planting beaver. Complaints of damage received during the summer,
when the pelts are not prime, result in the live trapping of individual
beaver which are damaging to private owners and public land managers.
Suitable transplanting sites are selected where beaver are not present.
Preliminary investigations indicate that this type of program is pro-
ducing beneficial effects.

These coyotes were removed from an area where the department has released a
group of mountain sheep. Predator-control programs so directed are beneficial.

Predator Control

The Commission contributed over fifty thousand dollars ($50,000)
towards the control of predatory animals and predatory birds during
the biennium. For the year ending April 30, 1947, the commission spent
approximately $14,000 to control pi'edators, approximately half of which
was used to pay salaries and expenses of government trappers under a
co-operative predator control program with the Fish and Wildlife Service
and the State Livestock Commission. For the year ending April 30,
1948, the Commission's contribution toward predator control jumped
to approximately $37,000. Of this amount approximately $27,000 was
spent for salaries and expenses of government trappers under the co-
operative predator control program. The Commission continued to pay
one-half the bounty claims of the State Livestock Commission until
July 1, 1947 when bounty payments as provided for in Chapter 112,
Laws of 1947, ceased. The Predatory Animal Advisory Committee then
became active as provided for in Chapter 113, Laws of 1947.

The direct payment of bounties on mountain lions and bobcats to
applicants was continued by the Fish and Game Commission. During
this period the Commission also gave financial assistance to spoilsmen's
organizations by offering to pay one-half of the funds expended by such
organization to control crows and magpies, not to exceed 10 cents per
bird. The cost of such assistance was approximately $2,000 for the year
ending April 30, 1948. After receiving proven reports that golden eagles
were causing severe losses to antelope and other wildlife in Carter and
Powder River counties, the Commission authorized payment of a $5
bounty on golden eagles killed in these counties during March and April,
1948. During these two months two hundred and ninety claims for
bounty on eagles were paid.

>*!i

Food and rest is the big need of migrating ducks and geese. The Montana Fish
and Game Department provides water lor resting and introduces food and shelter

plants in ponds and lakes.

Waterfowl

In 1947 the total duck population of the United States was estimated
to be in the neighborhood of 54,000,000 ducks. This was a low in duck
populations, and in spite of diversified opinions as to the cause of the
decline, the fact remains that the nation does not have the ducks that
it formerly did.

The department has aided the waterfowl program by the improve-
ment of thirty-seven existing reservoirs which formerly provided little
waterfowl habitat. During this biennium the department has actively en-
gaged in a program of maintaining these reservoirs. In addition, suitable
waterfowl development areas have been investigated with the idea of
creating habitat suitable for waterfowl nesting areas. Plans are now in
progress that will see Montana up to date with other states in taking a
more active part in obtaining facts which will lead to more efficient and
intelligent management of the waterfowl resources. A project will be
initiated whereby the department will co-operate with states in the
Pacific and Central fljrways. These studies will include the outlining of
migration patterns, census, hunter-take analysis and other factors which
will enable the Federal Fish and Wildlife Service to set regulations which
will more effectively utilize the ducks and geese. It is likely that the
continuation of managing waterfowl by the flyway concept will be
continued. Flyway concepts of management will be greatly aided by
the type of information which will be collected by the studies planned
in this state. With the greatly increased demand for waterfowl since
the end of the war, it is not likely that each hunter's share of the water-
fowl crop will approximate that enjoyed by hunters of former years.
However, through further research, the development of waterfowl areas,
favorable weather and good land use, it is possible that waterfowl hunt-
ing may be enjoyed in such quantity as to satisfy the logical and reason-
able sportsmen.

PUBLIC INFORMATION AND EDUCATION

Since Fish and Game programs must vary with conditions which
are continually changing, it is absolutely essential that the inter-
ested public be kept fully informed of the changes occurring in nature
and the need for subsequent changes in the department's program. A
lack of this information is perhaps the greatest handicap to modern
game management. This bottleneck prevents putting into practice facts
long known to be essential in maintaining satisfactory hunting and
fishing.

A constant demand for information on Montana's wildlife has been
exerted upon the department. Sportsmen's groups, civic organizations,
schools, 4-H groups, and others have requested speakers, literature,
movies, radio programs, and other outlets. Newspapers and news-
gathering agencies have also desired information.

During the 1946-47 period every effort has been made to supply
speakers for any group upon request. Personnel of the office and field
alike are being called on to meet the numerous requests. The depart-
ment has purchased a number of films which are distributed for public
use by the State Visual Education Department. Plans are in progress
to offer films of department origin which will depict various activities.
Since the fall of 1947, radio stations and news-gathering agencies have
been supplied with the type of information they often request. The
department is contributing to the annual state 4-H conservation camp.
In spite of the limited facilities available to meet the above mentioned
demands, progress is being made. The department is gaining experience
in supplying information and education, which will be relied upon when
an expanded program seems advisable.

LEGISLATIVE RECOMMENDATIONS

During the past two years, it has become apparent that changes in
existing statutes through legislative action are necessary. Increasing
demands on our wildlife resources necessitate additional safeguards in
order that the citizens of the state can equally share in the enjoyment
that wildlife affords.

A revision of the statutes regarding guides and packers is necessary
in order to give more supervision and provide a high standard of guide
service to the public. Increased license sales and fees require that the
State of Montana be more fully protected by a higher bond requirement
from license agents.

Clarification of the statutes providing for the purchase of licenses
is necessary, particularly defining the requirements to purchase resident
hunting and fishing licenses and limiting the exceptions to members of
the Armed Forces for the purpose of obtaining resident hunting and
fishing licenses. A revision of the statutes defining game fish should
be made. The special permit system for taking big game animals should
be altered and revised to take care of certain discrepancies and present
unsatisfactory provisions.

New legislation should be enacted to prohibit the artificial introduc-
tion of any fish and wildlife into Montana from sources outside or inside
the state without knowledge oi- consent by the Fish and Game Com-
mission. A statute should be included in the law which will allow Fed-
eral Aid Funds to pay a nominal fee per acre to regular tax receiving

agencies in lieu of taxes for certain lands held for wildlife management
purposes. Authority should be granted the Commission to kill any game
species after proper investigation reveals the animals to be a menace
to human life and property.

FUTURE

Demands on our wildlife resources have increased tremendously in
recent years and likewise so have most activities of the department.
The demands for wildlife cannot be accomplished, however, by merely
increasing the activities that have been adequate in the past. Trial and
error methods of short-time programs will not do the job when it is
realized that the most efficient programs are barely holding their own.
Furnishing everyone with as much fish and game as was provided when
only a fraction of present-day sportsmen were afield seems to be im-
possible from both the biological and economic standpoint.

No longer is it necessary to rely upon personnel only casually
acquainted with fish and game matters. Trained and competent wildlife
specialists will allow the removal of guesswork from fish and game
management. Their duties will be directed toward determining how to
furnish more sport for more people.

Game and fish management in Montana will be based on the con-
ception that the lands and waters must be suitable for wildlife produc-
tion. The acquisition, development, and management of lands for big
game, upland birds, waterfowl, and fish will continue to be a major
effort of the department. These areas will become permanent havens
for wildlife where their numbers will be increased so hunting and fish-
ing may be enjoyed, thereon, by increasing numbers of future sportsmen.

Artificial production will not only be kept to a maximum by proper
maintenance and more development. In addition, the department will
be very critical of its efforts and will constantly examine the actual
value of released trout and pheasants. This examination will reveal the
best methods of using the products of hatcheries and game farms.
It is essential that this expensive program be handled so the greatest
return will be realized for every dollar spent.

Progress already made in the enforcement division is only a begin-
ning towards further efficiency. Prevention of game law violations
through education promises to reduce the illegal drain on wildlife re-
sources. Enforcement personnel will be an aid in solving management
problems by collecting specific facts in the field. Law enforcement will
receive greater attention through the continually increasing use of
modern equipment and techniques. These innovations will all pivot
around the warden district plan.

Proper execution of these activities requires a well-organized depart-
ment which is completely adequate in every division. The department
in recent years has been undergoing a tremendous expansion. In
spite of additional personnel and equipment, the department is barely
able to adequately handle all matters that arise. This situation can be
corrected when the growing pains subside, and time is afforded for a-
glimpse into the future. Fuller attention then can be given to activities
which now are not possible to include in our program.

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STATE OF MONTANA
FISH AND GAME DEPARTMENT

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1,000,000

900,000

800,000

700,000

600,000

500,000

400,000

300,000

200,000

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LEGEND

0 0 Income

o—- ^ Disbursements

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/9 4/ 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948

Comparison of income and disbursements from May 1,1944 t through April 30,1948

Personnel

STATE ADMINISTRATIVE

A. A. O'Claire State Fish and Game Warden

A. G. Stubblefield - Superintendent ot Fisheries

R. F. Cooney - _ Director, Restoration Division

W. ]. Everin Chief Deputy

W. L. Reavley ^ Biologist

C. K. Phenicie Fisheries Biologist

C. K. Dalton -- Engineer

O. N. Wolverton - — Chiei Cltrk

LAW ENFORCEMENT
District 1

Ross Wilson, Supervisor- _ - Kalispell

Magnus Bolken - Whitelish

A. H. Cheney _ Thompson Fails

Lawrence Deist Kalispell

Louis Haverlandt - - - — Kila

O. J. Nollar _ Poison

Vern Waples — Libby

District 2

R. H. Lambeth, Supervisor Missoula

George Hollibaugh _ Drummond

Clyde Howard Missoula

Stuart Markle Anaconda

William Schultz __ _ Wisdom

Gene Sherman Missoula

M. J. Watt - Hamilton

District 3

lohn Burke _ Livingston

L. C. Clark Bozeman

Carl Daniel Whitehall

K. O. Fallang ....White Sulphur Springs

Wm. Ray Kohls... - Ennis

Frank Marshall _ West Yellowstone

Charles R. Price Dillon

Jack Thompson -. Townsend

District 4

Keith Burke Conrad

Truce Emett Great Falls

Charles Loberg -- Stanford

Asa Rogers , -. Havre

Don Wright Browning

District 5

Francis lohnson Red Lodge

G. O. Johnson Harlowton

Tack Kohler : Billings

Raleigh Shields ..Roundup

Frank Starina Hardin

Waldo Vangsness _ - Lcwistown

District 6

H. C. Friede, Supervisor Malta

William DuBeau — Fort Peck

Harold Gartside Plentywood

District 7

lohn Cook -- Glendive

E. M. Krost Sidney

Tack Nicolay Miles City

Warren Linville Broadus

GAME FARMS

V. W. Bailey, Foreman . Fort Peck

Lester Barton, Foreman Warm Sorings

R. J. Wells, Foreman ._ , Billings

J. S. Ramsey, Custodian . Moiese

FISHERIES
Hatchery Foremen:

Fred Beal Anaconda

George Ripley Arlee

Forest Keller - Birr Tiniber

Georae Miller ■ Emigrant

Tver Hoglund Great Falls

Eli Melton Hamilton

Leo Gilroy - Lewistown

John Sheehan Libby

A. E. Tangen -i. — - Poison

Frank Marcoe - Somers

Clarence Ripley — Rough Fish Control Project Foreman.

RESTORATION DIVISION

W. Ken Thompson, Assistant Director _ Helena

Faye M. Couey, Big Game Biologist Helena

Wm. R. Bergeson, Game Bird Biologist Helena

Hector J. LaCasse, Draitsman-Photographer.- Helena

Wynn Freeman, Waterfowl Biologist Helena

Don Brown, Assistant Big Game Biologist _ -- Roundup

Merle J. Rognrud, Assistant Big Game Biologist- _ Missoula

Robert J. Greene, Assistant Game Bird Biologist Helena

Richard L. Hodder, Range Fieldman, - — Gallatin

Robert Casebeer, Range Fieldman Helena

J. E. Gaab, Unit Manager -. Gallatin

Bruce Neal, Unit Manager _ Augusta

Jack E. Schmautz, Unit Biologist 1 Libby

Ade Zajanc, Fieldman - Libby

Lawrence Brown, Fieldman, .„, _ _ Roundup

Fred L. Hartkorn, Fieldman , Helena

Kenneth Riersgard, Fieldman Roundup

Bob Neal, Fieldman Augusta

Rex C. Smart, Shoo Foreman - Helena

S. A. Mongrain, Warehouse Foreman _ Helena

Jack Owens, Field Foreman _ Helena

C. H. Harkness, Field Foreman _ Augusta

William F. Koch, Field Foreman Helena

Financial Statements

STATEMENT OF INCOME

May 1, 1946 — April 30. 1947

Hunting and Fishing Licenses and Shipping Permits:

Resident Bird and Fish 140,640

Resident Big Game 74,316

Resident Sportsman 1,712

Non-Resident Fishing 4,351

Non-Resident Bird - 292

Non-Resident Big Game 2,907

Alien Big Game 4

Alien Bird 2

Alien Fishing 95

Shipping Permits 7,007

Tourist Fishing 1 7,490

Less Dealers' Fees

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Net Income from Sale of 1946 Licenses -. -

Plus 1945 Accounts Paid During Above Period

Total Income from Hunting and Fishing License Sales

Licenses and Permits Other Than Above:

Beaver Tags --. 10,200 (d

Beaver Trapping Permits _ 1,587 frr

General Trappers' Licenses 1,179 (<i

Land Owner Trappers' Licenses 698 («•

Guides' Licenses 212 (ii

Taxidermists' Licenses 8 (ii

Alien Gun Permit 1 (a

Resident Fur Dealers' Licenses 93 (a

Fur Dealer Aaents' Licenses 23 (n

Non-Resident Fur Dealers' Licenses 6 (u

Certificates of Identification - 429 (ii

Soecial Antelope Permits 2,424 Ut

Special Moose Permits ^ 90 (<?

Miscellaneous Revenue:

Fines .

Confiscation — Sale of Fish and Meats

Sale of Brood Hens ~

Refunds .

Other Revenue

Sale of State Trapped and Confiscated Furs

i 2.00
1.00
5.00

5.00
10.00
30.00
50.00
30.00
10.00
.60

2.50

$ .50

10.00

1.00

10.00

15.00

25.00

10.00

50.00

.50

1.00

25.00

Remittances made Direct to State Treasurer's Office

Refund to Fish and Game Fund

Income by Reimbursement — Wildlife Restoration Division

TOTAL INCOME TO DEPARTMENT DURING ABOVE PERIOD
28

$281,280.00

74,316.00

8,560.00

21,755.00

2,920.00

87,210.00

200.00

60.00

950.00

4,204.20

43,725.00

$525,180.20
24,104.20

$501,076.00
2,556.00

$503,632.00

$ 5,100.00

15,870.00

1 1,790.00

698.00

2,120.00

120.00

25.00

930.00

230.00

300.00

214.50

2,424.00

2,250.00

$ 42,071.50

$ 14,514.23

2,999.53

1,155.98

62.79

1,629.27

416.50

$ 20,778.30
$566,481.80

$ 285.00

953.26

56,615.79

$624,335.85

STATEMENT OF DISBURSEMENTS

May 1, 1946 — April 30, 1947

Commissioners — $ 3,744.59

Administration 57,288.89

Game Division (Deputies) — 113,996.48

Game Farm — Warm Springs 20,428.05

Game Farm — Billings - 2 1 ,446.59

Game Farm — Fort Peck 32,858.03

Game Farm — Moiese 7,867.46

Fisheries Division:

Hatcheries: Anaconda _ ..._ $ 16,225.84

Great Falls 12,695.10

Hamilton 8,9 1 4.96

Lewistown _ 1 3,504.46

Big Timber _ __ 11,911.36

Poison 4,707.97

Ovando _.._ 876. 1 9

Libby — 1 4,459.29

Emigrant - 1 1,71 1.23

Somers _ 8,500.47

Arlee _ ....__ 1 7,99 1 . 1 3

U. S. Hatchery — Miles City 2,150.09

Spawning Stations:

West Yellowstone -— 2,583.83

Georgetown Lake 830.29

Alvord Lake 254.03

South Fork, Madison — - 10.00

Aldrich Lake . — - 89.65

Willow Creek 616.33

Lake Agnes 176.08

Ashley Lake ...- - - — 108.14

McNeil Slough ..-.. 3,807.94

Lake Ronan 168.28

Investigation, Propagation and Distribution of Fish 7,322.90

Fish Screens 145.33

Total, Fisheries Division — $139,724.89

Wildlife Restoration Division 84,568.24

Willow Creek Elk Camp - -.. 1 ,405.95

Checking Stations - - .- 1,141.69

Miscellaneous Activities 20,353.8 1

TOTAL EXPENSES DURING YEAR $504,824.67

STATEMENT OF INCOME

May 1, 1947 — AprU 30, 1948

Huntinq and Fishinq Licenses and Shippinq Permits:

Resident Bird and Fish - 140,327 (a $ 3.00 $420,981.00

Resident Big Game — 71,819 (a 2.00 143,638.00

Tourist Fishing _ 17,651 (<i 2.50 44,127.50

Non-Resident Fishing - 3,567 (a 10.00 35,670.00

Non-Resident Bird 121 (,_; 25.00 3,025.00

Non-Resident Big Game 954 (a 100.00 95,400.00

Shipping Permits 4,064 (a .60 2,438.40

$745,279.90

Less Dealer's Fees - _ 23,317.40

Net Income from Sale of 1947 Licenses — - - $721,962.50

Plus 1946 Accounts paid during above period 3,000.90

Total Income from Hunting and Fishing Licence Sales $724,963.40

Licenses and Permits Other Than Above:

Beaver Tags - 10,995 (a $ .50 $ 5,497.50

General Trappers' Licenses ^ _ 689 (a 10.00 6,890.00

Land Owner Trappers' Licenses 582 (a 1.00 582.00

Beaver Trapping Permits _ 913 Or 10.00 9,130.00

Extra Beaver Granted -... 2,078 Oi 1.00 2,078.00

Guides' Licenses .- 210 (a 10.00 2,100.00

Resident Fur Dealers' Licenses 67 (tr 10.00 670.00

Fur Dealers Agents' Licenses — _ 23 (« 10.00 230.00

Non-Resident Fur Dealers' Licenses 4 (a 50.00 200.00

Certifications of Identification — - 519 (w .50 259.50

Minnow Seining Permits - - - 18 (aj 10.00 180.00

Rough Fish Seining Permits ; 2 ft 50.00 100.00

Taxidermists' Licenses 11 (" 15.00 165.00

Alien Gun Permit 1 ft} 25.00 25.00

Special Moose Permits 95 ft 25.00 2,375.00

Special Elk Permits (Less Fees) 264 ft 1.00 251.10

Special Deer Permits - 200 @ 5.00 1,000.00

Special Antelope Permits _ 2,854 @ 5.00 14,270.00

$ 46,003.10
Miscellaneous Revenue:

Pines - — - 5 28,826.80

Confiscation — Sale of Fish and Meats - 5,084.16

Sale of Brood Hens - - -. - — - - ^ ■'il^-il

Refunds ... - 590.99

Other Revenue - - 4°5.23

Sale of State Trapped and Confiscated Furs - 14,777.65

Royalty on Beaver Sold - 4.00

$ 51,487.25

$822,453.75

Income by Reimbursement — Wildlife Restoration Division .-. , $117,429.52

Overdeposit on Beaver Tags * 2.00

Less 1946 Cash Receipts Cancelled by Refund -'- 115.20

TOTAL INCOME TO DEPARTMENT DURING ABOVE PERIOD $939,770.07

STATEMENT OF DISBUKvSEMENTS

May 1, 1947 — April 30, 1948

Commissioners — - — _ $ 3,1 16.04

Administration 1 90.503.09

Deputies and Special Deputies _ 166,020.47

Garm Farm — Warm Springs 43,110.28

Game Farm — Billings 22,945.94

Game Farm — Fort Peck _ - 26,132.35

Game Farm — Moiese - 7,810.32

Fisheries Division:

Hatcheries: Anaconda - $ 77,420.36

Arlee - 91 ,920.78

Blue Wafer Springs 3,009.00

Great Falls 15,735.57

Hamilton 9,697.59

Lewistown 84,668.67

Big Timber .-.-. 13,781.24

Poison 4,1 66.28

Ovando 718.19

Libby .— 1 7,423.33

Emigrant 23,181.63

Somers -- 1 2,486.27

McNeil Slough 6,753.09

Red Lodge 305.14

U. S. Hatcheries:

Miles City - - - 2,535.62

Ennis -. -- 5,628.26 '

Creston -. -.. 4,01 9.47

Spa^vning Stations:

Ashley Lake -- 912.37

Alvord Lake 76.72

Bitterroot Lake 125.00

Georgetown Lake 759.63

Hebgen Lake 1,003.16

Lake Ronan 450.70

Willow Creek 497.50

West Yellowstone 342.56

Distribution of Fish 4,732.87

Rough Fish Control :.- 1 1 ,293.38

Stream Improvement .- 40.00

Fish Screens 542.20

Total, Fisheries Division — $394,226.58

Miscellaneous Activities - -. 1 8,831 .89

Predator Control - 36,31 7.50

Willow Creek Elk Camp — 137.39

Biological and Research Division 1 8,475.60

Warden Patrol Cabins — - 440.01

Wildlife Restoration Division 194,719.50

Appropriated to Purchasing Department -. 997.58

TOTAL EXPENSES DURING YEAR $1,023,784.54

RECAPITULATION OF EXPENDITURES

Years Ending April 30, 1947 and 1948

April 30 April 30

1947 1948
Administration

Operation .. $ 51,218.50 S 79,595.74

Capital Expenditures — - _ _ 4,638.52 9,606.96

Repairs and Replacements 1,431.87 1,300.39

Predator Control

Total - $ 57,288.89 $ 90,503.09

Commissioners' Expense

$ 3,744.59 $ 3,116.04

Deputies and Special Deputies

Operation $107,333.80 $162,181.51

Capital Expenditures _ 557.87 2,446.98

Repairs and Replacements 6,104.81 1,391.98

Total $113,996.48 $166,020.47

Game Farm — Warm Springs

Operation $ 11,440.40 $29,294.03

Capital Expenditures 7,214.26 9,018.61

Repairs and Replacements 1 ,773.39 4,797.64

Total - — - $20,428.05 $43,110.28

Game Farm — Billings

Operation — _ $ 11.762.69 $ 16,946.60

Capital Expenditures - 7,574.35 2,599.81

Repairs and Replacements 2,109.55 3,399.53

Total $ 21,446.59 $ 22,945.94

Game Farm — Fort Peck

Operation $24,483.47 $20,251.42

Capital Expenditures 3,535.37 4,424.23

Repairs and Replacements 4,839.19 1,456.70

Total ..,- _ _ $ 32,585.03 $ 26,132.35

Game Farm — Moiese

Operation _ -- _ $ 3,078.92 $ 2,906.31

Capital Expenditures 4,601.38 4,458.09

Repairs and Replacements 187.16 445.92

Total „ .'. $ 7,867.46 $ 7,810.32

Fisheries Division

Operation $111,71 0.07 $ 1 5 1 ,408.78

Capital Expenditures ._ 14,405.42 215,718.43

Repairs and Replacements _ 13,609.40 27,099.37

Total $139,724.89 $394,226.58

Miscellaneous Activities

$ 6,085.48 $ 18,831.89

$ 14,268.33 $ 36,317.50

Willow Creek Elk Camp

Operation .. $ 1,399.35 $ 137.39

Capital Expenditures 4.60

Repairs and Replacements -^ 2.00

Total $ 1,405.95 $ 137.39

Biological and Research Division

Operation - $ $ 12,400.77

Capital Expenditures -— 5,829.19

Repairs and Replacements 245.64

Total $ $ 18,475.60

Warden Patrol Cabins

Operation $ $ 249.23

Capital Expenditures

Repairs and Replacements 190.78

Total . $ 5 440.01

Wildlife Restoration Division

Operation _ _ $74,066.23 $113,137.76

Capital Expenditures 6,119.01 73,474.51

Repairs and Replacements 4,383.00 8,107.23

Total _ $ 84,568.24 $194,719.50

Checking Stations

_ ...: $ 1,141.69 $

Montana State Purchasing Department

Funds Drawn by Purchasing Department $ $ 997.58

Net Total Expenditures:

Fish and Game Department $504,824.67 $1,023,784.54

RECAPITULATION OF FUNDS

May 1, 1946 to April 30, 1947 and May 1, 1947 to April 30, 1948

Balance Forwarded: April 30, 1946 $ 244,716.72

Income During Year: By Deposit with State Treasurer .— -- 567,435.06

Income During Year: By Reimbursement — P. R. Funds - 56,615.79

Remitted Direct to State Treasurer's Office - 285.00

Funds Available During Year $ 869,052.57

Expenditures During Year — Both Funds - 504,824.67

Balance April 30, 1947 — Funds 131 and 104-11 $ 364,227.90

Plus Pittman-Robertson Accounts Receivable -- 73,138.68

Potential Fish and Game Funds: April 30, 1947 - $ 437,366.58

Balance Forwarded: April 30, 1947 - $ 364,227.90

Income During Year: By Deposit with State Treasurer — - 822,340.55

Income During Year: By Reimbursement — P. R. Funds 1 1 7,429.52

Total Income During Year - - - $ 939,770.07

Funds Available During Year -..- - - $1,303,997.97

Expenditures During Year — Both Funds — 1 ,023,784.54

Balance: April 30, 1948 — Funds 131 and 104-11 - $ 280,213.43

Plus P. R. Accounts Receivable: April 30, 1948 73,204.13

Potential Fish and Game Funds — - $ 353,417.56

1946 LICENSE SALES BY COUNTIES

o
O

Beaverhead

Big Horn

Blaine

Broadwater

Carbon

Carter

Cascade

Chouteau

Custer

Daniels

Dawson

Deer Lodge

Fallon

Fergus .—

Flathead

Gallatin

Glacier -

Garfield

Golden Valley

Granite —

Hill

Jelferson

Judith Basin

Lake

Lewis & Clark

Liberty

Lincoln

Madison _.

McCone

Meagher

Mineral

Missoula _

Musselshell

Park

Petroleum

Phillips --.

Pondera

Powder River

Powell

Prairie

Ravalli

Richland

Roosevelt

Rosebud

Sanders

Sheridan

Silver Bow

Stillwater

Sweetgrass

Teton

Toole

Valley

Wheatland

Wibaux

Yellowstone

Moyie Springs, Idaho

(on Montana State

Line)

Totals 141,368

c 6

- 0

0) g

(D 0

01 g

■0 °

"50

■Br.

"1 hr

in o
0) a,

Kcq

2,587

1,526

1,490

447

1 1

1,011

444

1,054

111

2,770

1,1 12

386

381

11,839

5,268

140

1,148

417

1,659

925

324

1,489

606

3,484

1,703

480

351

4,517

3,293

106

1 1 ,006

6,595

7,007

3,870

1,885

621

1 14

300

124

373

262

1,015

680

2,687

765

1,235

858

932

715

1 1

3.692

1,589

7,032

4,482

304

112

3,177

2,292

2,186

1,428

416

1,125

829

1,056

757

9,546

5,644

1,444

925

4,345

2,987

164

120

1,028

463

1,674

673

314

290

1,968

1,373

281

181

4,425

2,976

1,383

609

1,394

386

664

457

2,601

1,790

702

125

9,295

3,971

2,168

1,219

1,600

1,117

1,584

806

1,082

337

2,353

462

1,479

1,067

270

9,919

3,520

193

•a

K S

o 2

ZiH

305

8
17

221

1,050
56

1 1

105

1 1 1

269

155

9
759

181

6
14

1
308

3
62
41
52
12

3
20
36
12
98

0) >.
« O

"m
«

o.t:
2aa

,429 5

104 6

18 1

298 .

325 "YO

29 ...

32 ...

3 .
28 3

161 ......

182 " 1
,271 17
,147 20

1 1 3 ......

17 .....
86

53 3

55 ......

682 34

370 5

8 ...

786 3

884 3

10 ..

71 ...

526 42

,052 22

475 6

5 ...

18 1
32 8

171 ......

496 ""a

17 32

25 5

10 .

853 9
20

414 10

1 83 ......

241 ......

58 1

122 7

87 3
9

394 11

74,997 1,727 4,363 17,604 292

TJ 0)

« E

0) 0

c.i=

c ^

0) j;

U3 «

95
1

1
1

5,977
2,103
1,488

1,908

4,323
768

130

17,763
1,610

2,669
408

2,141

5,400

841

8,166

243

19,407

332

17,497

2,832

428

667

1,827

3,566

2,168

1,719

6,182

361

12,435
432

6,594

4,726

501

2,051

3,247

354

16,841

2,463

235

8,185
299

1,565

2,495

610

3,616

474

146

8,157

2,142

....

1,856
1,155

115

5,686
889

13,859

3.675

3,051

2,493

1,460

3,012

2,769
366

118

14,263

137

2,914

243,362

The above figures do not include 2 Alien Bird Licenses and 4 Alien Big Game Licenses,
sold in Helena Office, County of Lewis and Clark.

1947 LICENSE SALES BY COUNTIES

u G e tt

■~ « «) 0)

►^ (1) "O |0 "O 4)

e'O c 6 _ "in . 'in '3 g

t |g |5 If «| « «5 ^"

o a>.t: S.? 0.2 o.w o.a o.? -5

O K« «pq hUh Zpl, 2m 2m h

Beaverhead _ 2,519 1,414 1,522 171 3 36 5,665

Big Horn 1,597 514 93 36 2 1 2,243

Blame 1,056 414 22 8 ...^ ...... 1,500

Broadwater 1,035 736 54 11 1 1 1,838

Carbon 2,732 1,165 248 67 ....... 7 4,219

Carter 121 92 213

Cascade 11,819 5,419 344 64 1 76 17,723

Chouteau 1,349 562 19 1 ... ..... 1,931

Custer 1,920 1,032 34 2 15 2,994

Daniels 357 107 2 466

Dawson 1,453 458 28 9 1,948

Deer Lodge 3,410 1,641 209 33 5 5,298

Fallon - 482 330 1 ...... 813

Fergus - 4,469 3,369 206 29 2 5 8,080

Flathead .-.. 10,875 6,319 1,297 275 10 67 18,843

Gallatin 7,024 3,690 4,851 862 5 141 16,573

Garfield ._ 349 165 5 519

Glacier 1,986 668 91 27 26 2,798

Golden Valley 386 254 20 3 663

Granite 1,131 706 80 23 9 1,949

Hill .- 2,830 710 41 10 2 2 3,595

Jefferson ..-.'. _ 1,135 764 61 7 2 1,969

Judith Basin 939 685 36 7 . 1 1,668

Lake 4,011 1,568 848 151 33 12 6,623

Lewis and Clark 7,041 4,473 324 121 3 162 12,124

Liberty 284 116 1 2 ..... ..... 403

Lincoln 2,917 1,945 945 158 2 5,967

Madison 2,074 1,331 1,148 143 29 4,725

McCone 366 108 15 489

Meagher 1,033 730 85 14 4 1,866

Mineral 1,048 724 583 417 8 4 2,784

Missoula . 9,698 5,321 966 246 9 120 16,360

Musselshell 1,442 890 54 6 4 2,396

Park -- 4,036 2,581 427 104 53 7,201

Petroleum 243 180 1 424

Phillips 942 500 10 1,452

Pondera 1,858 706 43 8 1 1 2,617

Powder River 298 280 1 579

Powell 1,726 1,237 111 23 ...... 39 3,136

Prairie 307 193 4 ...... ...... 504

Ravalli 4,260 2,713 559 83 4 44 7,663

Richland 1,439 322 8 2 4 1 1,776

Roosevelt 1,233 305 43 7 5 4 1,597

Rosebud 820 536 11 1,367

Sanders 2,453 1,722 795 164 12 13 5,159

Sheridan 803 162 1 7 973

Silver Bow 8,201 3,503 341 63 2 30 12,140

Stillwater 2,062 1,198 159 42 ...... 1 3,462

Sweet Grass 1,447 1,022 219 49 • 8 2,745

Teton 1,678 867 45 20 16 2,626

Toole 1,189 327 14 10 1,540

Valley 2,720 548 236 18 1 3,523

Wheatland 1,352 938 91 17 10 2,408

Wibaux : 222 78 10 7 317

Yellowstone 10,915 4,058 384 71 6 31 15,465

Totals 141,092 72,396 17,744 3,592 123 972 235,919

FISH AND GAME LAW VIOLATIONS

May 1, 1946 May 1, 1947

to to
Violation April 30, 1947 April 30, 1948

Fishing in closed waters 27 56

Fishing without license 83 99

Fishing during closed season 19 8

Fishing with set lines 22 20

Fishing before or otter hours 1 1 22

Over limit of game fish 46 53

Possession or use of seine, spear, dynamite, snagging

outfit or cowbells _.._ _... 23 16

Fishing with minnows _.,. 1 —

Possession or use of salmon eggs 17 28

Pollution of streams . _ j. 1 3

False affidavit to secure resident license 16 24

Possession of illegal beaver hides .— 9 2

Dealing in furs without a license 1 4

Trapping during closed season 5 9

Trapping without a license _ 8 5

Shipping furs without permit 5 2

Trapping in muskrat house „ 1 —

Possession of illegal furs 2 2

Violation of Migratory Bird Act 29 54

Possession of pheasant hen _ 1 6

Killing game birds during closed season 19 29

Shooting game from highway or auto 1 7

Hunting before or after hours 1 23

Over limit of game birds 7

Hunting or possession of game animals during closed

season 25 39

Hunting without license _ 3 19

Possession of illegal game 23 54

Spotlight hunting 1.. 2 12

Hunting in closed area „ 14 11

Killing doe deer or fawn deer 6 12

Killing or possession of grizzly bear in closed area or

closed season 4

Shipping game without permit „ 1

Transfer of big game tag 2 5

Failure to tag deer or elk 11 10

Shooting elk before hours _ --. 4

Wasting game meat 1 3

Killing female bear with cubs or cub bears — 5 5

Hunting big game without wearing red on clothing 2 3

Guide allowing violation in party _ .... I ^

TOTALS „ 447 657

;}6

FISH AND GAME LAW VIOLATIONS

Violation

Beaverhead -. _

Big Horn

Blaine ..

By County

May!, 1946

April 30, 1947

3 1

May 1,

April 30,

18
9

Broadwater

Carbon

Carter

1 1
2

Cascade ..

Chouteau

Custer

Daniels

Dawson „.

Deer Lodge

Fnllon

r "]"^!!!! "!!"!"]!Z~!IZ!!""" 1 6

27
2

Fergus

Flathead

104

Gallatin

Garfield

Glacier

Golden Valley

Granite

Hill _ ., _

Jefferson

20
1

_ 2

. 3

12
12

Judith Basin

Lake __.

5
47

Lewis and Clark

Liberty

Lincoln

Madison

, 5

McCone

Meagher .

Mineral

Missoula -._ _.

~V~'\ZZ^^VZZZ^^ 1 4

31
19

Musselshell

Park

: 18

Petroleum . .

Phillips

Pondera

.. 9

Powder River .

Powell

.. 4

Prairie

Ravalli

Richland -..

Roosevelt

. . 3

Rosebud

Sanders

Sheridan

1 1

Silver Bo-w

Stillwater

Sweet Grass .

Teton . .

Toole -

Treasure

Valley

Wheatland

Wibaux — .

__.... 9

TOTALS

- 447

657

1947
1948

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Full text of "Biennial report, Montana Game and Fish Commission, State of Montana"

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